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AERA SRA Ao it ta Mele Fe REAR N L A p Gone Pete y tty AVMs Adi ed ents es aeeatted PEM AA aA Aaa hg AN Oe a ite Pett ate: Bat tine a zs See Ace ase AE ea TOMER ahs rie corr " iA Aaa AeY? par ey ee A feta d (eel ea le oh Assists ir oe Rip ae Mee eld Ses oe pee dsahatiee, Haid tees gaat ASSAM CMe et akg 3: thee ft tt ett Rac Sadidt PLA AM AENEAN Ks enna ata Raia atete Se ae Sse CM AMAT ene tana nae) al IO ORC ETON fi ne PE Late Aha dy REM EAE a es ch ‘ Headrest é Hite Ri teeta eet tent Bet LED ete A ie f eee ee ff ‘ wa i 1 a vy Rew Pork State College of Agriculture At Cornell University Pthaca, N. DV. Library Pie “iain Sees 9A let Broad | = : = r Ah M93 « ; Dyyadi Sa — = == i pe aes Se oUS | z ——= SS SSS 5 Byarzniy) Meee = Aaye\aassaimgy, Jo SMoaTeg, =" SoRAL LSodOu Wd Nid (1 ay) JO WOTNGLIAStp JO SPWAUT a) YL SUOISTATPAHS lay} pure VINVAV TV 10 SVAV Vado Op SULMOYS Contr Nat Herb. VoLVL. a6 — | ie ) ee eS Se a +3 Ss 238 Plate I AN O29 © NZIS SANNA aug Jea[suoT Jo Vag Tema, ——— Jog auld Jeop.ftous a 2 Ee f\ f Aaqpea eqetegaaddy pure UISEG| EO) FOULTEAAJO S|ITHLAMOT | Spoy sydiourejayy Jo sureywMoyy VIEL M0ZOITP LAP) UISE]PS00) JO STH pueL-alqey JOLLteE\, | U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF BOTANY. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM - THE U. 8. NATIONAL HERBARIUM Val. Vi. v Issued July 31, 1901. PLANT LIFE OF ALABAMA. AN ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION, MODES OF ASSOCIATION, AND ADAPTATIONS OF THE FLORA OF ALABAMA, TOGETHER WITH A SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS GROWING IN THE STATE. Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Alabama By CHARLES MOHR, Ph. D. we fi a aN A WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1901. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. 8S. Department or AGRICULTURE, Division or Botany, Washington, D. C., January 5, 1900. Str: Under date of November 8, 1897, a letter was received from Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist of Alabama, as follows: ‘In connection with the work of the Geological Survey of Alabama, and as a part thereof, Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, has prepared an elaborate account of the plant life in the State. Deeming this work a most important and timely contribution to our knowledge of the Southern flora, as it discusses the character, distribution, and general aspects of plant life in Alabama in a broad and philosophical manner, I believe that it would prove of interest to a larger section of our country than the region to which it is confined by its title. In order to secure, therefore, a more wide- spread distribution, allow me to suggest the propriety of publishing it as one of the contributions from the United States National Herbarium. I may add that I am induced to offer this valuable manuscript for publication to the National Herbarium because under present financial conditions of the State Survey its publication would probably be delayed for an indefinite time, and thus its immediate usefulness would be impaired. 4 Dr. Mohr is now and has been for several years a special agent of the Division of Forestry of this Department, and there being, there- fore, no obstacle in the way of accepting this manuscript, I earnestly recommend compliance with the courteous suggestion of the State ‘ geologist of Alabama, Dr. Smith, and I desire to take this opportunity of acknowledging the obligations of this Division, both to Dr. Smith ‘and to Dr. Mohr. The report is in part a complete enumeration of the plants of Ala- ‘ama and in part a discussion of the various natural belts and areas of vegetation into which the State is divided, with a full description .of the vegetative characteristics of each. I have, therefore, the honor to transmit the manuscript for your final approval, and recommend its publication as Volume VI of our series of Contributions. Respectfully, FreperIcK V. CoviLLe, Botanist. Hon. James WIson, Secretary of Agriculture. Please Note This book is in extremely fragile condition. Please handle with care. It can not be rebound nor can it be replaced. Thank you for your cooperation. PREFACE The following description of the plant life of Alabama is the result of nearly forty years of sojourn and wanderings through the State, during which all parts were visited and the collections were made that serve as a basis of this work. The writer has attempted more than has been usual in the descrip- tive works and the various floras of regions or States of this continent. He thought it not sufficient to give merely an enumeration of the plants known to be indigenous, together with those which are known as immigrants growing without cultivation in the State, and to supple- ment such enumeration with notes on geographical distribution and habitat, but he has attempted a deeper study, that of the relations of plant life in the field; that is, of its ecological conditions. In this attempt the work of Merriam on the life zones and areas of the North American continent north of Mexico‘ and Willkomm’s ‘*Grundzuege der Pflanzenverbreitung auf der iberischen Halbinsel (Leipzig, 1896),” have served as a general basis in respect to the dis- tribution of plant life over wide geographical areas and limited regions embraced within them. The writer has been especially fortunate in having been able to con- sult, before the completion of his task, the classic work of Warming,’ which may be considered as laying down for the first time, in a sys- tematic manner, the principles of plant ecology. While these prin- ciples had been more or less foreshadowed by other writers, they were enunciated by Warming with such logical precision as to inaugu- rate a new departure in the study of plant life. Since these methods of viewing plant life have not yet become familiar to most students of botany, it has seemed necessary to discuss them somewhat in detail in the introductory part of this volume. It is hoped that by describing the plant associations to be found in the different localities, not only the primary object of a floral work as a part of a geological survey will be subserved, but a new interest will be added to the study of botany, both for the botanist and the thought- ful layman, which may enable them to use the volume for practical purposes. 1See p. 29. 2Dr. E. Warming, Lehrbuch der Oekologischen Pflanzengeographie, German edition of Dr. E. Knoblauch, Berlin, 1896. 5 6 PREFACE. In the preparation of this work the writer is indebted for assistance, first of all, to Dr. A. W. Chapman, the veteran Sou-hern botanist; to Prof. Charles S. Sargent for aid rendered in the free use of the library of the Arnold Arboretum and advice in perplexing questions of nomenclature, and to Mr. Charles Faxon, of the Arnold Arboretum, for bibliographical assistance; to Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. K. Small, of the Columbia University; to Dr. William Trelease, of the Missouri Botanical Garden; to Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner, chief of the Division of Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture; to Mr. F.V. Coville, chief of the Division of Botany, and his assistant Mr. T. H. Kearney, jr.; and to Dr. J. N. Rose and Mr. Charles L. Pollard, assistant curators of the National Herbarium, for facilities afforded; also to Dr. Edward L. Greene, of the Catholic University, for his revision of doubtful and new forms of Compositae; and to Prof. L. H. Bailey for his help in Carex. Thanks are due, also, to Dr. B. E. Fernow, late chief of the Division of Forestry, for help rendered in the arrangement of the general part of the work for the press, and to Mr. George B. Sudworth, dendrologist of that Division; and lastly to Mr. C. D. Beadle, director of the Biltmore Herbarium, and his associate, Mr. F. E. Boynton, for their assistance while consulting the Biltmore Herbarium and Library. The writer with pleasure takes this occasion to express his gratitude for the friendly aid extended to him by many of his fellow-citizens while engaged in the field, and to President Milton Smith, of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, to the Hon. T. G. Bush, president of the Mobile and Birmingham Railyay, and to Col. E. L. Ringeell, presi- dent of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, for courtesies liber ally extended to him in his travels through the State. Without the aid received from these sources the appearance of this volume could not have been accomplished. CHARLES Mour. CONTEN Introduction History of the present botanical exploration of Alabama Plan of the present work .-..--.--.--.-.- Systematic arrangement Nomenclature History of the earlier botanical explorations of Alabama William Bartram.............2-2---- Samuel Botsford Buckley .......-..-. Hezekiah Gates .............--.--.-- Thomas Minott Peters...........-.-- 1S. Beaumont, Nevius, and recent collectors.......-.....-------------- General physiographical features of the State . Topography and geology.......---------- The Coastal Plain ..........-.------- Region of Crystalline Rocks......---. Region of the Coal Measures. ..._--.- Region of the Coosa Valley .......--- Region of Tennessee Valley. -....-.-.- River System co. 303 oss eects es foes Tennessee River........-----.------- Alabama River........-------------- Tombigbee River........-.-.-------- Co0sa RIVER cccc ceca te te semiemnairs Temperature. ..... sccccesscaneseees ss Rainfall .