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SSRN RN elect acidatessechecectryea casks shomegsitas tapas . pats Xt co fades ie ree a “ ee eS Se ee eee ee rer et oe seer 4 if 77) Oe the} G4 Hats 4 ie Cae es S a aay 7 9) - ‘i ‘? ldaht ef te Nes “i 4 i a T " RG es : i Hie d grep! a can S Y PPLE IT TET EEE ETT TANT PETE PAL TTT TN PETE E EI LLLL ale alolainnte’ Win Serene, Sr iS : ek Sia PED oe g ISTE TPL T TT TTT TIO TI EE Soe SOS OCs ac aoa a a Sr oryee > ee ete Pee eS EP ST LTTE TITS TONES ETOCS AOE ON TITEL ITN se) t SP ee Pee Tee Tet TTL TLS TET TTT ret ye Pree eee eee eee TTY oat ee a Seen eG SS RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. i | CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE DATE DUE GAYLORD PRINTEDINU.S.A, Bia University Library QK 306.B16 wi Lake District. MN aire Bes A FLORA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT. A FLORA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT BY J. G. BAKER, F.R.S., F.LS. LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET COVENT GARDEN 1885 OK 306 B/G Abt b67¢ Yet happier in my judgment, even than you, With your bright transports, fairly may be deemed, The wandering Herbalist—who clear alike From vain and, that worse evil, vexing thoughts, Casts, if he ever chance to enter here, Upon these uncouth forms a slight regard Of transitory interest, and peeps round Yor some rare floweret of the hills, or plant Of craggy fountain ; what he hopes for wins, Or learns, at least, that ’tis not to be won ; Then, keen and eager, as a fine-nosed hound By soul-engrossing instinct driven along Through wood or open field, the harmless man Departs, intent upon his onward quest. WoRDSWORTH. PREPAC E, THIS work is not put forward as a completed Flora of the Lake District. I have never lived within its boundaries, but when I belonged to Yorkshire, now twenty years ago, and was engaged upon ‘ North York- shire’ and the ‘New Flora of Northumberland and Durham, I several times visited the Lakes and made notes upon the plants and their range in altitude, and spent the wet days in codifying the widely-scattered records of my forerunners in the botanical exploration of the district. My collection of notes has been from time to time lent to various botanical friends who have visited it, and they have entered into the books their own observations, and the Rev. W. W. Newbould has given me his ever-ready help in copying out at the British Museum the stations from some of the books to which I could not get access elsewhere. Lately, in editing the catalogue of species for Westmoreland and Cumberland for the new edition of Watson’s ‘Topo- graphical Botany, and reading the detailed diary by Mr. Watson of his excursions in 1835, from Keswick, Kendal, and Shap, which has come into my hands as his executor, my interest in the subject has been revived, and as it does not seem likely at present to stand in the way of anything more complete, I have thought it best to publish my collection of notes as they stand, especially as the local Societies are now iv PREFACE, training up a new generation of observers, who cannot obtain access to the botanical periodicals and older works of a general character, and, even if they could, have no fair chance of understanding the gap which, from a scientific point of view, separates Watson and Borrer from Richardson and Hutton. I have con- sidered the district which I have included as extending northward and eastward to Allonby, Wigton, Penrith, and Tebay, but have not always strictly kept to an exact limit in those directions. Broadly speaking, there are two wide tracts of country included in Watson’s Lake Province not here dealt with, the low-lying northern half of Cumberland, often called the Plain of Carlisle, and the western slope of the Pennine Chain through Cumberland and Westmoreland. The Lake District, as here treated, is a mountainous tract with a distinct physical individuality of its own, and with a distinct botanical individuality, both in respect of the plants that are present and those that are rare or absent, the details of which I have endeavoured here to record as faithfully as I could. So many people have botanised at one time or another at the Lakes, that I doubt not this record will fall into the hands of many who will be able materially to modify it and add to it, and I shall be glad to receive any notes on the further range of species, with a view of using them in a new edition. J. G. BAKER. KEW HERBARIUM, Feb, 1885. {1 CONTENTS, INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS, ORDERS. PAGE ORDERS. Ranunculacez, ‘ : 15 | Portulaceze, Berberacee, . 23 | Scleranthacee, Nymphezacee, : 24 | Grossulariacee, Papaveracez, 3 : 25 | Crassulacez, Fumariacez, A ‘ 27 | Saxifragaceze, Cruciferze, ‘ 28 | Araliacez, Resedacez, . 7 4o | Cornaceze, Cistacez, ‘ : ; 40 | Umbelliferze, . Violaceze, : 41 | Loranthacez, . Droseracez, . ‘ ‘ 43 | Caprifoliacez, Polygalacez, . 3 ; 44 | Rubiacee, Caryophyllacee, 44 | Valerianacez, Linacee, : 5: 53 | Dipsacez, Malvacee, ; 54 | Composite, Tiliaceze, : 55 | Campanulaceze, Hypericacez, : 56 | Ericaceze, Aceracee, . : a 58.| Ilicaceze, Geraniacez, . ‘ , 59 | Jasminacez, . Balsaminacez, : ‘ 64 | Apocynacez, Oxalidaceze, . ‘ 64 | Gentianacez, . Celastracez, . : ; 64 | Polemoniacez, Rhamnacee, : ‘ 65 | Convolvulacez, Leguminiferz, : ‘ 66 | Solanaceze, Rosacez, : 75 | Scrophulariacez, Onagracee, . & ; 91 | Orobanchacee, Haloragiacez, ; 94 | Verbenaceze, Lythracee, . 95 | Labiate, Cucurbitacee, ‘ : 96 | Boraginaceze, Page 1 PAGE 96 97 97 99 101 104 105 105 113 113 115 118 119 120 141 143 146 147 147 147 149 149 150 151 157 158 158 166 viii ORDERS. Pinguiculaceze, Primulacez, Plumbaginacez, Plantaginaceze, Chenopodiacez, Polygonacez, Thymelzacez, Asaracee, Empetraceze, Euphorbiacez, Urticaceze, Amentifere, Conifer, Orchidacez, Iridacez, Amaryllidaceze, POSTSCRIPT, INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES, CONTENTS. PAGE 170 17I 174 175 176 178 182 183 183 184 185 186 192 193 199 199 INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES, ORDERS. Liliaceze, Dioscoreacez, Melanthiacez, Hydrocharidacez, Alismacez, Potamaceze, Lemnacez, Aracez, Typhacee, Juncacez, Cyperaceze, Graminez, Filices, Lycopodiaceze, Marsileacez, Equisetacez, PAGE 200 204 204, 204 205 206 209 210 210 211 214 224 237 244 246 246 248 249 255 A FLORA OF THE ENGLISH LAKE Dis TRIG l, aes INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. Names and Spectes-limits.—There are at the English Lakes just 50 ferns and nearly 850 flowering plants that are thoroughly wild, and we may count 100 more if recent introductions be included in the estimate. In the sequence, nomenclature, and limitation of species, I have followed Watson, so that in these points the present work is uniform with ‘Cybele Britannica,’ ‘ Topographical Botany,’ and the earlier editions of the London Catalogue, and also with my own former books on the botany of the north of England, ‘North Yorkshire,’ and the ‘ New Flora of Northumberland and Durham.’ The numbers have been widely used in the distributions of the London Botanical Society and the Botanical Exchange Club, but they are changed in the last edition of the London Catalogue. In this work I have only numbered the species that have a reasonable claim to be regarded as wild plants of the Lake district. A break in the regular sequence of the figures consequently indicates that plants that grow wild somewhere else in Britain are not found at the Lakes. Classes of Citizenship.—These are to be understood as used in the same sense as in Watson’s ‘Cybele Britannica,’ where they are fully defined and explained. By a ‘JVative’ is meant a plant which, so far as present appearances show, has established itself quite independently of man’s interven- A 2 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. tion. By a ‘Colonist’? is meant a well-established weed of corn-fields and arable land; by a ‘ Denizen,’ a plant that now looks quite wild, but may perhaps have been originally intro- duced by human agency; and by an ‘ Alzen,’ a species estab- lished less thoroughly, which, without doubt, has strayed from cultivation. The fault of botanists of small experience, or sometimes of small conscientiousness, is, that in making local catalogues they swell their lists by mixing up these Aliens, which are often extremely fugitive in their stations, and placing them on a level with the really wild plants. As all readers of Winch and Watson and the old series of the ‘ Phytologist ’ are well aware, in the Lake district perhaps more than anywhere else in the country, confusion has been made in this way. Maritime and Xerophilous Plants.—A considerable number of plants grow only on the seashore. These I have indicated by inserting the word ‘ Maritime’ after the class of citizenship. A certain number of others are almost restricted to the lower limestone hills which surround on all sides the central slate mountains of the Lake district. These latter are catalogued as ‘ Xerophilous.’ Lypes of Distribution,—The types of distribution, as worked out by Watson, furnish a ready means of indicating the dis- tribution of species through Britain as a whole. The types are as follows, viz. :— 1. British Type—Species which are spread at shore-level through the length and breadth of the island. 2. English Type.—Species which have their headquarters in the south of England, and become rare and run out in the north of England or south of Scotland. 3. Germanic Type-—Species that have their headquarters in the east of England, and become rare or run out altogether in the western counties. 4. Atlantic Type.—Species that have their headquarters in Wales and the west of England, and run out eastward. INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. 3 5. Scottish Type.—Species that have their headquarters in Scotland, and run out in the north of England. 6. Highland Type.—Species that have their headquarters in the Scotch Highlands, and grow southward only amongst the high mountains of the north of England and Wales. 7. Intermediate Type.—Species that have their headquarters in the north of England. 8. Local Type.—Species too local to be classed under any of the preceding types. The following Table therefore will show at a glance how the plants of the Lakes are spread through the rest of Britain, and how the Lake flora stands in comparison with that of the north-eastern counties :— : Northumber- Britain. td) | land and British, . ‘ : 532 532 526 532 English, . 409 208 301 251 Germanic, 127 II 38 26 Highland, a 120 50 32 36 Scottish, . F 81 54 44 57 Atlantic, . 70 1 v4 5 Intermediate, 37 21 33 21 Local, . 49 5 II 7 Total, 5 ‘ 1425 893 992 935 Broadly speaking, leaving out the local species, we may reduce the other types to three, viz. (1.) General (British) ; (2.) Austral (English + Germanic + Atlantic) ; and (3.) Boreal (Scottish + Highland + Intermediate) ; and say for Britain as a whole, 532 species are general in their distribution, 606 southern, and 238 northern, and that out of the southern species 231, and out of the northern species 125, grow in the Lake district. Zones of Temperature and Altitude.—By ‘range’ is meant 4 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. range in altitude above sea-level, and by the figures 1, 2, 3, 4 the zones of altitude in which the plant grows in the Lake district. For tracing out the vertical range of species, Mr. Watson divided the surface of Britain into two ‘ regions,’ and six ‘zones’ of temperature. The two regions he called ‘Agrarian’ and ‘Arctic.’ The Agrarian includes the whole surface of the island at sea-level, and as far up the hills as arable cultivation is possible. This is up to about 600 yards above sea-level in the north of England, and 400 yards in the Scotch Highlands. All above this belongs to the Arctic region, which is so called because its characteristic plants have their headquarters within the Arctic Circle, or, at any rate, in the north. These two regions he divided each into three zones: Super-agrarian, Mid-agrarian, and Infer-agrarian ; Super-arctic, Mid-arctic, and Infer-arctic. Of these six zones the coldest and the warmest, the Super-arctic and the Infer- agrarian, are not represented in the Lake district, but we have all the other four. I begin to count from below, and my zone 1 corresponds to Watson’s Mid-agrarian zone; my zone 2 to his Super-agrarian ; my zone 3 to his Infer-arctic ; and my zone 4 to his Mid-arctic. I give a few notes on the local characteristics of these four zones. Zone 1—Mid-agrarian zone of Watson—extends at the Lakes from coast-level to a height of goo feet upon the hills. The average annual temperature may be estimated at from 45° to 48° Fahr. Its upper limit is marked botanically by the cessa- tion of U/ex and fruticose Aud7 in the open spaces, of Pyrus Malus and Viburnum Opulus in the woods, and of Alnus glutinosa and Salix fragilis following up the streams. All the larger lakes, Windermere, Derwentwater, Ullswater, Bassen- thwaite, Crummock, Wastwater, and Haweswater, are low down in this zone, and are more or less surrounded and overtopped by thick woods, sometimes planted, but often of native growth. Zone 2—Super-agrarian zone of Watson—includes that portion of the hill-country which lies at an elevation of INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. 5 between goo and 1800 feet. The average annual temperature may be estimated at 42° to 45°. Its upper limit is marked botanically by the cessation of Pteris, Digitalis, Erica, Parnassia, and Pinguicula. Above it there are no trees, either wild or planted, except a few isolated rowans and junipers on the high crags. A great many of the mountain tarns fall within the boundaries of this zone. At the Lakes there is scarcely any arable cultivation above the Mid-agrarian zone, and there are very few houses at a higher level. The notion that the little inn at the top of Kirkstone Pass, which is the highest regularly inhabited house in the Lake district, is also the highest inhabited house in the whole of England, is a local myth which is destitute of true foundation. It stands at a little under 1500 feet above sea-level, and there are many scattered farm-houses on the Pennine chain in Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland at from 1800 to 2000 feet. In Allendale there is a village of considerable size called Coal Clough, which stands at from 1650 to 1700 feet in eleva- tion. One of the principal characteristics of the Lake district, from our present point of view, is that here, broadly speaking, cultivation does not reach up to the top of the Super-agrarian, but only to the top of the Mid-agrarian zone, and that consequently at the Lakes the highest localities of a crowd of plants that followin the footsteps of man are a whole zone, or half a zone, below their proper climatic limits, and the Super-agrarian flora at the Lakes is materially smaller than in the eastern counties. Zone 3—Watson’s Infer-arctic zone—includes a mountain belt between 1800 and 2700 feet in altitude, with an average temperature of 39° to 42°. Only the two highest tarns, Red Tarn on Helvellyn, and Sprinkling Tarn on the north of Scawfell, fall distinctly within the bounds of this zone. The rest is bare hill and slate crag, where the Alpine plants, such as Oxyria reniformis, Silene acaulis, Sedum Rhodiola, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Saxifraga nivalis, Cerastium alpinum, Hieracium 6 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. alpinum and chrysanthum, and Thalictrum alpinum, have their headquarters, and the highest springs of the main peaks, bordered with AMontia, Chrysosplenium, and Stellaria uliginosa, and beds of such mosses as Hypnum commutatum, Bartramia fontana, and Bryum pseudo-triquetrum, interspersed with Cochlearia alpina, Epilobium alsinifolium, Saxifraga aizoides, and Saxdfraga stellarts. Zone 4—Watson’s Mid-arctic zone—includes the hill-tops that reach over 2700 feet, that is to say, the summits of Scawfell Pike, Scawfell, Helvellyn, Skiddaw, Bowfell, Great Gable, Pillar, Fairfield, Blencathra, Grassmoor, and High Street. Here there is nothing but bare rocky hill-top, with a very scanty vegetation of any kind. The only two plants which at the Lakes are characteristic of this zone are Salix herbacea and Carex rigida, which grow on nearly all the hills just mentioned, and are the two most decidedly arctic plants of the Lake flora. A large number of the other boreal species do not ascend into this zone at all, not because they could not bear its climate, but simply because there are amongst the loose piles of heaped stones no fit stations for them to grow in. The Lakes are the only part of England in which this Mid-arctic zone is represented. The following Table shows the statistics of the vegetation of these climatic zones for Britain as a whole, and for the Lake district as compared with the north-eastern counties :— se lo8| $8 | slo] ssl ¢ 2o;Se |) ke es) Bs) ge) 8 SE)SE|a8/ 58 (22/28 | & Britain, ; : + |1225]1070) 760 | 293 | 244 | IIT | 1425 North Yorkshire, «+ | 948] 413 | 126) ... we | 992 Northumberland and Durham, «- | 920/ 418 | 108 | ... fee 935 Lake District, ‘ p «+ | 859] gor | 125 | 28] ... | 893 INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. 7 Bibliography of Lakeland Botany.—1 have given the localities for the rare plants classified under their counties, C. standing for Cumberland, W. for Westmoreland, and L. for Lancashire. As an authority for localities, B. is a contraction of my own name. For critical plants a note of admiration after the name of the collector means that I have seen and compared a specimen from that locality. The following are the principal publications that relate to the botany of the Lake district, arranged in order of date :-— 1688. Lawson, Thomas. The foundation of our knowledge of the botany of the Lake district was laid in a list of 150 plants and their localities, which in this year was sent to Ray by Thomas Lawson, of Great Strickland. This was used by Ray in the second edition of his Synopsis in 1696, and was printed in its entirety in Derham’s Life of Ray (in 1718, p. 213), and again in the volume of Ray’s Life and Letters issued by the Ray Society in 1848 (p. 197), with the old names translated into their binomial equivalents by Professor Babington. Lawson was born in 1630, was educated at Cam- bridge, and when of age was ordained minister of the Church of England at Rampside, in Low Furness. In 1652 George Fox visited the district and was kindly received by Lawson, who lent him for a day his church and pulpit. Fox preached in it with such effect that Lawson and many of his congrega- tion became Quakers. He resigned his living and settled as a schoolmaster at Great Strickland, where he was much esteemed by the Lowthers and other neighbouring gentry. He died in 1691, and his grave, with a large tombstone which was erected to his memory by one of his pupils, may still be seen in a small graveyard, without any meeting-house attached to it, at Newbyhead, which belongs to the Friends. A letter which he wrote the year before his death to Dr. Richard Richardson of Bingley, offering to meet him at Settle for a botanical excursion, is printed in the Richardson Correspond- ence. He wrote several books of a controversial and 8 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. religious character, and a later list of plants which he found is given in Robinson’s ‘ Natural History of Westmoreland and Cumberland,’ 1709. Linneeus dedicated to his memory the genus Lawsonia, of which the well-known Oriental Henna is the type; and Villars named after him Aieracium Lawsont. 1695. Gibson’s edition of Camden’s ‘ Britannia’ contains plant-catalogues drawn up by Ray, for Westmoreland at pp. 817 and. 846, for Cumberland at p. 846. They are founded mainly on Lawson’s notes. In Gough’s edition, 1789, the Westmoreland catalogue will be found in vol. iii. p. 164, and that for Cumberland in vol. ili. p. 206. 1744. Wilson, John. ‘A Synopsis of British Plants in Mr. Ray's Method,’ 8vo, Newcastle-on-Tyne, contains a trust- worthy record of a large number of new localities. Wilson was a man in humble circumstances, a stocking-maker, or, another account says, a shoemaker, at Kendal. He became enthusiastically interested in plants, and educated himself to such purpose that he wrote a capital book. There is a good story about him in Pulteney’s ‘Sketches,’ of how he was once sorely tempted to sell his only cow to buy a copy of Morison’s ‘Historia Plantarum,’ and how a benevolent lady intervened and made him a present of it. In later life he became a teacher of botany, and removed to Newcastle, where his book was published. To Lawson and Wilson we look as the fathers of Lakeland botany. Robert Brown named in Wilson’s memory the genus Wilsonda in Convolvulacee. 1762. Hudson, William, born at Kendal 1730, died in London 1793, was the author of the first original Flora of England in which the binomial nomenclature as invented by Linnzus was applied, and consequently he was the first to give to a great many English plants the scientific names by which they are now known. The first edition of his ‘Flora Anglica’ was published in 1762, the second in 1778. He practised for many years as an apothecary in London in Panton Street. In the winter of 1783 his house and all his collections and INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. 9 library were destroyed by fire, which was believed to have been caused designedly by a servant to conceal a robbery. After this he gave up his practice and removed to Jermyn Street, where he died in 1793. His records of localities for the Lake district are mostly expressed in general terms. Linnzus named in his memory the genus Hwudsonia in Cistacee. 1763. Martyn’s ‘Plante Cantabrigenses’ contains in the appendix, pp. 102-105, a list of the plants of Westmoreland, arranged under their localities. It is entirely compiled from Lawson and Wilson. 1777. Nicholson and Burns’ ‘History and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland’ contains a catalogue of plants for each county. 1782. In this year William Curtis, the originator of the ‘ Botanical Magazine’ and author of ‘Flora Londinensis,’ made a botanical excursion through the northern counties, an account of which will be found reprinted in the new series of the ‘ Phytologist,’ vol. i. pp. 36, 84, and 108. 1787-1793. Withering’s ‘ Botanical Arrangement,’ second edition, 3 vols., contains a number of stations in the Lake district, contributed by Mr. T. J. Woodward of Bungay, who visited the Lakes in company with Mr. Crowe of Norwich in 1781, and a few more were inserted in this and later editions from Mr. Hall, Mr. Atkinson, and the Rev. Mr. Jackson. Woodward was one of the most eminent English botanists of the Smithian era, and after him the fern-genus Woodwardia was named. His contemporary, Goodenough, the mono- grapher of the English Carzces, was for a few years at the end of his life Bishop of Carlisle. His extensive herbarium, which was presented to Kew about 1880 by the corporation of Carlisle, did not, however, contain any Lake plants specially localised. 1794. Hutchinson’s ‘ History of the County of Cumberland and some Places adjacent,’ 2 vols., Carlisle, republished in 10 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 1805, contains a list of plants drawn up by the Rev. W. Richardson of Dacre. He seems to have derived a good deal of his information from a Keswick guide of the name of Hutton. Neither Richardson nor Hutton had the knowledge needful for the task they undertook, and this list, although perhaps it may give a useful hint sometimes to a resident explorer, is so inaccurate and untrustworthy that I have scarcely ever cited it. 1805. Dawson Turner and Dillwyn. ‘The Botanist’s Guide through England and Wales’ contains a long catalogue of both flowering plants and cryptogamia for both counties, —for Cumberland at p. 143, and for Westmoreland at p. 638. The principal contributors of new localities are Turner himself, the Rev. John Dodd of Wigton, the Rev. W. Wood of Whitehaven, the Rev. J. Harriman of Eglestone, and Messrs. Jos. Woods of London and T. Gough of Kendal. 1818. Otley, Jonathan. In this year was published the first edition of Otley’s well-known guide-book, which contains the first good map of the Lake hills, and on which the later guide-books are all more or less founded. Otley worked out a few fresh plant stations, and though, like Wilson, a self- taught man in humble circumstances, he did a great deal for the investigation of the geology and physical geography of the district. 1824. Winch, N. J., contributed to the ‘Newcastle Maga- zine’ in 1824 (vol. ili. pp. 494, 530, and 575) alist of the plants of Cumberland and their localities, which was reprinted as a separate work in 4to in 1833. Winch was a capital botanist, and the author of an excellent ‘Botanist’s Guide through the Counties of Northumberland and Durham,’ pub- lished at Newcastle, in two volumes 8vo, in 1805-1807. The younger De Candolle named after him the genus /Vinchia in Apocynacee. 1832. ‘Annals of Kendal, by C. Nicholson, contains, INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. II pp. 221-225, an excellent list of the plants of the neighbour- hood, drawn up by Mr. T. Gough, which he kindly revised for me a few years ago. 1835. Watson, Hewett Cottrell: ‘ New Botanist’s Guide to the Localities of the Rarer Plants of Britain,’ vol. i. England and Wales; vol. ii. Scotland, and Supplement, 1837. This is substantially a new edition, brought up to date, of the ‘Botanist’s Guide’ of Turner and Dillwyn. Mr. Watson, who died in 1881, devoted himself during a long life to the special study of the geography of British plants. His books, of which the principal are ‘Cybele Britannica’ and ‘ Topo- graphical Botany,’ extend over a period of forty years, and in the present work I have followed up his methods and used his zones of altitude and other generalisations. He stayed for some time in the Lake district, in 1833, at Keswick, Kendal, and Shap, and made copious notes on the plants, which are now preserved at Kew along with his herbarium. His observations on the altitudinal range of Lake plants are printed in the ‘ Cybele,’ vol. iv. p. 334. 1835. Woods, Joseph, in Hooker’s ‘Companion to the Botanical Magazine,’ vol. i. p. 298, has a long paper called ‘Notes of a Tour in the North of England in 1835,’ which relates chiefly to the Lakes. He had previously visited the district in 1800, 1808, and 1814. He was the author of the well-known ‘ Tourist’s Flora,’ and was the first to study care- fully our indigenous roses, of which he published a monograph in vol. xii. of the Transactions of the Linnzan Society. Robert Brown named after him the fern-genus Woodsza. 1836-1872. Hindson, Isaac, of Kirkby Lonsdale, during these years worked at the flora of that neighbourhood. His manuscript list of localities is now in my possession. 1842-1854. In the old series of the ‘Phytologist’ will be found papers that relate to Lake botany, as follows :—In volume ii., at p. 316, by J. Sidebotham; at p. 424, by Borrer; at p. 375, by G. S. Gibson; and at pp. 422 and 12 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 1045, by James Backhouse, the monographer of the British Hieracia. In volume v., at p. 26, is a paper by Professor J. H. Balfour, and at p. 1 a catalogue of Gosforth plants by Joseph Robson. In the second series there are papers of the plants of Humphry Head by Dr. Windsor, in vol. ii p- 257, and Mr. C. J. Ashfield, in vol. v. p. 257. 1843. Jopling’s ‘Sketch of Furness and Cartmel’ contains a list of the plants of the district, drawn up by Messrs. Aiton and Wilson. 1855. Harriet Martineau’s ‘Guide to the Lakes’ contains two lists of plants, one for Windermere and its neighbourhood, drawn up by Mr. F. Clowes, and one for Cumberland, drawn up by Mr. W. Dickinson. Mr. Clowes, who has long been in practice as a surgeon at Bowness, knows the Windermere district most thoroughly, and has kindly annotated my note- book. Mr. W. Dickinson was a land-surveyor, who had lived in the west of Cumberland all his life, and knew every part of it most thoroughly. He was a man, Mr. Hodgson tells me, of robust constitution, striking appearance, and a first-class pedestrian, ardently fond of natural history in every depart- ment, especially botany and ornithology. He made a large number of careful drawings of Lake plants. Besides this list he also published a Cumberland glossary, and a book called ‘Cumbriana,’ a collection of humorous anecdotes of the yeomen and labourers of the county. He died in 1882 at his home at Thorncroft, near Workington, at the age of eighty-three. The beautifully illustrated work on ‘The Lake Country, by Mrs. E. Lynn Linton, and Black’s Guide, also make mention of a few additional localities. 1865. Linton, W. J. ‘Ferns of the English Lake Country,’ with numerous original woodcuts, contains in a cheap, handy form a description of all the Lake ferns, and a list, drawn up by Mr. Clowes, of the numerous varieties named by Moore, Lowe, and others, which have been found in the district. A new edition, edited by Mr. J. M. Barnes, has since been INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. 13 published. Aspland’s ‘Guide to Grange’ contains a list of the ferns and rare plants of that neighbourhood, drawn up by Mr. A. Mason. 1874. Hodgson, Miss Elizabeth, of Ulverstone, wrote an excellent paper, called ‘North or Lake Lancashire, a Sketch of its Botany, Geology, and Physical Geography.’ It appeared first in Trimen’s ‘ Journal of Botany,’ vol. iii. pp. 268 and 296, and afterwards separate copies were issued. During many years Miss Hodgson was my principal botanical correspondent resident in the district. She died at a comparatively early age, and the preparation of this paper was her recreation during a tedious illness. Before publishing it she sent up her herbarium to me to have the names of the plants verified, and afterwards presented her collection to the British Museum. 1880-1883. The botanical papers which have appeared in the ‘ Transactions of the Cumberland Association for the Ad- vancement of Literature and Science’ are as follows, viz.: In vol. v.—on the ‘Grasses of Mid-Cumberland,’ by W. Hodg- son; ‘Observations on the Flowering Plants of West Cum- berland,’ by J. Adair; ‘On the Lichens of Cumberland,’ by Rev. W. Johnson ; and ‘ Contributions towards a List of West Cumberland Flowering Plants and Ferns,’ by the members of the Botanical Society of Whitehaven, edited by Mr. Adair. In volume vii.—‘ Contributions towards a List of the Fungi growing round Carlisle,’ by Dr. Carlyle; ‘Notes of the Flora of Ullswater District,’ by W. Hodgson ; and ‘ Additions to the List of Flowering Plants of West Cumberland,’ by J. Glaister and Dr. Leitch of Silloth. To the separate copies of his paper on the Ullswater flora, Mr. Hodgson, who I am glad to see has just been elected an Associate of the Linnzan Society, has added a full catalogue of the species found in the district that drains into the lake, and I am further indebted to him for looking through my notes before publication, and making material additions to the list of localities and local names. 14 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Rooke Collection of Botanical Drawings. Mr. Rooke was an artist who lived at Whitehaven. He was fond of pedes- trian rambles, and made sketches of every object that fell in his way. His series of drawings of Lake plants, which were executed with great fidelity, and are bound up in five or six volumes, after his death were purchased by J. C. Brown, Esq. of Hazel Holme, Whitehaven, in whose possession they still remain. Miss Wilson’s Collection of Botanical Drawings. Miss Harriet Wilson has also made a large collection of water- colour drawings of Lakeland plants, and kept careful note of their stations. She kindly lent me her collection, and I have often cited her localities for rarities. I. FLOWERING PLANTS. Crass I, DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. Division I. THALAMIFLOR A. ORDER RANUNCULACE£., Clematis Vitalba, 1. (Traveller’s Joy). Alien. Hedges and thickets ; an occasional straggler from cultivation. C. Hedge near Ravenglass.—(Whitehaven Cat.) L. High Stott park, on the west side of Windermere.—(Miss Hodgson.) On the limestone rocks near the top of Yewbarrow, over Grange, and hedges in Carter Lane, between Grange and Kents Bank.—(W. Foggitt, F. Clowes, B.) 2. Thalictrum alpinum, L. (Alpine Meadow-Rue). Native. Highland type. Range 2-4. Damp places; not uncommon on the higher mountains (2000 feet). C. Scawfell Pikes, overlapping Salix herbacea, Sprinkling Tam, Styhead Tarn, and Great End.—(Watson, J. Robson.) Summit of Blacksail Pass.—(W. Foggitt.) Hanging Knott, at about 2000 feet, with Juncus triglumis.—(D. Oliver.) W. Helvellyn, on the Striding-edge Rocks, at 8 50-900 yards, and St. Sunday’s Crag.—(Woods, W. Foggitt, B.) 3. Thalictrum minus, L. (Lesser Meadow-Rue). Native. Scottish type. Range 1-2. Var. maritimum. On the coast sandhills. C. Eskmeals, near Ravenglass.—(J. Robson.) 16 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. _ze W. Near Arnside Tower.—(Hindson.) L. Plentiful on Walney Island; first recorded by J. Law- son in 1688. Biggar Bank, Walney west shore.—(Miss Hodgson.) Var. montanum. On cliffs of limestone and slate. C. Black rocks of Great End (600 yards), and ravine of the Wastwater Screes.—(Wood, Watson, Oliver.) Honister Crag. —(D. Oliver.) Piers Ghyll, Scawfell.—(Rev. A. Ley.) W. Cliffs and débris of Scout Scar, Kendal, and in the limestone crevices of Whitbarrow and Huttonroof.—(Gough, W. Foggitt, Watson, B.) Harrison Stickle, Great Langdale. —(Rev. A. Ley.) Rocks above Mardale.—(Watson.) High Street, above Blea Water.—(Rev. A. Ley.) 3%. Lhalictrum flexuosum, Bernh. Z: majus, Smith, non Jacq. (Common Meadow-Rue). Native. Intermediate type. Range 1. Frequent in damp places about the great lakes. C. Shores of Derwentwater, at Lodore, etc.—(Watson, B.) North shore of Ullswater, from Glenridding down to Pooley Bridge ; first recorded by E. Robson. Side woods and shore of Ennerdale Lake.—(W. Dickenson, Rev. F. Addison.) A single root at Isell.—(Rev. J. Dodd.) Vale of St. John, at Wanthwaite Bridge (Kochiz, Bab. !)—(W. Hodgson.) Borrow- dale.—(Rev. William Hind.) W. In Patterdale, below Brothers Water, and along the south shore of Ullswater, especially at Sandwyke and How- town.—(D. Oliver, W. Hodgson, B.) Brathay (Kochit, Bab. !), Banks of Haweswater Beck, at Rossgill—(B.) Drawn from Skelwith in Miss Wilson’s collection. Windermere shore, near Ferry Inn,—(W. Foggitt, B.) L. Shore of Coniston Lake at Waterhead, and elsewhere. —(Miss Beever, Rev. F. Addison, B.) Foot of Windermere. —(Miss M. A. Ashburner.) By the Leven, at Low-wood Bridge-—(Miss Hodgson.) By the old well at Cartmel.— (T. Lawson.) I cannot distinguish between 7: fexwoswm and ORDER RANUNCULACEZ. 17 Kochiz. See Babington in Annals of Natural History, series 2, vol. xi. p. 265. 4. Thalictrum flavum, L. Native. English type. Range 1. Watery places. Rare. C. By the Greta, in Howrayfield, near Keswick.—(L.) By the Maryport and Carlisle Railway, to the west of Dalston Station.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Not uncommon on the shores of Windermere. (Clowes. A misprint for Z) majus.) Near Arnside, in low marshy ground below Middlebarrow Wood.—(D. Oliver !, J. C. Mel- vill, C. Bailey, B.) 6. Anemone nemorosa, L. (Wood Anemone). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Common in woods and upon the moun- tains, ascending to 2200-2300 feet on Grisedale Pike (Watson) ; to 850 yards on Helvellyn, and to the limestone pavement of Huttonroof Crags and Farleton Knot (B.). Adonis autumnalis, L. (Corn-Adonis, or Pheasant’s Eye). Alien. C. Grows as a weed in several cottage gardens at Aspatria, where it has probably been cultivated at some period or other. (W. Hodgson.) 11. Ranunculus aguatilis, L. (Water Crow-Foot). Native. British type. Range 1. Ponds and ditches ; frequent in the low country, ascending to 300 yards.—(Watson. ) C. The highest station in which I have seen it is in Hawes- water Beck at Rossgill. Of the sub-species, feltatus, floribundus, heterophyllus, trichophyllus, and Drouetz all occur. 11". Ranunculus confusus, Godr. Native. British type. Range tI. L. In Windermere, near the Ferry, and in other places.— (Hiern. !) B 18 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 11*, Raninculus circinatus, Sibth, Native? English type. Range 1. Given in Black’s Guide as a plant of Ullswater. Confirmation required. 11". Ranunculus fluitans, Lam. Native. English type. Range 1. C. Given in Black’s Guide as a plant of Derwentwater. Confirmation wanted. In the bed of the Eamont, a little below Pooley Bridge; also in the bed of the Eden at Lazonby.—(W. Hodgson.) W. In the Eden at Appleby; a characteristic drawing in Miss Wilson’s collection. 12. Ranunculus Lenormand?, F. Schultz. Native. English type. Range 1-2. Not infrequent in bogs, ascending to 400 yards. C. Dent Hill and other places in the Whitehaven district.— (Rev. F. Addison !, Whitehaven Cat.) Vale of Lorton, at the foot of Whinlatter.—(B.) In Borrowdale, near Seathwaite.— (W. Foggitt.) Keswick.—(Watson, Rev. F. J. A. Hort.) Near the foot of Blake Fell in Lamplugh.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Great Langdale.—(Hiern.!) Shap.—(Watson.) Swin- dale.—(B.) L. Coniston near the head of the Lake, and in other places. —(Backhouse, Miss Beever.) Drawn from Lake Bank, Coniston, in Miss Wilson’s collection. lumpton peat- trenches.— (Miss Hodgson.) 13. Ranunculus hederaceus, L. (Ivy Crow-Foot). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Frequent in the same sort of places as the last, ascending from the shore at Walney Island (C. Bailey) ; to 500 yards (Watson). 14. Ranunculus Ficaria, L. (Lesser Celandine or Pilewort). Native. British type. Range 1. Common in woods and meadows through the lower zone. ORDER RANUNCULACE. 19 15. Ranunculus Flammula, L. (Lesser Spearwort). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Common in swampy places and about the lakes and tarns; ascending to 7oo yards on Helvellyn, and to the highest springs of High Street and Coniston Old Man. Dr. Boswell, in the Exchange Club Report for 1880, p. 28, identifies a plant gathered by Mr. Bolton King on the stony shore of Ullswater with the Loch Leven &, veptans. Long ago Woodward recorded it from Coniston Water, but specimens gathered there lately by Mr. A. G. More were the var. pseudo-reptans ; and I have also notes of this var. from Rydal Lake (J. C. Melvill), Ennerdale Lake (Whitehaven Cat.), Bassenthwaite Lake from Peelwyke downwards (W. Hodgson), and Urswick Tarn (Miss Hodgson). 16. Ranunculus Lingua, L. (Greater Spearwort). Native. English type. Range 1. Deep ditches and shores of some of the tarns. Rare. C. Naddle Beck, near Keswick.—(M.) In West Cumberland at Cleator (Rev. F. Addison), and Ennerdale, Eskdale, and Wastdale (J. Robson). Ditches in the moss at Newton Regny.—(B.) Ditches near Dubmill, Allonby ; and in Shawk Beck, near Curthwaite.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Foulshaw Moss and other places near Kendal.—(Wilson, Gough.) L. Mosses and damp meadows in Furness and Cartmel.— (Aiton.) In the water and ditches of the moss by Hawkshead. —(Lawson.) Esthwaite Water.—(Rev. W. Wood.) Borders of Urswick Tarn, near Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodgson.) 18. Ranunculus auricomus, L. (Wood Crow-Foot, Goldi- locks). Native. British. Range 1. Woods and hedgebanks, frequent, ascending to 200 yards.—(Watson.) First recorded as a Westmoreland plant by Lawson in his Catalogue of 1688. A stunted variety occurs abundantly on the Cumberland shore of Ullswater, at Oldchurch.—(W. Hodgson.) 20 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 19. Ranunculus acris, L. (Bitter Buttercup). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Everywhere common in grassy places, ascending to 700 yards on Great Gable (B.); and to goo yards on Helvellyn (Watson). ‘Variat in Westmorlandia caule uni- vel subbi-floro et calyce valde hirsuto.’—(Hudson, Fl. Angl. ii. 241.) There is a very dwarf 1-2-flowered form with little-cut leaves on the limestone of Whitbarrow. Dr. Boswell refers a plant gathered near Westward by Rev. R. Wood to var. vulgatus. 20. Ranunculus repens, L, (Creeping Crow-Foot; local name, ‘Meg wi’ many feet’). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Common in ditches and grassy places, ascending to 710 yards.—(Watson.) The highest stations for which I myself have a note are Hayes Water and streams round Low Water, Coniston Old Man. 21. Ranunculus bulbosus, L. (Bulbous Crow-Foot, or Butter- cup). Native. British type. Range 1. Common in meadows in the lower zone. 22. Ranunculus hirsutus, Curt. (Pale Hairy Buttercup). Native. English type. Range 1. Waste ground near the sea. C. Workington Marsh and Drigg near Ravenglass.—(M.) Near the Old Kiln Farm, Allonby, and occasionally along the shore of Solway Firth.—(W. Hodgson.) L. Abundant at Barrow-in-Furness.—(W. Foggitt.) Island of Walney, on the west side of Biggar Bank.—(Miss Hodgson.) Ina lane near the Ferry on Walney Island and in a grassy marsh a little to the south of it—(Dr. F. A. Lees.) Meadows and wet places near the Duddon.—(Aiton.) 23. Ranunculus sceleratus, L. (Celery-leaved Crow-Foot). Native. British type. Range 1. Ditches and ponds. Rare. _ ©. Allonby and Seascale.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Working- ORDER RANUNCULACEA:, 21 ton.—(D. Oliver.) Holme Dub, near Mealrigg, and about Dubmill, sparingly.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Formerly abundant on Brigstear Moss, near Kendal.— (Gough.) Pools along the shore between Arnside and Miln- thorpe.—(B.) Marsh below Middlebarrow Wood, Arnside.— (B.) L. Bogs and damp places in Furness and Cartmel.— (Aiton.) Edge of a pit at Flookborough.—(C. Bailey.) Peat ditches, Ulverstone Moss.—(Miss Hodgson.) Saltmarsh west of Humphrey Head.—(B.) 25. Ranunculus arvensis, L. (Corn Crow-Foot). Colonist. English type. Range. Cultivated fields and gardens. Rare. 26. Caltha palustris, L. (Marsh Marigold). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Common about the lakes and tarns. The highest place in which I have seen it is at the Red Tarn, 800 yards. Mr. Watson notes it at goo yards. The form of the plant in upland places is var. mzor. 27. Trollius europeus, L. (Globe-Flower). Native. Scottish type. Range 1. Frequent about the large lakes ; Derwent- water, Borrowdale, Watendlath Valley, Ullswater, Windermere, the Brathay Valley, Rydal Falls and Coniston Water. Ascends to 300 yards.—(Watson. ) C. Rare in the Whitehaven district. Meadows by the Mite at Ravenglass.—(J. Robson.) Aspatria Mill.—(Rev. J. Dodd.) Yeathouse, Eskatt, and Rowrah.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Newton Regny Moss near Penrith.—(B.) W. Banks of the Mint near Kendal.—(Gough.) Mardale, Rossgill, and Crosby Ravensworth.—(Watson.) L. Roadside near Dale Park in Furness Fells.— (Atkinson.) Buckbarrow and Gateside, Cartmel.—(Aiton.) Colton Beck Wood, Furness Fells, and Seathwaite Tarn Beck at N ewfield. —(Miss Hodgson.) 22 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 29. Helleborus viridis, L. (Green Hellebore). Native. Xero- philous. English type. Range 1. Woods and hedgerows ; probably truly wild on the limestone only. C. Threepland Ghyll.—(Rev. J. Dodd.) Duddon Woods and Plumbland near Workington.—(Tweddle.) W. About Clathrop Hall.—(E. Robson.) Two places near the terminus of the Windermere Railway.—(F. Clowes.) Wood near Arnside Knot. —(D. Oliver.) Pastures and hedges near Arnside Tower.—(Ashfield.) In a lane at Arnside, apparently in the very locality mentioned by Gerarde two hundred years ago.—(C. Bailey.) In Westmoreland it is called ‘ Felon Grass.’-—See Wilson, Syn. p. 130. L. Slack Woods, Grange.—(Miss A. Butler.) Helleborus fatidus, L. (Stinking Hellebore). Alien. W. Near the road between Bowness and Kendal.—(F. Clowes.) 31. Aguilegia vulgaris, L. (Common Columbine). Native. Xerophilous. English type. Range 1-2. Woods and fields. Frequent in the central Lake country. Often truly wild, but sometimes only a stray from cultivation. C. Islands and shores of Derwentwater, and in the Borrow- dale meadows as far up as Rosthwaite..—(Winch, W. Foggitt, C. Bailey, B.) Cumberland shore of Ullswater, half a mile above Gowbarrow Hall, and near the mouth of Airey Beck.— (Balfour, W. Hodgson.) Dowthwaite, on rocks in a ravine above 1500 feet.—(W. Hodgson.) Bassenthwaite Lake.— (M.) Head of Wastwater.—(Winch, Miss Beever.) Woods at Gosforth.—(J. Robson.) Yoltenfews and shores of Crum- mock Lake.—(Whitehaven Cat.!) Side of the Lorton road, two miles out of Cockermouth.—(B.) Fine in fissures of rock, 1500 feet above the Vale of St. John.—(J. Backhouse.) W. Near the Ferry, and many other places on the shores of Windermere.—(M., B.) Huttonroof.—(Hindson.) Brigstear ORDER BERBERACEA. 23 and other places on the limestone near Kendal.—(Hudson, Gough.) Middlebarrow Wood, and other places about Am- side.—(J. C. Melvill, B.) Western slope of Loughrigg above Scroggs.—(W. H. Hills.) L. Coniston, near the lake, and in Ghylls; not plentiful.— (Miss Beever.) Dalton-in-Furness, Rowdsey Wood, and Plumpton rocks, Ulverstone shore.—(Miss Hodgson.) Hudson mistakes the wild lake plant for A. al/pina.—See Sir J. E. Smith, Eng. Bot. t. 29. Delphinium Ajacis, Reich. Alien. C. A weed in a corn-field at Dean, 1874.—(W. B. Waterfall.) Aconitum Napellus, L. (Monk’s Hood). Alien. Found by Mr. R. Lowther, near Hugh’s Crag Bridge. An escape from cultivation.—(W. Hodgson.) 34. Actea spicata, L. (Herb Christopher, or Bane Berries). Native. Intermediate type. Range 1. W. Mountainous pastures above Troutbeck.—(Woodward, in Bot. Guide, ii. 644.) Rocky wood on the limestone (Whitbarrow?) between Kendal and Arnside Knot.—(Dr. F. A. Lees.) Sandwyke, Ullswater.—(Rev. W. Richardson.) ‘1 have never found this plant at this station.’—(W. Hodgson.) ORDER BERBERACE. 35. Berberis vulgaris, L. (Barberry). Denizen. English type. Range 1. Woods and hedges. Rare, and perhaps always introduced. C. Hassness Woods, Buttermere, doubtless introduced.— (B.) Irton, Muncaster, and Ravenglass.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Hedgerow near Penruddock, as a substitute for Crategus Oxyacantha, not truly wild.—(W. Hodgson.) 24 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. W. Windermere shore near the Ferry Inn.—(W. Foggitt.) Banks of Rydal Lake.—(Balfour.) Kirkby Lonsdale, not in- frequent, but not truly wild.—(Hindson.) Denny Hill, below Haweswater, and hedges at Hackthorpe and Great Strickland. (8) L. Between Penny Bridge and Colton Beck Bridge ; doubt- fully wild.—(Miss Hodgson.) Hedges by the roadside near Storrs Hall.—(B.) LEpimedium alpinum, L. (Barrenwort). Alien. Woods and hedge-banks ; an occasional straggler from cultivation. Re- ported on old authority from Threlkeld, Cockermouth, Bor- rowdale, and Helvellyn. (See Phytologist, vol. ii. p. 3, and Winch, Contrib. p. 8.) C. Wood (Irton?) by the Wastwater stream, half a mile from Santon Bridge, with £7ica vagans.—(Borrer.) W. Under hedges in several places about Fox How and Ambleside, no doubt introduced.—(Sidebotham.) ORDER NYMPHAACE. 36. Wymphea alba, L. (White Water-Lily). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Plentiful in most of the lakes and tarns. Derwentwater, Windermere, very fine at Grasmere, Coniston Water, Esthwaite Water, Blea Tarn, Urswick Tarn, Brothers- water, Watendlath Upper Tarn, etc. The highest station I have for it is Angle Tarn, Place Fell, 500 yards, where it was noted by Mr. W. Foggitt. Furness, in the tarn near Bigland Hall.—(Aiton.) I was once at Grasmere at the annual ‘Rush-bearing,’ when the whole church was hung round with white lilies from the lake, but they fade very soon. 37» Muphar lutea, Sm. (Common Yellow Water-Lily). Native. British type. Range 1. Lakes and tarns; not so ORDER PAPAVERACEZ:, 25 common as the white water-lily. Grasmere, ‘hirlmere, Derwentwater, Coniston Water, etc. C. In St. John’s Beck, near Smeathwaite Bridge.—(W. Foggitt.) Loweswater, Mockerkin Tarn, and Braystones Tarn.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Dubmill, near Allonby.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Cunswick Tarn, near Kendal.—(Gough.) L. Ayside Tarn near Cartmel.—(Aiton.) Latterrigg Tarn, Woodland.—(Miss Hodgson.) ORDER PAPAVERACE£. 40. Papaver Argemone, L. (Long Rough-headed Poppy). Colonist. British type. Range 1. Cultivated fields. Rare. C. Middletown, St. Bees.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Ullswater, scarce ; fairly plentiful about Bullgill Railway Station, Mary- port.—(W. Hodgson.) L. Furness shores at Roosebeck.—(Aiton, Miss Hodgson.) 41. Papaver dubium, L. (Scarlet Poppy). Colonist. British type. Range 1. Cultivated fields; seen only on the outskirts of the Lake country. Marked in the Catalogues for White- haven, Kendal, Kirkby Lonsdale, Penrith (where it ascends to 300 yards), Clifton, Clibburn, Arnside, Burton in Lonsdale, and Grange-over-Sands ; not for Keswick, Ambleside, or Shap. Common in West Cumberland about Aspatria and Blenner- hasset.—(W. Hodgson.) 42. Papaver Rheas, L. (Common Red or Crimson Poppy). Colonist. British type. Range 1. Less common than the last in the Lake country, and not ascending so high. Marked in the lists for Whitehaven, Ullswater, Kirkby Lonsdale, Barrow and Grange-over-Sands ; not for Keswick, Ambleside, or Shap. Mr. Clowes says he never saw it near Windermere. 26 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Sandy corn-fields towards the Solway. Very rare, and likely to become extinct.—(W. Hodgson.) Papaver-somniferum, L. (White or Opium Poppy). Alien. An occasional straggler from gardens. C. Sellafield and St. Bees. —(Whitehaven Cat.) North side of Ullswater, near a cottage.—(Balfour.) | Extinct.— (W. Hodgson.) L. Rubbish in Carter Lane, between Grange and Kents Bank.—(B.) 44. ALeconopsis cambrica, Vig. (Yellow Welsh Poppy). Alien. A frequent straggler from gardens all through the central Lake district, but never seen, so far as I am aware, far away from houses and gardens. Mr. and Mrs. Hills incline to consider it truly wild on the shores of Windermere and Esthwaite Water. First recorded by Hudson. 45. Chelidonium majus, L. (Greater Celandine). Denizen. English type. Range 1. Frequent in hedges and by road- sides near villages and farm-houses. Aspatria, Keswick, Lorton Vale, Shap, Crosby Ravensworth, Colwith, Clawthorp, Townend in the Winster Valley, Bowness, Conishead Priory, Flookborough, Milnthorpe, etc. Ascends to 300 yards. 46. Glaucium luteum, Scop. (Yellow Horned Poppy). Native. Maritime. English type. Range 1. Sands of the seashore. C. Nethertown, St. Bees, Seascale, and Coulderton.— (J. Robson, Rev. F. Addison, W. Hodgson, Whitehaven Cat.) L. On the seashore near Bardsea and Winder Hall.— (Aiton.) Furness shore at Bardsea, and west shore of Walney Island.—(Miss Hodgson.) On the coast at Flookborough.—. (Otley.) Shore west of Humphrey Head.—(C. J. Ashfield, B.) Cartmel sands and Roosebeck.—(Woodward.) Walney Island. —(Atkinson. ) ORDER FUMARIACE, 27 ORDER FUMARIACE. 48. Corydalis claviculata, DC. (Climbing or White Fumi- tory). Native. British type. Range1z. Woods and heathy places. Frequent. C. Near Wythburn.—(Rev. A. Ley.) On Gowbarrow Fells, near Collier Hag.—(W. Hodgson.) Hiallin Fell, Ullswater. —(Rey. J. E. Leefe.) Common in Ennerdale.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Ashness Gill and Barrow Woods, near Keswick.— (Winch, Watson, B.) Near Dalegarth, in Eskdale.—(J. Rob- son.) Llanthwaite Woods, Crummock.—(W. B. Waterfall.) W. Thornthwaite (Haweswater), foot of Long Sleddale, thatched roofs in Kentmere and at the foot of Isan Parle’s Cave.—(Lawson.) Spital Wood and side of a ditch on the east side of Kendal Castle.—(Wilson, Gough.) Place Fell, near the Patterdale slate quarries—(W. Hodgson.) Little Langdale Tarn and other places round Windermere.—(W. Foggitt, Miss Edmonds.) Easedale-—(Miss Beever.) Nab Scar, Rydal.—(J. C. Melvill.) Helm Crag and Buthar Crags, Grasmere.—(A. W. Bennett.) In the Troutbeck Valley, below the uppermost inn with a verse from Shenstone on the sign.—(B.) Drawn from Fox Ghyll in Miss Wilson’s collection. L. Among stones near the mines and on the fells, Coniston. —(Miss Beever.) Dry stony places on Furness Fells.—(Atkin- son.) Long Scar near Holker Hall.—(Aiton.) Rowdsey Wood and Bankend Wood, near the Duddon.—(Miss Hodgson.) Corydalis lutea, DC. (Yellow Fumitory). Alien. An occa- sional straggler from gardens. C. Roadside, near the Lorton Yew-tree, with AZeconopsis. —(B.) Stock Bridge and Little Mill, Egremont.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Walls about homesteads, Aspatria.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Walls at Eamont Bridge.—(B.) se 28 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Corydalis solida, DC. (Solid-rooted Fumitory). Alien. An occasional straggler from garden cultivation. C. Vale of Newlands and Vicar’s Island, Derwentwater.— (J. B. Davies, L.) Foot of Wastwater.—(J. Robson.) W. Watsfield, Kendal, near a garden, and Leven’s Park, near Milnthorpe.—(Gough.) L. Ulverstone.—(E. Robson.) 50. Fumaria capreolata, L, (Ramping Fumitory). Colonist. British type. Range 1. Cultivated fields. Much the com- monest species of the genus in the Lake country. It is recorded both by Lawson and Hudson. Ascends to 300 yards over Penrith. Of the sub-species, Bored and confusa are frequent; pallidifiora rare; muralis | have not seen in the Lake district. 51. Fumaria officinalis, L.(Common Fumitory). Colonist. British type. Range 1. Cultivated ground; not seen in the heart of the Lakes, about Keswick, Ambleside, or Coniston, but abundant in places on the outskirts, as at Penrith, Grey- stoke, and Burton in Kendal. Very abundant in light sandy ground about Aspatria.—(W. Hodgson.) 52. Fumaria micrantha, Lag. (Small-flowered Fumitory). Colonist. English type. Range 1. Gathered in September 1849 by Rev. F. J. A. Hort near Ambleside and Hawkshead. —(Botanical Gazette, ii. 54.) ORDER CRUCIFER., 55. Cakile maritima, Scop. (Purple Sea-Rocket). Native. Maritime. British type. Range 1. Sands of the seashore. Rare. C. Whitehaven, Seascale, Parton, Coulderton Point, St. ORDER CRUCIFERZE, 29 Bees.—(J. Robson, W. Foggitt, Rev. F. Addison.) Also north- wards as far as Silloth.—(W. Hodgson.) L. Walney Island and Roosebeck in Furness. First recorded by Lawson in 1688. Not seen about Flookborough, Grange, or Arnside. 56. Crambe maritima, L, (Sea-Kale). Native. English type. Maritime. Range 1. Sands of the seashore.- Rare. C. Coast between Ravenglass and Bootle.—(Mr. Wood, in Bot. Guide.) Between Maryport and Flimby.—(Harriman.) Now extinct—(\W. Hodgson.) Coulderton Point.—(]J. Robson.) L. Roosebeck in Furness.—(Woodward, in Bot. Guide.) West shore of Walney Island at Summerhill, and further south ; collected by the country people, probably for pickling. —(T. Gough, C. Bailey, Miss Hodgson.) Coronopus didyma, Sm. (Lesser Wart-Cress). Alien. C. Waste ground at Whitehaven.—(W. Foggitt.) 58. Coronopus Ruellii, Gaertn. (Common Wart-Cress). Native. English type. Range 1. Waste ground. Very rare. C. Seaton near Workington.—(Mr. Tweddle.) Probably now extinct.—(W. Hodgson.) Edge of highway, Solway shore at Dubmill. Very rare.—(W. Hodgson.) W. On the waste near Kent Terrace, Kendal.—(T. Gough.) 60. Zhlaspi arvense, L. (Penny Cress). Colonist. British type. Ranges. Cultivated ground. Very rare. C. St. Bees.—(Whitehaven Cat.) 62. Zhlaspi alpestre, L. (Perfoliate Shepherd’s Purse, or Small Thorow Cress). Native. Highland type. Range 2-3. Rocky places. Rare. C. Believed to have been gathered at a moderate elevation under the steep end of Skiddaw.—(Watson.) 30 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. W. Precipices of east face of Helvellyn, just beneath the summit.—(Rev. A. Ley!, 1871 and 1881.) By the road between Kendal and Ambleside.—(M.) With Zeesdalza on rocks in Fusedale.—(W. Foggitt.) The Fusedale plant is the var. occitanum. Ray and Hudson record TZ. perfoliatum as occurring in most pastures in Westmoreland and Cumberland. In Hudson’s second edition the name is altered to alpestre, which occurs in several stations in the adjacent parts of Northumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire. 63. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Gaertn. (Common Shepherd’s Purse). Native. British, Range 1-2. Roadsides and waste places. Common; ascending to 350 yards (Watson); to 300 yards at Shap and over Penrith (B.). 65. Leesdalia nudicaulis, R., Br. (Naked-stalked Teesdalia). Native. British type. Range xz. Rocky and sandy places. Not infrequent. C. Banks and hills round Derwentwater.—(Watson.) Rocks by the roadside at Grange and High Lodore.—(W. Foggitt, J. Britten, R. Holland.) Raven Crag, Thirlmere.—(M.) Vale of St. John.—(Miss Edmonds.) Walls by Thirlmere, extending nearly a mile.—(W. Foggitt.) Thief Gill, Dean, near Cockermouth.—(M.) Mockerkin, and at Bowness in Ennerdale.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Priest Crag and Gowbarrow Fells, in some places very plentiful. Also in Swineside, at the foot of Carrock Fell, and in a lane near Hanging-Shaw Moss. —(W. Hodgson.) W. By Common Holme Bridge, near Clibburn.—(Lawson.) Dry hillsides round Ullswater.—(W. Hodgson.) Hallen Fell, Ullswater.—(Leefe.) Fusedale, Ullswater, abundant.—(W. Foggitt.) Goat Scar, Long Sleddale; Applethwaite, by the road to Ings.—(T. Gough.) Kentmere Scars.—(F. C. Roper.) ORDER CRUCIFERAE. 31 fberis amara, \.. (Bitter Candytuft). Alien. An occa- sional straggler from gardens. C. East Mill, Aspatria, a straggler.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Waste near Kent Terrace, Kendal.—(T. Gough.) L. By Jacklands Tarn, Low Furness.— (Miss Hodgson.) Lepidtum Draba, L. (Whitlow Pepperwort). Alien. Casu- ally in waste ground. W. Whitbarrow.—(L.) L. A patch by the Ulverstone road at Newby Bridge, 1853. —(Borrer.) 69. Lepidium Smithii, Hook. (Hairy Pepperwort). Native. British type. Range 1. Roadsides; frequent. Maryport, Keswick, Lodore, Rosthwaite, Clibburn, Grasmere, Winder- mere, Hawkshead, Yewdale, Coniston village, Newby Bridge, Newton, Colton Beck Bridge, Cartmel, etc. 70. Lepidium campestre, L. (Field Pepperwort). Native. British type. Range 1. Cultivated fields and roadsides. Less frequent than Z. Smzthiz. Barrow, Cleator, etc. 42a. Cochlearia officinalis, L. (Common Scurvy-Grass). Native. British type. Range 1-3. The type confined to the coast. C. Rocky shore at St. Bees Head.—(Rev. F. Addison, W. Hodgson.) W. Shore at Arnside.—(C. Bailey.) L. On the shore at Flookborough.—(B.) Var. alpina. Rocks by the river in Lowther Park.—(Rev. A. Ley.) C. Abundant in the sykes of Great Gable over Styhead Pass and down Kirk Fell into Mosedale (500-700 yards).—- (Watson, B.) Scaw Fell.—(J. Robson.) Black Sail Pass.— 32 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT, (Britten and Holland.) Rosset Ghyll and Piers Ghyll.—_(J. C. Melvill.) Ennerdale, from Gillerthwaite upwards to Great Gable.—(W. Hodgson.) On Rydal Fell.—(F. C. Roper.) W. Place Fell, Hallin Fell, and plentiful in the Ullswater streamlets up to Hayes Water and the head of Kirkstone Pass. First recorded by Fardon and Woods, Striding-edge, Glen- ridding, Grisedale Tarn, and other places round Helvellyn, ascending to 7oo yards.—(Watson, W. Foggitt, B. W. Hodgson.) Mardale, Rossgill, Swindale, and Long Sleddale. —(Wilson, Watson, etc.) Abundant on the Troutbeck end of High Street.—(J. C. Melvill, B.) L. Mountain above Coniston Lake.—(Woodward.) Sea- thwaite Fells, and carried down thence to the Duddon estu- ary.—(Miss Hodgson.) Ghylls on Dobby Shaw.—(Miss Hodgson.) 72*. Cochlearia danica, L. (Danish Scurvy-Grass). Native. Maritime. British type. Range z. Waste ground along the coast. C. On the shore between Bootle and Ravenglass.—(Mr. Wood, in Bot. Guide.) Coulderton and Nethertown.—(White- haven Cat.) L. Walney Island. First recorded by Lawson in 1688. Summerhill Bank, Walney Island.—(Miss Hodgson.) Barrow, in the excavations for the new docks, 1867.—(C. Bailey.) Humphrey Head.—(Dr. Windsor.) The inland stations which are recorded for this in the Botanist’s Guide and elsewhere belong to C. alpina. 72. Cochlearia anglica, L. (English Scurvy-Grass). Native. Maritime. British type. Range 1. Like the last, confined to the seashore. C. On the coast near Whitehaven.—(W. Foggitt.) St. Bees Head.—(J. Robson.) Workington shore.—(\W. Dickinson.) L. Walney Island.—(C. Bailey.) Tidal banks, Low ORDER CRUCIFERA. 33 Meathop.—(C. Bailey.) Near Flookborough and Conishead Priory.—(Aiton.) (What I saw there was C. officinalis.) Grange-over-Sands.—(W. Matthews.) Armoracia rusticana, Baumg. (Horse-Radish). Alien. An occasional straggler from cultivation. W. Ambleside, and waste ground near Ferry Inn, Winder- mere,—(W. Foggitt.) Lake Head, Windermere, 1882.—(B.) L. Grange-over-Sands.—(B.) 74. Subularia aquatica, L. (Awlwort). Native. Highland type. Range 1-3. Lakes and tarns. Rare. C. Ennerdale Lake.—(J. Robson.) Floutern Tarn, between Loweswater and Ennerdale, 1250 feet.—(D. Oliver!) Borrow- dale and Derwentwater.—(Rev. Wm. Hind.) Bowscale Tarn. —(Rev. R. Wood.) W. Red Tarn, Helvellyn (800 yards).—(G. C. Druce.) 77. Draba incana, L. (Twisted-podded Whitlow Grass). Native. Xerophilous. Highlandtype. Ranger. Limestone cliffs. Very rare in the Lake district, but several stations known in the east of Westmoreland and Cumberland and the adjacent parts of Yorkshire. C. Wastdale.—(J. Robson.) (Needs confirmation, as it is a limestone species.) Figured in Rooke’s Flora, marked ‘Seascale, May 1871.’—(W. Hodgson.) W. Force Beck Fall near Shap (300 yards).—(Watson !) Draba muralis, L. (Speedwell-leaved Whitlow Grass). Mentioned by Hudson as a Westmoreland plant, but I know of no station within the limits of the county, though there are several in the adjacent parts of Yorkshire. 79. Draba verna, L. (Common Whitlow Grass). Native. British type. Range 1. Frequent on walls and roofs in the lower zone. G 34 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Var. brachycarpa. On wall-tops in High Furness, and from the ‘shore to the top of Birkrigg near Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodgson !) Camelina sativa, Crantz (Common Gold of Pleasure). Alien. An occasional weed of cultivated ground. C. Workington Mill field.—(Mr. Tweddle.) Thackthwaite, near a stream flowing into Dacre Beck, at the east end of Ullswater, 1878.—(W. Hodgson.) A garden weed at Ghyll- bank College, Whitehaven.—(W. Hodgson.) Koniga maritima, R., Br. (Sweet Alyssum). Alien. An occasional straggler from garden cultivation. L. Grange-over-Sands.—(Hindson.) 84. Cardamine amara, L. (Bitter Ladies’ Smock, or Large- flowered Bitter-Cress). Native. British type. Range 1. Stream-sides and damp places. C. Bearpot and Moorside Woods near Lamplugh.—(Mr. Tweddle, W. Hodgson.) Powbeck and banks of the Ehen and its tributaries.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Fitz near Aspatria.— (Rev. J. Dodd.) Shore of Derwentwater near Lodore.— (Watson.) Moist woods round Ullswater and in Ennerdale. —(W. Hodgson.) W. Beck Mills near Kendal.—(T. Gough.) Windermere and Grasmere, rare.—(F. Clowes.) Ambleside, in plenty.— (C. Bailey.) Drawn from Fox Ghyll in Miss Wilson’s col- lection. L. Leven banks, Newby Bridge.—(W. Foggitt.) Once found at Coniston.—(Miss Beever.) Bogs in Furness and Cartmell.—(Aiton.) Brook near Falls farm, north-west of Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodgson.) 85. Cardamine pratensis, L. (Meadow Ladies’ Smock, or Cuckoo Flower ; local name, ‘ May Flower’). Native. British ORDER CRUCIFERA. 35 type. Range 1-3. Common in damp grassy places, ascend- ing to Red Tarn and the high springs of Helvellyn, 900 yards, and Coniston Old Man.—(B.) lore pleno recorded by Lawson, from Little Strickland pasture; and found also by Mr. Hodgson at Aspatria. 86. Cardamine hirsuta, L. (Hairy Ladies’ Smock, or Bitter- Cress). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Walls and damp places, ascending to 550 yards on Great Gable (B.) ; to 600 yards (Watson). 86 b. Cardamine sylvatica, Link. (Wood Ladies’ Smock, or Bitter-Cress). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Woods and damp rocks, frequent, ascending to the top of Kirkstone Pass, 500 yards.—(B.) 87. Cardamine impatiens, L. (Impatient Ladies’ Smock, or Bitter-Cress). Native. Xerophilous. Intermediate type. Range 1. Woods in the limestone tract. C. In Ennerdale at Bowness, and walls by the roadside near Barrow Falls.—(R. Holland.) W. Shap Abbey and in several places near Kendal.— (Hudson, Wilson, Gough.) Witherslack Woods, at the foot of Whitbarrow.—(C. Bailey.) Abundant in Middlebarrow Wood, Arnside.—(J. C. Melvill, B.) 88. Arabis thaliana, L. (Common Wall-Cress). Native. British type. Range 1. Walls and dry rocks. Frequent. Ascends to the summit of Castle Crag in Borrowdale, 300 yards.—(B.) 89. Arabis petrea, Lam. (Alpine Rock-Cress). Native. Highland type. Range 2. High slate rocks. Very rare. C. Ravine of the Wastwater Screes, 600 feet in perpen- dicular height—(Mr. Wood, in Bot. Guide.) Scawfell.— (J. Robson.) 36 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Arabis stricta, Huds. (Bristol Rock-Cress). C. Lamplugh Hall and Pardshaw Hall near Loweswater. —(M.) No doubt a mistake; probably A. Acrsuta intended, which Mr. Hodgson has gathered there. 92. Arabis hirsuta, R., Br. (Hairy Rock-Cress). Native. Xerophilous. British type. Range 1-2. C. Lamplugh Hall, in Lowestar, and about Red Hills Limeworks, Penrith.—(W. Hodgson.) Ullock and Pardshaw Crag.—(W. B. Waterfall.) W. Frequent on the limestone scars about Penrith, Shap, and Kirkby Lonsdale, and from Kendal by way of Whitbarrow and Huttonroof Crags to Arnside. Ascends to 500 yards.— (Watson.) Hills between Keswick and Thirlmere, 1000 feet. L. Rocks at Plumpton; on the beach at Bardsea and in Rowdsey Wood.—(Miss Hodgson.) Not included in White- haven Cat., or in my lists made at Keswick and Ambleside. 94. Turritis glabra, L. (Long-podded or Smooth Tower- Mustard). Native. English type. Range 1. Dry banks. Very rare. C. Stainburn near Workington.—(Mr. Tweddle !) W. In the red sandstone tract at Clibburn near Penrith.— (Lawson.) 95. Barbarea vulgaris, R., Br. (Yellow Rocket). Native. British type. Range 1. Frequent by stream-sides in the low country, ascending into Great Langdale, to Dacre Beck, over Ullswater, and to 300 yards at Shap. Barbarea precox, R., Br. (Winter-Cress). Alien. An occasional straggler from gardens. W. A few plants in the road between Shap and Shap Abbey.—(Watson.) L. Included in Miss Hodgson’s catalogue for Furness ; no station cited. ORDER CRUCIFERAE. 37 98. Nasturtium officinale, R., Br. (Water-Cress). Native. British type. Range 1. Frequent in ditches and streams, ascending to 250 yards.—(Watson.) Ihave seen it as high near Shap and at Rossgill, in both cases associated with Myosotis palustris, and mixed with £pdlobium alsinefolium at the foot of Great Dodd in the Vale of St. John. 99. Wasturtium terrestre, R., Br. (Rocket). Native. British type. Range 1. Damp places. Rare. C. In the ‘ Meadows’ near Wigton.—(Prof. Oliver!) Edges of pools about Aspatria and Gilcrux.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Near the mill-dam at Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Hindson.) 100. Wasturtium sylvestre, R. Br. Native? English type. Range 1. Damp places. Very rare. L. Barrow in Furness.—(W. Foggitt.) 102. Sisymbrium officinale, Scop.(Common Hedge-Mustard). Native. British type. Range 1. Common by roadsides and in waste ground, ascending in Borrowdale to Stonethwaite (B.); 250 yards (Watson) ; as high at Coniston, and to 300 yards near Penrith Beacon. Sisymbrium Trio, L., is reported in the Whitehaven Catalogue from the banks of the Marron, but I have seen no specimen from the Lake district. Sisymbrium Sophia, \., has occurred as a garden weed at Carlton Hill, Penrith _(W. Hodgson.) 107. Erysimum Alliaria, L. (Garlic Treacle-Mustard, or Jack by the Hedge). Native. British type. Range 1. Common in woods and on hedge-banks, ascending to 300 yards.—(Watson.) 38 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Cheiranthus Cheirt, L. (Wallflower). Alien. Old walls. Rare. C. Carlisle Castle—(Winch.) Penrith Castle.—(C. Bailey.) Scaleby Castle—(M.) Millom Castle—(Whitehaven Cat.) Dacre Castle.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Coast cliff between Silverdale and Arnside Point.— (C. J. Ashfield, J. C. Melvill.) Hesperis matronalis, L. (Scentless Dame’s Violet). Alien. An occasional straggler from gardens. Recorded by Mr. Nicolson in the Dillenian edition of Ray’s Synopsis from Dalehead, on the west of Thirlmere and Grasmere. C. By the river Ellen, from Cockbridge downwards.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Side of the Troutbeck road near Bowness.—(F. C. Roper.) Brassica oleracea, L. (Wild Cabbage). Alien. Recorded from near Arnside Point by my relative, E. Robson, in the old Botanist’s Guide. I have no later information about it as a plant of the district, and could not find it there in 1883. 114. Brassica polymorpha, Syme. Colonist. English type. Range 1. Cultivated fields and waste places. Frequent. Ascends to 250 yards in Troutbeck Valley, and 300 yards at Shap. 116. Sénapis arvensis, L. (Charlock, or Wild Mustard ; local name, ‘ Field Kale.’) Colonist. British type. Range 1. Frequent in cultivated fields, ascending to 300 yards near Penrith Beacon. It is perhaps on the whole the greatest pest in the way of weeds the Lakeland farmers have to contend with, 117. Stnapis alba, L. (White Mustard). Colonist. English type. Range 1. C. Reported from St. Bees in the Whitehaven Catalogue. ORDER CRUCIFERAi. 39 W. Seen as a weed amongst potatoes at Holme Mill near Milnthorpe.—(B.) 118. Sinxapis nigra, I. (Black, or Common, Mustard). Colonist. English type. Range 1. C. Once seen as a weed in a field of turnips near Dalehead, on the west side of Thirlmere.—(B.) 120. Sinapis tenuifolia, R., Br. Denizen. English type. Range 1. C. Walls of Penrith Castle.—(Balfour.) (Not seen there in 1883.) Walls and draw-dikes of Carlisle Castle.—(Winch.) (Originally published as S. muralis.) A weed on gravel walks in the garden at Whitefield House near Overwater.—(W. Hodgson.) 122. Sinapis monensis, Bab. Native. Maritime. Atlantic type. Range 1. C. In many places along the Cumberland coast-line. First recorded by Lawson. Northwards as far as Silloth banks, where it is extremely abundant.—(W. Hodgson.) Allonby, Flimby, and plentiful about Sellafield and Seascale. L. Walney Island, and thence along the shore of the main- land to Grange ; also first recorded by Lawson. 123. Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. (Wild Radish, or Jointed Charlock). Colonist. British type. Range 1. Frequent in cultivated fields. Ascends to 300 yards.—(Watson.) I have seen it at that height over Coniston. Both the yellow- and white-flowered varieties occur. Rapistrum rugosum, All. Alien. C. A weed amongst flax at Penrith, 1883.—(B.) Neslia paniculata, Desv. Alien. L. Waste ground at Grange-over-Sands.—(F. C. Roper.) 40 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. ORDER RESEDACE.. 125. Reseda Luteola, 1. (Dyer’s Weed, Yellow-weed, or Weld). Native. British type. Range x. Dry banks. Rare. C. In several places about Workington and Cockermouth. —(M.) Railway banks, Harrington, Workington, and Brig- ham.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Brigham limeworks, Cockermouth. —(W. Hodgson.) W. Abundant in limestone quarries at Kendal.—(T. Gough.) Banks of the Lune at Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Hindson.) L. Waste ground at Newland.—(Miss Hodgson.) Road- side at Kents Bank, on limestone.—(B.) 126. Reseda lutea, L. (Wild Mignonette, or Base Rocket). Denizen. English type. Range 1. C. Railway slope near Coulderton, 1876; not truly wild. —(W. Hodgson). L. Waste ground near Ulverstone ; doubtfully wild.—(Miss M. A. Ashburner.) ORDER CISTACE. 128. Helianthemum vulgare, Gaertn. (Rock Rose). Native. Xerophilous. British type. Range 1-2. Limestone cliffs and banks. Frequent. C. Limestone rocks, Slapestones Brow near Penrith.—(W. Hodgson.) Clints at Isell—(Whitehaven Cat.) W. Common along the limestone from Lowther, Shap and Kendal, by way a to Arnside and Milnthorpe, but I did not see it on Farleton Knot or Huttonroof Crags. Ascends to 360 yards.—(Watson.) A variety with red-tipped petals, and the whole plant smaller on Whitbarrow.—(J. C. Melvill.) L, Bardsea Park, Humphrey Head, Rowdsey Wood, Hill ORDER VIOLACE/:. 41 above Grange, etc. Aiton records a var. tomentosum from Humphrey Head. 130. Helianthemum canum, Dun. (Hoary Dwarf-rock Rose). Native. Xerophilous. Intermediate type. Range1. Lime- stone cliffs. Rare. W. Limestone cliffs between Kendal and Arnside; Scout Scar, Cunswick Scar, Witherslack, and Whitbarrow. First recorded by Lawson. L. Plentiful at the end of Humphrey Head, a station recorded by Ray. I saw it there in plenty in 1883. ORDER VIOLACEA. 132. Viola palustris, L. (Marsh Violet). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Common from the lake-sides up to the highest springs. Noted at 800 yards on Helvellyn, and goo yards on Scawfell Pike.—(B.) 133. Viola odorata, L. (Sweet Violet). Denizen. English type. Range. Woods and hedge-banks; I believe a native in the limestone tract, but often introduced. C. Hedge-banks at Cockermouth and Brackenthwaite.— (B.) Roadside near Watermillock House, and summit of Slapestones near Penrith—(W. Hodgson.) Chapel House, Linethwaite, and other places near Whitehaven. A white variety near Sandwith.—(Whitehaven Cat.) W. Not uncommon at Kirkby Lonsdale.——(Hindson.) Hedge-banks at Watsfield, and other places near Kendal.— (T. Gough.) Crosby Ravensworth.—(Watson.) Hedge-bank above Townend, in the Winster Valley—(B.) Hedge-banks at Clawthorpe and Burton in Lonsdale.—(B.) L. About Ulverstone and Holker Hall.—(Aiton.) Several places near Ulverstone ; flowers white, lilac or white.—(Miss Hodgson.) Hedge-banks at Grange and Allithwaite.—(B.) 42 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 134. Viola hirta, L. (Hairy Violet). Native. Xerophilous. English type. Range 1. Woods on the limestone. Rare. C. Near the entrance to Dalemain Park from Penrith.— (B., W. Hodgson.) W. Frequent about Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Hindson.) Barrow- field and other woods near Kendal.—(Gough, Watson.) Ascends to 300 yards.—(Watson.) Middlebarrow Wood, Arnside.—(J. C. Melvill.) Lowther Woods, and quarries near Great Strickland.—(B.) Whitbarrow and Farleton Knot, ascending to the limestone pavement of the summit.—(B.) L. Waitham Wood near Holker Hall, and woods round Conishead Priory.—(Aiton.) Plumpton Woods, along with V. odorata.—(Miss Hodgson.) Yewbarrow, and banks be- tween Grange and Lindale.—(B.) 135. Viola sylvatica, Fries. (Dog Violet). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Grassy places. Common, ascending to 550 yards on Great Gable, (B.); 850 yards on Striding-edge (B.) ; and 850 yards on Grisedale Pike (Watson). V. Retchenbachiana, Bor., was gathered by Mr. Watson near Keswick, and by Miss Hodgson in Lake Lancashire, about Newfield and Seathwaite, and at 7oo feet on the banks of Cockley Beck, and by Rev. H. Higgins and myself near Grange-over-Sands. 135". Violacanina, L. (Dog Violet). (V. flavicornis, Smith.) This was cultivated by Mr. Watson at Thames Ditton from a plant sent by Professor Oliver from Warwick Bridge in Cumberland. In Mr. Watson’s list for Shap both canina and Jlavicornis are marked. Miss Hodgson includes true canina in her list for Lake Lancashire, without mention of any special station, and Mr. W. Hodgson gives flavicornis as growing on the north shore of Ullswater at Gowbarrow. W. Typical. Islands of Ullswater.—(\WW. B. Waterfall.) ORDER DROSERACEA, 43 136. Viola tricolor, L. (Field Pansy, or Heart’s-ease). Native. British type. Range 1. Roadsides and cultivated fields, both the type and var. arvensis. Ascends to Watendlath (Winch) ; 320 yards (Watson). 136*. Viola lutea, Huds. (Yellow Mountain Pansy). Native. Scottish type. Range 1-2. Mountain pastures. Frequent. C. Hills round Keswick, especially Skiddaw, in the pasture crossed just after leaving Lalrigg.—(Watson, B.) In the Cocker Valley, on Mellfell, and in Ennerdale, and near Hassness in the Buttermere Valley.—(Winch, B.) Dent Hill near Whitehaven.—(Rev. F. Addison.) Brigham near Cocker- mouth.—(M.) Penruddock, Ennerdale.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Abundant round Ullswater, especially about Dockray.— (W. Hodgson.) Drawn from St. John’s Vale in Miss Wilson’s collection, and also gathered there by Mr. W. Matthews. W. Rydal Head and Fairfield.—(J. C. Melvill.) Swindale Moor, Haweswater.—(B.) No record for Lake Lancashire. Var. Curtisiz, Forst. L. Sands of the shore in Walney Island.—(Rev. A. Ley.) ORDER DROSERACE. 138. Drosera rotundifolia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Frequent in bogs, ascend- ing to 500 yards on the Styhead Pass and round Hayes Water (B.) ; 650 yards (Watson). Much the commonest of the three species. 139. Drosera intermedia, Hayne (Dwarf Sundew). Native. English type. Range 1. Bogs; only at a low elevation. C. Borrowdale and Ullock Moss near Portinscale.—(Mr. Tweddle.) Ulpha.—(J. Robson.) North shore of Wastwater. —(Rev. A. Ley.) Foot of Carrock Fell near Stone Ends farm.—(Rev. R. Wood.) Figured in Rooke’s ms. Flora, 44 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. where it is marked ‘ Ennerdale.—(W. Hodgson.) Wedholm Flow near Wigton.—(W. B. Waterfall.) W. Witherslack, Brigstear Moss, and Foulshaw Moss near Kendal. First recorded by Lawson and Wilson. Gilpin Bridge near Bowness.—(J. Woods.) Not uncommon about Kirkby Lonsdale. —(Hindson.) L. Pools near Coniston Tarns.—(Miss Beever.) Abundant on Plumpton and other low-lying moss-ditches.—(Miss Hodgson.) Roundsea Mosses.—(Aiton.) 140. Drosera anglica, Huds. (Great Sundew). Native. Scottish type. Range 1. C. Ullock Moss near Portinscale.—(W. Dickinson.) Helvellyn.—(J. Flintoft.) Moss at Grange, abundant.— (J. C. Melvill.) Seathwaite in Borrowdale.—(Miss Edmunds.) Side of Crummock.—(\W. B. Waterfall.) W. Foulshaw Moss and Brigstear Moss near Kendal. First recorded by Wilson. L. Stickle Pike, Donnerdale.—(W. F. Miller.) ORDER POLYGALACE-., 141. Polygala vulgaris, L. (Milkwort). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Common in grassy places ; ascending to 1700 feet on Saddleback, and to 600 yards on Grisedale Pike and Helvellyn.—(Watson.) The plant of the higher levels is all P. depressa,—(Wender.) I have seen var. oxyptera on Whit- barrow. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE. 146. Dianthus Armeria, L. (Deptford Pink). Native. English type. Range 1. W. At Orton near Great Strickland.—(Lawson.) No recent confirmation for the district, but reported from Nunnery by Mr. Cooke. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE&. 45 Dtanthus cesius, 1. (Mountain Pink). L. Very rare. On the limestone rocks in Furness.—(Aiton.) (Doubtless a mistake.) 150. Dianthus deltoides, L. (Maiden Pink). Native. English type. Range 1. C. Foot of Skiddaw.—(Mr. Cooke.) W. Sandy hill below Common, Holme Bridge near Great Strickland.—(Lawson.) I searched for it there without success in 1883. L. Common pastures in High Furness.—(Aiton.) Saponaria Vaccaria, L. Alien. C. A weed in garden ground at Ghyllbank College, White- haven.—(\W. Hodgson.) 151. Saponaria officinalts, L. (Soapwort). Denizen. English type. Range 1. Hedge-banks and river-sides. Rare. C. Derwent-side at Workington.—(Mr. Tweddle.) Hedge in Aspatria village (Rev. J. Dodd); now extinct (W. Hodgson). At Torpenhow, and also at Oughterside in the same neighbourhood; not strictly wild.—(\W. Hodgson.) Santon Bridge.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Keswick.—(L.) W. Force Bridge and Hawes Bridge near Kendal.—(T. Gough.) Formerly at Akebeck near Pooley, and near How- town.—(\WV. Hodgson.) Kirkby Lonsdale, frequent on the banks of the Lune.—(Hindson. ) L. A few plants near Conishead Priory.—(Aiton.) 152. Stlene inflata, Smith (Bladder Campion, or Catchfly). Native. British type. Range 1. Road-sides and dry banks. Frequent. Ascends to 300 yards.—(Watson.) 153. Sélene maritima, With. (Sea Campion, or Catchfly). Native. British. Range 1-2. C. Along the coast at Workington, Harrington, White- haven, St. Bees, and Ravenglass.—(T. J. Foggitt, Rev. F. 46 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Addison, etc.) Coledale Pass, under Grasmoor.—(W. B. Waterfall.) In Borrowdale bythe stream at Stockley Bridge, and lower down about Seatoller and Grange, below Castle Crag, the shores of Derwentwater and on the Catbells, about 500 yards, and in the vale of Newlands.—(Watson, B.) Near Brackenthwaite in the vale of Lorton.—(M.) Hills south of Ennerdale.—(Rev. F. Addison.) Piers Ghyll.—(J. C. Melvill.) W. Arnside.—(Bailey, B.) All along the shore ; cliffs at the head of Deepdale.—(Rev. A. Ley.) In Dungeon Ghyll above the upper waterfall, 500 yards.—(B.) L. Furness shores, at Biggar Bank, Bardsea, Flookborough, Humphrey Head, and Grange, abundant.—(Miss Hodgson, W. Foggitt, C. Bailey, etc.) Inland on rocks in several places. Near the summit of Coniston Old Man.—(Miss Beever.) Silene nutans, L. (Nottingham Catchfly). C. Moorland Close, and Dean near Workington.—(M., W. Dickinson.) Doubtless a mistake. Is S. anglica intended ? 159. Stlene acaulis, L. (Cushion Pink, or Moss Campion). Native. Highland type. Range 2. Damp mountain rocks. Rare. C. Crags of Mickledore, and on the black rocks of Great End, 1500-2000 feet.—(Watson, J. Robson.) W. Helvellyn, St. Sunday’s Crag, Grisedale, Deepdale Crags, and by Tongue Ghyll waterfall—(Woods, Winch, etc.) Rocks near Grisedale Tarn.—(Flintoft, W. Hodgson.) Above Rydal Mount, where it was shown to me in 1847 by Words- worth.—(J. Sidebotham.) Rocks in Langdale in several places.—(J. Sidebotham.) 160. Lychnis alpina, L. (Alpine Campion). Native. High- land type. Range 3. C. Hobcarten Fell near Brackenthwaite, in a damp narrow ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE. 47 ravine at an elevation of about 2000 feet. First recorded by R. Matthews, in Phytologist, ii. 185. Since gathered by Borrer, Oliver, Dickinson, etc. Gathered by Rev. A. Ley (on Hobcarten Crag) in 188. L. Coniston Old Man.—(R. Potter, in Report of Botanical Record Club, 1879, p. 52.) 162. Lychnis Flos-cuculi, L. (Ragged Robin). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Frequent in damp grassy places. Ascends to 500 yards at Hayes Water.—(B.) 163. Lychnts diurna, Sibth. (Red Campion). Native. British type. Range xz. Frequent in woods and on shaded rocks, ascending to 250 yards in Borrowdale, and as high in the Troutbeck Valley and about Haweswater. Local name, ‘“Head-aches,’ in West Cumberland. 164. Lychnis vespertina, Sibth. (White Campion). Native. British type. Range 1. Hedge-banks and forage fields. Not seen about Ambleside, Keswick, or Coniston, but only on the outskirts of the Lake district, as about Whitehaven, Grange, and Penrith, where it ascends to 300 yards. I have gathered a pink-flowered variety in Meathop Moss. Not infrequent in West Cumberland, from Skiddaw towards the coast.—(W. Hodgson.) Gathered by Mr. F. C. Roper at Winster over Windermere. Local name, ‘Thunder-flower,’ in West Cumberland. 165. Lychnis Githago, Lam. (Corn Lychnis, or Corn Cockle). Colonist. British type. Range 1. Frequent in cultivated fields. 166. Moenchia erecta, Smith (Upright Pearlwort). Native. English type. Range x. Dry banks. Very rare. C. St. Bees and Coulderton.—(\Whitehaven Cat.) 48 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 167. Sagina apetala, L. (Annual Small-flowered Pearlwort). Native. English type. Range r. C. Roadsides between Penrith and Carleton, and not uncommon round Ullswater.—(W. Hodgson.) Foot of walls between Eamont Bridge and Penrith, and in the village streets at Greystoke.—(B.) W. Walls at Ambleside, especially near the old church.— (J. Sidebotham.) L. Coniston, a troublesome weed in garden walks.—(Miss Beever.) Foot of walls at Grange-over-Sands.—(B.) For .S. maritima, which is sure to be found along the coast, I have no record, and I have searched for it in vain about Flookborough, Grange, and Arnside. 167*. Sagéna ciliata, Fries. Native. English type. Range tr. L. Crevices of limestone walls at Kents Bank.—(B.) It is given as common in the Whitehaven Catalogue, but I fear confusion with S. afefala, as the latter is not mentioned. 168. Sagina procumbens, L. (Procumbent Pearlwort). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Walls and grassy places. Frequent. I have seen it at 600 yards in the springs on Great Gable, and Mr. Watson up to 710 yards. 171. Sagiéna nodosa, E. Meyer (Knotted Spurrey). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Sands of the sea-shore and inland springs. C. Lily Hall near Workington.—(Mr. Tweddle.) Shore at St. Bees.—(J. Robson.) Limestone quarry at Blencow Station. —(B.) Hanging Shaw Moss, New Cooper, Aspatria.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Troutbeck Holm near Great Strickland.—(Lawson.) Shap Fell and Kendal Fell up to 550 yards.—(Watson.) Salt marsh between Arnside and Milnthorpe.—(B.) Swamps on Brantfell above Bowness, and near the summit of Whit- ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEz. 49 barrow.—(B.) Moor Divock, Sharrow Bay, and Sandwyke, Ullswater.—(W. Hodgson.) L. Fells above Grange-over-Sands and on the shore.— (T. J. Foggitt, B.) Railway embankment between Cark and Ulverstone.—(B.) 172. Spergula arvensis, L. (Corn Spurrey). Native. British type. Range xz. Cultivated fields. Common. Ascends to 300 yards.—(Watson.) I have seen it as high over Coniston and near Penrith Beacon. A terrible pest to the Abbey Holme farmers, who call it ‘ Dodder.’—(W. Hodgson.) 173. Hlonkeneya peploides, Ehrh. (Sea Purslane). Native. Maritime. British type. Range 1. Sands of the coast-line. C. Parton, Coulderton, St. Bees, and Seascale.—(W. Foggitt, Rev. F. Addison, Whitehaven Cat., W. Hodgson.) L. Plentiful on Barrow Island.—(C. Bailey.) Isle of Walney and all round the Furness shore.—(Miss Hodgson.) Shore marshes at Cark and Flookborough.—(B.) 174. Spergularia marginata, Syme (Sea Sandwort). Native. Maritime. British type. Range 1. Salt marshes. C. On the Solway shore at Dubmill.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Shore near the railway at Arnside.—(C. Bailey.) L. On the shore west of Humphrey Head, and about Cark and Flookborough.—(Dr. Windsor, B.) School Bank, Isle of Walney, Morecambe shores at Greenodd, Tridley Marsh near Ulverstone——(Miss Hodgson.) Grange-over-Sands.— (W. Matthews.) 174". Spergularia neglecta, Syme (Sea Red Sandwort). Native. British type. Range 1. C. Cliffs south of Whitehaven.—(Rev. F. Addison.) (This may not unlikely prove to be S. rupestris.) Saltcoats.—(Rev. R. Wood.) L. Shore at Bardsea.—(Aiton.) With the last in the salt marshes at Cark and Flookborough.—(B.) D 50 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 174". Spergularia rubra, Fenzl. (Red Sandwort). Native. British type. Range 1. Sandy soil. Rare. C. Hensingham.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Foot of walls round Penrith Beacon, 250-300 yards.—(B.) W. Sandy ground on Common Holme Bridge, above Clib- burn.—(B.) Quarry near Clibburn railway station.—(W. Hodgson.) L. Cartmel, in fields near the sea.—(Aiton.) (The other species probably intended here.) 178. Arenaria serpyllifolia, L. (Thyme-leaved Sandwort). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Walls and dry rocks. Frequent. Ascends to 300 yards on the limestone cliffs of Shap Common (B.); to 500 yards (Watson). Var. leptoclados. On the limestone of Humphrey Head.— (Miss Hodgson !) 180. Avenaria verna, L. (Vernal Sandwort). Native. Scot- tish type. Range 1-3. Rocky and grassy places amongst the hills ; not so common in the Lakes as in the lead districts of Durham and Yorkshire. No record for Cumberland. W. Fairfield, and rocks above Red Tarn, Helvellyn, up to 800 yards.—(W. Foggitt, B.) Bleawater, at the head of Mar- dale.—(Watson.) Limestone hills south of Kendal. First recorded by Hudson as Arenaria saxatilis, and afterwards as A, laricifolia. Roadside near Arnside Tower.—(B.) Farleton Knot, and hill between Witherslack and the Winster Valley. —(B.) L. With double flowers on Hampsfield Fell, Cartmel, 400 feet.—(Miss Hodgson.) Limestone banks between Grange and Lindale.—(B.) 182. Arenaria trinervis, \.. (Plaintain-leaved Chickweed or Sandwort). Native. British type. Range 1. Hedge-banks and thickets. Frequent. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACE”. SI 184. Stellaria nemorum, 1. (Wood Stitchwort), Native. Scottish type. Range 1-2. Damp woods. Not infrequent. C. Near Aspatria Mill.—(Rev. J. Dodd.) Burdoswald and Moorside Hall near Lamplugh.—(M.) Penruddock.— (Whitehaven Cat.) Woods above Lodore and Grange in Borrowdale.—(C. Bailey.) Fairly plentiful round Ullswater ; many brooklets at Watermillock.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Damp woods round Windermere.—(F. Clowes.) High up in Fusedale, above Howtown.—(W. Hodgson.) Laverock Lane and Thornley Hill near Kendal.—(Hudson, Wilson, Gough.) By Casterton Mill near Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Sir J. E. Smith.) Stock Ghyll Force.—(Rev. J. H. Thompson.) I have no record for Lake Lancashire. 185. Stellaria media, With. (Common Chickweed). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Everywhere common in waste ground. Ascends to 520 yards.—(Watson.) I have traced it up to 500 yards at Hayes Water, Kirkstone Pass, and on Coniston Old Man. Var. neglecta is a common Lakeland variety. 186. Stellaria Holostea, L. (Greater Stitchwort). Native. British type. Range 1. Hedge-banks and thickets. Common. Ascends to 300 yards.—(Watson.) At 250 yards in Borrow- dale above Lodore, and in the Troutbeck Valley.—(B.) 187. Steélaria glauca, With. (Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort). Native. Englishtype. Range1. Damp grassy places. Rare. C. Muncaster Woods, Ravenglass.—(J. Robson.) Line- thwaite near Whitehaven.—(Whitehaven Cat.) 188, Stellaria graminea, L. (Lesser Stitchwort). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Common by stream-sides, and in grassy swamps. Ascends to 480 yards.—(Watson.) Round Hayes Water, 500 yards.—(B.) 52 ILORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 189. Stellaria uliginosa, Murr. (Bog Stitchwort). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Swamps at all levels. Frequent. Ascends to the high springs of High Street, Coniston Old Man, Helvellyn, Great Gable, and Scawfell Pike, 700 yards. —(B.) Mostly associated with Aontia fontana and Chryso- splenium oppositifolium. 192. Cerastium glomeratum, Thuill. (Clustered Chickweed). Native. British type. Range r-2. Roadsides and waste ground. Frequent. Ascends to 350 yards.—(Watson.) To 400 yards in Hag Ghyll, Troutbeck. 193. Cerastium triviale, Link. (Mouse-ear). Native. British type. Range 1-4. Everywhere common in grassy places. I have a note of it at goo yards on Helvellyn, and Watson at toro yards on the same mountain. 194. Cerastium semidecandrum, L. (Little Mouse-ear Chick- weed). Native. British type. Range r. C. Common in the neighbourhood of Whitehaven.—(White- haven Cat.) 194*. Cerastium tetrandrum, Curt. (Tetrandrous Mouse-ear Chickweed.) Native. Maritime. British type. Range 1. Walls and dry banks on the coast. C. Allonby.—(Rev. R. Wood.) L. North-end rabbit warren, Isle of Walney, and wall- tops near Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodgson.) 195. Cerastium arvense, L. (Field Chickweed). Native. English type. Range 1. C. Amongst the red sandstone quarries of Penrith Beacon, 250-300 yards.—(B.) 196. Cerastium alpinum, L. (Alpine Mouse-ear). Native. Highland type. Range 3. ORDER LINACE.E. 53 W. Sparingly on the Striding-edge Crags, Helvellyn, at about goo yards. First recorded by Woods.—(B.) North side of Fairfield.—(F. Clowes.) Deepdale Crags, Fairfield —(J. C. Melvill.) Langdale.—(J. Sidebotham.) Claytonia perfoliata, Don. Alien. Waste ground. C. Between Coulderton and the shore, Rose Hill near Seascale, Calder Bridge, and other places.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Dub Beck, near Mill-yeat, Whitehaven; planted forty years ago some three miles higher up the stream by Mr. Dickinson, and spreading downwards.—(\W. Hodgson.) Claytonia alsinoides, Sims. An occasional straggler from gardens. L. Hedge-bank at the south end of the village of Sawrey.— (B.) ORDER LINACE. Linum usitatissimum, L. (Common Flax). Alien. Culti- vated about Penrith and Clibburn. W. Not uncommon in corn-fields about Arnside. It appears to have been at some time cultivated in that neighbourhood. —(J. Sidebotham.) A weed in a potato-field at Clibburn.— (B.) L. Newland and Horrace farm, Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodg- son.) 200. Linum perenne, L. (Perennial Blue Flax). Native? Germanic type. Range 1. W,. At Crosby Ravensworth, and between Shap and Threap- lands.—(Lawson.) Modern confirmation wanted. A bare elevated limestone country does not seem a very likely locality for this species. 54 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 202. Linum catharticum, L. (Purging Flax). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Dry banks and grassy places. Frequent. Noted at 500 yards at Hayes Water. It is specially common in the limestone tract, and ascends to the top of Whitbarrow, Farleton Knot, and Huttonroof Crags, 550 yards on Great Gable (B.); 600 yards (Watson). 203. Radiola millegrana, Sm. (All-seed.) Native. British type. Range 1. Sandy moors. Rare. C. Swinside near Keswick.—(Black’s Guide.) Mouth of the Ehen near Sellafield—(M. Chambers.) Plentiful on the north shore of Wastwater; coast sand-hills at Drigg.—(Rev. A. Ley.) Springs at the south base of Dent Hill near Egremont.—(W. Hodgson.) Long Meg.—(Mr. Cooke.) W. Clifton and Clibburn Moors near Penrith.—(T. Lawson.) Formerly on Foulshaw Moss near Milnthorpe.—(T. Gough.) ! ORDER MALVACE. 204. Malva moschata, L. (Musk Mallow). Native. British type. Range x. Dry banks. Not infrequent, especially on limestone. C. Common in Cumberland.—(Winch.) Eskdale road- side.—({J. Robson.) Eaglesfield—(Whitehaven Cat.) Ulls- water ; frequent about quarries, Birkcrag Quarry, etc.—(W. Hodgson.) Redhill Quarry near Penrith.—(B.) W. Common about Kendal.—(T. Gough.) Frequent round Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Hindson.) Ferry Inn, Sawrey, Newby Bridge, and other places round Windermere.—(F. Clowes, W. Foggitt, etc.) L. Bardsea beach and Bankside, Cartmel.—(Aiton.) Coniston village.—(B.) Allithwaite and Humphrey Head.— (C. J. Ashfield.) Cartmel, Haverthwaite, Ulverstone, etc.— (Miss Hodgson.) Banks at Grange and Cark.—(B.) ORDER TILIACEA. 55 205. Malva sylvestris, 1. (Common Mallow). Denizen. British type. Range 1. Waste ground ; always near villages and farm-houses, Whitehaven, Watermillock, Kendal, Tebay, Clibburn, Clawthorpe, Hackthorpe, Bowness, Ulverstone, Allithwaite, etc. Often grown in cottage gardens. 206. Malva rotundifolia, L. (Dwarf Mallow). Denizen. British type. Range 1. In similar places to the last. Very rare. C. Cockermouth.—(Whitehaven Cat.) L. Plentiful in a farm-yard near the railway, Kents Bank. -—(C. Bailey.) Allithwaite near Cartmel.—(C. J. Ashfield.) Near a cottage at the north end of the village of Cark.—(B.) Althea officinalis, L. (Marsh Mallow). L. Near Bardsea and Broughton in Furness.—(Aiton.) I suspect a mistake in identification ; AZalva sylvestris perhaps intended. ORDER TILIACE. 211. Tilia parvifolia, Ehrh. (Lime, or Linden Tree). Denizen. -English type. Range 1. C, An old battered tree in the rock near the Borrowdale bowder-stone.—(Watson. ) W. On the shore cliffs at New Barns near Arnside..—(B.) L. Exposed limestone rocks of Humphrey Head, both on the west and east faces.—(C. Bailey, B.) Tilia intermedia, DC., is frequently to be seen in parks and hedgerows, and Z. grandifolia, Ehrh., occasionally, as at Portinscale and Victoria Bay, on the west side of Derwent- water, and the foot of Gummers How, Windermere.—(C. Bailey.) Z argentea is planted by the side of the road at Portinscale.—(C. Bailey.) 56 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. ORDER HYPERICACE. 214. Hypericum Androsemum, 1. (Tutsan). Native. Atlantic type. Range 1. Damp thickets. Not infrequent. C. By the Borrowdale stream between Seathwaite and Seatollar._(B.) Snebra, Barrowmouth, Wormghyll, and Esk- dale.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Amongst the coast cliffs near St. Bees Head.—(Rev. F. Addison.) Barrow Force, Keswick.— (J. Otley.) W. Stock Ghyll, Ferry Woods, Lady Holme Island, and other places round Windermere. First recorded by Lawson. Barrowfield Wood, and other places round Kendal—(T. Gough.) | Whitbarrow Woods.—(W. Foggitt.) Banks of Rydal Lake.—(Balfour.) Not infrequent in Rydal Park.— (J. C. Melvill.) L. Woods at Ulverstone, and foot of Coniston Water at Lake Bank.—(Miss Hodgson.) Near Kirkby and Dalton in Furness.—(Aiton.) Hypericum elatum, Ait. Alien. W. Side of the road between Bowness and Windermere Ferry.—(F. C. Roper.) 215. Hypericum perforatum, L. (St. John’s Wort). Native. British type. Range 1. Hedge-banks and thickets. Common. Ascends from the shore at Flookborough to 250 yards in the Troutbeck Valley. 216. Hypericum dubium, Leers (Imperforate St. John’s Wort). Native. English type. Range 1. In similar places to the last, but much less frequent. C. North side of Ullswater.—(Balfour.) St. Bees.—(White- haven Cat.) W. Hills south-west of Kendal.—(Watson.) ORDER HYPERICACEA:. 57 L. Near Coniston Lake, not frequent.—(Miss Beever.) Isle of Walney and lanes near Penny Bridge-—(Miss Hodg- son.) Bushy places, Humphrey Head.—(Dr. F. A. Lees.) 217. Aypericum quadrangulum, L. (Square-stalked St. John’s Wort). Native. British type. Range 1. Grassy swamps, frequent. Ascends to 300 yards.—(Watson.) 218. Hypericum humifusum, L. (Trailing St. John’s Wort). Native. British type. Range 1. Dry banks and woodland hedgerows. Frequent. 220. Hypericum pulchrum, L. (Slender St. John’s Wort). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Shaded rocks and borders of heaths, Frequent. Ascends to 500 yards in Langdale, 550 yards on Great Gable (B.) ; 600 yards (Watson). 221. Hypericum hirsutum, L. (Hairy St. John’s Wort). Native. British type. Range 1. Woods and hedge-banks, especially on limestone. C. Camerton and Clifton near Workington.—(M.) North- west side of Ullswater.—(Balfour.) Dalemain Park.—(B.) W. Wood near Celleron.—(W. Hodgson.) Whitbarrow and other woods, on the limestone about Kendal, ascending to 300 yards.—(Gough, Watson, etc.) Woods at Lowther, Great Strickland, Clibburn, and by the stream near Brougham Hall.—(B.) L. Middlebarrow Wood, Arnside.—(J. C. Melvill.) Hedge- banks between Grange and Lindale.—(B.) Shore of Winder- mere near Ferry Inn.—(B.) Roadside between Grange and Cartmel.—(B.) 222. Hypericum montanum, L. (Mountain St. John’s Wort). Native. Xerophilous. Englishtype. Range1. Woods and thickets on the limestone. Not infrequent. C. Coldfell near Egremont.—(J. Robson.) Requires confirmation. 58 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. W. Rocks by the rivulet between Anna Well and Shap.— (Lawson, Watson.) Scout Scar, Cunswick Scar, Whitbarrow, Witherslack, and other limestone hills between Kendal and Arnside. First recorded by Lawson. Lowther Woods.—(B.) Near the shore at New Barns, Arnside.—(B.) L. Woods between Grange and Lindale, with 4. hirsutum. —(B.) Humphrey Head._(C. Bailey.) Rocks in Bardsea Park and Hagg Wood near Holker.—(Aiton.) Near Cart- mel Well.—(Mr. Jackson.) 223. Hypericum elodes, L. (Marsh St. John’s Wort). Native. Atlantic type. Range 1. Peaty bogs. Not infrequent. C. Braystones Tarn, Wormghyll, Nethertown Tarn, and other places near Whitehaven.—(Whitehaven Cat., J. Robson.) Wastdale.—(Rev. A. Ley.) Dent Hill.—(Rev. F. Addison.) Ullock Moss near Portinscale.—(Otley.) Birker Moss and Aitchar Moor.—(W. Dickinson.) W. Underbarrow Common, Kendal.—(T. Gough.) L. Near Rampside in Furness.—(Miss Beever.) Bogs in the Isle of Walney.—(Miss Hodgson.) Hypericum calycinum, L. (Large-flowered St. John’s Wort). Alien. Parks and roadsides. Introduced. C. Ennerdale, a garden escape.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Irton Woods near Ravenglass.—(J. Robson.) W. Roadsides near Brathay in several places.—(J. Side- botham.) ORDER ACERACE/E. 225. Acer campestre, L.(Common Maple). Native. English type. Range 1. Woods and hedges. Rare. C. Plantations at Waterfoot, Ullswater.-_\V. Hodgson.) W. Kirkby Lonsdale, frequent in woods.—(Hindson.) Hedge ORDER GERANIACE.E. 59 near Meathop.—(B.) Road to Silver Howe from Grasmere. —(F. C. Roper.) L. Lane and woods near Furness Abbey.—(C. Bailey, B.) Hedges between Lindale and Grange-over-Sands.—(B.) Acer pseudo-platanus, \.. (Sycamore). Alien. Common in plantations and about farm-houses up to 500 yards. It is one of the commonest trees planted to shelter the scattered farm-houses. The finest specimens I have seen are at Grey- stoke, Furness Abbey, and at the bottom of Glenridding. I doubt its being a true native, but it is often self-sown, as in the crevices of the limestone pavement of Farleton Knot and Huttonroof Crags. Staphylea pinnata, L.. (Bladder-nut Tree). Alien. An occa- sional stray from gardens. W. Roadside near Rydal.—(Balfour.) L. Reported from Finsthwaite Woods near Newby Bridge. —(Borrer.) A fine tree in the grounds of Furness Abbey Hotel.—(J. C. Melvill.) ORDER GERANIACE. Lrodium maritimum, Sm. (Sea-Stork’s Bill). C. On the coast at St. Bees.—(M.) Not confirmed in the recent Whitehaven list, and I suspect £. cicutarium, which grows there, may have been mistaken for it. 228. Erodium cicutarium, Sm. (Hemlock Stork’s Bill). Native. British type. Range 1. Common on the sandy sea- shore all along the coast. Inland I have seen it abundantly in sandy ground at Clibburn, and Wilson reports it from the brow of Kendal Fell, and Mr. Hodgson from the village green at Dalston near Carlisle. 60 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Var. pi/osum (Boreau). On the sands of the Isle of Walney. —(Miss Hodgson.) Erodium moschatum, Sm. (Musky Stork’s Bill). Alien? ‘In pratis siccis in comitatu Westmorlandico.’—(Hudson.) Upland pastures in High Furness.—(Aiton.) Occasional plants near Ambleside by roadsides.—(J. Sidebotham.) Geranium pheum, L. (Dusky Crane’s Bill). Alen. An occasional garden escape. C. Roadside at Dockray.—(Mrs. King.) North side of Ullswater near a cottage.—(Balfour.) In Nether Wastdale at Strands.—(J. Robson.) Near some cottages at Wastdale Head.—(C. Bailey.) Lamplugh, St. Bees, Mockerkin, and Prior Scale.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Hedge-banks at Stocks Nook, Watermillock.—(W. Hodgson.) Pardshaw Hall near Lorton.—(W. B. Waterfall.) W. Banks of the Brathay near Ambleside.—(C. Bailey.) Lane near Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Leefe.) Biggins near Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Hindson.) Skirts of a wood on both sides of the road between Burnside and Kendal.—(T. Gough.) L. Ulverstone, and under trees in Little Croft Park.—(Miss Hodgson.) Geranium nodosum, 1. (Knotty Crane’s Bill), Alien. Like the last, but less frequent. C. With G. pheum, on the north side of Ullswater.—(Bal- four.) Not seen by Mr. W. Hodgson, who thinks the Flosh- gate strzatum may have been meant. Reported by Mr. Wright as gathered near Thirlmere.—(Borrer, Phytologist, ii. 430.) W. Kirfit Hall, Casterton.—(Hindson.) Geranium striatum, L. Alien. A casual straggler from gardens. C. Reported by Mr. Wright as gathered near Flimby.— ORDER GERANIACE. 6I (Woods, in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 296.) North side of Ullswater, at Floshgate, where Mr. W. Hodgson showed me it in 1883. 230. Geranium sylvaticum, L. (Wood Crane’s Bill). Native. Scottish type. Range 1-2. Frequent in meadows in the heart of the Lake country about Derwentwater, Ullswater down to Pooley Bridge, Thirlmere, Grasmere, Borrowdale, Watendlath Valley, Buttermere, Ambleside, Coniston Water, etc. C. Eskdale, Wythop, and other places about Whitehaven. —(Whitehaven Cat.) W. Mardale and Shap.—(Watson.) Ascends to 560 yards. Oxenholme and Staveley—(B.) Frequent about Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Hindson.) L. By Seathwaite Tarn Beck at Newfield.—(Miss Hodgson.) 231. Geranium pratense, L. (Great Crane’s Bill). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Frequent in meadows, and by the lake-sides, ascending from the Furness salt marshes at Plumpton to 350 yards in Mardale. 232. Geranium pyrenaicum, L. (Mountain Crane’s Bill). Denizen. English type. Range 1. C. Dale Head on the west side of Thirlmere.—(Black’s Guide.) Yearton Hall near Beckermet—(L.) Requires confirmation. In Martineau’s Guide this last station is ascribed to G. rotundifolium. 234. Geranium pusillum, L. (Small-flowered Crane’s Bill). Native. English type. Range 1. Dry grassy places. Rare. C. Not uncommon about Whitehaven.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Etterby Scar near Carlisle.—(M.) Sandy field at Penrith.— (B.) W. Windermere.—(L.) Sandy ground at Clibburn.—(W. Hodgson, B.) 62 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 235. Geranium molle, 1. (Common Crane’s Bill). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Grassy places. Frequent. Ascends to the foot of Honister Crag (Britten and Holland); to top of Castle Crag in Borrowdale (B.); the limestone cliffs of Shap common ; to 500 yards (Watson). 236. Geranium dissectum, L. (Cut-leaved Crane’s Bill). Native. British type. Range x. Roadsides and forage fields. Frequent. Ascends to 300 yards.—(Watson.) 237. Geranium columbinum, L. (Dove’s Foot Crane’s Bill). Native. English type. Range 1x. Roadsides and grassy places, especially on the limestone. C. Cockermouth and St. Bees.—(Whitehaven Cat.) On the shore at Seascale-—(J. Robson.) Roadside near Coul- derton hamlet, sparingly.—(W. Hodgson.) W. In several places on the limestone about Kendal. First recorded by Wilson. Plentiful about Arnside Knot.—(C. Bailey, B.) L. Ascending the hill from Coniston to Hawkshead.—(T. J. Foggitt.) Fell foot near Newby Bridge.—(L.) Roadside at Newton.—(B.) Plumpton woods and Furness shore at Bardsea.—(Miss Hodgson.) Kents Bank, Humphrey Head, and woods between Grange and Lindale—(B.) 238. Geranium lucidum, L. (Shining-leaved Crane’s Bill). Native. British type. Range 1. Roadsides and rocky places. Not infrequent. C. Brigham, Pardshaw, Cockermouth, and near Gill-foot, Egremont.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Vale of St. John, Ormathwaite, Lodore, Grange, and up Borrowdale to the top of Castle Crag, 300 yards. First recorded by Winch. Common round Ulls- water and about Penrith; also about Gilcrux and Tallentire. —(W. Hodgson, B.) Patterdale—(Winch.) W. Rydal, Troutbeck, and other places about Windermere. ORDER GERANIACEA:. 63 —(M.) Askham.—(T. J. Foggitt.) Common about Shap and Lowther.—(Watson, B.) Amongst the limestone hills between Kendal and Arnside, common. — (Watson, B.) Arnside.—(B.) Kirkby Lonsdale, Burton in Lonsdale, and Huttonroof Crags.—(Hindson, B.) A brilliant ornament to the romantic dales of Westmoreland.—(Sir J. E. Smith.) L. Hedge-banks near Cartmel.—(C. J. Ashfield.) Plentiful by roadsides at Sawrey, Hawkshead, and Newton.—(B.) West-end lane, Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodgson.) Borwick Lodge ; not seen near Coniston.—(Miss Beever.) Common about Allithwaite and Grange.—(B.) 239. Geranium Robertianum, L. (Herb Robert). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Woods and hedge-banks. Common. Ascends to 400 yards in Great Langdale, and 500 yards on Coniston Old Man. A white variety at Torver, and Fox How near Ambleside (Miss Beever); on Huttonroof Crags (B.) ; and at Kendal in the lane to Jenkin Crag (T. Gough). 240. Geranium sanguineum, L. (Red Crane’s Bill). Native. British type. Range 1. Frequent along the coast-line, amongst the sand-hills, and on the cliffs. Allonby, Maryport, Egremont, Seascale, Walney Island, Humphrey Head; inland on Scout Scar, Whitbarrow, and other limestone hills between Kendal and Arnside, ascending to 300 yards.— (Watson.) Shap.—(Watson.) The Walney Island G. dancastriense, Withering, originally described by Ray and figured by Dillenius (Hortus Eltha- mensis, p. 163, tab. 136, fig. 163), was first gathered by Lawson, who writes, ‘Thousands hereof I have found on the Isle of Walney, and have sent roots to Edinburgh, York, London, and Oxford, where they keep their distinction.’ Extends from Summerhill, its northern limit, to the south end of the Biggar bank, a full mile; both in the beach gravels and on the grassy sward.—(Miss Hodgson.) 64 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. ORDER BALSAMINACE:. 242. Impatiens Noli-me-tangere, L. (Wild Balsam, or Touch-me-not ; local name, ‘Old Woman’s Purse’). Deni- zen. Local type. Range 1. C. Scale Hill, over Crummock.—(Woods.) A little east of Keswick along the Penrith road, near the stream that runs past a garden higher up.—(B.) Duddon Bridge.—(J. Robson.) W. Banks of the streams about Rydal and Ambleside, in several places, especially in Scandale and Stock Ghyll. First re- corded by Lawson. Ghyll near Whittington Hall.—(Hindson.) L. Near Coniston Water.—(P. J. Woodward.) Foot of the Nite, near Yew-tree, and near the railway station, Coniston.— (Miss Beever.) Ina small gully at Coniston which is passed on the ascent of the Old Man.—(J. C. Melvill.) Roadside near Storrs Hall, south of Bowness.—(B.) ORDER OXALIDACE. 243. Oxalis Acetosella, L. (Wood Sorrel; local name, “Cuckoo’s Bread and Cheese’). Native. British type. Range 1-4. Woods and shaded rocks. Common. Ascends to 850 yards on Saddleback (Watson); g00 yards on Helvellyn (B.); and roro yards on Scawfell Pike (Watson). A variety with pink flowers seen both at Ambleside and Coniston (Miss Beever), and in the wood at Dunmallet at the foot of Ullswater Lake (W. Hodgson). ORDER CELASTRACE. 245. Euonymus europeus, L. (Spindle Tree). Native. English type. Range 1. Woods, especially on the limestone. C. In the Derwentwater woods at Barrow and Lodore. First recorded by Winch. In Rooke’s manuscript Flora is a ORDER RHAMNACE#. 65 drawing of this species marked ‘Gowbarrow Park, 1851.’— (W. Hodgson.) W. In the lane to Fowl Ing, Kendal.—(T. Gough.) Middlebarrow Wood, Arnside.—(B.) Kirkby Lonsdale, not uncommon.—(Hindson.) Woods near Witherslack Hall.— (B.) L. Windermere shore near the Ferry, and about Newby Bridge.—(B.) Woods of Yewbarrow and between Grange and Lindale.—(B.) Woods at Plumpton, Haverthwaite, Bardsea, and elsewhere in Furness.—(Miss Hodgson.) ORDER RHAMNACEE. 246. Rhamnus catharticus, L. (Buckthorn). Native. English type. Range 1. Woods, especially on the limestone. C. Slapestones How, Penrith, only one bush, — (W. Hodgson.) W. Hedges near Great Strickland.—(T. Lawson.) Frequent about Kirkby Lonsdale.—(Hindson.) Cunswick and other limestone woods south of Kendal—(Gough, Watson.) Hedges at Clawthorpe.—(B.) Common about Arnside.—(B.) L. Islands and shores of Windermere.—(F. Clowes, etc.) Woods between Grange and Lindale.—(B.) 247. Rhamnus Frangula, L. (Black Alder). Native. English type. Range 1. Woods and peat-mosses in several places. C. Ullock, Cockshot, Cass and Lodore woods near Keswick.—(Watson, B.) Lamplugh.—(Rev. F. Addison.) Pardshaw near Lorton.—(W. B. Waterfall.) Thornthwaite.— (W. Dickinson.) W. Thorny Holme, Whinfell Forest. — (T. Lawson.) Cunswick Wood, Kendal.—(T. Gough.) About Rydal Water. —(J. Otley.) Meathop Moss and woods south of Wither- slack Hall.—(B.) Middlebarrow Wood, Arnside.—(B.) E 66 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. L. Islands of Windermere.—(F. Clowes.) Brathay Woods, Colton Beck Wood, and Stribers peat-bog near Cartmel.— (Miss Hodgson.) Humphrey Head.—(Dr. Windsor.) ORDER LEGUMINIFER. 248. Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch. (Broom.) Native. British type. Range 1-2. Woods and thickets, ascending to nearly 500 yards on the Catbells, west of Derwentwater.— (Watson. ) 249. Ulex europeus, L. (Furze, Whin, Gorse). Native. British type. Range 1. Hillsides. Universally distributed through the lower zone, of which it is one of the most charac- teristic and conspicuous plants. Ascends above 300 yards on Latrigg. A variety with double flowers noted at Clappersgate near Ambleside, by C. Bailey. 250. Ulex Gallii, Planch (Autumnal Furze). Native. English type. Range 1. Universally distributed through the district. Common in the Crummock, Ennerdale, and Wast- water valleys, down to Gosforth, Lamplugh, Cockermouth, and Whitehaven; Ullswater, Penrith Beacon (where it as- cends to 300 yards), Threlkeld, Blencow, Clibburn, Temple Sowerby, Haweswater, Ambleside, Bowness, Coniston, Trout- beck, Newton, Grange, Ulverstone, etc. It must have covered a considerable portion of the ancient forest of Inglewood.— (W. Hodgson.) 251. Genista tinctoria, L.. (Dyer’s Weed). Native. English type. Range 1. Heaths. Frequent, ascending to 250 yards over Haweswater.—(Watson.) Genista pilosa, L. L. Frequent on rocks in High Furness.—(Aiton.) Not ORDER LEGUMINIFER, 67 seen by any one else, and I have little doubt G. t“xctoria intended. 253. Genista anglica, L. (Small Whin). Native. British type. Ranger. MHeathy places. Rare. C. Moors at Bootle and Drigg.—(J. Robson.) Church Moss, Beckermet.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Seaton Moor near Workington.—(W. Hodgson.) Wigton.—(W. B. Waterfall.) W. Kendal.—(J. Sidebotham.) Edge of Clibburn Moss.— (W. Hodgson.) L. Parks at High Furness and Cartmel.—(Aiton.) On the right bank of the Leven, a mile below Newby Bridge.— (J. Sidebotham.) 254. Ononis arvensis, L. (Rest-harrow). Native. British type. Range 1. Coast sand-hills and dry inland pastures. Frequent. Ascending to 300 yards near Shap. A spinose variety occurs on the Furness shore at Roosebeck and Flook- borough. This is probably the plant given by Aiton as O. spinosa. I have not seen the true sfzwosa within our limits. 257. Anthyllis vulneraria, L. (Lady’s Finger). Native. British type. Range 1. Dry pastures, especially in the lime- stone tract. C. Abundant on the railway banks at St. Bees, etc.— (Whitehaven Cat.) Maryport and Nethertown.—(J. Robson.) Near Dearham Bridge, Maryport; also in Whinbarrow Quarries, Aspatria.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Sandy fields at Clibburn.—(B.) Abundant about Kendal.—(T. Gough.) Shap.—(Watson.) 320 yards. Lime- stone quarries at Winder near Askham.—(W. Hodgson.) L. Humphrey Head and woods between Grange and Lindale.—(B.) Hampsfield Fell, Leybarrow Crags, and in the park at Dalton in Furness.—(Miss Hodgson.) 68 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. Medicago sativa, L, (Lucerne). Alien. Cultivated fields. Rare. C. Fields near Whitehaven.—(Watson.) Etterby Scar.— (W. Duckworth.) W. Railway embankment at Carnforth.—(J. C. Melvill.) 260. Medicago lupulina, L. (Black Medick). Native. British type. Range 1. Dry grassy places. Frequent. As- cending to 300 yards on Shap Common. 320 yards.— (Watson. ) 264. Melilotus officinalis, Willd. (Yellow Melilot). Colonist. English type. Rangez. Roadsides and forage fields. Rare. C. Near Cross-side, Egremont, and Whitrigg Station.— (Whitehaven Cat.) Workington and Etterby.—(Dickinson.) Langanby.—(T. Lawson.) Railway cutting on the Derwent branch, near Bullgill Station.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Near Foulshaw House.—(Wilson.) L. Abundant on the railway bank at Grange.—(T. Gough, Miss Hodgson.) Melilotus arvensis, Wallr. Alien. W. On the railway embankment at Arnside.—(C. Bailey.) L. Railway banks east of Grange, on both sides of the county boundary between Westmoreland and Lancashire.— (W. Matthews !) Melilotus parviflora, Lam. Alien. C. North shore of Ullswater at Floshgate.—(W. Hodgson !) L. A solitary plant near the farmstead at Bowstead Gates near Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodgson!) (Wrongly given as M. vulgaris in Journ. Bot.) 266. Zrigonella ornithopodiordes, DC. Native. English type. Range 1. C. Workington Warren.—(Mr. Tweddle.) Confirmation ORDER LEGUMINIFER&. 69 wanted. Workington Warren has pretty well disappeared : now under tillage, or covered with iron furnaces, collieries, etc.—(W. Hodgson.) 267. Trifolium repens, L. (Dutch Clover, White Clover). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Grassy places. Common. Ascending to 500 yards on Walna Scar.—(Miss Hodgson.) 550 yards on Great Gable.—(B.) 700 yards.—(Watson.) 271. ZLrifolium pratense, L. (Red Clover). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Grassy places. Common. Ascending to 500 yards at Hayes Water and Kirkstone Pass. 272. Trifolium medium, L. Native. British type. Range 1. Thickets and hedge-banks throughout the lower zone. Fre- quent. Ascending to 300 yards.—(Watson.) Trifolium hybridum, L. (Alsyke Clover). Alien. Is now common in cultivated fields throughout the lower zone. 274. Trifolium maritimum, Huds. Native. English type. Maritime. Range r. C. On the shore at Braystones.—(J. Robson.) The nearly- allied Mediterranean Z: supinum, L., was found by Mr. W. Hodgson, with the other casuals, at Floshgate, Ullswater. 275. Trifolium arvense, L. (Hare’s-foot Clover). Native. British type. Range 1. Sandy ground. Rare. C. Flimby near Workington.—(W. Dickinson.) Hodbar- row, Braystones.—(Whitehaven Cat.) St. Bees.—(W. B. Waterfall.) Railway station, Maryport.——(W. Hodgson.) W. Sandy field between Clibburn village and the railway station, abundant.—(B.) L. Border of a field at Cark.—(Dr. F. A. Lees.) 7O FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 277. Trifolium striatum, L. Native. English type. Range 1. Sandy ground. Very rare. C. Shore at St. Bees.—(M. Chambers, W. Dickinson.) Miscopied Z. strictum in Linton’s Guide. L. Near Grange-over-Sands.—(C. Bailey.) 280. Trifolium fragiferum, L. (Strawberry Clover). Native. English type. Range 1. Sandy soil, especially near the sea. W. Banks of the river Gilpin between Gilpin’s Bridge and Raven’s Lodge.—(C. Bailey.) Above the Bridge Inn at Levens.—(T. Gough.) L. Sand-hills near Barrow in Furness.—(W. Foggitt.) Trifolium resupinatum, L. Alien. C. Floshgate, Ullswater; introduced with foreign corn, 1882, along with MJelilotus parviflora, Centaurea melitensis, and other aliens.—(W. Hodgson.) 281. Trifolium procumbens, L. (Hop Clover). Native. British type. Range 1. Dry grassy places. Frequent; ascending to the limestone cliffs of Shap Common, 300 yards. Trifolium agrarium, L. Alien. W. Abundant in a forage field ascending the hill west of Witherslack Hall, 1883.—(B.) L. Clover-fields at Plumpton near Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodgson.) 282. Trifolium minus, Relh. Native. British type. Range 1-2. Dry grassy places. Frequent; ascending to 250 yards on Brantsfell, and in Troutbeck Valley ; 300 yards on the limestone of Shap Common, and in the red sandstone quarries of Penrith Beacon; 350 yards.—(Watson.) In several lists Z) figforme is included, but I have not seen Lake- land examples of the true plant. ORDER LEGUMINIFER/. 71 283. Lotus corniculatus, L. (Bird’s-foot Trefoil). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Everywhere common in grassy places; ascending to 500 yards on Catbells, and Skiddaw to 600 yards.—(Watson.) Var. fenuis in fields at Whitehaven.—(Watson.) A villose variety at Sandy Gap and Biggar Marsh, Isle of Walney.—(Miss Hodgson.) A var. with fleshy leaves on the shore at Flookborough. Lotus angustissimus, L. Grew some ten years ago in a railway cutting on the Derwent branch near Bullgill Station. —(W. Hodgson.) It is also recorded from Hysemoor and Clifton, on the authority of the late Mr, W. Dickinson, but the naming needs confirmation. 284. Lotus major, Scop. Native. British type. Range 1-2. Grassy swamps. Frequent; ascending from the shore swamps at Flookborough to 400 yards in Troutbeck Valley and 500 yards in Kirkstone Pass. Astragalus hypoglottis, L. C. Mr. W. B. Waterfall informs me that he has a specimen gathered in 1864 on Catlands or Carrock Fell, but I have no other record of its occurrence. 286. Astragalus glyciphyllos, L. (Wild Liquorice). Native. Germanic type. Range 1. L. Near the Physic Well at Cartmel. First recorded by Wilson. Recent confirmation wanted. 201. Ornithopus perpusillus, L. (Bird’s-foot). Native. British type. Range 1. Sandy ground. Not infrequent. C. Cowrake Quarry (red sandstone) near Penrith Beacon, 300 yards.—(B.) Near Roughton, Ennerdale.—(W. Hodgson.) Middletown, Gill—(Whitehaven Cat.) Barrow Island, Der- 72 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. wentwater, and in Borrowdale near Rosthwaite.—(C. Bailey.) Ravenglass, Irton, Braystones, and St. Bees Moor. First recorded by Lawson. W. Ascending Nab Scar from Rydal Mount.—(T. J. Foggitt.) Drawn from this locality by Miss Wilson. Tenter- fell, Kendal.—(Wilson.) Sandstone quarries at Common Holme Bridge.—(Lawson.) L. East side of Coniston Lake.—(Linton.) Between Windy Ash and Higher Laith, Ulverstone.—(Miss Hodgson.) 203. Hippocrepis comosa, 1. (Horse-shoe Vetch). Native. English type. Xerophilous. Range 1. Limestone hills, Locally plentiful. W. Rocks by the stream that runs from Anna-well to Shap. —(Lawson.) Ledge of the scar between Scout Stile and Honey-bee Gate, Kendal. First recorded by Wilson. L. Birk Fell, Humphrey Head, and Yewbarrow near Grange. —(W. Foggitt, C. Bailey, etc.) Copse Head near Holker, and limestone pastures in Furness.—(Aiton.) Onobrychis sativa, L. (Sainfoin). Alien? C. Nethertown near Egremont.—(J. Robson.) 295. Vicia Orobus, DC. Native. Scottishtype. Ranger. C. Hedges and pastures about Gamblesby, six miles north- east of Penrith, plentifully. Discovered by Willisel. Still there. 296. Vicia sylvatica, L. (Wood Vetch). Native. Scottish type. Range 1. Woods and thickets. Rare. C. Coast cliffs at Parton and between Whitehaven and St. Bees.—(J. Woods, etc.) Seacliffs, Parton, Barrowmouth, and other places.—(Whitehaven Cat., W. Hodgson.) Clifton Woods near Workington. --(W. Dickinson.) — Isell Woods ORDER LEGUMINIFERZ. 73 near Cockermouth.—(Rev. J. Dodd.) Flimby Wood near Maryport ; also in Dentonside Wood, near the old Sebergham colliery.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Near the bridge at Kirkby Lonsdale, where Lawson showed it to Dr. Richardson. Casterton Woods. —(Hindson.) Laverock Bridge and’Barrowfield Wood near Kendal. First recorded by Woodward. L. Urswick Wood and between Stoneylands and Newton- in-Cartmel,—(Aiton.) 297. Vicia Cracca, L. (Blue Vetch). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Hedges and meadows. Frequent; ascending to 350 yards. 298. Vicia sativa, L. (Common Vetch). Native. British type. Range 1. The type frequent in cultivated fields, ascending to 300 yards near Shap. Var. segefalzs seen as a corn-field weed about Penrith and Ulverstone, and drawn from Troutbeck by Miss Wilson. Var. angustifolia, rarely truly wild, in dry grassy places. Railway cutting at Aspatria, plentiful; more sparingly about Hurrock Wood and Lake foot, Ullswater.—(W. Hodgson.) 301. Vicia sepium, L. (Hedge Vetch). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Thickets and rocky places. Frequent. Ascending to 560 yards.—(Watson.) 303. Vicia hirsuta, Koch. (Hairy Tare). Colonist. British type. Range xz. Cultivated fields. Frequent; ascending to 250 yards over Bowness. A glabrous variety in Meathop Moss. 304. Vicia tetrasperma, Moench. (Smooth Tare). Colonist. English type. Range 1. C. Near Clea Hall.—(Rev. R. Wood.) 74 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. L. Seen only once, by the side of the road ascending from the Ferry Inn at Windermere to Sawrey.—(B.) Included in Aspland’s list of Grange plants. 306. Lathyrus Nissolta, L. C. In sandy ground at Irton.—(W. Dickinson.) Confir- mation wanted. 308. Lathyrus pratensis, L. Native. British type. Range 1-2. Meadowsand hedge-banks. Frequent. Ascending to 350 yards over Haweswater.—(Watson.) 309. Lathyrus palustris, L. C. St. Bees.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Confirmation wanted. 310. Lathyrus sylvestris, L. (Everlasting Pea). Native. English type. Range 1. C. Rocks by the Red Neese, Whitehaven. First recorded by Lawson. Rocks near Parton and between Parton and Harrington.—(Whitehaven Cat., W. Hodgson.) Erroneously referred to /atifolius in the Botanist’s Guide. Should be in some of the old Floras. 31. Lathyrus maritimus, Bigel. (Sea Pea). Native. Doubtful type. Maritime. Range 1. C. Harrington rocks, between Workington and White- haven.—(W. Dickinson, J. Robson.) Cliff at St. Bees.— (Miss Edmunds.) 312. Orobus tuberosus, L. Native. British type. Range 1-2. Woods and thickets. Frequent; ascending to 350 yards in Great Langdale. 600 yards.—(Watson.) Var. tenuifolius, rare in High Furness.—(Aiton.) A white- flowered variety is found in a hedgerow near the Tongue, Watermillock.—(W. Hodgson.) ORDER ROSACEA. 75 ORDER ROSACE. 314. Prunus spinosa, L. (Sloe). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Woods and hedges. Common throughout the lower zone. Ascending to 300 yards over Coniston, and 400 yards in Troutbeck Valley. Var. znsititia (Bullace). Frequent in hedges. Var. domestica (Wild Plum). Half wild in many places, as in Bowness Woods, and near Barnbeck farm, Furness. 315. Prunus Padus, L. (Heckberry, Bird Cherry). Native. Scottish type. Range 1-2, Common everywhere in woods and hedges. One of the great ornaments of the Lake country in spring, and often used for arches or bouquets for wedding decorations. Ascends to 400 yards in Troutbeck Valley, and nearly as high about Watendlath. 316. Prunus Cerasus,L. Denizen. English type. Range r. W. The least wild cherry-tree, vulgarly called the Merry tree; Rossgill—(Ray, in Gibs. Camden, p. 818.) Spital Wood, Kendal.—(T. Gough.) L. Occasionally seen in hedges in Furness, but rare. —(Miss Hodgson.) 316. Prunus Avium, L. (Wild Cherry). Denizen. English type. Range 1. Everywhere common in woods and thickets through the lower zone, ascending to the summit of Yew- barrow behind Grange-over-Sands, and nearly to the top of Brant Fell over Bowness. I never saw the wild cherry so plentiful in any other part of England as at the Lakes. The wild black Martindale cherries, Mrs. King tells me, are regu- larly sold in Penrith market. ‘ The fruit,’ Mr. Hodgson writes, ‘has a high reputation, and within the period of my remem- 76 FLORA OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. brance the three first Sundays of August were called “ Cherry Sundays,” and crowds of people assembled to regale them- selves, and go out boating on the Lake. At Warnel Hall near Sebergham, once the property of the Dentons, stands a fine row of black cherry-trees, in comparison with which the Mar- tindale trees are dwarfs. Fruit from these is gathered in large quantities and sent to Lowther Castle to be made into wine.’ 317. Spirea Ulmaria, L. (Meadow Sweet). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Woods and damp places. Common. Ascending to 500 yards in Kirkstone Pass. 560 yards.— (Watson. ) 318. Spirea Filipendula, L. (Dropwort). Native. Xero- philous. English type. Range 1. Dry banks on the lme- stone. Rare. C. St. Bees.—(Whitehaven Cat.) Meadows at Gosforth.— (J. Robson.) Middletown Hamlet near St. Bees.—(W. Hodgson.) W. Cunswick Scar and Barrowfield Wood near Kendal. First recorded by Lawson. L. Humphrey Head, on the top, with Helianthemum canum. —(Dr. Windsor.) Abundant at Arnside.—(J. C. Melvill.) Spirea salicifolia, L. Alien. An occasional straggler from cultivation. The best-known station is by the side of the road between Colthouse and Hawkshead, a little above the head of Esthwaite Water, where it was first noticed by the celebrated John Dalton the chemist, and communicated to Withering. It grows also on the shore of Windermere near the Ferry Inn, and of Coniston Lake near Waterhead. Mr. Hodgson pointed out to me several bushes of S. Ayferictfolia on a bank over Ullswater near the Pooley Bridge landing-stage. 321. Geum urbanum, L. (Wood Avens). Native. British type. Range 1-2. Woods and hedge-banks, Common in the ORDER ROSACE. oy lower zone, ascending to 560 yards. G. intermedium, a vati- able hybrid between the two species, is plentiful in woods about Ullswater, Lowther, Keswick, Arnside, etc. 322. Geum rivale, L. (Water Avens). Native. British type. Range 1-3. Damp and shaded woods, and rocky places. Common ; ascending to 850 yards on Scawfell Pikes, where it overlaps Salix herbacea.—(Watson.)