PEELE het) Gif7 of DR STAWCNUFF LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, N. Y. Cornell University Library SF 334.B86 Handbook of the turf, a treasury of info WNC HANDBOOK OF THE TURF A TREASURY OF INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN EMBRACING A CompreNDIUM or ALL Racine anv TrottTine RuLzs; Laws oF THE STATES IN THEIR RELATION To HorsEs anp Racine; A GLossary oF ScrentiFic TERMS; THe Catcu-Worps anp PHRASES USED BY Great Drivers, wITtH MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION ABOUT HORSES, TRACKS, AND RACING BY SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN he THE literature of the turf is something almost sut generis. It abounds in mysterious technicalities and phraseology intelligible only to the initiated._THE LONDON TIMES, January 26, 1894. NEW YORK ORANGE JUDD COMPANY 1910 COPYRIGHT, 1894 By SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Paintep In U. 8S. A. AST thou given spirit to the horse? Hast thou clothed his neck with a mane? Canst thou make him bound as a locust? The majesty of his snorting is terrible. He panteth in the valleys and exulteth; he goeth on to meet the armed men. He mocketh at fear, and trembleth; nor turneth he back from the sword. Against him rattleth the quiver, the glittering spear and shield. He devours the ground with fierceness and rage, and is impatient when the trumpet soundeth. He uttereth among the trumpets, Ha! ha! He smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains and the shouting. —Translation from the Book of Job, By DR. THOMAS SCOTT. INTRODUCTION THE general plan of the present work was conceived by the author some four years ago, and the task of compilation begun. Other engagements, however, soon demanded attention and prevented completion of the work, which the past year has given an opportunity of bringing to a close. Within its pages he has attempted the compression of what is believed to be the greatest body of information about the horse in his rela- tion to drivers, sulkys, tracks, riding, trotting, racing, and the laws pertaining thereto, that has ever appeared in a single vol- ume in this country. In doing this his aim has been to produce a book of reference, the usefulness of which will render its pos- session material to every intelligent individual who breeds, trains, rides, cares for or loves a horse. It is the author’s hope that the execution of the work will, in some measure at least, equal what he believes to have been the merit of its conception. Within the past twenty years a complete revolution has taken place in the breeding and management of horses, govern- ment of tracks, appliances used on the turf, and the rules of racing. During the last half of this period the most profound scientists in England, France, and this country, have made careful and long continued studies on the anatomy, conforma- tion, and external points of the horse; while years have also been devoted to an analysis of the laws of motion, the study of speed inheritance, the physical basis of the several gaits, and the laws of breeding. Moreover, all the progress and extreme development in these lines during the period named, has really been crystallized within the past two years into the most won- derful form, as evinced by the use of the pneumatic sulky and the accomplishment of phenomenal speed on the American turf. Yet with these great changes no useful handbook, Vv vi INTRODUCTION. coming within reach of the everyday horseman at a modest price, and embodying what science has taught as authoritative upon these subjects, has been published. A few elaborate treatises, beyond the range of the practical horseman in scope of information, and quite beyond his reach in price, have appeared, of the benefits of which he has been unable to avail himself, because by far too scientific for his use, or too expen- sive for his purse. The present volume is believed to do for this class of read- ers what no other single book on the horse and racing, has ever attempted to accomplish. Its range of information embraces terms relating to the horse; his exterior conforma- tion and uses as an animal for riding and driving; to the track or race course ; the sulky and track vehicles; the harness; the driver and rider; to equestrianism; the trotting and racing turf; the racing and trotting rules; laws of the States in their relation to horses, tracks, and racing; the phrases and catch- words of great drivers and riders; terms used in the veterinary art so far as they relate to the locomotory organs of the horse, and to general soundness, vices, and faults; with the folk-lore of horses, old sayings, and useful general knowledge of an his- torical and practical character. While numerous books are ready at hand to aid the student and practical craftsman in the arts, sciences, literature, the special processes of mechanics, printing, botany, gardening, and the textile arts—the vast body of intelligent horsemen has been, heretofore, without any single book, presenting in a comprehensive way, the historical, scien- tific, legal, and practical features of their business. In short, this book attempts to do for them, and for the gigantic indus- try which they represent—the horse-breeding, racing, and trot- ting business of the United States—what the numerous readers’ handbooks, dictionaries of phrase and fable, dates, general allu- sions, common things, scientific handbooks and trade glossaries do for students of art and literature, and skilled workers in the arts and industries. The sources of information have embraced the entire range of horse literature as represented in the incomparable collection in possession of the Boston Public Library; files of sporting and turf journals and magazines of INTRODUCTION. vi this country and England; an extended correspondence with well known turf authorities in the United States, and wide per- sonal acquaintance among practical horsemen, breeders, and trainers. It is interesting to note to what an extent the horse indus- try and turf business of the country has invented its own language —a language expressive, unique, and peculiar; one which until now has existed beyond the realm of literature, because it has had lodgment only in the general practice and rugged brains of trainers, drivers, stablemen, and others who have had to do with horses all their lives. So far as the author is aware, the present volume is the first attempt to embody in collected form the technical vocabulary of the track and its equipments, the fraternity of drivers and riders, and the large body of intelligent gentlemen practically interested in horses, driving, racing, and trotting. Hence the book has been com- piled from original information obtained on the turf and in the stable, as well as from the horse literature of two centuries. The author wishes to say further, that the book is not an English dictionary, a book on stable management, a cyclopedia about horses, a treatise on breeding, a trotting register or year- book, a work on veterinary practice, or on the training and driving of horses—and yet there is something in it under each of these different headings. In memoirs of horses, it includes only the five or six representative or foundation animals in England and America; and no one family or individual is given prominence in preference to another. It contains no expression of opinion that can by any possible construction provoke controversy or lessen the value of the facts presented ; nor does it discuss theories of breeding, training, or manage- ment. It floats no advertisement of breeder, track or vehicle. The terms pertaining to equestrianism are not generally those of the schools devoted to fancy riding, but those of practical horsemanship. Many terms pertaining to the English turf are included, because our own turf history is founded upon that of the mother country, and because the intelligent driver or eques- trian wishes to be well informed upon all matters relating to turf history and practices, whether in his own country or Vili INTRODUCTION. abroad. In consulting the book the reader will generally under- stand in what cases the subject matter refers to the trotting or racing turf, without a repetition of explanation, or a particular statement that such fact pertains to the one or the other. The veterinary terms have been limited mainly to those which relate to the organs of locomotion, to age and soundness, with such as pertain to common ailments, or those most closely related to the horse as a track and riding animal. In law, the general statutes and special acts of States relating to horses, tracks, and racing are given, down to the close of the year 1893. The incidents and facts of turf history; accounts of remarka- ble horses, races, and events; interesting anecdotes illustrating curious facts; biographical notices of distinguished persons, and the copious references to trotting and racing performances of a noteworthy character, have all been carefully compiled from trustworthy sources. In brief, the book makes plain to the non-professional reader, groom, driver, rider, and horseman, the accurate meaning of scientific terms relating to the horse, usually given in technical books only, in the language of science, thus educating them in a practical but thoroughly correct man- ner, in the sciences upon which so much of a true understand- ing of their business and its successful prosecution is founded. Few duplications or cross references have been used. Wherea choice has existed the preferable term alone has been defined, or that which a person consulting the book would be most likely to first refer to; while cross references not only take up space to no purpose, but are usually very unsatisfactory to who- soever wishes to consult such a book. Owing to its alphabeti- cal arrangement, the book is its own index; hence, as the title indicates, it is a handbook of reference for facts under special headings, rather than a work to be read for the purpose of obtaining a general view of the subjects which it embraces. Especially is the work useful as a compendium of the turf rules of the United States, because the widest publicity that can be given these rules not only enlightens horsemen and members of associations and societies, but also the spectators who attend fairs and patronize the races. Such persons are much better satisfied when they see a decision made or penalty INTRODUCTION. ix imposed, if they know the rule and reason for it. They can see there is fair play and no choice between stoga boots and patent leather when they understand the rules and see them enforced without fear or favor, and when they can so understand them, they enjoy the races better. The national rules have elevated the trotting sport of America to a high standard, and fostered a breeding interest which is represented by millions. Every penalty imposed on man or horse for fraud or misde- meanor of any kind, by one member or association, is equally recognized by each and every other member. Thus the power to enforce rectitude and good behavior upon the turf all over the country is absolute. It is evident that a work of this kind, which is believed to be unique, and which must be compiled without having the advantage of any similar work upon which it might be based, and from which materials might be drawn, must of necessity be more or less incomplete. The field covered has been indefi- nitely large, and the aim has constantly been to keep the book within reasonable size, consistent with adequate treatment of subjects. To this end, while it is hoped no important omis- sions will be found, insignificant terms, those of obvious mean- ing and simple facts known by practical horsemen, have generally been excluded. For the purpose of making future editions more complete, the author will be thankful to any one for facts, information, phrases and words which will contribute to this end. The author desires to express his gratitude to the many friends and correspondents who have aided him in the prepara- tion of this work. Thanks are especially due to M. M. Morse, Secretary of the National Trotting Association, Hartford, Conn.; J. H. Steiner, Secretary of the American Trotting Asso- ciation, and of the American Trotting Register Association, Chicago, Ill; E. C. Hopper, Secretary of the American Turf Congress, Covington, Ky.; I. B. Nall, Secretary of the National Saddle Horse Breeders’ Association, Louisville, Ky.; Sanders D. Bruce, editor of the Turf, Field, and Farm, New York; Simon W. Parlin, and J. W. Thompson, editors of the American Horse Breeder, Boston, Mass.; W. B. Fasig, New York; Charles x INTRODUCTION. E. Walker, South Framingham, Mass. C. W. Williams, Inde- pendence, Iowa; Dr. George H. Bailey, V. S., Deering, Maine; C. B. Tillinghast, State Librarian, Boston, Mass. Arthur M. Knapp, keeper of Bates Hall, Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass.; L. D. Carver, State Librarian, Augusta, Maine; and the editors of the Spirit of The Times, New York, and Wallace’s Monthly, and The Horseman, Chicago, Il. Acknowledgements are also due to the publishers of copyrignted books, quoted in the work, for permission to make extracts from tue same. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF EXPLANATIONS The abbreviations used in the following pages are: ENG. for terms relating to the English turf ; Eq. for those pertaining to equestrianism ; LAw. for legal terms and information. A Abdallah. One of the foundation sires of the Ameri- can trotter. He was bred by John Treadwell, Salisbury Place, L. I., N. Y., and foaled in 1823; by Mambrino, by imported Messenger, dam Amazonia. Imported Messenger was foaled in 1780, by Mambrino, dam by Turf, and tracing back through the Byerly Turk to a natural Barb mare. The dam of Mam- brino was by imported Sour Crout, second dam by imported Whirligig, third dam old Slammerkin, a race mare by im- ported Wildair. Wildair’s get was so highly esteemed in England that those interested in racing stock in that country sent over here, bought him and took him back to England again. He was by Cade, by the Godolphin Arabian. Of Abdallah’s dam but little is definitely known. It is supposed that her sire was a descendent of imported Messenger. In- deed, it is stated by Mr. J. H. Wallace, (American Trotting Register, I, 60), that she was purchased near Philadelphia by My. B. T. Kissam, a dry goods jobber of New York, when on a trip to that city, and she was represented to him to be by a son of imported Messenger. She is described as a chestnut in color, 15.3 hands high, and rather coarse in quality and ill in shape. Abdallah has been best described, probably, by the late Mr. B. T. Kissam, who knew the horse well. His descrip- tion, which applies to him in his four years old form, is: «He had a long, clean head; ear long and tapering; eyes lively, and of medium size; neck light, and set low on the withers; up car- riage, and when in action head carried perpendicularly; shoul- ders upright; deep in girth; full chested; fore legs very wide apart, causing him to stand with his toes in; light bone, especially below the knees and hocks; knees a little forward, flat-ribbed and short in flank; roached back; hips and loins il 12 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. medium breadth; peaked from hips to setting on of the tail, which was very thin-haired; long from hip to hock; rather thin quarters and short fetlocks.” Mr. Kissam omits to say, however, that his color was blood bay, and that he had a star in forehead, with left hind-foot white above the ankle. He stood 15.3 hands high. He was never broken to harness, being ridden under the saddle. He was kept at the farm of his breeder in 1828 and 1829; at Flatbush and Gravesend, N. Y., 1830; near Jamaica, N. Y., 1831; at different places on Long Island and in New Jersey till 1839; at Lexington, Ky., 1840; at Union Course, L. I., 1841 and 1842; at Goshen, N.Y., 1843; at Freehold, N. J., 1844 and 1845; at Chester, N. Y., 1846-48; at the Bull’s Head, N. Y., 1849; at Union Course, N. Y., 1850; and at Patchogue, L. I., 1851. He died of neg- lect and starvation upon a sandy beach on Long Island, in November, 1854. Abdallah got inore fast trotters than any horse of his time. The records show that at least twenty-two of his sons and daughters started in races, and twenty of the number were race winners. Three of his get are found in the 2:30 list, viz.: Sir Walter, 2:27; O’Blennis, 2:30; Frank For- rester, 2:30. He seems to have transmitted the tendency to trot with much greater uniformity through his daughters than through his sons. His daughters are credited with producing eight trotters that are found in the 2:30 list, including Gold- smith Maid, 2:14; and the records show that thirty-two stal- lions out of daughters of Abdallah have got 2:30 performers. Abdomen. The cavity which occupies the rear part of the trunk or body of the horse; the exterior part of which is known as the flank. Abductor. One of the great locomotive muscles of the horse, the function of which is to draw away a limb from the axis of the body; to extend. Abingdon Mile. A famous old English race-course, the length of which was seven furlongs, 211 yards. Abrasion. An abraded spot or place; applied chiefly to a fretting or rubbing of the skin, by which the underlying tissues are exposed. Even though slight, and requiring but little care, abrasions are, until perfectly healed, an unsoundness. Action. The manner of moving; an exertion of power or force; the real relation of a cause to its effect. Action takes its direction from the hips, and power is invariably resi- dent when a horse has a long and somewhat oblique, rather than horizontal quarter. The stifle should never be lower than the elbows, as contributors to leverage and power in the hock. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 13 Action-controlling Power. That quality of instinct in the horse which governs the movements in a balanced form, without loss of muscular exertion. Added Money. Money added to a regular purse or stake as an extra inducement for entries. It is given by the track or association in a larger or smaller sum; as in a sweep- stakes, the horses put in $25 each, and the track adds $100. Adductor. The function of drawing towards; the name of several muscles of locomotion which draw certain parts to, or toward, one common center or median line; the opposite of abductor. Against Time. A performance against the watch; a trial of speed. All performances against time are required to be made at a regular meeting of a track, society or association in membership with the National or American trotting asso- ciation, in strict accord with the rules of the trotting turf, and under the conduct of judges and timers regularly appointed. No animal can start in such race pending a heat or trial by another animal, nor until the result of such heat or trial has been announced. There shall be three judges and three timers, and no performance shall take place earlier than 10 o’clock a.m. If a performance against time takes place at a post- poned or continued meeting, such postponement must have been made in accordance with the rules of the trotting turf. The horse starting must start to equal or exceed a specified time, and a losing performance shall not constitute a record or bar. All entries for such performance must be duly made with the official secretary, appear in the printed program of the day, or posted legibly at the judges stand. A reg- ular meeting means a meeting advertised in at least one news- paper not less than one week before the commencement of the race, at which time no less than two regular events, (purse or stake), are advertised for each day, one of which must take place. A match race is not considered a regular event. No “matches against time” are allowed by the trotting rules. Age of the Horse. Modern science has divided the age of the horse as determined by the dentition into five gen- eral periods. They are: 1, the eruption of the incisors of the first dentition, or from birth to about eight to ten months old; 2, the leveling, progressive use and falling out of the incisors of the first dentition, or from about one year to about two years old; 3, the eruption of the permanent or adult teeth, or from the age of two, or two and a half years, to between five and six years old; 4, the leveling of the permanent incisors, or 14 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. from about six to about eight years old; 5, the wearing away of the crowns, or from about nine to after nineteen years old. In order to ascertain the age of the horse, it is necessary to observe some structural part of the animal, which is liable to little change and may be easily examined; hence the teeth are the only organs that can furnish a guide to age, and they can generally be trusted with a considerable degree of certainty. The incisors of the lower jaw are the ones examined for the age of the animal, as it is seldom that much importance is attached to the appearance of the tushes. The pincher teeth or middle incisors, generally appear when the foal is from six to eight days old, the upper teeth appearing first. At four months there are four teeth in the upper and four in the lower jaw, and at about eight to ten months old the corner incisors and intermediate teeth are entirely through the gums. At about two and a half years of age, the dental arch is complete. The central nippers of the lower jaw are the first permanent teeth, the middle and corner nippers being temporary, the for- mer, or permanent teeth, being much larger than the latter. At about three and a half years of age, the middle nippers give place to a permanent pair, and from a year later to five years of age the corner nippers are replaced by permanent ones. At this age the horse has what is termed a “full mouth;” or in other words all the permanent nippers are in place. From this age up, the spots or marks in the center of the teeth, the dentine, must be the chief guide in determining the age. At five years of age the central nippers are somewhat worn, leav- ing a small black spot in the center, but their shape, which is oval, has not yet changed. The marks of the middle nippers are not so large as formerly. At six years of age the central nippers have but a very small spot of dentine in their center, the middle pair have lost much of theirs, and the corner pair, while showing less than two years previous, are yet quite full. In the male the tushes are fully up, but are showing no appear- ance of wear. At from six to seven years of age the teeth show more wear, although they have changed but little; the center marks being less distinct, and the corner nipper smaller. At eight years of age the teeth are quite oval in form, their character, however, is not much changed. After this age they begin to become triangular in form, particularly that of the central incisors, or nippers. At nine years of age the central marks have nearly disappeared, only a small black speck remaining; the central incisors are slightly triangular in form, and the tusks are more rounded at the points. The wear of the corner nippers is much indicated. At ten years of age the HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 15 central pair of nippers is markedly triangular in shape; the marks in the center are nearly obliterated, the teeth are longer and project forward more than in the case of younger horses. At eleven years of age all the teeth become more triangular in form, they increase in length, project forward, and the tusks are greatly rounded at the points. These characteristics have increased at twelve years of age, and the front corner nippers are worn away even with the middle pair—the wear being less on the back portion. From thirteen to nineteen years of age the same general characteristics appear, the shape of the teeth be- comes more triangular, the nippers are longer and project forward in an increased degree, and the tushes are round at the points. If a horse’s mouth presents exactly the characters which indicate a certain number of years of growth, we say that it ‘is — years;” if it has not quite attained the age, it is described as “rising — years;” if it has passed the period and has not yet attained the markings of another year, it is counted as ‘‘— years off.”—Age of the Domestic Animals, Rush 8S. Huidkoper, M. D. By the teeth, only, in my judgment, can the age be known certainly, and by them, certainly, only until the ninth year.—Horse and Horse- manship of the United States, Henry William Herbert. Age of the Horse. Buffon says that the duration of the life of the horse is, as in all other species of domestic animals, proportionate to the duration of their period of growth or increase. The period of increase of the horse con- tinues throughout four years, and he can live six or seven times as long; that is to say twenty-five or thirty years. The life of mares is ordinarily longer than that of horses. At ten years of age, if a horse is sound and free from objection- able habits, he is a safer purchase than one five years of age. The older horse is less liable to sudden or acute attacks of dis- ease such as colic, ete., and if properly cared for, is good for many years of reasonable service. Albertus Magnus mentions that in his time, 1193-1280, there was an instance of acharger proving serviceable at the advanced age of sixty; and Augustus Nephus says there was a horse in the stable of Ferdinand the First, 1503-1564, that had attained the extraordinary age of seventy years. This is the oldest horse which I have ever heard of, and, in all probability, the only one on record which had reached that age.—Authentic Anecdotes and Sketches of Horses, Capt. Thomas Brown, London, 1830. Age of Trotters. Records show that the trotter and pacer are longer on the turf than the thoroughbred race-horse. Forty-one horses have trotted in 2:30 or better at fifteen years of age; eleven at sixteen years of age; sixteen at seventeen years of age; seven at eighteen years of age; one at nineteen years of age, and one at twenty-one years of age. At seventeen years of age Goldsmith Maid trotted a mile in 2:14. Age, Rule of. The National, American and Racing tules provide that the age of a horse shall be reckoned from the first day of January of the year of foaling. 16 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Aged. In trotting and running parlance, any horse over six years of age. Agistor, Agister. An officer of the royal forests of England having the care of horses and cattle agistered, and of collecting the money for the same; one who receives and pastures horses and cattle for hire; a law term used in describ- ing a lien on horses. Aids in Riding. [Eq.] The hand and the heel are denominated aids of the rider. Air Pump. An apparatus for the compression or trans- mission of air. In the common form the air is given motion by means of a cylinder and piston. With the use of the pneumatic sulky the air pump has become a necessity with every driver for inflating the rubber tires of the sulky. Alfalfa. The Spanish name of lucerne, Medicago sativa. It is largely used in California as a forage for horses, and while it does very well for brood mares and youngsters, it is regarded as a washy grass and affects the kidneys of horses in training most unfavorably. Alix. Bay mare, 15.3 hands high, white in the face and one white hind ankle. Bred by Daniel Hayes, Muscatine, Iowa, and foaled in 1888. By Patronage, 4143, by Pancoast, 1439; dam, Atlanta, by Attorney, 1005, second dam Flint, by General Hatch, 139, third dam Dolly by a son of imported Gleucoe. Holding the World’s records to the close of 1893, for one mile by a mare in a race, Washington Park, Chicago, September 14, 1893, 2:073; for one mile by a four year old filly, Nashville, Tenn., November 5, 1892, 2:10; for fastest first heat in a race, Chicago, IIL, September 14, 1893, 2:073; fastest fifth heat in a race, Columbus, Ohio, August 25, 1893, 2:09%, and fastest ninth heat in a race, Chicago, Tll., September 16, 18938, 2:093. All Abroad. When a horse jumps cross-legged at the start, or is in some other way out of form, especially in a run- ning race, so that he is a long time in recovering, and it is evident the heat is lost to him at the start, he is said to be “all abroad.” Allowance. A favor granted a horse, by the rules, on account of age, sex, or other condition. While penalties are obligatory, allowances are optional; but if claimed, the claim should be stated when the entry is made. In all heat races of the Turf Congress, an allowance of five pounds is made from the scale of weights; and in all races excepting handicaps and those in which the conditions are absolute, fillies and geldings HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 1? two years old are allowed three pounds, and mares and geld- ings three years old and upward are allowed five pounds before the first of September of each year, and three pounds after that date. In a race exclusively for three-year-olds, for in- stance, the weight to be carried is 122 pounds. Now, if a horse was ehtered that had won two races, he would carry 127 pounds; or, in other words, carry a five pound penalty; but if another horse should enter that fad not won a race, it would carry 115 pounds only, or receive an allowance of seven pounds. Amble. The pace; said to be the first natural gait of young colts. In ambling. the horse moves two legs on the same side at the same time, and poth feet strike as one; then the limbs on the other side advance and strike as one, the strokes—one, two—completing the revolution. In England, in the time of Edward I, (1807-1327), horses were taught to amble or pace by the use of trammels made of strong listing, or irons, which were attached like chains and fetters, to con- trol the gait. Some horses are amblers first, and afterwards learn to trot, and travel equally well in both Aer indeed, considering the small. propor- tion of horses that fall into this pace, and the record made by them on the turf, it may be thought to ‘have no disadvantage over the regular trot. It would seein to give great advantage to a short- bodied horse, as there is no danger of overreaching.—The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman. American Derby. Names of several events in the United States, which have been maintained with greater or less regularity for the past thirty years. The first Derby ever run in this country was at Patterson, N. J., in 1861. In 1863 the Kentucky Derby was established at Lexington, Ky., but it was not run till 1864, the event taking place at Louisville. The following is the list of American Derbys: American, Chicago, Ill.; Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark.; Brooklyn, Brook- lyn, N. Y.; Cony Island, Sheepshead Bay, N. Y.; Kentucky, Louisville, Ky.; Latimer, Covington, Ky.; Twin City, St. Paul, Minn.; Tennessee, Memphis, Tenn. But one American Derby was run in 1893—that at Washington Park, Chicago, Il. American Eclipse. A famous horse in the stud and upon the turf. Bred by Gen. Nathaniel Coles, Dosoris, L. L, N. Y. Foaled May 25, 1814. Chestnut; 153 hands high, with star in forehead, near hind foot white; heavy-set, and full of bone and muscle. By Duroc, by imported Diomed; dam, Miller’s Damsel, by imported Messenger, by Mambrino, out of an imported mare by Pot-8-os, son of the famous Eng- lish Eclipse. He was trained at three years old. Winner of the great sectional match between the North and South, oy 18 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. oe Henry, run over the Union Course, Long Island, N. Y., ay 27, 1823, for $20,000 a side. The first heat (four mile race) was won by Henry in 7:37$; the second and third heats were won by Eclipse in 7:49 and 8:24 respectively. Henry carried 108 pounds, Eclipse 126 pounds. The measurements of Eclipse were: Head 232 inches; neck 25 in.;:from point of shoulder to point of buttocks 653 in. girth 74 ins around the arm 214 in. below the knee 72 in.; around the tibia 18? in.: the hock 163 in.; from hip to point of hock 37} in.; same around the flank as the girth 74 in; same height at hip as at the withers 61 in. He died in Shelby County, Ky., August, 1847, in the 34th year of his age. American Newmarket. Monmouth, N. J., has been called the American Newmarket. American Phenomenon. An American bred horse was so called, although his name was Tom Thumb. After defeating all comers at home he was taken to England, and it is recorded that on February 2, 1829, on Sudbury Common, he trotted one hundred miles in ten hours and seven minutes. This performance was to a match-cart, or gig, built at Albany, N. Y., by a Mr. Gould, and was probably the first sulky built in this country. It weighed 160 pounds, and was regarded too frail for safety. American Stud Book, (Bruce’s). The first volume of the American Stud Book, edited by Mr. Sanders D. Bruce, New York, was published in 1873, and the second the same year; Vol. TII in 1878; Vol. IV in 1884; Vol. V in 1888; Vol. VI in 1894. “I have not attempted,” says Mr. Bruce, “to fix any definite standard of what constitutes a thorough- bred. It is the custom to call those thoroughbred having five uncontaminated crosses to a thoroughbred; but none are, strictly speaking, thoroughbred that do not trace, without con- taminating blood, to Oriental origin. Many animals are reg- istered in the sixth volume which connot be traced the requi- site number of (five) crosses, but public form and producing excellence justifies their registration.” The pedigrees of the animals are arranged alphabetically, the produce of mares are indexed, and there is also an index to sires, the mares appear- ing under their sires. More than thirty thousand animals, young and old, are recorded. American Trotting Association. The American Trotting Association was organized at Detroit, Mich., March 2. 1887, and duly incorporated according to the laws of that State, March 9, 1887, its object being “to improve the breed HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 19 of horses by promoting the interests of the American trotting turf.” It is managed by a board of five directors, (the presi- dent and secretary being ex officio members); and holds bien- nial meetings or congresses on the first Tuesday in May. It has a board of review, board of appeals, has authority to impose fines and penalties, announce decisions and administer oaths. In 1893 it had eight hundred and six members—a member being a track, society or association. American Trotting Register, (Wallace’s). Mr. John Il. Wallace published the first volume of his American Stud Book, (devoted to running pedigrees), in 1867; .and the first volume of the the American Trotting Register in 1872. With the publication of Vol. IV, in 1882, the pedigrees of stallions first began to be numbered consecutively, aud, to the end of Vol. XII, (1893), they had reached No. 23,499. Stand- ard bred mares and geldings are registered alphabetically, and non-standard animals are also included, (registered alphabet- ically). Pedigrees of pacers were first included in Vol. X, for 1892, and the work now embraces trotters and pacers. The twelve volumes published register more than one hundred thousand pedigrees. Published at Chicago, IIL, by the Amer- ican Trotting Register Association. American Turf Congress is composed of the nine jockey clubs in the United States, and the Americo-Mexican Blood Horse Association of the city of Mexico, S$. A.; and has for its object “the improvement of the breed, and the devel- opment of horses through the promotion of the interests of the American running turf; the prevention, detection and punishment of fraud thereon, and the adoption of regulations and rules, to be known as the American Racing Rules, for the uniform government of racing.” American Year of the English Derby. The year 1851. The year in which the Derby and the St. Leger were won by the American horse Iroquois; the same year in which the French Derby—the Grand Prix of Paris—was won by the American horse Foxhall. See Iroquvis and Foxuatu. Ankle-cutter. A horse that from faulty conformation, strikes his ankles, or inside of the fetlock joint, when in motion, inflicting a wound, is called an “ankle-cutter.” Anterior. Situated to the front; the head; opposite of posterior. ‘Thus the term anterior extremity means the fore- leg. The head is anterior to the neck, and the neck in turn is anterior to the back. Appeals. Rules of the American Trotting Association 20 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. allow appeals to be taken in cases of suspension imposed by the judges of a race or an officer acting for the member ; and all decisions and rulings of the judges of any race, and of the members and proprietors of the Association, may be appealed to the Board of Review or Board of Appeals, and become sub- ject to review upon the facts and questions involving the proper application and interpretation of the rules of the Association. Appeals. Under the by-laws of the American Trotting Association, appeals from the decision of the judges, members or officers of members, lie to the Board of Review for that State, unless the appellant shall in his notice of appeal signify his desire for it to go to the Board of Appeals, in which case it shall go direct to such Board; or unless all parties reside west of the continental divide, in which event the case shall go to the Board of Review unless the parties otherwise agree. All appeals must be taken within ten days from the date of the decision appealed from, or if from a decision made at a meet- ing of a member, must be taken before the close of the meeting. Appeals must be filed with the secretary of the Association, accompanied with a fee of $5, and also all written evidence in the case, at least ten days prior to the meeting of the Board to which the case goes. A fine of $100 is imposed provided all the terms and rules pertaining to appeals are not complied with. Appeals, Board of. The Board of Appeals of the National Trotting Association consists of fifteen members, three from each of the official districts of the Association, viz.: East- ern—comprising the New England States and foreign countries; Atlantic—comprising the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, New Jersey, Maryland, and the District of Columbia; Central— comprising the States of Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and all States south of the southern border of Virginia and Ken- tucky; Western—comprising the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, and Texas, and all the Western States and Territories not included by name in other districts; Pacific — California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Montana, Colorado, and Idaho. Upon this Board is “conferred the man- agement, direction, and control of all the business and affairs of the Association.” It has “power to settle all disputes between members, to hear all complaints, to determine with whom its corporators shall do business, review and regulate the manner of reviewing all decisions of the individual corporators, or of the judges of a race on the track or course of any corpo- rators, enforce the rules and by-laws and exercise all the power of the Association.” In the American Trotting Association HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 21 the Board of Directors constitutes the Board of Appeals. It has jurisdiction of all appeals as well as original jurisdiction to prevent and punish all frauds, abuses and violations of the by-laws, rules, and regulations of the Association in any man- ner relating to the course, by fine, suspension, or expulsion of the offender, but no fine shall exceed $1,000. It has also the power to relieve horses from erroneous records and correct the same, and generally has «the power to do justice and prevent injustice in all cases not specially provided for. Apple Tree. The quarter-pole or half-mile pole is called the apple tree by drivers. To “go out round the apple tree,” is to spin the horse round the course; to give him an exercise. Arabian. The Arabian is one of the three great classes of Oriental horses, the two others being the Turkish and Barb. The true Arabian is now bred in great purity by the Sultan of Turkey, and while he is found in various degrees of excellence in the region from Damascus to the Euphrates, rather than on the isthmus of Arabia, he is an animal which few Europeans have ever seen.