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Our trees.A popular account of the trees

ini

83 4
With the Compliments of
JOHN ROBINS ON,

Salem, Mass.
OUR TREES.

A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF THE TREES IN THE

STREETS AND GARDENS OF SALEM,

AND OF THE NATIVE TREES OF ESSEX COUNTY,

MASSACHUSETTS,

WITH THE LOCATION OF TREES, AND HISTORICAL

AND BOTANICAL NOTES.

BY

JOHN ROBINSON.

PUBLISHED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

SALEM:
PRINTED BY N. A. HORTON AND SON,

Office of The Salem Gazette.
1891.
UNAS4
Ma RG

@ Hae
TO

G. Ff. &.

«What is writ, is writ,—
Would it were worthier.”
—[Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

 
CONTENTS.

I. INTRODUCTORY

II. THe Maewnorisas anp TULIP TREE .

Id. Tue Linpens, Tamarix anp SuUMACHS

IV. Tse HoRsECHESTNUTS AND MarLers

Vv. Tse Locusts, APPLES, PEARS AND CHERRIES .
VI. Tse Cornuses, TurPELO anp Wircu-HazZex .
VII. Tar AsHes, CATALPA AND SASSAFRAS. ,
VII. Tae Ems ‘ : , ;

IX. Tue Box-tree, MuLBERRIES AND BUTTONWOOD
X. THE WALNUTS AND HICKORIES

XI. Tue Bircurs, Hornseams, CHESTNUT AND BEECH
XII. Tae Oaks

XII. THe WitLows anv PorLars . :

XIV. Tue Pines, Spruces, Fir anp HEMLOCK

XV. Tue Larcues, Cepar, GINKGO AND YEW

XVI. Summary anp Nores .
NOTE

These articles upon the trees of Salem and its neighborhood
were prepared for the Salem Gazette from notes made during
the season of 1890, and appeared each week in the columns of
that paper through the summer of 1891. They have since been
revised and some additional matter introduced for publication
in pamphlet form, at the request of the directors of the Essex
Institute.

They were written for popular entertainment and instruction
at the request of the Editors of the Gazette; and, although
arranged with considerable care, they are not intended as
botanical essays and the writer would not wish to have them
so considered by professional botanists. For convenience of
referring to the time of flowering and other conditions of the
trees the date of publication is given at the close of each sketch.

J. R.

Peabody Academy of Science,
Salem, October, 1891.
I.
INTRODUCTORY.

The writer has been asked by the Editor of the
Gazette to prepare something of local interest in regard
to plant life, and has chosen the trees for his subject
because there has been of late considerable interest
shown in them, and for the very good reason, too, that
in many ways they are easy to write about.

The most common, most conspicuous, and most
accessible of all plants are the trees, and the grass-
es and sedges. They form the great bulk of vege-
tation in temperate regions, and yet most persons
know very little about them and very few of the
individual plants which make up this great mass of
vegetation by name.

Many excellent amateur botanists are familiar with
even our rarer wild flowers and ferns, who never become
acquainted with the grasses or the native and exotic trees.
Of course nearly every one can tell an elm from an
oak, or a willow from a pine, but the difficulty seems
to be in telling the different oaks and pines apart—
to distinguish the pines from the spruces, or the birch-
es from the horn-beams, or to separate the many
foreign trees in cultivation from the native species.

In comparison with the multitude of herbaceous
plants with which one soon becomes familiar, the trees
are not numerous; and a little observation will serve
to fix nearly all of them in mind and add much
6

pleasure to town walks and country rambles. When
a good example of some tree is found it should be
carefully watched from the earliest warming up of
its blood, so to speak, by the spring sun, through
all its varying phases of bursting buds, flowering,
fruiting and the falling of its leaves; for even ever-
greens drop their leaves at certain times, until the
winter state is reached. In this way and only thus
can one be familiarly acquainted with our trees to
know them anywhere and any time at sight. Meth-
od in observation is thus acquired which can be ap-
plied to other things in life.

By this out-of-door study much more satisfactory
results will be obtained than by merely trusting to fit
the leaves or flowers or fruit, it may be, of the tree
to some book description; but book descriptions
and good plates are valuable aids, although nature never
will confine herself to the descriptions and plates which
must be typical rather than universal in their scope.

Some of the best books to aid the student will be
found in our Public Library in Salem. They include,
—Emersoun’s Trees of Massachusetts, in two volumes
with many colored plates; Dame and Brooks’ Typical
Elms and Other Trees in Massachusetts, which re-
produces from photographs some of our noblest speci-
mens of native and introduced trees ; Newhall’s Trees
of Northeastern America, which gives outlines of the
leaves of all of our trees; Forests of United States,
being the ninth volume of reports of the tenth census
by Prof. C. S. Sargent, and his greater work, Silya
of North America, now in the course of publication.

There are other books and short papers which will
be of interest to those looking up the trees, includ-
7

ing the account of the trees of Essex County and the
Flora of Essex County printed by the Essex Insti-
tute some ten years since; and, in addition, summer
or winter, dried specimens of the leaves and flowers
of all of our trees, as well as the woods, may be seen
at the museum of the Peabody Academy by those who
are puzzled by book descriptions.*

Many persons suppose that the trees form a class
of plants by themselves. Botanically speaking this
is not true. An excellent idea of their distribution
among the families of plants can be obtained by glanc-
ing at the descriptions of our native and introduced
trees in Gray’s Field, Forest and Garden Botany,
where, of course, the families are arranged in their
botanical sequence. Trees are included in each of the
great divisions of the vegetable kingdom. For example,
the maple and oaks among the exogens; the pines,
spruces and junipers among the gymnosperms; the
yuccas and palms among the endogens; and a number
of arborescent ferns among the cryptogams. In our
flora, the two last named classes are not represented
among the hardy trees which, hereabouts, native and
cultivated, are either exogens or gymnosperms — by
far the larger number of them being either cone-
bearing gymnosperms, as pines and spruces, or catkin
bearing exogens, as the oaks, walnuts, hickories and
willows. There are comparatively few of our trees
which bear large and attractive flowers.

Collecting the data for these sketches has shown
that Salem is a very good arboretum, although few

 

* A list of the books upon this and kindred subjects, on the
shelves of the Public Library, was printed in the Public Library
Bulletin, No. 1.
8

persons realize, of the trees natural to New England
or long in cultivation here, that ninety per cent. of
the number may be seen without going outside of the
city’s limits. Such is the case, however, and special
nooks and corners can be named where there are
opportunities for an afternoon’s profitable study—
Lafayette and Laurel streets for maples; Felt street
for maples and introduced trees; Harmony Grove
and Kernwood for oaks and hickories; Broad street
cemetery for several scarce introduced trees, might
be mentioned; and so on—but more of these places
later. Outside of the city, Brimble avenue, Beverly,
offers great advantages. It is accessible from rail-
road stations at either end, and being recently laid out
directly through woods where there are an unusually
large number of species of native trees, it is an excel-
lent ground for dendrologizing.

In these sketches the trees will be dealt with in
their botanical order, using the best established com-
mon name, but adding, in brackets, the botanical name
given in the sixth edition of Gray’s Manual of Bota-
ny for the benefit of those who may desire to look
up the technical descriptions, or refer to plates in
other works. The trees will thus be introduced in
little family groups, and for each species examples
will be cited in different parts of Salem, or its im-
mediate neighborhood, in places easily found and
where the trees may be readily observed by anyone
who may care to do so.

May TWENTY-NINTH.
Il.
THE MAGNOLIAS AND TULIP TREE.

One of the greatest dangers in writing upon any sub-
ject is that of repeating what has already been said. It
is impossible to know what may have been printed in
the local papers a generation ago, unless some kind
friend remembering an article calls your attention to
it. In regard to the trees doubtless many excellent
accounts are practically lost for this reason. Mr.
Foote has kindly given me notes of a number of articles
in relation to trees printed in the Gazette from 1832 to
1845, which will be used in their appropriate places.
In the first volume of the Institute Historical Collec-
tions Mr. John P. Andrews contributes a most care-
fully prepared census of the trees of the city, taken by
streets, in 1859. It would be very interesting to com-
pare Mr. Andrews’ list with the trees to day, for it
would show great changes. In 1859 there were 2651
trees in the city’s streets, 1656 of which were elms,
353 were maples, and, strange as it may seem, next in
number, 110 were cherry trees. The total disappear-
ance of these cherry trees,—they were removed owing
to the nuisance caused by the foraging of boys,—is a
practical answer to those writers who advocate the
planting of fruit trees in the public streets. Mr. An-
drews gives but sixteen trees in all, including under
general names all of the different oaks, maples, lin-

dens, etc.
10

It is tempting to ramble among the old records and
traditions, but the subject in hand will aot be reached.
It is said that Dr. Manasseh Cutler of Hamilton first
called attention to the sweet magnolia (Magnolia glauca)
in Gloucester, near where the present popular summer
resort perpetuates the name and fame of the most
northerly station of this plant. Its fragrant blossoms
attracted him to the spot, and ever since it has been
eagerly sought for its flowers and for transplanting into
gardens.

One of the most successful attempts to grow the
magnolia in Salem is seen in the large clump in the
depressed garden in front of the pavilion at the «* Wil-
lows,” where it has flourished finely for several years.
There are good specimens also in the shady corners of
many gardens in the city. In the Southern States this
magnolia becomes a tree and is evergreen, but with us
it is a deciduous shrub. Why the magnolia should be
found in Gloucester is a mystery. ‘‘ The Hermit,” a
well known Gloucester character, a student and lover
of nature, feels sure that it was brought from the
South, Virginia perhaps, and planted in some old gar-
den. By changes in the location of the settlement it
was lost sight of, and, the woods growing up in the
region of the deserted dwelling places, the plants were
left to themselves and increased. Of course Glouces-
terites will not admit this theory of its introduction,
but, however it may have been, the plant remains one
of the most interesting in the flora of the county.

There are several other magnolias, natives of Penn-
sylvania and the Alleghany mountain region to the
southward, which are hardy with us. Among them the
umbrella, great-leaved and ear-leaved magnolias, are
11

occasionally seen in gardens; and, in addition to the
beauty of the plants when in flower, the fruiting cone,—
often of a bright color, with, in many cases, the bright
scarlet seeds protruding from it on all sides,—gives an
additional attraction to these trees.

The cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata) is the tall-
est. It is found growing wild even in New York State,
and it seems strange that this tree is not more frequent-
ly met with in cultivation. A very good example of
the species is now full of buds, or, perhaps by the time
this is printed, in flower, in the yard of Mrs. W. B.
Parker at 33 Pleasant street, the only one I have no-
ticed from the streets in the city.

Among the foreign magnolias many horticultural
varieties and hybrids are advertised in the dealers’ cata-
logues. The Yulan or Chinese magnolia (Magnolia
conspicua) seems to be the most popular. Dr. A. H.
Johnson has a large one in his garden which each year
makes a fine show from Winter street; for, unlike the
American magnolias, their foreign cousins mostly expand
their showy flowers before there are any leaves upon
the tree. There is also a remarkably fine specimen in
the yard of Mr. Geo. Hobbs, No. 15 March street, just
beyond the bridge over the railroad crossing, and
another plant in Mr. Webb’s yard on Chestnut street
flowered finely this year. The purple magnolia con-
trasts well with the creamy white blossoms of the Yulan,
and is now just going out of flower in Mr. George
Chase’s garden on Lafayette street, where probably are
to be seen a larger number of rare and odd shrubs and
trees than in any other garden in Salem. Mr. Chase
also has a tree, perhaps fifteen feet high, of the Japanese
magnolia hypoleuca, whose flowers are among the most
12

fragrant of any of the genus. The tulip tree (Lirio-
dendron tulipifera) which grows naturally from New
York State and Ohio, westward and southward, is a
near relative of the magnolias. Again Dr. Manasseh
Cutler figures, as that eminent physician, politician and
botanist will several times in these sketches. He knew
more about the trees of this part of the country than
any man living at the time, and recorded what he saw
and the results of his studies.

Some years ago our ex-mayor, the late Nathaniel
Silsbee, furnished me with the following note: Mr.
Silsbee’s father, Senator Silsbee, attended Dr. Cutler’s
school, and he, with Willard Peele, harnessed the horse
and vehicle with which Dr. Cutler made his celebrated
journey to Ohio in 1788. On his return, Dr. Cutler
brought with him a tulip tree which he planted in his
garden in Hamilton. That an observer and botanist
like Cutler should bring a tree so great a distance
which was already in cultivation is hardly probable.
So it is natural to consider that, through him, this very
beautiful tree was first brought to the attention of the
people of our neighborhood. The largest tulip tree in
Salem is the magnificent specimen in the garden of Mr.
George Peabody on Washington square, which is con-
spicuous from Mall street. It measures eight feet and
three inches in circumference at five feet from the
ground, this being the smallest girth between its roots
and branches. ‘The tree is perhaps fifty or sixty feet
high. It seems almost that this tree should have some
connection with the tradition received from Senator
Silsbee and it is to be hoped that something more of its
history will some day be obtained, although Mr. Peabody
only knows that it was a large tree in 1834. The tulip
13

tree in the garden of Mrs. George R. Emmerton on
Essex street is nearly as high and measures six feet in
circumference. It was planted by Miss L. Rawlins
Pickman, prior to 1840, and allowing for its early
growth the tree must now be seventy years old.
Smaller trees, yet of good size, are in the gardens of
Mr. George West, Lafayette street; Mr. A. W. West,
Chestnut street, at the westerly side of the house; on
Cherry street, in front of Dr. Robbins’ house, No. 4;
and in several other places. One fine tree in the rear
of Mr. W.S. Nichols’s new house, 150 Lafayette street,
is arelic of the once noble garden and arboretum of E.
Hersey Derby.

JUNE SECOND.
Ill.
THE LINDENS, TAMARIX AND SUMACHS.

The term tree is, after all, a purely arbitrary dis-
tinction. Where the line between a tree and a shrub
should be drawn, opinions differ. Some of our shrubs
are large trees in other parts of the world more fa-
vorable to their growth, as for instance the sweet mag-
nolia, the scarlet fruited thorn, the laurel and the
sheep berry ; and cunning horticulturists have persuad-
ed many prostrate plants to simulate little trees by
training and pruning them.

Prof. Sargent settles the question for his works by
admitting as trees only such species as grow from
the ground with a single stem, either wholly or over
a large portion of the area of their distribution. But
it is not necessary to be so particular in these sketch-
es, and there will be an inclination to let in some
of the shrubs if they are of interest.

The barberry (Berberis vulgaris), so attractive along
the sides of our old Boston turnpike, and found
everywhere with us, is not known to most persons
as an immigrant from Europe. It was brought here
by the earliest colonists; and, like the wood-wax
which makes our pastures gorgeous and famous every
July, may have been included in the list of seeds
brought to Salem by Endicott in 1629. Yet, as
these plants never intrude upon cultivated soil, we
may be grateful to him for both of them, pasture own-
ers excepted.
15

Brown street is a good place to study the lindeuns,
or lime trees as they are often called. There are
two good American lindens (Tilia america) in front
of Mr Geo. H. Perkins’ house, No. 26; a tree of
the European linden (Tilia vulgaris) at the Snell
house, No. 17; and trees of the broad-leaved, or
Dutch linden (Tilia platyphylla) at Mr. A. B. Rus-
sell’s, No. 18, and near the St. Peter’s chapel door.
The last named species may be distinguished from
the others by the woolly leaves and young wood.

There is a very fine specimen of the European linden
in front of Mr. D. A. Varney’s, 31 Pleasant street,
and two in the enclosure of Mrs. John Bertram’s
residence, on either side of the door, on Federal
street. American lindens are growing by Mr. T. D.
Williams’ house on Essex street, and near the estate
No. 1 on the western side of Buffum street. In fact,
all three species are found throughout the city. «+The
Lindens” of Mr. Francis Peabody’s estate in Dan-
vers are, if I remember correctly, the European linden
proper, and doubtless the finest in this region. It is
recorded that these trees were imported from Eu-
rope, apparently with great care, packed in separate
“sheets,” by Mr. Robert Hooper, ‘‘King Hooper”
as he was called, undoubtedly in 1770, when he built
the residence which has so fortunately been preserved
in all its architectural beauty. The trees are, there-
fore more than one hundred and twenty years old,
an age which their appearance bears out when the
unusually favorable conditions under which they have
grown is considered.

There were removed in Beverly a few years ago,
to make way for improvements,—too many of our
16

finest trees fall before their time for this reason,—six
of the largest and finest European lindens in Essex
county. They varied from just over eight feet to ten
feet in circumference as high as one could reach to
measure them above the ground. Full of years, these
lindens resemble the English elms in general appearance.
Both of our foreign lindens or limes are noted for the
delicious fragrance of their flowers—a feature lacking
in the American tree, which, in many other respects,
is their superior with its larger and brighter green
leaves.

Iam told that the flowers of the American linden
growing before the house of Mr. T. D. Williams are
decidedly fragrant. As a rule the European lindens
are the only ones of which the fragrance of the flowers
would attract the attention of persons passing beneath
the trees in the street, a fragrance which sometimes is
almost overpowering.

The question of fragrance is an interesting one, and
its extent, and in some cases its total absence, is unac-
countable. In our rose gardens among the so-called
hardy hybrid-perpetual roses, there may be two plants
growing side by side of very similar appearing varieties,
and derived, perhaps, from closely related original
stock ; yet one rose will be deliciously fragrant while its
neighbor will possess no trace of fragrance whatever.
Individual variation must account in many cases for
fragrance, color and other characters of plants.

The ‘Unter den Linden” in Berlin has made the tree
whose name it bears famous all over the world. Not
daring to trust the guide books for information regarding
it, and never having seen the street, I referred to a
friend high in authority on the subject, but my ideal that
17

has served for years of the avenue associated with all of
the festivals and pageants of the Prussian capital, is
cruelly blasted. He writes: ‘‘Nearly all of the trees
are the common European linden, although there may
be among them some of the other species as they are
found in the streets of Berlin. It will be hard to find
uglier or more unsatisfactory trees than those in this
famous street, which does not at all come up to its
reputation. Most of the old trees are dead or dying
and have been replaced from time to time by younger
ones. The worst part of the Tremont-street mall in
Boston Common is splendid in comparison with it.”

In the order of their flowering the Dutch linden
comes first, followed closely by the European, and the
American last.* The fruit of these trees, in the form
of little pills, falls to the ground late in the season and
has served admirably its purpose as part of the materia
medica in many a childish ‘‘pothecary shop.” There
are many fine specimens of the foreign lindens in
Marblehead, Newburyport and Portsmouth—the largest
specimen of the American linden noticed being near the
Boardman house in Putnamville, and there is another in
the yard of the Rogers house, on the main street, Wen-
ham. Our native linden furnishes the bass-wood, a
name by which the tree is most frequently called, or
white wood. Or rather it used to do so; but now the
white wood used by our carpenters is either from the
cucumber tree or the tulip tree, and some persons are
even innocent enough to accept poplar for white wood.

The tamarix or tamarisk trees are nearer relatives of
the lindens than any other of our trees, although they

 

* The European and Dutch lindens were in flower June 30,
1891, the American Linden on July 21, just three weeks later.
18

appear much more like the cypress, » tree with which
they have no botanical alliance. The European tamarix
is grown in some Salem gardens as a shrub, but it is not
perfectly hardy north of Washington, where it shows its
great masses of blossoms in May or earlier.

The Chinese tree (Tamarix chinensis) is much finer
and larger, throwing up its great waving plumes of pink
flowers in August. An old tree of this species stands
by the gate of Mr. Robinson’s house, 18 Summer street,
and there is one in Mr. Dugan’s garden on Dearborn
street. It is probable that all of the trees of this
species in Salem have come originally from these two,
as it roots readily from cuttings taken before the
leaves appear in the spring. There is a fine Chinese
Tamarix in the yard of the Peabody Academy of Sci-
ence, conspicuous from the windows of the museum.

The once popular Ailanthus tree—tree of Heaven
and Chinese sumach (Ailanthus glandulosus) as it has
variously been called,—is now rarely seen. The disa-
greeable odor of the staminate flowers and a fancied
unwholesomeness of the tree itself, besides the really
practical reason of its tendency to spread everywhere
by root suckers, has banished it. I have only seen one
large Ailanthus near the street, the tree with a double
trunk on Milk street near Andrew, but there is a smaller
tree in Mr. Edw. C. Browne’s yard at the corner of
Broad and Summer streets.

The staghorn sumach (Rhus typhina) is so called on
account of the resemblance of its wide forking branches,
when denuded of their leaves, to the antlers of a stag.
This resemblance is the more striking as the branches
are covered with a velvet-like covering of close hairs.
Under favorable conditions this sumach becomes quite
19

a large tree and possesses a tropical appearance with
its long pinnate leaves There are fine specimens in
the grounds between the Pickering estate on Broad
street and Chestnut street, and it is abundant on road-
sides in this vicinity.

The smooth sumach (Rhus glabra) and the dwarf
sumach (Rhus coppalina) grow in similar situations, but
are more frequently met with in the region of Beverly
and on the road to Chebacco pond through Hamilton,
where the latter species grows in great quantities. The
smooth sumach bears a more brilliantly colored fruit
than either of the others, while the dwarf sumach may
always be distinguished by its winged-margined leaf
stalks.

To this genus belong the only plants in our native
flora which are poisonous to handle. The poisonous
sumach (Rhus venenata) is usually called dogwood, a
name which belongs to a perfectly harmless genus of
plants of which the beautiful cornus florida and the
pretty bunch berry are members. It grows in low wet
ground and is found at the left of the road to Chebacco
pond, as you pass Beck’s pond, and also on Brimble
avenue, Beverly, near the northern end at the western
side of the road.

‘The poisonous ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) takes sev-
eral forms, as if purposely to deceive those who would
learn to avoid it. Sometimes it is a strong self sup-
porting shrub rising above stone walls or half attached
to tree trunks, while at others it is a delicate vine with
more triangular and lobed leaves running on the ground
in the shade of some little copse. Both of these plants
are gorgeous in the autumn and the unwary are too
often lured by them to their great discomfort.
20

A good description of both plants, with cuts to illus-
trate the leaves, was published in Mr. Upham’s Visitor,
No. 9, last September. The smoke tree (Rhus cotinus)
common in old gardens, belongs to this genus also.
In Mr. Clark’s yard, No. 8 Chestnut street, back from
the street, is a curiosity in the shape of a buckthorn
(Rhamnus catharticus) which has been allowed to grow
at its will until it has formed a rather graceful tree
some twenty feet high. This is the tree of the ordinary
buckthorn hedges about Salem, in its natural state, and
there are others in various parts of the city which having
been allowed their liberty have made very respectable
trees.

JUNE NINTH.
IV.
THE HORSE CHESTNUTS AND MAPLES,

The line drawn on the maps between Essex County
and the region to the south of it is almost as distinctly
drawn between the floras of these regions. The in-
fluence of the Gulf Stream renders the climate of
southern New England warmer while that of the Labra-
dor current renders our climate cooler. Our fauna and
flora are thus more closely related to those of more
northern regions, and we are prevented from cultivating
with success many plants which are perfectly hardy as
far north as Providence, R. I., and some even which
succeed well enough at Brookline, near Boston.

The paulownia is one such, a showy tree resembling
a catalpa. The beautiful varieties of Japanese retinos-
poras and maples (Acer polymorphum) come under
this head, although in certain soils and situations they
can occasionally be made to flourish, notably in Mr.
Geo. Chase’s garden, on Lafayette street, where there
are fine examples of both maples and retinosporas, and
just over the fence at the corner of Flint and Warren
streets, Judge Brigham has a fine specimen of one of
the red cut leaved forms of the Japanese maple. One
of the most conspicuous illustrations of these forbidden
trees is the holly (Ilex opaca). Abundant on the
South Shore, it seems impossible to cultivate it here
even with the greatest care. We have, however, three
native shrubby hollies, one of which, under the name
22

of black alder, (Ilex verticillata) is a favorite winter
decoration, the scarlet berries remaining on the stems
after the leaves fall. Another, growing in swamps,
(Ilex levigata), bears the same beautiful berries, while
the leaves turn bright yellow in October. The first is
common along the roadsides, but the latter is rather
inaccessible in such places as at Cedar Pond, Lynn, and
by other swampy ponds. The ink-berry (Ilex glabra)
has evergreen leaves and is a shrub,—hardly as tall as
the others, however,—abundant in the Magnolia and
Wenham swamps. ‘The mountain holly (Nemopanthes
fascicularis) is more tree-like and grows with the last
two in low wet ground. None of these plants, except
in rare cases the first, are found in cultivation, but they
well deserve places in our shrubberies.

The horse-chestnut (Aisculus hippocastanum), was
introduced in Europe during the sixteenth century, but
not until much later, of course, in this country. It is
known in the wild state in Greece. Its striking ap-
pearance and ready adaptability to various soils and
climates have made it a great favorite. There is a
famous row of these trees in Bushy Park, London,
said to be the finest in England ; and certainly one can
recall more fine horse-chestnuts here than almost any
other tree. Dr. Holmes, in his ‘‘Over the Tea Cups”
series in the Atlantic, speaks of the fine horse-chestnuts
he has noticed in Salem ; and as his path in the city led
him naturally by the fine trees by Judge Osgood’s stable
yard in Cambridge street, and the tree by the ‘‘Studio,”
at the corner of Summer and Chestnut streets, it is
probable that these were in his mind when writing; the
last named tree is about seventy-five years old and is
nearly eight feet in circumference. There is a beautiful
23

tree at the corner of Pleasant and Bridge streets, but
its symmetry has been impaired by the stringing of
wires for the electric cars. There is also a fine tree in
the yard of the Joshua Ward house on Washington
street,—but it probably was not planted until after
Washington made the house historic by passing the
night there,—and there are many others in various parts
of the city. In the yard of the Nichols house, No. 80
Federal street, and in front of the Chase house, No. 22
on the same street, are trees of the purple variety of
the sweet buckeye (Aisculus flava purpurascens), one
of the Ohio buckeyes. These are called here scarlet
horse-chestnuts, and any one desiring to have this
variety would do well to plant seeds from these trees,
as they would be quite sure of hardy plants. There
are on Boston Common several trees of a red-flowered
horse-chestnut, which is a garden hybrid and closely
resembles the common white horse-chestnut. It prob-
ably originated in some European garden.

Our maples are among the most attractive trees we
have, either in cultivation or in the wild state. The
first to flower is the white maple (Acer dasycarpum)
which, with the red maple (Acer rubrum), flowers be-
fore the leaves appear—the other maples flowering with
the leaves, or after the leaves have developed. The
white maple has the most divided leaves of any of the
maples, and is decidedly the most graceful among them
in habit. There are many trees of this species in South
Salem, near Mr. H. M. Brooks’ house on Lafayette
street, on Summit avenue, and elsewhere. There is
one on Andrew street, on the southern side, the third
tree from Washington Square, and a large tree stands
near Mr. Davis’ house, No. 70 Bridge street. It grows
24

naturally in Topsfield and elsewhere, always in the
neighborhood of streams, and there are many fine white
maples along the winding course of the Ipswich river.
There are large red maples on Broad street above Pick-
ering street, in front of Mr. G. F. Brown’s house on
Dearborn street, by Mr. Gallup’s new house on Essex
street, and on the corner of St. Peter and Church
streets. As a rule the male and female flowers are
horne on separate trees, and this accounts for the dif-
ferent appearance of the red maples at the time of
flowering. On the fruiting trees the flowers are deeper
red, and change gradually to the red conspicuous fruit,
while the flowers on the male trees have a delicate
feathery appearance and soon fall. In the autumn the
leaves of the white maple turn yellow; those of the red
maple red, or red and yellow.

The red maple, as a rule, is not a tall tree, but it
often attains a great circumference of the trunk. A
tree which stood by Norwood mills in Ipswich, some
dozen years ago, was over fifteen feet in circumference
at five feet from the ground, and a famous tree felled
in 1876 near Gage’s ferry in Bradford, measured by the
Georgetown botanist, Mrs. C. N. 8. Horner, was
twenty-six feet in circumference at four feet from the
ground, probably the largest tree in girt in the
county, and one which should not have been sacrificed
to the axe.

The sugar maple (Acer saccharinum), or rock
maple, for it is the same thing, is found in almost
every street, and with its rounded sinuses in the leaves
can only be confused with the Norway maple (Acer
platanoides) ; but the Norway maple shows yellow
flowers just as the leaves appear, while the sugar maple
25

hangs out tassels all over the tree. This year, doubt-
less owing to the absence of rain at the flowering sea-
son, these tassels were very beautiful and remained on
the trees a long time. One of the finest sugar maples
in the city is in the garden of Mr. Nath’l Ropes, 318
Essex street, overhanging the street just at the west of
the house, and there is another of great beauty in the
lot at the corner of Fairfield and Lafayette streets,
nearest the latter. The largest tree, probably, is at
Mr. S. E. Peabody’s, ‘‘ Kernwood,” on the eastern
portion of the estate. It is a dense well proportioned
tree, nine and one half feet in circumference. But the
largest natural tree in the county is that on the Hooper
farm in Boxford, which measures twelve feet in cir-
cumference and is nearly sixty feet in height. This old
tree resembles those at the New Hampshire sugar groves,
but is evidently past its prime. The fine row of sugar
maples on Bridge street, before the residence of Mr.
Jas. P. Cook, have shown signs of failing within a few
years and it is quite probable that the sealing up of the
roadway with block pavement and the broad brick side .
walk prevent any considerable amount of moisture
from reaching their roots. From this cause many fine
trees are lost in cities.

The striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum) is found
growing as a small tree in Swampscott and Chebacco
woods, and there was once a large specimen at Harmony
Grove Cemetery. Ido not know of one in Salem now.
Norway maples are found in St. Peter street, the Essex
House yard on the western side, and there is one that
has been, by careful pruning, made to retain a dense
round head, at Mrs. Wm. McMullan’s, No. 6 North
street. There isa very fine Norway maple on the eastern
26

corner of Felt and Orne streets, the largest I have seen
in Salem, and one nearly as fine west of the sugar
maple referred to at Fairfield and Lafayette streets.
This tree is easily distinguished by its fruit from the
sugar maple, although on young trees and in shady
situations the leaves resemble each other closely. The
fruit, however, is larger than that of the sugar maple,
and the ‘‘keys,” a peculiar form of fruit borne by all of
the maples, diverge widely from each other. The bark,
too, on large trees, differs. On the sugar maple it is
rifted, while on the Norway maple it is close with fine
reticulations.

The sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) is an old-
world tree long cultivated here. It bears flowers in long
drooping clusters resembling those of the striped maple,
but larger. There are many of these trees in the city,
the largest being in the rear of Mr. George Peabody’s
house, on Washington square, and at Mr. George F.
Brown’s house, on the northern side of Dearborn street,
the western tree. A remarkably large tree of the vari-
egated leaved sycamore maple stands in the yard at the
western side of Mr. F. H. Lee’s house on Chestnut
street. It shows at the base of the trunk the curious col-
lar sometimes noticed on apple and pear trees, caused by
an unequal growth of the graft and original stock, and
indicates, of course, a grafted tree. The negundo, or
box-elder, (Acer negundo) is found sparingly in Salem.
There is one ia Mr. Hutchinson’s yard, 130 Bridge street.
The largest I have seen are on Lowell steeet, Peabody,
at No. 132, and there are several large trees between
that number and 100. A walk up North street through
Dearborn and Felt streets will give any one an oppor-
tunity to study the five maples found growing as street
27

trees, or in South Salem near Lafayette, Laurel and
Linden streets they will all be found, and there are
young trees of these maples on the Common marked
with their respective names.

In the second volume of Prof. Sargent’s Sylva of
North America, at the Public Library, will be found Mr.
Faxon’s carefully executed drawings ofall the American
maples, showing the leaves, flowers and fruit of each
species.

JUNE SIXTEENTH.
V.
THE LOCUSTS, APPLES, PEARS AND CHERRIES.

How do you define a native plant? is a question
which has been asked. There seems to be an erroneous
impression in some minds that plants which botanists
term ‘‘naturalized,” and which, like our wood-wax,
butter-cups and white-weed, have established themselves
and increase each year by seeds, must be considered as
natives, very much as we speak of strawberries and
tomatoes as natives, when we wish to distinguish those
raised near home from the same fruit brought from New
Jersey or Carolina. A native plant is established in a
region by natural means and without the agency of
man. Among our common trees, even among those
which are undoubtedly natives of this country, there
are several which have probably been introduced into
Essex County by the early settlers or later. The tulip
tree, catalpa, and black walnut are undoubtedly among
these; and it is hardly less probable that the wild
black cherry, button wood and locust must be added to
the list, although they are found growing naturally in
the region at the south of us from New York State to
Alabama, and westward to Ohio and beyond.

The common locust (Robinia pseudacacia) has long
been a favorite roadside tree and was introduced at an
early date from Pennsylvania. Old trees, however,
show signs of insect ravages, and this species is no
longer so common about Salem as it was a generation
29

ago. The largest tree in the city, a little more than
seven feet in circumference, is before the door of the
Pickering mansion on Broad street. There is one in
the field just below the base ball grounds on Bridge
street, and several about ‘‘Paradise,”* at the bend of
Mason street. There is also a very large tree, ten feet
in circumference perhaps, in the yard by the house at
Gardner’s Farm. On the Forest River road there are
many locusts growing where the fragrant blossoms are
easily accessible to the public.

The clammy locust, (Robinia viscosa) is not so com-
monly cultivated. It is a native of the Alleghany
mouutains. It blooms abundantly, but its flowers are
not fragrant, although otherwise rather finer than those
of the common locust. There are several of these trees
just going out of flower in the yard of Mr. Abbott’s
house, No. 4 Chestnut street. A third locust, the rose
acacia (Robinia hispida) from the same region, is often
seen in old gardens where it makes a small straggling
tree. Its flowers are of a most beautiful rosepink
color but not fragrant. The honey locust, or three-
thorned-acacia (Gleditschia triacanthos), is a large tree
common in cultivation. It is a native of Pennsylvania
and the region beyond, and is known by its much divided
leaves, its long branching thorns, and curious wavy

 

*The reference of the writer to ‘‘Paradise,” at the upper part
of Mason street, in Salem, will probably cause many of the
younger generation to wonder why that region was ever so
called. Fifty years ago this was the most beautiful section of
Salem, and on Sunday nights it was a great thoroughfare for
young men and maidens, as well as for older people. Mason
hill, the tanneries and the Oil Factory were unknown then,
and if the Carltonville settlement had been started it could only
have been a short time before. The name “Paradise” was
known and recognized, in every part of the city, as a peculiarly
appropriate designation for the locality.—[Eds. Gazette.
30

black fruit pods, often a foot long. There is a tree of
this species in Mr. D. A. Varney’s yard, No. 31 Pleas-
ant street, another at No. 10 Church street, and
one by the New (Swedenborgian) Church on Essex
street. The male and female flowers are on separate
trees and hence only certain trees bear the long pods
referred to. The one on Church street is a female
tree—that by the Swedenborgian Church on Essex
street is a male tree. I cannot see, however, that the
female tree is inclined to have more and sharper thorns,
as some wicked botanists have declared. This tree
is often mistaken for a tamarind, to which it is botani-
cally related and which 'it resembles in some respects.
it has been asserted by one person that a sea captain in
the family brought a tamarind from the West Indies,
and to this day it is insisted that a certain honey locust
is a tamarind tree. But of course no tropical tree
would withstand our winters, nor does this tree bear
tamarinds, and so there must be a mistake. The
red-bud, (Cercis canadensis), a small tree bearing large
quantities of lilac colored flowers close to the branches,
before the large leaves appear, may be seen in the
garden of the Tucker house, 129 Essex street, and at
the rear of the museum of the Peabody Academy.

The golden chain laburnum (Laburnum vulgare)
has been flowering in Mr. Geo. Chase’s garden on
Lafayette street, in the yard of the Mansfield house on
Broad street, and at Dr. Mack’s place on the hill back
of Mason street, but it is not a perfectly hardy tree in
this climate. Another tree, too seldom seen here and
yet perfectly hardy, is the Kentucky coffee tree (Gym-
nocladus canadensis). There are two fine specimens
in the garden just north of the house of the late Gen.
31

Wm. Sutton, now the Peabody Old Ladies’ Homie, and
a larger tree in the old garden of the late John Lewis
Russell on Lafayette street. There are a number of
these trees also in the Public Garden in Boston.

Opposite the door of No. 46 Washington Square,
just inside the common fence and overhanging it, is a
small tree of the virgilia or yellow-wood (Cladrastris
tinctoria). This tree bears fragrant blossoms resem-
bling those of the locust. It is a native of the Alleghany
mountain region, and often attains considerable size
even in this neighborhood where it has been cultivated
for many years. When not in flower this particular
tree might be mistaken for an ash, and it does not seem
to be in its best condition, for the soil and shade from
the elms near it appear to be unfavorable to its growth.
There is another tree of this species in Mr. Dugan’s
garden on Dearborn street.

There is no tree which for beauty of blossom can
compare with the apple (Pyrus malus) coming as it
does in a season of most perfectly contrasting spring
green. A tree in Bott’s Court, seen from Chestnut
street, and the group of apples in Mr. L. E. Millea’s
place in Hathorne street, made as fine a show of blossoms
this year as any trees in the countryside about Salem.
A street car ride to Asylum and a ramble about the
hill, or, for a more extended journey, a drive to North
Andover by the way of the old turnpike and back by
Boxford and Topsfield, should be put down as an annual
field day at the apple blossom season, not to be omitted.
The largest apple trees which I have noticed in this
neighborhood, are two old ones in Putnamville, on the
westerly side of the road beyond the Sears place. They
are nearly 12 feet in circumference. The story of our
32

ancicnt pear trees (Pyrus vulgaris) has been told by
Mr. Robert Manning (Proc. Am. Pomol. Soe. 1875)
and their mention is hardly required here. Mr. Allen’s
tree on Hardy street, planted in 1640, but ten years
later than the famous Endicott pear tree in Danvers, is
probably the only one of very great age, remaining
in the city, the Silsbee tree having been cut down sev-
eral years ago to make way for Boardman street. There
is a pear tree on the Pickering estate on Broad street,
said to have been grafted on the day of the battle of
Lexington, in 1775, which is now over five feet in cir-
cumference at five feet above the ground, and over
seven feet at the point where it was grafted. There
is a crab apple (Pyrus coronaria) on Brown street, and
others in various parts of the city. This species and
the many horticultural varieties of crab-apples are
desirable on account of its fragrant blossoms. The
European mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia), a misnamed
tree, for it bears no relation to the ash tree, is every-
where met with in cultivation, and quite often, tvo, in
remote places where the seeds have been carried by
birds. There is a large tree in Mr. A. W. West’s
yard, 12 Chestnut street, and a remarkably fine one, for
so old a tree, in Mr. Hubbard Breed’s yard, 83 Federal
street. Mr. Foote has called attention to the great
injury done to these trees by a severe storm some forty
years ago, which probably accounts for the few trees of
large size we have in the city. The American moun-
tain ash (Pyrus americana) grows naturally at the
north, but there are a number of trees planted about
Beverly Farms. The leaves of this species are larger
and the leaflets more pointed than those of the Euro-
pean tree, but the flowers and fruit are about the
same.
33

Early in May, or even in April, the shad bush
(Amelanchier canadensis) shows its conspicuously white
heads in our swamps, notably the one at the east of the
railroad between Salem and Swampscott. One form
becomes a good sized tree, while another is always
shrubby ; but where they all go to in the summer is a
mystery, for one never sees them then. The fruit is
excellent eating, and the birds and bugs know it, for
there is seldom one left for man to taste. It is strange
that this ornamental and good fruit bearing tree has
never been improved for gardens by the horticulturists.
There awaits another native fruit for mankind as good as
any we now use.

The hawthorns have been fine this season — Mr.
Pickering’s on Broad street, Dr. Lyman’s on Washing-
ton square with its pink flowers, and still others.
Several old trees growing in a neglected state at the
rear of the old Derby farm, on Park avenue, were well
worth a walk to see. Those most generally cultivated
are varieties of the English hawthorn, (Crategus oxya-
cantha) although some of the American species are
occasionally seen. Our low wild cherry (Prunus
virginiana), the natural food of the caterpillar, may
always be known at this season by its denuded branches.
There are some plants, however, opposite Mr. Allen’s
on Clifton avenue, which were permitted to flower.
The wild black cherry (Prunus serotina), which the
eminent botanist, Dr. Charles Pickering, always main-
tained was an introduced tree in the county, is never
seen excepting in places where man has interfered with
nature. There is a very large tree among the ever-
greens just back of the corner of Dearborn and Felt
streets.
34

The little wild red cherry, (Prunus pennsylvanica),
common everywhere after the cutting or burning of
woodlands, is an attractive roadside tree, and the beach
plum, common at Plum Island, has made its way into
the interior, along the walls, where it is said the stones
have been thrown by farmers returning from their salt
marsh haying trips. There isa good specimen opposite
the horse railroad stables just beyond the Forest River
Mills. Of the cultivated peaches and plums little need
be said, for there are few of note in gardens, and prob-
ably none in the streets.

The cherry, once a popular street tree in Salem, has
been relegated to yards and gardens. The trees which
bear our June and July cherries often grow to great size.
They have been evolved from the European tree (Prunus
avium) and cherry trees in England sometimes reach
the height of eighty or ninety feet. There is one very
large cherry tree in a yard on Dodge street court, and
a row of quite tall trees by the stone wall on Lafayette
street, just beyond Loring avenue, which are evidently
from stones accidently thrown there. In Topsfield,
Boxford and elsewhere, by old farms, one often sees
clumps of low cherry trees with a profusion of flowers
in May. These are the old fashioned cherries of our
grandmothers’ cherry pies ; and a friend who is a judge
in such matters assures me that they are not surpassed
by any of the modern substitutes. The tree is known
as Prunus cerasus.

JUNE TWENTY-THIRD.
VI.
THE CORNUSES, TUPELO AND WITCH HAZEL.

Among those who enjoy gathering wild flowers, but
who are not familiar with their characteristics, a natural
fear exists of handling plants which may be poisonous.
The misuse of the name dogwood, by applying it to the
poisonous sumach, has increased the fear in this neigh-
borhood where the wrong name is used almost to the
exclusion of the correct one. The name dogwood be-
longs to the cornuses, a genus, which, as previously
stated, includes the pretty bunchberry, several shrubby
species, and the tree known to most persons by its
botanical name, Cornus florida. A fine specimen of this
last named tree stood in the yard of Mr. James B.
Curwen, on Essex street, but it unfortunately died
sometime ago. There are smaller specimens in several
gardens in the city, and the tree grows naturally in the
woods at Crooked pond, Boxford, and on some of the
islands in Wenham swamp, where the large white bud-
scales surrounding a bunch of small true flowers are
conspicuous in the latter part of May.

The only other cornus which is tree-like in appear-
ance is the Cornus alternifolia (it has no common
name), whichis abundant along most country roadsides
—the nearest, perhaps, being on Essex street, Beverly,
not far from the Montserat station. All of the dog-
woods have showy flowers, and are perfectly harmless
to handle.
36

A few simple rules can easily be remembered, which
will aid those who are not acquainted with our poisonous
plants in detecting them, and at the same time prevent
needless fear of the many beautiful flowers and berries
common throughout the county.

Never put any portion of any plant in the mouth
unless it is certainly known to be wholesome.

Have no hesitation in handling any plant that has
beautiful or attractive flowers, berries, or fruit of any
kind; for the two poisonous native plants have incon-
spicuous greenish flowers, mostly under the leaves, and,
later, small bluish white berries close to the branches or
hanging from them.

Beware of gorgeous red and yellow autumnal leaves
on shrubs and climbing plants which are not known to
be harmless. Our two poisonous native plants display
the most brilliant autumnal colors of any species in our
woods and by-ways.

The poisonous sumach resembles a group of young
ash trees.

The poisonous ivy resembles the harmless woodbine.
Its leaves, however, have but three leaflets while those
of the woodbine have five.

There are no cultivated plants in our gardens poison-
ous to handle, so far as Iam aware, except, perhaps, the
little primula, commonly grown as a window plant in
winter, whose sharp hairs on the stems and leaves often
irritate the delicate portions of the skin of the hands
and wrists of those who brush against the plants or
gather the flowers.

A near relative of the cornuses is the tupelo (Nyssa
sylvatica), a tree usually found in wet places, although
sometimes on hillsides; yet, even then, indicating that
37

water is near by. There are several on Brimble Avenue,
near North Beverly, and also on the Topsfield road
beyond Putnamville. The largest near at hand is just
back of some houses at the corner of Essex and Corning
streets, Beverly, not far from the Montserat station.
I think it is this tree, or at least one that was near this
place, which Wilson Flagg figures in ‘Woods and By-
ways of New England,” (p 63) and which he describes
as being ‘‘near the ‘Outlet? on the old Essex road in
Beverly.” It does not, however, appear to be the tree
which he refers to as one regarded with superstition by
the people of that town.

About the shores of Wenham and Chebacco ponds
are several tupelos overhanging the water, and there is
one quite prominent in the swamp near the Marblehead
branch railroad, in the woods just beyond the Forest
River Mills on the way towards Marblehead. The
tupelo has its male and female flowers on separate trees,
the leaves are shining green until October, when they
turn a most beautiful red. It is, unfortunately, a diffi-
cult tree to transplant, and our nurserymen have sadly
neglected it.

The witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) is a weak tree
common in the woods at Beverly, on the roads in
Lynnfield, Swampscott, and elsewhere. It is only
conspicuous in October when the curious yellow flowers
are fully expanded. Blooming thus in autumn the
fruit is not perfected until the next year. When ripe
the little nuts open at the end with a snap, and the
seeds are shot forth as from a toy pop-gun. The tree
is common enough, scattered through the woods, but it
must be vastly more abundant elsewhere, or ‘*Pond’s
Extract” cannot all be made from hamamelis.
38

The divining rods of the ore and water hunters are
said to be made from the branches of this tree; but in
England one of the elms is called ‘‘wych elm,” and a
hornbeam ‘‘witch hazel,” and their branches may be
used there for a similar purpose. The efficacy of these
witch-sticks will in all probability be defended by
believers and laughed at by sceptics, as of old.

The liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) is not
perfectly hardy in this region, although some trees at
the Henry Cleveland place in Danvers have grown well
for a number of years. The leaves somewhat resemble
those of the red maple, but they are more pointed.
The fruit is a curious little ball bristling with beak-like
points which enclose the seeds. It is a tree which
ought to be experimented with here, as it 1s interesting
in many ways.

JUNE THIRTIETH.
VIl.
THE ASHES, CATALPA, AND SASSAFRAS.

With the discovery of America there came at once a
desire to know something of its natural products, and
even before the settlement of its northern shores the
plants of the country were taken to Europe by ex-
plorers. This desire, of course, increased after the
settlements were begun, and accounts of the country,
its animals and plants, had been sent home to friends.
In England, especially, are to be found vumerous
examples of American forest trees, many of which have
been in cultivation for ornament much longer than they
have here.

The shag-bark hickory was carried to England in
1629, the locust in 1640, the black-walnut and butter-
nut in 1656, the red-cedar in 1664, the liquidambar in
1681, the white pine in 1705, one of the buckeyes in
1711, the white oak in 1724, the ash at about the same
time, and many others soon afterward.

Of course many of our native trees were taken to
other countries besides England, but, owing to the
natural channels of commerce, they were chiefly carried
to England and France. It is stated that the original
locust tree planted by Vespasien Robin, for whom and
his father John, herbalist to Henry IV., of France, the
genus (Robinia) to which the locust belongs, was named,
is still standing in the Jardin des Plants in Paris. The
tree was planted by Robin in 1636 and shows evident
signs of its great age.
40

The natural result of this early introduction of Amer-
can plants into Europe, and the continued interest in
them there, was that American plants could be obtained
from English dealers before they were grown by our
home nurserymen, who, curiously enough, neglected
our own plants, the trees especially, and were satisfied
to import their stock from across the water. There
have also originated in English gardens many sports
and hybrids of American plants, and these abnormal
children of American parentage have come home to our
gardens almost entirely from this source.

An American garden, or bed, is a common term used
in Hurope when referring to the class of plants known
as the Ericaceew, which includes the laurel, rhododen-
dron,.andromeda, swamp azalea and other plants, natives
of this country. Many of these, with the varieties
which have sprung from them, are now imported from
England for our gardens. Oaks, walnuts and other
trees have been re-introduced in a similar manner, and
for this reason it often happens that a person will insist
that a certain tree is European, when it is but the off-
spring of American parents returning to its native land.

But none of the plants of the Ericacez are trees in
this region. The laurel becomes a tree at the south,
and some of the southern tree-like rhododendrons are
cultivated here as shrubs. The same may be said of
another family to which the snow-ball, the cranberry-
tree, and the elders belong. The sheep-berry, (Vibur-
num lentago) common in our woods, and the old garden
snow-ball, however, are often quite tree-like although
they are naturally shrubs.

The persimon (Diospyros virginiana) whose fruit
requires a hard frost upon it to make it palatable, is
41

occasionally found in this region, but I do not know of
one which fruits in Salem. There is a small tree, how-
ever, by the roadside on the Edmund Kimball place in
Wenham.

Although the olive cannot be numbered among our
trees, still familiar representatives of the family are
numerous. The lilac (Syringa vulgaris) is often seen
growing from a single stem in old country gardens,
where both the purple and the white varieties are fre-
quently cultivated. There is a very tall and old white
lilac by the house of Mr. Henry Wardwell, No. 13
Summer street, and very large plants of the longer cul-
tivated purple lilac are especially noticeable in Danvers
and the Andovers. The privet, (Ligustrum vulgare)
generally used for a hedge plant, becomes a tree when
left to itself. There were a number of these ina yard
on Federal street, near Beckford, but they seem to
have disappeared before the hand of improvement.
The fringe tree (Chionanthus virginica) is a small tree
but very beautiful when in flower with its delicate white
fringes hanging among the fresh green leaves. One in
Dr. Johnson’s garden on Winter street was in full
flower about the middle of June.

There are three native ashes besides the introduced
European tree, in Essex County, but the white ash
(Fraxinus americana) and the European ash (Fraxinus
excelsior) are the only ones which are frequently seen
in cultivation. The mountain ash, referred to in a
previous number of these sketches, it must be remem-
bered, is not an ash but a member of the rose family and
a relative of the apples, pears, etc.

The black ash (Fraxinus sambucifolia) is found
growing naturally in wet places along North street,
42

Danvers, after passing the junction of Birch lane, the
road leading from Mr. Whittier’s place, and elsewhere
in the county. This tree may be distinguished from
the other native ashes by the leaflets which are toothed
ou the edges and which are close to the main leaf stem,
while each leaflet of the white and red ashes stands on
a little stem of its own where it joins the main leaf
stem. The red ash (Fraxinus pubescens), with some-
what pendulous branches and slightly downy leaves and
young stems, grows along the shores of the Ipswich
river in Topsfield and other towns, and may be seen
where the bridges cross that stream in several places.
The only ones I have observed in cultivation are on the
estate of the late Edmund Kimball in Wenham, at the
side of the driveway to the house near the street.
Nearly all of the ash trees in the streets of Salem are
the white ash. There is one at No. 4 Chestnut street,
several at the north-east corner of the Common near
Pleasant street, and they are, in fact, met with in every
part of the city. There is a remarkably symmetrical
tree on Warren street near the old Treadwell estate,
No. 41. The largest white ash which I remember as a
street tree was one cut down at the time the lin-
dens were removed on Cabot street, Beverly. It stood
just beyond the lindens and was nine feet in cireum-
ference at six feet from the ground.

The European ash is often seen in cultivation.
There are several on Felt street, the first tree on the
eastern side of the street near Dearborn being one;
and there is a good specimen in the Broad street cem-
etery, near the corner of Winthrop street, and just south
of the Dodge and Fogg tomb. The weeping ash is a
grafted variety of this species.
43

There are now considered to be two native species
of catalpa, both showy and desirable trees. In Dr.
Manasseh Cutler’s journal’ (Vol. I, p. 74) is this entry :
‘April 13, 1779: brought from Judge Oliver’s two
scions of the catalpa tree, a native of America which
grows near the Ohio river.” This was no doubt the
western catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) which did not
receive a name to distinguish it from the southern ca-
talpa (Catalpa bignonioides) until quite recently.
Judge Oliver’s garden was where the Lynde Block now
stands, on Essex street; and, curiously enough, in Mr.
Geo. Upton’s garden (Mr. Upton’s house is on Liberty
street), which in 1779 was probably a part of the Oliver
garden, there is to-day a fine tree of this western
catalpa, but hardly more than thirty years old. The
largest catalpa, and probably the oldest in the city, is
the southern catalpa in the yard of the Misses Shepard’s
house, 25 Brown street. The tree was planted more
than eighty years ago, by Mr. J. H. Parnell and now
measures nearly nine feet in circumference.

There is a southern catalpa which overhangs the yard
of the **Witch house” on Essex street, and there is
another in Mrs. Emmerton’s yard a few doors above.
There is acurious tree, doubtless a sucker growth from
an older tree of the southern species, in the enclosure
of the Public Library on Monroe street.*

The Japanese catalpa, (Catalpa kempferi), a small
tree, has been introduced recently. There isa specimen
in the garden of the Bertram estate on Dearborn street.

The sassafras (Sassafras officinale) grows on the

 

* The western catalpas were in full flower on June 30th this
year; the southern catalpas, however, not until July 20th.
44

eastern side of the Topsfield road within about two
miles of that town, where there are several well formed
trees. It is common in our woods as a small shrubby
tree, and there is a large specimen among the other
trees against the hill on the road between King’s beach
and Pride’s Crossing. There are some at Kernwood,
one especially of quite large size on the north-eastern
portion of the estate. The only one I know of in the
city proper is in Mr. David Pingree’s garden. Itis about
twenty-five feet high and may be seen from Washington
Square, across Mrs. Safford’s garden, against the di-
vision wall. The largest sassafras in the county formerly
stood in a field in Manchester, near the railroad. It
was over eight feet in circumference, but it died of old
age some years ago.

The sassafras may always be recognized at the dis-
tance by its peculiarly solid, dome-shaped head and the
comparatively few leaves and branches lower down.
It is much more abundant just south of us than here.
Any one who is familiar with our trees, travelling by
rail to Washington or Philadelphia, will at once notice
the changed character of the woods after passing into
southern Connecticut. The sassafras, the chestnut,
liquidambar, tulip-tree, pin oak and tupelo, form the
conspicuous part of the woodlands passed on the train,
and these are trees which are either very scarce or alto-
gether absent from the woods of Essex County and
this part of New England. The sassafras is worthy of
more attention than it receives, and the leaves, which
vary from simple ovals to three lobed and mitten
shaped on the same branch, are a curious study.

The wild spice-bush (Lindera benzoin) is a shrub
common in our woods. It is covered with greenish
45

yellow flowers close to the stems before the leaves
appear in the spring. This is a near relative of the
sassafras.

JULY SEVENTH.
VIII.
THE ELMS.

It is much more difficult than one would at first sup-
pose, to obtain accurate knowledge of the age of our
older trees. Records are occasionally made of the
planting of certain trees, but the age or size of the tree
when planted is seldom recorded. | Mistakes are often
made in referring to the work, and in locating the tree
itself in accounts given of it afterwards, and these
accounts, too, are generally transmitted verbally from
generation to generation.

With our trees, and in our climate, a nearly accurate
record of the age of every tree is sealed up in its trunk
where the circles of wood formed each year are clearly
defined. When a tree is cut, therefore, if the wood is
not decayed we may count the years of the tree’s life
almost with certainty. In tropical countries, where the
difference between the growing season and that of rest
is less marked, this cannot be done; but here, where the
alternation of summer and winter is so regular and the
change so complete, these annual rings of growth are
easily counted. Infrequently, either by the entire de-
struction of all of the leaves of a tree early in the
season by insects, or possibly in case the early growth
is completely arrested by drought, a second growth
may take place the same season. This growth, how-
ever, rarely occurs, nor is it so clearly marked in the
47

wood; so that this factor cannot be said to affect, to
any extent, the tree’s record of its own age.

Attempts have been made to obtain the age of old
trees of especial interest by cutting a small section of
the wood from them in one or two places, counting the
rings in the sections cut, and estimating the age by
means of an algebraic formula based on the height of
the tree and the diameter of its trunk. This method
has, however, proved of no value in cases where it
could be tested; and so we must depend on reliable
records, average rates of growth known in trees of
the same species, and the application of a great deal of
common sense, in order to obtain an idea of the age
of trees which we do not wish to destroy.

It would add very much to our present knowledge
of the subject, if persons who have records of the age
of large trees of any species would contribute such in-
formation, together with the correct measurement of
the trunk circumference of the tree, to some well cir-
culated botanical or horticultural journal. Statements
of ‘the habit of the tree, and the conditions favorable or
otherwise under which the tree has grown, should also
accompany such records.

Fabulous stories are told of the age of trees, most
of which should be accepted with great allowance for
error. The olive of Gethsemane, popularly supposed
to be the tree referred to in the Bible and to have wit-
nessed the vigil of Jesus, is still preserved. A picture,
which certainly represents it as a very aged tree even
for an olive, may be seen at the Public Library, in
‘‘Garden and Forest,” (Vol. 1, p. 284), in which mag-
azine are also many interesting tree portraits published
from time to time, both of natives of this country and
others.
48

Another tree, the cypress of Somma in Lombardy, is
proved by records, it is said, to have been known in the
time of Julius Cesar, 42 B. C.

The greatest number of rings yet actually counted in
any tree is 2100 in the case of a California ‘‘ Big-tree”
or redwood (Sequoia gigantea), and this record of the
tree’s own existence reduces materially the estimates of
the age formerly attributed to these monsters of the for-
est. That any of our oaks are a thousand years old, as
is often supposed, seems impossible. It is doubtful if
any tree in Essex County standing to-day exceeds three
hundred years in age, and it is quite possible that a less
number would cover the years of the oldest.

The American Elm (Ulmus americana), also known
as the white elm, may undoubtedly be placed as the most
venerated and most popular tree for planting in New
England. It is the most graceful, most varied, and up-
on the whole the most satisfactory tree we have. Mr.
Dame, in the volume entitled ‘‘ Typical Elms” (to be
seen at the Public Library), gives pictures of two Essex
County American elms. The first is the famous Hub-
bard elm on the farm of Mr. Nathan Foster at North
Andover, near Boxford, which is the largest and finest
tree in this neighborhood. Its trunk measures twenty
feet and ten inches in circumference at five feet trom the
ground, and is, so tradition says, over 250 years old.
It is, therefore, if this tradition can be relied upon, the
oldest elm as well as the largest in Essex County. The
Hale elm, in Boxford, a tree well known to be 145 years
old, is thirteen feet and one half in circumference. The
old William Jaques elm on Parker street, Newbury, is
also figured in ‘‘ Typical Eims.” It is seventeen feet
and three inches in circumference and is thought to be
49

178 years old. This elm is the same size as the Endi-
cott elm, in Peabody, which was destroyed by a gale or
lightning some years ago, and which was the most grace-
ful elm in this region. There are large elms at the
Woodbury farm in North Beverly, in Reading, in New-
bury port, the Andovers, in Ipswich; and almost every
town in the State has its noted elms. Those of the
Connecticut river valley, however, are undoubtedly the
finest and largest, taken asa whole. The oldest elms in
salem are probably the ‘‘ Great Tree,” or ‘* Big Tree,”
in the centre of Boston street, and the tree by the house
No. 23 Summer street. This last named tree is the
finer of the two, and has, thanks to the care of the city’s
shade tree committee, been placed in condition, it is
hoped, to last and be admired for many years to come.
in regard to the former, Mr. C. F. W. Archer has
called my attention to the fact that the records state
that a great tree stood in the plain at the time the
boundaries were made when the stune hearing the date
1707 was placed in Boston street. It would ordinarily
appear that the tree was hardly large enough to warrant
the supposition that it is onc hundred and eighty years
old, but it is growing in very poor soil, and has, perhaps,
never had an epoch of rapid growth usual in elms; and
it may, therefore, be as vld as the record would indi-
cate. It seems hardly possible that the tree originally
on the spot should have died and another have been
planted to replace it, for in that case, in all probability,
some tradition would have descended of the fact.
However this. may be, it is an interesting subject for our
local historians and one which I hope may receive their
attention.

The tree generally admitted to be the most beautiful
50

in the city is the Bertram elm which stands in the
Public Library grounds; and, strange to say, it is a
comparatively young tree. It is fourteen feet and five
inches in circumference at five feet from the ground,
and yet it is positively known to be not over seventy
years old and probably a little less. What favoring
conditions have produced this remarkably rapid de-
velopment is not known.

Mr. Charles Putnam, civil engineer, remembers that
the tree shook and bent as he climbed into it when a boy.
Mr. S. E. Peabody, whose younger days were spent in
its vicinity, has accurate knowledge of the small size
of this tree at about the same time, and Dr. Wheatland,
some years the senior of these gentlemen, well remem-
bers it as a stripling in Mrs. Wallace’s yard. The age of
the Bertram elm, therefore, may quite safely be placed
at seventy years from the seed. In proof of the very
rapid growth of the elm under favorable conditions,
there is a tree in the rear of the museum building
which is but eighteen years old from the seed. It is
thirty feet high and the trunk is three feet and four
inches in its smallest circumference, showing an in-
crease of 2.22 inches annually. The rate of increase of
the Bertram elm is 2.47 inches. Elms grow most rapid-
ly during the first seventy-five years of their life. The
rate of growth then decreases, and in elms of great age
it is very slight each year. The four elms in front of
the houses of Mr. Philip Little and Mr. Arthur W.
West, on Chestnut street, were undoubtedly planted by
Messrs. Nathan Robinson and Jona. Hodges, about 1804.
They vary from nine and a half to ten feet in circumfer-
ence at five feet from the ground.

The larger of the elms by Dr. Mack’s house on
51

Chestnut street was planted by Mr. Henry Pickering,
probably in 1814. It is as large as the largest of the
fourelms previously noticed, and none of these trees are
nearly so large as the Bertram elm, which, as shown, is
not nearly as old.

Dr. Henry Wheatland planted the elm at the residence
of Mr. George Wheatland, the tree next above the
Public Library estate, in 1838. It is now seven feet
eight inchesin circumference. At the corner of Buffum
and School streets is a fine elm planted by Mr. Dever-
eux Dennis, probably in 1804, and which measures nine
feet in circumference. There is a very graceful weep-
ing elm just beyond the almshouse on Salem Neck.
Its beauty is the more remarkable when its exposed
situation is considered.

It has been said that the trees on the upper portion
of Lafayette street were planted within the line of the
Derby estate, on account of some opposition to placing
them in the street itself. The street was laid out in
its present magnificent width at the suggestion of Mr. E.
Hersey Derby in 1808. Mr. David Waters informs me
that his father, but a short time before his death, while
passing these trees, said that when a boy he was called
by Mr. Derby to assist at planting them, holding the
saplings while the workmen filled the earth in about
them. Mr. Waters, senior, was born in 1796 and
would have been twelve years of age when the street
was laid out. The date of the planting of these elms,
thus corroborated, may, therefore, safely be placed at
1808.

On the Common there appear to be elms of two
ages. Those near the western gate are evidently older
52

than the majority of the trees around the Common.
They were no doubt standing on the ground when the
others were planted, although nothing is said in regard
to this in the Essex Institute Historical Collection
(vol. 4, p. 2), where Mr. B. F. Browne’s interesting
and exhaustive account of the Salem Common and the
surrounding estates is published. When the Common
was levelled in 1802 it was planted with the Lombardy
poplar; but, as these trees proved of short-lived
beauty, they were replaced by elms, ashes, etc., during
the year 1817, and possibly the years following. We
speak of the Common as being planted with elms;
but, in point of tact, less than one-half of the trees in
it are elms. It is much to be regretted that, when one
of the elms has died, it has not always been replaced
by another elm. Unwisely, however, maples and other
trees have been planted in the places vacated by failing
elms; and, unless immediate steps are taken to rectify
this error, we are likely, at no distant day, to see the
beauty and dignity of Salem Common give way to an
ordinary plantation of maples and other trees entirely
unsuited to this particular situation, for which place no
tree can possibly compare with the American elm in
desirability. The elm, too, absorbs great quantities of
water through its roots, besides not producing a too
dense shade. It is, therefore, a most valuable tree in
low grounds, like our Common, where the soil would
naturally be quite damp throughout the season.

The slippery elm (Ulmus fulva), whose mucilaginous
inner bark used to be more in repute for certain mouth
and throat complaints than now, is a native of the
county. It is found in the woods of Wenham and
Boxford. Mrs. Horner, our Georgetown botanist, has
53

privately pointed out one in that town; but a good
botanist is too wise to publish the precise spot where it
grows, for the juveniles in the community would soon
strip this tree of its bark for the pleasure of chewing
slippery elm free of cost.

The only slippery elm so far observed in Salem is on
Hathorne street. It was planted by Mr. Alva Kendall,
fifty years ago, and was probably obtained by him in
New Hampshire. The tree, which is now nearly seven
feet in circumference, is a remarkably fine representa-
tive of its species. Residents on the street state that
this tree has always retained its foliage in perfect con-
dition during seasons when all of the American elms
near it have been stripped of their leaves by the
canker-worms.

The English elm (Ulmus campestris), common in
and around Boston, is a rare tree here. The only one
of full growth, so far noticed on our streets, is on La-
fayette street, just within the Derby estate, and directly
opposite the southern line of Clifton avenue. There
are two small trees, one of which, at least, is probably
a garden form of the English elm, on the Common
nearly opposite Williams street, and one typical tree at
Mr. Jas. Dugan’s, on Dearborn street. The English
elm has not the graceful habit of the American tree,
but it retains its leaves longer in the autumn. The
branches may be said to grow upward while those of
the American elm grow downward or bend over. The
fruit or seed of the English is much larger than that
of the American elm, it being almost the size of a ten
cent piece.

I am told that the variety of the English elm having
54

the corky bark has been planted in Danvers to some ex-
tent. There is a very fine specimen of this tree in Mr.
Dugan’s place, planted about 1835 by the late John C.
Lee, Esq.

The Dutch elm, also called wych elm and Scotch
elm (Ulmus montana), is, in appearance, intermediate
between the American and English elms. Its spread-
ing habit is more like that of the American tree. The
bark is not broken across like that of the English elm,
which gives the trunk of that tree a checkered appear-
anee, but, on the upper and smaller branches, it is
lighter in color and almost smooth. The seeds closely
resemble those of the English elm. There is a good
specimen of the Dutch elm on Winter street, at No. 15,
and another before the house of Mr. Jos. M. Parsons,
No. 32 Lynde street. A small tree is on the avenue
leading to Dr. Mack’s house from Grove street, and
there is one among the other trees on the eastern
side of the street, in Danversport, just beyond the
northern end of ‘‘spite bridge”. There are rows of
these elms at either side of the Congregational Church
on Maple street, Danvers, which are said to have been
raised or introduced by Mr. Joshua Silvester, whose
name is, more than any other, associated with ornamen-
tal tree planting in Danvers, and to whose good offices
the town is indebted for the beautifully planted grounds
of the Peabody Institute.

There are two Dutch elms not far from the house of
Dr. Morrill, in North Andover. This tree is also com-
mon around Boston, and there is a large tree marked
with its name at the east of, and not far from, the sol-
diers’ monument on Boston Common.

In an article entitled <‘The Woodlands” printed in
55

the ‘Nineteenth Century” for July, Sir Herbert Maxwell
writes: ‘‘The * * * so called English elm is probably
part of the inheritance left us by the Roman rulers.
*** The only native British elm is the wych elm,
a common tree in the old forest.”

JULY KOURTEENTH.
IX.
THE BOX TREE, MULBERRIES AND BUTTONWOOD.

In contrast to the elms, trees which rapidly attain
great size, is the box (Buxus sempervirens) which is
probably the slowest growing of all trees. We are fa-
miliar with the dwarf variety of this tree which is used
so extensively in old fashioned gardens, in Salem and
other towns in Essex County, as an edging for flower
beds. The dwarf box sometimes grows to a height of
three feet, and there was, on Pleasant street in
Marblehead, some years ago, a garden famous in its day
for the large box which grew there.

In Dr. Lyman’s yard, on Washington square, is a
fine specimen of the tree box. It arises from ten or
more stems and forms a beautiful dense head eight
feet in diameter and as high from the ground. In
Mr. Robinson’s garden, on Summer street, is a box tree
known to be over thirty-five years old. The height
ot the tree is but four feet ; it has always been perfectly
healthy, and yet its single stem is but eight inches in
circumference. It is just half the age of the Bertram
elm, at the Public Library, whose trunk circumference
is one hundred and seventy two inches, or more than
twenty-one times as great. A catalpa, in the rear of
the museum building, eleven years old, one third of
the age of this box tree, is twenty-five inches in cir-
cumference, three times that of the box tree.

What has been said here, and in the previous sketch,
57

shows how little dependence can be placed upon the
size of trees in attempting to determine their age.
The dimensions of the trunk of a tree can only be
used to make a comparative estimate of the age of
trees of the same species, and even then it is of very
uncertain value. Much more dependence must be
placed upon the general appearance of the tree than
is ordinarily supposed.

The box tree is a native of the Levant, and its
very dense wood is of great value for the purposes of
the engraver, no substitute as yet having been found
for it. In its native habitat it sometimes grows to a
height of twenty-five feet with a trunk six or eight
inches in diameter.

The osage orange (Maclura aurantiaca), a native of
. the southwestern United States, is occasionally used
here as ahedge plant. On the Page estate in Danvers,
trees originally planted for a hedge have been allowed
to develop, and have borne fruit which is quite large
and which externally resembles an orange.

The nettle-tree, sometimes called hackberry (Celtis
occidentalis), a tree which some one has described as
‘a small elm bearing wild cherries,” grows in the
Salem great pastures. There are two or three trees
west of the mill pond, on the line of the new Madison
Avenue. There are also small trees of this species
on the sand dunes at the northern end of Plum Island,
others on the road from Ipswich to the beach, and
larger ones near the Towne estate in East Boxford.

The white mulberry (Morus alba), originally intro-
duced from China, is found on Lafayette street, where
there are two trees at the corner of Ward street,*

 

*One tree, since cut down, showed fifty-one annual rings of
growth. Itis said that these trees were planted by a Capt.
Poole, about 1843.
58

and two more near the junction of Loring Avenue.
There is one in Beverly near Centreville, and others
on the Page estate in Danvers, and elsewhere The
‘*Morus multicaulis,” over which such a furore arose
many years ago when it was thought that silk culture
might be introduced into this neighborhood, is a variety
of this tree.

The Russian mulberry (Morus tartarica) has recently
been introduced in Salem. Mr. Edw. S. Rogers has
it in his garden; and a tree fifteen feet high, in the
rear of the museum building, has fruited abundantly
about the first of July for the past three years.

The red mulberry (Morus rubra) is an American
tree and grows to large size. There is a fine tree
of this species, six feet and three inches in circum-
ference, in the garden of the Nichols estate on Federal
street. This tree is just about one hundred years old.
It begins to ripen its blackish fruit the first of
July. There is a red mulberry of very striking appear-
ance in Ipswich, in a front yard by the common, and
nearly opposite the Heard estate. Its head is almost a
perfect umbrella, and the trunk cannot be far from ten
feet in circumference.

The black mulberry from Persia, common throughout
Europe, is not, so far as I have seen, cultivated here.
It is a small tree and its name is often used erroneously
for the red mulberry. The fruit of either of these
trees may be called black or dark red.

Half hardy varieties of the fig (Ficus carica) are
cultivated here, and Mr. Robert Manning has succeeded
in carrying a large plant through the winter, out of
doors, in his garden on Dearborn street, by laying
59

down the branches in the autumn and covering them
with earth. One of the oddest things and in the oddest
place, is a seedling fig, self-sown, of course, which has
taken care of itself through at least one winter in one
of the pits covered by an iron grating at a cellar win-
dow of the Shepard block, on the corner of North and
Essex streets. This plant well deserves to be cared
for as a reward for its persistent attempts to live.

The buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis) is a tree
which never appears to be in a state ot good health
here. The disease which weakens it is a fungus or
mildew. It attacks the leaves when they first appear,
and as it causes them to wither and fall the tree is
obliged to produce a new crop of leaves later in the
season. The buttonwoods on the Andrews estate, on
Essex street, are ten feet in circumference, and one
just below the car shops on Bridge street is of about the
same size. Two trees before the Chas. Davis house on
Cabot street, Beverly, just beyond the Gloucester branch
railroad crossing, although not so large as those named,
have usually made a better appearance than the Salem
trees. There is, however, a fine buttonwood on Herbert
street, near Derby, which stands before the ‘Briggs
house” and is a picturesque and fitting companion to
the old gambrel roofed edifice.

The home of the buttonwood is in the river bottoms
of the Ohio and westward, but most of the older
trees have disappeared from that region. It is hu-
miliating to think that these fine trees are being cut
down, almost exclusively, to furnish boxes for tobacco
packing.

The buttonwood is the most massively effective
tree in the eastern United States, when seen in its
60

native haunts with its towering trunk rising from an
immense base. One tree on an island in the Ohio
measured forty feet in circumference at five feet from
the ground, and one of seven famous trees is said to
have measured one hundred and fifty feet; but this
may have been around the much extended base of the
tree.

This tree is often wrongly called sycamore, the name
of a species of fig (Ficus sycomorus), the wood of
which was used by the ancient Egyptians for mummy
cases. A very interesting article on the misuse of the
name, together with illustrations of the buttonwood,
will be found at page 349 of the second volume of
‘sGarden and Forest.” There is more reason, however,
for calling our buttonwood plane-tree, for it belongs to
the same genus as the European plane tree (Platanus
orientalis), specimens of which are growing in the
neighborhood of Boston. This tree closely resembles
our buttonwood.

JULY TWENTY-FIRST.
X.

THE WALNUTS AND HICKORIES.

The object of giving a latinized name to plants is, of
course, precisely that for which we give names to
individuals; and the naming is done in the same man-
ner, in family groups. The scientitic name of a tree is
printed as our names are in the directory—the surname
or generic name first.

But as plants have been named by many botanists
who received specimens, perhaps at the same time,
from collectors in different parts of the world, it has
often happened that, unintentionally, the plant has
received two or more names, while later it was found
that the plants thus named were identical.

Then, too, after many plants resembling each other
have been discovered, the distinctions by which the
lines of the species, the genus and the family are
drawn become more clear. Plants which were at first
placed in one genus, were afterwards seen more closely
to resemble another, and it has thus become possible to
re-arrange the families and genera of plants in more
natural groups.

Of course this causes some confusion, but it cannot
be avoided until almost all of the plants in the world
have been studied by competent botanists, who shall
agree upon some exact rules by which plants shall
hereafter be named and by which all old names shall be
re-adjusted to conform to them.
62

But the scientific names are in perfect and satis-
factory order in comparison with the so called com-
mon names of animals and plants. In every country,
in each locality even, there is a different name for
the common animals, the flowers and the trees. And
what is more confusing, not only is the same tree
known by a dozen different names in as many places,
as we travel through the region of its distribution,
but the name of one tree is frequently given to an
entirely different one, as we pass from the region
where it grows abundantly to another where it is rare
or altogether absent. And yet its name is given to
some other species which may or even may not resemble
it.

In coming to this country, the early settlers brought
with them the names of the common animals and plants
with which they were familiar at home, and they at
once applied them to other animals and plants in
which they saw real or fancied resemblances. Thus
it is, for instance, we have misnamed a pole-cat, a
robin, a cowslip, a Mayweed, a sycamore, and many
other animals and plants.

Local names add to this confusion. For the Acer
pennsylvanicum, we have: striped-maple, moose-wood,
striped-dogwood, false-dogwood, goose-foot maple, and
whistle-wood, names given to one tree between the St.
Lawrence and the mountains of Georgia. Some of
these same names, too, are in turn given to still differ-
ent trees and shrubs.

The walnuts and hickories are always confounded,
and the species of both genera are usually called wal-
nuts, indiscriminately. The fruit of the walnuts, as seen
by examining the butternuts, and so called English
63

walnuts, for sale at our shops and stands, is more or
less rough or irregular on the outside. The husk
which covers the nut dries and breaks away when
ripe, and does not show any lines, as does the husk
of the hickories, along which to crack open at maturity.

Our hickory nuts are smooth and mostly angular,
and the husks split from the top, along distinct lines,
nearly or quite to their place of attachment, as the
nuts ripen. In the walnuts, the smaller branches,
when cut open lengthwise, show a pithy interior with
little papery partitions, while the young branches of
the hickories are quite solid and woody to the centre.

Of the walnuts, the butternut (Juglans cinerea) is
a native of this region. There is a fine tree at the
rear of the Pickering mansion on Broad street, rather
more than seven feet in circumference, and one at
the back of the Nichols estate on Federal street, six
feet in circumference at five feet from the ground.
There is another on Milk street near Pickman, one
in the yard of No. 22 Pleasant street, and one over-
hanging the yard at the western side of the Silsbee
house, No. 380 Essex street, from the Stearns estate.

The black walnut (Juglans nigra) is now, unfortu-
nately, represented in Salem only by comparatively
small trees, There is one at No. 13 Norman street,
several young trees at the rear of the Brookhouse
lot on Lynde street, and a tree in the yard of No. 9 1-2
Creek street.

The largest black walnut in this vicinity is on the
grounds of Mr. F. W. Chever in Saugus. It is near
the street, a few rods north of the soldiers’ monument.
The tree, which is in an excellent state of preservation,
has a trunk circumference of thirteen feet at five
64

feet from the ground. This tree is said to be very
old, and to have been brought from England, and
hence it is supposed by most persons to be the so
called English walnut. It is, therefore, an excellent il-
lustration of the re-importation of American trees to
America. The black walnut was one of the first
American trees to attract attention in, Hurope.

The fine black walnut, perhaps fifty or sixty feet
high, with a trunk three feet in diameter, cut down
on the Dr. Treadwell estate when Mr. Eaton built
his new house on North street, is represented by a
section of its trunk in the museum of the Peabody
Academy. As this tree was known to be seventy-
two years old when felled, and was about nine feet
in circumference at five feet from the ground, the rate
of growth was 1.50 inches each year. Assuming a
largely decreasing rate of growth after this age, a
tree thirteen feet in circumference ought to be at least
two hundred and sixteen years old, a fair estimate
for the age of the Saugus tree, although tradition makes
it older. It is, therefore, quite among the possibilities
that Cotton Mather could have stopped to rest beneath
the shade of the Cheever walnut on his way, on
horseback, from Boston, to witness the witchcraft
executions on Gallows Hill, in Salem, in 1692.

Another large black walnut was cut down when Mr.
Richard Harrington built his house on Federal street.
There are several large black walnuts in the neighbor-
hood of Newburyport. The tree grows naturally
throughout the central United States.

The English walnut (Juglans regia) is a native of
Persia, but it has been cultivated in England for over
three hundred years. It is not perfectly hardy here.
65

There are fruiting trees in Mrs. Chase’s garden, No. 69
Lafayette street, in Mrs. K. T. Woods’ garden on
North street, in the garden in the rear of Dr. T. L.
Perkins’ private hospital on Federal street, and in the
yard of Mr. G. P. Bray at 109 Bridge street.

On Lynde street, in the yard of Mr. S. W. Gard-
ner’s house, No. 4, at the rear of the new Odell Build-
ing, is a curious hybrid walnut, intermediate in character
between the English and black walnuts. Although
it is claimed that this tree and the one in Mr. Bray’s
yard were planted by the same person, and were sup-
posed to be the same species, others dispute the claim.
However this may be, the trees are not the same. The
Lynde street tree is a hybrid walnut (Juglans vilmorini-
ana) which appears to have originated independently
in several places. The tree which was first named
is in the garden of M. Vilmorin, at Verriers near Paris,
France, where, in accordance with a pretty French
custom, it was planted by the grandfather of the present
proprietor, a seedling tree, to commemorate the birth
of achild. This tree is now about seventy-five years
old. <A picture and description of it will be found in
‘‘Garden and Forest” on Feb. 4th, 1891, at page 51. It
is said that there are several hybrid walnuts in this
country, in Virginia, and I think elsewhere.

A fine tree of this variety, now unfortunately cut
down, on the Ben: Perley Poor estate in Newbury, it is
said, came from Virginia stock. This was, so far as can
be ascertained, the only other representative of this
hybrid walnut in Essex County. The nuts of the
Lynde street tree are generally imperfect, yet the tree
is of good form and has fine foliage, although it is now
somewhat restricted by the walls of the new building.
66

It is to be sincerely hoped that this unique specimen of
hybrid walnut, which is now about sixty-five years old,
may be allowed to live its life out and long serve as a
good illustration of a tree not to be seen in its perfect
state, perhaps, for hundreds of miles around.

The trees thus far named in this sketch are all
walnuts, trees which grow throughout the temperate
zone in almost every land. The hickory, however, is
purely an American production. No hickory is known
as a native of any other part of the world than the
southern half of North America.

if those who are searching for a national emblematical
plant, desire something absolutely American, a plant
almost solely confined to the United States at that, they
cannot do better than to take up with the hickory. But
a friend suggests that, possibly, the recollection of ‘‘old
hickory” may lead the discussions of the floral emblem
into party controversies, and that those good Republi-
cans now living who were ultra Whigs of an older
time, might think the hickory too Jacksonian.

Of the hickories, eight species of which are natives
of the eastern United States, we have the shag-bark
(Carya alba), often called square walnut. It produces
the best nut for table use among our hickories, and the
tree may be at once distinguished by the curiously
rifted bark which, if undisturbed on old trees, stands
out from the trunk in every direction.

There are several shag-barks on Brimble avenue
Beverly, at Gardner’s farm in North Salem, and at the
Loring farm. There is one by the pond near the
entrance of Harmony Grove cemetery, one in ‘‘Para-
dise,” on Mason street, and many at Kernwood. There
are very fine trees at Boxford, Topsfield, and along
67

the Merrimac valley. A fine example of the shag-
bark is giyen in ‘Typical Elms and Other Trees.”
The picture is of a tree in Topsfield.

The pig-nut (Carya porcina) grows at Harmony
Grove, just beyond the receiving tomb, on the left; at
‘‘Paradise” on Mason street ; at the Loring farm; the
grove in South Salem ; and there is a single tree on the
western side of Park avenue, near the corner of Ocean
avenue. The bark of this species is close and resembles
that of an ash. The fruit on typical trees is pear
shaped and smaller than that of the shag-bark.

The mocker-nut (Carya tomentosa) resembles the
pig-nut somewhat, but the young leaves and stems are
covered with downy hairs, and there are many more
leaflets on each leaf, giving the tree a heavier appear-
ance. It has been found sparingly in Danvers by Mr.
J.H. Sears, who is very familiar with the woods in that
region. The mocker-nut is common enough at the
south of us, beyond Boston. Mr. Robert Manning has
a tree in his garden which produced fruit in ten years
from the planting of the nut.

The trees in the row along the wall separating the
land of Mr. Almy and others from the Hemmenway
property, are nearly all bitter-nut hickories (Carya
amara). Some of the trees are nearly nine feet in
circumference and it may be hoped that they will be
preserved, as the species is rare in this neighborhod and
the trees in this row are unusually large. They are
not likely to be broken by nut collectors as the fruit is
considered worthless.

The bitter-nut hickory is quite common in the north-
western part of the county, and grows along North
street, in Danvers, and in Topsfield. The foliage is
finer than that of any other of our hickories.
68

In addition to these there is a tree, frequently found,
intermediate in appearance between the” pig-nut and
shag-bark. The bark is rough but does not flake off,
the leaves are quite resinously fragrant, and the fruit,
although not so large as that of the shag-bark, is not
pear-shaped like that of the pig-nut. This would seem
to be a quite common natural hybrid hickory. There
is a very fine tree of this variety at Kernwood, nearly
seventy feet high, not far from the residence of Mr.
J. E. Peabody.

One of the most favorable places to study the
hickories is at Kernwood. When Col. Francis Peabody
selected and improved that estate, half'a century ago,
with rare good judgment he took care to preserve
the large number of hickories and oaks natural to
the soil. They have remained undisturbed to the
present time; and, being long-lived trees, the majority
of them are likely to continue to improve in appear-
ance, and to grow larger for many years to come. A
natural growth of hickories of the size of those at
Kernwood, well cared for during this length of time, is
very rare in this region. The demand for hickory
lumber is rapidly reducing the supply of large trees,
for the species is confined to a limited region in North
America. This collection will, therefore, before long,
possess a scientific and economic value greater than
that of almost any other group of trees in the neigh-
borhood. It is certainly to be hoped that the same
conditions which have preserved these trees for the
past fifty years will act potently to preserve them for a
century to come.

JULY TWENTY-EIGHTH.
XI.
THE BIRCHES, HORNBEAMS, CHESTNUT AND BEECH.

It would seem that the planting of trees in our streets
was formerly done more by private individuals than
now. It is the present tendency of the times to
have affairs in general, which were formerly conducted
by private enterprise, placed in the hands of city
governments, and the planting of our shade trees forms
no exception to this rule. Theoretically, this would
be of great advantage. A city forester, skilled in his
profession, would be supposed to have the entire charge
of the department and control of all the trees, his
work and expenditures being regulated by a committee
of the city government or an outside board appointed
for the purpose. Such an arrangement would insure
the planting of suitable trees, and prevent the irregular-
ities which now mar our streets, where all sorts of trees
are planted in such a manner, and at such distances
apart, as fancy dictates. Under a systematic manage-
ment, entire streets would be planted with trees of
one sort and of the same size, with here and there
groups or single trees of other species whose effect
would be most suitable for special situations.

Then, too, we should avoid the exceedingly unfortu-
nate, not to say exasperating state of affairs, where one
city committee, with the very best intentions in the
world, sends its agents about the streets planting young
trees and judiciously trimming old ones and protecting
70

them from injury and decay, while another department,
or perhaps still worse, an outside corporation armed
with a blanket authority from the Aldermen, is going
about, often in the night time, lopping off branches
and tearing our trees in every direction, to accom-
modate poles and insignificant little wires, which in
most cases should be made to accommodate themselves
to the trees. Practice, however, in cases like these,
fails to conform to theory.

In the old days, when citizens were requested by the
town authorities to plant shade trees, there appears to
have been much local interest in the subject, as the
articles recalled by Mr. Foote, in the columns of the
Gazette some fifty years ago, testify. There are certain
streets which owe all the fame they now possess to
the good judgment and public spirit of private citizens.
The beauty of Dearborn street, and the park-like
character of its terminus and Felt street, are due to
the private enterprise of such men as Messrs. Pick-
ering Dodge, James Upton, Robert Manning, John C.
Lee, John Bertram and Charles A. Ropes.* Lafayette
street originated in the brains of the Derbys, and the

 

* It is our impression that Mr. Pickering Dodge, who was the
original owner of what is now the Emmerton property at the
foot of Dearborn street, gave the elm trees that were planted
between the North bridge and Dearborn street, and we are in-
formed that the late James Clark set them out. These trees
grew to a large size, and eventually formed a beautiful natural
archway, but they were destroyed when the street was widened.
The fine maples in front of the estate of the late Ephraim
Woods were planted by Mr. Woods, who was a nurseryman.
He also later set out the trees above his house, at least as far as
the Liberty hill road, if not beyond; but it is our impression
that apart of this was done either under the auspices of the
city, which had at that time begun to give attention to the sub-
ject, or by the combined effort of the neighborhood. At any
rate, public attention had begun to be awakened upon the sub-
ject at about that time.—[Eds. Gazette.
71

dignity and beauty of Chestnut street indicate the
minds, mostly broadened by foreign travel, of the men
who returned to Salem to build beautiful homes. As a
more recent illustration, certain portions of Bridge
street, and the streets turning from it towards Collins
Cove, would to-day be uninteresting, hot and dusty had
not our venerable bank officer and botanist, Mr. George
D. Phippen, made them beautiful by planting trees in
them at his own expense. And all these men who
were amateur scientists, horticulturists, and lovers of
flowers and nature, are nearly all men noted for their
enterprise and success in business pursuits. They
have been in fact our really ‘‘practical men.”

The birches are trees which are not generally seen
in our streets, but are more appropriately planted in
yards and larger grounds.

The black or sweet birch (Betula lenta) grows in
Danvers, and more abundantly in the northern portions
of the county than in the southern.

The yellow birch (Betula lutea), with its dingy
yellowish white and ever peeling bark, is frequently
found on the outskirts of the city. There are several
trees by the roadside in the low ground before reaching
the ‘‘floating bridge” on the turnpike, and a number of
trees may be seen in the grounds of the estates opposite
Pride’s Crossing, Beverly. It also grows along Brim-
ble avenue, Beverly, and larger trees are found in the
woods on the road from Manchester to Essex.

The common white birch, or gray birch as it is some-
times called (Betula populifolia), is a graceful but
never large tree, everywhere met with in pastures and
by roadsides, the first tree to follow the general clearing
up of woodlands, or a fire. A very pretty row of
72

these trees grows along the walls of the fields at the
northeast of the reservoir of the Salem water works in
Beverly.

The paper birch (Betula papyrifera) is considered a
rare tree in southern New England, for our county is
about the limit of its distribution in this direction. It
grows naturally in our ‘‘great pastures,” at Naugus
Head, around Wenham pond, Suntaug lake, Lynnfield,
and more abundantly at North Andover and George-
town. The only paper birch in our city streets is a
fine specimen at No. 4 Arabella street, planted by Mr.
G. D. Phippen many years ago. This is the tree
which, growing at the north to great size, furnishes
the birch bark for Indian canoes, and hence the name
by which it is sometimes known,—canoe birch.

The European white birch (Betula alba) is very
closely related to our common white birch, but it has
rather smaller leaves with shorter points. There are
trees of this species in Mr. Gilbert Streeter’s yard, 106
Bridge street, and at Mr. A. W. West’s, 12 Chestnut
street. It is planted on Felt street and in the Broad
street cemetery, the first and third, counting from the
east, of a row of trees just at the bend of the roadway
south from the High School building.

The weeping birch, often burdened in catalogues with
the cumbersome name of ‘‘cut-leaved-weeping-white-
birch,” is probably a variety, of garden origin, of the
European white birch. It is a very graceful, but’ it is
thought not to be a long lived tree. There are fine
specimens at Mr. J. N. Peterson’s, No. 28 Buffum
street, at Mr. Chas. Waters’, Washington Square, at
No. 97 Federal street, at’ Mr. Geo. Chase’s on Lafayette
street, and in several other places.
73

The only other birch likely to be met with in the
county is the river or red birch (Betula nigra), but one
name or the other is certainly a bad one, when B. nigra
becomesa red birch. It is found at the northern end of
the great pond in North Andover, at Pentucket pond
in Georgetown, and elsewhere in the northwestern
portion of the county. This species may be seen in its
most beautiful condition at the bridge near Sutton’s
mills, on the Lawrence branch railroad, where the fine
old trees overhang the Shawsheen river as it merges
itself in the Merrimac. It is one of our most beautiful
birches, and may easily be introduced by ponds and
streams in private estates and parks.

Of our two native alders, the speckled alder (Alnus
incana), is the more tree-like. The other, the smooth
alder (Alnus surrulata), is always a shrub, in this
region at least. Both are very common in low grounds
such as may be found along the Salem and Boston
turnpike and Brimble avenue in Beverly. The leaves
of the speckled alder are more pointed and more
coarsely toothed than those of the smooth alder which are
broader at the apex and often quite resinous to the
touch.

The European alder (Alnus glutinosa), with leaves
more circular in outline, is occasionally planted in the
neighborhood of Boston, but I do not know of any
trees of this species around Salem.

The hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginica) is a tree which
is sure to attract attention in July and August, when
the white fruit, resembling the true hop, is conspicuous
on thetrees. The leaves are somewhat like those of the
elm, but smaller, and the tree, which is never very
large, has a close fitting yet rough bark. There are
74

trees on Brimble avenue, Beverly, on the Salem and
Boston turnpike, in Swampscott by the line of the
horse railroad to Marblehead, on the road from Peabody
to Lynnfield, and elsewhere throughout the county.
There is a tree in Harmony Grove cemetery near the
receiving tomb.

The closely related iron-wood, sometimes called blue
beech (Carpinus caroliniana), grows at Kernwood and
in a wild state in various parts of the county. The bark
of this tree is perfectly smooth and the wood very
close grained and tough.

The chestnut (Castanea sativa americana), is now
considered to be a variety of the European tree, and
hence the third name signifying this in the botanies.
There is a large tree in the rear of the Misses Williams’
house on the Marblehead road, a small tree on School
street among others near the street, and a fine spec-
imen in the yard at the rear of the house on the south-
east corner of Lafayette street and Ocean avenue.
Large chestnuts may be seen at the opening of the
road into the woods beyond the pumping station at
Middleton pond, and near the Henderson place on
the Lowell road, Peabody, and there is a typical
spreading chestnut tree just over the hill back of the
summer residence of Mr. E. F. Balch at Wenham.
The fine old chestnuts in the Burley woods give an
excellent idea of the appearance of these trees when
planted closely. The chestnut grows rapidly and
is one of the most beautiful trees in New England.
It may possibly have been found growing naturally
here in Essex county, as it is mentioned by very early
writers as known in this region ; but it is more probable
that it was introduced in this immediate neighborhood
at an early date by the settlers.
75

The beech (Fagus ferruginea) is not found in our
streets. There is a tree on the path by the water at
Harmony Grove cemetery. It is not common in this
part of the county, but those who frequent the Chebacco
woods, or drive to Manchester by the Chebacco house,
will remember the fine beeches near the stable, and
the grove of young trees at the junction of the road
to the lake, and that through the woods. The beech
is abundant along the Merrimac river at North Andover
and Lawrence.

The European beech (Fagus sylvatica) resembles
its American relative strongly, as much so, almost,
as does the chestnut its American prototype, and it
seems rather strange that different specific names should
be given them. Itis not, however, so fine atree as the
American beech in any respect. There are several by
the roadside near the Loring place at Pride’s Crossing,
and in the Broad street cemetery there is an excellent
example of this tree. It is the second in the row
of trees previously mentioned, at the south of the High
School building.

The copper beech and purple beech are garden
varieties of the European beech. There are purple
beeches at Mr. Geo. Chase’s on Lafayette street, Mr.
Robert Manning’s on Dearborn street, at Mr. Moses
Ruggles’ in North Salem, generally known as the Poor
estate, at Harmony Grove cemetery, and several other
places. The purple beech is undoubtedly one of the
most striking and valuable additions to our collections
of ornamental trees which the gardner has produced.

The copper beech is well shown in a fine tree in the
yard of Mr. Edwin N. Peabody, at No. 41 Summer

street.
76

There is a tree of the weeping or cut-leaved beech,
also a variety of the European beech, in Mr. Ruggles’
estate in North Salem. The most famous tree in this
part of the country, among these garden varieties of the
European beech, is the large fern-leaved beech in front
of the Redwood Library building, at Newport, R. I.

AUGUST FOURTH.
XII.
THE OAKS.

The trees enumerated in this and the two preceding
sketches, as well as those in the one to follow, all be-
long to a natural group, which Bentham in his British
Flora sensibly calls by the simple name of the Catkin
Family. The flowers of the trees in this group, or the
male flowers at least, are in the form of catkins, either
erect as those of the pussy willow or hanging down as
the male flowers of the hickories and oaks. Although
these flowers are not conspicuous in themselves, they are
in the mass quite effective and very graceful.

Our oaks, including the one introduced species
which is found in this vicinity, the English oak, are
divided into two quite distinct classes,—the white oaks
and the black oaks. The leaves of the white oaks have
rounded lobes, and the acorns ripen the same season
that the flowers are developed upon the new wood.
The black oaks, however, require two seasons’ growth
to ripen their acorns, and their leaves have pointed
lobes, usually with a little bristle terminating each lobe.
In all of the species of oaks as well as the hickories and
walnuts, the male flowers are very conspicuous, while the
female flowers, borne on the same tree, are little green
objects, often concealed in the axils of the leaves, and
hardly noticeable.

The white oak (Quercus alba) which gives the name
to its class, is a well known tree in Essex County.
78

There is one not far from the entrance of Harmony
Grove Cemetery, on the high land, and another near
the Peabody entrance. There are several at Kernwood,
two being more than nine feet in circumference around
the smallest portion of theirtrunks. There are a num-
ber on Brimble avenue, Beverly, where there are no less
than five of our native oaks growing within a short
distance. The Burley oaks, on the estate of Mr. G.
A. Peabody in Danvers, are the best known white oaks,
and as old as any in this region, The tree nearest the
house, pictured in ‘‘Typical Elms and Other Trees,”
even after the loss of its longest projecting limb,
which formerly extended a distance of seventy-five feet
from the trunk, still shades a space eighty five feet in
diameter. The trunk is about twelve feet in circum-
ference.

The tree which most closely resembles the white oak,
is the English oak (Quercus robur), of which the
variety (pedunculata) having long stems to the acorns
and leaves closely attached to the branches, appears to
be the only form cultivated in Salem. The largest
one in the city is on Winthrop street, opposite Prescott,
it being more than six feet in circumference at five
feet from the ground. There are other trees on Felt
street and on the grounds of the Pickering mansion
on Broad street. The oaks in the Charter street
burying ground and those on Clifton avenue are of
this species. This oak seems to have been quite
extensively planted in Salem some fifty years ago and
more. On the turnpike, by the Fay estate, are seed-
lings of trees which have sprung from the English
oaks, among the other trees in that extensive plantation.

This variety is natural to southern England, and if
79

the northern form (sessiliflora) should be cultivated
here, it might, possibly, prove a better tree for our
climate.

The swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) grows in
the meadows by the bridges over the Ipswich river
at Topsfield, and at the North Beverly end of Brimble
avenue. There is a tree, one of the finest in Essex
County before its lower limbs were cut to make
room for a small dwelling house, in the yard of No.
31 Cabot street. It is to be regretted that so fine
a tree, so far as known the only one in the city proper,
and so near the street, could not have been carefully
preserved. It had for years been a conspicuous object
as seen from the trains passing over the mill pond
tracks. The Pickering mansion, on Broad street, is
said to have been framed from swamp white oaks grow-
ing upon the estate in 1651.

These are all of the species of the white oak class
found here except the chinquapin oak (Quercus prin-
oides) which grows naturally at Topsfield and Boxford
and other towns in that part of the county. This oak,
however, is a shrub rarely more than six or eight feet
in height.

The red oak (Quercus rubra) is one of our commonest
forest trees. There is a fine young tree at No. 26
Norman street, and larger ones on the hill by Clifton
avenue. There are several large trees at Harmony
Grove cemetery, in the open space where spare stones
are usually thrown in the older part of the grounds, and
there are others near the receiving tomb. The largest
red oak in Salem is at Kernwood, a little to the west
of the residence of Mr. J. E. Peabody. Itis more than
twelve feet in circumference.
80

The scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) has the most
finely dissected foliage of any of our oaks. It grows
at Peabody, Danvers, Topsfield, Brimble avenue,
Beverly and elsewhere in the county. The sign ‘Dell
Avenue,” in Harmony Grove Cemetery, is attached to a
scarlet oak.

The black oak (Quercus tinctoria) is intermediate in
appearance between the red and scarlet oaks. It is
common in our woods, and grows with the other oaks
along Brimble avenue, Beverly. The only remaining
oak on Oak street, appears to bea large black oak, and
there are others at Harmony Grove near the red oaks,
and in the grove beyond Clifton avenue. This is the
oak whose bark is most largely used in tanning, and
the inner bark yields the valuable yellow dye.

The only specimens I have noticed in this region, of
the pin oak, or swamp Spanish oak, as it is sometimes
called, (Quercus palustris), a tree very abundant in
southern New England and New Jersey, are two trees
on the Heard estate in Ipswich. They are just within
the grounds on the street which passes at the rear of the
estate. This tree has a graceful habit, and should
be planted more than it is, for it would be a very
desirable addition to lawns and parks.

The scrub, or bear oak, (Quercus ilicifolia) sometimes
attains the size of a tree, although it is generally seen
in dense shrubby masses by the roadside. It grows in
poor gravelly soil and forms the bulk of the vegetation
along the roadsides in parts of Peabody, Lynnfield,
Boxford and other towns. This closes the list of the
trees of the black oak class found in this neighborhood.

Why it is that the oaks are not more frequently used
as street and ornamental trees, and for lawns and yards,
81

isa mystery. They are beautiful and wholesome trees,
and are easily cultivated. The red oak is a compara-
tively rapid growing tree, and so are the black, scarlet
and pin oaks. Wherever they have been planted they
have invariably proved satisfactory.

The white oak is undoubtedly our most venerable tree.
It is not, however, a rapid grower even in its youth.
Emerson, after many careful comparisons, places the rate
of growth of the white oak as one inch in diameter in five
years after the tree is forty years old, with a somewhat
greater increase before reaching that age. The largest
white oak which I have known in the county, is in
a pasture some distance in the rear of Mr. David
Pingree’s house in Topsfield. Measured in 1875 and
again in 1890, the gain in circumference at five feet
from the ground was eight inches. The tree was thir-
teen feet and seven inches in circumference, at five feet
above the ground, when last measured.

Working with these figures, and making a proper
allowance for a more rapid growth during the first fifty
years of its life, the tree is made out to be two hundred
and eighty-two years old. Taking Emerson’s estimate
and applying his rule for white oaks to this tree, it
would be two hundred and fifty-eight years old. This
last estimate may be the most nearly correct, for the
difference in circumference in the measurements of this
tree only shows its growth in extreme old age and is
less, without doubt, than during any similar period of
its life.

Averaging these figures, the tree would be two hun-
dred and seventy years old in 1890, the fairest estimate
of its age with available data. In this case the acorn
from which this tree has grown germinated the very
82

year that the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock. It
was a sapling when the town of Topsfield was settled,
a large and vigorous tree when the farmers around it
answered the call to arms in the war of the revolution,
and it has been spared from the axe to see this country
from small beginnings become inhabited by sixty mil-
lions of people. A wonderful existence truly; not a
fancy picture but the story of the actual life of one tree.

One of the five Francis Curtis oaks in Boxford—
trees averaging twelve feet in circumference—recently
cut down, gave evidence, by its rings of annual growth,
of being one hundred and seventy-five years old.

A tree cut many years ago on Miss Susan Putnam’s
land, in Danvers, and which at that time was as large as
any white oak in the county, showed two hundred and
ten annual rings of growth, as counted by Mr. Sears at
the time. These figures corroborate what has been
said previously in these sketches, that there is probably
not a tree in Essex County over three hundred years
old. These estimates are farther corroborated by the
fact that when shipbuilding was at its height along our
coast, every merchantable oak, capable of producing
ships’ knees or stern posts, was cut and sold for this
purpose, and it is only since the decline of shipbuilding
that white oaks have been allowed to stand beyond
their prime.

Nor is it reasonable to expect that these trees should
not be cut. As a matter of business the farmer must
sell his trees as well as his potatoes or his hay. A
tree is ripe for the axe at a certain time, and unless it
is preserved for its value as an ornament to an estate,
it should be harvested. We should encourage the art
of forestry here in New England and look upon our
83

woodlands as we do upon our fields, to be worked to pro-
duce the best crops to be sold at the best prices. When
this is done there will oftentimes be more value in the
wood lot than in the open land of the farm. Certain trees
are especially adapted to succeed in New England.
The woods of many of these trees are bound to be in
demand by another generation for mechanical purposes
and the arts. By encouraging the growth of such trees
as the butternut, chestnut, hickory, and certain oaks
and pines, and gradually causing these species to take
the places of the less desirable trees in our woudlands,
we shall add a direct value to our farms every year and
have, when ready for the axe, a crop which will sell for
other purposes than mere firewood.

If we are to have fine specimens of our trees for
ornament and as examples for study and for enjoyment,
we must look to it that the proper trees are planted in
our streets, gardens and parks; and when planted that
they are well cared for. And the parks themselves
arein most cases yet to be established. Not only the
little city squares and pleasure grounds for flying
horses and fandangoes, but great restful forests, such
as our fortunate neighbor Lynn has had the great wis-
dom to secure for its citizens’ welfare for all time.*
It is in such parks as these and in the private grounds
of wealthy men of cultivation, who, fortunately for the

 

* Since this was written, the death has been recorded of Mr.
Cyrus M. Tracy of Lynn. In the press notices of the event, it
has been stated that to him the public are indebted for the
initiatory steps and the enthusiastic appeals which led to the
establishment of the Lynn Public Forest; and he has very prop-
erly been called the ‘‘Father of the Forest”. He was a quiet,
modest man, not possessed of vigorous health, nor had he the
means at his command to further any schemes, or even to
enable him to devote himself entirely to his favorite study of na-

/
84

good of the general public, are now establishing coun-
try homes and beautifying the grounds around them
more and more every year in Hssex County, that we
must in the future look for the most noble examples of
our trees.

AUGUST ELEVENTH.

 

turalhistory. But, a charming writer and pleasant speaker, per-
sistently working for the object he so much desired to attain, he
accomplished more for his fellow citizens, and there is more
cause that he should ever be gratefully remembered by
mankind, than hundreds of the world’s famous men, whose
individuality has forced itself upon public attention for con-
spicuous acts which are far less beneficent than his. His name
should in some way be associated with the forest park he did
so much to secure for his city.
XIII.
THE WILLOWS AND POPLARS.

The establishment of a board of trustees for the
purpose of holding, by gift and purchase, spots of
natural beauty and historic interest in Massachusetts,
and for receiving funds for preserving them for the
benefit of future generations, is one ot the most
important enactments of our legislature for the public
good. Cities and towns, and societies, and public-
spirited citizens, have done much already in this direc-
tion ; but, by the concerted action of influential persons
throughout the State, attention will be more generally
called to these matters, and we may hope to have more
spots of scenic interest and more of the rare trees and
fine sections of forest preserved for public uses, than it
was possible to do before any organized attempt
was made for this purpose.

We have heen accustomed for years to wander at
will in the woods, and over fields and seashore, without
for a moment considering that the ground under our
feet was private property, and that in the eyes of
the law we were trespassers. But as wealth has in-
creased, the natural desire for country and seashore
residences has come with it, and we are beginning
to realize that the day is not far distant when every
fine hill, shady nook and ocean headland will be in
private hands, unless secured before it is too late
for public use.
86

The Essex Institute has for many years owned
the famous ‘‘ Ship Rock ” in Peabody, otherwise this
most interesting bowlder, the largest in this region,
would long ago have been blasted into foundation
stones. This is one of the earlier efforts to preserve
a natural object of interest. The fortunate possession
of the larger portion of the «‘Neck” by the city of
Salem, has saved for public use one of the few fine
rocky headlands, between New York City and East-
port, Maine, and near any considerable cities, which
the citizens can claim for their own, and from which
they cannot be shut off by the fences of private owners,
or to which an admission fee cannot be demanded by
some money making corporation.

The white willow of Europe (Salix alba), the tree
which has given the name to our but recently ap-
preciated marine park, is an illustration of the trees
brought to this country at the time of the settlements,
which have made themselves so thoroughly at home as
to appear to be natives of the region. Itis the ordinary
willow which we see by roadsides and watery grounds
everywhere in the county. We are probably indebted
to Mr. Israel Williams, Selectman and Chairman of
the Board of Health at the opening of the century,
for the “Willows.” Tradition says he originated the
plan for planting them asa shade for the patients at
the hospital on the point, and a memorandum of the
records handed me by his grandson, Mr. T. D.
Williams, fixes the date of the planting of these trees
with unusual exactness. The Board of Health was
established through petition to the General Court in
1799. On April 11, 1801, it was voted by this body
to set out forty trees. On May 11, of the same
87

year, it was reported by the Board that the trees
had been planted. There are to-day, nineteen of
these trees remaining, varying in circumference at
five feet from the ground, from seven feet and nine
inches to ten feet and ten inches, the average cir-
cumference of all of the trees being nine feet and six
inches.

There are also many young white willows, perhaps
twenty-five feet high, and in a fine healthy condition, in
the private grounds of the Naumkeag Street Railway,
planted at the time the road was extended to this point.
They are behind the high fence beyond which few per-
sons penetrate. Could that architectural monstrosity,
the «* Siege of Paris ” building, be torn down, the long
bowling alley removed to the rear of the lot, the high
fences taken away, and the grounds laid out to corres-
pond with those at the north of the main roadway, which
was so judiciously done at the time of the removal of
the row of restaurants by the city, the improvement
would be immense. We all hope that this may be ac-
complished some day, either by the street railway or
by the city, or by both co-operating, when the addition-
al willows brought to view would make the name of the
park eyen more appropriate than before.

There are several varieties of the white willow, and
the trees common hereabouts are no doubt to be placed
among these, rather than the type of the species itself.
All of the willows have their male and female flowers
on separate trees, and hence there is great opportunity
for the intermingling of the pollen among the different
species, by the bees while seeking honey, and many
hybrids and varieties are constantly met with every-
where. Naturally, therefore, willows are among the
88

most difficult plants to separate into species. As they
are generally propagated from time to time by cuttings
from one tree, it often happens that entire rows of the
European willows, as we see them by the roadside, or
all of the willows in a district, it may be, are confined
to one sex. I think that all of the old trees at the
Willows are males. The tall willow at the parting of
the Swampscott road on the turnpike, is a golden
twigged willow, a variety (vitellina) of the white willow.
It is, I believe, a female tree. The sexes of the
willows can be determined in the spring and at that
time only. The male flowers show golden yellow pollen
on the catkins, while the female flowers are simply
light green or whitish. There is an immense white
willow at the Israel Putnam birthplace in Danvers, the
largest in circumference which I remember, and Mr.
Cc. A. Putnam measured a tree on the road from
Newburyport to Amesbury, by the ship yards, which
was over six feet in diameter. The trunk of this
tree continues about the same size tor many feet, an
unusual thing for these willows, as they are generally
pollarded a few feet from the ground, producing in
time the grotesque old trunks, bearing fresh heads of
foliage, as we commonly see them.

The brittle or crack willow (Salix fragilis), so called
on account of the ease with which the twigs may be
broken from the tree, a characteristic of many of
the willows, is not commonly met with in this region.
The willows on Park avenue, at the rear of the Derby
mansion, appear to belong to this species, and they
answer to the botanical descriptions of them in the
English works. This is one of the European willows
which have been long cultivated, especially in the
89

neighborhood of Boston. The leaves are somewhat
longer and broader than those of the white willow, and,
instead of having a slight hairiness on the under side,
they are smooth and bluish white.

But the innumerable crosses among these willows and
even with some of our native shrubby species, make it
next to impossible to give satisfactory names to many of
the willows met with in the older settled portions of the
country, where these trees have been growing and re-
producing for two centuries or more.

The weeping willow (Salix babylonica), although
not a perfectly hardy tree in this climate, is often seen
in a beautiful condition. There is one particularly fine
but not very large tree in the Broad street cemetery ; in
fact one learns to expect this tree in burial grounds and
church yards, so long has it been associated with such
places. There was a large weeping willow in the
southwestern angle of the tower of St. Peter’s church,
said originally to have been a cutting from the tree at
the tomb of Napoleon at St. Helena.

The only native tree-like willow we have in the
county, although some of our shrubby species become
trees in other portions of the United States, is the
black willow (Salix nigra), the scythe-leaved form of
which is common along streams and around ponds.
There is a tree on our water-works road in Beverly, in
the low ground at the foot of the hill, a few rods
south of the watering trough, and there are some fine
specimens, perhaps twenty-five feet in height, close to
the stone bridge over the Ipswich river, at Topsfield.

The shrubby pussy willow (Salix discolor), the
earliest of our willows to put forth its catkins in the
spring, is common in low places by the roadsides.
90

The shining willow (Salix lucida) grows by the first
pond on the Chebacco avenue, and with the silky
willow (Salix sericea) by the brook on the Burley
farm, Danvers, on North street Danvers, and at Tops-
field, and in other places. The usually low growing
willow, with very beautiful golden yellow male flowers,
seems to have no common name. It is the Salix
rostrata of the botanies. The basket osier (Salix vimi-
nalis) and the purple willow (Salix purpurea) are both
occasionally grown for commercial purposes, originally
from imported European plants. There are purple
willows by the roadside on the turnpike near the glue
factory, and at Swampscott near the railroad bridges.

There are several more shrubby willows in the
county, but it seems hardly the place to describe
them here. On many of the willows cones are often
seen, especially noticeable after the leaves have fallen ;
these are the results of the stings of insects at the
ends of young growing branches, and are in reality
leaves, which, being arrested in their growth, have
been crowded into a mass in the form of a pine or
spruce cone. When opened early in the season the
grub of the fly will be found inside.

Our smallest willow, which flowers when scarcely
more than six inches high, is found in the cold bogs,
in Boxford, the Andovers and other of the northern
towns of the county. Itisthe Salix myrtilloides. But
the extreme is reached in minuteness in the little alpine
willow, Salix herbacea, of the White Mountains, of
which perfect flowering specimens may be found, not
Jarger than a single leaf of the great Putnam willow of
Danvers.

A fine, tall growing shrubby willow (Salix caprea)
91

from Europe, with large erect catkins developing very
early in the spring, has appeared mysteriously in
gardens and yards, often to the surprise of the owners
themselves. It is the result of the rapid growth of
vigorous shoots from the roots or stock upon which the
absurd little umbrella-shaped ‘‘Kilmarnock” willows,
we so often see in yards about the city, are grafted.
It is a much finer plant in every way for ornament, and
one much prized just now for its early ‘* pussies,” and
the loss of the little umbrella is therefore quite a gain.

The American aspen (Populus tremuloides) grows
on the road at the north of Wenham pond and
frequently in Danvers, Topstield and elsewhere. This
and the large toothed aspen (Populus grandidentata)
and the European white poplar (Populus alba) have
the stems of their leaves flattened in the opposite
direction to that of the blade of the leaf. This ac-
counts for the rapid motion of the leaves of these
trees even with the slightest breath of wind. There
is a large toothed aspen planted at the rear of
Plummer Hall, and a natural group of them on the
western side of the road turning from the turnpike to
Swampscott.

The white poplar, a common tree introduced from
Europe, rapidly grows to large size. There is a
tree about sixty years old at Mr. Robert Manning’s
on Dearborn street, one on Pearl street, near Bridge,
and another, over eleven feet in circumference, before
the old Forrester house, No. 120 Derby street, near
Curtis.

The Balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera candicans),
only known in the female state, is a variety of a native
northern poplar. There are trees on Lafayette street,
92

near Porter, at the foot of Conant street, on Derby
street near Phillips wharf, and in many other places.
The largest Balm of Gilead in this neighborhood was
in the yard of the old Silsbee house on Daniels street.
It was more than fourteen feet in circumference, but
the storms broke its limbs and most of the tree has
been cut away.

The stiff Lombardy Poplar (Populus dilatata) once
grown everywhere, is now but rarely seen except ina
state of decay. Our Common wasoriginally planted with
these trees in 1802 from nurseries on the northern side,
in the vicinity of Winter street. But, fifteen years
later, the trees were found to be of little value for
ornament and they were replaced by elms. There
are wrecks of Lombardy poplars on Loring avenue,
beyond the Marblebead branch railroad crossing, near
the Willows, and on the Newburyport turnpike in
various places. There are two trees on Davis street,
Beverly, and one near the railroad, back of Bridge
street. The fancy for these trees has revived of late,
and many have been planted at Revere beach and in
Beverly. Possibly they may do better in sandy soil,
but it is doubtful if the experiment is successful.

The finest of the genus, the necklace poplar (Populus
monilifera) a native of the western part of this State
and a common street tree in New Jersey and in Phila-
delphia, is rarely seen here. There are two magnificent
specimens on Boston common, iu the low ground at the
south of the soldiers’ monument. It has been planted
near some of the new summer residences at Marble-
head, where the young trees already make a fine
appearance. The persistent planting of the Balm of
Gilead, the white and the Lombardy poplars, and the
93

total neglect of the fine necklace poplar, is one of the
curious anomalies in tree culture in this region.

The willows and poplars are well known to be among
the trees most easily reproduced from cuttings, in
striking contrast to such trees as the oaks, hickories
and elms. So readily do willow branches take root,
that we often hear of trees said to have grown from
willow canes cut for use on some walk and left,
thrust into the ground, when no longer needed. About
ponds and along the rivers the willows are especially
abundant, even the introduced species. This no doubt
arises from the growth of branches broken off during
the storms of winter, which are washed about and half
covered with soil in the spring, when they at once
become rooted and soon form trees.

AUGUST EIGHTEENTH.
XIV.
THE PINES, SPRUCES, FIR AND HEMLOCK.

All of the trees so far considered in these sketches are,
in the botanical classification, found among the exogens.
They have broad leaves with netted veins, and true
flowers from which seeds are produced. The gymno-
sperms, however, although the manner of the growth
of their wood is the same, do not bear flowers which can
be termed perfect. Their flowers have a relationship
to the so-called fructification of the ferns and club-
mosses, and their leaves in most instances, at least,
are needle-shaped and remain upon the tree through
more than one season. Another striking feature of
the class is, unless suffering from some injury, the
trees have a leading shoot ever growing upward, and
even if cut off, this shoot will often be replaced by the
up-turning of a side shoot. The effect of this habit is
to produce trees which grow in the form of a spire in
their natural state. The fruit of the gymnospernis is
usually a cone, and hence the name conifers, which is
often given to this class of plants. But some of the
plants in this class bear berries, and some unut-like
fruits; yet even these seemingly different forms have a
botanical relationship with the cones of the pines and
spruces. The name evergreen is often applied to the
coniferous trees, but it is unsuitable; for larches, the
bald cypress and the ginkgo tree shed their leaves
in the autumn, and we have besides, common plants,
95

such as the laurel, the box tree and the ink-berry,
which are evergreen and which do not belong to this
class.

Most of the pines, including all which grow here-
abouts, require two years to ripen their seeds. The
flowers are of two sorts borne on the same tree. The
male flowers are generally on the lower branches of the
tree and they produce the pollen in great masses, which
is swept away far and near hy the wind. It is this
wind-borne pollen which, drifting into little piles and
floating on ponds and streams, often at great distances
from the pine forests, is popularly known as sulphur
showers.

The female flowers are usually at the top of the pine
trees. They stand erect until fertilized by the pollen
which must be blown upon them. They then turn down,
growing but very slightly until the spring of the next
year. Their development after this is quite rapid; and
the seeds, of which two are hidden beneath each perfect
scale of the cone, are usually ripened by the middle
of September. This method of flowering and producing
fruit is essentially the same in all of the species of plants
of the class to which the pine belongs.

Our white pine (Pinus strobus) is the finest among
the pines of this region. It forms the larger portion
of the coniferous woods in the county and is hardly
equalled in economic value by any other pine. The
tall tree among the other trees in the grounds of the old
Derby estate on Lafayette street is a white pine; but,
of course, this specimen does not do justice to the
species. The largest pines in the county were cut, so
I understand, in Georgetown a few years ago. There
were but few of these trees and they were not far from
96

twelve feet in circumference, retaining this measure-
ment for a distance of some thirty feet up their trunks.
There is an immense pine, with a trunk circumference
quite as great, now on the land near the Hooper farm
in Boxford; but its leading shoot was injured when
young and the tree has in consequence produced three
distinct heads. It is a very imposing tree, however,
to stand beneath, and it is well worth a tramp to inspect
it. This pine is pictured in ‘* Typical Elms and Other
Trees.” There are some exceedingly characteristic
white pines, although not large trees, on the Pickman
estate, Beverly, in the grounds near Hale street, and
there are fine white pines on the roadside near the
Saltonstall and Ives estates in Lynnfield, within sight
of the pond and not far from the hotel.

Such white pines, more than two hundred and fifty
feet high and six feet in diameter, as are recorded by
Emerson as growing in New Hampshire and Maine, will
probably never be seen in New England again; and, in
Essex county, it is doubtful if pines will ever be allowed
to attain the dimensions of those lately cut in George-
town. The age of the Georgetown pines could not have
been much more than one hundred and twenty-five years
when they were felled, for one of the largest trees, cut
some years ago, showed about that number of rings of
annual growth, when counted by Mr. Sears at the time.
It would be safe to say that the Boxford pine is about
the same age. The tall pine near the house at the ‘* Do-
nation Farm,” as it is sometimes called,—the Treadwell
estate at Topsfield, belonging to the Essex Agricultural
Society,—is about one hundred years old. Aged per-
sons living thirty years ago remembered both the
97

Georgetown pines when they were too small for timber,
and the Topsfield pine at the time planted.

There are some fifty white pines in a grove on the
same farm, which, I am told by Mr. John Gould, the
town clerk and local historian of Topsfield, were planted
by Mr. Enos Easty in 1830. They are on the easterly
side of the Newburyport turnpike road and many of
the trees are nearly seven feet in circumference at five
feet abovethe ground. Theaverage girt would be about
six feet for all of the trees.

There are some curious local names given to pines in
Essex County. A ‘‘bulled pine” is one, as well as can
be ascertained, which, when young, has been injured
by cattle browsing in the field where it grew, thus
causing the tree to produce an irregular head and
become otherwise mis-shapen. Of this sort the great
Boxford pine is a mammoth example. A ‘pumpkin
pine” (pronounced punkin) seems to be applied to
trees which, growing under certain conditions, have
produced a soft wood easily cut and carved, after
the nature of the flesh of the pumpkin.

The trees in the most northerly of the two groves on
the border of Wenham pond, on the westerly side
of the road near the Waters estate, are nearly all white
pines. The trees in the more southerly grove, how-
ever, are almost exclusively of the pitch pine (Pinus
rigida). This tree is in no way so valuable as the
white pine, still it can be made to grow where many
trees would fail {1o endure. This pine is abundant on
the road to Swampscott leading from the turnpike.

The red pine (Pinus resinosa) is a beautiful tree
when growing naturally, as it may be seen in Boxford
near the swamp beyond Crooked pond. There are
98

two red pines in the Broad street cemetery, near the
Summer street gate, at the right of the path. This
tree is sometimes called Norway pine, avery misleading
name.

Our native pines may be distinguished by counting
the leaves in each little bundle. Those of the white
pine are in fives, the pitch pine in threes and those of
the red pine in twos.

There is a good specimen of the Austrian pine of
Europe (Pinus laricio austriaca) in front of Mr. F. R.
Kimball’s residence on Washington square; there is
another in the Howard street cemetery, near Bridge
street, and several at Dr. Mack’s farm on the hill in
North Salem. The leaves are in twos like those of the
red pine which the Austrian pine closely resembles.

The Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) of Europe is
grown occasionally in Salem. One may be seen on the
turnpike just before reaching the Sutton road on the
right, and another on Lynde street, at the rear of the
house recently occupied by Rev. Mr. Franks, and there
are others at Mr. Robert Manning’s and at Mr. Dugan’s
on Dearborn street. The leaves of this pine also are
in pairs.

The black spruce (Picea nigra) is a native of the
county, growing near the Chebacco ponds, in Pine
Swamp, Ipswich, and in various parts of the county.
It is not an attractive tree. There isa specimen in the
yard of Mrs. G. W. Rogers’ house, 128 Federal street.
A black spruce, just back of the houses on the main
street in Wenham, blown down a few years since,
measured over six feet in circumference and was more
than ninety feet in height. It was planted, together with
other trees, by Dr. Kilham, at the early part of this
99

century. The tree had been a conspicuous landmark
for years and its loss is much to be regretted

The white spruce (Picea alba) is a finer tree. There
are good specimens on the bank before the Waters
house at Wenham pond, growing in a position in which
it would be hard for most trees to thrive. This tree is
occasionally seen in yards in this neighborhood, but
most of the trees are small. There is one near the
sidewalk at No. 62 Lafayette street. The white spruce
grows naturally in northern New England, on the
Cliffs at Mount Desert, and at other exposed points
on the Maine coast.

The Norway spruce (Picea excelsa) from Europe
is one of the most frequently planted among the conif-
erous trees. In favorable situations, and until the trees
are about fifty years old, they are graceful and dense,
but after that they fail. There are fine examples on
the Charles A. Ropes estate and in the grounds at the
corner of Felt and Dearborn streets in North Salem,
and single trees are growing in many parts of the city.
Its habit is more graceful than either of our native
spruces.

The balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is oftener seen in
the country towns than in cities. There is a very tall
tree on Lowell street, Peabody, another in a yard at
Beaver Brook by the horse car tracks and near the
Newburyport turnpike, and there is a tree, but not so
large, in Harmony Grove Cemetery near the Peabody
entrance. To those who were familiar with this tree
and had seen thousands of acres of it growing in New
Hampshire and Maine, and knew the contempt in which
it is held by owners on account of its uselessness for
fuel and mechanical purposes, the fad for ‘pine pil-
100

”

lows” a few years since was amusing. At the time
the broken branches were selling in Boston and Salem
at fifty and even seventy-five cents by the pound, good
sized trees of the same species could be purchased for
ten cents, almost anywhere north of Concord, N. H.,
or Portland, Me.

The hemlock spruce, or hemlock as it is generally
called (Tsuga canadensis), is our most beautiful cone
bearing tree and fortunately still abundant in natural
groves. It is atree which every one knows at sight,
for it is perfectly distinct in appearance, even in the
distance, from avy other tree we have here. The roads
through the woods from Pride’s Crossing and Montserat
are often bordered by hemlocks, in some places grow-
ing so thickly as to darken the way even on sunny
days. In the city, in several places, this tree has been
used for hedges, and there are, besides, single trees at
Mr. Dugan’s on Dearborn street, at the rear of the
Sanders estate on Sewall street, and at ‘‘ Paradise” on
Mason street, but none are large. Spruces may readily
be distinguished from firs. The spruces shed their
leaves when dried while the scales of their cones adhere
together. Firsretain their leaves when dried while the
scales of their cones fall off.

The spruces, balsam fir and hemlock, all ripen their
fruit from the flowers in one season. Even the Norway
spruce requires but one summer to perfect its very
large cones; four times the size of those of the red
pine, which require two years to come to maturity.

AUGUST TWENTY-FIFTH.
XV.
THE LAROHES, CEDARS, GINKGO AND YEW.

The length of time that coniferous evergreens will
retain their leaves varies much and is controlled, not
only by the habit of the species, but also by the condi-
tions under which the individual tree may be growing.
This applies to all plants which are evergreen as well as
to the coniferous species. Rhododendrons, growing
naturally in the mountains of North Carolina, in deep
soil and a comparatively even temperature, may hold
their leaves for seven or eight years; but the same
plants removed to our climate and left to care for
themselves under unsuitable conditions, with the dry
heat of our summers and the drier cold winds of our
winters, would not, perhaps retain their leaves more
than three or four years, even if the plants themselves
did not die.

It is an easy matter to count the nodes of annual
growth of evergreens where the leaves are still attached,
especially on the coniferous trees, and thus ascertain
exactly the number of years the leaves have remained
on them. The leaves of the spruces and firs will be
found attached to branches several years old, and I
have counted those of the Austrian pine back for five
seasons. The leaves of the white pine fall in the
autumn, at the same time those of the broad-leaved
trees are falling; the leaves of one season’s growth,
however, remaining on the tree through the winter and
102

until the succeeding autumn. The leaves which we
speak of as such are not the only leaves which these
trees have, for the true leaves of most of the conifers
are represented by little scales, from the axils of
which the bundles of longer leaves, the conspicuous
leaves of the tree, are produced.

While the spruces and firs usually retain their leaves
for a number of seasons, and some of our pines for a
shorter period, the white pine at least for but two years,
the larches, on the other hand, drop all of their leaves
each autumn, but not until they have turned quite a
bright yellow, after the manner of the leayes of the
maples and hickories.

The American larch (Larix americana) or hackmatack,
as it is sometimes called, grows naturally in swamps in
Essex County. It is found in Wenham in some of the
wet depressions among the hills on the road from the
meeting-house to Asbury Grove, and it is also frequently
met with in the great swamp in Wenham, as well as in
the towns of Boxford, Middleton and Ipswich. There
are, in Salem, trees of this species at Mrs. George R.
Emmerton’s on Essex street, at the rear of the stable;
in Mr. James Dugan’s garden on Dearborn street, and
a curiously distorted specimen by ‘‘The Studio” at the
corner of Summer and Chestnut streets.

The European larch (Larix europea) has often been
planted for ornament. The leaves are longer and the
cones larger than those of the American larch, and the
habit of the tree with its drooping branches is much
more graceful. There are beautiful specimens planted
with the Norway spruces in the grounds near Felt
street, and others in the Bertram estate on Dearborn
street. These last named trees, together with many
103

others on the estate, were planted by Mr. Pickering
Dodge, who has been previously referred to as con-
tributing greatly to the sylvan adornment of North
Salem.

The senior of our physicians, Dr. George A. Perkins,
an excellent botanist, and, even in his earlier years
having a scientific turn of mind, assisted Mr. Dodge in
laying out the grounds and allotting the trees their
places. This occurred in 1837, and the doctor has ac-
tually lived to be able to walk beneath the shade
of these trees for fully one-third of a century,—a good
refutation of the assertion that we do not plant trees
for our own advantage, but wholly for the benefit of
others, as some writers would have us believe.

There are a great number of European larches on
the Fay estate near the floating bridge, planted with
other trees, as an experiment in economic forestry, by
the late Mr. Richard Fay. This plantation has now
every appearance of a long standing growth, and has
been the subject of papers on forestry and for discus-
sions at public meetings.

The most famous European larches in this neighbor-
hood are those on ‘‘Larch Row,” in Wenham, and on
the estate and before the old house, formerly the farm
and residence of Col. Timothy Pickering. The emi-
nent botanist and a grandson of Timothy Pickering, the
late Dr. Charles Pickering, informed me that these
trees were imported from England in the early part of
this century. They were perhaps five feet high and
were packed in boxes, and were planted at the time
where they now stand. They have remained like sen-
tinels for eighty years, conspicuous in the landscape,
and, although now somewhat beyond their prime, they
104

passed through the great ice storm of January, 1891,
sustaining comparatively little injury. A photograph
of the trees near the street, made directly afterward by
Mr. Benjamin H. Conant of Wenham, is one of the
finest pictures taken by any one to show the effects of
this storm in our vicinity.

The introduction of the European larch by Col. Pick-
ering was the means of establishing this tree as a favor-
ite in Wenham and its neighborhood, for they are often
met with there in yards and gardens, the supply being
derived chiefly from seedlings, the offspring of the
Pickering larches.

The bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) on Broad
street, in the yard of the Mansfield house, No. 27, is, so
far as I can learn, the most northerly individual of the
species growing in New England. The tree is about
fifty feet high and is six and one half feet in circumference
at five feet from the ground. It was planted about 1840
by Mr. Stephen Driver, a lover of all that was interesting
and beautiful in the vegetable world. This tree is now in
a perfectly healthy condition. There is a larger but less
graceful] bald cypress on the Derby estate, near the little
pond. It is eleven feet in circumference, and was proba-
bly planted about one hundred years ago. This is the
tree which, in its natural habitat, the deep swamps of the
southern United States, produces those wonderful pro-
tuberances from the surface roots known as ‘ knees,”
the cause and significance of which no one has, as yet,
satisfactorily explained. There are two of these trees
before the United States mint, and a large and cele-
brated one in the Bartram garden in Philadelphia. It
is occasionally planted for ornament, especially in the
southern states. For some unknown reason this tree,
105

in cultivation, is often thought to be a cedar of Lebanon,
and it is possible that unscrupulous dealers have sent
it out with that name. Like the larch, the bald cypress
sheds its leaves and, besides, the little branches to which
they are attached each autumn.

The white cedar (Chamecyparis spheroidea) inhabits
cold swamps in Essex County, usually growing in dense
masses. There is such a group by the road at the
northern end of Wenham pond, and there are larger
trees to be seen just after entering the woods at the
northern end of Common street, Beverly. It is found
in the swamps between Essex and Manchester, and in
Georgetown and many other places. A swamp in
Greenland, N. H., is the most northerly station that I
have noticed for this tree, but it is said to grow in
southern Maine.

Passing northward, at the point where the white
cedar ceases to grow, the arbor-vitee (Thuya occiden-
talis) appears, taking its place throughout Maine and
Canada. It is called by the people of the region where
it grows white cedar. For this reason endless disputes
arise as to which name is the correct one, and which
tree is intended when white cedar is mentioned. There
are good specimens of the arbor-vite in the Summer
street and also the Howard street cemeteries, and the
tree is often grown for ornament in country yards and
for hedges. The bundles of bean poles one sees in the
lumber yards of the Messrs. Langmaid and Mr. Fair-
field on Derby street, usually with a tuft of green at
their tops, are nearly always young, closely grown
trees of the arbor-vite.

The red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) grows from
Maine to Oregon and Florida. It is the most widely dis-
106

tributed of any American tree. With us it is tough and
grows slowly, but in Florida it produces the beautifully
clear red cedar so familiar to us in the best ««A. W. Fa-
ber” lead pencils. The tree is rarely found here over
thirty feet in height or more than one foot in diameter.
It grows everywhere on the hills of Essex county. There
is a small tree on Cabot street, and another in the yard
at the eastern side of the house of the late John P.
Andrews, on Essex street. Mr. J. J. H. Gregory
states in ‘‘Garden and Forest,” that nine red cedars cut
in Danvers for posts, and measuring about three feet in
circumference at the base, were shown, by counting the
rings of annual growth, to average seventy-five years.

The common juniper (Juniperous communis), grows
in great circular masses in the sterile soil of our hill-
sides and pastures. It is sometimes called savin, a
name also given to the red cedar, but which properly
belongs tothe Juniperus sabina of Europe, only repre-
sented in this country by a prostrate variety, common
in northern New England and Canada, and sometimes
cultivated in gardens. Our juniper is more attractive
to the botanist than to the farmer, and makes a most ex-
cellent evergreen for Christmas decorations, as it holds
its rigidity and does not shed its leaves as the spruces
and hemlock do when dry—and, besides, the owners
are only too glad to have it taken away. The berries
of this plant, which require two years to ripen, furnish
the peculiar flavor to gin,a liquor more popular in
Europe than here.

The only specimen of the true English yew (Taxus
baccata) of which I have any knowledge as growing in
Salem, is the tree just inside of the fence at the west-
erly corner of Hathorne and Broad streets. It was
107

planted in 1848 by the late Mr. C. M. Richardson, and
is now about fifteen feet high, with a trunk six inches in
diameter. We have a prostrate yew (Taxus canadensis)
which closely resembles this, in the deep, cold woods of
Essex, Boxford and elsewhere, but it never becomes a
tree. The Richardson yew is the same species as the
tree associated with so many historical sites in England,
and is thought to attain greater age than almost any
other tree.

The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba) from China,
sometimes called the maiden-hair tree on account of the
resemblance of its fan-shaped leaves to the leaflets of
the maiden-hair fern, is occasionally seen in gardens.
Mr. James Dugan has one in his place on Dearborn
street, there is another in the garden of the house oc-
cupied by Mr. A. H. Warner, No. 77 Lafayette street,
and there is a small tree in the rear of the museum of the
Peabody Academy. It is interesting as being the only
tree we can cultivate here, of this family, which bears
broad leaves. They also turn yellow and fall in the au-
tumn. There are a number of ginkgo trees in the Boston
Public Garden, and one, probably over seventy years
old, on Boston Common. The male and female flowers
are borne on separate trees.

The larches bear cones very much like those of the
pines and spruces, and the arbor-vite bears a cone,
although very small. The other trees named in this
sketch either bear nut-like fruits, as those of the bald
cypress and white cedar, and which may be considered
as cones with very dense scales, or a berry-like fruit, as
those of the red cedar and yew. The fruit of the yew
is bright red, and when ripe, pulpy and pleasant to the
taste. There seems to be a difference of opinion as to
the wholesomeness of this fruit, and it would be just as
108

well to avoid eating it, although it is quite tempting.
In some places this plant is called ground hemlock.

There are in gardens in Salem a number of trees be-
longing to the family described in this and the preceding
sketch, chiefly of oriental origin and of recent introduc-
tion, which have not been mentioned, as they are com-
paratively rare and would be of special interest only to
botanists. Mr. George Chase, of Lafayette street, has
given considerable attention to such trees, and an exam-
ination of his collection would, no doubt, be allowed to
those particularly desiring to do so. Mr. Robert Man-
ning has a number of unusual trees also, and others
are scattered over the city. Mrs. John C. Phillips, on
the estate at Wenham pond, has the largest collection
of coniferous trees in this neighborhood. They are
chiefly in economic plantations, and the largest trees are
perhaps ten to fifteen feet high. For the botanist,
however, the most extensive living collections in the
United States, of trees of this class, are available for
study,—those of Prof. Charles S. Sargent at Brookline,
and Mr. H. H. Hunnewell of Wellesley, whose hospit-
able gates are ever open to all who are students or
lovers of these interesting trees. The student of trees
of the next generation will have the benefit of the
large collections of the Arnold Arboretum, at West
Roxbury, located in the system of Boston’s great park
scheme. This collection is gradually assuming form;
and, although now of great interest on account of the
large number of species grown, will, in the course of
time, exhibit characteristic living specimens of every tree
from every portion of the globe that will endure the
climate of New England.

SEPTEMBER FIRST.
XVI.

SUMMARY AND NOTES.

In closing this series of sketches of the trees in the
vicinity of Salem, it may be well to add a few notes
made on various points as the accounts of the trees were
published.

Rather more trees have been recorded than was to be
expected at the outset, the additional species, which a
careful examination of the trees in the city brought to
notice, being chiefly from the western and southern states
and foreign countries. Some shrubs, too, belonging to
the same families as the trees described, naturally came
in for attention.

A fair enumeration of the species and varieties of the
trees and shrubs, of which specimens have been definite-
ly located, would make the total number one hundred
and fifty, of which fifteen are shrubs. Of the trees, fifty-
six are natives of Essex County, thirty-two come from
other portions of the United States, chiefly from the
Alleghany mountain region, and forty-seven are from
foreign countries, either Europe, China or Japan. A
few species are also referred to in a general way which
are not grown here, or can not be on account of the cli-
mate, and these, of course, are not included in the
enumeration. Nearly all of the trees described are
growing within the geographical limits of Salem, the re-
mainder within the neighboring towns of Essex County.
All are accessible to those persons who may desire to
study them.
110

Mrs. Stephen P. Webb, now residing in Brookline,
distinctly remembers the great storm of 1815, during
which the famous Derby summer house on Castle hill
was blown over, and half of the Endicott pear tree in
Danvers was torn off. She tells me that many of the
trees in the neighborhood of Chestnut street, where she
then lived, were uprooted and otherwise injured. A
number of these trees were Lombardy poplars. Some
standing before the houses of Messrs. Philip Little and
Arthur W. West were wrecked at this time; and so it
would appear that the elms now standing in the same
situations were planted after this storm, which must have
had a marked effect upon the older trees in our streets.
Mrs. Webb also recalls a row of Lombardy poplars on
either side of a walkway leading to the school building
which stood back of the estate now occupied by the res-
idence of Dr. O. B. Shreve. These facts show how ex-
tensively the Lombardy poplar was planted in Salem
during the early portion of the present century, and this
storm marks the date of the change from that tree to the
American elm as a general favorite for our streets. It
will be remembered that the change was made from pop-
lars to elms, on the Common, at this time.

While examining the trees in the city, which has
been done with some care, several curious things have
been observed, of which some account is not out of place
here.

In two or more instances, our common woodbine or
Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia) has taken
complete possession of trees, replacing their entire fo-
liage by its own. There is one such case in the yard of
Mr. Walter S. Dickson’s house, at the corner of Mason
and North streets, where a pear tree appears to be the
111

victim of the vine’s embrace, and in the yard between
houses of the Messrs. Phippen, Nos. 118 and 120 Bridge
street, a tall spruce supports the graceful creeper.
Growing in this manner, the ampelopsis appears to have
more brilliant coloring in the autumn, or it may be that
the colored leaves show to greater advantage when thus
hanging free, than when held against a wall by trellis
work. The vine covered tree at the north-west corner
of Charter and Liberty street, in Mrs. Chaney’s garden,
has always seemed to show its coloring to the greatest
perfection, and it is one that has annually been ad-
mired.

A parasitic plant grows upon and derives its nourish-
ment from the host-plant to which it may be attached,
as in the case of the native mistletoe, which grows upon
various species of deciduous trees, even as far North as
New Jersey. A common parasite here is the dodder
(Cuscuta gronovii) whose waxy stems and little clus-
tered flowers may be found just at this season on the
golden rods and other tall plants in moist fields.

But the street trees act as hosts for other plants
than parasites—we cannot with exactness term them
epiphytes even, for trees are not the natural home
of these plants. Epiphytes are familiar to us in green-
houses, and many species of orchids will serve as
illustrations. They are attached to trees in their native
haunts, but they do not derive their nourishment from
the sap of the tree, for they only are lodged upon it
for convenience, as a bird might build its nest there to
be out of the way of harm.

On Chestnut street, for years, 2 mountain ash grew
in the fork of the branches of an elm in front of Rev.
E. B. Willson’s house, and another is still growing, I
think, on a tree farther down the street.
112

The old Hubbard elm, at North Andover, has for years
supported a currant bush, whose fruit I have gathered,
and there is another growing under similar conditions
in a tree on Hathorne street. Mr. Browne has no-
ticed a fern growing in an elm on Broad street, and in
many of our street trees may be found clumps of grass
and occasionally some of our common garden weeds.
But one of the oddest of these false epiphytes is to be
seen in the fork of one of the elms on Essex street, by
the upper gate of the North Church, where two tall
stems of a common golden rod have blossomed for a
week past, fifteen feet from the ground. Of course
these plants simply derive their sustenance from earth
and moisture lodged in the tree, precisely as if growing
in the gutter or angle on the roof of a house, as ‘‘Alice’s
posies” grew on ‘‘The House of the Seven Gables.”

Additions might be made to the number of references
for many species in the list of trees noticed, but, as it
was only intended to cite a few good examples of each
tree, it would not be possible to name half of the fine
specimens which may be found in our streets and gar-
dens.

It is of course pleasant to find evidence that these
sketches have proved of interest to the public generally,
and this assurance has been repeatedly given. If they
have contributed to the pleasure of the readers of the
Gazette, and at the same time awakened interest in the
trees themselves, and thus indirectly cause them to be
more respected and better cared for, the object of the
sketches will have been fully accomplished.

SEPTEMBER EIGHTH.
INDEX.

Abies balsamea, 99.

Acacia, rose, 29.

Acacia, three thorned, 29.

Acer barbatum, (see A. sac-
charinum).

Acer dasycarpum, 23.

Acer negundo, 26.

Acer pennsylvanicum, 25, 62.

Acer platanoides, 24.

Acer polymorphum, 21.

Acer pseudo-platanus, 26.

Acer rubrum, 23.

Acer saccharinum, 24.

Aasculus flava purpuras-
cens, 23.

4®sculus hippocastanum, 22.

Ailanthus glandulosus, 18.

Alder, black, 22.

Alder, European, 73.

Alder, smooth, 73.

Alder, speckled, 73.

Alnus glutinosa, 73.

Alnus incana, 73.

Alnus serrulata, 73.

Amelanchier canadensis, 33.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 110.

Apple, 31.

Apple, crab, 32.

Arbor-vite, 105.

Ash, American mountain, 32.

Ash, black, 41.

 

Ash, European, 41, 42.

Ash, European moun-
tain, 32, 41, 111.

Ash, red, 42.

Ash, weeping, 42.

Ash, white, 41, 42.

Aspen, American, 91.

Aspen, large toothed, 91.

Balm of Gilead, (see Poplar)
Barberry, 14.
Bass-wood, 17.
Beech, 75.
Beech, blue, 74.
Beech, copper, 75.
Beech, European, 75.
Beech, fern-leaved, 76.
Beech, purple, 75.
Beech, weeping cut-
leaved 76.
Berberis vulgaris, 14.
Betula alba, 72.
Betula lenta, 71.
Betula lutea, 71.
Betula nigra, 73.
Betula papyrifera, 72.
Betula populifolia, 71.
Birch, black, 71.
Birch, canoe, 72.
Birch, European white, 72.
Birch, gray, 71.
116

Birch, paper, 72.

Birch, red, 73.

Birch, river, 73.

Birch, sweet, 71.

Birch, weeping cut-leaved, 72.
Birch, white, 71.

Birch, yellow, 71.

Black alder, (see Alder black).
Books about trees, 6, 27.
Box-elder, 26.

Box-tree, 56.

Buckeye, purple, 23.
Buckthorn, 20.

Bunch-berry, 19, 35.
Butternut, 39, 63.
Buttonwood, 28, 59.

Buxus sempervirens, 56.

Carpinus caroliniana, 74.

Carya alba, 66.

Carya amara, 67.

Carya porcina, 67.

Carya tomentosa, 67.

Castanea sativa americana, 74.

Catalpa, 28, 43, 56.

Catalpa bignonioides, 43.

Catalpa, Japanese, 43.

Catalpa kempferi, 43.

Catalpa, southern, 43.

Catalpa speciosa, 43.

Catalpa, western, 43.

Cedar of Lebanon, 105.

Cedar, red, 39, 105.

Cedar, white, 105.

Celtis occidentalis, 57.

Cercis canadensis, 30.

Chamecyparis sphe-
roidea, 105.

Cherry, European or gar-
den, 34,

Cherry, low wild, 33.

Cherry, wild black, 28, 33.

 

Cherry, wild red, 34.
Chestnut, 44, 74.
Chionanthus virginica, 41.
Cladrastis tinctoria, 31.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 30.
Conifers, collections of, 108.
Conifers, retention of leaves
by, 101.
Cornus alternifolia, 35.
Cornus florida, 19, 35.
Conifers, use of thename, 94
Crategus oxyacantha, 33.
Cucumber tree, 11, 17.
Cuscuta gronovii, 111.
Cutler, Manasseh, 10, 12, 42
Cypress, bald, 94, 104.
Cypress of Somma, 48.

Diospyros virginiana, 40.
Divining rods, 38.
Dodder, 111.

Dogwood, 19, 35.
Dogwood, striped, 62.

Elm, American, 48, 110.

Elm, Bertram, 50, 56.

Elm, cork bark English, 54.

Elm, Dutch, 54.

Elm, English, 53, 55.

Elm, Hale, 48.

Elm, Hubbard, 48.

Elm, Scotch, 54.

Elm, slippery, 52.

Elm, white, 48.

Elm, wych, 38, 54, 55.

Elms of Derby estate, 51.

Elms on Common, 51, 110.

Epiphytes, 111.

Ericaceze, 40.

Evergreens, 101.

Evergreens, use of the
name, 94.
Fagus ferruginea, 75.
Fagus sylvatica, 75.
Ficus carica, 58.
Ficus sycamorus, 60.
Fig, 58.

Fir, balsam, 99.

Forests, public, (see Parks).

Fraxinus americana, 41.
Fraxinus excelsior, 41.
Fraxinus pubescens, 42.
Fraxinus sambucifolia, 41.
Fringe tree, 41.

Ginkgo, 94, 107.

Ginkgo biloba, 107.
Gleditschia triacanthos, 29.
Great-tree, (elm) 49.

Gymoocladus canadensis, 30.

Gymnosperms, 94.

Hackberry, 57.

Hamamelis virginiana, 37.

Hawthorn, English, 33.

Hazel, witch, 37.

Hemlock, 100.

Hickory, bitter-nut, 67.

Hickory, hybrid, 68.

Hickory, mocker-nut, 67.

Hickory, pig-nut, 67.

Hickory, shag-bark, 39, 66.

Holly, 21.

Holly, mountain, 22.

Hornbeam, hop, 73.

Horse-chestnut, 22.

Horse-chestnut, red flow-
ered, 23.

Horse-chestnut, scarlet, 23.

Ilex glabra, 22.
Tex levigata, 22.
Ilex opaca, 21.

 

117

Lex verticillata, 22.
Ink berry, 22.
Tron-wood, 74.

Lvy, poisonous, 19, 36.

Judas tree, (see Cercis cana
densis).

Juglans cinerea, 63.

Juglans vilmoriniana, 65.

Juglans regia, 64.

Juglans nigra, 63.

Juniper, common, 106.

Juniperus communis, 106.

Juniperus sabina, 106.

Juniperus virginiana, 105.

Knees, cypress, 104.

Laburnum, golden chain, 3:
Laburnum vulgare, 30.
Larch, American, 102.
Larch, European, 102.
Larix americana, 102.
Larix europea, 102.
Laurel, 14, 40.
Ligustrum vulgare, 41.
Lilac, 41.
Linden, American, 15.
Linden, Dutch, 15.
Linden, European, 15.
Lindens, order of fiower-
ing, 17.
Lindera benzoin, 44.
Liquidambar styrac-
iflua, 38, 39, 44.
Liriodendron tulipifera, 12.
Locust, honey, 29.
Locust clammy, 29.
Locust, common, 28, 39.

Maclura aurantiaca, 57.
Magnolia acuminata, 11.
118

Magnolia, Chinese, 11.
Magnolia conspicua, 11.
Magnolia glauca, 10.
Magnolia hypoleuca, 11.
Magnolia sweet, 10, 14.
Maiden-hair tree, 1C7.
Maple, goose-foot, 62.
Maple, Japanese, 21.
Maple, Norway, 24, 25.
Maple, red, 23.
Maple, rock, 24.
Maple, striped, 25, 62.
Maple, sugar, 24.
Maple, sycamore, 26.
Maple, white, 23.
Mistletoe, 111.
Moose-wood, 62.
Morus alba, 57.
Morus multicaulis, 58.
Morus rubra, 58.
Morus tartarica, 58.
Mountain ash (see Ash, moun-
tain).
Mulberry, black, 58.
Mulberry, red, 58.
Mulberry, Russian, 58.
Mulberry, white, 57.

Names, English and latin-
ized, 61.

Negundo aceroides, (see Acer).

Nemopanthes fascicularis, 22.

Nettle tree, 57.

Nyssa sylvatica, 36.

Oak, bear, 80.

Oak, black, 80, 81.
Oak, chinquapin, 79.
Oak, English, 77, 78.
Oak, pin, 44, 80, 81.
Oak, red, 79, 81.
Oak, scarlet, 80, 81.

 

Oak, scrub, 80.

Oak, swamp Spanish, 80.
Oak, swamp white, 79.
Oak, white, 39, 77, 81.
Oaks, white, age of, 81.
Olive, 47.

Osage orange, 57.

Osier, basket, 90.

Ostrya virginica, 73.

Parks and Forests, pub-
lic, 83, 85, 87, 108.

Parasites, 111.

Paulownia, 21.

Pear, 32.

Persimon, 40.

Picea alba, 99.

Picea excelsa, 99.

Picea nigra, 98.

Pine, Austrian, 98, 101.

Pine, bulled, 97.

Pine, Norway, 98.

Pine, pitch, 97.

Pine, pumpkin, 97.

Pine, red, 97.

Pine, Scotch, 98.

Pine, white, 39, 95.

Pines, white, age of, 96.

Pines, characters of the, 95.

Pinus laricio austriaca, 98.

Pinus resinosa, 97.

Pinus rigida, 97.

Pinus strobus, 95.

Pinus sylvestris, 98.

Plane-tree, European, 60.

Platanus occidentalis, 59.

Platanus orientalis, 60.

Poisonous plants, 19, 35, 36.

Poplar, (see also Aspen).

Poplar, Balm of Gilead, 91.

Poplar, Lombardy, 52, 92, 110
119

Poplar, necklace, 92.

Poplar, white, 91.

Populus alba, 91.

Populus balsamifera candi-
cans, 91.

Populus dilatata, 92.

Populus grandidentata, 91.

Populus monilifera, 92.

Populus tremuloides, 91.

Privet, 41.

Prunus avium, 34.

Prunus cerasus, 34.

Prunus pennsylvanica, 34.

Prunus serotina, 33.

Prunus virginiana, 33.

Pyrus americana, 32.

Pyrus aucuparia, 32.

Pyrus coronaria, 32.

Pyrus malus, 31.

Pyrus vulgaris, 32.

Quercus alba, 77.
Quercus bicolor, 79.
Quercus coccinea, 80.
Quercus ilicifolia, 80.
Quercus palustris, 80.
Quercus prinoides, 79.
Quercus robur peduncula-
ta, 78.

Quercus robur sessilifiora, 79.

Quercus rubra, 79.
Quercus tinctoria, 80.

Red-bud, 30.

Retinospora, Japanese, 21.

Rhododendron, 40.

Rhododendrons, retention
of leaves by, 101.

Rhamunus catharticus, 20.

Rhus copallina, 19.

Rhus cotinus, 20.

Rhus glabra, 19.

 

Rhus toxicodendron, 19.
Rhus typhina, 18.

Rhus venenata, 19.
Robinia hispida, 29.
Robinia pseudacacia, 28.
Robinia viscosa, 29.

Salix alba, 86.

Salix babylonica, 89.

Salix caprea, 90.

Salix discolor, 89.

Salix fragilis, 88.

Salix herbacea, 90.

Salix lucida, 90.

Salix myrtilloides, 90.

Salix nigra, 89.

Salix purpurea, 90.

Salix rostrata, 90.

Salix sericea, 90.

Salix viminalis, 90.

Salix alba vitellina, 88.

Sassafras, 43.

Sassafras officinale, 43.

Savin, 106.

Sequoia gigantea, age of, 48

Service-berry, (see Ame-
lanchier).

Shad-bush, 33.

Sheep-berry, 14, 40.

Smoke-tree, 20.

Spice-bush, 44.

Spruce, black, 98.

Spruce, double (see Spruce
black).

Spruce, hemlock, 100.

Spruce, Norway, 99.

Spruce, single, (see Spruce
white).

Spruce, white, 99.

Spruces and firs, differences
between, 100.

Sumach, Chinese, 18.
Sumach, “wa, 19.

Sumach, smooth, 19.

Sumach, staghorn, 18.

Sumach, poisonous, 19, 36.

Sweet-bay (see Magnolia
glauca).

Sycamore, 60.

Syringa vulgaris, 41.

Tamarind, 30.
Tamarix chinensis, 18.
Tamarix, Chinese, 18.
Tamarix, European, 18.
Taxodium distichum, 104.
Taxus baccata, 106.
Taxus canadensis, 107.
Thuya occidentalis, 105.
Tilia americana, 15.
Tilia platyphylla, 16.
Tilia vulgaris, 15.
Tracy, C. M., notice of, 85.
Tree, how defined, 14.
Tree of Heaven, 18.
Tree-planting by public-
spirited citizens, 70.

Tree-planting, systematic, 69.

Trees, American in
Europe, 39.
Trees, books about, 6, 27.

Trees, determining age of, 46.

Trees for ornament and
profit, 82.
Trees in Salem in 1859, 9.

Trees, number described, 109.

Tsuga canadensis, 100.
Tulip tree, 12, 17, 28, 44.
Tupelo, 36, 44.

Ulmus americana, 48.

 

120

Ulmus campestris, 53.
Ulmus fulva, 52.
Ulmus montana, 54.

Viburnum lentago, 40.

Virgilia, 31.

Virginian creeper, 110, and
under woobdine, 36.

Walnut, black, 28, 39, 63.
Walnut, English, 62, 64.
Walnut, hybrid, 65.
Walnut, square, 66.
Whistle-wood, 62.
White-wood, 17.
Willow, basket, (see Osier).
Willow, black, 89.
Willow, brittle, 88.
Willow, crack, 88.
Willow, Kilmarnock, 91.
Willow, purple, 90.
Willow, pussy, 89.
Willow, scythe-leaved, 89.
Willow, shining, 90.
Willow, silky, 90.
Willow, weeping, 89.
Willow, white, 86, 87, 88.
Willows, cones on, 90.
Willows, shrubby species, 89
Willows, The, 86.
Willows, variation of and
hybrids, 87.
Woodbine, 36, (see also
Virginian creeper).

Yellow-wood, 31.
Yew, English, 106.
Yew, prostrate, 107.
Yulan, 11.
 
   

     
       
    

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