a i
mB rea tty
ae uu

nt

at
peter
TH
t5 a
Gian rutentae et?
nine Hay
ase a x

i ti i i 4] oe
sa i aaah i rie) artaet fiers a hit tien

ae He i i es Tie i ee i i; terete exert fa pace eal seen a
Sieh eee fa eta i ote ee

: eliate 5 doe iemagilen aire

ges eae ee eee ae

ty
ire

teed tet
SMe ie a
irene

ares
eles)

Geert eres ieee ef nl eet atbeciety

es Hie
siesta

a

a

BY
ee
nae aaa
dian aie lee
a ae i
a as
3 if
it

cee he
delat
eat all

a
“i bier rere Ty AA et Ss ete
jas cent Meet Mess rr
Eisele ese ecicinea

a bemilitesce Wicrerpoeberrcieers eos

 
 

 

 

LIBRARY

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
ITHACA, NEW YORK

ex oN

THIS BOOK IS THE GIFT OF

oword Say Nilks, TM

‘Rafessor ct Thera.pertties «Small. Animal Chine

   

 

 

 
|

Cornell University Library

SF 915.M64l
A laboratory guide i

WT

3 1924 000 8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

i
67 816 vet

SEN ON Bela ii ad
 

 
 
 
A LABORATORY GUIDE

MATERIA MEDICA and PHARMACY

—BY—

HOWARD J. MILKS, D. V. M.

Professor of Materia Medica and Small Animal Clinic,
New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University

ITHACA, N. Y.

ITHACA, N. Y.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR
NOVEMBER, 1916

ie
Copyright, 1916 by H. J. Milks

ss

The use in daub’? of certain por-
tions of the text of the United States
Pharmacopoeia is by .virtue of permis-
sion received from the Board of Trustees
of the United States Pharmacopoeial Con-
vention. The said Board of Trustees is
not responsible for any inaccuracy nor
for any errors in the statement of quan-
tities or percentage strengths.

 
PREFACE

This book represents in printed form, notes which have been
used for several years in teaching Pharmacy and Materia Medica
to Veterinary students.

Since Veterinarians prepare and dispense a great many of
their medicines, pharmacy is quite an important subject to them.
It has seemed desirable to include discussions of the different great
pharmaceutical groups followed by the actual preparation of one
or more examples of each group. The author believes that instruc-
tion in this subject can be better carried on in the laboratory than
in the class room.

The subject of Materia Medica is difficult to present more on
account of deciding what to exclude than what to include. It is
granted that there are many things in Materia Medica impossible
and useless to memorize. On the other hand, students should have
an opportunity to examine and become more or less familiar with
the synonyms, origin and physical characteristics of the most used —
drugs, and laboratory work is believed to be the best means of learn-
ing these things.

The grouping of the drugs for studying Materia Medica is ar-
ranged to correspond with the work in Pharmacology but other-
wise is purely arbitrary.

Finally the author desires little claim of originality for the con-
tents of the book. He has drawn freely from other most excellent
books on the subjects, such as Sollmann, A Text Book of Pharma-
cology; Arny, Practice of Pharmacy; Edmunds and Cushny ; Labora-
tory Guide in Experimental Pharmacology. He would recommend
these books to any who care for more extended information on the
subjects.

H. J. M.
CONTENTS

General Dinections: y.24 oak eee) Saeed ead ews dle Wa ee ees

CuHaptTer I.
Pharmacy. Definitions, Pharmacopoeia. Dispensatories ....

Cuaptrer IT.
Metrology. Weights and Measures .......... 0 . sees sere

Cuaprer IIT.
Source and Composition of Drugs. Gross Anatomy of Plants.
Ghemistry <Of PIGS) aacc3. hu eek AN ea eee ee
Cuaprer IV.

Plant Constituents. Alkaloids, Glucosides. Resins. Volatile
and Fixed Oils. Saponins and Sapotoxins. Gums. Tan-
MINS: oc cari eee eV Ee eE REE OSS SEBO Steals

TNCOMPAOULY! o5c.ciua wea deeds iw -OaeeRy oe WE Raed ne

Cuapter VI.

Pharmaceutic Methods. Desiccation, Comminution. Tritura-
tion. Separation. Distillation. Sublimation. Carboniza-
tien. Solution. Maeeration. Percolation, ete.. ........

Cuapter VII.
DISPCHSIMNO. torn ce baa ied ods kobe SARS SHOES REPS RAS

Cuaprer VIII.
Pharmacy Proper. List of Preparations. Water. Solutions.

Cuaprer IX.

Mucilages. Syrups. Honeys. Emulsions. Mixtures. Mag-
mas. Spirits. Elixirs. Glycerites. Collodiums. Oleates.

,

CHAPTER X.

Infusions. Decoctions. Tinetures. Fluidextracts. Wines.
Oleoresins. Vinegars. Extracts. Resins. Liniments.
Powders. Triturations. Masses. Confections. Pills.
Troches. Ointments. Suppositories. Cataplasms. Plasters.
PA DCPS Save siton Seto ase ee me aaah e Area lenges a wee aug do ead wees

CHAPTER XI.

Unofficial Preparations. Tablets. Balls. Capsules. Drench.
GC AT pe ancts len eae dchie ts iS wrench A Bae sae Ged oats Gog ad USA 4

Materia: Mé@dita: o.deckiessa cid yehieen tei wiegewed vewewoee

10

15

20

26

31

41

53
LABORATORY GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA
AND PHARMACY

GENERAL DIRECTIONS

The work in this course will consist of the examination of
specimens, testing drugs and their more common incompatibilities,
dispensing medicines, manufacturing pharmaceutical preparations,
taking notes, occasional demonstrations and weekly quizes.

In making tests use as small an amount of the drugs as is nec-
essary unless otherwise directed as to quantity. Follow directions
carefully and use the amounts specified.

In case of specimens presented for examination note the form,
color, taste (except poisons), weight, solubility and reaction.

Form.—Liquid or solid, crystalline or amorphous, deliques-
cent or effervescent.

Color.—Light, dark, clear, cloudy.

Odor—Pleasant, aromatic, disagreeable, penetrating, etc.

Taste——Acid, salt, sweet, acrid, aromatic, pleasant, etc.

Weight—Comparatively heavy or light.

Solubility —Use a small amount of the substance in a test-tube
and from ten to fifteen times its bulk of distilled water and shake
thoroughly. If insoluble heat to the boiling point. Proceed the
same with alcohol, acid, alkali, chloroform or ether.

Caution.—Care, not to ignite the inflammable liquids.

Reaction.—Dissolve a small amount of the substance in a little
distilled water in a test-tube, heat gently and test the reaction with
red or blue litmus paper.

In the case of solutions, the darker should be added to the
lighter, and the lighter to the heavier, at first only a few drops.
Note any change that takes place before shaking. If there is no
apparent result, shake the tube. If a precipitate forms, note
whether it increases in amount or redissolves as more of the liquid
is added. Note also, as far as possible, whether the results are due
to physical or chemical changes,
Cuaprer I.
PHARMACY

Pharmacy is the science and art of preparing, compounding
and dispensing drugs. The objects of pharmacy are so obvious that
they need not be pointed out in this place. In order to have uni-
formity in the preparations obtained from the different shops, prac-
tically all civilized countries have standards, established by law, to
which the drugs and their preparations must conform.

PHARMACOPOEIA. The books in which these standards are
given are usually called pharmacopoeias. ‘The first pharmacopoeia
of the United States was published in 1820 and is revised every ten
years by a committee of physicians and pharmacists. The prepar-
ations made according to this book are called official. The present
Ninth Decennial revision appeared in August and became official in
September 1916. The pharmacopoeia gives, first, the Latin title
of the drug, followed by the English name, official abbreviation and
synonyms. A short concise definition of the drug is given. This
is followed by the characteristics and tests by which the identity
and purity of the drug may be recognized and finally in what
doses (human) it may be administered.

Since the pharmacopoeia is intended as a concise standard work
of reference, it does not include all the material used in medicine nor
does it go into detail concerning the drugs treated. Consequently
in various countries other books have come into use, namely, dis-
pensatories.

DISPENSATORIES are commentaries on the pharmacopoeia.
They contain all that the pharmacopoeia states regarding official
drugs and much added information. They also treat of other
drugs not mentioned in the pharmacopoeia. There are three in
the U. S.:—The-.National, United States and King’s dispensatories.

In addition to the above books, there is the National Formu-
lary, which contains formulae not included in the pharmacopoeia,
but of sufficient importance to, render standardization desirable.
It is published by the American Pharmaceutical Association. Prep-
arations made according to this book are generally designated as,
N. F,
 
38

Cuapter II.
METROLOGY—WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Metrology is the science of weights and measures.

Weight is the sum of the attraction of gravity existing be-
tween the earth and a body upon its surface, and in weighing we
simply balance a substance against another known force.

There are several standards of weights used in the United
States, with which the physician, veterinarian and pharmacist
must become familiar. Those most used are the Troy or Apothe-
caries’ weights and the Wine or Apothecaries’ measures, besides
which are the Avoirdupois weights, and Metric weights and meas-
ures.

TABLE OF AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS

437.5 grains (gr.) — 1 ounce (0z.)

16 oz. = 1 pound (lb.)=(7000 gr.)
100 Ibs. = 1 hundredweight (cwt.)
20 ewt. = 1 ton

This table is never used in prescribing but is the one used al-
most exclusively in buying and selling all solid and many liquid
drugs. When we purchase a ‘‘pound’’ we get an Avoirdupois
pound, or 7000 grains. If we order an ‘‘oz.’’, we receive an Avoir-
dupois ounce or 437.5 grains as oz. stands for Avoirdupois ounce
only. Many powerful drugs, like strychnine, morphine, etc., are
usually handled in 1/8 oz. bottles, but these do not contain 1/8
of an Apothecaries’ ounce or 60 grains, but 1/8 of an Avoirdupois
ounce or about 54.7 grains.

TABLE OF APOTHECARIES’ OR TROY WEIGHTS

20 grains (gr.) = 1 seruple (9)

3 scruples = 1 drachm (5) = 60 gr.
8 drachms = 1 ounce (5) = 480 er.
12 ounces = 1 pound (tb) = 5760 er.

The grain used in this system is the same as that of the Avoir-
dupois, but the ounces contain 480 grains against 437.5 of the
Avoirdupois, while the pound, tb. contains 12 ounces of 480 grains,
or 5760 grains instead of the Avoirdupois pound of 16 ounces of
437.5 each or 7000 grains.
4

Of this table only the grains, drachms and ounces should be
used in prescription writing. The scruple was used at one time
but is largely in disuse at the present time and is unnecessary.
Furthermore the character is not easily made, and if made care-
lessly or blurred may be mistaken for the drachm sign.

TABLE OF APOTHECARIES’ (OR WINE) MEASURE

60 Minims (m™) 1 fluid drachm (f.5)

8 Fluidrachms 1 fluidounce (£5) 480 ms.
16 Fluidounces 1 pint (0.) 7680 ms.
8 pints 1 gallon (Cong.) 61440 ms.

To avoid confusion in the use of the Apothecary and Avoirdu-
pois systems, the symbols, tb., 3, 5, and 5 should be consistently
used for the apothecary and the abbreviations, lb., oz,, gr., for the
Avoirdupois. The abbreviation for the Troy pound is character-
ized by the cross line drawn through the letters, fb., and should al-
ways mean 12 ounces, while the Avoirdupois pound stands for six-
teen ounces. The symbol 5 means an Apothecaries’ ounce of 480
grains, while the abbreviation means an Avoirdupois ounce of
437.5 grains. The grain weight is the same for both systems and
therefore, the abbreviation gr. will cause no confusion. The grain
is, therefore, the unit for both systems and the term is derived
from the old system of weighing, which required that there should
be used a grain of wheat, well dried and from the middle of the
ear. (head).

The character {3 represents 60 minims, and £5 is necessary to
represent 480 minims.

A minim of water weighs about one grain (0.95 gr.) but it
should be remembered that a minim is not the equivalent of a grain.
480 minims (15) of water weighed at the standard temperature
of 25°C. (77°F.) weighed 454.6 grains. The specific gravity of
liquids also varies so that a pint of liquid is not necessarily a pound.
In writing the apothecaries’ weights and measures in prescrip-
tions, the figures are written in the Roman system and placed after
the symbol, as gr..XX not 20 grs. In printed matter the small
letters are used, but in writing it is better to use the capital L, be-
cause the small letter might easily be mistaken for an i. The ones
should always be dotted and the last one may be written like a j;
thus 5 1ij. The fl. before the sign 3 or 3 is often omitted, but under

Itt
5

no circumstances should the others be dotted, because in a hastily
written or blurred prescription the pharmacist often depends upon
the dots to differentiate an indistinct i from an 1 or a comma or
period, or from an imperfectly formed v. Fractions are written
as common fractions: gr. 1/10, not gr. 0.1.
TABLE OF APPROXIMATE OR PopuLAR MEASURES
The popular measures are those usually found in the house-
hold. They are very inexact, and should be replaced with measur-
ing glasses or some other means of measure. A common method
in veterinary medicine is to use homeopathic vials of certain ca-
pacities, or syringes of known capacity. If spoons are used they
should be filled so that the fluid stands level with the rim.

The most common of these measures are:

1 drop (gtt) 1 minim
1 teaspoonfull 1 £3
1 desertspoonful 2 £3

1 tablespoonful

4 £5 (145)
- 1 wineglassful 2 £3

|

1 teacupful 4 £3
1 glassful 8 £5

It should be kept in mind that these equivalents are only approxi-
mate. A drop is not a minim and varies greatly with the character
of the fluid, and of the container from which dropped; there may
be from 44 drops of syrup of acacia, to 250 drops of chloroform to
the drachm. Teaspoons vary from 1/2 to 2 drachms, dessert. spoons
vary so greatly that they should not be used. Tablespoons, wine-
glasses and tumblers also vary.

It is usual in figuring prescriptions to figure from 6 to 8 tea-
spoonfuls to the ounce, a tablespoonful as one-half ounce and in .
writing these prescriptions these factors should always be taken
into account so that the druggist will be able to use a bottle which
will just hold the amount desired. Their bottles are 1/2 ounce,
1 ounce, two, three, four, six, eight and sixteen ounces.

Metric System

This is based upon the decimal system. The unit of measure
of distance of the metric system is the meter (M). (39.37 inches).
6

The meter is divided into 10, 100 and 1000 parts, called respective-
ly, decimeter, dm.; centimeter, cm.; and millimeter, mm.

The unit of measure of capacity is the liter, 1. It is equal to
the contents of a cube whose edges measure a decimeter and the
’ thousandth part of this is a milliliter (mil) formerly called a cubic
centimeter (c.cm. or ¢.c.). The unit of weight is the Gramme (fre-
quently written gram) which is the Weight of one milliliter of water
at 4° Centigrade (89.2°F.)

Greater or less quantities are designated by adding prefixes
to the above.

TABLE OF Metric WEIGHTS

1 milligram 0.001
10 milligrams 1 centigram (cg.) 0.01
10 centigrams 1 decigram (dg.) 0.1
10 decigrams 1 gram (gm.) 1.

10 grams
10 Dekagrams
10 Hectograms

1 Dekagram (Dg.) 10.
1 Hectogram (Hg.) 100.
1 Kilogram (Kg.) 1000.

Ii dddqa

TABLE OF Metric MEASURES

1 milliliter (mil )
10 milliliters (mils )
10 centiliters
10 deciliters
10 Liters
10 Dekaliters
10 Hectoliters

0.001
1 Centiliter (cl.) 0.01
1 deciliter (dl.) 0.1
1 Liter (L.) 1.
1 Dekaliter (DL.) 10.
1 Hectoliter(HL.) 100.
1 Kiloliter (KL.) 1000.

In the above tables of weights and measures, the kilogramme
is used in commerce and is referred to as a Kilo. The gram, frac-
tions of a gram and milligrams are used. In the measures of
quantity the Liter and milliliter and fractions of them are used.

In prescription writing only two units, grams and milliliters
are used, abbreviated Gm. and mil. In expressing the quantity of
drug in a prescription in the metric system, the quantity is always
denoted by the Arabic figure placed before the appellation. | Frac-
tional parts are always converted into decimal fractions. It is not
necessary 10, write grams, or milliliters or their abbreviations in a
prescription because it is understood that the former will be used
as the unit of weight and the latter for the unit of measure,

Fig dad
“_

Table of Approximately equivalent Weights and Measures.

1 milligram (mil) 0.001 = 1/64 grain
1 centigram 0.01 = 1/6 grain
1 decigram 01 = 11/2 grains
1 gram 1. = 151/2 (15.432) grains
4 grams ( 3.9) = 1 drachm
31 grams ( 81.1) = 1 ounce
500 grams (453.6) = 1 pound (av.)
1 Kilogram = 2.2 pounds (av.) (2.2946)
1/64 grain = .001 gram
1/6 grain = 01 gram
1 grain = 0.065 gram
15 4 (15.482) grains = 1. gram
1 drachm (apoth.) = 4. (3.9) grams
1 ounce (apoth.) = 31.1 grams
1 minim 0.61 mil
16 minims (16.23) 1. mil.
1 fluidrachm 3.75 mils

1 fluidounce 30. (29.572) mils
1 pint 500. (.4731 L. or 473 mils

The following table of approximate equivalents should be
memorized :

Ii dd

: ae = 15-16 minims or grains

i eee — 1 fluidrachm or drachm
oe aa = | fluidounce or ounce.
500 mils .
500 grams = 1 pint or pound

1 Liter = 1 quart

1 Kgm. = 2.2 Ibs.

To convert grains into centigrams, multiply by 6.5. Thus 3
grains multiplied by 6.5 equals 10.5 centigrams, or 10 grains equal
65 centigrams or .65 grams. To convert centigrams into grains,
divide by 6.5. Thus 26 centigrams divided by 6.5 equals 4 grains.

WEIGHING

In weighing a body we simply balance the force it exerts by
its gravity against another known force. There are several types
of balances or scales, spring, equal arm, unequal arm, and torsion.
8
The first is not very exact but is handy for coarse weighing. In
weighing small amounts delicate instruments should be used. A
few simple rules should always be followed.

1. Balance pans before starting weighing.

2. Drugs should not be placed directly on scale pans. These
should first be covered with pieces of paper. The opposite pan
should be balanced by a piece of paper of equal weight. Un-
less the pans are equally balanced in this manner, serious mistakes
may occur in weighing small amounts. The object of the paper on
the pans is two fold. It keeps the pan clean and insures freedom
from contamination from some previously weighed drug.

3. Balance accurately with material to ‘be weighed. When a
pointer is provided on the balance, it should swing an equal dis-
tance each side of the center or zero.

Always throw balance off center when through weighing. This
stops the movements of the balance and consequently stops its
wear.

5. In weighing liquids, tare (weigh) or balance the container
first.

MEASURING

This is done in graduated vessels (graduates) graduated or
measuring flasks and pipettes. The wider the vessel at the place of
reading the greater is the liability to error. On this account
greater accuracy can be obtained if the vessel is as narrow as pos-
sible where the reading is taken. 'The minim graduate is not ac-
curate for measuring small amounts, as a considerable amount of
the measured liquid is retained in the vessel by ecapillarity. A
minim pipette is to be preferred for this purpose and also for the
fact that there is less error in pouring more or less than the re-
quired amount into the graduate.

The cylindrical graduate has the advantage that equal ac-
curacy can be obtained throughout while the conical shaped gradu-
ate has the advantage of greater accuracy for small amounts. A
few rules for measuring should always be followed.

1. Hold the graduate so that the top of the liquid is a hori-
zontal plane perpendicular to the long axis of the graduate and have,
the top of the liquid on a level with the eye.
9

2. On account of ecapillarity, the surface is always cupped,
forming a meniscus. The reading should always be taken at the
lowest level of the meniscus.

Cuaprer III.

SOURCE AND COMPOSITION OF DRUGS

Drugs are obtained from both organic and inorganic substances.
The vegetable and biological preparations are obtained from the
former, while the various metals and their salts, the composition of
which is shown by their name and chemical formula, are obtained
from the inorganic. The greater number, probably are derived
from the vegetable kingdom or from plants. All the different
parts of a plant may be used in medicine but the active principle
to which their action is due is usually found more abundantly in
certain parts than others. In such cases the part or parts contain-
ing the largest amounts are used. The active principle may how-
ever, be quite evenly diffused throughout, in which case the entire
plant may be used.

Gross ANATOMY OF PLANTS

UNDERGROUND Portions: These include the root, rhizome,
tuber, bulb and corm. The root is that portion usually without
chlorophyll and which does not have power to produce leaves. They
sometimes possess a bark which is used separately, (Sassafras).
Rhizomes are the underground portions capable of producing
leaves, (Hydrastis). A tuber is a portion of the root greatly
thickened which serves for the accumulation of reserve food ma-
terials (Aconite). A bulb is an increase in size of the root leaves,
(onion, squill) ; while a corm is the thickened lowest part of the
stem (Colchicum).

Portions ABovE Grounp: If the entire plant above ground
is used, it is termed herb (herba or species) and consists of the
leaves, stems, and sometimes of the flowers and fruit.

Stem. In herby plants it is termed stipes, in larger it is trans-
formed into wood (lignum) and covered with a bark (Cortex).
The leaves (folia) consists of a leaf stem (petiolus) and blade (la-
mina). There are also the flowers (flores), and fruit (fructus) or
10

seed (semenis). Besides the above, certain drugs consist of the
juices of plants and are without definite structure (opium, aloes)

CHEMISTRY OF PLANTS
The chief elements found in plants are Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen and Nitrogen. These elements usually occur in combina-
tions as fats, carbohydrates, tannins, resins, alkaloids, glucosides,
acids, terpenes, ete., together with inorganic salts.

CuaptTer IV.
PLANT CONSTITUENTS

ALKALOIDS. Many of the most important and active plant
constituents are alkaloids. They exist in almost all parts of a plant
but are in largest proportions in the seeds and roots. They repre-
sent, in the greater number of cases, the active principle of the
plant from which obtained and many of them are classed with the
most powerful poisons.

They may be defined as natural nitrogenous organic bases form-
ing salts with acids, i.e., they are organic substances contain-
ing nitrogen, of basic character, wniting with acids without the
elimination of hydrogen, forming well defined and usually crystal-
line salts. The alkaloidal salts of the halogens are called hydro-
bromides, hydrochlorides, etc., and Nor the bromides, chlorides, ete.
They contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and most ‘of them oxygen.
Those containing oxygen are solids and comparatively nonvolatile,
(cocaine) while those which do not contain oxygen are liquid and

“volatile (nicotine).

All alkaloids have certain common characteristics. Bitter
taste, alkaline reaction to litmus, strong physiological action, and
leave no post-mortem changes. The alkaloids differ from their
salts in solubility. The former being freely soluble in chloroform,
ether, and oils, less so in alcohol and almost insoluble in water,
while the latter behave almost exactly opposite, being soluble in
water and aleohol and almost insoluble in chloroform, ether and oils.

Experiments :—Solubility of alkaloids and their salts.

1. Test solubility of quinine and quinine sulphate (alkaloidal
salt) in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform,
11

2. Add 0.2 gm. quinine to 100 mils of water ina flask. Shake
flask. Note that only a small amount is dissolved, if any.
Why? ‘Test reaction with litmus and explain results. To
above mixture add'1 mil of dilute sulphuric acid. Re-
sults. Why?

Use above solution for the following experiments:

3. To 5 mils of the above solution in a test tube slowly add
a solution of potassium carbonate until alkaline. Results.
Why? Acidify with dilute sulphuric acid. Results.
Why ?

Explanatory :—Alkaloidal salts are feeble bases and are thrown
out of solution by the addition of fixed alkalies and their carbonates
which unite with the acid of the alkaloidal salt. The above pre-
cipitate was, therefore, the freed alkaloid which is insoluble in
water. By the addition of the acid the soluble suplhate or bisul-
phate was again formed.

4. To 5 mils of solution from No. 2 add a solution of potas-
sium hydrate until alkaline. Add excess of distilled water,
shake. Results. Explain.

5. Place 5 mils of the solution from No. 2 in each of 5 test-
tubes and add slowly one of the following reagents to
each. Note the formation of a precipitate in each. Test
‘the solubility of the precipitates in an excess of water as
in 4, and note results. Tabulate results.

Reagent Color of Precipitate Solubility in Water
Tannic Acid

Todine in potassium iodide

Pierie acid

Mercuric Pot. Iodide (Mayer’s Reagent)

Phosphotungstic acid

6. To 10 mils of the solution from No. 2 add solution of po-
tassium hydrate until alkaline, then add 10 mils of ether,
shake, allow ether to rise to the top. Draw off ether and
save. Adda few more mils of ether and proceed as be-
fore. Acidify a small amount of the remaining aqueous.
12

solution with dilute sulphuric acid and test with mercuric
potassium iodide.

Explain your results.

Shake the etheral solution with a little of the dilute ul-
phuric acid, and test the acid solution (at bottom of tube)
with the above reagent. Explain results.

Draw conclusions from the above experiments.

7. Boil 10 mils of quinine solution for a few minutes with 1
mil of sulphuric acid. Neutralize with solution of so-
dium hydrate, and apply Fehling’s test for reducing
sugars.

GLUCOSIDES

Definition :—Glucosides are those plant principles which when
treated with dilute acids or submitted to the action of ferments split
up and yield glucose as one of the decomposition products. Many
but all do not contain nitrogen. A few are alkaloidal but most are
neutral.

Experiments :

1. Test a1% solution of glucoside (Use Salicin) with Fehling’s
solution.

2. Add 1/5 of volume of dilute sulphuric acid to another por-
tion, boil 10 minutes in a water bath. Render alkaline
with solution of sodium hydrate and apply Fehling’s
test.

3. To a third portion of the solution add a little saliva and
heat at 40°C. for one-half hour. Apply Fehling’s test.

4. Apply previous reagents for the precipitation of alkaloids.
Tabulate results.

REsINS

These are solid plant substances, usually of an acid nature, in-
soluble in water, soluble in an alkali and water and in aleohol. The
definition of the pharmaceutic class ‘‘resins’’ is those plant pro-
ducts soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water, obtained either as a
residue from the distillation of an oleoresin or by pouring a concen-
trated alcoholic extract into water or acidulated water. If they
occur mixed with a volatile oil they are termed oleoresins, if mixed
13

with a gum, gum resins, and if mixed with benzoic or cinnamic acid,
balsams.
Experiments: Use commercial rosin. (Resin).
1. Test solubility in alcohol, water, turpentine, and boiling
sodium hydrate solution. Explain your results.

VOLATILE AND FIxEep OILS

Oils exist as fixed and volatile, or essential. An oil is a sub-
stance that greases, which leaves a stain when dropped on cloth that
water will not wash off, a stain which renders paper translucent.
They are termed fixed or volatile according to the permanency of
this stain on warming, characters clearly defined by the name given
to the two groups. Volatile oils are odorous principles, physically
resembling the fixed oils but differing from them in being volatile
and by being soluble in alcohol. To this group is due the odor of
plants. They are called essential oils from the fact that they pos-
sess In a concentrated state the properties of the plants from which
they are obtained.

Expermments: Use oil of turpentine for volatile and: cot-
ton seed oil for fixed oil.
1. Prepare 2 series of test tubes of 5 each. To series A, add
1 mil of oil of turpentine and to series B, 1 mil of cotton

seed oil.
To No. 1 of each series add 5 mils of water.
To No. 2, 5 mils of alcohol, No. 3, 5 mils of chloroform,
No. 4, 5 mils of ether, and to No. 4, series A, 5 mils of
cotton seed oil and to No. 5, series B, 5 mils of oil of tur-
pentine. Shake all and note solubility. Tabulate results.

2. Put a drop of oil of turpentine on glazed paper. Results.
Heat high over a flame for a few minutes. Results.
Repeat the experiment using cotton seed oil instead of
oil of turpentine.

3. Rotate a glass stopper in the neck of a bottle of fixed oil,
water, volatile oil. Note any differences. Which one
greases the stopper? These bottles will be supplied.
14

SAPONINS AND SAPOTOXINS

These are neutral nitrogenous bodies characterized by foam-
ing with water, emulsifying fats and laking blood corpuscles. A
few are glucosides. The term saponin is given to the least poison-
ous of the group and sapotoxin to the most poisonous.
Experiments: Use Tincture of Soap Bark.
1. Shake a few drops of the above tincture with a few mils of
water. Note results.
2. Place about 5 mils. of cotton seed oil in a test-tube. Add 25
drops of tincture of soap bark. Shake and note results.
Add a little alcohol. Results. Is the emulsion perma-
nent?

3. To a test-tube add 5 mils of a 0.9% solution of sodium chlor-
ide with 1/10% solution of saponin, then add two or three
drops of defibrinated blood. Note results.

4. Repeat the experiment without using the saponin solution.

Gums

Gums are amorphous transparent substances belonging to the
group of carbohydrates. Some dissolve in water and others only
swell up and form a jelly. All are insoluble in alcohol.

Experiment :

1. Test solubility of acacia and tragacanth in water and alco-

hol.

TANNINS

Tannins are the astringent properties of many plants. They
exist chiefly as tannic and gallic acids.
Experiments: Use 1% solution of tannic acid.

1. To a few mils of tannic acid solution add a drop of ferric
chloride solution. Note a green blue black color. Dilute
until transparent. Add a few drops of sodium hydrate
solution. Garnet color.

2. Add a little solution of lead acetate to a solution of tannic
acid. Results.

3. Add a little solution of sodium hydrate to a solution of tan-
nic acid. Results.
15

4. To a solution ‘of quinine sulphate add some tannic acid solu-
tion. Results.

5. Add a solution of tannic acid to an albumen solution. Re-
sults.

6. Add a little tincture of iron to compound tincture of cin-
chona.

Note :—Tannins occurring naturally in plants give a greenish
color with iron, while pathological tannins (Nutgalls) give a bluish
color.

CHAPTER V.
INCOMPATIBILITY

Incompatibility means lack of agreement. It may be defined
as that condition where two or more agents when brought together
result in chemical decomposition, physical disassociation, or thera-
peutic opposition. In some cases the change may be desirable,
(White Lotion, Black Wash), make little if any difference or may
be undesirable. The change may result in precipitating or destroy-
ing certain drugs of the mixture, changing color only, forming new
compounds without visible change or the ingredients may neutral-
ize each other.

Incompatibility is usually classified as chemical, physical.
(Pharmaceutic) and physiological or therapeutic. Z

CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY occurs when a new chemical com-
pound results (chemical change). It may, in general, be recog-
nized in three ways. 1. Precipitation in which an insoluble pre-
cipitate is formed. 2. Effervescence or explosion-evolution of gas,—
and 3. Change in color. In addition a new compound may be
formed without any apparent change in the appearance of the
liquid with possible disastrous results.

In order to avoid this form of incompatibility some knowledge
of the chemistry of the agents must be understood. A good working
basis is that substances are incompatible if used as tests for each
other, or if they are antidotes.

PHYsICAL OR PHaRMACcEUTIC INCOMPATIBILITY results in the
production ‘of mixtures cf unsightly appearance due to physical
changes, This is largely a question of solubility and often occurs
16

when solids or liquids are added to solutions, thereby changing their
densities. It occurs when there is a combination ‘of such substances
as are physically incapable of mixing. The most common physical
incompatibilities result from mixing alcoholic solutions of resinous
substances with water, (fluid extracts, tinctures, spirits, ete., ginger,
Indian hemp, camphor), but may not in any way effect the action of
the drugs.

PHYSIOLOGIC OR THERAPEUTIC INCOMPATIBILITY is where two or
more drugs are prescribed which are antagonistic or contra-acting
to each other in which case they may almost exactly neutralize each
other or one may weaken the action of the other. Arecoline and
atropine are good examples, yet no two drugs exactly oppose each
other throughout their entire range of action and some latitude is
always permitted.

Incompatibility is ‘a subject very much overdrawn and unneces.-
sary stress is placed upon it. Although it is possible 1o fiad a large
number of incompatibilities for any active chemical, but few of
these are ever likely to be encountered in prescription writing ; and
according to Bastedo, of these few, the result not infrequently
makes no practical change in the medicinal value or is deliberate-
ly desired. According to the same author, the following are those
nrost likely to be encountered in the practical use of drugs:

I. Incompatipiuiry DEPENDING ON CHANGE OF SOLVENT

A. Precipitate when added to Aqueous Liquids. Substances
in alcoholic solution and insoluble in water; as in spirits, fluid ex-
tracts, and tinctures, especially resinous ones, like tincture of can-
nabis, benzoin, myrrh.

B. Precipitation when added to Alcoholic Liquids. Sub-
stances in aqueous solution and insoluble in alcohol; as solutions
of many salts (sodium sulphate, ammonium chloride) and muci-
lage of acacia. Mere insolubility as of oils or bismuth subnitrate
in water, makes these really incompatible with the solvent.

II. CuHemicau INCOMPATIBILITIES

Rute 1. Acids and salts of acid reaction are incompatible
with alkalies and salts of alkaline reaction and the halogen salts.
Rute 2, Highly oxidized substances, like chromium triox-
17

ide (chromic acid), potassium permanganate, and potassium chlor-
ate are decomposed by organic matter. Potassium permanganate
in solution turns brown; dry potassium permanganate or chromic
acid may take fire or explode. Potassium chlorate, when rubbed
with sulphur, hypophosphites, ammonium chloride, tannic acid or
other organic substance, will explode violently.

Rue 3. Silver nitrate is incompatible with organic material
and turns to black oxide or black metallic silver. With chlorides
or hydrochloric acid it forms insoluble silver chloride.

Rue 4. (Mild mercurous chloride) calomel is incompatible
with sodium carbonate and lime water. With the latter it makes
a black precipitate of mercurous hydroxide, and forms ‘‘black
wash’’, sometimes employed as an application to venereal sores.

Calomel is insoluble in water or alcohol, comparatively inert
chemically, and bland to tissues.

Rue 5. Corrosive mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) is
incompatible with iodides, many metallic salts, alkaloidal salts,
tannic acid, ime water, and albumen.

With excess of lime water it forms a yellow precipitate of mer-
curi¢e oxide, and forms ‘‘yellow wash’’, employed as an applica-
tion to venereal sores. When the mercury salt is in excess, the
precipitate is red oxychloride.

With soap, as on the surgeons hands, its antiseptic power is
destroyed.

With potassium icdide it forms mercuric biniodide. The iodide
is of a brilliant scarlet color and dissolves in excess of potassium
iodide. These two salts are often prescribed together to form bin-
iodide.

In albumen, as in white of egg or milk, we have the antidote
when the drug is swallowed.

Rue 6: Lead acetate decomposes alum and other sulphates
and the iodides, and tends to precipitate many organic substances,
e. g., glucosides, from their solutions.

The admixture with alum makes Burow’s solution. The pre-
cipitate of lead sulphate should be filtered out. The precipitate
with the iodide is lead iodide of a brilliant yellow,
18

Rue 7. Ferric salts—(a) Make ‘‘ink’’ with tannic acid; (b)
make blue to reddish or purple colors with compounds of the phenol
group, such as phenol, resorcin, salicylates, etc.; (c) make red color
with acetates, and (d) form a dirty brown precipitate with alkalies
or alkaline salts.

Rue 8. Tannic acid is incompatible with alkaloidal salts, dry
potassium chlorate (explodes), metallic salts, gelatine, and albumen.
With ferric salts it makes ‘‘ink’’. For salts of alkaloids and anti-
mony it is the local antidote.

It occurs in many vegetable drugs, and preparations of these
may not ouly precipitate alkaloidal salts, but may change the gelatin
coating of a pill or gelatin capsule to a tough leathery insoluble sub-
stance. Alcohol may prevent the precipitation of alkaloidal salts
by tannic acid, as in tinctures.

Rue 9. Chloral hydrate decomposes to chloroform under the
influence of strong alkalies; and when mixed with camphor, men-
thol, thymol, and similar substances, undergoes a physical change to
a liquid.

Rute 10. Alkaloidal salts are incompatible with—(a) Alka-
lies—the precipitate is the pure alkaloid. (b) Tannic acid—the
precipitate is the insoluble tannate. (c) Iodine, iodides, and bro-
mides—precipitate is the iodide or bromide. (d) Mercurie bichlor-
ide—the precipitate is the insoluble double salt.

Quinine in addition is especially precipitated by salicylates and
benzoates.

All these precipitates are more soluble in alcohol than water, so
may not show in tinctures and other alcoholic liquids.

Ruue 11. Glucosides are incompatible for the most part with
lead acetate and tannic acid, and are decomposed by the mineral
acids.

Experiments :

Directions :-—Tabulate results and so far as possible give kind
of incompatibility and reason for same.

1. Demonstration :—Rub a little potassium chlorate and tannin

ina mortar. Students will not perform this experiment.

2. Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to a few mils
of water in a test tube. Note any change,
on

10.

11.

12.
13.

19

Add a few drops of a 10% solution of magnesium sulphate
to a few mils of the following solutions: sodium hydro-
oxide, sodium carbonate.

. Add a few drops of mucilage of acacia to a few mils of

alcohol.

. Add a few drops of a solution of ferric chloride to 5 mils

of each of the following solutions: sodium carbonate, al-
bumen, acacia, sodium salicylate.

. Add a few drops of a solution of ferrous sulphate to each of

the following solutions: sodium hydrate, potassium hy-
drate, sodium carbonate, tannic acid, phenol, salicylate of
soda, acetate of lead, albumen, potassium oxalate, sodium
borate. Allow the last two to stand a few minutes before
reading results.

. Repeat the previous experiment using a solution of copper

sulphate instead of ferrous sulphate.

. Add a few drops of lead acetate solution to each of the fol-

lowing solutions: sodium chloride, albumen, sodium sul-
phate, potassium bromide.

Add equal parts of 5% solutions of lead acetate and zine sul-
phate.

Add a few drops of a solution of mercuric chloride to each
of the following solutions: zine sulphate, quinine sul-
phate, albumen, hme water, ferrous sulphate plus heat,
potassium iodide, then add excess of potassium iodide.

Recall experiments with tannin and mention incompati-
bilities.

Add a few drops of tincture of ginger to water, alcohol.

Repeat the above experiment using spirits of camphor in-
stead of tincture of ginger.

14. Add a few drops of silver nitrate solution to each of the

following: distilled water, tap water, solution of sodium
chloride, albumen, potassium bromide.’ Allow the tube
of distilled water and silver nitrate to stand in daylight
for several days. Results.
20

15. Add 5 mils of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride to
an equal amount of alcohol. Then add an excess of water.
Explain your results.

Cuapter VI.
PHARMACEUTIC METHODS

There are several processes in the manufacture of pharmaceutic
preparations, and these vary with the nature of the crude drug and
the character of the desired product. These processes are:

DESICCATION on Drying :—This is usually the first step in the
preparation of crude drugs. It has three advantages, reduces balk,
assists preservation, and facilitates comminution. Drying was
formerly done by storing in a dry, airy loft, but now most of it is
done in special ovens. The degree of heat must not be high enough
to destroy any of the desired or unstable ingredients. The next
step is that of comminution.

CoMMINUTION :—This is the reduction of the drug to smaller
fragments. This process is now mainly done by machinery, quite
similar to that used in grist or flouring mills. On a small scale the
drug mill, which is similar in action to the coffee mill, may be used.
The grinding has to be repeated several times in case of some drugs
to get the powder fine enough. The mortar and pestle are used for
friable substances. These are made of glass, wedgewood, porcelain
and iron.

TRITURATION :—Trituration is employed where a finer powder
is desired than can be obtained with a mill. It consists of rubbing
with a rotary motion, not pounding, the substance in a mortar with
a pestle. Some substances will not powder alone but will if mixed
with another substance (pulverization by intervention) sugar of
milk. Sometimes the substance requires moistening, as camphor
with alcohol.

Certain drugs percolate better if used in a certain degree of
fineness. They are, therefore, sifted and classified accordingly.
If a very fine powder is desired of an insoluble substance, it may be
mixed into a thick paste with water or alcohol and rubbed between
two polished slabs, (Levigation) or placed on a marble slab, moist-
21

ened with alcohol or water and rubbed with a muller. In rubbing,
a circular or figure eight motion should be used.

SEPARATION.—This is usually the next step in the preparation
of drugs. Its purpose is to separate the desired ingredients from
the inert or undesired. It may ‘be accomplished in three ways. If
the desired ingredients are volatile, they may be driven off by heat.
That is by distillation and sublimation. If the substances are not
volatile, the separation is usually done by exposing the crude drugs
to the action of some solvent in which the desired ingredients are
soluble and the undesirable, so far as possible, insoluble. The
third method is by mechanical means as in the case of fixed oils
where the separation is done by pressure.

SEPARATION BY HEeat.—This method can be used whenever the
substances to be separated have different boiling points, and: are not
destroyed by the necessary degree of heat. This process differs as
to whether the fixed or volatile portion is desired and if the latter, ac-
cording as to whether it is a solid or liquid. The different processes
of using heat are; distillation, sublimation, carbonization, igni-
tion, desiccation and torrefaction.

DistinLAtion.—This is the process of converting a liquid into a
gas and condensing the gas back again into a liquid. The apparatus
necessary is some receptacle for heating the liquid, conducting off
and condensing the gas. The ordinary worm still is a good ex-
ample. Its purpose is to separate volatile from non-volatile agents
and for purifying volatile substances. It may be divided into frac-
tional, which means a separation of a mixture of liquids, and destruc-
tive where the substances are heated so strongly that they decompose
and the volatile products which arise from the decomposition are
saved. (Organic bodies as tar).

SUBLIMATION is a process exactly similar to distillation with the
exception that solids are used instead of liquids. Usually the air
is sufficient to cool and condense the vapors. (Benzoie acid, cam-
phor, iodine. )

DesiccaTion.—The object of desiccation is to drive off some
undesired volatile substance from a solid. The fixed residue being
the portion desired. If the heat is not sufficient to change the chemi-
cal composition, the process is termed desiccation. It simply means

drying.
22

CARBONIZATION.—This is the process of heating organic sub-
stances under the exclusion of air. Its object is to change the
chemical composition without oxidation. (Charcoal).

IeniTI0N.—This is the process of strongly heating a substance,
usually in a crucible, with full access to air, so as to complete oxida-
tion. Nothing but ashes is left.

TORREFACTION.—This means roasting. The object is to employ
sufficient heat to alter some of the constituents without affecting
others. Coffee, peanuts.

EvaporaTion.—This consists in vaporizing a solvent from a
solution. The object is concentration of the desired dissolved sub-
stance.

SoLution.—This may be defined as the process of incorporat-
ing a solid into a liquid state of molecular subdivision, the result be-
ing a clear homogeneous fluid. In this case the molecules of the
solid are diffused throughout the liquid, and are so widely sepa-
rated that no solid particles are in any way discernable. In other
words,. the solid is liquified, and its molecules intermingle with
those of the liquid, (solvent). Solutions may be classified as
simple, chemical, unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated. A
simple solution is one occurring as described above. No chemical
change is made. A chemical solution where chemical action takes
place. Unsaturated where the solvent contains less of the
substance than it will dissolve. Saturated when it contains all
that it will dissolve, and supersaturated when some means.is em-
ployed to make the liquid dissolve more of the substance than the
usual amount of the solid. Example, heat in most cases, or hydro-
chloric acid with corrosive sublimate.

The process of solution is applied to most organic drugs for the
purpose of separating the active ingredients from the insoluble
inert. ‘The object is to dissolve the greatest amount of solid with
the least possible liquid, (menstruum). It accomplishes two pur-
poses. 1. It gives a strong extract and (2) wastes no menstruum.
Solution may be employed in various ways. All are combinations
of two extremes, maceration and percolation, usually in the United
States of both.
23

Macrratton.—This is simpler than percolation. It consists in
simply leaving the drug in contact with the menstruum under suit-:
able conditions, for a certain, or sufficient length of time. If macer-
ation alone is used, a definite amount of the drug is placed in a con-
tainer with a definite amount or portion of the menstruum and left
a certain time, in many cases two weeks. The liquid is then strained
off, the residue (marc) expressed and the mixed extract filtered.

The process is influenced by (1) degree of comminution. The
finer the drug the less time is required. (2) The higher the tem-
perature the quicker the solution. Different terms are given to
the process according to the degree of temperature employed.
Maceration is at room temperature, Digestion at 30°-40°C., Decoc-
tion at boiling temperature. The application of heat is objection-
able in certain cases because it injures some of the desired constit-
uents or on account of the evaporation of either the constituent
or solvent. (3) Time. Usually the longer the better. (4) Men-
struum. This must in each case be adapted to the particular drug.

PercoLaTion.—Percolation or displacement, is the process
whereby a powder contained in a suitable vessel is deprived of its
soluble constituents by the descent of a solvent through it. (Rem-
ington). ,

The solvent, which is poured on the top of the powder, in pass-
ing downward exercises its solvent power on the successive layers
of the powder until saturated, and is impelled downward by the
combined force of its own gravity and that of the column of liquid
above it, minus the capillary force with which the powder tends
to retain it. <A percolator is a vessel with a porous diaphragm be-
low, into which the drug, in the form of a powder is introduced,
and its soluble portions extracted by the descent of the solvent
through it. The menstruwm or solvent is the liquid poured on top
of the powder. The liquid coming from the percolator, impreg-
nated with the soluble constituents of the drug is the percolate.

The first portion of the percolate is always more dense, more
highly colored and contains the largest proportion of the soluble
principles, because the first proportion of the menstruum, in its de-
scent through the powder, has the first opportunity to come in contact
with the largest proportion of the soluble principles which are to be
24

found in the finer dust scattered through the powder, and in the
thoroughly disintegrated particles, which offer but slight resistance
to the passage of the menstruum. When successfully conducted,
the first portion of the percolate will be nearly saturated with the
soluble constituents of the substance treated; if the quantity of
the menstrum be sufficient for its exhaustion, the last portion of
the percolate will be destitute of color, odor and taste, other than
that possessed by the menstruum itself.

The general rule in percolation is to moisten the powder. The
reason for this is that most drugs are vegetable substances which
in their natural state were moist. The process of desiccation has
hardened and dried the tissues, so that they do not absorb mois-
ture quickly, and when compressed, as they are when packed in a
percolator, the resistance is still greater. If a dry powder is tight-
ly packed in a glass percolator and water poured upon it, the water
will penetrate the powder but a short distance. Its further passage
is prevented by the particles which are immediately in contact with
the water, which have become swollen to such a degree that they
press tightly against the sides of the percolator, and thus entirely
overcome the gravitating force and penetrating power of the
water. If, on the other hand, the powder is moistened with suffi-
cient water to satisfy its tendency to swell, before it is packed in
the percolator, the addition of water is followed by its slow colation .
through the mass without stoppage. A moist powder like a moist
sponge greedily absorbes moisture, but a dry powder like a dry
sponge, repels attempts to moisten it.

Care should be used in preparing and packing a ‘percolator,
because upon this process largely depends the success of the opera-
tion. The powder should be packed firmly or moderately as directed.
If packed too firmly the menstruum will not pass through readily,
if not packed firmly enough the menstruum will pass through too
quickly and the full strength of the drug will not be obtained; if
packed unevenly, the menstruum will pass readily through one side
of the mass and not come in contact with the other at all. The
menstruum should descend uniformly and slowly through the drug.
to
vt

DIRECTIONS FOR PERCOLATION

1. Moisten the powder and allow to macerate the specified
length of time.

2. Place a small tuft of purified cotton in the neck of the per-
colator and moisten it with a few drops of the menstruum.

3. Transfer powder to a sheet of thick paper and pour the whole
quantity from the paper to the percolator at one time.

4, Shake or jar the percolator gently until the powder is level
and leave for from 15 minutes to.several hours according to di-
rections.

5. Pack the powder more or less firmly according to directions
and the character of the substance and menstrum. In general the
coarser the substance and the more alcoholic the menstruum, the
greater the force may be employed.

6. Adjust cork with tube in the neck of the percolator.

7. Place a sheet of filter paper on top of the powder and hold
it in place with a glass stopper or other glass weight.

8. Pour on menstruum through a funnel reaching nearly to
the surface of the paper.

If the above conditions are observed, the menstruum will pene-
trate the powder until it has reached the cork.

When the liquid has reached the neck of the percolator, close
the clamp which controls the flow of the percolate, and cover the
percolator to prevent evaporation. Then allow to macerate as
directed.

To begin percolation, loosen the clamp sufficiently to allow the
liquid to drop very slowly.

Rate or Frow:—The Pharmacopoeia directs that in making
fluidextracts, the rate of flow where 1000 grams of the drug are
used should not exceed more than ten drops a minute: for official
tinctures and other fluids of about the same strength, twenty drops
per minute and the word slowly means a rate of flow corresponding
to this. With the amounts of powdered drugs used in this course
the rate of flow for fludextracts should be about 2 drops per min-
ute and for tinctures about 3 to 4 drops per minute.

Expression. This is the process of separating a liquid from
a solid by pressure. It is especially used in pharmacy for the
purpose of separating a liquid from a drug residue (marc) left
26

after percolating or in separating fixed oils. The ordinary tine-
ture or fruit press may be taken as an example.

CoLATION, or straining. This is the process of separating
solid, coarse particles from a liquid by pouring through a cloth or
strainer.

FILTRsTION is the process of separating fine or course, solid
particles from a liquid by pouring it through a finely porous ma-
terial, such as a filter paper.

DEcANTATION.—This means simply carefully pouring off most
of the liquid portion, leaving the rest in the vessel. By repeating
the process several times and adding more solvent each time, prac-
tically all the soluble material may be removed from the precipitate.

CLARIFICATION.—This is the process of rendering turbid ma-
terials clear and transparent by removing the suspended solid
bodies. Often when the solid particles cannot be removed by the
filter, they may be removed by agitating them with some insoluble
powder, or by adding egg albumen, shredded filter paper and by
boiling or by centrifuge.

CHAPTER VII.

DISPENSING

In dispensing medicines, every attention should be given to
have the package neat and attractive. While any bottle or paper
will serve in an emergency, we should so far as possible provide
good, clean,unlabeled bottles, not old beer bottles, whiskey flasks,
or patent medicine bottles, and dispense them wrapped in clean,
new paper. Powders should always be placed in uniform paper
and folded evenly, then wrapped in a neat package, or better still,
dispensed in boxes of suitable size. These in turn should be neatly
wrapped. .

PowbeErSs-CHARTAE.—These are preparations of solid drugs in
a fine state of division for external or internal use. Usually they
are combinations of two or more drugs, and frequently one of the
drugs only serves as a diluent or base. The drugs are usually
mixed by triturating with a mortar and pestle although there are
machines for this purpose, In mixing the materials, care should
27

be taken to get the ingredients thoroughly and uniformly mixed.
The mixing should be.done by placing the smallest amount of the
mixture in a mortar, triturating it with the next drug, then tritu-
rate after the addition of each drug. When individual powders
are to be dispensed, the required number of papers, previously
creased should be placed upon the table and the mixture trans-
ferred to them with a spatula. After all the mixture has been
transferred to the papers, the amount in each should be equalized,
so far as possible by the eye. This method of division at best is only
approximate and for exact work, each powder should be weighed.
Another very good method to divide the powder is to arrange it
upon a smooth surface in the form of an elongated rectangle, and
then divide this mass into equal portions with a spatula and trans-
fer each portion to a paper.

To fold powders.—This is learned very quickly and easily with
a little practice. It consists of first laying the required number of
papers upon a table or other smooth surface. Each paper should
be provided with a fold at the top of equal size. After the powders
have been placed upon the papers, the next step is to bring the bot-
tom, of the paper up to the crease already made. The flap of the
erease is then bent down. Another fold is then made at the flap.
Finally all that remains is defpld and crease the ends so that each
powder is equal in length. They may be equalized in length by
breaking over the edge of a box or powder folder or the ends may
be made to meet in each case. Papers may be folded upon either
their long or short axis. Most people prefer to fold them upon
their long axis although some prefer the other way for large
powders. The chief advantages of the latter method is that a
smaller paper is required and that the powder will be much flatter
and consequently more easily wrapped. The following figures
represent the various steps folding both on the long and short axis
of the paper. Fig. 1.

After the powders have all been folded and smoothed down,
they should be packed with the flaps alternating. This method
of stacking saves a considerable amount of bulging and springing
out of the powders under pressure.

‘
Bs.

 
28

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cc.
C.
a \ ah,

Fig. I. Folding powders.

Pills and tablets should be dispensed in small envelopes, or if
in boxes a small amount of absorbent cotton should be placed
upon them in the box to prevent rattling. The boxes should be
wrapped neatly.

To wrap round boxes——Fig. 2. Place box on paper, bring
two opposite ends together, fold and make a crease about one-half
inch in width. Then make a second fold on the first crease. This
should bring the paper firmly around the edge of the box. Fold
paper around the rest of the box and tie.

Oblong and square boxes—Fig. 3, are folded in much the
same way. The first two steps are identical, except the ends are
to be folded in tightly against the ends of the box. A string is
then passed two ways around the box and tied.
 

Fig. II. Wrapping round boxes (after Arny).

Packages.—Fig. 4. In folding packages, first bring up two
opposite sides and crease evenly as in wrapping boxes. Fold
this crease over on itself. Then temporarily close one end. Stand
package on this end and carefully crease and fold the opposite end
away from the flap. The package is then reversed, the other end
reopened and closed the same as the first one. Tie around both

 

Fig. III. Wrapping oblong boxes (after Arny).
30

 

 

 

Fig. IV. Folding packages (after Arny).

ways. This is similar to folding powders, and is used by some for
that purpose, although a uniform size cannot be so easily obtained
as where the papers are creased.

Bottles—Fig. 5. To wrap bottles. Make the first two folds
as in case of wrapping a box. The open edge at the base is then
folded in flaps. The paper around the neck should be creased and
folded in flaps. Tie around both ways.

Labelling.—Write labels plainly and neatly.

Ty}

}

 

 

 

 

Fig. V. Wrapping bottle (after Arny).
 
31

Exercise.—Wvispense all packages neatly wrapped and tied.

BR. Tonic for horse.
Arseni Trioxidi grs. XXX

Potassii Nitratis 5 lj
Ferri Sulphatis ex. 5 ij
Nucis Vomicae 5 jss

Misce. Fiant Chartae No. 24.
Sig. One powder morning and night.
Solution.
k. Collyrium.
Acidi Borici
Aquae Destillatae q. s. ad.
Misce. et fiat Solutio.
Sig. A few drops in the eye every 6 hours.

jss
iv

on Ul

Capsules.
R.

Amyl ers. XXX
Carbo ligni ers. Xx
Misce. Fiant Capsulae No. 10.
Sig. Ad lbitum.

Laxatwe Pills for dog.

K Pilulae Aloes No. 12.
Sig. One in the evening or early morning.

CHapter VIII.
PHARMACY PROPER

The United States Pharmacopoeia divides its preparations into
certain groups which have been established by long usage. They
may be tabulated as follows:

LInquid Preparations.
1. Solutions of volatile substances.

Aqueous Aquae (waters)
Alcoholic Spiritus (spirits)
32

2. Solutions of non-volatile substances.

a. Simple solutions

Aqueous Liquores (solutions)

Aqueous (Viscid) \
Mucilagines) Mucilages

Aqueous Saccharine Syrupi (syrups)

Mellifluous Mellatae (Honeys)

Alcoholic Tinctures except tincture of

Iodine

AlcoholicSaccharine Elixirs

Glycerinic Glycerites

Etheral Collodia

Oleaginous Oleates

b. Made by maceration or percolation.

Aqueous Infusions and decoctions
Alcoholic Tinctures and fluidextracts
Vinous ‘Wines

Ethereal Oleoresins

Acetous Vinegars

3. Liquids containing undissolved matter.

a. Internal use.
Aqueous with neither oil nor resin—Mixtures
Aqueous with either oil or resin—Emulsions

b. External use
Oleaginous Liniments

Solid Preparations

1. Made by maceration or percolation

A. Evaporation Extracta (extracts)
B. Precipitation Resinae (resins)

2. Made without maceration or percolation
a. For administration by mouth in undivided portions

Pulverised Chartae or powders
Semisolid masses Massae or masses
Semisolid (sweet) Confections

b. Individual doses
Globular masses Pilulae or pills
Disk like doses Troches

ce. By rectum Suppositories
d. For external use

Greasy masses used as

Plaster Cerates

By inunction Unguenta (Ointment)
Moist masses Cataplasma (Poultices)
Sticky masses Plasters

Spread on or absovbed by paper Chartae

Tabellae—Tablets,

Tablet—Triturates
Tablets—Hypodermic
Tablets—Dispensing
Tablets—Compressed
Tablets—Coated.

Boli-Balls— (Sing. Bolus)
Haustus—Drench
Electuaria—Electuary.

AQUAE

Waters are aqueous solutions of volatile substances. They
differ from spirits, which are alcoholic solutions, and from liquores,
which are aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. There are
twenty official waters and a general formula for aromatic waters in
the Pharmacopoeia of 1910.

They are divided into three classes according to their method of
preparation: 1, Simple solution. 2, Filtration through an absorb.
ent powder. 3, Distillation. The following table mentions the of-
ficial waters and designates the manner of preparation of each.

Simple solution or dilution

Aqua Amygdalae Amarae—Bitter almond
‘*  Aurantii Florum—Orange flowers

Chloroformi—Chloroform

Creosoti—Creosote

Rosae—Rose
34

Filtration

Aqua Anisi—Anise

‘* Camphorae—Camphor
Cinnamomi—Cinnamon
“«  Foeniculi—Fennel
‘© Menthae Piperitae—Peppermint
‘¢ Menthae Viridis—Spearmint

Distillation

Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior—Stronger Rose Water.
‘*  Destillata—Distilled Water
‘“< Destillata Sterilisata—Sterile distilled water
‘« Hamamelidis—Witchhazel
‘* Rosae Fortior—Stronger Rose Water.

Gaseous Solution

Aqua Ammoniae—Ammonia Water
‘« Ammoniae Fortior—Stronger Ammonia Water.

The process of simple dilution or solution consists of adding
the drug to a sufficient amount of water and agitating. In case of
a gaseous solution, the gas must first be generated in a suitable ap-
paratus, washed and passed into a cylinder containing water.

Filtration through an absorbent powder. Excepting in the
case of camphor water, this process is employed to obtain a satu-
rated solution of volatile oil. Since these oils are but slightly solu-
ble in water, they are triturated with an insoluble absorbent powder
to separate them into finely divided form. After trituration with the
powder, the water is gradually added. The result is that the finely
divided drug is better brought into solution. Several powders have
been recommended for use but all were more or less soluble and the
Pharmacopoeia specifies purified talcum. This is the method speci-
fied in the general formula for aromatic waters.

Distillation: In this case the product is put into a still with
water and heat applied. The vapors arising from the still carry
with them the volatile aromatic principles of the plant.

Waters are usually employed as pleasant vehicles for solution
of various salts, ,
First class—Solution.

Aqua Chloroformi—Chloroform Water.
Chloroform
Distilled Water, recently boiled, each a sufficient quan-
tity.

To a convenient quantity of recently boiled distilled water
(about 100 mils) contained in a dark amber colored bottle, add
enough chloroform (1-2 mils) to maintain a slight excess of the
chloroform after the contents have been repeatedly and thoroughly
shaken. Preserve in a cool, dark place.

When required for use, pour off the needed quantity, refill the
bottle with recently boiled distilled water and saturate by thorough
agitation, taking care that there is always an excess of chloroform
present.

Second class
Aqua Camphorae—Camphor Water.

Camphor 0.8 Gm.
Aleohol 0.8 mils
Purified Tale 1.5 Gm.

Distilled Water, recently boiled a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 mils

Triturate the camphor with the alcohol in a mortar, add the
purified talc, continue the trituration until the alcohol has evapo-
rated and add the recently boiled distilled water. Filter and pass
through the filter until clear.

Remarks. This is the only water made by triturating with talc
in which the base is not a volatile oil.

Aqua Cinnamomi—Cinnamon Water

Oil of Cinnamon 0.2 mil (3 drops)
Purified Tale 1.5 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient

quantity to make 100.0 mils
36

Triturate the oil of cinnamon with the purified talc, then grad-
ually add the water under constant trituration, filter and continue
to pass through the filter until clear.

Remarks :—This is practically the formula for aromatic waters,
Aqua Aromatica.

LIQUORES—LIQUORS—SOLUTIONS

Liquors are aqueous solutions of non-volatile substances. There
are 25 official solutions in the Pharmacopoeia. They may be di-
vided into two classes according to the method of preparation. That
is (1) Simple solution (Liquor Acidi Arsenosi) and (2) solution
through chemical change (Liquor Ammonii Acetatis). The follow-
ing table of official liquors indicates their method of preparation.

SIMPLE SOLUTION

1. Liquor Acidi Arsenosi—Solution of Arsenous Acid.

2. ‘«  Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi—Solution of Arsenous
and Mercurie Iodides
3. ‘« ~~ Formaldehydi—Solution of Formaldehyde.
4. ‘*  Hypophysis—Solution of the Pituitary Body.
5. ‘Jodi Compositus—Comp. Sol. of Iodine, Lugol’s
Solution.
6. ‘*  Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus.—Dil. Sol. of Lead Sub-
acetate
7. ‘*  Potassi Hydroxidi—Solution of Potassium Hydrox-
ide
8 ‘* Sodii Arsenatis—Solution of Sodium Arsenate.
9. ‘*  Sodii Chloridi Physiologicus—Physiological Salt
Solution
10. ‘* Sodii Glycerophosphatis—Sol. of Glycerophos-
phates

11 =‘‘ = Sodii Hydroxidi—Sol. of Sodium Hydroxide.

CHEMICAL ACTION

. Liquor Ammonii Acetatis—Sol. of Ammonium Acetate.
‘* ~~ Caleis—Lime water
Cresolis Compositus—Compound Solution of Cresol

1
2.
3. a
4 ‘¢ Ferri Chloridi—Sol. of Iron Chloride
37

5, ‘« Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis—Sol. of Iron and Am-
mon. Acet.

6.  ‘* Ferri Subsulphatis—Sol. of Ferric Subsulphate.
ci ‘« Ferri Tersulphatis—Sol. of Ferrie Sulphate
8. ‘'  Hydrogenii Dioxidi—Sol. of Peroxide of Hydrogen
9. ‘*  Magnesii Citratis—Sol. of Magnesium Citrate
10. ‘*  Plumbi Subacetatis—Sol, of Lead Subacetate

ll. ‘‘ ~ Potassii Arsenitis—Sol. of Potassium Arsenite
12, ‘*  Potassii Citratis—Sol. of Potassium Citrate
13. ‘*  Sodii Chlorinatae—Sol. of Chlorinated Soda
14. ‘* — Zinei Chloridi—Sol. of Zine Chloride.

Liquor AcipI ARSENOSI

This is an aqueous solution which should contain not less
than 0.975 per cent. nor more than 1.025 per cent. of arsenous acid,
corresponding to approximately 1 per cent.

Arsenic Trioxide 0.5 Gm.
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 2.5 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

tomake 50. Gms.

Mix the diluted hydrochloric acid with 12.5 grams of distilled
water in a tared (weighed) flask, add the arsenic trioxide, and boil
the mixture until the arsenic trioxide is completely dissolved. Then
allow it to cool, add enough distilled water to make the product
weigh 50.0 grams. and filter.

Remarks. A clear, colorless liquid,,odorless, having an acidu-
lous taste and acid reaction. This preparation is employed in those
prescriptions in which Fowler’s solution would be incompatible.

Liquor Caucis. Lime Water

This is a saturated aqueous solution, which should contain not
less than 0.14% of Pure Calcium Hydroxide. (Ca(OH)2.

The percentage of Calcium Hydroxide varies with the tempera-
ture at which the solution is prepared, and diminishes as the tem-
38

perature rises. That is, Calcium Hydroxide is more soluble in cold
than in hot water.
Lime 5.0 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity.

Slake the lime by the very gradual addition of 100 mils of Dis-
tilled Water, and agitate occasionally during half an hour. Allow
the suspended particles to subside, decant the supernatent liquid and
reject it.

Transfer the magma of calcium hydroxide to a filter and wash
it repeatedly with boiling distilled water, until the washings, after
acidulation with nitric acid show not more than a faint cloudiness
with silver nitrate (T. S.) Return the magma to a suitable con-
tainer, add 500 mils of distilled water, agitate it thoroughly, let the
mixture stand for 24 hours, agitate again, and when the coarser par-
ticles of solid matter have subsided, pour the liquid containing the
undissolved calcium hydroxide in suspension into a tightly stoppered
bottle, so as to keep the solution saturated. Pour off the clear solu-
tion when required for use. From time to time shake the bottle to
insure a saturated solution.

Description :—A clear, colorless liquid without odor and having
an alkaline taste. The object of slaking the lime with a small
amount of water which is rejected is because most commercial lime
contains calcium chloride which is irritant. This is easily soluble.
Consequently, by macerating and washing the lime with water,
practically all the calcium chloride will be removed. Since the cal-
cium hydroxide is but sparingly soluble in water, only a small
amount will be thrown away with the first water.

Use :—Antacid.

Liquor Cresoutis Composirus—Compound solution of ecresol

Cresol 100.0 Gm.
Linseed Oil 60.0 Gm.
Potassium Hydroxide 16.0 Gm.
Alcohol 6.0 mils

Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 200.0 Gm.
39

Heat the linseed oil in a tared vessel of a capacity equal to
about four times the bulk of the ingredients, on a water bath to a
temperature of 70°C. Dissolve the potassium hydroxide in 10 mils
of water and warm to 70°C., add it to the linseed oil and mix
thoroughly. Then incorporate the alcohol and continue to heat the
mixture without stirring until a small portion is found to be solu-
bile in boiling water without the separation of oily drops. While
yet warm add the ecresol and mix thoroughly, maintaining the tem-
perature at about 70°C., until a clear solution is produced. Finally
add sufficient water to make the finished product weigh 200 grams.

Note:—The Pharmacopoeia directs that 10.8 Gm. of sodium
hydroxide may be substituted for the 16 Gm. of potassium hydroxide

Temarks:—The above solution is a 50 per cent. solution of
cresol in an alkaline linseed oil soap. It is similar to many popular
and ‘‘trade-named antisepties’’ such as Lysol, Creolin, ete. The
commercial cresol used in this preparation is a mixture of cresols.
It is commonly called ‘‘Cresylic Acid.’’

Liquor Porassit ARSENITIS—Solution of Potassium Arsenite.

This is an aqueous solution which should contain Potassium
Arsenite corresponding in amount to not-less than 0.975 per cent,
nor more that 1.025 per cent. of arsenic trioxide. For practical pur-
poses it is a 1 per cent. solution.

Arsenic Trioxide 1.0 Gm.
Potassium Bicarbonate 2.0 Gm.
Compound Tincture of Lavender 3.0 Gm.

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 Gms.

Boil the potassium bicarbonate and arsenic trioxide, in a tared
dish, with 10 gms. of distilled water, until a solution has been ef-
fected. Then add enough distilled water to make the solution weigh
97 gms.; then add the Compound Tincture of Lavender. Filter
through paper.

Remarks:—This preparation is commonly called ‘‘Fowler’s
Solution.’’ It contains 1% of Arsenic Trioxide colored with Com-
pound Tincture of Lavender.
40

Liquor Iopr Composrrus—Compound Solution of Iodine

Todine 2.5 Gm.
Potassium Iodide 5.0 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.0 Gms.

Dissolve the iodine and potassium iodide in a sufficient quantity
of distilled water to make the product weigh 50.0 grams. Keep the
solution in a glass stoppered bottle.

Remarks :—This solution is commonly called ‘‘Lugol’s Solu-
tion’’. It contains five per cent. of Iodine dissolved in water by
means of ten per cent. of Potassium Iodide. This shows the inter-
esting fact that while iodine is sparingly soluble in water, it is
freely so in solutions of potassium iodide.

Liquor PLuMBI SUBACETATIS—-Solution of Lead subacetate

An aqueous solution which should contain in solution not less
than 18 per cent. of lead.
Lead Acetate 18.0 Gm.
Lead Oxide 11.0 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 Gms.

Dissolve the lead acetate in 70 mils of boiling distilled water
and add this solution slowly and in portions to the lead oxide, which
has previously been rubbed to a smooth paste with 10 mils of dis-
tilled water, and place in a porcelain dish of about 100 mils ¢a-
pacity. Boil this mixture during half an hour with occasional
stirring, adding distilled water as required to maintain about the
original volume. Finally when cool, filter the solution, protect-
ing it as much as possible from the air, and add sufficient distilled
water, which has previously been boiled and cooled, to make the
finished product weigh 100 grams. Keep the solution in well stop-
pered bottles.

Remarks :—The above solution is known as Goulard’s Extract.
It is used externally as a sedative astringent wash in minor skin
41

diseases, such as bruises, etc. The dilute water is to be preferred
for use.

Liquor PLumpr Supaceratis Ditutus. Diluted solution of lead
acetate.

Solution of Lead Subacetate 4.0 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 Gms.
Mix the solution of lead subacetate with enough distilled water,
previously boiled and cooled, to make the product weigh 100.0 grams.
Keep in well stoppered bottles.

Liquor AMMontr ACETATIS—-Solution of Ammonium Acetate

An aqueous solution which should contain not less than seven
per cent of Ammonium Acetate, with small amounts of Acetic and
Carbonie Acids.

Ammonium Carbonate 2.5 Gms.
Diluted Acetie Acid 50.0 mils

Add the ammonium carbonate, which should be in hard trans-
lucent pieces, gradually to the cold dilute acetic acid, and stir
until dissolved. It should be freshly prepared when wanted.

Remarks :—This preparation is frequently ealled ‘‘Spirits of
Mindererus’’. It is a refreshing refrigerant.

CHAPTER [X.

MUCILAGINES—MUCILAGES

Mucilages are aqueous adhesive liquors or jelly-like prepara-
tions containing a viscid substance (gum or starch) either in solu-
tion or suspension. All mucilages are prone to decomposition and
on this account should be freshly prepared for internal use. The
following are official :

Mucilago Acaciae Mucilage of Acacia.
Mucilago Tragacanthae Muceilage of Tragacanth,
42

Muciiaco ACACIAE

Acacia, in small fragments 17.5 Gms.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.0 Gms.

Place the acacia in a tared bottle or flask having a capacity not
exceeding 50 mils, wash the drug with cold water, allow it to drain,
and add enough warm distilled water to make the mixture weigh 50
grams. Securely stopper the container and agitate it from time to
time until the acacia is dissolved. Strain the Mucilage and preserve
it in small, well-filled bottles in a refrigerator or in a cool place.

Note :—Mucilage of acacia should be frequently prepared and
must not be dispensed if sour or mouldy.

Remarks:—The U. 8. P. directs that the mucilage of acacia
be prepared from small pieces, not powdered acacia. For general
prescription purposes, however, the powder is often used, since its
solution can be more readily obtained.

Mucilage of acacia is used principally to hold insoluble parti-
cles in suspension and as an excipient for pills.

SYRUPI—SYRUPS

Syrups are concentrated solutions of sugar in water usually
medicated or flavored. A concentrated aqueous solution of sugar in
water is called ‘‘syrup’’ or ‘‘simple syrup.’’ If the substance added
to the simple syrup is a pleasant fruit or aromatic, the product is
termed a ‘‘flavored syrup’’, while if the material added is of a medi-
cinal nature, the product is a ‘‘medicated syrup’’. There are 22
official syrups. Many of these are of but little importance so a list
will not be given. According to the method used in manufacture,
syrups may be classified as follows: 1. Solution with heat, e. g.
Syrups Calcis. 2. Agitation of sugar with medicated liquids or
simple admixtures without heat, e. g., Syrups Pruni Virgianae.
3. Simple addition of medicated liquids to syrup, e. g., Syrups Zin-
giberis. 4. Maceration or digestion, e. g., Syrupus Picis Liquidae.
C4
43

Syrupus—Simple syrup.

Sugar, in dry crystalline granules 85.0 Gms.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 mils

Dissolve the sugar with the aid of heat in 45 mils of distilled
water, raise the temperature to the boiling point, strain the liquid,
and pass enough distilled water through the strainer to make the
product, when cold, measure 100.0 mils. Mix thoroughly.

Syrup may also be prepared in the following manner: Place
down into the neck of a suitable percolator, a small tuft of purified
cotton about one-half inch in thickness, well fitted to the sides of
the percolator and moisten it with a few drops of distilled water;
introduce the sugar into the percolator, make its surface level with-
out jarring or shaking, then carefully pour upon it 45 mils of dis-
tilled water, and regulate the flow, if necessary, so that the liquid
will pass out in rapid drops. Return the first portions of the perco-
late, until it runs through clear, and when all the liquid has passed,
follow it by distilled water, added in portions, so that all the sugar
may be dissolved, and the product measure 100.00 mils. Mix
thoroughly.

Either method produces a saturated solution of sugar. If more
sugar is used in the hot process, it will erystalize, and if less is used
it will not keep well.

Syrups Acip1 Crrrici—Syrup of Citric Acid

Citric Acid 0.5 Gm.
Distilled Water 0.5 mil
Tincture of Fresh Lemon Peel 0.5 mil

Syrup, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.0 mils

Dissolve the citric acid in the distilled water, and add the solu-
tion to 47.5 mils of syrup, mixing it well, then add the tincture of
fresh lemon peel, shake the mixture and add enough syrup to make
the finished product measure 50 mils,
44

Remarks :—This is used for flavor only. It is similar to lemon
flavor at soda fountains.

Syrups ZINGIBERIS—Syrup of Ginger |

Fluidextract of Ginger 3.00 mils
Alcohol 2.00 mils
Magnesium, Carbonate 1.00 Gm.

Sugar 82.00 Gm.

Water, a sufficient quantity
to make 100.0 mils

Mix the fluidextract of ginger with the alcohol, then triturate
the liquid in a mortar with the magnesium carbonate and six grams
of the sugar. Then gradually add 43 mils of water, with constant
trituration, and filter. Dissolve the remainder of the sugar in the
clear filtrate, with the aid of gentle heat, strain the syrup while hot,
and add a sufficient quantity of water to make the product measure
100 mils.

MELLITA—HONEYS

Honeys are thick liquid preparations containing medical agents
blended with honey. In the early days of medicine they represented
the most popular class of medical preparations, but have now been
almost entirely replaced by the elixirs and syrups. The U. 8S. P.
recognizes 3 official honeys.

Mel Honey
Mel Depuratum Clarified honey.
Mel Rosae Honey of Rose.

Met Rosar—Honey of Rose.
Fluid Extract of Rose 3.00 mils

Clarified Honey, a sufficient quantity
to make 25.00 Gms.

Mix the fluidextract of rose in a tared vessel with enough clari-
fied honey to make the product weigh 25 grams.

Remarks :—Used principally in the preparation of Massa Hy-
drargyri.
45

EMULSA—EMULSIONS

Emulsions are aqueous preparations for internal use, in which
resinous or fatty substances are suspended by means of mucilage or
other viscid material. Acacia, Tragacanth and Yolk of Egg are
often used for this purpose. (Emulsifiers). In some instances, as
in the case of emulsions of gum resins, the gum needed to form the
emulsion is found present with the resin. The seeds of some plants
also contain an albuminous substance, which serves as an emulsi-
fier for the oil also present in the seed, rendering the addition of
gums necessary. The emulsions are all quite unstable and accord-
ingly should be freshly prepared for use.

In making emulsions of fixed oils, in which case Emulsion of
Cod Liver Oil serves as the best example, either of two processes
may be employed: the English and the Continental. The latter
is usually the more satisfactory. With this method a nucleus or
primary emulsion is prepared first with certain proportions of the
ingredients, and this can be further diluted with water or flavor
without fear of splitting, (Separation). The proportion by weight
is: oil 4, water 2, and gum 1, or in other words use twice as much
oil as water, and twice as much water as gum. The nucleus is then
diluted with water or flavor to the desired amount.

The following are official :

Emulsum Amygdalae
ee Asafoetidae
Olei Morrhuae
a Olei Terebinthinae

Emuusum Over MorrHuarE

Cod Liver Oil 25.0 mils
Acacia, in fine powder 6.25 Gm.
Syrup 5.0 mils
Methyl Salicylate 0.2) mil

Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.0 mils

Thoroughly mix the acacia with the cod liver oil in a dry
mortar or other suitable vessel, then add at once 12.5 mils of water
46

and triturate lightly and gently until a thick homogeneous emulsion
is produced; to this add the Methyl Salicylate and the syrup with
enough water to make the product measure 50.0 mils and mix
thoroughly.

MISTURAE—MIXTURES

Mixtures are aqueous preparations for internal use containing
in suspension insoluble, non-fatty substances. They are not perma-
nent as a rule and should be freshly prepared. They should be dis-
pensed with a shake label. Two are official, Mistura Cretae and
Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita.

Mistura Cretsre—Chalk Mixture

Compound Chalk Powder 10.0 Gm.
Cinnamon Water 20.0 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.0 mils .

Gradually add the cinnamon water and about 20 mils of water
to the compound chalk powder in a mortar, triturating until the
mixture is uniform; transfer this to a graduated vessel, rinse the
mortar with enough water to make the product measure 50 mils.
Mix the whole thoroughly. This substance should be freshly pre-
pared before use.

Used for diarrhea in young animals.

Mistura GLYCYRRHIZAE Composira—Compound glyeyrrhiza mix-
ture, Brown Mixture.

B
Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza 3.0 Gm.
Syrup 3.0 mils
Acacia, granulated 3.0 Gm.

Antimony and Potassium Tartrate 0.024 Gm.
Camphorated Tincture of Opium 12.0 mils
Spirit of Nitrous Ether 3.0 mils
Water, sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 mils
47

Rub the pure extract of glycyrrhiza and acacia in a mortar with
50 mils of warm water, until they are dissolved. Allow the solution
to cool. Transfer the solution to a graduated vessel, add the anti-
mony and potassium tartrate dissolved in 1.2 mils (18 drops) of hot
water, then the other ingredients and rinse the mortar with enough
water to make the product measure 100.0 mils. Mix the whole
thoroughly.

MAGMA

Magmae are aqueous preparations containing thick, tenaceous
precipitates. Two are official. Magma Bismuthi and Magma Mag-
nesiae.

Macema MacnestaE—Magma of Magnesia, Milk of Magnesia.
Magnesia Magma yields not less than 6.5 per cent, nor more
than 7.5 per cent. of Mg(OH),.
Magnesium Carbonate, in fine powder 12.5 Gm.
Sodium Hydroxide 8.0 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 mils.

Mix the magnesium carbonate with enough distilled water
(about 50 mils) and make a smooth mixture. Dissolve the sodium
hydroxide in 40 mils of distilled water, add the solution to the mag-
nesia mixture with constant stirring, and agitate it frequently dur-
ing 15 minutes. Wash the resulting magma by decantation, using
200 mils of distilled water each time, until the red color produced
in 50 mils of the washings by 3 drops of phenolphthalein (T.S8.)
is discharged by the addition of 1 drop of diluted sulphuric acid.
Then allow the precipitate to subside until it measures 100.0 mils,
decant the supernatant liquid, transfer the product to wide-mouthed
bottles, and tightly stopper with corks which have been dipped in
melted paraffin.

Note:—The distilled water in this preparation may be re-
placed by water which has been heated to the boiling point with
powdered magnesium carbonate (5 Gm. in each 1000 mils) and
then filtered. One drop of oil of peppermint or a sufficient quantity
of oil of anise or other flavor may be added is desired,
48

SPIRITUS—SPIRITS

Spirits are alcoholic solutions of volatile substances. As in:
case of waters, the volatile substance may be solid or liquid. Spirits
containing some aromatic flavoring principles are frequently
called ‘‘essences’’. They may be prepared in the following ways:
1. Dilution or solution. 2. Solution by macreation. 3. Solu-
tion by chemical action. Fifteen are official.

The following table of official spirits indicates the method by
which prepared:

SIMPLE SOLUTION

Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia

Amygdali Amarae Spirit of Bitter Almond
‘*  Anisi “Anise
‘«  Aetheris se Ether
‘«  Aurantii Compositus Compound Spirits of Orange
‘«  Camphorae Spirit of Camphor
‘* — Chloroformi Chloroform
‘«  Cinnamomi ‘¢  “* Cinnamon
‘«  Glyeerylis Nitratis  “Nitroglycerin
‘¢  Juniperi ce «Juniper
‘«  Juniperi Compositus Compound Spirits of Juniper
‘«  Lavandulae Spirit of Lavender

SoLuTION BY MACERATION

Spiritus Menthae Piperitae Spirit of Peppermint
‘¢  Menthae Virdis ‘« Spearmint
CHEMICAL ACTION
‘*  Aetheris Nitrosi Sweet Spirits of Niter
Spirit of Nitrous Ether

Spirtrus CAMPHORAE—Spirits of Camphor

Camphor 5.00 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.00 mils

Dissolve the camphor in 40 mils of alcohol, filter through paper,
and pass enough alcohol through the filter to make the product
measure 50 mils,
49

Remarks :—Valuable carminative in colic and other intestinal
disturbances, antipyretic. Externally rubifacient for sprains,
bruises, ete.

Spiritus AMMONIAE AROMATICUS—Aromatie Spirits of Ammonia.

Ammonium Carbonate, in translucent pieces 3.4 Gm.

Ammonia Water 9.0 mils
Oil of Lemon 1.0 mil
Oil of Lavender Flowers 0.1 mi)
Oil of Myristica (nutmeg) 0.1 mil
Alcohol 70.0 mils

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 mils

To the ammonia water, contained in a flask, add fourteen (14)
mils of distilled water, and afterwards the ammonium carbonate re-
duced to a moderately fine powder. Close the flask and agitate the
contents until the ammonium carbonate is dissolved and allow it to
stand for twelve hours. Introduce the alcohol into a graduated
bottle of suitable capacity, add first the oils, then gradually the so-
lution of ammonium carbonate, and afterwards enough distilled
water to make the product measure 100 mils. Set the liquid aside
during 24 hours in a cool place, occasionally agitating it, then
filter through paper, in a well covered funnel. Keep the product in
glass stoppered bottles in a cool place..

Remarks :—When first prepared, this preparation is colorless,
but soon assumes an amber hue on standing. It is a valuable heart
and respiratory stimulant in collapse, dyspnea, and pulmonary con-
gestion. It serves as an antacid and carminative in various diges-
tive disorders. It should be given in capsule or well diluted (1-10)
in water or oil. :

ELIXJRIA—ELIXIRS

Elixirs are hydro-aleoholic solutions of an aromatic substance
and sugar. They contain from 20 to 25% of alcohol. The follow-
ing are official :

Elixir Aromaticum Aromatic Elixir
Elixir Glycyrrhizae Elixir Glyeyrrhiza (Licorice)
00

Aromatic elixir is used as a base for most elixirs while the elixir
of glycyrrhiza is used almost entirely as a flavor.

ELIXIR AROMATICUM

Compound Spirit of Orange 1.2 mils
Syrup 37.5 mils
Purified Tale 3.0 Gm.
Alcohol

Distilled Water, each a sufficient quantity

to make 100.00 mils

To the compound spirit of orange, add enough alcohol to make
25 mils. To this solution, add the syrup in several portions, agi-
tating after each addition, and afterwards add, in the same man-
ner, 37.5 mils of distilled water. Mix the purified tale intimately
with the liquid, and then filter through a wetted filter, returning
the first portion of the filtrate until a transparent liquid is obtained.
Lastly, wash the filter with a mixture of 1 volume of alcohol and
three volumes of distilled water, until the product measures 100 mils.

GLYCERITA—GLYCERITES

These are solutions or mixtures of drugs in glycerin. Most
of them are solutions, but one, Glyceritum Amyli is a semi-solid
mass. They are nice preparations, and are usually employed ex-
ternally. The following five are official :

Glyceritum Acidi Tannici— Glycerite of Tannic Acid

< Amyli a “* Starch

a Boroglycerini F i ‘* Boroglycerin
Hydrastis ros ‘* Hydrastis

a Phenolis re ‘* Phenol.

GuycErItuM AcIDI TANNICI
BR

Tannic Acid 5.0 Gm.
Glycerine 20.0 Gm.

to make 25.0 Gm.
51

Weigh the glycerin into a tared, wide-mouthed bottle with a
capacity of about 60.0 mils. Place the bottle and contents in a
water bath, heat the water until it boils, and continue to heat for a
few minutes; add the tannic acid to the hot glycerin in small suc-
cessive portions, agitate the mixture until the tannic acid is dis-
solved and strain the solution while warm through purified cotton.

Remarks :—This is a 20% solution of tannic acid in glycerin.
It is used externally as an astringent protective.

GLYCERITUM PHENOLIS

Liquified Phenol 5.0 mils
Glycerin 20.0 mils
to make 25.0 mils

Add the Liquified Phenol to the Glycerin and thoroughly mix.

Remarks :—This is a 20% solution of Phenol in Glycerin, but is
too strong for ordinary use.

COLLODIA—COLLODIONS

These are preparations for external use. Simple collodion is a
solution of Pyroxylin in Ether and Alcohol. The others have
simple collodion as their base. When applied, the solvent evapo-
rates very rapidly, leaving a film of Gun Cotton which is a good
protective. Three are official :

Collodium Collodion

ee Cantharidatum Cantharidal Collodion

ee Flexile Flexible Collodion
CoLLODIUM

Pyroxylin 2.0 Gm.

Ether 37.5 mils

Alcohol 12.5 mils
to make about 50.0 mils.

Add the alcohol to the pyroxylin contained in a suitable bottle,
shake the mixture thoroughly, then introduce the ether, and again
shake the mixture until the pyroxylin is dissolved. Cork the bottle
52

well and set it aside until the liquid becomes clear. Finally decant
the clear portion from any sediment which may have deposited and
transfer it to containers which must be well closed. Keep the collo-
dion in a cool place remote from fires.

CoLLopIuM FLEx1iLE—Flexible Collodion.

Collodion 19.0 Gm.
Camphor 0.4 Gm.
Castor Oil 0.6 Gm.

to make 20.0 Gm.

Weigh the ingredients successively, into a tared bottle, and
shake the mixture until the camphor is dissolved. Keep the product
as in case of collodion.

Remarks :—This is the preparation mostly used because collo-
dium is brittle and the film is hable to crack when applied to joints
or other movable parts.

OLEATA—OLEATES

These were formerly defined as solutions of oxides or alkaloids
in oleic acid but in the revision of the Pharmacopoeia of 1910 but
one is official, ‘‘Oleatum Hydrargyri’’—so that oleate would be
defined as a solution of an oxide in oleic acid. Oleates are applied
by inunction and depend upon absorption from the skin for their
physiological action. As stated above they are prepared by dissolv-
ing an oxide or an alkaloid in oleic acid. An excess of heat should
be avoided in making metallic oleates, as the acid easily reduces the
metals, especially when heated.

OLEATUM Hyprareyri—Oleate of Mercury.

Yellow Mercuric Oxide, in very fine powder 5.0 Gm.
Alcohol 4.0 mils
Oleic Acid, a quantity sufficient

to make 20 Gm.

Mix the yellow mercuric oxide with the alcohol in a tared
mortar; add 15 grams of oleic acid, warm the mixture to a tempera-
ture, not to exceed 50° C., stir constantly for 5 minutes, and then
continue to heat, stirring frequently, until the alcohol is expelled
and the mercuric oxide is dissolved, now add sufficient oleic acid to
make the product weigh 20.0 grams and mix thoroughly. Avoid
contact with metallic instruments; preserve the oleate in tightly
stoppered bottles.

Remarks :—This is the only official oleate of the Pharmacopoeia.
The others were dropped at the last revision.

CHAPTER X.

INFUSA—INFUSIONS

These are preparations of vegetable drugs made by maceration
or percolation. In the one official infusion, Infusum Digitalis,, and
the general formula for making infusions, the water is poured on
while boiling hot. Cold water should be used for those drugs whose
active principle would be driven off or its formation prevented by
boiling water.

The following general formula is given for the preparation of
infusions:

InFusUM—INFUSION

The substance coarsely comminuted 50.0 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 1000.0 mils

Put the substance into a suitable vessel provided with a cover.
Pour upon it 1000 mils of boiling water, cover tightly and let steam
one-half hour in a warm place. Then strain with expression and

Pass enough water through to make the infusion measure 1000 mils.

Inrusum Dierratis—Infusion of Digitalis

Digitalis, bruised 1.5 Gm.
Cinnamon Water 15.0 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 mils
54

Pour 50 mils of boiling water upon the digitalis contained in a
suitable vessel and allow it to macerate for one hour. Then strain;
add the cinnamon water to the strained quid and pass enough
water through the residue on the strainer to make the product meas-
ure 100.0 mils. Mix well.

Infusion of digitalis must be freshly prepared from the leaves.

DECOCTA—DECOCTIONS

Decoctions are liquids made by boiling the drug in closed vessels
for fifteen minutes. They are then allowed to cool, strained and
water added to make up the required amount. There are no of-
ficial decoctions but the Pharmacopoeia includes a general formula
for their preparation. Decoctions and infusions do not keep well
and should be freshly prepared for use.

DeEcoction

The substance coarsely comminuted 50. Gms.
Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 1000. mils

Put the substance in a suitable container provided with a cover.
Pour upon it 1000 mils of cold water, cover it well and boil for 15
minutes. Then let cool to about 40°C., express, strain the expressed
liquid and pass enough cold water through the strainer to make the
product measure 1000.0 mils.

DecoctuM CETRARIA

Cetraria 5.0 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity

\

to make 100.0 mils

Cover the cetraria in a suitable vessel with 40 mils of cold water,
express after an hour and throw the liquid away. Then boil the
cetraria with 100.0 mils of water for half an hour, strain and pass
enough cold water through the strainer to make the product meas-
ure 100.0 mils.
Io

TINCTURAE—TINCTURES

Tinctures are alcoholic solutions of non-volatile substances ob-
tained by the extraction of drugs. Tincture of iodine is an excep-
tion to the rule of non-volatile substances, while both tincture of
iodine and tincture of the chloride of won are made by solution.
They differ from spirits in that, with the exception of tincture of
iodine, the substances from which they are prepared are non-vola-
tile. They differ from fluidextracts in respect to strength. They
are weaker than fluidextracts and not uniform in strength, except
that the potent tinctures are ten per cent. strength of the drug.
Tinctures may be prepared by maceration, percolation, and solu-
tion or dilution.

The Pharmacopoeia states that unless otherwise directed in the
text, tinctures shall be made by one of two processes—Type P, Per-
colation and Type M, Maceration.

Type PROCESSES FOR TINCTURES

Type Process P—Percolation

Moisten the powdered drug or mixed drugs as designated in
the formula with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed menstruum
to render it evenly and distinctly damp, transfer it to a percolator,
and, without pressing the powder, allow it to stand well covered
for six hours; then pack it firmly, unless otherwise directed, and
pour on enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the per-
colator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the per-
colator, macerate for twenty-four hours. Then allow the percola-
tion to proceed slowly, gradually adding sufficient of the men-
struum to make one thousand mils of the finished tincture.

Type Process M—Maceration

Macerate the drug or mixed drugs designated in the formula
in a stoppered container, in a moderately warm place, with seven
hundred and fifty mils of the prescribed solvent (unless a differ-
ent amount is specified in the formula). Continue the maceration
with frequent agitation during three days or until the drug is
practically extracted, transfer the mixture to a filter and, when the
liquid has drained off completely, gradually wash the residue on
56
the filter with enough of the solvent to make one thousand mils of
finished tincture.
There are 54 official tinctures. The following table gives a
list of official tinctures together with method of preparation and
menstruum employed:

By So.ution on DiLuTIon

PREPARATION SOLVENT

Tinetura Ferri Chloridi " Aleohol 650 mils
, Sol. of Ferric Chloride 350 mils
Tinctura Todi Alcohol 950, Water 50

MacgErRATION Type M.

MENSTRUUM PREPARATION

Aleochol, U. 8. P. Tinctura Asafoetidae
‘«  Aurantii Dulcis
Benzoini
Benzoini Composita
Guaiaci
Limonis Corticis
Myrrhae
Tolutana
Alcohol 750 mils, Water 250 mils ‘*  Lavendulae Composita
ei Scillae
Diluted Alcohol ‘*  Aloes
Gambir Composita
‘< — Moschi

ce
oe

oe

Boiling water 500
Alcohol 500 mils ‘* Kino
Glycerin 50 mils

Diluted Alcohol 950 mils ‘“* Cardamomi Composita
Glycerin 40 mils, Diluted ‘*  Opii Camphorata

Alcohol 950 mils
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia

ee

Guaiaeci Ammoniata

Of the above, squill is made by maceration and expression.
oT

MapE BY PERCOLATION TYPE P.

MENSTRUUM
Alcohol, U.S. P.

Alechol 950 mils, Water 50 mils
Alcohol 750 mils, Water 250 mils

Alcohol 700 mils, Water 300 mils
Aleohol 650 mils, Water 350 mils
Alcohol 666 mils, Water 333 mils
Alcohol 600 mils, Water 400 mils

Glycerin 100 mils, Alcohol
500 mils, Water 400 mils

Diluted Alcohol

Alcohol 333 mils, Water 666 mils
Alcohol 200 mils, Water 800 mils

Glycerin 75 mils, Alcohol
675 mils, Water 250 mils

Glycerin 250 mils, Alcohol
500 mils, Water 250 mils

Glycerin 100 mils, Alcohol
500 mils, Water 400 mils

Hydrochloric acid 10 mils, .Al-
eohol 600 mils, Water 400 mils

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia

PREPARATION

Tinetura Cannabis

ae

4

ce

ec

ee

ce

oe

ce

ce

oe

oe

ee

ra

oe

ce

ce

a

ce

ce

ce

ce

ae

ce

ee

oe

ce

ce

oe

Cantharidis
Physostigmatis
Pyrethri
Strophanthi
Veratri Viridis
Zingiberis
Capsici

Nucis Vomicae
Valerianae
Digitalis
Aconiti
Gelsemii
Hydratis
Aurantii Amari
Calumbae
Colchici Seminis
tentianae Composita

Arnicae

Belladonnae Foliorum
Cardamomi
Hyoseyami

Lobeliae

Opii

Stramonli

Quassiae

Opii Deodorata

Cinchonae

Cinchonae Composita
Cinnamomi
Lactuearii

Rhei
Rhei Aromatica

Sanguinariae

Valerinanae Ammoniata
58

Tinctura Iopi—Solution

Iodine 3.09 Gm.
Potassium [odide 2.5 Gm.
Distilled water 3.) mils

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.0 mils

Dissolve the potassium iodide in the distilled water contained
in a bottle graduated to 100.0 mils; add the iodine and agitate the
mixture until solution is affected. Then add sufficient alcohol to
make 50 mils of Tincture and mix thoroughly.

TincrursA ALOES—Maceration

Purified Aloes, in No. 40 powder 10.0 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 40 powder 20.0 Gm.

to make 100.0 mils

Prepare a tincture by the Type Process M, using diluted alechol
as a solvent.

TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS—Tineture of Ginger

Jamaica Ginger,.in No. 30 powder 20.0 Gm.

to make 100.0 mils

Prepare a tincture by the Type Process P, using alcohol as the
menstruum.

FLUIDEXTRACTA—FLUIDEXTRACTS

Fluidextracts are concentrated liquid. preparations of vege-
table drugs, containing alcohol either as a solvent or preservative
and bearing a uniform relation to the drug used so that one mil of
the fluidextract closely represents the activity of one gram of the
air dried powdered drug of standard quality. They possess the
following advantages over tinctures: 1. They have a definite
strength, representing 100% of the activity of the crude drug, con-
sequently the dose is the same as for the crude drug and need not
59

be especially remembered. 2. They are so concentrated that less is
required for action, and 3. They keep better than tinctures and some
improve with age.

With few exceptions, the fluidextracts of the Pharmacopoeia
may be classified according to the menstrua used in the extraction
of the drugs and the process of manufacture employed, but there
are several drugs which require special manipulation to make satis-
factory preparations and for them definite formulas have been de-
vised and are printed in full in the text. The formulas for the other
fluidextracts correspond to one of the following types:

Type Process A. In this class are included those fluidextracts
that are made with a menstruum of alcohol or a mixture of alcohol
and water by the usual process of percolation.

Type Process B. In this group are included those fluidextracts
in which glycerin or an acid is used in the extraction and two men-
strua are successively employed. The first menstruum contains the
acid or glycerin in definite proportion to the amount of drug while
the second consists of a mixture of alcohol and water intended for
completing the exhaustion of the drug.

Type Process C. This is the process of fractional or divided
percolation (repercolation). It is especially recommended for
drugs containing volatile ingredients, or constituents injured by
heat, but may be used as an alternative process in the formulas in
which Type Process A. is directed.

Type Process D. In this class are included those fluidextracts
in which extraction is effected by infusion and percolation with boil-
ing water, alcohol being added to the concentrated liquid as a pre-
servative.

In the preparation of fluidextracts by either process, A, B, or
C the rate of percolation must be perfectly controlled and, for the
quantities directed in the formulas of the Pharmacopoeia, (1000.0
Gms.) the rate of flow should not exceed ten: drops per minute,
until the reserved percolate is collected and twenty drops per min-
ute thereafter.

.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE DIFFERENT TYPE PROCESSES.

Type Process A. Moisten required amount of the powdered
drug with a sufficient amount of the prescribed menstruum to ren-
60

der it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so, after macer-
ating for six hours in a tightly covered container. Then pack it in
a cylindrical pereolator and add enough of the menstruum to satu-
rate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid
begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, hav-
ing closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours.
Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding
more menstruum until the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first
eight hundred and fifty mils of the percolate (unless otherwise speci-
fied in the formula) ; recover the alcohol from the remainder and
concentrate the residue to a soft extract at a temperature not ex-
ceeding 60°C.; dissolve this in the reserved portion, mix thoroughly,
and finally add a sufficient quantity of the menstruum to obtain one
thousand mils or the volume determined by calculation or di-
rections.

Type Process B. Moisten one thousand grams of the powdered
drug directed with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed Menstruum
I, to render it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so
after maceration for six hours in a tightly covered container. Then
pack it in a cylindrical percolator, add the remainder of Menstruum
I, and when this has just disappeared from the surface, gradually
add: Menstruum II, constantly maintaining a stratum of liquid
above the drug.

When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the
lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate
for forty-eight hours, and then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, gradually adding Menstruum II until the drug is exhausted.
Reserve the first eight hundred and fifty mils of the percolate (un-
less otherwise directed in the formula): recover the alcohol from
the remainder and concentrate the residue to a soft extract at a
temperature not exceeding 60°C.; dissolve this in the reserved
portion, mix thoroughly, and finally add a sufficient quantity of
Menstruum II to obtain one thousand “mils, or the volume deter-
mined by calculation from assay.

Type Process C. Divide one thousand grams of the powdered
drug directed into three portions of five hundred grams, three
hundred grams, and two hundred grams, respectively. Moisten
the first portion of the drug (500 Gms.) with a sufficient quantity
61

of the prescribed menstruum to render it evenly and distinctly
damp and to maintain it so after maceration for six hours in a
tightly-covered container. Then pack it in a cylindrical perco-
lator and add enough menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the per-
colator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the per-
colator, macerate for forty-eight hours and then allow the percola-
tion to proceed slowly, gradually adding more menstruum. Re-
serve the first two hundred mils of the percolate and continue the
process until the additional percolate measures fifteen hundred
mils, the latter being collected in successive portions of three hun-
dred mils each.

Moisten the second portion of the powdered drug (300 Gm.)
with a sufficient quantity of the percolate collected in the pre-
ceding operation immediately after the reserved portion, to render
it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so after macerat-
ing for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it in
a cylindrical percolator and macerate and percolate as directed for
the first part of the drug, using as menstruum the several portions
of percolate from the preceding operation in the order in which
they have been collected, and, if this be insufficient. follow with
some of the original menstruum. Reserve the first three hundred
mils of percolate and continue the process until the additional perco-
late measures eight hundred mils, collecting the weaker percolate
in successive portions of two hundred mils each.

Moisten the third portion of the powdered drug (200 Gm.)
with a sufficient quantity of the percolate collected in the preced-
ing operation immediately after the reserved portion, to render it
evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so after macerating
for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it in a
cylindrical percolator and macerate and percolate as before, using
as menstruum the several portions of the percolate from the preced-
ing operation in the order in which they have been collected, and,
if this be insufficient, follow with more of the original menstruum.
Collect five hundred mils of percolate and mix this with the two
portions previously reserved so as to make one thousand mils of
finished fluidextract.
62

When Type Process C is directed for fluidextracts which are
adjusted by assay to a definite alkaloidal standard, collect only four
hundred and twenty mils of percolate from the third portion of
the drug instead of the five hundred mils as directed above. Mix
this percolate with the two portions previously reserved, assay a
portion of the mixture and then adjust its volume, by the addi-
tion of the menstruum directed, so that each one hundred mils of
finished fluidextract will contain the prescribed amount of alkaloid.

Type Process D. To one thousand grams of the ground drug
add five thousand mils of boiling water, mix thoroughly and allow
it to macerate in a covered container for two hours in a warm place.
Then transfer the moist drug to a tinned or enameled metallic
percolator and allow percolation to proceed, gradually adding boil-
ing water until the drug is exhausted. Evaporate the percolate
on a water bath or steam bath to the volume specified, and when
cold add the alcohol directed and mix thoroughly.

' In making the following fluidextracts, calculate for 100.0
grams instead of 1000.0 grams.

FLUIDEXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS
Jamaica Ginger, in No. 40 powder 100.0 Gm.
Prepare a fluidextract by Type Process A, using alcohol as the
menstruum.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI
Taraxacum, in No. 30 powder 100.0 Gm.

Prepare a fluidextract by Type Process B, using a mixture of
ten mils of glycerin, fifty mils of alcohol and forty mils of water as
Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as Menstruum II.

FLUIDEXTRACTUM GENTIANAE
Gentian, in No. 30 powder 100.0 Gm.

Prepare a fluidextract by Type Process A, using diluted alco-
hol as the Menstruum.

VINI—WINES
Wines are liquid preparations containing the soluble prin-

ciples of medicine substances, dissolved in wine. They may be pre-
pared by solution or maceration, and differ from tinctures only in
 
63

the solvent employed, i. e., wine instead of alcohol in various
strengths. Ten were official in the Pharmacopoeia of 1900 but
they were all dropped from the last revision.

Vinum CouLcHic! SEMINIS

Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed 5.0 mils
Aleohol 5.5 mils
White Wine 35.5 mils

to make 50.0 e.e.

Mix them. Set the mixture aside for two days; then filter
through paper in a well covered funnel.

OLEORESINAE—OLEORESINS

The pharmaceutic oleoresins are liquid preparations consist-
ing principally of volatile oils and resins, obtained by the extrac-
tion from vegetable drugs by percolation with ether or aleohol and
subsequent distillation or evaporation of the solvent from the dis-
solved portions. There are two groups of oleoresins, the natural
and the pharmaceutic. The former are mixtures of volatile oils
and resins which exude from plants. (Turpentine, Copaiba).
They are quite different from the pharmaceutie class described
above. Oleoresins are the most concentrated of all liquid prepara-
tions of drugs. Their strength varies, however, but usually runs
from 5 to 10 times the strength of the crude drug.

Preparation: With slight differences they are prepared in a
manner similar to fluidextracts. They are placed in a percolator
without moistening, the menstruum is usually different, and a spe-
cial percolator for volatile liquids should be used for the best re-
sults. The following 6 are official:

[ Oleoresina oe Oleoresin of Zen
se < . Petrosélini : 2 Pai Fruit
 * Bee 9 ere
otal i : Cubebae ‘* Cubebs
64

OLEORESINA ASPIDII

Aspidium, recently reduced to No. 40 powder, 50.0 Gm.
Ether, a sufficient quantity.

Place the aspidium in a eylindrical glass percolator provided
with a stop-cock, and arranged with a cover and a receptacle suit-
able for volatile liquids. Pack the powder firmly, and percolate
slowly with ether, added in successive portions, until the aspidium
is exhausted. Recover the greater part of the ether from the perco-
late by distillation on a water bath, and having transferred the resi-

, due to a dish, allow the remaining ether to evaporate spontaneously
ina warm place. Keep the oleoresin in well stoppered bottles.

Note: The Oleoresin of Aspidium usually deposits on standing,
a granular crystalline substance. This should be thoroughly mixed
with the fluid portion before use.

ACETA—VINEGARS

These are liquid preparations of the active principles of drugs,
prepared by extraction with Diluted Acetic Acid. They resemble
tinctures except for the solvent used. The Acetic Acid is a good
solvent for many of the active ingredients of plants and serves as a
preservative. It also produces soluble salts with the alkaloidal
principles of plants. But one is official.

Acetum Scillae, Vinegar of Squill

This is prepared with Diluted Acetic Acid (6% by weight of
absolute Acetic Acid), and is made by maceration. It represents
10 per cent. of the active drug.

AcETUM SCILLAE
BR
Squill, in No. 20 powder 5.0 Gm.
Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.0 mils

Macerate the squill with 45 mils of diluted acetic acid during
seven days, with frequent agitation; then strain through muslin
and wash the mass on the strainer with enough diluted acetic acid
to make the strained liquid measure nearly 50 mils. Heat this
liquid to boiling, filter while hot, and when cold, add sufficient
diluted acetic acid to make the product measure fifty mils,
65

y

EXTRACTA—EXTRACTS

Extracts are solid or semi-solid preparations of the active con-
stituents of drugs prepared by the percolation of the crude drug
with the proper menstruum and evaporation of the percolate. The
menstruum may be water, alcohol, or various proportions of water
and alcohol, or ammonia and extracts made from such a percolate
are termed respectively, aqueous, alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic, or am-
montated extracts. Besides the above the juices of fresh plants, ex-
tracted by contusion and expression are often evaporated and known
as ‘‘inspissated juices’’. These are popular in England but none
are official in this country. There are 25 official extracts. Asarule
the extracts are not so satisfactory as the fluidextracts or tinctures
because they vary in strength, the dose is exceedingly small and the
soft ones are difficult to manipulate.

TABLE oF EXTRACTS

Extractum Aconiti Powdered
es Belladonnae Foliorum Powdered and Pilular
" Cannabis Pilular
Cascarae Powdered
~ Cimicifugae Powdered
3 Colchici Cormi Powdered
a rolocynthidis Powdered
i Colocynthidis com- Powdered
positum
; Ergotae Pilular
eG Fellis Bovis Powdered
ey Gelsemii Powdered
n Gentianae Pilular
ie Glycyrrhizae Brittle
“ Glycyrrhizae Purum Pilular
ws Hydrastis Powdered
. Hyoseyami Pilular
e Malti Thin Liquid
i Nucis Vomicae Powdered
cp Opii Powdered
e Physostigmatis Powdered
oe Rhei Powdered
a Stramonii Powdered and Pilular
aS Sumbul Pilular
- Taraxaci Pilular
ee Viburni Prunifolii Powdered
66

Make ExtractumM GENTIANAE—Extract of Gentian

Gentian in No. 20 powder 50.0 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity

Moisten the powder with sufficient water and allow it to stand
(macerate) for 24 hours. Then pack it in a cylindrical percolator
and gradually pour water upon it until the drug is exhausted. Re-
duce the liquid to three-fourths of its bulk by boiling and strain ;
then by means of a water bath, evaporate to a pilular consistency.

Extractum Ruer—Extract of Rhubarb

Rhubarb, in No. 40 Powder 100.0 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide 5.0 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100°C.

Alcohol,

Water, each, a sufficient quantity

to make 50.0 Gm.

Moisten the drug with sufficient of a mixture of four volumes
of alcohol to one volume of water, pack it in a cylindrical percolator
and add enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the per-
colator close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the perco-
lator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation
to proceed slowly, gradually adding menstruum of the same propor-
tion of alcohol and water as before until the drug is exhausted.
Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation at as low a
temperature as practicable, and continue distillation until a resi-
due of syrupy consistency remains in the still. Transfer this to a
shallow dish, rinse the still with a little warm menstruum, add the
rinsings to the residue in the dish, and evaporate the mixture to
dryness, with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding
70°C. Weigh the dry extract and add the magnesium oxide and
sufficient of the dried starch to make the product weigh fifty grams.

Reduce the mixture to a fine powder, mix thoroughly, pass the
extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bot-
tles and stopper them tightly.
67

RESINAE—RESINS

Resins are chemically solid plant substances or exudations us-
ually acid in character, insoluble in water but soluble in water and
an alkali. However, the pharmaceutic class—resins—are those
plant substances insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, obtained
either as a residue left after the distillation of an oleoresin or by
precipitating them by pouring a concentrated alcoholic extract of
the drug into water or acidulated water. All official resins. except
rosin are obtained in this way. Four are official :

Resina Rosin

Resina Jalapae Resin of Jalap
‘*  Podophylli “© Podophyllum
‘«  Scammoniae ‘c “ Scammony

Resina JALAPAE—Jalap
B
Jalap, in No. 60 powder 50.0 Gm.
Alcohol

Water, each, a sufficient quantity

Moisten the powder with 25 mils of alcohol and pack it firmly
in a cylindrical percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate
the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins
to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having
closely covered the percolator, macerate for 48 hours. Then allow
the percolation to preceed slowly, gradually adding alcohol, (until
250 mils of percolate are obtained) or until the percolate
ceases to produce more than a slight turbidity when dropped
into water. Distil off the aleohol, by means of a water-bath, until
the percolate is reduced by weight to 12.5 grams, and add the latter
slowly, with constant stirring, to 150 mils of water. When the pre-
cipitate has subsided, decant the supernatent liquid, and wash the
precipitate twice, by decantation with fresh portions of hot water.
After having drained off the liquid, transfer the Resin to a por-
celain dish and heat it to dryness on a water-bath.

Description :—Yellow to brown masses or fragments, breaking
with a resinous, glossy fracture, translucent at the edge, or a yel-
lowish-brown powder, having a slight peculiar odor, and a some-
what acrid taste. :
 
68

LINIMENTA—LINIMENTS

Liniments are liquid preparations for external use to be ap-
pled by friction. They are usually solutions or mixtures of oily
or alcoholic substances containing fatty oils. Some official lini-
ments are solid or semisolid preparations. Eight liniments are
official. Three have a fixed oil as a base, three alcohol, one turpen-
tine, and one a fluidextract. The following table indicates the
base in each:

Alcoholic—Basis Alcohol Linimentum Saponis, Soap Liniment
ee ot oe oe Mollis
‘“ “Soap Liniment “‘ Chloroformi
‘*  Fluidextract - Belladonnae
Oleaginous—Basis Cotton Seed Oil “* Camphorae
‘* Linseed Oil Ks Calcis
‘ ‘© Sesame Oil ‘* + Ammoniae
Turpentine Oil ‘‘ Terebinthinae

Lintimentum Saponis—Soap Liniment. liquid Opodeldoe

Soap, dried and granulated or powdered 6.0 Gm.

Camphor, in small pieces 4.5 Gm.
Oil of Rosmary 1.0 mil
Alcohol 70.0 mils

Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 100.0 mils

Dissolve the camphor and the oil of rosmary in the alcohol,
add the soap and sufficient water to make the product measure 100.0
mils, Agitate the mixture until the soap is dissolved. Set it
aside in a cool place for 24 hours, then filter.

LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI

Chloroform 15.0 mils
Soap Liniment 35.0 mils
to make 50.0 mils

Mix them by agitation.
69

Lintuentum AMMonIAE

Ammonia Water 25.0 mils
Sesame Oil 75.0 mils
to make 100.0 mils

Agitate the ammonia water with the sesame oil until a uniform
mixture is obtained.

LINIMENTUM CAMPHORAE

Camphor, in course powder 5.0 Gm.
Cotton Seed Oil 20.0 mils
to make 25.0 mils

Introduce the cotton seed oil into a suitable flask and heat it
on a water bath. Introduce the camphor, and stopper the con-
tainer securely. Dissolve the camphor by agitation without the
further application of heat.

Linimentum Caucis—Carron oil.

Lime water 25.0 mils
Linseed oil 25.0 mils
to make 50.0 mils

Mix them by agitation.

PULVERES—POWDERS

These are preparations of, or combinations of, solid drugs in a
fine state of division, for external or internal use. See pp. 26.
The pulverization is done to facilitate solution of the ingredients.
Seven are official :

Pulvis Aromaticus Aromatic powder
‘“*  Cretae Compositus Compound chalk powder
‘«  Effervescens Compositus - Effervescing Powder
‘* Glycyrrhizae Compositus . Licorice powder
‘*  Tpecacuanhae et Opii Dover’s powder
‘«  Jalapae Compositus Compound powder of jalap

‘+ Rhei ; Compound powder of rhubarb
70

Pu.tvis CRETAE COMPOSITUS

Prepared Chalk 6.0 Gm.
Acacia, in fine powder 4.0 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder 10.0 Gm.

Mix the powder thoroughly by trituration and pass the product
through a No. 60 sieve.

Puuvis EFFERVESCENS Composirus—Seidlitz Powder

Sodium Bicarbonate, dried and in fine powder 2.5 Gm.
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate in fine powder 7.5 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, in fine powder 2.3 Gm ~-

Mix the sodium bicarbonate intimately with the potassium and
sodium tartrate, and wrap in a blue paper.

Wrap the tartaric acid in a separate white paper.

Keep the powders well closed, in a dry place.

These powders as commonly called ‘‘Seidlitz Powders’’. They
are of much use in human practice as a purgative. The two powders
are to be dissolved in a glass of water and drunk while the gas is be-
ing evolved. The tartaric acid acting upon the sodium bicarb-
onate liberates carbonic acid gas and causes the effervescence.

TRITURATIONES—TRITURATIONS

These preparations were suggested by similar preparations used
in homeopathy. The general formula for triturations as directed
by the Pharmacopoeia is,

Substance 10.0 Gm.
Sugar of Milk 90.0 Gm.

Weigh the substance and the sugar of milk separately; then
place the substance, previously reduced if necessary to a moderately
fine powder, in a mortar; add about an equal measure of sugar of
milk, mix well by means of a spatula and triturate the powders
thoroughly together. Then add fresh portions of sugar of milk;
from time to time, until the whole is added, and continue the trit-
uration after each addition until the substance is intimately mixed
with the sugar of milk and reduced to a fine powder.
71

TRITURATIO ELATERINI
Elaterin 1.0 Gm.
Sugar of Milk 9.0 Gm.

Mix them thoroughly by trituration. (See above).

MASSA—MASSES

These are combinations of medical substances, incorporated
with enough liquid to make a consistency for pills. Two are official.

Massa Ferri Carbonatis Vallet’s Mass
Massa Hydrargyri Blue Mass

Massa Hyprarcyri—Blue Mass
Mereury 16.5 Gm.
Oleate of Mercury 0.5 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 60 powder 5.0 Gm.
Althea, in No. 60 powder 7.5 Gm.
Glycerin 4.5 Gm.
Honey of Rose 16.0 Gm.
to make 50.0 Gm.

Triturate the oleate of mercury in a warm mortar, gradually
add the mercury, then introduce a small amount of honey of rose
and triturate the mixture until globules of mercury are no longer
visible under a lens magnifying ten diameters. Now incorporate
the remainder of the honey of rose and the glycerin, then gradually
add the glycyrrhiza and the althea and continue the trituration un- '' °°"
til the mass is homogeneous.

Remarks :—The above is known as ‘‘Blue Mass’’. Its manufac-
ture requires skill and labor as the mercury tends to run together
and form globules. This is prevented by triturating with honey
of rose, so as to coat each small globule, and then adding the other
ingredients. It should be finished in one-half hour.

CONFECTIONS
Confections are soft, solid saccharine preparations in which
the medicinal agent is combined with saccharine substances, as
jellies, pulp of fruit or honey. ‘They are also called conserves or
72

electuaries. In the early days of medicines they served as a useful
means of administering medicine because at that time most drugs
were disagreeable if not nauseating. They were used a great deal
in ancient times. One of them which gained considerable fame was
the ‘‘Confection of Damocratis’’ which contained 40 or 50 ingre-
dients. Confections are rarely used in Veterinary Medicine as
such but as electwaries which will be discussed at greater length
under the head of unofficial preparations. There are no official
confections.

CONFECTION RosaE

Red Rose, in No. 60 powder 4.0 Gms.
Sugar, in fine powder 32.0 Gms.
Clarified Honey 6.0 Gms.
Stronger Rose Water 8.0 mils

Rub the Red Rose with the Stronger Rose Water, previously
heated to 65°C. Then gradually add the Clarified Honey and the
sugar and beat the whole together until a uniform mass results.

PILULAE—PILLS |

Pills are small globules, spherical or lenticular in shape, con-
taining one dose of medicinal substance and intended to be swal-
lowed whole. Since they are so easily made by machinery, but few
are now made by hand. There are three steps in the manufacture
of pills.

1. Making the mass,
2. Dividing the mass,
3. Rolling the pills.

After they are rolled, they may be coated with gelatin, sugar,
chocolate, keratin, ete.

Seven are official :

Pilulae Aloes— Aloes Pills
‘«  Asafoetidae Asafoetida Pills
‘* — Catharticae Compositae Compound Cathartic Pills
a Ferri Carbonatis Blaud’s Pills
“Ferri Iodidi Iodide of Iron Pills
‘*  Phosphori Phosphorus Pills

46

Rhei Compositae ‘ompound Rhubarb Pills
73

PinuLarE ALOES

BR
Aloes, in fine pawder 1.3 Gm.

Soap, in fine powder 1.3 Gm.
Water, sufficient quantity

to make 10 pills

Mix the powders intimately, then incorporate sufficient water
to make a mass, and divide into ten pills.

PILULAE RHEI COMPOSITAE

R
Rhubarb, in No. 80 powder 1.3 Gums.
Aloes, in fine powder 1.0 Gm.
Myrrh, in fine powder 0.6 Gm.s
Oil of Peppermint 0.05 mils (about 1 drop)

Water, a sufficient quantity

to make 10 _~—si pills

Mix the Oil of Peppermint intimately with the powders, then
incorporate sufficient water to form a mass; divide it into 10 pills.

TROCHISCI—TROCHES

These are dise-like masses of medicinal substances, consisting
chiefly of medical powders, sugar and mucilage, intended to be
slowly dissolved in the mouth. Powerful or disagreeable drugs
‘should not be given in this manner, and it is needless to say that
they cannot be used in veterinary medicine. They may be manufac-
tured by massing or compression. In the former case the medi-
cine is combined with some mucilaginous substance with sufficient
water to make a mass, and then worked in a mortar toa mass. This
is rolled out and then cut with a lozenge cutter.

By compression :—The manufacture of troches by compression
differs from that of tablets only by the size of the mold. Five are
official ; .

\
74

Trochisei Acidi Tannici Troches Tannic Acid
Ammonii Chloridi ‘‘ Ammonium Chloride
“«  Cubebae “* ~ Cubebs
‘«  Potassii Chloratis ‘* Potassium Chlorate
Sodii Bicarbonatis Sodium Bicarbonate

ce ce

TrocuHisct Potassit CHLORATIS

Potassium Chlorate, in fine powder 1.5 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder 6.0 Gm.
Tragacanth, in fine powder 0.3 Gm.

Water, a sufficient quality

to make 10.0 troches

Mix the sugar with the tragacanth by trituration in a mortar;
then transfer the mixture to a sheet of paper, and by means of a
bone or wooden spatula mix it with the potassium chlorate, being
careful to avoid unnecessary trituration or pressure which might
cause the mixture to ignite or explode. Lastly with water, form a
mass, to be divided into ten (10) troches.

UNGUENTA—OINTMENTS

Ointments are semisolid preparations in which the medical sub-
stances are blended with fatty substances, lard, petrolatum, ete.,
and soft enough to be applied to the skin by inunction. They are
always softer than cerates, which see. They may be prepared by
incorporation or fusion. When made by the former method, the
medical substance is rubbed with the solid fatty matter in a mortar
or upon an ointment slab with a spatula. When made by fu-
sion the fatty base is liquified by gentle heat and the medicine in-
corporated while liquid or after solidification. Twenty are official.

Unguentum, A base for other ointments

Uaguentant Acidi Borici

Acidi Tannici

Aquae Rosae

Belladonnae

Chrysarobini (Chrysarobin)
Diachylon
75

a Gallae (Nutgalls)
Hydrargyri

Hydrargyri Ammoniati
ne Hydrargyri Dilutum (Blue ointment)
Hydrargyri Nitratis

e Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi
Todi

Jodoformi

- Phenolis

Picis Liquidae
Stramonii

Sulphuris

Oe Zinei Oxidi

ApEps BENZOINATUS—Benzoinated Lard

Lard 100.0 Gm.
Siam Benzoin 1.0 Gm.

Add the benzoin to the lard and mix thoroughly; then melt
the mixture by means of a water bath, and, stirring frequently,
continue the heat for two hours, covering the vessel and not allow-
ing the temperature to rise about 60°C. (140°F.) lastly strain
the liquid through muslin and stir occasionally while it cools. Pre-
serve it in a cool place in well closed containers which are imper-
vious to fat.

UnGueNtuM HyprarGyri Iopipr Rupri ET CANTHARIDES

Red Iodide of Mercury 10.0 Gm.
Cantharides, in fine powder 10.0 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard 50.0 Gm.

Triturate the red iodide of mercury in a mortar until all lumps
are reduced to a fine powder, add the cantharides, a little at a time
and mix the two substances thoroughly. Finally add the benzoin-
ated lard and rub in the mortar until completely mixed.

Remarks :—This is a very popular blister for spavins, ete.
76

UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS ALKALINUM N. F.

‘Washed Sulphur 10.0 Gm.
Potassium Carbonate 5.0 Gm.
Water x 2.5 mils
Benzoinated Lard 32.5 Gm.

Rub the sulphur with the potassium carbonate and water.
Gradually add the benzoinated lard and mix thoroughly.

Uneventum Zincr Oxip1
Zine Oxide, in fine powder 20.0 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard 80.0 Gm.

Rub the zine oxide, which must be free from gritty particles,
with about one fourth of the melted benzoinated lard, in a previous-
ly warmed container and with this incorporate the remainder of
the benzoinated lard, previously melted. If necessary, strain the
ointment while warm, and stir until it congeals.

UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS

Sublimed Sulphur 15.0 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard 85.0 Gm.
to make 100.0 Gm.

Rub the sublimed sulphur with the benzoinated lard, gradually
added, until they are thoroughly mixed.

UncuEentum Ilopr

Todine 4.0 Gm.
Potassium Iodide 4.0 Gm.
Glycerin ' 12.0 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard 80.0 Gm.

to make 100.0 Gm.

Triturate the iodine and potassium iodide in a glass mortar
with the glycerin until dissolved, then gradually incorporate the
benzoinated lard and mix thoroughly. All poset with metallic
utensils must be avoided.

This ointment must not be dispensed unless it has been recent-
ly prepared.
77

CERATA—CERATES

These are preparations of medical substances with fats and
waxes of such a consistency as to be soft enough to spread upon
muslin or other material and not soft enough to liquify when ap-
phed to the skin. They are called Cerates because they contain
wax or cera. They may be prepared by fusion or incorporation but
all the official ones are directed to be made by the ‘former method,
Three are official :

Ceratum Cerate. Used only as a base
Ceratum Resinae Resin or Rosin Cerate
Ceratum Cantharidis Cantharides Cerate

Creratum REsINAE

Rosin 3.5 Gm.
Yellow Wax 1.5 Gm.
Lard 5.0 Gm.

to make 10.0 Gm.

Melt.the rosin, add the yellow wax and lard and continue the
heat until liquified. Then strain through muslin. Allow it to con-
geal with occasional stirring.

In cold weather 5.3 Gm. of lard and 1.2 Gm. of wax may ge used.

SUPPOSITORIA—SUPPOSITORIES

Suppositories are solid bodies of various shapes and weights,
adapted for the introduction into various orifices of the body, and
melting or softening at body temperature. The vehicles usually
employed are oil of theobroma, glycerinated gelatin and sodium
stearate. The ideal suppository consists of a medicine blended with
some inert base which will not liquify at ordinary temperatures but
will melt at the body temperature. They may be prepared by three
processes, rolling, molding and compression. The first method con-
sists of making a mass, rolling it into a cylinder, cutting the cylin-
der and shaping with the hands. In case of those made by molds,
the mass is liquified and poured into thoroughly chilled molds. By
compression the medical substance is mixed with finely grated oil
of theobroma and compressed with a lever.
78
There is one official suppository—Suppositoria Glycerini, be-

sides which the Pharmacopoeia contains general formulas for those
made with oil of theobroma and glycerinated gelatin.

SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI

Glycerin 15.0 Gm.
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate 0.25 Gm.
Stearic Acid 1.0 Gm.
Water 2.5 mils

Dissolve the monohydrated sodium carbonate in the water and
add it to the glycerin, contained in a suitable vessel placed on a water
bath in such a way that the vessel is well down in the boiling water
and its contents protected as much as possible from the steam of the
bath. Add the stearic acid, and heat the mixture for 15 minutes
or until carbon dioxide ceases to be evolved, and the liquid is clear.
Then pour the melted mass into suitable molds, remove the supposi-
tories when they are completely cold, and preserve them in a tight-
ly stoppered glass vessel in a cool place.

CATAPLASMA—CATAPLASMS—POULTICES

These are wet masses of solid matter applied to the skin for the
purpose of reducing inflammation, or in other cases to act as counter-
irritants. The solid matter as the base is chosen with a view to its
capacity for absorbing water. Thus the base of the one former offi-
cial cataplasma is clay, while mucilaginous drugs, such as flaxseed,
are valuable for poultice bases.

If the poultice is intended to reduce inflammation, the proper
base is one devoid of medical action, and the poultice wet with cold
water or liquid acts similarly to a cold compress. If intended to
act as a counterirritant, the poultice is either applied hot or is made
of some drug which has rubifacient properties. (mustard poultice).
Cataplasma Kaolini belongs to the class of mechanical non-medi-
cinal poultices used for allaying inflammation. It was official in
the Pharmacopoeia of 1905.
 
79

CATAPLASMA Kao.ini or Cataplasma of Kaolin

Koalin, in very fine powder 577.0 Gms.
Boric Acid, in very fine powder 45.0 Gms.
Thymol 0.5 Gms.
Methyl] Salicylate 2.0 Gms.
Oil of Peppermint 0.5 Gms.
Glycerin 375.0 Gms.

to make 1000.0 Gms.

Heat the kaolin in a suitable vessel at 100°C., with occasional
stirring, for one hour, mix it intimately with the boric acid, and
then incorporate the mixture thoroughly with the glycerin; finally
add the thymol, which has been dissolved in the methyl salicylate
and the oil of peppermint, and make a homogeneous mass. It should
be kept in an air tight container.

Remarks :—This preparation is similar to various proprietary
preparations which are often prescribed for applications to a large
number of inflammatory conditions.

EMPLASTRA—PLASTERS

Plasters are solid preparations containing medicinal substances
intended to be applied to the skin, and of sufficient adhesiveness to
adhere firmly. They differ from cerates in being free from fats
and also from the fact that cerates, when spread on cloth and ap-
plied are not of sufficient adhesiveness to stick firmly to the skin.
The bases of plasters consist of gum resins, lead plaster, resin
plaster, burgundy pitch, isinglass, and India rubber. In former
times the first named bases were often used, but the machine made
plasters with a rubber base have largely replaced them.

The following are official :

Emplastrum Belladonnae—Belladonna Plaster
us Cantharidis Cantharides Plaster

oe Capsici Capsicum Plaster

es Elasticum Rubber Plaster

a Plumbi Lead Plaster

ee Resinae Resin or Rosin Plaster

oe

Sinipis Mustard Plaster
80

EmpLastrumM Puumpi—Lead Plaster

Lead Oxide 25.0 Gm.
Olive Oil 25.0 Gm.
Lard 25.0 Gm.

Boiling water, a sufficient quantity.

Heat the olive oil and the lard by gentle heat until liquified
in a bright copper or other suitable vessel of a capacity not less than
four times the bulk of the ingredients, sift the lead oxide, through a
No. 80 sieve, upon the surface of the hot liquid and mix thoroughly.
Then gradually add 9 mils of boiling water, and boil the mixture,
constantly stirring, with a wooden spatula, and adding sufficient
boiling water, from time to time, to replace that lost. by evapora-
tion, until the mass is homogeneous and a small portion removed and
dipped into cold water is found to be pliable and tenaceous. Then
remove it from the fire and wash several times with warm water to
remove the glycerin. Finally knead the mass until it is free from
water, roll it into cylinders of suitable size, and wrap them in paper.

CHARTAE—PAPERS. Unofficial.

These are a class of preparations in which the medicine is
spread upon paper or absorbed by it. But one is official, Charta
Sinipis, Mustard Paper. In the U. 8S. P. of 1890 Charta Potassi
Nitratis was also official.

' Cuarta Povasstt NITRATIS.

Potassium Nitrate 1.0 Gm.
Distilled Water 4.0 mils

Dissolve the Potassium Nitrate in the water. Soak strips of
unsized white paper in the solution and then dry them. The paper
should be kept in well closed bottles. This paper was formerly
used in asthma by burning it and inhaling the fumes.

CHAPTER XI.
UNOFFICIAL PREPARATIONS

Many unofficial preparations are in so common use that it
seems best to include a few of them. The most common are :—
TABELLAE—-TABLETS
Tablet triturates
Compressed tablets
Hypodermic tablets
81

Bolh—Bolus, Ball
Capsules
Haustus
Electuary

 TABELLAE—TABLETS.

Tablets are small dise-shaped bodies containing medicinal
agents. With the exception of Tosxitabellae Hydrargyri Chlorida
Corrosivi they are unofficial but nevertheless largely employed.
There are several varieties; tablet triturates, compressed tablets,
coated tablets, hypodermic tablets and dispensing tablets.

Tablet triturates are prepared by triturating the medicament
with finely powdered sugar of milk if powerful agents are used, or
if the substance requires no dilution, triturating it to a very fine
powder, moistening the powder with sufficient alcohol or other vola-
tile substance to make a paste. The moistened powder is then
pressed: into molds consisting of a plate perforated with holes and
then pressing out the tablets by fitting this perforated plate over
another plate upon which are stituated pegs that accurately fit the
perforations. The liquid is evaporated very quickly, after which
the tablets retain their shape and are ready for use. They possess
advantages over any other method of administering solids in
human and small animal animal practice as they are more conven-
iently administered than powders and are more soluble than pills,
compressed tablets or capsules. Well made triturates disintegrate
almost immediately on being placed in water.

Hypodernuc tablets are made by the same process. The selec-
tion of the diluent is an important question because rapid solu-
bility is desired. Dried neutral sodium sulphate has been largely
employed and frequently they contain in addition some substance
which produces chemical change when added to water and causes a
rapid disintegration of the mass.

Tablet Triturates of Calomel. (each contain 1/10 gr.; 0.006

Calomel 0.6 Gm.
Sugar of milk, a sufficient quantity
to make 10.0 Gm.
82

Clean mold and wipe each hole separately to avoid dirty tab-
lets. Triturate the calomel with 1 gram of sugar of milk. Then
add the rest of the sugar of milk in small portions, triturating
thoroughly after each addition. Moisten the powder with a few
drops of alcohol and with a spatula quickly press into the molds
placed upon a pill tile. Then remove and allow to dry.

Compressed tablets are made from dried, granulated materials
by compression in a suitable machine. They are less soluble than
tablet triturates. Compressed tablets of insoluble material should
not be used.

Coated tablets are compressed tablets covered with sugar, choc-
olate, ete.

Dispensing tablets are those which contain a relatively large
amount of the active drug like strychnine 1-gr.. or % gr. They
are used by pharmacists and those who dispense their own reme-
dies in order to avoid the necessity of weighing small amounts of
powerful drugs in filling prescriptions.

Bouus Bour—Ball

A bolus may be defined as a large pill. The term literally
means mass or lump. Its use is restricted to veterinary medicine.
They are made very similarly to pills. The ingredients are finely
powdered and thoroughly mixed, after which an excipient, such
as soap, syrup, glycerin, or molasses is added to make a mass of
proper consistency. The mass is then divided into the proper
number of doses and each portion is molded into the form of a
cylinder with rounded ends. They may be wrapped in thin paper
or placed in capsules.

Very few practitioners make their own balls on account of the
cheapness at which they may be purchased.

Bouus ALOES

Aloes 5 viij 30.0 Gm.
Calomel er. XXX 2.0 Gm.
Ginger aj 4.0 Gm.
Nux Vomica er. XXX 2.0 Gm.
Glycerin ~

Simple syrup aa. 5 j 4.0 mils
83

_Heat the aloes, glycerin and syrup on a water bath at a tem-
perature not to exceed 120°F., until the aloes is melted, add the
ginger and nux vomica and mix thoroughly. Then add about 15
drops of alcohol. Mix and pour upon a plate covered with lyco-
podium. After the mass has cooled sufficiently mold into shape
and wrap in thin paper.

or
Aloes 3 viij
Calomel gr. XXX
Ginger 3 j
Nux Vomica gr. Xxx
Glycerin
Simple syrup aa q. 8.

Mix the aloes, ginger, nux vomica and calomel and then add
enough of equal parts of simple syrup and glycerin to make a mass.
Mold into shape and wrap in thin paper.

CAPSULAE—CAPSULES

Capsules are ovoid or cylindrical shells of gelatin used for the
administration of various forms of medicines, powders, masses or
liquids. They are termed hard or soft according to the amount of
glycerin contained in the mass from which they are made. Hard
capsules consist of a shell and cap or cover. They are a fairly
popular means of administering medicines in veterinary practice.
They may be filled with powders by placing the powder upon a
clean piece of paper and gently pressing the shell into the mixture
when it will gradually fill. In order to get the exact amount in
each capsule they should be weighed. This may be easily done by
having the weight plus an empty capsule on one scale pan and
throwing the filled capsule upon the other pan. If not sufficiently
filled a little more pressure will bring the desired Smount and if it
is already over-filled a slight tapping upon the inverted capsule
will throw out the excess. In case of very large capsules the powder
may be poured directly into the capsule and cap. Liquids may
also be poured into the shell of the larger capsules or dropped into
the smaller ones by means of a pipette or burette. It is needless
84

to say that liquids which dissolve gelatin must not be placed in
_capsules unless they are to be given at once.

Havustus—DreEncH

A haustus or drench may be defined as an extemporary liquid
preparation intended to be given immediately in one dose. ,

ELECTUARIUM—ELECTUARY

Electuaries are medicinal pastes to be smeared on the teeth
of animals where they melt at body temperature and are absorbed
or are free to act locally upon the tissues of the mouth and throat.
Usually a specified quantity is dispensed as a sample dose or one
of the common domestic measures may be used.

CuHapter XII.
MATERIA MEDICA

The following lists contain the more important drugs arranged
for convenience of study.

Students should keep a separate note-book ruled according to
the following scheme, in which to tabulate the characteristics.

Explanatory :—The official name, synonym, dose, origin may
be taken from some standard text but the form, color, taste, and
odor should be taken directly from the specimen.

The dose should be given in both the Apothecaries and Metric
systems.

Those preparations printed in italics should be studied so
that they may be recognized by their physical characteristics, while
the others should be sufficiently studied to know whether they may
or may not be certain drugs. For instance, whether a brown
powder might be calomel or nux vomica, or a colorless preparation
tincture of digitalis, iron, ete.
 

 

Official Name
Synonym
Abbrev.

Dose
H-Horse
D-Dog

Origin
Parts used

Active
Principles

Appearance
Form, Color
Taste, Odor

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ale.

Solubility
Water

 

 

 
 
86

LESSON I

CircunaTory STIMULANTS
DiciITALis GROUP

Digitalis

Fluidextractum Digitalis
Tinctura Digitalis
Strophanthus

Tinetura Strophanthi
Scilla

Fluidextractum Scillae
Syrupus Scillae

CIRCULATORY SEDATIVES
Aconitum
Fluidextractum Aconiti
Tinctura Aconiti
Veratrum Viride

*

HUES SAGE
AZ
3

Ingredients

N. T.

Faso

N.T. Very irritant to nasal

Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis mucous membrane.

LESSON I

_

VASOCONSTRICTORS AND VASODILATORS

Adrenalin Solution

Liquor Hypophysis

Amylis Nitris

Sodii Nitris

Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis
ANTIPYRETICS

Cinchona

Cinchona Rubra

Tinetura Cinchonae

Tinetura Cinchonae Composita

Fluidextractum Cinchonae
Quinina
Quininae Sulphas
‘*  Bisulphas
‘« — Hydrochloridum
‘“  Hydrobromidum
Cinchonidinae Sulphas

Coau Tar ANTIPYRETICS

Acetanilidum
Antipyrina
Acetphenetidinum

 

* D.N.T. means do not taste;

Proprietary

wilolelele,
42 22424

ore
lis
»T:
ws

eee mam

Qaa

C, taste cautiously; H, harmless,
87

SALICYLATE ANTIPYRETICS
Acidum Salicylicum
Sodii Salicylas
Phenyl] Salicylas
Acidum Acetylsalicylicum
Methylis Salicylas

Proprietary

peoeS

LESSON I

—_

I
ATROPINE GROUP

Belladonnae Radix
Belladonnae Folia
Tinctura Belladonnae
Fluidextractum Belladonnae
Linimentum Belladonnae
Atropinae Sulphas
Hyoscyamus
Fluidextractum Hyoscyami
Tinetura Hyoscyami
Hyoscina

Stramonium

Extractum Stramonii

AA

DEO E2SS20a2a2a
SA

HAA

LESSON

—
<

CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS
Opium
Tinctura Opn
Tinctura Opi Camphoratae
Extractum Opii
Pulv. Extractum Opii
Opii Deodoratum
Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii
Tinct. Ipecacuanhae et Opii
Morphina
Morphinae Sulphas
Morphinae Hydrochloridum
Codeina
Codeinae Sulphas
Diacetylmorphina

Per cent. of Morphine
Per cent. of Morphine

Ingredients

A
4

4
3

Cannabis
Fluidextractum Cannabis
Tinctura Cannabis

Chloralum Hydratum
Paraldehydum
Sulphonmenthanum

Vea 2A peeaAyAnAAease

A
4
88

LESSON V
ANESTHETICS
Chloroformum C.
Linimentum Chloroformi D.N. T.
Spiritus Chloroformi C.
Ether C.
Ethylis Chloridum D.N. T.
Alcohol C.
BROMIDES
Potassii Bromidum C
Sodii ns C.
Lithii ee C.
Strontii ee C.
Ammonii en C.
Acidum Hydrobromicum D.N.T
LESSON VI

STRYCHNINE Groupe
Nux Vomica
Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae
Extractum Nucis Vomicae
Tinctura Nucis Vomicae
Strychnina
Strychninae Sulphas ‘
Strychninae Hydrochloridum
Hydrastis
Tinctura Hydrastis
Glyceritum Hydrastis
Hydrastininae Hydrochloridum
PHYSOSTIGMINE GROUP
.Physostigma
Extractum Physostigmatis
Tinctura Physistigmatis
Physostigminae Salicylas
Pilocarpus
Fluidextractum Pilocarpi
Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum
Nux Areca
Arecolinae Hydrobromatum

Loca ANESTHETICS

Coca

Cocainae Hydrochloridum
Alypinum

Novocain

Per cent. of strychnine
Per cent. of strychnine

A2AAZZ
Bean

PoP eee eS

5

A Z2ZZAZA 22 2

YayoUyedy

Where grown?
Mention other mem-
bers of the group.

Sooo
AAAZ
89

LESSON VII

EMeEtics
Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum
Ipecacuanha
Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae

BITTERS
Gentiana
Fluidextractum Gentianae
Tinctura Gentianae
Quassia
Fluidextractum Quassiae

Gastric ANTACIDS

Sodu Bicarbonas
Liquor Calcis
Magnesii Oxidum
Magnesii Carbonas
Calcii Carbonas

CARMINATIVES
Capsicum
Fluidextractum Capsici
Tinctura Capsici
Zingiber
Fluidextractum Zingiberis
Tinctura Zingiberis

.N.T
.N.T.

Q9aQ0

Mention other bitters

Pm

mee

Mention other car-
minatives

aneage

LESSON VIII
PURGATIVES ‘
Oleum Ricom
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae
Aromaticum
Aloe
Tinctura Aloes
Aloinum
Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae
Rheum
Senna
Oleum Tiglii
Elaterinum
Cambogia
Jalapa

Mention Preparations
Preparations

SSSSCRRRAm mim

AZAAZ
Haas
Oleoresina Jalapae
Podophyllum

Oleoresina Podophylli
Colocynthis

Extractum Colocynthidis
Scammoniae Radix

SALINES
Magnesii Sulphas
Sodii Sulphas
Potassii et Sodii Tartras

VERMICIDES
Aspidium
Oleoresina Aspidii
Granatum
Kamala
Pepo
Santoninum
Chenopodium
Oleum Chenopodii
Spigelia
Fluidextractum Spigeliae
LThymol
Betanaphthol

AQ

aaae

LESSON IX

Diuretics
Digitalis Group
Caffeina
Apocynum
Potassii Acetas
Potassii Citras
Potassii Bitartras
Potassi Nitras
Spiritus Aetherts Nitrost

VOLATILE OILs

Oleum Anisi

‘*-  Corinandri

Lavandulae Florum
‘© Inmonis Corticis
‘«  Menthae Piperitae
Carui
Cinnamomi
Eucalyptoli
Foeniculi
‘« ~ Pimentae

ce

oe

ce

ae

ce

Samm ao

SSSseay
222A 2
BeeH 4

PAQheaga

peaaae aaa

Recall characteristics

Flavors

Carminatives
91

Oleum Valerianae D.N.T. Malodorous
Asafoetida .
Copaiba D.N.T. Genitro Urinary Stim-
Oleoresina Copaibae ulants

Cubeba

Oleoresina Cubebae
Oleum Santali
Juniperum

Oleum Juniperi
Spiritus Juniperi
Buchu

Uva Ursi

Terebinthina
Oleum Terebinthinae
‘¢  Lavandulae
Rosmarini
‘*  Picis Liquidae
‘«  Cajaputi
Sinapis Alba
Ninapis Nigra
Oleum Sinapis Volatile
Thiosinimin
Cantharis
Tinctura Cantharidis
Eupatorium
Chrysarobinum
Epicarin
Oleum Cadinum
Balsamum Peruvianum

Q

Diuretics

Preparations
Preparations
Skin irritants

ce

Smell very cautiously

42 AZAZAZZAZAZAAZAAZAAA
B SAApseasr sess

LESSON
Terpini Hydras
Terebenum
Balsamum Tolutanum
Syrupus Tolutanus

Oleum Savinae

‘«  Tanaceti

‘«  Rutae

‘« — Hedeomae

Oleum Caryophylli

‘« Cinnamomi ai
Sassafras

. Gaultheriae

Pyrethrum

Used in respiratory
diseases

Toxie and Ecbolic

A2AZAZ
Sew

Used in Dentistry

ce

oe

VORA Fey Bh Om DAbyOySyS Uy SSDUaS eseaapseA

AZ
3

Insecticide
 
UTERINE STIMULANTS
Ergota

Fluidextractum Ergotae

UTERINE SEDATIVES

Viburnum Prunifolium

92

Fluidextractum Viburni Prun.

VEGETABLE ASTRINGENTS

Acidum Tannicum
Acidum Gallicum

Galla
Kino

Krameria
Gambir
Hamamelidis

Sats oF PotTasH

Potassii Bromidum

ce

ce

ce

ce

ae

ce

ce

ce

ce

ae

ce

Bitartras
Citras
Acetas
Bichromas
Nitras
Hydroxidum
Sulphas
Bicarbonas
Carbonas
Chloras
Todidum
Permanganas

Potassa cum Calce
Pctassii Oleatum

Soprum Sauts
Sodii Hydroxidum

c#

ce

ae

ce

ce

oe

Bicarbonas
Carbonas
Chloridum
Sulphas

Sulphis Phosphas
Bisulphis
Thiosulphas

LESSON

ee

pM A2Q22QQ20

DOD SCO RMUR UBB

BHA

Bo eat Fal El El ¢2 Ed

N.T.

Preparations of these
drugs
LESSON XII

AMMONIUM PREPARATIONS

Aqua Ammoniae
Aqua Ammontae Fortior

Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus

Linimentum Ammoniae

Ammon Carbonas

Ammonii Chloridum

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis
Liraium Sauts

Lithii Citras

“* Carbonas

Caucrum Sats

Creta Preparata

Mistura Cretae

Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus

Calx

Liquor Calcis

Calcii Chloridum

Calcii Sulphas Exsiccatus
BaRIuM ;

Barii Chloridum

MaGNEsIuM
Magnesii Carbonas
ne Oxidum
Oxidum Ponderosum
“«  Sulphas

oe

D.N.T. Smell Cautiously
D.N.T. Smell Cautiously
C.

DLN. T.

C.

C.

H.

H.

H.

H. Official preparation
H. Ingredients

H.

D.N.T

H.

C.

DLN. T. Use?

D.N.T

H.

H.

H.

H.

LESSON XIII

ACIDS
Acidum Hychloricum
Natricum
‘«  Nitrohydrochloricum
‘* Phosphoricum
Sulphuricum

ce
66

ce

Chromicum
Aceticum
Aceticum Glaciale
‘«  Stearicum
‘“  Oxalicum
‘«  Lacticum

ce

6

Sulphuricum Aromaticum

T. Preparations

Ingredients

Sessesssgyyys
Citricum
Tartaricum
Oleicum
Boricum
Picricum

oe
ae

ce

HALOGENS

Iodum
Tinctura Iodt

Liquor Iodi Compositus

Unguentum Jodi
Todopin

Sulphuris Iodidum
Sodii Iodidum
Potassii Iodidum
Iodoformum
Todoformin
Todolum

Thymolis Iodidum
Bromoformum
Chlorum

Calx Chlorinata,

Sauts or Heavy Merars

Arseni Trioxidum
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis
Liquor Sodii Arsenatis
Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi

Sedii Arsenas
Arseni Iodidum
Atoxyol

Sodii Cacodylas
Cupri Arsenas

ANTIMONY

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras

Antimonii Sulphis

BIsMUTH
Bismuthi Subnitras
es Subcarbonas
te Subgallas

‘¢  Subsalicylas

94

C.
C.
D.N. T.
C.
D.N.T.
LESSON. XIV
DLN. T.
D.N. T.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
D.N. T.
D.N.T.
C.
C.
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
DLN. T.
LESSON XV
D.N.T
C.
C.
C.
H.
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N. T
H.
H.
H.
H,

Ingredients

See Bromides

Per cent. of Arsenic
Ingredients

Ingredients
95

a Betanaphtholas H.
im et Ammonii Citras H, °
Magma Bismuthi H.
LESSON XVI
Iron
Ferrum H.
Ferrum Reductum H.
Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus H.
Massa Ferri Carbonatis C.
Ferri Chloridum D.N.T.
Tinctura Ferri Chlorida C.
Liquor Ferri Chloridi D.N.T. What is this used for?
Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis C.
Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii C. For what used?
Oxido
Ferri Sulphas C.
‘¢  Sulphas Exsiccatus H.
‘*  Subsulphas D.N.T. Use?
Liquor Ferri Subsulphas D.N. T.
SCALE PREPARATIONS .. Why so named?
Ferri et Ammonii Citras C.
‘* et Quininae Citras C.
‘* et Strychninae Citras D.N.T
CopPER AND ZINC
Cupri Sulphas D.N.T
Zinei Chloridum D.N.T
‘*  Acetas C.
‘* Carbonas Praecipitatus D.N.
“* Oxidum C.
‘* Sulphas C.
SILVER
Argenti Nitras D.N. T.
Argenti Nitras Fusus D.N.T.
Argenti Nitras Mitigatus D.N.T. Ingredients
Protargol D.N.T.
Argyrol D.N. T.
Argentamin D.N.T.
Argentum Solubile D.N.T.
96

LESSON XVII

LEAp.
Plumbi Acetas
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis
Plumbi Jodidum
Plumbi Oxidum
Emplastrum Plumbi

MERcURY

Hydrargyrum
Massa Hydrargyri
Unguentum Hydrargyri
Hydrargyrum cum Creta
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosiv- |
um
Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite
Hydrargyrt Iodidum Rubrum
Hydrargyri Iodidum Flavum
Hydrargyri Nitras
Unguentum Hydr. Nit.
Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum
Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum
Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum

MANGANESE
Mangani Dioxidum Praecipitatum
Potassu. Permanganas
ALUMINUM
Alumen
Alumen Exsiccatum
CERIUM
Cerii Oxalas

PHOSPHORUS

Phosphorus
Zinci Sulphidum
Calcium Glycerophosphas

SuLPHUR COMPOUNDS

Sulphur Sublimatum
Sulphur Lotum
Sulphur Praecipitatu
Sulphuris Iodidum

D.N.T.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
D,N.T.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
C.
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
D.N.T
H.

C.

H.
D.N.T.
D.N.T.
C.

H.

H.

H.
D.N.T,

Ingredients

Do not remove from
bottle
97

Calecii Sulphidum Crudum Cc
Potassu Sulphurata D.N.T
Ichthyol D.N.T
Ichthalbin D.N. T
Ichthoform D.N.T
Thiol D.N.T
LESSON XVIII
GERMICIDES

Phenol D.N.T.
Phenol Liquefactum D.N.T. How made?
Unguentum Phenolis D.N.T.
Sodii Phenolsulphonas C.
Creosotum D.N.T.
Creosoti Carbonas D.N. T.
Guaiacol D.N.T.
Guaiacohs Carbonas D.N.T.
Pix Liquida C.
Cresol D.N. T.
Liquor Cresolis Compositus D.N. T.
Resorcinol D.N. T.
Naphthalinum C.

Beta Naphthol C.
Liquor Formaldehydum D.N.T
Paraformaldehydum D.N.T
Hexamethylenamina C.
Methyl Blue D.N.T
Methylthioninae Chloridum D.N.T
Liquor Hydrogenti Droxidi C.

LESSON XIX

CAMPHOR GROUP

Camphora

Aqua Camphorae
Linimentum Camphorae
Ceratum Camphorae
Spiritus Camphorae
Linimentum Saponis
Camphora Monobromata
Menthol

.T. Ingredients
.T. Ingredients

.T. Ingredients

QQ5Q55 Ro
2 AA
 
98

PROTEOTIVES
Althaea H.
Amylum H.
Adeps H.

‘*  Benzoinatus H.

‘«  Lanae D.N.T. Preparation.
Oleum Lint HH. Raw or boiled and
Cetaceum H. Why?
Petrolatum H.

Petrolatum Album H.
Petrolatum Liquidum H.
-Glycerinum H.
Cera Alba H.
Cera Flava H.
Taleum Purificatum H.

Kaolinum H. For what. used ?
 
o
ae a

a ee at ae Ht ie
sta ae
ee au _

i a ett
Eitan