aS Stel tesa biter ba es ort 5 op Hysaie ple, yatela git ae tan ReaD Ate Ka eral pell ys tie ot Gi PO aiala ist ae aay ria nt te Li Ore. aa) Faten! 4 ae mane late abet born +p ihe bree hath Sadao if Porat ets enna pahtdn st packeay tes. Bebteerss Eset ihe gee eed bed angneests * pital iwesettanes + rete Satan errr on Ea apne cara! iD net ele rit Mattes eer rotyptely oe iW ror 7 i ihr a apevied et ara 9 PRESENTED py Whe one | | ti or | + THE BRITISH MUSEUM. (Nalirat fealty) ace eee aN Pn NR Cornell Muiversity Library THE GIFT OF ; AL49S10... 25/9/95. a RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. | | “ar MYCETOZOA. BADHAMIA UTRICULARIS Berk. Plasmodium spreading on glass, stained with picrocarmine, magnified 15 times. showing nuclei, magnified 400 times. Part of the same, A MONOGRAPH mle RELLY MYCETOZOA BEING A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES IN THE HERBARIUM OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. ILLUSTRATED WITH SEVENTY-EIGHT PLATES AND FIFTY-ONE WOODCUTS. BY ARTHUR LISTER, F.LS. LONDON: . PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. SOLD BY LONGMANS & CO., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW ; B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & CO., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.; KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & CO., 57 LUDGATE HILL; AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W 1894. Qk 635 Rey A.79%10 Trinted by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury, PREFATORY NOTE. ee collection of specimens of Mycetozoa in the Herbarium of the British Museum has been greatly increased in recent years. The additions include the large collection of the late C. E. Broome, bequeathed by him to the Museum, and that of H. W. Ravenel, purchased from his widow. It was necessary to make a critical examination of the whole of the materials in the Herbarium. Mr. Arthur Lister, who has devoted much attention to these organisms, was fortunately able to undertake this work; and he agreed. at the same time to prepare a monograph of the whole class based on this examination. This volume, the result of his labours, contains descrip- tions not only from the specimens in the Museum, but also from types in various public and private Herbaria, and from his own rich collection. Mr. Lister has generously presented a large series of specimens to the Museum, so that the Herbarium now contains types of all the species described by him in this monograph. The volume is fully illustrated with plates mechanically reproduced from faithful water-colour drawings by the author and by his accomplished daughter, to whom in the Introduction Mr. Lister acknowledges his obligations. " WILLIAM CARRUTHERS. November, 1894. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS AND List OF THE GENERA. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES é INDEX . List or PLatss PAGE 21 25 213 221 INTRODUCTION. Frizs gave the name of Myxogastres, in 1833, to the group of organisms described in this Monograph, placing it among the Gasteromycetous Fungi. In 1836 Wallroth substituted the term Myxomycetes (Schleimpilze) for the older name, and this came to be the generally accepted designation. Later investigations showed that the spores, instead of producing a mycelium, as in the case of fungi, gave birth to swarm-cells, which coalesce to form a plasmo- dium. In consequence of this discovery, which indicated a relation- ship with the lower forms of animal life, de Bary in 1858 introduced the name Mycetozoa. Under this head he still retained the term -Myxomycetes for the section so named by Wallroth, but linked with them the Acrasiee of Van Tieghem, a small group inhabiting the excrement of animals; in these the spores are said to produce swarm-cells, as in the Myxomycetes, which multiply by division but do not coalesce to form a plasmodium. At a certain period, when the fruits are about to be formed, they become attached in branching strings which concentrate to a point, where they are massed together in aggregations of more or less definite shape ; the swarm-cells, however, do not lose’ their individuality. In Dictyostelium, a genus of the Acrasiew, a stalk is formed by the arrangement of a number of swarm-cells in vertical rows in the centre of the heap; the surrounding ameboid bodies creep up this stalk and form a globose cluster at the extremity ; here each amceboid swarm-cell acquires a spore-wall, and they become a naked aggregation of spores not enclosed by a definite sporangium- wall. Rostafinski followed de Bary in the view that the formation. of a plasmodium indicates. a wide separation in the natural position of the Myxomycetes from the fungi, but he suppressed that name entirely, adopting de Bary’s class name Mycetozoa in its. place; at the same time, he admitted into his Monograph Dictyostelium, a genus of the Acrasiecw. The reason for his including this genus may be the fact pointed out by de Bary, that Brefeld in first describing the dense aggregations of swarm-cells into the stalked spore-masses of Dictyostelium, refers to them as being “plasmodia; that is, products of the coalescence of swarm- cells ;” and it was not until after the publication of Rostafinski’s 1 2 INTRODUCTION. ' Monograph that Van Tieghem in 1880 and Brefeld in 1884 corrected this view. Accepting the Mycetozoa as established by Rostafinski, but excluding Dictyostelium on the ground of its not forming ® true plasmodium, we have a clearly defined group of organisms separated from all others by the following combination © characters. A spore provided with a firm wall produces on germination an ameboid swarm-cell which soon acquires 2 flagellum. The swarm-cells multiply by division and subsequently coalesce to form a plasmodium which exhibits a rhythmic streaming. The plasmodium gives rise to fruits which consist of supporting structures and spores; in the Endosporew these have the form of sporangia, each having a wall within which the free spores are developed. A capillitiam or system of threads forming a scaffolding among the spores is present in most genera. In the Hxosporee the fruits consist of sporophores bearing numer- ous spores on their surface. The Spore and Swarm-cell.—The spores of the Endosporec are mostly spherical, but occasionally they are ellipsoid. Their size is uniform in each species, or with so little variation that their measurement affords a valuable character for specific determination. , This is not without exception; for instance, in the abundant species Leocarpus fragilis the spores are commonly 11 to 12 p diameter, but in occasional gatherings they average 16 to 20 p. In other genera which present ample material for comparison, similar variation is sometimes met with. The. spore-wall is variously coloured in the different species. It is described by Zopf as showing the chemical reaction of cellulose, and consisting of a simple firm membrane ;* but the spores of several species of Didymiwm and T'richia, when crushed in an acetic solution of gentian-violet, show the existence of two layers, the inner more delicate and appearing less deeply stained than the outer. In Physarum, Arcyria, and genera with thin-walled spores, the double layer has-not been traced. It is either smooth or marked with sculpture. The contents of the spore .. consists of faintly granular protoplasm with a single central. nucleus. In abnormal developments, monstrous spores, often of irregular shape and containing several nuclei, are of frequent occurrence. The length of time that elapses before the germination of the spore after it has been placed in water varies with the species and often in different gatherings of the same species. In the darker spores of Stemonitis fusca it does not begin for nine or twelve hours, while in the pale-spored variety it has been observed.to occur in twenty-eight minutes. In Reticularia Lycoperdon it usually takes place in less than an hour in fresh gatherings ; spores from a specimen which had been stored for nearly three years began to germinate in four hours, and in twenty hours nearly every spore had done so, Didymium difforme cos “Handbuch der Botanik,” Bd. iii, 2, 1884 ; ‘“ Die Pilzthiere,” ae | INTRODUCTION, 3 produced abundant swarm-cells in twenty-eight hours, after three years and nine months from the date of collection, and in a few days all the spores appeared to have germinated, and plasmodia were formed in a moist chamber. Sporangia were developed eleven days after the sowing of the spores. The spore-wall is ruptured by the swelling of the contents, which slowly emerges through the opening, and in about ten minutes lies as a nearly pellucid globule by the side of the empty membrane; after remaining quiéscent for a few minutes amceboid movements begin to take place, and shortly afterwards the flagellum is produced. This is at first a somewhat tentative process, and the flagellum is frequently withdrawn; but in about a quarter of an hour it acquires its full length of about 15 uw, and by its lashing strokes the swarm-cell swims off with a dancing movement. At this stage it is pyriform in shape, the interior body-substance is granular and contains a con-. tractile vacuole, and often one or more vacuoles in addition which do not usually show con- traction. At the narrow end is placed the nucleus, which can easily be recognised by its lighter and. more homogeneous appearance and central nucle- olus. The nucleus does not alter its position, though con- stant movement is observed among the constituents of the granular part. The whole is enclosed by a layer of hyalo- plasm devoid of granular par- ticles, and of extreme tenuity over most of ‘the surface, but thicker at the anterior end, Fic. 1.—Dipymium pirrormMe Duby. a. Spore, 6. Swarm-cell escaping from the spore-case. c. Newly hatched swarm-cell containing a nucleus and three vacuoles. d. Flagellated swarm-cell. ‘ e. Swarm-cell, with two vacuoles containing bacteria, and produced at the posterior end into pseudopodia, to one of which a bacterium is attached. J. Amceboid-swarm-cell. Magnified 720 times, where it is produced into the flagellum immediately in front of the nucleus, and also at the posterior end, where it often extends in a brush of two to eight more or less slender pseudopodia. In addition to the dancing motion, which is maintained as long as they are free in the water, the swarm-cells when they come to rest exhibit movements of an amceboid character, and spread with an irregular outline; or they assume a linear form and creep over a level surface with a snail-like motion, the flagellum being extended in advance. In this position the movement of the interior substance is seen to advantage. In the large swarm-cells of Amaurochete atra it may almost be described as streaming, the granules passing from one end to the other in constant flow ; the hyaloplasmic extension at the posterior end continually changes its form and often detaches portions which cannot: 4 INTRODUCTION. be distinguished from the rest of the hyaline element, and appear to contain refuse matter. After a time the ace movement is again exchanged for the dancing. In all ‘ales of germinating spores, a number of the swarm-cells, after a § eA period of activity, withdraw the flagellum and become encys’e in a globular form, as the microcysts of Cienkowski. After oe dried and re-wetted, the contents bursts the membranous cyst-wal , which remains as an empty hyaline sac, and emerges to resume the swarm-cell form. If bacteria are introduced into a cultivation of swarm-cells on the stage of the microscope, they are seen to be laid hold of by the pseudopodia and drawn into the body of the swarm-cells, where they are enclosed in a digestive vacuole. Several bacteria are brought in turn to the same chamber, or fresh captures are conveyed into one or more additional vacuoles. The protrusion of pseudopodia usually ceases after such ingestion, and that part of the swarm-cell takes a rounded form. In the course of an hour or two the bacteria are assimilated, and the digestive vacuoles dis- appear. Unicellular alge and inorganic matterare sometimes taken in, which after a time are again discharged. Both ingress and egress are observed to take place only at the posterior end.* De Bary stated that swarm-cells derive their sup- port only from nutrient matter in solution,t and it may be that they are to some extent Fic, 2.—AMIAUROCHATE ATRA Rost. ted 4 thi vs ato f. Successive stages ‘in bipartition of nouris e a ag Manner’; swarm-cell, accompanied by the division of the but considering the large num-. nucleus by karyokinesis. Magnified 1200 times. * * Drawn from stained preparations in Canada ber of species belonging to Lan different genera which have been observed to prey actively on bacteria, it cannot be doubted that these form an important part of their food. Bipartition of the swarm-cells is observed to begin in a few hours after they leave the spore-membrane, and we may conclude with de Bary that the process is frequently repeated, for it may be seen constantly taking place for three or four consecutive days in cultivations, during which time the numbers increase very largely. The bipartition is preceded by the withdrawal of the flagellum and the swarm-cell taking a spherical form. The nucleus then divides by karyokinesis. The earliest stage which Ihave observed is that of the nuclear-spindle with an equatorial * Lister, “On the Ingestion of Food Material by the Swarm-Cells of Hycetozoa.” Linn. Soc. Journ, Bot., 1889, vol. xxv., p. 435. De Bary, ‘‘Comp. Morph. and Biol. Fungi, Mycet.,” etc., p. 452, INTRODUCTION. 5 plate and an indication of spindle-fibres converging at the poles ; at a later stage the swarm-cell becomes ellipsoid and a constriction appears in the middle. As bipartition proceeds the nuclear plate divides and the two halves separate, the connecting achromatic fibres being often discernible. The daughter-nuclei at length retreat. to the opposite poles of the swarm-cell, which in about a quarter of an hour from the beginning of the process of con- striction is completely divided. A flagellum is in a short time produced by each daughter-cell, which then assumes the original form of the parent. After dividing in the manner described, through a period of uncertain duration, they withdraw the flagellum and creep with slow ameboid movement. When two of them come in contact with each other they may coalesce ; others congregate at this point and form a centre to which great numbers converge, and though they may remain distinct for some time, ultimately unite and mingle into one moving mass, : the plasmodium of Cienkowski. There is no doubt that the young plasmodia exercise a distinct attracting influence on the swarm-cells in their neighbourhood. Many ame- boid swarm-cells, after re- maining some time near the plasmodium, contract and form into microcysts, in which state they are enclosed by the plas- modium and become sur- rounded with vacuoles, where they are gradually digested. Although the fusing swarm- cells thus lose their individu- Fig. 3.—Dipymium pDirrorME Duby. 3 5 i Young plasmodium, with attendant amceboid ality, their nuclei, so far as pies some of which — boat inf a s,, microcysts (m): one microcyst is being digeste has been observed, TeMain in a vacuole (v). An empty spore-shell is shown distinct. For example, eight swarm-cells may be counted uniting and forming- a plas- modium, and their eight nuclei can be afterwards distinguished ; but when this number is exceeded the movements of the plas- modium and the inconspicuous nature of the nuclei present difficulties in the way of their recognition. Whatever reason ‘there may be from general considerations to regard this fusion of individuals as akin to conjugation, no fusion of nuclei, which appears to be an essential part of the process, has yet been observed. . In the-Exosporec represented by the single genus Ceratiomyzxa, the spore is ellipsoid, and consists of granular protoplasm, in which four nucleus-like bodies can often be observed. This is enclosed by a membranous and colourless spore-wall. On placing the perfectly matured spores in pure water, the membranous ats. Magnified 470 times. 6 INTRODUCTION. wall is seen almost immediately to slip free from the protoplasmic contents, often with a sudden jerk, and by this action may be removed to some distance from the now naked spore, while it retains its original form as an empty transparent sac.* The naked spore remains from six to nine hours without any apparent alteration; at the end of this time a slow ameboid change of outline is observed, sometimes accompanied by the projection of numerous pointed pseudopodia, and a constriction begins to appear in the middle portion, As this continues, a second constriction can be noticed in each half. The first division may now become complete, but usually the whole of the spore contents remains united until a further constric- tion takes place in each quarter, and in about an hour from the time when the first movement was observed the origi- nal ellipsoid body is divided into eight spher- ical portions. These occasionally become free at this stage, but as a rule they continue at- tached to one another by narrow bridges; a few minutes later each pro- trudes' a flagellum, and assumes the pyriform figure of a swarm-cell ; then by the united lash- ing movement of their flagella the cluster of eight swarm-cells swims away. Theymayremain connected for an hour a. 8pore. b. Spore-contents escaping from the spore-wall. or more, but eventually cto g. Successive stages in the division of the naked become detached, and spore.to eight. 2 Fia. 4.—CERATIOMYXA MUCIDA Schroet. h. Cluster of eight swarm-cells, resemble in all respects Magnified 1200 times. the swarm-cells of the Endosporee. ; The Plasmodiwm.—The phenomena which are met with in the swarm-cell may be seen in the plasmodium on an extended scale, Like the amceboid phase of the former, it is endowed with power of locomotion, and advances over the substratum with a creeping movement. The interior substance consists of granular proto- * [have not observed the emergence of the spore-contents in an ameeboid form through an opering of the spore-wall as described by Famintzin and Woronin, “Ueber Cevatium hydnoides, Mem, Acad. Petersbourg, » xx, 83 1873. re INTRODUCTION, 7 plasm, containing numerous nuclei and vacuoles. The latter vary in size, and are often seen to contract and discharge their contents, which is either watery or contains refuse matter. The movements in the interior of the swarm-cell are extended into a system of circulation in the plasmodium, which spreads in a net- work of veins with a few principal channels. Through these the granular substance streams in a rapid torrent which gradually comes to a pause in the space of a minute and a half to two minutes ; it then immediately reverses its course, maintaining a rhythmic flow, backwards and forwards at nearly equal intervals, but always of a somewhat longer duration in the direction in which the plasmodium is creeping. This movement is continued through the smaller veins which branch with increasing intricacy ‘ till lost in the broad stratum ending at the tumid margin of the advancing wave. The whole is invested by a layer of hyaloplasm devoid of granular particles, but merging imperceptibly into the inner stratum. The hyaloplasm exhibits ameboid movements, projecting and withdrawing pseudopodia, and is unequal in thick- ness over different parts; it is generally abundant at the advanc- ing margin, and a large residuum of substance free from granules and charged with refuse matter is left behind, marking the track where a plasmodium has passed. The hyaloplasm appears to be a more firm condition of the protoplasm assumed when exposed on the surface; how far it may have reference to the rhythmic streaming of the plasmodium, or what causes that movement, has not been ascertained. ’ The description given above applies to plasmodia which creep over dead leaves or the surface of logs or woody fungi. Those which inhabit the interior of rotten wood usually emerge only at the time of fruiting, and then appear as cushion-like masses or as scattered globules, The plasmodia of the Calcareew contain granules of calcium carbonate (designated “ lime”), in addition to the protoplasmic particles. The granules vary in abundance in different species, being small and inconspicuous under the microscope in some, while in the opaque white plasmodium of Chondrioderma Michelit they appear like crowded glass beads 2 or more in diameter, and greatly impede the streaming move- ment. The colour varies in different plasmodia; it is for the most part white, yellow, or pink, in some it is purple or green, but is generally constant in each species. An exception occurs in Trichia fallax, which usually rises from rotten wood in rosy pink globules, but frequently the plasmodium is watery white ; the two colours are not met with together in the same growth, but the sporangia from each are identical in all charagters. Dianema depressum has, as a rule, a white plasmodium, but oceasionally it is pink. De Bary states. that “union never takes place between plas- modia of different species,” * and my own experience is in accord * De Bary, J.c., p. 426. a 8 INTRODUCTION. with ‘this statement; the cases of hybridism referred to by Mr. Massee in his Monograph * appear to require confirmation. The food of plasmodia is often easy to determine. Those which ’ live among dead leaves spread with veins which are brown from the incorporation of decayed vegetable matter, and when the refuse is discharged they become white or yellow, according to the species, shortly before they form into sporangia. The plasmodium of Badhamia panicea thrives on the inner bark of felled elms, and is difficult to discern on the red-brown substratum owing to the broken fragments of bark with which it is densely charged ; it becomes pure white by the rejection of enclosed matter before fruiting. Occasionally the question of food is somewhat obscure ; for example, the plasmodium of Amuurochete atra rises in cushions from half an inch to two inches in diameter, from the hard and apparently sound wood of Scotch firs; that of Stemonitis splendens may also be found emerging from the sawn sur- face of fir stumps, which show no sign of decay, and covering an area of six to seven square inches. Whatever solid matter these plasmodia may have in- gested has been parted with before leaving the wood, but it appears more probable that their food was absorbed in a state of solution. The yellow plasmodium of SBadhamia Fig. 5.—BADHAMIA UTRIcULARIS Berk. ytricularis is the only one Division of nuclei by karyokinesis in the we are acquainted with which streaming plasmodium. Lae = e From a preparation stained in safranin,and feeds on living fungi and is a eared : capable of being cultivated without limit on Sterewm hirsutum and allied species ; it can be observed under the micro- scope to dissolve fungus hyphz as the hyaline border of a wave of plasmodium advances over them.f The growth of this species is often very rapid; a plasmodium measuring about a square inch in area on a large pileus of Awiicularia mesenterica has been seen to increase during twenty hours so as to cover more than six square inches ; the vigorous flow extended over the meshes between the veins and produced an unbroken surface. The multiplication of nuclei which takes place in such a growth as this, where we may assume, from numerous observa- tions, that they have increased at least sixfold, requires further investigation. That they sometimes divide by karyokinesis is * Mass., Mon., p. 15. + Lister, ‘“ Plasmodium: of Badhamia,” etc., Annals of Botany, vol. ii, 1888, p. 13. ? INTRODUCTION. 9 proved by the case described by me in Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xxix., p. 541. In that instance a plasmodium of B. utri- cularis growing on Auricularia mesenterica partly spread in a network of veins over two large coverslips ; the films were killed with Flemming’s fluid, stained with safranin, and mounted in Canada balsam. In these two preparations the nuclei are seen to be dividing by karyokinegis; the stages represented are the’ nuclear spindle, and where the nuclear plate has divided and the two halves are connected by achromatic fibres. Part of the same plasmodium spread over another coverslip, and was killed and stained with the others. The nuclei in this preparation have the appearance most commonly met with, containing a central nucleolus, and without any indication of karyokinetic division. The main body of the plasmodium continued ‘to creep over the eee for several days after these observations had been made. This experiment affords clear evidence that under certain conditions the nuclei of the actively streaming plasmodium divide by karyokinesis, but what these conditions are re- mains at present unexplained. The process no doubt is a rapid one, occupying about half an hour; but the follow- ing observations confirm the conclusion arrived at from many previous experiments, mye. 6,—Bapnamia vreicutanis Berk. that it is not the only Way Group of nuclei from actively feeding by which the nuclei inorease Wieitians in founest hour chobi tee in number, A further growth irregular size of the nuclei and large nucleoli, of the plasmodium already re- ,, ined in Picro-carmine and mounted ferred to as increasing sixfold in Magnified 1200 times. twenty hours, spread over two pilei of Auricularia in the course of fourteen hours; during this period a portion of the plasmodium was taken every quarter of an hour, and smeared on a thin coverslip and stained. Each of the fifty-five mountings shows the nuclei in the usual vast abundance, implying that their numbers had increased, pari passu, with the growth of the plasmodium, and in none of them is there any appearance of karyokinetic division. From previous observations of the length of time occupied by the karyokinetic process we are satisfied that it could not have escaped detection if it had occurred during those fourteen hours. The multiplication of nuclei which we are bound to assume had taken place must therefore have been produced by some other means. They vary in size from 2°5 to 5, and the great majority contain a single sharply defined and deeply stained nucleolus, which is seen to be connected with the nuclear-wall by delicate threads. 10 INTRODUCTION. In a few instances a large nucleus encloses two nucleoli, and occasionally there are appearances which strongly suggest that simple division of a nucleus is taking place. Some days later, when the plasmodium had ceased to feed, and was collecting together to form into sporangia, stainings showed the nuclei more equal in size, measuring 4 to 5 in diameter. This experiment may be taken to add materially to the negative evidence, to say no more, that under some conditions the increase in the number of the nuclei is produced by simple division. The plasmodium of the exosporous Ceratiomyxa issues from the interior of rotten wood to form cushion-like heaps which rapidly extend into columnar or branching sporophores. As the stream- ing movement common to both divisions of the Mycetozoa is not described by Famintzin and Woronin in their valuable paper on Ceratiomyza before alluded to, the following observations may be given. Rounded cushions of plasmodium were placed on a cover- slip, supported at the margins by wet blotting-paper, and were thus enclosed in a moist chamber. The plasmodium spread in a film over the glass, and here eventually an abundant growth of spores was produced. At the earliest stage that could be ob- served under the microscope the plasmodium was seen to be sharply differentiated into two elements—a hyaline part which ultimately forms the principal constituent of the gelatinous column, and the granular protoplasm containing numerous small nuclei. In the film on the cover-glass the granular substance spread in a network of veins through the hyaline portion. Through these veins the protoplasm streamed in rhythmic flow, first in one direction and then in the other, at the same intervals of time as in the E'ndosporece. The Sclerotiwm.—Superficial plasmodia may pass into the resting stage or sclerotium, and this change may be induced by exposure to dry air. In some cases, however, it occurs when water and apparently food material are present, and the cause for the change is then difficult to discover. When the plasmodium of Badhamia utricularis is dried, the streaming movement gradually ceases, and the granular particles collect in clusters, surrounded by a border of hyaloplasm; the refuse matter is thrown out, and a membranous cyst-wall forms round each cluster of granules, which also includes 10 to 20 nuclei; the cysts become agglomer- ated into thick masses of irregular shape, drying to a horny consistence.* The changes of outline seen in the maturing sclerotia cannot be merely the effect of shrinking from drying, and as under the microscope we frequently observe the cysts along the margin of a forming sclerotium creep among each other with amceboid movement, it is probable that this movement takes place throughout the mass. The sclerotium of this species can be revived after preservation in a dry state for three years, by * Lister, “On Plasmodium of Badhamia and Brefeldia,” Ann, Bot., vol, ij, 1888, p. 13. 7 INTRODUCTION. 1l being placed in water ; that which has been lately formed resumes the streaming condition in a few hours; when of greater age it requires to be kept wet for some days before the movement begins; the cyst-walls are then absorbed, and their contents coalesce. It frequently happens that parts of old sclerotia are incapable of reguscitation, but they afford a pabulum for the newly awakened plasmodium, through whose veins the cysts may be seen to be carried along and broken up. The sclerotium of Didymium effusum is sprinkled over with a deposit of crystals of lime, and after being revived the cyst-walls are not dissolved, as in Badhamia, but remain as empty hyaline sacs when the contents has crept out. The formation of sclerotia in plasmodia inhabiting the interior of rotten wood is less easy to follow, but it is probably of frequent occurrence. A plasmodium of Stemonitis fusca, cultivated from spores in a moist chamber, passed into the resting state a few days after it had formed, spreading in a single layer of crowded cysts on the surface of the glass. This sclerotium was dried and re-wetted, when it revived, and the cyst-walls were dissolved; the cultivation was conducted with pure water, with no attempt to supply nourishment, and the plasmodium returned to the encysted condition in about twenty- four hours ; it was again dried and again revived, but afterwards it reassumed the sclerotium state, from which it could not be reawakened. The Sporangium and Sporophore.—The formation of the sporangium in the Lndosporew has been minutely described by de Bary,* and only a brief notice of the general characters will be sufficient here. ‘The plasmodium concentrates at certain points and developes into sporangia of the various forms which will be found described in the account of each species; they are either simple, though often densely clustered, or they are combined into an ethalium, a cushion-like structure consisting of numerous convoluted or imperfectly-defined sporangia. The simple forms are either symmetrical, with or without a stalk, or. they are unsymmetrical, spreading on the substratum with an irregular outline, when they are called plasmodiocarps. In most cases the shape of the sporangium is nearly constant, while in others it is subject to much variation. Two abundant species, Physarum nutans and Didymium effusum, may be men- tioned as examples of variable habit ; in each of them we often find vein-like plasmodiocarps and symmetrical sporangia both stalked and sessile, resulting from the same plasmodium. It is true of the shape of the sporangium, as it is of the size of the spores and the form and colour of the capillitium, that though a valuable guide, it cannot be taken as supplying a rigid specific character, and the want of a sufficient series of specimens showing how widely a species may vary, has led to the multiplication of names without adequate grounds. *“ De Bary, l.c., p. 424. 12 INTRODUCTION. In examining the rising sporangia of Physarum nutans in a moist chamber under the microscope, the projecting masses 0 plasmodium are seen to pulsate, distending and shrinking as the rhythmic flow advances or retreats, but gradually gaining with the advancing movement.f The basal part of each contracts and forms a stalk consisting of a tube of tougher hyaline substance through which the protoplasm continues to pass until the surrounding veins have emptied their contents into the spherical sporangium. The coarse refuse matter which has not been discharged along the track of the plasmodium, where it often takes the form of a hypothallus connecting the sporangia, is deposited in the centre of the stalk. When the young sporangium has attained its full dimensions, the wall thickens, and a part of the lime granules which abounded in the plasmodium is incorpo- rated in the wall-sub- stance; the remaining part is collected into the lime -knots or vesicular swellings of the hyaline threads of the capilli- tium; these threads branch and anastomose, forming a network which spreads through the spore - plasm from the base of the sporangium to its wall. The forma- tion of spores takes place atc rane ioncee : __ after the capillitium has jon of a young sporangium, . showing the plasmodium separated into foanded aasee been developed in all about groups of nuclei, which are dividing by karyo- i kinesis ; the nuclear division has reached ihe e apindla the Se which ee stage” ; ite etnies Bee seen in profile in all cases but characterised by its pre- one in whic! e equatorial plate is seen from one of ; LUM the poles of the spindle. sence. In D dy me Magnified 1200 times. the lime-granules which can be seen in the plasmodium are dissolved in the sporangium, and the salt in solution passes through the soft sporangium-wall and forms into crystals on the outer surface. The various kinds of capillitium represented in the different genera and species are described in the text. The formation of spores in the Hndo- spore is preceded by the division of the nuclei in: the spore- plasm by karyokinesis. The process was first recorded by Strasburger as occurring in Trichia fallax.* Recent obserya- tions show that this mode of nuclear division takes place in the ‘gporangium only once, and occurs almost simultaneously in a)] the nuclei rather more than an hour before the spores begin to be Fic. 7.—ComatTricua OBTUSATA Preuss, * Botanische Zeitung, May 1884. INTRODUCTION. 13 formed. The chromatin constituents of the nucleus first show a coarser arrangement, which is followed by the “spindle stage,” exhibiting an equatorial plate with achromatic fibres converging at the poles. In Badhamia, Physarum, Craterium, Didymium, Stemonitis, Lamproderma, and Comatricha the plasma at this period breaks up into lobed masses containing six to ten nuclei; the equatorial plate of each nuclear spindle now divides horizontally, and as the two halves draw apart the lobed masses of plasma undergo a further division, until the time when the daughter- nuclei have widely separated. Though still connected by achro- matic fibres, each pair is enclosed in a portion of plasma of the capacity of two spores; these portions become constricted into the ultimate spores, each containing a single nucleus: in a short time the spore wall is acquired, and the active stage of the organism comes to a close. In the genera just mentioned, spore- formation occurs in warm weather about twenty hours after the sporangia have taken form. In Trichia the in- terval is much longer, ex- tendmg from two to four days according to the tem- perature. In this genus and also in Arcyria, Lycogala, and Reticularia Lycoperdon, the spore-plasm is not seen to separate in lobed masses at the time when the nuclear spindle is formed, but the karyokinetic pro- cess is completed and the daughter -nuclei are de- Fic. 8.—CoMATRICHA OBTUSATA Preuss. finitely parted from one From a stained preparation of a young spor- angium, showing the plasmodium separated into another before the plasma masses of two spores’ capacity round the nuclei, breaks up and encloses each ""yignited 1300 tnnos OY Raryokinesis. nucleus in a young spore.* The sporophores of Ceratiomyxa are columnar, or confluent and interlacing. In their early stage the protoplasmic matter spreads throughout the superficial part of the columns, and also in numerous veins traversing the watery gelatinous interior sub- stance. These veins are ultimately withdrawn to the outer layer, which divides into polyhedral portions of equal size, giving an areolated structure to the even periphery ; each portion contains a single nucleus 2°5 » in diameter. The whole sporophore is invested by a thin hyaline layer. The material of this investing layer and the interior gelatinous substance take a bright red colour in preparations stained in picrocarmine, which contrasts with the yellow tint of the protoplasmic matter. The contents of * Nuclear division is observed by taking stainings, at short intervals, of the contents of groups of sporangia which have risen together at one time ; further details are given in Linn. Soc. Jowrn., vol. xxix., p. 529. 14 INTRODUCTION. each areola now rises in a shortly cylindrical projection from the surface of the sporophore, carrying with it a hyaline investment, which becomes constricted at the base of the cylindrical process. This constriction is continued until an elongated membranous stalk is formed, bearing at its apex a globule containing the protoplasmic matter with its nucleus. The contents’ of the globule develops in the course of a few hours into the ellipsoid spore; this is enclosed in a membranous wall, and is easily detached from the stalk, The gelatinous sporophore dries to a membrane of the frailest structure, and disappears with the first shower of rain. The process by which the eight swarm-cells derive their nuclei from the single nucleus of the areolar space of the sporophore hag not been followed; but, judging from analogy, we conclude that a succession of divisions took place from the original nucleus. It appears uncertain how far the changes met with in the sporo- phores of Ceratiomyxa have an exact parallel in what is seen in the development of the sporangia of the Endosporee. Taking the sporophore as representing the sporangium, we have in both cases a structure developing from the plasmodium and consisting of supporting elements and spore-plasm. In all the Hndosporew, so far as has been observed, the nuclei divide by karyokinesis shortly before the spores are formed, and this division is accompanied in many instances, as before mentioned, by the lobing of spore-plasm into masses of two spores’ capacity round the dividing nucleus. If the stalked bodies formed on the surface of the sporophore corre- spond with the spores of the Endosporec, we should expect a previous karyokinetic division of nuclei to have taken place; a process which has hitherto, however, escaped detection in stained pre- parations. Weshould then view the division of the spore-contents of Ceratiomyzxa into eight swarm-cells, as corresponding with a series of multiplications of a swarm-cell of the Zndosporece with arrested cell-division. But the whole process requires further careful investigation, and, with the facts already in our possession, there are two other hypotheses which may be suggested as possible. The areole of the sporophore may represent the masses of two spores’ capacity present round the dividing nucleus in many of the Endosporee ; but in this case the masses become encysted and stalked, nuclear division is deferred until the cysts are fully formed, and it is not until these have been placed in water that the cyst-wall is thrown off and the contents divided into eight naked spores. A third and widely different view takes what have commonly been regarded as equivalent to spores in Ceratiomyxa as representing stalked sporangia, arising in great numbers and regularity from the surface of the gelatinous body, which corre- sponds to a branched and complex hypothallus. Each sporangium, which at first contains a single nucleus, on being placed in water’ throws off its sporangium-wall and divides into eight naked spores, Should either of the two latter views prove to be the true one the definition of the Mycetozoa would require to be modified, for the rhythmic streaming of its plasmodium and the character of its ‘ x INTRODUCTION. 15 swarm-cells show that Ceratiomyxa belongs in essential points to the Mycetozoa, but with modifications in the intermediate stages of development. As has been stated before, many species of the Mycetozoa are associated with numerous varieties, using the word species as a name given ‘for the convenience of classification to a form possessing definite and permanent characters which distinctly separate it from any other; and the word variety to such as are linked with the type by a close series of connecting forms, and although more or less stable, do not possess such distinctive characters as would render it expediént or helpful to mark them with specific rank. The geographical distribution of most of the species is very wide, and the main characters are remarkably constant in specimens gathered in all parts of the world. Specimens of Hemitrichia clavata, H. Serpulu, Dictydiwm umbi- licatum, and Trichia fallax, obtained from Europe, India, and North and South America, are identical to the most minute micro- scopic detail; and numerous other equally stable forms might be cited. On the other hand, the American and tropical species of the genus Crébraria are more elegant in form than individuals of the same species here and on the Continent, and most of them show a tendency, in the great regularity of their structure, towards the type of C. intricata, a striking and well-marked species which is abundant in those regions, but rare in our less brilliant atmo- sphere. The genus is largely represented in America, and inter- mediate forms between the recognised species are frequent ; some of these are described by Dr. Rex in letters to me as being constant in gatherings from several States, but they are so closely allied to established types that he hesitates to give them separate specific names. The more elegant growth in the American species is not confined to the genus Cribraria, but is of general .occurrence; and it is probable that the slight modification of the prevailing type is due to the influence of climate. This is what might be looked for when we consider the effects which changes of weather produce in the develop- ment of sporangia in this country. On old decaying stumps which can be kept under observation for several years, we may have growths of -T'richia uffinis, which year after year present the same typical characters, only differing in the elaters in one season being slightly thicker than those in another. When cold weather sets in while the plasmodium is rising, the arrangement of the spiral bands is so abnormal as to suggest a marked variety, but with a return of milder weather the original form reappears, leaving no doubt that all have been derived from a common parentage. Developments of Trichia persimilis of the typical form have been followed after a few nights’ frost by a growth in which the short and nearly smooth elaters closely resemble those of Oligonema nitens, though the spores and the shape of the sporangia retain the normal character. 7’. scabra 16 INTRODUCTION, may exhibit a Hemitrichia-like capillitium ; and a specimen of Hemitrichia Serpula from New Zealand, which has the appearance of having been affected by weather at the time of development, has a part of the capillitium consisting of short fusiform elaters. In some extensive gatherings of Trichia affinis which have matured in hot, dry weather, the elaters are so reduced in size as scarcely to exceed the diameter of a spore in length, though the sporangia are perfectly normal in form, and the spores are marked with the typical sculpture. In Stemonitis, Lamproderma, Proto- trichia, and other genera, great variations are caused by changes of temperature ; but in none of these cases which have come under my observation is there any indication of a transition from one species to another. An interesting account is given by Dr. Rex of a remarkable and abnormal development of Stemonitis splendens, referred to under the description of that species in this work, where, through successive generations, a gradual return took place to the normal type. In this instance other causes than change of temperature must have taken part. Although the search for specimens of the Mycetozoa has been comparatively limited, owing, no doubt, to the small size of the objects, yet in consequence of the persistent nature of the sporangia, we possess, in the different herbaria, specimens representing the gatherings from many countries during more than half a century, and some of them dating back to nearly a hundred years. Where they have escaped rough treatment, they completely retain their specific characters. In reviewing these specimens one is struck with the completeness of the group and the general stability of the species; and when we consider their cosmopolitan distribution, owing, we may conclude, to the long-continued vitality and minuteness of the spores, it may be doubted whether any hitherto unsearched region will add very largely to the number of species with which we are already acquainted. It is their life history which is at present imperfectly known, and it is in this direction that the important work of the future must lie. The affinities of the Mycetozoa have been dealt with by de Bary and Zopf in the works before referred to. It had been suggested that they were allied to the fungi through the Chytridee, which do not always form a myce- lium, and in which the entire vegetative body is finally trans- formed into a many-spored sporangium, the vegetative body and spores having the power of amoeboid movement for a longer or shorter time. De Bary, however, mentions among other points of difference that the Chytridee do not form a plas- modium by the coalescence of swarm-cells, “and there is there- fore no ground for assuming their direct relationship with the Mycetozoa.” * The position of the Acrasiece in which the swarm-cells exhibit * De Bary, Le., p. 445. INTRODUCTION. 17 amoeboid movements, but do not produce a flagellum, and aggregate without coalescing into a true plasmodium, has already been referred to (p. 1). The view held by de Bary that the Mycetozoa are more closely associated with the Protozoa is supported by a comparison with the pelagic Protomyxa of Haeckel, which is stated to develop a plasmodium by the coalescence of swarm- spores, and differs from the Mycetozoa chiefly in the absence of a firm spore membrane;* also by comparison with Bursulla, which, according to Sorokin, forms a true plasmodium and minute sporangia on horse dung ; the spores do not become invested with a firm membrane, and escape from the swollen apex of the sporangium in the form of swarm-cells, without cilia, but capable of amceboid movement.t Zopf extends the Mycetozoa so as:.to embrace the Monadinew of Cienkowski, but de Bary maintains that whatever may be the points of agreement between the Monadinee and the Mycetozoa they are not such as to warrant their being classed with the latter division as defined by himself.¢ Lankester accepts the group as defined by de Bary, and places them in his grade Gymnomyxa of Protozoa; he suggests their affinity with the Sporozoa.§ The ingestion of bacteria by the swarm-cells appears to strengthen the view that the group is more nearly associated ‘with the lower forms of animal than of vegetable life, and the name of Mycetozoa appears to mark its true position in the borderland between the two kingdoms. For a more complete discussion of this subject I must refer to those who have paid special attention to the allied groups. In preparing this catalogue of the collection of Mycetozoa in the British Museum, the arrangement of orders and genera given by ‘Rostafinski in his Monograph || has been mainly followed, with such alterations as observations made during recent years have rendered necessary. De Bary made the group the subject of minute and thorough investigation; {f and Rostafinski, while studying under him at Strassburg, devised a system of classification which is clear and comprehensive, and is now generally accepted. The division by Rostafinski of the main section Hndosporece into two parts, distinguished by the colour of the spores, has been objected to as being artificial and wanting in universal applica- tion, but the cases in which species offer difficulty with regard to their position under this scheme are few, and on the whole the organisms range themselves under the separate heads in a re- markably natural manner, while for determining the species the plan is simple and convenient. * De Bary, Lc., p. 449. Ibid., p. 446. Tbid., p. 448. § Zoological Articles, 1891, pp. 11, 26. || Sluazowce (Mycetozoa) Monographia (Paris: 1875). {J Comp. Morph. and Biol. Fungi, Mycetozoa, etc.,‘p. 421. ; 2 18 INTRODUCTION. In this catalogue the descriptions of the different -species give in the text are taken from specimens I have personally examine¢ a list is appended at the end of each genus of such as are not repr sented in the collections to which I have had access, and in the. cases the definitions are copied from the books in which they 2: described. Iam far from supposing that my work is free fro inaccuracy, but every species of which I have given the characte can be examined, either in bulk or as a mounted object, in tl British Museum collection. The specimens I have supplied supplement the collection are indicated in the following pag under each species by the letters L:B.M. The rules which govern the nomenclature of species, laid dov by Alph. de Candolle, “ Laws of Botanical Nomenclature” (186€ and adopted by botanists, require that the first authentic specii name published under the genus in which the species now stan shall take precedence of all others. Compliance with this directi has occasioned considerable alteration of the names given Rostafinski’s Monograph, in which work a severe attention this important principle has not been observed. I am great indebted to Mr. Carruthers, who, in addition to other valuak assistance, has traced the history of each species in the volum of the British Museum Library, and made the necessary correctioz I offer my grateful acknowledgments to those through whc courtesy I have been enabled to study the various herbariu specimens that have come under my notice; to the Director the Royal Gardens at Kew for giving me special facilities f investigating the collection under his care, which includ Berkeley's precious series, containing a great number of origin types from India, New Zealand, and America that suppli Rostafinski with a large part of the material introduced in the Appendix to his Monograph. These types are to a lar, extent’ duplicated in Broome’s and Ravenel’s collections in t. British Museum. To Professor Bayley Balfour I return n thanks for much friendly assistance and for the opportunity inspecting the specimens in the Royal Herbarium at Edinburg including Greville’s collection and an almost complete set type examples supplied by the late Professor de Bary; to Profess van Tieghem for the inspection of the collection of the Pai Museum ; to Professor A. Blytt for an opportunity of examini the most important types in the Museum at Christiania; Dr. Boerlage for giving me access to the Leyden collections 7 8 especially to Graf zu Solms-Laubach for the privilege afforded 1 of inspecting de Bary’s invaluable collection at Strassburg, co taining a large proportion of the type specimens referred to - Rostafinski in his original Monograph; to Dr. Rex, of Phi delphia, for a nearly complete series of the species found in + United States of America, now represented in the British Museu collection, and for the communication of his views on a group which he has devoted many years of careful research. J am al grateful to my friend Professor Farlow for many valuable sper INTRODUCTION. 19 mens and useful suggestions; and to Professor Macbride, of Iowa, and Mr. Morgan, of Ohio, for a fine series of the Mycetozoa from their respective districts; also to Dr. Haviland for specimens of great interest from Borneo. Mr. Camm, of Smethwick, and Mr. Saunders, of Luton, have supplied me with many scarce British species ; and to Mr. Phillips and Mr. Massee I am obliged for kindly entrusting me with their collections for examination. The Plates in this work are collotype reproductions of water- colour drawings made under the camera-lucida and reduced to half the originals; the descriptions of the spore sculpture in the text must therefore be understood as giving the appearance when magnified 1200 diam., Zeiss ;},th obj. I have further to mention that throughout my studies of the Mycetozoa, and in the preparation of the drawings illustrating this work, I have had the assistance of my daughter, Gulielma Lister. SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS AND ILIST OF THE GENERA OF THE MYCETOZOA. Subclass 1—EXOSPOREAX. Spores developed outside the sporophores. (P. 25.) ; Order J, — Crratiomyxacez. Sporophores membranous,’ branched ; spores white, borne singly on filiform stalks arising from the areolated sporophore (P. 25.) Genus 1. Ceratiomyxa Schroeter. (P. 25.) Subclass IIL—ENDOSPOREZE. Spores developed inside the sporangium. (P. 26.) Cohort I—AMAUROSPORALES. Spores violet, or violet- brown, except in Stemonitis and Comatricha, in a few species of which they are pale ferruginous. (P. 26.) Subcohort I1—CALCARINEZ. Sporangia provided with lime (calcium carbonate). (P. 26.) Order I.—Puysaracez. Lime in minute innate granules. (P. 26.) Genus 2. Badhamia Berk. (P. 29.) 3. Physarum Pers. (P. 37.) 4, Fuligo Haller. (P. 65.) 5. Cienkowskia Rost. (P. 68.) 6. Physarella Peck. (P. 68.) 7. Crateriwm Trent. (P. 69.) 8. Leocarpus Link. (P. 75.) 9. Chondrioderma Rost. (P. 75.) 10. Trichamphora Jungh. (P. 89.) 11. Diachea Fries. (P. 90.) Order II.—Dipymtacez. Lime in crystals, (P. 93.) Genus 12. Didymium Schrad. (P. 93.) 13. Spumaria Pers. (P. 104.) 14. Lepidoderma de Bary. (P. 105.) Subcohort I].—AMAUROCHATINEZ. Sporangia without lime. (P. 108.) Order I.—Sremonrracez. Sporangia simple. (P. 108.) Genus 15. Stemonitis Gled. (P. 109.) 16. Comatricha Preuss. (P. 116.) 17. Enerthenema Bowm. (P. 124.) 18. Lamproderma Rost. (P. 125.) 19. Clastoderma Blytt. (P. 132.) 22 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS AND Order II.—AmavurocH&TAcExZ. Sporangia combined into an ethalium. (P. 134.) Genus 20. Amaurochate Rost. (P. 134.) 21. Brefeldia Rost. (P. 135.) Cohort. II.—LAMPROSPORALES. Spores variously coloured, never violet, (P. 136.) Subcohort L—AVEMINEZ. Capillitium wanting, or not forming a system of uniform threads. (P. 136.) Order I.—HrrTERopERMAcEz. Sporangium-wall membranous, beset with microscopic, round granules, and (except in Lindbladia) forming a net in the upper part. (P. 136.) Genus 22. Lindbladia Fries. (P. 187.) 23. Cribraria Pers. (P. 138.) 24, Dictydiwm Schrad. (P. 148.) Order IJ.—Liczaczem. Sporangium-wall cartilaginous ; spor- angia solitary. (P. 149.) Genus 25. Licea Schrad. (P. 150.) 26. Orcadella Wing. (P. 152.) Order III.—Tusvuiinacez. Sporangium-wall membranous, without granular deposits ; sporangia tubular, compacted. (P. 152.) Genus 27. Tubulina Pers. (P. 153.) 28. Stphoptychium Rost. (P. 155.) 29. Alwisia Berk. & Br. (P. 155.) Order IV.—Reticunariaces. Sporangia combined into an zthalium, the sporangium-wall incomplete, perforated or forming. a spurious capillitium. (P. 156.) . Genus 30. Dictydicethalium Rost. (P. 157.) 31. Enteridium Ehrenb. (P. 158.) 32. Reticularta Bull. (P. 160.) Subcohort Il—CALOVEMINEZ. Capillitium present, a system of uniform threads. (P. 161.) Order I.—Tricutaces. Capillitium consisting of free elaters, or combined into an elastic network with thickenings in the form of spirals or complete rings. (P. 161.) Genus 33. Trichia Haller. (P. 163.) 34. Oligonema Rost. (P. 173.) 35. Hemitrichia Rost. (P. 174.) 36. Cornuvia Rost. (P. 181.) Order II.—Arcyriacez, Capillitium combined into an elastic network with thickenings in the form of cogs, half rings, spines, LIST OF THE GENERA OF THE MYCETOZOA. 23 or warts (scanty and often reduced to free threads in Perichena corticalis). (P. 182.) Genus 37. Arcyria Hill. ,(P. 183.) 38. Lachnobolus Fries. (P. 194.) 39. Perichena Fries. (P. 195.) Order III.—Mareanriraces. ~ Capillitium not consisting of free elaters, nor combined into an elastic network. (P. 202.) Genus 40. Margarita Lister. (P. 202.) 41. Dianema Rex. (P. 204.) 42. Prototrichia Rost. (P. 206.) Order IV.—Lycocatacrez#. Sporangia forming an ethalium, capillitium consisting of smooth or wrinkled branching colourless tubes. (P. 207.) Genus 43. Lycogala Mich. (P. 207.) MYCETOZOA de Bary. Subclass I.—EXOSPOREZA. Spores developed outside the sporophores, Order J. — CERATIOMYXACEZ. Sporophores membranous, branched ; spores white, borne singly on filiform stalks rising from the areolated sporophore. Genus 1.—CERATIOMYXA Schroeter, in Engl. and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., i., 1, p. 16 (1889). Sporophores consisting of membranous processes, either simple branches from a common base, or forked, or forming a network. The periphery is mapped out into polyhedral areole, from the centre of each of which arises a slender stalk bearing a single ellipsoid colour- less spore.—Ceratium Alb. & Schw., Consp.* 23%, x 52 Fung., p. 358 (1805) non Schrank (1793). fH gt arp Fig. 9.—Ceratiomyxa mucida Schroet. a. Clusters of sporophores, Twice natural size. b. Sporophore. Magnified 40 times. 5 e. Four areola of mature sporophore: one spore i 259 still attached to its stalk, and another free. “= Magnified 480 times. Fig. 9. 1. C. mucida Schroet., lc. Plasmodium colourless. Sporo- phores white or pinkish-yellow, membranous, either rising from a common hypothallus in a tuft of simple or forked, fasciculate obtuse branches, 1 mm. or more high, ‘07 mm. thick, or more or less interwoven in broad perforated bands, from which arise irregular and anastomosing lobes; the membranous wall is divided, chiefly on the upper part of the sporophore, into somewhat hexagonal areolz about 10 » broad; a membranous stalk bearing the spore arises from the centre of each areola. Spores white smooth ovoid, 10 x 6 to 13 x 7 u.—Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii., p. 114. Jsaria mucida Pers., in Romer, N. Mag. Bot., i, p. 121 (1794). Ceratiwm hydnoides Alb. & Schw., Consp. Fung., p. 358. Fr., Syst. Myc. iii, p. 294; Fam. & Wor., in Mem. Acad. Imp. Petersh. (1873), Ser. 7, xx., p. 4; Zopf, Pilzthiere, pp. 64, 174; de Bary, Comp. Morph. Fungi (1887), p. 432; Eng. Fl, v., p- 329; Cooke, Brit. Fungi, ii, p. 550. Ceratium pyat- datum Alb. & Schw., i.c., p. 359. Ceratiwm arbuscula Berk. & Br., in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv., p. 97. 26 EXOSPOREE. [CHRATIOMYXA. The sporophores are subject to much variation in form, and may all be either white or pinkish-yellow. o. genuina: branches of sporophores short, free. B. flexuosa: sporophores consisting of a loose flexuose system of slender white threads, profusely branching but not anastomosing, and averaging about ‘02 mm. in diameter, increasing to 0°5 mm. at the base, the ultimate branchlets somewhat clavate. In other characters this corresponds with the type.—Ceratium filiforme Berk. & Br., in Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv., p. 97. y. porioides: differs from the type only in the dense arrangement of the sporophores. As intermediate forms occur which unite it with the type, I cannot consider ‘it specifically distinct. Super- ficially it suggests the appearance of Polyporus vulgaris, though much more minute.—Ceratium porioides Alb.& Schw.,Consp. Fung., p. 359; Fr., Syst. Myc., iii., p. 295; Fam. & Wor., in Mem. Acad. Imp. Petersb., Ser. 7, xx., p. 5; Zopf, Pilzthiere, pp. 64, 174. Plate I., A—Fig. w. var. genuina: sporophores, x 20 (England) ; bd. spores of the same, x 600; ¢. sporophores of a form approaching var. porioides, x 20 (England) ; d@. var. flewuosa : sporophores, x 20 (Borneo); e. clavate end of sporophore of the same (all the spores but one have fallen from their stalks), x 280. Hab. Plasmodium in rotten wood, fruiting on the outside.—a. Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.1) ; Iowa (L :B.M.1). a. and 8. Borneo (L:B.M.1). y. Carlsruhe (Strassb. Herb.) ; Upsala (L:B.M.1) ; Iowa (B.M. 1025). Subclass IL—ENDOSPOREA. Spores developed within the sporangia. Cohort L—AMAUROSPORALES. Capillitium always present. Spores violet or violet-brown, but pale ferruginous in a few species of Stemonitis and Comatricha. Subcohort I—CALCARINE &. Deposits of lime in minute granules, innate in the sporangium-wall or compacted in the knots of the capillitium or in the stalk, or in crystals over the sporangium-wall. Order eS Deposits of lime in minute granules, more or less aggregated, not in crystals (except partially i Chondrioderma Trevelyani), innate ae Epes ae in vesicular expansions of the capillitium (= lime knots), except in Chondrioderma and Trichamphora, where there are no lime knots, and in Diachea, in which the lime is confined to the stalk and columella, Sporangia simple except in Puligo, where the are combined into an ethalium. PHYSARACES. 27 KEY TO THE GENERA OF PHYSARACEZ. A. Capillitium a coarse network charged with lime throughout. (2) BapHamia. Fig. 10.—Badhamia utricularis Berk. a. Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 3} times. 6, Fragment of capillitium and _ spore-cluster. Magnified 140 times. B, Capillitium a delicate network of threads with vesicular ex- pansions filled with lime-granules (= lime-knots). A. Sporangia combined into a convolute zthalium. (4) Futico. Fig. 11.—Fuligo septica Gmel. a, Athalium. One-third natural size. 6, Capillitium threads with lime-knots and two spores. Magnified 120 times. B. Sporangia single, scattered or aggregated. a. Sporangium-wall membranous, with innate lime- granules either in clusters or compacted and chalky. Sporangia subglobose or plasmodiocarps. (3) Prysarum. Fig. 12.—Physarum nutans Pers. a. Two sporangia. Magnified 9 times. d, Capillitium threads, with lime-knots, attached to a fragment of the sporangium-wall. Magnified 110 times. 28 ENDOSPORE. Sporangia tubular, stalked. (6) PHysaRELLA. Fig. 13.—Physarella mirabilis Peck. T sporangia, one perfect, the other dehiscing in erate bes from the "funnel-shaped columella. Magnified 64 times, Fig. 13. b. Sporangium-wall cartilaginous throughout or at the base. Sporangia plasmodiocarps, capillitium with free hooked branches, (5) CrENKowsE1A. Fig. 14.—Cienhowshkia reticulata Rost. a. Part of branching plasmodiocarp. Magnified 4 times. 6. Capillitium threads and part of a perforated linee-plate. Magnified 140 times. « Sporangia goblet-shaped with a lid of thinner sub- stance, or subglobose and rugose. (7) CrarTErium. - Fig. 15.—Craterium vulgare Ditm. a. Two sporangia ; in one the lid has fallen away. Magnified 10 times. b. Capillitium with lime-knots and two spores. Magnified 110 times. _ Sporangia ovoid, shining asif varnished. (8) Lzocarrus. Fig. 16.—Leocanpus vernicosus Link, a. Cluster of sporangia. Magnified 23 times. d. Hyaline threads and branching lime-knot of ths capillitium, with two spores. Magnified 120 times. ’ BADHAMIA. | PHYSARACER. 29 C. Capillitium without lime-knots. Sporangium-wall of two layers more or less com- bined. (9) CuonpRiopERMA. Fig. 17.— Chondrioderma testacewm Rost. a. Group of three sporangia ; in the upper one the double wall is broken away in part and the columella exposed. Magnified 9 times. 6. Portion of the outer and inner layers of the sporangium-wall ; to the latter the capillitium threads are attached : three spores. Magnified 170 times. Hig; 17. Sporangium-wall of one layer, fragile; sporangia saucer-shaped. (10) TricwampHora. Fig. 18.—Trichamphora pezizoidea Jungh. a. Group of sporangia. Magnified 5} times. b. Capillitium with two spores. Magnified 140 times. D. Lime confined to the stalk and columella, sporangium-wall membranous. (11) Drachma. Fig. 19.—Diachea elegans Fries. Two sporangia, the one entire, the other deprived of the spores and showing capillitium and colu- mella. Magnified 22 times. Genus 2.—BADHAMIA Berkeley, in Trans. Linn. Soc.,xxi., p.153 (1852). Sporangia stalked, sessile, or plasmodiocarps; sporangium- wall single, with innate lime-granules sparsely distributed, densely clustered, or forming a thick deposit; columella present or wanting ; capillitium consisting of a coarse network charged with granules of lime (in B. punicea, B. decipiens, and B. nitens some- times constricted here and there into narrow hyaline threads) ; spores clustered or free, warted, reticulated, or nearly smooth. . 30 ENDOSPORE. [BADHAMIA. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BADHAMTA. A. Spores clustered :— a, Spores warted on one side chiefly— Lime in sporangium and capillitium white. 1. B. hyalina Lime in sporangium and capillitium yellow. 3. B. nitens b. Spores warted equally all over. 2. B. utricularis B. Spores not clustered :— - a. Sporangia yellow or orange. 4, B. decipiens 6. Sporangia white or grey— Sporangia on long membranous stalks, spores nearly smooth, black. 5. B. magna Sporangia sessile or with firm stalks, spores minutely and closely spinulose, dark, purple-brown. 6. B. macrocarpa Sporangia always sessile, spores violet-brown, nearly smooth. 7. B. panicea c. Sporangia flesh-coloured or rufous— Sporangia sessile, without a true columella. 8. B. lilacina Sporangia stalked ; stalk continued into the spor- angium as a columella. 9. B. rubiginosa 1. B. hyalina Berk., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi., p. 153 (1852). Plasmodium chrome-yellow. Sporangia globose or pyriform, sessile or stipitate, 0°7 to 15 mm. diam., greyish-white, pure white after dispersion of the spores; sporangium-wall hyaline, with lime- granules sparsely distributed. Stalk usually short or wanting, cylindrical or membranous, straw-coloured or dark. Capillitium a network of flat bands with broad, thin expansions at the angles ; lime-granules evenly but not densely distributed throughout. Spores dark purple-brown, adhering in clusters of 8 to 20, coarsely warted on the outer third, minutely spinulose on the rest of the surface, 11 to 13 » diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 139, fig. 113; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 25; Blytt, Bidr. K. Norg., Sop. iii., p. 4 (1892). Physarum hyalinum Pers., in Romer, N. Mag. Bot., i, p. 88 (1794). Badhamia capsulifera Berk., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi., p. 153 ; Rost., Mon., p. 141. B. varia Mass., Mon., p. 319 (in part). a. genuina: stalk pale, membranous, or almost wanting; spores in clusters of 10 to 20. B. papaveracea: stalk short, dark; spores in dense clusters of 6 to 10.—Badhamia papaveracea Berk. & Rav., in Grev., ii, p. 66; Rost., Mon., App., p. 3; Mass., Mon., p. 323 (in part), , BADHAMIA. | PHYSARACES. 31 Plate I, B.—a. and b. var. genuina; sporangia, x 20 (England); c. capillitium ; d. cluster of spores of the same, x 280. ¢. spore, warted on the outer side, x 600; 7. spore almost uniformly spinulose, x 600; g. Var. papaveracea; sporangium, x 20 (New Jersey). “A. cluster of Spores of the same, x 280. This species forms small plasmodia ; it is subject to much variation in the size of the sporangia and in the character of the stalk and spores. In some gatherings the spores are fuliginous and not so dark as the type, loosely adhering and scarcely rougher on one side, not exceeding 10 toll, diam.; all intermediate forms occur. B. papaveracea Berk. & Rav. is an American form differing from the European chiefly in the stalk being usually dark, rigid, even, and filled with refuse matter, and in the spores being in clusters of seldom more than 6 to 10; these characters are not constant, as is shown in specimens B. M. 996, and do not appear to constitute a specific distinction. B. capsulifera Berk. is described as having the sporangia somewhat obovate, and the type at Strassburg, referred to in Rostafinski’s Monograph, has this form, but the spores are in large clusters, warted on the outer surface, like those of B. hyalina ; we not infrequently meet with both globose and pyriform sporangia intermixed ; the shape of the sporangium therefore cannot be accepted as distinctive, and B. capsulifera must be included under B. hyalina. . Hab. On fir logs, etc., the plasmodium growing in the substance of the logs and spreading between the bark and wood.—a. Batheaston, Somerset (B. M. 36); Bristol (B. M. 79); Leighton, Beds. (L:B.M 2.); Luton, Beds. (L:B.M.2); Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.2) ; France (Paris Herb.) ; Germany (Strassb. Herb.). 8. Pennsylvania (B. M. 9968); 8. Carolina (B. M. 996a) ; Massachusetts (L:B.M.2). —, 2. B. utricularis Berk., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi., p. 153 (1852). Plasmodium chrome-yellow, extensively creeping. Sporangia ovoid subglobose or confluent and lobed, 0°5 to 1 mm. diam., clustered ; cinereous, or iridescent violet, often marked with the white attachments of the capillitium, sessile or on membranous, straw-coloured branching stalks; sporangium-wall hyaline with sparsely distributed minute granules of lime. Capillitium as in B. hyalina. Spores bright brown or violet-brown, usually adhering in loose clusters of 7 to 10; spinulose 9 to 12 « diam.— Rost., Mon., p. 142, figs. 110-112; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 26. Spherocarpus utricularis Bull. Champ., Div. Il, p. 128 (1791). Badhamia varia Mass., Mon., p. 319 (in part). Plate II., A.—a. cluster of sporangia, x 20 (England); 8. capillitium, x 280; ¢. cluster of spores, x 280; d. spore, x 600. This species differs from B. hyalina in habitat, in having large plasmodia commonly producing some thousands of sporangia, and in the spores being brighter in colour, with coarser and less crowded. spines, without the cluster of warts on one side, In cultivations carried on continuously for more than six years, the four varieties described in Rostafinski’s Monograph have presented themselves. The capillitium varied both in form and in the amount of lime it contained ; in some the threads were broad with wide expansions at the angles, in others they were narrow and but little widened at the angles ; in some the lime was abundant, in others only a few scattered granules could be found. The agglutination of the spores was seen to vary in different 32 ENDOSPORE. [BADHAMIA. hough all were cultivated from one original gathering of cee Bak they were never free as in B. macrocarpa. In some specimens in the Strassburg collection the spores show but slight indication of clustering, in others this character is well marked. Hab. Plasmodium extensively creeping over the bark of fallen trees, logs, etc., feeding on effused fungi, especially Stereum hirsutum and Polyporus versicolor.—Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 103) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.3); Glamis, Forfarshire (B. M. 149); France (Paris Herb.) ; Germany (Strassb. Herb.); Italy (K. 165); Massachusetts (L:B.M.3). 3. B. nitens Berk., in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi., p. 153 (1852). Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia sessile, subglobose, gregarious or clustered, or elongated plasmodiocarps about 1 mm. diam. ; golden yellow, rugose, or greenish with yellow warts and ridges; sporangium-wall membranous with innate clusters of yellow lime-granules. Columella none. Capillitium yellow or orange, a coarse network of rugged bands, rarely contracted to form short hyaline threads connecting branched lime-knots ; deposits of lime usually dense, sometimes sparse. Spores purple-brown, in close clusters of 6 to 10, minutely spinulose, coarsely warted on the outer third, sometimes nearly free and scarcely warted on one side, 10 to 13 » diam.—Rost., Mon., App., p.3; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p- 81; Mass., Mon., p. 324. B. pallida Berk., in Trans, Linn. Soc., xxi., p. 153. B. inaurata Currey, in Trans. Linn. Soc., xxiv., p. 156. B. papaveracea Mass., Mon., p. 323 (in part). Plate IIL, A.—a. group of sporangia, x 20; b. capillitium’ with attach- ments to the sporangium-wall, x 280; v. cluster of spores, x 280; d. spore, x 600. Examination of the type specimens of B. nitens and B. pallida of Berkeley, from the Rev. C. Badham (Kew 1218, 1235), and of B. inaurata Currey (B. M. 151), shows that they are all the same species with yellow sporangium-wall and closely clustered spores coarsely warted on one side. Hab. In the substance of rotten wood, creeping on moss, etc. Hitherto found only in England.i—Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.4); Luton, Beds. (L:B.M.4) ; East Bergholt, Essex (K. 1235, 1241); Cray Common, Kent (B. M. 151). 4, B. decipiens Berk., in Grev. ii. (1873), p. 66. Plasmodium ? Sporangia branching or vermiform plasmodiocarps, occasionally subglobose, 0°3 to 0-4 mm. diam., sessile, gregarious, rugose or nearly smooth, lemon- yellow or orange; sporangium-wall membranous with innate clusters of yellow lime-granules. Columella none, Capillitium yellow or pale orange, a coarse network densely charged throughout with lime-granules, or formed of large angular and branching lime-knots with few connecting hyaline threads. Spores violet-brown, spinulose, 10 to 13 p diam.—Physarum decipiens Ourt., in Am. Journ, Sc., vi. (1848), p. 352. P. chrysotrichum Berk. & Curt., in Grev., ii, (1873), p. 66. Badhamia chrysotricha Rost., Mon., App., p. 4. Didymium reticulatum Berk. & Br., in Herb. Berk. Lepidoderma BADHAMIA. | PHYSARACEA. 33 reticulatum Mass., Mon., p. 252. Badhamia Alewandrowiczii Rost., Mon., p. 146; Mass, Mon., p. 324. Physarum gyrosum Mass., Mon., p. 307 (in part). Plate III, B.—a, plasmodiocarp, x 20 (New York); 3d. capillitium, x 280; e. spore of the same, x 600; d. plasmodiocarps, x 20 (S, Caro- lina . type of Curtis in Strassb. Herb.) ; ¢. capillitium, x 280; f. spores of the same, x 600; g. plasmodiocarp, x 20 (Poland: type of B. Alexan- drowiczit Rost. in Strassb. Herb.); h. capillitium, x 280; 7. spore of the same, x 600. An authentic specimen from Curtis (B. M. 994) has too little left for identification, yet some spores and a fragment of sporangium which were scraped off were identical with a good typical specimen in Strassb. Herb., sent by Prof. Farlow from Curtis’s original gathering. In the type specimens of both Badhamia Alexandrowiczii Rost. and Didymium reticulatum Berk. & Br. (B. M. 574), the sporangia are slender,rugose, yellow plasmodiocarps, having Badhamia-like capillitium with few hyaline threads, the spores 10 to 12 » diam. ; they closely resemble the common North American form which appears in the Schweinitzian collection under the name of Cienkowskia reticulata Rost. In these American specimens the capillitium has large, branching, pale-yellow lime-knots sparingly connected by hyaline threads. Spores 9 to 11 » diam. Badhamia chrysotricha Rost. differs from the last only in the more completely Badhamia-like capillitinm and the rather larger spores, measuring 11 to 13 p. Hab. The original specimen was found on the trunk of a living oak. It is found also on dead wood, moss, etc.—Poland (Strassb. Herb. and L:B.M.5 slide); Ceylon (B. M. 574) ; Pennsylvania (L:B.M.5) ; S. Carolina (B. M. 994). 5. B. magna Peck, in Rep. New York Mus., xxxi., p. 57 (1879). Plasmodium? Sporangia globose, 1 mm. diam., violet-grey, the surface wrinkled, iridescent, clustered on long membranous yellowish slender branching stalks, 4 mm. long or more; sporangium-wall with scanty deposits of lime. Columella none. Capillitium as in B. hyalina Berk. Spores purplish-black, darker and minutely spinulose on one side, almost smooth, not clustered, 9 to 10 p diam.—B. varia Mass., Mon., p. 319 (in part). Plate it, B.—a. sporangia, x 20 (Vermont: Peck’s type); 0. spores, x 600. This species has been recorded only from America, and is represented in the collection by a mounting from Peck’s type ; it is nearly allied to B. hyalina Berk. Hab. On dead wood.—Philadelphia (L:B.M.6). 6. B. macrocarpa Rost., Mon., p. 143, figs. 118, 120, 121 (1875). Plasmodium? Sporangia sessile, subglobose, aggregated, or stipitate, gregarious, 0:5 to 1 mm. _diam., white, rugose ; sporangium-wall membranous, varying in the amount of innate lime-deposits. Stalk when present erect, about 0-7 mm. long, 0-1 mm. diam., thicker above and below, furrowed, yellowish- 3 34 ENDOSPORES. [BADHAMIA. brown. Capillitium white, an irregular network formed of ae branching lime-knots, with narrower connecting strands, charge throughout with granules of lime. Spores dark purple-brown, minutely and closely spinulose all over, not clustered, 11 to 15 p diam.—Mass., Mon., p. 317. Physarum macrocanpon Ces., in Rabenh. Fungi Eur., 1968 (1854); in Flora (1855), p. 271. Bad- hamia orbiculata Rex, in Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phil. 1893, p. 372. Plate IV., A.—a. stalked sporangia, x 20 (Berlin); 5. sessile sporangia, x 20 (Warsaw: Rostafinski’s type); ¢ capillitium and spores of the same, x 280; d. spore, x 600; ¢. sporangia, x 20 (England). The American specimens of this species from Prof. Farlow and Dr. Rex are, as a rule, smaller than the European gatherings, and the stalks, when present, are more slender. _ te B. orbiculata Rex appears to be a variety differing in the shape of the orbicular or discoidal, depressed sporangia. Hab. On dead wood.—Luton, Beds. (L:B.M.7); Sutton Coldfield, Stafford (L:B.M.7) ; Cambridge (L:B.M.7) ; Holland (Leyd. Herb.) ; Berlin (B. M. 434); Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Italy (K. 187); Phila- delphia (L:B.M.7) ; Arizona (L:B.M.7). 7. B. panicea. Rost., in Fuckel Symb. Myc., Nachtr. 2, p. 71 (1873). Plasmodium white. Sporangia sessile, subglobose, 0:4 to 1:2 mm. diam., scattered, or closely aggregated and angled by mutual pressure, white or cinereous ; sporangium-wall membranous, with innate deposits of lime-granules in dense clusters forming raised warts or veins. Capillitium white, a profuse network of broad or narrow bands, everywhere charged with granules of lime, often densely confluent at the base, forming an ivory-white columella, Spores violet-brown, very minutely warted, not clustered, 11 ». diam.—Mon., p. 144, figs. 114, 116; Mass., Mon., p. 318. Physarum paniceum Fr., Syst. Myc., iii., p. 141 (1829). Badhamia verna Rost., Mon., p. 145; Mass., Mon., p. 324. Plate IV., B.—a. sporangia, x 20 (England);. 8. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600; d. sporangia broken, showing pseudo-columella, x 20; ¢. sporangia of a form without columella and with a closer network of capillitium, x 20. Badhamia verna Rost. appears to be a form of B. panicea; the specimens in Strassb. Herb. differ from the type of the latter species only in the more scanty deposits of lime, and in the narrow bands of the capillitium contracting here and there into hyaline threads. These characters frequently occur in normal British gatherings of B. panicea. Hab. Between the bark and wood of felled elm-trees, etc. Maturing on the outer bark and surrounding herbage.—Batheaston, Somerset (B. M. 77); Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.8); France (B. M. 425); Germany (B. M. 424). i 8. B. lilacina Rost., Versuch. p. 10 (1873). Plasmodium bright yellow. Sporangia subglobose, about 0-5 mm. diam., sessile, rarely shortly stalked, gregarious or crowded and angled by mutual pressure, flesh colour or whitish; sporangium-fyall opaque from innate deposits’ of lime. Capillitium flesh coloured or nearly white; « rugged network with large knots of irregular BADHAMIA. | PHYSARACEA, 35 shape densely charged with lime-granules, often confluent in the centre, forming a pseudo-columella. Spores dark purple-brown, rough or reticulated with prominent and confluent warts, 10 to 15 » diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 145, figs. 108, 109 (1875); Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 27. Physarum lilacinum Fr., Syst. Myc., iii. p- 141 (1829). Cratertwm lilacinum Mass., Mon., p. 271. Diderma concinnum Berk. & Curt., in Grev., ii. (1873), p. 52. Physarum concinnum Mass., Mon., p. 308. Plate V., A.— a. sporangia, x 20 (England); 0. capillitium and spores of the same, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600; d. sporangium, showing a pseudo- columella, x 20 (Mecklenburg-Schwerin), The type of Diderma concinnum Berk. & Curt., in the Kew Herb,, is a pale whitish form of this species with the characteristic spores and capillitium. Hab. On Sphagnum, twigs, etc.,in marshy ground.—Pilmoor, Yorks (L:B.M.9) ; Scotland (Edin. Herb ); Germany (B. M. 488, and Strassb. Herb.) ; Philadelphia (1:B.M.9). 9. B. rubiginosa Rost., Mon., App., p. 5, fig. 115 (1876). Plasmodium? Sporangia obovoid stalked, 0-5 mm. broad, rufous, or purplish-brown, the upper part usually paler and breaking up in fragments; sporangium-wall purplish, membranous, more or less charged with granules of lime. Stalk cylindrical or widening at the base, usually about the length of the sporangium, smooth, purplish-brown, continued within the sporangium to more than half its height as a columella. Capillitium white or pale rufous, a rugged network usually densely charged with lime- granules, spreading from all parts of the columella to the sporangium-wall. Spores dark purplish-brown, minutely spinu- lose or verrucose, or reticulated with prominent and confluent warts, 11 to 15 » diam.—Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 82;. Macbride in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii, p. 159. LPhysarum srubiginosum Chev., Fl: Par., p. 338 (1826). Scyphium rubiginosum Rost., Mon., p. 148. Craterium rubiginosum Mass., Mon., p. 270. Didymium Curtisii Berk., in Grev., ii. (1873), p. 65. Badhamia Curtisit Rost., Mon., App., p. 5. Craterium Curtisit Mass., Mon., p. 272. Cratertwm obovatwm Peck, in Rep. New York Mus., xxvi., p. 75. . wu. genuina: spores minutely spinulose. B. dictyospora: spores strongly warted or reticulated.—Buad- hamia ‘dictyospora Rost., Mon., App., p. 4; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p- 82. Crateriwm dictyospermum Mass., Mon., p. 270. Plate V., B.—a. sporangia, x 20 (England) ; 4. broken sporangium from a mounting in glycerine jelly, showing columella surrounded by capillitium, and the mottled sporangium-wall, x 50; ¢. capillitium and spores, x 280 ; d, spore of the same, x 600; ¢. spore, x 600 (Deer Island, St. Lawrence) ; Ff. spoye, x 600 (New Jersey); g. spore, x 600 (Appin, Scotland: Rosta- finski’s type of his B. dictyospora). Didymium Curtisii Berk. differs from the type of B. rubiginosa only in being sessile or shortly stalked; in both British and American 36 “ ENDOSPOREZ. [BADHAMIA. gatherings of the latter species, the length of the stalk is subject to great variation. B. dictyospora is the name given by Rostafinski to the Appin specimen (K. 193), in which the spores are strongly reticulated. British gatherings have more or less of this character, with prominent warts isolated or confluent; in most American specimens and in that from Chevallier at Paris, which is given by Rostafinski as the type of B. rubiginosa, the spores are minutely spinulose. There are intermediate degrees of roughness in American specimens which unite the two forms. Had. In woods on fallen brushwood, etc.—a. Paris (Strassb. Herb.); Philadelphia (L:B.M.10); Iowa (B. M. 815); 8S. Carolina (B. M. 406); New York (L.:B.M.10). 8. Leighton, Beds. (L:B.M.10) ; Appin, Argyllshire (K. 193). : SPECIES NOT MET WITH IN THE QUOTED COLLECTIONS. 10. B. fasciculata Rost., Mon., App., p. 2 (1876). Sporangia globose, white, dehiscing irregularly, fugacious above, persistent below ; stalks connected in clusters of 3 to-6 or more, erect, tough, dirty yellowish, attenuated upwards, thickened and dark at the base; spores violet, smooth, 11 to 12 » diam.—Physarum fascicu- latum Jungh., Fl. Crypt. Jav., p. 11, Pl. IL, fig. 8. Hab. On trunks of Pandanus, Java. 11. B. affinis Rost., Mon., p. 143 (1873). Sporangia hemi- spherical, flattened, plano-umbilicate beneath, stipitate, greyish white; sporangium-wall slightly rugose. Spores not clustered, brownish violet, spinulose, 13 to 15 yp. Hab. On dead leaves and stems. Chili (Bertero). 12. B. ovispora Racib., in Rozpr. Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Krak., xil., p. 72, tab. 4, fig. 2 (1884). Sporangia sessile, subglobose, 0-5 to 0°75 mm. broad; sporangium-wall with thick deposits of lime, rough, fragile, the base yellow, the upper part colourless ; capillitium with much lime, white, rigid, with large irregular nodes. Columella none. Spores violet, smooth, ellipsoid, 14°5 to 16°5 x 7:5 to 8°3 p. Hab. On the branches of Populus canescens, DC. Cracow, 13. B. melanospora Speg., in Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., x., p. 150 (1880). Sporangia sessile, densely crowded, globose, smooth, greyish white, white after the dispersal of the spores. Columella none. Capillitium forming a dense network with fusiform thickenings in the middle, and flattened nodes. Spores clustered or free, smooth, black, opaque, angular from mutual pressure, 15 p diam. Hab. Tn decaying trunks of Cercus Peruviunus Mill.—Argentina. . 14. B. microcarpa Schroet., in Cobn, Crypt. Fl. Schlesien, vol, iii., pt. i, p. 131 (1889). Sporangia sessile, about 0-5 mm. broad, occurring in small groups or rows, without a common hypo- PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACE®, 37 thallus; sporangium-wall thin, bright grey. Capillitium delicate, white, reticulate, with threads of unequal breadth, generally 3 to 4, sometimes as much as 12 yw broad, and thicker at the nodes. Spores single, 7-5 to 9 » in diameter, violet, smooth. Hab, On grass and living herbs.—Silosia. 15. B. irregularis Cooke & Ellis, in Grev. 1877, p. 89. Spor- angia subglobose or confluent, finally blackish=brown, scattered, sessile. Spores rough, globose, blackish, 10 » in diameter. Hab. On Jersey pine in a fence.—N. Jersey. . + SPECIES EXCLUDED FROM THE GENUS. B. coadnata Rost. = Fuligo ellipsospora Lister. B. Fuckeliana Rost. = Trichamphora pezizoidea Jungh. B. nodulosa Mass. = Physarum calidris Lister. . B. granulifera Mass. See note under Lepidoderma Carestianum Rost., p. 106. Genus 3.—_PHYSARUM Persoon, in Usteri, Ann. Bot., xv., p. 5 (1795). Sporangia stalked, sessile or plasmodiocarps ; sporangium- wall either single or consisting of two more or less separable layers, and containing lime granules distributed in loose or dense clusters or compacted into a crust; the granules always innate and not in superficial crystals. Stalk consisting of a tube with a membranous wall: it may be empty and the wall contracted and wrinkled with longitudinal folds, either translucent or opaque with deposits of lime in the wall substance; or the tube may be filled at the base or throughout with refuse matter discharged from the plasmodium ; or the tube may be filled with deposits of lime, giving the stalk a brittle structure with a chalk- like section. Capillitium forming a network of hyaline threads with vesicular expansions containing deposits of lime (=lime- knots). The genus Tilmadoche is described by Rostafinski (Mon., p. 126) as differing from Physarum in the capillitium forking repeatedly at a narrow angle, aud being provided with few and small lime-knots. These characters are too inconstant to be of value in classification. In P. leucopheum Fr., which from its abundance affords ample facility for study, we not unfrequently observe, in a growth sprung from one plasmodium, some sporangia with capillitium characteristic of Phy- sarum and others of Tilmadoche, completely uniting P. leucopheum Fr. with 7. nutans Rost. T. gyrocephala Rost. (syn. P. polymorphum Rost.) frequently has capillitium with large lime-knots and broad membranous expansions, and the samc may be seen in some gatherings of P. viride Pers. (syn. J. mutabilis Rost.). The type specimens of 7. oblonga Rost. and 7. hians Rost. are the same as Physarella mirabilis Peck, which is distinguished from its allies by well-marked characters of shape and capillitium that fully entitle it to the position of a separate genus. For these reasons the genus Tilmadoche 1s not retained. 38 ENDOSPORE. [PHYSARUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHYSARUM. A, Sporangia stalked (occasional sessile forms) :— a. Stalks charged with lime throughout— a. Capillitium lax— ; Stalk white, sporangia grey, lime-knots large, white. 1. P. leucopus Stalk white, sporangia tawny yellow, lime-knots , large, white. 8. P. melleum Stalk and sporangium yellow-olive. 7. P. variabile 6. Capillitium rigid, persistent— Stalk white or brownish, sporangium white, lime- knots small, white. 2. P. giobuliferum Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots red. 3. P. pulchripes Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots mouse-brown. “4, P. murinwm Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots purple. 5. P. pulcherrimum Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots yellow; robust. 6. P. citrinum Stalk, sporangium, and lime-knots straw-coloured ; slender. 9. P. tenerum Stalk and sporangium white, capillitium with a central ball of lime. 10. P. compactum B. Stalks without lime or with deposits in the wall only— a. Lime-knots purple-red, sporangium rose-red. ll. P. rosewm 6. Lime-knots and sporangia violet-purple. 12. P. Newtoni ce. Lime-knots orange, sporangium mottled, blue and red 13. P. psittacindm d, Lime-knots yellow or orange, sporangium grey or yellow— Sporangia subglobose, capillitium lax, lime-knots fusiform. 14. P. viride Sporangia undulate, capillitium lax, lime-knots fusiform. 16. P. polymorphum Sporangia subglobose, capillitium subrigid, per- sistent, lime-knots angular. 15. P. Berkeleyi Stalk penetrating the sporangium to four-fifths its height. 18. P. penetrate PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACEA, 39 e. Lime-knots white, sporangium grey or white— Stalk straw-coloured, capillitium with a central ball of lime. 17. P. nucleatum Stalk buff, black, or white ; sporangium subglobose ; spores bright violet-brown. 19. P. nutans Stalk black, buff, or white; sporangium laterally compressed; spores dark purple-brown. 21. P. compressum Stalk red-brown, sporangium globose, white. 20. P. calidris Stalk white, membranous, sporangium ovoid. 22. P. didermoides B. Sporangia sessile (never stalked) :— A. Lime-knots white a. Sporangium-wall single, spores pale violet-brown. 23. P. cinereum 6. Sporangium-wall double— a Sporangia scattered-— Sporangia sinuous, muriform, inner wall fragile. 24. P. bivalve Sporangia subglobose, or plasmodiocarps, inner wall persistent. “25. P. Diderma 8 Sporangia crowded— Sporangia reniform or subglobose, spoves dark, rough, 10 to 14 yp. 26. P. conteatum Sporangia angled by mutual pressure, spores pale, nearly smooth, 8 to 104. 27. P. conglomerutum B. Lime-knots red, or yellow— Lime-knots yellow, small, angular. 28. P. virescens Lime-knots red, large, angular. 30. P. rubiginosum Lime-knots yellow with red centre, rounded. 29. P. incequale 1. P. leucopus Link, Diss. I., p. 27 (1809). Plasmodium opaque white. Total height about 1 mm. Sporangia globose, cinereous, or glaucous, 0°5 mm. diam., gregarious, stipitate ; sporangium-wall delicately membranous, containing scattered or clustered, white, globular lime-granules. Stalk white, stout, 0-15 to 0-2 mm, thick, with a few shallow longitudinal furrows, erect, rigid, brittle, somewhat narrowing upwards, chalk-white in section to the base, rising from a more or less developed white hypothallus ; enclosing no refuse matter. Columella none, or searcely evident. Capillitium white, consisting of delicate, branching, hyaline threads connecting the large irregular knots, 40 ENDOSPORES. [PHYSARUM. which are 10 to 50 p broad and filled with globular lime-granules, lto 1-5 diam. Spores violet-brown, minutely spinulose, 7 to 10 p diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 101; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 12; Mass., Mon., p. 287 (in part); Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii,. p. 156. Didymium leucopus Fr., Syst. Myc., iii., p. 121. Plate VI., A—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium with fragment of spo rangium-wall and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England). The snow-white nearly smooth stalk, which is chalk-white in section to the base, always distinguishes P. leucopus from P. nutans. The lax capillitium, with large lime-knots and the large lime-granules in the knots and sporangium-wall, separate it from P. globuliferum, which is its nearest ally. The types quoted by Rostafinski from Germany and Russia of this well-marked species are not represented in the Strassburg or British collections ; the stations here given are therefore confined to those of the English and American gatherings. It is not common ; the only specimen in the Kew collection (K. 518), leg. J. Henderson, is named Didymium squamulosum. Hab, Qn dead leaves, moss, etc.—Batheaston, Somerset (B.M. 48) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.11) ; Ohio (L:B.M.11) ; New Granada (Paris Herb.). 2. P. globuliferum Pers., Syn., p. 175 (1801). Plasmodium ? Total height 1 to 15mm. Sporangia globose, stipitate, erect, white, gregarious, 0°5 mm. diam. ; sporangium-wall membranous, with crowded clusters of innate lime-granules. Stalk white or pale buff, sometimes red-brown towards the base, 0°5 to 1 mm. long, ‘05 to ‘01 mm: thick, nearly smooth, brittle, chalky in section. Columella conical. Capillitium persistent, retaining the form of the sporangium after the dispersion of the spores, forming a close network of obtusely branching hyaline threads with numerous fusiform or rounded, white, or pale ochraceous lime-knots 10 to 20 yw diam.; the lime-knots are not usually developed at the axils of the branches, which are flat and triangular, or if present, usually minute. Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 6 to 8 wdiam. Rost., Mon., p. 98, fig. 86; Mass., Mon., p. 297, Spherocarpus globuliferus Bull., Champ., p. 134, Fl. 484, fig. 3 (1791). Physarum Petersii Berk. & Curt., var. a. Furlowit Rost., Mon., App., p. 6. Physarum albicans Peck, in Rep. New York Mus., xxx., p. 50; Mass., Mon., p. 312. Didymium Barteri Mass., Mon., p. 231. Physarum columbinum Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii., p. 384. Plate VI., B.—a. sporangia, x 20, in two the sporangium-wall has fallen away, leaving the persistent heal of capillitium; 9}, stalks showing the columella after the capillitium bas broken away, x 20; c. capillitium, columella, and spores, x 280; d. spore, x 600 (United States). The types of P. Petersii var. a Farlowii Rost., and P. albicans Peck are the same species as the type of P. globuliferum in the Strassburg collection. P. columbinuwm Macbride, from Iowa (B.M. 1012), is also P. globuliferum ; it has snow-white, occasionally red-brown, stalks, and well-developed conical columelle. Didymium Barteri Mass, (K.74) appears to have been rightly named by Rostafinski “ P. globuliferum, immaturum” ; the specimen is obscured by mould. In the specimen PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACES, 4] from Dr. Rex (L:B.M.12) marked “P. Petersii var. Farlowii, con- globate form,” the sporangia are in clusters of from 6 to 14 together, as in the compound forms of P. polymorphum. Hab, On dead wood.—Poland (Strassb. Herb); Africa (K. 74); Bonin Island (K. 333); Borneo (L:B.M.12); Ohio (L:B.M.12) ; Towa (B.M. 1012, 1015); Georgia (B.M. 853B); conglobate form, Philadelphia (L:B.M.12). 3. P. pulchripes Peck, in Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Hist., i., p. 64 (1873). Plasmodium? Total height 1 to 2 mm, Sporangia globose, stipitate, yellow-orange, orange-red to dark brown, sometimes grey from the absence of lime, about 0°5 mm. diam. ; sporangium-wall membranous, with deposits of lime usually abundant, sometimes scanty. Stalk vermilion-red or red-brown, 05 to 15 mm. long, 0-1 mm. thick, somewhat narrowed upwaras, densely charged with red or brown lime-granules, brittle. Columella conical. Capillitium with red or brown lime-knots, in other respects as in P. globuliferwm. Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 6 to 8 » diam.—Mass., Mon., p. 315. Didymium erythrinum Berk., in Grev., ii. (1873), p. 52; Mass., Mon., p. 249. Didymium Ravenelii Berk. & Curt., in Grev., ii. (1873), p. 53; Physarum Ravenelit Mass., Mon., p. 281. Plate VII., A.—a. sporangia, x 20; 8. capillitium and spores, « 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (United States). A frequent species in the United States, differing from P. globuli- Jerum chiefly in the colour of the lime ; and this character appears to be constant. Under P. pulchripes are included Didymium erythrinum Berk. and D. Ravenelii Berk. & Curt., which Rostafinski in the Appendix to his Mon., p. 8, has placed under Physarum psittacinum, a species without columella and without lime-granules in the stalk. Examination of the types in the Kew collection shows that the sporangia of D. erythrinum (K. 1265) are immature, but those of D. Ravenelit (K. 1513 and B.M. 569) possess a well-developed columella, and the stalks in both types are densely charged with lime-granules. . The type of P. Petersit Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ii., p. 66 (1873) ; Rost., Mon., App., p. 6 (K. 1254), belongs also to P. pulchripes. So much confusion has been caused by Berkeley and Curtis in giving different names to different gatherings of this species, and by Rostafinski in placing P. globuliferum as a variety of P. Petersii, that Peck’s name is adopted as being free from ambiguity. Hab. On dead wood. —Massachusetis (L:B.M.13); Ohio (L: B.M. 13) ; N. Carolina (B. M. 569, 852a). 4, P. murinum Lister sp. nov. Plasmodium ? Sporangia globose, about 0-5 mm. diam., stalked or sessile and forming plasmo- diocarps, pinkish or yellowish brown, rugose; sporangium-wall membranous, with innate clusters of brown lime-granules. Stalk erect, 0-5 mm. long or shorter, 0:1 mm. thick, of equal breadth throughout ; pale brown, furrowed, containing dense deposits of white lime-granules. Columella present in the stalked forms, conical. Capillitium forming either a dense network of obtusely branching hyaline threads, persistent after the dispersal of the 42 ENDOSPORES. [PHYSARUM. spores, with rather few ovoid brown lime-knots, or a looser net- work of hyaline threads, with numerous elongated irregularly branching lime-knots. Spores pale brownish-violet, nearly smooth, 8 to 10 » diam.—P. Braunianum List. in Journ. Bot. 1891, p. 259 (non de Bary). ~ Plate VII., B.—a. sporangia, x 20; b. plasmodiocarp, x 20; c. capillitium and spores, x 280; @ spore, x 600 (United States). This species is closely allied to P. globuliferum, from which the stalked form scarcely differs except in the brown colour of the lime in the capillitium and sporangium-wall. The specimen from Moffat, described in Journ. Bot., 1891, under the name P. Braunianum de Bary, agrees with de Bary’s description of that species in the usually sessile form and brown lime-knots of the capillitium, but as the type consists of only a single gathering by A. Braun near Berlin, and is not represented in the Strassburg or British collections, no proof of identity has been obtained ; the Moffat specimen is therefore placed under P. murinum, the sessile American forms of which it closely resembles. Hab. On dead leaves, wood, etc.—Moffat (L:B.M.14) ; Philadelphia ; (L:B.M.14) ; Ohio (L:B.M.14). 5. P. pulcherrimum Berk. & Rav., in Grev., ii., p. 65 (1873). Total height 1 mm. Sporangia globose, flattened beneath, stipitate, erect or inclined, purple, 0-4 to 0°5 mm. diam., gre- garious. Sporangium-wall membranous, pale purple, with scattered clusters of large purple globular lime granules (1 » diam.) Stalk purple, subulate, brittle, containing lime. Columella small, convex, or none. Capillitium a close network of delicate purplish threads, broader and more expanded at the axils below; lime- knots numerous, small, roundish, filled with purple globular lime- granules. Spores pale dull red, almost smooth, 7 to 8 » diam. —Rost. Mon., p. 105, fig. 84; Mass., Mon., p. 293. Physarum atrorubrum Peck, in Rep. New York Mus., xxxi., p. 40; Mass., Mon., p. 294. Plate VIII., A.—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (United States). P. atrorubrum Peck is the same species (teste Dr. G. A. Rex). — Hab. On dead wood.—Ohio (L:B.M.15) ; Philadelphia (L:B.M.15) ; Iowa (B.M. 1013) ; §. Carolina (B. M. 412, 869). ~~ 6. P. citrinum Schumacher, Enum. Pl. Saell., ii., p. 201 (1803). Plasmodium ? Total height 0°8 to 2mm. Sporangia globose, rugose, stipitate, rarely nearly sessile, erect, yellow to yellowish grey, 0-4 to 0-7 mm. diam.; sporangium-wall membranous with innate clusters of yellow lime granules. Stalk golden yellow, opaque with dense deposits of lime, stout, somewhat furrowed, varying in length, chalky in section, often rising from a vein-like hypo- thallus. Columella short, conical, or obtuse. Capillitium a somewhat close network of hyaline rigid threads with flat ex- pansions at the axils, persistent after the dispersion of the spores ; lime-knots yellow, numerous, varying in shape and size, usually rounded, seldom developed at the axils of the branches, PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACES. 43 Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 8 » diam.—Rost. in Fuckel Symb. Myc., Nachtr., 2, p. 71. P. Schumacheri, Spreng. Sys. Veg., iv., p. 528; Rost., Mon., p. 98, App., p. 6; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 11; Mass., Mon., p. 275. P. Levedllei Rost., Mon., App., p. 7; Mass, Mon., p. 296. Plate VIII., B—qa. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England) ; d. sporangiam showing columella, x 20 (Ger- many, Strassburg Herb.). P. Kaichbrenneri Mass., from the Cape (K. 347), is allied to P. cit-. rinum, differing chiefly in the capillitium, which approaches that of Badhamia ; the nodes are irregularly expanded, bright yellow, and connected by more or less hyaline strands, 2 to 5 » broad ; columella none, spores 8 to 10 ». Rostafinski separates P. Schumacheri, vars. Band y, Mon., p. 99, and places them in his Appendix under the name of P. Leveillei ; the type specimen of var. 8 from Freiburg in the Strassburg collection is a large form of P. citrinum, but is fully equalled by the English gathering figured; the spores measure 8 to 9»; the type of var. y from Munster is a very different form, and’ appears to be more nearly allied to P. rubiginosum. The specimen from Venezuela in the Kew collection, marked by Rostafinski P. Leveillei var. 8, has a longer stalk than the typical P. citrinum, a more lax capillitium, and the spores measure 10 p, but it can scarcely be viewed as a distinct species. Hab. On dead wood, moss, etc.—Bedfordshire (L:B.M.16) ; Germany (Strassb. Herb) ; Freiburg (L:B.M.16 ; Venezuela (K. 1261). 7. P. variabile Rex, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1893, p. 371. Plasmodium? Total height about 1 mm. Sporangia piriform, ovoid, or subglobose, 0'4 to 0°5 mm. broad, stalked or sessile, rugose, somewhat glossy, yellowish olive; sporangium-wall mem- branous, with dense innate deposits of yellowish lime-granules. Stalk stout, conical, furrowed, 0-4 mm. high or less, yellowish- brown, densely charged with white lime-granules. Columella none. Capillitium a close network of delicate hyaline threads with membranous expansions at the axils of the branches ; lime- knots numerous, irregularly branching, many large and confluent, white or pale yellow. Spores brownish-violet, spinulose, 9'to 12 p diam. Plate IX., A—a. sporangia, x 20; b. broken stalk showing lime ; e. capil- litium, with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; d. spore, x 6CO (United States). Hab. On dead wood.—Iowa (B.M. 812); New York (L:B.M.17) ; Venezuela (L:B.M.17). 8. P. melleum Mass., Mon., p. 278 (1892). Plasmodium ? Total height 0°38 mm. Sporangia globose, stipitate, erect, brown- ish-yellow, 0:5 y diam.; sporangium-wall membranous, often wrinkled, persistent at the base, yellowish, with minute coloured lime granules sparsely distributed. Stalk white or faintly buff coloured, stout, opaque, with few shallow furrows, chalky in section. Columella short, conical. Capillitium of irregularly- branching delicate hyaline threads,. sometimes expanded at the 44 ENDOSPORE. [PHYSARUM. axils, lime-knots usually numerous, white, various in shape and size, mostly large and angled. Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 10 p diam.—Didymium melleum Berk. & Br., in Linn. Jour., xiv., p. 83 (1873). Physarum Schumacheri, var. B melleum Rost., Mon., App., p. 7. Didymiwm chrysopeplum Berk. & Curt. in Grev., ti, (1873), p. 53. Plate IX., B.—a. sporangia, and one stalk showing a small columella, x 20; %, broken sporangia showing white capillitium, x 20; ¢. capillitium and fragment of sporangium-wall, x 280; d. spore, x 600 (United States). Allied to P. citrinum, but constant in its characters ; of frequent occurrence in the United States. ‘ Hab. On dead wood, leaves, etc.—Cape (K. 57) ; Ceylon (B.M.411) ; Borneo (K. 1257); Philadelphia (L:B.M.18); Ohio (L:B.M.18) ; Iowa (B.M. 1018) ; 8. Carolina (B. M. 409, 853A). 9. P. tenerum Rex, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1890, p. 192. Plasmodium? Total height, 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia globose, stipitate, somewhat nodding, gregarious, yellow, 0-4 mm. diam. ; sporangium-wall membranous with closely-set rounded thin clusters of innate yellow granules. Stalk subulate, slender, opaque, 0°5 to 1:7 mm. long, pale yellow and filled with lime above, darker below from the presence of refuse matter. Columella none. Capillitium of very delicate hyaline threads forming a regularly meshed network, often persistent after the dispersion of the spores, with numerous round or rounded yellow lime-knots, the branches slender at the axils and mostly free from lime. Spores violet-brown, nearly smooth, 7 to 8 » diam. Plate X., A.—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. stalk and capillitium, x 170; cv. capillitium and spores, x 280; d@. spore, x 600 (United States). This species is closely allied to P. citrinum, differing in the more slender form, in the delicate flexuose capillitium threads connecting the lime-knots, and in the absence of a columella. Specimens sent by Dr. Haviland from Borneo are similar to the type of Dr. Rex. A gathering from Mr. Morgan, Ohio, has small grey sporangia, 0°25 mm. diam., rugose, with deposits of white lime-granules in the sporangium- wall ; in other respects it is typical. Hab. On dead wood.—Borneo (L:B.M.19) ; New York (L:B.M.19) ; Ohio (L:B.M,19). 10. P.compactum Lister. Plasmodium? Total height 1 to 2 mm. Sporangia globose or somewhat flattened below, 0:‘5 mm. diam., stipitate, erect or nodding, spotted with pure white; grey or bronze colour and iridescent between the rounded spots; sporangium-wall membranous, with numerous well defined rounded clusters of closely compacted lime granules. Stalk erect or flexuose, subulate, furrowed, 0°5 to 1:5 mm. long., 0-05 to 0-13 thick at the base; white and densely charged with lime above, brown or black below from the presence of refuse matter ; or white with chalky section to the base. Columella none, or represented by closely compacted lime-knots forming a globular cluster 0-1 mm. diam. at the apex of the stalk, but lying free in the PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACEA. 45 capillitium. Capillitium abundant, of extremely delicate branching and anastomosing threads without expansions at the axils, some- what persistent, and of a pale bluish colour after the dispersion of the spores; lime-knots white, few, small, fusiform except in the central globular cluster. Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 9 diam.—Tilmadoche compacta Wing., in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1889, p. 48; Mass., Mon., p. 332. Lepidoderma stellatum Mass., Mon., p. 252. Plate X., B.—a. sporangia, x 20; b. stalk and capillitium with pseudo- columella and fragment of sporangium-wall, showing compacted and sharply- defined clusters of lime-granules, x 80; ¢. capillitium and spores, x 280 ; d. spore, x 600 (Dominica). An excellent account of this species is given by Mr. Wingate (L.c., p. 48). He describes the sporangium-wall as splitting on maturity in a floriform manner, which is a marked character in the specimens at hand ; his description of the stalk as “‘ yellowish-white with a brown or blackish base” appears to be correct for the American gatherings. In a fine specimen of P. compactum in the Kew collection from Dominica (Ramage), K. 567, marked Lepidoderma stellatum Mass., the stalks are pure white with a chalky section to the base. Thespecimen from French Guiana in the Paris Museum under the name Physarum leucophceeum is precisely similar to that from Dominica in the large opaque white lime-spots on the sporangium-wall and in the pure white stalks. The type of Didymium columbinum Berk. & Curt. (Tilmadoche columbina Rost., Mon., App., p. 13), Venezuela (K. 1428), appears to be this species, but nothing now remains of the specimen but a few stalks and a little of the extremely delicate capillitium. Hab. On dead wood.—Borneo (L:B.M.20); Dominica (K. 567) ; Philadelphia (B. M. 875, L:B.M.20); Ohio (L:B.M.20); French Guiana (Paris Herb.). 11. P. roseum Berk. & Br., in Journ. Linn., xiv., p. 84 (1873). Plasmodium? Total height 1mm. Sporangia globose, 0-4 mm. diam., stalked, gregarious, nearly smooth, bright rose-coloured ; sporangium-wall membranous, with innate clusters of purple-red lime-granules. Stalk erect, slender, subulate, reddish-brown, translucent, longitudinally rugose. Columella none. Capillitium a loose network of delicate pale lilac hyaline threads, with rather few large, irregularly branching, purple-red lime-knots. Spores reddish-lilac or reddish-brown, minutely spinulose, 7 to 10 » diam. Rost., Mon., App., p. 10; Mass., Mon., p. 294. Plate XI., A—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; v. spore, x 600 (Borneo). This species differs from P. pulcherrimum in the large lime-knots and the translucent stalk. Hab. On dead wood.—Ceylon (K. 1758) ; Borneo (L:B.M.21). 12. P. Newtoni Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, vol. ii, 4, p. 390 (1893). Plasmodium? Sporangia shortly stalked or sessile, globose, about 0°5 mm. diam., or flattened and umbilicate above, violet-purple, smooth, opaque; sporangium-wall mem- branous above, with innate deposits of purple lime-granules, rugose and thickened towards the base, where it is deep purple 46 ENDOSPORES. [PHYSARUM. and densely charged with calcareous deposits. Stalk coarsely wrinkled, purple-brown. Columella none. Capillitium of delicate, branching, violet threads, with numerous large, angular, purple lime-knots. Spores dark purple-brown, rough with irregularly scattered warts 8-10 diam. Plate XVIL., B.—a. stalked and sessile sporangia, x 20; b. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (Colorado). The shape of the sporangia and the dark rough spores appear to be the only points which distinguish this species from Crateriwm rubescens Rex, with which it agrees in colour, in the character of the capillitium, and in the structure of the sporangium-wall. Hab. On sticks, on mountain, Colorado (B. M. 1014). 13. P. psittacinum Ditm., in Sturm, Deutsch. Fl, Pilze, p. 125, t. 62 (1817). Plasmodium orange, in the substance of rotten wood. Total height 1mm. Sporangia globose or somewhat depressed, stipitate, gregarious, 0°5 to 0°8 mm. diam., purplish- blue mottled with red, iridescent; sporangium-wall hyaline, deli- cately membranous, sprinkled with orange spots of thicker, more or less granular ‘substance. Stalk equal, erect or curved, furrowed and rugose, vermilion or orange-red, intense clear orange in mountings in glycerine, without deposits of lime, rising from a well-developed hypothallus of the same colour, 0°5 to 0‘7 mm. long, 0°1 mm. thick. Columella none. Capillitium a close network of flat, arching, colourless or yellowish threads, broad at the axils; lime-knots numerous, varying in size, sharply angular, often branching, or confluent in the centre of the sporangium, bright orange, obscurely granular or translucent. Spores fuli- ginous-violet, smooth or nearly so, 7 to 8 » diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 104, figs. 75, 76; Lister in Journ. Bot. 1891, p. 257, Pl. 308, fig. 1; Mass., Mon., p. 274. 2. Carlylei Mass., Mon., p. 293. Plate XI., B.—a. sporangia, x 20; b. capillitium with fragment of spor- angium-wall showing crystalline discs, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England). The specimens in the Kew collection named Didymium erythrinum Berk, and D. Ravenelii Berk. & Curt., given by Rostafinski as synonyms of P. psittacinum, must be referred to P. pulchripes. The type speci- mens of P. psittacinum in the Strassburg collection are of the form described above. The type specimen of P. Carlylei Mass. (K. 68) is normal P. psittacinum. In glycerine mountings, flattened disc-shaped crystalline bodies with radiating structure are usually seen imbedded in the sporangium-wall, as in P. virescens var. genuina. . Hab. On dead wood.—Germany (B. M. 1109); Poland (Strassb. ' Herb.) ; New York (K. 1266) ; Carlisle (K. 68) ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.22). 14, P. viride Pers., in Usteri, Ann. Bot., xv., p. 6 (1795). Plas- modium yellow, in rotten wood. Total height 1 mm. Sporangia globose, lenticular, stipitate, nodding, 0-3 to 0-5 mm. diam., yellow, greenish, or orange; sporangium-wall membranous with innate clusters of yellow or orange lime-granules more or less closely disposed. Stalk subulate, slender, striate, grey or straw-coloured, often darker below from enclosed refuse matter, witlout deposits PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACEA, 47 of lime. Columella none. Capillitium a loose irregular network of delicate hyaline threads, not expanded at the axils, with fusi- form or angled orange lime-knots. Spores violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 10 y diam.—Stemonites viridis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ii., p. 1469 (1791). Physarum aurewm Pers., in Romer, N. Mag. Bot., p. 88. P. nutans, B viride, y aureum, 8 coccinewm, Fr., Syst. Myce., iii, p. 129. Tilmadoche mutabilis Rost., Mon., p. 129, figs. 123-27, 132; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 22; Mass., Mon., p. 329. Tilmadoche viridis Sacc., Syll., vii., No. 1247; Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii. (1892), p. 152. a. luteum: sporangia yellow.—Spherocarpus luteus Bull., Champ., Pl. cecevii., fig. 2. 8. aurantium: sporangia orange.—Spherocarpus aurantius Bull., Champ., Pl. eccclxxxiv., fig. 2. y. incanum: sporangia grey. Plate XIL, A.—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium, with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England). In this variable species, as in P. nutans, the sporangium-wall is somewhat persistent when the lime is abundant ; when this is more scanty the wall soon breaks up in small fragments, remaining attached to the capillitium. The colour of the sporangia found on the sume stump may differ from one year to another. The lime-knots are very variable both in size and colour ; pale yellow sporangia have often red- brown knots, and dark sporangia have light orange knots ; occasionally the sporangia are grey and the lime-knots pale yellow, approaching P. nutans. The stalks vary in tint in all forms. The specimens from Chili (Gay) in the Paris Museum, given by Rostafinski (Mon., App., p. 7) asa type of Physarum Leveille?, is the orange form of P. viride ; the stalks are free from lime deposit, the capillitium consists of slender threads and fusiform orange lime-knots. Hab. On dead wood.—u. and 8. Leytonstone, Essex (L:B.M.23) ; France (Paris Herb.); Germany (B .M. 506); Borneo (L:B.M.23) ; New Jersey (L:B.M.23). 8. Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Ceylon (K. 1420); Bonin Islands (K. 335); Chili (Paris Herb.). y. Bohemia (B. M. 503) ; Towa (B. M. 805). 15. P. Berkeleyi Rost., Mon., p. 105, fig. 88 (1875). Plas- modium yellowish-green (teste Ravenel). Total height 1:75 mm. Sporangia subglobose, or flattened beneath, stipitate, nodding, 0-4 to 0-5 mm. diam., grey and yellow at the base, yellow or iridescent from the absence of lime ; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above, thicker and yellowish below. Stalk slender, subulate, striate, without deposits of lime, red or copper coloured. Columella none. Capillitium a close network of delicate hyaline threads with numerous yellow flat expansions at the axils ; often persistent and retaining the form of the sporangium after dis- persion of the spores; lime-knots usually small, angular, yellow. Spores pale violet-brown, almost smooth, 7 to 9 » diam.—Physarum flavicomum Berk., in Hook. Journ. Bot., iv., 1845, p. 66. Physarum cupripes Berk. & Rav., in Grev., 11, p. 65, 1873; Mass., Mon., p. 284. Didymiwm flavicomum Mass., Mon., p. 242. 48 ENDOSPORES. [PHYSARUM. P. galbewm Wing., Ell. & Everh., N. Am. Fung., 2491. P. P etersit Mass., Mon., p. 295 (in part). Plate XII, B.—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitiam and spores, x 280 ; e, spore, x 600 (United States). The red-brown stalks and the larger expansions of the capillitium at the axils of the branches distinguish this species from P. viride. P. galbeum Wing.? (L:B.M.24) has globose orange-yellow sporangia, and orange-brown stalks entirely free from lime ; the capillitium is a close network of threads expanded and flattened at the axils, with few or no deposits of lime. Similar forms have been found near Lyme Regis. They are here included under P. Berkeleyi, but other gatherings from Lyme Regis connect these forms with P. viride, making it doubtful whether P. Berkeleyi is not merely a marked variety of that species. The specimen from Iowa (B. M. 1017) resembles the type of P. galbeum, except that the capillitium consists of a close net- work of large branching knots, densely charged with yellow lime- granules, connected by few branching hyaline threads; the spores measure 8». This form is nearly related to a specimen from Moss- man’s Bay, Sydney, Australia (K. 346), marked Tilmadoche mutabilis, with capillitium of a Badhamia-like character, the threads being charged throughout with yellow lime-granules ; the spores are spinulose and measure 10 to 13 ». This is connected with P. véride by a series of intermediate specimens from Ceylon (also in Kew Herb.) with unusually extended lime-knots and large spores, but the rigid persis- tent capillitium brings it under the definition of P. Berkeleyi. © Hab. On dead wood.—Swan River, Australia (K. 1328); Iowa (B. M. 1017); So. Carolina (B. M. 439, 870, 993) ; Massachusetts (L:B.M.24). 16. P. polymorphum Rost., Mon., p. 107 (1875). Plasmodium occurring in masses of decaying leaves or in rotten logs, at first colourless, as it emerges for fructification white, then yellow, spreading far over all adjacent objects (Macbride). Total height 1:5 to2 mm. Sporangia much compressed, lenticular, and um- bilicate, undulate, or lobed convolute and often confluent, stipitate, solitary or in clusters of 5 to 10 together, grey or yellow; sporangium-wall membranous, with scattered thin innate clusters of white or yellow lime-granules. Stalks subulate, slender, inclined, often fasciculate, 5 to 10 combined, yellow or tawny, translucent, without deposits of lime. Columella none. Capillitium a, loose network of delicate threads with many flat expansions at the axils ; lime-knots yellow, very variable in shape, size, and abundance. Spores violet-brown, minutely spinulose, 8 to 10 » diam.—Mass., Mon.,’p. 283. Didymium polymorphum Mont., in Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, viii., p. 361 (1837). Didymium luteo-griseum Berk. & Curt., in Grev., ii. (1873), p.65. Didymium obrusseum Berk. & Curt., in Journ. Linn. Soe., x., p. 848 (1869). Physarum obrusseum Rost., Mon., App.,p.11. Dédymium tenerrimumBerk & Curt., J.c.; Mass., Mon., p. 247. D. gyrocephalum Mont., in Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, viii, p. 362. Tilmadoche gyrocephala Rost., Mon., 131; Mass., Mon., p. 335; Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Towa, 1892, p. 152. a, obrusseum : sporangia simple. B. gyrocephalum : sporangia clustered. VHYSARUM. | PHYSARACES, 49 Plate XIII., A.—a. sporangia closely combined, x 20; b. sporangia more or less simple, x 20; ¢. capillitium and spores, x 280; d. spore, x 600 (United States). Under P. polymorphum is included Didymium obrusseum Berk. & Curt. and Tilmadoche gyrocephala Rost. I have not seen Rostafinski’s types of the latter. The specimens issued by Ellis and Everhart, 2699 N. A. F., and those received from Dr. Rex of Philadelphia and Prof. Macbride of Iowa, under the name T. gyrocephala, agree with the description given by Rostafinski. The colour of the sporangia varies from grey to yellow in the same gatherings. Examination of the capillitium and spores of these specimens and of the types of P. obrusseum and P. polymorphum shows that they are essentially alike ; of the characters given above the clustering of the sporangia cannot be held as of specific importance (cf. P. globuliferum). In the type of Didymium obrussewum Berk. & Curt., No. 532 F. Cub. (B. M. 440), the sporangia are much compressed and undulated, and are similar to the simple sporangia frequéntly met with in P. poly- morphum. , ‘ Hab. On dead wood, ete.—a. and 8. So. Carolina (B. M. 856, 862). a. Cuba (B. M. 440). 8. Pennsylvania (B. M. 860) ; Iowa (L:B.M.25); Ohio (L:B.M.25) ; Long Island, N.Y. (B. M. 1054). 17. P. nucleatum Rex, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1891, p. 389. Plasmodium? Total height 1to2mm. Sporangia globose, stipitate, erect or inclined, 0-5 mm. diam., white; sporangium- wall membranous, with scattered innate clusters of white lime- granules. Stalk subulate or nearly equal, 0:7 to 1:5 mm. long, longitudinally rugose, pale buff, translucent above, without deposits of lime, enclosing refuse matter below. Columella none. Capillitium a very close network of delicate colourless threads, equal or with triangular expansions at the axils, with scattered minute rounded white lime-knots; persistent after the dispersion of the spores. In the centre of the capillitium is suspended a calcareous shining white ball, 0-1 to 0-15 mm. diam., sometimes replaced by a compacted mass of irregular lime-knots. Spores violet-brown, minutely spinulose, 6 to 7 » diam. Plate XIII., B.—a. sporangia with the spores dispersed and only the basal part of the sporangium-wall remaining, x 20; 6. stalk and capillitium showing the central ball of lime, x 80; ¢. capillitium and spores, x 280 ; d. spore, x 600 (United States). The type specimen of P. simile Rost., from Curtis, South Carolina (K. 1255), has buff stalks without lime deposits, and delicate persistent capillitium with a central mass of lime ; it is a poor development and in imperfect preservation, but there can be little doubt that it is the same species as“P. nucleatum, although Rostafinski’s description of P. simile with the stalk continued into the sporangium as a cylindrical columella would apply better to P. globuliferum (Rost., Mon., App., p. 6). Hab. On dead wood.—Pennsylvania (L:B.M.26); Iowa (B. M. 1019). 18. P. penetrale Rex, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. (1891), p. 389 Plasmodium? Sporangia erect, ellipsoid, rarely globose, 0:3 x 0-5 mm, by 0-5 x 0°7 mm., stipitate, grey or pale greenish- yellow; sporangium-wall membranous, rather firm,:semi-trans- 4 50 ENDOSPORES. [PHYSARUM. parent, with innate scattered clusters of pale yellow or yellowish- grey lime-granules ; rupturing when mature into from two to four segments. Stalk erect or curved, 0-5 to 2 mm. high, slender, subulate, translucent, dull'red or golden red. Columella formed by a continuation of the stalk, penetrating the sporangium to about four-fifths its height, slender, scarcely tapering to the wedge- shaped end, reddish-yellow. Capillitium a close network of hyaline threads with triangular expansions at the axils of the branches, arising from the whole length of the columella, persistent after the dispersion of the spores ; lime-knots scattered, small, rounded, yellow. Spores pale brownish-violet, delicately spinulose, 5 to 6-5 p diam. Plate XIV., A.— a. sporangia, ellipsoid form, x 20; 5. sporangia, globose form, x 20; ¢. apex of stalk bearing the columella and capillitium, x 100; d, capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢ spore, x 600 (United States). An immature specimen of this species occurs in the Strassburg collection named by Rostafinski ‘“‘Craterium leucocephalum unreif.” It agrees in all respects with the American type of P. penetrale, and is interesting as being apparently the only European gathering. Hab. On dead wood and moss.—Germany (Strassb. Herb.) ; Phila- delphia (L:B.M.27) 19. P, nutans Pers., in Usteri, Ann. Bot., xv., p. 6 (1795). Plas- modium watery white or yellowish-grey from the presence of foreign matter. Total height 1to 15mm. Sporangia subglobose, more or less flattened or concave beneath, 0:4 to 1 mm. broad ; white, greyish-white, or violet-grey ; gregarious, stipitate, sessile, or plas- modiocarps ; sporangium-wall membranous, with innate minute white granules in more or less dense clusters. Stalk subulate, longitudinally wrinkled, cernuous or erect, yellowish, olivaceous or dark, translucent above, sometimes opaque and white from deposits of lime in the wall, the tube of the stalk containing refuse matter but not lime (never with chalk-white fracture at the base as in P. leucopus). Columella none. Capillitium of colourless threads, either slender, forked and anastomosing with few flat expansions at the axils and few small white lime-knots, or with broad, often perforated expansions and large lime-knots. Spores clear violet-brown, nearly smooth or minutely spinulose, 8 to 11 p diam.—Pers., Syn., p. 171; Fr., Syst. Myc., iii., p. 128. Zilma- doche nutans Rost., Mon., p. 127; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 21; Mass., Mon., p. 327. Physarum leucophewm, Fr., Sym. Gast., p. 24 (1818); Rost., Mon., p. 113, figs. 77, 78, 89; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 15; Mass., Mon., p. 288. Physarum gracilentum Fr., Syst. Mye., iii., p. 133 (1829). Zilmadoche gracilenta Rost., Mon., p- 129; Mass., Mon., p. 330. Physarum granulatum Balf., in Grev., vol. x. (1882), p. 115; Mass., Mon., p. 289. Physarum Readeri Mass., Mon., p. 282. An extremely variable species ; the stalked and plasmodiocarp forms may develop from the same growth of plasmodium. Sporangia may be found with delicate capillitium and few minute lime-knots, associated with others from the same plasmodium with wide expansions at the PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACE. 51 angles of the threads and with large lime-knots ; some may have erect stalks enclosing much refuse, standing with others more weakly formed, containing little refuse matter and cernuous from the weight of the sporangium. As in all the Calcarinew the amount of lime in the sporangium-wall is liable to great variation ; where the supply is abundant it gives firmness and persistence to the membrane ; where it is scanty the wall is fragile or evanescent, as in the form named Tilmadoche nutans. In contrast with the latter, a robust form occurs, having a short stout stalk, often projecting within the sporangium in a conical point, with lime-knots of large size, either distributed among the capillitium or confluent in the centre; between these extreme forms all shades of difference may be found, making it difficult to define even distinct varieties. Examination of a large series leads to the conclusion that P. lewcophewm is not a distinct species, but must be included under P. nutans. The name P. leucopheur has been so long established as applied to a well-recognised form, that it would have been desirable in some respects to retain it as representing the type of this species; but as the name P. nutans was given by Persoon twenty-three years earlier than that by Fries, the rules of precedence necessitate its adoption. The diverging forms may be approximately described as follows, being arranged according to the amount of lime in the sporangium- wall and capillitium. a. violascens Rost., Mon., p. 114; sporangium-wall iridescent, fragile, free from lime; capillitium without lime-knots, stalk cernuous. Spores nearly smooth, 8 to 9 » diam. 8. genuinum: sporangium-wall with thin, innate clusters of lime-granules, fragile ; capillitium slender with few flat expansions at the angles and few small lime-knots; stalk cernuous. Spores nearly smooth, 8 to 9 » diam. Tilmadoche nutans Rost., Mon., p. 127. y. leucopheum : sporangium-wall with abundant lime, some- what persistent, capillitium with flat, often perforated expansions at the axils, especially towards the base of the sporangium, lime- knots many or few, fusiform or rounded, 5 to 20 » diam. ; sessile forms frequent; stalk erect or cernuous. Spores 8 to 10 » diam. P. leucophewm Fr., Sym. Gast., p. 24. 6. robustum: sporangium-wall with dense deposits of lime, persistent. Capillitium stouter, with wide flat expansions, lime- knots rounded or angular, 20 to 50 w broad, sometimes confined to the centre of- the sporangium and confluent. Plasmodiocarp forms frequent. Stalk short, erect, stout. Spores more dis- tinctly warted, 9 to 11 » diam. Plate XV.. A.—a. sporangia of form f, x 20; 0b. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600; d and d'. sporangia of form between 6 and ¥, x 20; ¢ capillitium of d with abundant lime-knots, x 280; fi capillitium of d', with few minute lime-knots, x 280 (England). B.—a. sporangia of form y, x 20; J. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢. sporangia of form 6, x 20; d. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England). The type of Til. gracilenta Rost., in the Strassburg collection, has small, nearly globose sporangia of the form 8, aud of a greyish-white 52 ENDOSPORES. [PHYSARUM. reyish-violet colour, as given by Rost., Mon., p. 120, and not csgenoe alta ” (Sacc., Syll. 5 Ds 360). The specimen named Til. gracilenta from Sowerby’s Herb. (K. 1419) approaches the form 6, with stout dark stalk. Physarum Readeri Mass., from Melbourne (K. 500), is the form y, with spores 8 to 9y»diam. The type of P. granulatum Balf. fil. (K. 67) is the form y, with the lime on the sporangium-wall in sand-like granules, a not infrequent appearance In species of Phy- saracee (cf. P. compressum). P. Muscicola Pers. is referred to by Persoon in Syn. Fung. 1801, p. 171, as hardly to be distinguished from the somewhat larger species P. nutans ; it would therefore appear to be a small form of variety 8. Tilmadoche Pini Rost., Mon., p. 128, is described as similar to P. nutans, but of erect and somewhat larger growth, and more robust. Hab. On rotten stumps, etc.—Leytonstone, Essex ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.28) ; y. France (Paris Herb.); u 8 y 5. Germany and Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; y. Italy (B. M. 435) ; y. Australia (K. 500) ; 8. Tasmania (K. 1403), New Zealand (K. 1243) ; 8 and y_N. America (L:B.M.28). 20. P. ealidris Lister, in Journ. Bot. 1891, p. 258, Pl. 308, fig. 2. Plasmodium? ‘otal height 1 to 2mm. Sporangia sub- globose, stipitate, erect or somewhat inclined, scattered, 0:5 mm. diam., white, rugose; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above, with dense clusters of innate white granules; thickened and persistent at the base, partaking of the colour of the stalk. Stalk subulate or equal, furrowed, 1 to 1:5 mm. long, 0:1 mm. thick, red-brown, clear orange-brown in glycerine-jelly mounting, not enclosing refuse matter, or rarely, at the base. Columella none. Capillitium of colourless branching threads with numerous or few white lime-knots ; very various in the same development, either delicate or approaching the type of Badhamia. Spores pale rownish-violet, almost smooth, 8 to 11 w diam. — Didymium usillum Berk. & Curt., Grev., ii. (1873), p. 53. Badhamia nodu- osa Mass., Mon., p. 322. Plate XIV., B.—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium and spores, x 280; c. spore, x 600 (England). The specimen in Broome’s Herb, named P. elephantinum Berk. & Br. MS. from Ceylon (B. M. 453) is a somewhat larger form, but appears to be the same species, with capillitium and spores similar to those in the English gatherings. P. xodulosum Cooke & Balf.(B. M. 858), from South Carolina, differs from the English specimens of P. calidris only in the Badhamia-like capillitium. In the Lyme Regis gatherings this character is very inconstant : in one sporangium the hyaline threads may be abundant, either delicate or with broad expansions, and the lime-knots scattered ; in another the hyaline threads may be few, with the capillitium consisting chiefly of confluent lime-knots. In the sporangium examined of the Orton specimen (K. 1411) the capillitium, for a great part, consists of a network of broad strands more or less filled with lime, of Badhamia type ; the remainder has numerous lime- knots connected by delicate hyaline threads. The type of Didymium pusillum Berk. & Curt., from South Carolina (K. 1492), consists of specimens on two slips of wood, on one of which are three small sporangia of a Physarum with orange translucent stalks, no columella, PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACE. 53 and capillitium with white lime-knots, answering to Berkeley’s descrip- tion of D. pusillum (Grev., ii., 1873, p. 53) and to that given above of Physarum calidris, On the other slip of wood are several specimens. of a Didymium with orange stalks, crystalline deposits of lime on the sporangium-wall, and a large white columella. These resemble the type and correspond with Berkeley’s description of his D. proximum (Grev., ii., 1873, p. 52), which is the same species as D. xanthopus Fr. Owing to the combination of these two specimens, Rostafinski has given D. pusillum as a synonym for D. proximum, only noticing the characters of the latter. The first part of Saccardo’s description of D. proximum (Syll., vii., p. 380) is taken from Berkeley’s account of D. pusillam in Grevillea, I.c, while the second part is a translation of Rostafinski’s account of D. proximum; hence a confusion has arisen, and it would be well if the name D. pusillum Berk. were dropped, or retained only as a synonym for P. calidris. Hab. On dead leaves, etc.—Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.29) ; Luton, Beds. (l:B.M.29) ; Wothorpe, Northampton (K. 1549); Orton, Leicester (K. 1411) ; Linlithgow (K. 1504); France (Paris Herb.) ; Parma (B. M. 496) ; Ceylon (B. M. 453) ; S. Carolina (B. M. 858). 21. P. compressum Alb. & Schw., Fung. Lus., p. 97 (1805). Plasmodium white, on decayed polyporus, dead leaves, ete. Total height 1 to1‘5 mm. Sporangia reniform or irregularly ovoid, compressed, erect, splitting along the upper ridge; stipitate, sessile, or plasmodiocarps; scattered, closely aggregated or con- fluent ; white or grey, rugose or warted ; sporangium-wall mem- branous, colourless, or purplish below, with dense innate clusters of white lime-granules. Stalk stout, equal, furrowed, black from contained refuse matter, or brownish or white from deposits of lime in the wall, never with chalk-white fracture at the base. Columella none. Capillitium a network formed of very numerous white lime-knots, varying in shape and size, connected by rather short, seldom branching, hyaline threads, Spores dark purplish- brown, more or less spinulose or echinulate, 9 to 14 «4 diam.— Sace., Syll., vii, p. 337. Physarum nephroideum Rost., Mon., p. 98, figs. 80-82; Mass, Mon., p. 285. Physarum candidum Rost., Mon., p. 96; Mass., Mon., p. 286. Physarum affine Rost., Mon., App., p.5; Mass., Mon., p. 283. Physarum Phillipsit Balf. fil., in Grev., vol. x. (1882), p. 116; Mass., Mon., p. 290. Didymium glaucum Phill, in Grev., vol. v. (1876), p. 114. Physarum glaucum Mass., Mon., p. 284. Didymium radiatum Mass., Mon. (in part), p. 229. Physarum nicuraguense Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, vol. ii., p. 382. The sporangia of P. compressum vary extremely in shape and general appearance, and in some forms resemble those of the following allied species, from which they may be distinguished by the characters as under :—From P. nutans by the abundant lime-knots and dark spores ; from P. cinereum—the sessile forms are separated by the dark spores ; from LP. didermoides by the presence of refuse matter in the stalk and by the single sporangium-wall ; from P. bivalve by the darker spores and shorter plasmodiocarps. Much difference is found in the size and roughness of the spores in sporangia from the same cultivation. In some groups they measure 54 ENDOSPOREZ. [PHYSARUM. 12 to 15 and are strongly spinulose; while in others they are smoother, aud average 9 to 11 » diam. The lime-granules in the sporangium-wall frequently coalesce into vitreous superficial scales or coarse particles, and those in the lime-knots become transparent and lose their granular character. This feature is occasionally, though rarely, met with in other species. In preparations in water of highly calcareous sporangia part of the lime is found to dissolve, and on drying to crystallise on the slide in particles resembling those described. A cultivation from an extensive growth of plasmodium exhibited the forms a, 3, and y in the development of the sporangia. a. Sporangia ovoid or reniform, laterally compressed, on short black or grey stalks, or sessile. 8. Sporangia ovoid or reniform, on white stalks 0-5 mm, long. y. Plasmodiocarps lobed and confluent. 8. Sporangia subglobose, stipitate. Plate XVI., A.—a. sporangia of vars. a, 8, and y, developed from the same plasmodium, x 20; 8. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢, spore, x 600 (England). B.—a. sporangia of vars. a and y, drawn from the type specimen of Phy- sarum Phillipsii, x 20; 6. capillitium and spores, x 280 (England); e. sporangia of var. 6, x 20;.d. capillitium and spores, x 280; @. spores, x 600 (Jowa, B.M. 807). Plate XVII, A.—a. sporangia from type of P. nicaraguense Machb., x 20; d. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢ spore, x 600 (Nicaragua). The specimens named P. nephroideum Rost. (Strassb. Herb.) are the form a. The type of P. candidum Rost., from Juan Fernandez (K. 510), is the form @ ; in some of the sporangia the lime-knots coalesce to form a central mass; that of P. Phillipsii Balf., from Phillips’ Herb., shows the forms a and y ; and that of P. lividum var. conglobatum Rost., from Ceylon, No. 55 (K. 1244), is the form a with short black stalks ; that of P. afine Rost., from Cuba, No. 907 (K. 1350), is the form 8 with white stalks. Didymium botryoides Berk. in Herb., from New Zealand (K. 1523)—a type of D. radiatum Mass.—is the form a. D. pruinosum Berk. & Curt., from Cuba (K. 1515), given by Rostafinski as a synonym for P. nephroideum (Rost., App., p. 5), is the forma. P. glaucum Phill, in Phillips’ Herb., is form a both with short black stalks and sessile. In Berkeley’s Herb. there are two gatherings from Ceylon of one species under the name of P. nutans: one of these (K. 1406) is the type of Tilmadoche reniformis Mass., the other (K. 1407) the type of Didymium echinospora Mass. It isa form with compressed reniform sporangia on long buff stalks; capillitium with large fusiform or branching lime-knots and short connecting hyaline threads; spores dark purple-brown, spinose, 13 to 15. It appears to be a variety of P. compressum, form a, differing from the type in the long slender stalk. American specimens, with nearly globose sporangia, and buff or white, long or short, stout stalks, from Professors Farlow and Macbride, appear from the capillitium and spores to be P. compressum, but a well- marked variety. They are more symmetrical than European forms, and are distinguished as var. 6. The specimen from Nicaragua named P. nicaraguense Macbride (figured on Plate XVII., A.) corresponds with a long-stalked and lobed form of P. compressum from Ceylon (B. M. 420), part of which gathering is shortly stalked or sessile ; it also approaches a specimen from Luton (L:B.M.30), in which the lobed and confluent sporangia PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACES, 55 are seated on short white stalks. The abundant lime in the capillitium and pseudo-columella are varying characters, but are unusually pro- nounced in this specimen. The spores are purplish-brown, minutely and closely spinulose, 9 to 10 » diam. Prof. Macbride compares it with P. glaucum Phill., a synonym for P. compressum, and there does not appear to be any specific character by which it can be separated from that species. Hab. On dead wood, etc.--Shrewsbury (B. M. 115) ; Hitchin, Herts. (L:B.M.30); Linlithgowshire (K. 1499); Germany and Poland (Strassb. Herb.) ; Italy (B. M. 423) ; Ceylon (B. M. 419, 420) ; Australia (IX. 1314) ; New Zealand (K. 1282) ; 8. New Hampshire (L:B.M.30) ; 6. Iowa (B. M. 806); Texas (K..1303) ; Cuba (K. 1350) ; Juan Fernandez (K. 510); Paraguay (Paris Herb.) ; Nicaragua (B. M. 1010). 22. P. didermoides Rost., Mon., p. 97, fig. 87 (1875). Plas- modium? Total height 0-5 to 1:3 mm. Sporangia ovoid, erect, stipitate or sessile, crowded, about 0-8 mm. high, 0°5 mm. broad, white, or dark grey above from the falling away or discontinuance of the outer calcareous crust ; sporangium-wall of three layers, the outer a dense deposit of white lime-granules, deciduous, the middle layer a delicate colourless membrane with scattered lime- granules, closely combined with an inner purplish, hyaline, areo- lated, thicker layer. Stalk variable in length and thickness, or wanting, white, membranous, with innate deposits of lime-granules, not containing refuse matter, rising from a plicate white hypo- thallus. Columella none. Capillitium consisting of numerous rounded or somewhat angular white lime-knots connected by short, seldom branching, hyaline threads, which are purple at the attach- ments to the sporangium-wall. Spores very dark purple-brown, nearly smooth or minutely spinulose, 10 to 13 » diam.—Cooke, Myx., p. 11; Mass., Mon., p. 291; Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Towa, ii., p. 154. Spumaria? didermoides Pers., Syn., Addenda, p. xxix (1801). Physarum lividum B licheniforme Rost., Mon., p- 95; Mass., Mon., p. 304 (in part). Physarum cinerewm var. ovoideum Sacc., in Michelia, ii., p. 334; Sace., Syll., vii, p. 344; Mass., Mon., p. 299. Plate XIX., A.—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium, with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; v. spore, x 600 (Italy). P. cinereum var. ovoideum Sacc. on Ailanthus glandulosa (B. M. 432) is a short-stalked form of P. didermoides, the sporangia arising from a white membranous hypothallus. P. lividum var. licheniforme Rost., parts of the type of which from Schweinitz’ Herb. are in the Strassburg and Kew collections (K. 1249), is a sessile form of P. didermoides. Hab. On dead wood, leaves, etc.—King’s Cliff, Norths. (K. 1252) ; Lyons, France (B. M. 432) ; Germany (Paris Herb.) ; Italy (K. 101) ; Natal (K. 8); Ceylon (B. M. 420); Iowa (B. M. 809); N. Carolina (B. M. 998); Ohio (L:B.M.31). 23. P. cinereum Pers., in Rémer, N. Mag. Bot., i, p. 89 (1794). Plasmodium watery white, among dead leaves. Sporangia sessile, subglobose, pulvinate, oblong or plasmodiocarps, scattered or crowded, contcrted and confluent, 0°3 to 0°5 mm. broad, white or cinereous, more or less warted or veined; sporangium-wall 56 ENDOSPORES. [PHYSARUM,. membranous with innate clusters of white lime-granules. Colu- mella none, or represented by confluent lime-knots. Capillitium of branching hyaline threads, with- numerous white lime-knots varying in size and shape, sometimes confluent in the centre of the sporangium or forming a Badhamia-like network with few hyaline threads. Spores bright violet-brown, almost smooth or spinulose, 7 to 10 » diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 102, figs. 71, 72, 85; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 13; Mass., Mon., p. 298; Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii., p. 155, Pl. ix., fig. 4. Lycoperdon cinerewm Batsch, Elench. Fung., p. 155 (1783). Didymium scrobiculatum Berk., in Hook. Journ. Bot. (1845), p. 66. Physarum scrobicu- latwm Mass., Mon., p. 300. Plate XVIII., Aa. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium and spores, x 280; ce. spore, x 600 (Hngland), , Plate XVIII., B.—a. sporangia, x 20; 0%. capillitium attached to colu- mella and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (Germany, Rostafinski’s type of Crateriachea mutabilis). ~~ The capillitium of P. cinereum varies widely in the development of the lime-knots ; in the common forms they are very numerous and rounded. Sometimes they are large and angled, and at other times small with the hyaline threads profuse. They are usually equally dis- tributed among the capillitium, but occasionally more concentrated in the middle of the sporangium. A remarkable instance of the latter state is seen in the form named by Rostafinski Crateriachea mutabilis (Mon., p. 126), the type of which is in the Strassburg collection. Here the lime-knots are confluent, forming a distinct columella, a few also appearing among the network of hyaline threads by which it is surrounded. The sporangia are mostly elongated plasmodiocarps with scanty, brownish-yellow hypothallus, but some are ovoid or subcylind- rical, erect on a short brown stalk, the brown colour extending into the lower part of the sporangium-wall. The specimen issued by Raben- horst and Winter from Pavia No. 2969 (B. M. 542), wrongly named Didymium squamulosum, resembles Crateriachea in the sporangia being occasionally provided with a short brown stalk, and in the lime-knots being confluent and forming a pseudo-columella, but they are less densely compacted and more distributed among the surrounding capilli- tium ; the sporangia are also nearly globose. In the form named by Cesati Didymium Neapolitanum (B. M. 573),* the lime-knots are con- fluent, forming a large central mass more or less attached to the base of the sporangium ; the surrounding capillitium either consists almost exclusively of hyaline threads, or has a few large scattered lime-knots in addition ; the sporangia are irregularly globose, sessile, or on a buff foot-like hypothallus ; the spores in these three specimens are the same as in P. cinereum. How far Crateriachea mutabilis, Didymium Neapoli- tanum, and the Pavia specimen above mentioned may be held to be varieties of P. cinerewm, or as distinct species, must depend on further gatherings establishing the constancy of their forms ; as the occasional aggregation of lime-knots is of frequent occurrence in other species of Physarum, and in the somewhat nearly allied Badhamia panicea, this character can scarcely be considered important. It appears from * Two species were issued by Rabenhorst and Winter under the name Didymium Neapolitanum Ces., No. 2675; that in the Kew coll. (557) is D. squamulosum, that in the British Museum (573) is the species above described. PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACER. 57 Berkeley’s description of Didymium scrobiculatum that Rostafinski was right in placing it under P. cinereum, There is nothing remaining of the type specimen in Berkeley’s Herb. (K. 1518). Hab. On dead leaves,. etc.—Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.32) ; Leytonstone, Essex (:B.M.32); France (Paris Herb.); Germany (Strassb. Herb.) ; Natal (K. 2); Ceylon (K. 1284) ; Madras (K. 17); Pennsylvania (L:B.M.32) ; Iowa (L:B.M.32); S. Carolina (B. M. 428, 431, 885, 934) ; Cuba (B. M. 429); Paraguay (K. 562). 24. P. bivalve Pers., in Usteri, Ann. Bot., xv., p. 5 (1795). Plasmodium white, among dead leaves. Sporangia sessile, elon- gated, laterally compressed, sinuous or branched, equal in breadth from the base to the flattened ridge, which at length splits longi- tudinally ; sometimes pulvinate, bursting irregularly ; white, grey, or yellowish ;-sporangium-wall double, the outer layer with copious deposits of lime, smooth or reticulated, the inner wrinkled and colourless, showing as a grey membrane along the line of dehiscence, adhering to the outer layer below. Columella none. Capillitium a network formed of numerous white, often branching lime-knots, varying in shape and size, connected by rather short hyaline threads, Spores violet-brown, spinulose, 8 to 10 » diam.—Reticu- laria sinuosa Bull., Champ., p. 94, Pl. eccexlvi., fig. 3 (1791). Angioridium sinuosum Grev., Scot. Crypt. Fl, t. 310. Daderma valwatum Fr., Syst. Myc., iii, p. 109. Physarum sinuosum Fr., Syst. Mye., iii, p. 145; Rost., Mon., p. 112, fig. 91; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 14; Mass., Mon., p. 305; Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Towa, ii, p. 157. Plate XIX., B.—a. sporangium, x 20; 8. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England). Forms without: lime occur occasionally in P. bivalve and the allied species. Hab. On dead leaves, etc.—Portbury, near Bristol (B. M. 116, 117) ; Leytonstone, Essex (L:B.M.33) ; Luton, Beds. (L:B.M.33); France (K. 28); Germany (B. M. 510); Finland (B. M. 450); Bohemia (B. M. 446); Poland (Strassb. Herb.); Italy (K. 1345); Ceylon (B. M. 451); Java (K. 1312); Brisbane (B. M. 535); Iowa (B. M. 811) ; 8. Carolina (B. M. 932, 933, 934). 25. P. Diderma Rost., Mon., p. 110 (1875). Plasmodium white. Sporangia subglobose, 0°6 to 0-8 mm. diam., sessile ; or curved and flexuose plasmodiocarps 2 to 6 mm. long, rounded, not compressed, smooth, white or buff; sporangium-wall double, the outer. wall densely charged with white lime-granules, free and deciduous above, recurved and persistent below ; inner wall smooth, mem- branous, persistent, of two layers, the outer thin and colourless, combined with the purplish inner layer. Columella none. Capil- litium a network of hyaline threads, with numerous, variously shaped large white lime-knots. Spores dark purplish-brown, spinulose, 10 to. 12 » diam.—Mass., Mon., p. 304 ; List., in Journ. Bot. 1891, p. 260, Pl. 309, fig. 2. Plate XXIJ., Aa. sporangia, x 20; 6. capillitium with fragment of sporangium and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England). 58 ENDOSPOREZ. [PHYSARUM. The uncompressed sporangia with the outer wall nearly free from the smooth purplish inner wall characterises this species, and dis- tinguishes it from P. bivalve and P. compressum, its nearest allies. Hab. On dead leaves, etc.—Wanstead, Essex (L:B.M.34) ; Flitwick, Beds. (L:B.M.34) ; Germany (B. M. 512). 26. P. contextum Pers., Syn., p. 168 (1801). Plasmodium yellow. Sporangia subglobose, ovoid, erect, 0:4 to 0-6 mm. diam., sessile or reniform and elongated on a broad base, crowded, often angled by mutual pressure, rounded or flattened above, smooth, yellowish-white or ochraceous ; sporangium-wall double, the outer layer thick with dense deposits of lime, often breaking away in the upper part from the thin colourless inner layer. Columella none. Capillitium with scanty hyaline threads and numerous large irregularly branching white lime-knots. Spores dark violet- brown, spinulose, 10 to 13 y diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 109; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 13; Mass., Mon., p. 303 (in part); Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii., p. 157. Diderma contextum Pers., Obs. Myce., i, p. 89 (1796); Fr., Syst. Myc., iii, p. 111. Déderma ochroleucum Berk. & Curt., in Grev., ii, p.52. Physarwm con- glomeratum Mass., Mon., p. 304. Plate XX., A.—a. sporangia of two forms, x 20; 6. capillitium and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (Germany: Rostafinski’s type). The type of Diderma ochroleucum Berk. & Curt., from Pennsylvania (K. 1533), is typical P. contextum. Hab. On dead leaves, sticks, etc—Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.35); near Birmingham (L:B M.35); France (K. 365) ; Germany (B. M. 418) ; Sweden (K. 1277); Poland (Strassb. Herb.); Iowa (B. M. 808); Mass., U.S.A. (L:B.M.35). 27. P. conglomeratum Rost., Mon., p. 108, figs. 73, 79, 90 (1875). Plasmodium? Sporangia subglobose, sessile on a broad base, densely aggregated on one plane, angled by mutual pressure, 0:3 to 0'5 mm. broad, yellow or brownish-white, mottled with paler shades; sporangium-wall double, the inner layer of the convex upper wall having translucent, pale yellow, curved, thickened areas, with a vitreous fracture; the outer layer thick, consisting of easily crumbling yellow lime-granules; the wall below thin with the two layers less distinct. Capillitium of deli- cate branching hyaline threads, with nunierous white or yellowish, branching, often confluent lime-knots. Spores pale violet-brown, almost smooth, 8 to 10 yw diam.—List., in Journ. Bot. 1891, p. 259, Pl. cceviii., fig. 1. Diderma conglomeratum Fr., Syst. Myc., iii., p. 111 (1829). Physarum Rostafinskii Mass., Mon., p. 301. Plate XX., B,—a. sporangia, x 20; 6. capillitium, with fragment of sporangium-wall, showing vitreous structure (d') and spores, x 280 } @ spore, x 600 (Germany: Rostafinski’s type). Distinguished from P. contextum by the pale, nearly smooth, and smaller spores, and by the vitreous structure of the inner wall of the upper part of tho sporangium. Rostafinski’s type specimens of P. conglomeratum from Germany (Strassb. Herb.) and from Sikkim PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACE, 59 (B. M. 416 ; K. 96) correspond with the description in his Monograph, but in both of them the lime-knots, though somewhat confluent in the centre of the sporangium, cannot be said to form a cylindrical columella, such as he describes. The specimen from Fries (K. 1277) taken as the type of this species by Massee (Mon., p. 304) is typical P. contextum in all the characters given by Rostafinski. The name P. Mostajinskii, which is given by Massee as superseding P. conglomeratum Rost., is unnecessary. The vitreous structure of the inner wall of the upper part of the sporangium is constant in all the specimens I, have examined. Fries distinguished Diderma conglomeratum from D. con~ teatum chiefly by the difference of the capillitium ; he describes the presence of a columella in both species, but speaks of the deposits of lime as being-more largely developed in D. conglomeratum. This is an uncertain character, and varies in different gatherings. Rostafinski was the first to detect the main specific difference, and pointed out that in Physarum contextum the spores are rough and measure 10 to 13 #, while in P. conglomeratum they are nearly smooth and measure 8to9p»diam. He follows Fries in referring to a columella in P. con- glomeratum, but adds that it is free and not always evident, and he describes P. contextum as being usually without-a columella. Hab. On dead leaves, moss, etc.—Darenth, Kent (B. M. 417) ; Hutton, Yorks. (L:B.M.36) ; Germany (B. M. 415) ; Sikkim, India (B. M. 416). 28. P. virescens Ditm., in Sturm, Deutsch. Fl. Pilze, vol. i., p. 123, Pl. lxi. (1817). Plasmodium lemon-yellow, among dead leaves and grass. Sporangia subglobose or irregularly ovoid, 0-2 to 0:8 mm. broad, sessile, much aggregated in confluent groups, or gregarious, rugose or nearly smooth, pale yellowish-green, yellow, or olive-brown from the absence of lime; sporangium-wall membranous, with dense innate clusters of minute yellow lime- granules, rarely without lime. COolumella none. Capillitium a network of hyaline threads; lime-knots fusiform, roundish or irregular, yellow. Spores minutely spinulose, pale violet-brown, 6 to 9 » diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 103 ; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 13; Blytt, Bidr. Norg., Sop. iii. (1892), p. 4; Mass., Mon., p. 277. P. Ditmari Rost., Mon., App., p. 8; Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii, p. 155. P. thejoteum Fr., Symb. Gast., p. 21 (1818). Didymium sinapinum Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 33; Mass., Mon., p. 246. Physarum auriscalpium Macbride (non Cooke), i.c., p. 158. a. genuinum: sporangia irregularly ovoid, 0:2 to 0°3 mm. broad, in dense clusters of 20 to 30, on a membranous hypothallus, shading from pale yellow-green to orange-yellow; sporangium-wall with dense innate clusters of yellow lime-granules. Capillitium often scanty. Spores 7 to 10 « diam. 8. obscurum: sporangia subglobose, 0:4 to 0-6 mm. diameter, sessile, solitary, confluent, or plasmodiocarps, gregarious or crowded, smooth or rugose, greenish, grey, or olive-brown and _ somewhat glossy ; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above, yellow at the base, without lime, or with widely scattered innate clusters of whitish lime-granules. , Spores 6 to 8 » diam. y. nitens : sporangia subglobose, 0:5 to 0-8 mm. diam., sessile, gregarious, not clustered, bright yellow. Spores 7 to 9 » diam. 60 : ENDOSPORE. [PHYSARUM. Plate XXI., A.—a. sporangia, var. a, x 20; 0. capillitium, with fragment of sporangium-wall showing calcareous dises, and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England), B.—a. sporangia, var. 8, x 20; 0. capillitium and spores, x 280 (England). . Glycerine mountings of a. genuinum show, dispersed in the sporangium- wall, flattened disc-shaped crystalline bodies with a radiating structure, measuring 10 to 20 » diameter, such as are also found in the sporangium- wall of P. psittactnum and Craterium leucocephalum. They do not appear to be present in vars. 8 and y of P. virescens. Didymium terrigenum Berk. & Curt., from Carolina (B. M. 575), is given by Rost. as a synonym for Physarum cinereum Rost., Mon., App., p. 9. The specimen is in a poor condition, but the character of the sporangia and spores and the orange-yellow lime-knots places it under P. virescens. The specimen from Iowa (B. M. 1011), to which Prof. Macbride applied the name P. auriscalpiwm Cooke (1.c.), is P. virescens y nitens. Hab. On dead leaves, grass, etc.—a. Epping Forest, Essex (L:B.M. 87). @. Lyme Regis, Dorset (L:B.M.37) ; a. France (Paris Herb.) ;’ a. Germany (B. M. 413) ; 8. Hungary (K. 1529); a. Dorfhalden (B. M. 861). y. Maine (L:B.M.37); u. Massachusetts (L:B,M.37) ; y. Iowa (B. M. 1011). 29. P. ineequale Peck, in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxi., Bot., p. 40 (1879). Plasmodium? Sporangia subglobose, 0:3 to 0-7 mm. diam., sessile, or elongated and confluent forming plas- modiocarps, gregarious, yellowish-red, brick-red, rosy-red, or when little lime is present pale bluish spotted with red, somewhat rugose, rupturing irregularly ; sporangium-wall membranous, colourless above, yellow at the base, with innate clusters of red or yellow lime-granules. Columella none. Capillitium a network of delicate hyaline colourless or pale yellow threads, with rounded lime-knots varying in shape and size, each knot with a red centre surrounded by yellow round lime-granules 1 to 3 «4 diam. Spores pale violet-brown, almost smooth, 6 to 9 w diam.—Didymium lateritium Berk. & Rav., in Grev., ii. (1873), p. 65. Physarum Ditmari y lateritium Rost., Mon., App., p. 9. Didymiwm croceo- flavum Berk. & Br., in Linn. Journ., xiv. (1875), p. 84. Phy- sarum Ditmari B croceoflavum Rost., Mon., App., p.9. Physarum chrysotrichum Mass., Mon., p. 300 (in part). Plate XXII., B.—a. sporangia, x 20; 0. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; e¢. spore, x 600 (8. Carolina: Berkeley’s type of D. lateritium). Intermediate between P. rubiginosum and P. virescens ; from orange forms of the latter it differs in the scattered habit of its sporangia, oe both species in the curious structure of the rounded lime- nots. Hab. On dead leaves, wood, ete.—Ceylon (B. M. 414); Georgia, U.S.A. (B. M. 898); S. Carolina (B. M. 898, 899); Philadelphia (L:B.M.38) ; Ohio (L:B.M.38). 30. P. rubiginosum Fries, Symb. Gast., p. 21 (1817). Plas- modium? Sporangia subglobose, 0°5 to 0°8 mm. diam., sessile, gregarious or crowded, smooth or rather rough, orange or deep PITYSARUM. | ENDOSPOREA, 61 red or reddish-brown. Sporangium-wall membranous, with dense innate clusters of orange lime-granules. Columella none. Capil- litium a network of hyaline threads with frequent triangular membranous expansions at the axils of the branches; lime-knots angular, branching, often confluent, orange-red or orange-brown. Spores pale violet-brown, spinulose, 8 to 11 » diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 104; List., in Journ. Bot. 1891, p. 259, Pl. 308, fig. 2; Mass., Mon., p. 302; Blytt, Bidr. Norg., Sop. iii., p. 4. Plate XXIITI., A—a. sporangia, x 20; b. capillitium and spores, x 280 ; e. spore, x 600 (Germany: Rostafinski’s type). B.—a. sporangia, x 20; b. capillitium, with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; v. spore, x 600 (8. Carolina : Cooke’s type of P. aurt- scalpium). The specimen sent by Mr. Wingate to Mr. Massee under the name Leocarpus squamulosus (L:B.M.38) so closely resembles P. rubiginosum that it appears to be.an American form of that species ; it agrees with the Strassburg type in the capillitium and spores, and differs only in the more glossy sporangia, which are brown in colour instead of deep red. Two other specimens are difficult to locate. One from Dr. Harkness, Blue Cafion, California (L:B.M.38), named in Phillips’s coll. Badhamia inaurata, has subglobose sporangia 1 to 1:3 mm. diam. ; the sporangium-wall is scaly, and pale yellow with a faint reddish tinge ; the capillitium is a network of hyaline threads, with abundant large, branching, pale yellow lime-knots ; the spores measure 8 to 10 p» diam. The other from Aiken, S. Carolina, named in Ravenel’s collection Cienkowskia reticulata (B. M. 991), is a deep orange branching plasmodio- carp ; capillitium a network of hyaline threads, with large, branching, pale yellow lime-knots; spores 7 to 9 »% diam. This specimen has a strong external resemblance to Cienkowskia reticulata, but it has not the rigid yellow hyaline capillitium threads with hooked branchlets and the flat lime-plates of that species. Should further gatherings confirm the characters of these two specimens they might deserve specific rank, but at present they are retained under P. rubiginosum, to which, not- withstanding the pale colour of the lime-knots, they appear to be most nearly allied. The specimen B. M. 863 is part of the type of Physarum auriscalpium Cooke ; another part is in the Kew Herb. It is numbered 1854 in Ravenel’s collection from the Santee Canal, South Carolina, and was described in Myx. U.S.A., Ann. Lyc. N. H. New York, vol. xi. (1877), p. 384. It presents the following characters :—Sporangia sessile, or with an almost obsolete stalk ; subglobose depressed, gregarious, orange red ; sporangium-wall of two layers, the outer densely charged with orange lime-granules and separating in scales from the membranous grey inner layer; columella none ; capillitium of large, branching orange lime-knots, with few connecting hyaline threads. Spores dull violet brown, minutely warted, 10 to 12 » diam. The specimen repre- sents a single gathering, and the point in which it differs chiefly from Physarum rubiginosum Fries is the Badhamia-like capillitium, but judging from Dr. Cooke’s description it would appear that in the sporangia examined by him the hyaline threads were sufficiently developed to include the species in the genus Physarum ; in other respects there are no characters by which it can be defined as distinct from P. rubiginosum, and, provisionally at least, it appears better to place it as a form of the latter species. 62 ENDOSPOREA. [pHysaRuM. Hab. On dead wood and leaves—Birmingham (L:B.M.39) ; Ger- many (Strassb. Herb.) ; Norway (Christiania Herb.) ; Philadelphia (L:B.M.39).” 8. Carolina (B. M. 863, 991); California (L: B.M.39). SPECIES NOT MET WITH IN THE QUOTED COLLECTIONS. 31. P. flavum Fries, Symb. Gast., p. 22. Sporangia globose, rugoso-verrucose, yellow. Stalk short, equal, of the length of the sporangium, much wrinkled, pale yellow. Columella none. Capillitium abundant, with large, angular, whitish or pale yellowish lime-knots. Spores dull violet, minutely warted, 9°9 to 10°8 p» diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 100. Craterium flavum Fr., Summ. Veg., p. 454. Hab. On twigs of bramble, ferns, etc.—Sweden. This description applies to Craterium citrinellum List. 32. P. sulphureum Alb. & Schw., Consp. Fung., p. 93, tab. 6, fig. 1. Sporangia globose, erect, rugoso-squamulose, sulphur. yellow. Stalk smooth, short, conical, white, densely charged with lime within. Columella none. Capillitium well developed, pale violet-yellow ; lime-knots abundant, angular. Spores bright violet, smooth, 10 to 12 « diam.—Rost., Mon., p. 101. Hab. On dead leaves.—Germany and Pacts 33. P. effusum Schwein., in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., iv. (1834), p. 257. Sporangia creeping, forming a reticulation, ‘or entirely effused, white, much flattened ; mass of spores and capillitium becoming black. Hab, On earth in a hothouse.—Salem, N. ‘Menten, zs 34.°P. elegans Schwein., ic. Sporangia crowded, subgloboso, convex, flattened above, amethyst colour, subrugose. Spores blackish-brown, conglomerated. Capillitium of thickish threads. Hab. Rare.—Salem, N. America. 35. P. luteovalve Schwein., Jc. Sporangia irregularly lobed, convex, more or less confluent, externally of a bright gold colour, _ somewhat compressed, bivalved. Spores bright yellow. Hab. On fallen stems.—Carolina. This might refer to some species of Perichena, 36. P. polyeedron Schwein., /.c. Sporangia gregarious or some- what scattered, rather large, blackish-fuliginous, dull, subhemi- spherical, exactly pentagonal with straight sides, rugose, at length breaking in a somewhat stellate manner from the persistent lower part. Spores and dense capillitium of the same colour as the sporangia. Hab. On logs of walnut.—Bethlehem, N. America. 37. P cespitosum Schwein., /.c., p. 258. Sporangia substipitate or suddenly contracted at the base, clustered or scattered, tur- PHYSARUM. | PHYSARACES. 63 binato-ovate, with yellow scales. Capillitium yellow. Spores blackish-brown. Hab. On leaves and stalks of rhododendron.—Bethlehem, N. America. This description would apply to P. virescens Ditm. 38. P. Schroeteri Rost., Mon., p. 419. Sporangia stipitate, hemispherical, flattened, greenish-grey. Stalk thick, conical, dull yellow or golden, shining, continued into a distinct obtuse conical columella. Capillitium of delicate threads, forming a dense net- work provided with lime-knots. Spores violet, delicately spinulose, 10 to 11 p» diam. Hab. Otterdorf, near Rastatt ; Dr. Schroeter. This description points to a form of P. citrinum. 39. P. Famintzini Rost., Mon., p. 107. Sporangia sessile, minute, crowded, sometimes confluent, dull chestnut, irregularly hemi- Spherical, dehiscing at the apex. Columella none. Capillitium elastic, elongated after dehiscence; the greater part of the knots not developed, a few containing milky yellow lime-granules. Spores pale violet, smooth, 10 » diam. Hab. On twigs in Poland. 40. P. capense Rost., Mon., p. 113, fig. 92. Sporangia irre- gularly hemispherical or turbinate, sessile, simple, or more often collected in small clusters on a copious hypothallus, greyish-white, wrinkled. Columella none. Capillitium abundant, with few more or less rectangular lime-knots with very long connecting hyaline threads. Spores pale violet, smooth, 11 to 14 yw diam. Hab, On branches,—Cape of Good Hope. Specimen inthe Leipsic Museum. The figure and description apply to a form of P. cinercum. 41. P. Braunianum de Bary, in Rost., Mon., p. 105. Plas- modium yellow; sporangia irregularly globose, small, sessile, simple, or collected in little heaps, brown, 65 mm. diam., dull or shining above; sporangium-wall yellowish brown above, dull brown towards the base. Columella none. Capillitium well developed, with small rounded-angular brown lime-knots weakly developed. Spores violet, smooth, 10°7 » diam. Hab. Grundewald, near Berlin.—A. Braun. The nearest allies of this species seem to be P. murinwm and P. virescens var. obscurum. 42. P. ornatum Peck, in Rep. N. York Mus., xxxi., p. 40. Sporangia depressed or hemispherical, plane or slightly concave ‘beneath, greenish-cinereous, dotted with small yellow granules, the empty walls whitish. Stem short, black or blackish-brown, generally longitudinally wrinkled when dry. Columella none. Capillitium with numerous yellow knot-like thickenings. Spores globose, smooth, violet-brown in the mass, about 10 to 11 u diam. Hab. Decaying wood.—Albany, U.S.A. This description applies to the pale form of P. viride Pers. o 64 ' ENDOSPORE. [PHYSARUM. 43, P. luteolum Peck, in Rep. N. York Mus., xxx., p. 50, Pl. ii., figs. 15-18. Sporangia small, closely gregarious, sessile, yellowish inclining to tawny, rupturing irregularly; flocci abundant, yellowish-white. Spores globose, purplish-brown, 10 p» diam. Hab. On the living leaves of Cornus Canadensis L.—Adirondack Mts., N.Y. ; This description suggests a form of P. virescens Ditm., 44, P. imitans Racib., in Rozpr., Mat.-Przyr. Akad. Krak., xii., p. 73 (1884), fig. 3 @ 6. Sporangia hemispherical, umbilicate, greyish-white, erect or nodding, with the stalk 1 mm. high. Stalk a little longer than the sporangia, rigid, subulate, brownish- black. Columella none. Capillitium white, abundant, forming an irregular net; nodes sometimes filled with lime, of various shapes. Spores violet, minutely warted, 9°5 to 10 « diam.—Sacc., Syll., vol. vii, p. 348. Hab. On branches.—Poland. Var. flexuosum Racib., Hedw., vol. xxviii., p. 120. Plasmodio- carps vermiform. Capillitium of the type of P. leucophewm, from which it differs in the distinctly warted spores. The spores of P. leucophewm vary in the extent to which they are warted, but are never quite smooth under a magnification of 1200 diam. The description of P. imitans applies to that species. 45. P. chlorinum Cooke, in Grev., v., p. 101, pl. 86, fig. 10, Sporangia scattered or gregarious, small, sessile, subglobose, greenish-yellow, simple, bursting in a stellate manner. Spores subglobose, black, opaque, 8 to 9 uw diam. Hab. On dead wood of Cocos nucifera L.—Demerara. In the absence of a type specimen, this description is too brief to be serviceable. SPECIES REFERRED TO J7'7LmaDOCHE NOT MET WITH IN THE QUOTED COLLECTIONS. 46. T. anomala Mass., Mon., p. 333. Gregarious; sporangia globose or slightly depressed, minutely umbilicate beneath, white, sprinkled with minute particles of lime; stem elongated, slender, equal, straight, pale yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, filled with particles of lime, expanding at the base into a minute circular hypothallus. Capillitium rather dense; threads everywhere equal, about 3 » thick, combined to form a loose irregular network. Nodes very rarely slightly incrassated, and containing a few minute, colourless granules of lime; spores globose, dirty lilac, smooth, 10 w diam. Hab. On wood.—Venezuela. 47. T. cavipes Berk., in Grev., xi., p. 39. Mycelium reticulate, white sporangia, when young, flesh-colour, afterwards brick-red, FULIGO. | PHYSARACER, 65 pulverulent, globose; stalks white, thickened at the base, cottony, ee 3; Spores purple-black, smooth, globose. Capillitium scanty, yellow. 7 Hab. On leaves of Phalenopsis.—Andaman Isles. The filmy reticulate mycelium at length disappears, and the peridia are scattered, looking at first sight, from their white stems, like Diachea. The species is altogether distinct from Trichia lateritia Lev. The dust of the peridia consists of irregular fragments of a bright orange-red. SPECIES EXCLUDED FROM THE GENUS. P. cerebrinum Mass. = Fuligo septica Gmel.. P. chrysotrichum Berk. & Curt. = Badhamia decipiens Berk. & Curt. P. citrinellum Peck. - = Craterium citrinellum List. P. concinnum Mass. = Badhamia lilacina Rost. P. ellipsosporum Rost. = Fuligo ellipsospora List. P. gyrosum Rost. = Fuligo septica Gmel. P. gyrosum Mass. (in part) = Badhamia decipiens Berk. & Curt. P. hians Mass. = Physarella mirabilis Peck. P. muscorum A. & 8. = Fuligo septica Gmel. P. rufibasis Berk. & Br. = Physarella mirabilis Peck. P. scyphoides Cooke & Balf. = Craterium leucocephalum Ditm. The following species of Physarum are rejected by Rostafinski on sufficient grounds (Rost., Mon., p. 304) :— P. antiades Fr. P. atrum Fr. P. connatum Schum. P. elongatum Link. P. flavo-virens A. & 8. P. fimetarium Schum. P. hypnophilum Fr. P. picewm Fr. P. purpurascens Link. Si P. stipitatum Chev. P, villosum Schum. Genus 4.—FULIGO Haller, Hist. Stirp. Helv., iii, p. 110 (1768). Sporangia elongated, branching and interwoven, com- bined into a pulvinate or effused ‘ethalium; the outer layer forming a cortex charged with deposits of lime-granules, without spores; the inner stratum containing the spores and a well- developed capillitium, with few or many lime-knots; the lower layer forming a skin-like hypothallus. 5 66 ENDOSPOREZ. [FULIGO. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF FULIGO. ABthalia and lime-knots yellow or variously coloured :— Spores nearly smooth, 7 to 10 » diam. (1) F. septica Spores spinulose, 10 to 11 « diam. (2) ff. ochracea Aathalia and lime-knots pure white. (3) F. ellipsospora 1. F. septica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 1466 (1791). Plasmodium yellow. Aithalia pulvinate, varying much in size, from 2 mm. to 20 em., broad, yellow, pinkish or dull white or reddish-brown. The sporangia constituting the ethalium are intricately coiled and anastomosing, 2 to 2'5 mm. broad, with air spaces in the intervals which permeate the mass. The cortex is sometimes wanting, when the surface is grey and marked with brain-like convolutions. Sporangium-walls within the ethalium membran- ous, very fragile, colourless, with scattered deposits of lime-granules. Columella none. Capillitium very variable, a loose network of slender hyaline threads more or less expanded at the axils, with rounded, fusiform, or branching yellow or whitish lime-knots, varying much in size. Spores violet, almost smooth, 6 to 10 p diam.—Blytt, Bidr. Norg., Sop. iii. (1892), p. 5. Mucor septicus Linn., Sp. Pl., Ed. 2, p. 1656 (1763). Fuligo varians Somm., Fl. Lap., p. 239; Rost., Mon., p. 134; Cooke, Myx. Brit., p. 23; Mass., Mon., p. 340; Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii., p. 160, Aithalium septicum Fr., Syst. Myc., iii, p. 93; Cooke, Handbook, No. 1101. Physarum gyroswm Rost., Mon., p. 111. Physarum cerebrinwm Mass., Mon., p. 306. Licea Lindheimert Berk., in Grev., ii., p. 68. Tubulina Lindheimeri Mass., Mon., p. 42. Plate XXIV., A.—a.a small part of an ecorticate ethalium, nearly resembling the type of Physarum gyrosum Rost., x 20; 6. capillitium with fragment of sporangium-wall and spores, x 280; ¢. spore, x 600 (England) ; d. capillitium and subellipsoid spores from a corticate ethalium, x 280 (Black Forest, Germany). Rostafinski’s type specimen of Physarum gyrosum Rost. from Berlin in the Strassburg collection consists of minute pinkish ethalia of Fuligo septica 2 to 3 mm. broad, without superficial cortex. He quotes Reticularia muscorum Fr. (Syst. Myc., iii, p. 91), as a synonym for P. gyrosum ; it appears probable from Fries’ description that his species was also a small ecorticate form of F’. septica. In the type specimen of Licea Lindheimeri Berk. from Texas (K. 1648) only the basal part of an ethalium ,remains ; it is an orange form of Fuligo septica with scanty delicate capillitium and violet spores measuring 5 to7 py. The type of Physarum cerebrinum Mass., produced in a hot- house at Kew (K. 195), is also a form of F. septica with no cortex developed over the convoluted sporangia ; it is found that if the rising plasmodium is protected by a bell-glass from currents of dry air, the outer sporangia develop as well as the inner, and no cortex of panes sporangia is formed. Hab. On rotten wood, tan, etc—Common. Leytonstone, Essex ; Lyme Regis, Dorset (L: ‘B.M.40) ; Highgate (B. M. 155); stirs (B. M. 461, 463) ; South Africa (K. 232); Australia eM . 468) ; New Zealand (K. 201) ; N. America (B. M. 813). FULIGO. | PHYSARACE. 67 2. F. ochracea Peck, in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxi., Bot., p. 56 (1879). Plasmodium vitelline-yellow (teste Dr. Rex). AXthalia pulvinate, 2 mm. to 1 cm. broad, formed of very closely interwoven sporangia, the cortex delicate and membranous or hardly developed, yellowish grey or grey, with scattered deposits of yellow lime-granules. Capillitium of numerous fusiform or branching yellow lime-knots connected by rather short hyaline threads. Spores violet-brown, spinulose, 10 to 11 » diam.—Mass., Mon., p. 342. Licea ochracea Peck, in Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist., xxviii. (1875). Plate XXIV., A.—e. capillitium and spores, x 280; /. spore, x 600 (United States). Very closely allied to Fuligo septica, from which it differs in the short hyaline threads of the capillitium and the larger rougher spores. Hab. On rotten wood.—Pennsylvania (L:B.M.41). 3. F. ellipsospora Lister. Plasmodium? Mthalia pulvinate, elongate, 4 to 6 mm. long, or irregular and effused, formed of closely interwoven sporangia enclosed in a smooth white cortex densely charged with lime, continuous with the white hypothallus. Sporangium-walls within the ethalium more or less perfect, mem- branous, with deposits of white lime-granules. Columella none. Capillitium of large white lime-knots connected by simple or branching hyaline threads. Spores brownish-violet, spinulose, ellipsoid, 13 to 17 x 10 to 12 ».—Physarum ellipsosporum Rost., Mon., App., p. 10; Mass., Mon., p. 310; Macbride, in Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa, ii, p. 158. Lnteridiwm cinerewm Schwein., in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., new ser., iv., p. 261. Badhamia coadnata Rost., Mon., p. 146; Mass., Mon., p. 325. Plate XXIV., B.—a. ethalia, x 5; 0. ethalium, x 20; ¢. capillitium and spores, x 280; d. spore, x 600 (United States). The type specimen of Badhamia coadnata Rost. from Cuba in the Strassburg collection is similar to the Ameritan specimens of F. ellip- sospora ; the large branching lime-knots are connected by very short hyaline threads. The account given by Zopf of 92 crypta . 120 Ellisiana . . 119 Friesiana . . 118 gracilis . 123 wregularis . 120 laxa . . 118 longa . 119 lurida . 119 macrosperma . 123 nigra ; . 118 obtusata . 117 Persoonii . « 122 pulchella . . 122 rubens . 123 Shimekiana . 127 Sommerfeltit . 119 subcespitosa . 118 Suksdorfii . . 118 typhina . 121 typhoides . . 120 INDEX. CorNUVIA . anomala circumscissa depressa dictyocarpa leocarpoides metallica . nitens Serpula Wrightii . CRATERIACHEA mutabilis . CRATERIUM. aureum citrinellum concinnum confusum . Curtisii cylindricum dictyospermum . flavum Friesti Fuckelit leucocephalum . lilacinum . ‘minimum . minutum . mutabile . obovatum . Grstedtir . pedunculatum , porphyrium pruinosum pyriforme . rubescens . rubiginosum __ vulgare CRIBRARIA . argillacea. . aurantiaca badia ; Balfourti . capillaris . cernua dictydioides didermoides elata. elegans exilis Sulva intermedia intricata . languescens Lycopodii. macrocarpa microcarpa ‘ : 146 PAGE CRIBRARIA—continued méicroscopica . 141 minima . 141 minutissima . 141 mirabilis .. . 148 purpurea . . 146 pyriformis . 145 rubiginosa . 140 rufa . . 141 rufescens . . 140 splendens . . 143 stellata . 147 tatrica . 147 tenella . 144 violacea . 147 vulgaris . 142 DeErRmuopicyu conicum 210 DIACHEA 90 confusa 91 elegans 91° Hookeri 85 leucopoda . 91 splendens . 91° subsessilis 92 Thomasii . 91 DIANEMA . 204 corticatum . 205 depressum . 204 Harveyi . . 204 DIcTYDIZTHALIUM 157 applanatum . 158 dissiliens . . 158 plumbeum . 157 Dictyp1um . . 148 cernuum . 148 microcarpum . 146 splendens . . 143 umbilicatum . 148 venosum . . 149 DIDERMA albescens . 80 brunneolum 71 Carmichelianum 84 citrinum 74 concinnum 35 conglomeratum . 58 contextum . 58 crustaceum 78 Cubense 78 cyanascens 81 deplanatum 80 depressum . 79 difforme 94 PAGE DIDERMA—continued Sfloriforme . . 85 geasteroides . 82 globosum . 78 Hookeri 85 laciniatum 82 liceoides . 95 lucidum . 86 Marie- Wilsoni. 79 melaleucum 83 ochroleucum 58 squamulosum 99 sublateritium . 178 testaceum . 78 Trevelyani 82 umbilicatum 84 valvatum . . 57 vernicosum . DIDYMIUM . . 98 affine . 103 Alexandrowiczii 99 angulatum . 102 australis . 90 Bartert 40 botryoides . . 54 bulbillosum Oh chrysopeplum 44 Clavus” . . 96 columbinum 45 commutabile 96 complanatum 96 confluens . 99, 101 connatum. . 102 costatum . . 99 croceoflavum . 60 crustaceum , 101 Curtisii . 35 deedalium . . 102 dealbatum . . 7 difforme . . 94 dubium . . 95 echinospora 54 effusum . 99 elegantissimum . 98 erythrinum Al eximium . . 98 farinaceum 97 flavicomum AT Fuckelianum 99 Sulvellum. . . 98 fulvipes 102 glaucum . 53 granuliferum . 106 guarapiense ., 71 gyrocephalum 48 humile. 103 ENERTHENEMA— continued elegans muscorum . papillata . ENTERIDIUM cinercum . macrosperma olivaceum. olivaceum . Rostrupii . Rozeanum simulans . FuLico ellipsospora ochracea . plumbea septica simulans . stercoriformis tatrica varians FTEMIAROYRIA calyculata. chrysospora clavata Suliginea . intorta Karstenii . leiocarpa . longijila melanopeziza obscura paradoxa . pusilla rubiformis Serpula stipata stipitata Varneyi Wigandii . HEMITRICHIA chrysospora clavata contorta intorta Karstenii . leiocarpa . rubiformis Serpula : Wigandii . HETeERODICTYON , . 142 . Bieniasziz . INDEX. PAGE ' Dipymium—continued lateritium . 60 leoninum . . 106 leucopus 40, 99 Libertianum 95 Linkii . 104 Listert . 95 longipes . 103 luteogriseum 48 macrospermum . 99 melleum . . 44 Michelii . . @ microcarpon . 98 muscicola . . 104 nanum . . 104 Neapolitanum . 56 neglectum . 96 nigripes 98 obrusseum 48 paraguayense . 71 parietinum . 104 pertusum . . 98 physaroides 77, 97 platypus . . 103 plicatum . 104 polymorphum 48 precoe . 99 proximum , 98 | pruinosum 54 pusillum . 52 radiatum 53, 96, 99 Ravenelit . 4l reticulatum 32, 80 scrobiculatum . 56 Serpula 96 sinapinum, 59 Sowerbyi . . 104 spumarioides . 77 squamulosum . 99 stellare 84 tenerrimum 48 terrigenum 60 testaceum . . 78 tigrinum . . 105 Tussilaginis . 100 versipelle . . 102 Weinmannii . 104 canthopus . . 98 Zeylanicum 90 DIPHTHERIOM ., flavo-fuscum . 208 ECHINOSTELIUM . 133 minutum . » 133 ENERTHENEMA . 124 Berkeleyana . 124 mirabile . 178 . 178 . 174 . 180 . 177 . 168 . 176 . 178 ~ 177 . 175 . 179 . 178 142 . 148 216 HETEROTRICHIA , Gabrielle . ISARIA mucida LACHNOBOLUS Arcyrella . circinans . congesta cribrosus . globosus ancarnatus Rostafinskii Sauteri LAaMPRODERMA arcyrioides arcyrionema columbinum echinulatum Ellisiana . Fuckelianum Hookeri iridescens . irideum leucosporum Listeri Lycopodii minutum . nigrescens physaroides robusta PAGE . 185 25 . 194 . 195 . 194 . 195 . 112 . 186 - 194 . 195 . 195 » 125 . 129 . 127 . 125 . 126 : 131 Saccardianum . Sauteri Schimperi subceeneum . violaceum LEANGIUM . floriforme . stellare stipatum . Trevelyant LEOCARPUS . fragilis ramosus squamulosus vernicosus LEPIDODERMA Carestianum Chailletii . Suloum Kurzii obovatum reticulatum stellatum . tigrinum . . 131 . 131 . 125 INDEX. PAGE LICHTHALIUM , olivaceum . 159 Licka . . 150 antarctica. . 151 applanata . . 157 brunnea . . 151 effusa . 137 flexuosa . 150 incarnata . . 151 incarnata . . 194 Lindheimeri 66 macrospora . 95 minima . 150 ochracea . . 67 pannorum . . 198 perreptans . . 135 pusilla . 151 reticulata . . 199 rubiformis . 153 rugulosa . 157 ’ spermoides . 138 spumarioidea . 155 stipitata . 154 variabilis . . 151 LINDBLADIA . 137 effusa ; . 137 Tubulina . . 137 LycocaLa . . 207 atrum . 134 conicum . . 210 contortum . . 168 Epidendrum . 209 flavo-fuscum . 208 miniatum. . 209 minutum . . 210 nitidum . 210 ochraceum . 211 rufo-cinnamomeum LYCOPERDON cinereum . 56 complanatum 96 corticale . 198 Epidendrum . 209 Savogineum . 164 fragile . 75 radiatum . 84 MarGaRITA. 203 metallica . . 203 Mucor. cancellatus . 148 septicus . 66 Serpula . 179 OLIGONEMA. . 173 aeneum . 174 | PAGE OLIGONEMA—contd. Bavaricum . 173 brevifilum . . 173 Broome . . 198 flavidum . . 173 furcatum . . 174 minutulum . 173 nitens . 178 OPHIOTHECA é chrysosperma . 196 circumscissa . 196 irregularis . 197 reticulata . . 199 Serpula . 181 umbrina . . 199 vermicularis . 199 Wrightii . . 196 ORCADELLA. . 152 operculata . 152 ORTHOTRICHIA , 132 microcephala . 133 PERICHENA . 195 applanata . . 197 artocreas . . 197 australis . . 197 ceespitosa . . 138 canoflavescens . 200 chrysosperma . 196 confusa . 199 corticalis . - 198 decipiens . . 202 depressa . . 197 flavida . 173 Friesiana . . 199 Susco-atra. . 198 irregularis - 196 Krupii . 201, 205 liceoides . 198 microcarpa . 200 nitens . 201 pallida . 200 picea . 202 plasmodiocarpa. 203 populina . . 197 pseudecidium . 201 reticulata . . 199 Rostafinskii . 200 strobilina . . 202 variabilis . . 199 vermicularis . 199 PEZIZA S 3 minuta 70 PHYSARELLA 68 mirabilis . 68 PAGE PHYSARUM . 37 affine 53 albicans 40 antiades 65 atrorubrum 42 atrum 65 aureum 47 auriscalpium 59 Berkeleyi. 47 bivalve 57 Braunianum 63 Braunianum 42 ceespitosum 62 ceespitosum 138 calidris 52 candidum . 53 capense 63 Carlylei 46 cerebrinum 66 chlorinum 64 chrysotrichum 32, 60 cinereum . 55 citrinellum 74 citrinum . 42 Clavus. . 96 columbinum 40, 125 compactum 44 compressum 53 concinnum. . 385 congestum . . 195 conglomeratum 58 conglomeratum . 58 connatum . 65 contextum 58 cupripes 47 decipiens . 32 depressum. 79 Diderma . 57 didermoides 55 Ditmari 59 effusum 62 elegans 62 elephantinum 52 ellipsosporum 67 elongatum 65 Famintzini 63 Sasciculatum 36 fimetarium 65 flavicomum 47 flavo-virens 65 flavum 62 galbeum 48 glaucum 53 globuliferum 40 gracilentum 50 granulatum 50 INDEX, PAGE Purysarum—continued gyrosum . 333, 66 hians . 69 hyalinum . 30 hypnophilum 65 imitans 64 ineequale . 60 iridescens . . 125 Kalchbrenneri . 48 lepidodermoides. 74 leucopheum 50, 51 leucopus . 39 Leveitlet . 43 lilacinum . 35 lividum 55 luteolum . 64 luteovalve 62 macrocarpon 34, 90 melleum . . 43 metallicum . 203 microcarpon . 98 Muelleri 89 murinum . 41 nephroideum 53 Newtoni . 45 nicaraguense 53 nigripes 98 nodulosum 52 nucleatum 49 nutans 50 obrussewm. 48 ornatum . 63 paniceum . 34 penetrale . 49 Petersit 48 Phillipsii . 53 piceum . 65 polyedron . 62 polymorphum . 48 psittacinum 46 pulcherrimum . 42 pulcherrimum . 71 pulchripes Al purpurascens 65 Raveneliz . 41 Readeri 50 reticulatum 68 roseum . 45 Rostafinskii 58 rubiginosum 60 rubiginosum 35 rufibasis . 69 Schroeteri 63 Schumacheri 43 Schweinitzit 173 scrobiculatum 56 217 PAGE PuysarumM—continued scyphoides. 72 simile 49 sinuosum . 57 stipitatum . 65 stromateum 77 sulphureum 62 tenerum . 44 thejoteum . . 59 Tussilaginis . 100 variabile . . 43 vermiculare . 199 villosum 65 virescens . 59 viride 46 PROTODERMA 7 pusilla . 151 PROTODERMIUMN . pusillum . . 151 PROTOTRICHIA . 206 Bombarda . 156 chameleontina . 206 ' cuprea . 206 elegantula. . 206 flagellifera . 206 metallica . . 206 Raciporskia .._ 133 elegans . 133 Reticutaria . 160 affinis . 161 alba . . 105 apiospora . . 161 applanata . . 159 argentea . 160 atra . ‘ . 134 atro-rufa . . 161 Carestiana . 106 entoxantha . 158 fuliginosa. . 161 lobata . 161 Lycoperdon . 160 maxima . 135 muscorum . . 66 plumbea . 157 polyporiformis . 161 pyrrhospora _. 161 Rozeana . 159, 161 sinuosa i OF umbrina . 160 venulosa . 161 ROSTAFINSKIA . australis . . 136 elegans . 133 SoYypHium . rubiginosum 35 218 PAGE SIPHOPTYCHIUM. 155 Casparyi . . 155 SPHROCARPUS . aurantius . 47 chrysospermus . 164 cylindricus . 153 floriformis 85 ragilis . 171 globuliferus . 40 luteus AT utricularis . Bl SPUMARIA . 104 alba . ‘ . 104 didermoides . 55 Micheneri . . 105 physaroides 97 STeeasua . 2 australe . 197 pallida . 200 STEMONITIS . 109 acuminata. . 112 cequalis . 118 affinis . 121 arcyrioides . 129 argillacea . . 140 atra . . 121 Bauerlinit . 112 cancellata . . 148 Carestie . . 129 Carlylet . 121 Castillensis . 110 cinerea . 186 confluens . . 112 cribrarioides . 132 crypta : . 120 dictyospora . 110 digitata . 186 echinulata. . 127 favoginea . . 164 ferruginea . 114 Serruginea . . 115 fluminensis . 116 Friesiana . . 118 fusca . 110 herbatica . . 114 incarnata . . 189 iridescens. . . 126 laxa . . 119 leucocephata 72 longa . 120 maxima . 110, 112 microspora . 115 Morgani . 112 nigra 3 . 118 nigrescens . . 110 INDEX. PAGE STEMONITIS—contd. , PAGE TrRIcHIA—continued obtusata . 118 papillata . 124 physaroides . 125 pulchella . . 122 rufa . . 141 seintillans . . 128! Smithii . 115 splendens . . 112 subcespitosa . 118 Suksdorfii. . 118 tenerrima . ~ 122 trechispora . 112 Tubulina . . 115 typhina . . 121 typhoides . . 121 varia . 168 violacea . 129 Virginiensis 122 viridis . AT Webberi . 112 TILMADOCHE 37 anomala . 64 Berkeleyi . . 129 cavipes 64 columbina. . 45 compacta . 45 gracilenta . 50 gyrocephala 48 hians ;, . 69 minuta . 69 mutabilis . . 47 nutans 50, 51 oblonga . 69 reniformis . 54 viridis 47 TRICHAMPHORA . 89 Fuckeliana 90 oblonga 69]. pezizoidea . 89 TRICHIA . 163 abrupta . 166 advenula . . 169) affinis . 165 Andersonii . 169 aurea . 73 Balfourii . . 166 Bawarica . 178 Botrytis . - 171 Carlyleana «AGL chrysosperma . 164 cinerea . 186 circwmscissa . 196 clavata 177 contorta . . 168 Decaisneana . 171 erecta . 170 fallax . 170 favoginea . . 163 flagellifer . - 206 fragilis . 156, 171 fusco-atra. . 198 heterotrichia . 169 inconspicua . 168 intermedia . 166 Lowensis . . 169 Jackii . 166 Kalbreyeri . 165 Kichkuit . . 173 lateritia . 171 leucopoda . - 91 metallica . ~ . 206 minima . 167 nana . 178 Neesiana . . 175 nigripes . 168 nitens 164, 167, 173 nutans. . 190 persimilis . . 166 proximella . 166 pulchella . 166 purpurascens . 171 pusilla - 173 pyriformis . 171 reniformis. . 169 rubiformis . 175 scabra, . 167 Serpula . 179 subfusca . 171 sulphurea . . 166 superba . 165 typhoides . . 121 varia . 168 verrucosa. . . 165 TUBULINA . . 1538 cespitosa . . 138 cylindrica . . 153 effusa . 188 flexuosa . 150 fragiformis . 153 guaranitica —. :155 Lindheimeri . 66 minima . 150 nitidissima . 153 speciosa . 154 spermoides . 138 spumarioidea . 155 stipitata . . 154 PLATES LIST OF PLATES. Ceratiomyxa mucida, . Badhamia hyalina utricularis nitens decipiens . magna macrocarpa panicea lilacina rubiginosa, Physarum leucopus . globuliferum pulchripes murinum . pulcherrimum . citrinum . variabile . melleum . tenerum . compactum roseum Newtoni . psittacinum viride Berkeleyi polymorphum nucleatum penetrale . nutans calidris compressum didermoides cinereum : bivalve Diderma . contextum conglomeratum virescens . ineequale . rubiginosum ITI. S Se =e << SS ian _ VIL. VIII. VIII. 1x, ix, be x. . ee XVIL . es aie _ XII. XIII. XIII. XIV. . Xv. ee ig, , OLE XVI. A, B, XVII. . eRe XVII. XIX. X11, ee, XXIII. 221 + tee 4<35 POD WP WO DOD HPWH bbb bb Ob bo od > bb td > a to A,B 222 Fuligo septica . ochracea ellipsospora Cienkowskia reticulata Physarella mirabilis . Craterium pedunculatum . concinnum rubescens . leucocephalum . mutabile . citrinellum Leocarpus vernicosus Chondrioderma spumarioides subdictyospermum globosum . testaceum . Michelii reticulatum niveum Lyalli.. Trevelyani Sauteri radiatum . rugosum floriforme . Hookeri lucidum Trichamphora pezizoidea_ . Diachza elegans splendens Thomasii Didymium difforme . dubium Serpula Clavus farinaceum nigripes effusum crustaceum granuliferum Spumaria alba . Lepidoderma tigrinum Carestianum Stemonitis fusca splendens herbatica ferruginea Smithii Comatricha obtusata. . laxa, # PLATES. XXIV. XIN, XXIV. XXYV. xx XXVI. XXXVI. XX VEL XXVU. . XXVIII. , XXVIL XXix, XXX. XXX. XXX. RO XXXL XXXI XXXL XXXIL XXXII. . XX XIII . XXXII. , XXXIV, . XXXIV, XXXV. XXXV. s RY, , MERE . XXXVL « SXXVI _XXXVIL / XXXVI. XXXVIIL XXXVIIL , MRL, , ees, ; el, , eG XLII XLL pane : xi, | XLIL B, LXXVIL XIII XLII. XLIV. XLIV. XLIV. XLIV. DO bb ebb Wb b> OPW Pb Wb bP bp Pep Wb bbb eb Wb mb rb bbb PLATES, 223 Comatricha lurida . 5 i ‘ ; i XLV. B longa. 3 ‘ 5 i - XLV. A typhoides ‘ F j ; . XLVI. A,B Persoonii a : : : . XLVILB rubens . : : ‘ ‘ : XLV. B Enerthenema elegans é : ‘ : . XLVIL A Lamproderma physaroides ‘ é : . XLVII. B echinulatum i : i . XLVIIT. A arcyrionema : . : . XLVIIT. B irideum 3 : 3 : . LA violaceum . : : : . XLIX. A, B Clastoderma Debaryanum ; : : 7 . LB Amaurochete atra . ‘ ‘ : i ‘ . LLA Brefeldia maxima . ‘ : 5 ; ‘ . LLA Lindbladia Tubulina . . : ‘ ; ‘ . LLB Cribraria argillacea . ‘ ; 2 . ; . LIL A rubiginosa . ‘ 3 ‘ ‘ ‘ . LIT. B - rufescens ws 3 : LITI. A minutissima ‘ ‘ ‘ a : LITI. A macrocarpa 3 ; , : ‘ LITI. B aurantiaca ‘ ‘ ; : : LIV. A splendens . ‘ p : ‘ j LITT. B intricata . ; ; ‘ ; ; LIV. B tenella ; : eo 8 ‘ ‘ LIV. B pyriformis . . : : 2 ‘ . LVA languescens ‘ ; ‘i ; : . LV. B microcarpa 5 j . : ‘ . LV. B purpurea . : ai des : ‘ -LVLA elegans. ‘ ‘ ‘ : a LVI. A violacea. ‘ ; ‘ : ‘ . LVI A Dictydium umbilicatum . ‘ ‘ 5 : . LVI. B Licea flexuosa . ‘ ‘ é ‘ : : LVIL A minima . 3 : . ‘ . LVII. A. pusilla . ‘ ‘ : ; . . LVII. B Orcadella operculata : 5 : a LVII. B Tubulina fragiformis ‘ ; f ; a LVIII. A stipitata . : , is ‘ . VIIA Siphoptychium Casparyi . ‘ : : . LVL A Alwisia Bombarda . ‘ ‘ é . LVIIIB Dictydizthalium plumbeum : ‘ i . LXXVI.B Enteridium olivaceum ; ‘ ‘ ‘ LIX. A Rozeanum ‘ i : . LIX. A Reticularia Lycoperdon . ; ‘ : ‘ LIX. B lobata . : : ‘ ‘ : LIX. B Trichia favoginea . 3 ‘ , : . LXA verrucosa. a . 3 . . . LX.B affinis . ‘ : : : ‘ ; . LX.B persimilis . : é : ; : . LX. A scabra . ‘ : ‘ 2 ; : . LX A varia. : : ‘ ‘ \ . .LXT.A 224 PLATES. Trichia contorta erecta fallax Botrytis Oligonema nitens Hemitrichia rubiformis intorta . clavata . leiocarpa Wigandii Karstenii Serpula chrysospora Cornuvia Serpula Arcyria ferruginea versicolor albida . punicea insignis incarnata stipata flava ; Carstedtii ‘Lachnobolus circinans Perichzna chrysosperma . depressa . populina . variabilis Margarita metallica . Dianema Harveyi depressum . corticatum . ; Prototrichia flagellifera . . Lycogala flavofuscum 3 miniatum . conicum . UXT. B LXII. A LXII. A LXII. B .LXI. A LXIII. A LXIIl. B LXIV. A LXIV. B LXIV. B LXV. A LXVI. A LXV.B LXVI. A LXVL B LXVII. A LXVII. B . LXVIII. A LXVIIT. A ’ LXVIIL B LXX. A UXTX. A LXIX. B LXxX. B LXXT. A LXXT. B LXXII. A LXXII. B | LXXIIL A LXXIV. A LXXIV. B | LXXVIL B " LXXIIL B LXXV.A LXXVv. B LXXVI. A Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld,, London and Aylesbury. 4 BADHAMIA HY ALINA Berk. Lister pinx. BADHAMIA UTRICULARIS Berk ister pinx. BADHAMIA MAGNA Peck BADHAMIA NITENS Berk. Lister pinx, BADHAMIA DECIPIENS Berk. aster pinx. BADHAMIA PANICEA Rost. als al I ah sl BADHAMIA LILACINA Rost. re BADHAMIA RUBIGINOSA Rost. sister pinx. PIVL “Wy ig : — Aan J) \ Chettehatih da PHYSARUM LEUCOPUS Link PNR PHYSARUM GLOBULIFERUM Pers. Pl. VU. PHYSARUM PULCHRIPES Peck PHYSARUM MURINUM List. Lister pinx A Pl. VII. CR PHYSARUM PULCHERRIMUM Berk. & Rav. ree PHYSARUM CITRINUM Schum. pa A PHYSARUM VARIABILE Rex Lister pinx. PHYSARUM MELLEUM Mass. ie, A Pe 4 if hil ‘ / . ! bs oo O hay \ c oe oe8 d y \ aN ah PHYSARUM TENERUM Rex Lister pinx. PHYSARUM COMPACTUM List. PHYSARUM ROSEUM Berk. & Br. i Wael Cer PHYSARUM PSITTACINUM Ditm. Pi. XI. PHYSARUM VIRIDE Pers. ies iu i b we PHYSARUM BERKELEYI Rost. Lister pinx, PHYSARUM POLYMORPHUM Rost €x PHYSARUM NUCLEATUM R Lister pinx Pi. XIV. \ ( \ \ \ \ c) aay PHYSARUM PENETRALE_ Rex q oy — O © \ \ : © ON ’ ) i / a UE A eA a S Lister pute: PHYSARUM CALIDRIS List s. NUTANS Per: PHYSARUM » B. A tster pinx “L A. B PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM Alb. & Schw, A PL XVI. PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM A. & S. (P. NICARAGUENSE Macbr.) PHYSARUM NEWTONI Macbr. retest Lister pinx. CRATERIACHEA MUTABILIS Rost. 4 NS PHYSARUM BIVALVE Pers. Lister pinx. Lister pine PHYSARUM CONGLOMERATUM Rost. PHYSARUM VIRESCENS Ditm. Lister pinx. PHYSARUM VIRESCENS Var. OBSCURUM PHYSARUM DIDERMA Rost. PHYSARUM INAQUALE Peck Lister pinx. A Pi XXiil. oe | gees PHYSARUM RUBIGINOSUM Fr.. b Lister pink. PHYSARUM AURISCALPIUM Cooke a—d FULIGO SEPTICA Gmel. e—f FULIGO OCHRACEA Peck | % Lister pinx. FULIGO ELLIPSOSPORA List. CIENKOWSKIA RETICULATA Rost. Pi. XXVI. Ci Gk oh CRATERIUM CONCINNUM Rex Lister pinx, Pl. XXVIL. CRATERIUM RUBESCENS Rex cer CRATERIUM LEUCOCEPHALUM Ditm. a Pi. XXVIIL CRATERIUM MUTABILE Fr. CRATERIUM CITRINELLUM List. Lister pinx. : XXIX. Pi. CARPUS VERNICOSUS Link LEO CHONDRIODERMA SPUMARIOIDES Rost. Lister pinx, Pl. XXX. CHONDRIODERMA GLOBOSUM Rost CHONDRIODERMA TESTACEUM Rost. d—g CHONDRIODERMA SUBDICTYOSPERMUM Rost. a—c Lister pinx. , A PL XS. a—e CHONDRIODERMA MICHELII Rost. f GCHONDRIODERMA RETICULATUM Rost. Lister pinx. CHONDRIODERMA NIVEUM Rost. A PI. XXXIL. Lister pinx. A Pi. XXXIL f Ae A aieae Y Se CHONDRIODERMA SAUTERI Rost. we A CHONDRIODERMA FLORIFORME Rost. Lister pin. A Pl. XXXV. STS SS eee Ss a—d CHONDRIODERMA HOOKERI List. eé—h CHONDRIODERMA LUCIDUM Cooke Lister pinz. rey 2 pope) TRICHAMPHORA PEZIZOIDEA Jungh.-. > Pl. XXXVI. me hs zit a—c DIACHZA ELEGANS Fr. d—f DIACHAA SPLENDENS Peck Lister pin DIACHZAA THOMASII Rex Pl, XXXVI. A a _ = - = . — a Lister pinx. Missing Page obeY Bulssiy\ A Pl XXXIX. Lister pinx. ul sate ba DIDYMIUM EFFUSUM, Link Lister pink. DIDYMIUM CRUSTACEUM Fr. Lister pinx. a—d LEPIDODERMA TIGRINUM Rost. e—f LEPIDODERMA CARESTIANUM Rost. Pi. XLU. ese ah ReseiNe 9 o. ww 2 @® Lister pinx. STEMONITIS FUSCA Roth I. STEMONITIS SPLENDENS Rost. Lister pinx. STEMONITIS HERBATICA Peck Pl. XLIV. { wy Lk Wo ve ee un S Cee (-}4 y ee Zi AW) Pot ACN WN 4 ros pak esi v 4 ; 4 A SMB aaa Cass Vy Se4 ( “ K 1) a A SAH Ae \ ASSES SS (a! ROS NEG x bh Vee: = Z) ee ia Ue UE RT ORR SAS SY Ee VER Wee ety Sa A] TR LA SW} Rr aie hid OLN a—d STEMONITIS FERRUGINEA Ehrenb. e—f STEMONITIS SMITHII Macbr. a—f COMATRICHA OBTUSATA Preuss g—k COMATRICHA LAXA Rost. COMATRICHA LONGA Var. IRREGULARIS COMATRICHA LURIDA List. a—e COMATRICHA LONGA Peck ZA oe f-1 cA ~y POA FI BUYS As ape COMATRICHA RUBENS List. a—c ap Lister pinx. Pi, XLNI. — nares ee a—c COMATRICHA TYPHOIDES Rost. di COMATRICHA PERSOONII Rost. Pi. XLVI. ENERTHENEMA ELEGANS Bowm. PM Lister pinx. A Pi. XLVIL. \ vA NAY WY ONY Wy LAMPRODERMA ECHINULATUM Rost. A Pl. XLIX. <= SSRI = LAMPRODERMA VIOLACEUM Rost. Lister pinx. TYPE OF STEMONITIS ARCYRIOIDES Somm. LAMPRODERMA IRIDEUM Mass. M \ i CLASTODERMA DEBARYANUM Blytt Lister pinx. AMAUROCHATE ATRA Rost. BREFELDIA MAXIMA Rost ve LINDBLADIA TUBULINA Fr. Lister pinx, CRIBRARIA ARGILLACEA Pers, Lister pinx. CRIBRARIA RUBIGINOSA Fr. Pi. LIII. CRIBRARIA RUFESCENS Pers. d—h CRIBRARIA MINUTISSIMA Schwein. “Lister pinx a—d CRIBRARIA MACROCARPA Schrad. a e—g CRIBRARIA SPLENDENS Pers. a GR 4 NG fa y) sa Y a i | a—e CRIBRARIA INTRICATA Schrad. j-t CRIBRARIA TENELLA Schrad. CRIBRARIA PYRIFORMIS Schrad. is la: eS Ae a—c CRIBRARIA LANGUESCENS Rex d—h CRIBRARIA MICROCARPA Pers. Lister pinx, pilin Z a—-c CRIBRARIA PURPUREA Schrad d—f CRIBRARIA ELEGANS Berk. & Curt g—/ CRIBRARIA VIOLACEA Rex Lister pinx. DICTYDIUM UMBILICATUM Schrad. Pi. LVI. ei | | a@—c¢ LICEA FLEXUOSA Pers. d—t LICEA MINIMA Fr. Lister pinx. a—c LICEA PUSILLA Schrad. d—f ORCADELLA OPERCULATA Wing. Te eS IP Ee PPP TY th YAS “ sila Vere a—c TUBULINA FRAGIFORMIS Pers d—e TUBULINA STIPITATA Rost. f—h SIPHOPTYCHIUM CASPARYI Rost. Lister pink. a—c ENTERIDIUM OLIVACEUM ‘hrenb. d—f ENTERIDIUM ROZEANUM Wing. d—f RETICULARIA LOBATA List. a—c TRICHIA FAVOGINEA - Pers. d—f TRICHIA SCABRA Rost. g—h TRICHIA PERSIMILIS Karst. Lister pin. a—c TRICHIA VERRUCOSA Berk. d—e TRICHIA AFFINIS de Bary a-—c TRICHIA VARIA Pers. —f OLIGONEMA NITENS Rost. = ge i ae Ta le, Pec itt PT MIT th if Lister pinx. TRICHIA CONTORTA Rost jee AY a—d TRICHIA FALLAX Pers. e—g TRICHIA ERECTA Rex Lister pinx TRICHIA BOTRYTIS Pers. A Pi. LXUL. anal aout Sick aa HEMITRICHIA RUBIFORMIS List. A Pl. LXIV. HEMITRICHIA CLAVATA Rost. = RY eae HEMITRICHIA LEIOCARPA List. e—h HEMITRICHIA WIGANDII List. Lister pinx. Lister pinx. HEMITRICHIA CHRYSOSPORA List. A Pi. LXVI. a—c HEMITRICHIA SERPULA Rost. d—f CORNUVIA SERPULA Rost. Lister pinx. ARCYRIA FERRUGINEA Sauter A Pl. LXVU. Laci ae ses a ARCYRIA ALBIDA Pers. A Pi. LXVIITI. a, b ARCYRIA PUNICEA Pers. G d ARCYRIA INSIGNIS Kalchbr & Cooke ARCYRIA INCARNATA Pers. A Pi. LXIX. wn wig wets ARCYRIA CERSTEDTII Rost. Lister pinx. A PL LXX. ARCYRIA STIPATA List LACHNOBOLUS CIRCINANS Fr. A Pi. LXXI. SA et a pede \1/ TPN Sd, i ge wamemereretett aN NG PERICHANA CHRYSOSPERMA List. Lister pinx. PERICHZINA DEPRESSA Lib. Pi. LXXII. ERICHANA POPULINA Fr, P CHANA VARIABILIS Rost. PERI Lister pinx Pl. LXXIIL MARGARITA METALLICA List. Lister pinx. PROTOTRICHIA FLAGELLIFERA Rost Pl. LXXIV. ALLE A DIANEMA HARVEYI Rex et acti Likler pine DIANEMA DEPRESSUM List. Pl. LXXV. LYCOGALA FLAVO-FUSCUM Rost ae ALA MINIATUM Pers LYCOG Lister pinx. Pil. LXXVI. LYCOGALA CONICUM Pers. DICTYDLETHALIUM PLUMBEUM Rost Lister pinx. Pi LXXVII. Wg ae | i, Roth Var. CONFLUENS Lister punx. DIANEMA CORTICATUM List. LIST OF THE CURRENT NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM, The following publications can be purchased through the Agency of Messrs. Lonemans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row; Mr. Quarircu, 15, Piccadilly ; Messrs. Kncan Pavut, Trenca, Trisner & Co., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road; and Messrs. Durav & Co., 37, Soho Square ; or at the Narurat History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds, , Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. Presented by B. H. _ Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. 2nd edition. By John Edward Gray. Pp. xii, 90. [With an account of the Collection by Mr. Hodgson.] 1863, 12mo. 2s. 3d. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. “ Alert,” 1881-2. Pp. xxv., 684. 54 Plates, 1884, 8vo. Summary of the Voyage - By Dr. R. W. Coppinger. Mammalia - - - 4, O. Thomas. Aves - - ,, BR. B. Sharpe. Reptilia, Batrachia, Pisces » A. Giinther. “Mollusca - », H. A. Smith. Echinodermata - - 5 J. Bell. Crustacea - - ,, H. J. Miers. Coleoptera 3, C. O. Waterhouse. Lepidoptera - - - 4 A. G. Butler. Alcyonaria and Spongiida » 5. O. Ridley. 12. 10s, MAMMALS. Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of ‘the British Museum. By Edward Gerrard. Pp. iv., 296. 1862, 8vo. 5s. Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.B.S., &e. Pp. viii, 137. 21 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 4s. Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mam- malia in the British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &e. Pp. vii., 398. 47 Woodeuts. 1869, 8vo. Gs. 6d. u 80204. 3000.—2/94. Wt. 22597. E.& S. A 2 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE Hand-List of Seals, Morses, Sea-Lions, and Sea-Bears. in the British Museum. ‘By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. 43. 30 Plates of Skulls. "1874, 8vo. 12s. 6d. Catalogue of Seals:and, Whales in the British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.RS., &e. 2nd edition. Pp. vii., 402. 101 Woodeuts. 1866, 8v0. 8s. Supplement. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &e. Pp. vi, 103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d. List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department of the British Museum. By William Henry Flower, LL.D., F.RS., &e. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. | Pp. iv., 836. 1885, 8vo. 1s. 6d. Catalogue of ‘Ruminant Mammalia. (Pecora, Linnaus) in the British Museum. 'By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &. Pp. vill., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. 6d. Hand-List of the _Edentate,. Thick-skinned, and Ruminant Mammals in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. vii., 176. 42 Plates of Skulls, &c. 1873, 8vo. 12s. Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas. Pp. xiii., 401. 4 coloured and 24 plain Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 12. 8s. BIRDS. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — Vol. III. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching’ Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Colio- morphe, containing the families Corvide, Paradiseide, Oriolide, Dicruride, and Prionopide. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii, 343. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. | 1877, 8vo. 17s. Vol. IV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphe: Part I. , containing the families Campophagidee and Muscicapide. ‘By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi. 494. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 11. Vol. V. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphe: Part II., containing the family Turdide (Warblers and Thrushes). By Henry Seebohm. Pp. xvi., 426. Woodeuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With S ystematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. 1d. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). , 3 Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum—continwed. Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphe: Part TII., containing the first portion of the family Timeliide (Babbling Thrushes). By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii, 420. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ] 1881, 8vo. 1. e Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphe: Part IV., containing the concluding portion of the family Timeliide (Babbling Thrushes). By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi, 698. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 11. 6s. Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo- morphe : Part V., containing the families Parides and Laniide (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and Certhiomorphe (Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xiii, 386. Woodcuts and 9 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 17s. ; Vol. TX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cinnyrimorphe, containing the families Nectariniide and Meliphagide (Sun Birds and Honey-eaters). By Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xii., 310. . Woodcuts and 7 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1884, 8vo. 14s. Z Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringillformes : Part I., containing the families Diceide, Hirundinida, Ampelidz, Mniotiltide, and Motacillide. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii.,682. Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates, [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885. 8vo. , 12. 2s. Vol. XI.. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes : Part II., containing the families Corebidw, Tanagrida, and Icteride. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii, 481. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. 1886, 8vo.1Z, Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringill- formes: Part III., containing the family Fringillide. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871. Woodcuts and 16 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and. Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 12. 8s. Vol. XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Sturni- A 2 ' 4 ; LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum—continued. formes, containing the families Artamide, Sturnide, Ploceidz, and Alaudide. Also the families Atrichiide and Menuride. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 701. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.; 1890, 8vo., 12. 8s. Vol. XTV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Oligo- myode, or the families Tyrannide, Oxyrhamphide, Pipride, Cotingide, Phytotomide, Philepittide, Pittide, Xenicide, and Eurylemide. By Philip Lutiey Sclater, M.A, F-R.S. Pp. xix., 494. Woodcuts and 26 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 12. 4s. Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Tracheo- phone, or the families Dendrocolaptide, Formicariide, Conopophagide, and Pteroptochide. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii.,371. Woodcuts and 20 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and premipeneal Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 12. Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picariz in the Collection of the British Museum. Upupe and Trochili, by Osbert Salvin. , Coracie, of the families Cypselide, Caprimul- gidx, Podargide, and Steatornithide, by Ernst Hartert Pp. xvi. 703. Woodcuts. and 14 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 12. 16s. Vol. XVII. Catalogue ee the Picaviz in the Collection of the British Museum. Coracie (contin.) and Halcyones, with the families Leptosomatide, Coraciide, Meropide, Alcedinide, Momotide, Totide, and Coliide, by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogones, by ’ W.R. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xi, 522. Woodcuts and 17 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.| 1892, 8vo. 1. 10s. Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariz in the Collection of the British Museum. Scansores, containing the family Picide. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv.,597. Woodcuts and 15 eoloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 12. 6s. Vol. XTX. Catalogue of the Picariz in the Collection of the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : containing’ the families Rhamphastide, Galbulide, and Bucconide, by P. L, Sclater ; and the families Indicatoride,Capitonide, Cuculide, and Musophagide, by G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii., 484: 13 coloured Plates. {With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 12. 5s. Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5 Pp. xvii., 658 : woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 12. 10s. Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columbz, or Pigeons, in the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori. Pp. xvii., 676: 15 coloured plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898, 8vo. 12. 10s. Vol. XXIT. Catalogue of the Game Birds (Péerocletes, Galline, Qpisthocomi, Hemipodii), in the Collection of the British Museum. By W. BR. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xvi., 585: 8 coloured plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 18938, 8vo. 17. 6s. Hand-List of Genera and Species of Birds, distinguishing those ae in the British Museum. By G. R. Gray, F.RS., Ct Part II. Conirostres, Scansores, Columbz, and Galline. Pp. xv., 278. [Table of Genera and Subgenera: Part II.] 1870, 8vo. 6s. Part III. Struthiones, Grallz, and Anseres, with Indices of Generic and Specific Names. Pp. xi., 350. [Table of Genera and Subgenera: Part III.] 1871, 8vo. 8s. List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. By George Robert Gray :— Part IIL, Sections III. and IV. Capitonide and Picide. [With Index.] Pp.137. 1868, 12mo. 1s. 6d. Part IV. Columbe. [With Index.] Pp. 73. 1856, 12mo. Js. 9d. Part V. Galline. Pp. iv. 120. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1867, 12mo. 1s. 6d. ' Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., &e. Pp. 72. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 8vo. 1s. 6d. REPTILES. . Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbenians in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F-RS., &e. Pp. viii, 80. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1844, 12mo., Ls. Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &e. :— Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). Pp. 79. 50 plates. 1856, 4to. 22. LOs. Supplement. With Figures of the Skulls of 36 Genera. Pp. ix., 120. 40 Woodcuts. 1870, 4to. 10s. Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4te. 2s. Ed. Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis- benians. Pp. vi. 41.25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to. 3s. 6d. 6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.B.S., F.L.S., &e. Pp. iv., 124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 18738, 8vo. 4s.. Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311. 73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889, 8vo. 15s. Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct) in the Collection of the British Museum. By Albert C. L. G. Giinther, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. Pp. iv., 96. 55 Plates, and two Charts of the Aldabra group of Islands, north-west of Madagascar. [With a Systematic Synopsis of the Extinct and Living Gigantic Land Tortoises.] 1877, 4to. 12. 10s. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His- tory). Second edition. By George Albert Boulenger :— Vol. I. Geckonide, Eublepharide, Uroplatide, Pygo- podide, Agamide. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s. Vol. II. " Iguanide, Xenosauride, Zonuride, Anguida, Anniellidz, Helodermatide, Varanide, Xantusiide, Teiide, Amphisbenide. Pp. xiii, 497. 24 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s. ‘ Vol. III. Lacertide, Gerrhosauride, Scincide, Anelytro- pide, Dibamide, Chameleontide. Pp. xii, 575. 40 Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical _ Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 12..6s. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural His- tory). Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopide, Glauconiida, Boide, Ilysiide, Uropeltide, Xenopeltide, and Colubride aglyphe, part. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. xiii, 448. 26 Woodcuts and 28 plates. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1898, 8vo. 14. 1s. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With Geographical, Systematic, and Alphaketical Indexes.] -1858, 12mo. 4s. : BATRACHIANS. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther; Pp. xvi, 160. 12 Plates. [With Systematic, Geographical, and Alphabetical Indexes.| 1858, 8vo. 6s. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). | 7 Catalogue of the. Batrachia Salientia, s. Ecaudata, in the Collection . of the British Museum. Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. xvi., 503. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 12. 10s. Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second ‘edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii, 127. 9 ee [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, v0. 9s. FISHES. Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther, F.B.S., &c.:— Vol. III. Acanthopterygii (Gobiide, Discoboli, Oxuder- cide, Batrachide, Pediculati, Blenniide, Acanthoclinide, Comephoride, Trachypteride, Lophotida, Teuthidide, Acronuridz, Hoplognathide, Melacanthide, Nandide, . Polycentride, Labyrinthici,-Luciocephalide, Atherinide, Mugilide, Ophiocephalide, Trichonotide, Cepolide, Gobiesocide, Psychrolutide, Centriscide, Fistularide, Mastacembelide, Notacanthi). Pp. xxv., 586. Wood- cuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, and a Systematic Synopsis of the families of the Acanthop- terygian Fishes.] 1861, 8vo., 10s. 6d. Vol. IV. Acanthopterygii pharyngognathi and Anacan- thini. Pp. xxi. 534. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1862, 8vo. 8s. 6d. Vol. V. Physostomi (Siluridw, Characinide, Haplochi- ‘ tonidw, Sternoptychide, Scopelide, Stomiatide). - Pp. xxii, 455. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 8s. Vol. VII. Physostomi (Heterophygii, Cyprinide, Gono- ~ thynchide, Hyodontide, Osteoglosside, Clupeide, Chirocentridez, Alepocephalide, Notopteride, Halo- saurids). Pp. xx.,512. Woodeuts. [With System- atic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1868, 8vo. 8s. Vol. VIII. Physostomi (Gymnotide, Symbranchide, Murenide, Pegaside), Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Lep- tocardii. Pp. xxv.,549. [With Systematic and Alpha- betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 8s. 6d.° List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. E. Gray. Pp. x., 160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ] 1851, 12mo. 3s. Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii. 196. [With a Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. 6d. 8 . LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British Museum. By. J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &e. Pp. iv., 80. 4 Plates.. [ With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s. MOLLUSCA. Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the British Museum. ‘Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.RS., &e. Pp. xii, 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s. @ Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by Philip P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi. 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s. List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet in the “ Voyage autour du Monde, exécuté pendant les années “1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette ‘La Bonite,’” and in the “* Histoire naturelle des Mollusques Ptéropodes,”. Par MM. P.C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet. Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo. 8d.’ Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the Col- lection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis Pieiffer. ‘Pp. iv., 192. Woodeuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d. Catalogue of the Auriculide, Proserpinide, and Truncatellide in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 150. Woodeuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. 9d. List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. By Jobn Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c. : PartI. Volutide. Pp. 23. 1855, 12mo. 6d. Part II. Olivide. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. Is. Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the Collection of the British Museum. By M. Deshayes :— Part 1: Veneride, Cyprinidz, Glauconomide, and Petri- colade. Pp. iv., 216. . 1853, 12mo. 3s. Part II. Petricolade (concluded); Corbiculade. Pp. 217-292. [With an, Alphabetical Index to the two parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d. BRACHIOPODA. Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the Collection of the British Museum. [Jssued as “ Catalogue of the Mollusca, Parts IV.”] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodeuts. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s. POLYZOA. Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk, F.R.S. Pp, viii, 39, $8 Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1875, vo. 5s. a a BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9 t CRUSTACEA. Catalogue ‘of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum, Part I. Leucosiadw. By Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., Pres. LS., &c. Pp. iv., 24. 1855, 8vo. 6d. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.,: &ec. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index. | 1862, 8vo. 10. 5s, INSECTS. Coleopterous Insects. Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum :— Part V. Cucujide, &e. By Frederick Smith. [Also issued as “List of the Coleopterous Insects. Part I.”’] Pp. 25. 1851, 12mo. 6d. Part VI. Passalide. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23. 1 Plate. [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. 8d. Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv. 174. 4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 6d. Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237. 6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. 6d. Part IX. Cassidide. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor of Natural History, Stockholm. Pp.225. [With Index. ] 1856, 12mo. 3s. Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the Collection of the British Museum, Part I. Lycide. By Charles Owen Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 coloured Plates. [With Syste- matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 16s. Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xvi., 234: 1 plate. [With a Topographical Catalogue and an Alphabetical Index.] 1857, 8vo. 3s. Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collec- tion of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.LS. Pp. xiii.,648. [With Topographical and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 10s. 6d. Catalogue of Halticide in the Collection of the British Museum. By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S. Physapodes and CEdipodes. Part I. Pp. xii., 301. Frontispiece and 9 Plates. 1860, 8vo. 7s. Catalogue of Hispide in the Collection of the British Museum. By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &. Part I. Pp. x. 172. 9 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 8vo. 6s. a 80204, A 5 10 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE Hymenopterous Insects, Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo.:— Part I. Andrenide and Apide. Pp. 197. 6 Plates. 1853, 2s. 6d. Part II. Apide. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1854, 6s. Part III. Mutillide and Pompilide. Pp. 206. 6 Plates. 1855, 6s. , Part IV. Sphegide, Larride, and Crabronide. Pp. 207— 497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856,. 6s. Part V. Vespide. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha- betical Index.] 1857, 6s. Part VI. Formicide. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 6s. Part VII. Dorylide and Thynnide. Pp. 76. 3 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 2s. Descriptions of New Species of Hyrmenoptera in the Collection of the British Museum.. By Frederick Smith. Pp: xxi., 240. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 10s. List of H ymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the Typical Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. I., Tenthredinide and Siricide. By W. F. Kirby. Pp. xxviii, 450. 16 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 12. 18s. Dipterous Insects, List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. 12mo.:— Part II. Pp. 231-484. 1849. 3s. 6d. , Part IV. Pp. 689-1172. [With an index to the four ‘parts, and an Index of Donors.] 1849. 6s. Part V. Supplement I. Stratiomide, Xylophagide, and . Tabanide. Pp. iv., 330. 2 Cuts. 1854, 4s. 6d. Part VI. Supplement II. Acroceride and part of the family Asilide. Pp. ii., 331-506. 8 Cuts. 1854. 3s. Part VII. Supplement III. Asilide. Pp. ii., 507-775 1855. 3s. 6d. Lepidopterous Insects. Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the British Museum :— Part I. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xiii., 62. 20 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Tndex. ] 1877, Ato. 24. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 11 Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera, . &e.—continued. Part III. By Arthur Gardiner Butler’ Pp. xviii. 82. 41-60 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index. ] 1879, 4to. 27.108. Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii, 74. _ 78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] . 1881, 4to. 22. 10s. Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89. 101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1886, 4to. 22. 4s. : , Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124. 121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.] 1889, 4to. 22. : Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144. 139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.] 1891, 4to. 22. Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera of Ceylon. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176 Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893, 4to. 21. 2s. . Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyride in the Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler, F.LS., &c. Pp. vi. 211. 5 Plates. [With an Alphabetical _Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d. Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler, F.LS., &. Pp. iv. 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d. Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycenide in the British Museum. B W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1862, 4to. 1/. Ls. List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Papilionide. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection. of the British Museum. . By Francis Walker. 12m. :— Part VI. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pp. 1258-1507. 1855, 3s. 6d. Part XIX. Pyralides. Pp.799-1036. [With an Alpha- betical Index to Parts XVI.-XIX.] 1859, 3s. 6d. Part XX. Geometrites. Pp. 1-276. 1860, 4s. Part XXI. ————-— Pp. 277-498. ‘1860, 3s. Part XXII. —— Pp. 499-755. 1861, 3s. 6d. Part XXIII.——_——-— Pp. 756-1020. 1861, 3s. 6d. Part XXIV. ———-——_-.__ Pp. 1021-1280. 1862, 3s. 6d. Part XXV. —————_— Pp. 1281-1477. 1862, 3s. Part XXVI. -—-—-—-—_ Pp. 1478-1796. [With an - Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.—XXVI.] | 1862, As. 6d. 2 12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects, &e.—continued. - Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286. 1863, 4s. Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561. 1863, 4s. Part XXTX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4s. Part XXX. Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha- betical Index to Parts KXXVII-KXX.] 1864, 4s. Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1-321. 1864, 5s. Part XXXII. —— Part 2. Pp. 322-706. 1865, 5s. Part XXXIIT. ————-— _ Part 3. \ Pp. 707-1120. 1865, 6s. Part XXXIV. ————— Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533. 1865, 5s.6d. Part XXXV. M———— Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040. [With an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI-~XXXV.] 1866, 7s. Neuropterous Insects, Catalogue of the Specimens of: Neuropterous Insects in the Collec- tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. .12mo. :— Part I. (Phryganides—Perlides.) Pp. iv. 192. 1852, 2s. 6d. Part II. Sialide—Nemopterides. Pp. ii. 193-476. 1853, 3s, 6d. > Part III. Termitide—Ephemeride. Pp. ii, 477-585. 1853, 1s. 6d. Part IV. Odonata. Pp. ii., 587-658, 1853, 12mo. Is. Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col- lection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen. Part I. Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. 6d. Orthopterous Insects. Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Phasmide. By John Obadiah Westwood, F.LS., &. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 4to. 32. Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattaria in the Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &. Pp. 239. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d. Catalogue. of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.] and Supplement to the Blattariz in the Collection of the British Museum. Gryllide. JBlattarie. Locustide. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c. «Pp. 224. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 5s. i BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 13 Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. By Francis’ Walker, F.LS., &¢.— Part II. Locustide (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d. Part III. Locustide (continued).—Acridide, Pp. 425- 604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4s. Part IV. Acrididew (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With an Alphabetical Index.] | 1870, 8vo. 6s. Part V. Tettigide—Supplement to the Catalogue of Blat- tarie.— Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distribution of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43; 116. [With Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s. , Hemipterous Insects. List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S.:— Part I. Pp. 368. 11 Plates. 1851, 12mo. 7s. Part JI. Pp. 869-590. Plates 12-15. 1852, 12mo. 4s. Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in the Collection of the British Museum. . By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &e. 8v0.:— Part I. Scutata. »Pp. 240. 1867. 5s. Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. 4s.. Part III. Pp. 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to Parts I., IL., IIL., and a Summary of Geographical Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4s. 6d. Part IV. Pp. 211. [Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6s. Part V. Pp. 202. ——- 1872. 5s. Part VI. Pp. 210. —- 1873. 5s. Part VII. Pp. 213. ————-———— 1873. 6s. Part VIII. Pp. 220. ———-——-——-——._ 1873. 6s. 6d. Homopterous Insects. List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. Supplement. Pp. ii, 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 4s. 6d, VERMES. Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms, con- tained in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Baird. Pp. iv., 182. 2 Plates, [With an Index of the Animals in which the Entozoa mentioned in the Catalogue are found; and an Index of Genera and Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s. 14 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ANTHOZOA. Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariide inthe Collection of the British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &e. Pp. iv., 40. 2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 1s. 6d. Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corais in the Collection of the British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &e. Pp. iv., 51. 14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s. Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By George Brook. Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, Explanation of Plates, and a Preface by Dr. Giinther.] 18938, 4to. 1d. 4s. BRITISH ANIMALS. Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e. Pp. xii, 248. [With a List of Species.] 1863, Bvo. 3s. 6d. Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenide and Apida. By Frederick Smith,M.E.S. New Issue. Pp. xi. 236. 11 Plates.» [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 6s. Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, ormicide, and * Vespide in the Collection of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Indéx.] 18538, 12mo. 6s. ‘ A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collee- tion of the British Museum. By George Johnston, M.D., Edin., F.R.C.L. Ed., Lt.D. 'Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, &c. Pp. 365. Woodeuts and 24 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1865, 8vo. 7s. Catalogue of the. British Echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii. 202. Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 coloured). [With Table of Con- tents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index, Description of the Plates, &c.] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d. List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum; with Synonyma and References to figures. 12mo. :— Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 1850. 2nd Edition. By H. T. Stainton and HE. Shepherd. Pp. iv. 224. 1856, 12mo. 1s. 9d. Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala, and Brachiopoda. By Dr. J. E. Gray. Pop. iv., 167. 1851, 12mo. 3s. 6d. Part XI. Anoplura or Parakitic Insects. By H. Denny. Pp.iv., 61. 1852, 1s. ‘ a | BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 15 List of the Specimens of British Animals, &c.—continued. Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, 12mo. 1s. 4d. Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 12mo. 6d. Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 42. 1858, 12mo. Is. PLANTS. List of British Diatomacez in the Collection ofthe British Museum. By the Rev. W. Smith, F.L.8., &e. Pp. iv.,55. 1859, 12mo. 1s. FOSSILS. Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S.:— Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera, Insec- tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. , Pp. xxx., 268: 33 Woodeuts. [ With mp eeniae and Alphabetical Indexes. | 1885, 8vo. 5s. Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artio- dactyla. Pp. xxii.,324. 89 Woodeuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ] 1885, 8vo. 6s. Part JIJ. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris- sodactyla, ‘Toxedontia, Condylarthra, and Amblypoda. Pp. xvi., 186. 380 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including _ Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s. Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos- cidea. Pp. xxiv.,235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.| 1886, 8vo. 5s. Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Si- renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 3845. 55 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1887, 8vo. 6s. Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History). “By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii. 368. 75 Woodeuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.| 1891, 8vo. 10s. 6d. Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History).- By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S. :— Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and_Protero- sauria, Pp. xxviii, 809. 69 Woodcuts. [With Sys- tematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 7s. 6d. 16 LISE OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia—continued. Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi. 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of. Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d. Part IIT. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii., 239. 53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms. ] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d. Part IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata, Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia; and Supplement. Pp. xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo. 7s. 6d. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S.:— Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii., 474. 13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1889, 8vo. 21s. ° : Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii .(Acanthodii), Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, and Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean Actinop- terygii). Pp. xzliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and 16 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1891, 8vo. 21s. Systematic List of the Hdwards Collection of British Oligocene and Hocene Mullusea in the British Museum (Natural History), with references to the type-specimens from similar horizons . contained in other collections belonging to the Geological Department of the Museum. By Richard Bullen Newton, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii, 365. [With table of Families and Genera, Bibliography, Correlation-table, Appendix, and Alphabetical Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6s. Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum (Natural History). By Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S.:— Part I. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con- sisting of the families Orthoceratide, Endoceratide, Actinocetatide, Gomphoceratide, Ascoceratide, Poterio- ceratide, Cyrtoceratide, and Supplement. Pp. xxxi., 344. 51 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 10s. 6d. Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder Nauti- loidea, consisting of the families Lituitide, Trochocera- tide, Nautilide, and Supplement. Pp. xxviii, 407. 86 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms. ] 189L, 8vo. 15s. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 17 A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and ‘the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By Henry Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii, 155. [With an Alphabetical _Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s. E Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), with an account of the ~ morphology and systematic position of the group, and a revision of. the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge, jun., of the Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History), ‘and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F'R.S., F.L.S. (of Eton College). [With Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, ‘Table of ‘Contents, General Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] Pp. xv., 322. 20 Plates. 1886, 4to. 25s. Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History). With descriptions of new and little known species. By George Jennings Hinde, Ph.D., F.G.S. Pp. viii., 248. 38 Plates. [With a Tabular List of Species, arranged in Zoological and Stratigraphical sequence, and an Alphabetical Index.] 1883, 4to. 1/. 10s. Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera in tne British Museum (Natural History). By Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.RS., &c. Pp. xxiv., 100. [With Geographical and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 5s. ‘Catalogue of the Paleozoic Plants in the Department of Geology and Palwontology, British Museum (Natural History). By Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288. [With alist of works quoted, and an Index.] 1886, 8vo. 5s. GUIDE-BOOKS. (To be obtained only at the Museum.) A General’ Guide to the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. [By W. H. Flower.] With 2 Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated cover. Pp. 78. 18938, 8vo. 3d. : Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological, Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 4th Edition. Pp. 126. 57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. Index. 1892, 8vo. 6d. Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 3rd Edition. Pp. iv. 119. 101 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. Index. 1893, 8vo. 6d. Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Echinoder- mata, Vermes), in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 2nd Edition. Pp. iv., 74. 51 Woodcutsand1 Plan, 1888, 8vo. 4d. 18 A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries ofthe Department of Geology and Palzontology in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [New Edition. By Henry Woodward. |— Part I. Fossil Mammals ard Birds. Pp, xii, 108. 119 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d. Part II. Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. Pp. xii, 109. 94 Woodcutsand 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d. Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of Geology aud Paleontology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, South Kensington. [By Henry Woodward. | 2nd Edition. Pp. 51. 81 Woodcuts. Index. 1888, 8vo. 4d. Guide to Sowerby’s Models of British Fungi in the Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts. With Table of Diagnostic Characters and Index. 1893, 8vo. 4d. A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (N atural History). [By L. Fletcher.| Pp. 32. Plan. 1893, 8vo. 1d. An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 120. With numerous Diagrams, a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an Index. 1894, 8vo. 6d. The Student’s Index to the Collection of Minerals, British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. Pp. 32. With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery. 1893, 8vo. 2d. An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the Meteorites represented in the Collection. [By L. Fletcher. ] Pp. 91. [With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an Index to the Metecrites represented in the Collection.] 1893, 8vo. 3d. W. H. FLOWER, Director. British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. February 15th, 1894. ic # tetiet SE ota Regen en Tee Hee toat ties) Pitot ae ge Weed tH an ee 2 shia ir net ee aaa oi Batter ytabphase' i yeeeh tents pon a oy a ne bahimbe seperation bes nit vide rtanths i? preter ears peter brea soe +. Riese ci ele paren bh Pel ty Erastus ea tah fife were c sree Ee tia clan neue Tan cad ant adh ra Pr a Bass ret Naat satee ory pe hae ae