ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

NEw York STATE COLLEGES
OF
AGRICULTURE AND HomME ECoNomIcs

 

AT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

 

 

 

 
‘01

Cc. it
QK 157.B83

Flora Peori

jana; the vegetation in the cli

iii

MT
 

 

New Park
State College of Agriculture

At Gornell University
Sthaca, N. B,

 

Library
FLORA PEORIANA

THE VEGETATION IN THE CLIMATE

OF MIDDLE ILLINOIS

BY FREDERICK BRENDEL

PEORIA, ILL.:

J W. FRANKS & SONS, PRINTERS AND BINDERS

1887
ERRATA.

 

Page 17, line 11 (from bottom), for 15 read 1.5.

Page 20, line 15 (from top), for tribola read triloba.
Page 20, line 16 (from top), for June 17 read June 7.
Page 22, line 9 (from bottom), for 27.560 read 29.560.
Page 25, table, April, column 6, for 11 read 12.

Page 25, table, June, column 9, for 315 read 316.

Page 25, table, August, column 5, for 4 read 3.

Page 25, table, October, column 3, for 35 read 36.

Page 27, table 8, line 17, for fall read year.

Page 35, line 21, for Sagifraga read Saxifraga.

Page 36, line 17, for Saggittaria read Sagittaria.

Page 38, line 12 (from bottom ), for Ipomoce read Ipomeea.
Page 40, line 24, for Condolle read Candolle.

Page 48, line 18, after. VIIL., insert 5.

Page 43, line 22, for All. read Atl.

Page 51, line 30, for Eschinacea read Echinacea.

Page 54, line 5, for S read 5. .

Page 70, last line, for Orhiglossum read Ophioglossum.
¥

GENERAL REMARKS ON DISTRIBUTION OF
PLANTS.

When we stv4dy the history of a country, we ought to be acquainted
with its geography, its physiognomy of the landscape, its climate and
the physical qualities of its people. All these things will influence the
moral character of the people and only in that way, combining cause and
effect, we will gain a clear view of its history.

Likewise when we study the flora of a country, it is not sufficient to
know the names and characteristic qualities of all the species that grow in
a certain district; we ought to know the circumstances under which they
grow, the tupography, the climate, the nature of the soil aud the geo-
graphical distribution of each species beyond the limits of the country in
question.

This branch of science, known by the name of phytogeography, is a
comparatively new one; it was founded in the first decennium of our cen-
tury by Alexander Humboldt, when he published, in 1805, his ‘“‘ Essai sur
la Géographie des Plantes,” and in 1817, his “ Prolegemena de Distribu-
tione Geographica Plantarum.”

Since that time many botanists, by treatises on single countries or on
single groups of plants, have furnished material to more general works on
the subject, f. i, Wahlenberg on the flora of Lapponia, 1812; on the
vegetation and climate of Northern Switzerland, 1813; in his Flora Car-
pathorum, 1814. Robt. Brown, in his ‘General Remarks, Geographical
and Systematical on the Botany of Terra Australis, 1814, etc.

The first attempt to arrange the vegetation of our globe into separate
geographical divisions was made by the Danish botanist Schouw, in 1822,
when he published “ Grundtrack til en almindelig Plantegeographie,”
followed in 1824 by an Atlas of twenty-two maps. He used the names of
the characteristic orders for each of his divisions: For North America,
three only; the most northern, from 50 N. L. northward, he called the
Kingdom of Saxifrageee and Mosses; the Northern United States and
Canada formed that of the Asters and Solidagines; the Southern States
that of the Magnolias. The country between the Rocky Mountains and
the Pacific Coast, the flora of which was at that time nearly unknown, he
passed by. Meyen, the botanist of the Prussian expedition around the
world in 1830-32, published in 1836 a general work on the Geography of
Plants. The most important works on the subject are the ‘‘ Géographie
Botanique,” by Alph. De Candolle (1855), and ‘“ Grisebach’s Vegetation
of the Earth,” in 1872.
6 THe VEGETATION IN THE

Grisebach’s botanical provinces are much more natural than Pick-
ering’s quite artificial divisions in U. 8. Expl. Expeditions, XV; but in
regard to the causes that effected the distinct floras, he is rather one-sided;
excluding’all geological causes, admitting of recent agencies of migration
only, and refuting the theory of transmutation of species, he adheres to
the obsolete belief in general revolutions of the globe and new creations.
As some other prominent scientists, he seems to be influenced by heredi-
tary religious prejudices. However his arrangement of botanical provinces
may partly be retained, as far as new discoveries in léss thoroughly
examined countries will not demand some changes, as proposed by A.
Engler, in his Essay on a History of Evolution of the Vegetable World
(1879-82), and by O. Drude (Florareiche der Erde 1884), who both differ
from Grisebach in their argumentation acknowledging transmutation of
species and geological agencies.

The limitation, not only of species but of whole genera, and even
orders within continents or certain parts of the same, created the idea of a
plurality of primitive centres of creation and of a phytogeographical sig-
nificance of endemismus and of monotypes. This view, and the denial of
a genetical connection of the species through all geological periods agrees
perfectly well with a dualistic conception of cosmogony, the hypothesis of
an arbitrary power, that created highly organized beings by an immediate
will and placed each kind at a certain locality of our globe.

A more probable hypothesis is the modern monistic biological
theory: By an unknown compulsive force are uninterruptedly produced
new forms out of older ones, and more perfect ones, beginning with the
most simple organizations, so that the recent forms, by convenience called
species, are genetically connected with the extinct.

Species become extinct in certain localities and are ee in others;
only that way we can understand the co-existence of one and the same
species in widely disjoint countries, f. i., of our Phryma leptostachya in
North America and the Himalayas; for nobody would believe that this
plant has a double origin, and the only explanation of this fact is that the
plant had formerly a wider distribution, and became extinct in countries
between the actual habitats. Several species of Liriodendron are found in
the Miocene formation of Greenland, and, besides, in Germany and Italy,
when now only one species exist in North America, so the Taxodium
distichum, another North American tree, was found in the bituminous
slate-clay of Spitzbergen. Therefore, quite properly Bentham proposed,
instead of centre of creation, the term centre of preservation.

The above mentioned species show that endemismus has nothing to
do with origin, but only preservation, and that only in that sense it is of
any value in phytogeography. Monotypes are very often the arbitrary
make of systematics, and depend of their proneness to narrower or wider
limitation of species and genera. Hepatica triloba is a monotype as soon
as we separate it from Anemone, and as soon as we unite with it the other

a
CLIMATE OF MippiE ILLINOIS. 7

little founded species. But when we acknowledge the latter as “‘ good”
species, then it ceases to be a monotype. Pentacheta was, when Nuttall
proposed the genus, a monotype until A. Gray described a second species,
and with that as a variety, another monotype: Aphantocheta. So both
of them cease to be monotypes.

Of eight other genera of the order Composite, which Grisebach men-
tions as monotypes (in Vegetation of the Earth), only two: Whitneya and
Crocidium retain yet their monotypism: Actinoleptis merged in Eriophyl-
lum, Oxyura in Layia, Coinogyne in Jaumea, Tuckermannia in Leptosyne.
Corethrogyne is now represented by three Hulsea by six species, and besides
two varieties. In the meantime not less than ten California monotypes
are proposed, the greater part, probably, waiting for the company of new
foundlings.

These few examples, out of many, will show the value of monotypes
the more when we add the above mentioned Phryma, which is not only a
monotype genus, but after Schauer, even a monotype order, and does
exist in two so remote countries.

In undisputed monotypes what else can we recognize but the isolated
remnants of an extinct plurality of forms, isolated by a row of geological
and climatological changes? Analogous examples are offered in Zoology,
when we compare the small number of recent ganoids with their abund-
ance in early geological periods. ‘

Comparatively few species of plants are distributed all over the surface
of our globe, of which a large proportion again proved to have spread by
migration, even in historical time. The great majority of species is
restricted to certain areas within certain limits that are defined by
climatical influences as heat, light, humidity, or by physical or chemical
qualities of the soil, or by geographical obstacles as are oceans, deserts or
high mountain ranges, which a species may be unable to pass over.

The assemblage of species which, under the above mentioned influ-
ences, grow in a part of our globe, giving to the same its characteristic
physiognomy, we call the flora of that country and the area to which it,
as a whole, is restricted, we call a botanical province with subordinate
regions and districts. It is evident that political boundaries must be
excluded; the flora of a state may be quite different in its parts, f. i., in
Virginia the flora is different in the Atlantic slope, in the Alleghanies and
in the Western slope, and belongs, accordingly, to three different botanical
districts, as will be shown.

To arrange the vegetable world geographically into natural provinces
and districts, the best guide will be the character of the landscape and the
statistic proportion of the species, genera and orders. Climate and nature
of soil will serve to elucidate the facts.

Species, genera and orders, may be limited by lines, and so may be
determined the area of each, but it will not do for the complex of them.
For these lines will, in many ways, cross each other, and so the character

’
8 THE VEGETATION OF THE

of the landscape will not abruptly change; species after species will disap-
pear and new ones will present themselves.

Traveling from the Atlantic westward, we find at first deciduous-
leaved trees and conifer ; on the Alleghenies, the same, with an additional
number of Ericacese; then west of the Alleghenies, in the Ohio Valley,
deciduous-leaved woods; on the Upper Mississippi, the same, interspersed
with prairies, which prevail west of the Mississippi, only the banks of the
rivers being wooded, and farther westward the trees disappear entirely.
The similar changes take place going from the north to the south.

An early publication on the geographical distribution of North Amer-
ican plants, is Barton’s specimen of a geographical view of the trees and
shrubs of North America (1809), of the newer ones the most important
are: Richardson’s Chapter on Woody Plants and Carices, in the second
volume of his Arctic Searching Expedition (1850;) then Cooper’s Paper in
Smithsonian Reports (1858), on the Distribution of the Forests and Trees
of North America; A. Gray’s Statistics of the Flora of United States
(1856); Gray and Hooker’s: The Vegetation of the Rocky Mountains in
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (1881), and finally
Sargent’s Forest Trees of North America, in Vol. IX of the United States
Census (1884.)

For North America, I propose the following floral divisions:

1. The Arctic Alpine.

2. The Woodland.

3. The Californian.

4, The Prairie.

5. As a part, or at least a transition to the West Indian Flora,
that of South Florida.

1. The Arctic Flora, which is nearly the same as in the eastern conti-
nent, covers all the country northeast of a line drawn from the mouth of
the Mackenzie to the Hudson’s Bay, under 60° north latitude, and north
of a line from the mouth of the Mackenzie to the northwest coast under 66°
north latitude; then that part of Labrador that lies north of 59°, and the
highest points of the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada and White Moun-
tains. Characteristic is the absence of any tree-growth. The: whole
Arctic Flora does contain not quite four hundred and fifty species of
vascular plants, and many mosses and lichens.

2. The North American Woodland, comprising the greater part of the
continent from the Atlantic to the northeast, from Labrador and North
Florida to East Texas, Missouri and the Lower Saskatchawan, could
be sub-divided in the following provinces: A sub-arctic province
from Alaska to the Hudson’s Bay, an uninterrupted forest of coni-
fere, mostly Pinus alba and a few poplars, birch, alder and wil-
lows. A North Pacific Province: The coast from the peninsula Alaska,
to the Oregon and the wooded part of the Rocky Mountains, have
CrumatTe or Mippie ILLINoIs. 9

more or less the same flora, with peculiar conifer and trees with
deciduous leaves; southward, increasing in number of species and pass-
ing over into the Californian province. A Province of Mixed Forests:
Coniferz and leaved-woods, occupying the tract of land from Lake Win-
nipeg and the great lakes to Nova Scotia and New Jersey; and, southward,
in the Alleghanies to Georgia. This should be divided in three districts:
(a) Around the great lakes (Canadian) conifee prevailing; (b) coast from
Nova Scotia to Delaware, North Atlantic, deciduous trees prevailing; (c)
Alleghanies, conifer, with many Ericacez and some Magnoliacee. A Pro-
vince of Deciduous-leaved Trees with two districts: (a) The Ohio Valley,
with nearly exclusively deciduous-leaved trees; (b) the Upper Mississippi,
with deciduous-leaved trees and prairies, the former, westward, decreasing in
number of species. A Province of Evergreen-leaved Trees, between the
Atlantic coast from Virginia to North Florida, and along the Gulf of
Mexico to the Brazos, in Texas. This could be divided in an eastern and
western district, but the number of species, common to both, is so great,
and the character of the landscape so similar, that it is not advisable. The
area is coincident with that of the tertiary formation.

3. The California Flora, from San Diego to the Columbia River, and
west of the Sierra Nevada. These mountains, as well as the coast range,
are covered with many peculiar species of conifere. The valley of the
Sacramento and San Joaquin is sparsely wooded mostly with oaks, among
which are several perennial-leaved species. In the coast range, north of
San Francisco, the thick forest does consist mostly of the same species in
one locality, and of another in the next a. s.o0. Southward of San Fran-
cisco the forests grow thinner and thinner, with only a few conifere, and
at Santa Barbara the mountains are nearly bare or covered with low shrubs.
There is the transition to the North Mexican Flora.

4, The region of the prairies is characterized by a dry atmosphere,
little precipitation and partly absence of any tree-growth.

The northern part, known as the plains (54°—38° north latitude),
is divided from north to south by the Rocky Mountains, and has on both
sides the same flora, crossing the lower parts of the mountain-range.
Amongst the characteristic plants are the most common several species of
Artemesia, known under the namie “ Sage.

‘The southern part, comprising Arizona, southeast California, the
southern parts of Nevada and Utah, New Mexico, West Texas and North
Mexico is characterized by many species of Cactacee, and thorny, woody
plants, mostly small trees. There are many peculiar Composite of which,
out of two hundred and twenty-one North American genera, one hundred
and sixty-five are represented in this province; and of these again seventy-
one do not exteud to California and to the East neither. Out of fifteen
hundred and thirty-five North American species of this order seven hun-
dred and forty-four we find there, and of those five hundred and forty-two
only in this province, although many of them in tropic America.

2
12 Tot VEGETATION OF THE

The great coal-field, occupying two-thirds of the State of Tllinois, is
covered by the northern drift, which is spread over the Northern Missis-
sippi Valley southward to 39° north latitude. That this drift once filled
the whole river valley, and that this was afterward washed out, is suffi-
ciently proved by the large bolders found along the river banks, granit,
syenit, diorit, porphyr, etc., that were brought by icebergs from the far
north and dropped during melting; they were left when the softer
material was floated away.

The bottom soil is alluvial; on the upland we find, below the humus,
a subsoil of alternating layers of loam and gravel. There is no limestone
soil, or very rare. -There is little chance in the flora of Peoria to make
observations on relations between chemical qualities of the soil and vegeta-
tion, if we would not attribute significance to the growth of certain grasses
on pure sand soil. It is always the physical condition the habitat of each
species depends upon: exposition to sunshine or shade, loose or compact
ground, dryness of humidity of the soil and similar contrasts are favorable
or exclusive.

CLIMATE.

As generally in the middle parts of the great continents of the northern
hemisphere our climate is an excessive one. Hot summers, cold winters
and a rapid change of temperature at all seasons is the character of this
climate. .

TABLE 1.

TEMPERATURE, Dec. 1, 1855 To Nov. 30, 1885.

 

 

 

 

: Days
: , Maximum
Petore 7a.m.|2p.m.|9 p.m.| Mean | Max. | Min. Pe not above
"| freezing
point.
December. «| 24.5 | 24.5 | 33.3 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 71 | —22]) 24 13
January .. .| 19.4 | 19.4 | 29.5 | 24.8 | 24.8 | 65 | —27 | 27 17
February . -| 28.5 | 23.5 | 35 | 29.8 | 29.2 | 70 | —15] 22 10
March ........... 31° | 32.4 | 44.8 | 37.6 | 388.1] 79 |—6] 18 5
ADP les's oc e560 aresys 42.7 | 45.8 | 59.7 | 50.6 | 51.7 | 88 18 Di llove'sew'a wears
May. oss casera acta 54.4 | 58.5 | 72.5 | 62.2 | 63.8 | 98 30 0.2) iss conwares
JUNE iis serra cece 63.5 | 68.5 | 81.6 | 71.6 | 73.3 | 100 BD | saad sles erence
WY ss visieie ease state 67.6 | 72.6 | 86.8 | 76.1 | 77.7 | 104 MBs eaccul entices:
August........... 65.5 | 69.5 | 84.1 | 73.6 | 75.2 | 105 BE siecle ae secccars
September ....... 57.7 | 60.6 | 75.9 |. 65.2 | 66.7 | 98 BE a eiessds cll seein
October.......... 45.8 | 47.3 | 62.4 | 52.7 | 58.7] 90 14 Bio eaoavevaaewitig
November ....... 33.8 | 84.2 | 45.5 | 38.9 | 389.4] 77 | -1] 44 3
Year......... 44 46.4 | 59.2 | 51 51.9 | 105 | —27 | 118 48

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The range of the thermometer scale in thirty years comprised 132°
and nearly the same (127) even in one year 1872, when in Januarv the
minimum was —22 and the maximum in August 105. The lowest stand
of the mercury—27 was observed on the 5th of January, 1884, The
greatest range in one month (January, 1874,) was 87° from —22 to 65,
CLIMATE OF MippLe ILLInoIs. 13

and the greatest range in twenty-four hours was observed 1876 in January
28th, 2 P. m., to 29th in the morning the mercury fell 53° from 61 to 8,
and again 1881 in January 138th to 14th falling from 34 to—10. Such
high daily oscillations are frequent, particularly in February, December
and April, and even in July the greatest difference in twenty-four hours
was 37° (1860 2d to 3rd.)

To show the march of the mean temperature from day to day during
the year the mean for each day (in thirty years) is computed in table two.

TABLE 2.

DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE, 1855 To 1885.

 

 

 

 

Dec. Jan. Feb. | March| April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Nov.
1 | 84 23.1 | 24.7 | 85.9 | 44.5 | 55.9 | 68.4 | 75.4 | 77.9 | 71.4 | 61.7 | 46.6
2 | 84.8 | 28.2 | 24.7 | 35.4 | 46.5 | 55.4 | 69.5 | 76.5 | 76.9 | 71.4 | 63.2 | 45.5
8 | 84.1 | 24.1 | 24.3 | 82.1 | 48.5 | 58.6 | 69.9 | 77.7 | 76.2 | 71.7 | 62.5 | 45.2
4 | 84.7 | 22 23.1 | 30.7 | 48 60.5 | 68.8 | 78.3 | 76.3 | 71.5 | 59 8 | 47.6
5 | 34 23.1 | 25.8 | 34.4 | 47.8 | 60.2 | 70.8 | 78.6 | 76.9 | 71.4 | 58.6 | 44.7
6 | 82.7 | 22.6 | 29.5 | 36.9 | 48.2 | 59.3 | 70.6 | 78.8 | 76.9 | 70.9 | 58 45.6
7 | 30 22 28.4 | 35.4 | 49.1 | 62.1 | 71.9 | 78.3 | 77.6 | 70.9 | 60 47.8
8 | 28 20.7 | 27.4 | 86.8 | 47.9 | 63.3 | 70.9 | 79.2 | 77.4 | 70.5 | 58.5 | 45.9
9 | 380 21.6 | 24.6 | 35.5 | 48.5 | 62.1 | 70 79.1 | 77.3 | 69.7 | 58.3 | 43.2
10 | 30 23.5 | 28 87.2 | 48.7 | 61.3 | 69.6 | 77.1 | 76.8 | 68.5 | 56.9 | 43
11 | 80.6 | 25.7 | 80.9 | 35.8 | 49.6 | 61.6 | 71.4 | 77.3 | 76.5 | 67.5 | 55.3 | 48.4
12 | 32.8 | 28.5 | 30.1 | 36.2 | 48.8 | 62 72.2 | 78.2 | 76.3 | 67.2 | 54.9 | 40.8
18 | 31.4 | 24.6 | 27.1 | 46.5 | 51.9 | 60.8 | 72.4 | 78 75.2 | 67.6 | 54.5 | 40.6
14 | 27.7 | 24.8 | 27.6 | -88.8 | 52.4 | 61.6 | 74.1 | 79.9 | 75.2 | 67.8 | 54.9 | 38.8
15 | 27.5 | 25 29.5 | 37.4 | 49.3 | 62.9 | 73.4 | 79.8 | 74.9 | 68.2 | 55.2 | 88.4
16 | 28.4 | 22.1 | 80.2 | 85.7 | 49.5 | 63.5 | 73.4 | 80.4 | 75 67.8 | 54.8 | 40.2
17 | 26.6 | 21.1 | 29 86.3 | 52.6 | 64.2 | 72.9 | 77.6 | 75.4 | 66.4 | 52.9 | 38.9
18 | 27.6 | 23.4 | 30.2 | 87.9 | 54.6 | 64.9 | 73.5 | 77.5 | 76.5 | 65.9 | 50.2 | 87.1
19 | 27.3 | 24.7 | 29.7 | 38.4 | 54.7 | 66 73.5 | 77.2 | 75.8 | 64.3 | 50.7 | 35
20 | 25.7 | 25.4 | 80.9 | 86.9 | 53.9 | 65.9 | 78.7 | 76.9 | 75.4 | 61.5 | 51.5 | 35.1
21 | 26.1 | 25 30.1 | 37.1 | 54.7 | 64.6 | 78.9 | 76.4 | 74.9 | 62.3 | 52 84.8
22 | 22.8 | 25.2 | 32.3 | 41.4 | 54.4 | 66.5 | 76.6 | 76.6 |73 .8 | 64 49.3 | 85.2
23 | 21.9 | 25.4 | 30.5 | 40.4 | 52.5 | 68.2 | 78.4 | 77.1 | 73.9 |. 65.6 | 47.9 | 32.8
24 | 24.7 | 25 31.3 | 39.5 | 538.8 | 70.8 | 78.4 | 77.9 | 73.8 | 63.9 | 49.4 | 33.1
25 | 26.2 | 26.1 | 38.8 | 39.6 | 56.1 | 68.8 | 76.8 | 78.4 | 72.6 | 62.8 | 50.4 | 35.6
26 | 27.4 | 28.3 | 35.2 | 42.8 | 57.2 | 68.2 | 77.6 | 77.5 | 73.4 | 62.6 | 49.6) 35.7
27 | 26.2 | 27.1 | 84.7 | 43 56.6 | 67.4 | 77.1 | 78 74.4 | 68.3 | 49.3 | 34.6
28 | 27.5 | 25 34.6 | 48.9 | 55.6 | 67.7 | 77.2 | TT.1 | 72.6 | 62.6 | 49.9 | 33.9
29 | 25.9 | 25.3 |...... 42.9 | 57 6 | 68.1 | 76.7 | 75.9 | 71.3 | 62 47.8 | 31.6
80 | 25.8 | 27 wieee| 44.5 | 56.2 | 67.9 | 76.7 | 77.3 | 71.9 | 60.8 | 45.6 | 31.8
81 | 24.4 | 25.7 |...... 45:6 |ieceniex| 69 |aseeas T4518: |eeswsss ADT Need ds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From the 5th of March the mean keeps above the freezing point,
rising by and by with little oscillations to the maximum mean on the
16th of July (80.4,) then it falls slowly to the middle of September, and
more rapidly to the 29th of November, when it reaches the freezing point,
under which it keeps from the 7th of December to the 21st of February,
with the only exception on the 12th of December. From the 22d of Feb-
ruary to the 5th of March only the 23d and 24th of February and the 4th
of March have the mean temperature below freezing point.

There are small oscillations in spring and fall, the depressions of
which may be filled after longer observations, but those in winter are too
14 THE VEGETATION OF THE

great, not to be considered as more constant, as well as those between the
latter part of May and the end of July.

Comparing the result of the thirty years observations with the march
of temperature of a single year we find the latter much more irregular.
In 1858 after a very mild January followed a severe February, and the
first decade of March was colder than the first decade of January. In
1869 the first decade of February was the coldest of that winter and March
colder than January.

The mean temperature of Peoria is about the same as that of Paris,
in France, under 48° 50’ north latitude, that is 8° farther north than
Peoria. We find for spring and fall about the same temperature in both
localities, but a great difference for summer and winter.

 

WINTER, SPRING. SUMMER. FALL,

 

 

 

PeCOLi ak seas ays, aioe 27.4 51.2 45.5 53.2
Paris voscc-ancaccasy 38.5 50.5 64.6 52.5
Difference ... 8.9 0.7 10.9 0.7

 

 

 

 

Rome, in Italy, about 1° farther north than Peoria has a mean tem-
perature of 60.8, in summer 74.3, in winter 50. That makes the mean
temperature of Rome about 9° and in winter 22.6° warmer than in
Peoria and the summer is nearly 1° colder. These examples may be suffi-
cient to show the difference of climate of western Europe and the central
parts of North America.
CuimaTE or Mippie Ittrwors. 15

 

 

 

 

 

WINTER.
TABLE 8.
FROST DAYS. Days | No. of Daya FROST DAYS.
Se betw'n Frost above (pea. vou.
First. Last. Dayr. fresrine| Before. Jan. | After
1856-7 Oct. 1 May 11 223 142 63 | 26 14 42
1857-8 Oct. 20 Apr. 26 189 112 36 19 13 20
1858-9 Oct. 9 Apr. 23 197 96 35 14 67 15
1859-60 Oct. 9 May 1 206 120 47 17 82 21
1860-1 Oct. 12 Apr. 19 190 116 53 20 44 22
1861-2 Oct. 24 Apr. 6 165 114 57 17 18 19
1862-3 Oct. 24 Apr. 8 167 112 22 28 58 26
1863-4 Oct. 6 Apr. 21 198 109 38 23 66 20
1864-5 Oct. 9 Apr. 24 198 104 44 16 72 16
1865-6 Oct. 28 Apr. 7 162 107 50 12 15 20
1866-7 Oct. 31 May 8 190 118 61 12 13 33
1867-8 Oct. 24 Apr. 18 178 115 58 14 84 17
1868-9 Oct. 8 Apr. 14 189 112 45 14 10 28
1869-70 Oct. 18 Apr. 17 187 126 41 83 | 73 20
1870-1 Oct. 31 Apr. 1 153 92 38 10 71 11
1871-2 Oct. 28 Apr. 22 178 180 57 16 85 29
1872-3 Oct. 11 Apr. 25 197 124 73 20 84 20
1873-4. Oct. 7 Apr. 29 205 130 40 29 68 33
1874-5 Oct. 12 May 2 203 131 14 20 80: 31
1875-6 Oct. 11 Apr. 5 178 98 36 19 55 24
1876-7 Oct. 15 Apr. 5 173 122 61 16 19 27
1877-8 Nov. 3 Mech. 25 1438 51 15 9 41 1
1878-9 Oct. 19 Apr. 5 169 113 53 14 80 19
1879-80 Oct. 24 Apr. 12 172 92 28 16 54 22
1880-1 Oct. 18 Apr. 16 181 143 83 26 84 33
1881-2 Nov. 9 Apr. 12 155 93 24 15 61 17
1882-3 Noy, 12 Apr. 24 164 120 63 138 80 27
1883-4 Nov. 1 Apr. 8 160 106 58 13 76 17
1884-5 Oct. 28 Apr. 13 173 | 112 67 12 14 26
Mean ........ Oct. 18 Apr. 17 180 | 112) 48 18 72 22

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The three winter months together had the lowest mean 20.7 in the
winters from 1872 to 1878 and 1874 to 1875.

Above freezing point was the mean of the winters 1862—63, 1875—-76,
1877—78, and 1879-80; in all the rest it was below freezing point.

The coldest January was that of 1857, 18.5; the coldest February
1875, 15.5; the coldest December 1876, 18.5.

The warmest January was in 1880, 40.9; the warmest February
1878, 37.5; the warmest December 1877, 44.3.

The coldest decade in January was 1864 Ist and 10th, 0.2; in Febru-
ary, 1875, 10th to 20th, 8, and in December, 1872, 21st to 81st, 8.8.
« The warmest decade in January was in 1864, 21st to 31st, 41.8; in
February, 1871, 21st to 28th, 41.2; in December, 1862, 21st to 21st, 41.7.

When we call the three months December, January and February
the three winter months, it is obvious that this is mere theory. Practi-
cally winter is not restricted to those three months; there are no general
limits which are good for every year. When we take freezing as a dis-
16 Tur VEGETATION OF THE

tinctive quality of winter we find its limits very variable in different
years. The mercury is falling below freezing point in a period commenc-
ing on the 1st of October and ending on the 11th day of May, so that the
first frost days in the thirty years occurred between the 1st of October
and the 12th of November; the last between the 25th of March and 11th
of May.

The longest of those periods was in the winter from 1856 to 1857,
the first frost was noticed on the 1st of October and the last on the 11th
of May, a period of 223 days. i

The shortest was that from the 3d of November, 1877, to the 25th
of March, 1878, a period of 143 days. The former contained 142, the
latter only 51 frost days. Computing the average we find the first frost
day to be the 17th of October, for the last frost day the 17th of April, a
period of 183 days with 112 frost days, and 48 days with a mean tempera-
ture not rising above freezing point.

SPRING.

The mean temperature of the three spring months together is 50.2.

The lowest mean was observed in 1857—43; the highest in 1878—56.6.

The coolest March, 1867=29.5; the coolest April, 1857==39.9; the
coolest May, 186755; the warmest March, 1878—50.5; the warmest April,
1878=—57.9; the warmest May, 1881—'71.4. :

The mean temperature of the decades are in March 1st—=35; 2d—=37;
3d—41.8; the lowest was the 1st in 1857—22.3; the highest the 1st in
1878=55.5. April 1, 47.8, 2d, 51.7, 8d, 55.5; the lowest the 1st—32.7; the
highest the 3d, 1879=-66.2; in May the 1st=59.9, 2d—63.3, 3d—67.9;
the lowest the 1st in 1867—51.1; the highest the 3d in 1881,.77. ;

The highest mean temperature of a single day of March was in 1875,
on the 80th—65.6, of April in 1872, on the 29th—77, of May in 1860, on
the 2485.1; the lowest of March in 1867 on the 13th=4.7, of April in
1857 on the 6th—23.7, of May in 1875 on the 1st—89.5.

The highest stand of the thermometer was observed in March, 1860,
on the 80th—79; April 1865, on the 26th—88.5; in May 1860, on the 24th
=88.5. The lowest in March, 1867, on the 14th—.6; in April 1887, on
the 15th=18; in May 1867, on the 8th—80.

There are, in average, 18 frost days in March; 5 in April, and, in May,
5 were observed in 30 years. The most frost days we had were in March
1859—29; and in April 185718. There was no frost day observed in
April 1878; only 18 p. c. of the frost days of April occurred after the 17th,
at which date, for the last time, a mean temperature below freezing point
was observed.

SUMMER.

The mean temperature of the three summer months is 75.5.
The coolest summer was in 1866 and 1869—78; the warmest in 1874.
=19. The coolest June in 186969; the coolest July 1865—71; the cool-
SEE ERRATS
CuiMATE QF Mippie I.xino1s. 17

est August 1866—70; the warmest June in 187379; the warmest J uly
1868—82.7; the warmest August 1881—=80.5.

The mean temperature of the decades was of June 1st decade—%0;
2d=73; 3d=77; of July 1st—77.9; 2d—%8.8; 8d—77.2; of August lst=
V7; 2d==75.6; 83d=73.3.

The coolest decade of June was the Ist of 1863—63; July the 2d in
1865—65.3; of August the 3d in 18683—65.8; the warmest in June the 3d
in 1858—85; in July the 2d in 1878—89.8; in August the 1st in 1861—86.".

Of the single observations the highest for June was on the 24th, in
1856—100; for July on the 15th, 1859, on the 4th, 1874, and on the 30th,
1885—104; for August on the 31st in 1873105; the lowest for June on
the 4th 185985; for July on the 2d, in 1861, and the 16th, in 18683—50;
for August on the 29th, in 1868—41.

FALL.

The mean temperature of the three fall months is 53.3.

The coolest fall was in 1880—48.9; the warmest in 1884—55.1; the
coolest September was in 1866=60.5; the warmest in 1865—73.1; the :
coolest October in 1869=48.2; the warmest in 1879—62.7; the coolest
November in 1880—80.2; the warmest in 1867—44.4.

The mean temperature of the decades are the following: for Septem-
ber 1st—=70.8; 2d—=66.4; 3d—=63. For October 1st—59.7; 2d—53.5; 3d
48.5. For November 1st—45.5; 2488.8; 3d—33.9.

The coolest decade in September was the 3d in 1856=—52.7. The
warmest the Ist in 1884—81.3. The coolest in October the 3d in 1869=
36.3. The warmest the 1st in 1879=76.3. The coolest in November the
3d in 1880==20.8. The warmest the Ist in 1874—54.5.

The highest stand of the thermometer was observed on the 3d of
September, 1864, and on the 5th of September, 1881=98; on the 3d of
October, 1856, on the 12th of October, 1879, and on the 8th of October,
1884—90; on the 7th of November, 1874=77. The lowest on the 29th of
September, 187184; on the 24th of October, 1869—14, and on the 23d of
November, 1857==.15.

By comparison of the temperatures of different places in Illinois dur-
ing the meteorogical year, December 1869 to November 1870, we find in
the mean temperature of Peoria and Springfield which is nearly a degree
farther south, and Ottawa which is more than half a degree farther north,
scarcely any difference, but Galesburg farther west and on a higher eleva-
tion had, that same year, a mean of one degree lower and a January very
much colder. Of the same year the temperatures of Steubenville, Ohio,
Fort Madison on the Mississippi, and Nebraska City on the Missouri, all
nearly in the same latitude with Peoria, as compared, show the following
figures:

3

SEE ERRATA
18 Tur VEGETATION OF THE

 

MEAN OF THE _| IN SUMMER.
YEAR. IN WINTER. | I

 

Steubenville ........... 54.5 34.3 15.2
PCOTI seca ccicccsiew oeiaie 54. 29.6 76.6
Ft. Madison ........... 52.3 27.8 76.6
Nebraska City ......... 52. 27.5 14.8

 

 

 

The means of the year are decreasing from east to west; in the same
way lower the temperatures of the winter, but the summer is the hottest
on the Mississippi and on the Illinois, well considered that Steubenville
and Nebraska City be on a greater elevation above the sea-level, and that
the climate of Steubenville is influenced by the Canadian lakes.

By a mean period of frost of one hundred and eighty-three days for
the season free of frost one hundred and eighty-two days would be left,
and so the year would equally be divided; but as the last frost day in
thirty years occurred on the 11th of May and the first on the Ist of Octo-
ber, there would be left only one hundred and forty-two days, and even
that is good only for the locality of the observations in the midst of the
city, for on exposed places in the open country, even in this period, frosts
may occur, and, indeed, on the 4th of June, 1859, when the thermometer
in the city showed a mimimum of 35°, and on the 29th of August, 1863,
when the mercury went down to 41°, frosts were reported from the sur:
rounding country. Moreover, the so-called “ white frost” may be formed
at a temperature of the air above freezing point. All bodies radiate heat,
and their temperature lowers, when they do not receive a fresh supply of
heat from outside. So do the plants at night time. Radiation takes place
in all directions to the surrounding air, and the more so the more clear
the sky is and the more calm the air. A small thermometer placed in the
grass, on an unprotected place, may very likely show ten or more degrees
less than that one that is suspended five feet above the ground. The
plants exhale constantly water in gas form, which precipitates upon the
cooled surface, and when that cooling reaches the freezing point, white
frost is formed.

The difference of temperatures observed in localities of the same lati-
tude shows, that meteorological observations of one locality are good only
for that locality, and perhaps its next vicinity, and it is lost labor to com-
pute averages for wider districts f. i. of the State of Illinois, divided by
straight lines in a northern, central and southern part, or for even larger
area of five or six States, comparing the results with the crops of the same
districts so different, not only of temperature and precipitation, but in the
nature of the soil. There is no more sense in it than would be in compu-
ting the temperature of the whole of North America. It is only waste of
time and paper.

The means of the single years range between 8°, the lowest mean
temperature of a year was that of 1857—48.7; the highest that of 1878—
CrimaTE or Mippie ILrNors. 19

56.7. The mean of the first ten years was 52.1, of the second, 51.4, of the
last, 52.7.

TEMPERATURE ACTING UPON PLANTS.

One plant is more sensible than others; cultivated plants introduced
from a warmer climate more than indigenous ones, and often in fall the
leaves of the tomatoes and dahlias may be killed by a temperature of the
atmosphere, which is above freezing point. On the other hand I observed
in April 1857, when the gooseberry bushes were green for a week, that the
mercury descended to 19° without injury to the leaves.

In Transact. of Ill. Agric. Soc., Vol. III, is published a paper read
before the Illinois Natural History Society in June, 1859, ‘‘On Meteorol-
ogy in connection with botanical observations,” in which I did show that
each plant require a certain sum of heat in a certain space of time to per-
form its physiological functions, and that the degrees below the freezing
point, if not destructive, be not reactive, but inactive, and, therefore, all
the degrees below freezing point be of no account and excluded from the
computation.

In the summer of 1857 I made some observations on the growth of
Indian corn. On the 16th of May, two days after a heavy rain, I planted
some corn in the yard of my residence, it sprouted on the 25th of May and
was ripe on the 30th of September. During these 1388 days the sum of
daily mean temperature, 5 feet above the ground in the shade, was 3064 c.

The sum of daily mean temperature of the soil four inches below the
surface, at 3 Pp. M., was 3,443; the quantity of rain, 13.2 inches; the mean
humidity of the atmosphere, 68 p. c. of saturation. The result of this ob-
servation is about the same as that reported by Bousingault upon an ob-
servation made at Alais in South France (44° N. L.)

In the above observation, during the period of which the minimum
of the temperature was not falling below freezing point, the meteorologi-
cal observations as made for the Smithsonian Institution, and now for the
Signal office, could be used, and the means were computed from the three
daily observations at ‘7 a. M., 2 P.M. and 9 p. M., although this mode of
calculation does exclude for the whole summer the minimum (before sun-
rise) and the maximum (about 3 Pp. m.); and so the above sum, which
would be necessary to ripen Indian corn, was obtained, provided that the
temperature of each degree above freezing point have any effect upon its -
growth.

That, in winter, the temperatures below freezing point are not reac-
tive, can be proved by observations of the periods of blooming of woody
plants.

In 1857 spring was tardy, in 1859, very early. Comparing the time
of flowering of certain species with the sum of daily mean temperature,
commencing with January and excluding all temperatures below freezing
point, it is surprising to see the coincidence of figures, and the great dif-
ference when the negatives are not excluded. A table published in the
SEE ERRATA

20 :

Toe VEGETATION OF THE

above named transactions, but full of printing errors, and, therefore, here-
with corrected, will prove that.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SUM OF DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE (CENTIGRADE).
First Day of gy NEGATIVES EXCLUDED.
Blooming, | $89
23 Above freezing. eer nike yeni
oo
Acer Saccha- May 10,1857} 39.4'526 on 87 days|443 on 86 days|392 on 85 days
rinum..... Apr. 20, 1859; 827.4522 , 88 , |447, 87 » 38TT » =—84 on
Crataegus May 20,1857] 155.6642 , 97 , |549 , 96 , |489, 95 ,
Subvillosus ? |Apr. 30,1859] 452.4646 , 98 , |662, 97 , (483, 97 »
Aesculus May 20,1857| 155.6642 , 97 , (549, 96 , |489, 95 y
Glabra { |Apr. 30, 1859] 452.4|646 , 98 , |562, 97 , [483 , 97 »
Cerasus May 25,1857| 263 |'750 , 102 , |652, 101 , |587 , 100 ,
Virginiana ] |May 5,1859| 555 |750 , 103 , ‘661, 102 , (576, 102 ,
Asimina { May 31,1857| 361.2|848 , 108 , |744, 107 , |672, 106 ,
Tribola { [May 10,1859] 657.5/852 ,, 108 , 758, 107 , |668, 107 ,
Robinia {ame 17,1857 471 |978 , 115 , (867, 114 , |788, 113 ,
Pseudacacia ( |May 16,1859) 767 |962 , 114 , (|862, 113 , (766, 113 ,

 

 

 

 

 

 

Eleven series were calculated in that way as far as ten degrees above
freezing point. As the figures diverge more and more, it seems that the
sap of our woody plants moves as soon as the temperature rises above
freezing point, for there the figures come nearer together. Only Robinia
makes an exception, the starting point of which is probably one degree
above freezing point,

This is a Southern tree and at Peoria introduced, but as the observa-
tions were made on an individual, standing right near the place of obser-
vations, these are the most reliable.

How much later these plants would have been in bloom in the year
1857, when the negative temperatures acted reactive instead of inactive,
can be proved by the following table:

 

 

 

Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May |Jan.—May. Feb.—May.
: 1857. ;

Sum of daily mean tem-

perature ..........0000e 320 47 27 142 | 465 361 681
Sum of daily mean above

freezing ........sceeeee 6 106 | 108} 163 | 465 848 842
Number of days with a tem-

perature above freezing.| 4 24 21 28 81 108 104

* 1869.

Sum of daily mean tem-

perature........ cece eeee m3 26 | 225 | 275] 615 1068 1141
as daily mean above :

GOZIN Sos .0: sssieiore sinieve v's & 5 84 | 226] 279] 615 1261

Number of days with a tem- ei

perature above freezing.| 19 18 31 80 81 129 110°

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
CuimaTE or Mippie Ivirwors. 21

It may be doubted whether it be advisable to include the tempera-
tures of January.

In continuously cold winters a temperature rising only a few day a
few degrees above freezing point, may be inactive; but we have, not
rarely, quite warm winter months in which the buds of the trees consid-
erably swell, and, when cold weather follows, rest stationary for a time.

The time of blooming of a number of woody plants were noted,
amongst which Amelanchier canadensis. From seventeen years an aver-
age sum of heat of 450 degrees (centigrade) was found from the Ist of
January to the day of blooming, which is in average the 21st of April.
In this period of one hundred and eleven days the temperature rises on
seventy-eight days above freezing point. The earliest time of blooming
was observed in 1871, on the 4th of April, with a sum of 414 degrees;
the latest in 1857, on the 8th of May, with a sum of 496 degrees. The
difference of 82 degrees may be accounted for, when we consider that the
heat is not the only agent. The time of blooming may partly depend on
the moisture in the ground, the dryness of the atmosphere, and, before all,
on the quantity of light and direct insolation.

The above figures indicate not the absolute, but the relative value of
heat, i. e.: When the sum of daily means above freezing point reaches 450
degrees in the shade, then the Amelanchier is in flower, or is in flower since
several days, when we had much sunshine and the air is dry, or will be
in flower in a few days, when we had less sunshine and the air is moist.

Of fifteen other species, the necessary heat and the time of blooming
was calculated.

 

 

  

s F HEAT
MEANTIME OF Prac a Ran

BLOOMING. rns TIONS.
Acer dasycarpuM............eeeeeeee March 27th. 210 11
Ulmus americana .........ce cece ceee March 31st. 230 13
Negundo aceroides ..........-ee0 cece April 21st. 440 7
Acer saccharinum ...........+eeseeee April 28th. 530 12
Prunus americana............... sees April 29th. 550 6
Cercis canadensis...........ssseeeeee May = 3d. 600 12
Aesculus glabra ..........cce cece eee May 6th. 650 15
Pyrus coronaria ......... cece cece cee May 11th. 740 5
Morus rubra ............ scene ---.| May 18th. 760 5
Prunus virginiana .| May 18th. 7710 7
Asimina triloba... May 15th. 800 q
Prunus serotina ..........eeee0e4-2-2, May 22d, 920 5
Robinia pseudacacia.........-.0. e006 May 28d. 940 15
Catalpa speciosa. ......ceceeecees eens June ‘7th. 1270 6
Tilia americana .............eseeeeee June 26th. 1700 11

 

 

 

 

That the temperature of December is not of great influence, as one
might suppose, shows the December, 1877, with a sum of 225 degrees
above freezing point. The American Elm was in bloom on the 8th of
March, 1878, with a sum of 285 starting from the 1st of January, and the
same on the 10th April, 1866, with a sum of 240. The December, 1865,
SEE ERRATA
22 THE VEGETATION OF THE

had only a sum of 40 degrees. So the elm must either be in bloom on the
4th of February, when the sum of heat was 280 degrees, or required, in
1878, asum of 460 against 280 im 1886. Amelanchier was in bloom in
1878 on the 27th of March, with a sum 454 degrees, and in 1861, on the
11th of April, with 453 degrees. December, 1860, had only a sum of 27
degrees; accordingly, Amelanchier required 679 degrees in 1878, and only
480 in 1861, or the due time of blooming was in 1878, the 8th of March.

BAROMETER.

The observations on the pressure of the atmosphere comprise twenty-
five years from December, 1860, to November, 1885.

The mean reduced to freezing point was 29.628 inches; the mean, at
7 a. M., is 29.644; at 2p. m., 29.606; at 9 p.m., 29.634. The highest stand
was observed in January, 1866, 30,671, and the minimum in April, 1880,
28,581, the range being 2.090.

The greatest range in one month was observed in January, 1866,
1.676; the smallest in August, 1878, 0.2838. The highest mean of a month
had, December, 29.698; the lowest May, 29.548.

The greatest range in twenty-four hours was observed in January,
1.028. In July it is only 0.389.

There are generally two oscillations in twenty-four hours, with two
minima at 11 a.m. and 10 p.M., and two maxima at 4 a.m. and 4 P.M.
The rise and falling is, in the tropic countries so regular, that it is pos-
sible to determine the daytime from the stand of the barometer; in our zone
itis more variable, so that often a continuous falling or rising for several
days is observed.

TABLE 4,
BAROMETER REDUCED TO FREEZING POINT.
DECEMBER 1860 — 1885.

 

Maxi- | Mini- Greatest
7AM. | 2P.M.| 9P.M. | Mean. Range. | change in
i sateiny: | mus : 24 hours.

 

 

 

 

December .. : Ssceceerai oer 29.'714!29. 680/29.717!29.704 soeeoloe rit 1.618

, 1.017
JANUALY . 0c. nnsivnes 29. 724129. 685|29.726!29.712\30.671/28.795, 1.876 | 1.028
PROLOG voce even wns 29.688, 29.649) 29. 683/29 .673/30.453 28.823] 1.680 | 0.967
March ...... Ecniaics 29 632,29 .600|29.632 29.621|30.364/28.612| 1.752 | 0.950
April........ babenales 29.572 ,29.540|29.568 27.560)30.252/28.581| 1.671 | 0.811
MA, vainey esos anenies 29,571|29.532|29.554'29.552 30.041|28.670| 1.371 | 0.750
TUB icurcnivescndane 29 583/29 .546|29.565,29.565129.956'28.996| 0.960 | 0.508
JUDY evecsencsete aneey 29. 607/29 .572/29 .587|29.589 29.944129.134) 0.810 | 0.484
AUBUBbs pacarenwmies 29 .608|29.572|29 59029. 591|29.965|29.207| 0.758 | 0.492
September............ 29.670 29. 626129 .651}29.648'30.083|29.051| 1.031 | 0.617.
October ...... 2... 200s 29.677|29 629129. 664 29. 657/30.254/29.025| 1.229 | 0.718

 

November............ 29.679 29.637/20.678|29 .664|30.308/28.725| 1.583 | 0.838
Wear ccncewnenes 29 .644|29 .606|29. 684/29 .628]30.671/28.581] 2.090 | 1.028

 

 

 

 

 

 
CuimaTE or Mippie ILLinois. 23

PRECIPITATION.

The mean quantity of rain and melted snow was 35.6 inches per year
in one hundred rainy days. The smallest quantity falls in January, 1.6 in
seven days; the greatest in June and July, each with four inches in ten
and ninedays The precipitation in winter is 6.1, in spring 9.7, in summer
11.2, in fall 8.6. This would be favorable when distributed in that way
every year; but the single years differ very much. In 1856 it was only
22.8; in 1858, 51.4. There are sometimes long droughts. From the 29th
of August to the 8th of October, 1871, there was only one rainy day in the
middle of September with 0.65 of an inch of rain. The longest period
without any rain was in 1861, in October and November, which lasted
twenty-eight days. There was one in the spring of 1863 of twenty-one
days, in April and May, 1863, of twenty days; in July, 1878, of nineteen
days, and the same in July and August, 1869. Sometimes there are long
periods of too much rain, f. e. in 1858, from the 29th of April to the 10th
of June, 15.7 inches in twenty-seven rainy days. a

The quantity of rain is of less importance than the number of rainy
days and their distribution. The highest number. for one month was 18
in May, I858, and in July, 1865, the lowest in September, 1871, and Feb-
ruary, 1877, each with one rainy day.

Supposing that eleven inches of rain in twenty-six days of the three
summer months be most beneficial, and that a plus or minus of twe inches
and two rainy days be of no importance, than we had in the summers of
1862, 1869 and 1872, a great excess in quantity, viz: 9.1, 7.8 and 10.8 in-
ches surplus, and an excess in the number of rainy days in 1865 and 1866,
viz: thirteen, and seven surplus. A deficiency in quantity show the years
1870, 1868 and 1865 with 6.6, 5.8 and 5.6 minus, and in rainy days, 1863
and 1856, viz: twelve, and eight minus.

The most normal summers (in regard of rain) were 1857 and 1871.

The greatest quantity of rain for one month was measured in May,
1858, 10.64; then in June, 1872, 9.76, and in September, 1875, 9.61.

The mean precipitation of the single months are: December, 2.5;
January, 1.6; February, 2; March, 2.7; April, 3.2; May, 3.8; June, 4;
July, 4; August, 3.2; September, 3.5; October, 2.7 and November, 2.4.

HUMIDITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

The relative humidity of the air was computed from the difference of
the wet and dry thermometer by means of Guyot’s tables. When there
is no difference the atmosphere is saturated with moisture, and that is
noted by 100. The greater the difference the lower is the per centage; 20
means very dry, and there is scarcely ever noted a lower figure.
24 THE VEGETATION OF THE

The mean of the year is at 74. M., 81; at 2 p.m, 58; at 9 P.M. 75.
The highest mean in January at 7 A. M., is 89; the lowest in May, 2 P. M.,
50.

The pressure of vapor is the highest in July, 9 p. m., 0.669 of an inch,
the lowest in January, 7 a. m., 0.114.

The means for the year are: 0.316 at 7 a. m.; 0.8388 at 2 P. m., and
0.340 at 9 P. M.

TABLE 5.
PRECIPITATION, HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERE, AND
PRESSURE OF VAPOR.

 

RELATIVE HUMIDITY | PRESSURE OF VAPOR

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
   

MEAN PRECIP-
ATATION? ATMOuPEERE, nor eae

ae In days| 7A.M.; 2P.M. | 9P.M.|7A.M.]2P.M. | 9 Pm.
December .......... 20000. 2.48 8 87 10 80 .180 | .142 | .184
January ... oPasiesaniewe 1.61 7 89 71 81 -114 | .180 | .122
February .. -.| 2.04 8 87 66 80 | .122 | .145.| .138
March.... «| 2.68 9 80 59 14 .157 | .185 | .177
April «| 3.17 10 5 52 70 .240 | .260 | .263
May --| 3.80 10 13 50 10 .862 | .890 | .897
June 4.03 10 77 53 74 .587 | .559 | .567

July ....... -.| 4.04 9 78 63 74 | .626 | .642 | .669
August .... -.| 3.16 7 81 52 75 | .590 | .610 | .642
_September.. --| 8.49 8 83 55 76 | .465 | .500 | .492
October ........ cece eee eees 2.71; 7 83 55 75 | .276 | .299 | .291
7 81 63 75 | V3] .198 | .185

23 88 69 80 | .122] .189 | .131
29 76 54 71 | .253 | .278 | .279
26 79 53 74 | .548 | .604 | .626
23 82 58 75 .805 | .3381 | .3823

100 81 58 15 .316 | .388 | .840

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CLOUDINESS AND SUNSHINE.

- The cloudiness of the sky is expressed by figures, which mean the
percentage of covering, 100 was noted, when the sky was entirely covered,
50 when half, and so on, and 0 when cloudless. The sky is the most cov-
ered in December in the morning, and least in August in the evening.

The mean for the year is 47; the highest for the month is in Decem-
ber, 55; the lowest August, 35.

From the amount of cloudliness cannot be deduced the time of sun-
shine during a period, for the sky may be half covered, the sun may shine
during the whole day. It is necessary to note the time of sunshine every
day. This was done from December 1857 to November 1868 and the re-
sult was that we had sunshine 58 p. c. of the time from sunrise to sunset.

The sunniest months are June and August each with 71 p. c.
* ERRATA
CLIMATE OF Mippie ILLINoIs. SES 25
How great the influence of insolation must be upon the growth of
plants is shown by the difference of the thermometer in the shade and
exposed to the sun, which, in June, often exceeds 20 degrees and more yet
in winter.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PER.CENT. OF COVERING. NUMBMR OF DAYS SUNSHINE.
Cloua- Moder- Vv With-
7am. |2pP.m. | 9p... | Mean. ne aay clow # out sun Hours.| per ct.
December ....| 59 54 53 55 4 10 iW 10 | 129 45
January ...... 57 56 48 54 4 10 17 9 | 1383 46
February ..... 52 55 49 52 3 11 14 7 =| 149 51
March ........ 53 56 49 52 3 12 16 6 182 50
April ......... 51 57 45 51 2 11 16 5 192 49
BY pee eeteess 45 50 35 43 3 13 15 3 269 61
SP UDE © eisnccie teins 44 48 32 41 2 16 12 1 315 71
JULY 6 o's5 5's es 37 47 29 38 2 18 i1 1 314 69
August ....... 37 45 27 35 4 18 10 1 299 T1
September ....| 44 45 31 40 4 14 12 2 216 58
October....... 4T 46 85 43 6 12 13 5 202 59
November ....| 55 56 49 53 3 10 17 9 148 51
Winter ....... 56 55 50 54 11 31 48 26 411 48
Spring ........ 49 54 48 49 8 37 47 14 | 648 53
Summer...... 39 47 29 38 7 52 33 3 929 710
Wall ss22¢.cccares 48 49 5) 45 13 36 42 16 566 56
Year.......... 48 51 40 47 39 156 170 59 |2550 58
WIND.

West winds are prevalent from October to April. South winds dur-
ing the summer; only in August east equals the south. About 12 p. m.
of all the observations are marked as high winds, gales or hurricanes, but
the force of winds were not measured by the anemometer but only esti-
mated, and the dates are not quite reliable.

The windiest months are March and April; the calmest, August and
September.

Wind and temperature, wind and cloudiness, wind and precipitation
are, in a certain degree, correlative. The warmest winds are south, south-
west and east; the coldest, northwest, north and northeast. The difference
between the coldest and warmest winds is about 15, in spring even 20 de-
grees. Above the average is the temperature with south and southwest
in all the months, with east only in spring and fall. Southeast wind is
too scarce, so that no reliable mean could be abstracted. The temperature
of north is always below. Northeast is only in November, December and
January above, and that may be accounted for by the great quantity of
cloudiness that always accompanies these winds, preventing radiation.
Northwest has only, in August, a temperature above average. The region
from which this wind come is naturally a cold one, only during the sum-

4
26 Tue VEGETATION OF THE

mer months excessive heat is accumulating, what has the above effect
upon these winds. The same reason is good for the west during all the
summer months; in the rest the west winds are cooler.

Northeast brings the most cloudiness, and west the least; the west is
the only one that has a cloudiness considerably below average. —

The relation of wind and precipitation must be considered in a double
way. When we compute the direction of wind in 1,000 observations of
precipitation, then we find that we have 258 times south wind; 174 times
east; 159 times northeast; 105 times southwest; 95 times west; 84 north-
west; 79 north, and 46 times southeast. But when we reduce the observa-
tions of precipitation to 1,000 of each wind direction, then we find for each
wind the following per mille. of rain observations: northeast, 317; south-
east, 153; southwest, 132; south, 126; northwest, 124; east, 111; north,
93; west, 46, That shows that northeast is the prevalent rain wind. But
the single months differ. In summer southwest brings the most rain, and
nearly all the thunder storms come from southwest or northwest. The
average number in a year is twenty-eight.

TABLE 7,

DIRECTION OF WIND FROM DECEMBER, 1855, TO NOVEMBER, 1885.

. REDUCED To 1000.

 

South South
West. South | ‘Rast, | Hast. East.

 

West. West.
December .............. 005. 280 96 | 207 43 | 186 56 78 | 104
JADWATY cvevie sie sce eigtiicie aces 308 | 103 | 216 25 | 110 47 87 | 104
WODLUaLY esieie cheats Gam eeres 290 57 217 82 149 57 113 85
Mareb's ise sectors wenacicas 259 62 188 88 167 64 114 108
ADTs ccs cd chaos sasireeeares 214 70 208 28 197 18 117. 88
MAY sciwc cen cae weraeeasacwles 184 67 244 43 235 66 111 50

84 | 302 389 | 222 39 63 42
97 | 253 55 | 220 60 89 53
84 | 239 30 | 248 61 92 58
74 | 279 36 | 211 52 | 126 62
82 | 240 82 | 157 66 | 111 79
69 | 233 87 | 187 53 83 95

86 | 214 33 | 181 53 92 98
67 | 214 37 | 200 69 | 114 82
88 | 264 34 | 230 54 82 51
75 | 250 35 | 168 57 | 107 79

79 | 235 35 | 188 58 99 78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
4

Ea

SEE =r
CumaTe or Mippie Inxrots. 24

TABLE 8.
NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS OF STRONG WINDS MORE THAN
TWENTY-FIVE MILES AN HOUR.
DECEMBER, 1855 TO NOVEMBER, 1885.
ONE PER CENT. oF ALL OBSERVATIONS (32,765).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

West. Bost South, age East. ee North ee
December ...........000 0005 14 Bi | eganielee hie ataens 3 sess tee Ses 2
JANUATY 2... ccc ee ace eee 14 Del eee ate oe DT | ewan [edad os 2
February ..........ceeeeees 26 5 5 1 8 |sccenw| sacs ex 4
MAYCh 6 ciscieadenus giclee sae 25 10 9 1 3 8 1 2
ADT 53 csesiccew ete asaeneds 23 «| 18 Oo ewes 3 Bie lessee 3
MAY sis coaimiieanane ve senses 12 q 4 De eis se 2 2 1

JUNG s45 ve rnaeaeveae a6 vere 8 5 De Whesea Yalcerntey Dh Meataren eV eserarscets
DULY sss eaerieavecceweaseca as 8 4 Ds Wasa vieve se |tarlcanecsicell Shaiegtacses 1 4
AM PUSE scetiis.cscansiessieaie wsieesie | er cieresnai| Deienrale | svavesadanea|tecataniavelf Wieideabans (is gues 1

September ................- 3 1 GC» lnwaswalacesde | seees DL \ieererctes
OCLOD ORs issciasecieeisac dane 11 8 8 De Nee ed De ecstacy 2
NoOvember...........cee eee 17 2 6 Neal (ears 2 1
Winter sseuscien Gece vee oes 54 10 5 1 q 1, vases 8
SPPING sic iisduiee os sees ee vere 60 30 22 3 6 14 3 6
SuMMer ............0ee eee 16 9 CO: [ecascenleceuves 2 1 5
Ball cc scunieitesen scenueue es 31 11 20 A leew 4 1 11
Fall sisdicasee-eoecaaies 161 60 54 8 13 20 5 22

TABLE 9.

MEAN TEMPERATURE COINCIDENT WITH CERTAIN WINDS.
DECEMBER, 1865 To NOVEMBER, 1885.

 

 

  

West. (S°Uth tsouth, [SOUR | mast, [North | worth. [North

December ...........+ee0e0e 22.2 | 80.8 | 35.4 | 34.3 | 29.8 | 32.2 | 25.5 | 25.3

JANUALY: sisiseivanceeseosss 16.6 | 29.6 | 32.3 | 29.9 | 24.9 | 25 21.9 | 21.7

February.....ccsice cdeeasccasas 22.7 | 33.6 | 37.5 | 28.6 | 29.8 | 28.1 | 22.5 | 23.6

MATCH, 6-5. season e eve 8e553 84.4 | 48.4 | 45.5 | 49.6 | 36.5 | 34.9 | 32.6 | 33.3

JAPA ons owncakianare nesta 8 50.4 | 64 60.1 | 58.2 | 50.3 | 48.1 | 47.4 | 45.2

MAY i cicevas cca wheel eaenated 59.4 | 75.5 | 72.4 | 72.1 | 63.4 | 56.3 | 60 57.1
PUNE 5 5 d-cay syeaislegeteneuredis cee 72.7 | 78.8 | 76.7 | 78.5 | 72.4 | 67 71 67

JOY oes writes wewngiiion soe vases 79.5 | 82.5 | 81.9 | 78.5 | 77 71.4 | 78.8 | 75.9

AUSUSE: wsnaaniciea’ sis cst p y's 76.5 | 79.9 | 79.9 | 78 74.4 | 70.2 | 69.6 | 74.9

September...............05% 66 78.5 | 72.1 | 67.8 | 66.5 | 68.1 | 68.7 | 61.9
ODODE? as nssee wean se eed 49.7 | 59.4 | 60.8 | 57.5 | 5E.7 | 56 47.5 | 48

November... ........ 0.00005 84.2 | 42.9 | 45. 9} 48.1 | 42.7 | 40.1 | 35.1 | 34.9

20.3 | 80.9 | 35 81.4 | 28.2 | 28.7 | 28.2 | 23.6

46.9 | 61.5 | 60.5 | 59 51.6 | 44.3 | 46.1 | 42.3

-| 76.8 | 80.7 | 79.3 | 77 74.9 | 69.2 | 71.4 | 72.8

46.9 | 61.1 | 60 55.3 | 56.6 | 53 50.9 | 46.2

45.4 | 60.1 | 59.5 | 55.8 | 55.8 | 46.6 | 47.3 | 42.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
28.

Tur VEGETATION OF THE

TABLE 10.

WIND AND CLOUDINESS.

PERCENTAGE OF COVERING.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

West. a Soutn. ace East Ae Nosth. A
December ssi cscccsis save wncs 85 50 61 712 72 88 61 70
DANUALY wis ve see ess casa se eras 31 48 59 66 7 90 63 i
February .....00scs seve wens 33 54 55 53 61 93 61 56
Marehs s-cese cose ces acts wee 31 52 57 60 60 87 56 62
ADT sence ed aie wet ta ees 38 48 51 61 52 81 52 56
) ee ee eee ee ee ree 32 61 42 55 40 10 44 60
JUNC acted ne tiak cae Mexiiet 30 55 38 45 40 61 42, 55
DUD. Sesaies ae aac s aa ate ad astre ceases 30 45 87 35 37 56 87 87
AQRUSD, o sisica dd te Gard saetiaes 28 42 85 386 30 65 39. 45
September.............. 30 42 37 83 85 18 88 51
October .... 81 86 42 60 387 80 43 65
November...........+.+ 38 49 54 66 44 90 55 2
WADED ioceiies eeee ic ces cae tees 33 50 58 64 68 90 62 67
SPUN Gi hawecaaee cera ceeac 383 50 50 55 50 1 51 60
SUNN CF a5 soci seas cena siee’s 29 47 37 39 35 61 38 46
Ma ecispaisteeiektaes sederd ee keus's 34 42 44 52 44 82 44 64
WY Cals aidsie pees tieen'oe 32 47 47 52 47 49 50 61
TABLE 11.

DIRECTION OF WIND IN ONE THOUSAND OBSERVATIONS

OF PRECIPITATION.

 

 

 

 

West, (South | south, [South | mast, (North | worth, |North

December 89 | 2381 61 | 190 | 170 78 | 100
JANUALY waicceceders+s caer 66 | 288 18 | 188 | 162 | 100 | 140
BP QDrUary. fescisieicaeesiarekases de 55 | 219 82 | 178 | 216 | 1389 90
MATCH -...o)seu s sacdena oad ieee 84 | 228 49 162 192 106 95
ODT seiticdine Pawar ceeee den ees 75 | 191 44 | 228 | 191 98 5
BY wisases eens detad aces 115 | 272 51 | 203 | 141 82 51
JUNG 4 oeinsey sereaciexw So eiensice 186 | 318 56 | 161 719 31 59
DULY irene wayusg stares oe 179 | 244 88 | 172 | 103 55 62
August........-..65 159 =| 2387 21 163 | 155 65 94
September 88 | 306 24 | 182 | 138 84 67
OCtODER? 5s ieee Sadia seco ee'e’s 100 | 270 60 | 117 | 194 88 83
November 55 | 287 87 | 142 | 180 42 100
Winter ............. 71 | 244 39 | 185 | 188 | 104 | 109
Spring ............. 92 | 281 48 | 197 | 174 95 14
Summer .............. ‘ 177 | 272 39 | 166 | 107 48 70
Pallas sesae. cosy esis seas 81 | 288 56 | 147 | 170 70 84
MOAMl. 6 coe tenet 95 | 105 | 258 46 | 174 | 159. 19 84

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
CumaTe or Mippie Invrwois. 29

TABLE 12.
OBSERVATIONS OF PRECIPITATION REDUCED TO ONE
THOUSAND FOR EACH WIND.

 

 

‘Weak, (PSR08 | gout, POEL | atest, | NOrE, lavorthe |NORE
December ...........200.005 37 120 148 185 180 | 391 | 128 123
JAMUALY 2... .. ee cece eee ees 11 62 129 13 167 333 111 130
February .............00005 80 117 123 119 146 465 148 130
March SM aes een HS ee 43 169 160 165 128 | 392 123 115
OS i) y leer pre ae 58 | 188 | 117 | 202 | 148 | 812 | 108 | 109
MY’ sox cies deveece ences 62 230 150 158 115 289 100 136
JUNE wider s ie veae eee se 08s aes 69 294 138 172 95 269 64 194
July ...... Bae. Sass divans ssslcataxennietens 80 193 100 114 81 179 64 121
AUBUSE. <asieie 285 (oe ve acre waar 49 | 171 87 62 57 | 221 61 | 148
September ................. 16 129 121 2 94 288 63 120
October iis ccsacoueswawmiene 43 182 121 202 79 318 74 113
39 85 132 255 111 361 80 112
26 95 132 186 164 398 130 126
54 179 142 171 1380 330 110. | 117
66 216 110 128 7 216 63 147
49 M17 128 176 94 822 71 114
46 132 126 153 111 317 93 124

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VEGETATION.

The floral district of the upper Mississippi, as I understand it, will
comprise the southern part of Wisconsin from about the '44° N. L. Min-
nesota, from 46° N. L. southward, the greater southeastern part of Iowa
the wooded eastern borders of Nebraska and Kansas, Missouri, northwest-
ern Arkansas with the eastern borders of Indian Territory, and, finally,
Illinois — except the southern and southeastern borders along the Ohio
and lower Wabash (Ohio flora). There may be added the prairie land of
northwest Indiana, but the shores of Michigan Lake all around, should be
excluded as a part of the Canada flora. The western line of this district
would nearly coincide with the limits of the paleozoic formation on the
east, and the new red sandstone on the west side; but, as already said, it
is difficult to cireumscribe a floral district by lines. Many western species
cross the Missouri into Iowa, and not afew the Mississippi into the Illinois
country and are found in the numerous and often extensive prairies between
the woodland. Therefore, the vegetation of the upper Mississippi should
be regarded a gradual transition between the woodland-flora of the Ohio
district and the prairie-flora of the western plains.

There are good reasons to exclude that part of the State of Illinois
that is south of the dividing ridge crossing: from the Wabash to the Miss-
issippi, with an elevation of about 150 meter above the country both sides.
There are no prairies in this district of tertiary formation, and the com-
mon forest trees are such that do not occur north of the dividing ridge,
or only rarely, and not far northward, but all are common on the Ohio
30 Tun VEGETATION OF THE

upward, and the same may be said of a number of monocarpic and rhizo-
carpic species.

Flora Peoriana shall be called that complex of species and varieties of
plants that occur around the city of Peoria within a radius of 10 or 12
miles. About 80 per cent. of this area was originally covered by woods,
original prairie was little, and there is nearly none now.

THE FOREST.

Generally the forest is mixed of many species, although some are so-
ciable but never excluding others f. i. the white oak and the hickories,
with the hazel as undergrowth in the upland, and the willows and cotton
wood in the bottoms.

The whole number of woody plants included, the small shrubs is
112 in 58 genera and 30 orders: Ranunculacez, 1; Anonacew, 1; Menisp-
ermacee, 1: Tiliacea, 1; Anacardiacee, 3; Rutacez, 2; Vitacez, 4; Rham-
nace, 3; Celastracew, 2; Sapindacee, 5; Leguminose, 4; Rosacex, 15;
Saxifragacez, 3; Hamameliacee, 1; Cornacex, 6; Caprifoliacex, 6; Rubi-
acez, 1; Ericacez, 8; Ebenacew, 1; Bignoniacea, 1; Oleaceac, 5; Lauracee,
1; Thymelacee, 1; Urticacez, 4; Platanacex, 1; Juglandacee, 8; Cupuli-
feree, 12; Salicacew, 13; Coniferze, 2; Smilacez, 1.

The biggest trees are the white elm, the sycamore, the cottonwood,
the soft maple, the white oak and the swamp white oak. They attain
often a diameter of 15 decimeter; then follow with an average thickness
of 13 decimeter, the scarlet, red and burr oak, the sugar maple, the black
walnut, the two shell-bark hickories, the pignnt and mockernut, the bass-
wood, the box elder, the honey locust and the hackberry; of 6 to 9 deci-
meter; the five species of ash, the slippery elm, the butternut, the pecan,
the bitternut, the shingle and chestnut oak, the coffeenut, the wild cherry;
a thickness of 3 to 6 decimeter attain the mulberry, buckeye, sassafras, the
American and large-toothed aspen, black willow and the red cedar.

Small trees are the persimmon, seryice berry, red bud, paw paw, horn-
beam, hop hornbeam, crabapple, sheep berry, plum, buckthorn, hop tree
and the haw thorn.

Large shrubs often of tree form with stems 1 decimeter thick are the
following: witch hazel, wahoo, prickly ash, bladdernut, long-leaved wil-
low, smooth sumach, the silky, panicled and alternate-leaved cornel, the
black haw. Large shrubs are the hazelnut, the false indigo, chokecherry,
elder, button bush, rough-leaved and red osier dog wood, arrow wood, aro-
matic sumach, the silky and glancous willows.

Very small shrubs are three species of roses: the New Jersey tea, cur-
rant and gooseberry; leather wood, the hoary, prairie, dwarf and myrtle
willows; black huckleberry, low blueberry, bearberry, wild hydrangea and
the alder-leaved buckthorn.
CLIMATE oF MippLe ILLInois. Bl

Woody climbers are the trumpet creeper, the Virginia creeper, the
poison ivy, the Virgin’s bower, 3 species of grapevines, the yellow honey
suckle, the waxwork, the climbing rose, the hispid green brier and the
Canadian moonseed.

As much mixed as the forest is, the different species of trees and
shrubs do not like the same localities. Some prefer a dry, others a moist
soil.

The left bank of the Illinois river opposite Peoria is bottom land one
mile wide, in spring inundated and for the greater part still thickly
wooded. Nearest the bank we find the long-leaved and the black willow,
cotton wood, sycamore, soft maple and white elm. Farther backward,
black walnut, butternut, pecan, ribbed hickory, hackberry, slippery elm,
burr oak, swamp white oak, the five species of ash, of which the green ash
is the most frequent, the coffee nut, the honey locust, mulberry, box elder,
the buckeye, the paw paw, the persimmon, the elder and the false indigo.
On open swampy places, the button bush, the osier dogwood and species
of shrubby willows.

The highest trees climb the grapevine, the poison ivy, the Virginian
creeper and the trompet creeper; on shrubs, the climbing rose and the
hispid green brier.

Along the foot of the bluff and upward the forest is composed of
sugar maple, scarlet, red and shingle oak, chestnut oak, wild cherry, large
toothed and American aspen, hop tree, service berry, bass wood, hornbeam,
hop-hornbeam, sheeps berry. The undergrowth is composed of witch
hazel, wahoo, prickly ash, bladdernut, buckthorn, arrow wood, chokecherry,
rough-leaved dog wood, panicled and alternate-leaved cornel, yellow
honey suckle and wax work.

On the upland the prominent trees are the white oak, shell-bark hick-
ory, mockernut, bitternut. The brushes hazel, New Jersey tea, smooth
sumach and prairie willow.

Coniferous trees are rare: red cedar on single places in small groups
and of small growth. The arbor vite seems to be extinct, but no doubt
was once indigenous, for 30 years ago a single tree 60 centimeter thick
was found in a swampy place, where it was certainly not planted. The
trunk was inclined in an angle of 35 degrees from the ground, so that one
could walk up to the branches.

Some of the larger trees grow very rapidly, f. i. cottonwood and syca-
more, others have slow growth. A white oak, 11 decimeter thick, was
examined, and 250 circles could be counted, 25 of them occupying the sap-
wood. A sugar maple 92 centimeter thick had 230 circles, and the growth
of the last 100 years was only 2 decimeter. The outermost layer of the
bark was 125 years old, and the width of the bark was 3 centimeter. A
black walnut 75 years old was 3 decimeter thick—a thickness attained by
cottonwood already in 20 years.*

 

*The biggest tree I measured was a bald cypress, in Pulaski county. It had in
4 feet from the ground a diameter of 2.1 meter.
32 THE VEGETATION OF THE

Trunks, branchless to a great height, are not rarely found of cotton
wood and sycamore, and then the crown has a table form, although the
first growth is pyramid-shaped. The coffeenut ‘tree, the ash, the pecan,
the sassafras and the wild cherry have a slender trunk. A wide spread-
ing dome-shaped crown have the box elder, the elm, the basswood, the
sugar maple and the honey locust, which is conspicuous by its slender
horizontal branches. Few branches only have the walnut, butternut,
hickories and the coffeenut. Very irregular and knotted-branched is the
white oak; densely-branched the elm, hackberries and the shingle oak.

The form of the leaves is manifold: 13 species have lobed leaves; all
the oak (except the shingle oak and the chestnut oak, which is only
toothed), the maples, sycamore, etc. The leaves of a number are deeply
divided or palmate as the buckeye, and not less than 22 species, of which
16 large trees have pinnately divided leaves: the ash, hickories, walnut,
butternut, coffeenut and honey locust. The last often very large trees
with long branches and double pinnate leaves and small leaflets, represent
strength joined with elegance.

The forest is adorned by various tints, changing with the seasons. In
March, wherever the elm is predominant, it appears reddish brown, for the
white elm (and the soft maple) is the first in bloom. Then follow the
male trees of cotton wood with dark-red catkins. In April, the plum and
serviceberry with white, the red bud with peach red, and the sugar maple
with yellow blossoms. All these develop the flower before leafing. The
first young green in April show the buckeyes, and soon afterwards the
upright yellow bunches of flowers open in the last days of April or the
first week in May. About the 10th of May the forest is green all over;
only the sycamore extends the whitish branches leaflets, for that is the
last of all the trees that does develop the leaves.

Most of the other trees and shrubs are in bloom during the rest of
May. The latest are in middle June the coffeenut, and at the end of June
or in the first days of July the basswood, and, finally, the witch hazel
opening the flowers only in November, when the leaves are withered and
fallen and the fruits of the last year elastically disperse their seeds. Some
of the conspicuously blooming shrubs and climbers adorn the woods and
copses in July: the elder, the climbing rose, the Virgins bower and the
trumpet creeper.

In the fall the forest is shaded of manifold tints by changing the

green of the leaves into deep red (Rhus glabra and Ampelopsis) light red
‘(Quercus rubra and cotcinea) orange, (sugar maple) yellow, (Prunus sero-
tina and Amelanchier) and brown of every shade (Platanus and many
others).. The hickories are the first that shed the leaves; often already
at the end of August. In the latter part of October most of the trees are
leafless. Only the white oak and the shingle oak keep partly the dry
leaves all winter.
Crim4éTE or Mippie ILLinois. 33

The forest is rich in herbaceous plants (about 250), many of them
with conspicuous flowers of vivid colors. The first in flower are Hepatica
and Trillium nivale, mostly in the middle of March, and the last in fall
are most of the composite, species of Aster, Solidago, Helianthus, Eupa-
torium, Helenium, etc.

THE PRAIRIE.

The largest prairie of the district in question does not exist any more.
It was where now the city of Peoria is built, and the little that is left is
no more a prairie, for most of the prairie plants are replaced by immi-
grated foreign weeds. The smaller prairies of the district are turned
mostly into cultivated land; still most of the prairie plants that occur in
Illinois are represented.

How originated the prairie? To solve this problem many attempts
were made. Violent storms were accused to prevent the growth of trees.
But the wooded districts are exposed to the same violent storms that pros-
trate the largest trees but never the young pliant stems, which will grow
when the older ones are gone.

There is a general belief that the annual prairie fires make the
prairie; a view which without hesitation even Volney adopted in his ‘‘ Tab-
leau du climat et du sol des Etats unies” (‘‘ou la nature du sol et plus
encore les incendies anciens et annuel des sauvages ont occassioné de vastes
deserts”). A burnt forest will not be turned to a prairie, for at once
brambles and other shrubs grow up and defend the forest soil against the
invasion of the prairie, and we find no remnant stumps below the sod what
would prove that there was once a forest.

Prevailing dry winds and deficiency of rain may be the cause of tree-
less tracts in southern Russia, but certainly not in the upper Mississippi
valley with an annual average of 35 inches of precipitation with about
one hundred rainy days. To explain the origin and existence of the prair-
ies we have to resort to geological causes.

Lesquereux, in Geological Survey of Illinois (I., 238-254), demon-
strates that the soil of the prairie was formed under water by slow decom-
position of water plants. When the land emerged it was first swamp,
then wet prairie, at last dry prairie with a compact sod of grasses; the
soil had such physical and chemical qualities that no tree could grow. To
make trees grow it is necessary to plow deep and to expose the soil, so rich
of ulmic acid, to the atmosphere. Bushels of tree seeds may be thrown
on the surface of the prairie, they will not germinate; or even if they
germinate the roots will not penetrate the sod.

Of all the theories this is one of the most acceptable. But there are
often small prairies in the midst of forests that have a quite different or-
igin. They are the result of the work of the beaver that build a dam

5
-

34 THE VEGETATION OF THE

across a brook; ponds were formed, the trees died when such that could
not exist in water; afterwards, when the beaver was gone, by and by the
dam broke, the water flew off and grasses formed a meadow. Such forest
meadows may sooner or later turn again into forest and have nothing in
common with the true prairies.

In the upper Mississippi district forest and prairie struggled for ex-
istence before culture ended that struggle by subdoing both to the plow.
Now the trees are planted on the cultivated prairie land, and so, although
regardlessly wasted even in localities fit only for tree growth, the forest
got the advantage over the prairie. But even before, when forest and
prairie were in their natural state, the trees gained ground at the cost of
the prairies. When we examine the constituent parts of the western
woods, we find that they gradually diminishing in species follow the large
river vallies and even along the small tributaries; then we conclude that
all those species from their eastern home traveled westward. The fittest
to travel and to settle: the cottonwood, the sycamore and the hackberry,
the elm spread the farthest towards the Rocky Mountains, others not
farther than Missouri and Iowa, or did not pass over the Mississippi. Not
the woods, as was believed, yielded to the prairie, but, on the contrary, the
prairie yielded to the woods.

When in the course of time the wide level plain was furrowed by
streaming water, from year to year hollowed banks sank down, deep val-
lies were formed, flanked with steep bluffs once the banks of the rivers,
then sod and argillaceous underground and humus thoroughly mixed, as
to-day by the plow on the prairie, formed a soil fit to receive the spreading
forest growth, and species after species could migrate to the far west.

As the woody plants did westward, so the prairie plants wandered east-
ward, diminishing by and by in number. Of 55 species of the prairie-
flora, that under the same latitude don’t go beyond the Alleghanies, 23 do
not reach the State of Ohio, and Iowa has many western species that east-
ward do not cross the Mississippi.

We distinguish wet and dry prairie. The former in the river bottoms
or in depressions of the dry prairies which occupy the high and undulating
plain.

The number of species of our prairie plants is scarcely more than 200,
and many of them are not restricted to the prairie. The first in spring
blooming on the dry prairie are: Draba caroliniana, Anemone decapetala,
Ranunculus fascicularis, Oxalis violacea; Androsace occidentalis. Then
follow in May, Lithospernum angustifolium,* canescens and hirtum, Trox-
imon cuspidatum, Baptisia leucophea, Pentstemon pubescens; in June,
Viola delphinifolia, Scutellaria parvula, Linum sulcatum, Polygala incar-
nata and sanguinea, Asclepias Meadii and obtusifolia, Sisyrinchium Bermu-
diana, Tradescantia virginica, Cirsium pumilum, Silene Antirrhrina,

*Lithospermum longiflorum Spreng. is the same as L. angustifolium Mich. and
was founded on specimens with earlier and larger flowers.
Cumare or Mippie Iixinors. ane aaa
Cacalia tuberosa; in July, Silphium laciniatum, terebinthinaceum and
intégrifolium, Echinacea angustifolia, Coreopsis palmata and lanceolata,
Rudbeckia hirta and subtomentosa, Lepachys pinnata, Asclepias tuberosa
and verticillata, Euphorbia corollata, Petalostemon violaceum and candi-
dum, Amorpha canescens, Desmodium Illincense, Ruellia ciliosa, Callirhee
triangulata, Potentilla arguta and Erynchium yuccefolium; in August,
Helianthus rigidus and occidentalis, Solidago rigida and missouriensis,
Hieracium longipilum, Diplepappus linariifolius, Liatris cylindracea, scar-
iosa and pycnostachya, Prenanthes aspera, Gnaphalium polycephalum,
Chrysopsis villosa; lastly in September, Aster sericeus, azureus, oblongi-
folius, multiflorus and ericoides and Gentiana puberula. Number, size and
color make these most characteristic members of the prairie flora conspic-
uous; besides ought to be mentioned a number of tall gregarious grasses:
Chrysopogon nutans, Andropogon furcatus and scoparius, Keeleria cristata,
Eatonia obtusata, Elymus canadensis Stipa spartea and Sporobolus
heterolepis.

The flora of the wet prairies is mixed with the species of the neigh-
boring banks, swamps and bottom-wood and differs according to the soil
(sand or silt). The most conspicuous species are in spring: Menyanthes
trifoliata, Scilla Fraseri, Allium canadense; in summer, Spirza lobata,
Phlox glaberrima, Asclepias Sullivantii, Sagifraga pennsylvanica, Phaseolus
diversifolius, Steironema longifolia and lanceolata, Ipomoea lacunosa,
Habenaria leucophza; in fall, Boltonia asteroides (glastifolia) Prenanthes
racemosa, Solidago neglecta, Riddellii and ohioensis, Helianthus giganteus
Gentiana Andrewsii and Polygonum ramosissimum — the latter often six
feet high. Besides there are many Cyperacee: Scirpus lineatus and
atrovirens, Cyperus erythrorhizus, Michauxianus and strigosus, Carex vul-
pinoidea, crus corvi, stipata, conjuncta, arida, scoparia, straminea, cristata,
hystricina, tentaculata and some tall grasses: Calamagrostis canadensis,
Leersia lenticularis and Spartina cynosuroides.

WATER, SWAMP AND MOIST PLACES.

From the foot of the eastern bluffs numerous springs rush in small
beds toward the lower bottom land or form swampy places of little exten-
sion. There we find Caltha palustris, Cardamine rhomboidea, Parnassia
caroliniana, Archangelica atropurpurea, Aster corymbosus, umbellatus and
infirmus, Solidago patula, Cnicus muticus, Archemora rigida, Lysimachia
thyrsiflora, Gerardia purpurea, Chelone glabra, Seymeria macrophylla,
Symplocarpus fcetidus, Peltandra virginica, Habenaria hyperborea, Cypri-
pedium candidum and spectabile; in the running water: Mimulus Iamesii
Ludwigia palustris, Berula angustifolia, Veronica Anagallis and ameri-
cana, Callitriche heterophylla and Anacharis canadensis.
oh ERRATA
36 THE VEGETATION OF THE

In the stagnant water of an artesian sulphur well grows abundantly
Zannichellia palustris, before the boring of this well never observed in
our vicinity.

The species of the larger open swamps are: Epilobium palustre and
coloratum, Elodes virginica, Proserpinaca palustris, Cicuta maculata and
bulbifera, Sium cicutefolium, Aster puniceus, Novi Belgii, junceus, sali-
cifolius, paniculatus, Coreopsis aristosa Lobelia Kalmii, Utricularia inter-
media, Pedicularis lanceolata, Polygonum sagittatum, Rumex orbiculatus
and verticillatus, Acorus calamus, Typha latifolia, Triglochin palustre and
maritimum, Dulichium spathaceum, Eleocharis palustris, Eriophorum
gracile, Rhynchospora alba, Carex polytrichoides, teretiuscula, filiformis,
comosa, riparia, monile, Muhlenbergia glomerata, Phragmitis communis,
Phalaris arundinacea, Aspidium Thelypteris and Osmunda regalis. The
two latter in a cold bog together with Salix candida and myrtilloides.

In stagnant water of the sloughs where the silt is covered by about a
foot deep of water we find: Ranunculus multifidus, Utricularia vulgaris,
Saggittaria variabilis Sparganium eurycarpum, Alisma Plantago, Scirpus
validus, Potamogeton pauciflorus, Polygonum amphibium, Lemna minor,
polyrrhiza and trisulca, Nymphea tuberosa, Nelumbium luteum, Ponte-
dera cordata and Zizania aquatica. The latter sometimes 4 meter high.

The running water of creeks and shallow places in the river is the
abode of Schollera graminea, Valisneria spiralis, Najas flexilis, Cerato-
phyllum demersum, Nasturtium lacustre, Potamogeton natans, pectinatus
and pusillus.

Wet sandy banks harbor with preference: Clematis Pitcheri, Desman-
thus brachylobus, Corydalis aurea, Polanisia graveolens, Conobea multi-
fida, Euphorbia heterophylla, Echinodorus rostratus, Cyperus diandrus, in
flexus and phymatodes, Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Fimbrystilis autumnalis,
Scirpus pungens, Eragrostis reptans, Frankii and capillaris.

Where the banks are flat and miry, there are: Nasturtium palustre and
sessiliflorum, Cardamine hirsuta, Gratiola virginiana, Bidens chrysanthemo-
ides and connata, Kclipta alba, Ilysanthes gratioloides, Lippia lanceolata,
Sagittaria heterophylla, Iris versicolor, Eleocharis obtusa and acicularis.

Along brooks we find: Thalictrum cornuti, Silene nivea, Hypericum
pyramidatum, Hibiscus militaris, Thaspium barbinode, Artemisia Ludovi-
ciana, Erigeron philadelphicum, Solidago lancelota and tenuifolia, Sil-
phium perfoliatum, Cacalia suaveolens, Plantago cordata, Scrophularia
nodosa, Carex shortiana, Leersia oryzoides, Glyzeria nervata and fluitans,
Panicum virgatum.
CLIMATE OF Mippie Ixernots. 37

ROADSIDES, WASTE PLACES, PASTURES AND
CULTIVATED SOIL.

Of roadsides, wastes places in the neighborhood of houses and yards,
mostly immigrated plants took possession, but some of the indigenous
ones kept their places: Lepidium virginicum, Mollugo verticillata, Erigeron
canadense, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, Dysodia chrysanthemoides, Bidens
frondosa, Erechtides hieracifolia, Artemisia biennis, Verbena stricta, urtici-
folia and bracteosa, Solanum carolinense, Datura Tatula, Polygonum
-aviculare and erectum, hydropiper and pennsylvanicum, Hordeum pratense
and Eragrostis pectinacea.

On pastures prevail Trifolium repens, Poa pratensis and compressa;
and on sandy places Cyperus filiculmis, Vilfa aspera and vagineflora, Pa-
nicum autumnale.

Along fences many tall plants are preserved: Napaea dioica, Gaura
biennis, Oenothera biennis, Ambrosia trifida, Helianthus grosseserratus
and doronicoides, Lactuca canadensis and Asclepias cornuti.

The indigenous weeds between the cultivated plants are: Sisymbrium
canescens, Potentilla norvegica, Erigeron annuum, Xanthinm canadense,
Veronica peregrina, Ipomcea pandurata, Physalis virginiana and lanco-
lata, Chenopodium album and hybridum, Euphorbia maculata and hyperici
folia, Panicum capillare and crus galli, Cenchrus tribuloides.

IMMIGRATED PLANTS.

Before this country was settled by our race, at the time when the red
man hunted the buffalo on the prairie and the elk in the forest, the virgin
soil was intact, nature reigned undisturbed. When the white man came
with his plow, he introduced voluntary or involuntary many foreign
plants, which by and by spread and supplanted indigenous plants on the
cultivated land.

It would promote phytogeography, when for each local flora that im-
migration could be historically verified and transmitted to posterity. In
regard to our flora an attempt shall herewith be made as far as possible.

The species which immigrated partly from Europe, partly from trop-
ical countries, are either fully naturalized and form an integral part of our
present flora, or they are adventives, 7. e., new comers, mostly escaped from
cultivated land or gardens, that may afterwards become naturalized, after
a more or less prolific propagation, or become extinct again, when the
chances are less favorable.

Perfectly naturalized and common around Peoria in the year 1852
were; Sisymbrium officinale Scop., Brassica nigra L., Capsella pursa pastoris
Moench, Portulaca oleracea L., Malva rotundifolia L., Sida spinosa L.,
SSEE ERRATA
38 Tur VEGETATION OF THE

Abutilon Avicennz Gertn., Trifolium pratense L., Pastinaca sativa L.,
Maruta cotula DC., Lappa officinalis All., Verbascum Thapsus L., Cheno-
podium urbicum L., Chenopodium botrys L., Chenopodium ambrosioides
L., Polygonum persicaria L., Polygonum Convolvulus L., Rumex crispus
L., Cannabis sativa L., Phleum pratense L., Eragrostis powoides Beauv.
var megastachya, Eragrostis pilosa Beauv., Bromus secalinus L., Panicum
sanguinale L., Setaria glauca Beauv.

Old settlers, but not so common, are: Hypericum perforatum L., Ve-
ronica arvensis L., Nepeta cataria L., Nepeta glechoma Benth., Marrubium
vulgare L., Melilotus alba Lam., Malva sylvestris L., Martynia proboscidea
Glox., Amarantus spinosus L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Rumex acetosella L.,
Dactylis glomerata L., Panicum glabrum Gaud.

First observed between 1855 and 1860, and now very common:
Sonchus asper Vill., Linaria vulgaris Mill., Leonurus cardiaca L., Echinos-
permum Lappula Lehm., Cynoglossum officinale L.

New settlers after 1860 and before 1870 and now common: Nastur-
tium officinale R. Br., Stellaria media, Smith; less common: Verbascum
Blattaria L., Melilotus officinalis Willd., Hleusine indica Gartn., Setaria
verticillata Beauv. Trifolium arvense L. Lychnis Githago Lam., Camelina
sativa L. Cirsium arvense Scop.

Single specimens were collected 1852 (but not seen since) of: Raphanus
Raphanistrum L., Nicandra physaloides Gertn., Inula Helenium L and
Leucanthemum vulgare L.

The latter re-appeared 1885 on the railroad tracks.

In 1886 first appeared Conium maculatum L., and Lactuca scariola L.

Several years ago single stocks of two grasses appeared along railroad
tracks, but not seen since: Triticum repens L and Lolium perenne L.
Probably the seed dropped from the cars but did not propagate.

Some species sometimes escape from gardens or cultivated lands, but
are, until now, not naturalized: Argemone mexicana L., Nasturtium Ar-
moracia F'r., Hibiscus Trionum L., Medicago sativa, Rosa rubiginosa L.,
Anethum graveolens L, Daucus carota L, Helianthus annuus L., Tanacetum *
vulgare L., Centaurea Cyanus L., Mentha viridis L., Satureja hortensis L.,
Ipomoce purpurea Lam., Ipomoea Nil Roth, Lycium vulgare Dun., Poly-
gonum orientale L., Fagopyrum esculentum Meench, Asparagus officinalis
L., Phalaris canariensis L and Setaria Italica Kunth.

There is a number of species which are doubtful whether indigenous-
or naturalized, 7

Cerastium triviale Link (C. vulgatum L. spec., ©. viscosum L. herb et-
auct. americ.) is the first time mentioned by Pursh (Flora Am. sept. L.,
320) and then by Nuttall (Gen. of N. Am. pl. I., 291), neither of them
says whether the plant be introduced or not. Barton (FI. phil. I., 216)
says that perhaps only O. longepedunculatum Muhl (C. nutans Raf.) and
C. arvense L are indigenous. Decidedly as an introduced plant it is spoken
of by Beck (Bot. of N. St. 51) by Dewey (Herbaceous plants of Mass. 89)
CumATE oF Mippie ILuInors. 39

by Darlington (FI. cestr. 33) and Torrey (Flora of N. Y. 1, 99). In
Torrey and Gray's Flora I., 188 it is left doubtful whether introduced or
not, and Gray in Man. of Bot. says: perhaps indigenous to the country.
Not a few plants, common to North America and Europe, are supposed to
have come to the eastern states on a.double way by new introduction from
Europe or by old migration from the north in both continents. The
question is, whether this in regard to our plant is possible and probable.

A. de Candolle in Geogr. bot. 748 says: Cerastium vulgatum L. et
Cerastium viscosum L paraissent manquer encore 41’Asie orientale et au
nord-ouest de l’Amerique, ce qui me fait croire & l’'introduction aux Etats-
unies.

The plant is found in Iceland (Hooker Tour in Iceland II., 324) in
Labrador (Meyer Flor. Labr. 94) in Spitzbergen (Martens flor. arct. 8)
in Greenland (Lange in Etzels Greenland 634). So an arctic connection
with the eastern continent is proved. After Ledebour (FI. ross. I., 408),
who takes the species in a wide sense, it extends through Sibiria to Kamt-
schatka, and his varieties Grandiflorum and Behringianum to Alaska.
The latter after Watson (Kings Rep. V., 38) occurs in the Uintah Moun-
tains in an altitude of 10,000 feet, and in the Rocky Mountains it was
found by Parry (Pl. of Rock. Mount. in Proc. Ac. n. s. Phil. 1863, p. 55)
and Gray in Pl. Wright, I., 18, mentions: Cerastium vulgatum L., C. tri-
viale Auct,, in ravines of the Organ Mountains N. Mex. That means, no
doubt, L. spec. and not L. herb as in Man. of Bot.

Now, if a plant is distributed from the arctic region to New Mexico,
it is possible that it spread in the same direction to Illinois. It is not
mentioned in Agassiz Lake Superior, but Houghton collected there C.
viscosum L. (Schoolcraft Sources of the Mississippi), and we find it in
Lapham’s Catalogue of Wisconsin plants. In both cases it is not said
whether L. herb or spec. is understood. j

I found the plant on a grassy place at the bank of a little brook at
that time remote from asettlement, what made me suppose, that the plant
. did not recently immigrate.

Solanum nigrum L. is a polymorphus pace ee and now ranged
amongst the indigenous by Gray in FI. of N. Am. I., 227.

Datura Tatula L.—The question, whether this i. a@ proper species or a
variety, and the probability of an American origin, A. de Condolle in Geogr.
Bot., 731, has extensively treated. Anothcr question is, whether we have
the plant from South America, as is supposed. When that is so, the im-
migration must be avery old one. Western farmers affirm that in remote
new settlements the plant appear as soon as the land is broken. It is a
well known fact, that the seeds of most Solanacee keep the germinative
power a long time, and so it is probable that the seeds had been buried in
the ground long before they had a chance to germinate. The white spe-
cies Datura stramonium was,-only a few years ago, the first time seen —
in the yard of a druggist’s house !
SEE ERRATA
40 THE VEGETATION OF THE

Chenopodium album L. and hybridum L.—The American botanists
took those plants unanimously for immigrated ones. Amongst the fifty-
five species described by Mocquin in Prodromus XIIL., 2, are only two, the
exclusive habitat of which is conceded to North America, one in Califor-
nia, the other in Carolina and Texas; the species of the genus are equally
distributed all over the globe, and the species in question are cosmopolites,
the original home unknown; they may have spread by colonization in
settled countries, but recently both species were found in the Rocky Moun-
tains of Colorado in an altitude of 10,000 feet (Porter & Coulter, Flora of
Colorado, 110), C. album L. from the Great Bear Lake, 66° N. L. to Nevada,
and C. hybridum L. from the Saskatchewan to the Wahsatch Mountains.
Watson (in King’s Report, V. 287), declares both to be indigenous, and
in his Revision of N. Am. Chenopodiacee (Pr. Am. Ac. IX, 97), under C.
hybridum, he says: “ Introduced eastward, but indigenous from Kentucky,
Texas, and New Mexico to Oregon.” I never doubted that the variety
viridis "be indigenous, as it is found in our vicinity only in the shade of
the woods.

Amarantus retroflexus L. and albus L.—These species, too, were ever
taken for immigrated plants. To Mocquin it is an open question, whether
the former came to Europe from America, as to the latter he is sure of it:
he gives as habitat Pennsylvania and Virginia. In the meantime the
plants were found in the deserts beyond the Rucky Mountains, “ far from
cultivated fields,” as Watson remarks in King’s Report, and ‘ probably
indigenous.” De Condolle did not include them in the list of immigrated
plants in Geogr. Botan.

There is a third species, A. blitoides Wats., which f first observed
about ten years ago, when I took it for a variety of A. albus. Now it
grows in immense numbers around houses. Watson described it as a new
species (Flora of California, II., 41), ‘Mexico to Northern Nevada and
Iowa, and spreading then eastward.” As its migration seems to be spon-
taneous and steady, and being a North American plant, I ranged it in the
list of indigenous plants.

Poa annua L. Poa compressa L. and Poa pratensis are no doubt cir-
cumpolar. They occur from Europe through Siberia to Kamtschatka,
Poa annua in Sitka (Alaska), after Ledebour (Flora Rossica IV., 372-78),
in Greenland and Iceland, after Martens (FI. arct.), P. Pratensis in Green-
land, Iceland and Labrador, Poa compressa in Labrador, after Meyer (Plant:
Labrad., 19). So we may have the plants from the North as well as from
the East.

Panicum crus Galli L. is a cosmopolite, the original home of which to
verify will hardly be possible; it occurs throughout North America, even
in the deserts of Utah and Nevada.

Agrostis alba L. and A. vulgaris With., have the same distribution as
the three species of Poa. They are in Gray’s Manual acknowledged as

‘indigenous.
CuimaTE or Mippier Ixvinors. 41

CULTIVATED PLANTS.

The foreign, not American, trees and shrubs, planted for shade or or-
nament around houses, are: Aesculus Hippocastanum, Ailanthus glandu-
losus, Populus alba and dilatata, Salix alba and babylonica, Tilia europea,
Philadelphus coronarius, Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrum vulgare, Rhamnus
eatharticus. Lycium vulgare, Rhus cotinus and Catalpa Kempferi.

American species from southern Illinois: Liriodendron tulipifera,
Catalpa speciosa, Robinia pseudacacia, Wistaria frutescens; from north
Illinois: Betula papyracea; from other States: Populus balsamifera, Pyrus
americana, Catalpa bignonioides, Crategus cordata, Ribes aureum, Symph-
oricarpus racemosus, Lonicera sempervirens and Maclura aurantiaca.

Conifere: Pinus Strobus, Abies balsamea and Larix americana, and
the foreign Pinus austriaca and Abies excelsa thrive only in clayey soil of
the bluffs.

Tn tne orchard the apple in many and often excellent varieties takes
the first place; less common are cherries, pears and plums. Peaches suf-
fer from severe winters and late frosts. Small fruit for the market are
raised: Strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries and currants.

The principal crops of cultivated farm land in Illinois are: Maize,
wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat and potatoes, together (in 1875) on
134 millions of acres, about 38 p. c. of the area of the State. Hay was
made in the same year on 2} millions of acres on uncultivated farm land.

Maize alone was cultivated on more than eight millions of acres. In-
deed no Illinois farm is so prosperous as the large farm Esperanza, in
Mexico, of which Humboldt, in his Essay Politique sur la Nouvelle Es-
pagne, says: “ Une faneque de mais en produit quelquefois huit cent.” Still
the Illinois farmers reap nearly the average crop of the fertile parts of that
country, which is, after Humboldt, 3-400 fold, that would be 288 fold
after the following table, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Roswell
Bills, Sec. of Peoria Co. Agricult. So.:

 

 

 

Ee BOWL. TT ea Teor Ant CROE:
Maize ........... May 14th. Oct. 10th. 5 quarts, 45 bushels.
Winter Wheat ...} Sept. st. July 1st. 114 bushels. 20 is
Spring Wheat....| Mch. 25th. July 15th. 1% 4 15
Rye .... Sept. 10th. June 25th. 14 ip 20 i
OBES cssise-csisniesode's April 10th. July 15th. 2 CO, 50 5
Barley ? June 20th. 2 on 50 .
Buckwheat June 25th. Sept. 25th. Boon 20 a
Potatoes......... May 15th. Oct. = Ist. 5 is 100

 

 

 

 

In the year 1875, wheat was grown on 2.6 millions of acres, oats on
2.27 millions of acres, and potatoes on 118,715 acres, with a crop of 128
bushels per acre. The cultivated fodder are clover and timothy.

6
42 THE VEGETATION OF THE |.

Other farm products are: Peas, beans, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cu-
cumbers, melons, water melons and tomatoes. What the gardening bring
to market is the same as in all civilized countries of the temperate zone.

SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA OF PEORIA.

To indicate the relative number of localities and the relative number
of individuals in each locality, roman figures are used for the former, and
arabic ones for the latter; so Eleocharis palustris X., 10, means that the
plant occurs on all favorable places, in swampy places, flat banks a. s. o.
in the greatest number; Corylus americana VIII, 10, that it is found in
most favorable localities; Thuja occidentalis J., 1, that this tree was ob-
served on a single place a single specimen. The abbreviated geographical
names* express the limits of distribution of each species.

*A BREVIATED GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

[Those of the States are well known, and therefore omitted.]

All—eghannies, All. (N.Ca.), All. (Ga.), Alleghan- | Miss—issippi river.

nies southward to N. Ca. or Ga.

Art—ic coast,
Atl—antic coast.

 

U. Miss.—Upper Mississippi.

U. Mo.—Upper Missouri.

N. E.—New England.

Can—ada. N. F.—New Foundland.
G—ulf coast. Pac—ific coast.
Hud—son. R. Mts.—Rocky Mountains.
Labr—ador. Sask—atchewan.
ABBREVIATED NAMES OF AUTHORS.

Ach—arius. Dun—al. f Lindl—ey. Schreb—er.
Ait—on. Ehrh—art. Lk.—Link. Schrad—er.
Anders—son. Ell—iot. Lightf—oot. Schk—uhr.
Andr—ews. Englm—ann. L’Her—itier. Schult—es.
Aust—in. F.& M.Fischer& Mayer | Lois—eleur. W. P. Sch—imper.
Bart—on. Fr—ies. Marsh—all. Schpr—Schimper.
Beauv—ois. Freel—ich. Mart—ins. Schweeg—richen.
Benth—am. Geertn—er. Mey—A. C. Meyer. Schw—einitz.
Bernh—ardi. Gaud—ichaud. Michx—Michaux. Scop - oll.
Big—elow. Gm-—elin. Mill—er. Sh. & P.—Short and
Bisch—off. Good—enough. Mocq—uin. Peter.
Bland—ow. A. Gr—ay. Muell—er. Shuttl—eworth.
A. Br—aun. Grev—ille. Muhel—enberg. Sibth—orp.
R. Br—own. Gris—ebach. Murr—ay. Sm—ith,
Brid—el. Gron—ovius. Norm—ann‘* Spr—engel.
Br. Sch. Bruch and | Hassk—arl. Nutt—all. Spring—er.

Schimper. Hedw—ig. Pers—oon. Sol—ander.
Br. Eu. Bryologia Eu- | Hoffm—ann. Ph.—Pursh. Steud—el:

ropea. Hook—er. Planch—on. Sull—ivant.
Buckl—ey. Hornsch—uch. Poir—et. Sw—artz.
Cav—aniles. Hueb—ener. Raf—inesque. Trin—ius.
Chois—y. Hud—son. Rich—ard. Torr—ey.
Curt—is. H. B. K. Humboldt | Richards—on. T. Gr.—Torrey and
Darl—ington. Bonpland & Kunth. | Ridd—ell. Gray.
DC.—DeCandolle. Jacqu—in. Rostk—ovius. Tuck—erman. ,
ADC.—Alphonse DC. Juss—ien. R. Sch.—Reemer and | Vent—enat.
Desn.—Decaisne. Kth.—Kunth. Schultes, Wang—enheim,
Desf—ontaine. Lag—asca, R. P.—Ruiz & Pavon. Wahl—enberg.
Dew—ey. Lam—ark. Rottb—oll. Walt—er. :
Dietr—ich, Lamb—ert. Salisb—ury. Wats—on.
Dgl.—Douglas. Lehm—ann. Sartw—ell. Willd—enow.
Dum —ortier. L—inneus. Schleich—er. With—ering.

 

 
SEE ERRATA

CumaTe or Mippie I1vrnors. 43

Ranunculacesz. In N. Am. 18 Gen. 147 Spec.

Clematis Pitcheri T. Gr. sandy banks V. 5 Ill—N. Mex.

Clematis virginiana L. shady banks III. 2 Atl—N. Mex. G.—Sask.

Anemone decapetala L, dry prairies, hill-sides III. 4 ArizN. Ca.—Utah—
Ii.

Anemone cylindrica Gr. copses V. 4 Mass.—II]. Wisc.—N. Mex.

Anemone virginiana L. woods V. 5 N.E.—Ark. All. ($.Ca.)—55°N.L.

Anemone dichotoma L. bottom wood V. 7 Can.—All. (Pa.) Ark. R. Mts.—
Arct.

Hepatica triloba Chaix var. acutiloba wood VI. 5 Atl—Alaska G.—U. Mo.

-Thalictrum anemonoides.Michx. wooded hill-sides II. 5 Can.—N. Ca. La.—

U. Miss.

Thalictrum dioicum L. woods II. 2 N.E.—La.—67°N, L.

Thalictrum purpurascens L. woods, copses III. 3 N.E.—La.—R. Mts.

Thalictrum cornuti L. woods, shady banks IV. 3 Atl—N. Mex. G.—56°N.L.

Ranunculus multifdus Ph. stagnant water I. 4 N.E.—N. Ca.—La.—R. Mts.
Arct. :

Ranunculus abortivus L. woods VIII. N.F.—La.—R. Mts. $.Ca.—57°N.L.

Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. moist woods III. 3 Atl.—Or. G.—Labr.

Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. prairies and wood openings VI. 6 N. E.—
R. Mts.

Ranunculus repens L. woods X. 6 All.—Pac. G.—Can.

Isopyrum biternatum T.Gr. shade VI. 5 G.—Oh.—U.Miss.

Caltha palustris L. springy places in bottom woods III.6 Atl.—Pac. 8.Ca.—
Can.

Aquilegia canadensis L. wooded hillsides VI. 3 Atl—N.Mex. Ga.—Huds.

Delphinium tricorne Michx. copses IV. 2 All.—Up.Mo.—La.

Hydrastis canadensis L. shady woods II. 3 Can.—Ga.— Up. Miss.

Actaea ulba Big. shady woods V. 3 N.E.—La.—55° N.L.

Anonaceze. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 5 Spec.
Asimina triloba Dun. bottom woods V. 4 All.—Miss. G.—Gr. Lakes.

Menispermaces. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 5 Spec.
Menispermum canadense L. bottom woods Atl.—R.Mts. G.—Can.

Berberidaces. In N. Am. 7 Gen. 15 Spec.
Caulophyllum thalictroides Michx. shady woods IV. 3 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.
Miss.
Jeffersonia diphylla Pers. shady woods I. 4 All. (Tenn.)—Mich.—TIll.
Podophyllum peltatum L. woods VIII. 6 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Nymphzacezx. In N. Am. 5 Gen, 13 Spec.
Nelumbium luteum Willd. waters III 10 All. —Miss. G.—Can.
Nymphea tuberosa Paine waters III. 6 Atl.—Miss.
Nuphar advena Ait. waters I. 5 Atl—Pac. G.—Can:

Papaveracese. In N. Am. 12 Gen. 17 Spec.
Sanguinaria canadensis L. woods VI.5 Atl—Miss G.—Can.

Fumariacess. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 17 Spec.
Dicentra cucullaria D.C. wooded hillsides VI. 5 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up. Miss.
Corydalis aurea Willd. sandy banks, fields II. 6 Atl—W.Tx. R.Mts. G—64°
N.L.

Cruciferae. In N. Am. 37 Gen. 217 Spec.
Nasturtium sessiliflorum Nutt. banks bottom III. 4 Fla.—Tex.—IIl.
44 Tur VEGETATION of THE

* +Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt. bottom 1.1 Miss.—Pacif.

Nasturtium palustre D.C. bottom VIII. 6 N. .E.—La.Pacif.—Arct.

Nasturtium lacustre Gr. inundated bottom II. 4 Can. N.Y. Ky. La.—Up.
Miss.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. woods V. 5 Fla.—La. N.E.—Up.Miss.

Cardamine rhomboidea D.C. bottom, springy places V. 7 Atl—R.Mts. G.—
Can.

Cardamine hirsuta L. bottom VIII. 8 Atl—Pacif. G.—Arct.

Arabis dentata T.Gr. bottom III. 3 N.Y.—Tenn.— Up. Miss.

Arabis canadensis L. shady hillsides N. 4 N.E.—Ark.—Can.

Arabis laevigata D.C. rocky hillsides N. 4. Can.—Va. N .E.—Up.Miss.— Ark.

Thelypodium pinnatifidum Wats. bottom V. 5 Oh.—Il.—La.

Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. fields V. 8 N. .Y.—Fla.—La.— Cal.—Arct.

Draba caroliniana Walt. hillsides V. 8 N.E.—Ga.—La.—Up.Miss.

Lepidium virginicum L. roadsides, waste places X. 8 Atl._La.— Up.Mo.

Capparidacess. In N. Am. 9 Gen. 25 Spec.
Polanisia graveolens Raf. sandy banks IV. 6 Can.—Fla.—Ark.—Up. Miss.

Violaceszs. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 33 Spec.
Jonidium concolor B.H. shady woods II. 3 N.Y.—AIlL.—TII1.
Viola cucullata Ait. woods and prairies VIII. 5 Atl—Pacif. G—Arct.
Viola cucullata var.palmata Gr. woods I. 4.
Viola sagittata Ait. dry openings III. 4 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
Viola delphinifolia Nutt prairie III. 5 Ill—Up.Mo.
Viola pedata L. dry openings II. 5 Atl—Miss. G.—53° N.L.
var. bicolor.
Viola pubescens Ait. woods VI. 4 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—R.Mts.

Cistaceze. In N. Am. 8 Gen. 17 Spec.
Helianthemum canadense Michx. open woods, hillsides II. 4 Atl.—Miss. G.
—Can.
Lechea major Michx. dry woods, hillsides III. 5 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
Lechea minor Lam. dry woods, hillsides II. 8 Atl.—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Hypericacess. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 35 Spec.
Hypericum pyramidatum Ait. banks II. 3 N.E.—TIll. Wise.
Hypericum corymbosum Muhl. copses V. 5 N.E.—N.Ca.—Miss.
Hypericum spherocarpum Michx. banks IT. 4 Oh.—Il].—La.
Hypericum nudiflorum Michx. copses V. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—La.
Elodes virginica Nutt. swampy bottom I. 2 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—La.

Caryophyllacese. In N. Am. 12 Gen. 129 Spec.
Silene stellata Ait. copses VI. 4 N.E.—All_—_La.—Up.Miss.
Silene nivea D.C. bottom IT. 4 Pa.—Il.
Silene antirrhina L. dry hills V. 3 Atl.—Cal. Or. Tex.—Can.
Stellaria longifolia Muhl. grassy places II. 6 N.E.—Va.—La.—R.Mts. —

Alaska.
Arenaria lateriflora L. shady hillsides I. 4 N.E.—Up.Mo. Or. Alaska.

Cerastium triviale Link. (viscosum L. herb) grassy places I. 3 N.Engl.—Fla.
—N.Mex.—Alaska.

Cerastium nutans Raf. moist places VII. 4 Vt.—Minnes. N.Ca.—N.Mex.—
Cal.

Paronychieae. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 17 Spec.
Anychia dichotoma Michx. openings VI. 8 N.E.—Up.Miss. Ga—Ark.,

 

 

“The species marked }, found long ago at a single pl: i
partly be extinct in our flora.’ 8 gle place, have not been scen again, and may
CumaTE or Mippie ILinots. 45

Portulacaceae. In N. Am. 9 Gen. 44 Spec.
Claytonia virginica L. openings VI. 6 Atl—N.Mex. Ga—Can. Ariz.—
Alaska. :

Malvaceae. In N. Am. 17 Gen. 104 Spec.
Callirhoe triangulata Gr. prairies II. 4 All. (Ala—N.Ca)—Up.Miss.
Napva dioica L. fences, open places, copses III. 5 All.—Ill.
Hibiscus militaris Cay. bottom IT. 4 All. (Pa.—Ala.)—Miss.

Tiliaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 4 Spec.
Tilia americana L. woods V. 3 N.E.—All—La,—52°N.L.

Linaceae. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 17 Spec.
Linum sulcatum Ridd. prairies, open woods, V. 5 N.E,—N.Ca.—Up.Mo.

Geraniaceae. In N. Am. 6 Gen. 27 Spec.
Geranium maculatum L. open woods V. 5 Atl.—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
+F loerkea proserpinacoides Willd. bottom I. 4 N.E.—Utah.
Impatiens pallida Nutt. moist, shady woods II. 5 Atl—Oreg. Ga—Can.
Impatiens fulva Nutt. moist shady woods VI. 5 Atl.—Oreg. G.—66°N.L.
Oxalis violacea L. dry hillsides VI. 3 AtlL—N.Mex. G.—Can.
Oxalis stricta L. bottom, cultivated land VIII. 5 Atl—Pacif. G.—Can.

Rutaceae. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 11 Spec.
Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. copses VIII. 4 N.E.—Va.—Up.Miss.
Ptelea trifoliata L. woods, banks VI. 8 Lake Erie—N.Mex. Fla.—Tex.

Anacardiaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 14 Spec.
Rhus glabra L. dry hillsides VIII. 5 Atl—Oreg. G.—Sask.
Rhus toxicodendron L. bottom woods VIII.5 Atl.—Oreg. G.—Sask.
Rhus aromatica Ait. hillsides IV. 2 Vt.—Kas. G.-—Sask.

Vitaceae. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 15 Spec.
Vitis aestivalis Michx. woods VII. 5 Atl—Sonora G.—Can.
Vitis cordifolia Michx. woods VII. 5 Atl—Miss. G—Can.
Vitis riparia Michx. woods IV. 3 N.E.—Va.—N.Mex.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. woods VII. 6 Atl._N.Mex. G.—Can.

Rhamnaceae. In N. Am. 12 Gen. 47 Spec.
Rhamnus lanceolatus Ph. woods V. 3 W.Pa.—Tenn.—Up. Miss.
Rhamnus alnifolius L’Her. swampy places II. 4 N.Y.—Ill.—Huds.—Cal.
Ceanothus americanus L. copses VI. 5 Atl—R.Mts.—Tex. G.—Can.

Celastraceae. In N. Am.7 Gen. 15 Spec.
Celastrus scandens L. woods V.3 All. (N. Y.—N.Ca.)—Up.Miss.—47°N.L.
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. woods, copses V, 3 Can. 47 N.L.—Fla.—Mo.

Sapindaceae. In N. Am. 13 Gen. 31 Spec.
Staphylea trifolia L. copses V. 4 N.Ca.—Tenn.—47°N.L.—Up.Mo.
Aesculus glabra Willd. bottom woods V. 4 W.Pa.— Up.Miss.
Acer saccharinum Wang. wood hillsides V. 8 Can. N.E.—All—La.—Lake
Winnipeg.
Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. bottom woods VII. 9 Can. N.E.—Ga.—Ark.— Wise.
Negundo aceroides Moench. bottom woods IV. 4 Pa.—Fl4.—Cal.—Sask 54°

N.L.

Polygalaceae. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 40 Spec.
Polygala incarnata L. dry prairie Il. 4 Pa—Fla—Ark.—Wise.
Polygala sanguinea L. dry prairie, open woods IIT. 4 Atl..-N.Mex. G.—Can.
46 THE VEGETATION OF THE

Poly gala verticillata L. sandy places LV. 6 Atl.—R.Mts. G.—Can. :
Polygala senega L. dry wooded hillsides IV. 3 N.E.—A1l.—(N.Ca.)—Miss.—

54°N.L.

Leguminosae. In N. Am. 67 Gen. 736 Spec.
tCrotalaria sagittalis L. sandy banks I. 2 N.E. —Up. Miss,—Fla.—Sonora.
Trifolium reflexum L. bottom woods IT. 3 All.—Ill_—Fla.—Tex.
Trifolium repens L. waste places,. pastures, roadsides, X. 10 all North
America.
Psoralea onobrychis Nutt. copses V. 6 All. (8.Ca.) Oh.—Up.Miss.
Psoralea floribunda Nutt. dry prairies, hillsides V. 6 IJ|—R.Mts.—Ark.—

Sonora.

Petalostemon violaceum Michx. prairies, hillsides V. 4 Mich.—N.Mex.—La.
—Sask. >

Petalostemon candidum Michx. prairies, hillsides, V. 3 Mich.—Sonora.—La.
—Sask.

Tephrosia virginiana Pers. dry prairie I. 1 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
Amorpha fruticosa L. bottom, banks V. 5 Pa——Up.Mo.— W.Tex.—F la.—L.
Winnipeg.
Amorpha canescens Nutt. dry prairie, hillsides V. 6 Mich.—R.Mts.—Ga.—
Tex.
Astragalus canadensis L. copses V.5 All. (N. Y.—Ga.)— La.—Or.—58°N..L.
Desmodium nudiflorum D.C. woods I. 3 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
Desmodium acuminatum D.C. woods V. 5 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
+Desmodium pauciflorum D.C. woods I. 2 Pa.—Ill—Fla.—La.
Desmodium cuspidatum T.Gr. copses III. 3 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
Desmodium canescens D.C. copses VII. 7 Atl.—Miss. G.—Can.
Desmodium Illinoense Gr. prairies, copses V. 3 Ill.
Desmodium Dillenii Darl. copses III. 3 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
Desmodium paniculatum D.C, copses, wood openings V. 8 N.E.—Up.Mo.—
Fla.—W.Tex.
Desmodium canadense D.C. woods, copses IV. 8 Atl.—R. Mts—N.Ca.—54°
N.L.
Desmodium sessilifolium T.Gr. copses I. 5 Pa. Ky.—Tex.—_Up.Mo.— Mich.
Lespedeza violacea Pers. copses V. 6 Atl.—_Up.Mo.—Tex. G.—Can.
Lespedeza reticulata Pers. copses III. 4 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
Lespedeza capitata Michx. copses, wood openings V. 5 Atl.—Up.Mo. G.—
Can.
Vicia americana Muhl. bottom, moist copses I.2 N.Y.—Ky.—La.—Gr. Bear
Lake—N.Mex.—Cal.
Lathyrus palustris L. moist copses III.4 N.E.—N.Ca.—Pacif.—55°N.L, Lab-
rador.
Phaseolus diversifolius Pers. bottom V. 3 Atl-~Up.Mo.—W.Tex. G.—Can.
Phaseolus helvolus L. sandy soil I. 2 N.Y.—Ill—Fla. N.Mex.
Apios tuberosa Moench. bottom copses III. 4 Oh.—R.Mts. G.—Can.
Amphicarpaea monoica Nutt. woods V.5 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
Baptisia leucantha Nutt. copses V. 4 Oh—Wisc.—Up.Mo. Fla.—Tex.
Baptisia leucophaea Nutt. prairies V. 3 Ga—Tex.— Wise.—Mich.
Cercis canadensis L. woods VI. 8 Pa.—Ill—Cal. Fla.—La.
Cassia marilandica L. bottom VI. 4 Atl—Mo. G.—Can.
Cassia chamecrista L. bottom VI.7 Atl—N.Mex. G.—-Can.
Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. bottom woods V. 8 W.N.Y.—Tenn. —Up.
Mo.—46°N.L.
Gleditschia triacanthos L. 5 bottom woods V. 5 W.Pa.—Up.Mo. Fla.—La.
CLIMATE OF MippLE ILLINOIs.. 47

Desmanthus brachylobus Benth. sandy banks III. 4 Ill—Up.Mo. Ky. La.—
W.Tex.

Rosaceae. In N. Am. 35 Gen. 201 Spec.

Prunus americana Marsh. woods, copses V. 4 Atl—Up.Mo. Tex.—Sask.

Prunus Virginiana L. copses V. 3 Atl—R.Mts.—N.Mex. G.—67°N.L.

Prunus serotina Ehrh. woods V. 3 Atl.—Up.Miss._W.Tex. G.—62°N.L.

Spiraea lobata Murr. bottom II. 4 All. (Pa—Ga. Ill. Mich.

Spiraea Aruncus GL. wooded hillsides IV. 4 All. (N.Y.—Ga.)—R. Mts. Cal.
Sitka.

Agrimonia Eupatoria L. woods V. 3 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Can.

Agrimonia parviflora Ait. woods II. 3 All. (Pa.—N.Ca.)—Il.—La.

Geum album Gm. woods, copses V. 4 N.E.—Ga.—Iil.

Geum virginianum L. 4 wet prairies 1. 4 N. E—R.Mts.—W.Tex.

Potentilla norvegica L. fields VI. 5 N.E.—N.Mex.—Or.— Alaska—Arct.

Potentilla canadensis L. woods, copses VI. 3 N.E.—Al].—La. Can.—Up.Mo.

Potentilla arguta Ph. prairies, copses III. 4 N.E,—R.Mts.—65°N.L.

Fragaria virginiana Ehrh. wooded hillsides VII. 5 Atl.—Cal.—Or. G.—65°
N.L.

Rubus occidentalis L. copses VI. 5 N.E.— All.—R.Mts.— Or.

Rubus villosus Ait. copses VIII. 6 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Rosa setigera Michx. bottom VI. 5 W.N.Y.—Fla—Miss.—47°N.L.

Rosa carolina L. woods I. 2 At].—Miss. G.—Can.

Rosa parviflora Ehrh hillsides V. 5 N.F.—Fla.—Miss.

Rosa blanda Ait. prairies, hillsides III. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss. N. Mex.—Cal—
69°N.L.

Cratzgus coccinea L. wooded hillsides II. 3 N.E.—Up.Mo.—F la._N.Mex.

Crategus tomentosa L. 5 bottom woods V. 4 N.E.—All._—La.—Up. Miss.

Cratzgus sudvillosa Schrad. bottom woods VI. 4 N.E.—La.—Up.Miss.

Cratzgus crus galli L. bottom woods III. 5 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.

Pyrus coronaria L. wooded hillsides, copses V.5 W.N.Y.—All.—La.—Up.
Miss.

Amelanchier canadensis 'T.Gr. var Botryapium wooded hillsides V. 3 Atl.—
Cal. G.67°N.L.

Saxifragaceee. In N. Am. 23 Gen. 135 Spec.

Ribes rotundifolium Michx. woods V.5 N. E.—All. (N.Ca.)—La.—R.Mts.

Ribes floridum L. woods V.3 N.Y.—Va.—Ky.—Up.Mo.—54°N.L.

Hydrangea arborescens L. wooded hillsides III. 4 N.J.—Fla.—Miss. G.—
Can.

Parnassia caroliniana Michx. bottom, springy places III. 5 Atl.—Miss.G.—
Can.

Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. wet prairies II. 2 N.E.—Va.—Up.Miss.

Heuchera hispida Ph. wooded hillsides V. 3 All. (Va.—N.Ca.)—Up.Miss.

Mitella diphylla L. rocky hillsides V. 6 N.E.—All. (N.Ca.)—Up.Miss.

Crassulaceze. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 40 Spec.
Penthorum sedoides L. bottom V. 8 Atl.—Miss. G.—Can.

Hamamelacess. In N. Am. 15 Gen. 3 Spec.
Hamamelis virginica L. wooded hillsides II. 4 Atl_—Miss. G.—Can.

Haloragexs. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 14 Spec.
+Proserpinaca palustris L. swamps I. 3 Atl.—Up.Miss.—W.Tex. G.—Can.
48 Turn VEGETATION OF THE

Onagracess. In N. Am. 15 Gen. 148 Spec. \

Circaea Lutetiana L. shady woods V. 3 N.E.—All.—La.—Up.Mo.

Gaura biennis L. fences, fields VIII. 5 N.Y.—Miss.—Ga. N.Mex.

Epilobium palustre L. var. lineare ditches V. 5 N. i, AllL. (N.Ca.)—Up.Miss.
Or.—Arect. .

Epilobium coloratum Muhl. ditches, wet prairies III. 5 N.E—AII (N.Ca.)
Sonora—Cal.—Or.—54°N.L. .

Oenothera biennis L. bottom, fields VI. 5 Atl.—W.Tex. Cal. Or. G.—56°N.L.

Oenothera rhombipetala Nutt. sandy soil I. 4 Up.Miss.—Tex.—Cal.

Oenothera fruticosa L. wet prairies II. 5 Conn.—All.—La.—Up.Mo.

{Ludwigia alternifolia L. fences, ditches I. 83 N.E.—Up.Mo. Fla.—La.

Ludwigia polycarpa Sh. Pet. bottom III. 3 Mich.—Oreg. Ky.—Sask. :

Ludwigia palustris Ell. ditches, swampy places V. 8 Atl.—Pacif. G.—54°
N.L.

Lythracesz. In N. Am. 6 Gen. 13 Spec.

Rotala ramosior Koehne (Ammannia humilis Michx.) bottom IV. 3 Atl.—
Miss.—Or. G.—Can.

Ammannia coccinea Rottb. (A. latifolia L. Mant.) bottom VI. 5 Ob.—La.—
Up.Mo. Cal.—Sonora.

Lythrum alatum Ph. bottom VIII. 5 Mich.—Fla.—Sonora—Cal.

Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. dry wood openings VIII. 4 Conn.—All.—La.—
Up.Miss.

Cucurbitaceze. In N. Am. 11 Gen. 26 Spec.
Sicyos angulatus L. bottom V. 3 Atl.—Miss. G.—Can.
Echinocystis lobata T.Gr. bottom V. § W.N.E.—Ky.—Up.Mo.—Sask.

Ficoides. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 4 Spec.
Mollugo verticillata L. roadsides, waste places, yards VIII.8 N.E.—Cal.
Fla—N.Mex.

Umbelliferee. In N. Am. 45 Gen. 171 Spec.

Sanicula marilandica L. woods VI. 6 N.F.—Ga.—La.—R. Mts.—Or.

Erynchium yuccaefolium Michx. dry prairie V. 5 N.J.—Up.Mo. Fla—W.
Tex.

Heracleum lanatum Michx. banks, copses III. 5 N.E.— All. (N.Ca.)—N.Mex.
Cal.—Sitka— Huds.—58°N.L.

Archemora rigida D.C. springy places III. 4 N.Y.—Fla.—Miss.

Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm. springy places II. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss.

Thaspium barbinode Nutt. banks I. 4 N.E.—Fla.—Up.Miss.

Thaspium aureum Nutt. woods V. 5 Atl.—Miss. G.—Can.

Thaspium trifoliatum Gr. woods V. 5 Atl—Miss.—R. Mts. G.—Sask.

Pimpinella integerrima Benth Hook (Zizia D.C.) wooded hillsides V.5
N.E.—Up.Miss,—La.

Cicuta maculata L. swamps V. 5 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Sask.

Cicuta bulbifera L. swamps I1.5 N.E.—Up.Miss.

Sium cicutefolium Gm. swamps V. 5 Atl—Pacif. G.—Hudson’s Bay.

Berula angustifolia Koch. springs, creeks IJ. 7 Mass.—Pacif. (Sonora.—
Oreg).

Cryptotenia Canadensis D.C. woods IV. 5 N.E.--All—La—Up.Mo.

Cherophyllum procumbens Lam. woods V.5 N.J .—All.—La.—Up. Miss.

Osmorrhiza brevistylis D.C. wovds II. 4 N.E.—N.Ca.—Cal.—Sitka,

Osmorrhiza longistylis D.C. woods II. 3 N.E.—Or. La.—Sask.
CuimMATE oF Mippxe Ixvinotrs. 49

Araliacezs. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 9 Spec.

Aralia racemosa L. woods V. 3 N.E.—AII. (Ga.)—R.Mts.—Sask.
Aralia nudicaulis L. woods III. 3 Labrador—All. (N.Ca.)—R.Mts.—64°N.L.
Aralia quinquefolia Gr. woods II. 4 N.E,—A1l.—La.—Up.Miss.

Cornaceszs. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 29 Spec.

{Cornus circinata L. woods I. 1 Can.—All. (Va.)—IIl.
Cornus sericea L. woods, copses III. 4 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
Cornus stolonifera Michx. bottom woods II. 3 N.E.—N.Mex.—Alaska—
Huds.—69°N.L. ;
Cornus asperifolia Michx. bottom woods V. 5 Fla.—S.Ca. Ky. Ill.—La.
Cornus paniculata L’Her. woods V. 3 N.E.—Up.Miss. N.Ca.—La.
Cornus alternifolia L. woods IV. 3 N.E.—Fla.—Up.Miss.

Caprifoliacezs. In N. Am.8 Gen. 47 Spec.

Lonicera flava L. rocky banks II. 3 N.Y.—AIl. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.

{Lonicera parviflora Lam. rocky banks I. 1 N.E.—AIL (N.Ca.)—R.Mts.—

Huds.

Triosteum perfoliatum L. woods IV. 4 N.E.—AII. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.
Sambucus canadensis L. bottom VII. 5 Atl_—R.Mts. G.—Sask.
Viburnum Lentago L. banks, hillsides III. 3 N.E,—All. (Ga.)—Miss.—Sask ,
Viburnum prunifolium L. copses III. 3 Conn.—Up Miss. G.—Can.
Viburnum dentatum L. wooded hillsides I. 2 Vt,—N.J.—Ky.— Wisc.
Viburnum opulus L. wooded hillsides I. 2 Vt.—R,Mts.—Arct.

Rubiacez. In N. Am. 26 Gen. 82 Spec.

Galium Aparine L, bottom, copses IV. 5 N.E.—Sonora—Alaska.

Galium concinnum_T.Gr. dry woods V. 8 All. (Pa—Va.)—Up.Miss.

Galium trifidum L. moist woods V. 8 Atl—Pacif—Alaska G.—68°N.L.

Galium triflorum Michx. shady woods IV. 5 Atl—Pacif. G.—Greenland.

Galium circezans Michx. shady woods V. 5 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
+Spermacoce glabra Michx. banks I. 1 Fla.—Tex.—IIls.—Oh.

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. bottom, swamps V. 8 Atl—Tex.—Cal. G.—

Can.

Compositz. In Am. 221 Gen. 1557 Spec.

Vernoniacez.
Vernonia fascieulata Michx. bottom VIII. 8 Oh. Ky.—Up.Mo. Fla.—La.
Eupatoriacez.
Liatris cylindracea Michx. dry woods and prairies, IV. 5 W.Can.—Up.
Miss.—La.
Liatris scariosa Willd. dry sandy soil V. 6 W.Can.—Fla.—Tex.—R.Mts.—
Sask.
Liatris pycnostachya Michx. dry prairie V. 5 Ill—La.—Tex.
Kuhnia eupatorioides L. dry woods and prairies VIII 8 N.J.—R.Mts. Fla.—
N.Mex. :
Eupatorium purpureum L. bottom, copses VI. 6 Atl—Up.Mo. R.Mts. G.—
Can.
Eupatorium altissimum L. dry copses III. 4 All—La.—Up.Mo.
Eupatorium sessilifolium L. copses II. 3 N.E.—AIl. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. bottom V. 5 Atl.—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
Eupatorium serotinum Michx. bottom VII. 9 N.Ca.—Up.Mo. Fla.—Tex.
Eupatorium ageratoides L. shady wooded hillsides VI. 6 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—
Can.
7
50 THE VEGETATION OF THE

Asteroides.

Aster corymbosus Ait. woods II. 3 N.E.—AIl. (Ga.).—Up.Miss.

Aster sericeus Vent. dry, gravelly hillsides VI. 6 Oh.—Up.Mo.—All. (N.
Ca.)—La.—Tex.

Aster levis L. woods and dry hillsides V. 5 N.E.—All.—La.—N.Mx.—Sask.

Aster azureus Lindl. copses, dry prairies V. 4 Oh. Micb.—Up.Mo. All. (Ga.)
—La.

Aster Shortii Boot wood VI. 6 Oh.—Up. Miss. All. (Ga.)—La.

Aster Drummondii Lindl. woods, copses Vi, 6 Oh.— Miss. Ga.—Can.

Aster cordifolius L. woods VI. 6 N. E.—La.—Up.Miss.

Aster sagittifolius Willd. woods VI. 6 Atl—Up.Mo. W.Tex. G.—Can.

Aster ericoides L. sandy soil, prairies II. 4 Conn.— Wisc. Fla.—La.—R. Mts.

Aster multiflorus Ait. sandy soil, prairies VII. 8 Atl—Mex.—Alaska G.—
Arct.

Aster Tradescanti L. fields, banks, etc. V. 3 N.E.—La.— Up.Miss.

Aster diffusus Ait.* fields, copses X. 10 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Aster paniculatus Lam. bottom VI. 8 Atl—N.Mex.—Or. G.—Can.

Aster salicifolius Ait. bottom If. 4 N.E.—W.Tex.—Can.

Aster junceus Ait. bottom II. 4 Oh.—Cal.—Arect.

Aster Novi-Belgii L. bottom III. 8 Atl.—_N. Mex.— Or.

Aster puniceus L. bottom V. 8 N.E.—Miss. Fla.—N.Mex. G.—Huds.

Aster prenanthoides Muhl. bottom I. 3 N.Y.—AIL (N.Ca.)—Up. Miss.

Aster oblongifolius Nutt. dry gravelly hillsides III. 5 Pa. Va.—N.Mex.

Aster amethystinus Nutt. bottom I. 2 Mass.—II]. Wisc.

Aster Nove Angliz L. copses, fences VI. 5 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.—
R.Mts.

Aster anomalus Engelm. wood openings III. 4 Up.Miss.

Aster umbellatus Mill. (Diplopappus umbellatus and amygdalinus T.Gr.)
springy places in woods II. 4 N.F.—All.—_Up.Miss.

Aster infirmus Michx. (Diplopappus cornifolius T.Gr.) moist woods I. 3
N-E.—All.—La.— Up.Miss.

Aster linariifolius L. (Diplopappus linariifolius Hook.) sandy hills II. 5
-Atl—Miss. G.—Can.

Erigeron canadensis L. waste places X.10 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Sask.

Erigeron divaricatus Micbx. sandy soil II. 5 Ky. Ill—La.— W.Tex.

Erigeron bellidifolius Muhl. copses, hillsides, V. 5 N.E.—A1ll—La.—64°

N.L.
Erigeron philadelphicus L. banks, moist places, V. 5 Atl—Pacif. G.—Arct.
Erigeron annuus Pers. fields, waste places VII. 5 N.E—Ky.—Up.Mo.
Erigeron strigosus Muhl. fields, wood openings VI. 5 Atl—Pacif. G.—Sask.
Boltonia asteroides L’Her. (including B. glastifolia L’Her.) bottom V. 7 W.
Can.—Up.Miss.—F la.—La.
Solidago latifolia L. shady woods V. 5 N.E.—AILI. (Ga.)—Up. Miss.
Solidago speciosa Nutt. copses V. 4 Atl—Tex. Up.Mo. G.—Can.
sake rigida L. dry hillsides VI. 5 Conn. All. (N.Ca.)—Tex.—R.Mts.—
Sask.
Solidago Ohioensis Ridd. swamps II. 5 W.N.Y.—Il.
Solidago Ridellii Frank swamps III. 5 Oh.—Up.Miss.
Solidago neglecta T.Gr. swamps II. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss.
Solidago patula Muhl. springy places III. 4 Atl_—Miss. G.—Can.
5 ; : a :
use at ee a nae
Nees (artim) under the name A. paniculatus Lam. A. eaciede ie here Ser uadee ae ie

Nees, A. estious Gr. under A. junceus Ait., A. miser L ? is A. diffusus Ait. T i
is re-united with Aster. : us Ait. The genus Diplopappus
~2E ERRATA

CuimaTE or Mippie ILiinors. 51

Solidago arguta Ait. copses V. 5 N.E.—AIL (8.Ca.)—Miss.—Huds.

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. woods VI. 6 N.Y.—All.—Up.Mo.

ee nemoralis Ait. dry wood openings VI. 6 Atl.—R.Mts. W. Tex. G.—

ask.

Solidago missouriensis Nutt. dry praries III. 5 Up.Miss—R.Mts. La.—As-
siniboin. :

Solidago canadensis L. copses, fence rows X. 8 Atl—N.Mex. G.—Subaret.

Solidago serotina Ait. var. gigantea banks, copses III. 5 Atl.—Or. G.—Sask.

Solidago tenuifolia Ph. banks II. 3 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Solidago lanceolota L. banks, bottom V. 5 Atl.—R.Mts. G.—Huds.

Chrysopsis villosa Nutt. dry prairie III. 5 Il. Ky. Ala—N.Mex.—Or.—
Sask.

Senecioideze.

Polymnia canadensis L. woods III. 3 Can.—All.(N.Ca.)--Up.Miss.

Silphium laciniatum L. dry prarie V. 5 Oh.—Up. Mo. Ala.—Tex.

Silphium terebinthinaceum L. dry prairie V.5 Mich. Oh. Up.Miss.—W. Ga.

Silphium integrifolium Michx. dry prairie III. 3 W.Ga.—Up.Mo.

Silphium perfoliatum L. copses III. 3 Mich—Up.Mo.—La.—Ga.

Parthenium integrifolium L. dry prairie, wood openings III. 2 All—Up.
Miss.—Tex.

Ambrosia trifida L. bottom, fence-rows, fields III. 7 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Ambrosia artemisiefolia L. bottom, waste places X. 10 Atl—Pacif. G.—
Sask. ‘

Ambrosia psilostachya D.C. sandy soil II. 5 Ill.—Tex.—Cal.

tAmbrosia bidentata Michx. prairie I. 1 Up.-Miss.—La.-Tex.

Xanthium canadense Mill. bottom X. 10 Up.Miss——Sask.—Cal.—Tex.

Eclipta alba Hassk bottom III. 5 Pa.-Up.Mo.—Or.—Fla.—Tex.

Heliopsis levis Pers. copses LIV. 5 Atl.—Up.Mo.—N.Mex. G.—Sask.

Echinacea purpurea Moench. copses IV. 4 All—Up.Mo.

Eschinacea angustifolia D.C. prairies V. 6 Ill—Up.Mo.Ala.—Tex.

Rudbeckia laciniata L. bottom VIII. 8 Atl—N.Mex.G.—Can.

Rudbeckia subtomentosa Ph. prairie III. 5 Up.Miss.—La.

Rudbeckia triloba L. woods V.5 Pa.—W.Fla.—Miss.

Rudbeckia hirta L. dry prairie, hillsides V.7 W.N.Y.—Up.Miss. Fla—La.

Lepachys pinnata T.Gr. prairie, hillsides V.4 W.N.Y.—Up.Miss. Fla.—La.

Helianthus rigidus Desf. prairie V. 5 Mich. W.Ga.—N.Mex.—Sask.

Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. prairie I. 4 Oh. W.Ga.—Up.Miss.

Helianthus occidentalis Ridd. prairie V. 5 Oh.— AIL. (N.Ca.)—Miss.

Helianthus giganteus L. copses, bottom II. 5 N.E.—A1ll—Miss.—Sask.

Helianthus grosseserratus Martens copses, fields, VIII. 7 Oh.—Up. Miss.
La.—N.Mex.

Helianthus strumosus L. banks copses VII. 5 Atl—Up.Mo.G.—Can.

Helianthus tracheliifolius Wild. copses II. 4 Pa.—Up.Mo.

Helianthus divaricatus L. copses V. 5.—Fla—La—Can. Sask.

Helianthus decapetalus L. copses III. 5 N.E.—A1l.(Ga.)—Miss.

Helianthus vordnicoides Lam. copses fencerows VY. 5 All.—Up.Mo.

Helianthus hirsutus Raf. copses I. 2 Oh.—Ga.—Tex. Wise.

Verbesina helianthoides Benth. Hook. copses I. 2 Oh.—_W.Ga.— Up. Mo.

Actinomeris squarrosa Nutt. copses V. 5 All.—Up.Mo.

Coreopsis aristosa Michx. swamps VIII. 8 Oh.—Wisc.—La.

Coreopsis tripteris L. copses, banks V.3 Pa.—Fla.—La.—Up.Miss.

Coreopsis palmata Nutt. prairie, hillsides V.4 La. W.Tex.—Wisc. Lake
Winnipeg.
52 THE VEGETATION OF THE

Coreopsis lanceolata L. prairie II. 4 W.Can.—Ill. Fla.—La.

Bidens frondosa L. waste places; bottom, VIII. 5 Atl—Up.Mo. G. —Can.
—Or.

Bidens connata Muhl. low banks V. 5 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Mo.

Bidens chrysanthemoides Michx. swamps, banks VIII. 8 Atl.—Pacif.Gult
Can.

Dysodia chrysanthemoides Lag. waste places, roadsides VI. 8 Up.Miss.—
La. Up.Mo.—Mex.

Helenium auctumnale L. bottom X. 6 Atl—N.Mex.—Ore. G.—Subarct.

Achillea millefolium L. prairies, open roads V. 3 Atl—Pacif. G.—-Arct.

Artemisia caudata Michx. prairie 1V.5 N.E.—Up.Mo. Sask.—Tex.

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. banks IL. 2 Pacif.—Ill.— Sask.

Artemisia biennis Willd. wastes places 1V. 6 Pacif—Tenn.—Mackenzie R.

Gnaphalium polycephalum Michx. dry prairie, wood openings VI. 5 Atl.—
Mex. G.—Can.

tGnaphalium purpureum L, sandy soil I, 1 Atl_—Pacif. G.—Can.

Antennaria plantaginifolia Hook. open woods, HSER VI. 5 Atl.—Pacif.
G.—Huds.

Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. waste places VI. 4 Atl—UpMo. G.—Sask.

Cacalia suaveolens... bottom I. 3 Conn.—Ill. AJl.—W.Fla.

Caealia reniformis Mubl. woods II. 3 Pa.—N.Ca.—Up.Miss.

Cacalia atriplicifolia L. bottom V.5 W. Can.—Ill._—Fla.

Cacalia tuberosa Nutt. prairie II. 3 W.Can.—Ala. Wisc.

Senecio aureus L. wood, hillsides V. 5 N.F—Fla.—Tex.--Or.

Cynarez.

Cnicus altissimus Willd. copses, fields IV. 3 N.Y.—Fla.—Tex.— Wisc.

Cnicus altissimus var discolor Gr. copses, roadsides V. 4. _Can.—Ga.—II1.

Cnicus muticus Ph. bottom, springy places III.3 N.F.—Fla.—La.—Sask.

Cnicus pumilus Torr. prairie V. 4 N.E.—U.Miss.

Cichoriacese,

Krigia amplexicaulis Nutt.(Cynthia virginica Don) open woodsV. 3 N. Y.—
Colorado. Ga.—Minnesota.

Hieracium scabrum Michx. open woods III. 3 N.E.Can.—Ga.—Up.Miss.

Hieracium longipilum Torr. prairies V. 3 Mich. Ark.—W.Tex.—Up.Mo.

Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus Hook) shady hillsides V. 4 N.F.—AJ1—U.Miss.

Prenanthes aspera Michx. dry prairie III. 3 Oh—La.—Up. Miss.

Prenanthes crepidinea Michx. bottom, rich soil Il. 3 W.N.Y.—Ill.—Ky.

Prenanthes racemosa Michx. wet prairie III. 3 N.E.Can.—Up.Miss.—Sask.
R.Mts.

Troximon cuspidatum Ph. prairie, hillsides II. 3 Ill. Wise.—R.Mts.

Taraxacum officinale Weber open wood, yards V. 7 N.E.—R.Mts. Ore.—
Arct.

Lactuca canadensis L. copses, roadsides V. 3 Atl.—N.Mex. G.--Sask.

Lactuca integrifolia Big. open ground II. 3 N.E—Ga—Ill.

Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. wooded hillsides IIT. 4 N.E--Up.Miss.—Tex.

Lactuca floridana Gaertn. (Mulgedium DC.) copses, wooded hillsides V. 3
Pa—tiIll. Fla.—Tex. :

Lactuca acuminata Gr. copses, wooded hillsides II. 2 N.Y.--Fla.—Ill.

Lobeliacezs. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 29 Spec.
Lobelia cardinalis* L. bottom IV. 6 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
Lobelia syphilitica L. bottom VI. 4 N.E.—Atl.—La.—R. Mts.

*A single hybrid of Lobelia cardinalis and syphilitica was found.
CLIMATE OF Mippie ILvinors. 53

Lobelia leptostachys A. D. C. dry open woods V. 4 Ill—Up.Mo. $.Ca.—Tex.
Lobelia inflata L. woods V. 4 N,E.—All._—La.—Up. Miss.

Lobelia spicata Lam. dry prairie, open woods II. 3 N.E.—All.—La. Up. Mo.
Lobelia kalmii L. swamps, wet banks III. 7 N.E.—La.—IIl.

Campanulacez. In N. Am. 4 Gen. 18 Spec.
Campanula aparinoides Ph. moist grassy plains III. 5 N.E.—La.—Up. Miss.
Campanula americana L. bottom, copses V. 4 Atl.—Miss. G.—Can.
Specularia perfoliata A.D.C. dry hillsides VI. 6 Atl—Pacif. G.—Can.

Ericacezs. In N. Am. 34 Gen. 131 Spec.
Vaccinium vacillans Sol. wooded hillsides I. 6 N.E.—S.Ca.—Ga.
Gaylussacia resinosa** T. Gr. wood I. 2 N.E.—Atl. (Ga.)—Up. Miss.
Arctostaphylos uva ursi Spr. wooded hillsides I. 4 N.J—R.Mts. Cal.—Arct.
Monotropa uniflora L. woods III. 2 Atl—Or. G.—Can.

Ebenacez. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 2 Spec.
Diospyros virginiana L. woods along river banks II. 4 R.I.—Kas.—Fla.—
Tex.

Primulacezs. In N. Am. 11 Gen. 36 Spec:

Androsace occidentalis Ph. sandy hillsides, banks VI. 6 11]1—Ark.—R.Mts.

' —N.Mex.

Dodecatheon meadia L. open woods II. 3 Pa.—N.Ca.—La.—Cal.— A laska.

Steironema ciliatum Raf. (Lysimachia L.) wood bottom V. 5 N.E.—La.—
Up.Mo.

Steironema lanceolatum Gr. bottom V. 6 N.E.—Up.Miss.

Steironema longifolium Gr. wet prairie III. 4 Pa—s.Ca.—Up.Miss.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. swamps II. 3 Pan—Up.Miss.—Subarct.

Samolus valerandi L. var. americanus Gr. bottom IV. 5 Atl_—Mex.—Or. G.—
Can.

Oleacez. In N. Am. 6 Gen. 29 Spec.
Fraxinus americana L. bottom, hillsides IV. 4 N.E.—Up.Mo. Sask —Fla.—
Tex.
Fraxinus pubescens Lam. bottoms IT. 2 N.Br.—Minn. Fla.—Ala.
Fraxinus viridis Michx. f. bottom hillsides VI. 5 N.E.—Sask. Fla.—Ariz.
Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. bottom III. 3 Mich—Minn.—Ark.
Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. bottom III. 4 N.F.—Sask. Va.—Ark.

Apocynacess. In N. Am. 9 Gen. 21 Spec.
Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. bottom VI. 4 Ill.—Tex.—Fla.—N.Ca.
Apocynum androsaemifolium L. copses, hillsides IV. 3 Can—Ga.—N.Mex.
—Br.Columb.
Apocynum cannabinum L. copses, banks V. 5 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Can.

Asclepiadacezs. In N. Am. 17 Gen. 87 Spec.

Asclepias tuberosa L. dry open woods, hillsides, prairie VI. 5 Atl—Mex.—
R.Mts. G.—Can.

Asclepias purpurascens L. copses, hillsides V. 8 N.E.—-Up. Miss.--Tenn.

Asclepias incarnata L. wet bottom, banks VI. 6 N.E.—- All. (Ga.)--Up.Miss.
--N.Mex.

Asclepias cornuti Desn. fields, hillsides V. 5 Can.—Sask.—N.Ca.

Asclepias Sullivanti Engelm. wet prairie II. 3 Oh.—N.Mex.

Asclepias obtusifolia Michx. dry prairie IV. 3 N.E.—Up.Mo.—Fla.—Tex.

Asclepias Meadii Torr. dry prairie II. 3 Up.Miss.

**Gaylussacia was found about fifteen miles southwest and may occur somewhat nearer.

 
= '* PRATA
54 Tur VEGETATION OF THE

Asclepias phytolaccoides Ph. shady banks IV. 3 N.£.—All.(Ga.)—Up.Miss.
—La.

Asclepias quadrifolia L. wooded hillsides III. 3 Can.—N.Ca.—Up.Miss.—
Ark.

Asclepias verticillata L. dry prairie V.S. Atl—R.Mts.—Mex.G.—Can.

Acerates longifolia Ell. prairie II 2 Fla.—Tex. Oh.—Up. Miss.

Acerates viridiflora Ell. dry prairie hillsides V. 4 N.E.—Sask. Fla.—Tex.

Gentianaces. In N.Am. 13 Gen. 82 Spec.
Gentiana quinqueflora Lam. shady hillsides [V. 4 N.E.—Up.Miss.—Fla.—
Tex. :
Gentiana alba Muhl. copses III. 3 N.Y.—A1l. (Va.) Ky.—Up.Miss.
Gentiana Andrewsii Gris. bottom III. 4 N.E.—Sask.—All. (Ga.)
Gentiana puberula Michx. dry prairie, hillsides, II.4 Oh. Ky.—Up.Miss.
tMenyanthes trifoliata L. swamps, I. 4 N.E.—Cal.—Alaska—Arct.

Polemoniaces. In N.Am.5 Gen. 123 Spec.
Phlox maculata L. wooded hillsides I 2 Pa.—Up.Miss.—F la.
Phlox glaberrima L. bottom, wet prairie II. 5 All. (Va.)}—Up.Miss.—Fla.—
La.
Phlox pilosa L. prairie, hillsides V. 5 N.J.—Sask. Fla.—Tex.
Phlox divaricata L. woods VII. 7 N.Y.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Ark.
Phlox bifida Beck sandy soil, hillsides II. 5 Up.Miss.
Polemonium reptans L. wooded hillsides VI. 5 N.Y.—Ala.—Up. Miss.—Or. ?

Hydrophyllacez. In N.Am. 14 Gen. 115 Spee.
Hydrophyllum virginicum L. woods V. 3 N.E.—All. (8.Ca.)—W.T.— Alaska.
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. woods IV. 4 Can.—Wisce. All.—Mo.
Ellisia nyctelea L. shady woods VI. 8 Pa.—Va.—La.—Sask.

Borraginacess. In N.Am. 19 Gen. 123 Spec.

Echinospermum virginicum Lehm. (Cynoglossum Morisoni DC.) woods
VIII. 8 Can.—Alab.—Miss.

Mertensia virginica DC. bottom, shady hillsides V. 8 N.Y.—Al11.(8.Ca.)—
Up. Miss.

Myosotis verna Nutt. dry soil II. 4 N.E.—Fla.—Tex.—Cal. Or.

Lithospermum canescens Lehm. prairie V. 3 Can.—Sask. Ala.— Ariz.

Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. dry open wood, prairie V. 5 Va.—Mich. Up.
Miss. Fla.—Tex.

Lithospermum angustifolium Michx. (L. longifioram Lehm.) prairie III. 6
Up.Miss.—_Sask.— Ariz.

Lithospermum latifolium Michx. woods V. 3 Can.—Va.—Tenn. Up.Miss.

Onosmodium carolinianum DC. var. molle dry prairie, roadsides V. 6 Ill.—
Sask.—Tex.

Convolvulacezss. In N.Am. 8 Gen. 73 Spec.

Jpomoea pandurata Mey. bottom, fields V. 6 Can.—Fla.—Up.Miss. Tex.

Jpomoea lacunosa L. bottom IV. 5 Pa.—Ill. S.Ca.—Tex.

Convolvulus sepium L. bottom, copses II]. 3 N.E.—Fla.—_N.Mex.—Sask.

Convolvulus spithameus L. dry open woods IV. 3 Can.—F la.— Up. Miss.

Cuscuta tenuiflora Engelm. bottom upon Cephalanthus V. 5 Pa.—Sask.—
Ariz.

Cuscuta inflexa Engelm. bottom on shrubs V. 5 N.E.—Neb.— Ark,

Cuscuta chlorogarpa Engelm. bottom on Polygonum, ete. II. 3 Pa.—Up.
Miss.— Ark.

Cuscuta Gronovii Willd. bottom on Saururus, etc. V. 8 Can.—Up. Miss. Fla.
—Tex.
CLIMATE oF MippLe ILLINoIs. 55

Cuscuta compacta Juss. bottom on shrubs V.5 Can.—All. (Ala.) Up.Miss.
—Tex.
Cuscuta glomerata Chois. bottom on compositae V. 5 Oh.—Up.Miss.—Tex.

Solanaceze. In N. Am. 13 Gen. 68 Spec.

Solanum nigrum L. roadsides, fields, woods V. 3 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Can_

Solanum carolinense L. sandy soil, roadsides, fields VI. 5 Conn.—Up.Miss.
Fla.—Tex.

Physalis virginiana Mill. (Ph. viscosa Gr.) sandy soil, fields, roadsides V. 4
Can.—Fla.—Tex.— Up. Miss.

Physalis lanceolata Michx. (Ph. pennsylvanica Gr.) sandy fields III. 4 Fla.
N.Mex.—Sask.

Datura tatula L. waste places, roadsides X. 8 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Can.

Scrophulariacess. In N. Am. 37 Gen. 313 Spec.

Scrophularia nodosa L. banks, copses VI. 4 Atl—Pacif. $.—Can.

Chelone glabra L. bottom, springy places IV. 4 N.F.—Fla.—Ark.—Sask.

Pentstemon pubescens Sol. dry prairie, open woods VIII. 5 Can. Up.Miss.
Fla.—tTex.

Mimulus ringens L. bottom VI. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss.—Tex.

Mimulus Jamesii T. Gr. springs I. 5 Mich. Up.Miss.—R.Mts.—Mex.

Conobea multifida Benth. sandy banks VI. 6 Oh.—Ill—Tex.

Gratiola virginiana L. bottom VI. 5 Atl—Tex.—Or.

Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth. bottom VI. 5 Atl.—Tex.—Or.

Veronica virginica LL. woods V. 4 Can.—Sask. Ala.—-Up.Mo.

Veronica anagallis L. ditches, brooks II. 5 Can.—Up.Miss. N.Mex.—Br.Col.

Veronica americana Schwein ditches, brooks I. 4 N.E.—Ark.—Up.Miss.
N.Mex. Cal.—Alaska. .

Veronica scutellata L. bottom I. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss. Huds.—Br.Col. Cal.

Veronica peregrina L. wet fields, bottom X. 10 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Huds.

Seymeria macrophylla Nutt. bottom IV. 4 Oh.—Ky.—La.— Tex.

Gerardia purpurea L. bottom IV. 5 Can.—F la.—Tex.— Up. Miss.

Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. bottom, open woods V. 6 Atl_—R.Mts. G.—Can.

+Gerardia aspera Doug]. bottom I. 3 Up.Miss.--Sask.—_W. Ark.

Gerardia grandiflora Benth. woods, copses IV. 5 Up.Miss.--Tenn.--Tex.

Gerardia auriculata Michx. fields, bottom II.5 All. (Pa.—N.Ca.)—Up.Miss.
Ark.

Castilleja coccinea Spr. dry open woods, copses VI.6 All. Can.—Sask.—Tex.

Pedicularis canadensis L. prairie, hillsides V. 5 Can.—Sask. Fla. R.Mts.—
Mex.

Pedicularis lanceolata Ph. swamps, springy places IV. 7 Conn.—Va.—Sask.

Orobanchacess. In N. Am. 4 Gen. 13 Spec.
Aphyllon uniflorum Gr. wooded hillsides II. 2 N.F.—Tex. Cal. Br.Columbia.

Lentibulariacess. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 19 Spec.
Utricularia vulgaris L. waters III. 5 N..—Sask.—Br.Col. All.—Tex.
+Utricularia intermedia Hayne shallow water I. 5 N.F.—Up.Miss.—_60°N.L.
Cal.
Bignoniaceze. In N. Am. 4 Gen. 6 Spec.
Tecoma radicans Juss. bottom, woods III. 4 Pa—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.

Acanthacesx. In N.Am. 15 Gen. 39 Spec.

Ruellia ciliosa Ph. dry prairie VI. 5 Mich.—Up.Miss. Fla.—La.
Ruellia strepens L. woods II. 4 Pa.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.
56 THE VEGETATION OF THE

Verbenacess. In N.Am. 11 Gen. 35 Spec.
Phryma leptostachya L. woods VI. 3 Atl.—Miss. Ga.—Can.

*Verbena urticifolia L. bottom, roadsides VII. 7 Atl.—Mex.G.—Can.
Verbena hastata L. bottom, roadsides V. 5 Can.—Sask. Fla.—N .Mex.—Cal.
Verbena stricta Vent. dry prairie, roadsides X 8 Oh.—Up.Mo.—Tex. N.Mex
Verbena bracteosa Michx. roadsides VII. 7 Wisc.—W.Fla.—Ariz.—Or.
Lippia lanceolata Michx. bottom, banks VI. 8 Pa.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Mex.—

Cal.

Labiate. In N.Am. 37 Gen. 196 Spec.
Isanthus cceruleus Michx. sandy banks, hillsides IV. 7 Can.—Ga.—Tex, |
Up.Miss.
Teucrium canadense L. bottom VI. 5 Atl.—Mex.G.—Can.
Mentha canadensis L. bottom, banks IV. 5 Atl.—Pacif. Can.—Sask.
Lycopus virginicus L. bottom IV. 5 Labr.—Fla.—Br.Columb.
Lycopus sinuatus Ell. bottom III. 4 Can.—Fla.—Tex.--Or.
Pycnanthemum muticum Pers. var. pilosum Gr. dry open woods V. 5 Oh.—

Tl. Ark.

Pycnanthemum linifolium Ph. dry open woods II. 3 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.--
Tex.

Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Ph. dry open woods, copses IV. 4 N.E.—Nebr.
—Ga. :

Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. open woods V.8 N.E.— AL. (S.Ca.)--Up.Miss.

Monarda fistulosa L. open woods, copses, hillsides V. 5 Can.--Fla. Ariz.--
Br.Columb.

Monarda clinopodia L. shady woods II. 3 Can.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.

Blephilia hirsuta Benth. woods V. 5 Can.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.—Tex.

Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. copses IV. 3 Vt.—Wise. All. (Ca.)—Tex.

Lophanthus scrophulariefolius Benth. copses IV. 4 N.Y.—Up.Miss. N.Ca.
—Ky.

Scutellaria lateriflora L. bottom VI. 6 Can—Fla.—N.Mex.—Br.Columb.

Scutellaria versicolor Nutt. open woods V. 3 Pa.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.

Scutellaria parvula Michx. gravelly banks, hillsides III. 6 N.E.—Up.Miss.
Fla.—Tex.

Scutellaria galericulata L. bottom II. 3 N.F.—AIL (N.Ca.)—Cal.—60° N.L.

Scutellaria nervosa Ph. bottom I. 4 N.Y.--Va.—Up.Miss.

Brunella vulgaris L. bottom, woods VI. 4 N.F.—Fla.—Cal_—Alaska.

Physostegia virginiana Benth. bottom VI, 8 N.E.—Fla.—Tex.—65° N.L.

Stachys palustris L. bottom III. 3 N.F.—Pa.—R.Mts.

Stachys aspera Michx. bottom V. 5 Can.—Fla.—La.— Up. Miss.

Plantaginacezs. In N.Am. 1 Gen. 14 Spec.

**Plantago Rugelii Decaisne fields, roadsides, woods VI. 8 Can. Vt‘-—Up.Miss.
Ga.—Tex.
Plantago cordata Lam. banks of brooks I. 3 N.Y.—Up.Miss. Ala.—La.
Plantago virginica L. gravelly hillsides III. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.

Aristolochiacez. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 11 Spec.

Asarum canadense L. shady hillsides V. 4 N.E.—AIl. (N .Ca.)—Up.Mo.
Aristolochia serpentaria L. woods II. 2 Conn.—Fla.— Miss.

*Several hybrids of Verbenz occur: V. stricta x urticifolia, V. stri
eutticte tin ja, V. stricta X bracteosa, V. hastata

**Plantago Rugelii was formerly taken for Pl. major an immigrated pla: i
not yet observed in our vicinity. Our species, which is indigenous, differs Gn Bae ae
ber a ee only A to 9) pad the jonger at the eet Sad spike. Plantago sparsifiora Michx
probably does not grow in Illinois, specimen from Sout inois I r is
nothing else than a depauperate Plantago Rugelii. eceived under that name is
CrimaATE or MippLe ILLINors. 54

Nyctaginacess. In N. Am. 10 Gen. 50 Spec.
Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet fence rows, banks V.5 Up.Miss.—La.—N.
Mex.—Up.Mo.

Phytolaccacez. In N. Am. 4 Gen. 5 Spec.
Phytolacca decandra L. bottom, banks V.3 N.E—Up.Miss. Fla.—N.Mex.

Chenopodiacez. In N. Am. 17 Gen. 83 Spec.
Chenopodium album L. bottom, fence rows X. 8 Atl.—Pacif.G.—Gr. Bear
Lake.
Chenopodium hybridum L. bottom V. 5 Atl.—Pacif.G.—Sask.

Amarantacez. In N. Am. 16 Gen. 46 Spec.
Montelia tamariscina Gr. bottom VIII. 8 Vt.—Up.Mo.—W.Tex.
Amarantus albus L. waste places IV. 5 Atl—N.Mex. R.Mts.—Or.
Amarantus retroflexus L. bottom, waste placos VIII. 8 Atl—N.Mex.—
R.Mts.
Amarantus blitoides Wats. waste places V. 7sMex.—R. Mts.—Up. Miss.

Polygonaceze. In N. Am. 16 Gen. 197 Spec.
Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. moist places VI. 6 Atl.—Mex.G.—Can.
Polygonum incarnatum Ell. moist places III. 5 Atl—Mex.G.—Can.
*Polygonum hydropiper L. moist places, ditches VI. 10 N.E.—Ariz.

Polygonum acre H.B.K. bottom V. 3 Atl—Mex.—Cal.G.—Can.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. moist places V. 6 Atl—Mex.G.—Can.

Polygonum amphibium L. waters, sloughs, banks X. 8 Atl—Mex.G.—Or.
Gr. Slave Lake.

Polygonum virginianum L. woods V. 3 N.E.—Fla.—Up.Mo.

Polygonum aviculare L. roadsides, yards X. 10 Atl—Mex.G.—72°N.L.

Polygonum erectum L. yards, roadsides V. 5 Atl_—Can.—Or.

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. bottom IV. 4 N.E.—Up.Mo.

Polygonum tenue Michx. dry soil, hillsides V. 5 N.E.—All.—La.—Sask.—Or.
Mex.

Polygonum sagittatum L. bottom II. 8 Atl—Miss.G.—Can.

Polygonum dumetorum L. copses, banks V.5 Atl._—Miss.—R.Mts.G.—Can.

Rumex orbiculatus Gr. bottom, swamps II. 4 N.E—Up.Miss.

Rumex britannica L. banks, moist places IV. 5 N.Y.—W.Tex.

Rumex verticillatus L. moist soil, banks V. 5 Atl—Miss.G.—Can.

Lauracess. In N. Am.5 Gen. 8 Spec.
Sassafras officinalis Nees. woods V. 4 Atl.--Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Thymeleacess. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 2 Spec.
Dirca palustris L. bottom, springy places IT. 3. Atl—Cal.G.—Can.

Santalacess. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 6 Spec.
Comandra umbellata Nutt. dry hillsides, copses IV. 5 N.E- All. (Ga.)—
Mex.G.—Can.

Saururacess. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 2 Spec.
Saururus cernuus L. swamps, springy places V. 6 Atl.—Miss. G.—Can.

Ceratophyllaceze. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 2 Spec.
Ceratophyllum demersum L. waters X. 10 Atl—Pacif. G.—62°N.L,

Callitrichacesws. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 6 Spec.
Callitriche heterophylla Ph. waters III. 5 Atl—Pacif. G.—T1°N.L.

*Polygonum hydropiper may be indigenous as well as not. Porter, in Wheeler’s Report, says:
“Introduced?” De Candolle has it not in the list of introduced plants.

8
58 THe VuaEeraTIoNn oF THE

Euphorbiaces. In N. Am. 17 Gen. 164 Spec.
Euphorbia maculata L. roadsides, waste places, fields X. 10 Atl.—Cal. G.—

Can.
Euphorbia hypericifolia L. (Preslii Guss.) bottom fields VIII. 8 Atl.—
N. Mex. G.—Can.

Euphorbia dentata Michx. bottom III. 4 Pa.—Up.Miss. La.—Sonora.

Euphorbia heterophylla L. banks, hillsides IV. 5 Up.Miss.—Mex.

Euphorbia corollata L. prairies, hillsides VII. 7 N.Y.—Up.Mo. Fla.—Mex.

Euphorbia commutata Engelm. sandy banks I. 3 Va.—Fla.—Up.Miss.
Euphorbia obtusata Ph. woods I. 3 Vt.—S.Ca.—R.Mts.

Acalypha virginica L. bottom, woods VII. 8 Atl—N.Mex. G.—Can.

Croton glandulosus* L. sandy soil I. 3 Va.—Up.Miss. La.— W.Tex.

Urticacess. In N. Am. 13 Gen. 24 Spec.

Ulmus fulva Michx. woods, bottom VY. 8 Can.—N.Fla.—Tex.—-Up. Mo.

Ulmus americana L. woods, bottom VIII. 8 N.F.—-Fla.—R.Mts.—52°N .L.

Celtis occidentalis L. woods, bottom III. 5 Can.—Up.Mo. Fla.— Tex.

Morus rubra L. woods VI. 4 N.E.—Up.Mo, Fla.—Tex.

Urtica gracilis Ait. bottom V. 4 N.E.—All.—N.Mex.—Cal. Or.

Laportea canadensis Gaud. bottom V. 6 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Pilea, pumila Gr. shady woods V. 6 Atl_—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Bohmeria cylindrica Willd. bottom III. 4 Atl—W.Tex. G.—Can.

Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. shady woods III. (8 N.E.—All.—N.Mex.—
Up.Mo.

Humulus lupulus L. copses, bottom III. 4 N.E.—All.—N.Mex. R. Mts.—
Sask.

Platanacess. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 3 Spec.
Platanus occidentalis L. woods, bottom VI. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.

JSuglandacess, In N. Am. 2 Gen. 12 Spec.
Juglans cinerea L. woods V. 4 N.Br.—Up-Miss. All. (Ga.)—Ark.
Juglans nigra L. woods V. 5 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.
Carya olivae formis Nutt. woods, bottom III. 3 Up.Miss. W.Ky.—La.—Tex.
Carya alba Nutt. woods VIII. 8 Can.—Up.Miss. W.Fla.—Tex.
Carya tomentosa Nutt. woods VI. 5 Can.—_Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex-
Carya sulcata Nutt. woods, bottom I. 3 Pa—Up.Miss.—Ark.
Carya porcina** Nutt. woods I. 2 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.
Carya amara Nutt, woods VI. 6 N.E.--Up. Miss. Fla.—Tex.

Cupuliferze InN. Am.7 Gen. 46 Spec.

Quercus alba L. woods X. 8 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex. G.—46° N.L.

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. woods, bottom V. 5 N.Br.—Up.Mo. N.Ca.—
W.Tex.

Quercus bicolor Willd. woods, bottom II.5 N.E.—AN. (Ga.)—Ark. Up.Miss.

Quercus prinoides Willd.(Qu.prinus acuminata Michx.) woods IV N.E.W
Up.Miss. All.—W.Tex.

Quercus imbricaria Michx. woods IV. 4 Ta.—Up.Miss.—All.—(Ga.)

Quercus nigra L. woods I. 2 N.Y.—Up.Miss. Fla.— W.Tex.

Quercus coccinea Wang. woods VIII. 6 N.E.—Up.Miss. All.—Fla.

Quercus rubra L. woods VI. 5 N.Scot.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.

 

*From the locality on which Croton glandulosus was found onl

track) it may be concluded that it might be an immigrant from the coutiern ae ve Tiinets eee
*‘Carya porcina—No doubt single trees exist in the neighborhood, alth

auch; ioe amongst the nuts of the common hickory, brought market, ome outers ae were

observed,
CrimaTe or Mippie ILvrnors. 59

Quercus Leana Nutt.* (coccinea X imbricaria) I. 1 Oh. Ill,

Corylus americana Walt. copses VIII. 10 Can.—Sask. Fla.—Tex.
Carpinus americana Michx. woods V. 3 N.Scot.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.
Ostrya virginica Willd. woods V.5 Can.—Up.Miss.— Winnipeg. Fla.—La.

Salicaceze. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 68 Spec.
Salix candida Willd. swampy bottom I, 4. N.E--Up.Miss.—Sask.
{Salix tristis Ait. dry hillsides I. 2. N.E.—AIl. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.

Salix humilis Marsh. dry hillsides V.5. N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.

Salix discolor Muhl. banks bottom VII. 6. N.F.—N.Ca.—R.Mts.— Athabasca
R.—Labr.

Salix sericea Marsh. (inel.S petiolata) banks bottom 1V. 4. N.E.—Up.Miss.
—Sask. .

Salix cordata Muhl. var angustata bottom V. 5. N.E.—R.Mts.—Arct.

Salix nigra Marsh. bottom X.8 N.Br.—Cal. Fla.—Ariz.

Salix amygdaloides Anders. bottom III. 4 N.Y.—Sask.—Or. Oh.—N.Mex.

Salix longifolia Muhl.-bottom low banks VIII. 8 N.E.—La.—Ariz.—Cal.—
Sask—66° N.L.

Salix myrtilloides L. swampy bottom I. 4. N.-E.—Up.Miss.—Arct.

Populus tremuloides Michx woods III. 5 N.F.—N.Mex. Cal.— Alaska—Huds.
69° N.L.

Populus grandidentata Michx. wooded hillsides V.5 N.Br—Up.Miss.—Al,
(N.Ca.)

Populus monilifera Ait. bottom X. 8 Vt—Fla.—N.Mex.—R.Mts.

Coniferes. In N. Am. 15 Gen. 82 Spec.
Juniperus virginiana L. hillsides II. 4 N.Br.—Up.Miss. Fla.—Tex.—R.Mts.
67° N.L.
{Thuja occidentalis** L. swamps I. 1 N.Br.—All (N.Ca.)—Up.Miss.—Huds.

Aracess. In N. Am. 9 Gen. 11 Spec.
Arisaema triphyllum Torr. woods V. 4 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
Arisaema Dracontium Schott woods IV. 3 Atl.—Miss. G.—Can.
Peltandra virginica Raf. swampy bottom II. 3 Atl.—Miss. G.—Can.
Symplocarpus foetidus Salisb. swampy bottom III. 5. N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.
Miss.
Acorus calamus L. swamp II, 6 Atl. Miss. G.—Can.

Lemnacess. In N.Am. 2 Gen. 9 Spec.
Lemna trisulca L. waters III. 10 N.E— N.Mex.—Cal.—55° N.L.
Lemna minor L. waters V. 10 N.E.—Fla.—_Mex.—Or.—60° N.L.
Lemna polyrrhiza L. waters V. 10 Atl—W.Tex. Nevada G.—55° N.L.
Wolffia columbiana Karsten waters I. 10 N.E.—La.— Up. Miss.

Typhacess. In N.Am. 2 Gen. 5 Spec.
Typha latifolia L. swamps, slough, banks III. 5 Atl—Pacif. G.—60° N.L.
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. banks, ditches V.5 N.E.—Pa.—Or.—slave
Lake.

Najadacez. In N.Am. 7 Gen. 29. Spec.

Najas flexilis Rostk. Illinois R. II. 8 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—W.Tex.
Zannichellia palustris L. creeks I. 10 N.Y.— Sask.— Or. Cal. W. Fla. —
Mex.

*The only tree unfortunately was cut last year: It stood on the bluff side near the western
city limits. *

**Thuja occidentalis is certainly extinct now in our flora, but in 1853 yet a large tree nearly
two fect in diameter stood in a swamp at the foot of the eastern bluff. The locality and the age of
the tree is against the hclief that it was planted.

 
60 THE VEGETATION OF THE

Potamogeton natans L. waters, sloughs and rivers V. 10 Atl.—Pacif.G.—
60° N.L.

Potamogeton pauciflorus Ph. pools 1.5 N.E.—Ga.—N.Mex.—Up.Miss.

Potamogeton pusillus L. River I. 5 N.E.—R.Mts.—60° N.L.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. River V. 8 Atl.—Pacif.G.—55° N.L.

Alismacezs. In N.Am. 6 Gen. 15 Spec.

Triglochin palustre L. bottom springy places III. 8 N.Y.—Up. Miss. R.Mts.
—Alaska—Greenland.

Triglochin maritimum L. var. elatum bottom springy places II, 4 N, Y.—Cal
Labr.— Alaska.

Alisma Plantago L. shallow waters V. 5 N.E.—Ga.—Cal.—55° N.L.

Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. low banks III. 5 Fla—Ariz.—Up.Miss.

Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. low banks, pools VII.7 Atl.—Pacif.G.—Can.
N.F.

Sagittaria calycina Engelm. swamps II. 3 N.E.—Up.Miss.

Sagittaria heterophylla Ph. swamps, low banks II. 8 N.E.—Fla.—Miss.

Hydrocharidacess. In N.Am., 3 Gen. 3 Spec.
Anacharis canadensis Planch. creeks IV. 10 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.Miss.—55°
N.L.
Valisneria spiralis L. river ITV. 10 Atl._—Miss.

Orchidacess. In N.Am. 24 Gen. 99 Spec.
Orchis spectabilis L. wooded hillsides III. 4 N.E.—AIl. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.
Habenaria virescens Spr. wooded hillsides II. 3 At].—Miss.G.—Can.
+Habenaria hyperborea R.Br. bottom springy places I. 2 N.E.—Or. Alaska—
Greenland. 3
Habenaria leucophza Gr. wet prairie I. 5 Oh.—Up.Mo.
Spiranthes cernua Rich. moist banks Il. 8 Atl.—W.Tex.—Or.G.—Can.
Spiranthes gracilis Big. dry hillsides III. 3 Atl—Miss.G.—Can.
+Pogonia pendula Lindl. woods I. 3 Atl._—Miss.G.—Can.
Liparis Leeselii Rich. swamps I. 4 N.E.—Up.Miss.—54° N.L.
Liparis liliifolia Rich. shady hillsides I. 1 N.E.—Up.Miss.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza Nutt. woods I. 2 N.Y.—Fla.—R.Mts.
tAplectrum hiemale Nutt. woods I. 3 N.E.—All.—_Up.Mo.
Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. swamps I. 4 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—La.
Cypripedium candidum Muhl. bottom II.3 W.N.Y.—Up.Miss.
{Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. bottom I. 2 N.Y.—All.—La.—Up.Miss.
Cypripedium pubescens Willd. woods V. 4 N.E.—All.—La.—R. Mts.
Cypripedium spectabile Sw. bottom, springy places II. 4 NE.—N.Ca.—Miss.

Amaryllidaces. In N. Am. 5 Gen. 21 Spec.
Hypoxis erecta L. dry open woods, prairie V. 4 Atl—R.Mts. G.—Can.
Iridaceze. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 21 Spec.

Iris versicolor L. bottom, banks V.5 Atl._—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana L. prairie, open woods V. 6 Atl.—Pacif. G—
Alaska.

Dioscoreacez. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 1 Spec.
Dioseorea villosa L. woods, copses IV. 4 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
Smilacacess. In N. Am. 1 Gen. 14 Spec.

Smilax hispida Muhl. moist copses, banks V. 5 W.N .Y.—La.—Up. Miss.
Smilax herbacea L. banks, bottom V. 4 Atl.—Up.Mo. G.—Can.
CiummaTre or Mippie ILLinors. 61

Liliacezs. In N. Am. 50 Geu. 246 Spec.
Trillium reeurvatum Beck. woods V. 5 Ind.—Up.Miss,
Trillium erectum L. var. album woods I. 2 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.Miss.
Trillium nivale Ridd. woods IV. 4 Oh.—Up.Miss.
Uvularia grandiflora Sm. woods V. 4 Vt.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Mo.
Smilacina racemosa Dest. woods. copses V. 4 N.E.—All.—Cal. Or.—Sask.
Smilacina stellata Desf. bottom, banks III. 3 N.E.—N.Mex. Cal.—Arct.
Polygonatum giganteum Dietrich. woods V. 4 N.E.—La.—R.Mts.—Sask.
Lilium philadelphicum L. prairie, open woods V. 5 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.Mo.
Lilium superbum L. copses, banks III, 3 N.E.—All. (Ga.)\—La.—Up.Miss.
Erythronium albidum Nutt. woods V. 5 N.Y.—Up.Miss.
Scilla Fraseri Gr. prairie, banks V. 5 Oh—La.—W.Tex.—Or.
Allinm tricoccum Ait. shady hillsides II]. 4 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.Miss.
Allium canadense Kalm. wet prairie, banks V. 4 Atl—Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Juncacess. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 61 Spec.
Juncus tenuis Willd. bottom, woods, roadsides, ete. VII. 8 N.E.—Fla.—Cal.
Juncus acuminatus Michx. var. legitimus swamps V. 5 N.E.—Ga.—Ark.—
Up.Miss.
Juncus canadensis Gay. var. brachycephalus moist places V. 6 N.E.—
Up.Miss.—N.F.—Huads.
J “ nodosus L. var. megacephalus swamps, banks IV. 4 N.F.—La.—
Pontederiacezs. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 4 Spec.
Pontederia cordata L. shallow waters, banks II. 10 Atl—Miss. G.—Can.
Schollera graminea Willd. river, low banks VI. 8 N.E.—N.Ca.—Mex.

Commelynaceg. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 12 Spec.
Tradescantia virginica L. prairie, copses V. 5 Atl.—-W.Tex. G.—Can.
Commelyna cayennensis* Rich. banks I. 3 Up.Miss.—La.

Oyperacese. In N. Am. 20 Gen. 448 Spec.

Cyperus diandrus Torr. bottom V. 10 N.E.—N.Ca.—W.Tex.—Up. Miss.

Cyperus erythrorhizus Muhl. bottom V.5 Pa.—Fla.—Ariz.—Up.Miss.

Cyperus inflexus Muhl. sandy banks V. 8 Atl.— N.Mex.—Cal.—52°N.L.

Cyperus acuminatus Torr. bottom III. 3 Ill.—Up.Mo.

Cyperus phymatodes Muhl. bottom, sandy banks V. 8 Vt.—Ila.—Ariz.—
Cal.

Cyperus strigosus L. bottom V. 6 Atl.—N.Mex. G.—Can.

Cyperus Michauxianus Schult. bottom V. 6 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Can.

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. dry prairie, hillsides V. 4 Atl—W.Tex. G.—Can.

{Cyperus ovularis Torr. sandy soil I. 2 N.Y.—Up.Miss. Fla.—W.Tex.

Dulichium spathaceum Pers. bottom, wet banks II. 8 Atl.—Miss.—Nebr.

Hemicarpha subsquarrosa** Nees. sandy banks V.6 N.Y.—Fla. N. Mex.—
R.Mts. :

Eleocharis obtusa Schult. bottom V. 8 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—W.Tex.

Eleocharis palustris R. Br. swamps X. 10 Atl—Pacif. G.—60°N.]L.—Green-
land.

Eleocharis compressa Sull. bottom III. 6 N.Y.—Up.Mo.

Eleocharis Wolfii Gr. bottom IT. 6 Ill.

Eleocharis intermedia Schult. swamps, sandy banks V. 5 N.Y.—Ga.—Miss.

*CGommellyna cayennensis is found on a single place in a wood. It is not uncommon in culti-

vation, and therefore it is doubtfull whether it is indigenous or not. It is common in South Mlinois
and certainly an annual, although it may occasionally become perennial by striking roots from the
joints.
’ ** Boeckeler (Linnaca 86.499) reunited this genus with Scirpus, and our species as Scirpus
micranthus Vahl, the oldest name.

 
62

THE VEGETATION OF THE

Eleocharis tenuis Schult. swamps II. 4 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.Miss.— W.Tex.
Eleocharis acicularis R. Br. low banks, shallow water VI. 10 Atl.—Pacif. G.
—55°N.L.

Scirpus pungens Vahl. banks V. 6 Atl—N.Mex.—Cal. G.—Can.

Scirpus validus Vahl. banks V. 6 Atl—N.Mex.—Cal. G.—Can.

Scirpus Smithii Gr. low banks, bottom II. 5 L. Ontario—Del.—IlL.

Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. bottom V. 4 N.E.—Ky —R.Mts.

Scirpus lineatus Michx. bottom II. 4 N.E.—Up.Mo. Fla.—Tex.
+Eriophorum gracile Koch. swamps I. 5 N.E.—Up.Mo. Fla,—Cal.—Arct.
Fimbristylis autumnalis R. Sch. gravelly banks III. 6 N.E.—Up.Mo. Fla.—

W.Tex.

Rhynchospora alba Vahl. swamps IJ. 5 Atl—Up.Mo.—Alaska G.—60°N.L.
Scleria triglomerata Michx. wet prairie I. 3 Vt.—Fla.—Miss.

Scleria verticillata* Muhl. swamps 1. 4 W.N. Y.—Fla.—Mich.— Up.Miss.
Carex polytrichoides Muhl. bottom VI. 10 Atl.—R.Mts. G.—Sask.

Carex Steudelii Kth. woods IV. § N.Y.—Fla.—Miss.

Carex disticha Huds. sandy prairie III. 3 N.Y.—R.Mts.—Cal. Ill.—Sask.
Carex teretiuscula Good. moist soil V. 5 N.E.—Or.—53°N.L.

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. bottom VI. 6 N.E.—S8.Ca.—Up.Mo.

Carex crus corvi Shuttl. wet prairie III. 3 Oh.—Wise.—La.—_W.F la.

Carex stipata Muhl. wet prairie III. 5 N.E.—Fla.—La.—Or.--54°N.L.
Carex conjuncta Boot. bottom V. 5 N.E.-All. (Ga.)--Up.Miss.

Carex sparganioides Muhl. wooded hillsides VI. 6 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.

Miss.

Carex cephaloidea Boot. woods II. 4 N.Y.—Ill.

Carex cephalophora Muhl. open woods V.5 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—W.Tex.
Carex rosea Schk. woods V1. 6 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Mo.—Or.

Carex sterilis Willd, bottom II. 5 N.E.—Fla.—Up.Miss.

Carex stellulata Good. woods IV. 5 Atl.—Or.—Alaska G.—54° N.L.

Carex arida Schw. Torr. bottom II. 6 Ky.—Up.Miss.—54° N.L.

Carex scoparia Schk. bottom V. 6 N.E.—N.Ca.—Or.—54° N.L.

Carex lagopodioides Schk. bottom V. 5 N.E.—S.Ca.—Cal.—54° N.L.

Carex cristata Schw. bottom V.7 Del. Pa.—Up.Mo.—54° N.L.

Carex straminea Schk. bottom VI. 7 N.E.—Or. Fla.—W.Tex.

. Carex stricta Lam. swamp III. 7 N.E.—All. (N.Ca.)—N.Mex.—Arct.

Carex limosa L. swamp J. 3 N.E.—R.Mts. Or.—G. Bear Lake.
Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. dry prairie I. 3 N.E.—AIl. (Ga.)—Tex.—Cal.—Al-
aska.— Huds.
Carex Shortiana Dew. banks, shady woods V.5 Pa.—Va.—Up.Mo.
Carex tetanica Schk. var. Meadii Dew. dry prairie III. 5 Oh. Ill. Wisc.
Carex granularis Muhl. wooded billsides VI. 6 Atl.—Miss.G.—Can.
Carex grisea Wahl. wooded hillsides VI. 6 Atl.—Up.Mo.—Tex.G.—Cern.
Carex Davisii Schw. Torr. woods V. 5 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Mo.
Carex triceps Michx. open “woods III. 5 N.E—Fla.—Miss.—Tex.
Carex digitalis Willd. wooded hillsides I. 3 N.Y.—Ky.—Up.Miss.
Carex laxiflora am. woods VI. 6 Atl—Up.Mo.—Or.G.—54° N.L.
Carex oligocarpa Schk. woods II. 3 N.K.—Ky.— Up. Miss.
{Carex Hitchcockiana Dew. woods I. 2 N.E.—Ky.—Up.Miss.
Carex umbellata Schk. dry hillsides I. 4 N.E.—I1l.—R.Mts.—-Sask. La.— Ariz.
Carex pennsylvanica Lam. woods VIII. 8 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—R.Mts.
Carex varia Muhl. woods V. 5 N.E.--Up.Miss.
+Carex Richardsonii R.Br. open woods, I. 2 N.Y.--Up.Miss. 54° N.L.—N.W.
Coast.
Carex pubescens Muhl. moist woods V. 5 N.E.--Up. Miss.

 

* This rare plant was found during the summer of 1887 by Mr. McDonald, the first time in Ilinois.
CLIMATE OF MippieE ILLINoIS. 63

Carex filiformis L. swamps III. 5 N.E.—Up.Mo.—54° N.L.

Carex lafiuginosa Michx. wet prairie V. 5 N.E.—Ky.—N.Mex.— Cal.—Mc-
Kenzie.

Carex riparia Curt. swamp I. 5 Fla. N.E.—Up.Miss.

Carex trichocarpa Muhl. bottom IT. 5 N.E.—Ga.—Up.Miss.

Carex comosa Boot. swamp I. 4 N.E.—Up.Miss.

Carex histricina Willd. wet banks, bottom VII. 7 N.E.-- Up.Miss. Ga.—
N.Mex.

Carex tentaculata Muhl. bottom VII. 6 Atl.—Miss.G.--Can.

Carex Grayi Carey bottom V. 4 N.Y.—Up.Miss.

Carex lupulina Muhl. bottom V. 5 Atl—Miss.G.—Can.

Carex lupuliformis Sartwell bottom I. 3 N.Y.—Del.--IIl.

Carex monile Tuck. swamps II. 3 N.E.—Ky.—65° N.L.

Carex squarrosa L. bottom I. 4 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.

Carex longirostris Torr. woods III. 5 N.E.—R.Mts.—-54° N.L.

~

Graminez. In N. Am. 103 Gen. 615 Spec.

Leersia oryzoides Sw. banks V. 7 Atl.—Miss. G.—54° N.L.
Leersia virginica Willd. bottom V.5 Atl—Miss. G.—Can. :
Leersia lenticularis Michx. bottom I]. 4 Va.—F].—La.—Up. Miss.
Zizania aquatica L. swamps, shallow waters IV. 8 Atl_—Miss. G.— Can.
Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus Michx. fields, waste places III. 3
N.E.—Fla.—Up.Miss.
Vilfa aspera Beauv. sandy soil IV. 4 Atl._—Miss.
Vilfa vazinaeflora Torr. sandy soil V1. 5 N.E.—N.Ca.—Ark.—Up.Miss.
Sporobolus heterolepis Gr. dry hillsides V. 6 N.E.—Up.Miss.
Agrostis perennans Tuck. bottom IV. 5 Atl.—Miss.
Agrostis scabra Willd. dry prairies ITI. 5 N.E.—Cal.—Alaska Pa.—La.
Agrostis vulgaris With. open woods V. 5 N.Y.—Ark.—R.Mts.—55° N.L.
Agrostis alba L. bottom 1V. 3 N.Y.—Cal.—Huds.
Cinna arundinacea L. bottom, banks V.5 Atl._—Miss. G.—55° N.L.
Muhlenbergia sobolifera Gr. woods II. 3 Vt.—Up.Miss.
tMuhlenbergia glomerata Trin. swamps I. 4 N.E.—Up.-Miss.—Ark.—Sask.
—Or.
Muhlenbergia mexicana Trin. bottom V. 6 N.E.—N.Ca.—Ark.—Up. Miss.
Mublenbergia silvatica T. Gr. bottom III. 6 N.E.—Up.Miss.—W.Tex.—
Nevada.
‘Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Trin. woods II. 3 N.E.--All. (Ga.)--Up.Miss.
Muhlenbergia diffusa Schrad. bottom VI. 8 Atl—Cal. G.—Can.
Brachyelytrum aristatum Beauv. bottom III. 4 Atl.—Miss.
Calamagrostis canadensis Beauv. bottom I. 7 N.E.—All. (Ga,)—R.Mts.—
Arct. ‘
Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. sandy hillsides I. 4 N.E.—Up.Miss.
Stipa spartea Trin. prairie V. 5 Il] —N.Mich._Up.Mo.—R.Mts,—Nevada.
Spartina cynosuroides Willd. bottom V. 10 N.E.—Up.Mo.—Arct.
Bouteloua curtipendula Gr. dry prairie VI. 6. N.Y.—Mex.
Tricuspis seslerioides Torr. dry prairie IV. 5 N. Y.—Fla.—La.—Up.Miss.
Diarrhena americana Beauv. shady woods IV. 4 Oh.—Up.Miss.— Ark.
Koeleria cristata Torr. dry prairie V. 7 Pa.—Cal.—Or.—54° N.L.
Eatonia obtusata Gr. dry prairie III. 5 Pa—Fla—Cal—Or.
Eatonia pennsylvanica Gr. woods V. 5. N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Mo.
Melica mutica Walt. copses, woods V. 4 W.Pa.—Fla.—R. Mts.
Glyzeria nervata Trin. banks VI. 8 Atl—Miss.
Glyzeria fluitans R.Br. creeks II]. 6 N.E.—-All. (Ga.)—Miss.—54° N.L.
64 Tue VEGETATION OF THE

Poa sylvestris Gr. woods III. 5 Mich.—K y.— Up. Miss.

Poa serotina Ehrh. banks II. 4 N.E.—R.Mts.—Or.— Alaska.

Poa pratensis L. prairies, cultivated ground V. 10 N.E.—Up.Mo.—72° N.L.
Kotzebue Sund—Greenland.

Poa compressa L. dry soil V. 8 N.E.—_Up.Miss.—54° N.T..

Poa annua L. dry prairie, cultivated land V. 4 Atl.—Pacif.

Eragrostis reptans Nees low sandy banks V. 10 Atl.—Up.Miss.

Eragrostis Frankii Mey. sandy banks V. 8 Oh.—Up. Miss.

Eragrostis capillaris Nees sandy soil, fields V. 8 Atl.—Miss.

Hieeresis pectinacca Gr. var. spectabilis sandy soil V. 7. Mass.—Oh.—Fla,
—Miss.

Festuca tenella Willd. dry prairie V. 6. N.E —Up.Mo. Fla.—Cal.

Festuca nutans Willd. woods V. 5 N.E.—Fla.—Up.Mo.

Bromus Kalmii Gr. woods IV. 4 N.E.—Cal.—Arct.

Bromus ciliatus L. woods IV. 4 Atl.—Pacif. G.—Arct.

Phragmites communis Trin. banks, swamps II. 6 Atl.—Pacif. G.—54°N.L.

Hordeum pratense Huds. roadsides IV. 5 Oh.—La.—R.Mts.

*Hordeum jubatum L. fields I.3 W.Can.—Up.Miss.—R.Mts.—Cal.

Elymus virginicus L. woods IV. 4 Atl.—_Up.Mo. G.—Can.

Elymus canadensis L. prairie, copses IIT. 5 N.E.—Up.Mo.

Elymus strictus Willd. var. villosus woods V. 4 N.E.—All.—Cal.

Gymnostichum Hystrix Schreb. woods V. 3 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Up.Miss.

Danthonia spicata Beauv. dry open woods III. 6 Atl.—Miss.

Phalaris arundinacea L. swamps IT. 6 N.E.—Up.Miss.—Cal.—60°N..L.

Panicum anceps Michx. moist places V. 5 N.J.—Up.Miss. Fla.—La.

Panicum proliferum Lam. roadsides, moist places V. 6 Atl.—Miss.

Panicum capillare L. sandy soil V. 7 Atl—Cal. G.—Can.

Panicum autumnale Bosc. sandy prairie I. 5 §.Ca.—IIlL.

Panicum virgatum L. banks, bottom V. 4 N.E.—Up.Mo. Fla.—N.Mex.

Panicum clandestinum L. copses II. 4 N.E.—N.Ca.—Up.Mo.

Panicum latifolium L. copses V. 4 N.E.—Up.Miss. Fla.—N.Mex.

Panicum scoparium Lam. prairie III. 4 N.W.—Ga.—_Miss.

Panicum dichotomum L. open woods, prairie V.'7 N.E.—Cal. Fla.—W.Tex.

Panicum depauperatum Muhl. dry prairie, copses III. 5 N.E.—N.Ca.—
Up.Miss.

Panicum crus Galli L. bottom, fields VII. 7 N.E.—Fla.—Tex.—-Cal.—Or.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. bottom, cultivated land V. 5 N.E.—Fla.—Tex.—
Cal.—Up.Mo.

Andropogon fureatus Muhl. prairie V. 5 N.E.—Up.Mo. Fla.—N.Mex.

Audropogon scoparius Michx. sandy soil V. 7 N.E.—Up.Mo. Fla.—N.Mex.

Chrysopogon nutans Benth. dry prairie V. 6 N.E.—Up.Mo. Fla.—N.Mex.

Equisetacezs, In N. Am. 1 Gen. 13 Spec.
Equisetum arvense L. sandy soil, banks VI. 3 N.E.—N.Mex.—Cal.— Arct.
}Equisetum palustre L. bottom I. 5 N.Y.—Up.Miss.
Equisetum limosum L. shallow waters VI. 4 N.E.—Up.Miss.
Equisetum laevigatum <A. Br. dry clay soil I. 3 N.Ca.—Ill.—Cal.
Equisetum hiemale L. banks VI. 5 N.E.—N.Mex.—Cal.
Equisetum robustum A. Br. banks V. 6 Oh.—N.Mex.—Or.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. banks 11.3 N.E.—R.Mts.—72°N.L.

Filices. In N. Am. 30 Gen. 146 Spec.
Adiantum pedatum L. woods VIII. 8 N.E.—N.Ca.—Cal.— Alaska.

*Hordeum jubatum is observed only since five years. When not o #4
- not common, then it may be that it recently immigrated from the Nore pelea Rete
CuimaTE or Mippie ILvinors. 65

Pteris aquilina L. woods V. 5 N.E.—Alaska Fla.—Ariz.

Asplenium angustifolium Michx. woods II. 3 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Ark.—
Up.Mo.

Asplenium filixfoemina Bernh. woods V.5 Labr. N. E.—Fla.—Cal.— Alaska.

Asplenium thelypteroides Michx. woods III. 5 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—La.—
Up. Miss.

Camptosorus rhizophyllus Link. rocks II. 3 N.E.—All. (Ga.)—Wise:

Phegopteris hexagonoptera Feé. woods III. 5 Atl.—Miss.

Aspidium thelypteris Sw. swamps V. 10 Atl.—Miss. G.—52°N.L.

Aspidium spinulosum Sw. woods III, 4 N.F.—N.Ca.—Ark.—Or.—Alaska—
Arct.

Aspidium acrostichoides Sw. woods V. 5 Atl.—Miss.

Cystopteris bulbifera Bernh. shaded rocks III.5 N.E.—N.Ca.—Ark.— Up.
Miss.

Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. woods VII. 8 N.E.—N.Ca.—Cal—Alaska—Green-
Jand 72°N.L.

Onoclea sensibilis L. woods III. 5 N.Br.—F la. G.—Sask.

{Struthiopteris germanica Willd. woods I. 1 N.E.— All. (Ga.)—Sask,
yOsmunda regalis L. swampy bottom I. 2 Atl—Miss. N.F.—Sask.
Osmunda claytoniana L. woods V. 6 N.F.—AI1.(Ga.)—Ark.—Lake Superior.

Ophioglossaceze. In N. Am. 2 Gen. 11 Spec.
Botrychium virginicum Sw. woods IV. 4 Atl.—Or.

Lycopodiacess. In N. Am. 3 Gen. 20 Spec.
Selaginella apus Spring. moist places near springs ITI. 5 AtI—Miss.

Hydropterides. In N. Am. 4 Gen. 22 Spec.
Azolla caroliniana Willd. river, wet banks I. 10 Atl,—Miss.—Ariz.

Musci. In N. Am. 120 Gen. 896 Spec.

Phascum cuspidatum Schreb., old fields.
Pleuridium alternifolium Brid., old fields.
Weisia viridula Brid., old fields, roadsides.
Dicranella varia Schpr., clay soil.
Dicranella heteromalla Schpr., moist ground.
Dicranum scoparium L., wooded hillsides.
Fissidens bryoides Hdw., moist ground in woods.
Fissidens taxifolius Hdw., on sandy soil in woods.
Fissidens adiantoides Hdw., moist ground in woods.

*Fissidens subbasilaris Hdw., on putrid trunks.
Leucobryum vulgare Hampe, moist ground.
Ceratodon purpureus Brid., on the ground in woods and fields.
Didymodon rubellus Br. Sch., on sandy ground.

* The species marked (*) are not common with the Eastern Continent. Fissidens grandifrons
Brid. and Gymnostomum curvirostrum Hedw., before not known in Illinois, I found in the canyon
called Deer Park, on the Vermillion river, in LaSalle county in 1883. :

A list of Illinois mosses, published in 1878 by Hall and Wolf in Bulletin II. of Iiinois State
Laboratory, contains 50 genera and 153 species. No doubt there will be found more, although the
nature of the country, the little difference in elevation and soil, and the lack of coniferous forests is
not favorable to moss growth.

A great number found by Wolf in Fulton county have not yet been observed around Peoria,
put a greater part may occur. These are the following: Ephemerum crassinervium Hampe, Sphaer-
angium Schimperianum Lesq., Astomum nitidulum Schimp., Bruchia flexuosa C. Muell., Weisia
Wolfii James, Campylopus Leanus Sull., Dicranella rufescens soar Dicranum flagellare Hedw.,
Fissidens obtusifolius (Wils., Fissidens minutulus Sull., Conomitrium Julianum Mort., Ulota crispula
Brid., Atrichum undulatum Beauy., Webera nutans Hedw., Webera albicans Schimp., Bryum pendu-
Jum Schimp., Bryum atropurpureum Wahl., Mnium affine Bland., Philonotis Muhtenbergii Brid.,
Discelium nudum Brid., Aphanorhegma serrata Sull., Fontinalis biformis Sull., Foutinalis disticha
Hook., Fontinalis dalecarlica Br. Eu., Dichelyma capillaceum Br, Eu., Leskea Austini Sull., Clasma-
todon paryulus Hampe, Thelia Lescurii Sull., Fabronia gymnostoma Sull. and Ate Anacamptodon
splachnoides Brid., Pylaisia denticulata Schimp., Cylindrothecium compressum Br. Eu., Hypnum
triquetrum L,, Hypnum Sullivantii Spruce., Hypnum Boscii Schwaegr., Hypnum micans var. albu-
Jum C. Muell.. Hypnum crista castrensis L., Hypnum dimorphum Brid., Hypnum acutum Mitt.

 
66

THE VEGETATION OF THE

Leptotrichum pallidum Hampe, clayey ground.
Leptotrichum tortile C. Muell., clayey ground.
Desmatodon obtusifolius Schpr., on sandy soil.
Barbula unguiculata Hdw., clayey ground.
Barbula caespitosa Schwaegr., on exposed roots of trees.
Grimmia conferta Funk., on rocks.
Hedwigia ciliata Ehrh., on rocks.
*Drummondia clavellata Hook., on bark of trees.
*Orthotrichum strangulatum Beauv., on bark of trees.
Physcomitrium pyriforme Brid., on the ground.
Funaria hygrometrica Sibth., on the ground.
Bartramia pomiformis Hedw., on the ground in shady woods.
Leptobryum pyriforme Schimp., on the ground.
Bryum intermedium Brid., on clayey soil.
Bryum bimum Schreb., on the ground in woods.
Bryum argenteum L., on the ground around houses.
Bryum caespitosum L., on the ground.
Bryum roseum Schreb., in shady places.
Bryum uliginosum Br. Sch., in woods.
Mnium cuspidatum Hedw., in woods around trees.
*A ulacomnium heterostichum Br. Sch., in the shade of trees.
Timmia megapolitana Hedw., on sandy soil.
Atrichum angustatum Br. Sch.; on the ground in woods.
*Pogonatum brevicaule Beauv., on clayey soil.
Polytrichum juniperinum Willd., on the ground in woods.
Polytrichum commune L., on the ground in woods.
*Leucodon julaceus Sull, at the base of trees.
*Thelia hirtella Sull., at the base of trees.
*Thelia asprella Sull., at the base of trees.
Leskea polycarpa Ehrh., at the base of trees.
Leskea obscura Hedw., at the base of trees.
Anomodon rostratus Schimp., on the ground in woods.
Anomodon obtusifolius Br. Sch., on trunks of trees.
Anomodon attenuatus Hueb., on trunks of trees.
Anomodon tristis Cesati., on trunks of trees.
Platygyrium repens Br. Sch., on the bark of decayed logs.
Pylaisia intricata Br. Sch., on the bark of trees.
Pylaisia velutina Br. Sch., on the bark of trees.
Homalothecium subcapillatum Br. Eu., on the bark of trees.
Cylindrothecium cladorrhizans Schimp., on old logs.
*Cylindrothecium sedutrix Sull., on olu logs.
*Climacium americanum Brid., on the ground in woods.
Hypnum minutulum Hedw., on decayed logs.
*Hypnum gracile Br. Sch., on decayed logs.
Hypnum delicatulum L., on decayed logs.
Hypnum laetum Brid., on exposed roots of trees.
*Hypnum acuminatum Beauv., on the ground in woods.
Hypnum salebrosum Hoffm., on-the ground in woods.
Hypnum rutabulum L., on the ground in woods.
Hypnum rivulare Br. Eu., on moist ground in woods.
Hypnum hians Hedw., on the ground in woods.
*Hypnum serrulatum Hedw.. on the ground in woods.
*Hypnum deplanatum Schpr., on the ground in woods.
*Hypnum adnatum Hedw., on boulders and trunks.
CiimaTe or Mippie T1xrnors. 67

Hypnum serpens L., on the ground and rotten logs.
Hypnum radicale Beauv., on the ground and rotten logs.
Hypnum orthocladum Beauv., around springs.
Hypnum riparium L., in swampy places.

*Hypnum hispidulum Brid., in dry woods on the ground or logs.
Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid., in woods on the ground.
Hypnum aduncum Hedw., in swamps.

Hypnum imponens Hedw., on decayed logs.

Hypnum curvifolium Hedw., on decayed logs.

Hypnum Haldanianum Grey., in woods on the ground.
Hypnum Schreberi Willd., in damp woods on the ground.

Hepatices. In N.America, 50 genera, 230 species.

The list of Illinois Hepatic by Wolf and Hall contains 44 species in
22 genera. There are seven species that are mentioned of Fulton County
and may occur around Peoria, although not yet observed, viz: Riccia Les-
curiana Aust., Aneura pinguis Dum., Aneura multifida Dum., Madotheca
porella Nees., ‘Tophoedles Macouni Ath Coleochila Taylori Dita, » Bleph-
arostoma trichophylla Dum.

*Riccia Frostii Aust., on moist ground.
*Riccia lutescens Schwein., on moist ground.
Riccia fluitans L., in waters and moist ground.
Riccia natans L,, in water.
Marchantia polymorpha L., on moist ground in woods.
Grimaldia barbifrons Bisch., in woods between mosses.
Asterella hemisphaerica Beauv., on moist ground.
Conocephalus conicus Dum., on wet rocks, moist hillsides,
*Fimbriaria tenella Nees., on the ground in woods.
Anthoceros laevis L., on wet boulders between mosses.
*Notothylas orbicularis Sull., on moist ground along creeks.
*Frullania eboracensis Gottsche., on the bark of trees.
*Frullania virginica Gottsche., on the bark of trees.
*Frullania aeolotis Nees., on decayed logs.
Madotheca platyphylla Dum., on the bark of trees.
Radula complanata Dum., on the bark of trees.
Blepharozia ciliaris Dum., on old logs.
Trichocolea tomentella Dum., in moist places in woods.
Lophocolea bidentata Dum., between mosses in woods.
Lophocolea heterophylla Nees., between mosses in woods.
Cephalozia bicuspidata Dum., on rotten logs.
Cephalozia divaricata Dum., on rotten logs.
Cephalozia curvifolia Dum., on rotten logs.
Jungermannia Schraderi Mart., on rotten logs.
68 THE VEGETATION OF THE

The Lichens, Fungi and Algae of our flora are little studied; though
the few species identified may be mentioned.

Lichenes*.

Usnea barbata Fr.

Ramalina calicaris Fr.
Evernia jubata Fr. ;
Theloschistes parietina Norm.
Parmelia perforata Ach.
Parmelia perlata Ach.
Parmelia olivacea Ach.
Physcia pulverulenta Schreb.
Physcia speciosa Wulfen.
Physcia stellaris L.

Physcia caesia Hoffm.
Physcia obscura Ehrh.
Peltigera canina Hoffm.
Lecanora varia Fr.
Lecanora subfusca Ach.

Placodium aurantiacum Light#.

Placodium ferrugineum Huds.
Placodium cerinum Ach.

Fungi.

Agaricus procerus Scop.
Agaricus decolorans Mich.
Agaricus radicatus Relhan.
Agaricus velutipes Curt.
Agaricus pyxidatus Bull.
Agaricus domesticus Bolt.
Agaricus cinereus Bull.
Agaricus campestris L.
Agaricus rosaceus Nees.
Agaricus laccatus Scop.
Agaricus ostreatus Jacq.
Agaricus campanella Batsch.
Agaricus flabelliformis Bolt.
Lenzites tigrinus Fr.
Lenzites vialis Peck.
Marasmius Rotula Scop.
Schizophyllum commune Fr.
Favolus canadensis Klotsch.
Polyporus lucidus Fr.
Polyporus badius Schw.
Polyporus versicolor L.
Polyporus cinnabarinus Jacq.
Polyporus picipes Fr.
Polyporus gilvus Schw.
Polyporus fomentarius L.

Pertusaria velata Turn.
Calicium subtile Fr.
Cladonia pyxidata Fr.
Cladonia fimbriata Fr.
Cladonia gracilis Fr.
Cladonia mitrula Tuck.
Cladonia fureata Floerke.
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm.
Cladonia rangiferina Hoffm.
Biatora campestris Fr.
Biatora flexuosa Fr.

Biatora rubella Fr.

Biatora sanguineo-atra Fr.
Opegrapha varia Pers.
Graphis scripta Ach.
Collema nigrescens Huds.
Leptogium pulchellum Ach.

Polyporus igniarius L.
Polyporus arcularius Fr.
Polyporus varius Fr.
Trametes Peckii.

Merulius lacrimans Fr.
Merulius spathularia Schw.
Clavaria aurea Schaeff.
Clavaria botrytis Pers.
Clavaria cristata Holmsk.
Clavaria fastigiata D.C..
Tremella foliacca Pers.
Tremella lutescens Fr.
Helvella esculenta Pers.
Helvella crispa Fr.
Morchella esculenta Pers.
Phallus Ravenelii B.&C.
Geaster mammosus Fr.
Stemonitis fusca Roth.
Hemiarcyria rubiformis Pers.
Cyathus vernicosus D.C.
Crucibulum vulgare Tul.
Peziza badia Pers.

Peziza aurantia Vahl. .
Peziza coccinea Jacq.
Peziza umbrina Pers.

 

«The first part of Tuckerman’s synopsis of N. Amer. Lichens containing Parmeliacei =
nici and Coenogoniei enumerates 46 Genera 411 species and 58 subspecies, of iia after Wort a

Hall 22 genera with 93 species are found in Illinois.

Of the rest of the genera the first edition of

Tuckerman’s Lichenes (1848) contains only 16 genera and 109 species, and of those Wolf and Hall
mention as occuring in illinois 75 species, so that 168 species so far are kuown from Illinois.
CiimaATE or MippiE ILLINois. 69

Peziza acetabulum L.

Peziza luculenta Cke.

Bovista nigrescens Pers.
Lycoperdon pyxiforme Schaeff.
Uromyces Lespedezae Schw.

Uromyces Hedysari paniculati Farl.

Uromyces Polygoni Fckl.
Uromyces Howei Peck.
Uromyces Caladii Farl.
Uromyces Euphorbiae C.&P.
Uromyces graminicola Andr.
Ustilago Maydis Cd.
Gymnosporangium macropus L.N.
Phragmidium fragariae Rostk.
Phragmidium mucronatum Pers.
Coleosporium Sonchi-arvensis Lev.
Melampsora salicina Lev.
Caeoma agrimoniae Schw.
Caeoma nitens Schw.

Puccinia Podophylli Schw.
Puccinia violae D.C.

Puccinia Amorphae Curt.
Puccinia Circaeae Pers.
Puccinia galiorum Lk.

Puccinia Kuhniae Schw.
Puccinia Asteris Duby.
Puccinia Silphii Schw.

Puccinia Tanaceti D.C.

Puccinia flosculorum Roehl.
Puccinia Lobeliae Gerard.

Characez.

Chara gymnopus A.Br.
Chara contraria A.Br.

*Alge.

Oscillaria nigra Vauch.

Nostoc pruniforme Agh.
Palmella hyalina Lyngby ?
Hydrodictyon utriculatum Roth.
Spiregyra quinina Kuetz.
Spirogyra setiformis Kuetz.

Puccinia lateripes B.&C.
Puccinia Menthae Pers.
Puccinia aculeata Schw.
Puccinia Polygoni amphibii Pers.
Puccinia Smilacis Schw.
Puccinia caricis Rebent.
Puccinia graminis Pers.
Puccima Andropogi Schw.
Puccinia Prunorum Lk.
Puccinia phragmites Kornike.
Roestelha pennicillata Fr.
Roestelia lacerata Fr.
Aecidium Ranunculi Schw.
Aecidium Pteleae B.&C,
Aecidium Psoraleae Peck.
Aecidium grossulariae D.C.
Aecidium oenotherae Peck.
Aecidium compositarum Burr.
Aecidium Euphorbiae Gm.
Aecidium Erigeronatum Schw.
Aecidium Podophylli Schw.
Cystopus cubicus Lev.
Cystopus candidus Lev.
Cystopus Bliti Lev.
Microsphaera Frisii Lev.
Entyloma Menispermi Far].
Peronospora Arthuri Farl.
Peronospora viticola De.Bary.
Peronospora Halstedii Farl.

Nitella acuminata var subglomerata
A.Br.

Hydrogastrum granulatum Desv.
‘Vaucheria spec. .
Cladophora glomerata Rabenh.
Draparnaldia plumosa Agh.
Chaetophora elegaus Agh.
Batrachospermum moniliforme Roth.

 

“Wood in ‘‘Fresh water Algee of North America” 1872 enumerates 46 genera, 411 species and

57 subspecies.
svk ERRATA

70 THE VEGETATION OF THE

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS.

The flora of Peoria contains 835 indigenous species of vascular plants,
of which 189 are monocarpic, 583 rhizocarpic, and 113 woody. Possibly 30
or 40 species more may be found — most of them in water and swamps.
This for so small an area, with a soil which is prevailingly arenaceous and
humus, only partly argillaceous, with very little calcareous matter in it,
is not a poor flora compared with those of larger areas. The flora of Ili-
nois*, when we exclude 29 species restricted to the shores of Lake Mich-
igan, which form a part of the Canadian flora, and 56 species of the most
southern part of the state along the Ohio and Wabash, belonging to the
flora of the Ohio Valley, numbers 1,853 species of 525 genera in 122
orders; 504 species have not yet been found in the vicinity of Peoria, 220
of which are reported only from the southward, 181 from northward, 7
only from westward, and 158 as well north- as southward.

 

* The species excluded from the Illinois flora proper, so far only observed on
the shore of Lake Michigan and along the Ohio and Wabash, are the following:
On the shore of Lake Michigan — Ranunculus cymbalaria Ph., Sarracenia purpu-
rea L., Cakile americana Nutt,, Hypericum kalmianum L., Drosera rotundifolia
L., Drosera longifolia L., Lathyrus maritimus Big., Potentilla anserina L., Lin-
naea borealis-Gron., Aster macrophyllus L., Solidago virga-aurea L. var. humilis,
Solidago Muhlenbergii T. Gr., Silphium trifoliatum L., Cirsium Pitcheri T. Gr.,
Corispermum hyssopifolium L., Rumex maritimus L., Euphorbia polygonifolia
L., Salix adenophylla Hook., Juniperus sabina L. var. procumbens. Potamogeton
praelongus Wulf., Habenaria Hookeri Torr., Habenaria lacera R. Br., Medeola
virginica L., Juncus balticus Deth., Juncus Gerardi Lois., Eriophorum virginicum
L., Carex aurea Nutt., Carex Crawei Dew., Calamagrostis arenaria Roth.; along the
Ohio and Wabash — Magnolia acuminata L., Cocculus carolinensis D. C., Calyco-
carpum Lyoni Nutt., Nuphar sagittifolia Ph., Cabomba caroliniana Gr., Corydalis
flavula Raf., Draba brachycarpa Nutt., Elodes petiolata Ph., Cassia obtusifolia L.
Myriophyllum ambiguum Nutt., Jussiaea repens L., Jussiaea decurrens D. C.,
Ludwigia cylindrica Ell., Galium lanceolatum Torr., Mikania scandens L.. Solid-
ago odorata Ait., Iva ciliata Willd., Verbesina occidentalis Walt., Anaphalis mar-
garitacea Benth. Hook., Rhododendron nudiflorum Torr., Hottonia inflata Ell,
Catalpa speciosa Ward., Epiphegus virginiana Bart , Verbena Aubletia L., Scu-
tellaria serrata Andr., Pycnanthemum muticum Pers. (forma typica), Hydrophyl-
lum macrophyllum Nutt., Phacelia Purshii Buckl., Hydrolea affinis Gr., Obolaria
virginica L., Trachelospermum difforme Gr., Gonolobus laevis Michx., Iresine
celosioides L., Brunnichia cirrhosa Banks, Acalypha caroliniana Walt., Tragia
macrocarpa Willd., Quercus lyrata Walt., Quercus Phellos L., Fagus ferruginea
Ait., Taxodium distichum Rich., Cupressus thyoides L., Najas indica var. gracil-
lima A. Br., Goodyera repens R. Br., Iris cuprea Ph., Commelyna erecta L., Het-
eranthera reniformis R. P., Heteranthera limosa Vahl., Cyperus fiavescens I,
Fuirena squarrosa Michx., Rhynchospora corniculata Gr., Carex gigantea Rudge,
Arundinaria tecta Muhl., Leptochloa mucronata Kth., Dicksonia punctilobula
Kunze, Botrychium lunarioides a var. obliquum, Orhiglossum vulgatum L.
CLIMATE oF Mippie ILLINos. 71

A number of local floras and such of larger districts of the same geo-
graphical latitude or longitude are given in the following table, but it
must be remarked that all mere varieties and all introduced species are
excluded, and that the figures mean the number of the entire states, even
if they, like New York state, Ohio, Illinois, and Wisconsin, belong to dif-
ferent natural floral districts:

 

Chester Co. Pa.
+ Massachusetts} New York. Ohio. Washington,
meee Co., D.C.

el,

 

 

 

 

Area in Sq. Miles. 7,800 47,000 40,000 128 108
Vascular Plants:
Genera..... 443 533 453 436 426
Species..... 1162 1830 1232 981 922
I
Michigan.
Illinois. | Colorado. Lower. | Wisconsin] Arkansas. | Louisiana.
Peninsula.

 

Area in Square Miles...] 55,400 | 104,500 | 33,400 | 53,900 | 52,200 | 41,300
Vascular Plants:
Genera
Species

551 430 446 450 562 588
1431 1145 1094 1104 1238 1555

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The .comparatively large number of species in Illinois is readily
explained by the wide extension of this state in a south-north. direction
over 5° of latitude. The number of species in *Michigan, Wisconsin,
Arkansas, and particularly in Colorado may really show greater figures,
as those states are apparently not so thoroughly explored in all parts.

Generally the eight or ten largest orders make up half of the whole
number of vascular species of a floral district. The following tables will
show the per mille of species for each of the largest orders:

Massachusetts. New York. Ohio.
Cyperacee....-..... 116 Cyperacez.......... 113 Composile......... 122
Composite.......... 108 Composite.......... 104 Cyperacer......... 95
Graminew®.......... 73 Graminee.......... 79 Gramine.......... 65
Rosacee...........- 88 Rosacee............ 36 Leguminose....... 40
Ericacee.........-. 88 Leguminose........ 84  Rosacew............ 36
Filices ............. 82 Ericacew........... 380 Orchidacee........ 82
Leguminose....... 26 Filices.............. 80. SMIICES:. sce savesscecs 80
Orchidace.......... 26 ©Orchidacez......... 29 Ranunculacee ..... 29
Scrophulariacee.... 24 Scrophulariacee... 25 Labiate............ 28
Labiate ............ 22 ~«=6LLabiate............ 25 Liliaces ........... 28

498 505 505

 

** Michigan means here the lower peninsula, and the flora is taken from the
first Report of Geological Survey of Michigan, 1861. The flora of Wisconsin after
Lapham’s Catalogue in Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society,
1853, with two additions by Hale. The flora of Arkansas is after. Lesquereux’
Catalogue in Arkansas Geological Survey (1860). The flora of Colorado 1s after
Porter and Coulter (1874).
72 Tur VEGETATION OF THE

Chester, Pa.; New-

castle, Del. Michigan. Wisconsin.

Composite......... 180 Composite......... 116 . Composite..... eee 128
Cyperaces ......... 83 Cyperace ......... 100 Cyperacez ......... 90
Graminee ......... 78 Graminee......... 73 Gyraminew.......... 72
Leguminose ....... 40 Rosacew........... 46 Rosacee®. .....--.++- 40
Rosacee ..........- 33 Leguminose....... 38 Leguminose....... 38
FUT COS ie jeassslcsencasae 82 Orchidacer......... 35 Filices......... 2... 30
Orchidace ........ 29 Scrophulariacee... 28 Orchidace.......... 26
Labiate ........... 28 Ranunculaceex...... 26 Scrophulariaces.... 26
Ericaces........... 26  Filices cc csecousees 25 Ranunculaceze...... 26
Scrophulariace..... 23 Labiate............ 25 Liliacew........... 24

502 512 495

Arkansas. Louisiana. Colorado.

Composit#......... 164 Composite ......... 172 Composite ......... 161
Graminee.......... 78 Leguminose....... 70 Leguminose....... 82
Leguminose....... 77 Gramines.......... 66 Gramines ......... 78
Cyperacee ......... 46 Cyperacer.......... 58 Cyperacee.......... 53
Labiate ........... 35 Scrophulariacee.... 29 Scrophulariacee ... 42
Scrophulariacez.... 28 Rosacee............ 23 Rosacesz ........... 38
Rosacez .......,... 27 Umbellifere........ 20 Ranunculacee...... 37
BNiGOS: -assoriee.ycuivine 25 Labiate............ 19 Crucifere.......... 30
Umbelliferee.......... 24 Onagraces......... 19 Saxifragaces....... 28
Crucifere .......... 21 Orchidacee......... 18 Polygonacee....... 28

525 494 577

Illinois. Peoria. Washington, D. C.

Composite ......... 132 Composite......... 158 Compositee......... 130
Cyperacee ......... 92 Cyperacee ......... 90 Cyperacez......... 89
Graminee ......... 75 ° Graminew ......... 84 Graminez ......... 85
Leguminose ....... 49 Leguminose....... 45 Leguminose....... 45
Rosacee ........... 36 Rosacee........... 80 Rosacez........... 34
Scrophulariacee ... 28 Labiate ........ +.. 27 Labiate ........... 31
Labiate ........... 27 Ranunculacee ..... 26 FiliceS sseisvscsesas 28
Ranunculacee ..... 26 Scrophulariacee... 26 Scrophulariacee ... 27
PiliCeS wesc cae's arose’ 25 Umbelliferee....... 20 Hricacesz .......... 25
Liliacee ........... 28 ©Filices............. 20 Ranunculacee..... 24

5138 526 518

The relative number of Composit increases toward the south and
west, and only in Massachusetts and New York they do not take the first
place; the Graminew take nearly throughout the third place. The num-
ber of Leguminosz increases southward in a great proportion; while the
Rosacee prevail in the north and decrease southward. The Ericacez, so
numerous in the east, are little represented in the west; the Labiate
increase southward, the Scrophulariacess westward; the Orchidacee and
Filices take’a higher position in rank in the north than in the south; the
Ranunculacew are most represented in Colorado, and only little in the
south. The Liliacew have only in Ohio, Illinois and Wisconsin a place
amongst the ten prevalent orders. Umbelliferae and Cruciferae increase
CLIMATE oF MippiE ILvinois. 73

in number southwestward, and so do the Onagracee. In Colorado we
find the Saxifragacez and Polygonacew amongst the prominents, the lat-
ter chiefly by the numerous species of Eriogonum, of which sixteen are

reported from that state, and the like number inhabit the Rocky
Mountains.

The floras of the Northern States (Gray) and Southern States (Chap-

man) west of the Mississippi compared in the same way show the follow-
ing figures:

       
 
  
 
 
  
 

  

N. Sts..... Compositee.......... 122 Cyperacez........... 104 Graminee.............. 75 Leguminose......... 41
S. Sts ..... Compositee. Be Cyperaceze.. . 92 Graminez .. 71 Leguminose ......... 54
N. Sts ..... Rosacez..... Ericacee.............. 28 Liliacez... .. 24 Filices.......... . 24

 

S. Sts... Labiate.....

N. Sts ..... Orchidaceee .........
8S. Sts... Rosacez....

Scrophulariacee.. 25 Ericacee.....

23 Scrophulariacee.. 22 Ranunculacez.
. 22 Orchidacez.......... 21° Filices.........

. 24 Liliacee ..
.. 21 Labiatee
.. 20 Ranunculaceeze...... 19
N. Sts..... Cruciferee.. «. 19 Umbellifere......... 16 Caryophyllacez.....16 Saxifragacece......... 15
S. Sts... Umbellifere........ 17 Euphorbiacee.... 15 Onagracez .......... Caryophyllacez..... 14
N. Sts..... Juncacee ........... 18 Onagraces......... 12 Euphorbiacee....... Caprifoliaceee ....... 12
S. Sts... Crucifere......4... 14 Saxifragaces...... 13 Polygonacez......... Asclepiadacese ...... 12
N. Sts ..... Najadaces.......... 12 Polygonaceze ....... 11 Gentianacee.........10 Cupulifere... ee
S. Sts... Convolvulacesx.... 11 Gentianacece........ 10 Cupulifere............ 10 Hypericaceee..........

    
  
 

 
 
  

Comparing both rows, we find that the four first orders keep the
same rank; that the Labiate, Scrophulariacee, Euphorbiacee, and Ona-
gracee take a higher position in the south than in the north; and vice
versa the Rosaces, Filices, Crucifere, and Saxifragacee. In the sec-
ond row we miss the Juncacee, Caprifoliacese, and Najadacezw; they are
replaced by the Asclepiadacew, Convolvulacee, and Hypericacez, that are
not represented in the first row; the rest take nearly the same position in
both rows.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OUR GENERA
AND SPECIES.

Those fanciful believers in centres of creation (not centres of preser-
vation as proposed by Bentham), rejecting any theory of descent, set a
great value upon the so called endemism and monotypes. As they admit
only of recent means of distribution, excluding all geological agencies, en-
demism is to them the principal proof of an originality of certain floral
areas. Monotypes are mostly the arbitrary make of systematists prone to
narrow limitations of genera or to wide limitations of species, or the re-
sult of an incomplete knowledge of species. Hepatica is a monotype as
soon as separated from Anemone and when at the same time we join as
varieties with the species H. triloba the little defined species, that have been
proposed; but as soon as the latter be acknowledged as species, the genus
would cease to be a monotype. Pentacheta was a monotype when Nuttall
proposed it, but Gray decribed a second species and joined another mono-
type Aphantocheta; so both of them ceased to be monotypes. Such ex-
amples are many; only from the order composite may be mentioned: Cor-

10
74 THE VEGETATION OF THE

ethrogyne D. C. now with 8 species, Hulsea T. & Gi. with 6, Actinolepis
D. C. after Bentham with 8 species; Oxyura D. C. recently united with
Layia, Tuckermania Nutt with Leptosyne, Coinogyne Less. with Jaumea
Pers.

Of what value endemism is to the believed originality of floral areas
and how little contented we ought to be with exclusively recent agencies
of distribution shows Phryma leptostachya a monotype genus and after
Schauer even a monotype order. It is inimaginable that this plant now
found only in North America and in the Himalayas, by means of recent
agencies could have migrated from one to the other of its actual habitats.
Its disjoint existence is explicable only from geological and climatical
changes and progressive extinction of the plant in the intermediate coun-
tries; for a double origin cannot be imagined. It is true paleontologists
made not known this or another related species from former geological
periods, but it is a fact, that other monotypes f. i. Liriodendron now only
found in North America existed in the tertiary period in very distant
countries, in Greenland as well as in Germany and Italy. Should that not
lead to the conclusion that, what are now monotypes, be the last members
of once widely distributed genera now in process of extinction? Analogous
examples are offered in zoology; only compare the small unmber of recent
Ganoids with the richness of former geological periods.

Lately not less than 10 California monotypes were proposed, the greater
part probably waiting for the company of new foundlings.

Systematization so much subject to change united recently Solea to
lonidium, Zizia to Pimpinella and Gymnostichum with Asprella, so that
our flora would now contain only 21 monotypes, viz: Hydrastes, Sangui-
naria, Anychia, Napaea, Floerkea, Apios, Gymnocladus, Echinocystis,
Dodecatheon, Phryma, Jsanthus, Menyanthes, Montelia, Sassafras, Dirca,
Peltandra, Aplectrum, Schollera, Dulichium, Brachyelytrum and Diarrhena.
Caulophyllum and Ieffersonia are excluded; since in addition to each a
second species is known from Eastern Asia(Amur). Besides Phryma only
Menyanthes occurs outside of the American continent: it is widely dis-
tributed over Europe and Asia. That was no monotype to Linneus, when
he proposed the genus, but afterwards there were three genera formed ot
it, Limnanthemum and Villarsia; so Menyanthes trifoliata became a mono-
type. A small area cover Hydrastes, Napwa and Diarrhena; westward
reach the Pacific coast only Floerkea, Dodecatheon and Dirca, the Gulf
coast Sanguinaria, Anychium, Apios, Phryma, Sassafras, Dirca, Peltandra,
Dulichium and Brachyelytrum. Over the Alleghanies do not pass Napeza
and Diarrhena. Westward occur Schollera in Nevada, Montelia in Texas,
and in the western plains Apios, Gymnocladus, Echinocystis, Peltandra (?)
Aplectrum and Dulichium.

Of the 384 genera of our local flora 22 are restricted to the east of
North America. These are, besides the above mentioned monotypes:
Elodes, Boltonia, Blephilia, Onosmodium, Carya, Oryzopsis, Hatonia and
CiumMATE oF MippiEe ILinors. 75

Tricuspis, of the exclusively North American genera reach the Rocky
Mountains or the Pacific coast 35: Lechea, Callirhoe, Ptelea, Floerkea,
Amorpha, Petalostemon, Apios, Baptisia, Proserpinaca, Heuchera, Gaura,
Thaspium, Liatris, Chrysopsis, Polymnia, Silphium, Echinacea, Rudbeckia,
Lepachys, Krigia, Troximon, Dodecatheon, Aphyllon, Chelone, Pentstemon,
Monarda, Physostegia, Pycnanthemum, Hydrophyllum, Ellisia, Amsonia,
Dirca, and Bouteloua.

Of our genera restricted to the Western Hemisphere occur with
single species in Mexico or South America 12: Ceanothus, Oenothera, Par-
thenium, Heliopsis, Helenium, Seymeria, Gerardia, Castilleja, Asclepias,
Oxybaphus and Echinodorus, 8 are chiefly South American and partly
North American: Asimina, Cuphea, Kuhnia, Actinomeris, Helianthus,
Dysodia, Conobea and Tradescantia.

A number of genera are common to North America and Eastern
Asia or the Himalayas, of which 26 are represented in our flora amongst
which is Phryma. Genera with one species in each continent are: Meni-
spermum, Jeffersonia, Caulophyllum, Podophyllum, Nelumbium, Negundo,
Crypotenia, Penthorum, Hamamelis, Saururus, Symplocarpus, and of our
two species of Osmorrhiza one is found in Hastern Asia; the 12 species of
Dicentra are equally divided, 6 for each continent. Chiefly Asiatic are:
Ampelopsis, Amphicarpza, Hydrangea, Arisema. Chiefly American:
Claytonia, Mitella, Archemora, Triosteum, Nabalus (now uuited with
Prenanthes), Lophanthus, Phlox, Uvularia and Trillium.

Many tropic genera are represented by one or a few species in North
America, of which we find in our flora the following:

N.B. * Means that the genus is a large one with 50 and more
species, | means that the genus is chiefly South American.

Polanisia. Gaylussacia. Hypoxis.
Mollugo. *Tecoma. * Habenaria.
*Zanthoxylum. *Diospyros. Spiranthes.
*Crotalaria. *Plantago, Liparis.
*Psoralea. Llysanthes. *Dioscorea.
*Tephrosia. *Ruellia. Pontederia.
*Desmodium. * Verbena. *Cyperus.
*Cassia. *Lippia. Fimbristylis.
Desmanthus. +*Ipomoea. *Scleria.
*Phaseolus. {*Solanum. Leersia.
*Impatiens. *Physalis. *Vilfa.
Ammannia. Datura. *Sporobolus.
Sicyos. * Aristolochia. *Muhlenbergia.
*Spermacoce. Phytolacca. *Panicum.
Cephalanthus. *Buphorbia. Cenchrus.
*Vernonia.: * Acalypha. * Andropogon.
+*Eupatorium. *Laportea. Chrysopogon.
Eclipta. *Pilea. yAdiantnm.
Ambrosia. Boehmeria. Pteris.
Erechtites. *Celtis. Azolla.

{* Lobelia.
76 THE VEGETATION OF THE

All the other genera are either cosmopolitan or predominate in the
northern temperate zone of both hemispheres, though some are chiefly
North American as: Aster, Erigeron, Solidago, Polemonium, Fraxiuus
and Comandra.

When the entire upper Mississippi valley to the 88° N. L. emerged
the last time, after the drift period, then it is obvious that the whole con-
cern of our flora must have immigrated. The relationship and the present
center of preservation of each species will point to the direction of the
probable immigration.

There are only a few species, that so far are observed only in the up-
per Mississippi district: Desmodium Illinoense A.Gr. Aster anomalus
Engelm., Phlox bifida Beck., Asclepias Meadii Torr., Trillium recurvatum
Beck., Eleocharis Wolfii Gr. These may elsewhere been overlooked or
taken for other species; they may have been formed by variation or
hybridation in the present period, but not spread over a wider territory or
they may have covered a wider area and be restricted now to their present
habitat; all that is possible but not proved.

The majority of the species no doubt came from the Alleghanies; for
not less than 715 extend to that mountain range and 642 of them surpass
the same. A good many of such species, that America has in common
with the eastern continent, (114 of our flora) may have immigrated from
the north.

All the species that in the same latitude do not reach the Alleghannies
but have their eastern limits in Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois may be either
western or southern. The southern species (excepted those that keep
along the coast) go generally farther northward in the west than in the
east of the Alleghannies.

Besides the above mentioned 6 species 48 others do not extend to
Ohio, and of those came probably from the south 18:

Nasturtium sessilifolium.
Callirhe triangulare.
Cornus asperifolia.
Eupatorium serotinum.
Liatris cylindracea.
Rudbeckia subtomentosa.
Coreopsis palmata.

From southwest 10:

Desmantus brachylobus.
Liatris pycnostachya.
Erigeron divaricatum.
Ambrosia bidentata.
Ambrosia psilostachya.

Coreopsis lanceolata.
Lobelia leptostachys.
Amsonia tabernemontana.
Carya oliveformis.
Leersia lenticularis.
Panicum autumnale.

Dysodia chrysanthemoides.
Hieracium longipilum.
Euphorbia heterophylla.
Echinodorus rostratus.
Cyperus acuminatus.
CruimaTE or Mippie Ixcrors. 77

From west 20:

Clematis Pitcheri.
Anemone decapetala.
Nasturtium sinuatum.
Psoralea floribunda.
Petalostemon violaceum.
Petalostemon candidum.
Amorpha canescens.
Lythrum alatum.
Solidago missouriensis.
Chrysopsis villosa.

From northwest 4:
Viola delphinifolia.
Artemisia ludoviciana.

From north 1:

Equisetum palustre.

Echinacea angustifolia.
Helianthus rigidus.
Androsace occidentalis.
Mimulus Jamesii.

Gerardia grandiflora.
Verbena bracteosa.
Lithospermum angustifolium.
Oxybaphus nyctagineus.
Amarantus blitoides.
Equisetum leevigatum.

Troximon cuspidatum.
Stipa spartea.

There are 49 species that extend eastward only to Ohio. Those
marked * occur in the southern Alleghannies, but do not reach those

mountains in the latitude of Illinois.
From southeast may come 5:

*Aster Shortii.
Solidago Riddell.
*Silphium perfoliatum.

From south 20:

Isopyrum biternatum.

Thelypodium pinnatifidum.
Hypericum spherocarpum.

*Ptelea trifoliata.
*Baptisia leucantha.
*Baptisia leucophea.
Spermacoce glabra.
*Vernonia fasciculata.
Silphium laciniatum.
*Silphium terebinthaceum.

From southwest 10:

Ammannia coccinea.
Silphium integrifolium.
Helianthus grosseserratus.
Verbesina helianthoides.
Prenanthes aspera.

From west 4:

Prenanthes racemosa.
Cuscuta glomerata.

*Prenanthes crepidinea.
*Fraxinus quadrangulata.

Coreopsis aristosa.
Cacalia tuberosa.
*Ruellia ciliosa.
Verbena stricta.
Onosmodium molle.
Lithospermum latifolium.
*Gentiana pubera.
Acerates longifolia.
Carex crus corvi.
Eragrostis pectinacea.

Conobea multifida.
Seymeria macrophylla.
Asclepias Sullivantii.
Diarhena americana.
Montelia tamariscina.

Scilla Fraseri.
Equisetum robustum.
78 Tor VEGETATION OF THE

From northwest 8:

Ludwigia polycarpa.
Aster junceus.
Artemisia biennis.
Habenaria leucophea.

From north 2:

Carex arida,

Trillium nivale.
Eragrostis Frankii.
Hordeum pratense.
Hordum jubatum.

Poa sylvestris.

Of 50 species, that reach the Alleghannies in the latitude of Illinois,
but do not pass over, are probably southern 11:

Asimina triloba.
Gleditschia triacanthos.
Amorpha fruticosa.
Boltonia asteroides.
Eclipta alba.
Rudbeckia triloba.

From southwest 4:
Aster sericeus.
Parthenium integrifolium.

From west 2:

Helianthus laetiflorus.

From northwest 1:
Spiraea Aruncus.

Lepachys pinnata.
Coreopsis tripteris.
Ruellia strepens.
Ipomoea lacunosa.
Euphorbia commutata.

Lippia lanceolata.
Euphorbia dentata.

Melica mutica.

The rest (32 species) extend from the Alleghannies westward, but not

eastward.

Delphinium tricorne.
Jeffersonia diphylla.
Napaea dioica.

Hibiscus militaris.
Rhamnus lanceolatus.
Aesculus glabra.
Trifolium refllexum.
Psoralea onobrychis.
Desmodium sessilifolium.
Gymnocladus canadensis.
Spiraea lobata.
Agrimonia parviflora.
Rosa Setigera.

Heuchera hispida.
Galium concinnum.
Eupatorium altissimum.

Aster azureus.

Solidago Ohioensis.
Polymnia canadensis.
Echinacea purpurea.
Helianthus doronicoides. 2
Helianthus occidentalis.
Cacalia reniformis.
Cacalia atriplicifolia.
Steironema longifolia.
Pycnanthemum pilosum.
Scutellaria versicolor.
Phlox maculata.

Phlox glaberrima.
Ellisia nyctelaea.
Cuscuta inflexa.
Cypripedium candidum.
CoimaTE or Mippie ILLInoIs. 719

All the other species we have in common with the Eastern States;
but judging from the centres of preservation, it seems that we have from

the South 20.

Polygala incarnata.
Crotalaria sagittalis.
Desmodium pauciflorum.
Cercis canadensis.
Cassia marilandica.
Cassia chamaecrista.
Mollugo verticillata.

Erynchium yuccaefolium.

Rudbeckia hirta.
Diospyros virginiana.

From Southwest 9.

Linum sulcatum.
Kuhnia eupatorioides.
Monarda fistulosa,
Physostegia virginiana.
Cuscuta tenuiflora.

From West 8.

Ranunculus fascicularis.
Sisymbrium canescens.
Ceanothus americanus.
Negundo aceroides.

From Northwest 44.

Actaea alba.
Claytonia Virginica.
Ramnus alnifolius. .
Astragalus canadensis.
Potentilla norvegica.
Potentilla arguta.
Rubus occidentalis.
Rosa blanda.
Epilobium palustre.
Epilobium coloratum.
Heracleum lanatum.
Osmorhiza longistylis.
Osmorhiza brevistylis.
Aralia racemosa.
Aralia nudicaulis.
Cornus stolonifera.
Galium Aparine.
Dodecatheon Meadia,
Utricularia vulgaris.
Veronica Anagallis.
Veronica Americana.
Veronica peregrina.

Tecoma radicans.
Verbena hastata.
Verbena urticifolia.
Lithospermum hirtum.
Ipomoea pandurata.
Solanum curolinense.
Euphorbia corollata.
Croton glandulosus.
Cyperus erythrorhizus.
Azolla caroliniana.

Polygonum tenue.
Euphorbia dentata.
Cyperus phymatodes.
Hemicarpha subsquarrosa.

Salix longifolia.
Eatonia obtusata.
Festuca tenella.
Carex umbellata.

Mentha canadensis.
Scutellaria galericulata.
Lithospermum canescens.
Polemonium reptans.
Menyanthes trifoliata.
Ceratophyllum demersum.
Populus tremuloides.
Typha latifolia.

Alisma Plantago.
Smilacina stellata.

Carex lanuginosa.

Carex Richardsoni.
Carex Buxbaumii.

Carex stricta.

Carex disticha.

Carex teretiuscula.
Carex stellulata.
Calamagrotis canadensis.
Koleria cristata.

Poa pratensis.

Poa serotina.

Elymus striatus.
Tur VEGETATION OF THE

From North 23.

Viburnum Opulus.
Achillea millefolium.
Senecio aurea.
Taraxacum dens leonis.

Arctostaphyllos uva ursi.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora.
Utricularia intermedia.
Veronica scutellata.
Lycopus sinuatus.
Stachys palustris.

Salix cordata.

Salix myrtilloides.
Sparganium eurycarpum.
Triglochin palustre.
Triglochin maritimum.
Habenaria hyperborea.
Eleocharis palustris.
Eriophorum gracile.
Rynchospora alba.

Carex limosa.

Polygonum aviculare. Poa compressa.
Salix candida.

In common with the Eastern Continent, our flora contains 114 spe-
cies; of these six (Ranunculus multifidus, Claytonia virginica, Mitella
diphylla, Artemisia biennis, Bromus ciliatus and Adiantum pedatum)
extend only to Hast Siberia and not farther westward.

Of the 116 species, which, after A. de Candolle (Géographie,Botani-
que, p. 564), are widely distributed, our flora contains thirty-two, all
European, except Eclipta alba, a tropical plant, and Erigeron canadense,
an immigrant in Europe.

Species that are found in Australia (Hooker's Introduetion to the
Flora of Australia) we have twenty-five, in Guyana (Schomburgk) are
twenty-three, and Grisebach’s West Indian plants contain fifty of our
flora.

Only three species extend to the polar region of Northern Greenland:
Habenaria hyperborea, Calamagrostis canadensis and Bromus Kalmii.
Besides those three forty-six more extend to the artic circle.

The distribution of our species over the natural floral districts of N.
America will show in the following tables:
Tur VEGETATION OF THE

81

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF THE FLORA
OF PEORIA OVER NORTH AMERICA.

This table shows how many species of each order the different floral provin-
ces have in common with Peoria:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S/QlL4Zl elo; 2 ; e/g] Ri 4/2) ea}o >| Pe

e/F ISIE eel FiS|e)e/2]2[2l2le a
Ranunculaceae ........ 22} 18] 18] 19} 20) 14) 17) 18] 13} 10} 5} 1) 1 10] 4) 2
Anonaceae.............- Th) Dhcset| A ONL] Dic sptall eveisileaiag sikess soar acl rasactll ane alle iat | a cave
Menispermaceae....... 1)! Uy AT), le a SE a sce | ee wel actheodaad la ale pes la she
Berberidaceae.......... 3) 2) 2) Bh oS) A TY) Decadence | ect ese |eaa|eec[easlees
Nymphaeaceae ........ 3| 3} 3) 3] 3) 38) 38) af a) 2 oay...} 2 dp...
Papaveraceae.......... Lye a AR Sh SR DNC Desh ack se [dete ai aca dal hseses bay a gcse | setae
Fumariaceae.........../ 2} 2} 2) 2) 2) 2} 2 a} 2 a) d...}...) T..p..
Cruciferae ............. 14] 11] 11} 11) 12} 8| 12) 6] 5) 4) 5) 4) 4) 3) 2) 8
Capparidaceae ......... Wo) a a A AL Bate feos temelewel ates eae hess [ae
Violaceae ............. 6} 4) 5) 5] 5) 8} 3) 38) Qi...) 2) a dy Qj...) 1
Cistaceae .............. BU Bt Be Bl BE Bi BU Ds evades died eruel| eda] sre aoe alas Tlaveea
Hypericaceae.......... Bl A) 4 AR SBE Bh Bl Dae acausidicusns, [iter | o'e-allhs ae [loa] acer
Caryophyllaceae ....... 7 6] 6] 67 6 T 68} 6B} 65] 65) 608) 8} 2} 8) 2) 8} 2
Paronychieae .......... Way Ae Af ca DD, SD cezcsaiaisel|iaiole |ieseus dae esa | eva tows
Portulacaceae ........ Qty EP SL AA at SE a ca che eatollee cic a lweatites
Malvaceae...........--. les sivalt HO) Qheiael! Dleece| sasabecolane brasil tacgl ane erctalpness
TillaC@ne: ..cccecce exes Da) a Se geal eee anatase Scalee tl ables
Linaceae .............. Ay. SE), <2 b> “| savellbahe] ZL sedescttosmesll wicks | Seocellos: 4 lenses | ele
Geraniaceae ........... 6| 6; 6] 6] 6] 5) 5) 6] 5} 2) J a 38) af...
Rutaceae ....... 002.008. Dl) ol ay Al SB 2) Bp Bates oP atellas dae [eect aparece
Anacardiaceae......... 3| 3) 3) 3} 3) 38 3) 8; 2) 2) 68) a) 2)... et...
Vitaceae...........-066 4) 4) 4] 4) 4) 8) Bl 8 8) Bhies levels eales clivecteee
Rhamnaceae .......... S| eb 2) She BP 2] Br A a Test) as] bells
Celastraceae ........... Dl Be Dh po Bl TN DL Bhar Meneses Whe aellle dae [aor alatevelfiecees
Sapindaceae ........... 5] 4! 4} 5] 5) 38) 4) 2) 2) Qj...) J 1p...
Polygalaceae........... Al Ay Al al <a) 9B) 4) 2 Deal edelvastese| Dinselswe
Leguminosae.......... 38] 29] 24) 30) 32] 28) 33) 30} 7] 13) 2) 2) 3) 5) 1) 2
Rosaceae ..........-... 25| 23) 21] 24] 24) 13) 18] 15) 10; 8} 5) 3) 3] 7 2) 8
Saxifragaceae.......... 7) 6) 6) 7) Ty 2b Bh 2) Afacheaeticeeaadl Dube
Crassulaceae .......... Tk a a DD: Dis acthasierclia pales tte eve | vss 5 eatalllavesell erate
Hamameliaceae........ DS Af, EA), EY Decca hasrallicsesell se coal ost’ wil sas iorary space
Halorageae ...........- TH el A eA Ae eee iieeweeal Sl se scotllave a's sal ateeel nedons ‘vee-y
Onagraceae .........+5- 10; 8} 8} 8} 9} 4 7% 10) &€ 3) 1) 38) 5} 38) 2) 1
Lythraceae ............ 4| 2) 2) 2] Bl Bl Ae 2d 2) BY A) Qh awalloeallne tlees
Cucurbitaceae ......... 9) 9-2) Bl Oh Ty. Ay Alesahelewelveateel: WPeseloes
Ficoideae ............- 1} 1) to a a as a af a ot od od... eee.
Umbelliferae .......... 17| 17| 17) 17) 17} 8} 11) 8} 7 4) 5} 64) 62) 68) 1.
Araliaceae............- og: St 8) Blanc) Be @) Beccles acdleeal! “Bloc.
Cornaceae ...........6- 6| 5) 5] 6] 5) 4) 4) 1) a odp...}...} ap a) aoa
Caprifoliaceae ......... s| 8) 8} 8} 8 2 38] 2] 38)...f...]...j...) 4y...} 1
Rubiaceae ............. 7 #5) 5) 6 7 5] 5B] 4) 64) 64) 8) 64) 8) 8} 2) 1
Compositae ...........- 131] 97| 79/101]112) 68} 97) 81} 41} 42) 18) 15} 12) 82; 4) 6
Lobeliaceae ........... 6 Bl. 5) BL OB) Sl 6) 4) AP Done sfacedarce bee ade aed ais
Campanulaceae........ 8) Sh Bh Bl 8 2h 8p Bhp a By bee alee a laws
Ericaceae ............. 4, 3) 4) 4| 4) 2) 1) 2) 2)...) 1 2) 2) a) 1 ot
Ebenaceae..........-5+ eee! UT) Ab a OE) AP Dev even|salestacaleccters| sas
Primulaceae........... "| 5; 4| 6 6] 2) 4) 4; 3) 2 4) 2) 2) 1 aot
Oleaceae ....-. eee ees 6} S| 4) 4) OB 8) Bb Steet Ape EReshen | Ziel.
Apocynaceae ........--- 3] 2} 2) 2) 2) 3) 3] 38) 2) 2) 2) 2 2) Le...
Asclepiadaceae ........ 12} 9} 9) 9} 11) 6) 8) 6) 8 5)...)...)...]...f.0 0p.
Gentianaceae .......... | 4 4, 4) 5) a) a i} ods aj od ot yy 4 a a
Polemoniaceae ........ 6) 3) 3) BEB) Bh AL Dh alneslaas [eal eies | eealleces
Hydrophyllaceae....... 3) 2) 2) 3! 3] 1) 2) 38) Qi...J...J...] 2p...
Borraginaceae......... si 6] 5] 5] 7 38} 5} 1 8F 2) 2) a oat Qt.

 

10

 
82 Cumate of Mippie ILLINOIS.

 

 

 

 

 
  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pe) AIElS TIF SP Z/Fl el S| Ele] e

3 | 5 PIlel pl: a/r|?)o/a] 3
Convyolvulaceae........ 10} 5; 7 9] lo} 6} 7 3] 3} 5) 2) 1 Ld...
Solanaceae ..........+- 3/ 5; 5] 5] 5) 5] 5) 5] 4) 2} 2) 2) 2)...)...).
Scrophulariaceae....... 29| 17) 17} 17) 19] 14] 16] 10) 7 6) 5) 5) 7 38) 2).
Orobanchaceae ........ zy} 1} 2 2) af} Ys aj a) a) ay dy 2 od...
Lentibulariaceae ...... a} af af 2) 2i...| 1} 1] aj...} a) 2} 2) 2)...}.
Bignoniaceae.......... Beccles) TP A CU al hevess ewe leew oll ace | seevell tae] ee [eis
Acanthaceae .......... DW Bleccl 2] 2) Bl Bl Decaf Dawadenfeeeleeefewa te
‘Verbenaceae..........- 6] 3i 3f 4] 5) 4) 6F 5] 4} 5) 2) 2) 2)...]...).
Labiatae.............4- 93} 19| 21] 23] 23] 11] 19] 10] 9} 7 8| 5} 5) 6 41).
Plantaginaceae ........ 3} 2} 3] 3] 3] 2} 3} Ay...] Up...] 1)...]..-]ee ed.
Aristolochiaceae ...... OB) Bl DI Dr Ql Al DP Bee becee| weailaras fens ere fern
Nyctaginaceae......... Teccliccaleestoealiec sc! Up EP aD Dy wsctlereialle ae Pence] meee
Phytolaccaceae ... 1} 1) 2) 2 a) 4) 4) 1f...] Aeefeee}eeepe epee]
Chenopodiaceae .......] 2} 2] 2] ,2} 2/ 2} 2| 2] 2| 2) 2) 2) 2) 2)...).
Amarantaceae......... 4} 3] 2) °2| 3] af 3] 4| 3] 4) 2) 2] 2)...)...).
Polygonaceae .......... 16} 16] 16] 16] 16} 11] 13] 10] 5) 8) 4) 4) 4) 4) 1
Lauraceae ............. TE a) aD AP alec: Posvssillecesad Steed lear | o.aa'| ete eiliovstad ie
Thymelaceae .......... Hoa) a) Te Al A A) DT) Aessteee)) Lees leenl malice
Santalaceae ........... Toot a) a De AP Dy sell DL) Bi eeced iersllieres
Saururaceae........... TY: AY A LP Sao ceil ancy ie ena lftesaa Seeyal cous: | es avers face ieee
Ceratophyllaceae ...... 1} 1} a) 1) 1ysoa) a af ay ay 2) so D...] dj...
Callitrichaceae ........ 1}oa} oa) to af} a} a} af ays dy..e} a) 1) ay of 1
Euphorbiaceae......... 9} 5; 4 8} 8) 7 7 6] 64 66) 61 od o1)...]...]...
Urticaceae ...........-. 10} 10] 10] 10) 10; 7 10) 10; 3) 7 4) J} 1j...]...]...
Plantamaceae.......... 1) 0) a) DB a A Das Dp aalacia' [evs llocueb ecvallonce
Juglandaceae... sail 8) BE OF OM AoA) “Deca [eee 22 | etal cece Sfirecbood)ae..
Cupuliferae............ 12} 11) 11) 11] 12) gy 11) 5]...] 3)...]...f...[eefeee]eee
Salicaceae ..........005 13] 13] 12) 12} 13) 3) 4] 5) 7 5) 4) 1) 2 2) 2) 8
Coniferae............+- 2} 2] 1) 2) 2] 4) a) a} 1) ay ly 6d) hc oy 0
ATACERE 01. eee eee eee 5) 6) 6t 8] BP By) 4) Bleselass |eeelsaslexe|osel eas] sa
Lemnaceae .........4.. 4, 3) 4) 4} 4) 2) 38) 38] 3) 38) 38) 62) 62) 68)...)...
Typhaceae yea norueg oe 2} 2} 2} 2) 2) a)-a) 2) J) aj 2) 1) 2) 2...) 1
Najadaceae ............ 6} 6] 6 6] 6 5) 5) 4] 8] 5) 4) 8) 8) 4i.../...
Alismaceae ..........- 7]; 6 6 6 6 4) 8) 5] 4, 2) 4) 38) 38) 4) 2) 2
Hydrocharidaceae ..... 2) 22] 2) 2) 22) 2) Dass fiaccoparadiccn ene fecal “Denis s
Orchidaceae. ..........| 16] 16] 14] 15) 16} 7} 8} 5) 8 1) 1j...{| 2) 1) 2} 1
Amaryllidaceae Al: 0 A DN) AE SS ace Pia east] Nessa fosanac| sree lanacelf totes
Iridaceae ......... 2) 2) 2) 2) 2} at 2) ay...} 1) 1) 4) aj...} Vy...
Dioscoreaceade: sacacscee| 2) 2) A) Ay 2 Db Whsateaed recites fee sllcces aceaaie| eros
Smilacaceae ........... Dl DN Bl 2) SB AL). By Does |S raras few bere oll anew steal aac |e sa
Liliaceae .............. 13} 12] 10) 10} 12; 3) 2 7} 4) 3] 38 2) 3) 3)...] 1
JUNCACEAC .....-...066- 4) 4| 4) 4) 4) 2) 3) 2) 2) 2) a} 2) 2) 2)...y...
Pontederaceae ......... 9) 2) 2) 2) 2) 2) S| Daal OT) Dees |ewslevclers|ees
Commelynaceae........ Qt) Ty aN A) 2h Bh Dawa AP Dae lea |emal acy pews
Cyperaceae ............ 78| 'T0| 66| 74) 76] 48] 41] 38) 20} 26) 10) 18] 15) 23) 5) 3
Gramineae............. 70| 63] 56| 61] 66] 41) 45) 41] 33] 20] 23) 17; 6) 11) 6] 5
Equisetaceae .......... 7] 5} 4| 5) 6) a) 1 5] 5) 4) 38) 38] 38) 1 a 2
EV IICOS 5 iiss:spasiesd acoceye-dee ss dcare 16} 15} 16} 16) 16) 15) 11) 7] S| 3) 4] 5 5} 4) 5} 2
Ophioglossaceae ....... y}oaoa oy a isa ot) ay oa ay doa) ap...
Lycopodiaceae . D) Ale A EY A) | Dec eae eae esacadttstera | mead aia incl anes
Hydropterides.........} 1] 1] 1) J} Joa j...]...] U...]...f...]... ff...
Dicotyledoneae ........ 592)479|450/512|543/334/443/338 |201/202/108] 88) 88/118] 31] 32
Monocotyledoneae ..... 217/198/184)198|208/124/130}114| 76] 66] 54] 44) 39) 54) 15) 18
Cryptogamae vasculares| 26] 23) 23) 24) 25) 19/ 15) 14] 11) 9] 8] 9] 9] 6) 6] 4

835)'700|657/734|776|477|588/466 |288)/277]170|141)186/178] 52] 49

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
CxiimaTE OF MippLe ILLInors. 83

PLANTS OF THE ILLINOIS FLORA, BUT SO FAR
NOT FOUND NEAR PEORIA.

[S—Southward. N.—Northward, W.—Westward.

Ranunculaceaz.

S$. Clematis viorna L.

N. Anemone patens L. var. Nuttal-
liana.

N. <A. nemorosa L.
Ranunculus divaricatus Schrank.
R. aqualilis L. var. trichophyllus.

S. R. alismaefolius Geyer.
S.  R. oblongifolius Ell
N. RB. rhomboideus Goldie.

R. pennsylvanicus L.
S.  Myosurus minimus L.
8. Trautvetteria palmata Fisch. and

Mey.

W. Delphinium azureum Michx.
8. Cimicifuga racemosa Ell.
Magnoliacese.
8S. Liriodendron tulipifera L.
Nymphaeaces.

Brasenia peltata Ph.
Sarraceniaces.
N. Sarracenia purpurea L.
Papaveraces.
S. Stylophorum diphyllum Nutt.
Fumariacesz.

N. Adlumia cirrhosa Raf.
N. Dicentra canadensis D. C.
N. Corydalis glauca Ph.

Cruciferef.

Nasturtium obtusum Nutt.

Arabis lyrata L.

A. hirsuta Scop.

A. perfoliata Lam.

A. Drummondii Gr.

A. Ludoviciana Mey.

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.

Erysimum cheiranthoides L.

E. asperum D. C. var. Arkansa-
num.

S.  Draba cuneifolia Nutt.

Lepidium intermedium Gr.

ADA ao

Violaceze.

N. Viola lanceolata L.

N. V. blanda Willd.
V. canina L. var. sylvestris.
7V. striata Ait.
Y. tricolor L. var arvensis.

Cistaceze.

N. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt.
Hypericacess.

Ss. Ascyrum crux Andreae L.
Ss. . proliferum L.

S. . adpressum Bart.

s. . ellipticum Hook.

8. . Drummondii T. Gr.

. mutilum L.
. canadense L.
. sarothra Michx.

Homes

Elatinacess.

S.  Elatine americana Arnott.
S.  Bergia Texana Seubert.

Caryophyllacez.

Silene virginica L.

S. regia Sims.

Sagina apetala L.

Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh.
Arenaria stricta Michx.
Cerastium oblongifolium Torr.

iz we ma

Portulacaces.
W. Claytonia caroliniana Michx.
N. Talinum teretifolum Ph.

Malvaces.

S. Hibiscus Moscheutos L.

S.  H. grandiflorus Michx.

N. Sphaeralcea acerifolia Nutt.

Tiliaceze.
8,  Til'a heterophylla Vent.

Linacee.

Linum virginianum L.
S. L. striatum Walt.
Geraniace2.

Geranium carolinianum L.

Tlicinese.
Tlex verticillata Gr.
S. I. decidua Walt.

Anacardiaces.
Rhus typhina L.
R. copallina L.

N. R. venenata DC.
84 THE VEGETATION OF THE

Vitacez.
8S. Vitis indivisa Willd.
8. V. bipinnata TGr.

Rhamnaces.
8. Frangula caroliniana Gr.
N. Ceanothus ovalis Big.
Celastraceze.

Euonymus americanus L.

Sapindacesz.
Ss. Acer rubrum L.

Polygalaceszx.
Polygala ambigua Nutt.
P, polygama Walt.

N. P. cruciata L.

N. PP. pauciflora Willd.

Leguminose.

Lupinus perennis L.

Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl.

Petalostemon foliosus Gr.

Psoralea melilotoides Michx.

Dalea alopecuroides Willd.

Robinia pseudacacia L.

Wistaria frutescens DC.

Astragalus mexicanus ADC.

A. distortus TGr.

A. platensis Nutt var Tennessee-
nsis.

Desmodium rotundifolium DC.

. laevigatum DC.

. Viridiflorum Beck.

. rigidum DC.

. Ciliare DC.

. Mmarilandicum DC.

Lespedeza repens TGr.

L. hirta Ell

Stylosanthes elatior Sw.

Phaseolus perennis Walt.

Ph. pauciflorus Benth.

Clitoria Mariana L.

Galactia mollis Michx.

Vicia caroliniana Walt.

Lathyrus venosus Muhl.

L. ochroleucus Hook.

Baptisia tinctoria RBr.

Cassia nictitans L.

Gleditschia monosperma Walt.

AND NA

TANT Nh nh
voeyy

PO tat ho

Rosacea.

N. Prunus pumila L.

N. P. pennsylvanica L.
Neilha opulifolia Benth, Hook.
Spirea salicifolia Raf.

N. Sp. tomentosa L.

Geum strictum Ait.

G. vernum TGr.

G. macrophyllum Willd.
G. rivale L.

G. triflorum Ph.

Fr garia vesca L.
Gillenia stipulacea Nutt.
Poterium canadense Gr.
Potentilla paradoxa Nutt.
P. fruticosa L.

P. palustris L.

Rubus strigosus Michx.
R. canadensis L.

N. R&R. triflorus Rich.

N. &. hispidus L.

S. Crataegus arborescens Ell.
.  Pyrus angustifolia Ait.
N. P. arbutifolia L.

Saxifragacess.

N. Ribes cynosbati L.

N. R. hirtellum Michx.
S.
S.
S.

Az

AA Pe th

Rm

Saxifraga Forbesii Vasey.
Heuchera americana L.
H. Rugelii Shuttl.
Crassulaceae.
Sedum ternatum Michx.
S. 8. pulchellum Michx.
Hamameliaceae.
S.  Liquidambar styraciflua L.
Halorageae,
Myriophyllnm verticillatum L.
M. heterophyllum Michx.
M. scabratum Michx.
N. M. spicatum L,
N. Hippuris vulgaris L.
Onagraceaa.
N. Epilobium angustifolium L.
E. molle Torr.
8S. Oenothera linearis Michx.
S. Oe. missouriensis Sims.
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Ell.
Melastomaceae.
Rhexila virginica L.
Lythraceae,
Peplis diandra Nutt.
S. Decodon verticillatus Ell.
Loasaceae.
S. Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt.
Cactaceae.
Opuntia Rafinesquii Engelm.
CLIMATE oF MippiEe ILLINOIS. 85

Passifloreae.
8S. Passiflora lutea L.

Umbelliferae.
Sanicula canadensis L.
Polytaenia Nuttallii DC.
8S. Discopleura Nuttallii DC
N. Conioselinum canadense T. Gr.
Eulophus americanus Nutt.
8. Archangelica hirsuta T. Gr.
8. Erigenia bulbosa Nutt.
Araliaceae.
8. Aralia spinosa L.
Cornaceae.
N. Cornus canadensis L.
8. ©. florida L.
8S. Nyssa multiflora Wang.
Caprifoliaceae.

Symphoricarpus occidentalis R.Br.

S. vulgaris Michx.

Diervilla trifida Moench.
Viburnum pubescens Ph,
V. acerifolium L.
Triosteum angustifolium L.

A et oh

Rubiaceae.

Galium asprellum Michx.
G. pilosum Ait.

G. boreale L.

Diodia, virginica L.

D. teres Walt.

Mitchella repens ‘L.
Houstonia coerulea L.

8S. H. angustifolia Michx.

8S. H. minima Beck.

Le iA

Valerianaceae.

Fedia radiata Michx.
N. F. umbilicata Sull.
N. Valeriana edulis Nutt.
SS. V. pauciflora Michx.

Compositae.

W. Vernonia Noveboracensis Willd.

S.  Elephantopus carolinianus Wiild.
Liatris squarrosa Willd,

N. L. spicata Willd.

S. Eupatorium aromaticum L.
Ss. Eu. celestinum L.

S. Aster patens Ait.

S. A. turbinellus Lindl.

A. undulatus L.
A. dumosus L.

N. A. acuminatus Michx.
A, ptarmicoides TGr.

S.  Boltonia diffusa L’Her.
Solidago bicolor L.

S. caesia L.
N.S. stricta Ait.
8S. S. petiolaris Ait.
S. altissima L.
Ss. 8S. Drummondii TGr.
S. Radula Nutt.
S.  Pluchea foetida DC.
8. Polymnia Uvedalia L.
8S.  Chrysogonum virginianum L.
S. Rudbeckia speciosa Wender.
S. Helianthus atrorubens L.
S. H. mollis Lam.
8S. H. microcephalus TGr.
8. Coreopsis auriculata L.
C. trichosperma Michx.
8S. OC, discoidea TGr.
N. Bidens cernua L.
B, Beckii Torr.
S. B, bipinnata L.
Verbesine virginica L.
S. Hymenopappus scabiosaeus
L’ Her.
N. Actinella scaposa Nutt.
8S. Leptopoda brachypoda TGr.
8S. Matricaria discoidea DC.
N. Artemis.a dracunculoides Ph.
N. A, serrata Nutt.
8. Senecio lobatus Pers.
S. Cnicus virginianus var filipendu-
lum Ph.
8S. Krigia virginica Don.
5 K, Dandelion Nutt.

Hieracium Gronovii L.

N. 4H, canadense Michx.
Prenanthes altissimus Hook.
Lactuca leucophaea Gr.

Lobeliacea,
S. Lobelia puberula Michx.

Campanulacesx,

Campanula rotundifolia L.
S.C, divaricata Michx.
Hricacesz,

Vaccinium macrocarpum Ait.
V, pennsylvanicum Lam.

V, canadense Kalm.

V, corymbosum L.

V, arboreum Marsh.
Andromeda polifolia L.
Pyrola elliptica Nutt.

P, chlorantha Sw.
Chimaphila umbellata Nutt.

AAALAAAA
86 Tur VEGETATION OF THE

Primulaces,
Lysimachia stricta Ait.
S.  Centunculus minimus L.

Sapotacez,
S.  Bumelia lanuginosa Pers.

Oleacez.
S.  Forestiera acuminata Poir

Asclepiadacez.

8S. Asclepias perennis Walt.
A. variegata L.

N. A. ovalifolia Descaine.

N. Acerates lanuginosa Descaine.
Asclepiodora viridis Gr.

S. Enslenia albida Nutt

Loganiacez.
8. Spigelia marilandica L.

Gentianacez.

Gentiana crinita Froel.

G. detonsa Walt.

G. saponaria L.

Sabbatia angularis Ph.
Bartonia tenella Muhl.
Frasera carolinensis Walt.

Polemoniacez.
S. Phlox paniculata L.
S. Ph. stellaria Gr.

Hydrophyllacez,
Hydrophyllum canadense L.
S. Ph. bipinnatifida Michx,

Borraginacez.
S. Cynoglossum virginicum L.
S. Heliotropium curassavicum L._

Convolvulacez.
W. Breweria Pickeringii Gr.
S. Cuscuta decora Chois.

Solanacesze.
Physalis pubescens L.
Ph. philadelphica Lam.
S. Ph. angulata L.
Scrophulariaces.
Linaria canadensis Spr.
Collinsia verna Nutt.
Chelone obliqua L.

Pentstemon laevigatus Sol. var.

digitalis Gr.
P. grandiflorus Fraser.
Mimulus alatus Ait.
Herpestes rotundifolia Ph.

wD J

S.  Gratiola sphaerocarpa Ell.
Synthyris Houghtoniana Benth,

S. Veronica serpyllitolia L.

§. Buchnera americana L.
Gerardia Skinneriana Wood.
G. quercifolia Ph.
G. pedicularis L.

S. G.flavalL. ©

8S. G. laevigata Raf.

N. Castilleja sessiliflora Ph.

Orobanchacee.

§. Conopholis americana Wallr.
S. Aphyllon ludovicianum Gr.

Lentibulariacess.
Utricularia biflora Lam.
U. gibba L.
N. U. minor L.

Bignoniacez.
8. Bignonia capreolata L,

Acanthaces.
Dianthera americana L.

Verbenaces.
Verbena angustifolia Michx.

Labiatze.
Trichostema dichotomum L.
Cunila Mariana L.
Pycnanthemum incanum Michx.
Calamintha Nuttallii Benth.
Hedeoma hispida Ph.
Collinsonia canadensis L.
Salvia lyrata L.
Monarda Bradburiana Beck.
M. punctata L.
Blephilia ciliata Raf.
S. Synandra grandiflora Nutt.
S.  Scutellaria canescens Nutt.
Stachys cordata Ridd.
St. hyssopifolia Michx., var am-
bigua Gr.
Plantaginaceos,
8S. Plantago pusilla Nutt.
8S. P. patagonica Jacq., var aristata.

wo wh

Aristolochiacess,
8. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims.
Chenopodiaces,
W. Cycloloma platyphyllum Mocgq.
N. Blitum capitatum L.

Atriplex patula L.
Amarantacese,
8.  Froelichia floridana Mocq.
CumatTe or Mippie Itxrnors. 84

Polygonacez,

Polygonum Hartwrightii Gr.

P. articulatum L.

P. arifolium L.
Lauracez,

Lindera Benzoin Meisner.
Loranthacesz,
8S. Phoradendron flavescens Nutt.
Callitrichacess,
8S. -Callitriche Austini Engelm.
Ss. C. auctumnalis L.
Euphorbiacez.
Euphorbia Geyeri Engelm.
Eu. glyptosperma Engelm.
Eu, serpens HBK.
Eu. humistrata Engelm.
Croton capitatus Michx.
Cr. monanthogynus Michx.
Crotonopsis linearis Michx.
Phyllanthus carolinensis Walt.
Urticacess.
N. Ulmus racemosa Thomas.
Ss. U. alata Michx.
S. Celtis mississippiensis Bosc.
Cupuliferez.

Quercus stellata Wang.

Qu. palustris DuRoi.
S. Qu. falcata Michx.

RDA Th

Betulaces.
Alnus serrulata Ait.
Betula nigra L.
N. B. papyracea.
N. B. lenta L.
N. B. pumila L.
Myricaces,

N, Comptonia asplenifolia Ait.

Salicaces,

Salix lucida Muhl.
N.S. rostrata Rich.
S. Populus heterophylla L.
Conifera2,
Pinus Banksiana Lamb.
P. strobus L.
P. mitis Michx.
Larix americana Michx.
Juniperus communis L.

i a

Lemnaces,

8.  Wolffia Brasiliensis Weddell.
. Typhaces,
EN. Sparganium simplex Hudson.

Taxus baccata L., var canadensis.

Najadacez,
Potamogeton Claytoni Tuck.
. pulcher Tuck.
. Vaseyi Robbins.
. spirillus Tuck.
. hybridus Michx.
. rufescens Schrad.
. Lonchites Tuck.
. gramineus L.
. lucens L.
. perfoliatus L.
. compressus L.
Alismaces,
Scheuchzeria palustris L.
Sagittaria graminea Michx.
8S. Echinodorus parvulus Engelm.
S.  E. radicans Engelm.

aA zany

N.

wiry tyhHhhY

Orchidacez,
N. Habenaria viridis Spr., var brac-
teata.

H. psycodes Gr.
H. peramoena Gr.
Goodyera pubescens RBr.
Spiranthes latifolia Torr.
Pogonia ophioglossoides Nutt.
Microstylis monophyllos Lindl.
M. ophioglossoides Nutt.
. Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt.
Amaryllidaceze
Ss. Pancratium rotatum Ker.
S. Agave virginica L.
Haemodoracez,

Aletris farinosa L. :
Smilacacez,
S. Smilax rotundifolha L.
Ss. S. glauca Walt.
Ss. 8S. tamnoides L.
Liliacess,
Trillium sessile L.
Tr. grandiflorum Salisb.
Tr. cernuum L,
Melanthium virginicum L.
Zygadenus glaucus Nutt.
Stenanthium angustifolium Gr.
Veratrum Woodii Robbins.
Chamaelirium luteum Gr.
Tofjeldia glutinosa Willd.
Uvularia perfoliata L.
Smilacina trifolia Desf.
S. bifolia Ker.
Polygonatum biflorum Ell.
Lilium canadense L.

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mM

25 2 SA A
88

N.
N.

W.

8.

THE VEGETATION OF THE

Erythronium americanum Sm.
Allium cernuum Roth

A. stellatum Nutt.

A. striatum Jacq.

Juncaces.

AAA

R

N.

Luzula campestris DC.

Juncus effusus L.

J. marginatus Rostk.

J. bufonius L.

J. Greenii Oakes & Tuck.

J. Vaseyi Engelm.

J. alpinus var insignis Engelm.

J. acuminatus var robustus En-
gelm.

J. acuminatus var debilis Engelm.

J. brachycarpus Engelm.

J. canadensis var longicaudatus
Engelm.

J. canadensis var coarctatus En-
gelm.

Commelynacez.

s.
8.

Commelyna virginica L.
Tradescantia pilosa Lehm.

Xyridaces,

Xyris flexuosa Muhl.

Cyperaces,

8.

nm

4

AZ

LOAR AEE

Cyperus Engelmanni Steud.

C. Schweinitzii Torr.

Kyllingia pumila Michx.

Eleocharis quadrangulata RBr.

E. rostellata Torr.

E. Wngelmanni Steud.

E. Engelmanni var detonsa Gr.

Scirpus paucifiorus Lightf.

. caespitosus L.

. debilis Pursh.

. supinus var Hallii Gr.

. fluviatilis Gr.

. polyphyllus Vahl.

. Eriophorum Michx.

Eriophorum polystachyon L.

Fimbristylis spadicea var casta-
nea Gr.

F. laxa Vahl.

F. capillaris Gr.

Rhynchospora cymosa Nutt.

R. capillacea Torr.

R. glomerata Vahl.

Cladium mariscoides Torr.

Carex siccata Dew.

C. decomposita Muhl.

GC. Muhlenbergii Schk.

NRNRENETDN

. retroflexa Muhl.
. chordorhiza Ehbrh.
. Bebbii Olney.
foenea Willd.
aquatilis Wahl.
aperta Boot.
erinita Lam.
panicea var Bebbii Olney.
tetanica Schk. :
conoidea Schk.
virescens Muhl.
plantaginea Lam.
Careyana Torr.
platyphylla Carey.
retrocurva Dew.
pedunculata Mubl.
debilis Michx.
QG&deri Ehrh.
stenolepis Terr.
retrorsa Schw.
utriculata Boot.
Tuckermani Boot.
C. bullata Schk,

Awa

4

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N.

Graminez,

Vilfa virginica Beauv.
Sporobolus cryptandrus Gr.
Ammophila longifolia Benth.
Aristida dichtoma Michx.
A. ramosissima Engelm.
A. gracilis Ell.

A. stricta Michx.

A. oligantha Michx.

A. purpurascens Poir.

A. tuberculosa Nutt.
Bouteloua hirsuta Lag.

B. oligostachya Torr.
Diplachne fascicularis Benth.
Triplasis purpurea Chap.
Glyceria canadensis Trin.
Poa alsodes Gr.

Eragrostis tenuis Gr.
Uniola latifolia Michx.
Lepturus paniculatus Nutt.
Triticum repens L.

T. caninum L.

Trisetum palustre L.
Hierochloa borealis R Sch.
Milium effusum L.
Paspalum fluitans Kth.

P. walterianum Schult.

P. setaceum Michx.

P. laeve, Michx.

Panicum filiforme L.

2

TA te Th tM

wad

44

mn Ait te oe

nm
S
8.
8

CrmmaTe oF Mippie ILLInoIs. 89

F. microcarpon Muhl.
Tripsacum dactyloides L.
Erianthus saccharoides Michx.

Andropogon dissitiflorus Michx.

Equisetacesz.

N.

Equisetum scirpoides Michx.

Filices.

Agwn

Polypodium vulgare L.

P. incanum Sw.

Cheilanthes vestita Sw.

Ch. Januginosa Nutt.

Pellaea gracilis, Hook.

P. atropurpurea Link.
Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt.

8S. A. Trichomanes L.
A. ebeneum Ait.
8S.  Phegopteris polypodioides Fee:
Aspidium Noveboracense Sw.
A. Goldianum Hook.
A. marginale Sw.
8S. Woodsia obtusa Torr.
N. W.Ilvesis R Br. '
Osmunda cinnamomea L.
Lypopodiacez.
N. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.
N. L. Selago L.
N. Selaginella rupestris Spring.

Isoetes melanopoda Gay.