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CORNELL UNIVERSITY

 

THE
Flower Weterinary Library
' FOUNDED BY
ROSWELL P. FLOWER

for the use of the

N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
1897 ,

 

 

 

 

 

 
Cornell University Library
SF 961.S81t

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3 1924 000 257 422 vel

 
 
A TREATISE

ON THE

DISEASES OF THE Ox;

d

BEING A

MANUAL OF BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF VETERINARY
PRACTITIONERS AND STUDENTS.

BY

JOHN HENRY STEEL, M.R.C.V.S., F.Z.5.,

DEMONSTRATOR OF ANATOMY AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE OF LONDON ; ;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER) OF THE ITALIAN VETERINARY: ACADEMY ;.
AUTHOR OF ‘OUTLINES OF EQUINE ANATOMY.’

- LONDON:
LONGMANS, GREEN, & GO..
, 1881.
Cy
PRINCIPAL JAMES BEART SIMONDS,

PROFESSOR OF CATTLE PATHOLOGY AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY
COLLEGE, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, ETO.

WHO FOR
SO MANY YEARS PASSED HAS ENCOURAGED THE STUDY OF
CATTLE PATHOLOGY,
AT ONCE BY PRECEPT AND EXAMPLE,

AND ciel hice MATERIALLY ASSISTED IN GIVING
TO BOVINE PATHOLOGY IN GREAT BRITAIN SUCH
SCIENTIFIC TENDENCIES AS IT MANIFESTS
IN THE PRESENT DAY, ‘

THIS WORK IS

DEDICATED BY HIS FORMER PUPIL,

THE AUTHOR.

1881.
Sr
BG /
sale
PREFACE.

Bovine pathology has not been hitherto adequately re-
presented in British Veterinary Literature, but the time
has now come when it ought to take up its proper position
as a distinct section of veterinary science. Under these
circumstances it is somewhat surprising that none of our
leading veterinary surgeons have produced a scientific
work of a comprehensive nature on diseases of cattle.
It seems that some, owing to their professional engage-
ments, have had little time left for literature, while others
have been deterred by supposing that there must already
be many preparing to fulfil so urgent a task. An oppor-
tunity of preparing a work on this subject having pre- -
sented itself, I have not hesitated to avail myself of it ;
and.in doing so I have not advanced to my work heedless,
of the amount of labour involved in it, or of the uncer-
tainty of the data on which it would have to be based.
My ideal of a work on special pathology necessitated, in
the first place, the somewhat dogmatic summary of the
general. study of disease comprised in the Introduction,
Section 1. With the data thus afforded I was in a better:
position to specially consider diseases of the ox. No
trouble has been spared in assigning to each part of the
work its proper position, with a view to practical conveni-
erice and facility in study. The table of contents is, to a
certain extent, an expression of the careful arrangement
which I have adopted. The intimate matter requires some
comment; my aim has been to tersely indicate the bear-
ings of the subjects dealt with, to point out that which
has been based on science and confirmed by experience
in contrast with crude theory and superstitious empi-
ricism. In following out this plan I have been compelled
vi PREFACE.

to omit the arguments which have been advanced in
support of many theories. It may be fancied that in
these cases I am dogmatic, but a full statement of each
controversy would have trespassed too much on my space
and perchance on the patience of my readers, to many
of whom the work will, even in its present form, seem
quite large enough. I the less regret that I have
not been in a position to exhaustively treat my subject,
since simultaneously with the announcement of this manual
appears that of alarger and more pretentious work on the
same subject, by an author whose ability has been already
proved by an excellent volume on ‘Canine Pathology,’
Professor J. W. Hi, F.R.C.V.S. My treatise on ‘ Bovine
- Pathology’ is specially prepared for the veterinary practi-
_ tioner and student, I desire that for the former it may
be a useful means of recalling facts, which in the rush of
daily business are apt to slip the memory, and may also
afford a ready reference to past periodical literature,
through which he would neither have time nor inclination
to wade. At the expense of severe literary research I
have summarised and arranged the facts which have been
communicated to the profession through the medium
of our journals. But while I have thus endeavoured
to produce an exact statement of the present condition
of cattle practice, I have not aimed at a record of pro-
found investigation. Neither the state of the profession
nor of science demands this, so I have been content to
think at every point “how does this concern the prac-
titioner ?” The requirements of the student are similar,
also his knowledge must be comprehensive and exact for
the emergencies of examinations. Thus, I have specially
aimed at method, the application of general principles,
and precise statement of facts and conclusions. Also I
have inserted accounts of methods of administration and
other details which might to the practitioner seem trivial.
I have endeavoured to as much as possible indicate the
relations of diseases of the ox to those of other animals,
and have, wherever necessary, alluded to liability of com-
munication of disorders to man, as by contagion, meat,
PREFACE. vil

milk, &c. The time has not yet arrived when in considera-
tion of special pathology we can afford to omit a hasty sum-
mary of the leading points of the anatomy and physiology
of the object of our investigations. My method has been
chosen in the hope that it will refresh but not burden the
memory of the reader. Having thus, to the best of my
ability, prepared this work for the veterinary profession,
it will be observed that I have made free use of technical
terms (all of which, I believe, are explained in the intro-
duction), and have not encouraged empiricism by the
insertion of numerous prescriptions; I have indicated the
line of treatment, but the exact means to be used must
be adapted to the emergencies of each case. The few
formule given are such as from their general usefulness
or repute ought to be remembered by the reader. It will
be constantly found in practice that the difficulties arising
from complications of disease or from surroundings
necessitate special modifications of the methods here
suggested. Much of the success of a practitioner depends
on his skill in applying general principles to special cases,
and acting accordingly. I may by some be considered
to have too much curtailed the list of symptoms of special
disorders; in this matter I have in each case acted
advisedly, wishing to economise the labours of the
reader. Thus, “ general signs of febrile disorder ”
_ frequently does duty for the somewhat prolonged list of
these in detail, and so on in similar cases.

There being much difference of opinion among our
leading authorities on cattle pathology, it has seemed .
to me best to express my own opinions, while stating.
and acknowledging those of others. Thus, I am
fully prepared to find that many of my views do not
meet with general acceptance. I await the verdict of
the professional public, however, since I have proceeded
throughout on scientific methods, and have supplemented .
such practical experience as was at my disposal by
- most careful literary research. I have endeavoured to
express my acknowledgment of the assistance which I
have derived from the few comprehensive works on bovine
£
_ vill PREFACE,

pathology, and the numerous works on veterinary surgery
and medicine which allude to diseases of cattle, as
well as from some very excellent writings on special
sections of my subject. Accordingly a bibliographical
list of these has been inserted, which will, I hope,
prove a ‘useful guide to any reader who may wish to
work up a special subject. Lastly, I have to acknow-
ledge the kind courtesy by which the publishers and
‘authors of the following works have afforded to Messrs.
Longmans & Co. the numerous engravings, which have
been inserted in the hope of rendering the work of greater
value :—

_ Armatage, ‘ Clater’s Cattle Doctor’ (Messrs. F. Warne
& Co).

‘Harley & Brown, ‘ Practical Histology’ (Longmans &

Co.).

Fleming, ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics’ (Balliére, Tindall &
Cox).

Colin, ‘ Traité de Physiologie Comparée’ (Balliére &
Co.).

Cobbold, ‘Internal Parasites of our Domesticated
Animals’ (The Field Office).

Dobson, ‘On the Diseases of the Ox’ (Messrs. Long-
mans & Co.).

_ Brichsen, * Surgery ’ (Messrs. Longmans & Co.).

Cut 4 has been copied by permission from Gant’s
_ € Science and Practice of Surgery.’

Messrs. Arnold and Son, the well-known veterinary
instrament makers, of West Smithfield, have supplied me
with some cuts of instruments, for which I hereby convey
my thanks.

Thus I submit my manual to the veterinary profession,
and in appearing for the second time as an author, I
venture to hope for such favour and consideration as
my first effort has received.

JOHN HENRY STEEL.

NovemMBER, 1880.
CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.

-Sxction 1. General’ Consideration of Disease.—Etiology, 2; Diagnosis, 3;
- Symptoms and signs, 4; History, 5; Pulse, 6; Respirations, 8; Asphyxia,
9; Cough, 10; Internal temperature, 10; Other symptoms and the
means of observing them—Prognosis, 14; Death, 15; Morbid anatomy
or intimate pathology, 17; Degenerations, 18; Infiltrations, 20; Inflam-
mation, 23 ; Suppuration, 26; Caries and ulceration, 29; Gangrene, 325°
Necrosis, 33; Varieties of inflammation, 34; Congestion, 35; Hemor-
rhage, 36; Solutions of continuity, 37; Post-mortem examination, 38;
Varieties of disease, 40; Treatment, 41; Operations, 43; Nursing and
prevention, 46; Salutary inflammation, 47; Value.of rest, 48; Anti-
_phlogistics, 49; Counter-irritants, 50; Treatment of congestion,
hemorrhage, and dropsy, 53.

Sxrction 2. The Ox in his relations to the General Consideration of Disease.
—Summary of general peculiarities of conformation and internal struc-
ture, 54; The influence of domestication on the constitution of the ox,
57; Other predisposing causes, breeding “in-and-in,” 58; Diet, 59;
Pregnancy, 59; Influence of surrounding air and climate, 60; Age, sex,
and conformation, 61; Exciting causes, 61; Symptoms,: general, 62 ;
Pulse, 62; ‘Temperature, 64; Respirations, 64; Cough, 64; Other sym-
ptoms, objective, and subjective, 65; Prognosis, 68; Treatment, 69 ;
Methods of restraint, 70; Chloroform and chloroforming, 71; Nursing |.
and prevention, 72. ;

SEcTION 3. Bovine Therapeutics and Materia Medica.—Methods of admin-
istration of agents to the ox, 72; drenches, 73; balls, 74; enemas, 74;
inhalations, 75; subcutaneous injection, 76; Doses, 77; Materia medica
tables, 78 to 82; Agents which are administered internally and those
which are applied externally, 83 and 84; Application of boiling water
and blistering, 85; Fomentations and poultices, 85; Disinfection, 86;
Bloodletting, 86; The use of setons, &c., 88.

CHAPTER Il.—DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.

Sxction 1. Non-specific Hemal Affections.—Hasty summary of the anatomy
and physiology of the blood in general, that of the ox in particular, 89.
Nutritive Disorders : Hypertrophy (plethora), 91; Atrophy (anemia), 92
x CONTENTS. ‘

Cachexia aquosa verminosa (liver-fluke disease), 93; Perverted nu-
trition (pyrexia or fever), 95; Necramia, 98. Variations in Constitu-
tion: Increase or decrease of normal constituents (leuczemia or leuco-
cythwmia), 99; Retention of matter which should be excreted, carbonic
anhydride poisoning, 100; Icterus, jaundice, 101; Uremia, 103; Rheu-
matism, 104; Hemoalbuminuria, muir ill, red-water or black-water,
106; Scarlatina, 110; Purpura hemorrhagica (doubtfully urticaria
tuberosa), 110; Introduction into the blood of matters foreign to it—
ordinary toxic agents, specific toxic agents.

Szction 2. Specific Hemal Affections.—On the nature of these disorders in
general— inoculation, infection, and contagion, 113; Cancer, 119;
Scrofula or tuberculosis, 121; Phthisis pulmonalis, 121; Tabes mesen-
terica, 123; Tubercular meningitis, 124; Scrofulous arthritis, 124; Scro-
fulous tumours, “ wens” and “clyers,” 124; Scrofulous inflammation of
the supra-pharyngeal lymphatic glands, 125; The essential nature of
tubercle, 125 ; The changes which the miliary tubercle undergoes, 127 ; Re-
lations of tuberculosis of cattle to that of man, 129; Diagnosis of tubercu-
lous and typhoid ulcers, 130; Pleuro-pneumonia epizootica v. contagiosa v.
exudativa, 131; Post-mortem appearances, intimate pathology after Dr.
Yeo, 135; Treatment, the question of inoculation, 139; Eczema epi-
zootica v. contagiosa, 141 ; Its complications, 143 ; Its relations to disease
in man, 147; Rinderpest, cattle plague, or puschima, 147 ; Spread of the
contagium, 151; Means of eradication, 152; Its pathological equivalent
in man (different views), 155; Exanthemata, their general characters,
155; Vaccinia, cow-pox, variola vaccinia, 156; Jenner’s conclusions,
smallpox in the cow, 157; Considerations on lymph for vaccination
use, 157; Relations to variola ovina, 158; Varicella and vaccinoides,
158; Stages of vaccinia, 159; Infectious aphtha, 160; Stomatitis pus-
tulosa equi, 160; Aphthous disease of the genital organs of cattle, 160;
Anthracoid affections, charbon, 161 ; Its relations with Bacillus anthracis,
161-163 ; Post-mortem appearances of these diseases in general, also
curative and prophylactic means, splenic fever, splenic apoplexy, essen-
tial charbon, 167; Texas fever, splenic fever (American), or Spanish
fever, 168; gloss anthrax, malignant sore throat, blain or “ hawks,” 169;
Charbonous gangrene of the lungs, 170 ; Emphysema infectuosum, known
also as black leg, black quarter, &c., 170; Its relations to true anthrax

“171; Pyemia and septicemia, 173; Parturient septicaemia, 173; septic

mammitis, 174; Glanders, farcy, and strangles, doubtful cases in the
ox, 175 ; Erysipelas, 176; and Diphtheria, 176; Croup, the relations of
diphtheria of man to “ garget’” in cows, 178; general considerations of
non-contagious specific disorders, 178; Malignant catarrh, coryza, or
“ landers,’ 179; Rabies, “ hydrophobia,”’ 180; Recurrent fevers, 182;
Parasites in the blood, or which are distributed throughout the system
by the blood, 183; Echinococcus disease, 183.

ADDENDUM 1.— Poisons, 185.—Classification, 186 ; Cumulation, 186 ; Causes of
poisoning, 187 ; Examination of a field, from grazing in which animals are
supposed to have been poisoned, 187; Treatment and post-mortem ap-
pearances, 189; Special stimulants—strychnia, 190; and ergot of rye,
CONTENTS, xi

191; Narcotics—opium, 191; Chloroform, tobacco, 192; Hyoscyamus
and belladonna, 193; Sedative poisons—hydrocyanic acid, aconitum, 198 ;
Conium, 193; Colchicum, yew, digitalis, 194; Lead, laburnum, 195;
Irritant poisons, astringent poisons, corrosive poisons, 196; Corrosive
sublimate, 197; Eliminative poisons—arsenic, antimony, calomel, nitre,
197 ; Copper-smoke disease, 197.

ADDENDUM 2.— Parasites and Parasitismus, 198 ; Animal parasitic organisms,
198; Tabular list of parasites infesting the ox and his allies, 204;
Vegetable parasitic organisms, 206.

CHAPTER III.—DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

Section 1. Of the Heart.—Summary of special points of anatomy and phy-
siology of this organ, 207 ; “ Functional’ disease—palpitation, 209; Or-
ganic diseases—inflammation, carditis, or myocarditis, 210 ; Hypertrophy,
210; atrophy with fatty and cretaceous degeneration, also the condition
known as “ pouched heart,” endocarditis, 211; Pericarditis, 218; Trau-
matic and idiopathic, 216; Hydrops pericardii, rupture of the pericar-
dium, cardiac polypi or hematomata, 217; Tumours and parasites on
and in the heart, rupture of the heart, 218; Malformations and mis- —
placements (ectopia), 219. :

SEction 2. Of the Arterial System.—Degenerations (atheromatous and tu-
bercular), aneurism, 220; Thrombus, wounds of arteries, 221 ; Irregulari-
ties, 221. :
Srcrion 8. Of the Capillary System—Capillary hemorrhage, 222.

Section 4. Of the Venous System.—Phlebitis, 222; Thrombus, rupture’
varicosity, 223 ; Varicocele and tumours of the veins, 224.

ADDENDUM 1. Diseases of the Lymphatic System.—Inflammation, mistakenly
called “ farcy,” 224; Lymphadenoma or lymphoma, 225.

ADDENDUM 2. Diseases of the Vascular or Ductless Glands, 225; Spleen— _
hypertrophy, atrophy, inflammation, parasitic invasion, rupture, 225;
Of thyroid and thymus, 226,

CHAPTER IV.—DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Srction 1. Of the Alimentary Canal.—Irregularities and diseases of the lips,
teeth, 227; and palate, 229; Dropping the cud, 230; Anatomy and phy-
siology of the salivary glands of the ox, 230; Ptyalism, inflammation,
parotiditis, 231 ; Non-occurrence of salivary calculi; the tongue, glossitis,
233; Induration, 234; Cancer or tubercle, 234; Cramp, 235; Cystic diseases
and injuries, 235; Paralysis, and ulcers, 2836; Aphtha, 236; Congenital
malformation of the palate, 237; Pharyngeal polypus: the oesophagus,
237; (Esophagitis, fibrous degeneration, dilatation, stricture, 238; Para-
sites, 239; Rupture, 239; Warty growths or degeneration of the mucous
membrane, 240; Choking, 240; Passing the probang, 243; (sophago-
tomy, 245; Vomition, true and false (after Youatt), 246; Anatomy of,
xii

CONTENTS.

the gastric apparatus, 248; Rumination, 251; Tympany, “Hoven” or
“Blown,” 254; Puncture of the rumen, 258; Impaction of the rumen, 260;
Alvitis, 260 ; Ruminotomy or “ paunching,” 261; Rupture of the rumen,
262; Foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum, 263; Parasites, cal-
culi, hair-balls or egagropiles, 263; Hernia of the rumen and reticulum,
Impaction of the omasum, 264; Omasitis, 266; Abomasitis, 266;
Impaction of the abomasum, also atrophy of the lamina of the omasum,
267 ; Rupture of the abomasum, parasites in it, also rupture of the blood-
vessels of the stomach, 268; Indigestion, stricture of the pylorus, 268;
Gastro-enteritis of calves, vulgarly known as “ white scour” or “skit.”
The intestines, 270; General anatomical and physiological considerations,
colic, simple, spasm of the bowels, 273; Colic flatulent, 274; Impac-
tion or distension with obstruction of the bowels, calculi, intussus-
ception or invagination, 274; Volvulus, ileus, or twist of the bowel, 275 ;
Laparotomy, 275; Hernia, 276; Umbilical, exomphalos, 277 ; Ventral, 279 ;
Phrenic, mesenteric, inguinal and scrotal, 280; Pelvic hernia, “ gut-tie”
or “bound,” 281; Prolapsus ani, 283 ; Constipation, 284; Use of cathar-
ties in cattle practice, 285; Hemorrhoids or piles, diarrhoea, 286;

-Dysentery, “bloody flux,” 288; Pantas, moor-ill, or wood evil, 290;

Enteritis, 291 ; Crupous form with fibrinous intestinal casts, 293; Intes-
tinal apoplexy, perforation or rupture of the intestines; of the rectum,
293; Intestinal parasites and tumours, malformations of the intestines,
proctatresia or impervious anus, mechanical distension of the rectum, 294.

Szorion 2. Of the Liver.—Hepatitis, 295; Congestion of the liver, hepati-

rhea, hemorrhage from and rupture of the liver, 297 ; Ramollissement or
softening, 298; Hepatic hernia, 299.

ADDENDUM 1.—The gall bladder and its diseases, 299.

ADDENDUM 2.—The pancreas and its diseases, 300.

Srcrion 3. Of the peritoneum.—Peritonitis, 300 ; Ascites or dropsy, 301.

CHAPTER V.—DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS.

Comparison of this apparatus of the ox with that of the horse, also anatomical

and physiological details, 303; Auscultation, 304; Nasal and laryngeal
sounds, 8305; Cavernous rale, sibilus, rhonchus, &c., 305; Examination
of the chest of the ox by auscultation, 306; Percussion, 308 ; Mani-
pulation, succussion, and mensuration, 309; Nasal chamber, anatomical
facts, 309 ; Catarrh, 310; Epistaxis, nasal polypus, 311; Parasites, nasal
gleet, laryngitis, 312; Tracheotomy, 313; Laryngotomy, 314; Pharyn-
gotomy, 315; Tumours of the larynx and fractures of the cartilages,
315; The trachea, its anatomy, 315; Bronchitis, 317; Chronic form,
318; Asthma, 319; Parasitical form, “husk,” “hoose,” “ hoast,” phthisis
pulmonalis verminalis, 319; Fumigation, 322; Pulmonary congestion,
acute, 822; subacute, 323; Pulmonary apoplexy, 323; Hxemoptysis, 323;
Pneumonitis, 324, Crupous and catarrhal forms, 325, Interstitial form,
327; Cysts in and wounds of the lungs, 827; “ Tic,” 328; The Pleura,
pleuritis, pleurisy, hydrothorax, 828; Empyema, 329; Paracentesis
CONTENTS. . ‘Xi

thoracis v. thoracentesis, 330; Pneumothorax, pleuro-pneumonia spora-
dica, 331; The diaphragm, rupture of, 332.

CHAPTER VI.—DISEASES OF THE URINE AND URINARY
APPARATUS.

Anatomical features of urinary apparatus, 333; Composition and charac-
ters of the healthy urine of the ox, 334.

Szcrion 1. Abnormalities of the Urine.—Diabetes simplex v. insipidus,
334; Non-secretion of urine, 385; Hematuria, 335; Albuminuria, 336.

SECTION 2. Diseases of the Kidney——Nephritis, 337; Abscess, 338 ; Renal
calculus, 338; Parasites, 339 ; Renal encephaloid, 339.

SECTION 3. Disorders of the Urinary Passages.—Calculi in and dilatation of
the ureter, 339; The bladder, retention of urine and ischury ; passing the
catheter, 340; Incontinence or diuresis, 341; Dysuria, strangury, cys-'
titis, 342; Spasm of the neck of the bladder, rupture, inversion (prolapsus),
343; pervious urachus, 344; Calculus, and sabulous matter or “ gravel,”
344; Rupture of the urethra, lithecstasy, lithotrity, 345; Lithotomy,
346; Tumours in the bladder, 846; urethral calculi, 347; Stricture of
urethra, preputial calculus, 347.

CHAPTER VII—DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE.
ake

SxotrIon 1. Abnormalities of the Skin.—“ Hidebound, >< staring Sat,” 348 ;
Classification of skin disorders, 348.
Sub-section 1. Non-parasitic Diseases : Inflammation.—Dermatitis, erythema,
'E, mamillarum (“sore teats”), 349; Eczema, psoriasis, herpes, 350;
Impetigo (pustular dermatitis), urticaria (nettle-rash or surfeit), urt.
tuberosa, stinge (blain or singe), 351; Ecthyma or acne, furunculus, car-
buncle, pemphigus, 352. Hypertrophic.—Keratoid, pityriasis, nevus, 353 ;
Dermopilous cysts, scleroderma (elephantiasis), warts (“angle berries,”
verruce), 354. Atrophic.—Alopecia (depilation or baldness), 855. Fune-
tional —Gidema or anasarca, emphysema, 355; bloody sweat, 356;
Pruritus (neurosis); effects of colour on diseases of the skin, 356.
Sub-section 2. Parasitic Disorders of the Skin—Animal Parasitic Diseases
of the Skin of Cattle —Mange, acariasis, 357; Phthiriasis (lousiness),
wstriasis (“ warbles”’), 360; tsetze fly, maggots, and ticks, 360. Vegetable
Parasitic Diseases of the Skin of Cattle.—Tinex, “ ringworm,” T. favosa
(honeycomb ringworm), 861; T. tonsurans, decalvans v. depilens, 362.
Sxcrion 2. Diseases of the Foot.—Anatomical considerations, 363 ; Foul (loo,
low), 364; Amputation of the foot, 366 ; Laminitis (founder), loss of a
hoof, sore feet, shoeing, 367; Overgrowth of horn, pricks and other pene-
trating wounds, monstrous conditions, interdigital fibromata, ulceration
of the heel, 368.
SucTION 3. Diseases of the Ear.— General considerations, otitis, 369.

‘SECTION 4. Diseases of the Eye and its Appendages :
xiv CONTENTS.

Sub-section 1. Abnormalities of the Ocular Appendages.—General considera-
tions, 369; Bony tumours on and fractures of the margin of the orbit,
fungus hematodes, lacerations, emphysema, cdema, warty growths of

' the eyelids, 370; Ptosis, tumours on caruncula lachrymalis, 371.

Sub-section 2. Diseases of the Eyeball.—Anatomical features, conjunctivitis
(simple ophthalmia), keratitis or corneitis, 371; opacity of the cornea,
372; Nebula, albugo, staphyloma, 372; congenital hairy tumours, 373;
Worm in the eye, lymphy deposits in aqueous chambers, specific or perio-
dic ophthalmia (retinitis), 373; Cataract, amaurosis, 374.

SECTION 5. Diseases of the Organ of Taste.—Perversion of gustation, 375.

CHAPTER VIII—DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

General considerations, 376.

Srotion 1. The Cerebro-spinal System.—Thé brain, phrenitis (encephalitis,
cerebritis, phrensy), 376; Epilepsy (megrims and staggers), 378; Apo-
plexy, 379; Dropsy (hydrocephalus), Hydr. congenitalis, operation for
ely 380; Parasites, 382; Bony tumours in cranium (“ ossified brain),”
stomach staggers,” coma, 383 ; Narcosis, delirium, 383 ; The spinal cord,
myolities tetanus, 384; Paralysis (palsy), 386; Progressive lipomatous
‘paralysis, 388 ; . Adyfiamia nervosa generalis, 389; Chorea (stringhalt),
parturient exy (milk fever, dropping after calving), 390; “Bed-
sores,” 391; Parturient fever, mania puerperalis, 396; The nerves:
t Ugprotomy; ‘vision of the pneumogastric nerve, 396.

* SzorIoN 2-The oe System.

3 me le
ane IX.—DISEASES OF THE SKELETON, &c.

te

General anatomical considerations, 397.

Section 1. Abnormalities of the Osseous System.—Ostitis, 398; Periostitis
and inflammation of the outer lamina of a bone, 399; Periostitis and
exostosis, 399 ; Osteophytes, fragilitas ossium, cachexia ossifraga malacia,
400 ; Osteoporosis, rachitis (rickets), 401; Fractures, 402; Of the
horns, of the metatarsal or metacarpal bones, 403; Of the os innomina-
tum, ribs, and cranium, “greenstick fracture” and separation of epi-
physes, 404.

Szorion 2. Injuries to and Diseases of Ligaments and Muscles.—Spyrain,
complete rupture, sprain of the fetlock-joint, 405; Of ligamentum teres
of the hip, ruptured suspensory ligament, ruptured serratus magnus,
406; Displacement of abductor femoris, parasites in muscles, open tendi-
nous sheaths, 407.

Suorton 3. Abnormalities of the Joints.—Arthritis, 407; Hydrops articu-
lorum (dropsy of joints), 408; Synovitis, relaxation of the pelvic sym-
physis; Dislocations or luxations, 409 ; Of the patella, 410,
CONTENTS. xV

CHAPTER X.—WOUNDS AND OTHER SURGICAL CONDITIONS.

Szcrion 1. Wounds.—Incised, punctured, lacerated, 412 ; Contused, poisoned,
gunshot, methods of repair, 413; Treatment, 414; Sutures, 416; Anti-
septic surgery or “ Listerism,” 417; Results of wounds, 418.

Srcrion 2. Tumours.

Sub-section 1, Malignant.—Cancers, carcinomata, scirrhus, 419; colloid,
medullary sarcoma (encephaloid), 420; Epithelioma, melanosis (“ black
cancer ”’), treatment, 421 ; Sarcomata, 422 ; Osteosarcoma v. spina ventosa
v. fibro-plastic degeneration of bone, 423,

Sub-section 2. Non-malignant, Innocent,, Simple.—Solid, epidermic, or epi-
thelial, fibromata, lipomata, enchondromata, 423; Exostosis and osseous
tumours, calcareous, lymphomata, cystic, hematomata, serous abscesses,
bursal enlargements, hydatids, dermopilous cysts, 424; Treatment and
surgical removal, 426.

CHAPTER XI.—THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Szotion 1. Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation.—Anatomical con-,-
siderations, castration, 428; The various methods of procedure, orchitis,
sarcocele, 482; varicocele, sterility, hydrocelg, injuries and cancer of
the penis, phymosis, 433; Urethral calculus, 434; Gonorrhea, “pull. ,
burnt,’ 485 ; Urethritis, 436,

Szotion 2. Diseases of the Female Generative Organs.—Anatomical  con-
siderations, 436; Dropsy and atrophy of the ovaries, 437; Ovariotomy,
“spaying,” 438; Menstruation, cstrum, or “heat,” 439; ‘Profuseness,
suspension or retention of cestral products, amenorrhoea, 440; Sterility,
440; “Free martins,” 441; Utero-gestation, false labour-paing, signs of
pregnancy, 441; Abortion, “slinking,” 442; Premature birth, prolonged
utero-gestation, excess in number of the progeny, 443 ; Superfoetation,
extra-uterine conception, Cesarean operation, 444; Parturition,
“cleansing,” or “ after-birth,” retention of the footal membranes, 445 ;
After-pains, placenta previa, hemorrhage per vulvam, 446; “ Blood
flux,” presentation, normal; mechanical assistance sometimes required,
447 ; False or abnormal, 448-455 ; Diseases and irregularities of the calf—
hydrocephalus, ascites, emphysema, polysarca, edema, 455; Monstrosi«
ties, 456 ; “ Lusus nature,” 458 ; Embryotomy, 458 ; Twins, 460; Diseases
of the foetal membranes, dropsy of the amnion, hydramnios, 460; Hair-
balls in liquor amnii, 461; Obstructions of the genital passages, tumours,
imperforate vagina, stricture of os uteri, 462; Soft strictures, vaginal
hysterotomy, impervious os uteri, 462; Persistent hymen, torsion of
the uterine neck, 463; Dilatation of os uteri, imperfect post-partum
contraction of the uterus, uterine inertia, 464; Furor uterinus,,
hydrops uteri, inflammation of the uterus, endometritis, 465; Ecthy-
matous disease of the arms of veterinary obstetrists, metroperi-
tonitis or puerperal peritonitis, 466; Lacerations of the uterine walls,
nterine fistula, rupture of the uterus, 466; Prolapsus vel inversio:
uteri, 499; Amputation of the uterus, inversion of the vagina, 473;
xvi o* CONTENTS.

Inversion of the bladder, hernia uteri or hysterocele, tumours in
the uterus, malformations of the uterus, rupture of the vagina or vulva,
474; Recto-vaginal fistula, vesico-vaginal fistula, leucorrhea (‘the
whites ”), vaginitis, 475.

ADDENDUM 1. The Lactiferous -Apparatus.—Absence or imperforated state
of the teats, 476; Mammitis, v. “ garget,” downfall of the udder, 477;
Scirrhous state of the mammary gland, 478; Congestion ; tumours on the
teats, obstructions in the teats (as lacteal calculi), inflammation of the
lining membrane of the duct, stricture, 480 ; Relaxation, lactorrhea, 481.

AppENDUM 2. Milk and its Diseases.—Agalactia, 481 ; Hypergalactia, changes
in the quality, 482.

ADDENDUM 8. Diseases of very Young Animals—Uwbilical hemorrhage,
perviousness of the urachus, gastro-enteritis, accumulations of meconium,
inflammation of the umbilical cord v. omphalitis, 483; Gangrenous
stomatitis, edema of the umbilicus, 484.
27.
28.
29.

31.
32.
33.
34,
35.
36.
37.
38.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

 

Exploring trocar (Arnold) ;
Fatty degeneration of the heart (Harley al Brown) .
Pus-corpuscles and mucus-corpuscles (Harley and Brown)
Process of healing of a wound by granulation (after Gant)
Spray diffuser for anesthetics or disinfectants . i?

The “bull dogs” applied (Armatage) . ‘ .
An ox prepared for casting (Armatage) . ‘ 3
The stomach-pump in use (Armatage)  . e .
Application of,steam to the nostrils (Armatage) . .
Method of covering the nostrils for steaming (Armatage)
Hypodermic syringe (Armatage) . « 7 .
Clyster syringe (Arnold) . . . x .
Ox prepared for bleeding (Armatage . .
Bleeding fleam (Arnold) . .. : “i ‘
Seton needles (Arnold) S . . :
Red blood-globules (Dobson) : ‘ ‘i .
Fascicola hepatica (Cobbold) . . . :
Distoma Janceolatum (Cobbold) . é ‘ 3
Amphistoma conicum (Cobbold) . a : .
Elements of an encephaloid tumour (Harley and Brown) .
_ Tubercle (Harley and Brown) : . . .
Incipient pleuro-pneumonia epizootica (Simonds) ‘
Advanced stage of pleuro-pneumonia (Simonds) . am
Gloss anthrax, or blain, early stage (Armatage) . .
Malignant catarrh, second stage (Armatage) :
Tenia echinococcus (Cobbold) : F é
Infusoria from alimentary canal (Colin) . . .
Cysticercus tenuicollis (Cobbold) . - :
Beef measles in the heart of a calf ceobhata) . .
A beef measle (Cobbold) . . . .
Pentastoma (Cobbold) . : é
Thoracic contents, as seen from the left side (Simonds) «
The heart with right cavities opened (Simonds) . s
Ectopia cordis (Fleming) . 3 . é a
Artery ligature knots (Erichsen) . 5 . A
Tying an artery (Erichsen) ; ‘
A piece of a thymus of a calf (Harley and Brown) :

Incisors of the ox (Chauveau) . . 7 5

222
222
226
228
xVili LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

,

Frid. ° PAGE

89. Teeth of the ox (Chauveau) : : ; . 229
40. Salivary glands with their ducts (Simonds) . 7 . 230
41, Passing the probang (Simonds) . ; . : . 248
42. Armatage’s wooden gag . Z 5 . 243
43. Forceps or grasping probang (Atmataney . 3 . 244
44, (Esophageal groove (Carpenter) . ‘ ‘ . 247
45. Rumen and reticulum opened, seen from the left (Simonds) . 248
46. Ditto, muscular coat (Simonds) . ; ; ‘ . 249
47, Omasum and abomasum (Simonds) : . ‘ . 250
48, Gastric mass, from the left (Simonds) . : 2 » 252
49. Ditto, from the right (Simonds) . . : ‘ . 252
50. Rumen in state of distension (Simonds) ‘ . . 255
51. Seat of puncture of ramen (Simonds) 7 . 3 . 258
52, Trocar and canula A 7 ‘ . > 258
53. Stomachs of the calf (Simonds) j : ‘i 5 - 269
54: Position of intestines of the ox (Colin). ; as - 271
55. Intestines, from the left (Simonds) i ; ; . 271
56. Ditto, from the right (Simonds) . ‘ : : . 272
57.. Truss for the umbilical hernia (Armatage) ‘ é . 278
58. Clamps for umbilical hernia (Armatage) . om : . 278
59. Liver and pancreas of ox (Simonds) s : F . 295
60. Tracheotomy tube (Armatage) . é 2 . 813
61. Animal wearing tracheotomy tube Phroiitaps) - . - 313
62. Larynx and os hyoides of the ox (Simonds) 3 ‘ . 814
63. Bronchi and lungs of ox (Simonds) 5 . . 815
64, Thoracentesis v, paracentesis thoracis (GQrmataze) : . 3830
65. Ditto, primary incision (Armatage) . : ‘ - 3830
66. Kidney of the ox (Chauveau) : . . . 333
67. Passing the catheter in the ox (kerraatags) ‘ c . 341
68. Mange insects (Dobson) . F . 3857
69. Hair with trichophyton spores (Huse ead Brow zi) : . 862
70. Method of applying dressings between hoofs emeee) . 866
71. Staphyloma (Armatage) . : . . 872
72. Congenital hydrocephalus (Simonds) ‘ . . 880
73. Ccenurus cerebralis (Cobbold) ‘ ’ : . 881
74, Ditto, in sit’ (Cobbold) . : : . 381
75, Natural position of rest, as in adynamia (Arautace} i . 888
76. Puerperal (parturient) apoplexy ee - 7 . 3890
77, The catheter ‘ ‘ i ‘ . 894
78. Skeleton of the ox (Dobson) : : ‘ 5 . 897
79. Dislocation of the patella (Armatage) | . . 410
80. Means of prevention of its recurrence (Ar matage) a - wW10
81. Pin or figure-of-eight suture (Dobson) . : j . 416
82. Interrupted suture (Dobson) é 3 416
83,’ Scirrhous growth from the mammary dana (Hatley and Brown) 419
84, Suction trocar (from Erichsen’s ‘ Surgery)’) ‘ . . 424
85. Pneumatic aspirator . : : ; J . 425
86. Miles écraseur ‘i 7

. . . : - 427
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xix

FIG.

PAGE

87. Beach’s ditto . . - * - 427
88. ‘External generative organs of a bull (Chaves), ‘ . 429
89. Urethral canal of the ox (Armatage) . . : « 429
90. Castrating clamps . % - ; 7 . 431
91. Female generative organs (Simonds) . - 437
92. Maternal and fetal cotyledons of the cow (Hlening) 3 - 439
93. Normal presentation (Simonds) . . - . 448
94—99. Abnormal] presentations (Simonds) . ‘ ‘ 449—454
100. Congenital ascites (Simonds) . . A . 455
101. Hydrocephalus congenitalis—calf (Fleming) . . ' . 457
102. Harelip (Fleming) . . < . 7 - 457
103. Common embryotomy knife . . . . 459
104. Gowan’s knife . ‘ . . r . - 459
105. Finger hook . : . : - - 459
106. Chain saw . 459

107. Portion of chorion all iilaeenitalie (from ‘Haning? 3 Obstetrics’) 470
108. Cotyledon of a cow’s uterus (do.) . . . 5 - 470

109. Gowing’s truss;(Simonds) . : . 473
110. The loop of Delwart’s truss (Fleming’s : Obstetrics ’) ‘ + 473
111. Lobules of lacteal gland (after Langer) . - . 477
112. Means of supporting the udder in mammitis EAGmatage) « 480
118. Injection of fluids into the mammary gland (Armatage) . - 480
114. Section of a cow’s teat (Colin) . 7 ‘ . 482
115. Lobule of a mamma filled with milk lc (Gain oo + 482
116. Milk or teat syphon 7 ‘ P ‘ . 483

.

Plate I.—Section of a pleuro-pneumonic lung—Frontispiece.
Plate II.—Foetus in utero—To face page 437.
LIST OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND
DIAGNOSTIC MEANS.

PAGE
1. Taking the pulse—sphygmograph . ‘. . 3 A 6
2. Taking the temperature—thermometer : _ . - 10
8. Ophthalmoscope and exploring needle . - es . 14
4. Method of conducting a post-mortem examination . 7 . 88
5. Methods of restraint . : 3 . . ; - 7
6. Use of anesthetics . < : i : - » 72
7. Administering a draught . 2 3 . s . WA
8. Administering an enema . 3 5 : » 7
9. Administering an inhalation . s < s a -
10. Subcutaneous injection 5 - - . ‘ . 46
11. Application of boiling water . 5 . : : 85, 292
12. Bleeding = . . . . . 3 . 86
13. Setoning . . : . . . 2 88
14, Tests of urine in jaundice . é . . . - 102
15. Inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia . 7 a - 140
16. Vaccination . : . . I ‘ ‘ . 157
17. Operation for traumatic pericarditis . ‘ ‘ # « BIS
-18. Ligature of arteries . s . . : - 221
19. Passing the probang . ei s . . - 248
20. Gsophagotomy ;: . si 7 . ri - 245
21. Puncture of the rumen . A . 2 : . 258
22. Ruminotomy, “ paunching” . i 3 . ‘ 261
23.- Laparotomy or gastrotomy . ‘i 275
24, Operation for umbilical hernia 5 “ . 278
25. Operation for ventral hernia . ; . . r - 279
26. Taxis . a . . é % < ni - 281
27. Operation for inguinal and scrotal hernia. 3 E - 281
28. es pelvic hernia . ‘ ‘ . % . 282
29. Operation for impervious anus . . ‘ - - 294
30. Paracentesis abdominis . 2 as ‘ . 802
31. Auscultation . : . : Fi i . 804
32. Percussion . : . e = . 806
83. Operation for pharyngeal polypus . . é . . 812
84. Tracheotomy . se ‘ % ne i‘ . . 313
35. Laryngotomy . - ‘ = . . ‘ 314
36. Pharyngotomy . . . a : :
LIST OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC MEANS. XXi

PAGE
37. Fumigations in parasitical bronchitis : ‘ 7 . 322
38. Paracentesis thoracis or thoracentesis 7 . . . 330
39. Testing for albumen in albuminuria . 336
40. Operation for renal calculus : ‘ ‘ a . 839
41. Passing the catheter : = é : . 340
42, Lithotrity, lithecstasy, and iithotomy. j : : . B45
43. Operation for urethral calculus =. ‘ ‘ * . 346
44, Amputation of the foot j ; é ‘ ‘ - 3866
45. Shoeing 3 : : ‘ 5 . 367
46. Removal of worm frou the eye. % * % . 873
47. Delivery of hydrocephalic calf ‘ 7 ‘ : . 379
48. Trephining for Coenurus cerebralis . ‘ 7 : - 382
49. Neurotomy . 2 : i 2 : . 895
50. Periosteotomy 7 . a : 3 @ - 3898
51. Setting a fractured bone . ‘ é » 402
52. Operation for dislocation of sbduater femoris . & - 407
53. Reduction of a dislocated patella . ‘5 . : - 410
54, Means of checking hemorrhage . 5 A ; - 414
55. Treatment by means of sutures. . : 5S - 416
56. Antiseptic surgery, or “ Listerism ” : é ; . 417
57. Surgical removal of a tumour . s p : 426
58—69. Castration . . 428—432

 Mulling,” or érchithiaat, 428; <“ lashing, 429; with
elastic band, 430; with hot iron, 430; scraping, 430;
ligature, 430 ; torsion, 430; “tearing out the testicles,”
431; with the écraseur, 431; with the clamps, 431;
covered operation, 431.

70. Ovariotomy, “spaying” . ‘ ¢ 4 bo . 438
71 Signs of pregnancy . : ‘i 5 : « Add
72. Cesarean operation z : ‘ j 3 . 444
73, Signs of parturition $ 5 3 : F . 445
74, Removal of the foetal membranes . . 445
75. Management of a parturition case with fiorhidil poanintntian . 447
76. Ditto, abnormal . . ng . 448
477. Operations for hydrocephalus congenitalia wai austies a . 456
78. Embryotomy . . . . . ‘ . 459
79, Operation for stricture of os uteri z “ ‘ . 463
80. Operations for torsio cervicis uteri ‘ ‘ ‘ - 464
81. Restoration of uterus in prolapsus ‘ : d . 470

82. Amputation of the uterus 5 : 2 . . AT4
LIST OF TABLES.

‘ PAGE
1. System of record of cases ‘ ; i ‘ ; . 6
2. Agents which are, administered internally . : a . 79
3. Ditto, externally’ i 4 . . . ‘ . - 838
4. Classification of poisons é : : 5 ; . 186
5. Parasites (after Cobbold) ks : . ‘ . 204

9. Classification of skin diseases . : ‘ F ; . 348
BOVINE PATHOLOGY:

CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.

Section 1.

Diszasz is'a departure from a healthy condition, and is
consequently modified in its characters and effects in
animals of different species by special anatomical and
physiological peculiarities. In by far the larger number
of cases functional disorder is present, dependent on
structural changes, and it seems that, with the improve-
ments which will be made in our methods of minute
examination of tissues in health and in disease, we shall
in direct ratio find that diseases supposed to be purely
functional are due to alterations in structure. This has
already been done in many cases, and we may take it as a
law, sufficiently proved for working purposes, that disease
is a departure from healthy structure of constituents of
the body. ‘These constituents of the body are elements,
such as cells, fibres, membranes, and granules, which are
combined together to form tissues, which produce by
union -in various ways the organs which co-operate to
‘accomplish the various processes essential to life. In
the highest animals these organs are collected into
systems for the accomplishment of the various functions
which high complexity of vitality necessitates. Thus,
in pathology, we have to deal with elements, tissues,
organs, and systems, and all of these are bound together
so intimately in the animal mechanism, that alteration of
any one of them tends to throw the body into an abnor-

1
2 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.
% ‘

mal state. Alteration of structure as present in disease
is often brought about by changes from ordinary states of
parts in situation, relations (either among themselves or
with foreign bodies), and form. Such changes may result
occasionally from inherited and other intrinsic influences,
but are almost always due to agency from without. Every
living being is adapted to certain external conditions, and
is capable of undergoing modification in accordance with
any variations which these conditions may show within
certain limits ; but the complexity of organisation in such
an animal as the ox requires gradual transitions, or dis-
order ensues. Thus, we generally seek the cause of any
attack of disease in changes of surrounding agencies, as
weather, food supply, &c. This branch of study is termed
Erronoey.

Causes are predisposing or exciting. The greater the
amount of activity in a part or animal the greater the
liability to disease. Thus may be explained a number of:
facts, such as that highly organised animals are most
often diseased, when we develop one system specially for
economic purposes it most frequently of all the body
systems is liable to disorder, and the most active body
tissues are similarly susceptible. But apart may be in such
a highly active condition and yet able to do its duties, until
some sudden change disturbs its relations with surrounding
parts and alters its structure. These states of verging on
disease are termed Prepisposina Causzs. Thus, the milch
cow is predisposed to mammitis, and the fattening ox to
diseases of the digestive apparatus. By an extension of
meaning, predisposition has come to imply also liability to
disorder from any external surrounding conditions ; thus,
we hear of predisposition to choking in the fact of animals
being fed on improperly prepared turnips, and to hair
accumulations in the rumen, as a result of the habit oxen
have of licking themselves and each other. Determination
of all predisposing causes present is highly necessary, for
counteraction of them is essential to success in treat-
ment.

By some authorities intrinsic causes are termed Predis-.
. INTRODUCTION. 3

oositions, in contrast with simple predisposing causes
which act from without. Among these, hereditary pre-
lisposition is of great importance. When we consider.
that the parent transmits to the offspring similarity of
sxxternal structure, with the specialities of function result-
ng therefrom, we shall hardly deny that peculiarities of
ternal structure are also transmissible. So intimate is
she connection between the various parts of the body that
zach must be affected by the others. Thus, the germ-cell
and sperm-cell have special family characters manifested
only in the product of their development. The parent
and offspring being alike in most structural points, and
special structure giving special liability to disease, we can
anderstand how it is that hereditary predisposition to
disease of special form occurs in such disorders as tuber-
sulosis and cancerous diseases. The reverse of predis-
position is termed immunity.

Excrrine Causzs are the direct producers of disorder ;
sometimes they are enabled to act deleteriously in spite of
the absence of predisposition, but generally they find
certain favouring states, so, the cautery always arouses
Jiseased action, but a mild external stimulant may simply
arouse the activity of the part to which it is applied; the
latter, however, becomes an active promoter of mischief
when the part is already in a disordered state. Removal
of the cause, of all causes, is the grand principle in treat-
nent of disease. Our inability to draw a sharp line of
Jemarcation between health and disease is a direct result
of deficiency in our acquaintance with structure and
‘unction. We cannot yet tell whether structure exists in
ihe protoplasmic contents of cells; and when we see that
1 white blood-corpuscle is capable of exhibiting all the
sroperties of life, we cannot doubt that profound secrets
of nature, as carried on in the laboratory,of cell structure,
‘emain yet to be explored.

Discnosis oF DiszasE is determination of the seat and
ature of a malady. An animal is brought to us “ ill,”
is manifested by certain symptoms. ‘These may be
reneral or special. All animals have certain ways of

 
4 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

showing that they are unwell, and we shall have to notice
such among bovines. These depend upon special structural
or physiological peculiarities, so that one of our earliest
duties will be to indicate these as distinctive of the ox
and his allies.

These general symptoms are often the first which appear,
and then are PREMoNITORY; they do not always persist
throughout the attack, being obscured by special symptoms
in many cases. They especially come under the notice of
caretakers of animals, and the value of such depends
much upon their ability to mark at the earliest stage
departure from the usual habits of the animal.

Stans, Diagnostic or Spectan Symptoms, serve either to
enable us to determine the seat or nature of a malady.
They may be simply manifested in the diseased part or
parts, but we often find that local disorder becomes
systemic, as a result of the close relations existing between
all parts of the body, especially in their functions.

Systemic Symproms are found in inflammations and
debilitating diseases, for example; they prove useful in
determination of the nature of the disease, but observation
of Loca Symptoms is essential to complete diagnosis. The
latter indicate to us what parts must be especially affected
by treatment, the former show us what the nature of the
remedial means must be.. Sometimes the systemic sym-
ptoms are present, but no local indications can be observed.
This occurs in “ blood diseases” in which the blood, a tissue
with liquid intercellular substance, being circulated in
every part of the body, gives a generally diffused mani-
festation of disease, which is the condition known as
fever.

Some practitioners err in treating only symptoms. In
each case these must be taken merely as indications of the
conditions of the diseased parts. Any clue they give as
to the causes which produced, or tend to continue the dis-
ease must be specially noted; for, our aim in each case
must be to “ remove causes that effects may cease.” Such
is the accuracy of mechanism in the economy of a living
being that it returns to true working when disturbing
INTRODUCTION. 5

agencies no longer act. In the diagnosis of disease
COMPLICATION is an important element. As a rule, we have
to do with disease of more parts than one, and have to
come to a clear understanding in each case, for the dis-
ease which causes the others, the PRIMARY DISORDER, must
be that against which our medicinal efforts are directed.
If we succeed in removing it, SECONDARY DISEASES result-
ing from it will generally disappear. Thus, dropsy is a
secondary condition often dependent on heart disease.
Secondary pathological conditions may be due to co-
operation in function, or to continuity or contiguity of
structure. The instance just given illustrates the first
method, for the dropsy results from eseape of watery con-
stituents through the walls of the overloaded vessels which
cannot’ perfectly pour their contents into the heart. Ex-
tension by continuity of structure is seen when the pleura
becomes involved by extension of disease which originated
in the lungs. Contiguity is less frequently a means of
spread; sometimes we see a gangrenous patch on the
wall of a serous cavity opposite a gangrenous portion of
a contained viscus. This means is also exemplified in joint
diseases, and wherever living cells lie together without or-
ganic connection. Occasionally we find in a special disease
some symptoms by means of which its nature may be at
oncedetermined; such a symptom is termed PatHoanowonic.
Thus, the presence of the anthrax Bacillus in the blood is
pathognomonic of charbon, and the changed condition of
the urine similarly enables us at once to determine the
presence of heemo-albuminuria.

The History of every case of disease should be ascer-
tained with the utmost care, and when possible a written
record should be kept for future reference. It should
comprise all ascertained particulars of the case, from its
commencement to its termination. It will prove not only
a more sure guide to diagnosis and prognosis than the
memory, but will enable the practitioner to perform his
duty to the profession in recording the case if it prove
interesting. We can never be assured of the professional
value of a case until it has terminated. Much of the
6 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

value of good cases is often lost from paucity or inaccu-
racy of records of the early stages. In each case a
regular system should be adopted; dates especially should
be insisted upon, and all records should be made at once.
We have found the following a satisfactory system of
record :

Date of admission Date of
Case. Colour. Sex. Age. totreatment. discharge. Disease. Progress.

Pulse, State of the blood, if any has
Respirations, hoa special chart. been removed.

Internal temperature, Conditions of mucous mem-
Excretions, branes.

Appetite, Temperature of surface of body

and condition of the skin.
Special features of case.

The Punsz is due to periodical enlargement of arteries
such as results from their distension with blood in con-
sequence of the heart’s beat. It is one of the most useful
indications of the state of an animal’s health, and can be
, taken at any accessible artery ; but, under ordinary circum-
stances, we utilise for this purpose only such vessels as
are but slightly separated from the surface of the body,
and are so placed in relation to hard structures that they
can be compressed against the hard adjacent tissues by
the fingers, and thus their beats rendered perceptible to
the observer. These beats vary in number with the
heart’s contractions, and are perceptible sooner after the
heart’s beat in vessels near that organ than in those more
remote. They depend upon the conditions of the arteries
as well as of the heart, and the vessels passing from the
heart are so constructed that the pulse is less marked in
the smaller arteries than in the larger ones, even rela-
tively, and disappears in the smallest of these vessels.
The sphygmograph is an instrument used to obtain a
written record of the condition of the pulse; it has not
yet been applied to veterinary surgery. The pulse assumes
various characters according to its rapidity of beat, frequency
of occurrence, resistance to pressure, regularity, and per-
ceptibility. Thus we have the quick and slow, frequent and
infrequent, hard and soft, full and imperceptible, large and
INTRODUCTION. 7

small pulses, the characters of which may be determined
from their names, also that form known as the intermittent,
either regular or irregular. In the latter case the beats
and intervals are uncertain, in the former at regularly
recurring intervals the pause is prolonged. ‘The dicro-
tonous or double pulse is found in blood diseases; it
consists in a double rise of the arterial wall for each beat
of the heart; physiologists debate its nature; it is a
symptom of importance. The thready pulse is extremely
small, and scarcely perceptible. The “running down”
pulse occurs just before death, especially in cases: of
hemorrhage, and consists in rapid loss of force of beat,
with increasing frequency, until the pulse becomes imper-
ceptible. It is a very grave symptom. The “venous
pulse” is a sign of which we shall make use when
treating of heart diseases. The sharp beat of the
“quick ” pulse must be distinguished from the increase
in number of beats per minute characteristic of the
“frequent” pulse. Sometimes the enlargements of the
artery vary in successive beats, then the pulse is termed
unequal, while extreme irregularity, and difficulty in
perception and appreciation of its characters constitute
the confused beat. The oppressed beat is prolonged and
not very marked, while the vessels are much distended.
We are not desirous of drawing attention here to the
-exact method by which these conditions of the pulse are
produced, but will merely state that variations in frequency
and rapidity of beat are connected directly with the action
of the heart, and, therefore, especially dependent on states
of the nervous system and fever, inducing rapidity,
and certain brain disorders, reducing the beats below the
normal number per minute; while the quick pulse shows
an irritable state of the heart, slowness of beat often de=
pends on impediment to egress of the blood. Hardness
and softness depend upon the tone of the arteries, which
consists in slight persistent contraction of their white
muscular fibres adapting them to their contents ; while
largeness or smallness depends upon the amount of blood
in the arteries, resulting from the state of supply” from
8 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the heart and outfall into the capillaries. With largeness
of the pulse may be associated hardness, constituting the
“corded ” beat; the “wiry ” pulse is small and hard,
and a soft pulse may be large or small. The complicated
vaso-motor mechanism, by means of which these variations
in the states of the artery of the living subject, together
with the intrinsic and extrinsic nervous mechanisms of
the heart are brought about, are explained in all modern
works on physiology. We have given enough information
to enable us to complete our remarks on this point, by
observing what states of our patients may modify the pulse.
The beats vary with age, being generally frequent in very
young animals and declining until old age ; somewhat more
frequent in the female than the male, they are especially
increased by conditions of pregnancy (varying with the
stages) and lactation. Individual temperament may
affect the number, but especially alters the character of
the pulse. The nattire of the animal’s work and mode of
life, as also varidus processes of digestion (especially
rumination) and some minor influences also affect the
pulse. i

The Rusprratory System, by means of which much
impure matter is removed from the blood and much
oxygen is added to it, gives us indications of importance,
as serving for diagnosis and prognosis of disease. Varia-
tions occur in the manner of introduction of air into the
lungs, and of its expulsion after utilisation, also in the
frequency of these processes. The extent of this system
renders it liable to become affected by contiguity to many
parts. Also its nervous connections are of considerable
‘importance. Hence, in every case we should examine the
number and kind of breathing efforts, and we shall often.
find it necessary to note the presence and character of
a cough or other sound produced by respiratory acts. It
has been observed that under healthy conditions the pulse
and respirations bear to each, other a definite numerical
relation, one to four, but this is hardly exact. Fevers,
inflammations, and other diseased conditions affecting the
system, cause increased frequency of breathing.
INTRODUCTION. 9

Respirations consist of two acts, inspiration and
‘piration. The former is brought about by elevation of
e ribs, and contraction of the diaphragm—both acts of
uscular exertion. The effect of contraction of the
aphragm is to lessen its concavity towards the abdomen,
mece it presses on the abdominal viscera and causes
ulging of the walls of the belly. Expiration under
‘dinary circumstances depends upon flastic recoil of the
evated walls of the thorax, resulting’ in expulsion of air
rough the trachea and larynx. Respirations vary with
ir depth, frequency, quickness, facility, and the nature
‘the movements by which they are brought about. Thus,
ley may be quick or slow, frequent or infrequent, deep
‘ imperfect, laboured, unequal, irregular, &c.

Dyspnea is a term used to imply difficulty of breathing
‘ any kind.

Apnaa is the extreme of infrequent respiratory effort,
xpendent upon the circulation of highly oxygenated
ood through the medulla oblongata, where the respira-
ry centre resides. Until its natural stimulus, venous
ood, is supplied to this centre, no respiratory effort will.
:cur.

OrrHornaa is that condition in which difficulty of
spiration is marked except when the animal is in a
anding position.

Aspuyxta (literally pulselessness) is a complicated con-
tion due to insufficient supply of air for respiratory
irposes. It commences as dyspnoea, convulsions with
olent expiratory efforts succeed, and, finally, exhaustion
ts in, leading to death. In the later stages of asphyxia
e animal is stretched out in a recumbent position, with
lated pupils, loss of general sensibility, scarcely per-
ptible pulse, visible mucous membranes dark purple in
lour, respirations deep and slow. Finally, he gasps
r breath, extends the limbs, shudders, and dies. And
. post-mortem examination the lungs, right side of
e heart, medulla oblongata, and various body tissues
e found in a state of venous engorgement. Lungs,
art, and medulla are all concerned in the fatal result,
10 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

neither of these organs being stimulated because of the
' deficiency of oxygen. Inhalation of such heavy gases as
prevent access of oxygen to the lungs, suffocation, and
many other diseased conditions bring about death in this
way. Sometimes the expulsion of air from the lungs is
laboured, and accompanied by a harsh rattling sound; the
breathing is then said to be Srurtorous. It depends
upon the movement of velum pendulum palati by the
expiratory current, and may be observed in cases of
parturient apoplexy, for instance.

Cove is brought about by a deep inspiration, the
glottis is then closed until the outward current of air
suddenly forces the vocal cords apart, when the air
escapes with a sharp sound, and emerges either through
the nostrils or mouth with some force, carrying with it any
foreign body, such as a mass of mucus, &c., which may
have been about the glottal opening. Cough depends upon
reflex nervous action, and may be primary when the
irritation exists in the lungs or air passages, or secondary,
when due to irritation of the stomach, intestines, or
other parts having nervous communications with the
respiratory apparatus. We speak of harsh, difficult,
paroxysmal, suppressed, and other coughs which do not
require special description. Some coughs are considered
pathognomonic signs, such as that of pleuro-pneumonia
zymotica.

Oxygen introduced by the process of respiration into the
blood is the grand agent in the production of animal heat. It
combines with various matters, whether in the blood or in the
other tissues, and produces with them carbonic anhydride
and water (which are passed off by excretory organs, espe-
cially the lungs) and heat, which enables the several parts
of the body to perform their functions. Observation has
proved that for each species of animal we may determine a
standard internal temperature, which proves useful in
the diagnosis of disease, especially when of an epizootic
and contagious character; to a slight degree indi-
-viduality modifies the readings. Though thermometry is
yet in its infancy many valuable results have been obtained
INTRODUCTION, 11

from it. The clinical thermometer (self registering) is
the instrument used, and proves a most valuable aid to
the veterinary inspector of contagious disorders. The
vagina, mouth, and preferably the rectum, are the seat of
insertion. The instrument requires to be “ set” to near
the expected reading, as by warmth from the hand, to be
introduced a short way and then moved farther in, and to
be rested against the walls of the cavity for about three
minutes. These precautions are mentioned, as neglect of
them may lead to imperfect observation. Ordinary
physiological influences as exercise, digestion, &c., give
rise to slight variations of internal temperature, but a rise
of 2° or 8° is sufficient to lead us to suspect some febrile
disturbance, and it. has been found that a rise of the
internal temperature is the earliest perceptible indication
of various eruptive fevers. It therefore is a valuable
indication of the advisability of separation when it occurs
in animals which have run risk of contagion. A marked
fall in temperature below the normal occurs in most cases
shortly before death, and a low temperature is observable
in typhoid fever and other diseases of a low or asthenic
type. When this instrument is not available we must
resort to the usual methods of investigation of the surface
temperature. Coldness or the reverse of the extremities,
of the mouth, of the expired air, must be estimated by our
sense of touch, while care is taken to note any variations of
these points, either at different times or at one and the same
time among similar members. Any tendency to coldness or
unequal temperature of these parts must be viewed with
suspicion, as indicating deficiency or perversion of the blood
supply whereby heat is diffused throughout the body.
Excessive warmth indicates febrile conditions. A fall in
temperature of the surface is generally a precursor of
death, so we often read of “deathly coldness of the
extremities.” The conditions of the skin also require
attention, it is the principal‘regulator of internal tempera-
ture, and the effects of its disorder are well seen in the
rise of the mercury in fever cases. Its supply of blood
and its nervous organisation are very marked, so it is
12 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

liable to disorder, and very early indicates systemic
disease. It varies under diseased conditicns in its
moisture and smoothness as well as temperature. We
see it dry and harsh, with an erected condition of ‘its
hairs, “staring,” as it is termed, in most disorders. It
may be bedewed with moisture, locally or generally, as a
result of pain. While coldness with dampness—“ cold
sweats ’—are a sign of approaching dissolution. The
mucous membranes exhibit variations in conditions visible
to the eye, and thus serve to supplement the conclusions
arrived at from the state of the skin; they become
reddened in fever, purple in certain morbid conditions of
the blood, pale in low fever and other debilitating. con-
ditions.

The various excreta should be most carefully examined
as to their quality, quantity, and mode of expulsion.
Each excretion has a definite normal composition as ex-
hibited by certain physical and chemical characters.
Odour, appearance (including colour, form, and arrange-
ment of components), consistence, and in some cases even
taste, exercise the special sense faculties of the observer.
Specific gravity is especially altered in the fluid matters
given off from the body, such as urine and milk; it is
tested by modified forms of the hydrometer, or by sp. gr.
balls, which sink or float according to the density of the
liquid in which they are placed. The feces and urine
should be subjected to physical and chemical tests.
Sweat, saliva, and especially milk should be likewise
examined. We shall hereafter note the special features
of various excreta and secretions ag altered by disease.
Among other ejecta the expired air must not be forgotten ;
its odour often leads to diagnostic inferences. Micro-
scopical examination enables us to determine whether
those constituents of excreta which have a definite form
present their ordinary characters, and are in proper pro-
portion. The microscope is a most useful aid to diagnosis,
and as having a wide utility may be here mentioned.
Moderate powers, as the 4-inch and 4-inch by good makers,
are sufficient for ordinary diagnostic purposes. The blood:
INTRODUCTION. 13

may be obtained for examination in any case; its charac-
ters in such disorders as leuceemia and anthrax are diag-
nostic. Morbid products of various kinds, as discharges
from membranes and new growths, may disclose their
nature to the microscopical observer. Parasites, as ova,
immature forms, or adults, may by this instrument be
proved to be present in active disease reasonably attri-
butable to them. The spectroscope is now used by
pathologists and physiologists; its application to veteri-
nary surgery affords an untrodden path to reputation for
some future observer.

In our examination of the patient.we require next to
examine the special features of the case. The indications
derived from the observations above mentioned are usually
of a general rather than a special character, and at every
stage of the examination we must endeavour to determine
whether the conditions observed are due to local or general
disorder ; the special features of the case have generally
somewhat of a diagnostic character, so much so that from
the messenger sent to request our services we may some-
times learn the sort of case which we are about to take in
hand. The popular names of disorders are not without
their use (thus farm labourers can understand the nature of
“ dropping after calving” to a certain extent), and though
not always correct, will enable the practitioner to select
such instruments and medicaments as are most likely to
be urgently required.

Some means of determination of symptoms with a view
to diagnosis are special in their application. Thus, men-
suration, auscultation, and percussion will be considered
when treating of diseases of the thoracic viscera.

These means, nevertheless, have somewhat a more ex-
tended application; thus, auscultation has been recom-
mended for determination of the presence of a fcetus in
utero, and it is a most important means in diagnosis of deep-
seated fractures, while. percussion assists in the distinction
of tympany from impaction. We must especially lay stress
upon the value of MANUAL EXPLORATION, either by introduc-
tion of the lubricated hand into the rectum, vagina, or
14 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

mouth, or by manipulation of the surface, whereby we are
enabled to ascertain by touch the form of superficial
structures, their relations, and size, determining whether
these are normal or abnormal. Their consistence is de-
tected by palpation, skilled touch. The “ tactus eruditus”
reveals many obscure states, such as deep-seated ab-
scesses, aneurisms, &c.

The ophthalmoscope and other valuable instruments are
limited in their application. The exploring or grooved
needle must be mentioned here, for its value in deter-

 

Fig. 1.—Exploring trochar (used for the same purpose as the grooved needle).

mining the contents of fluctuating swellings, cavities, and
the constituents of tumours. It is so small as not to
seriously injure the parts into which it is introduced. Its
groove or cup brings up sufficient material for micro-
scopical examination. It is to us what the dredge is to
the deep-sea explorer. It must not bé supposed that the
methods of observing symptoms suggested by us require
to be all adopted in every case. Our aim is to ensure
systematic examination of those symptoms of disorders
which from their general prevalence may be deemed of
minor importance. The determination of the seat of dis-
order will suggest to us which of the less general aids
should be adopted in any particular case.

Prognosis must depend upon extended diagnosis. It
too frequently assumes the character of simple guesswork
or of empirical surmise. The practitioner should in fancy
“see through” his patient, should know what parts are
diseased, their pathological conditions, with the possibility
of renovation, the resisting power due to constitutional
energy of the patient; also the probable influence of medi-
cinal means. He must note how the disease tends to inter-
fere with essential vital functions, and especially its influence
upon the “ vital trio,” the brain, heart, and lungs.
INTRODUCYION. 15

Dzaru may be either systemic or local. This is a direct
result of the composition of the body of cells bound to-
gether to form a complicated mechanism. Local death is
of two kinds, molar and molecular. In the latter form
cells die by themselves and at different times, and thus a
gradual loss of tissue occurs; the former results when a
number of cells and other tissue elements simultaneously
succumb to some injurious influence. Ulceration is
molecular, gangrene is molar death. Local death
results from systemic as soon as the amount of nutritive
material supplied to each tissue by the last blood which
entered it has been exhausted. So.theimost active tissues
die most readily, while less highly-organised parts retain
vitality for some time after systemic death. It must be
remembered also that the life of each part of the body
varies in its duration,and that in the course of life of such
an individual as an ox, every element of a tissue is not
always the same, but consists of a number of short-lived
minute bodies which succeed one another. The blood is the
most important bond of connection between all the body-
cells. Of the value of the nervous system in this respect we
are not so assured. The action of each cell depends upon
a due supply of fresh blood containing nutritive matter.
Cessation of the circulation of the blood is in every case
the immediate cause of death. ‘The failure of the heart
may arise in itself, on account of some failure in its nervous
or muscular elements, or by reason of some mischief affect-
ing its mechanical working. Or it may be due to some
fault in its internal medium, such for instance as a want
of oxygenation of the blood, which in turn may be caused
by either a change in the blood itself, as in carbonic oxide
poisoning, or by a failure in the mechanical conditions of
respiration, or by a cessation of the action of the respira-
tory centre. The failure of this centre, and, indeed, that
of the heart itself, may be caused by nervous influences
proceeding from the brain, or brought into operation by
means of the central nervous system; it may, on the other
hand, be due to an imperfect state of the blood, and this
in turn may arise from the imperfect or perverse action of
16 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

various secretory’or other tissues. The modes of death
are in reality as numerous as the possible modifications of
the various factors of life; but they all end in stoppage
of the circulation, and the withdrawal from the tissues of
their internal medium ” (Foster).

The following methods of death may be remembered :

Death from Anmuta, due to cessation of blood-supply,
as after profuse hemorrhage. The symptoms observed in
such cases are running down pulse, respirations irregular,
pallor of visible mucous membranes, coldness of extre-
mities and of general body-surface, which may be bedewed
with cold sweats ;,,dilatation of the pupil, and loss of
sensibility of the retina; loss of voluntary power, and,
finally, convulsions. The first vital organ which fails in
this case is the brain. The recumbent position, therefore,
tends to prolong life by mechanically keeping up the supply
of blood to that important organ.

Transfusion-of Blood has been successfully resorted to
in such cases in man. It is a dangerous operation to the
healthy animal from which the blood is taken. It has
been accomplished experimentally in the lower animals by
connecting the carotids of two individuals by a tube, such
as an ureter (Percivall). Thus, it has been proved that
the blood must be from individuals of the same species.

Death from Nzcrmuta occurs in blood diseases where
the vital fluid has lost the stimulating power by which it
excites the heart to action, as a result of putrid decom-
position.

Death by Astuunia is sudden cessation of the heart’s
action, and may be due to poison or shock, as in
lightning injury. After death the right side of the heart
is found to contain venous and the left arterial blood.
This form of death is also known as syncope, but this
term is generally also applied to anemic death. Asthenia:
sometimes occurs gradually, then the pulse becomes irre-
gular, and the blood supply to distant parts of the body
is defective. This culminates debilitating disorders.

Death by Aspuyxia has béen elsewhere described.
Apnea does not cause death, it accelerates life.
INTRODUCTION. 17

Death by coma commences at the -bruin. The sym-
ptoms present are, firstly, those due to deficiency of cere-
bral energy, loss of sensation and power of voluntary
motion, stupor, with slow stertorous breathing, and later
the medulla becomes involved, and the respiratory centre
ceases to perform its function, and the right side of the
heart becomes blocked up with dark blood. Apoplexy
causes death in this way. Prolonged artificial respiration
may enable the medulla to regain its energy, as when
coma results from certain poisons.

Our prognosis requires especially diagnosis of the patho-
logical conditions of the diseased parts, and makes a
knowledge of MoRBID ANATOMY, sometimes termed INTIMATE
PATHOLOGY, a matter of the highest moment. The ana-
tomical changes which occur in organs during the progress
of disease vary according to the structure of the parts and
to the nature of the diseased action. The objects of
morbid anatomy are to determine exactly the changes
which structures undergo as a result of diseased processes,

‘ how those changes are related to each other, how their
causes have operated to produce them, and how they are
liable to affect the wellbeing of the animal. The methods
of morbid anatomy comprise examination of all organs,
tissues, and elements which have been altered by disease.
These parts may be procured in many cases from the living
animal, but in others only on post-mortem examination.
They require to be subjected to all available processes,
physical, chemical, microscopical,—indeed, the’ study of
morbid anatomy is but a branch of diagnosis—the exten-
sion of its methods as above enumerated. Our determi-
nations of the changes which have occurred in an organ
are only made-in some cases after death, and the infor-
mation thus gained must be applied at an earlier stage of
future cases. The changes which . structures undergo
during disease may be in situation, structure, form, and .
size; also it seems that in some cases their function may
be changed either by increase, decrease, or perversion.
without appreciable alteration in structural characters.
Displacement of elements, tissues; and organs results in

2
18 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

interference with function when such displacement also
causes change of structure. Thus, most of the non-malig-
nant tumours are said to consist of normal tissue-elements
out of place, and may exist without seriously disturbing vital
functions until their bulk causes them to interfere with
neighbouring parts in a purely mechanical manner ; and as
soon as structural changes of these neighbouring parts
causes them to become secondarily involved, the disease as-
sumes a more urgent character. Again, a displaced bowel in
a case of hernia causes no inconvenience nor true patholo-
gical condition until it becomes strangulated, and thus
structurally disordered. Displacement simply of tissues
seldom occurs. Changes in size of a tissue-element may
be of increase or decrease, and these may be due to altera-
tion of constituents, or to simple variations in their quan-
tity. The various degenerations are changes in consti-
tuents generally either of a retrograde or a retrospective
character. To understand this, we must recall to our
minds the elementary structure of the body. It originates
as a simple cell, or even earlier, perhaps, a simple mass of
protoplasm. This cell is endowed with all the properties of
a living organism, dependent upon the high vitality of its
protoplasm ; hence it exhibits the phenomena of irritability,
contractility, spontaneous power of movement, and repro-
ductive energy. All the elements of the adult body are
lineal descendents of this primitive element, but each has
progressed in-a special line; hence, in a muscle-cell con-
tractility is the prominent property ; in a nerve-cell spon-
taniety or irritability, and in white fibrous tissue-corpuscles
probably the control of local nutrition. Under certain
diseased conditions, each of these forms of cell is liable to.
regain some of its lost or dormant powers; thus, the
tissue-corpuscle becomes a reproductive cell, and proli-
ferates freely in suppuration; the muscle-cell exhibits
spontaneity. Such are retrospective degenerations. Re-
trograde metamorphoses are much more frequent, the
principal being mucoid, colloid, and fatty degenerations.
Mucor DscEneratIon consists in such an alteration of
the tissues that they assume a mucus-like character. It
_ INTRODUCTION. 19

is considered to be generally a retrospective change,
whereby the primitive characters of the tissues are
resumed ; it occurs especially in connective tissues and
cartilages, affecting generally the intercellular substance.

Coitorp Dzcenrration depends upon the conversion of
the protoplasmic contents of cells into a tenacious ‘jelly-
like material. The cells are burst by accumulation of
this matter, and considerable lumps of gelatinous material
are produced. The thyroid body is the. most frequent
seat of this change, but both mucoid and colloid changes
may cccur in tumours, whether of a malignant or non-
malignant type. Neither of these has any bearing of
importance upon cattle pathology, though we shall find it
occasionally necessary to allude to them.

Farry Decrnzration is extremely liable to occur in
organs which have nerve or blood supply interfered with,
for it is a retrograde process resulting from deficient
supply or appropriation of nutritive matter. It is a
conversion of the contents of the cells of a tissue into fat,
which may accumulate so considerably as to burst the
cell-walls, whereby a secondary process of diseased action

 

Fia. 2.—Fatty degeneration of the Heart. x 200 diameters.
After Harley and Brown.

occurs. It affects. especially the muscles, as also the
lining membranes of arteries and the bowels (in which case
the epithelial cells are involved). This process is of very
considerable importance, for it occurs often when a
morbid product is to be absorbed and passed into the
‘blood. Sometimes cASEOUS CHANGE supervenes upon this
20 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

form of degeneration, the part affected becoming a mass
of substance of a cheese-like character, yellow in colour,
inelastic, and rather soft. Tuberculous deposits are very
liable to undergo this change, as also certain malignant
growths.

Catcarzous Cuance depends upon the deposition of
lime salts in the intercellular substance of a tissue,
whereby it assumes a gritty character and becomes opaque
and resistant. It occurs very frequently as a result of
excessive activity of the process which normally hardens
the costal and laryngeal cartilages of old animals, and is a
_means by which deposits are rendered permanent and
‘prevented from absorption.

These processes of degeneration take place. normally
in certain parts of the body, and when they occur in
disease are either in excess in normal situations, or in
abnormal sites. The mucoid and colloid degenerations
tend to softening of tissue. Fatty degeneration places
the matter in that condition under which it is most
fit for removal. Caseous change tends rather to per-
manency, while calcification exhibits this to a still more
marked degree. The calcareous change generally as-
sumes the character of an INFILTRATION, involving
intercellular tissues rather than the cellular elements
of a part, and resulting from the deposition of matter
from the blood instead of its production as a result of
change in the protoplasm of the cells. Fatty infiltra-
tion is very common, involving such organs as the liver
and muscles (especially the heart) in animals fattened for
slaughter. This proves prejudicial when the accumula-
tions of fat pressing upon the tissue elements of the
affected part impair their nutrition. Accumulations of fat
of this nature occur physiologically in the processes of
fattening, then the connective-tissue corpuscles are
affected, and this very frequently occurs also in disease.

Picmentary Inrinrration especially affects the lungs
of old animals.

Amytoi Inritrration has been observed in the liver,
and consists in the deposition from the blood of a starchy
INTRODUCTION. 21

material, which gives to the organ in which it occurs a
waxy character. The process generally commences in the
small vessels of the part. It has not been found, as yet,
to have much clinical importance. Special chemical,
microscopical, and physical tests enable us to determine
the presence of these changes in parts. These will be
found recorded in more special works. Fatty, calcareous,
and pigmentary changes, when sufficiently advanced to
produce serious disorder, can readily be detected by the
unaided senses of the observer. Let it be clearly under-
stood that all these degenerations and infiltrations are
physiological processes in excess or out of place; they
may also be deficient, as occurs in rachitis where there is
deficient deposition of lime in the bones. They result
from perverted states of nutrition, dependent upon con-
ditions of the blood or of the cell-elements themselves.
Certain forms of degeneration lead to increase in the size
of organs, and very considerable modification of form.
The tissues are so arranged as to form solid or hollow
organs. When the former are the seat of changes their
inGrease in size and change of form causes them to press
upon neighbouring parts, and thereby interfere with
functional duties; or softening with rapid enlargement
may lead to rupture, as is sometimes seen in the liver.
It must be remembered that very considerable degeneration
of an organ may occur without alteration in bulk, increase
in size of some parts atoning for diminution of others,
and vice versd. Here we have a case of degeneration
with atrophy. When a hollow organ is involved in these
degenerative processes they may lead to thickening of its
walls with or without diminution of its cavity, or to
thinning. of the walls—atrophy—a condition which, with
concomitant softening, tends to produce rupture. When
an organ is subjected to free supply of nourishment, with
high functional activity, it becomes HYPERTROPHIED, this
condition consisting of an increase in the number (hyper-
plasia) or size of active tissue elements; such a change
must be carefully distinguished from other forms of enlarge-
ment. It occurs often as a provision against disease ;
22 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

thus the bladder may have its walls thickened when any
obstruction in the urethra interferes with the passage of
urine. The reverse of this is ArRopHy or wasting, which
is described as of two kinds, simple and numerical. The
former depends upon decrease in size of the proper
-elements of a tissue dependent upon deficient supply of
nutritive matter, the latter is a more advanced stage of
the same state in which actual removal of tissue elements
has occurred. Atrophy may result from an imperfect
~ supply of blood or from imperfect ability to- appropriate
nutritive matter, such as often results from inflammation. It
may be difficult to ascertain this state from simple inspec-
tions of organs, for as the useful elements are removed the
connective elements may be increased in quantity, or dis-
placement of some material into the organ may serve to
maintain its size. The aDDITIONS OF MATERIAL TO AN ORGAN
in almost all cases take place from the blood, and hence
have the character of infiltrations. They may be solid,
liquid, or gaseous. Liquid matters most frequently over-
flow from the blood, or are removed in excess from that
fluid by syer-txcited tissue elements. They contain solid
matters in solution, and as their fluid portions are most
‘readily removed by absorption, solid deposits may remain
behind. These latter either become organised by exten-
sion of vessels into them, undergo calcareous change
and become permanent (but in the condition of foreign
matters), or undergo retrograde changes, especially the
fatty, and become absorbed. We shall have more to
say about these processes when treating on inflammation.
Accumulation of liquid added material constitutes Drorsy.
Gas sometimes occurs in a tissue either as a result of
gangrenous change of the tissues (the blood for instance)
as in black quarter, or as a result of ill-explained nutri-
tive changes in a part, or entry of air through an external
or pulmonary wound. The gases which occur are such as
normally exist in the blood or the atmosphere. Having
dealt with the general changes which structures undergo
as a result of diseased processes, we must next examine
the characters of those processes themselves.
INTRODUCTION. 23

Putecmon or Inriammation is defined to be “ perverted
nutrition of a part resulting from the application of a
stimulus not sufficiently. powerful to cause immediate
death.” It is a familiar but complicated series of pheno-
mena of the highest pathological importance, since it occurs
in all tissues, and varies considerably according to its seat.
We may consider it is nature’s method of rising to the

-emergencies of injury, whereby repair is brought about.
In all cases it seems to follow injury of the part affected ;
thus it ensues in the majority of cases of wounds, and
originates in internal organs either as a result of local
injury, or when impressions made upon the surface of
the body ‘have proved injurious to more deeply seated
parts through the intimate nervous unions which occur
between the structures. Of these nervous unions we are
not yet assured by physiologists. It cannot be expected,
therefore, that the pathologist will be in every case able
to determine how any cause which he suspects of having
originated internal inflammation acts. We accept this
theory of the nature of inflammation since it sufficiently
explains all the phenomena of that condition to afford us
a good practical basis. Inflamed parts are found to be the
seat of stagnation of blood in the vessels, of transudation
of its fluids with migration of its formed elements, also
of an altered condition of the tissue elements. Probably
the latter change is the most essential, for it is marked in
cartilage and other tissues which have only indirect blood
supply. It consists of high reproductive activity of these
cells (proliferation), the products not being so highly
developed as the parent cells. The stagnant condition
of the blood in the vessels is brought about gradually
through certain stages. It is found, by observations of
the circulation in the blood-vessels of an artificially in-
flamed transparent membrane, that dilatation of the
vessels first occurs with acceleration of the flow of blood,
which, however, very soon becomes retarded, then irre-
gular and oscillatory until stagnation—“ stasis ”—ensues.
Then a large number of colourless corpuscles are found
to have accumulated in the affected vessels near the walls,
24. BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

while red corpuscles, aggregated into bundles, lie nearer
the centre of the vessels. Migration now occurs as a
result especially of the amceboid activity of the white
corpuscles, whereby they are able to penetrate the proto-
_ plasmic, and, therefore, living walls of the capillaries.
Thus they, and sometimes a few red corpuscles, pass into
the tissue interspaces, and intermingle with the new
generation of cells produced by the proliferation of the
tissue elements. At the same time the serous portions of
the stagnated blood transude through the walls of the
_ vessels, and thus originates EFFUSION as well as EXUDATION,
for they are rich in solids. Effusion of serum and exuda-
tion of lymph are early accompaniments of inflammation ;
they occur, to a more or less degree, in almost every case,
and are the principal cause of swetuinc. This depends,
also, to a certain extent, upon the conditions of the
vessels in the parts bordering on that inflamed. They
are very full of blood coursing rapidly through them, are
“in a state of hyperemia or congestion. The presence of
this large quantity of rapidly flowing blood, with, perhaps,
also the rapid tissue changes in the inflamed part,
generates the characteristic heat; to the congestion and
amount of blood, even in the seat of disease, the REDNESS,
' characteristic of inflammation, must be attributed ; while
pressure from effused material and distended vessels is
the cause of the painful nature of the process. The pain
present must also be attributed to heightened sensibility
of the nervous structures. It is related to the hardness
of the part, hence inflammation of unyielding organs is
most painful. The reproductive activity of the tissue
elements replaces their normal function, and the rapidity
of new cell formation prevents the elaboration of inter-
cellular substance, hence the intercellular material accu-
mulates in a state of imperfect development as fluid, and
tends to increase the added liquid and plastic material
which has been thrown out. Effused liquid material can
be taken up again by the capillaries and lymphatics of a
part with facility if the vessels have not themselves
undergone change. When the latter complication is
INTRODUCTION, 25

present fluid accumulations occur, which constitute
(iprma when they are in areolar tissue, and Dropsy
(hydrops) when into cavities of various kinds. These may
take place apart from inflammation when an excess of
liquid material exists in ‘the blood, or when the vessels
are over-distended. The former condition occurs in cases
of debility resulting from defective supply of nutritive
matter ; also certain poisonous materials aggravate their
_ effects by causing excessive fluidity of the vital fluid. An
illustration of the latter condition may be drawn from
general dropsy, whereby excessive distension of the veins
is relieved when any obstruction prevents return of the
blood to the right side of the heart. When the material
added to a part has a more solid character, it primarily
assumes the form of Coacunaste Lympu. Thisis fibrinous
material which is deposited between tissue elements, ren-
dering the parts abnormally hard, or as bands extending
across Cavities, also membranes lining them, and it will -
be noticed in the straw-coloured liquid portion of the

serous effusion, When all active inflammatory change

has subsided, the lymph tends either to permanency or.
to disappearance. It may be rendered permanent either

by organisation, when vessels shoot into it by ordinary

processes of development and it thus becomes vascular and

in process of time somewhat like areolar tissue, or by

calcareous deposition in its substance. The former change

occurs in the repairs of any large gap of living tissue which

has resulted from injury. It causes filling up of abscess

cavities, and of deep penetrating wounds, but is not

always so salutary ; for when it occurs in such a cavity as

the pleural sac, by uniting the lungs to the wall of the

chest, it may seriously impede respiration. Calcification is

the process which normally occurs in the hardening of lymph

between the fragments of a broken bone forming the mass

known as callus. Its appearance is not always desirable,

thus when it takes place in the walls of arteries it renders

them liable to rupture, and frequently its presence acts as an

impediment to movement, as when false anchylosis results

from the calcification of ligaments around joints.
26 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Surruration is that result of inflammation which is
manifested by the production of the fluid which is familiar
to us as pus. It results especially when inflammation
runs high in a very vascular organ, but may occur under
different circumstances. Pus consists of highly active
corpuscles, which closely resemble white blood-corpuscles,
and float in serous fluid—Liquor Puris. It has a sp. gr.
of 1080. This fluid is simply the effused material with a
large number of cells resulting from proliferation of
tissue elements, and migration of leucocytes, This result

 

Fig 3.—A. Pus corpuscles from an abscess; (a) the same after treatment
with acetic acid. B. Mucus corpuscles from the Schneiderian mem-
brane ; (a) after a drop of acetic acid has been added. C. Mucus
corpuscles speckled with pigment granules from a case of chronic
irritation of lining membrane of the larynx. After Harley and Brown.

of inflammation is most frequent when a natural moisture
of the part and capability of yielding to swelling are
properties of the diseased organ or tissue. While exuda-
tion most frequently occurs on serous membranes, the
mucous surfaces generally when inflamed produce pus ; but
pus may be produced by a serous membrane and plastic
deposits by a mucous membrane, such as that of the bowel
or trachea. When suppuration assumes a local character,
INTRODUCTION. 27

and the pus which is formed accumulates in the areolar
tissue, it exerts a solvent action upon the white fibrous
elements, and thus produces an Azscess. Ordinarily we
may observe that the inflammatory process, where less
acute at a distance from the centre of pus. production,
causes exudation of lymph which limits the infiltration
of pus into the neighbouring tissues, and constitutes the
boundary of the abscess cavity, though forming no
distinct membrane. This firm limiting tissue gives
way with extension of suppuration, and at the same
time, the parts external to it, which previously were only
the seat of effusion of serum, have lymph exuded, and thus
in turn prevent infiltration of pus into the undiseased
areolar tissue. So, in puncturing a large or a small
deep-seated abscess we pierce first tissue with serous
effusion, then tissue with lymph exudation, and so arrive
at the abscess cavity. In chronic abscesses the inflam-
mation has subsided, as also has the serous effusion.
The lymph deposit has become organised to form a wall
of the abscess cavity in which has accumulated pus,. often
of a foetid character, but sometimes broken up into the
liquid serous portion and the solid materials, the latter
being converted into more or less regularly rounded and
hardened masses of a curdy or cheesy character, which
are bathed by the fluid. These abscesses are sometimes
termed cold; they are seen in deep-seated positions
where the inflammation has been only moderate in
intensity.

Pourunent Inritrration occurs when collections of pus
are allowed to enter the areolar tissue of an organ, either
by non-deposition of lymph circumscribing the seat of pus
formation and leading to abscess, or by the giving way of
only a thin layer of this material. It is especially liable
to occur in the less active forms of inflammation, and in
organs with a considerable amount of areolar tissue ; thus,
it may be observed in scrofulous disease of the lungs, and
- leads to rapid spread of diseased action. Sometimes pus
is found in serous cavities. When the pleura is the seat
of this the disease is termed empyema. This state seldom,
28 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

if ever, results from pus production by the serous mem-
brane, but from bursting of an abscess into the serous
sac. It has been observed that layers of fibrous tissue,
fasciee, aponeuroses, limit the extent of abscesses. A

knowledge of the position of these is, therefore, important -

from a surgical aspect, for when externally placed to the
pus accumulation they oppose that extension of the abscess
towards the surface which leads to evacuation of the pus
by bursting through the skin. The-local symptoms of for-
mation of an abscess are primarily hardness of the diseased
parts, with an cedematous condition of the tissues around,
with elevation of temperature, and throbbing of the arteries
of supply ; then the centre of the seat gradually becomes -
softer, and at length fluctuates on pressure. ‘The part is
swollen and most prominent centrally. After this the fluc-
tuation extends from the centre, where the hairs fall off, and
a slight amount of serous fluid exudes until the pressure of
pus in the abscess bursts the skin, which has been much
attenuated by absorption, and thus the pent-up fluid
escapes ; and any which forms after this also escapes, for
nature has produced an opening with a jagged edge, such
as does not readily close. As the pus, which is now pro-
duced, exerts no pressure on the abscess-walls, a rapid
closure of the cavity results from deposition of lymph
around its walls, each layer undergoing changes which
terminate in conversion of them, in order of seniority, into
an organised tissue somewhat resembling the white fibrous.
This process is termed granulation. By it, finally, the
cavity is filled ; then the external wound closes. Escape
of pus by bursting of an abscess on to the surface of the
body, or of a mucous membrane, is a very salutary process.
But it may take place into serous cavities and other in-
ternal spaces when the result is not so satisfactory.
Evacuation of pus from a mucous membrane is often to be
encouraged as being nature’s method of relief of its in-
flamed state. When pus does not become removed by
natural or artificial evacuation, its permanence or the
reverse will depend upon the state of the vessels of the
parts, and also on whether its corpuscles undergo the
“INTRODUCTION. . 99

retrograde process of fatty degeneration, pus-cells seem
to be never absorbed. When they have undergone fatty
change, and with the Liquor Puris form the so-called
ParHoxogicat Mitx, this may be taken up, just as so much
chyle would be, by the lymph-vessels. The blood-capil-
laries probably assist, but when neither blood nor lymph-
vessels can take up the metamorphosed or unchanged pus,
a cold abscess results. Pus is of various kinds :

Laudable, when it has a creamy, whitish-yellow ap-
‘pearance ; is devoid of smell and rich in corpuscles. This
is the form which is familiar to us as occurring in well-
matured abscesses.

Fotid, when it has undergone decomposition, either
from a long pent-up condition, or from a depraved state
of the parts producing it.

Sanious, when it is thin and watery, and intermingled
with blood in small quantity.

Ichorous, when thin, watery, almost devoid of cor-
puscles, largely made up of cell débris, and often with a
marked odour, and an acrid, irritating character. This
is produced in parts which are of low organisation, or
have been reduced in vitality by long continued diseased
action. It occurs in diseases of the feet'in long standing
fistulous ulcers, where the healing process is at a stand-
still.

Specific, when it contains the virus of some specific
disorder, as when it is produced by the mucous mem-
branes in cattle plague. Such pus when used for inocu-
lation transmits the specific disorder.

 Strumous, when resulting from. the breaking down of
tubercle. This is white, watery, and has specific cha-
racters.

Pus may be mixed with other fluids as in muco-purulent
discharges from mucous membranes. The characters of

| Inspissated Pus which occurs in chronic abscesses have been
already alluded to.

Caries anpD ULcERATION are processes of molecular dis-
integration, which sometimes occur when inflammation —
~ cuts off the nutritive supply of a part in a gradual manner.
30 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Caries especially affects articular surfaces of bones as well
as those portions invested by fibro-cartilage. In it no
tendency to repair is exhibited but the process of exten-
sion of the disorder progresses slowly, and removal of the
articular lamina of the bone by molecular disintegration
leads to death of the cartilage which it supports,.and so
to roughness of a surface which for due performance of its
functions ought to be smooth. Hence results secondary
disease of the opposing surface, whether articular or ten-
dinous. The process of caries is remarkable for the small
amount of liquid product, and hence generally the absence
of marked distension of the joint capsule or wall of the
tendinous sheath. Ulceration is of much more general
occurrence, and as removal of tissue occurs at one part,
repair takes place at another. Pus is produced often in
very considerable quantity by ulcers, and may be of any
of the different kinds mentioned above. Ulcers are local
deficiencies of structure, which generally appear on mucous
membranes or the skin as breaches of the epithelial layer,
with the deeper layers of the membrane more or less in-
volved. In the cornea we sometimes see ulcers consisting
in local deficiency of the tissue of the cornea propria, in
which the conjunctiva is not involved; this is due to the
fact that the latter membrane is supplied with nutriment
from a different source than the cornea. As a rule, the
epithelium is nourished by the deep-seated structures, and
is early involved in the diseased process. We must not in
all cases consider ulceration due todeath of tissue-elements ;
it probably much more frequently results from cell pro-
liferation, which, replacing the parent by numerous cor-
puscles in a fluid medium, leads to breach of tissue, and
formation of a fluid with suspended cells, which either
escapes a8 pus, or is removed by the action of absorbent
vessels. The breaches of tissue resulting from ulceration
and suppuration are repaired by Granunation. This con-
sists in the production of small pointed projections over.
the exposed surface, which are found to be composed of
cells, the deeper seated of which undergo organisation,
while the superficial degenerate into pus. By. their
aa

INTRODUCTION. 31

growth these projections coalesce, and new blood-vessels

shoot into them from the neighbouring parts. Thus, by
formation of successive crops of granulations, their fusion

and organisation, the ulcer is constantly reduced in size

‘whenever the activity of repair exceeds that of disin-

tegration. Thus, also, we generally see pus produced i in

considerable quantity from a granulating surface ; but it

seems possible by means of dressings to increase granula-
tion at the expense of suppuration, and thus promote
rapidity of healing of a wound. The granulation tissue
tends to the conversion of its cells (exudation corpuscles)

 

Fi. 4.— Granulation tissue. (After Gant.) To the left, granulation corpuscles
with rounded pus cells. To the right, the newly formed vascular loops.

into proper tissue-elements resembling those of ordinary
fibrous tissues. The process of cicatrisation, whereby the
breach is “ skinned over,” will be dealt with when we
treat especially of wounds. Ulcers are of various kinds,
according to their shape, products, causes, and granula-
tions.

The Simple or Healthy Ulcer occurs in animals of
healthy constitution, presents small, vascular granulations,
uniform in size and in diffusion over the surface, which is
concave. lLaudable pus is produced, and the edges are
not hard. .

The Inflammatory Ulcer depends upon an irritable state
of the constitution, and presents few granulations, a raw

4
32 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

appearance, and ichorous or sanious pus. When the irri-
tation is local, it gives rise to excess in size and extreme
painfulness of granulations, while the surrounding parts
are congested and cedematous—such is an Inflamed
Uleer.

Weak Ulcers have large, cedematous, pale, flabby
granulations ; they occur on cedematous organs.

Callous Ulcers are usually deep with pale base, pre-
senting small, imperfectly formed granulations, and having
an ichorous discharge of tissue débris. The borders of
the ulcer are thickened, hard, and project considerably.

A Fistula, or Sinus, often has this character. Fistule
penetrate deeply into parts, and open at each extremity.

_ Sinuses have only one opening to each ; but we may have
fistulee and sinuses which present all the characters of
healthy ulcers except their shallowness.

Specific Ulcers are such as occur in specific diseases.

_, Sometimes these lesions are diagnostic, but often their
special character may be proved only by the nature of the
pus produced by them.

A Oold Ulcer is surrounded by a purple ring of con-
gested tissue, and is of a very painful character. It is
very often specific, and results from marked deficiency in
circulatory energy in the affected part. It occurs under
a special form in those parts of old animals which are far
from the centre of circulation. It is then termed “ Senile
Ulcer,” and is characterised by a deficient tendency to
repair with a liability to rapid spread by sloughing of
tissue. Thus, several ulcers “run together,” producing
a widespread breach of tissue. They are then said to be
Confluent Ulcers, and this tendency to blending of ulcers
is marked in several specific disorders.

The Phagedenic Ulcer rapidly spreads by sloughing of
masses of neighbouring tissue. A large foul surface with
an ichorous discharge is thus left. This serves to draw
our attention to molar death, which may result from in-
flammation, and is termed Ganerenz, depending upon the
processes which constitute sphacelus or mortification.
When the supply of blood is cut off from an organ or any
INFRODUCTION. 33

part of the body it dies, and chemical forces are enabled
to bring about its decomposition. Sometimes the blood is
not permitted entry into a part through obstruction of
the arteries of supply; then dry gangrene may take
place, which consists in the drying up of the tissues, their
diminution in size, and complete loss of all vital pro-
perties. The dry, mummified mass remains as a foreign
body, perhaps becoming invested by a coating of lymph.
This has been observed in the case of pleuro-pneumonic
lung. When a part is the seat of moist gangrene, it be-
comes very dark in colour, pits on pressure, swells in con-
sequence of the liberation of gases by decomposition and
their accumulation beneath the epidermis, which they raise
in spots forming blebs. A sanious discharge with foetid
odour takes place from the surface of the mass, which is
sodden with a similar material, and has lost all sensation
and other physiological processes, and is very cold.
Moist gangrene is more frequent than the dry form,
and depends on impeded return of blood. A part
which has thus undergone mortification is removed by:
sloughing. Salutary inflammation sets in on the line of
junction of the dead with the living parts, and here con-
solidation by exudation takes place to prevent infiltration
-of gangrenous material into healthy parts. Suppuration
of this consolidated layer occurs, and thus the dead mass
is thrown off. Molar death of bony tissue is termed
Necrosis, and the portion of removed material is a
Sequzstrum. During this process of gangrene the con-
stitutional powers are much diminished, the pulse being
small and weak and frequent, and the strength rapidly
failing. The animal has a wild, apprehensive look, and is
very restless ; cold sweats bedew the skin, and there is a
gangrenous odour. Sudden cessation of pain often
announces this result of inflammation. The termination of
the case will be favorable or otherwise, according as the
strength of the body proves equal to removal of the slough
or the reverse. In old age senile gangrene may occur asa
result of deficiency of vital energy, affecting especially those

parts most remote from the central organ of circulation.
3
34 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Resolution is a termination of inflammation most to be
desired; it consists in the gradual resumption of healthy
-conditions of the diseased part. In it the products of
cell proliferation are absorbed, lymphy deposits and serous
effusions undergo the same fate, and the blocking up of
the vessels which has resulted in stasis gives way, so that
healthy circulation is resumed. When this process occurs
very suddenly, as when only stasis and effusion of serum
have to be overcome, a few hours suffices for resolution,
which is then termed Datitzscrnce. Occasionally this is
related to appearance of inflammation in some other organ,
when it is termed Mzrastasis, a phenomenon which occurs
very frequently in rheumatic affections. How this is
brought about we are not in a position to say. Cases of
false metastasis have been found to be due to direct con-
tinuity of structure, and true alteration of the seat of an
inflammation may be due to the ill-ascertained conditions
of nerve continuity. There are various terms used to
indicate the forms assumed by inflammation as dependent
on consitutional or local conditions :

Spxciric, when it depends upon the presence of special
materies morbt.

Traumatic, when it is due to local injury from without-
through mechanical, chemical, thermal, and other agen-
cies.

Iproparuic, when not attributable to any such cause.

Sra#entc, when occurring in a constitution with high
vital energy, and tending to the throwing out of plastic
lymph, which rapidly undergoes organisation, or to sup-
puration. The pulse being full and strong, and the
internal temperature high, and the nervous system in a
state of high activity, these cases run their course in a
short time.

AsTHENIC, when tending to assume a low character with
imperfect lymph deposits which do not circumscribe the
accumulations of badly matured pus, which, therefore,
tends to spread widely by infiltration into neighbouring
parts. This leads to extensive destruction of tissue, and
a depressed state of the constitution, the pulse being
INTRODUCTION, 85

weak, quick, and often irregular, and the temperature
_being lable to marked variations. This depends upon a
depraved condition of the blood in the majority of cases.

Acury Inrtaumarion is of the sthenic type, running its
course with well-marked symptoms, and passing rapidly
either to resolution or to suppuration, ulceration, or gan-
grene.

In the curonic form both local and general sym-
ptoms are slight ; the tendency is to firmness and organi-
sation of deposits with permanency of effects, and the
conditions which are set on foot by it are slow. Inflam-
mation is considerably influenced in its course and effects
by the tissue in which it is located; thus, we shall notice
that mucous membranes thus affected tend to suppurate,
fibrous tissues to undergo calcification, serous and
synovial to exudation of lymph, cartilage to caries and
ulceration, .&c.

Conazstion is a form of diseased action, second, indeed,
to inflammation in importance and complexity, but never-
theless exercising an important influence upon pathology.
Dr. Williams distinguishes between congestion and
_hypereemia, considering the former to differ from the
latter in that retardation of movement of blood through the
affected part has occurred. In both cases there is excess
of blood in the part, but in hyperemia the flow is rapid
and the outfall as great as the income. Hyperemia is,
therefore, not disease ; it occurs in every organ or tissue
which is in a state of activity. Congestion may be active,
passive, or mechanical.

Active Congestion is that accumulation of blood in.a
part which occurs when the income is great but the out-
fall is small. Jt occurs as a result of irritation, precedes
the inflammatory process, and often is confused with
hyperzemia.

Passive Congestion results from a relaxed condition of
the small arteries and the capillaries of a part depending
upon deficiency of tone, so the flow of blood becomes
_.slow, and the vessels distended. It may arise either from
local or general disorder of the vessels, from imperfect
36 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

_action of the heart, or from a depraved condition of the
blood.

Mechanical Congestion depends upon impediment to
return of blood from a part in consequence of pressure on
the veins ; it generally assumes the passive character. In
“active congestion there is swelling, pain, redness, and
heat, with an exaltation rather than a perversion of func-
tion, but practically it is extremely difficult to distinguish
from inflammation upon which it verges. Passive con-
gestion is indicated by swelling due to serous extra-
vasation, coldness and deficient vitality of the part, which
has a dark blue colour. The swelling is influenced by
position of the patient, for it is caused by a watery fluid
devoid of plastic elements. Such swellings may dis-
appear very rapidly and occur in pendulous positions.
Congestion terminates either in inflammation or resolu-
tion, and may persist for a long time, giving rise to
- Exrravasations, either serous or sanguineous, or mixed
(sero-sanguineous).

Serous ExrravasatTion may occur either on a serous or

mucous surface, or into intercellular spaces. It may be seen
in the early stages of catarrh of various mucous membranes,
and, mingling with mucus, constitutes the discharge of the
early stages of inflammations of those structures. When
serum is extravasated into-a serous cavity as a result of
congestion, it is a salutary relief to the diseased parts, and
the liquid can be readily returned into the blood, ‘for the
serous cavities are only large dilatations of lymph-vessels.
Intercellular collections of serum are similar in their
pathological importance. Sometimes, however, accumu-
lations of serous or sero-sanguineous fluid appear on the
surface of the body as a result of injury ; the surrounding
areolar tissue becomes condensed and retains the fluid.
Incision into these “serous abscesses” is sometimes —
necessary.

Sanguineous extravasation is known as HamMorrHaae.
It depends either upon a depraved state of the blood, or
on a giving way of the walls of vessels. Not only in the
latter case is unaltered blood displaced, but it is allowed
INTRODUCTION. 37

that a migration of red corpuscles (diapedesis) as well
as of white may occur from the vessels under certain
circumstances. Hemorrhage is TRAUMATIC when due to
injury from without, and rp1oparHic when dependent:
on intrinsic causes. Traumatic hemorrhage may be
due to injury of arteries, veins, heart, or capillaries,
and will be treated more at length under the heading
“Wounds.” Idiopathic blood-extravasation may be
active or passive.

Active Hemorrhage occurs in plethoric subjects, and is
_preceded by active congestion. It results from a giving
way of the walls of capillary vessels, and the blood which
thus escapes is considerable in quantity, of a bright colour,
- flows rapidly, and coagulates freely. Passive hemorrhage
generally depends upon debility and a disordered state of
the blood. It occurs in organs which have been weakened.
by disease, and is often a symptom of some value. The
escape of blood tends to still further reduce the strength
of the patient. In certain blood disorders we find extra-
vasations of blood, either considerable infiltrations of
areolar tissue (hemorrhagic infarctions), or circumscribed
‘small patches of blood, petechia. Rupture of the wall
of a vessel, fracture of bone, and other lesions of a like
kind, are known in surgery as “ Sotutions or Contrnorry.”
These give rise to disorder only when the continuity of
structure is essential to due performance of function ;
thus, a solution of continuity of horn may be present and
give rise to no inconvenience if the sensitive structures
beneath be not exposed to injury, as from compression.
Again, a simple incised wound, when the parts are brought
and maintained in contact, may become obliterated by ~
simple growth without the intervention of inflammation.
‘In bones continuity is essential to render them firm bases
of support. Fractursus, therefore, interfere with function,
and must be carefully studied. The walls of blood-vessels
are constantly subjected to pressure by the contained
blood, when a solution of their continuity takes place,
therefore, Hamorruace results.

In the present state of pathology we must admit the
38 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

existence of certain FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS, on the under-
standing that they will probably, with improvement of
methods of research, be proved to be due to alteration of
structure. The term “ Functional disease” is of value
clinically, especially in relation to disorders of the nervous
system and other parts, with the physiology of which we
are not very well acquainted, but as our knowledge of
physiology and its relation to structure advances, we
trace such disorders to appreciable changes of struc-
ture. Functional disease of the rumen occurs in some
cases, and leads to accumulation of gas and food in that
viscus. Probably the derangement is due to nervous
disturbance, for such accumulation is found in many
brain diseases. We must be understood, therefore, to
imply a certain amount of ignorance when we speak of
disorder of function.

In conducting a post-mortem examination we must be
as systematic and thorough as circumstances will allow,
so that we shall be in a position to give evidence on each
case to either legal or medical authorities. The note-
book should be in constant use, and we must adopt an
established routine, to be varied as little as possible with
the exigencies of time, place, &c. Thus, the external
evidences of disorder must first be noted, position, expres-
sion and rigidity of the patient ; then the presence of dis-
order of the skin and visible mucous membranes, any indi-
cation of discharges or of injury, the age, sex, condition, and
breed of the animal, also special circumstances of history.
The carcase of the ox in the field must be supported by
means of pitchforks so placed as to sustain the limbs like
props. In the cow-house, or barn, or shed, the limbs of
one side may be supported by ropes thrown over a beam.
In opening the peritoneal sac by incisions through the
abdominal walls the conditions of the peritoneum and the
position and general appearance of the abdominal organs
must be observed, also any abnormality of the contents of
the peritoneal sac, which may be bloody, purulent, loaded
with flocculi of lymph, contain food material, &c: The
stomachs, with the intestines, should then be removed,
INTRODUCTION. 89

and thus the liver, kidneys, diaphragm; and genito-urinary
organs are more or less exposed. The situation of each
of these should be examined before removal, any abnormal
relations and adhesions being carefully noted. To
thoroughly examine the genito-urinary apparatus one of
the hind limbs should be removed from the hip, and the
symphysis of the os innominatum and the neck of one
ilium cut through with the saw, and the portion of bone
thus loosened removed. Next, the thoracic viscera should
_be subjected to scrutiny, the articulations between the
sterno-costal cartilages and the true ribs having been
divided, some of the anterior sterno-costal cartilages
of false ribs may be cut through, and thus the sternum
drawn away from its position and forwards. To do this
the connections of the fore extremities with the trunk
must be divided, and the skin reflected from the median
inferior longitudinal line of the body. During this
process dropsical collections ‘or diseased conditions of the
axillary lymphatic glands may be found. The pericardial
and pleural sacs must then be examined for they are
exposed, and their contents must be observed. The
heart and lungs may be then removed en masse. Next,
_the diaphragm and liver may be separated together from
‘the surrounding parts. After this the structures in the
lower part of the neck must be separated from their
surroundings and examined, but left in position until we
have the structures of the fauces ready for removal with
them. This is accomplished either by dissection of the
’ gkin from the central line of the sub-maxillary space, and
a deep incision on either side against the inner surface of
the lower jaw, whereby the tongue is freed from its
attachments, anteriorly and laterally, and can be drawn
between the branches of the lower jaw, or by removal of
the skin farther up the side of the face, and amputation
of half of the inferior maxilla at the symphysis, and just
below the condyle. The mouth, pharynx, posterior nares,
and isthmus faucium may thus be examined, and the
temporo-hyoid articulations being divided, the tongue,
larynx, and pharynx removed with the trachea, oesophagus,
40 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

&c. The head having been skinned and disarticulated at
the occipital condyles, may be retained for examination of
the brain, eye, nasal chambers, &e., secundum artem.
The subsequent examination of solid organs, variations in
size, form, and structure must be noted and deter-
mined to be primary or secondary causes of death. The
contents of hollow viscera must be retained and examined,
and the capacity, form, and structure also placed on
record. Finally, a scientific summary of post-mortem
results, with conclusions deduced from them, should be
drawn up after each organ or tissue exhibiting disease
has been specially examined.

Disease may assume various forms dependent upon its
method of appearance and the manner in which it runs its
course. Thus, acute disorders are characterised by short
periods of attack and rapid morbid changes leading to death
or to resolution in a few days, whereas chronic cases last
for some time, changes occur more slowly and lead to
greater permanent alteration of structure. Such attacks
as are active in their phases, but chronic in their effects,
are termed Subacute. Different diseases generally affect
one or other of these characters. Certain blood diseases
are very liable to assume the chronic form, rheumatism,
for instance, while inflammations of important viscera, as
the lungs, heart, &c., are generally acute. When
a number of animals of the same species become
simultaneously affected with a disease which does not
seem to be confined to any special locality the outbreak
is said to be Hpizooric, but if animals of various species
suffer from the disorder it is termed Panzootic. Hnzoorics
are those diseases which affect a number of animals in a
circumscribed locality. Thus, eczema epizootica is a
panzootic, pleuro-pneumonia zymotica is an epizootic, and
anthrax generally manifests itself in enzootic outbreaks.
The term Sporapic is applied to those disorders which do
not affect a number of animals simultaneously, but now
and then an individual becomes attacked, while a number
of others subjected to like conditions escape unharmed.
Most non-specific disorders assume the sporadic character.
INTRODUCTION. ' 41

Having determined the nature of the attack under which
an animal is labouring, and by the various methods of
inquiry above noted, in so far as they are applicable to
the special case, having arrived at a conclusion as to the
part disordered, and the extent to which it has undergone
pathological changes, and to which its altered conditions
affeet surrounding parts, the practitioner must next
determine the method of treatment to he adopted and
_ rigidly enforced with a view to restoration of health, or
to a condition of fitness for special duties according to the
nature of the patient. It has been truly remarked that
in many cases a veterinary surgeon has not the oppor-
tunity to carry his medicinal skill to its full extent since
his patients are almost always viewed as representing so
much capital, and not as being in a position to claim
moral protection for life so long as it exists. Again, in
the majority of cases the veterinary surgeon must
thoroughly cure his patient, and may find a “ patched up ”
case which would bring his medical confrére much credit,
is apt to prove even prejudicial to him. Such being the
case, it can hardly be a matter of wonder that the study
of the treatment of such animals as our bovine patients
has not been pursued with such energy as certain other
branches of therapeutics. The animal if slaughtered at
once will prove useful for food, if kept alive will probably
have its system impregnated with medicinal agents, and
at the same time will rapidly decline from ‘‘ market con-
‘dition.””? The veterinary surgeon’s bill and the keep of the
animal until it is again fit for its special duties will
mount tp very considerably, so the owner is too often
tempted to send the patient immediately to the butcher.
Promptness is most essential, then, in the treatment of
our patients, both in prognosis and in administration of
remedies. In all cases we must remember the grand rule
“remove the cause and the effect will cease,” and must
not only remove the immediate cause, but any other
influences which are tending to bring about increase of
the disorder. We must thoroughly trace out the value of
each pathological condition in relation to other morbid
AQ BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

states, and the primary disease must in all cases determine
the course of our therapeutical efforts.

All secondary diseases, symptoms of which show that
they are liable to destroy the patient, must also receive.
attention ; thus, in a case of indigestion we often require to
prevent death from suffocation when distension of the
rumen with gas impedes movements of the diaphragm,
evacuation of the gas is then urgent and must be adopted
as a palliative measure, together with the curative means
directed to reduction of the indigestion. Curative means
may be either medicinal or surgical. Medicinal agents of
various kinds have been found to have different effects
upon the animal system since they increase, retard, or
prevent natural processes. A judicious selection of these
agents may be made to assist nature in her attempts to
restore healthy conditions; in all cases the educated prac-
titioner must apply his knowledge of the action of special
medicaments and of the methods which nature adopts as
reparative. Thus, with a wound of a sluggish character,
he will endeavour to promote salutary inflammation by
means of digestives, and in a case of hemorrhage, he will
endeavour to coagulate the fibrine of the blood and so
plug up the orifice of escape. Treatment must be of no
definite and fixed character, nostrums and recipes occupy
too prominent a position in works on cattle diseases ; the

‘educated practitioner alone should treat the case, and he
will be able to vary the doses and agents administered
according to the many and ever variable phases of diseased
action.

Human medicine has been facetiously termed “the art
of amusing the patient while nature cures the disease.’
All medicinal treatment consists in a state of constant
vigilance and free supply of air whenever the vis medicatriz
nature requires us to restore health equilibrium.

Surgical Treatment comprises all operations performed
upon the various parts of the body with a view to
restoring the natural condition of the constitution or a
satisfactory state of health. Many refinements which have
been adopted in human surgery and so materially allevi-
INTRODUCTION, 48.

ate suffering and prolong life, have not been able
hitherto to find a place in veterinary surgery. For want
of co-operation on the part of the patient and his slight
pecuniary value if imperfectly restored, and the expense of
keep, prove sad opponents of our advancement in - this
_ respect. Thus the medical and surgical branches of

a professional work have not been artificially delegated to

distinct sections of practitioners, and as they depend on
the same laws of disease, and are at every phase in
close interunion, we have not deemed it right to separate
surgery from medicine in the work before us. Surgical
treatment comprises operations, the use of appliances, and
dressings of various kinds.

Opzrations may be performed with special instruments or
~ by manipulatory methods; they have for their aim either
removal of the cause of disorder as in cesophagotomy, or
palliation of its effects, as opening the trachea in a case
of laryngeal obstruction. Again, they may have a pre-
ventive effect, as in removal of a tumour which by its
spread. tends to involve important organs, and ovarlotomy
in an animal with some mechanical impediment, to expul-
sion of afcetus. Operative surgical skill may, to a certain
extent, be acquired in the dissecting-room by the study of
‘topographical or regional anatomy, but can only be per-
fected by operations on the living subject, preferably in
the course of general practice; though some educational
authorities consider that the pain inflicted on a few animals

during a course of operative vivisectional surgery, will be

amply atoned for by subsequent more skilful execution of.
professional duties. In the performance of any operation
the practitioner must have determined beforehand the
most favorable methods for the particular case, the com-
plications liable to arise, and the measures of after treat-
ment which will be necessary if everything: succeeds
according to his expectations. It is in the occurrence of
complications that the skill of the operator -is best tested ;
coolness, promptness in emergency, and neglect of sur-
roundings, are valuable qualities under these circumstances.
With large patients special means of restraint during all
44, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

major operations have to be resorted to by the veterinary
surgeon. The animal requires to be cast or otherwise to
be disarmed of defensive powers and ability to escape.

AnasrHetics have not been hitherto used much in
veterinary surgery. They are not so frequently required
as in human surgery because major operations on animals
are less frequent, and also because the amount of nervous
wear and tear in the lower animals is not so great as in
man, with his extremely elaborate and delicate nervous
mechanism. The pain of anticipation, also, in animals,
is reduced to a minimum. CHLOROFORM requires to be
administered in very large quantity to large herbivores,
and seems to so thoroughly impregnate the blood as
to interfere with subsequent healing processes and to
give rise to serious complications. This agent proves
more expensive than the owner of the patient generally
likes, and the preliminary stage of excitement produced
by it induces severe struggling and reduction of the
strength of the patient. Local anesthesia as induced by
Dr. Richardson’s spray diffuser, has been used for certain
veterinary operations ; cold water is sometimes continuously
applied to produce this effect.

 

Fig. 5.—Spray diffuser for anesthetics or disinfectants.

The preliminary treatment of a patient must be such as
will induce as vigorous a state of the constitution as ig
compatible with the circumstances. Food of good quality
and wholesome, a free supply of air, and exercise, should
be adopted when possible. Operations should not be per-
INTRODUCTION. 45

formed when certain blood diseases are present, and
organic disease of various organs, together with the
special conditions of the patient, should be most carefully
considered. ;

Professor Williams is careful to caution us lest we
operate with dirty instruments or hands or near a dissect-
ing room. The operation should be performed in a place

-where there is lots of room, light and quietude. The
subject should be placed in position by skilled assistants,
and the necessary instruments and appliances should be
clean, in order, and placed under the charge of a special

“assistant, Thoroughness, cleanliness, and judgment should
be the features of all operations. Emergencies as they
arise must be met and counteracted. Hemorrhage, pro-
trusion of viscera, and collapse of the patient, are some of
the most formidable.

Cot.arss consists in sudden interference with the heart’s
action, the result of nervous shock. The patient ceases to
struggle, and loses all voluntary power, the limbs are
relaxed, the pulse scarcely perceptible and extremely
irregular, sighing, palor of visible mucous membranes, and
coldness of the body are present in most cases.

In this state of affairs a free supply of fresh air must
be secured, and sometimes artificial respiration resorted to.
Stimulants must be administered and frictions applied to
the extremities and general surface. Extreme quiet and
stimulant tonics must constitute the after-treatment.
When death occurs from this cause, the blood is found
diminished in consistency and occupying all the cavities
of the heart, the right especially being engorged.

In all cases after a serious operation the patient should
be kept in a well-ventilated house, and supplied with good
and not over nutritious diet, the necessity for stimulant
and tonic agents being estimated in accordance with the
case.

The various forms of appliances and dressings will re-
quire special notice. An important rule to be observed in
operative surgery is to preserve every portion of structure
which can become useful, while removing all diseased parts
46 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

with an unsparing hand. This is the grand doctrine of
“ Conservative Surgery.”

Finally, we must impress upon our minds the extreme
value of Nursing and PRevenrion.

Nursing consists in attention to minor details which
are conducive to the comfort of the patient. Supply
of tempting and palatable food, and water or other drinks,
as suited to the state of the patient ; free supply of fresh air
of an agreeable temperature, prompt removal of ejecta, and
the supply of a good clean bed of straw, clothing properlyand
with judgment, administration of medicines in the gentlest
and most effectual manner, and application of dressings of
various kinds, also constitute the duties of the nurse.

When it is remembered that very frequently these simple
matters prove more valuable than more active treatment, the
necessity for good nursing in all cases will be evident.

PREVENTION or PROPHYLAXIS is a most important question.
We have seen that conditions are rather unfavorable to
curative treatment, but prevention is correspondingly
valuable. Veterinary surgeons are called in to prevent
disorders of any kind among a herd of cattle, or to adopt
special prophylactic means against such a disorder as
anthrax. In each case he must carefully adopt hygienic
measures with a view to avoidance of predisposing causes.
When exciting influences occur they will then be less able
to produce marked effects. The quality and quantity of
the food must be duly regulated ; the purity and tempera-
ture of the air and the sanitary conditions of stalls, houses,
&c., a8 well as the general treatment of the beast, must
be adapted to the object for which they have been kept.
Such individual predispositions as result from age, con-
formation, breed, and temperament, must as much as
possible be obviated ; and, lastly, all exciting causes, such
as standing in draughts and sudden transitions from heat
to cold must be guarded against. There can be no doubt
that by such means latent tendency to tubercle and other
similar affections can be restrained for a considerable
time. The effect of disease of parents may be manifest
at birth when it is termed Congunitat, or it may remain
INTRODUCTION. 47

n a latent state until the young animal has attained a
lefinite age corresponding often with that in which it
first appeared in the parent. For the prevention of out-
breaks of special disorders various means are adopted.

Ivocunation depends for its value upon the fact that
some diseases do not occur twice in the same subject, and
when artificially induced have a mild character.

VACCINATION consists in securing immunity from a
severe disorder by bringing on an attack of a closely
allied but very mild disease.

SerciaL Breepine consists in the crossing of animals of
a breed predisposed to a disorder with animals of a breed
manifesting no such tendency, as in crossing shorthorns
with less carefully bred animals.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE MEASURES, with which we shall after-
wards have to deal, are necessary to check contagious
disorders.

The treatment of inflammation is complicated in accord-
ance with the complex conditions of that pathological
state, and the effects of these processes. We must
remember that inflammation is in very many cases salutary
and that it must therefore be encouraged under the
following circumstances ; when reparative, constructive, or
usefully destructive. Heparative inflammation is the
means by which injuries are repaired, and when a con-
siderable amount of new tissue has to be produced, as in
filling up an abscess cavity, constructive inflammation
causes granulative repair. Inthe removal of foreign bodies,
whether introduced from without or resulting from death
of a part, as in sloughing, inflammation is usefully des-
tructive. Inflammation under these circumstances must
be carefully watched, and either promoted or controlled
as occasion may require. If the process becomes sluggish,
as in indolent ulcers, on account of deficiency either of
local or constitutional energy, stimulants must be applied
or administered ; while if the local changes are intensely
acute and give rise to a high state of fever sedative
means must be adopted locally, and general sedatives
and antiphlogistics be used. At the same time the
48 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

cause of excess or deficiency must be sought for and
removed. In salutary destructive changes where a
foreign body becomes the centre of an abscess, whenever
necessary the tendency of the abscess to pass in the
direction of least pressure must be directed by relaxing
superficial parts by moisture and warmth, also any impe-
diment to such progress towards the surface, as layers of
fascia, must be overcome by operation. Our anatomical
knowledge will guide us in this matter. Local energy
must be promoted in cases of removal of gangrenous
parts by sloughing, and when the general or local powers
begin to flag they must be assisted by surgical removal
of the altered mass. The circumstances of each case will
suggest to the practitioner the proper time for operation,
and when there is inability to produce a “line of demar-
cation,” removal must be made where the tissues retain
‘vital energy sufficient for repair. When it is necessary to
treat inflammation of a non-salutary character the original
cause of the disorder must be first removed. Thus, a
foreign body in the muscular structures of a part, resting
op the conjunctiva, or situated in a passage too small
to accommodate it under ordinary circumstances, if not
removed artificially will be thrown off if possible by
exacting processes of nature, or death will result from the
attempt. Occasionally a coating of lymph will be thrown
out over a foreign body, and thus its irritating characters
obviated. Next, ail causes which tend to produce similar
inflammation must be removed, for they simply aggravate
the casein hand. Thus, in inflammation of the peritoneum
quiescence of the bowels is to be sought, for active peris-
talsis, suchas results from cathartics, causes friction between
the inflamed surfaces. As activity predisposes to disorder,
both directly and by influencing blood supply, we must
secure Rest whenever possible; thus we keep the animal
in a dark place in cases of ophthalmia, and endeavour to
promote the action of other excretory organs in cases of
inflammation of the kidneys, to relieve the diseased glands.
There is a natural tendency to this which we must
endeavour to promote. The substitution of the action
INTRODUCTION, 49

of one excretory organ for that of another is vicarious
actwity. Agents which, when administered internally,
counteract inflammation, are termed antiphlogistics.
Many of them act by promoting vicarious secretion,
whereby the blood is purified; also in doing so they act
as derivatives. There is a marked determination of blood
towards a part suffering from inflammation, and a corre-
spondingly diminished supply to other parts of the body.
Our efforts must be directed to the diffusion of nervous
energy which controls vaso-motor activity, so we resort
to general stiniulants, clothing, hand rubbing of limbs,
and stimulating applications to the surface. It has been
long recognised that when blisters applied to the surface
of the body during internal acute inflammation act freely
it is a favorable sign. We must look upon it as a proof
of diffusion of nervous energy and blood which previously
had been accumulated in the affected part. Derivatives
assist in the process of diffusion. The excess of blood is
removed from the zone of congestion and simple hypereemia
around the part where stasis has occurred, and thus the
- disease limited in its’ extent. The same effect results |
from certain modifications in posture, and from bloodletting.
‘Certain agents have been extolled as especially efficacious
- in cases of severe inflammation, either by producing
changes in the blood or by their action upon the heart.

Morrcory, as calomel, acts on numerous secretory organs,
and is correspondingly valuable as a means of purifica-
tion of blood which is over-loaded with inflammatory
- débris ; also it is considered to check or prevent plastic
deposit. It is a debilitating agent of a very powerful
kind, and so is often contra-indicated.

Porassi0-TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY is considered valuable
in reducing the heart’s action as does bleeding, but having
the advantage of it being permissible to administer it
several consecutive times.

Dierraris also controls the heart’s action, but it is cumu-
lative, and thus requires very careful watching. It pro-
duces intermittency of the heart.

Opium is valuable “in various ways; by quieting the
50 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

nerves, by sustaining the faltering action of the heart, by
keeping the inflamed parts at rest” (Watson).

In nursing a patient suffering from severe inflammation
we must select such food as is very easy of digestion, and
therefore not likely to aggravate the disordered condition
which the stomach shares with other organs of the body
in such cases. The appetite of the patient must be
tempted, for it is generally difficult to make him take
anything which will assist in husbanding. the strength
against the emergencies of the attack. Some practitioners
rely almost wholly on stimulants in the treatment of in-
flammation ; these, they urge, foster the strength, and
hasten the local changes to a favorable issue, while they
prevent all those unsatisfactory effects, such as ulceration
and gangrene, of deficient local power which are apt to
result from the depletory system of treatment; they also
prevent the attack from lapsing into a chronic character.
There certainly is much feasibility in this line of argu-
ment, and the benefit of the system is proved by the un-
doubted fact that under it cases of true hydrothorax less
often result from pleurisy. But we must exercise judgment
and discriminate when we can afford to run the risk of
plastic results of an acute attack, and when haste is less
essential than thorough ultimate recovery. In all cases
where vital organs are inflamed stimulating treatment is
likely to be of value. With regard to local conditions,
too, sometimes stimulation is beneficial, This is well
shown in many cases of so-called counter-irritation, as in
application of vesicants to the sides in cases of pleuritis.
Undoubtedly many cases of supposed inflammation, are at
first simply congestion, and nowhere does this more often
occur than in the pleura; the stimulus arouses the activity
of the congested blood-vessels, and enables them to expel
their contents, and thus immediate relief follows. Again,
undoubtedly deficient nervous energy in a part is a potent
cause of inflammation; stimulation removes this cause.
It is even possible that when stasis has occurred a sti- |
mulus may so strengthen the blood-current as to enable
it to break down the obstruction, and so alter the local
INTRODUCTION. 51

states of nutrition as to give no tendency to renew it.
But while admitting this mode of action of external
stimulants, we cannot refuse to admit the derivative effect
of COUNTER-IRRITANTS- .

Recent researches on the vaso-motor system have
proved how powerful an effect a stimulus may have in
altering blood-distribution. These researches, though by
no means complete, are favorable to the view that a
deep-seated inflammation may be relieved by originating
a similar process in superficial tissues. Setons, blisters,
cauteries, and rubefacients are means to this end.

Coup, when applied locally in a continuous manner for

a long time, will, in such cases as open joints and similar
pathological states, enable repair to occur with a minimum
of inflammation, for such, if it set in to a marked degree,
would cause high fever on account of the unyielding nature
of surrounding parts. Also under this treatment the in-
flammation is not so liable to involve the joint surfaces.
This continuous application numbs the parts, and so lessens
pain; but some say that ultimately the white muscular
fibre of the arteries relaxes, and passive congestion occurs.
However this may be; its practical value in joint diseases
has been proved.

Heat witr Moisture relaxes parts, and so eases pain, it
also tends to promote ‘suppuration. It must be used,
therefore, to assist the maturation .of abscesses, but should
be avoided whenever suppuration would be prejudicial. In
the earliest stages of inflammation resolution may be
brought about by warmth mechanically relaxing the
vessels in which stasis has occurred, and thus readmitting
the current of blood, or the same effect may be the result
of extravasation.

Loca Sepatrves, as Goulard’s solution of the subacetate
of lead, check the spread of inflammation by lessening the
passive congestion around the seat of stasis; they are very
useful in cases of ophthalmia, contusions, &c.

Locat Bioop-Lettine must never be brought about by
incisions in the inflamed part, but rather in the proximity.
It seems to temporarily relieve congestion and hyperemia,
52 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

but the effect is evanescent. Occasionally free scarifica-
tions allow the escape of excessive extravasated material,
which, by pressure, tends to interfere with favorable pro-
gress towards resolution, For the removal of effused
material pressureand stimulation have been found beneficial.
The effects of pressure are very gradual, and some mechani-
cal applianceisnecessary ; the moreconvenient planof stimu-
lation is, therefore, generally adopted, compounds of iodine,
especially the biniodide of mercury, being most useful. The
friction in application also tends to promote absorption.

When ulceration is present the treatment must be
regulated according to the condition of the sores. Often
tonics and stimulants must be administered internally.
Indolent ulcers require local stimulation; callous, the
application of caustics, whereby a fresh granulative surface
will be exposed; inflamed, local sedatives ; inflammatory
and specific, attention to constitutional conditions ; phage-
denic, powerful caustics, followed by poultices.

When Svuprvration has occurred, free exit must be given
to the pus by means of a depending orifice, but the abscess
must not be opened until fully matured. Purulent infil-
trations should be relieved by incision. The system must
be well supported by nourishing food and stimulant tonics
in the meanwhile, and the animal be clothed carefully, for
suppuration is an exhausting process, and causes febrile
symptoms, rigors, debility, and fulness and rapidity of the
pulse. Tonics will be favorable to the constructive pro-
cesses by which the abscess cavity will be filled up;
locally, carbolic dressings are most useful.

Morrirication, necessitates support of the strength of
the patient, for not only is the system severely taxed in
throwing off the slough, but also gangrenous fluids tend
to enter the circulating current, and give rise to an asthenic
character of subsequent changes. Stimulants and tonics
require to be administered freely internally, while poul-
tices such as Cataplasma Calcis Chlor., or Catap. Fermenti,
promote the separation of the slough. We have already
indicated that surgical removal of the diseased part is
often necessary.

 

 
INTRODUCTION. 53°

It remains only for us here to state that febrile com-
jlications of inflammation will be subsequently noticed,
ind that inflammation is sometimes induced as a prophy-
actic means, as when a seton is inserted in the dewlap of
roung cattle as a preventive against “black quarter.”

ConGESTION requires treatment directed to the removal
f-causes, such as relaxation of arteries or impediment
io return of blood through veins. Often a local stimulant
vill remove any tendency to stagnation, while astringents,
uch as cold water, will cause tonic contraction of the
wreviously passively-relaxed vessels. When the conges-
jon is due to weakness of constitution, tonics must be
weseribed. Often it is necessary to palliate the accumu-
ation of blood by scarifications, phlebotomy, or applica-
ion of equable pressure to the part. An elevated posture
vill prove beneficial. Moisture with warmth may lead
o removal of congestion by causing the vessels to relieve
hemselves by serous effusion.

Hamorruace, when traumatic, must be treated as here-
fter described. When due to blood disease, and occur-
ing as petechiz and hemorrhagic infarctions, they must
16 deemed of minor importance as secondary to the
reneral disorder of the blood. Thé other form of passive
wemorrhage, that due to debility, must be treated by
trengthening the patient ; and in active hemorrhage we
aust reduce plethora and tendency to congestions by less
ood and more exercise, and also laxative and diuretic
gents. Local astringent applications, as cold water, act
s styptics, restraining hemorrhage. Certain medicinal
ubstances, when administered internally, are considered
zemostatic, as oleum terebinthine.

Deroprsy will disappear with the congestive or inflam-
ratory state from which it originated. The process may
e promoted by stimulating the water excreting organs,
idneys, and skin; also such agents as lessen blood
ressure promote absorption; digitalis is one of the
est. If the supply of fluid for drinking purposes be
mited, effused fluids will be taken up to maintain the
ue liquidity of the blood. Iodine and its compounds are
54 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

supposed to assist the process of absorption in these cases.
When absorption is prevented by lympby deposits on the
walls of a sac, or when the fluid has collected in such
quantity as to cause extreme tension, paracentesis (or
tapping) must be resorted to. Injection of a stimulating
agent may close a serous abscess by lymph exudation.
This is, of course, inadmissible in dropsies of serous
cavities. Senile dropsy is generally incurable.

Szcrron 2.

The ox, Bos Taurus, is a ruminating, hoofed mammal,
and presents certain leading anatomical and physiological
characteristics which leave their impress upon his patho-
logical conditions. Thus the alimentary system is remark-
ably well developed, constituting a considerable propor-
tion of the total weight of the body. It is largely composed
of stomachs, which fill the greater part of the abdomen and
consist mainly of three compartments, modified forms of
the inferior extremity of the cesophagus, adapted for pur-
poses of rumination. The fibres of the tubular portion of
the oesophagus are arranged in such a manner as to readily
permit either upward or downward passage of the food,
and the organs of mastication and salivation are specially
adapted for prolonged action.

As in other herbivorous mammals, the molar teeth are
large grinding organs, which, by the size of the fangs
firmly implanting them in the jaw, necessitate a large
condition of the face in comparison with the cranium ;
and by their weight so increase that of the head that the
neck is short and presents superiorly a highly developed
ligamentum nuche. The weight of the skull is also in-.
creased by offensive organs, the horns, developed from the
fontal bones at the superior prominence of the skull.
But the weight of these is lessened by the fact that into
them extend prolongations of those large facial sinuses
which contain rarefied air, and buoy up the unsupported
skulls of most mammals, as the air sinuses in the bones of
birds also buoy up their bodies in adapting them for rising’.
AWN LIWUUYUULIUING ; vu

_ in the air during flight. As in other ruminants incisors are
. deficient in the upper jaw, being there replaced by a dental
pad, and in the inferior maxilla the canines assume the
figure of incisors and form part of a continuous series of
eight.

The anterior extremities of the nasal and oral chambers
are connected together by a duct of Stenson, leading to
the organ of Jacobson, an accessory olfactory appa-
ratus, in all probability closely connected with the mouth
that the sense of smell may exercise more direct control
against ingestion of poisonous herbs. The upper lip and
the anterior nares are occupied by the muffle, a fibrous
organ covered with a delicate but firm membrane devoid
of hair, but constantly, in health, secreting a dewy moisture,
and kept clean by the tongue, an organ developed to a
remarkable extent for prehensile purposes. The eyes are
prominent and rather far back as in other herbivores,
whereby extensive range of vision enables the animal to
view an enemy afar and not be disturbed suddenly during
the prolonged period of rumination. This act is performed
by the animal in the recumbent position, the rumen is full.
and presses against the diaphragm.

The thorax, under any circumstances, is not remarkable
for extent, but has special provisions whereby it ‘may in-
crease in transverse diameter when the animal is lying
down. Besides the shortness of the thorax of the ox and
other ruminants as compared-with that of the horse and
his allies, the lungs are more largely composed of areolar
tissue, the calibre of the trachea is less, and the anterior
nares are smaller and less mobile, and devoid of that
remarkable complexity of formation which assists in
adapting the horse for rapid movement over the earth.
Altogether the respiratory system is less developed than
in the horse.

In accordance with this the circulatory system is less
developed, the arteries being small and the heart generally
more frequent but less powerful in its action, so that the
pulse has a somewhat soft beat. The blood does not ex-
hibit that tendency to the formation of the buffy coat
56 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

which that of the horse does under normal conditions,
though the corpuscles are about equal in size.

The nervous system has a rather small cerebrum, due
especially to deficiency in size of the anterior parts of the
hemispheres; these also are remarkably short in the ox.
The spinal cord is fairly developed, and the ganglionic
system large and energetic. The organs of the senses are
all well developed, the skin is thick and somewhat loosely
applied, and covered with a dense coating of hair; the
thermogenic functions are active, hence the internal tem-
perature is high. This we may associate with smallness
and insensibility of the organs of exit of heat as compared
with those of production. The other excretory organs,
kidneys and liver, are large and active; the urine of the
ox differing in some marked chemical and physical char-
acters from that of the horse.

The muscular system is less developed for functional
purposes than that of the horse, and is less compact.
The basement structures of the limbs are less adapted to
secure sharpness and precision in movements, and termi-
nate inferiorly in division, which produces the characteristic
cloven condition of the hcof in ruminants, while the limbs
of the ox are capable of more varied mobility than those
of the horse, of which the forward kick is a rather forcible
illustration. In each case these organs are used simply
for purposes of progression, the ox therefore is devoid of
ossific union of the fore extremity with the trunk, the
clavicle being absent and the scapula large.

The generative system is largely developed both in male
and female. Sexual desires are urgent in the male, and
he is specially endowed with strength and weapons suitable
to enable him to maintain supremely against intruders into
the herd of which he is lord and master. A struggle
for existence among the males determines at once the
numerical excess of females and the continued improvement
of therace. The female is prolific, frequently producing
twins, with a period of gestation shorter than that of the
mare. The mammary gland is largely developed and
placed in the hypogastrium.
INTRODUCTION. . 57

In a state of nature the ox is gregarious, the females
much predominating in numbers over the males. Inhabits
_ prairies and other wide expanses of pasture land, spends his
time partly in grazing and considerably in ruminating.
Migrates frequently to fresh pasture land or flies rapidly
with considerable energy from a foe. When attacked,
defends himself with his horns, and by trampling the foe
under foot, sometimes also by kicking.

Under domestication these conditions are much modi-
fied. The range becomes limited to meadows and straw
yards, or to the extreme of stall life, thus the fat produc-
ing powers are increased, leading to either general fatness
for feeding purposes or to increase in lacteal secretion to
a most extraordinary degree. Warmth, such as results
from shelter and diminished supply of oxygen due to con-
. finement, operate in the same direction, and tend to
diminish vital energy while encouraging fat production.
Limited range also lessens the activity and compactness
of the muscular system, the “wiry” organism of the
wild animal becomes altered into the “soft” state of the

domesticated. There is no necessity for frequent migra-
_tion nor flight when they are protected by man, and the
- prevention of combats between males tends to interfere
with the inherent energy of the race, and probably to
generate a more docile offspring. Increased supply of
more nutritious food, obtained without the necessity of
traversing large tracts of country, and without the dis-
turbing influence of constant dread, causes actual increase
in the size of the race.

Artificial conditions to which the ox is subjected are
such as tend to diminish the circulatory, respiratory, and
cerebro-spinal sensory organs, to lessen acuteness of smell,
taste, sight, and probably hearing, and also the secretory
activity of the skin. On the contrary, the alimentary and
generative systems (with, as a result, the ganglionic
centres). are increased in activity in adaptation to our
requirements.

In the working ox the conditions of life are not so
profoundly altered; he spends his days in the open air
58 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

utilising his locomotory system, and not indulging in
either excess of alimentary or reproductive pleasures. He
is hardy, but gives us examples of diseases of the locomotor
system as also of the cloven hoof.

Such marked subjection to the uses of man has led to
two results; increase in varieties of the ox and increased
liability to disease. As varieties differ from the original stock
so in direct proportion do they become liable to disease, and
when by culture we generate remarkable activity of an organ
we render it correspondingly predisposed to disorder.

In the production of a breed with special qualities there
is a transmission of hereditary tendency to special pecu-
liarities of structure and to activity of function, conditions
predisposing to disease, and these predispositions are very
marked as a result of “breeding in and in,” which pre-

‘vents the counteraction of family tendency to some special
degeneration by the introduction of new blood. Hxcessive
development of one part of the body tends to cause a want
of reciprocity of different parts of the body, to the preju-
dice of the whole; only by very gradual development can
modifications of species occur; nature shows us this, for
variation under domestication tends to disease. The mere
fact of breeding from near relatives is not-prejudicial, if
both be in a state of thorough health.

Gregariousness is not favorable to individual peculiari- -
ties, nevertheless, when epizootic disorders occur certain
individuals will exhibit immunity under extreme conditions
of exposure ; this seriously complicates experiments on
the transmission of these disorders. A similar immunity
from the effects of altered conditions may be noted after
the ingestion of medicinal or toxic agents; some
individuals require immense doses, while others become
seriously influenced by small quantities. The latter con-
dition is termed intolerance ; the former, tolerance, may
be due to frequent administration of the same agent when
it is of a non-cumulative character. Immunity in certain
blood diseases is secured often by an attack either of the
same or of a closely allied disorder.

Diet acts as a predisposing cause of disease either by
INTRODUCTION. : 59

its quality, quantity, or mode of preparation. A very
rich diet predisposes to anthrax and inflammatory disorders,
» poor diet to anemia and dropsies. Food materials may
be in themselves prejudicial either by medicinal or poison-
ous constituents. Mouldy fodder serves to illustrate
this, also the various cases of poisoning by oil cake.
Excess of food either causes excessive distension of the
stomach as in plenalvia, or, when in small quantities fre-
quently administered, gives rise to plethora. Deficiency
of food gives rise to debility and anemia. When not
enough food at a time is given to an ox he is unable to
ruminate, thus indigestion is produced. The familiar
instance of choking from an uncut swede is an example of
ill effects from improperly prepared foodstuff. Diet
unadapted to the special uses for which an animal is kept
will frequently cause disappointment to the owner and
require correction by the veterinary surgeon consulted
about the case. An extreme instance of this may be
seen in pregnant animals, for the nature of the diet will
affect the well being of the foetus im utero. Aneemic
conditions of the mother will give rise to dropsy of the
foetus and its membranes and perhaps to its death,
while not unfrequently an ergotised condition of pasture
grass is the cause of abortion.

Pregnancy in itself alters the nutritive equilibrium of
parts, and hence predisposes to disease, especially of the
generative organs; it produces important though tem-
porary systemic changes. The pulse beats more rapidly,
the amount of carbonic anhydride excreted from the lungs
is altered, the constituents of certain excretions, especially
she urine, are modified, the appetite often becomes depraved,
and the state of the nervous system different from ordi-
aary. ‘These changes culminate in the special phenomena
of parturition and lactation, and with decline of the latter
liminishes the predisposition to disease from pregnancy.
The conditions of surrounding atr may predispose to
lisease. Many specific disorders originate through vola-
jille contagions conveyed through the air and taken up
ihrough the respiratory mucous membrane ; this is termed
60 BOVINE PATHOLOGY

Inrection. Again, the air has an important influence on
respiration and cutaneous exhalations. When loaded
with deleterious gases it may act as a poison, but if these
be present only in small quantities it may simply produce
local disorder. Variations in the surrounding air consist
principally in moisture, temperature, or purity. When
moisture is deficient, but the air warm, the skin acts
readily but the muscular system is relaxed, hence the
system is predisposed to hernize. Tetanus is prevalent
in countries with such a prevailing climate as this, and
diseases become acute. Warmth, with moisture, while
determining blood to the skin, lessens the escape of
moisture from the surface and from the lungs; thus a
sluggish lymphatic condition is induced, and the animal is
predisposed to dropsical effusions and low fevers. These
conditions are specially favorable to the growth and
multiplication of vegetable organisms, fungi, such as give
rise to anthracoid disorders and intermittent fevers. Cold,
with dryness, produces just the reverse effects, and gives
a yery low rate of mortality. It is remarked that the
first touch of frost checks the ravages of an epi-
zootic. These conditions tend to slowness and stunted
growth, but produce hardihood, and are favorable to
the healing of wounds without the occurrence of septic
accidents. Cold with moisture, tends to a lowering of
vital energy, and an accumulation of impurities in the
system due to defective excretion by the lungs and skin,
diseases tend to an asthenic type, internal congestions
frequently occur, and rheumatismal diseases are prevalent
and severe. But where currents of air give rise to draughts
‘they are active agents in production of disorder, they
disturb the nervous system and originate inflammation
in that organ which is most predisposed to disease.
While warmth promotes fattening and the production of
milk, it must not be procured at the expense of venti-
lation and drainage. Unless fresh air is admitted, and
foul air escapes, and ejecta are not allowed to accumulate
the air in the cowhouse will become overloaded with
impurities which predispose to disease, will tend to make
INTRODUCTION. 61

epizootics and other specific disorders of a highly destruc-
tive character, will induce any disease which occurs to
assume a low type. The drinking water supplied to an
animal may be so impure as to originate or communicate
disease. Besides the conditions already mentioned,’ age,
sex, and conformation determine individual liability to
disease. Young animals respire quickly, have a quick pulse,
and high internal temperature, they are particularly liable to
diseases of growth, to acute inflammations, and to catarrhal
affections of the alimentary and respiratory tracts, also
their constitutional energy is hardly able to check and
counteract the ravages of entozoa. In adult animals the
tendency is to certain disorders resulting from diet, also to
diseases of the generative system. In old animals we
find the effects of deficient energy of the heart and
degeneracy of blood-vessels ; hence metastatic congestions,
senile gangrene, and heart disorders occur especially in
them. Male animals are most liable to acute disorders,
as being endued with higher vital energy than females.
Castration materially modifies constitutional conditions,
and secures immunity from such acute disorders of the
generative organs as occur in the entire animal, facilitates
fattening, and lessens liability to injury. It causes the.
disorder known as pelvic hernia or “ gut-tie.”’ Females
run the risks of parturition and lactation, their respira-
tory, circulatory, and nervous functions are generally less
active than those of the male. Conformation and the
uses to which the animal has been put have marked
effects as predisposing causes; thus, the shortness of
the neck of the ox accounts for his frequent attacks of
apoplexy, and too free exercise of generative powers
will bring about atrophy of the bull’s testes. Previous
disease of an organ predisposes it to renewal of an attack.
Sometimes only imperfect repair occurs, and the partially
formed tissue is liable to again become the seat of morbid

changes, even without the action of any appreciable
 excitant. Recurrent abscesses are of this nature, as also
certain forms of dysentery. Exciting causes are varied,
such as exposure to currents of cold air, sudden transition
62 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

from cold to heat, mechanical and chemical irritants.
They will be specified under the heading of each disease.
The general symptoms manifested by cattle suffering
from acute disorders are dulness and separation from the
-rest of the herd, unwillingness to move, a “ hide bound”
or “staring”? condition of the coat (cutis anserina). -
The animals do not lick themselves or one another,
nor stretch properly on rising; dryness of wmufile,
failure or deficiency of the appetite, and cessation of
rumination. In the milch cow the lacteal secretion. is
diminished or suppressed. Frequently when these are
observed examination by the experienced will detect
fever and even local disorder, but generally we have only.
the history of the case to determine any efforts against
special contingencies. Nursing must here be relied
upon. The patient must be housed ina moderately warm,
well-ventilated place, frictions applied to the surface, and
laxative, easily digestible matter given as food; change of
diet being particularly beneficial, but the appetite must be
tempted, not forced. A diffusible stimulant will be
useful under these circumstances, it may divert an inflam-
matory attack, and is so evanescent that it will not influence
any disorder which may assert itself shortly after. The
experience of many observers has sanctioned also the
administration of a laxative saline dose at the same time.
The alimentary canal being so extensive in the ox is often
laden with matter of an indigestible character, which will
tend to aggravate local or general disorder. The Punse
of the ox may be taken at the submaxillary artery, the
vessel of the right side being felt by the right hand
passed over the neck, while the left hand holds the left
horn ; at the brachial within and rather to the front of the
elbow-joint, the hand being passed round the front of the
limb to its junction with the trunk; at the large
metacarpal above and behind the fetlock; ‘at the middle
coccygeal on the middle line of the root of the tail; at the
carotids in the channel of the neck; and at the anterior
auricular in front of the root of the conchial cartilage.
Different practitioners make a practice of selecting each one

4
INTRODUCTION, 63

of these vessels. The submaxillary we find the generally
most convenient ; it is smaller and less firmly bound down,
and therefore suffersmore displacement than the correspond-
ing vessel in the horse; also the arrangement of the lower
margin of the inferior maxilla and masseter externus are
less advantageous for accurate determination of its position,
and the pulse can not be estimated here when the animal
is feeding. The brachial or radial artery will afford useful
indications after a little practice; the large metacarpal —
is a vessel of considerable size, and can be conveniently
felt without disturbing a patient who chances to be ina
recumbent position. The pulse in the ox is small, slow,
and frequent as compared with that of the horse, its beats
average 46 per minute. In the young animal it is
faster (65—65).

‘Pregnancy causes irregularity of the pulse, and con-
siderable increase in frequency. Digestion produces in-
creased fulness and sharpness; and Dobson tells us :—
“Animals in warm cowsheds and in plethoric condition
will have the number of beats increased several strokes
per minute as compared with their brethren in the straw-
yard and the field.” Williams says:—“In the cow
during rumination it may be observed that the pulse is 70
or 80 a minute, and the respirations not more than ten.
Indeed, the pulse of the cow in a state of confinement, in
so far as regards the number of its beats, cannot. be de-
pended upon in the diagnosis of disease; the states of
pregnancy and obesity, the effects of artificial food, and
of the activity of the lactiferous glands, as well as the ex-
citement caused by the act of rumination, generally pro-
duce such an impression upon the nervous system as to
cause the action of the heart to be much increased, such
increase being entirely consistent with a state of perfect
health in an animal so circumstanced.”

Useful information is gained by examining the heart’s
action by auscultation, placing the head against the
side. The “venous pulse” is the periodical change in
calibre of a vein, which sometimes results from regurgi-
tation of blood into it. It is seen at the jugulars in heart
64 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

disease, but in health generally the action of the carotid
artery causes changes in the jugular which lead to appa-
rently pulsating movements.

The normal rempERATuRE of the ox, as taken at the
rectum, is 88° C.—38°5° C., according to Colin; 38°9° C.
(Siedamgrotsky) ; 89° C. (Zundel) ; oxen and cows 100°8°
F. during confinement, and 101:8° F. during work or at
liberty; calves and stirks, 100-9° F. to 101°9 F. (Armatage).

Variations resulting from ordinary conditions of the--
system are but slight, seldom amounting to more than
1° F. Any rise above this must be considered suspicious.
as indicating the presence of fever. The reading will be
higher in a young animal and lower than the normal mean
in a very old animal. Ingestion of food, exercise, and
change of external temperature cause slight variation.
The thermal regulators of the body are very efficient during
health. When fever sets in, escape of heat is prevented and
its generation increased ; in typhoid disorders and shortly
before death heat generation is interfered with, and the
temperature markedly falls. The rectum should always be
the seat of thermometric observations in the ox, and the
routine already recommended should be always carried out.
The temperature of the vagina is somewhat lower.

Respiration is performed in the adult ox about fifteen
times per minute. The acts are slightly more frequent in
the calf (18—20). They vary in number somewhat with
surrounding conditions, but any marked increase or
decrease in number must, if permanent, be attributed to
disease. The increase which results from exercise quickly
disappears when the animal is placed at rest. We have
already alluded to the remarkable difference in position
between the horse and ox suffering from pulmonary dis-
order; while the former stands persistently, the latter
rests on the lower part of the chest and on the abdomen.
The position which an animal assumes during an acute
attack is often diagnostic or even pathognomonic. This
may be seen in tetanus, in hoven, and many other
diseases.

The Covauof the ox is shorter and less powerful than that
INTRODUCTION. 65

f the horse. It may become almost pathognomonic in
ertain diseases, as especially pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa.
n our determination of disease of the ox, as in those
f most other dumb animals, we have to rely principally
n OBJECTIVE Symptoms, which are independent of the
nimal’s sensations, rather than upon those suBsEcTIVE in-
ications conveyed by the animal himself. Nevertheless,
re have a few of the latter to guide us, such as shaking
£ the feet in eczema epizootica, backing in pelvic hernia,
nd flinching when pressure is applied to the intercostal
paces in cases of pleuritis. The expression of the animal
3 often the means of conveyance of useful information
o us; the retracted condition of the angles of the
aouth in trismus, the wild look in rabies, the staring
f the eyes under acute abdominal pain, and the altered
xpression due to opacity of the eye are familiar to
nost practitioners. General sensation is sometimes per-
erted or lost, and is tested by inserting a pin into a limb
resumed to be paralysed. The movements of the animal
aay be stiff as in tetanus, rheumatism, &ec., or the inter-
erence may amount to absolute lameness, due either to
isorder of the affected limb or to sympathy with other
arts, as may be observed in the lameness of the right
ore-limb in liver disorder. The visible mucous mem-
ranes of the ox during health somewhat vary in colour.
‘he Schneiderian is moist and pink, but under disease
aay become livid, yellow, scarlet, or very pale, ulcerated,
nd covered with discharge of a nature varying according
> the case, mucous, purulent, sanguineous, &c. The
ning membrane of the mouth is very dense in the ox,
eveloped into horny papille on the inner surface of the
heek and the dorsum of the tongue, and modified to form
he dental pad at its antero-superior part. It sometimes
xhibits abrasions either from coarse material taken into the
iouth, or from the sharp prominences of the molar teeth.
n other cases it has vesicles of a specific or ordinary cha-
acter upon it ; in febrile cases it is dry. While observing
is condition we can note also the characters of the saliwa,
‘hich may be profuse, constituting Pryatism, as seen in
5
66 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

injuries of the mouth or mercury poisoning, or defi-
cient. Sometimes it is materially altered in . quality,
thus it may be viscid (“ropy’’) or fcetid, as in some
cases of tetanus. In cases of enteritis and other abdo-
minal inflammatory disorders, the rectum will, on manual
exploration, be found markedly elevated in temperature,
and its mucous membrane may protrude somewhat
through the anus, being of a bright scarlet colour. In
prolapsus recti it forms a rounded purple mass, its walls
being thickened by gelatinous deposit. This mucous
membrane is the seat of tumours (hemorrhoids or piles)
which may protrude after expulsion of the faeces. Manual
exploration of the rectum of the ox presents no special
features. The feces are soft, pultaceous, and form a
rounded cake of a dark greenish-brown colour. They may
be altered in quality or quantity, scanty or wanting as in
constipation and costiveness, profuse in diarrhcea and dy-
sentery, mixed with much mucus in the former and with
blood in the latter case. The nature of the diet and the
activity or inertness of the liver alter their qualities, while
their odour also is very variable. The mucous membrane
of the vulva may be altered in colour, ulcerated, or the
seat of profuse discharge of a purulent, mucous, or san-
guineous nature; it becomes congested during cestrum.
The conjunctiva during health is of a rosy colour where it
lines the eyelids, and transparent where it invests the
cornea. In the latter position it may become opaque and
clouded, in the former of a bright scarlet in cases of
fever, yellow in liver disease, pale in anemia, &c. The
tears may be profuse, as in local irritation, blocking of the
ductus ad nasum, and in the early stages of catarrh; acrid,
‘as in certain blood diseases; mucous or purulent under
inflammation. The eyes may be over sensitive to light,
in consequence of which the eyelids droop ; frequently the
Meibomian secretion is profuse and adhesive, and the eye-
lids are swollen. The conditions of the alimentary canal
afford some useful indications. Examination of the mouth
may detect diseased teeth, presence of foreign bodies, é&c.
Enlargement may be present along the cervical portion of
INTRODUCTION. 67

the course of the cesophagus, due either to presence of
-an impacted body, or to a dilated state of the tube. De-
glutition may be difficult (dysorexia) or the appetite
impaired or absent (anorexia).
Navsza may be present or vomirion, the former being
an uncomfortable sensation, manifested by attempts to
return matters from the stomach for expulsion from the
body, the latter being a successful performance of the act.
These are due to irritability of the stomach, and evacua-
tion of the contents of the ramen somewhat readily occurs
in the ox, in consequence of the adaptation of the cesophagus
for regurgitation, as well as downward passage of food.
Borzoryema is abnormal rumbling of the bowels, such as
may be observed after administration of drastic purgatives.
Often it depends on accumulation of gas in the stomach or
intestines, FLATULENCE, or TyMPANY. The conditions of the
abdomen, whether diminished in size, “tucked up” as in
acute disorders, or distended by gas, tumours, or food
accumulations, should be noted. The size, movements, and
general conditions of the thoracic walls also vary.
The Urine or THE ox normally has a specific gravity of
1030—1040, a yellowish-white colour, a special odour, and
an alkaline reaction. Its chemical, physical, and micro-
scopical characters vary much with different conditions of
life and in disease. The specific gravity may be tested by
the urinometer, or by specific-gravity globules. The urine
will be found modified, under various circumstances, in
quality and quantity, and especially in proportions of its
several constituents.
- ‘Tue Sern oF rae ox exhibits a fair amount of activity.
Animals in health keep it clean by licking, and thus often
introduce hairs intothe stomach. Perspiration may occur |
generally or locally under disease, and the perverted con-
ditions of the cutaneous -secretions in weak patients, and
those with a scrofulous tendency, as also dirt accumulations,
predispose to local irritations, and invasion by vegetable
or animal parasites.

The exprrep Arr has an odour characteristic of the
animal, due to effete matter which it carries from the
68 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

system. Its temperature and odour vary. Thus, it may
be cold in later stages of asthenic disorders, warm in acute
attacks, foetid in gangrenous disease of the lungs.

Our prognosis, when medically attending the lower
animals, does not hold in view simply the chances of a fatal
result ; we have to consider our cases from a pecuniary point.
of view, and to determine promptly for the owner the length
of time which will elapse before return to health, and also
whether the value of the animal after recovery will be such
as to make treatment an advantage to the owner. Prompt
decision is especially called in a case of disease in the ox,
for the flesh of an animal slaughtered in the early stages of
some diseases, before the system has been interfered with
by medicinal agents, may be used for human food. This
seems to lessen our opportunities of tracing cases of dis-
ease in the ox from commencement to termination, and
proves a very sharp test as to the correctness of our dia-
gnoses. We often have an animal brought under our
notice in sufficiently good condition to fetch a good price
from the butcher. The owner propounds the following
questions in order :— What is the matter with this animal ?
Will it be likely to die? How soon will it recover?
Will it be reduced considerably ? and, if so, how Jong wall
it take to regain its present state of flésh? If it seems
likely to die, it is at once killed, and our diagnosis verified
or the reverse. If it is allowed to live, the prognosis is
subjected to similar smart scrutiny. With milch cows
the interference with milk supply is the source of the
owner’s solicitude; while animals kept for breeding pur- |
poses necessitate considerations of the bearings of various
disorders on the reproductive functions. In no branch
of medical study does the practitioner require skill more
than in cattle practice.

The milk varies in quality and quantity, and its production
has been much increased by artificial selection. The first
milk, colostrum or beastlings, is rich in fatty matter and
worn-out, tough, epithelial cells filled with fat globules,
It acts as a natural cathartic, freeing the bowels of the
newly-born calf from the accumulation of biliary and other
INTRODUCTION. 69

atters which constitute the meconium. The milk may
> bloody, may contain pus or specific virus. It requires
yecial examination in each case of disorder, for in some
stances it can convey disease to animals of other species,
rentoman. Dears of the ox may take place by either of
ie above described methods, necremia being observable
. such disease as anthrax, according to some pathologists,
hile others attribute the fatal result to asphyxia. With
gard to MORBID CHANGES, the degenerations of various
inds are frequent, especially the caseous and calcareous,
id. the tendency of disease is to the production of deposits
: a lymphy or serous character rather than to gangrene
id ulceration. Abscesses are frequent, metastases seldom
xcur, hemorrhages are rather frequent. Inflammation
mds rather to the chronic type, and is less frequent than
. most other animals subjected to similarly complex
ynditions as the ox. Hpizootic and enzootic diseases will
scupy a great deal of our space as being of great
nportance, numerous, and widespread, causing immense
anual loss to stock owners, and often directly related
» human disorders.

In the treatment of the diseases of the ox palliative
\easures are often important as giving time for fattening
:as preserving an animal useful for breeding or dairy
arposes. Curative means of medicinal character are
‘ten hampered by our deficiency in information as to the
yecific influence of certain agents on the ox and the doses
. which they should be administered. Surgical opera-
ons of minor importance as cesophagotomy, tracheotomy,.
id puncture of the rumen are frequent, while major
yerations, amputations, lithotomy, laparotomy, &c., are
scasionally resorted to and might be more frequent, but
e have already mentioned how our bovine patients are
equently handed over to the butcher without our having
id a fair trial of curative means. In accordance with
weity of major operations anesthetics are seldom re-
rted to, but various means of restraint are adopted.
ltogether cattle are not endowed with high nervous
ganisation, and will therefore stand operations very well,
70 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and are correspondingly seldom the subjects of collapse.
Thus artificial respiration is not very frequently required,
fortunately so, for when brought about by pressure rhyth-
mically applied to the thoracic walls it is imperfect, and
seldom effectual in our larger patients. The ox is usually
held by one horn, the thumb and forefinger of the dis-
engaged hand being introduced into the nostrils and
pressed together against the septum narium, or the familiar
“bull-dog” is fixed to the nostrils in a somewhat similar
manner and held in the hand. (See Fig. 6.)

 

Fig. 6.—The “Bulldogs” applied. (Armatage.)

The SiprLinz is sometimes fixed on the ox as on the
horse.

In minor operations on the posterior parts of the body,
the hind legs are fixed together by means of a double
hobble or tied by a rope, which commences at the right
hind limb, involves the left in a loop, and is tied in front
to the right fore limb above the fetlock. This is termed
* shackling.”

Hossies are also used for throwing the ox. It is ad-
visable to fix them above the fetlocks. Calves may be
thrown by drawing one hind leg forwards with the side-
line and pushing at the opposite quarter.

Rorss. ‘The ox is very frequently thrown just as is the
INTRODUCTION. » 71

horse when the long cart rope is used for securing the
animal for castration. (See Fig. 7.)

Dressing the feet of the ox, as in eczema epizootica,
may be effected either by means of a long stick with some
tow fixed on the end, or, when the hind feet are to be
’ treated, by raising the foot towards a beam by a hobble

 

Fre. 7.—An Ox prepared for casting. a. Seat of incision in ruminotomy.
(Armatage.)

fixed above the hock, the rope passing from it over the beam
and its free end held by assistants. Another method is to
pass a pole between the hind legs and have the limb sup-
ported just above bend of the hock by a man at each end
of the pole in such a way as to raise the limb as much as
required,

Slinging of the ox is not often resorted to. It too
much interferes with digestive and respiratory processes.

Four drachms of chloroform administered to a two-year
old heifer caused slow and laboured respirations at the
end of a minute, at two and a half minutes the animal
staggered, and at three and a half minutes fell to the
ground. At six minutes the breathing had become more
laborious. At six and a half minutes the animal seemed
. completely insensible, the pupils were fully dilated, the
conjunctivee congested. The sponge was now removed.
72, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

At ten minutes respiration became quick and agitated ; at
eleven minutes the animal got up but had much difficulty
in standing ; shortly afterwards it staggered into the straw-
yard. Morton gave four ounces of chloroform to a heifer,
and it produced no insensibility, the animal only seeming
to be intoxicated by it (‘ Veterinary Record,’ vol. iv).

Method of administration of chloroform to large animals.
—It is essential that the animal be cast previous to
administration, otherwise he will be uncontrollable in the
preliminary stage of excitation. Then a due admixture
of air must be ensured by the use of an apparatus with
two tubes, one of which communicates with the outer air
the other passing from the chloroform vessel, each fitting
at the other extremity into a nostril; several inhalers
varying slightly in form have been suggested. Or a
sponge with chloroform poured on it may be held against
the muzzle, and the hand and muzzle loosely covered with
a cloth, the chloroform being renewed from time to time.
The amount of chloroform essential for the production of
insensibility to external impressions varies much in different
cases, and must be regulated by the judgment of the
chloroformist. If after the operation is completed the
animal does not regain sensibility sufficiently soon, cold
water may be thrown over the body and air freely
admitted. a

Why nursing should not be utilised to the full in
treatment of cattle affections, when circumstances are
favorable, we cannot say, but in some quarters there
seems to be a prejudice against nursing an ox. It must
be our duty in every case to ensure such nursing means as
we have already indicated, they will very materially assist
our medicines ; even rough methods of preserving a com-
fortable warmth of the surface of the body and a due
supply of fresh air, and a draught of cool water so refresh-
ing to the palate of a feverish patient, are valuable.

The prevention of disease consists in the careful super-
vision of those details of management which experience
has suggested as best for various kinds of animals, but it
assumes a special character when we are requested to
INTRODUCTION. 73

check the ravages of an epizootic in a herd or to prevent
access of a dreaded disorder. ‘
In such cases 1s0LaTion must be rigidly enforced, all
predisposing and exciting causes must be removed or
obviated. The slightest trace-of disease, of any kind, in
one or more of the animals, must lead to SEGREGATION.
Measures of DISINFECTION of houses, utensils, and atten-
dants, must be carried out with energy; and to effect
this, the manager of the herd must be a thoroughly reli-
able man. Under these circumstances we shall probably
succeed in our efforts to prevent or limit an invasion.

Szction 3.

In the present section we will place before our readers
as succinctly as possible the therapeutical actions of
‘such medicinal agents as have been utilised in the
treatment of cattle, availing ourselves of modern thera-
peutical ideas, of the researches which have recently been
occupying observers of the actions of medicines, and of
the assistance of the several works on veterinary medicine
and pharmacy, which have been presented to the profes-
sion. We shall follow in the main the system adopted
by Headland in his most admirable ‘Action of Medi-
cines,’ adapting this to our special requirements. We
shall use the tabular form as most economical of space,
and shall so arrange matters that we may utilise our
system afterwards in our notice of toxicology.

For ADMINISTRATION to the ox agents are generally prepared
in a draught (or “‘ Drench’’), soluble matters being dissolved
in the water, which is usually the principal vehicle, insoluble
matters being in a state of powder and suspended. Drenches
are preferred for the ox because they can be readily ad-
ministered, act sooner than solid masses, and probably al-
most always mainly pass into the third and fourth stomachs
directly without delay in the rumen, and the chance of
rejection during rumination. In practice a bottle with
a gradually tapering neck is found to be useful for ad-
74 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ministering the dose. Generally the head of the patient
is straightened on the neck by drawing the muzzle
forwards and upwards, the nostrils being grasped so as
not materially to interfere with respiration. Preferably,
however, the head is flexed to the right, and the admin-
istrator stands with his back against the right shoulder,
keeps the left hand partially in the left side of the mouth,
and gives the draught with the right. The opening
of the bottle is then inserted into the mouth, and the
contents gradually allowed to pass down towards the
pharynx; sometimes the drenching horn is used, but the
bottle is preferable as giving continuous, steady, and
ready flow. This operation is much easier than adminis-
tration of a draught to a horse, the ox receives his drench
more quickly, and loses hardly any. It is necessary to
cease the operation when any sign of coughing appears.
An ordinary cattle drench measures from a pint and a half
to two pints. Cases of suffocation from passage of fluid
into the larynx and trachea occur sometimes, as we shall
detail hereafter. This is liable to take place in attacks
of parturient apoplexy, and must be avoided by giving
any medicines the animal requires by means of the
stomach pump. Some practitioners consider balls useful

   

Fig. 8.—The Stomach-pump in use. (Armatage.)

for the ox, others as strongly object to them. Aloes
may be conveniently and beneficially administered in this
INTRODUCTION, 75

form; its active principle is soluble in alkaline solu-
tions, such as the secretion of the rumen, and hence
becomes more rapidly absorbed than it would have been
if it had passed at once into the true digestive stomach.
Few other agents are better given in solid form than in a
drench, powders do not harmonise well with the ordinary
food of the ox, and would probably pass directly into the
huge mass of masticated matter in the torpid rumen of the
diseased animal.

Ememas (injections, clysters, or glysters) may be either
gaseous or liquid. The former, as tobacco smoke, &c.,.
are well worthy of more frequent trial. They are easily
administrable, and prove local sedatives in enteritic dis-
orders. They are administered with an enema tube con-
nected by a long flexible pipe with a vessel in which
tobacco is burnt. Liquid enemas are administered to
produce either local or general effect. In the latter case
they form the vehicle of such agents as are most readily
absorbed from the large intestines such as strychnia.
Locally, they act as fomentations, demulcents, and laxa-

 

Fie. 9.—Application of steam to the nostrils. (Armatage.)

tive means. In the latter respect they are most useful,
76 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

softening any feecal accumulations, and arousing peristalsis
in a simple but effectual manner. They should be admin-
istered in such quantity that they will be retained for
some time, and may be injected by means of the enema
syringe, Reid’s pump, or the gravitation funnel.
Inhalations of chloroform, steam, chlorine, and carbolic
acid are used in cattle practice, the first has been noticed
as anesthetic. Chlorine, under the form of Vapor Chlori, is
generated in a loose box or stable, into which are collected
calves suffering from bronchitis parasitica. It acts as a

 

Fig. 10.—Method of covering the nostrils for steaming. (Armatage.)

very powerful irritant, gives rise to distressing cough,
and expulsion of numbers of the strongyles which cause
the disorder. Vapor Acidi Carbolici is generated for
internal disinfection by pouring some of the Calvert’s
acid into a pan resting on a tripod, a box in the bottom
of the pan holding a red hot flat iron heater. The box
and the animals become thoroughly disinfected, but the
beneficial effects have not been proved as far as internal
disinfection is concerned.

The thickness of the skin of the ox prevents frequent
taking up of medicinal matters into the system after in-
unction. Intra-venous injection is sometimes practised, as
also is the absorption of medicines from an abraded sur-
face, but administration of agents by the skin may best
INTRODUCTION. 77

be by subcutaneous injection. The syringe for this pur-
pose (see Fig. 11) is small, and can conveniently he
carried in the pocket; has its barrel graduated, and made

 

Fie. 11.—Hypodermic Syringe. (Armatage.)

of glass; generally has a handle to its piston, every complete
turn of which expels a known quantity of the contents, and
a nozzle shaped like a trocar with a side opening of exit.
The puncture is scarcely noticed by the animal, and
should preferably be made where the subcutaneous areolar
tissue is plentiful and the skin thin. By this means ex-
tremely small doses of very potent agents may be given
‘with certainty. We must conclude, then, that methods of
administration to the ox are seldom other than by drench.

M. Taborin estimates the dose for the ox to average Sths
that requisite for the horse, but specific differences be-
tween the animals, as far as the actions of different agents
go, render this useful conclusion not always reliable. He
also reckons the ox’s dose three times as large as that for
the sheep.

Hertwig suggests for an animal aged one to two years
half a dose, six months to one year one quarter, three to
six months one eighth, and one to three months one
sixteenth. Pregnancy and lactation and other conditions
also influence the dosé, and we must remember that
many agents administered to the cow pass off by the
milk and affect the calf.

It is thought that all “agents which produce their
effects upon remote parts of the system must be absorbed
and added to the blood.” The phenomena of certain
cases of poisoning hardly enable us to accept this dictum
unreservedly. When very large doses have been taken
78 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

death completely and immediately occurs, seemingly
similar in its characters to that which has been seen to
result from a blow on the epigastrium. These observa-
tions on poisoning in man apply to animal poisoning, but
this ‘death by shock” is quite the exception. When
agents enter the blood they circulate in its current and
act upon various organs. Accordingly they are divided
into hematics, neurotics, eliminatives, and astringents.

 

Fra. 12.—Clyster Syringe, with elastic tube and ebony pipe; used also as a
stomach-pump.
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INTRODUCTION.

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SHAILVAOLSAY.

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4

BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

80

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INTRODUCTION,

“uastehyd—noiqesr[es asnjoad sesnvo soujauos ‘pardde Aypenteqxo ‘tASr1eipy wnyuensuy

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SHAILVNIWITS

 
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

82

(oe age Zo uoTyeroNEd soyyahy ong quoaord squeSe xeqyo pus soudarguy (‘aif ‘esoq) |

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BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

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INTRODUCTION, 85

Besides the agents administered medicinally, certain
drugs gain a place in the Pharmacopewia as constituting
useful and convenient means of giving bulk to remedies,
whether for internal or external use. Such are—

Kecipients, as common mass, formed of equal parts of
linseed meal and treacle thoroughly intermingled. Gly-
cerine and linseed meal, or soft soap, vaseline or lard
are used for this purpose; but agents of this kind are not
used much for the ox, as

Vehicles, fluid media, are more frequently considered
necessary. Water is the most common, the active sub-
stances being either dissolved or suspended in it. Gruel
is also very useful for this purpose, and.in many cases the
medicines may be given in beer.

The application of boiling water, as mentioned above, to
the sides or other parts of an animal, must be effected by
dipping a blanket in the water and keeping it held upagainst
the part from each side. As soon as it begins to cool, more
boiling water is baled into it, and the process is thus con-
tinued for half-an-hour or upwards. Then to the surface'a
little stimulating liniment may be applied to keep up the
excitation and prevent a relapse. Considerable serous
effusion into the subcutaneous areolar tissue will result.
This is a most valuable means of external stimulation.

Blistering should be performed by removal of the hair
‘from the part by means of scissors or the clipper, and well
rubbing in the ointment for about ten minutes. The action
of the agent seldom runs too high, but in such a case the
removal of any remains of the blister is called for, and
alkaline or anodyne lotions must subsequently be applied.
Occasionally too extensive application leads to absorption
of the vesicant and constitutional symptoms of its medi-
cinal or poisonous action.

Fomentations must be continuously applied, of uniform
temperature, as much as possible, and when necessary
may be medicated.

Poultices or cataplasmata must be of soft consistence,
moist, but not too watery—generally are made with lin-
seed meal and bran. Boiled turnips are sometimes used
86 . BOVINE PATHOLOGY. eet

for this purpose. Several special cataplasms are used:
Cat. Fermenti and Cat. Carbonis. The substance known as
spongio-piline retains moisture well, and has all the bene-
- ficial influence of a poultice when properly applied.
Disinfection after the outbreak of a contagious disorder
in a cowhouse should comprise removal of animals from
the house and their quarantine until after the termination
of the period of incubation of the disorder, strict super-
vision being resorted to, and sometimes internal disin-
fection. Special attendants should be told off to diseased
animals, and not. be allowed to approach healthy ones
except after thorough disinfection; destruction by burn-
ing of bedding and minor appliances such as are inex-
pensive and easily replaceable ; thorough scraping, scalding,
and disinfection of walls, partitions between stalls, and
major utensils. The drains should be sluiced out with
bucketfuls of water and carbolic acid (l—40). The walls
should be limewashed, each pail of the wash containing
half-a-pint of crude carbolic acid. If the flooring is of round
flints, these should be taken up, and the sub-soil removed.
This soil frequently harbours contagia. Then the doors
and windows should be thrown open, and the place
remain thus exposed for about a fortnight, and, if pos-
sible cattle not be readmitted under six weeks. When
animals must remain in the house, chlorinated lime may
be sprinkled about the floor after it has been thoroughly
cleansed, and also thrown down the drains, or ‘cloths
dipped in solution of carbolic acid may be hung up in the
place, or the carbolic fumigation may be resorted to.
Thorough cleanliness and ventilation must also be secured.
It remains for us to describe two surgical means of
treatment of great value in cattle practice :
Bloodletting—venesection, or phlebotomy—is performed
at the superficial jugular. This vessel is very large, and
is compressed by means of a cord tied round the neck at
the posterior part. The knot must be of a special kind,
such as is shown in Fig. 12, that it may be easily loosened
when it is considered advisable to check the flow of escaping
blood. The fleam, or lancet, must have a large blade, and be
INTRODUCTION. 87

sharp and in good condition, that it may penetrate the
thick hide freely. The animal having been duly secured

 

Fie. 12.—Ox prepared for bleeding. The place at which the vein is opened
indicated by the mark (a) at the lower portion of the neck. (Armatage.)

by an attendant, and the cord fastened, the head is some-
what flexed to the side opposite the seat of operation.

     

  

Kh i
\\\ \ =
N AN

 
  

‘
\\

   
   

Fra. 13.—Bleeding fleam.

The operator places the instrument longitudinally to the
course of the distended vein, and inserts by a single stroke.
When a sufficient amount has been removed, as indicated
by the state of the pulse, in accordance with the condition
of the animal, the cord should be removed, and the wound
closed by means of a pin suture retained by a strand of
tow wrapped round in a figure of eight manner. Bleeding
produces a sudden and powerful impression on the nervous
system of a sedative nature, seriously debilitates the
88 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

animal, and its effects last for some time. The blood
pressure is not affected long after cessation of the opera-
tion, for fluid matters are rapidly absorbed from the
tissues to keep up the due bulk of the blood. It very
seriously diminishes the number of red corpuscles present,
but increases the amount of fibrin in the blood. This
means is seldom called for except in relief of acute con-
gestions which threaten to bring about speedy death.
Local bleedings by scarifications and opening of vessels is
seldom resorted to in treatment of cattle. The temporal
artery has sometimes been opened in attempt to relieve
congestion of the brain, but the vessel is difficult of access.
The cephalic, saphena, and superficial abdominal veins are
sometimes opened.

Setons produce long-continued and considerable inflam-
mation, resulting in suppuration. They may be inserted by
means of the ordinary seton needle, which can be removed
from the handle, or by a fixed needle which has the eye
near the point (see Fig. 14), it is threaded after insertion,
and then withdrawn. The dewlap is the general seat of this_
operation, but setons may be introduced into other parts, as

through fistule, &c. They are usually inserted transversely
through the dewlap, and may be simple or medicated with
blistering ointment or turpentine solution of croton.

 

Fig. 14.—Seton needle with fixed handle.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, 89

CHAPTER II.—DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.
Section 1.—Non-sreciric AsnormaL Conpitions.

Tue blood of the ox forms only th of the weight of his
body, that of the horse being estimated at ith. Tts red
corpuscles are larger (ox, 4, mm.; horse, =, mm.), and
form a greater portion of the bulk of the blood, but do
not exhibit such a marked tendency to aggregate into rou-
leaux as is observable in the horse. The blood does not,
under ordinary circumstances, give a buffy coat on coagula-
tion. Fibrin-forming materials and fat are present in larger
quantity, water, albumen, and salines being less plentiful.
(See Cotin’s ‘ Traitéde Physiologie Comparée des Animanux.’)
The vital fluid must be considered as a tissue, the red
corpuscles constituting its essential elements. These,

 

Fie. 15.—Red blood-globules.

from the nature of their duties as oxygen bearers, must
occur in a fluid medium, such as is the Liquor Sanguinis.
This Liquor Sanguinis consists of an albuminous solution
of salines of a most varied character, sufficing for the
supply of every requisite to any tissue in the body. Be-
sides the red corpuscles, colourless bodies or leucocytes are
found. They are independent cell-like bodies capable of
spontaneous motion, and of deriving their support from the
surrounding fluid. They become converted into the red
90 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

corpuscles in all probability, and in addition have been
found to migrate through the walls of the capillaries into
the interspaces between the cells of which the tissues are
composed ; whether or not they thus nourish the tissues is
unknown. The blood of the ox has a specific gravity of
1060, and gives off a characteristic milky odour when
fresh, or when a little sulphuric acid is added to it. The
blood being circulated through the blood-vessels, mainly
by the action of the heart, requires for its proper functional
activity due bulk and viscidity and a proper chemical
composition. It must consist of the right constituents in
the right proportions. It may be excessively poor or rich
according to the conditions of its nutritive supply. It
may be irregularly distributed through the vessels as in
congestion with variations in rapidity of flow, and perhaps.
of tissue interchanges. It is these latter which most
materially affect the composition of the blood. Every
tissue of the body bears during health the relation of an
excretory organ to every other part; by the combined
action of all the blood should be kept in a proper condi-
tion, its nutritive supplies being’ especially important.
The excretory organs proper have especially the duty of
removing impurities ; if one of them acts imperfectly the
rest may endeavour to atone for its deficiencies by vicarious
action, but they do not always do so successfully. Thus,
uremic and jaundice cases occur. Sometimes poisons,
whether specific or ordinary, gain entry from without and
cause serious disorder. The blood being a generally
diffused tissue, we must look for general symptoms during
its disorders; there will be an indefiniteness and want of
localisation about them which to the unscientific man will
make them seem most obscure; but we, armed with our
full list of hamatics and eliminatives, view them with more
confidence. While the causes of blood disorders often lie
in defective nutrition or elimination, or in the addition of
poisonous matter from without, not unfrequently may
diseases of this generally diffused tissue be found due to
extension of disorder from some of the tissues through
which it rushes in its circulatory course. Thus may be
| Bene DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, 9)

ma

accounted for the frequency of symptomatic fever consti-
tuting general disorder as a result of local inflammation.
While the tendency to this and other fevers is not very
marked in the ox, the liability to specific blood poisons is
considerable, and we shall have to treat of many special
disorders which devastate our herds and have proved the
scourge of the agriculturist from time immemorial. The
relatively small amount of blood of the ox and the larger
“size of the red globules may be, perhaps, considered the
cause of the immunity from general fever and from inflam-
mation leading to ill effects after major operations, which is
observable in bovine practice as compared with equine.
At the same time we must remember, too, that some parts
of the body, as the alimentary canal, receive a great deal
of blood, and that the venous system is remarkable for its
largeness as compared with the arterial.

a Nutritive Hecess—Hyprrtropuy or THz Bioop (War-
SON), Piernora—vulgarly known as Fulness of Blood—
results from high activity of the blood-forming organs,
whereby the blood becomes loaded with red and white
corpuscles. This condition is denoted by redness of
‘visible mucous membranes with a tendency to active
hemorrhages, a full, -bounding pulse, high constitu-
tional vigour, and tendency to thrive and lay on fat.
Such a state of the body as this can not be considered
disease, but predisposition to apoplectic and acute inflam-
matory affections. We are familiar with the frequency
of black quarter in yearling calves in a highly plethoric
condition. The causes of plethora are excess of food,
vigour to appropriate nutritive matters, and insufficient
exercise to bring about a.demand for fresh material pro-
portioned to the supply. Treatment must therefore con-
sist in urgent cases in abstraction of blood, whereby
plethora is at once relieved ; in gradual reduction of
diet, exhibition of laxatives, and giving the animal a wide-
and not too rich pasture to graze over. It is the custom
to insert a seton in the dewlap that the resulting suppura-
tion may drain away the precursors of the red corpuscles.
This certainly lessens the predispositions above mentioned.
92 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

When growth ceases to draw largely upon nutritive
supplies plethora often occurs, and a somewhat similar
throwing back of blood on the system takes place at
parturition, to be relieved by lactation.

B. Nutritive Deficiency —AtRoPHY or THE Broop, AN#-
mia, debility, poverty of the blood. The principal additions
tothe blood occur from the alimentary canal,any impediment
to this source of supply gives rise to anemia. Imperfect
performance of subsidiary or principal digestive functions,
defective absorption, imperfect assimilation, or insufficient
or improper alimentary matter and excessive removal
of material from the blood will cause debility, hence it
results from fluxes, persistent haemorrhages, &c.

Symptoms, general deficiency in vital energy, excita-
bility and languor, often inappetence and tendency to
indigestion. Pulse feeble, frequent, and irregular ; heart’s -
action liable to extreme irregularity of beat. Mucous
membranes very pale. Coldness of the extremities and a
peculiar sound audible over the larger veins, “ venous
murmurs.” Rapid wasting, and frequently the patient is
found to be covered with lice. Often this disorder is due
to scrofulous tumours internally, or tosome specific disorder
which has interfered with the nutritive properties of the
blood. The essential morbid lesion consists in deficiency of
blood-corpuscles. It has been supposed that this results from
an abnormally watery state of the serum whereby the red
globules.absorb moisture in excess and disintegrate. This
may beso, but we are inclined in the generality of cases, to
consider the excess of water rather the result of the fact that
the few red corpuscles do not suffice to stimulate suffi-
ciently the water removing organs, kidneys, and skin,
consequently the urine is scanty, and the skin dry and
tight on the emaciated body. Sometimes the excess of
water in the blood causes dropsical effusions either into.
serous and synovial cavities or into the subcutaneous areolar
tissue. Death may result either from lungs or other parts
becoming the seat of congestion, or in the manner which we
have already described, as death from anemia. It is
generally preceded by diarrhoea of an exhausting character.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 93

This state predisposes to certain disorders, especially those
of a low type and a specific character ; even small wounds
of anzemic patients may assume an ulcerative character and
‘bevery obstinate. Operations are often followed by ill effects.

Pasturage on heath lands where the herbage has an
astringent character and is unnutritious, also feeding upon
turnips which contain excess of watery material, may be
enumerated as special causes. Treatment must be directed
to removal of all causes which can possibly be in opera-
tion, by thorough change of diet and most careful nursing.
The transition to good food must not be too sudden, and
generally the administration of a laxative dose will rouse
the bowels into activity, and remove any accumulation of

‘unnutritious matter from them. Salt sprinkled over
the fodder will make it more palatable. Tonics should -be
administered, generally a combination of iron and gentian
will be found useful. Heematinic compounds are especially
indicated, but care must be taken lest too large doses be
given. at first. Under such treatment the animal will
generally be restored to health, but some cases, where the
anzmia is due to specific conditions, are incurable.

The state of the system produced by the ravages of the:
liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, known technically as “ Ca-
cHnxia Aquosa VERMINOSA,” must be mentioned here as
consisting in a true anemia. The early action of these
parasites, when they are but few and scattered in the bile
ducts throughout the extent of the liver, is one of stimula-
tion of that organ, whereby its glycogenic and bile pro-
ducing powers are increased, the effect on nutrition bemg
favorable. As these organisms increase in number they
cause thickening of the walls of the ducts and dilatation
of their passages; this is at the expense of the true liver
substance, and bile production is thus impeded, the ducts
become filled with parasites and a viscid bile. Generally
at this stage the constitutional power of the animal
enables it to withstand this. interference with the produc-
tion of bile and grape sugar. But this is not always so,
for in some years the parasites are so plentiful, and so
thoroughly invade the liver substance, as to give rise to
94 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the above-mentioned symptoms of anemia, and ultimately to
death. Such outbreaks occur after extraordinarily wet sea-

   

Fi¢. 16.—Fasciola he- Fre. 17.—Disto- Fr@. 18.—Amphistoma coni-

patica, the common ma lanceola- cum.
liver fluke. a., d., and tum.

e., its alimentary ap-

paratus.

Certain flukes, Trematodes, found in the ox (after Cobbold).

sons, when meadows have been flooded, and flocks are being
decimated by “rot.” Usually they may be seen about at
Christmas time or in the early spring. The collateral
conditions of the case, together with a yellowness of the
visible mucous membranes, will enable us to diagnose such
cases from those of simple anemia.

Our efforts must be directed to support of the strength
of the patients by the above-mentioned means. Iron and
salt are very useful as being anthelmintics. Good oil cake
is especially called for. Prophylaxis must be observed in
wet seasons, and consist of measures based on our know-
ledge of the life-history of the fasciola. The larval forms
abound in meadows (generally low-lying, and well known
to shepherds) during the later months of summer or the
earlier of autumn, according to the season. At these
times young or debilitated stock should not be turned out
to pasture in such meadows, or, if circumstances render
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 95

this a necessity, they should receive a fair allowance of
salt. The parasite which produces this disorder is that
which causes “rot”? in sheep.

Science tells us that more careful destruction of feces
_ containing myriads of ova of this parasite, whether of cattle
or sheep affected, would be beneficial, A more widely
diffused knowledge of the relations of diseases as they occur
among his live stock is essential for the agriculturist.

Post-mortem Examination of a case of anemia, while
often disclosing the special cause, invariably shows a
bloodless condition of the tissues, absence of fat, which is
replaced by gelatinous areolar tissue, muscles small and
very pale, blood forms a white clot, often before removal
from the larger blood-vessels, frequently ante-mortem
clots, which have complicated the case during life, may be
observed in the heart; they are supposed to result from
the uneven internal guriaée of the heart, whipping up the
abnormally fluid blood. Is the flesh fit for human food ?
In a case of extreme anzmia, such as has resulted in
death, we cannot hesitate to reject it. It probably has
distributed through it deleterious matter accumulated
from defective excretion; these have not been proved
injurious | to man but certainly are not beneficial, and the
flesh is devoid of nutritive matter, so cannot prove a
loss of valuable food material.

c. Nutrition Perverted.—Pyrexta, Fever, inflammation
of the blood. We have adopted this pathology of
fever after due consideration, for it seems to us that
all the phenomena of fever may be traced to perverted
nutritive conditions of the blood. This state may
originate in itself as simple fever, or by extension of inflam-
tion from some of the tissues through which the blood cir-
culates, constituting sympathetic or symptomatic fever. It
has been debated whether simple fever occurs in the lower
animals, but we cannot doubt that it does, and under this
heading may be classified those cases which exhibit an in-
definiteness of symptoms, an absence of diagnostic signs.

Symptoms.—The attack commences with a shivering
fit and general signs of disorder. Pulse quick, rather
96 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

hard, and often exhibiting a tendency to dicrotism. Mucous
membranes injected. Warmth of extremities, mouth, and
general surface of the body, with a dryness of the skin.
Respirations slightly increased in frequency. Hxcretions
deficient, hence mouth dry, bowels torpid, and urine
scanty and high coloured. Secretion of milk lessened.
Irritability of the animal is generally present. Internal
temperature elevated. Thirst considerable. As the case
_progresses there is a tendency for the different organs of
the body to become involved in the disorder. The lungs,
as being most concerned in alterations of the composition
of the blood, are liable to become the seat of congestion.
The bowels may also become affected or the liver, and,
in a less degree, other parts of the body. Thus, we often
find that cases which originate as fever pure culminate in
acute inflammation of some important vital organ. The
blood has its fibrin-formers increased, and also its amount
of fat, while the globules (generally) and the albumen
and salines are diminished. The urine owes its high
colour probably to the rapid disintegration of red
corpuscles, increased specific gravity to deficiency of
water and organic salines and increase of extractives,
hippurates, &c. Gant thus expresses his views of the
cause of one important change in the blood, “the flotilla
of oxygen-laden cells perishes seriatim from overpressed
service, and their wrecks are converted into fibrin.”
Such is the peculiar character of the blood-tissue that
it can not exhibit the ordinary characters and changes of
inflammation. It is non-vascular, yet more highly nourished
than any other, hence the changes must be manifested
only in the tissue elements. These, the red globules,
have their functions perverted, they no longer convey
oxygen satisfactorily to the tissues to stimulate them to
action, the energy of oxidation expends itself in the
breaking up of the globules. Diminution of globules
takes place, proper nutritive interchanges between the
blood and the tissues not occurring, the fluid becomes
overloaded with. impurities, and so causes disease of other
organs, the lungs being especially unwilling to allow the
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 97

passage of impure blood. Sometimes a crisis occurs, one
or more of the excretory organs (bowels, liver, and skin)
overcomes all difficulties by its inherent energies, removes
impurities, and so relieves the blood. Resolution then
occurs unless a relapse checks the salutary process. In
declining fever a lateritious sediment frequently may be
‘found in urine. Fever may be caused by any conditions
which interfere with -due removal of matter from the
blood. Thus, close and ill-ventilated houses, want of exer-
cise, and excessive feeding all predispose to the disorder,
while sudden changes of temperature, long journeys,
exposure to draughts or to severe weather prove exciting
agencies. Acute inflammation of internal organs,’ or of
any other part of the body, the presence of poisonous
material, whether ordinary or specific, in the blood, and
defective action of eliminatory organs are causes of
the symptomatic affection, which is more frequent than
the simple form. Thus, in our examination of many
disorders we shall have to allude to complicating febrile
conditions, such as those which have just received notice
from us. It is remarkable that frequently fevers abate some-
what towards mid-day. ‘Again, they may re-appear periodi-
cally, when they are termed intermittent, and generally
are due to special organisms in the blood, the periodic
activity of which accounts for-regularity of recurrence of
the disorder. Thus, ague in man is due to Spirochete,
which is supposed to be a bacterian organism, and certain
intermittent disorders affecting the ox have been described
as occurring in low districts which probably are attribu-
table to a similar cause. :

In the treatment of febrile affections nursing must
be resorted to with assiduity, the skin especially being
roused into activity by frictions. Stimulants, particularly
such as act upon the. excretory organs, as nitrous ether,
may be used with benefit. The bowels may be acted
upon by a saline laxative. The stimulants check any
tendency to local disorder by equable diffusion of blood
and nervous energy. ‘The beneficial effects of fresh air
must not be neglected in symptomatic cases. Though

7
98 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the impurities accumulated in the blood as a result of
defective excretion in fever are not known to act delete-
riously on man when the flesh is injested after cooking,
-we should when possible prevent such meat from passing
into the market. The general custom is to destroy the
animal when recovery seems hopeless, and to have it
dressed for the public; any parts which exhibit signs
of disease being rejected.

Necramia is the term which has been applied to death
of the blood en masse, such as occurs in black quarter and
certain other blood diseases. It may be observed in cases
of death resulting from a sudden and powerful alteration
in vital conditions, as is seen in animals struck by light-
ning. Probably the other tissue elements of the body,
especially the nervous, are also affected in this case, for
they, like the blood, exhibit imperfect tendency to congela-
tion, and rapidly commence to putrefy. The non-coagulation
of the blood is not present in every case, but this fluid is
always dark in colour, and any clot which forms is deficient
in firmness and permanence. Such cases never call for
treatment, but not unfrequently for determination of the
cause of death. Collateral circumstances must be care-
fully considered, and the surface of the body examined for
local discoloration or singeing; but it is quite certain
that death may occur in this manner without any injury
to the surface. A lightning shock may cause injury short
of death, as paralysis of a part. After such injuries the
principal indication is to avoid collapse by means of
stimulant agents.

D. Variations in Oonstitution. (a) Increase or de-
crease of normal constituents.

Having already dealt with such diseased conditions as
arise from irregularity of distribution of blood in the circu-
latory organs constituting the phenomena of hyperemia
and congestion, we may now examine those states which
result from variations in the constituents of the’ blood,
whether in quality or in quantity. Increase of water,
salines, &c., may occur without any appreciable influence
upon the health of the animal, simply causing predis-
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 99

position to disorder. Such is the case when excretory
organs act inefficiently, or when excessive material is
added. These states are, therefore, generally purely of a
secondary character. The- cause being removed they will
cease. Decrease of these normal constituents may be
similarly of minor importance. We have seen that fibrin
is increased in fevers, especially those due to.considerable
local inflammation. It seems this is associated with disin-
tegration of corpuscles; hence we find products of a
highly plastic character generated under these circum-
stauces. In anzmia-the fibrin factors are deficient, the
blood and deposits wanting in plasticity. Though occur-
ring frequently in disease, variations of amount of fibrin
factors have not been proved to constitute distinct
disorder.

Levucamia, on Lerucocytuz@mtia, results from excessive
production of white corpuscles in consequence of the
activity of the spleen, lymphatic glands, and medulla of :
‘bone, these being the blood-making organs. The spleen
and lymphatic glands undergo enlargement and become
altered in appearance. The white globules of the blood,
instead of being in the proportion of one to three or four
hundred, are as one to thirty or forty. This disease has
been described by Siedamgrotzky (‘ Veterinarian,’ 1880,
p. 159). He mentions it as occurring in cattle, females
being most subject. The symptoms are those of
anemia.

The red corpuscles we have seen are largely increased
in plethora, and they may be more numerous in fevers;
‘evidence is rather uncertain on this point. This simply
gives rise to increased — “functional energy; indeed, in
health the improvement of a breed and high feeding
increase the number of these elements. ‘‘ Free exposure
to fresh air and light seems also to powerfully promote
the formation of red blood as much as the deprivation of
them tends to destroy it”? (Jones). From this we deduce
a practical indication for treatment of anemia. When
the destruction of red corpuscles predominates over their
formation poverty of the blood results. Mercury seems
100 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

to have a special power of disintegrating red globules.
Under certain circumstances the red colouring matter be-
comes dissolved in the surrounding serum, which stains
the walls of the blood-vessels. This occurs, more or less,
in all cases of stasis or extravasation of red corpuscles,
but especially from certain chemical changes in the
serum, as admixture of bile salts. As potash and phos-
phates occur particularly in the corpuscles, while sodium
and chlorides are mainly in the serum, we can see that
various foods are adapted especially for the formation of
special parts of the blood.

(8) Retention of matter in the blood which should be
excreted.

There are certain organs which remove effete matter
from the blood. Of these the principal are lungs, liver,
skin, and kidneys. If either of these organs act im-
perfectly, and the others are unable by vicarious action to
perform its duties with sufficient energy, accumulation
of effete matter leads to blood disease.

Carsonic ANHYDRIDE PoIsonIne results from defective
action of the lungs. It may also take place from exposure
to an atmosphere containing excess of this gas, as the
“choke damp” generated by explosions in mines. The
fact that a chronic form, as it were, of this disorder
results from imperfect escape of foul air from cow-houses
must make us attend to due. ventilation. This chronic
state predisposes to disease of a low type, lessening con-
stitutional vigour. Thus,3 per cent. of this gas in the air
lessens the frequency of the pulse and increases the respira-
tions ; 1:5—2 per cent. suffices tg produce headache in man,
and fatal results ensue on exposure to air containing 5—10
percent. The severity of disorders of the lungs is consider-
ably increased by the accumulation of carbonic anhydride
in the blood which results from them. This substance
acts as a narcotic poison. Acute cases of carbonic acid
poisoning are manifested by laboured breathing and other
signs of narcosis, ultimately leading to death from
asthenia.

Treatment must consist in exposure to fresh air, ad-
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 101

ministration of stimulants as ammonia and artificial
respiration. On examination of the body after death, the
lungs are found congested and the blood dark.

Jaunpice—Icrerus—is accumulation in the blood of
matters which should be removed by the liver. This
seldom causes acute diseases, and may be due either to
non- elimination i in consequence of structural derangement
of the organ or to reabsorption of bile in consequence
of obstruction to its escape into the bowel. The bile
constitutes an outlet for much of the colouring matter
set free by breaking up of the red corpuscles, also for
cholesterine and for certain bile salts, glycocholates, and
taurocholates. When these salts enter the bowel they
undergo changes, and probably become reabsorbed and
utilised for respiratory purposes, as they contain a con-
siderable amount of carbon and hydrogen. But if intro-
duced imto the blood before undergoing change they
_cause solution of the red colouring matter in the serum.
They are probably formed in the liver. This is a useful
fact as far as diagnosis is concerned. If the bile be not
secreted only the colouring matter will be removed by the
kidneys, whereas if the bile be reabsorbed the character-
istic bile acids will be found in the urine. We will
summarise the testing processes from Dr. Legge’s useful.

- little work on the urine. The urine is deep in colour, and
stains white filtering -paper yellow.

Gmelin’s Test determines presence of bile pigments.
Allow a drop of. nitric acid and of the urine fo be
examined to run together on a porcelain dish, at their line
of contact a play of colours will occur, consisting of green,
violet, blue, and red. The red colour will appear with
any urine. The green colour is most distinctive.

Petienkofer’s Test is for the bile acids. ‘Pour the
fluid containing the bile acids into a test tube ; sulphuric
acid being then added, at first in small quantity, to preci-
pitate the bile acids, but afterwards in amount sufficient
to redissolve them, which renders the mixture perceptibly

-hot to the hand. A drop of syrup may now be let fall
into the liquid, which then shows a play of colours, passing
102 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

from pink to cherry-red, and from red to purple.” This
test must not be applied directly to the urine, but the
latter must first be rendered faintly ammoniacal with °
caustic ammonia, and then diacetate of lead added until
it produces a precipitate—this must be washed with dis-
tilled water, boiled with alcohol, and thrown into excess of
ether—the bile salts will crystallise out and being dissolved
in distilled water may be tested by. Pettenkofer’s test.
Besides the altered colour and chemical reactions of the
urine, other symptoms of a marked character may be
noted in this disorder, the visible mucous membranes and
the skin become yellow; the change in colour of the eye
gives a very characteristic appearance ; besides the general
symptoms of disorder the animal is markedly dull and
debilitated. The pulse is slow, and there is considerable
disorder of the bowels as shown by torpidity and flatulence,
the feces being scanty,. dry, and dark coloured. The
bile acts as a natural stimulus to the coats of the intes-
tines, and its loss is felt. In milch cows the milk is deep
in colour. If these conditions be not relieved the debility
increases, the temperature of the body-surface falls consi-
derably, the patient wastes away rapidly, dropsical swellings
occur in various parts of the body, obstinate diarrhoea sets
in, and death from anwmia gradually results. The causes
which give rise to this affection are organic disorder of
the liver, or such functional derangement as occurs in
congestion, also any disorder of the excretory apparatus
leading to obstruction, such as tumours, either of the
walls of the ducts or gall bladder, or neighbouring parts,
parasites, calculi, stricture, or disease of the wall of the
duodenum around the opening of the bile duct. This
disease appears among cows especially in the spring and
autumn, altogether it is rather frequent in the ox.
Post-mortem appearances will enable us to conclusively
determine the cause of the disorder; there is a diffused
yellowness of the tissues and a high colour of the serum ;
effusions into the areolar tissue, and into serous sacs, as
well as other anemic conditions are present. The flesh of
animals which have died from this disease is discoloured, it
- DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 103

contains a cathartic principle not, however, of avery active
character, also anemic conditions are present, therefore
its use as food is to he condemned. :

Our treatment must depend upon extended diagnosis
_ of the case. Derangements of the liver must be removed
according to their nature in each instance. Thus, in some
cases we need cholagogues, in others sedative agents.
Tn tuberculous and other structural.derangements of the
organ, as well as when the escape of the bile is obstructed,
we must adopt palliative rather than curative means, which
latter can hardly prove effectual. Dieting with succulent
food of a nutritious and easily digestible character, gentle
and regular exercise, and the administration of eliminatives
which aid the action of skin and kidneys must be
adopted in all cases of jaundice. Stimulant tonics which
mildly promote the activity of the liver, such as beer,
prove useful, and the nitro-muriatic acid is recommended
in cases due to torpidity of the biliferous organ. Animals
highly fed, either for the production of milk or fat, are
very much predisposed to disorder: of this nature, even
during health there is a yellowness of. the skin and visible
mucous membranes in these animals, It is wonderful
what an amount of structural derangement and removal
of substance the liver may undergo ‘without jaundice
appearing. Youatt remarks upon a special scaly eruption
which appears on the skin in these cases.

Urezmia is described by Armatage as occurring in the
ox. It certainly is not frequent. It is accumulation in
the blood of urea and other urine constituents, either as a
result of a blocking up of the urinary passages, or of con-
siderable disorganisation of the kidneys. The retained
materials act upon the nervous system, producing active
toxic effects. , The most marked symptoms are the
presence of urinary constituents in the sweat, which is
profuse, and has a very marked odour, and the slowness
of the pulse and respirations, with a marked fall of in-
ternal temperature. This is the result, generally, of long-
standing organic disease of the kidneys, and rapidly
proves fatal, inducing death by coma. Such is the
104 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

structure of the urinary passages that absorption of their
contained fluid will not occur, but sometimes acute uraemia
takes place, when after lithotomy urine infiltrates the
areolar tissue around the wound.

Treatment comprises removal of the causes, nursing,
and administration of stimulants. The disease is generally
only a precursor of death.

RuHEvMATIsSM seems to be mainly dependent upon de-
creased activity of the skin and accumulation in the blood
of the normal constituents of sweat ; whether or not this be
the case, the blood is often found to be acid in its reaction,
which has been attributed to the presence of lactic acid
and lithic acid in excess. The matters which have accu-
mulated in the blood cause inflammation of the white
fibrous tissues of the body, especially those situated in
connection with joints and the deep fibrous structure of
the endocardium and pericardium. This disease is some-
what frequent in the ox, and is due to exposure to damp-
ness and cold. Thus it is most frequent in marshy
countries, and durirg the spring and autumn, affecting
old rather than young cattle. It has been observed to
follow exposure to draughts, especially when the animal is
in a perspiring condition, also it appears in cows exposed
during or immediately after calving. Undoubtedly it is
hereditary. Rheumatism may assume an acute or a chronic

orm, and becomes localised in the fascie of the loins (lum-
bago, or “chine felon’), in the serous membranes of the
heart, or in the joints (rheumatic arthritis, “joint felon,”
‘chrocles”’). Theanimal at first in an acute attack isdull and
hide-bound ; has a staring coat, and is unwilling to move,
and there is generally a peculiar rigidity of the spine, due
to affection of the lumbar fascia; shrinks on pressure
being applied to the loins, and soon the extremities be-
come involved in the stiffening. There are then local
signs of inflammation, with “special hardness of the swel-
lings around the affected joints; also fever is present,
characterised by the hardness of the pulse and the sharp-
ness of its beats. The animal becomes very lame on one
or more limbs, when suddenly the disease seems to shift
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 105

into another, frequently the corresponding, part of the
body. This metastatic character of rheumatism is a very
marked feature of the disease. The tendency of the
disorder to recur in a part once affected is also very
-evident. The swellings of a hardened character which
appear around the joints seldom lead to suppuration,
though the local inflammation runs high, and causes severe
fever, the blood containing very much fibrin. The changes
which result from this special arthritis are peculiar. Re-
moval of articular surfaces in parts occur, and the exposed
cancellated tissue becomes consolidated by deposition of
bony substance, and exhibits a high polish, which results .
from friction. This is termed eburnation, or porcellaneous
deposition. The urine in rheumatism contains much saline
matter, due to increase in amount of hippurates excreted.
When the disease assumes the chronic form it is most
liable to produce the above-mentioned change of articular
surfaces. Calcification, or even ossification, of the fascise
and ligaments may result from the chronic form ; thus,
tumours, apparently of a bony character, may be found
embedded among muscles, or loosely or firmly connected
with bones. ‘They are not truly ossific, being composed
largely of hippurates, or urates of alkalies, sometimes,
_ especially when they appear in joints, they are termed
gout-stones. The endocardium tends to become the seat
of fibrinous deposit, and the pericardium to opacity, cal-
cification, and even ossification in chronic rheumatism.
Disorder of this kind renders the heart irritable, inter-
mittent in its action, and the pulse. quick, hard, and
small. ‘ The soft structures above and below the affected
joints in horned cattle sometimes swell, suppurate, and
‘continue to discharge pus for a lengthened period, the
animal rapidly wasting, and finally becoming worthless ”
(Williams) ; and when suffering from the arthritic form
cattle obstinately remain recumbent.

Treatment must comprise most careful nursing of the
animal, and avoidance of ‘exposure to draughts; ad-
ministration of eliminatives, such as will promote the
action of the skin, bowels, and kidneys. Colchicum is
ee

106 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

found to be especially useful in disorders of this character.
Todide of potassium also has beew found beneficial. Also
alkalies are valuable to counteract acidity. In arthritic
complications fomentations are considered but loss of time.
Stimulants are beneficial, especially vesicants, for it is
supposed that they draw off the poison from the blood,
and lessen its tendency to affect the heart. The general
fever must be combated by doses of tincture of aconite.
Williams recommends that the bedding be frequently
changed to prevent bed-sores, and the inflamed joints
wrapped in flannel to prevent bruising. He considers
also that if suppuration sets in the animal should be
destroyed, as chances of recovery are very slight. Rheu-
matism tends to assume the chronic form, and may cause
death by cardiac complication, or by continuous irritative
fever. The flesh, being full of impurities, is unfit for food.
The joints, besides the lesions already noticed, frequently
exhibit false anchylosis and ulceration of cartilages.
H2M0-ALBUMINURIA—MUu1IR-ILL, REDwATER, BLACKWATER—
is a disease which is very prevalent in some parts of the
country and especially affects cows (just before or) after
calving, generally on about the fourteenth day. It com-
mences with general febrile symptoms and diarrhcea. Then
the animal stands with arched back, obstinate torpidity of the
bowels sets in, and about the same time urine of a high
colour in small quantities is expelled with some force
by straining ; also tenderness over the loins is present.
The respirations are laboured, pulse very quick, small, and
dicrotous, and the animal very dull and giving no milk,
or only a little of a yellowish colour and unpleasant odour.
The visible mucous membranes are of a yellow colour.
The discoloration of the urine is very characteristic, and
undergoes increase in intensity as the disorder progresses.
Youatt mentions two forms of the disorder, acute and
chronic. The former, manifested by the symptoms above
indicated, runs its course in a few days; the latter is
more prevalent, and may be slight, and terminated by a
spontaneous diarrhoea, or else may extend over a con-
siderable time. All the above-mentioned symptoms ex-
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 107

cept fever being present, generally such prolonged cases
terminate in death from gradually increasing anzmia.
Calves, bullocks, and even’ bulls may be affected with this
disorder, but less frequently than cows.

Causes.—It is very prevalent on certain pastures, and
not on others even in the immediate neighbourhood. It
has been associated with certain special soils, and par-
- ticularly with movement of stock from land of one kind
to another. Overdriving is considered a cause, as also
certain special states of the air and great alternations of
temperature. It is on the latter account, probably, that
it occurs very much during the summer among animals
brought to highland pasture from richer lowland soil.
As a rule, the disease is most frequent in spring and
autumn, and high condition, as well as difficulty in
cleansing after calving, is considered a predisposing cause.
Cases have been traced to the drinking of stagnant water,
while Harrison attributes its prevalence in some cases to a
hot and dry condition of pastures, and to excess of drain-
age. It has been found very prevalent in woody districts.
Also a poor diet of any kind, as turnips, about the time
of calving, will prove a cause.

The Urine has an average specific gravity, 1041, with
alkaline reaction, and a more or less powerful odour of
rotten turnips; contains 1°82 albumen, 1°26 urea, and
1:28 extractives in 100 parts of urine, while on micro-
scopical examination crystals of cholesterine, hippurates, »
phosphates, and epithelial scales were found more or less
abundantly (Williams).

Post-mortem examination.—Youatt speaks of consider-
able inflammation, ulceration, and often the formation of
foetid pus, and occasionally gangrene of the uterus in acute
cases , but probably he was labouring under some error, for
he also speaks of inflammation of the kidneys, which cer-
tainly is not present. The uterus simply contains dark-
coloured mucus, while the kidneys, though occasionally they
are found congested, usually are paler than ordinary. The
bladder contains some of the characteristic red or black
urine, according to the stage of the case. The serum of
e
108 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the blood is very high coloured, as are also the contents of.
the areolar interspaces and serous cavities, and of the lym-
phatic vessels. Ecchymoses are perceptible under the
endocardium. The first three compartments of the
stomach are generally full, and the contents of the omasum
especially very dry. The abomasum exhibits congestion
of its internal surface. The liver seems to be invariably
diseased, being congested both with blood and bile, hence
enlarged, dark, and soft. The bile collected in the gall-
bladder is generally thick, viscid, and dark.

Pathology—Numerous theories on the nature of this
disorder have been advanced :

(1) It has been attributed to the presence of certain
ranunculi in pastures, but it arises under circumstances
where animals could not obtain such poisons.

(2) Youatt considers the acute form is inflammation of
the kidneys, and “ probably may be traced to the quality of
the general produce of the soil rather than to the presence
of certain plants of known acrimonious or poisonous pro-
perties.” The chronic form he attributes to an acri-
monious condition of the bile, which is absorbed into the
blood, and irritates the kidneys.

(3) It was thought that the colour of the urine de-
pended upon the presence of blood in it, but the absence
of blood as blood is proved by the absence of red
corpuscles. Gamgee considers the disease hema-
turia, and this opinion is held by many continental
authorities. In true hematuria, however, blood occurs,
in the urine in clots and is expelled in this state.

(4) Professor Williams says :—“I am induced to con-
clude that the disease originates in an impoverished con-
dition of the blood, arising from want of proper food ;
that the albumen of the blood is thus degraded in quality,
and‘as such is unfit to be appropriated for the nourish-
ment of the tissues, and is consequently excreted by the
kidneys, and expelled from the body; that the blood-
globules are in a broken-down or disintegrated condition
arising from solution of their outer layers or cell-walls,
when their coloured interior—hematin—escapes, which,
(DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 109

mixing with the serum of the blood, and being eliminated
by the kidneys, spives the characteristic tinge to the
urinary secretion.”

(5) The disordered conditions may all be referred to
defective action of the liver, whereby it is rendered unable
to elaborate albuminose which is passing from the in-
testine, and therefore accumulates in the blood. At the
same time congestion of the organ seems to lead to
excessive bile production, the superfluous material being
removed by. diarrhoea until reaction sets in, and then
entering the blood, and causing disintegration of blood-
corpuscles. Until we are more assured of the condition
of the liver in this disease, as also the spectroscopical
characters of the blood and urine, we shall not be able to
state its pathological nature with full confidence.

(6) Armatage attributes it in many cases to the icy
coldness of a large quantity of frozen turnips introduced
into the rumen, and undoubtedly this is one of the ways
in which it may originate. Our knowledge of the phy-
siology of the liver is hardly yet sufficiently advanced to
enable us to understand the complex perversions which
occur in such a disorder as this.

Treatment.—Professor Simonds, who first showed that
this isa disease due to alteration in the blood, and pointed
out the presence of blood colouring matters and albumen in
the urine, considered bleeding advantageous in the earliest
stages of the disorder. Certainly the administration of.
a cathartic is beneficial, it removes from the alimen-
tary canal indigestible material which tends to cause
irritation. Again, it arouses the liver to activity when
this is necessary, and enables it to relieve itself of con-
gestion. It follows nature’s indication, for a salutary.
diarrhoea often ushers in a favorable turn of the case.
The animal should be nursed carefully, and subjected to a
‘thorough change of diet. The kidneys should be assisted
in their endeavours to purify the blood by stimulant
diuretic agents. At the same time formation of good
fresh blood should be promoted by restorative hzematics.
Professor Williams, in accordance with his theory of the
110 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

nature of the disease, suggests eggs and milk, and in
addition to this highly albuminous food, stimulants and
chlorate of potash.

Scarztatina has been described by Professor Barlow.
It is very similar to the disease next described, but differs
in the less marked swelling and in the spotted character
of the mucous membrane which is covered with red points,
and altogether has a scarlet colour differing from the
ecchymoses and blood infiltrations of purpura. There is
also, generally, sore throat.

Porevra Hamorruacica.— Urticaria tuberosa (Simonds) ?
is described as affecting cattle, though certainly it is not
so frequent in them as in the horse. Calves are deemed
most liable to this disease which consists in a disordered
condition of the blood. That fluid is thin and so related
to the blood-vessels that extravasations occur especially
on the mucous and serous membranes. Swellings appear
on various parts of the body which are hot and painful
and somewhat sharply circumscribed. From them and
from the nostrils flows a reddish fluid. The animal is
extremely debilitated. The swellings of the mucous
membrane obstruct respiration and deglutition. The
depraved state of the blood causes a weak and fluttering
action of the heart, anda small dicrotous pulse. Petechiza
and blood extravasations on the mucous membranes are
pathognomonic. Undoubtedly these conditions may arise
from several pathological states, which interfere with the
relations of the blood with the vessels which contain it.
It is not essential that capillary ruptures should take
place in production of petechize and extravasations of red
corpuscles. A slight migration of these bodies occurs in
health (diapedesis), but doubtless in most cases of purpura
there is a true giving way of the walls of the capillaries.
By some authorities purpura is considered anthracoid in
its nature. This is not the place to minutely discuss the
various pathological theories of purpura; the disease
follows debilitating influences, as previous disease, exposure,
and inhalation of foul air.

Autopsy shows petechiz of serous and of deeply-seated
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 111

mucous membranes, together with extensive haemorrhagic
infiltrations ; also sero-sanguineous accumulations in
areolar spaces. The disease generally assumes a sub-
acute character, and after about a week terminates in
gradual recovery of strength, or more frequently in
sinking of the patient, and death from asthenia.

Treatment consists in careful attention to hygiene, supply
of nutritious and easily digestible food, the. use of elimi-
natives and stimulants. Oil of turpentine is recommended
since it acts on the kidneys, is a stimulant and also
a hemostatic. The tincture of perchloride of iron promotes
the formation of red corpuscles, and also acts as a styptic..
Sulphuric acid, as a styptic and tonic, is also used with
‘benefit. The disease is rather liable to recur, and the
. stage of convalescence is prolonged.

Diabetes insipidus sometimes arises from excessive
introduction of water into the blood, but as it occurs more
frequently from other causes will be treated hereafter.

Diabetes mellitus has not been proved to affect the ox.

y. Introduction into the blood of matters foreign to it.

(1) Ordinary toxic agents.

‘Here ought to be considered those cases of ordinary
poisoning which result from the entry of matters into the
blood, which either act on the blood itself or upon
parts distant from the point of entry, and thus cause
‘serious inconvenience and even death. Such poisons,
however, must be considered in relation with others
which have a local action, and’ therefore will be examined
hereafter. :

(2) Specific toxic agents.

Srcrion 2.

These give rise to SPECIFIC DISEASES, under which
heading may be comprised all disorders which manifest
characters of a highly special kind, whether in their
course, cause, or termination. This definition, like most
others, does not enable us to accurately limit the thing

>
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

, but rather while strictly applicable to the central
of the group allows us to arbitrarily decide its out-
imits. Thus, some authors include rheumatism
anus.among specific disorders, while others refuse
8, cancer, and influenza a place in the list. We
cluded under this heading diseases which seem to
to minute living organisms, the nature of which
in different cases. On the one hand, we have
consisting of body cells which have a high degree of
ergy, as manifested by their reproductive power.
esemble certain natural components of the tissues,
e remarkable for retaining their vitality when
. on to a fresh organism, after removal from that in
they originated. Tubercle is closely allied to
in its general nature. On the other hand, we
nthracoid affections which are undoubtedly due to
sence of minute, independent, and entirely foreign
ms in the system. Of the diseases lying between
xtremes some have been traced to certain relations
reign minute organisms, while the cause of others
samystery. In no branch of medical inquiry is
orogress being made than in the study of specific
rs. This is a direct result of the fact that they,
han any other disorders of domesticated animals,
themselves felt by the community, for they spread
among herds, are generally very fatal in their
and not unusually can originate disease of like
1 man. Though it has not been proved in every
iat these diseases are due to special organisms, we
od it advantageous to adopt the “ germ theory” as
thesis for working purposes. We may safely do
it has already explained many previously obscure
md no positive evidence has been brought to bear
it. Given this supposition we must then conclude
1e organised generators of disease have certain
characters of form, composition, and life conditions.
* the latter we must cousider their origination,
orphoses, habitat, products, &c. On some of these
we are profoundly ignorant, there are many of the
 

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 118

,

organisms whose existence. we can at present affirm only
from reasoning, they being probably too small to be seen
in the present state of optics. Many have only just been
discovered, and their nature and action are by no means de-
cidedly ascertained. Others, as the anthrax organism, we
. are fairly well acquainted with. These diseases often assume
the epizootic or panzootic character, the atmosphere seems
to be the temporary habitat of the organisms, which occur
in groups,—disease clouds—much as shoal of fish in the sea.
Such a theory will account for many obscure facts of cause
and propagation of influenza and other diseases. It is well
known that blights occur in clouds; why should not also
_ disease germs which are probably closely allied in nature ?
Certain conditions of climate are found favorable to distri-
bution of disease in this manner. Heat, with moisture, states
favorable to the growth of fungi, most readily promote
the spread of specific disease. Frosty weather, on the
other hand, is very healthy and checks prevailing epizootics.
Again, it has been found that currents of air, as prevailing
winds, may determine the direction of passage of specific
disorders of a-certain kind, though not so as to impede
less rapid and energetic progress in other directions.
Diseases of this kind, then, seem to be communicated
without contact of a diseased animal, or of objects which
have been in contact with one, with a healthy animal of
the same or other species; this is termed Infection.
But we can readily admit that certain disease-bearing |
organisms cannot be taken up and diffused by the air,
though they may be communicated from’ one animal to
another -when actual contact occurs, ‘such is Immediate
Contagion ; when the contact is indirect as when the two
animals are fed out of the same bucket or taken care of by
the same man, either man or bucket may convey the morbid
producers from the diseased animal and thus act as the»
vehicle, by means of which Mediate Contagion is brought.
Inoculation consists in the introduction of the active
disease producer directly into the blood-vessels or areolar
tissue of an animal, or causing its absorption through an
open wound or an exposed vascular surface. It will be
8
114 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

observed that infection, contagion, and inoculation
different only in degree, and directly related to the re
ness with which a disease is communicable from

animal to another. Thus, most active and freely c
municable disorders are propagated by infection, gener
also by contagion, and they may be generated by inoc
tion. In infection the organic particles principally ¢
entry through the delicate lining membrane of the

passages. We can easily understand that some of tl
particles will be able to produce no effect when they c
in contact with the surface of the cuticle through wl
they cannot readily pass, and thus a disease may be in:
tious and not contagious. Again, certain of these organi
may require to undergo development probably on a muc
surface before they can cause disorder when they e1
the blood. We do not accordingly find that infecti
diseases are always communicable by inoculation, thoi
most of them can be thus propagated with facility. C
tagion, mediate and immediate, is well illustrated
certain skin diseases, due;to animal parasites. Spec
disorders affect some animals more readily than other:
consequence of predisposition or immunity. Genera
debilitated animals are most prone to disorders of 1
character, and debilitating influences even after ex
sure to infection or contagion may act as determin
causes (causes which render the system susceptible a:
exposure to the influence of the disease producer). Sho
to the nervous system are especially potent in this resp
Immunity may be due to conditions of the species (speci
or of the individual. The latter form is especially mar)
in epizootic or enzootic outbreak when all of the herd °
be more or less victimised, except a few animals, wh
remain quite free from disease. Immunity is so
times secured by a previous attack of disorder as is ¥
seen in cases of smallpox in man, this results from
found alterations in nutrition, but it seems that in t:
this immunity becomes lessened. Again, immunity n
be secured by an attack of an allied disorder. When
latter is much milder in its attack it may be artifici:
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 115

produced to act as a prophylactic. When the morbific
organisms are hardy and capable of withstanding con-
siderable variations in life conditions so that animals of
very different kinds are invaded by them, the disease which
they ‘produce is panzootic; foot-and-mouth disease is a
good illustration of this. Our diagnosis of these specific
disorders generally must be prompt, to check any tendency

- to spread. Inall cases where any doubt exists the animal

must be isolated as suspicious, and other prophylactic
measures adopted. Diagnosis is often followed by the
stringent test of accuracy of opinion which immediate
‘slaughter affords. Fortunately, therefore, these disorders,
especially the most acute of them, are ushered in by con-
siderable rise in temperature. This occurs very shortly
after introduction of the poison into the system, and before
it h&s had much time to multiply therein and to become
expelled into the air around, or with the excreta. This rise
is the first indication of the fever which constitutes the
systemic disturbance in all these cases. Later the general
signs of fever are manifested, and they run their course
for some time before any local manifestations of disease
are shown. Indeed, the latter in some diseases (exanthe-
mata) seem to constitute a crisis generally of a favorable
character. In all cases, then, febrile symptoms, more or
less acute, usher in an attack, and constitute the pre-
monitory indications of disorder. Only when we are
aware of the prevalence of a specific disease are we, in
‘the first stage, able to surmise the nature of the coming
disease, for the fever does not differ from ordinary pyrexia.

Only when local lesions occur can we complete our diag-
nosis, and we shall generally be able to find some patho-
gnomonic symptoms. It willbe observed that the virus in
these specific disorders almost always like an eliminative
medicinal agent enters the blood, causes certain changes
in that fluid, and then is removed by some tissue or other.

And as different medicines are severally removed by tissues
on which they exert their special action, so in specific
disorders we find that in epizootic eczema the feet and
- the mouth are affected, in pleuro-pneumonia the lungs, and
16 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

oon. Often we have to deal with complications of these
lisorders, non-specific conditions to which they give rise,
hus in eczema to sloughing of the hoofs and mammitis ;
yut such especially occur in the less acute disorders which
ve shall have to mention, cancer and tubercle. It is then
hat we must be careful to distinguish between primary
ind secondary disease, for this will considerably affect our
liagnosis and treatment.

It seems that an outbreak of a specific disorder, espe-
sially when the disease is epizootic, may be related to the
severity of all exciting causes. Thus, if the disease
first appears in a place where from neglect of sanitary
precautions and the general conditions of health, animals
are very predisposed, severe attacks and extensive spread-
ing power are the results; but if it be unable to gain a
firm hold on its first victims, it will never “ gain Head ”
enough to assume a marked degree of virulence. The
tendency of disorders of this kind fortunately is to lessen
in intensity with time, a happy condition, whereby they
are prevented from annihilating races of animals. Some
individuals escape by immunity, others by recovery afte
comparatively slight attacks, and some by accidental o1
intentional escape from disease-bearing influences. Thus.
an outbreak of a disease of this kind passes over a dis.
trict, and spreads from it into a new locality, diverging
from the centre in every direction, or in lines determinec
by favorable conditions; finally, its spread is checked by
dilution of the original stock of virus, or by influence:
unfavorable to its progress as reaching the sea, or a rang
of high mountains, or being subjected to a frost. Thi
question which next suggests itself to us is the source o
these disorders. ‘This question is one of the most urgen
of the present day. Hither they can originate de novo, o
can be propagated only from centres of disease alread:
existing. The latter method of origin of an epizooti
affection is well illustrated in those disorders of whic]
rinderpest is the type. It constantly exists under a com
paratively mild form as an enzootic in certain localities a
the steppes of Russia and Central China. From these i
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 117

periodically extends in whatever direction climatic con-
ditions, war, and trade may determine, sweeping over
wide tracts of country, and leaving desolation and terror
behind it. Unless introduced into such a country as
Great Britain, it does not occur there, but this is no proof
that ‘in places with a very different state of climate, pro-
duce, and soil it might not be generated spontaneously.
Tubercle and cancer, though communicable by inoculation,
undoubtedly appear without any communication, either
by contagion, infection, or inoculation. But they are
hereditary disorders, and the immature cancer or tubercle
elements may have been transmitted from the parent, and
have remained in a dormant state, resembling ordinary
non-specific tissue elements until surrounding conditions
became favorable to the display of their full vigour.
This view seems to derive support from the fact that just
as in due time each feature of development appears in the.
progeny as in the parent, so tubercle appears at a fixed
age, which is the same in each, ‘Tissue elements,
hitherto normal, perhaps undergo change when subjected
to certain conditions ; thus, the epithelium of the lungs
may sometimes become converted into tuberculous
matter, such as may propagate the disease by inoculation,
and disease which is transmissible to the offspring may
be artificially mtroduced by non-specific means, but this
_ has not by any means been proved, for until quite recently

the characters of tubercle were not sharply defined, and
accumulations of ova of parasites, of Gregarinide, of
degenerated epithelial cells—in fact, any mass tending to
calcareous or caseous change, was termed tubercle. On
this account experiments on the spontaneous origin of
tubercle are to be accepted with reservation. Both
cancer and tubercle are associated with special constitu-
tional conditions, cachexiz, termed respectively the can-
cerous and the scrofulous diathesis. The lesions which
are observed in these disorders are considered to be
‘local manifestations of a constitutional disorder. The
time which elapses between the entry of a specific poison
into the system and the manifestation of its presence
118 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is termed its latent period. It varies much in differe
diseases, and while it lasts the poison is undergoi
elaboration and multiplication in the blood. We may fi
this latent period very prolonged in hereditary scroft
or cancer, and by attention to avoidance of all exciti
causes it may be extended through even a long li
The lesions of specific disorders are special, and therefo
pathognomonic, but they are not always present. The vir
introduced into the blood multiplies more or less readil
according to its nature. It has to oppose the efforts
nature for its excretion as well as, in some cases,
struggle for existence with certain constituents of t
blood. I£ the resistance be too powerful the poison m:
be thrown off before the end of the incubatory stage, or
may persist until the febrile stage; but not until it h
produced local effects. Ordinarily it acts locally, b
sometimes, especially in young and debilitated stock
may increase in the blood so rapidly as to cause the fev
to run very high and destroy the animal before lesio
appear. We shall enlarge upon and illustrate the
points hereafter. In such cases as I have last describ
no lesions are detectable after death except such as res)
from the febrile state of the blood and the conditions
that tissue itself. It is very dark in colour asa rule, a
petechize and also more extensive blood extravasations in t
various tissues occur, especially on the serous and muco
membranes. Specific organisms may be detectable in t
blood when examined under a high power of the mici
scope.

Treatment of these disorders comprises prophylac
measures, including sanitary port and county inspection
measures of isolation, such as quarantine; thorough d
infection of all infected places and things. Such im
Government as well as private enterprise. This is ¢
solutely essential, as has been proved by many a natio:
loss incurred, and a few such disasters prevented. 1
public must learn that remedies must be proportioned
diseases. Sporadic cases are of individual interest, a
must be attended to by individuals; enzootics requ
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 119

local co-operation to combat them; epizootics and pan-
zootics are of national importance.

Cancer is a general term applied to tumours of a
malignant character. The tendency in the present day~is
to restrict its use to the carcinomata, which are new
growths of cells similar to epithelial, grouped irregularly
in a stroma. We shall give a detailed account of cancers
of various kinds later on, when treating of tumours.

 

Fra. 20.—Elements of an Encephaloid Tumour. x 200. (After Harley and
Brown.)

-Certain forms of cancer have been successfully inoculated,
‘but great care is essential to success; the morbid matter
must be directly transferred from one body to another,
and must be in a definite stage of activity. The process
-reminds us of “ grafting,” and seems to indicate the
possibility, under certain circumstances, of cells differing
but little if at all in appearance from ordinary healthy
cells, acting as true contagia. In cases of cancer induced
by inoculation, the general constitutional disorder is an
effect of local conditions which seems to be the reverse of
the ordinary rule in specific affections. This exception. is
rather apparent than real. In cancer the contagium must
attain local vigour and incorporation with the tissues
before it can involve the general mass of the blood. This
-is not essential to any other known specific disorders
except, perhaps, scrofula and rabies. In examining a
(20 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

xase of cancer during its progress and post-mortem,
shall ascertain that the parts diseased are involved in t
ways—by primary and secondary disease. ‘The lat
shanges only are similar to those of special tissues
xxanthemata. It seems, too, that as the local elabo
ion and incubation of cancer are remarkably prolong
io, also, as a rule, its growth in parts secondarily disea:
s slow, but from the same cause very potent, and capa
£ invading all tissues, though some in preference
‘thers, especially those which are actively concerr
n cell production. So lymphatic glands and aden:
issue are most frequently the seat of cancer; the sple:
iver, and mucous membranes also are liable to this d
‘ase. We have not only to deal with circumscribed :
‘tumulations of cancer-cells, but also with infiltratio:
vhich in this relation are of the highest importance, :
he growth and extension of cancer does not activ
rritate sufficiently to lead to deposits of lymph circu
cribing the diseased parts; the morbidly active ce
iave, therefore, free scope for migration, and in whatey
ituation they become placed can originate changes, for
10 part of the body do they materially differ from tissue e
nents, so uniform has been the development of these ger
alised cells. Cancerous infiltrations or tumours cause des
n two ways, by exhaustion when they are numerous a
xtensive, and by active interference with the function
, part by disorganisation of its tissues. Prognosis mu
herefore, be based upon the position, size, rapidity
pread,,and length of existence of the cancer. Injur.
£ various kinds act as exciting causes, probably

owering vital actions, and hence power of resisting d
ase in the part. Hereditary predisposition is ve
aarked, and the diagnosis may be much facilitated

se of the grooved needle and the microscope. In cz
ers of hollow organs, as the bladder or the stomach, t
haracteristic cells may be seen in the contents eitk
fter death, or as expelled before. Complications ¢
rought about by the blood taking up morbid mater
nd diffusing it through the system; by the lymphati
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 121

_whence probably the frequency of invasion of lymphatic
glands;. or by continuity and contiguity of structure.
The systemic symptoms are not acute enough to constitute
fever, producing rather a cachexia, or unhealthy state of
the constitution. Determination of whether any local can-
cerous deposit is primary or secondary is of importance
from a surgical point of view. When primary, a growth
may be excised with some chance of success in permanent
removal of the disease. In secondary cases the system is
hopelessly invaded ; and it will be found that any injury,
however slight, is almost sure to take on unhealthy action.
Local treatment except by excision has not proved satis-:
factory, probably in consequence of the difficulty of access
to all the diseased parts. Acetic acid has been recommended
as causing alterations in the cells, of which the growth is
composed. , Its value is doubtful. When the morbid matter
is removed by excision care must taken that not the smallest
diseased part remains as a centre for renewed growth.

Scroruta, TusEeRcutosis, is frequent in cattle, extremely
serious in its effects, and has interesting relations with
human disorders. It is a constitutional disease, specific,
and infective. It seems to increase in frequency pari
passu. with improvement of the breed, and thus short-
horns, especially good milkers, are most predisposed to the
disorder. Thatit is a blood disease is proved bythe fact that
it very frequently affects many organs of the body, that its
local manifestations are varied in position, and that its
presence is generally denoted by a cachexia, an ill-disposed
habit of the body, which is termed the scrofulous diathesis.
It is undoubtedly hereditary, and therefore manifests
its presence most forcibly after “ breeding in and in,”

Scrofula is the disease of the system of which Tubercle
is the local manifestation. That we may: be in a position
to appreciate the interesting questions raised in the study
of this disorder, we must first note the forms which it
assumes in the ox.

Phthisis Pulmonalis is pulmonary scrofula. It is a
chronic disorder in which tubercles occur in the lungs, and
give rise to a slow local inflammation by the irritation
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ch they excite. It affects especially narrow-chested
nals with long legs. A young animal or a milch cow
(l-bred in most cases) is observed to cough slightly,
the characters of this sign of disorder are rather re-
kable; it is weak and hoarse. It is almost diagnostic.
affected animals are generally “ bullers,’’ ever ready
ake the male, but sterile. Attention having thus been
vn to the animal, it is found that the skin is dry, the
i “staring.” The constitutional conditions, in fact,
those described by human practitioners as hectic.
mucous membranes are pale, and the respiratory
mur is inaudible on auscultation of some parts of the
st. Pain is evinced on percussion of the sides, and
pressure of the loins. The patient is debilitated with
eak, quick pulse, and the bowels respond too easily to
action of laxatives. The milk is bluish, with an
leasant flavour, and is said to quickly become sour,
to form only bad butter and cheese. Generally, too,
internal temperature is a little above the normal;
atite capricious. In pregnant animals abortion, in
rr females irregular cestrum occurs. This:state of
irs continues for some time, increasing in severity ;
cough becomes hacking, the animal very thin and
‘bound, often covered with lice, and the respirations
r quick, and death takes place, the patient being
ied off by an attack of diarrhoea, leading to anemia.
lutopsy reveals deposits in the lungs of ‘a nodular
racter, aggregated into masses by the lung-tissue and
mmatory deposits, and varying in their characters.
tissue in which they are imbedded is inflamed, and
‘ have pressed on the bronchial tubes, preventing
‘rom passing to and from the air-cells. Hach of the
ales is a tubercle, and the compound mass exhibits in
vent parts caseation and softening, perhaps also cal-
ation (also known as cretification). On slitting open the
ichial tubes, we find that many of these softening
cles have involved their lining membrane, which,
efore, presents ulcers of thé true scrofulous character,
n confluent, gritty, and irregular on the surface, and of
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 123

a sulphur colour. The tubes are occupied by softened
scrofulous matter, intermingled with frothy mucus. Accu-
“mulations of softened tubercle, surrounded by cretaceous

or caseous matter,-are termed vomice. The anterior

appendix of each lung is, perhaps, the earliest seat of
deposit. The pulmonary lymphatic glands at the roots
of the lungs are involved in the diseased action. The
serous membranes are very frequently the seat of scro-
fulous deposit. The pleura is especially liable to present
growths of this nature. Such may occur in phthisical
cases, or may exist independently of lung invasion.

Very frequently they are found in fat cattle slaughtered

for food, animals in very fine condition. which have not re-

cently exhibited the slightest appreciable sign of disorder.

In such cases we sometimes wonder how respiration can

have been sufficiently performed, to such an extent do these

““ grapes’? oceupy the cavity of the thorax. The base of

the tumour formed by them may be attached to the dia-

phragm, or most frequently to the pleura costalis. Some-
times the mediastinum and the pericardium are the seat of
the deposit. Besides these large main masses, smaller tu-
mours occur in various parts of the membrane, consisting of
more recently formed material, the larger masses exhibiting
different stages of retrograde change in their various parts.

~ ‘Tabes Mesenterica is that form of scrofula in which the
_mesenteric glands are the seat of tubercle. Animals ema-
ciated as a result of tuberculosis, especially the form at
present under description, are vulgarly known as “ piners.”

The symptoms present are those of general ill health, and

rapidly increasing debility. There may be sympathetic

cough. : Occasionally the animal manifests slight abdominal
pain; diarrhcea is persistent. The appetite is good, and per-
~~ haps inordinate. This state of affairs occurs most frequently
in young animals, and post-mortem examination, besides
the tumefied and tuberculosed condition of the mesenteric
’ glands, shows tumours on many parts of the peritoneum.
‘The mesentery and the omentum are extensively involved,
and the stomachs, liver, and intestines, are frequently
bound together by deposit. As a concomitant there may
124 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

be scrofulous disease of the walls of the intestines, or
the uterus or vagina. In these cases characteristic lesi
are to be found on slitting open the organs, and dur
life there is, in the one case, a discharge of purul
material with the watery feces, in the other a continu
escape of muco-purulent matter from the vulva, constitut
scrofulous leucorrhceea. Cases of tabes, and scroful
ulcers of the intestinal canal and the generative orge
are generally protracted, and death results from anami
Tubercular Meningitis has also been observed in cat
The pia mater is the seat of tubercle. The disease r
make considerable progress before any signs of ill hee
are manifested. Suddenly the symptoms of pressure of
brain occur, due to products of the inflammation induc
or to the increased size of the tumours. This leads
apoplectic symptoms, so that our diagnosis must be ba
on the pedigree and scrofulous diathesis of the patient
Arthritis is a frequent manifestation of scrofula in you
stock. It must be distinguished from the rheum:
disease of these organs by the fact that it appears |
suddenly, is less acute, does not lead to false anchylo
and more extensively involves the neighbouring bo1
Also the tendency is to softening rather than hardening
the: diseased parts, and when the tuberculous matter unc
goes the softening change abscesses form and lead dee]
not only into the cavity of the joint, but into the sri
extremities of the bones which are the main seat of scr«
lous deposition. On post-mortem examination the dise
cannot be confounded with rheumatic arthritis, for ther
a total absence of porcellaneous deposit and of calcificat
of surrounding ligaments, while the enlarged extremitie
the bones contain tubercular matter. The knee and s
seem to be most frequently affected, and when the jo
of the foot are involved we have scrofulous “ foul.”
Scrofulous Tumours—(“ Wens” seem to be scr
lous tumours of the skin)—also known as “ Clyers,” o«
frequently in various parts of the body, especially affeci
those parts which have lymphatic glands situated in thi
thus, in the parotid and superior pharyngeal region they:
DLSEASES OF THE BLOOD, 12!

\

often be found. Though they may take place in other tissue:
: the lymphatic glands are their most frequent seat; thus,whe1
the tumours are in the parotid region these are primaril:
affected, the salivary gland being only secondarily involved
They increase in size slowly as a rule, but may manifest :
first acute stage, which change to a phase of less activity
Softening often occurs, but the inflammatory action arouse

- py the presence of the scrofulous matter is often not activ:

enough to cause bursting of the abscess, which, therefore
assumes the “ cold” character. When it has burst or bee
opened surgically it gives exit to white, flaky, grumou
pus, and the abscess cavity manifests scarcely any tendenc:
toheal. The tumour may undergo calcification or caseation
and thus remain in staté quo for along time. The explor
ing needle is here very useful for diagnosis, for when draw1
out of such a tumour it-contains in its groove the peculia
white ‘scrofulous pus, and if this presents the ordinar
appearances of scrofulous matter when examined micro
scopically there can be little doubt of the nature of the case

Scrofulous Inflammation of the Supra-pharyngeal Gland
requires a special notice, since when these organs ar
enlarged there is an impediment to swallowing, and fre
quently even to respiration. They seem to suppurate o
soften readily, but do not come to a point externally
Insertion of the hand through the mouth will enable us t
detect the abscess, and its wall may generally be broke:
down with the fingers. ‘ Abscesses of the guttura
pouches of the ox,” described by some practitioners whos
anatomy has rather gone to the wall in the rush of genera
professional practice, are of this nature.

Scrofulous lesions are often congenital. Tabes ani
phthisical tubercle are frequently present at birth. I
will be observed that in all cases of scrofulous lesio:

we find tubercle present, this, then, is deemed the distinc
tive product of scrofula. If taken in its earliest state.
tubercle is a rounded mass of cells of a peculiar kind
united together by a stroma, which is often very scanty
and penetrated to acertain distance from the periphery b
blood-vessels. Though the outer part of the tubercle i
126 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

well defined, its stroma is continuous with the areolar
tissue of the part im which it is placed. Tubercle cells
are generally small, but some few are large, and in the
nodule are also present free nuclei in abundance and

 
   
 

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Fig. 21.—Tubercle. A. Deposit in the air-cells of the lungs. Lb. Miliary
Tubercle. x 200. (After Harley and Brown.)

granules. The small cells are most frequently seen ; they
are rounded, with irregular margins, and each with a large
nucleus. “They sometimes approach, both in size and
appearance, the white cells of blood and lymph. We
believe that sometimes a tubercle does develop into a
structure like a lymphatic gland (adenoid) ” (Jones). <A
tubercle, such as we have just described, is termed
“miliary” or “grey,” it being semi-transparent and
about the size of a millet seed. It is remarkable that it
does not increase in size, but new cells which are pro-
duced are deposited in its outer vascular zone, and the
interior undergoes change. This alteration is degenera-
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 127

tive, being either calcareous, caseous, or softening. These
changes have nothing specific about them, with the excep-
tion, perhaps, of the softening, the product of which is a
special kind of purulent fluid. The frequency of casea-
tion and calcification account for the chronic tendency of
scrofilla. We must now determine what the tubercle is.
Some says it results from changes of epithelial cells,
others from connective-tissue corpuscles, others consider
it a special materies morbi deposited: from the blood or
formed anew in a formative extravasated fluid, and some
say it is a hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue. Gerlach says,
‘the presence of a tubercle virus is evident.” There are
other theories of its nature. In the state of the question
we may be allowed to take the view which most readily
chimes in with clinical facts, and consider tubercle cells
specific organisms resembling those of cancer, to which
the large cells sometimes seen in tuberculous matter are
remarkably similar. The pathological analogies between
cancer and tubercle are very marked; Jones says “a
tubercle thus seems to be a structure intermediate between
the products of inflammation, and the new growths pro-
perly so-called being less transitory than the former, less.
permanent than the latter, iand less, capable of develop-
men than the latter.’ ; Sanderson indicates three essentials
to the development of tubercle—a constitutional predis-
position, local irritation, and subsequent infection. A
freshly developed tubercle consists of animal matter,
albumen, fibrin and fat, and earthy matter, insoluble
phosphates and carbénates of lime, and the soluble salts of
soda (Glover). Calcification consists in increase of the
earthy and decrease of the animal matter. “Grey
tubercle” results from caseation ; the fat has considerably
increased. The fact that inflammatory products undergo
these retrograde metamorphoses has long complicated the
pathology of scrofula; many pathologists still hold that:
tubercle owes its origin to the absorption of metamor-.
phosed products of inflammation. Diagnosis of scrofula
post-mortem must be based on the presence of the
miliary tubercle. Hence, a doubt frequently exists as to
128 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the tuberculous or non-tuberculous characters of deposit
connection with serous membranes, as the pleura.
decision in each case must be carefully arrived at. Ge
rally, the occurrence of isolated tumours of rounded lo
lated masses and of indications of other scrofulous lesi
will enable us to diagnose scrofula. There is but |
cause of scrofula, the specific element, but there are m:
determining influences. Neglect of sanitary measu:
exposure, changed climatic conditions (notably cold, v
dampness). Debilitating influences, especially excess
and prolonged lactations, all act in this direction, and m
be corrected as a prophylactic measure; but they
themselves are not able to originate the disorder in
far as we know. The specific element comes from
parent or from without. Fresh blood must be introdu
into a herd with a scrofulous tendency, breeding in-a
in avoided; also, perhaps, we shall shortly admit t
measures of disinfection are necessary in this disorder,
it has been shown that animals standing side by side:
feeding out of the same manger and drinking from the ss
trough or bucket have both succumbed, one only hav
been at first affected. It has been stated that tubercl
communicable by inoculation, but this is not yet absolut
proved, for it has been found that local irritation of .
kind will determine development of tubercle. Chauv
long ago caused tuberculosis in cattle by feeding them
scrofulous products (‘ Gaz. Med. de Lyons,’ 1860, p. 5:
The intestines were affected in this case. The experim
has been frequently successfully performed on ot
animals, as dogs, poultry, and guinea-pigs. Bolling
experiment with milk is remarkable. He took half c
litter of pigs from a healthy sow, and fed them with n
from a phthisical cow. ‘The state of the cow was pro
by autopsy. The pigs were destroyed at regular interv
and those kept on the milk of the sow were found tc
healthy, while those fed with the scrofulous milk were
more or less affected with tuberculosis.

It is most important to decide what relation tubercl
man bears to tubercle in the lower animals. The n
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 129

of scrofulous cows, though much altered from healthy
conditions, finds its way into the market; numbers of
children and weak persons are fed on uncooked milk.
Cases of intestinal and mesenteric scrofula are frequent
in man. We cannot avoid the conclusion that many
human beings share the fate of Bollinger’s pigs! Next we
must ask ourselves about the flesh of scrofulous animals.
» This is almost invariably consumed as food, and is not
often thoroughly €ooked. We are not yet in a position
to say that ill effects result from this, but since such flesh
is under grave suspicion, would reject it, for we consider the
chance of causing serious human disease must not be run,
even though meatwhich may be harmless must be sacrificed.
Certainly all scrofulous deposit must be removed before the |
meat is sold, wnder protest, if it is found necessary to let it
. go.into the market. For we are sure that feeding animals
on scrofulous tumours has given rise to the disease.

Gerlach, the discoverer of the transmissibility of
tubercle through the digestive organs, as a result of most
careful investigations, decided that “the flesh of a tuber-
culous cow is infectious, and is unfit for food when there
is decided disease of the lymphatic glands, when the
tubercles are breaking up and becoming cheesy, and when
tubercles are found in different parts of the body”
‘(‘ Veterinary Journal,’ v, 203, d&c.).

Quite recently Virchow has decided that human tubercle
is not the same as the disease in the ox ; and in the ‘ Lancet,’
for 19th June, 1880, Dr. Crighton gives this matter a new
aspect by stating thatfn the human subject two tubercu-
lous diseases occur, one of these being the true pathological
equivalent of bovine tuberculosis, bearing to it the same
relations which human “ glanders”’ bears to equine.’

Treatment.—In phthisis and tabes the prognosis must
be decidedly unfavorable. As a rule they end in death,

1 While this sheet is passing through the press, receipt of ‘ Tuberculosis
from a Sanitary and Pathological point of view’ reminds me that in justice
to the persistent efforts of the author, Mr. George. Fleming, P.R.C.V.S., 1
must mention him as the most forcible exponent in this country of the ill
effects which may result from feeding on milk, meat, and tuberculous
material from cattle affected with this serious disorder.

9
130 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

but some cases of rallying have been recorded. Hov
ever, animals suffering from these conditions are unsa:
to use either for breeding, milking, or for human fooc
besides, they never become fat properly. The expen:
and constant trouble of keeping them is not such as wi
be atoned for by subsequent value of the animal. 1
arthritic cases, which occur in young stock, treatment
not satisfactory. Some of the patients recover, bi
the scrofulous tendency hangs about@them, and the
do not do well. Very frequently the suppuration again:
the joints wears out the patient. Stimulating applicatior
locally applied are beneficial as promoting nature’s effort
to throw off the tuberculous matter in abscess. Ton:
agents must be administered, and deobstruents, especial]
the compounds of iodine and bromine. When the ak
scesses have formed we shall have to resort to stimular
injections to promote granulation. Scrofulous tumoui
must be treated much in the same way. General]
external manifestations of the disorder are but accom
paniments of internal changes. :

In speaking of the lesions of phthisis, we have a
luded to the scrofulous ulcer of mucous membrane:
It occurs not infrequently in the larynx (tubercule
laryngitis), and animals fed with tuberculous matte
almost always exhibit lesions of this nature throughou
the length of the alimentary canal. Green tells us the
the development of tuberculous nodules in these ulcers i
secondary to a hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue of th
mucous membranes, which leads to ‘formation of an ulcei
with thick and prominent margins, in the bottom c
which the nodules appear. In the intestine these change
have their seat especially in the solitary Peyer’s gland:
which also are affected in typhoid fever. The tubercula
differs from the typhoid ulcer in that “its edges and bas
are thickened and indurated. And the tuberculou
nodules, tending to become caseous, are seen scattered ove
its floor.” The nodules develope around the blood-vessel:
It seems these changesof the mucous membrane are brough
about by actual contact with diseased matter (Gerlach).
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 131

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA zymoTica, vel Conragiosa, vel Exu-
pativa— Lung disease.”  Plewro-, Peripneumonia is a
specific disease affecting only horned cattle (some say
also the deer), spreading with rapidity in consequence of
its highly infectious characters, and causing remarkable
changes of the lungs and pleura. At first introduced into
this country by importation of diseased animals, it has
» now become domiciled here, and destroys large numbers of
British cattle. Sometimes a case of apparently sporadic
pleuro-pneumonia occurs in a neighbourhood, and results
in an enzootic outbreak. The animal first affected has,
perhaps, recently arrived in this. part of the country, her
history being unknown ; or, having been purchased from
a known farm, this on inquiry may turn out to have been
invaded by the disease. Unfortunately, the period of incu-
bation of pleuro-pneumonia is long, ranging even from two
weeks to two months, or even more than six months (Walley).
While this lasts, changes are going on in the lungs, and
certainly during the later periods of incubation the dis-
ease is communicable from one animal to another. The
general means of communication is by infection (7. e. through
the air). Many animals in a herd manifest immunity, but:
beasts of all ages and sexes are liable to take the disor-
der. They may be rendered more susceptible by exposure
to severe weather, bad feeding, an insanitary condition
of cowsheds, &c., and by some authorities it has been
supposed that such conditions may result in spontaneous
origin of the disorder; this, however, can hardly be, for
countries where sanitary measures for domesticated
animals were scarcely thought of and never carried out,
remained free from lung complaint. The contagium pro-
bably enters the system through the respiratory organs,
for, as we shall see, it has been determined that the
bronchial mucous membrane is the seat of primary lesion.
The blood is not seriously contaminated, for it has been
found that transfusion will not communicate the disease
(this, however, requires to be verified), and animals fed
on portions of diseased lungs did not take the disease,
showing that it is not readily communicable through the
132 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

alimentary tract. Until quite recently the analog
disorder with other specific diseases was a mi:
obscurity, but recent pathological researches, notak
of Dr. Yeo, have thrown important light upon the
An infected animal introduced into a pasture, o
cowshed, remains apparently well for a long enot
to communicate the disease to others. If careful thi
tric examinations are made daily, the temperature
of these will be found to rise as high as"103° F.—
but 102° is suspicious (especially if accompanied by
improvement in condition), and calls for prompt

and disinfection. This rise in the temperatur
place some days before the disease manifests it:
ushers itself in slowly and stealthily. There are vi:
ordinary signs of ill-health, separation from the k
thriftiness, and staring condition of the coat,and ani
condition of the bowels, appetite, and rumination,
with diminution of milk. Auscultation will enak
detect, often in only one lung, the mucous ral
respiratory efforts are slightly more frequent

health, and there is a cough which at first is onl
vable after drinking and in the morning and eve
when the patient is hustled, or pressure applied

the ribs, disappearing during the middle of the da
second stage is marked by more decided fever, th
is more persistent, harsh, and frequent. The res]
are quickened and laboured, and the expirati
accompanied by a pathognomonic grunt; the
generally stands with muzzle protruded, dilated

and heaving flanks. The breath also become
There is a watery discharge from the nose and eye
later assumes a purulent character, and is of an ur
odour. The skin, already dry, harsh, and tig
becomes yellow and dirty. The pulse at first beat
and is full though fast (70 or 80). Afterwards it
very small and scarcely perceptible. The back is
and pressure on the loins produces shrinking ; pe
of the intercostal spaces is evidently very painf
causes the patient to moan, and the sound yielde
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 133

and devoid of healthy resonance. Auscultation determines
dulness, more or less marked in certain parts of the
thorax, this being dependent either upon fluid in the
chest or lung consolidation. Sometimes only one lung is
affected, then there is increased resonance in the other ;
also a “ friction sound,” indicative of pleuritic changes, is
present. With the progress of the disorder the milk
becomes reduced to a very small quantity, and sometimes
entirely suppressed. There is expulsion of colourless,
or white, pale, straw-coloured and blood-tinged casts,
by coughing or expectoration (Walley). The bowels remain
constipated, as before, until the mouth becomes clammy,
and signs of debility (edematous swellings, diarrhcea, hoven,
and pallor of mucous membranes, &c.) usher in death.
Post-mortem examination.—No appreciable alteration in
the blood except such changes as are characteristic of dimi-
nished excretion and anemia. Pathological conditions ob-
servable only in the thoracic viscera. The pleura presents
extensive false membranes, and its sac is full of serous fluid
of a somewhat milky colour, with numerous shreds of lymph
floating about init. Adhesions unite the pleura pulmonalis
to pleura costalis, and the deposits have a markedly plastic

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Fre. 22.—Incipient Pleuro pneumonia epizootica. a. Diseased patches as
seen from the surface. 6. A section into the healthy and diseased parts.
(Simonds.)

character. Occasionally, it is said, but very rarely, there

is pus in the pleural sac. The membrane itself is
134 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

thickened, opaque, and varying in colour in different parts.
The pericardium is also involved; the intercostal muscles
are darkened. The lungs are the main seat of disease ;
sometimes only one of them (generally the right) is affected,
and there is disease of only one pleura {see Fig. 23),

it

  
 

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Fia. 23.—Pleuro-pneumonia zymotica. Right lung affected. ce. Interlobu.
lar bands. d, Lobules. (Simonds)

A distinctive peculiarity of the lesions of the lungs
is their circumscribed character, whereby a diseased
portion exhibiting very marked changes may lie against
a piece which is either but little affected or even healthy.
Henco results the well-known mottled condition of the
°

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 135

section of a pleuro-pneumonic lung. The diseased organ
is consolidated, and hence very remarkably increased in
weight. This depends upon extravasation of gelatinous
material into the interlobular areolar tissue, whereby the
yellow bands of the section are produced. Lymphy
deposits plug up the bronchial tubes. The lobules are
congested, presenting a reddish-brown colour, or altered by
deposition of gelatinous matter in the dobular areolar
tissue. Sometimes the pulmonary cells have collapsed,
yielding to the surrounding pressure ; at other parts they
are filled with deposits, and are in the condition termed
hepatization. The bronchial lymphatic glands are en-
larged by gelatinous deposit. The lung in the early stage
presents only circumscribed hardened portions, owing their
‘solidity to gelatinous effusion (see Fig. 22). In the later
stages the part. which is most extensively involved is gan-
grenous and friable, and of a greenish colour and putrid
odour. The diseased lungs in every case have a-special
sickening odour. The excellency and thoroughness of
Professor Yeo’s work will render his summary interesting
to our readers, and must be an apology for its insertion :

“To recapitulate, then—

“ The. various items in the pathological sequence may
be thus enumerated :

“1. Irritation of the mucous membrane of the smaller
bronchi, probably by some infective material (specific
virus ?).

“2. Chronic ulcerative bronchitis, localised to a few
minute bronchi.

3. Occlusion of the affected air-tubes.

“4, This produces such changes in the air-cells belong-.
ing to the affected tubes that the lobular parenchyma
becomes solid,

«5. As the bronchial disease progresses the walls of the
air-tubes become thickened and infiltrated with the pro-
ducts of chronic inflammation.

««6, The peri-bronchial lymphatics are implicated by the
extension of the infective process from the bronchus, and
are soon filled with dense exudation.

ain
1386 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

“7, The block in the lymphatics of the broncho-vascular
system impedes the flow of lymph from the corresponding
territory.

8, The tributary lymph channels are thus mechanically
engorged, and at the same time they are irritated by
infective materials.

“9, The inflammation of all the coats of the air-tube
gradually spreads towards the root of the lung.

“Thus, we have a deep-seated cone of typical consolida-
tion, traversed by numerous wide whitish lines, corre-
sponding to the swollen interlobular connective tissue
(marbling). In fact, the essential features of the disease
are all established.

“The morbid process seldom stops here however. It
spreads in two ways. First, by the broncho-vascular
lymph passages :

“1, The irritating and infective materials find their way
along the lymphatics towards the root of the lung, follow-
ing the normal course of the lymph stream.

“2. The wall of the bronchus becomes affected after a
time by the irritative matter in its surrounding lym-
phatics.

“3, The lymphatics of tributary bronchial tubes, met
with as the disease thus advances, are choked, and the
drainage of their territory impeded.

“4, The interlobular lymph spaces of the newly affected
territory soon become filled with exudation. Thus, the
clear kind of consolidation is produced.

“ Secondly, by the pleura:

“1, The pleura becomes affected over the focus of con-
solidation by means of the subjacent lymphatics.

“2. The pleurisy soon extends far beyond this limited
region, or the serous membrane becomes generally in-
flamed.

“3. The inflamed pleura infective materials reach the
lymphatics beneath it, and also those lying between the
neighbouring superficial lobules.

“4, Extending along the interlobular lympathics, the
irritation and exudation may pass towards the deeper
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 187

parts, so that an immense tract of lung is converted into
a semi-translucent mass, with swollen interlobular spaces.
The. consolidation formed in any of these ways may become .
intense induration if the animal live long enough.

“ With regard to the origin of the disease of the vessel-
wall, we must also start from the peri-bronchial disease.

“1, The lymphatics of the bronchus readily allow the
morbid products to pass to those immediately around the
vessels.

“2. The wall of the vessel becomes greatly thickened by
chronic inflammatory products.

*©3. The inner coat, which resists the disease for some
‘time, ultimately becomes diseased in small patches.

**4, The blood coagulates over the diseased inner coat,
and may occlude a small branch at its origin, or even the
entire vessel.

“5. Particles of the clot may break off, and, passing
into the minute arteries, form these embolic plugs.

“6. Thus numerous arteries of varying size may be
stopped up.

“7, The most varied forms of hemorrhagic infarction
are thus produced.

“8, The infarction may become gangrenous, cheesy, or
may dry up into a crumbling mass.

«9, A capsule may form around the most diseased part,
and shut it off from the rest of the lung.”

Thus we are advanced a stage in our knowledge of the
pathology of this disorder. We see that in it, as in other
-specific affections, the poison localises itself in a special
tissue, and there originates specific lesions. Sometimes
the disorder rapidly runs its course, leading to death from
congestion of the lungs; more frequently it progresses
as above described, lasts for six weeks or two months,
and causes death by anemia, In other cases, making an
average which varies much (from 20 per cent. to 70 per
cent.) in different outbreaks, recovery takes place. , The
animal passes through a prolonged convalescence, during
- which, itis said, he is capable of communicating the disease,
and ultimately may be fattened for the butcher. Animals
138 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

which have recovered from an attack are exempt from the
disorder in future. When an animal has been slaughtered
after recovery from pleuro-pneumonia, his lungs will be
found to exhibit traces of the diseased action. Old ad-
hesions to the walls of the thorax, consolidation, atrophy
of certain parts; while often it will be found that the
portion of the lung which formed the main seat of
- disease has been thrown off as a slough, and encapsuled '
by lymph; or it may have become calcified. An im-
portant question for the verification of our diagnosis here
presents itself. How are we to distinguish the lungs in
this disease from those presenting the conditions observed
in sporadic inflammation of the lungs and pleura? Many
skilful veterinary pathologists state that in some cases of
sporadic disease the marbled state of the lung occurs, and
that hence we are not in a position, from simple inspection
of a portion of lung, to determine the nature of the case.
Generally the sporadic disorder affects both lungs, and the
stage of the disease is uniform throughout, we cannot
note the abrupt transitions found in the infectious disease ;
also the lymphatic glands are not so much involved. The
history of the case will assist us in our inquiry. During
‘life sporadic cases differ from specific in that they are
more acute, cannot be traced to contagion, and may
-generally be put down to some other cause of a non-
specific nature. Also abortion takes place; the grunt is
present (see Walley, “ Four Bovine Scourges,” for a full
list of distinguishing features).

Cases of pleuro-pneumonia are liable to be confused in
‘diagnosis with those of pleural scrofulous deposits known

“ grapes.” Professor Williams considers that these
deposits are very frequently due to changes of pleuritic
adhesions, and says that cough during swallowing is
diagnostic of their presence, for they tend to compress’
the esophagus. His views are not generally accepted. In
some cases the differential diagnosis of these two conditions
is very unsatisfactory. The history of the case will help
us, and we must.,carefully look for any scrofulous lesions.

Treatment. —Sometimes, during an enzootic of this
‘DISEASES OF THE ‘BLOOD. 139

affection, animals fall sick, are feverish for a short time,
and then resume their originally healthy state. Probably
they have been subjected to the action of the virus, and
nature has enabled them to throw it off. Some autho-
rities, during the more acute periods of the attack, recom-
mend application of blisters to the side, a cathartic dose,
and even bleeding when performed early. It is question- -
able whether these measures prove beneficial, except by.
debilitating the patient, and so shortening the case. More
success seems to have attended the administration of mineral
tonics, especially the Cupri Ammonio-Sulphas, together with
stimulants, eliminatives, and hyposulphites ; also attention
must be paid to careful nursing. Isolation of diseased and
suspected animals, and disinfection, are most useful prophy-
lactic means, and the administration of iron tonics has been
suggested. Itis often best in the long run to stamp out an
outbreak. The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts require
special measures for eradication and prevention of spread.

An animal-after recovery should not be reintroduced
into the herd before the lapse of three months, and the
virus is said to be potent for as much as six months after
the animal’s death.

Inoculation.—It had been noticed that one attack of
certain blood diseases ensures immunity more or less
permanent against a second of the same disorder. It was
therefore suggested that a first attack of a mild character
might be artificially induced by direct introduction of
‘morbific material into the system. This was first tried
with smallpox in man, and succeeded in so far as im-
munity was secured; but the disease as artificially gene-
rated proved severe, communicable, and frequently even
fatal. The practice of inoculation was falling into dis-
repute when , Jenner’s observations of the diseases of
* animals in relation to those of man enabled him to dis-
cover vaccination. Here an artificially induced attack of
a very mild disorder acts as a prophylactic against a more
severe one of not the same, but a closely allied disease.
Vaccination has been tried haphazard ‘for certain diseases —
of lower animals, in no case with markedly beneficial
140 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

effect. Inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia is at present
much advocated by professionals and non-professionals.
It is performed by taking the lungs of an animal which
has died in the early stage of the disorder, cutting up the
diseased yellowish portions of lung, and allowing a serous
fluid to escape and accumulate in a vessel. This is the
lymph. Some of it is injected subcutaneously with a
syringe, or shreds of cotton steeped in it are inserted
into the tail near its tip; the shreds are removed after
twenty-four hours. Subsequently, in favorable cases, a
considerable amount of swelling occurs here, and may
extend up the tail to the quarters of the patient, giving
rise to violent inflammation of the caudal appendage,
which often results in the end of the tail sloughing and
gangrene involving even the upper parts of the hind ex-
tremities. Cases of this kind are common in dairies
where the animals have been inoculated. It is necessary
to amputate the tail when gangrene sets in. Caussé
describes pustules of the size of a franc-piece as resulting
from inoculation. Intravenous injection of virus has not
been found effectual. The irritative fever depending on
these processes is sometimes fatal. To understand
whether this means is prophylactic, we must put it to the
crucial test by exposing animals which have been inocu-
lated to contagion; some of them succumb. These, the
advocates of inoculation urge, did not thoroughly take, or
had the seeds of the disease in them before they were
operated upon. They say that where the process is syste-
matically carried out pleuro-pneumonia has almost disap-
peared ; though their opponents will not admit this. That
inoculation does not produce pleuro-pneumonia they allow,
but believe that it expends itself in producing changes at
the seat of inoculation, while the system is imperceptibly
affected and immunity secured. On the other hand, it is
‘urged that inoculation does not cause any general dis-
order except sympathetic fever, and cannot, therefore, be
useful; that it causes a certain loss by the ill effects
which neal fromyit ; that the practice is based neither on
a sound theoretical nor practical views. The ill effects
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 141

consequent upon the operation are reduced to a minimum
when it is properly performed, the exuded matter from
the lungs being fresh, devoid of gangrenous material, and
introduced in a proper manner. ‘The so-called sympa-
thetic fever may be somewhat specific, and it must be
remembered that in ordinary cases of the disease the blood
has been found remarkably free from virulent properties,
so ib is quite possible that the disease may take place after
inoculation, and run ‘its course at the seat of puncture,
without the lungs becoming involved specially. A slight
cough is said to frequently succeed the inoculation, and
cases are on record of origination of pleuro-pneumonia
from inoculated animals. Cattle owners, as a rule, have
strong faith in inoculation. The experiments which have
been most carefully conducted in this country have failed
to show that it is beneficial. These have been rather on
a small scale, and are, therefore, not conclusive. The
important question of inoculation as a prophylactic means
is not settled. It seems to have been proved that the
flesh in this disease is not prejudicial to man except in
the advanced stages; the milk, too, has been consumed
freely without any ill effects resulting. There seems,
then, no true reason why flesh and milk should not be
utilised. Of course, thorough cooking should be in-
* sisted on.

Pleuro-pneumonia has been considered the pathological
equivalent of rubeola or measles of the human subject, and
of typhoid fever of the pig. No evidence of any weight
has been advanced in support of these theories.

Eczema Epizootica, v. ContaciosaA, APHTHA EPIZOOTIGA,
VESICULAR EPIzootic, Mourrain, Foot-and-mouth disease, &c.,
is a specific eruptive disorder, panzootic in its characters,
and has been prevalent in all parts of this country at dif-
ferent times, having been first imported from abroad about
1839. Its special lesions consist in vesice, which may
occur on any mucous membrane, but especially affect that
of the mouth. The skin of the inter-digital space also is
the special seat of disorder.

Symptoms.—After an animal has bien exposed to con-
142 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

tagious influences, the incubation lasts from twenty-four
hours to four days; and the first appreciable alteration of
the normal conditions of the animal is a gradual rise in
temperature. This may be so marked that the ther-
mometer at the maximum may reach 107° F. Shivering
and other febrile signs are present in the first stage of
the disorder, the mouth is sore and has hanging from it
a little viscid mucus, the animal does not feed, grinds its
teeth, and exhibits general signs of ill health, the bowels
are constipated, and the breath fcetid. This lasts for
about two days, and then the characteristic eruptions
appear. In the mouth they occupy the dental pad, the
gums, lateral parts and dorsum of the tongue and the
palate; generally rounded or oval, they are of consider-
able size, averaging about that of a shilling, but often as
‘large as half-a-crown. They consist of elevations of the
somewhat dense epithelium, which is softened and macerated
by the saliva, and so rendered white. Soon they are
broken by the action of the tongue and other influences,
and a red raw surface is exposed. The discharge of
saliva is now profuse, and hangs in shreds from the mouth,
or collects like foam around that opening. There is a
peculiar smacking of the lips to get rid of this. Some-
times smaller vesicee appear on the transitional membrane
of the muffle, and in some cases the nostrils are similarly
diseased. There are vesicles developed on the udder in
milch cows, which especially affect the teats, and some-
times the diseased action is said to involve even the
lining membrane of the milk ducts. These mammary
vesicles are ruptured by the calf, or their contents
become absorbed and a dark brown scab remains, and
aggregation or confluence of these vesicee may take place.
The lesions of the feet are preceded by pain, manifested
by restlessness, frequent lifting and shaking of fore and
hind feet, and the back is arched and thus all four feet
brought together. Swelling of the coronet appears, and
is quickly followed by the development of vesice, gene-
rally between the digits, but often extending almost all
round the ‘coronet. There is considerable lameness,
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 143

me
aud the animal lies somewhat persistently. Here, also,
the vesicles rupture. The serous fluid, when exposed to
the air, dries and forms a yellowish layer of material
which readily pulverises. The last stage is marked by
disappearance of acute febrile symptoms, increase in

_ quantity of milk, which has been much reduced, oblitera-

tion of the exposed surfaces by development of new epi-

thelium and cessation of lameness. Sometimes the disease

assumes a more virulent type, dependent upon defective
hygienic arrangements, or upon obscure climatic influences.
Then the nasal, laryngeal, conjunctival, bronchial, gastric,
and duodenal mucous membranes present vesice ; the anus
and vulva are similarly affected; there is a tendency to
sloughing of parts in connection with the vesice, and
extensive removals of epithelium. In such cases young
animals will die before the eruptive stage, the only lesions

. manifested on post-mortem examination being congestion

of the lungs; while older animals suffer from severe
irritative fever, rapidly lose flesh, and are liable to suc-
cumb from exhaustion. In these. cases, too, there is a
marked liability to the various complications of this
disorder. In whatever part they occur the vesicee may be
associated with acute inflammatory action of deeper tissues,
such as glossitis leading to extensive sloughing or indura-
fion, mammitis, and inflammation of the structures of the
foot, with production of sinuous ulcers and a tendency to
sloughing of the claws, open joint, and casting of the hoofs.

Mammitis may result either from extension of inflam-
mation along the lining membrane of the ducts of the milk
glands, or from a blocking up of the openings of the ducts.
leading to over-distension with milk. Abscesses, indura-
tion, and blind teats supervene upon these cases, also the
frequent irritation in milking a cow with sore teats may
render her permanently vicious.

When the alimentary mucous membrane is involved
in the disease diarrhcea replaces the constipation which
is generally present. Cdematous swellings, too, some-
times are manifested. In each of these latter com-

’ plications there is extreme debility. Under ordinary =
144 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

circumstances the prognosis must be favorable, as re-
covery will take place after from eight to twelve or
fifteen days from the premonitory rise of temperature.
The various complications which we have just noticed
necessarily protract the case, but our prognosis, too, must
include grave loss to the owner, especially when milch
cows are affected. From the first stage of the attack the
milk is yellow in colour and gradually diminishes in
quantity until it becomes about one fifth the natural yield.
Its specific gravity is low, 1024, and it generally has a fair
proportion of cream. White corpuscles, having the
characters of pus-globules, are always present, their
number varying with the severity of the symptoms.
Some of these were seen three weeks after recovery.
Monads and bacteria were observed in every specimen,
and remained unaffected by boiling (Professor Brown).
The produce of a dairy, then, is very seriously diminished
by an attack of eczema. In the severer forms, too,
abortion occurs, and in all cases the animals are very much
reduced in condition ; 10 per cent. is given as the average
loss by death when the disease is most severe. One attack
of this disorder does not secure immunity from others ; it
is not rare to see animals which have been affected three
times. From cattle, who are especially affected by it, and
are the most important bearers of contagion, it will
spread to the sheep, pig, poultry, and also to the human
subject and the horse. The cases which have been
recorded can leave no doubt of this latter fact. The con-
tagion is both fixed and volatile, so that the disease is
contagious and infectious. The characters of the materies
morbi have not yet been determined. Professor Brown
mentions the occurrence in the blood and other fluids of
monads, bacteria, and vibriones, but does not attribute a
specific influence to any of the observed forms. The
viruliferous principle resides in its most concentrated
form in the saliva. In 1889, Professor Simonds com-
municated the disease by feeding an animal on hay
saturated with saliva; vesicles appeared in the mouth in
forty hours. He also found that warm milk from a
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 145

diseased cow given to pigs generated the disease. Thus,
it seems that the virus may gain entry into the system
through almost any mucous membrane. Nature endeavours
to throw off the contagium after it has entered’ into the
blood through the mucous membranes and such parts of
the skin as we have indicated as being involved. Inocu-
lations at first failed, but Contamine produced the disease
by inoculation of the mouth, and since then this process
has been resorted to, not with a view to prevent recurrence,
but in order to ensure all animals of a herd being simul-
taneously affected, whereby the period of isolation, as en-
forced by law, is shortened. This inoculation is a measure
of questionable value, since some animals might have
escaped by proper segregation and disinfection, and also
the same animal may be several times affected. The virus
_ may be conveyed by attendants or by appliances ; also it is
said to be carried for a distance of 120 yards, but this pro-
bably depends upon the direction of prevailing winds and
other atmospheric influences. The virus is said to retain
its vitality for at least three mouths.

Diagnosis.—EHezema epizootica may be confounded with
aphtha simplex, and undoubtedly has been by some
authors. The latter appears under an enzootic form,
dependent upon special characters of the food. The
‘lesions are confined to the mouth, and consist of very
numerous true vesice, surrounded by an areola or ring
of redness, due to inflammation, and pointed. These
contrast markedly with the large blebs of eczema epi-
zootica, which are few in number, and occur in definite
positions. <A difficulty is presented to inspectors in the
later stages of this disorder in determining whether foot
lesions are specific or simply due to the disease called foul.
Complicated foot lesions succeeding eczema are really one
form of foul. All chronic cases of this kind may be
passed as incapable of communicating the disease. The
same remark applies to glossitis and disease of the
mammary gland.

‘Treatment, as in other eruptive disorders, must be
directed to avoidance of complications and assistance of
10
146 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

nature’s efforts to expel the contagium. To remove the
causes we must divide the herd into diseased, suspected,
and unsuspected lots. The latter should be examined
daily to detect any rise of internal temperature; the
suspected should be isolated and drafted into the diseased
lot as they become affected. Disinfection should be
rigidly enforced, and the animals not removed from
quarantine until about a week after the last case of disease
has been removed from among them. The diseased should
have soft diet as much as possible, and those but slightly
affected require little more attention. Where the patients
are seriously debilitated they will require tonics. When
the eruptions on the teats tend to block up the milk
passages, the milk must be drawn off with the syphon.
When the udder is inflamed it must be duly supported
and treated as in ordinary mammitis. The diseased feet
must be kept as clean as’ possible and protected by
bandages, complications receiving the attention recom-
mended in “foul.” Calves ought to be removed from cows
affected by this disorder and hand-fed with good milk,
for these young animals are liable to suffer severely from
the disease, the whole alimentary tract being involved.
Fairs, markets, and other centres of cattle traffic are the
sources of introduction of this disease into farms; and
high roads are often traversed by diseased flocks and herds,
which thus leave virus behind them for those that follow.
The farmer must be advised, therefore, to keep newly
purchased animals away from the rest of his stock for a
few days after their arrival, to avoid pasturing animals
on fields bordering on high roads when the disease is
rife in the neighbourhood, and, as a public duty, not to
place diseased animals there; also all measures of disin-
fection should be strictly enforced. Especially the same
attendants should not have charge of both sick and healthy
animals. Unless sanitary measures be strictly enforced
the disease may assume its severest forms.

Post-mortem examination shows the mucous membranes
variously involved in different cases. Thus, the larynx,
nasal chamber, and alimentary canal, sometimes present
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 147

vesicee and other inflammatory conditions. Sometimes
the abrasions of the palate and the lesions in the stomachs
‘ resemble’ those observed in rinderpest. Frequently
hemorrhagic spots areobservable on the serousmembranes.
In fatal cases the blood is anemic. When extracted
during life the red corpuscles are found to be stellated,
and to exhibit changes of form. White corpuscles are
increased in number. Bacteria and masses of living
matter, together with minute spherical bodies, are con-
stantly present. In the saliva are small stellate crystals
and actively moving monads. In the fluid from the vesicles,
and in the discharge from the eyes, are monads, bacteria,
masses of germinal matter, and large nucleated cells.
We owe these conclusions to Professor Brown’s obser-
vations. Abscess, induration, and even gangrene of the
mammary gland, may be present. Open joints, fistulous
ulcers burrowing beneath the hoof, and extensive sloughing,
also separation of the hoofs, may follow the foot disease.
This disease is certainly communicable to man through
the milk; thus, children are liable to become affected.
Suspected milk should either be rejected or boiled before
consumption. We have no evidence to prove that the
flesh is injurious to man. Cases are on record where
attendants npon diseased animals have taken the disease.
Since it is intercommunicable between all the animals
which can become affected, our prophylactic measures
must embrace all animals on the farm. By law animals
affected with foot-and-mouth disease, or herded with
affected animals, are not to be removed, nor are animals
from contiguous buildings, except for immediate slaughter
under the regulations of the local authorities, or if not for
slaughter, under permit from the officer of the local autho-
rities. All sheds occupied are to be disinfected and
cleansed. ,
Rinverrest—Cartits Pracue—Puscuima (Hindustanee).
—This disorder is the most formidable specific disease of
cattle ; it is enzootic in the steppes of Russia, China, and
it seems, also, in some parts of Burmah, occasionally visits
Great Britain, and requires most active measures of re-
148 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

pression. It is of a most highly infectious and contagious
character, affects also deer and sheep, and generally gives
rise to a very great fatality, estimated at 90 per cent.
An attack here proves fatal about the seventh day after
the first manifestation of signs of the disorder. Its period
of incubation varies somewhat considerably, in some cases
being supposed to extend to the fourteenth day but gene-
rally it lasts from four to eight days. The first indication
of disorder is a rise in internal temperature, which occurs
twenty-four to twenty-eight hours before any other ap-
preciable symptoms; then the animal exhibits evident
signs of disorder, extreme dulness, rapid loss of strength,
irregular rumination and feeding, and diminished supply of
milk, also generally a certain amount of constipation is pre-
sent, the coat stares, and there is a persistent shivering.
Later the visible mucous membranes assume a pink and
then a dark purple colour, most perceptible at the vulva.
Twitchings of the voluntary muscles take place, and there
is a husky cough, which Professor Simonds describes as
“like that of a broken-winded horse with sore throat.’
The pulse at first is scarcely affected, later it becomes
frequent and full, and afterwards loses tone, becomes
feeble, thready, and double, and towards the last is im-
perceptible, and the beats of the heart are irregular and
feeble. The breathing, at first not materially altered,
afterwards is frequent, complicated by the muscular
twitchings, so that it presents a double expiratory move-
ment, and at each expulsion of the air the animal moans.
The breath is fetid. The temperature of the surface is
variable, but the diffusion of heat throughout the system
is very irregular, and as the debility of the patient and
the weakness of the heart’s action increases, extreme cold-
ness of those parts distant from the centre of circulation
sets in. The nervous system is in a very disordered
state; sometimes the animal is delirious in the early
stage, while in the later there is extreme debility, so
that the recumbent position is persistently maintained.
Abdominal pains are present, marked by the usual signs,
and diarrhoea early supervenes, the evacuations being
s DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 149

watery, of a dirty yellow colour, highly offensive with a
peculiar odour, containing flocculi of lymph, and some-
times a little blood, and being expelled suddenly and with
great force at first, but later trickling away involuntarily.
The back is arched, the skin dry and tense, the loins are
tender, and emphysematous swellings occur, especially
about the back in the region of the loins. A similar dis-
engagement of gas takes place into the interlobular areolar
tissue of the lungs. Non-emphysematous tumours are
‘described as sometimes appearing about various parts
of the body. In some cases the secretion of milk is sud-
denly and completely arrested, but in others this fluid con-
tinues to be produced in small quantity, until an advanced
‘stage of the disorder, its “specific gravity being
diminished, its salines less plentiful, its fat increased, and
sometimes it is reddish and acrid.” The urine is scanty,
‘often albuminous, and contains a diminished amount of
salines, but an increase of urea. The blood is dark and
coagulates imperfectly, has an excess of fibrin, and an
altered condition of itsalbumen. The conjunctiva, at first
reddened, produces acrid watery tears, which trickle down
the face and cause removal of the cuticle; later the secre-
tion becomes gelatinous, accumulates at the inner canthus,
and the membrane becomes pale, saliva is produced in
considerable quantity, and the mucous membranes undergo
special and definite changes; the congestion above in-
dicated is succeeded by proliferation of the epithelium,
with an altered condition of the products. The buccal
mucous membrane about the lips, gums, and palate, pre-
sents elevations of some extent, which are considered to
be liable to be confounded with those lesions which occur
in foot-and-mouth disease. They are not due to separa-
tion of the epithelium from the corium, but to alterations
of the former. The yellowish masses of thickened epi-
‘thelium are but slightly adherent to the corium, and they
can be readily removed as branny scales, leaving patches
of highly vascular sensitive tissue, surrounded by the
white mucous membrane, as yet unaltered. These lesions
are first marked in the conical papillze of the cheek and
150 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the tongue. The altered epithelium, when thrown off or
removed, passes out of the system with the profuse dis-
charge of saliva. After the mucous membrane of the
vulva becomes of a very dark purple colour, the epithelium
undergoes changes similar to that of the mouth, and there
is an albuminous discharge, which hangs from the lower
commissure. The Schneiderian membrane, after exhibiting
the early congested condition, becomes pale, petechiated,
and its blood-vessels are very evident; then its epithelium
becomes altered. There is a discharge which hangs about
the nostrils and dries there. The skin is involved in
diseased action; the parts covering the udder, teats,
inside of the thighs, and those neighbouring the mucous
membranes are especially affected, though we often see
the general surface implicated. In the male the preputial
membrane and the scrotum are very liable to become
affected. The lesion may range from a scurfy condition,
through a papular stage to the pustular, exudations taking
place which mat the hairs together, or the pustules become
confluent, and form brown patches of a considerable size.

Prognosis.—Williams says: —‘‘ Some cases of cattle
plague recover, and in these cases it is observed that
the skin over the neck, withers, &c., becomes covered
with a yellowish sebaceous secretion, but there are no
vesicles or pustules.” It is found that recovery from one
attack secures futureimmunity. It must be remembered,
however, that an animal himself exempt may conyey the
contagium. The complications of this disorder, altera-
tions of the intestinal mucous membrane, persistent diar-
rhoea, and excessive debility, are such as prevent frequent
recovery ; but in its enzootic abode many mild cases are
seen. No known race of cattle is exempt, but it is said
that animals native to the districts whence it comes can
resist its influence much more frequently than others.
Some few animals enjoy immunity during an attack even
in Western Europe.

Causes—The climatic and hygienic conditions of
animals in the enzootic abode of this disorder are pecu-
larly trying to the constitution. Drought, starvation
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 151

and plenty, extreme cold and almost tropical heat, being
peculiarly combined on the wide grassy expanses of the
steppes. Thus, the animals there become much predis-
posed to this as well as other disorders, but we must
coincide with the opinion at which Professor Unterberger
has arrived, that even here the disease does not originate
spontaneously. From this enzootic centre the disease is
carried along the great traffic roads towards Western
Europe, and follows the course of armies in the field.
Thus, as trade facilities increase the disorder will be
liable to spread to a greater distance in a shorter time ; also
certain definite rinderpest routes from Central Russia might
be noted ; also times of war prove times of pestilence, a
fact which has long been observed. Meat food for troops
in Central, Eastern, and Western Europe must be drawn
from the large supplies of Hastern Russia, and in the
hurry of the transport and the commissariat duties vete-
rinary inspection is too often neglected.

Nothing is really known about cattle plague contagium.
It is. said to diffuse through the air to the distance
of 500 yards (Gerlach, 40 métres; Hayne, 30 to 1000
métres), bringing about infection of other stock, but
most observers are inclined to consider the latter esti-
mate must be taken to apply to mediate contagion
rather than true infection. The discharges may retain
their power of communicating the disorder for eleven
months (Jessen), three months (Camper and Viedazyr),
six years (Weiss and Hering). In the latter cases it was
‘retained in capillary tubes, or between two pieces of glass,
and hence not exposed to the air. So we can bring to
bear weighty arguments against the theory of spontaneous
origin of this disorder; any statement that it may occur
as a result of ordinary causes must not be admitted.
Practically, all efforts must be directed against the con-
tagium which already exists. This may be conveyed by
an unaffected animal, by hides of affected ones, by at-
tendants, &c; and the persistence of. the virus renders
disinfection, and, where possible, destruction of things
which have been in contact with any diseased animal
152 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

imperative. Burning tar in byres and sheds used to be
recommended as a means of disinfection, but now we
prefer the use of the numerous agents of tried value,
which are mentioned in our Pharmacopwias—carbolic
acid, sulphurous acid, chloride of zinc, &c. Special
attendants must be told off to infected animals; these
must be strictly prevented from approaching any healthy
cattle, and ought to be disinfected daily. All carcases of
diseased animals should be burnt in their hides, together
with the straw upon which they have been lying. The
virus may remain in a latent condition after the animals
have been buried, and render the soil a medium of con-
tagion (except when they have been buried in quicklime).
The sheds should be sluiced down with strong disinfecting
solution, so that no excreta bearing virus in a harmful
condition may pass into the sewers. The patients should
for the most part, and, as a rule, be slaughtered at once,
and their hides slashed. If some of the milder cases are
kept for observation or treatment, an endeavour must be
made to support the strength of the patients by stimulants,
combined with vegetable tonics, as beer or gentian, with
nitrous ether. Numberless recipes have been submitted,
tested, and proved worthless. We can name no agent
capable of acting as an antidote to rinderpest poison.
The strength requires to be supported by every available
means, especially the administration of gruel and other
easily digestible but nutritive matters. Internal disin-
fection has been much recommended, and in this direction
future endeavours to treat specific diseases must be made.
But inspection, stoppage of cattle traffic from diseased
countries, stamping out any outbreaks which occur, and
quarantine of all suspected animals must be adopted.

Inoculation has been tried as a prophylactic, but it
reproduces the disease in all its fatality and communi-
cability. Vaccination, too, was unsuccessfully resorted to
during the 1865-66 outbreak, under the supposition that
rinderpest is a form of smallpox. Neither of these mea-
sures, therefore, is advantageous.

Post-mortem examination.—Considerable variations of
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 1538

internal temperature or a rapid fall of the mercury are signs
of approaching death. The local lesions observable in the
mucous membrane are principally due to plugging of even
large vessels by lymph deposits, whereby the nutrient supply
of the epithelium is cut off, and it undergoes fatty change.
‘This reminds us of the plugging of the minute vessels which
occurs from accumulation of bacteria in anthrax, septicemia,
and other diseases of their class. The specific organisms
of rinderpest have not yet been recognised. During the
great outbreak in this country medical observers noted the
presence of ovoid bodies in the muscles between the
sarcous fibres, and termed them “ cattle-plague bodies,”
more careful examination showed that they are harmless
parasites of the division Gregarine. The mouth, pharynx,
and first three compartments of the stomach are generally
congested, the cesophagus having undergone no change in
the majority of cases. The glandular structures of the velum
palati, tonsils, and of the base of the tongue are diseased,

their ducts being plugged up with strings of lymph. The.

rumen sometimes shows somewhat extensive patches of con-
gestion of a “ port-wine” colour, or of epithelial proliferation.
The omasum almost invariably has its contents in a very
hard condition, its epithelium separates somewhat readily,
showing a congested surface, and sometimes the leaves are
the seat of more severe lesions, and may be ulcerated,
as a result of sloughing, to such an extent that they
are perforated. The abomasum is congested, and, espe-
cially near the pylorus, shows extensive blood extravasa-
tions and sloughing after the formation of the character-
istic false membranes. The contents are reddish-brown
viscid mucus, intermingled with blood. Sometimes it is
noted that both in the abomasum and the intestine a
certain amount of pigmentary degeneration occurs. The
small intestines are rendered dark in appearance by the
altered characters of the mucous membrane. This is
congested in a streaked or patchy manner, which is rather
distinctive of this disorder. Extravasations of blood are
present, and the contents are something like those of the
abomasum. Where the epithelium has separated from the

‘
154 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

corium the latter is covered by a lymphy deposit, which
hides the bright red colour of the erosions. Peyer’s
patches are generally diminished in size, and are covered
with a layer of lymph. Sometimes, however, they are
enlarged (as also are the solitary glands), and are
covered with false membranes of variable colour. The
large intestines may be more or less diseased than
the small. The ileo-cecal valve is very frequently the
seat of change; in other parts the bowel exhibits conges-
tions, extravasations, and false membranes, the latter
often being in process of removal by sloughing. The
rectum especially is intensely diseased. The lining mem-
brane of the gall-bladder is similarly altered to that of the
intestines, and the gall-ducts contain lymph. Wherever
these congestions occur the capillary vessels become very
much distended with micrococci (according to Klebs).
Also some of these invade the submucous-tissue, of which
they cause thickening, and others pass off in the discharges.
The respiratory mucous membrane in the trachea, bronchi,
and larynx is congested, and the latter exhibits ulceration
and oedema against the arytenoid cartilage. In very bad
cases along the whole length of the air-passages the mucous
membrane will often show ecchymoses and false mem-
branes. There is an emphysematous condition of the lungs.
The kidneys are enlarged, and their lining membrane, as
well as those of the uterus, urethra, and bladder, are
characteristically altered. The urine is scanty and bloody.
The conditions of the blood, skin, &., have been already
noticed. No marked lesions of the nervous system are
present. The mammary gland is congested. The flesh
‘varies but little from the healthy in physical properties.
Sometimes it has a bluish colour or is of a darker
red than usual, The heart is soft, and there are
often extensive extravasations beneath its lining mem-
brane. Petechiee and ecchymoses are observable on most
of the serous membranes. The little milk produced by
affected animals should be thrown away, but, according to
the best authorities, we have no evidence that the flesh of
animals in the early stage of the disease willprove prejudicial
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 155

to man. Such flesh should be thoroughly cooked, and it may
convey the disease to other cattle. It was concluded at the
International Veterinary Congress at Vienna, after evidence
from Professors Rawitsch and Jessen, that hard dried hides
will not communicate the disease. It is interesting to
inquire into the question whether rinderpest has intimate
affinities with any disease of man. This matter is fully
discussed in Professor Gamgee’s valuable and exhaustive
work on the Cattle Plague. It was thought to be
equivalent to typhoid fever of man, but the patches of
Peyer do not undergo the changes characteristic of that
disease. Again, smallpox has been considered the patho-
logical equivalent, especially by Dr. Murchison, who very
ably supports his view, but skin lesions of the true pustular
character are seldom present in rinderpest. Also it is
difficult to understand how, if the diseases are one and the
same, smallpox is always present in this country and
rinderpest only when introduced from without. The false
membranes formed in cattle plague are described fre-
quently as diphtheritic and croupous ; the disease is often
termed typhus, and some superficial resemblances to
certain other human disorders may be noted. Suffice it to
say, with regard to these, that it has not been found that
rinderpest is the equivalent of either of them. We can
only consider. it as a disease of a peculiar character due to
a special pathogenic organism—which, probably, Klebs is
right in considering a bacterium.

Cattle plague and eczema epizootica are exanthemata,
eruptive disorders. In addition we find that variola and
a special form of aphtha are mentioned under this heading
in. bovine pathology. Recently stomatitis pustulosa has
been added to the list. These are specific disorders,
generally communicable with facility by contagion and
inoculation, They ron their course with remarkable
regularity, exhibiting a number of consecutive changes of
a special character, culminating in the formation of vesicles
by accumulation of serous fluid between the corium
and epithelium of skin, or mucous membrane, or both.
The fluid of the vesicle contains the materies morbi in a
156 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

concentrated state, and is therefore very useful for inocu-
lation purposes. The virus is thus thrown off from the
system, so that generally these diseases have a benign
character but under defective sanitary arrangements, and in
animals with vitiated constitutions, they may become
malignant, and highly destructive. In all of these dis-
orders we see a well-marked incubative stage, a period of
invasion, an eruptive stage, and, lastly, the stage of
repair. It is noticed that certain specific poisons are
eliminated by certain membranes, and in special ways.
We cannot explain this any more than why particular
medicinal agents act on special organs. The nature of
the contagium is still obscure; by some it is considered
to be corpuscular, by others bacterian. These diseases
are little influenced by medicinal treatment, but may be
altered very much for the worse by neglect of sanitary
precautions. Then we see considerable and permanent dis-
organisation of structure, complications tending to render
the animal useless, even if it recover. The eruption
must be encouraged in every possible way, and its various
changes promoted. The animal’s strength must be sup-
ported. Measures of isolation and disinfection are
essential. These diseases, especially vaccinia, derive great
interest and importance in their relations to diseases of
other animals. ~

Vaccinia, Cow-pox, Varrora Vaccinia [with which are
noticed Varicella, vel Vaccinoides, and Smallpox in cattle].
Variolz constitute a class of diseases, one form being
peculiar to each species of animal ; thus, the eruptions of
this nature which occur in our domesticated animals and
in man are not identical, but only, allied. Equine and
bovine variole are sometimes considered exceptions to this
rule. Jenner observed that milkmaids took this disorder
from milking cows affected with it, and were thereby
exempt from smallpox, so he originated the system of vacci-
nation to the great and lasting benefit of mankind. The
same observer also assented to an observation of a con-
temporary of his (Dr. Loy), that the disease vulgarly
known as “grease” in the horse, also termed eczema
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 157

impetiginodes, is really equine variola, and its virus intro-
duced into the system of the ox originates variola vaccinia.
_ These diseases of the two species of animal were, therefore,
by him considered identical. This communication of virus
may be direct or indirectly through attendants. Human
variolous matter, when introduced into the system of the cow
is stated to cause’a smallpox eruption, while vaccine intro-
duced into the human system does not producesmallpox, only
vaccinia. From the eruptions in the latter case may be col-
lected lymph, which, when preserved in capillary tubes or
on ivory points, is available for other vaccinations. It
always produces the milder disease, and always proves
effective against smallpox if the lymph be good and the
‘inoculation successful. Thus, much lymph derived by
linear descent from that which originally came from the
cow is in circulation. ‘Two important questions arise in
connection with it :—

1. Has it degenerated by successive passages through
the systems of numerous human beings, so as to prove
less effectual in securing immunity now than formerly,
and, if so, will it not be better to renew the stock?
Certainly, lymph just taken from the cow produces more
marked effects than humanised lymph, but this is not always
a benefit. The lymph of the present day ordinarily acts
with quite sufficient potency and seems to be very effectual.

2. Has it become admixed with human specific poisons—
scrofula, syphilis, and the like, which would not be
present in animal lymph. There is much feasability in
this argument in favour of animal vaccination. Un-
doubtedly there is much vitiated lymph in circulation.
Some lymph “ stocks ” are very pure, in consequence of
great care in selection of lymph for preservation. The
production of fresh supplies of lymph from the cow is,
therefore, by all means to be encouraged, but good old
lymph is not to be rejected, as it is decidedly better for
weakly subjects. Vaccination and other inoculations are
performed by removal of the epidermis, and insertion of
the virulent fluid on the exposed surface of the cutis.
Blood should not be drawn, for this would tend to wash
158 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

away the virus; also the seat of inoculation may be
advantageously protected by adhesive plaster. Chauveau
has made some most interesting researches on vaccine.
It is said that the disease may be communicated through
the digestive organs, or by intravenous injection.

Variola ovina is not the same disease as variola vac-
cinia, Zundel relates how two beasts became affected
by living with sheep suffering from their pox. Professor
Simonds’ conclusions with regard to vaccination for
sheep-pox are indefinite. He quotes Sacco:—‘In the
event of an outbreak of sheep-pox, if we cannot procure
lymph to vaccinate the animals, we may ovinate the
human subject or the cow, and thus destroy the virulence of
the virus,” and “ the vaccination of sheep gives immunity,”
also Mayer, whose researches (‘ Veterinarian,’ xx, p. 629)
showed him that the French experiments lead to the
conclusion that vaccination does not secure immunity from
sheep-pox.

An attack of vaccinia secures immunity from the disease
in future. Outbreaks, which are apparently spontaneous,
occur among cows, especially when confined to close sheds,
and shortly after calving. The disease does not seem to
originate spontaneously in the bull, but it occurs as a result
of inoculation. We must look with suspicion on the asserted
spontaneity of this disease, remembering that horses, as
well as other cattle, may be the source of an outbreak, and
also some attacks in the cow are very slight, and there
are several conditions with which they may be confounded
if due care be not exercised. Thus, eczema epizootica
and cattle plague often present an eruption on the teats
and udder, and there are several forms of disease which
run through a herd, and are communicable to many,
being known under the common name Varicrtta, or
Vacctnorpes, of which Fleming mentions three—the
acuminated, the papular or warty, and the emphyse-
matous forms. All these may be distinguished from
the eruption of the true vaccinia, which never assumes
either the acuminated or emphysematous character, and
only passes through a papular stage, which lasts about
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 159

four days. Vaccinia is not @ severe affection; it renders
the milk unfit for food, and diminishes the supply pro
tem., though febrile conditions seldom run very high, and
present nothing very special in their characters. The
first manifestation of local lesion is redness, at first dif-
fused, subsequently circumscribed, in patches over the
mammary gland and teats, also pain and general swelling.
‘When the parts are reddened, small hard nodules appear
and increase in size until they attain about the size of a
sixpence. This is-the papular stage ; next comes the vesi-
cular. A serous accumulation extends from the centre, ren-
dering the vesicz bluish, though they are still surrounded
by a congested ring (areola). The central point, however,
does not project, but remains somewhat slightly bound to
the corium. Consequently the vesica has an umbilicated
appearance. About the eighth or tenth day. these vesicze
attain their maximum development. Then comes the
pustular stage, which lasts for two or three days, and then
the contents of the pustule, if not set free by rupture,
. become absorbed, and a peculiar brown scab. remains
(sicéative stage) for a varying length of time. Vaccine
lymph should be collected only from the matured vesice,
‘and should contain neither pus nor blood, neither should
it give the slightest. evidence of putridity or milkiness.
An attack of cow-pox generally extends over several
weeks; the disease prevails especially in the spring, and
in certain parts of the country. It seems to be less
frequent now than formerly. In warm countries it be-
comes malignant; thus, in India it is manifested by high
fever, confluence of the vesicw, and the mucous mem-
branes in general becoming involved in the diseased action.
Thus, there is a discharge from the nostrils, profuse saliva-
tion, diarrhoea, and abdominal pains. Young animals and
weakly subjects even succumb to the disorder.
Treatment.—Prevent retention of milk, such as is apt
to occur by scabbing over of the extremity of the teat.
Dyaw off the milk regularly with the syphon. Occasionally
‘ mammitis results from extension of inflammation along the
mucous membrane of the gland. This will require the
160 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ordinary antiphlogistic means. Avoid communicating thé
disease from sick to healthy animals when milking ; iso-
lation is seldom necessary. Reject the milk.

Sometimes customers bring dogs to the veterinary
surgeon that they may be vaccinated as a preventive
against distemper. We have no proof that this is of the
slightest value ; on the contrary, evidence is not wanting
to prove the fallacy of this method.

Iyrectious ApuTHa is described by some authors
as “affecting cattle. Eczema epizootica is frequently
called aphthous fever, and a form of aphtha, of an
enzootic character, is sometimes seen as a result of special
characters of food supplied ‘to a number of animals.
Probably the true “ infectious” form is the acuminated
varicella mentioned above, the mouth being involved. The
vesices are numerous, conical in shape, and occur in all
parts of the mouth; thus, the disease may be distinguished
from eczema epizootica. This aphtha is said to be most
frequently met with in India and other warm countries ;
we are inclined to think that in the majority of. cases it is
simply foot-and-mouth disease. Our knowledge of the
cattle diseases of India is scanty and indefinite. Doubt-
less, when scientific investigations of them have been
made, we shall find our list of exanthemata enlarged.

Stomatitis Pusrutosa Equi, described by Professors
Eggeling and Ellenberger (see ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vii,
306), is communicable to cattle by inoculation and from
one cow to another. Nodules first formed; these became
pustules, which burst and-produced superficial ulcers;
these increased in size, and then commenced healing, a
scab being formed. The contagion may occur from the
skin, but takes place most readily from the mucous mem-
brane. The virus, when passed through several animals,
seems to lose its potency.

Fleming, in his ‘Veterinary Sanitary Science and
Police,’ mentions a bovine aphthous disease of the genital
organs as observed by Numan, of Utrecht, in 1831, since
when it has several times appeared in Holland. It is
anthracoid, gives rise to malignant carbuncle in man, and
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 161

is communicable by cohabitation and contagion. Inflam-
matory swelling affects the vulva and vagina in the
female, the anus and rectum in the male, and phlyctene
are produced. Fever not generally detectable is accom-
panied sometimes by general inflammation of mucous mem-
branes and bloody evacuations per anum and vulvam, the
conjunctiva being so injected as to look like a clot of blood.
Autopsy showed infiltrations into the subcutaneous con-
nective tissue, and the fourth compartment of the stomach
and small intestine filled with bloody fluid. Treatment
in Numan’s hands proved very successful. Isolation and
disinfection are important.

Anthracoid Affections, Charbon.—A number of
diseased conditions of cattle, apparently distinct from each
other, may be associated under this heading. They are of
the highest importance, for they are communicable; we
know their contagium ; they are highly fatal, are to a
certain extent preventable, and are intimately related to
the health and wealth of mankind. Ordinarily enzootic
‘or even only sporadic, under favoring circumstances they
become epizootic and traverse whole continents, causing
fearful loss of animal wealth,, The researches of Pasteur,
Toussaint, Feser, and other continental observers have
thrown great light on their nature, causes, and prevention.
Anthrax literally means a boil; the name was derived
from the manifestation of this disorder in man as
malignant carbuncle. Charbon is a term derived from
the black condition of the blood. This results from the
presence in that fluid of the Bacillus anthracis, a very
large bacterium, a full account of the life history of
which may be seen in our paper on Bacteria in the ‘ Veteri-
nary Journal’ for 1879. This vegetable organism gains entry
into the blood, and there multiplies by rapid reproduction.
It is imagined that it wars with the red corpuscles for the
possession of oxygen. While the bacteria are few no
symptoms of disorder are detectible in very many cases,
in others only a rise of the internal temperature. Acute
disorder may suddenly set in and run its course in a few.
hours, in other cases the attack may extend over days.

11
162 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

It has been proved that these bacteria are the producers
of anthrax, and they generate also an irritating matter
which heightens their tendency to give rise to inflamma-
tory action. The beautiful researches of Toussaint seem to
prove that they accumulate in enormous numbers in the
small capillaries of the lungs, and, by blocking them up,
cause “ mechanical asphyxia.” Some authorities still deny
that they are the sole producers of charbon, and consider
this disease may originate spontaneously and the organisms
be accidentally present in the blood. They also state
that organisms of this kind may be present without
causing disease, but we note :

1. That these bacilli are invariably present in cases of
anthrax. |

2. That when bacilli of this kind have been cultivated
in a solution of known chemical composition and are
injected into the blood they generate anthrax.

3. That these bacilli in the condition of spores have a
remarkable vitality, and will bear any extremes of tempera-
ture and dryness to which they may be subjected in nature.

4. That since all animals are liable to charbon,
undoubtedly wild ones diffuse the bacteria and bring them
into parts of the country where they have been hitherto
unknown. Flies may be vehicles of contagium.

5. That bacilli capable of producing disease have been
found in the soil of meadows well known for their power
of generating the disorder, and especially from those parts
where post-mortem examinations of victims of this malady
have been made, or where these victims have been buried.

6. That these bacilli in the spore condition can persist
for a very long time, and subsequently enter into the
animal system and generate anthrax.

7. That anthrax is most frequent in marshy places and
during warm weather, heat and moisture being very
favorable to growth of bacteria, as of all other fungi.

8. That when anthrax assumes an epizootic form,
climatic conditions are extraordinarily favorable to the
growth of other fungi.

9. That harmless bacteria closely resembling those forms
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 163

found in the blood in anthrax have been observed; itis these
which have been found in the system of healthy animals.

10. That the severity of the symptoms is proportional
to the ratio of the number of parasites present to the
strength of the animal.

‘11. Whereas cases of supposed spontaneous anthrax
used to be considered common, we can now prove that
they are rare. Their diminution has been exactly pro-
portioned to our advances in knowledge of the bacillus..”

12. That the ) Opinion that anthrax originates only from
the bacillus gaining entry into the animal system, is
more likely to lead. to good practical results, as preventive
measures and curative means, than any other opinion
which has been advanced; the theory of spontaneous
origin of disorders of this kind being particularly liable’
to discourage hygienic prophylactic measures.

The mode of entry of the Anthrax bacillus into the
organism has been the object of recent research. MM.
Pasteur and Toussaint simultaneously arrived at the result.
that in almost every case the food is the vehicle, and
wounds are the points of entry. Toussaint proved this by-
careful post-mortem examinations, in which he found the
lymphatic glands in connection with the mouth and pharynx
in the large majority of cases earliest involved. Pasteur
found that only animals with injured mouths who fed on
forage watered with culture fluid containing the bacillus
became affected, and that when harsh irritating food was
given almost all the animals experimented upon succumbed.
A low percentage of cases which naturally occur in a pasture
may be traced to entry through wounds on the limbs and
other parts of the body.

Death ¢s brought about either, as above indicated, by
mechanical asphyxia, or by deoxidation of the red-cor-
puscles, or by decomposition of the blood before death
(necreemia). The presence of the organisms in the blood
gives rise to high febrile disturbance and direct. stimu-
lation of various tissues as denoted by erratic nervous
energy and muscular twitchings; thus death may result from

exhaustion. In some cases (especially of young and weak
164 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

patients) death occurs very early, No marked lesions
are present, except that the lymphatic glands are high
coloured and the lungs are congested. It seems almost
as if the animal had collapsed under the shock of invasion.
Certain definite post-mortem appearances may beobserved
in all cases of charbon. Decomposition sets in even before
death, so the body is disfigured by gaseous accumulations in
the subcutaneous areolar tissue; also the abdomen becomes
enormously distended. Signs of mucous or watery dis-
charges mixed with blood are apparent at the natural
orifices, and red spots or blotches frequently occur on the
mucous and cutaneous surfaces. The areolar tissue is the
seat of a sero-sanguineous fluid, and similar material is
collected in somewhat large quantities in the serous sacs.
The endocardium and other serous membranes present
petechize, ecchymoses, and blood infiltrations. The blood
is black, fluid, and iridescent on the surface; it contains
the bacilli (perceptible with 4-inch power), and stains the
walls of the vessels. The heart is soft and relaxed. The
other muscles are the seat 6f serous and lymphy deposit, .
more or less marked, and frequently present red blotches,
probably due to rupture of vessels: the blocking of
minute blood passages leads to over distension, then -
rupture, whereby ecchymoses are produced: the hemo-
poietic organs are considerably altered. The spleen is
enlarged and gorged with the dark blood; the liver en-
larged, and with its blood-vessels disténded. The kidneys ;
are also increased in size and congested.
We must next see what indications for treatment pre-
sent themselves. These diseases occur especially on low-
lying lands periodically flooded, by the sides of rivers and
pools ; on clay-lands, which retain moisture ; also on chalk,
but seldom on granite. In spring these diseases are most
frequent, but they often occur in the summer and autumn.
Special winds also have been associated with their pre-
valence; the south-west is most remarkable in this
respect. Fogs are sometimes concomitants of outbreaks
of anthrax, but whether related to them as cause it is
difficult to say; for doubtless the spores are diffused
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD 165

through the air and carried about, probably aggregated
into spore clouds. Of this nature may be some “ blights,”
for often the presence of fungus mycelium has been re-
corded as a feature of anthracogenic pastures. Com-
munication of anthrax by true infection is not generally
admitted ; certainly mediate and immediate contagion best
explain the phenomena of almost every outbreak. It is
certain that once the bacilli gain entry into the system
they will be little, if at all, influenced in their progress of
invasion by medicinal agents. Chlorate of potash, hypo-
sulphite of soda, and carbolic acid may be tried in various
cases in the endeavour to accomplish internal disinfection ;
as yet we cannot hold out prospects of success.
Prophylactic means are most important. M. Chauveau
has shown that certain breeds of sheep have immunity
from anthrax, and this question of pathological immunity
of special races promises to give good results in the future.
All pastures known to be favorable to the development of
anthrax ought to be kept free from cattle for a number
. of years. AJ] animals dying from anthrax should be re-
moved from the pasture before post-mortem examination.
The carcases should be burned in the hides, or, the skins
having been thoroughly slashed with cross-cuts, should be
aburied in quicklime. Ordinary burial is not sufficient, for
Feser’s researches show that the spores of the bacilli pass
to the surface of the superincumbent ground (some say
they are carried thither by earth-worms); thus, each
grave becomes a fruitful centre of contagion. All ejecta,
blood, &c., from diseased animals should be collected and’
mixed with quick lime. All stables, sheds, &c., occupied
by: cattle affected with anthrax should be thoroughly dis-
infected. Pigs, dogs, and poultry should not be allowed
to feed on blood, flesh, and ejecta of anthrax victims.
Attendants should be warned that the disease is com-
municable to man by inoculation, and every care should be
taken in making post-mortem examinations of these cases.
The time-honoured method of prevention is a full bleed-
ing and insertion of a seton in the dewlap. The former
means “we are not inclined to consider of the slightest
166 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

value ; the latter is supported by very many accurate ob-
servers as producing alterations of the blood the reverse
of those observable in charbon. It relieves plethora,
which lessens the resisting power of the constitution, and
so also proves beneficial. The most useful preventive means
are those which tend to promote constitutional vigour,
administration of laxatives, good but not too high feeding,
supply of pure water, also internal administration of
common salt. Fresh air and a certain amount of physical
exertion should also be secured for the patients. The
dark colour of the flesh, blood extravasations, and lymph
exudations, and the tendency to putrid decomposition will
enable us to detect the flesh of animals which have died
from or been destroyed for anthrax. Also, sometimes,
here and there may be seen a congested small lymphatic
gland. ‘This flesh ought never to be used for the food of
any animal; it has been known to give rise to malignant
‘carbuncle in man, and even after cooking retains a trace
of the unpleasant odour, which depends on a principle so
noxious as to give rise to severe headache, nausea, and
giddiness when any one spends much time in an elaborate
investigation of an anthrax carcase. The milk of animals
suffering from anthracoid diseases is a vehicle of contagion ;
its properties are altered, and its odour and colour changed.
Under no circumstances should it be used as food for
man or other animals. The list of human disorders of an
anthracoid nature obtained from animals is increasing, a
happy indication that they will in future be prevented by
removing their causes. Some day, doubtless, we shall see
human and veterinary practitioners co-operating in this
matter for the benefit of mankind. Malignant carbuncle
and woolsorters’ disease are the most fatal of these dis-
orders known as yet.

On the prospects of inoculation for anthraz.—Some
animals can withstand anthrax. The high temperature of
birds, or their highly oxygenated blood, defends them in
the majority of cases. On the other hand, we have a
well-authenticated case of anthracoid disease of fish. When
bacilli are introduced into the subcutaneous areola tissue
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 167

of an animal which will not become affected, an abscess
forms, and so the organisms are confined and then thrown
off. M. Pasteur has announced that by a special method
of culture he has so modified the bacterium of fowl
cholera that inoculation with the altered fungus secures
immunity from future attacks of this invariably fatal dis-
order. When confirmed, the learned Frenchman may be
able to apply his method to the similar disease, anthrax.!

Srrenic Fever, Sprenic Apoptexy, HssentiaL CHArson,
is one of the most frequent forms of anthrax in cattle.
It is remarkable for its sudden invasion, its extreme
fatality (99 per cent., Simonds), and its rapid course. It
occurs among cattle of all sorts, especially those at pasture,
and supplied with water contaminated with excreta and
‘sewerage. It is also attributed to bad or too nutritive
food, to sudden changes of. diet, and other ordinary
influences ; but almost every outbreak may be traced to
contagion, either direct or indirect. This used to be and
still is cited as an example of a disease of a specific charac-
ter, originating spontaneously; but now we know the
apparent commencement of the attack is simply when the
bacilli begin to manifest their effects. For some time
they must have been multiplying in the system. Until
lately, then, investigators have not been accustomed to
“look for causes in the past, except the most recent, and
until actual experiment proved conservation of the spores
in all their power of development, we were right not to
attribute cases of this kind to others which preceded them
some.time. Also we have only just learned the various
_forms which anthrax may assume.

Symptoms.—The appearance of the disorder among a
number of cattle is denoted frequently by death of some
of them in even so short a time as two hours. Thus,
several may be found dead when the shed is entered in the
morning. Others are affected, but withstand the disease
longer, though death generally occurs before twenty-four

1 Since the above was written, Professor Toussaint, the distinguished
teacher of physiology at the Toulouse Veterinary School, has announced that
anthrax blood from which the bacilli have been removed by filtration is
effectual for what he terms “ Anthrax Vaccination.”
168 . BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

hours have elapsed. Febrile and general symptoms are
present, and in the early stages the patient is excited.
The internal temperature is considerably elevated. Next
signs of abdominal pain appear, the animal is very uneasy,
the pulse becomes rapid, small, and fluttering ; respirations
accelerated, and somewhat laboured. There is pain on
pressure of the loins, stiffness, and staggering gait; also a
discharge of mucus and saliva from the mouth, and mus-
cular twitchings over the body. Rapid debility sets in ;
there is a discharge of bloody feces, and the urine also
contains blood. The pulse is lost, and paralysis supervenes,
so that the animal is recumbent. Williams speaks about
cases of this disorder assuming the characters of remittent
fever, and lasting for several days. Convulsions occur in
the later stage, and the animal dies generally by necremia
and coma. In all cases death is ushered in by rapid and
extreme fall of the internal temperature.

Treatment.—Curative. means have not been found use-
ful. We could hardly expect them to be so since the
animal is all but dying when we are sent for. Prophy-
lactic measures comprise those recommended for anthracoid
cases in general. Dogs and pigs have been known to die
from consumption of the evacuations.

Post-mortem examination shows the spleen enormously
distended, even to five times its natural size and weight,
by the dark blood, which gravitates freely, since the tissue
of the organ is broken down. The blood, tissues in general, _
serous mucous, &c., present the characteristic anthrax
lesions, which are especially marked in the bowels. The
contents of the intestines and bladder are mixed with blood.

Texas Fever, Spanish Fever, American Spientc Frver
is a form of anthrax endemic in the region of the
Gulf of Mexico, whence it is spread through the cattle
districts of the United States by contagious influences. It
presents several peculiarities, though it closely resembles
splenic apoplexy. It differs in the following points, which
I venture to collect from a paper by Mr. Myers in the
‘American Veterinary Review.’ Urine reddish-black,
sometimes coffee coloured, turbid, sometimes with a foul
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 16!

odour. After standing for twenty-four hours gives a brick
coloured precipitate. Sometimes this urine is streakec
with blood. Colicky pains seldom present. Mucous mem
branes greyish. Fecal matter soft and streaked with blood
Blood more arterial than venous gives a reddish yellow
‘tinged serum.

Autopsy. — Subcutaneous Dblood-vessels very seldon
engorged. Muscles pale, epithelial lining of intestine
often partially detached, and of a greyish-green hu
and gangrenous odour, the denuded muscular coat bein;
congested. © Peyer’s patches large and livid.

The disease generally lasts from two and a half to fou
days, and is prevalent during the hot summer months
Texan cattle convey the disease without necessarily suffer
ing from it. Whether animals which receive the diseas
can transmit it to others has been questioned. This diseas
shows that sloughing of patches of the intestinal mucou
membrane (such as occur in swine plague) may be seen i
undoubted anthrax of cattle.

Gtoss AwtHrax—Matienanr Sorz Turoat; Blain—
“ Hawks.’? Sometimes the fauces become the specia
seat of anthrax lesions, the tongue being enlarged espe
cially at the base, livid in colour, and the seat of putri

_ decomposition. The mucous membrane covering it an

 

Fra. 24,—Gloss anthrax or blain. Early stage. (Armatage.)

inside the lips being raised in the form of blebs or phlyc
‘tense, which may be especially observed at the laters
170 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

parts, and give exit to a foul smelling, yellowish, or dark
red fluid. Large sloughing ulcers remain behind. The
surrounding parts are congested and swollen by extension
of inflammation. Saliva mixed with the putrid serous
discharges pours profusely from the mouth. Respiration
is considerably interfered with, fever runs high, and
debility early sets in and increases rapidly. The pulse
very soon becomes small, double, and scarcely perceptible.
Sometimes recovery occurs, when there is considerable
sloughing of the tissues of the tongue, and the animal
has to be nursed through a long period of convalescence.
Generally death takes place early, and post-mortem
examination shows general anthrax lesions besides the local
-morbid conditions.

Treatment.—Care must be taken lest the discharges
from.the mouthfall on an abradedsurface. Cases of this kind
ought to be isolated. Free incisions should be made into
the gangrenous organ, and antiseptic applications be used
locally. The strength must be husbanded in every possible
-manner, especially the patient must receive soft nutrient
food. Where the swelling of the throat threatens suffo-
cation tracheotomy must be performed.

Charbonous gangrene of the lungs is described by Pro-
fessor Williams as a secondary anthracic condition. He
mentions it as appearing like a relapse on about the tenth
day, the breath becoming very fcetid, the respiratory
movements -much accelerated, and the animals sinking
rapidly, the lungs after death being gangrenous, emphy-
sematous, and loaded with black, tarry, and decomposing
blood.

Empnysrma Inrecruosum, Black Quarter, Black Leg,
Carbuncular Hrysipelas (Armatage), Quarter Evil, Speed,
Inflammatory Fever, §c.—This is an anthracoid disease,
but is probably not anthrax, not due to Bacillus anthracis.

It used to be considered “external or symptomatic
charbon,” an endeavour of nature to throw off anthrax
poison from the system, and was by some thought rather
a favorable condition; but quite recently the identity of |
splenic fever and black quarter has been successfully called
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, 171

into question (see “ Synopses of Continental Veterinary
Journals,” ‘ Veterinarian,’ February and April, 1880; also
Dr. Greenfield’s Lecture IV, February number of ‘ Vete-
rinarian,’ 1880) by MM. Arloing, Cornevin, and Vernaut.
These diseases are not reproducible one from the other, do
not occur together in a herd subjected to deleterious influ-
ences, and no bacteria have been generally recognised as
occurring in the blood in black quarter, nor did inoculations
with that fluid give rise to any attack of anthrax or of
the emphysematous disease (except in Dr. Greenfield’s
case). Cattle of all ages are liable. to become affected,
but this disorder generally appears in young stock aged
from six months to two years, which have been changed
from poor to rich pasture, especially low-lying land. Such
animals thrive with rapidity until they attain a high state
of plethora, when some of them, perhaps, become lame.
A swelling commences in some part of the body, especially
the hock. This is very hot and painful; it is apt to be
mistaken for an injury. It rapidly extends up the limb,
causing very Considerable tumefaction, at first highly
painful. Later insensibility may be observed in the parts,
they become gangrenous, cold, and crepitate on pressure,
in consequence of accumulation of gases in the subcutaneous
areolar tissue as a result of decomposition. When cut intc
it is found to be produced also by accumulation of putrid,
sanious, and yellow gelatinous material underneath the skin
and between the muscles of the part; also patches of black
pulpy substances may be observed in various parts of the
tumour. Similar swellings in other cases occur in the
fore limb, breast, back, or sides, manifesting the charac.
teristic changes mentioned. Constitutional symptoms rur
high at.this stage. The earliest signs may be observec
before any local disorder when a herd is under close super.
vision. They are those of general disorder and acute fever
The occurrence of tumefaction is said to be accompanied by
diminution in the constitutional symptoms, but we car
hardly regard this as correct; the change consists rathe
in inability of the constitution any longer to maintain th:
acute fever. The animal rapidly loses strength, maintain;
172 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the recumbent position, becomes tympanitic and comatose,
and death may occur even within twelve hours after the
first manifestation of lameness. In the early stages the
bowels are torpid, and during the acute attack the feces
may be bloody, and the urine is highly coloured from ad-
mixture with blood. This is an acutely painful disease ;
the animal at first stands with straightened neck and
muzzle protruded, breathing rapidly, and sometimes moan-
ing. Some few cases recover, the constitutional energy
being sufficiently powerful to throw off those parts which
have undergone mortification. The tumours burst spon-
taneously, and by ordinary processes large masses of dead
tissue are removed, whereby deep and extensive ulcers are
left which heal by granulation, or, in some cases, it is
said, by cicatrisation with a considerable breach of
surface. The skin sometimes sloughs in patches, and
phlyctenze may be observed in the mouth. Delitescence
or metastasis of the tumefactions is recorded. On post-
mortem examination, besides the local conditions, the
general signs which we have mentioned as occurring in
anthrax are present. The lungs are congested, and the
bronchi filled with sanious and frothy mucus.

Causes.—Dr. Greenfield has observed in a case of this
disease which he reproduced by inoculation of a guinea
pig, not Bacillus anthracis, but-Bacterium termo, or an
organism like it, in the blood. Arloing speaks of certain

' refractive corpuscles which do not by culture develop into

the anthrax bacillus as being visible in the blood. The
disease is prevalent at certain times and in certain places.
It is seen most often in summer, and on low-l¥ing or
undrained pastures; never occurs in winter, and seldom
in animals which are housed, or in poor beasts. It
seems to have some predilection for well-bred stock, and
generally has somewhat a sporadic character. Its com-
municability by contagion is questionable.
Treatment.—Free incisions should be made into the
tumours, and the living parts around stimulated. Stimu-
lant tonics and internal disinfectants should be freely
administered, and the strength should be supported in
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 1%

every possible manner. When sloughing has taken place
antiseptic dressings must be applied to the exposed sur.
faces. For prevention of outbreaks among the rest of thi
herd, bleeding is often resorted to, but its value is doubt:
ful. Administration of a cathartic dose and insertion o
a seton in the dewlap are recommended by experience
Antiseptics should be freely administered, and the animal:
should be removed from the pasture to which the attack
is attributed. When the disease is seen in its earlies
stages bleeding may be practised with benefit.

Pyemia and Septicemia (except the “ parturient fever ’
forms) are not often noticed in works on cattle pathology
but we must devote a few lines to them here, because o:
their importance in any system of classification of diseases
and because, though they have not often been observed
they probably do affect bovines. The latest views con:
cerning their nature may be seen in the ‘ Veterinarian ’
for January, 1880, where Dr. Greenfield draws a dis.
tinction between these two diseases, which are too ofter
confounded.

Pyrzuia is an invasion of the system by micrococci
very simple bacteria, which are developed when atmo.
spheric germs fall on pus. They enter the system, cause
fever, and the formation of “ secondary” abscess is ix
various parts of the body. They are enabled to produce
the abscesses by accumulation in branches of small blood.
vessels and migration into the surrounding intercellula
interspaces, there giving rise to irritation. The patient
frequently succumbs to the weakening effects of con.
siderable suppuration and fever. Cruzel treats of thi:
disease at some length.

Sepricamza results from the entry into the blood of one
of the organisms which abound in putrid solutions. It is
probably not the ordinary bacterium of putrefactior
(B. termo).. The blood undergoes putrefactive changes
and the whole system collapses, yielding to gangrenous
results in various parts of the body. It RAUEEVE TES or
poisoned wounds, é&c.

Parrunient Sepricamia, “ Parrurient Faver,” has beer
174 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

confused with parturient apoplexy. It is apparently only
ordinary septicemia, originating through lesions of the
genital organs, and, frequently, putrefactive decomposition
of genital products. Thus, it has been observed after abor-
tion, when laceration of the cotyledons of the uterus’
occurs. Also it is associated with cases of retention of
foetal membranes, decomposition of the foetus, or the
introduction of instruments, hands of an operator, &c.,
contaminated with septic matter. It generally appears
within a week after calving, and is almost always accom-
panied by metritis. The ordinary symptoms of this latter
affection are modified by the septicamic condition. Hcchy-
moses take place on serous and mucous membranes.
Characteristic gangrenous ulcers and diphtheritic deposits
are to be seen in the vulva, vagina, and uterus. The
labia are swollen, tender, and from between them ‘is dis-
charged a foetid brownish matter. Tympany, ascites,
and other complications appear. The temperature falls
very low, the pulse becomes imperceptible, and the respi-
rations very quick, and there is loss of power in the hind
limbs before death.

Treatment.—Remove from among other cows, for they
are liable to infection. Disinfect the discharges and hands
of the operator, remove the decomposing fcetus or en-
velopes, and inject a solution of carbolic acid into the
uterus. Apply glycerin and carbolic acid directly to
any ulcers within reach. Stimulants must be administered
freely. Quinine has been highly re€ommended in such
cases.

By some authors all forms of “ parturient apoplexy ”
are attributed to specific organisms. We are not assured
of this, however, and shall see that our best authorities
are not of this opinion.

Here we ought to notice that a ee Mamuitis of
contagious character is recorded by continental observers.
Professor Diekerhoff investigated an outbreak in Olden-
burg (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ viii, 835). It commenced in
1873 and “ still continues.’ It commences in the teats, and
the inflammatory action extends thence into the milk
DISEASES’ OF THE BLOOD. 175

ducts and intimate structure of the mammary gland. It
produces changes similar to those which result from or-
dinary mammitis; there is slight fever present. It affects
all female bovines, even before the functional activity of
the gland commences, and persists until the next calving.
It often destroys one or more quarters of the gland.
Occasionally suppuration takes place, and sometimes the
gland loses secreting power by complete induration of its
lining membrane. It is attributed to local contagion, the
virus being either conveyed by the milker’s hand, or ob-
tained when the animal lies down where diseased milk has
been spilt. Franck (see Fleming’s ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics,’
p. 695) injected pus from the udder of an affected animal
into that of a healthy cow, and thus communicated the
disorder. He considers most cases of mammitis septic, and
has found bacteria (micrococci) in the milk in this disease.
But we must remember that milk is one of the best culture
fluids for all forms of bacteria, and so the forms he ob-
served may have been harmless. The disease is attri-
buted to a septic ferment, causing decomposition, which
leads ‘to inflammation-producing substances, when under-
going development in stagnant milk in the udder.
Milking every two hours and destruction or disinfection of
the milk are suggested as the best measures in these cases.

Glanders and Farey have been described as affecting
the ox. This results from mistaken diagnosis, malig-
nant catarrh and certain eruptive disorders having been
thus. confounded wif the disorder, which is with difficulty,
if at all, communicable from the horse to ruminants. The
farcinous form of equinia may be confused with ordinary
inflammation of lymphatics such as results from a poisoned
ve of any kind,

ngles,-too, has erroneously been stated to affect the

ox, Stent enlargement of the parotid and submaxillary
glands, as well as sporadic inflammation of the salivary
glands, having been recorded under this heading. We
are not aware whether any attempts have been made to
communicate this disease from the horse to the ox by
* inoculation.
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Grystpelas is probably somewhat similar in its nature.
‘re are on record some cases of its occurrence in cattle,
this point is contested. It is a specific inflammation of
skin and subcutaneous areolar tissue, which sometimes
1 affects the mucous membranes, and is considered to
infectious. There is a highly congested condition of
cutaneous vessels, so that the skin has a scarlet colour
porarily removable by pressure. Is remarkably tense,
the seat of a peculiarly intense burning sensation.
3 spreads rapidly and terminates in resolution, effusion
a considerable amount of serum (forming blebs), and
grene of patches of skin. The latter is seldom fol-
ed by recovery. In phlegmonous erysipelas the
‘lar subcutaneous tissue is involved, and deep-seated
puration is liable to occur. Treatment comprises diss.
ction and fomentations of affected parts, and such
stitutional measures as may seem necessary to support
strength of the animal. This disease may attack one
nal several times. When there is a constitutional
lency to this disorder an erysipelatous patch appears
ind any wound and rapidly spreads. In this disease
fever generally runs high.
JIPHTHERIA of man is attributed to micrococci, which
ide the system and bring about changes in the mucous
abranes, especially that of the air passages, resulting
a characteristic highly consistent false membrane,
ch forms casts of the larynx, trachea, and_ bronchi:
en a firm cast of a passage rest from’ deposition of
ph on the surface of a mucous membrane it is a
ous layer, but when the deeper structures are involved
hat the membrane adheres more firmly to the surface
o which it is not removable without leaving an ulcer
3 diphtheritic. Probably crupous formations are non-
sific, while diphtheritic are due to special organisms
wroying the texture of the corium. Armatage speaks
roup as having “ been observed in the cow with greater
{uency than other lower animals,” and Williams men-
s the same disorder as affecting “ young cattle, varying
n a few weeks to a few months old, when kept on low,
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 177

lamp pastures, more especially in meadows near rivers,
ind during the fall of the year.” And he says, “I have
een this disease in one district only.” Still he views it
ws non-specific. Mr. -W. Beach worked up this subject in
ihe commencement of the. present year, and came to the
sonclusions, which he expressed in an essay read before.
ihe Veterinary Medical Association, that diphtheria affegts
rattle, and is probably originated by outbreaks of gil
same disease in man, also that the disease termed croup doés
aot exist in lower animals, cases which have been described
ander this heading being diphtheritic. He has sufficiently
supported his views to sanction our insertion of an account
of the disease known as diphtheria or croup here, but we
wold have it clearly understood that we believe our data
othe subject are not sufficiently numerous to warrant
ny permanent conclusions. Some day, perhaps, the ques-
tion will be elucidated by experimentation.

Symptoms.—Fever, giving rise to a quick, hard pulse ;
sore throat with swelling, difficulty in swallowing,
paroxysmal cough, discharge of mucus from the nostrils
and of saliva from the mouth; breathing. quickened; a
crowing sound during inspiration, also laryngeal spasm,
which is very liable to come on suddenly when the animal
is excited; debility, denoted by the usual signs, brought
about by the inability to introduce a due amount of air
into the lungs, also by imperfect feeding. Later, the pulse
becomes weak, ‘and the coughing more violent, until on
about. the third: day her casts of the bronchi or flakes of
lymph are-: conga xp, and the animal may recover.
Sometimes. siffocation occurs before this has had time to
take place. _

Autopsy discloses the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and.
also the tonsils, lined more or less perfectly by a greyish
consistent membrane, which in a fresh case is firmly
attached, but in one of some standing is loosened by
effusion or suppuration beneath it. Micrococci have been
observed in these deposits taken from man.

Treatment.—Nurse with great care, especially giving
liquid diet. Steam the air passages. _ Give a free supply

12
178 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of water with nitre and chlorate of potash in it. Secure
as much fresh air for the patient as possible; if suffoca-
‘tion threatens perform tracheotomy. The seat of the
operation must be determined by auscultation of the
_trachea. Where false membranes are present a peculiar
vibration results from the rush of air. As a precau-
tionary measure we should disinfect. In each case we
should endeavour to prove or disprove relation with a
similar outbreak in man. Pigs and other domesticated
animals are said to be affected by this disorder. Diph-
theria of man has been attributed to “ garget”’ in cattle
(at a meeting of the Pathological Society). The idea was
originated by Dr. Power, who totally ignored the intimate
acquaintance which veterinary surgeons have with mam-
mitis. His ideas were soon refuted, but, as Mr. Beach
suggested, may there not be a diphtheritic form of mam-
mitis of the cow? We are not in a position to disprove
this. It must be considered a question for the future.
Hitherto among specific disorders we have remarked
communicability from one animal to another. There are
specific diseases, however, which cannot be transmitted in
this way; they occur as epizootics or enzootics, and seem
to be associated with special conditions of the air. These
atmospheric states may be electrical, chemical, or, as is
most probable, due to the prevalence of minute organisms.
‘ This view is strongly advocated by the celebrated ob-
server Leydig, who goes so far as to compare ordinary
contagious disorders to trichiniasi® which’ disease one-
warm-blooded animal directly communicates to another,
and these non-contagious diseases to trematode invasion,
where externally to the warm-blooded body is an inter-
mediary bearer in which the parasite develops until
fit to enter the body. of the high vertebrate. In the
latter case it will be observed that no direct communica-
* tion of disorder can occur. So it is with influenza and
its allies. Higher animals can only become affected
as a result of the maturation of the (probably organic)
poison in the air. We mention this as the most plausible
explanation of influenzoid affections .with which. we are
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 179

uainted. The epizootic attack of influenza seems to
end in a definite direction with varying rapidity ; from~
subtle nature of the poison it is difficult to guard.
inst. It affects the majority of animals in a neighboiy-
id, and often its progress in the system is marked
reme and rapid debility. It has been observed #
nds, whither it must have been conveyed by the air,
ce they have not been visited from the mainland during
outbreak. Manyof the phenomena of,theseaffections may
explained on the theory of clouds of disease-producing
lies in the air. One of themost remarkable of the diseases
this nature is enteric fever of man. It can generally
associated with ingestion of impure water polluted with
) filterings of drains .and cesspools, the intermediary
ase of the disease-generating organism being passed in
man ejecta. Some have attributed outbreaks of this
ease among men to consumption of diseased milk, and
o of diseased flesh, but the diagnosis of enteric fever
man is not accurate. ‘Trichinosis, for instance, is
staken for it, and is liable to be confounded with any
stro-enteric disturbance. Where there could have been
doubt about the diagnosis, the typhoid or enteric fever
s been traced to polluted water admixed with the milk.
hen influenza is prevalent as a panzootic it is said to
netimes affect the ox, but the most remarkable influen-
d disease of cattle is known as “MALIGNANT CATARRH,
ryza, or “glanders”” (but with the disease of the same
ne affecting the horse it has not the slightest relation).
is a specific febrile disorder, the lesions of which are
st marked on the mucous membrane, especially that of
: facial sinuses. It is non-contagious, and generally.
acts only two or three animals in a herd. Old animals
dom, if ever, suffer from it. Fever is marked at the
nmencement, but later there is extreme prostration and
; animal dies asphyxiated. The visible mucous mem-
mes are purple and dry, and later tend to undergo
eration. There is an abundant flow of saliva from the
yth in the early stages, and the bowels are torpid, but
ndiarrhcea sets: in, the urime becomes offensive, and

.
ie *
180 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the breath fetid, The eyelids are swollen, admission
of light into the eye proves painful, and there is profuse
‘lachrymation. There is also a painful cough.

Sloughing ulceration then sets in, the discharges from
mouth, eyes, and nostrils become purulent, and the latter
often sanguineous. Ulceration of the cornea may occur,
ulcers are visible in the Schneiderian membrane, and

 

Fra. 25.—Malignant catarrh. Second stage. A horn lost, and nostrils, lips,
&c., ulcerated. (Armatage.)

since these extend into the sinuses the pus becomes pent
up in these cavities. The vascular investment of the horn-
cores is involved in the diseased action, so that the horns
drop off. Red patches form in the mouth, and then
slough away. It is said the hoofs also sometimes fall off,
so that severe lameness is present. Pregnant animals abort.

On post-mortem examination the sinuses are found full
of fetid pus, and their lining membrane very considerably
ulcerated. -Superficial lesions and eechymoses are evident
on the mucous membrane of the air and’ alimentary
passages. Ecchymoses also occur on the serous mem-.
branes, and there is general venous distension with dark
blood.

Treatment.—Change of air as much as possible, nursing
liberal steaming of the head. Administration of attire
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 181

lants combined with vegetable tonics. During the- stage
of convalescence mineral tonics, liberal diet, and fresh air.
Nutritive and laxatives enemas are rendered particularly
useful by the swollen and irritable state of the fauces.
The ulcerations may be treated with solution of carbolic
acid or chloride of zinc, and the same application may be
made to any exposed keratogenous structures. Death
gradually occurs in less than a week after the attack.
’ Rastzs (erroneously called Hyprorposia).—The poison
which exists in its greatest virulency in the saliva of the
mad dog induces disease when introduced by inoculation _
into the system of the ox. It has been proved that from ~
the latter animal the disease may be conveyed to man by
the saliva falling on an abraded surface. The virus of
rabies is remarkable in many respects. Thus, its incuba-
tory period is long, usually in the ox about a fortnight,
but in man it has been found to extend over years. In
this respect rabies reminds us of scrofula and cancer. It
is held by most authorities that the virus remains during
this time undergoing changes at the seat of introduction,
and this view, is confirmed by the local irritation dhmioet
invariably present when acute symptoms set in, which
again reminds us of the above-mentioned diseases, Many
animals are able to resist the virus, so that often true
inoculations do not result in acute symptoms, and it seems
that the virulence very soon passes from the carcase.
Symptoms. —Some three weeks or so after the animal.
has been bitten it manifests general signs of disorder
and is very excitable, and probably the sexual func-
tions are perverted, as indicated by increased sexual
appetite, especially in the male. The appetite is depraved,
the faces scanty, and the patient is either in a dull state or
vicious, charging at and “riding ” other cattle, and occa-
sionally attempting to bitethem. The excitement becomes
more marked, the patient bellows, but the voice is said to be
altered in tone. A- profuse discharge of frothy saliva
flows from the mouth, there is a constant champing of the
jaws, the eyes are projecting, and the conjunctive injected.
Painful tenesmus is present. This lasts for some time,
182 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and the animal loses flesh rapidly, paralysis of the hind

limbs occurs, and death soon ensues. The recurrence of

irritation at the seat of injury takes place in the ox as in

other animals, and the patient may endeavour to tear his

inoculated limb to pieces. The ox thus affected plunges his ©
nose into water when it is presented to him, but is prevented

from drinking by spasms of the throat. The period of

incubation is shorter when the head is the seat of inocula-

tion than when other parts of the body are injured.

Post-mortem appearances.—Congestion of the brain and
its meninges and accumulation of serous fluid in the
arachnoid sac. Accumulation in and around the cerebral
vessels of corpuscles of a special character. Small circum-
scribed spots of blood extravasation in various parts of the
body. Congestion of the mucous surface at the base of
the tongue and of the lining membrane of the abomasum
and bowels. Foreign bodies in the rumen. Blood dark
red, viscid, and imperfectly coagulable.

Treatment,—Curative, ineffectual and dangerous; there-
fore, except for experimental purposes, not to be attempted.
Prophylactic : when an animal has been bitten by a rabid
‘dog shave off the hair around every injury, and deeply
cauterise with the red-hot iron, or excise with a consider-
able part of the surrounding tissues. Nitrate of silver
‘ and other caustics have been recommended in these cases,
but it is difficult to ensure application to all the wounds,
and especially to their depths.

Diagnosis.—Rabies has been mistaken for phrenitis.
In the latter disease the wildness of the animal is: perfectly
uncontrolled, but in the former there is a “ method in his
madness.” It also resembles mania puerperalis (which see).
The flesh of animals which have died from rabies has been
eaten with impunity, but ought preferably to be destroyed.

It has been observed for a long time that even ordinary
febrile attacks become less severe towards midday, but
aggravated in the morning and at night. This we have
been accustomed to vaguely associate with the phases of
rotation of the earth, &c. Certain researches upon remit-
tent fever, which have been lately made by Dr. Manson and
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 183

others, promise to elucidate our pathology of these disorders,
and to explain occasional or regular access of intensity of
febrile diseases. Svirilla are corkscrew-shaped organisms,
which occur in the blood in intermittent fevers ; they were
considered special life phases of bacteria; by observers of
high standing they are thought to be nematodes. Manson
notes that they are absezt from the blood of the patient
during midday, but are generally diffused through that fluid
at night, when their intermediary bearers, the mosquitoes,
are actively blood-sucking. We have already observed
that disorders of this intermittent character affect the ox,
especially in low lying, marshy places. Quinine is the
most useful of the antiperiodic agents suited for these
cases. /

Parasites in the blood, or which are distributed through-
out the system by the blood, and thus are found in many
parts of the body.— Hzematozoa, parasites whose habitat is
the blood, though frequent in some animals, have not yet
been observed in the ox. Many entozoa are supposed
when immature to enter into the blood, and by that fluid
to be carried to their special habitats, and when they
arrive there instinctively to migrate through the walls of the
blood-vessels, just as we may imagine the contagia of specific
eruptive disorders doin selecting special membranes as their
seat of lesion. Of these we need only instance Strongylus
micrurus, the producer of parasitic bronchitis. Other
entozoa are carried in an immature condition indifferently
to various tissues. Of these the most important clinically
is Echinococcus veterinorum, the cystic phase of Tenia
echinococcus of the dog.

Ecurnococcus Diszass is especially prevalent in certain
localities, as, for instance, the Vale of Aylesbury, and con-
sists in the growth in certain organs, notably the lungs
and liver, of cysts, frequently multilocular, and always
enclosed in a dense capsule and filled with a watery fluid.
The true cysts is thin-walled, of a pure white colour, and
soft. As these grow very gradually they cause little, if
any, functional disturbance, so that often their presence is
not even suspected, the bearer being slaughtered, and the
184. BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

liver, for instance, found filled with enormous cysts, being
thereby much enlarged and deformed, and with compara-
tively little secreting substance remaining. These parasites

 

Fie. 26.—Tenia echinoceoccus. A. Mature form. B. Tenia head
or scolex of cyst (Cobbold).

have been observed in many parts of the body,even in bones;
they seem to prefer protected situations, as parenchymatous
or soft viscera. Dogs, foxes, and other canine bearers of
Tania echinococcus pass the segments of that parasite
with their faeces, and thus act as diffusers of this disorder.
Parts containing the cysts should never be given to dogs,
but destroyed. Intimate association of dogs with cattle is
related to prevalence of this disorder. The eradiéation of
this disease is of great importance, as it causes a certain
- mortality among human beings, especially in Iceland.

In concluding our. notice on specific blood diseases, we
must observe one remarkable argument in favour of the
hypothesis of their parasiticnaturé. As methods of research
have improved diseases previously classed among the exan-
themata have. been traced to animal or vegetable parasites ;
favus and scahies.prove this. Hurtrel d’Arboval was only in
_ accordance with his times when he gravely discussed the
value of vaccination as a preventive of the latter disorder.
POISONS, 18

CHAPTER II (Continued).

Apprenpum 1,—Porsons.

In the consideration of matters which act deleterious]
upon the animal system some difficulty is experienced i
defining the term poison. For if we accept the commo
interpretation of the term, anything taken by an anim:
which causes sickness or death, we are at once faced b
the difficulty that certain parasites and mechanical impedi
ments to passages, as calculi or a turnip in'the cesophagu
may be thus considered, and any alimentary matter woul
-thus be a poison if taken in sufficient quantity or in an un
prepared state. Dr. Taylor’s definition is about the bes
with which we are acquainted: “A poison is a substanc
which, when absorbed into the blood, is capable of seriousl
affecting health or of destroying life.” But it seems t
exclude certain corrosive agents which we must conside
as poisons. A poison is any substance which, when intrc
duced into the body in moderate doses, is capable «
producing. serious disorder or death, without acting me
chanically or by vital growth and propagation. We thu
exclude, on the one hand, impactions of foreign bodies,on th
other, parasites, and especially bacterial organisms, whic
are the active principles of the majority of animal poisor
(so-called) or preferably “virulent” matters. A considerab]
analogy exists between poisons and medical agents, an
no small difficulty will be found in distinguishing one fro1
the other. This arises from the fact that there i is no tru
distinction but that of degree in action; every therapet
tical agent has a maxinium. dose,, which varies according t
the .special circumstances of each case, and if this kt
exceeded will act as a poison. Thus, our -most powerft
poisons, when given in moderate. doses are'our most, usefi
186 . BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

medicines. Thus, we may revert to our table of medi-
cinal agents as classified, and shall be able to examine
poisons under the various headings there indicated. Of
Heematics, acids, alkalies, tonics, and chalybeates do not
exert a toxic action by passing into the blood, but by
their irritant and astringent effects upon the surfaces
with which they come into contact. Hence they must be
considered somewhat as astringents and arranged with
astringents in the Irritant division. Again, general
stimulants cannot be considered poisonous in the same
sense of the term, for they simply accelerate vital process.
It is only the most powerful of them which exert any direct
toxic effects, as oxygen gas when inhaled in an undiluted
condition, Thus we classify poisons as—

Special stimulants, as strychnia.
Wuaorios Narcotics, as belladonna.

General, as prussic acid.
Special, as digitalis.

Simple irritants, as mustard.
IRRITANTS

Sedatives

Corrosives, as bichloride of mercury.
Astringents, as oak shoots.
Eliminatives, as nitrate of potash.

With regard to the particular conditions of the animal to
which poisonous agents are administered, we must remem-
ber the phenomena of idiosyncrasy and toleration. Large
quantities of most vegetable agents are necessary to exert
a poisonous action on herbivora, and a small amount of
animal poison is effectual, but there are marked exceptions
to this as to all other rules. The phenomenon of tolerance
is the condition of becoming accustomed to the remedy, so
that larger doses are required than at first to produce medi-
cinal effects. Sometimes, however, agents are cumulative,
so that successive doses at length simultaneously exert their
action and may thus destroy the patient. This results in
the case of those agents which are not readily thrown off
from the system by the excretory organs. We see this
in the action of digitalis, which only after several doses is
removed by-the kidneys. Certain diseases may be con-
founded with poisoning, and it is a matter of extreme
difficulty in some cases to make a correct diagnosis. We
shall not be surprised at this if we consider that poisons
POISONS. lt

are but special causes of certain and varied disorder
.such as gastero-enteritis, tetanus, and inflammation .
the kidneys. Taking this view of our subject, we she
not here enter into unnecessary details, but shall confi
our attention to special points in the etiology, sympt:
matology, and pathology of cases of poisoning.

Causes.—Poisons are obtained by cattle in various way
Of these, the principal are overdose of medicinal ageni
either as a result of mistake or ignorance or its accum:
lation in the food; presence of deleterious matters in t.
food, as poisonous plants or lead refuse on pastures, :
poisonous seeds incorporated with the proper ingredien

_ of cakes, In these cases we see that the matters ha
been passed into the alimentary canal, and this is general
the method of entry in cases of malicious poisonin
Thus, it behoves us in cases where the slightest suspicic
of foul play or poisoning is indicated to inquire close
into the surroundings of the patient, whether it h
recently ‘been subjected to medicinal treatment, eith
openly or secretly, by the attendants. ‘This must |
judged more by the evidence of surroundings than |
verbal statements. The accidental observation of a mec
cine. bottle or of a piece of waste paper may sometim
give us more information than an hour’s conversation wi
individuals who are apt to endeavour to conceal the tru
either from shame or guilt. Again, the nature of the di
and its composition should be noted, and in this respe
the practical investigation of pastures is of the highe
importance.

When called in to a case of supposed poisoning
animals out at pasture, the practitioner must set about t
inquiry with an entirely unprejudiced mind. He will oft
find that the outbreak is one of anthracoid or oth
enzootic disease not due to poison properly so-called.

It is in a case of this nature that the scientific pre
titioner finds the value of a knowledge of botany. Wh
called in to put a stop to some unusual fatality in a flo
or herd, after duly recording the history of the o1
break, the symptoms, post-mortem appearances, a
188 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

general treatment of the animals, he directs his investi-
gations tothe nature of the pasturage. Careful inspec-
tion of all parts of the field or fields is necessary, for the
growth of some plants is confined sometimes to very
small spots, and one individual plant may destroy a herd.
The general and special nature of the flora must be ex-
amined, all known plants being duly noted, all unknown
plants suspected and investigated. The hedges, trees, and
substances around the field, which are accessible to the
occupant, must be observed, and the general character of
the ground, as nature of soil, elevation, irregularities ; also
the kinds of manure which have been used to it must not
escape notice.

Poisons, however, gain entry into the system also
through the respiratory mucous membrane, as in carbonic
acid poisoning and overdose of chloroform, or through the
skin, as where poisonous dressings have been applied
for skin disease, especially when surface abrasions are
present. Cases are sometimes seen in which agents are
absorbed from wounds, as arsenic in cases of fistula; and
the subcutaneous areolar tissue may be the seat of intro-
duction of the poison, as in overdose of agents by the
subcutaneous-injection method of administration. How-
ever they gain entry into the system these agents either
give rise to great local disorder or undergo absorption,
and thus produce their poisonous effect as medicinal agents
act. They are in the latter case sooner or later removed
by the excretory organs, which is a fact of great clinical
value, for thus, by an examination of the feces or the
urine, a diagnosis may be confirmed or otherwise, and
sometimes guilt be brought home to a culprit who would
otherwise escape unless his victim died. Death is pro-
duced in the usual ways ; by the action of poisons, either
directly or indirectly, cessation of the heart’s action is
brought about. It must be remarked that in cases of
proved or suspected poisoning the greatest care should be
exercised in making a plain record of the facts, as,
perhaps more frequently than any others, these prove the
cause of litigation.
POISONS, 189

Treatment comprises certain general principles of great
importance. The poisonous action may be arrested, if
we be called in and make our diagnosis in good time,
either by preventing the taking up of the poison or its
irritant action on the tissues by intermingling it with
mucilapinous matter. Inthe case of irritants this measure
might be supplanted by dilution, but this only tends to
promote absorption, and therefore is inadmissible in the
case of those poisons which act from the blood. Adminis-
tration of such bland and mucilaginous agents as white of
egg, wheat flour, and meal, or even of blood, should be
one of the first measures resorted to in cases of poisoning
through the alimentary canal. It has this advantage,
that the albuminous matters in some instances chemically
unite with the poisons, and so convert them into insoluble
and harmless albuminates. This is the simplest means
of antidotal treatment. Antidotes are of two kinds,
chemical or physiological. The former when they meet
poisons exert. chemical action upon them, giving rise to
harmless products. The latter are available in the case
of those agents which act from the blood; they produce
the reverse physiological action, and thus tend to neutra-
lise the excessive effects of the agent. “These effects also
must be counteracted as much as possible by such measures
as the case, viewed purely from a clinical point of view,
seems to require. Sometimes we are enabled by direct
methods to remove the poison from the system, as by
washing it off from the skin or by causing its expulsion
from the alimentary canal with greater rapidity than is
compatible with absorption. Thus, emetics, the stomach-
pump, and cathartic agents are valuable in the hands of
the toxicologist.

In observing the post-mortem appearances we must
carefully examine the position of the animal, the state
of rigor mortis, also the tendency to putrefactive changes
in relation to the length of time which has existed
since death. The conditions of the surface of the body,
as indicating an easy death, or the reverse, should be
noted, and the markings of the animal, for purposes of
190 BOVINE :PATHOLOGY. ~

identification. Examination of the various organs must
then be made in the usual way, and specially the eye and
nose must be exercised to detect any unusual lesion or
noteworthy contents of the alimentary canal or any special
odour, for some agents are at once detectable by their
special odour which they impart to the blood (chloroform).
The contents of the alimentary canal are of the greatest
importance, for small particles of mineral poison may be
found, or leaves of special plants, or some vehicle of a
poisonous dose surreptitiously administered, such as food
material not recently administered by the owner, generally
of a tempting nature. Some of the contents of the
stomach, intestines, and bladder, should be put aside in
a closed and sealed vessel for chemical analysis, and it is
advisable to similarly preserve portions of the walls of the
* stomach, and of the bowels and liver, asin these will often
be found traces of the poison. Here the practitioner’s duty
comes to an end, unless he be willing to adopt the methods
of testing suggested in works of toxicology. We may
remark that the complexity of these processes generally
renders the opinion of an expert desirable, if any import-
ance is to be attached to the case. It is advisable to be
careful as to the manner in which parts and liquids im- .
pregnated with the poison are disposed of, for pigs and
dogs may involuntarily afford a verification of our surmises
by the physiological test.

In special consideration of the various kinds of poisons
we must observe certain characters general to the groups,
and then those points of importance with regard to parti-
cular noxious agents. General stimulants pass into the
blood and are rapidly removed ; they never act as poisons
after absorption, but the Sprciat Stimutants are less readily
eliminated, and, therefore, produce toxic effects varying
with the agent. Thus, strychnia, under its various forms,
nux vomica, strychnine, and Ignatius bean, stimulates the
spinal cord and the nerves passing off from it, and thus
increases sensibility to a slight degree (Headland), and
causes tetanic spasm. It is seldom used for malicious
poisoning, but may be given in overdose. It can be
POISONS. 1

detected in the contents of the stomach by Stas’ te:
The prolonged and exaggerated post-mortem rigor
also distinctive. The contents of the alimentary canal a
generally poisonous. The body decomposes slowly. Hr,
of rye and other ergots may be obtained from the pastu
as this fungus grows not only upon the rye, but on ma:
other grasses. It is apt to prove the cause of epizoo
abortion through its special action on the muscular fibr
of the pregnant uterus. Professor Robertson attributes t
nervous disorder, “ louping ill’ of sheep, to its action.
is seldom given in overdose, but then has a dangerous acti
on the brain, producing at times narcotism, at other tim
syncope. It is considered to have a special action also
the white muscular fibres of the small arteries, and hex
has been used as a hemostatic, but it has been known
cause gangrene of parts distant from the centre of circ
lation. The symptoms and a careful examination of t
food must prove our guide in diagnosis of these cas
Cathartics, sedatives (local and general), and an imu
diate change of pasture, are indicated in an enzootic
abortion due to this poison.

Nagcotics are distinguishable from sedatives by th
preliminary stimulating effects, and by the fact that th
cause perversion of the mental faculties. Thus, they cat
inebriation and delirium, and bring about death by con
whereas sedatives produce syncope.

Opium is essentially soporific. It is obtained by feedi
on white poppies, overdose, and by malicious admin
tration. The principal symptom is an uncontrollal
tendency to sleep, the animal stands or lies with ey
closed, breathing slow and deep, pulse full and ratt
slow, opens the eyes sleepily when roused by any sou1
and then rapidly dozes off again. There is a contracti
of the pupil of the eye and a cessation of any pain fr:
which the animal may have been suffering. These sig
become exaggerated, the pulse imperceptible, breathi
infrequent, and, finally, apnoea causes the death of t
animal as a culmination of coma. After death the blo
contents of the alimentary canal, and tissues are found
192 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

smell of opium, and meconic acid and morphia may
be detected. The blood is dark, there are ecchy-
moses of serous membranes, and the contents of the
alimentary canal are hard and dry. With regard to
poisoning by the red poppy (Papaver rhwas), Weiss (as
quoted by Gamgee) says :—‘ Grimm observed that cattle
having eaten much of the red poppy had a weak, awkward
gait, uttered a groan at every step, were affected with
diarrhoea, and remained in a stupid sleepy condition.
Schmager and Lichte witnessed trembling, foaming at the .
mouth, loss of consciousness and sensibility, rolling of
the eyes, loud bellowing, restlessness, amounting even to
raving, tympanitis, shivering and twitching movements of
the eyes, fixed and widely dilated pupil, agitated pulse ; the
secretion of milk is stopped. According to Gaullet, the
secretion of milk was watery, without fat or caseous
matter, and diminished in quantity, the pulse small
and quick, skin dry, staring coat, grinding of teeth;
the animals flew as if rabid on the people that
approached them, and bit themselves in the legs. There
was constipation, the feeces dry and tinged with blood.
As the symptoms of raving and roaring subsided, the
animals became dull, stupid, and sleepy; sometimes they
lay down, at others they stood, but every now and then
the signs of furor supervened. In one, case the cattle got
loose, ran madly up the village, and struck their heads
against the walls and posts. The mad stage lasted for
about two hours; the animals fell like dead, but awoke
again after several hours. The food taken by these animals
was examined by an apothecary, who found it to consist
of about three fourths of the corn poppy, ripe and unripe
seed capsules ; Adonis autumnalis (pheasant’s eye) 3 del-
phinium (larkspur), and the remaining fourth was clover.”

Camphor, alcohol,.and ether are also narcotic poisons.

Chloroform also may be detected by its odour. Its
preliminary stimulating effect is more powerful than that
of opium.

Tobacco is also a narcotic, but inebriant rather than
soporific. It is not a frequent poison of cattle.
POISONS, 192

~ Hyoseyamus and Belladonna are obtained by accidenta
ingestion or overdose, but the fresh hyoscyamus herb i:
said to be eaten with impunity by Herbivora. The sym.
ptoms induced are dilatation of the pupil; falling to the
ground, due to loss of power over the hind extremities
convulsions and delirium ; relaxations of the various sphine-
ter muscles, with diarrhosa ; coma sets in, and then death

Treatment comprises ruminotomy, with complete remova
of contents; stimulants; bleeding and cold application:
to the head. Poisoning by Solanum dulcamara is also ox
record. The conditions are similar to those just described

Sepative Porsons comprise hydrocyanic acid, aconite
conium, colchicum, and yew. They produce death by
asthenia and syncope. In large doses they cause gid
diness and convulsions, which supervene rapidly, anc
death takes place in a very short time. On post-morten
examination no very marked lesions can be noted; th
vessels are full of dark blood, and there may be th
peculiar smell of the agent. Testing for the active prin
ciple is not always satisfactory, but a careful examinatio1
of the contents of the rumen will generally show th
presence of portions of the poisonous plant.

Hydrocyanic Acid.—Poisoning results from overdose
The patient, some little time after the administration, falls
breathes quickly, and is convulsed ; the pupils are dilated
After death there may be observed a slight reddening o
the lining membrane of the stomach, and the blood smell
strongly of the poison. ,

Treatment: stimulants and iron salts. Detection i
recent cases results from its characteristic odour an
chemical reactions,

Aconte (Aconitum napellus), the monkshood or wolfs
bane, is a plant grown in gardens, and wild in some part
of this country. It is easily recognisable by its peculiar]
dark-green pedatipartite leaves and its blue irregular calys
This agent produces numbness of the surface of the body
excites vomition and tympany; the pupil is contracted
over-dose causes hiccough ; ammonia is the best antidot:

Conium (Coniwm maculatum), the hemlock, is a white

_ 18
194 BOVINE* PATHOLOGY.

flowered umbellifer, rather common, and readily detectable
from similar plants by its spotted stem. It causes
rapidly spreading paralysis of the voluntary muscles, then
of those of respiration, leading to death by apnoea. The
pulse is small, feeble, and slow, the pupil dilated; these
cases must be treated by evacuation of the rumen and
stimulants.

Colchicum autumnale, the meadow saffron, isa bulbous,
lily-like plant, with purple flowers, frequent in this
country. When consumed by cattle it causes violent
catharsis, the feces being nearly liquid and fetid, tym-
pany and other signs of abdominal disorder, pupils
dilated, perspiration, loss of power, coldness of extremi-
ties, syncope, and death. After death there are found
blood extravasations in-thé alimentary canal and ecchy-
moses of serous membranes.

Treatment: careful nursing, emollients, also enemas ;
opium, to counteract the tendency to aneemia of the brain.

Yew (Taxus baccata)—When fodder is scarce cattle
will feed on this plant. Dr. John’s, in the ‘ Treasury
of Botany,’ says: “It appears, from all accounts, that the
poison is more virulent in the young shoots than in any
other part of the tree, but that it exists in greater or less
quantities, both in the leaves and in the green bark. The
leaves are more dangerous in a half-dry state than
when fresh.” Yew shoots are too often carelessly left
about after cutting. They produce a powerful sedative
effect. Sometimes the animal is found dead with yew
in his mouth. When seen before death the patient is found
to have a rapidly sinking pulse and the ordinary sedative.
signs. On post-mortem examination, blood extravasations
in the alimentary canal may be noted, but sometimes they
are entirely absent. The stomach is full, and generally
contains the yew shoots. Little can be done in such cases,
except the administration of stimulants and cathartics, and
clearing out the stomach by means of the stomach-pump,
or ruminotomy. Why cattle should be able to eat much
green yew with impunity is uncertain.

Digitalis (D. purpurea), foxglove, a well-known British
POISONS. 195

plant, grows on banks exposed to the sun. When an
excessive dose of this special cardiac sedative has been
administered it causes irritation of the alimentary canal.
The symptoms are those characteristic of a sedative
poison, together with a peculiarly violent action of
the heart, and subsequently diuresis. Signs of irrita-
tion of the alimentary canal are visible post mortem, and
the heart is soft and ecchymosed. Agents containing
tannin are suggested as antidotes.

Lead, when taken into the system, acts as a local
and general sedative. This metal and its salts are highly
important to us from a toxicological point of view. It
may gain “entry in the water, since several of the com-
pounds ofilead are .soluble, from the: lead diffused in a
state of minute division over « the pastures néar smelting
works or near rifle’ butts, ' or: : from refuse paint brought
with manure anddpread over fiélds. These lead salts are
sweet, so that cattle readily » consume ‘them. In some
cases of lead poisoning there is: indigestion with colic, due
to paralysis of the stomach in which ‘food accumulates,
and tympany ‘sets in; this is accompanied: by general signs
of disease, depréssion, and a small: pulse. ‘Later, deposits of
lead may be seen, of a ‘greyish colour; inthe gums. There
is paralysis throughout the ‘alimentary canal, paralysis of
the hind limbs’sets in, and the animal diés after a some-
what prolonged illness’ -- On post-mortem examination the
hardened condition of the intestinal and gastric contents
may be noted, and; the ‘blackhess’ or’ ‘reidened state of
the mucous membrane. The presence of lead may be
shown in many of the tissues. Sulphuric acid and the
sulphates of soda or magnesia and alum are the best che-
mical antidotes, forming the insoluble lead sulphate.
Cathartics must be given to remove the poison. In other
instances lead produces the symptoms of “stomach
staggers,” with a slow pulse, delirium, and death.

Laburnum, as described by Dobson, seems to act as a
sedative poison, producing paralysis of the hind limbs, and
an accumulation of food as a dense mass in the rumen.
Besides the special characters of their contents there may
196 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

be noted inflammation of the small intestines. Purgatives
sufficed to save some of the calves attacked (Dobson).

Irritant Porsons.—Stimulating agents, when taken
internally, exert a local irritant action, and thus give rise
to enteritis or gastro-enteritis, which do not in any essen-
tial respect differ from these diseases when they arise from
other causes—sometimes the systemic action of the agent
is apparent after its absorption. We have seen that some
neurotics exert a local irritant action, but all of them cause
death by their effects while acting from the blood.

Oxalic acid, lime, and ammonia, act as irritant poisons.
Among vegetable substances which thus act are Anemone
pulsatilla, Mercurialis annua (which causes hematuria),
Mercurialis perennis, certain Ranunculi, Bryony, Rhododen-
dron, and Veratrum album. Helleborus niger and H. fotidus
also act similarly ; the root of the former is sometimes used
for increasing the irritant action of setons. It is inserted
as a peg into the subcutaneous areolar tissue, and when the
fresh root is used may give rise to most acute inflamma-
tion. The most active general and local antiphlogistic
measures are necessary to save the animal. Charlock
(wild mustard) sometimes acts as a simple irritant when
taken in with the food. Sometimes the various kinds of
cake contain mustard-seeds, and act as irritants. The
taste and odour is sufficient to enable us to determine
whether or no this is the case with any particular specimen
of cake.

Cicuta virosa (the water hemlock), Athusa cynapium
(the fool’s parsley), and Ginanthe crocata (the water drop-
wort), are poisonous umbellifers, which exert a narcotico-
irritant action.

Astringent Potsons are generally irritant in their effects.
‘They cause symptoms such as we shall enumerate under
the heading “ Gastro- enteritis,’ Pantas or Moor-ill.
Acorns, fern, and oak shoots are the principal of these
agents.

Corrosive Porsons, by their chemical action, cause dis-
organisation of the parts with which they come in contact,
and thus, in treating of them, we have to deal with their
POISONS. 1¢

irritant effects, and also with ill consequences resul
ing from sloughing of the corroded tissues, the pri
cipal being actual loss of useful substance, perforatjon
and strictures. Thus, corrosives are much more formic
able than simple irritants. This obtains with the syn
ptoms as well as with the effects. Hnormous dos
generally cause immediate collapse.

Corrosive Sublimate is the best representative of th
class, It is administered maliciously or by mistake fc
calomel. It causes acute gastro-enteritis and death whe
given in doses of two drachms. It causes an exhaustin
cough in ruminants (Gamgee). Albuminous materials a1
the best antidotes. Copper, zinc, silver, and iron sal
are corrosive poisons. When given in large enough dos
concentrated alkaline solutions especially disorganise tl
epithelial layers of the membrane with which they come i
contact. Mineral acids act as corrosives, nitric turns tl
parts with which it comes in contact yellow, sulphur
renders them black,and hydrochloric white. Dilute alkalir
solutions and demulcents should be given in these cases.

Enminative Poisons enter the blood and are remove
thence by the excretory organs, which they over-irritate ;
the act of passage, and so inflame. Thus, the sympton
vary much with each agent, and we have more time fi
treatment. The poison, once it enters the blood, is singt
larly inaccessible.

Aloes, castor-oil beans, euphorbium, and gamboge a
in this way on the intestines.

Arsenic is obtained by malicious administration, ove:
dose, or accidental presence in cakes and other articles «
food. It is eliminated by the stomachic and intestin:

glands, of which it causes very extensive inflammation
The hydrated peroxide of iron is recommended as a
antidote. The tests are numerous and very definite.

Antimony, besides its influence on numerous glands ¢
the body, is a sedative.

Calomel affects especially the salivary glands and live:
It must be opposed by albumen and astringents.

Nitrate of Potash may be detected in the urine by th
198. BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

fact that blotting-paper dipped into that fluid and dried
becomes “ touch paper.”

A peculiar form of arsenical poisoning is known as the
Corrrr-smoxe Diszasz. It is supposed to be due to finely
divided arsenic spread by the copper-smelter’s furnace.
“Young animals are most susceptible of this influence ;
and among the most marked effects are a disposition to
ophthalmia, which in general quickly terminates in cata-
ract, enlargement of the knee- and hock-joints, and
periosteal exostosis of the bones of the extremities. The
first indications of animals being thus affected are dul-
ness and refusal of food. On examination the teeth will
be found incrusted with a bluish concretion, the gums
humid and red, ‘and the saliva secreted in increased
quantities, symptoms analogous to ptyalism ” (Morton).

Post-mortem.—It is observed that the bones are friable,
and have a peculiar reddish-brown colour. Such are the
most frequent poisons of the ox,

ADDENDUM 2.—PARASITES AND PaRASITISMUS.

Avone the special causes of the various diseases of
the higher animals those which are themselves distinct
organisms, whether of an animal or vegetable nature,
demand special notice, whether it be on account of their
clinical importance or of the peculiar features of their
life-histories.

That one animal should live inside another was at first
thought to be such a very strange matter that it was
attributed to evil agencies generating such beings de novo,
and it was then, and is sometimes even now, thought that
‘the presence of parasitic organisms in the body consti-
tutes disease. But so far from this being so, we now
know that large groups of animals have their typical
habitat within other beings, and some observers have even
gone so far as to attribute to the gastric infusoria of her-
bivora (see Fig. 27), a decidedly beneficial effect in the
elaboration of chyme. Far-fetched as this idea is, we can
well believe, that under certain circumstances animals and
PARASITES AND PARASITISMUS. 196

plants may be beneficial to the organisms in which they
live. On the other hand, in parasites we often note tha’

nature finds a means of removing a surplus animal popula.
_tion. Thus, in some years, sheep, cattle, and horses, fal

victims to the “worms” in large numbers, as seen in the

diseases rot, husk, &c. The obtaining of parasites alsc
~ depends on the nature of the diet; vegetable food cannot
prove the direct bearer of the majority of parasites, but
many can be taken in with meat.

It must be distinctly understood that it is quite the
exception for a few parasites to cause serious mischief
since they generally give rise to disorders only when they
are present in large numbers. The manner in which these
few act is either by producing functional nervous disease 01
destroying the walls of the organ in which they are situated
These actions are rarely, if ever, seon in the ox. Some
parasites do not live upon the structures of the host, bur
simply inside or upon other animals not being dependen
directly upon them for nutriment. Such are fellow.
boarders ; a barnacle on a whale is an example of thi:
relationship. From this the interests of the two indi
viduals tend more and more to clash. The fluke reside:
in the liver, and consumes the bile which would be usefu
to its host; other forms prey on mucus, some on ‘thi
contents of the alimentary canal, and some, finally, ar
blood-suckers, and thus prove to the highest degre
exhausting. .

‘Though these parasites are intimately associated witl
the pathological conditions to which they give rise, anc
often dependent on them at certain phases of their life
the processes prove more or less troublesome to the host
' and if the invaders have been numerous the conditions t
which, by their combined efforts, they give rise may leac
to severe disorder and even death. Thus, the ill effect;
of parasitic organisms are, in many cases, directly relatec
to the number of them present.

Yet it must be remarked that except where essential t
the well-being of the parasite, the disorder which i
causes is not nearly so severe as that which would resul
200 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

 

YHiicet del. : V.VERMCALKE bac

Fie. 27.—Infusoria from the alimentary canal of the horse, similar to those _
which have been found in the contents of the rumen of the ox. (From
Colin, ‘ Physiologie des-animaux domestiques.’)

from a portion of dead material of similar size and form. The
living state seems to produce an absence or imperfectiou
_of the tendency which is observable in the system of the
ox to throw off anything which does not belong to it, as
foreign matter. Since the ill effects of parasites are so
‘often proportional to the number of worms present, we
find that when the climatic conditions of any season have
been especially favorable to their growth and develop-
ment epizootic outbreaks of parasitic disorders are noted,
PARASITES AND PARASITISMUS. 20

and this is most marked after a warm wet season wit
frequent floods; and those animals pastured on lowlan
soil are most liable to become affected. These parasiti
living beings, endowed with a power of motion, and to
certain extent of selection of their special abodes, in thei
migrations through the system cause irritation, and thi
occurs as well with the movements of the larval as of th
mature forms. The former sometimes bore through th
tissues until they come toa desirable place to stay at, th
latter generally limit their movements to those whic
suffice to enable them to traverse the canal or organ i
which they are found. The irritation causes slow loce
changes, condensations, sometimes abscesses, and so or
And it often gives rise to a debilitated state of the cor
stitution which kills animals, either being induced b
some impediment to function, by drain on the constitu
tion, or by excess of nervous irritation.

Thus it is that debility (and constitutional deficiency ¢
energy, aS seen in young or old animals) is a marke
phenomenon in disease of a parasitic nature; it supple
ments that caused by the parasites, and the two togethe
suffice for the production of death, which would not hav
resulted from either of them operating by itself. In thi
sense we must take the statement that debility is a caus
of parasitismus, and not infer that a weak state of th
patient will tend to the generation of parasites de nou
According as parasites live in or upon their bearers c
hosts, as the affected animals are termed, they ar
classified as Enrozoa and Ecrozoa. Whereas the forme
are Anumloida, such as tapeworms, fluke-worms, an
round worms, the latter are generally allied to spider:
being truly Annulose; insecta, or arachnida. There arc
of course, exceptions to this rule; thus, the larval form
the insect oestrus, and the spider-like pentastoma, ar
found internally in the horse and dog respectively, but i
the ox the cestrus is an external parasite, and the pente
stoma in its larval form only is harboured by this anima

The phases of development of the various parasites at
of the highest interest and practical importance. Thus
202 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the Cystic, or larval tenis, are found in animals other
than the bearer of the adult tapeworm, and some con-
nection between the hosts of larval and adult forms must
occur or the race will die out.

Under these circumstances it may seem astonishing
that this event has not happened long ago, but we must
recollect that each of the usually numerous segments of
a tapeworm contains an enormous number of eggs; that
these eggs can remain exposed to weather and to other
such influences for a long time without injury; that the
hydatids produced are sometimes many-headed, each head
being capable of becoming a distinct individual; that, in
other cases, the hydatids are capable of producing a
number of secondary cysts within themselves.

To prevent excessive action of these favorable influences
many of the ova are lost); the embryo does not always suc-
ceed in obtaining a bearer. Many of the bearers of hy-
datids are not sufficiently infested to die, and are not killed
and eaten sufficiently soon for the parasite, which, there-
fore, undergoes calcification after dying. The hydatids
are not always sufficiently fortunate to obtain a nidus for
development into the adult. Thus, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, the chances of invasion by Taenie are about
even. When intermediary bearers are prevalent, when-
conditions are favorable to development of the embryos,
and under other special circumstances, a severe outbreak
of parasitismus occurs. If we can break through the chain
of development at any one link we shall arrest parasitic
invasion, and the enemy, being thus cut off from rein-
forcements, will be defeated in its attempts to produce
disease. Thus, in the case of Tenia, communication of
dogs with cattle, and the former running over pastures:
is to be avoided as much as possible. All parasites
passed, and all livers and lungs containing hydatids
should be destroyed, and not given to dogs or used as
manure. Thus, we may hope to succeed in eradicating
tapeworm. Tlukes have a free stage of existence when,
as cercarians, they frequent, the drinking-water, and thus
gain entry into the alimentary passages of the higher ani-
PARASITES AND PARASITISMUS. 20€

mals. At one stage they inhabit the tissues of mollus.
cous animals. Their ova are numerous, the developmental
forms multiply by budding, and numbers simultaneously
gain entry to the system. The contingencies of the lives
of these parasites are less numerous than those of Tania.
Flukes, therefore, are often most prejudicial. The best
means to counteract them are to endeavour to remove ani-
mals fitted to act: as bearers from the grounds in which
fluke larvee abound, and to ensure a pure water supply.
Another means is to check the passage of mollusca across
pastures, either by a well-limed border against every por:
tion of marshy land and every stagnant ditch, or by salt-
ing the pastures. Our evidences as to the action of anti-
parasitics is not very good. We know of some Teeniafuges
and some Teniacides, but flukes and certain round worms
are very inaccessible, and we can only back up the system
against their attacks by tonics. Parasitism degrades;
animals not entirely dependent on their own resources
lose many organs essential to independent life, therefore
much difficulty has been found in placing parasites in their
proper position in the animal kingdom. The Nematodes
and Acanthocephala puzzle even Huxtzy. Thus, some o!
these comparatively high organisms respire simply by
means of the general surface of the body, like the Amoebe
and other Protozoa. In some also, the general surface takes
in nutritive matter. There is evidence to show that ir
the present day some forms are becoming parasitic whick
have hitherto been living in independence, and perhaps the
reverse also holds. - The phenomenon of partial parasitisn
is shown when an animal only lives as a parasite throug
one or more of its developmental phases, in the others being
free and independent. This is a lazy method of life adoptec
by gad-flies and the like, which feed remarkably when ir
the larval stage, at the expense of their animal hosts, remairz
for a time in the chrysalis stage, and then spend a brief but
exciting existence in the acts of reproduction and provisior
for the preservation of their own race, to the discomfort o:
‘that of far higher beings. We may now draw up a short
classificatory notice in a tabular form of bovine parasites.
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

204

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206 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

VecErasie Parasitic Organisms are either fungi orclosely
allied to them, consequently they are not, as are our ordi-
nary plants, dependent on the surrounding air for much nu-
triment, but they are adapted for the appropriation of all
their nutritive material from the soil in which they are grow-
ing. When this is rich they grow with the greatest rapidity
and luxuriance, thus the ringworm plant attains a high de-
velopment on the ox. They consist of tubes and spores pro-
duced by them. The former appropriate the nutritive
material, the latter become free, and, being very minute,
can be conveyed by contagion, immediate or mediate, or
wafted through the air. They are also endowed with high
resisting power. The larger and more conspicuous of these
fungi grow on the surface of the body of the host, causing
disorders due to ‘irritation, varying in intensity with the
activity of growth of the cause. Those more minute and
infinitely more important fungi, which develop internally,
acting as Entophyta, are known under the name Bacteria.
We have already dealt with them at length in our descrip-
tion of “ Blood diseases.” We are aware of some agents
which eradicate those organisms which flourish on the
surface; such have been suggested for the treatment of
ringworm. Anti-bacterian agets are by no means so
well known. Our main efforts in the management of
vegetable, as of animal parasites, must be directed to
prevention of contagion and development, and to rendering
the system an unsuitable soil, or sufficiently strong to
resist their attack and throw them off.

It will be remarked how gradual the transition is from
parasitic disorders to those specific blood affections which
have not been proved to be parasitic. Rheumatism and
some other diseases serve to connect these latter with
ordinary diseases, which, in themselves, are simply modi-
fications of physiological conditions. Physiological action
of parts depends upon the vitality of cells, and these are
in their most generalised forms exactly similar to low
non-parasitic organisms, which in their turn do not differ
essentially from parasites. Thus, pathology, physiology,
and biology form a grand cycle.
THE CIRCULATORY. SYSTEM. 207

CHAPTER III—DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM.

Ssction 1.—Or tue Heart.

Ir will be remembered that the heart of the ox is
small as compared with that of the horse, and averages
about 33 to 43 lbs. in weight. It is estimated by Colin
at 73 to z; parts of the weight of the body, that of the

 

Fid. 32.—Thoracic contents, as seen from the left side. (Simonds.)

horse being ;j; to 7; The apex is very pointed, and
there are three ventricular furrows. There is a very stout
muscular moderator band in the right ventricle, below
which is a large tendinous band. In cousequence of the
comparative shortness of the chest in the ox, the peri-
cardium extends nearly to the antero-inferior part of the
208 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

diaphragm. The heart, therefore, at its base corresponds
to the second and sixth ribs and those which intervene

 

Fria. 33.—The heart, with its right cavities opened, part of the pericardium
in position, and the large vessels at its base. (Simonds.)

between them. The thorax of the ox being wide and the
pulmonary mass large, the heart is more separated from
the thoracic walls, and less exposed than in the horse.
Its beat may be best felt at the fifth intercostal space at
about the level of the point of the elbow, at the meeting
of the ribs with the sterno-costal cartilage, but it is not
‘so clear and distinct as is that of the horse. For satis-
factory: auscultation of this organ the left fore limb
requires to be drawn forwards and the ear applied as
closely as possible behind the muscular mass of the
shoulder. The heart of the ox very frequently has a
large amount of fat deposited in its furrows. Such
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. PAG

deposits have been erroneously described as fatty degener:
tion. They are generally seen, to a more or less marke

‘degree, in prize beasts, and must be considered normal, {

‘in no case has it been proved that they interfere with tk

heart’s action.
Os cordis is the name applied to a bony nodule, general]

Somewhat triangular in form and flattened on each sid

which constitutes a basis for attachment of the musculz
fibres of the heart, and is situated at the base of tk
ventricles in connection with the aortic opening. It isa
ossification of the fibrous ring of the heart, such as -
seen in the horse in exceptional cases. Sometimes th:
bone consists of two parts, and frequently it involves tk
whole aortic ring.

Diszases oF THE Heart are primarily divided int
functional and organic. In the former we have not ye
been able to trace the lesions upon which the disorde
depends. Such probably exist in the complex cardia
nervous mechanism. Dr. Pettigrew has especially invest
gated this mechanism in the ox (see his ‘ Physiology of th
Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Animals, and in Man’
‘When we consider that the pneumogastric nerve, pulmonar

_plexus, and the medulla oblongata, certainly are sources «

neryous supply to the heart, we shall be inclined t
attribute “jfunctional’’ disease of the heart to our preser
want of knowledge of structural changes in the cas
rather than to absence of disorder of so complex a me
chanism.

Paupiration is the form which this nervous disorde
generally assumes, but it is rare in the ox, this animal nc
as a rule being subjected to extremes of exertion, nor t
high strains upon the nervous system. Dyspepsia cause
this disorder probably by reflex inhibition through th
vagus, while in blood poisoning the impurities in the bloo
probably do so by acting directly upon the cardiac gangli
and the muscular fibres of the heart ; perhaps, too, there 1
perverted stimulation of the inner ee of the heart, a
in anemic palpitation, when venous murmurs are marke

and the impoverished blood tends to clot around th

14
‘

210 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

prominences and cords inside the cavities. The prin-
cipal symptoms are powerful and jerky action of the
heart, frequent and small pulse, anxiety, and loss of ap-
petite.

Organic, Diseases :—INFLAMMATION OF THE Hzart—Car-
pitis—Myocarpitis.—Is not of frequent occurrence, and it
is doubtful whether it is ever present as a distinct disease,

‘being generally a complication of pericarditis. Traumatic
carditis has been recorded, and sometimes it is found that
penetration of the heart by a foreign body leads to
instant death. Circumscribed inflammations occasionally
affect this organ, leading to the formation of small abscesses
in its walls. The principal symptoms are extreme quick-
ness of the pulse, considerable elevation of internal tem-
perature, increased respirations, coldness of the extremities,
and rapid death. An instance of this disease is men-
tioned by Armatage. If acase of this nature is diagnosed
it may be treated in the same way as pericarditis in the
early stage. Formation of abscesses in the walls of the
heart may result from certain forms of blood poisoning.

HyprertropHy or THE Hearr may be simple when the
walls are thickened, but the cavities normal in size;
excentric when the heart and its cavities are proportion-
ately dilated; concentric when the walls of the organ are
thickened at the expense of the cavities, which are, there-
fore, small. Simple hypertrophy may be seen in some
working oxen, and is not to be considered disease when it
clearly is an attempt of nature to perform the duties
necessitated by the special labour of the animal. It must
be remembered, however, that there should be a due uni-
formity between this increase and that of other parts of
the body. The other forms ensue generally from impedi-
ment to escape of blood from the heart, either as a result
of disease affecting the arterial valves, or of pressure upon
or disease of the large arteries, while hypertrophy of the
right side may accompany chronic lung disease. Ex-
cessive force of the heart’s contraction, with sometimes a
laboured effort and irregularities of the pulse, indicate
these conditions, which, however, are very rare. The
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 211

animal must be kept as quiet as possible, and fed for the
butcher.

AtrRopHy or THE Heart, usually termed fatty degenera-
hon, must be carefully distinguished from the above-
mentioned deposition of fat normally in the furrows. Here
the muscular fibres waste, and their protoplasm is trans-
formed into fat. It is a disease of old age, and as such
is seldom, if ever, seen in the ox. To the naked eye the
organ is pale, with yellowish patches; it feels soft and
flabby, and breaks with a granular fracture; often the
visceral pericardium is depressed, here and there, through ‘
diminution in size of the structure internal to it. Car-
ditis, pericarditis, or senile degeneration of protoplasm,
are causes of this condition, which predisposes to rupture
of the heart.

A case of Cretaceous. Degeneration is recorded in the
‘Veterinarian,’ vol. xxxv, p. 800 (1862). The pericar-
dium and brain were also affected in this instance.
Yellow calcareous spots were diffused through the heart-
substance.

Under the heading “ Atrophy” must be included those
cases in which the walls of the heart are thin, while the
cavities are dilated. This condition known as pouched
heart is frequent in the ox as in many other animals.
A paper on this subject is given in the ‘ Veterinarian,’
vol. xxv, pp. 50 and 105 (1852).!1 On examination of
the organ after death the flabby clay-coloured condition
of its walls, which retain the impression of the finger, is
evident.

Enpocarpitis, like inflammation of other serous mem-
branes, leads to thickening and roughness of the surface ;
these conditions are unfavorable to the passage of the
blood, which deposits coagula on the diseased parts. The
roughness of the membrane is due to cell proliferation of
its substance, whereby granulations are produced, which

1 The author mentions this as a dangerous and incurable disease, incidental
to cows and oxen in fattening; present in seven out of every ten animals
unduly fattened ; generally affecting the right side of the heart, commencing

at the conus arteriosus ; associated with congestion of the lungs; sometimes
due to over-driving.
212 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

sometimes undergo calcareous and fatty degeneration.
The arterial valves, but much more frequently the auriculo-
ventricular, are the most important seat of deposit. Some-
times ulceration of the valves occurs, and they are per-
forated. These changes almost always result from
rheumatic disorder. Sometimes post mortem no deposi-
- tions are found, simply reddening of the lining membrane
of the heart, and sometimes ecchymosis.
Symptoms.—With the general symptoms of disorder
and a¢ute febrile disturbance are associated the pecu-
lar rushing sound known as the “bellows murmur,”
which varies according to the parts affected. ‘A bel-
lows murmur with the first sound indicates mitral. in-
sufficiency, stricture of the aortic orifice, disease of the
aortic valves, or deposits on the ventricular surface of
the mitral valves; or it may depend upon an altered
condition of the blood itself, as in anaemia, in which
case it resembles a churning sound, heard also in the
large arteries and veins. A bellows murmur with the
second sound indicates aortic insufficiency, roughened
auricular surface of the mitral valves, or mitral obstruc-
tion” (Williams). The pulse is intermittent and irregular,
“a rapid but violent tremor,” and does not correspond to
the cardiac impulse. The venous pulse is present. Some-
times endocardial growths develop gradually, and do not
materially affect the patient, until sudden death occurs,
and the slaughter-house furnishes us with specimens from
animals to all appearance in a good state of general health.
Treatment.—In a chronic case the animal should be
fattened for the butcher, but in an acute inflammatory
_ attack such measures may be adopted as are suggested for
_ pericarditis. External stimulation, say some authorities,
should never amount to vesication, for the inflammation
thus excited would tend to increase the already excessive
amount of fibrin in the blood; but it must be remembered
that inflammatory blood coagulates’ more slowly than
healthy. Salines, especially such as are useful in rheu-
matism, should be administered. Aconite may be used to
counteract the excessive sympathetic fever.
THE QOIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 2148

Sequele.—Portions of the valvular clots separating from
their attachments may pass into the general blood stream,
and, becoming fixed in the smaller vessels, give rise to
embolic disease. Pneumonia may thus result.

Prognosis of this serious disorder can seldom prove
favorable. In acute cases death may occur at any moment.
In chronic cases recovery cannot be expected. Often,
however, where the inflammation is circumscribed, endo-
cardial growths and fibrinous deposits result in large
“cardiac polypi,’”’ which seem sometimes to completely
-block up the cavity.

PERICARDITIS.— INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM seldom
exists as a disease per se, being a complication of rheu-
matism and other blood diseases, or the result of penetra-
tion of the membrane by a foreign body which has been
swallowed, and found its way from the reticulum. Again,
in pleuritis and pleuro-pneumonia, this membrane seldor
escapes invasion by the disease. The trawmatic form is
rather frequent. The foreign body which gives rise to if
is generally a knitting-needle, hair-pin, or nail, which has
accidentally gained entry into the stomach with the food.
or been ingested by the animal under the influence ol
depraved appetite. Why such bodies pass into the reti-
culum in particular it is difficult to say, but in almost
every case the foreign body has started from this viscus
Probably it is only those which start from here which give
rise to appreciable mischief, or these foreign bodies may
be brought by the rumen to the csophageal groove fo)
regurgitation, and on being rejected they fall into the
reticulum. Pressure of the diaphragm leads the shar;
body to puncture its structure after penetrating the wal
of the stomach, and thus to enter the pericardial sac
(we have a case on record in which it penetrated th«
pleura, and escaped by abscess in an intercostal space)
which is just anteriorly placed to the reticulum, separatec
from it only by the diaphragm. Perhaps the contraction:
--of the heart exert a suction influence. This organ become:
penetrated, and thus the body enters generally, it seems
the left auricle. Gamgee mentions an interesting case by
214 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

M. Camoin, in which a large thorn thus entered the heart,
and became fixed by the chorde tendine.
Symptoms.—Sometimes after ingestion of the body, the
animal remains apparently in full health. Then signs of
indigestion may be present as indications of abdominal pain,
tympany, and loss of appetite. Later, and especially, as
Williams has shown, after efforts in parturition, the animal -
manifests signs of general disorder and acute febrile dis-
turbance. Also the pulse is found to be small, frequent,
irregular, and intermittent, with a quick and irritable
beat. Respirations short, sometimes slow, in other cases
frequent, abdominal, and with a double expiratory effort ;
cough may be present.
The internal temperature is low, and the toutt being
~ imperfectly diffused through the system, the muzzle is
dry and cold, the limbs are cold, the mucous membranes
-are pale, and rigors as well as superficial muscular twitch-
ings (clonic spasms about the neck and pectoral region)
may be observed; there is general stiffness and cede-
matous swellings occur in various parts of the body, as
under the belly and in the dewlap. The action of the
heart is irregular, sometimes sharp, at others extremely
quick and scarcely perceptible. The larger veins are dis-
tended with blood and the venous pulse is generally
present. The patient usually suffers a considerable amount
of pain, and sometimes lies preferably on the right side,
grinding the teeth, moaning, and looking back anxiously
every now and then towards the seat of the heart ; pressure
over the cardiac region causesa groan. Tympany is some-
times present, and there are gaseous eructations. Auscul-
tation detects a friction sound, which differs from that of
pleurisy in coinciding with the heart’s movements; also
a rushing or gurgling sound, which M. Boizy, as quoted by
Gamgee, attributes to the consistency of the fluid and
gaseous admixture. Williams, however, insists that cases
of traumatic pericarditis occur without gaseous eructa-
tions, splashings, and gurglings. Percussion gives dul-
ness of sound over the inflamed membrane.
Port-mortem examination.—Stomach and intestines con
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 215

tain gas. Reticulum, containing sometimes clotted blood or
food intermingled with blood, presents a fistula extending
to the pericardial sac ; sometimes several are present. The
walls of the passage are formed of lymph, which firmly
bmds the rumen, diaphragm, and pericardium together.
Generally the passage is blocked up with lymph. Fluid
may be present in the subcutaneous areolar tissue and in
the abdominal and thoracic cavities, attributable in the
two former to the impediment to the circulation, in the
latter case also to congestion or inflammation of the pleura,
such as is generally present. The mediastinal layer of
the pericardium is involved in this inflammation. The
fibrous layer is thickened by interfibrillar deposit, and
the two layers of the serous pericardium are the seat of
thick deposits of organised lymph, which is firmer as it
is more distant from the serous cavity. Hence it projects
into the latter as a flocculent layer, and in some places
the parietal and visceral layers are bound together either
over an extent of surface or by bands of lymph. An
amount of serous fluid, rendered milky by admixture ol
lymph, or sanguineous, occupies the sac. Sometimes the
lymphy deposits have undergone cretaceous degenera-
tion and fatty change. Often a lesion of the heart
can be detected, and generally the foreign body is found
in the passage somewhere between the reticulum and
the heart-cavity; it being more or less altered by
its strange journey. The muscular structure of the
heart is the seat of ‘interfibrillar lymphy deposit,
and sometimes’ the fibrous bands of the cavities are
lacerated.

Prophylaxis consists in the rigid exclusion of needles,
large pins, &c., from the dresses of dairymaids and other
female attendants on cows, also careful examination of the
food of the horned beasts.

Curative measures are deemed useless in such cases, and
on diagnosis, immediate slaughter is to be suggested. -A
French practitioner was recently successful in curing a
case by operation.

In ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. vi, p. 128, is recorded a case in
216 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

which the needle seems to have passed back from the
pericardium and re-entered the rumen, in the walls of which
it became fixed.

Prognosis unfavorable. The animal lives under the
acute attack several days.

The idiopathic form of Pericarditis depends upon ex-
posure, change from a hot to a cold atmosphere, and other
influences of a like nature which determine visceral in-
flammation. Mr. Litt describes a case due to a wound
through the thoracic walls.| This disease assumes an
acute character, and is very painful. Its symptoms in
the main resemble those of the traumatic form, but differ
in the less marked audibility of the diagnostic sounds, and
in the absence of signs of indigestion and the gaseous
eructations. But, as we have seen, these differences are
not always reliable (‘ Veterinary Record,’ vol.i, p.119). In
one case the patient had every appearance of a horse suf-
fering from laminitis ; also the pulse was full and bounding,
100, with irregular intervals of vibrating jerks; the heart’s
action conveyed a singular tinkling noise. In early stages
of this disorder the pericardium is congested, and later
it is rendered opaque and then obscured by false mem-
branes. It may become gangrenous, serous effusion
and lymph exudation into the serous sac may take place,
as in the traumatic form.. A heart covered by floccu-
lent false membranes is a very pretty specimen. Some-
times a heart which has been affected with this disorder
is found here and there covered with opaque spots of
thickened pericardium. This has been attributed to
rheumatism.

Treatment.— Comprises. careful nursing, stimulant
applications to the sides of the chest, aconite to con-
trol the action of the heart and to lessen the amount of
fever present. Digitalis, too, proves very useful through
its sedative influence and its tendency to promote absorp-
tion. In the advanced stages of the disease stimulants
are required, and tonic agents promote resolution. The
iodide of iron seems to be especially indicated if all febrile -

1 See ‘ Veterinary Record,” 1845,
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 217

disorder has subsided. After-treatment must be directed
to fattening the animal as the deposits around the heart
constantly tend to impede its action.

Complications have been already indicated, the most fre-
quent are carditis and pleuro-pneumonia sporadica.

Hyprors Psricarpii—Drorsy or tHe Pericarpiat Sac—
is generally that stage of pericarditis in which effusion
has taken place. The accumulation of liquor pericardii
may occur in connection with other dropsical disorders,
especially hydrothorax. And in cases of anemia the
normal amount is increased, but in such instances the
accumulation does not interfere with the action of the
heart or with respiration. ‘‘ Tapping” the pericardial sac
has been tried in this disease of the horse. The sym-
ptoms and treatment are those of the advanced stage of
pericarditis.

Rupture of the Pericardium.—A case of this nature is
recorded in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. viii, p. 319; com-
plicated thoracic and abdominal disorder existed, and on
post-mortem examination, the pericardium was found
ruptured on the right side} forming a foramen of about
1jth inch in diameter, and it appeared as if the edges of
the opening on one side had receded from the surrounding
parts. Adhesive inflammation had formed a complete
duplicature of the perieardiam, which “presented the
appearance of tanned leather.”

Carpiac Potyri, or Hematomata, are tumours inside the
heart, generally resulting from endocarditis, with granu-
lation or subendocardiac blood extravasations and deposi-
tion of coagula upon the roughened surface. They
generally grow on the valves, but may appear on any part
of the lining membrane of the heart. Frequently they
assume the shape of casts of the cavity in which they are
placed. They seem often to cause no appreciable sym-
ptoms, not being suspected before the animal’s slaughter.
A tumour of this kind may extend from the wall
of the auricle through the auriculo-ventricular opening
into the cavity of the ventricle, impeding the action of
the valves. These masses of fibrin are often attached by
218 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

a peduncle of fibrous or fibro-cellular tissue. Sometimes
the tumour is gritty, in parts. These polypi may cause
sudden death, in other cases the action of the heart
is irregular and intermittent, and there is gradually
increasing debility leading to paraplegia before the animal
dies.’

Gamgee alludes to melanosis and cancerous infiltration
of the heart in domesticated animals, and mentions a
specimen which he saw in the Bologna Museum, consisting
of a large mass of echinococcus cysts hanging from the
apex of the heart. Cysticercus tenuicollis has been met .
with in the pericardial cavity.  Cysticercus bovis and
Trichina invade this as well as other muscles. The same
author makes the following valuable remarks on this
subject. “The temperament, habits, and manner of
keeping cows tied up in a stall, lead to the observation of
cases in these animals which would give rise to symptoms
at a comparatively early period in the hard-worked horse.
With regard to external tumours, their weight is some-
times very great, and, when connected with the apex,
they may attain a size far exceeding that of the heart itself,
without inducing very serious symptoms. This is not the
case when the deposits invade the base of the heart, where
they obstruct the vessels and arrest the circulation.”

Professor Walley’s valuable paper on “ Hamatomata
and Thrombi, or ante-mortem Clots,” in the ‘ Veterinary
Journal’ for July, 1877, may be consulted with benefit in
this relation. He attributes the ante-mortem clots, among
other things, to elevation or injury of the endocardium by
foreign bodies penetrating from the stomach, or by the
-lodgment of entozoa beneath it.

Rorrure or THE Heart sometimes causes sudden death.
Atrophy of the organ and pulmonary disease predispose
to this, and it is most liable to occur in working oxen, as
it results from violent efforts or from blows. It is, how-
ever, very rare in the cattle. The right auricle most
readily gives way.

See case recorded by Messrs. Houlden and Varnell (‘ Veterinarian,’
vol. xxxix, p. 975). Emboli were found in the heart, spleen, and kidneys.
_THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 219

Marormations.—In the second volume of the ‘ Abstract
of Proceedings of the Veterinary Medical Association ’
(p. 855), will be found an account of a heart consisting of
three cavities only. Other imperfections of development
have been recorded. The most frequent is Cyanosts,
which consists in a pervious condition of foramen ovale,
whereby the venous and arterial currents of the blood
are constantly intermingled. Thus, every part of the
body is supplied only with partially purified blood.
The animal is practically in the condition of a reptile as
far as blood supply goes. Its functions are performed
slowly, its constitution is weak, its internal temperature
low, and its visible mucous membranes are constantly of a
purple or blue colour. Such animals generally die young.
This condition is seldom seen in the lower animals.

MispLacemMents or THE Heart—Kcroriz Corpis.—The
heart may be situated in front of the chest, in the neck

 

¥ re. 34.—Ectopia cordis, (From Fleming’s ‘Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

or be pressed backwards through an opening in the
imperfectly developed diaphragm into the abdomen, or, as
is more frequent, may be situated below the chest suspended
by the large blood-vessels of its base below the sternum,
the lateral elements of which have not united along the
220 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

central line. Aniinsis with the heart exposed in any of
these abnormal positions soon die from injury to the
organ.

Section 2.—Or rom ArrEeRIAL SysTEM.

In injected specimens we are struck with the smallness
of the arteries of the ox as compared with those of the
horse. They are, in fact, proportional rather to the size
of the heart than to that of the veins or the general
bulk of the body. The posterior aorta is an exception
to this, for the coeliac axis is remarkably large. The
principal diseases of arteries are DEGENERATIONS of various
kinds, which generally occur in old animals. These are
atheromatous, where chronic inflammation has brought
about fatty degeneration of the endothelial cells of the
inner coat with thickening and cholesterin deposit in its.
deepest layer. This condition results from over energetic
action of the heart long continued. We have no record
of acute arteritis. A case of tuberculous degeneration of
the ovarian arteriés is given in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary
Review,’ vol. i, p. 379.

Anevrism is abnormal saccular dilatation of an artery
whereby is produced a pulsating tumour. A “ false aneu-
rism” is a sac formed by condensed areolar tissue with a
free communication with the channel of an artery. True
aneurism generally constitutes one of the elements in a
case of atheroma, for the walls of the vessel, weakened
by degeneration, gradually yield to the blood pressure.
Cases of this condition have been recorded as affecting
the ox, but the absence of the usual causes, severe labour,
powerful action of the heart, and old age, prove material
preventives. ‘Spurious varicose aneurism” of the
remnant of the spermatic cord sometimes affects oxen,
as denoted by swelling of the scrotum, pulsation of the
part, and a peculiar bruit. Cases of this nature require
removal of the end of the cord with the clamps (See
‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. i, p. 387). In the same
volume is mentioned a case of aneurism of the vertebral
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 2t

artery. In ‘Veterinarian,’ vol. xii, p. 125, is recorde
a case of false aneurism outside the elbow, which appeare
suddenly,

Txromsus.—Partial or complete plugging of a bloo
vessel with fibrin somewhat resembles aneurism in i
effects, for.in each case successive layers of cl
line the wall of the vessel, the outer being the olde
and having undergone most extensive organisation. T!
cause of this clotting of the blood in the vessels of livin
animals is generally some degenerative change of tl
inner coat of the artery rendering it rough. The path
logical condition resembles that which we noticed :
endocarditis, The tendency of plugging of an artery
to cut off more or less the supply of blood to the pa
to which the branches are distributed. Generally ana
tomoses of vessels atones indirectly and gradually for thi
‘Plugging of a vein is still less important. Sometimes
‘portion of fibrin broken off from the thrombus is carrie
in the round of the circulation and becomes forced into
vessel through which it cannot pass. It becomes fixe
therefore, and proves more or less detrimental accordir
to the part affected. It is termed an embolism. Tl
capillaries of the lungs, spleen, and kidneys are small an
so sometimes become involved in this manner. Embc
.and thrombi are formed in some blood diseases, especial.
in the lungs in pleuro- -pneumonia epizootica,

Wounps or ARTERIES present no special features in tl
ox. They are comparatively unimportant since the arteri
are small and are denoted by a jerky flow of bright bloo:
Transverse cuts when the vessel is not completely severe
and oblique wounds are the most persistent in bleedin;
Such are best treated by completing the incision. T!
ligaturing of arteries is an important part of all surgic
operations with the knife (see Figs 35 and 36).

TRREGULARITIES OF ARTERIES occur in the ox as in 8
other animals, and are due ‘to imperfection of develo]
ment, or to recurrence to previous type, or to high:
specialisation. They are seldom so important as 1
interfere with surgical operations.
222 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Szcrion 3.—Or tas Carintary System.

Carittary Hamorrnacr, due to rupture of minute
vessels, occurs in acute congestion, and sometimes in in-

 

 

Fig. 35.—The Artery Ligature
Knot.

Fie. 36.—Showing the proper method of tying

an artery. The Artery Forceps in use.

(From ‘ Erichsen’s Surgery.’)
flammation. Itis a very frequent condition in blood dis-
eases, when it is due to a depraved state of the blood,
which exudes through the unbroken walls of the vessels,
giving rise to hemorrhagic discharges, petechie, and
ecchymoses. It is seldom so important as to necessitate
those measures suggested for internal hemorrhage.

Section 4.—Or tHE Venous System.

This set of blood-vessels in the ox is remarkable for
large calibre, and, therefore, for very considerable total
capacity.

Patzsitis.—Inflammation of a vein sometimes takes
place asa result of injury (as bleeding with “dirty and
rough instruments), or from extension of inflammation of
neighbouring parts. It most frequently affects the ex-
ternal jugular vein, which differs from that of the horse-
in being larger, and in having an accessory vessel—the
internal jugular, which runs with the carotid artery. This
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 22:

latter anatomical point shows why obliteration of the vessel
which may result from phlebitis, is less likely to interfer
with the grazing capabilities of an ox than of a horse
' The changes which take place in the inflamed vessel are
roughening of the coats with exudation from them, stag.
nation of the blood, coagulation, and organisation of th«
clot; abscesses also form along the course of the vessel.

Treatment consists in general and local antiphlogisti:
measures, and subsequently blisters along the course o:
the affected vessel. Embolic pneumonia may result from
this (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xii, p. 717).

Turompus of veins has been observed. Sucking o

“air into the heart through the jugular, and the occurrenct
of concretions, have not been recorded in bovine practic:
in this country.

Rupture or Vers, as a result of lacerated and incisec
wounds, is not unfrequent, and sometimes this lesior
follows injury of other kinds. Thus, Gamgee observed
in Italy, cases of rupture of vena azygos to be very fre
quent in animals destroyed by “ pithing’”’ between thi
atlas and axis. On this point Professor Maffei told hin
that he noted the ruptures in 57 out of over 3000 oxel
and cows killed in the way indicated. The ruptures tool
place at various parts of the vessel, and the extravasate:
blood trickled between the laminze of the mediastinum o
beneath the parietal pleura (‘ Domestic Animals,’ p. 36(
second division). Wounds of veins, denoted by free an:
even flow of dark blood, are not serious, since it is impur
blood which is lost; the escape is less rapid, and it
“ welling character facilitates coagulation, whereby natur
temporarily repairs the lesion.”

A remarkable case of rupture of the jugular has bee
recorded by Mr. Hill, of Wolverhampton: (‘ Veterinar
Journal,’ 1880, vol. i, p. 291).

Varicosity is undue distension of a vein, giving it
saccular character. It depends upon any debilitatin
influence temporarily affecting the wall of a veir
It is most frequent in those which pass from importar
organs. Thus, it affects the veins of the udder of th
224 i! BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

cow, and. has been seen in the spermatic veins of the bull
constituting varicocele. It seldom is seen except in old
animals, and appears gradually. Sometimes the dilata-
tion is the seat of active inflammation; then antiphlo-
gistic treatment is required. Less urgent cases are
preferably left alone, but a bandage or plaster may be
required to protect the enlarged vessel and to support its
walls by gentle pressure. é

Tumours or Vztns.—Messrs. Hill and Duguid give a
case of tumour of the anterior vena cava, materially
reducing its calibre, due to circumscribed hypertrophy of
its muscular coat (‘Veterinary Journal,’ 1876, vol. ii,
p- 14).

-Appenpum 1.—Drszaszs or tHe Lympnatic System.

The lymphatic system of the ox is distributed much as
in the horse. The thoracic duct is remarkable for its
frequent variations (Colin). The mesenteric glands are
situated close against the small intestines, instead of at
the root of the mesentery, where they are in the horse.
Large glands occur in certain positions, notably the
posterior mediastinum and the space. between the cranium
‘and the pharynx. These become inflamed when any
irritating absorbed material passes through them. Of
this nature are the so-called cases of strangles of the
ox as has been described, the intermaxillary or parotid
glands being the seat. These glands are also the seat of
scrofulous, cancerous, and other forms of deposit, while in
many blood diseases, especially anthracoid affections, they
are enlarged, reddened, and disintegrated. Cases of
“farcy”’ in the ox, which have been described by some
writers, were probably inflammation of the lymphatics, |
resulting in the formation of series of abscesses atong their
course, accompanied by infiltration of serum into the

' Mr. J. H. Cox, of Ashbourne, gives a most interesting case of varicosity
of the posterior vena cava, in which obscure abdominal pain was present,
and the vein was enormously distended (‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxxix p. 891).
Cruzel tells us that asphyxia from the introduction of air into the veins is
frequent in places where venesection is often performed.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 22

surrounding parts. In such cases the cause must primaril
be removed, and poulticing and other emollient measure
taken in regard to the poisoned wound. Sometimes th
system will require stimulation and support. The abscesse
must be treated in the usual manner. .

LympHapENoma or LympHoma is hypertrophy of lym
phatic glandular structure, resulting in tumours, whic
often are said to be malignant. This disease of th
glands causes and accompanies leukemia.

Apprenpum 2.—DisEases oF THE VascuLaR GLANDS.

The vascular or ductless glands are occasionally dis.
eased in the ox. The Spizen in this animal is situatec
on the upper part of the rumen to the left; it is oval anc
flattened, and is smaller than in the horse. Its norma
weight is about two pounds. It undergoes enlargement
periodically during active gastric digestion, but it some.
times is considerably increased in bulk, having become
hypertrophied ; in anzemic animals it is often found in an
atrophied state.

Inflammation of this organ is described by several
British authors, but a careful examination of their ac-
counts makes it evident that they were dealing with
splenic fever. This error occurs especially in older works.
Cruzel describes it as frequent among working oxen.
Lymphomatous and scrofulous deposits may have their seat
in this organ. In cases of tuberculosis sometimes it is
firmly fixed to the stomach, liver, and intestines, by
tuberculous masses invested by peritoneum.

Hydatid Oysts (Echinococcus veterinorum) sometimes
grow in the spleen, causing considerable diminution of its
proper structure.

Lastly, Rupture sometimes takes place. The walls of its
venous sinuses give way, and the extravasated blood either
accumulates beneath the peritoneal capsule, or, that having
ruptured, escapes into the peritoneal sac. The former
condition may be seen in splenic fever, the latter results

from blows, falls, or other injuries. The symptoms of the
15
226

BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

latter are those of internal hemorrhage, together with
subacute abdominal irritation. Such cases are not amen-
able to treatment, but the usual means adopted for
internal hemorrhage must be tried; administration of

Fie. 87.—A piece of
thymus of a calf spread
out. Natural size. a.
Central canal. 6. Lo-
bules. ¢. Isolated gland
granules seated upon
the principal canal.
(After Harley and
Brown.)

 

hemostatics, as sulphuric acid, and
tannic and gallic acids, &e. Death,
however, generally comes on rapidly.

The Tuyrom Bony is large in the
ox. It is sometimes the seat of indu-
ration, but more frequently becomes
large, either as a result of colloid
change, to which this organ is very
liable, or in consequence of the de-
velopment of cysts within its sub-
stance. Two cases of disease of this
body are given in the ‘ Veterinarian,’
vol. xvi, pp. 194 and 498. It may be
removed by operation, if so large as to
cause inconvenience. Generally its ex-
cessive size is only an eyesore, but it
may interfere with respiration.

The Txymus Bopy of the calf is
large, extending far up the neck und
into the anterior mediastinum. Some-
times it is enlarged. In the ‘ Vete-
rinarian,’ 1852, p. 691, is an account
of a case of this nature, in which the
organ had undergone tubercular soft-
ening, weighed forty-nine ounces, and
measured twenty-three inches in its
greater circumference. Mr. William
Lyon, of Forfar, removed it success:
fully by operation.

We have no record of disease of
the Aprenazs of the ox,
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 22

CHAPTER IV.—DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM.

Szcrion I.—Or roe ALIMENTARY CANAL.

Brine a ruminant, the ox has certain characterist
differences of structure and form of the digestive orgai
as compared with those of the horse; also there are speci:
features in which this animal differs from cther ruminant
The large size of the abdomen and the considerab
bulk of the mass of the alimentary canal, together with i
extent of surface and its large supply of blood, lead us 1
anticipate numerous and complex disorders of the dige:
tive system. Inthis we are not mistaken. The weig]
-of the stomach and intestines is considered 14°3 per cen
of that of the whole body (Lawes). The lips are liable 1
become involved in malignant disease of the face, bi
most frequently come under the notice of the surgeon :
the seat of laceration or other wound, In the treatment «
such lesions no part which can possibly be saved mu
be removed. These organs, with the dental pad, haz
palate, and gums, also are the seat of vesicular eruption
in foot-and-mouth disease, and of some of the characterist
lesions in cattle plague. Cruzel describes inflammation |
the lips at some length.

The Incisor Teeth of the ox (fig. 38) are eight in numbe
all in the lower jaw, placed with their crowns arrange
“like the keyboard of a piano,” their upper surfact
meeting the dental pad. They have very small fangs, an
are loosely fixed in the jaw, the yielding of this part bein
-increased by the non-union of the symphysis. They ma
‘be fractured or forced out; if only one or two are injure

‘this will not materially interfere with the obtaining «

=
228 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

food, otherwise the animal may require to be house-fed.
Professor Simonds, in his work upon the ‘ Age of the Ox,
Sheep, and Pig,’ notices certain irregularities of the in-

 

Fig. 38—Incisors of the ox. a. Crown. 5. Fang. e. Neck. f. Nipping
margin, g. Inner edge. A. Superior surface. Bb. Inferivr surface.
(Chauveau.)

cisors of the ox, due to persistence or non-appearance of

temporary teeth. Such have not much practical

importance.

The Molars of the ox (fig. 39) differ from those of the
horse mainly in the fact that the three anterior ones are
small, as compared with the three posterior in each series.
The fangs are smaller and more subdivided. The tables
are less complex and more rough and irregular, with
jagged points, which often injure the insides of the cheeks
(and such lacerations acquire importance, since it has been
proved that they are the breach through which the bacteria
enter in many cases of anthrax). These teeth are loosened
by epitheliomatous or osteo-sarcomatous growths. They
may be affected by caries, and those other pathological
conditions which have been seen in the horse, but such
cases seem to be ewtremely rare. We also seldom find
records of their displacements abnormally. Cattle also
do not seem to suffer from teething. Our researches have
disclosed a case where the sole of a boot became fixed
on the molar series of one side of the lower jaw, giving
rise to dysphagia (difficulty in feeding). And in ‘ Veteri-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 229

narian,’ vol. xii, p. 148, is recorded a most remarkable case
of a normally formed incisor being developed i in the centre
of the palate of a young bull,

 

 

Fria. 39.—Teeth of the ox. 1. Upper: a, from below; 8, from side.
2. Lower: a, froma above; 6, from side. (Chauveau.)

The hard palate of the ox is wide and roomy poste-
riorly at its intermolar portion, but in front of this is
narrowed by the ridges, convex inwards, which afford
attachment to Canini. These muscles contract during
mastication, and thus diminish the anterior opening of the
mouth, at the same time leaving the lips free to act. The
muscles of mastication in ruminants are well developed.
Ptery goideus and masseter internus are large, and masseter
230 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

externus may be divided into several superposed layers,
and anteriorly receives a tendon of Panniculus, represent-
ing Sterno-maxillaris. Digastricus has but one belly, and
runs directly from the occipital styloid process to the in-
ferior maxilla. Stylo-maxillaris is absent. The temporo-
maxillary jomt is arranged to allow of very free lateral
movement, the glenoid surface being convex. In mastica-
tion and remastication the jaw is moved for a number of
times to one side, and then the action is reversed. Thus,
the right and left molar series are periodically, but not
alternately, brought into use.

“ Droprine THE Cup’’ takes place in certain diseases of
the mouth where mastication is painful, but is also one of
the symptoms of certain subacute forms of indigestion
dependent upon bad, bulky, and innutritious food. In
such cases the animal is unthrifty, with irregular bowels,
staring coat, and depraved appetite. A cathartic dose,
with change of diet, will generally effectually remove
this irregularity.

Salivary Glands.—The parotids are smaller propor--

 

Vid. 40.-—Salivary glands with their ducts. dd. Parotid; a, its duct.
e. Probes in submaxillary ducts, e. Sublinguals. 6. Termination of
parotid duct. (Simonds.)

tionally than in the horse, but this is compensated for by
the large size of the inferior buccal glands. They secrete
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 231

constantly, but most markedly when alimentary matters
are in the mouth being masticated; then the alternate
action of each gland, in accordance with unilateral masti-
cation, is marked. . During abstinence the flow is about
a quarter as great as during mastication, and the fluid
passes generally into the reticulum. Though about equal
in size to the submaxillary, this gland produces four or
five times as much fluid [Sp. gr. 1:0108 (Lassaigne)].
The flow of submaxillary: saliva is wnaffected during
rumination. The total quantity of mixed saliva produced
by an ox, taking three hours to feed and five to rumi-
nate, was estimated at 40,000 grammes during the eight
hours’ mastication and 16,000 grammes-during abstinence,
making a total of. 56,000 grammes in twenty-four hours ;
this is probably under-estimated (Colin).. Submaxillary
saliva is constantly produced during: abstinence in small
quantities; itisabundant during feeding, and its quantity
is related to the quality and taste of the food and to the
rapidity of mastication. Sublingual saliva may be obtained
from the. accessory duct which rung from the posterior
lobe of the. gland and opens near the submaxillary duct;
it is constantly produced and, is very viscid; probably it
serves to coat, the pellet of:food. ; The wall developed
condition of the salivary apparatus accounts for the fact
that it is readily acted upon by even small doses of
mercury, whereby excessive secretion, Pryaism, is pro-
-duced. It also explains how sufficient fluid is passed into
the rumen to thoroughly macerate the large quantity of
material it can contain.’ Mr, Cox, of Ashbourne, in the
‘Veterinarian,’ vol, xxv,_ p- 695, gives three cases of
ptyalism, due to paralysis for they were accompanied by
inability to raise the eyelid and a pendulous condition of
the ear and of the upper lip. A blister around the base
of the ear and a laxative dose cured these cases in a
mouth. In two other cases no paralysis was present.
Inflammation of the Salivary Glands seldom takes
place as a disease in itself, though these organs are
generally involved in cases of sore throat. Cases of
Paxoripitis sometimes are seen, but it is the lymphatic,
232 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. i

and not the salivary parotid gland which is affected in almost
every instance. Youatt tells us that “this condition is an
almost invariable accompaniment of catarrhal affection of
the upper air passages, and there is scarcely any epi-
demic (sic) among cattle, one of the earliest symptoms of
which is not swelling of the head and neck.” There are
swellings, with heat and pain on pressure, on the seat of
the parotid, abscesses form and burst, and thus produce
obstinate sores. Youatt says, “ In inflammation, apparently
of only an inconsiderable portion of the parotid gland, we
have known ulcers of the most offensive character extend
from ear to ear, and expose the most important vessels of
the upper part of the neck.” He apparently here alluded
either to scrofulous tumours or to the condition known as
osteo-sarcoma or spina ventosa (vide infra), Ordinary
parotiditis needs no special measures of treatment.
- Fomentations will be found most valuable, and steaming
the air passages is useful. In the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol.
xxxli, p. 488, is given a case of cuticular cyst in the
parotid. Congestion of the buccal mucous membrane
sometimes interferes with the flow of saliva into the
mouth, since the openings of the submaxillary ducts below
the tongue, and sometimes those of the sublingual in the
channel between it and the molars, become tumid and
congested, a condition vulgarly known as barbs or paps.
This will disappear with its cause. Cruzel, however, says
decidedly, that operative removal is necessary.

Sarrvary Catcurs do not seem to occur often in cattle,

The tongue of the ox is pointed, more conical, and
thicker than that of the horse, and has stouter muscles.
It ig used as the main organ of prehension, for, curling .
round a tuft of grass it draws this into the mouth, while _
the incisors meet the dental pad and bite off the morsel
at a short distance above the ground. The tongue is
furnished with conical papille, and, since it is much ex-
posed during the performance of its prehensile functions,
is protected by a stout horny epidermis. Conical papilla.
resembling those of the tongue, are found inside the cheeks
These probably serve to retain the food in the mouth,
e THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 233

The protrusibility of the tongue results from the well-
developed condition of those lingual muscles attached to
the symphysis, and from the presence of a well-developed
middle cornu of the os hyoides. This highly important
organ is liable to disease of different kinds—inflamma-
tion, degeneration, and malignant glossitis.

Guossitis (inflammation of the tongue) is a disease of
by no means rare occurrence, attributable to ingestion of
rough course food, frosty grass, and injuries (mechanical
or chemical). It also is a complication occasionally.
seen in eczema epizootica when badly treated or neg-
lected. The whole organ may be diseased or only part
of it. The resulting changes are induration, suppuration,
or gangrene,

Symptoms.—General signs of fever ; profuse flow of
saliva from the mouth, which is very hot, the tongue
then becomes enlarged and reddened, and hangs from the
mouth. Sometimes the epithelial layer is raised from the
deeper portion of the mucous membrane by serous
effusion, so that separation of it may take place to a
limited extent. The enlargement of the tongue and the
- surrounding swelling causes some interference with res-
piration, of course the animal is not in a position to take
in food ; deglutition also is interfered with. In very acute
cases either abscesses form in the organ or mortification
sets in. In the former case pointing takes place, and as
soon as possible; but not prematurely, the abscess should
be opened. In the latter the protruded organ becomes
livid, cold, and loses all feeling and power of retraction ;
it has a peculiar odour with phlyctenz on the surface, and
the general symptoms assume a typhoid character. In less
acute cases exudation of lymph into the substance of the
tongue takes place ; this undergoes organisation, and com-
pressing the muscular structure of the organ, produces
atrophy. Thus occurs the so-called scirrhus of the tongue.

Treatment. — Active measures are essential. In the
earlier stages, besides nursing, the animal must receive
an aperient dose, and some suggest the necessity for
bleeding ; preferably sedative and febrifuge agents may
234 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. *

be administered, the doses being so arranged that they
may prove refrigerants to the diseased organ. Steaming
the mouth is valuable. . The animal should always be
allowed a bucketful of nitrated water. One of the most
serious effects of this disease is that it cuts off the
animal’s food supply. Nutritive enemas must therefore
be given with. assiduity, and all drinks administered in
gruel and with vegetable tonics. When gangrene of the
affected organ. sets in, but little hope of a favorable result
must be entertained. Free incisions must be made into
the tongue. Extensive sloughing may remove the dead
parts, and the animal. retain a portion of the organ
sufficient for house-feeding, but generally _ death takes
place. At best these cases are prolonged, the chances
of recovery are poor,and-the animal will:fall away much
during the treatment. Under. these circumstances, our
duty is to suggest immediate slaughter if the animal be
in anything like condition in the early stages of a case of
glossitis. Gloss anthrax may . be gomfounded with this
disorder, but it is more acute.

InpuRatION or THE ToncuE (Scirrhus). —Generally this
is the above-described atrophy of the tongue, due to substi-
tution of lowly organised fibrous tissue for muscular
fibre. Thus, there is no loss of bulk, indeed, the organ is
_increased in size and very hard, but markedly of contrac-
tility. This atrophy may involve part or whole of the
organ; sometimes it affects only the tip, arising without
appreciable cause, unpreceded by inflammation. In any
case it interferes with prehension and mastication, and
the animal becomes emaciated, and should, therefore, be
slaughtered early. Taferforsited with rumination and ex-
cessive salivation are the most marked symptoms.

Cancer or ton Tonauz.—lIn this disease the organ is
the seat of small nodules of carcinomatous deposit, which
more or less replace the proper substance of the or gans,
and some of them bulge beneath the mucous membrane
of the dorsum. Some undergo softening, and the sub-
maxillary and parotid lymphatic glands are generally
involved through absorption of cancerous matter. This
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 235

disease progresses slowly and materially interferes with the
development of the animal. It is incurable, and the flesh of
~ cattle thus affected is not good meat, though always con-
sumed. The condition of the dorsum lingue is diagnostic.
The earliest account of this with which I am acquainted
is in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ 1864, p. 153.
Some authorities consider this disease scrofulous rather
than. a form of carcinoma.

Cramp or THE Toneur.—This disease has been described
by Eberhardt (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ xvii, 153). It seems
to be enzootic in. certain parts of ee is liable to
recur, and proves rapidly. fatal unless relieved. ‘ The
tongue is curled like a corkscrew and’ drawn backwards
towards the upper part of the throat; on which it presses
so violently as to. make it evident that this is the cause of
the convulsions, and that it is only necessary to bring the
tongue into its natural position to relieve the animal.
The attacks usually come on suddenly when the animal is
feeding. It starts suddenly back from the manger, begins
to breathe heavily and sonorously, stretches out the head,
and sways to and fro. It appears to be uneasy, it moves
restlessly from side to side, becomes swollen or half

suffocated, and voids much dung. There is an expres-.
sion of suffering in the countenance; the eyes are pro-
truded, they rollin their sockets, and have a fiery glittering”
appearance. The veins of the head are enlarged, and
' project in bold relief like cords. If one of them is pressed
with the finger the flow of blood can be distinctly felt.
The ears stands erect, the nostrils work convulsively, the

mouth is held open, and the whole face plainly speaks
the agony which the animal is suffering.” Tracheotomy
may be performed if considered necessary.
~ Cystic Diszaszs or tHE Tonguz.—An account of fibro-
cystic disease is given in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Re-
view,’ iii, 216, and a most interesting case of pilous cysts
in the tongue, possibly an inversion of the skin, is recorded
by Professor Varnell (‘ Veterinarian,’ xxxix, p. 712).

The tongue of the ox is comparatively seldom injured.
- This is due to the absence of the bit and the twisting
236 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of a halter-rope into the mouth, which are fruitful sources
in the horse. Sometimes the organ is lacerated, and
sometimes bitten. This organ must be preserved as
much as possibly in its entirety.

ParaLysis or THE TonauEr has been seen as a result of
disease of the cranium orof the brain. It is of rare occur-
rence, and generally necessitates slaughter.

Uncers or tHe Tonaus persist after foot-and-mouth
disease, sloughing of gangrenous portions, and injuries.
They interfere very materially with condition, and occa-
sionally require stimulation by caustic dressings. The
mucous membrane of the mouth of the ox being thicker
than that of the horse, is not so frequently affected by
careless administration of caustic alkalies imperfectly
diluted. Such accidents do occur. As a result the
epithelial layer may peel off the organ in a continuous
sheet, leaving the red surface of the corium exposed. This
is highly painful. Demulcents acidulated are especially
indicated in such cases.

AputTHa, or “ thrush in the mouth,’ is a mild inflamma-
tion of the buccal membrane, leading to the formation of
a crop of minute conical or acuminate vesicles or pustules.
The number and smallness of these suffices to distinguish
them from the blebs of foot-and-mouth disease ; they
appear especially on the tongue, burst, and leave ulcers,
which may run together. It results from direct local irri-
tation, and more frequently from ingestion of indigestible
matter. There are present the ordinary signs of inflam-
mation in the mouth, salivation, heat, and redness, also im-
perfect mastication. Febrile symptoms may be present.

Treatment.—An aperient saline dose is admissible to
expel the irritant substances from the alimentary canal.
Locally, astringent dressings may prove useful.

The Tonsils of the ox are depressions extending from
the lateral parts of the isthmus faucium. These are deep,
and in their walls are embedded ductless glandular bodies.
These are the parts which undergo most marked change
in diphtheria. They are enlarged in sore throat of various
kinds, and are involved in cases of anthrax,
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 237

The velum pendulum palati of the ox is short as com-
pared with that of the horse; thus, vomited matter can
be expelled and the animal can breathe through the
mouth.

ConcENITAL MALFORMATION OF THE PALATE is sometimes
seen in calves. We have on record a case of complete diver-
gence of the lateral halves of the facial portion of the upper
jaw. A case of cleft palate is recorded in ‘ Veterinarian,’
vol, xlii, p. 612; in this, alimentary matters and saliva
passed from the right nostril during rumination or feeding.

The Pharynx of the ox has a single opening into the
nasal chambers, which run together posteriorly, where a
space exists between the lower margin of the vomer and
‘the palatine suture. The openings of the Eustachian
tubes are rounded, and the organ is not separated from
basis cranii by guttural pouches—simply by large post-
pharyngeal glands. The muscles of the pharynx present
nothing peculiar, and do not seem to undergo paralysis.

Puarynegat Potyrus is an outgrowth, of generally an
ovoid figure, from the pharyngeal mucous membrane. It
acts as an impediment to deglutition, and sometimes, by
falling over vhe glottal opening, causes intermittent severe
dyspnoea and coughing. These require to be removed by
means of the écraseur or ligature. The operation must be
performed through the mouth when possible, but some-
times the growth hangs from the posterior nares and causes
stertorous breathing. In a case recorded by Mr. Young-
husband, of Greystoke, “the head was kept protruded
nearly straight out.”

The (Hsophagus is of a red colour throughout, is large
in calibre, terminates posteriorly in the cesophagean groove
above the reticulum at the supero-anterior part. of the
the rumen. Its internal layer of muscular fibres presents
a spiral arrangement, resulting in double obliquity. Thus,
it is adapted for deglutition and regurgitation of the food
in pellets, which seem to be formed in the groove at its
posterior extremity. Strictly, the first three compart-
ments of the stomach of the ox should be considered

modified portions of the cesophagus. Transitional stages
238 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

from the simple stomach of man or the dog to the com-
plex gastric arrangement of ruminants may be seen in the
horse and the pig.

CGsornacitis, Inflammation of the Csophagus, has
been described, but it is not of frequent occurrence,
its symptoms are heat and swelling along the channel of
the neck, profuse flow of saliva, difficulty in deglutition,
and fever more or less marked.

Probably from a condition of this kind results Frsrovus
DEGENERATION OF THE CisopHaGcuS, as sometimes seen
(‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vii, 27). There is nothing
special in this, for the ordinary result of inflammation of
muscular structures is the substitution of organised lymph
for contractile fibre. Its effects are important; they are
stricture and dilatation.

DitaratTion or THE Cisornacus is less frequent than in
the horse, partly because the oesophagus is naturally larger,
partly because it performs a double function in the ox,
and, therefore, when deranged leads, to more rapid emacia-
tion, so that any relaxation of the walls is not so liable to
go to extremes. In a case of this kind but little can
result from surgery. The muscular coat is weakened or
degenerated, a state which can seldom be repaired. It is
best to endeavour to feed the animal for the butcher.
This must be done with great care, and manipulation over
the course of the cesophagus from above downwards,
after a meal, will tend to remove any accumulation which
may take place in the weakened part when it is in- the
cervical region, where the tube is most exposed to injury.
The diet must be soft and nourishing, so that there may be
little need for regurgitation. In mild cases a blister over
the affected part has been found beneficial. Vomition,
periodical choking, and excessive appetite are signs of
those cases in which the cesophagus has a saccular dilata-
tion at its inferior extremity, which is the most frequent
seat of the disorder.

Stricture of the Gsophagus is due either to hypertrophy
of the muscular coat, to its fibrous degeneration with
shrinking, or to injury to the mucous membrane, with
a THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 2389

thickening and obliteration of its folds. The most fre-
quent cause is injury from too large a pellet or mass of
food being swallowed, or from excessive force applied to
the impacted body by the probang in cases of choking. A
lesion of this nature follows corrosive poisoning, and may
necessitate destruction of the patient after recovery from
the toxic effects of the agent. Dilatation of the tube
above the stricture occurs as a complication. The thick-
ening may extend along a considerable portion of the
length of the cesophagus as a result of inflammation.

Symptoms.—Swelling along the channel of the neck,
frequent choking, and attempts to vomit. More or less
impediment to swallowing and accumulation of food above
the stricture, giving rise to a swelling, which, largest at
first after feeding, gradually disappears until after the
next meal.

Treatment has been successfully adopted in such cases
in the horse, but the method suggested for dilatation
should be adopted in the ox. The passage of probangs,
of gradually increasing size, periodically, may be tried in
cases of circumscribed stricture; stimulation, by means
of a blister, will tend to remove lymphy deposit. When

‘the stricture involves the thoracic portion of the ceso-
phagus (or its terminal extremity), it is even less amenable
to treatment. When due to pressure of a tumour it
may be cured by surgical removal of the cause. Certain
parasites—Spiroptera scutata cesophagea bovis—take up
their abode in the mucous membrane of the cesophagus.
They have not been observed in this country, but Miller
gives an account of them (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xliii,
p- 632). They. may cause stricture.

Roprorz or tHE Cisornacus results from force applied
from within, as when the probang slips round the impacted
body, or forces it through the wall of the tube. Lacerated
or punctured wounds from without, or extension of ulcera-
tion, too, cause perforation. An abscess has been known
to burst into the thoracic portion of the cesophagus, and
thus evacuate its pus. In these cases there are two un-
satisfactory points: first, the food constantly tends to
240 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

escape through the wound, and keep it open; secondly,
when healing occurs, stricture is very liable to ensue.
The indications for treatment are: feed the animal only on
soft food—liquids are preferable ; after feeding remove all
foreign matter escaping through the wound ; dress with oil
or glycerine of carbolic acid. It is a good plan to support
mainly on gruel administered through the hollow probang.
The use of the latter acts as a preventive against stricture.
When rupture has followed choking, and the wound is sub-
cutaneous, the alimentary material which escapes tends to
accumulate in the areolar tissue. It must be cut down
upon and removed, then the edges of the cesophageal
wound brought together with wire sutures or carbolised
catgut, and the case treated as above mentioned. Some-
times -only partial, rapture occurs when the force applied
to the probang is in the proper direction, but too great.
Complete transverse rupture of the mucous membrane then
takes place, and the probang passes onward with a jerk,
which to the experienced practitioner is diagnostic. The
symptoms of choking, in such a case, generally persist
after the canal has been cleared, and it ultimately becomes
necessary to destroy the patient.

Under the heading ‘‘ Degeneration of the Mucous mem-
brane of the Hisophagus”’ in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary
Review,’ vol. iv, p. 285, is given a case of those warty
growths, benign epithelial tumours which are not unfre-
quently found growing from the cesophageal mucous mem-
brane. These are sometimes enormous, and give rise to
choking since they materially diminish the calibre of the
tube. Their presence can only be surmised in cases of
intermittent choking. They constitute one of many
causes. The frequent passage of the probang and other
treatment of ordinary stricture may suffice to secure fitness
for the butcher.

Cuoxine is a condition which commonly depends upon
impaction or blocking up of the cesophagus by some foreign
body. Symptoms of choking, however, arise from other
causes, as injuries of the cesophagus from sharp bodies
swallowed, also disease of the pneumogastric nerve,
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 241

Impaction of foreign bodies in the cesophagus occurs very
frequently in the ox. The symptoms resulting from it
are not so urgent as in the horse. The animal stands
with the muzzle projected, coughs, champs the jaws, and
there is a profuse flow of saliva from the mouth. Appetite
and rumination are suspended, but there are gulping
efforts. The eyes are projecting and bloodshot, and the
patient is very uneasy; there is frequent passage of urine

-and feeces. When any matter is ingested it is returned by

vomition through the mouth and nose. The impaction may
be up against the pharynx, in the cervical, or in the thoracic
regions of the tube. In the former case the coughing is
most marked and respiration is interfered with, in the
latter, fluid seems to pass, but simply fills the passage up’
from the obstruction, and is then returned by vomition ;
also auscultation detects frequently rushes of gas past the
obstruction (Nelson), while altogether the symptoms are
less urgent. When the body is lodged in the cervical

‘region, swelling may be perceived on the left side in the

channel of the neck. This may be large or small, hard or
soft, movable or immovable, according. to the nature
of the body and the conditions of the esophagus. Tym-
pany early sets in, except in those cases, which are not
numerous, in which liquids and gaseous matters can pass
the obstruction. The swelling of the, rumen threatens
suffocation, and requires relief either by puncture or by
passage of the hollow probang. On performing the latter
operation we determine the presence of a solid body

preventing its entry into the stomach. This body may

be a turnip, mangold, or potato. All such roots should
be sliced or bruised, especially when animals receive them
as a change of diet, for then they are greedily stowed
away in the rumen, and a too large one causes choking.
Whole eggs given to improve the animal’s condition are
much. less frequently the cause of choking in the ox than
in the horse. The bulimia (or depraved appetite) from
which cows especially suffer causes them to consume
strange bodies, which may become impacted in the ceso-
phagus. Imperfect salivation of coarse food seldom causes
: 16
242 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

obstruction in the ox, indeed this is natural, for food is
taken in hastily and thoroughly mixed with the saliva only
when it gains the ramen. Accumulation of food material
in a dilated cesophagus and spasm of the muscular coat
are occasional causes. Stricture is very liable to cause
impediment even when pellets are passing up from the
rumen for remastication. Sometimes “ hair-balls ” thus
cause choking.!

Treatment.—When we have reason to suspect pharyn-
geal impaction we must have the animal’s mouth kept
open by means of an ordinary balling iron, and pass the
hand through the mouth to explore the pharynx. Some-
times it will assist us if an assistant presses the throat on
each side behind the maxillary angle inwards and upwards.
In the cervical region the tumour may be manipulated,
and attempts made to move it upwards or downwards.
These may be aided by passing a small quantity of oil
into the cesophagus. Sometimes manipulation will disin-
tegrate a mass, which will then slowly disappear. Any
movement of the body isa favorable sign. If this method
fail, the probang, well oiled, may be passed, and gentle
but continuous pressure exerted upon the impediment,
which may often be felt gradually yielding and passing
onward into the stomach. In less fevorable cases it will
not yield. This frequently depends upon spasm of the
cesophagus behind it, and consequently persistence in
passing the probang at intervals and applying gentle
pressure may be crowned with success. Some practitioners
recommend morphia and aconite doses to allay the spasm.
Carters’ whips, ropes, and other rough instruments are some-
times used instead of the probang ; this is reprehensible.
Probangs are of various kinds. They almost all consist of
an elastic tube, kept open by a spiral wire, and perforated
by a central free stilette. One extremity is arranged like a
mouth-piece, the other has a bulb, which is sometimes ege-

1 Cases of chronic choking are sometimes seen in whic
or other substance, of a triangular or irregular shape, becomes fixed :
esophagus, and allows passage of food domnivart : This eet ‘ts te
place near the stomach. A case has been known to last for six weeks.” se

h a portion of turnip
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 2438

shaped and perforated ; this is apt to slip off a rounded
body, as a turnip, and rupture the cesophagus. Others,
preferably, have a concave
extremity, which allows firm
and eyen pressure on the
body. Mr. Reed reminds us
that the metal ends shouid
not be of lead, which is in-
dented by the teeth, and thus
becomes liable to tear the
cesophagus.

In passing the probang, a
wooden gag, perforated cen-
trally and with a projecting
handle at each extremity, is
placed in the mouth and fixed
by straps which pass behind
the horns. Two men ought to
hold the head, each having a

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

Fra. 41.—Ordinary method of pas- Frq@. 42.—Armatage’s wooden Gag.
sing the probang. (Simonds.)

handle in one hand and the horn of the opposite side in
the other. Thus, the head is straightened upon the neck
244 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

by the elevation of the muzzle. The probang, then, with
its cup-shaped end foremost, is passed through the opening”
in the gag under the pendulous palate, carefully over
the epiglottis, which it forces downwards somewhat, and so
into the esophagus. Sometimes slight taps with the heavy
end of the probang serve to start the body forwards. <A
little oil may be introduced through the tube by removal
of the stilette. Thus, also, the gas can be drawn off when
the bulb enters the rumen.
“The Forceps Probang of Professor Simonds serves to
grasp the root, and so to accomplish its withdrawal. It is

 

 

 

 

 

Fia. 43.—The Grasping or Forceps Probang of Professor Simonds.
: (Armatage.)

furnished at the top end with a screw-handle, at the
other with a pair of spring forceps, the latter being drawn
into the bulb when the instrument is passed and secured
by a check and screw to the other end. The forceps
are serrated on their inner surface, and their edges are
made somewhat tapering, for the purpose of passing readily "
between the root and the side of the cesophagus. The bulb
being brought in contact with the root the screw check
-is removed and the forceps expanded and turned in
different directions to grasp the root. That the obstruc-
tive is grasped is indicated by the stilette not being —
entirely withdrawable.

The Corkscrew Probang of Lord is so arranged that,
when a foreign body is reached, a corkscrew can be in-
troduced into it, with the result either of bringing abont
its withdrawal or lessening its cohesion. In the latter
case, after being punctured in several places, the root may
break up and pass readily into the rumen. The screw
terminates the stilette; it can be retracted into the tube

‘
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 245

of the probang while it is being passed, and when the
(obstruction is reached can be introduced into it by
turning the handle; another probang is a stout rope un-
perforated, with a cap at each extremity. Sometimes the
obstruction becomes perforated, and allows the probang to
pass it, and a large body fixed in the cervical portion of
the cesophagus, when moved from here, may become fixed
in the lower extremity of the tube. These measures failing,
we must resort to wsophagotomy. The muzzle of the
patient is elevated, and thus the lower part of the neck
rendered tense. An assistant is placed on the right side
of the animal and required to press on the cesophagus at
the seat of obstruction, causing it to bulge towards the
left. The impaction serves to separate the neighbouring
vessels upwards and downwards, and the cesophagus
bulges beneath the skin and a thin layer of muscle. The
operator, standing on the left side, makes a clean in-
cision on to the body of sufficient length to at once
and freely allow its escape. The margins of the ceso-
phageal wound are then brought together by catgut
sutures, and the external wound similarly closed. The
carbolic acid spray may be made to play during the opera-
tion, and will materially increase the chance of union by
first intention, so desirable in wounds of the cesophagus.
The animal must be fed on soft food, which may be
injected directly into the ramen through a canula (Dycer) ;
or sometimes another method of performing the operation,
preferable in many respects, is to simply cut down upon
but not into the cesophagus, to endeavour then by gentle
manipulation to break down the obstructing body, but if
this fails, to insert an extremely fine probe-pointed bistoury
through a very small opening and cut in various directions
through the bady, thus breaking it up, its parts being
removed by manipulation as they separate. The advan-
tages of this are obvious; it was suggested by Bremen
veterinary surgeons.
In cases of choking, after-tréatment is very necessary,
for recurrence is frequent. Soft diet must be continued for
some time, and the animal kept under strict supervision.
246 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Such complications as occur are sometimes troublesome ;
. tympany often requires to be relieved by puncture with
the trocar, even before any measures are adopted against
the choking. Rupture and stricture, as results of injury
with the probang, have been already noticed. Often a
very considerable formation of false membranes occurs at
the seat of impaction. When the free end of the probang
is brought up coveted with blood, laceration of the lining
mucous membrane or rupture of both the walls has taken
place, and the case is probably hopeless ; there is a free
flow of any fluid which is administered, and when tbe
obstruction is in the thorax, this may pass into the pleural
sac and give rise to pleuritis. The animal continues in
pain and the breath becomes fetid. :

' Prophylawis consists in having all roots cut or bruised, in
giving cattle only a little at a time of any fresh food, and
in fattening for slaughter animals which have been thus
affected.

VomitTion is an expulsion of material from the alimen-
tary canal asa result of reversed peristaltic action. Thus,
it is clear that it may vary much in its nature and severity
in the ox. We have noticed that it is one of the sym-
ptoms of choking where the obstruction is near the
rumen. In other cases it is simply expulsion of matter
from an over-loaded rumen, and is one of nature’s methods
of relief in cases of hoven. This form is rather frequent ;
the ejected matter mainly passes by the mouth, and
sometimes amounts to an enormous quantity. It differs
. from “dropping the cud” mainly in the rapidity with
which the aliment is ejected, and in the fact that it
accompanies indigestion. Rarely, the contents of the true
stomach are thrown off; this, which Youatt terms “true
vomition,” he illustrates by a case from M. Cruzel, in
the ‘Journal Pratique,’ 1830, p. 822. The patient, an ox,
was unthrifty, ruminated seldom and slow, and had slight:
tension of the left flank. ‘ Rumination commenced
preceded by deep and sonorous eructations having =
penetrating odour. This lasted about ten minutes, after
which the animal got up, backed himself in his stall,
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 247

hung on the chain, his fore limbs trembled, he brought
his hind extremities as much as possible under him, and
bent his neck and depressed his head, and, after a deep
and powerful inspiration, he vomited fifteen pounds of
semi-fluid matter, perfectly triturated. The vomiting
ceased, the ox remained for a moment motionless, and
then lay down again and ruminated afresh. He continued
thus about thirty-five minutes, when he had.a renewed
fit of vomiting perfectly similar to the preceding.” The

 

Fria. 44. —Csophageal groove. a@. Msophagus, with (4) its opening into the
groove. d. Mucous membre Gissected back. e. Rumino-reticular
sphincter. (Carpenter.)

act of vomiting is regulated by a special centre in the
medulla oblongata, is reflex, and is brought about by a
deep inspiration fixing the diaphragm, contraction of all the
abdominal sphincters, and then of the abdominal muscles,
_and of the walls of the stomach, together with reversed peri-
stalsis of the cesophagus. Impaction of the rumen has been
treated by injection of fluid until vomition took place.
Vomiting, too, is a symptom of foreign bodies in the reti-
culum, and of impaction of the cesophagus near the rumen,
where the knot of a straw or hay band is apt to become fixed.
248 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

The cesophagus terminates in gaining relations with the
first three compartments of the stomaeh by the wsophageal
groove. This is a half cangl open below, the margins of
which are mainly composed of lengitudinal white muscular
fibres, which form a loop at its termination around the
opening into the omasum. These fibres are connected
‘together by others, which run transversely beneath the.
mucous membrane, which. resembles that of the cesophagus.
The opening of the groove below is into the reticulum

 

Fig. 45.—Rumen and reticulum seen from left. Their left walls removed.
a, Opening into omasum. (Simonds.)

anteriorly and the rumen posteriorly. The rumen or first

' stomach occupiés three fourths of the abdomen, being
situated on the left side, all of which it occupies except -
the extreme postericr part. It has a ‘capacity of ‘many
gallons. The spleen lies. tpon’ its supero-anterior part.
It is mostly covered by peritoneum, its museular coat
presents fibres often transversely striated, and is arranged -
to form bands in certain situations’; some of these
are arranged transversely, others longitudinally, con-
sequently the cavity of the rumen is divided into four
compartments, of ‘which the left are the largest. The
Rts, Amy ‘ - : 7

fe. Fs /
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 249

mucous lining membrane presents few glands, has tesse-
lated Sreencd epithelium, and is elevated to, form leaf-like
papille, which are largest in the depths of the pouches,
and disappear towards the muscular bands. The reticulum,

 

Fic. 46.—Rumen and reticulum. Muscular coat. ce, d,e, 7. Pouches of the
rumen. (Simonds.)

or second stomach, hangs below the termination of the
cesophagus between the rumen and the diaphragm, Its
linmg membrane presents a “ honeycomb” arrangement,
having hexagonal depressions separated from each other
by narrow ridges, and in them are secondary hexagonal
depressions. The spaces are largest at the deeper part.
. The whole surface presents conical papillae. The cavity
is separated from that of the rumen no more than one
_pouch of that organ from another. This is the smallest
of the stomachs, and functions as a pouch of the rumen.
In passing above this stomach the groove inclines from
. left to right, it terminates in the omaswm, manyplies, or
' third stomach. This is situated on the right of the anterior
part of the rumen, and is curved and oval in shape ;
its lining membrane, with fibres from the muscular coat,
projects arene: forming folds or laminz, which are largest
at the greater curvature, at the centre of the organ.
250 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

They decrease in length towards each orifice ; only the
four or five largest extend the full length of the organ ;

 

Fie. 47.—Omasum and abomasum, opened longitudinally. &. Rumino-reti-
cular opening. (Simonds.)

between them lie the smaller ones. The lesser curvature
bears no folds; papille occur over the surface of the mem-
brane, some conical, others clavate.

The Abomasum or True Digestive Stomach lies to the
right of the antero-inferior and central parts of the
rumen, extending from below and to the left of the
omasum, obliquely upwards and backwards. Thus, it
has a lesser curvature superiorly placed, and a greater
postero-inferiorly. It commences at a rather wide open-
ing from the omasum, and terminates at the pylorus.
' The mucous membrane presents folds, which vary in their:
direction in different parts. It is villous and bears gastric
follicles, whereby the succus gastricus is secreted. The

‘
.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 251.

pylorus has a well-developed sphincter. There are various
theories as to the act of rumination, and the manner if
which the different cavities are related to this and other
digestive processes. A full account of the various views
-is given in Colin’s ‘ Physiologie Comparée.’ Rumination
comprises the production of a pellet of the slightly masti-
cated food which for some time has been macerating in
the rumen, its regurgitation through the cesophagus and
pharynx into the mouth, its mastication, and redeglutition.
The matter is complicated by the fact that one portion of
food is regurgitated a variable number of times, depending
on the amount of preparation it requires. Liquids and
pultaceous material pass at once into the omasum as well
as into the rumen and reticulum. Coarse food may be
remasticated as many as four or five times. Until
thoroughly softened it passes from the cesophagus indif-
ferently into the rumen or reticulum. When the rumen
is occupied by a sufficient amount of food it exerts a
churning and to-and-fro movement, whereby the alimen-
tary matters undergo a certain amount of division, and are
thoroughly intermingled with the large quantity of saliva
which is poured down from the mouth; so the contents
are softened and undergo those changes which are due to
thorough insalivation. There is a considerable depth of
rumen cavity below the edge of the septum which separates
it from the reticulum; the most fluid portions of the
contents of the ramen most readily pass over this “ high-
water mark,” so the contents of the reticulum are very
fluid. The muscular bands of. the rumen are so arranged
that when they contract they concentrate the organ, as
it were, towards the terminal extremity of the cesophagus.
At the same time contraction of the reticulum also occurs,
and thus the alimentary material is pressed into the
lower end of cesophagus, and passed upwards in pellets
into the mouth. Such is the arrangement of this
cesophageal groove that, when its longitudinal bands
contract, they tend to -place the fanminel opening of
the. esophagus and the opening into the omasum
opposite each other, connected practically by a canal
APA
VERIDE

252 ' BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

cut off from the cavity of the rumen by the contraction of
a sphincter. When food has been pressed into the canal

        

SS} yyy
YY
LF,

Fia, 48.—Gastric mass viewed from the left. @. @sophagus. 6. Ramen.
ce. Reticulum. e. Abomasum. f. Duodenum.

 

Fia. 49.—Gastric mass viewed from the right. a. @sophagus, &%. Rumen
e. Reticulum. d, Omasum, e, Abomasum. /. Duodenum, ys

by contraction of the first and second stomachs a suffi-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. , 258

ciently large portion is cut off from the rest by contrac-
“tion of the sphincter, and thus the pellet to be returned
to the mouth is formed. Reversed peristalsis commences
against the omasum at that part of the canal. which is
occupied by fluid material from the reticulum. Some of
this is forced into the omasum during the ‘contraction: of
the canal. The action of the rumino-reticular sphincter
is similar in nature, but reverse in its action to that of

the pylorus; ther.latter guards against passage of solid

masses, the former sometimes contracts to guard against
liquids, as probably during drinking. Sufficiently elabo-
‘rated food passes directly into the omasum, and here is
subjected to compression. The laminz are so arranged
that matter can pass in between them and lie there, being
‘gradually moved outwards towards the abomasum ; but
‘ the arrangement of their muscular structure is such that
when the stomach contracts they also diminish in length,
and thus do not block up the channel at the lesser curva-
ture of the viscus, along which, -as through part of the
cesophagus, a passage generally is open for liquids or very
pultaceous material. The anatomical arrangement of the
cesophageal canal shows no reason why, if peristalsis is
regular (not reversed), the soft maferial from the reti-
culum should not pass into the omasum. Probably: a
handing on of prepared matter thus takes place. The
omagsum seems rather a means of ‘sustaining the groove
during rumination, and a protector « é the abomasum from
the influx of coarse food particles; than a reservoir in
which any important quantity of the food is stored up for
atime. These deductions from; anatomical facts are con-
firmed by several experitnents by Hosen on living
animals. Other theories of rumination are : .
I. That food handed from the rumen into the reticulum
‘is by it moulded into a pellet and handed into the ceso-
‘phagus, and that whén it again descends it is soft, and,
- therefore, enters the omasum, for it passes over: the
floor of the groove without separating the pillars
(Dauberton).
II. That the food for remastication is driven into the

hs
254 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

cesophagus by the rumen, and returns into that compart-
ment after its second descent (Duverney, Simonds,
Bourgelat, &c.).

III. The groove acts as a band, grasping matter which
it takes from the rumen (Perrault). ;

IV. In formation of the pellets a special apparatus is
employed, which consists of the groove, and the openings
into the cesophagus and omasum closed (Flourens).

V. Energetic contraction of rumen and reticulum forces
food into the enlarged extremity of the cesophagus, which
“nips off” sufficient for’a pellet (Colin).

Contraction of the diaphragm and of the abdominal walls
are adjuncts to regurgitation. The pillars of the diaphragm
of the ox are specially arranged ; this peculiarity seems to
favour rumination by preventing compression of the-ceso-
phagus when the diaphragm contracts. True gastric diges-
tion in the ox presents no special features. Chymification
is rapidly performed. According to Tiedemann and Gmelin
the omasum secretes an acid juice, which materially assists:
in the conversion of the albuminoids into peptones. We
can well understand that, to enable the gastric juice to
act efficiently, a large amount of the profuse alkaline sali-
vary secretion must be drained off, and the mass may thus
‘be strongly impregnated with acid throughout by the
-action of the omasum.

The rumen is subject to various disorders and lesions,
some of which are very important from a practical point
_ of view. They sometimes necessitate operative inter-
ference, and are very liable to recur.

Tympany— Hoven” or “ Biown’’—DIsrEension oF THE
Rumen with Gas, known also as fog sickness, dew blown,
and under numerous provincial terms. It is designated
by the French météorization, and is one of the most
frequent affections of cattle.

Symptoms.—The patient commences to exhibit signs
of uneasiness, rising and lying down frequently, and
‘kicking at the belly, for this disease is very pain-
ful. The rumination is suspended and food is refused.
There is depression, protrusion of the muzzle, projection
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 255

and congestion of the eyes, increased flow of saliva, and
moaning at expiration, differing from the grunt of pleuro.

 

cay J

Fie. 50. The rumen exposed in position. The organ is in a state of disbétte
sion, and its divisions are indicated by the letters a, b, ec, and d. ~~

pneumonia in being more prolonged. The back is arched,
256 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and there is marked swelling of the left side, which, if
percussed, is resonant like a drum, whence the name tym-
pany. Distension of the rumen impedes the action of
the diaphragm, and increases unduly its bulging into the
thorax. In some cases there is ejection of the contents of
the viscus. Almost always there are eructations of gases
with a special odour. The bowels do not act, and the in-
terference with the breathing increases in severity ; also
the brain becomes involved to a certain extent, the animal
loses sight, staggers, becomes insensible, and falls. Death
occurs either from rupture of the rumen, or from suffoca-
tion, or from absorption of noxious gases. The most
recent analysis of the gases generated in these cases is
given in the ‘ American Veterinary Review,’ vol. i, p. 100:
74°3 carbonic acid, 23°46 carburetted hydrogen, 2:2
nitrogen. Neither oxygen nor sulphuretted hydrogen.
could be traced (Reiset). Guérin, however, found 80 per
cent. of sulphuretted hydrogen.

The most fruitful cause of this disorder is green food of
various kinds; it generally occurs from the voracity with
which cattle that have been kept on dry food all the
winter consume fresh provender. Hence it is most pre-
valent in the spring. It results from feeding on any kind
of green food, especially that collected when the dew is
on the grass; sometimes from turnips, but generally only
when these are frosted or rotten. In cases of choking,
the mechanical impediment proves the cause. Hoven is
present in many cases of disorder of other organs. In
some cases of prostration gases are evacuated sponta-
taneously from the lining mucous membrane, but this is
very rare. Again, sudden change of diet, of any kind,
may cause this disorder, or deficient secretion of saliva
may produce the same effect. The latter cause acts as a
preventive to redeglutition, since the proper formation
of the returning pellet requires liquid admixture.
* Hoven” is of two kinds—acute and chronic. The latter
depends upon disorders of the digestive apparatus, such
as a want of tone of the rumen in particular, due toa
similar state of the system in general, and also the pre-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 257

sence of disease of the reticulum. Hlimination of gas in
the rumen always occurs to a certain extent. The causes
of excess in this matter are either dependent primarily on
the state of the stomach or on the nature of the ingesta.
Fresh green food, introduced in too large quantity, un-
dergoes fermentation, for it is placed under conditions
favorable to that process—a temperature of about 100° and
moisture. Thus, in the earliest stages, carbonic anhy-
dride is the gas given off; but if these matters remain too
long in the stomach they decompose, arid then sulphuretted
hydrogen is eliminated. Probably this gas is given off
in extreme quantities at once, after ingestion of rotten
turnips, Considering the conditions of the full rumen,
fermentation must occur in it if its contents are not ex-
pelled in due course so that only a small quantity remains,
since it seems the organ must never be thoroughly emp-
tied. This residuum, however, is subject to almost
perfect renewal with each digestion in consequence of
the churning action, which ensures thorough intermingling
of the gastric contents.

Torpidity of the rumen occurs in debilitating diseases—
in fact, in most disorders of the ox; also from introduc-
tion of excessively cold material, as turnips which are
frosted, and grass covered with hoar frost. The gas can
escape in two ways—through the cesophagus or through
the omasum—but this may be prevented by cesophageal
spasm—or by contraction of the rumino-reticular sphincter.
The latter probably occurs as a result of ingestion of cold
food, but when green food has been passed into a torpid
rumen this probably accumulates unduly about the opening
of the first and second stomachs, and thus prevents both
the ingress of medicaments and the egress of gas from
the deeper parts of the cavity oftherumen. In some cases
of difficult parturition considerable hoven is present, and
delivery does not take place until this state is relieved.

Treatment.—The practitioner called in to a case of
hoven probably finds the animal in danger of suffocation
from extreme abdominal distension. When a fatal result
threatens every minute it is generally advisable to

17
258 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Puncture the Rumen as a preliminary and palliative
measure. It must 18, clearly understood that this depar-
ture from the rule, “ Remove the cause and the effect will

faw\rin GS
/ PY Se a ot

   

“Tw ih

Fia. 51.—The seat of puncture of the rumen (a).

cease,” is only an expedient for gaining time for further
measures.

 

Fia. 52.—Trocar and Canula.

The instrument used is the trocar and canula, which
is large, about eight inches long and nearly half an
inch in diameter. The puncture should ‘be made on the
left side, at a point equally distant from the point of the
hip, the last rib, and the lumbar transverse processes (see
Fig. 51). The tube is then opened by removal of the trocar ;
the canula may be left in as long as required, and retained
by string. Sometimes the rush of gas suddenly ceases
before much has escaped; this is due to solid matter having
accumulated round the end of the canula. This must be
removed by insertion of a probe: or movement of the -
canula. The length of the tube allows for a certain
amount of collapse of the rumen after puncture. “ Suck-
ing calves are occasionally subject to hoove. Little more
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 259

will be necessary in this case than the. introduction of the
probang. This distension of the rumen arises from some
accidental and temporary cause, and there is rarely any
continued manufacture of gas within the stomach ; some
calves become blown from the trick they frequently have
of sucking each others pizzle or ear’ (Youatt).

In cases of choking, the probang must next be passed,
and every obstacle removed. The tube should be made
to penetrate into the rumen, and thus tend to remove
mechanically any food accumulated‘ round the cardia.
Through it, or directly through the cannla, may be in-
troduced some agent which will stimulate the torpid
rumen and chemically condense the gases pent up in it;
sometimes these will rush out with force through the
probang and the relieved organ regain its tone; more
often medicinal agents are required. . Compounds of am-
monia are most valuable in these cases." Liquor Ammonize
or the Spiritus Aromaticus (of course largely diluted) form
with the carbonic anhydride the ammonium carbonate,
which is a useful stimulant. “Chloride of lime” is
usually to hand, and acts on the carburetted and sul-
phuretted hydrogens which are present, forming hydro-
chloric acid. Any excess of the bleaching powder acts
as an arrester of putrefaction and fermentation. This
agent is available, therefore, either in the early or late
stages. The sulphites and hyposulphite of soda also serve
to condense the gases which are causing over-distension.
Some farmers practise throwing cold water over the ab-
domen of an animal which is “ blown ;” this, of course,
acts by causing reflex contraction: of the rumen, which
might lead to rupture if the openings were occluded and
thus the escape of gas prevented. Cases have been
relieved by means of the stomach-pump, cold water being
thrown in through the probang ; nature herself adopts
the method of relief by vomition in some cases. Almost
always eructations take,place, but the amount of gas thus
removed does not equal in. amount that which is con-
stantly being set free. The administration of stimu-
lants and removal of accumulated gas generally requires
260 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

to be accomplished several times, and early administra-
tions of a cathartic dose will facilitate perfect recovery.
In chronic cases, small doses of nux vomica have been
recommended, as especially valuable where the disorder
depends on defective nervous energy. In other instances,
iron or vegetable general tonics are required, but the most
important indication is to regulate the diet as a preven-
tive means both for animals which have suffered from this
disorder and those which have not. It is very liable to recur.

Iupaction or THE Rumen—distension of the rumen with
solid matters—plenalvia—* grain-sick ”—“ maw-bound ”
—a pathological condition similar to that last noticed, but
differing in the urgency of its symptoms, and in its method
of treatment, depends upon the introduction of solid
matters in such amount as to paralyse the organ by over-
distension. Some foods seem more liable to produce this
disorder than others, as grain food, chaff, potatoes ; but
anything particularly palatable to the animals may be
thus taken in excess if placed too freely before a beast.

Symptoms.—As in tympany, there is swelling on the
left side of the abdomen. The animal is dull and suffers
pain, the bowels are confined, and the pulse small and
quick; but these symptoms are less urgent, appear more
gradually, and the abdominal swelling is not resonant
on percussion, and it pits on pressure, and when the
animal lies down it does so on the right side. Also eruc-
tations do not occur. The symptoms, later on, resemble
those of hoven, which sets in as a complication ; then the
respiration becomes affected; there is a moan on expira-
tion, grinding of the teeth, persistent standing, with muzzle
protruded and arched back ; or Atviris, inflammation of the
rumen, may set in when the general febrile symptoms for
the first time manifest themselves, in addition to those
already present; also the animal will manifest pain when
pressure is made on the left side.

Treatment must be directed to the removal of some of
the impacted food-mass, and also to restoration of tone to
the over-distended walls of the viscus. To increase our
knowledge of the conditions in the case we must pass the
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 261

probang, by which means any gas present may be drawn
off, and to a certain extent the degree of distension
may be determined. Cases have been cured by throwing
in water, whereby vomition is brought about, but this’
is not always successful. When the distension is not
excessive a stimulant with a cathartic must next be ad-
ministered. Oil is particularly useful to lubricate the pas-
sages and soften the masses of food. Manipulation applied
externally over the food-mass is sometimes beneficial, and
exercise increases tone, but its influence on the rumen is
doubtful. These measures failing, before the animal begins
to sink exhausted, or the brain become congested, or
alvitis supervene, Ruminotomy (“ paunching’”’) must be
performed. The animal is placed with the right side
against a wall, just at the end, so that the tail may be
held to the right. The nose is held, and pressure on the
left shoulder and hip prevents the patient from moving
too much to the left. An incision is then to be made
about the seat of puncture of the rumen, and carried
directly downwards for about six inches. This first in-
cision is made through the skin and outer layer of muscle ;
the inner layer and peritoneum must then be divided, and
so the rumen exposed. A slight incision having been
made in this above, and the edges grasped with hooks,
they may be either retained in firm grasp by means of the
hooks, being drawn through the wound in the abdominal
wall as the incision in the rumen is prolonged downwards,
or the two wounds may be stitched together temporarily.
In the latter case a handkerchief may be introduced
through the wound and spread out over the lower part,
on which any droppings of ingesta may fall. With
his hand the operator then removes the accumulated
mass until only a small quantity of soft material re-
mains in the organ. It is also advisable to ascertain
the state of the reticulum and omasum as much as pos-
sible. Some then inject a stimulant cathartic dose into
the organ, but this, when necessary, can be given through
the mouth. The wound in the rumen must then’be closed
by carbolised catgut sutures, care being taken that the
262 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

edges are inverted. The muscular wound may be retained
‘ also by catgut, or, preferably, metallic sutures, the ends of
which protrude through the external wound, which is then
similarly closed. Where feasible the operation should be
performed under the carbolic spray. The wound generally
heals readily, the ramen becomes attached to the abdominal
walls in most cases, therefore it is advisable, after the
operation, to fatten the patient for the butcher as soon as
possible. Sometimes it is found necessary to reopen the
wound, as in a good case recorded by that able and re-
spected cattle pathologist, Mr. John Steele, of Biggar, in
the ‘ Veterinarian,’ 1834, p.98. After-treatment consists
in administration of stimulant aromatics and feeding the
animal on soft diet until the rumen has thoroughly re-
gained its tone. When alvitis has set in the chances of
recovery are materially reduced, and after the operation of
ruminotomy, which must be resorted to, even though the
conditions present render it an affair of desperation,
external stimulation and administration of febrifuges in-
. ternally must be persevered in, while the cathartic dose
is assisted by enemas, and the general measures of nursing
are to be carefully attended to. Fortunately, alvitis is
rare. It is interesting to note that peritonitis of a
diffused character seems never to result from this opera-
tion, unless the matter from the rumen has been allowed
to escape into the peritoneal sac. . It is wonderful to see
the extent to which the peritoneal membrane of ruminants
may be operated on with impunity.

Roprure or Tae Rumrn: sometimes takes place as a
result of primary hoven or gaseous accumulation in cases
of plenalvia. Sometimes wounds penetrate the walls of
this organ, and it is possible for rupture to occur as a
result of injury from the animal falling in an advanced
case of plenalvia. Puncture of its walls may be due to
ulceration resulting from the presence of irritant foreign
bodies, which act eitherchemicallyor mechanically. In these
cases escape of partially elaborated food takes place, either
into the main peritoneal sac or into omentum major. The
result is peritonitis, but before this sets in the animal
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 263 -

may die, the symptoms being those of abdominal pain
and collapse. ; °

Forzian Boptss in THE Romen and Rericunum are of
various kinds.| The most extraordinary are those which
the animal has ingested in consequence of depravity of
appetite. Sometimes these are large and of peculiar form,
since they become variously encrusted. These give rise to
indigestion, such as is frequently seen in cattle, irregular
rumination, increased depravity of appetite, and an un-
thrifty condition; sometimes also vomition is present. They
are also said to act deleteriously by becoming entangled
in the cesophageal groove and the stomachic openings.
Sharp bodies penetrate the walls of the viscus, and their
course is indicated by inflammatory changes. This is
found to be the case most frequently in the reticulum.
Passage of needles, &c., from that stomach into the heart
has been already noticed. Vomition, tympany, and sym-
ptoms of abdominal pain, as well as intermittent hoven
and general signs of anemia, are present in these cases.

Parasites and calculi (especially those consisting essen-
tially of hair concretions) are sometimes found in the
rumen. Of parasites Amphistoma conicum is remarkable
as being somewhat similar to the papille in the deep
saccules of the rumen. Certain Tzeniz have been found
in this cavity. Also Cysticercus tenuicollis is sometimes
found attached to its outer surface.

* Harz Batis” are of considerable interest. Cattle
when in health delight in licking themselves or one
another, and the roughened condition of their tongues
causes a considerable removal of hairs which are swal- -
lowed, and in the rumen are “intermingled with food
particles and fibres, with which they are bound to-
gether by mucus. The movement of the stomach give
these a rounded form, and a definite spiral direction to
the hairs. When several are present they assume the
form of polygons with rounded edges. ‘These concre-
tions are light and vary much in size, Some have
been observed which weighed between six and seven
pounds. Generally they weigh only.a few ounces. Their
és 264 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.
cd

structure is laminated, and almost invariably they are
arranged around a small piece of metal or a stone which
has been swallowed as anucleus. These bodies have little
pathological importance ; they have been known to choke
an animal during regurgitation. They are passed up into
the mouth, and thus’ rejected when of moderate size. It
is doubtful if they ever pass from the rumen into the
omasum. Probably they do not, though “ hair balls” are
found in the abomasum, as we shall see. Sometimes they
are coated with a thin layer of lime salts, with which they
are more or less impregnated throughout. Finally, they
are sometimes present in very young animals. They are
termed Algagropiles.

Hernia or THE Rumen AnD ReticuLum sometimes occurs,
and fistule of the rumen have enabled Continental observers,
more especially Flourens and Colin, to accurately deter-
mine the conditions of this viscus and its contents during
rumination.

Impaction of tax Omasum, known as “ Staggers,’’
“ Vertigo,” “ Fog sickness,” “ Clue bound,’ &c.—This is
by most practitioners considered a very frequent and
serious disorder, but Professor Williams has thus expressed
himself in his ‘ Principles and Practice of Veterinary
Medicine ’’—* This is a very popular disease, some writers
ascribing every case of constipation to impaction of the
omasum, basing their conclusions upon the fact that the
contents of this viscus are in a dry and hard condition
when examined after death; but seeing that this is its
natural state, and that, when animals have died from what
appeared to be obstinate constipation, its contents have
been found moister than natural, I have arrived at the
conclusion that what is supposed to be impaction of the
third stomach is in reality an inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the true stomach —abomasitis, or true
gastric inflammation.” Undoubtedly the professor is
right in denying that all cases of constipation depend
upon this condition, and he has done the profession good
service, by drawing attention forcibly to the fact that the
hard condition of food between the laminz of the omasum
7 +
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 265

and a separation of its epitheliumgon the surface of the
cakes are neither of them solely due to inflammation or
impaction. The condition of the contents of the omasum
post mortem depends very much on previous conditions of
the viscus and the nature of the diet. If the organ has been
inactive food material will accumulate in it, as in any other
inert saccular dilatation of the cesophagus, and that to a
very great extent, and the matter accumulated will not
be subjected to such firm muscular contraction as is
always supposed to occur and make the contents hard.
Rigor mortis, on the contrary, tends to bring about this
contraction, and, no doubt, solely on this, a dry condition
of the contents of the omasum often depends. Never-
theless, we must allow that impaction of this organ occurs
asa result of the consumption of indigestible materials,
such as autumn grass which has been allowed to remain
in the pasture until spring, straw, and washed hay, also
the coarse and indigestible herbage sometimes found in
old pasture with many trees about. Astringent herbage,
as heath, has a somewhat similar effect.

The Symptoms found in these cases are :—At first the
frequent passage of small quantities of hard glazed feeces,
succeeded by obstinate constipation. The patient stands
persistently, and can scarcely be moved. Its pulse ig
hard and frequent. Itis dull, and evidently suffering from
acute abdominal pain. There is the grunt indicative of this,
which has caused the disease to be mistaken for pleuro-
pneumonia. General signs of disorder are also present.
Later, the brain generally becomes affected, and the sym-
ptoms are considerably modified, there being muscular
tremors over the surface of the body, staring condition of
the eyes, which are insensible to light, staggering gait,
terminating in paralysis, or wild rushing about, pro-
trusion of the tongue, which becomes much swollen.
Tympany often occurs as a complication. The urine,
too, is sometimes mingled with blood. Youatt has a
theory that the hard distended omasum pregsed on vena

‘ portee against the liver, and thus prevented return of
blood from the intestines, which brings about a determina-
266 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

tion of blood to the. brain, but by most observers the
nervous complications are considered analogous to those
seen in “Stomach Staggers ” of the horse. Sometimes
the disease of the omasum assumes an inflammatory
character, and the general signs of fever are marked. -
Omasiris does not seem to take place under any other
circumstances.

On post-mortem examination a congested condition of
the lining membrane of the abomasum and duodenum is
generally found, which may seem to support Professor
Williams’ view, but, on the other hand, it is urged that
this depends on the large cathartic doses generally resorted
to in the treatment of these cases. Hcchymoses some-
times may be noted in these congested parts as well as
in the omasum, where the vascular structure of the lamin
is exposed by separation of the epithelium in layers on the
impacted cakes of food, which may be either hard and dry,
or moist and soft. There is sometimes congestion of the
brain and its membranes, and of some parts of the spinal
cord. Cases of this disorder may last a few days, or for
two or three weeks.

Treatment.—Bleeding has been recommended, and seems
advisable when the brain is markedly involved. The
majority of practitioners rely upon strong cathartic doses,
especially hydragogue agents. Thus, gamboge is suggested
as a valuable remedy in this disorder. Croton oil ig pre-
ferred by some. Generally, however, a mixture of gul-
phate of magnesia with aloes solution is used, the latter
being supposed to involve the stomachs in the catharsis,
whereas Epsom salts act almost solely in the bowels. We
are recommended to repeat the dose in twelve hours,
if no appreciable effect has resulted, and to give oil as an
adjunct in the interval. We must consider that we have
either a relaxed organ to restore to tone, or, less frequently,
an organ in a state of spasm, to deal with. Thus, we can
.easily understand how Professor Strangeway’s treatment
of oil with gedatives, followed by sulphate of magnesia,
quinine, and sulphuric acid, proved beneficial in restoring
the tone of the omasum, after lubricating it and the other
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. - 267%

parts-of the cesophageal passage with oil, and stimulating
them with a mild cathartic. Such treatment seems most
satisfactory in simple impaction, and where actual inflam-
mation is present should be supplemented by external
stimulation. Enemas ought to be regularly administered
and the animal carefully nursed. The thirst which is
present in the inflammatory stage may be relieved by
nitrated water ad libitum.

A remarkable case of atrophy, with almost total dis-
appearance of the lamine of the omaswm, was recorded in
the ‘ Veterinarian,’ 1833, p. 454.

Asomasitis, Inflammation of the True Stomach.—If the
views of Professor Williams are accepted, the account of
the impaction of the omasum as given above is to be
transferred to this heading. In this view he seems to
follow and coincide with Professor Dick’s opinions. It is
certain, however, that we get abomasitis in some cases
of poisoning, and according to-some authors, an idio-
pathic form, in which no such symptoms of cerebral
disorder are present, only those of acute fever, severe
abdominal pain, and “a curious stretching out of the fore
limbs, with the brisket almost to the ground ” (Youatt).
The causes of this, apart from poison, are not well
ascertained, for certainly the idiopathic form is very
infrequent.

Post-mortem lesions comprise congestive redness, with
considerable production of flaky mucus, and sometimes
blood, intermingled with the contents of the organ, the
duodenum being generally almost equally involved.

In this mucus are often found “ hair balls,’ which con-
sist almost wholly of hair matted together by mucus.
These may have passed directly from the reticulum through
the omasum, or during redeglutition have made their way.
at once into the fourth stomach ; or, as is perhaps more
probable, have been formed by the churning action of the
stomach in which they are found.

We find one case of Impaction of the Abomagum on record.
We can easily understand that the complex and thorough
preparative apparatus at the lower extremity of the coso-
268. BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

phagus, will prevent such a disorder from being of
frequent occurrence. Occasionally the omasum and abo-
masum become displaced. Thus, in the ‘ Edinburgh Veteri-
nary Review,’ vol. iv, p. 189, a case is recorded in which _

both these organs became dislocated into the chest. “%,

Rupture of the Abomaswm also occasionally takes place,
due to external injury, or, as in the case recorded in the
‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xvi, p. 269, to extensive ulceration.

Parasites are sometimes seen in this organ, and Rupture
of the Blood-vessels of the eioae® sometimes occurs in
the ox.

Various forms of Inpicestron, of ill-ascertained cause,
which may be included under the headings bulimia, pica,
and obscure chronic disorders of the digestive apparatus,
are not unfrequent in cattle. Certaim nervous conditions,
as those which accompany the pregnant state, sometimes
seem the sole cause of these, whereas, in other cases,
when it is deemed advisable to hand the animal over to
the butcher, or gradually increasing anemia leads to
death, on post-mortem examination are found organic
changes of long standing and unusual characters, such
as cancerous disease of the organ and Séricture of the
Pylorus. In the latter disorder there is gradual emaci-
ation and a fcetid condition of the breath; it is not
infrequent in cattle. Cruzel attributes one form of
indigestion to too frequent ingestion of too large draughts
of water.

Perhaps some of these cases of indigestion are due to
dyspepsia (pica), induced by irregular and.bad feeding,
want of exercise, exposure, or deficient sanitary arrange-
‘ments. Sometimes also by the presence of parasites or
“other foreign bodies. The animal becomes unthrifty, as
denoted by the dry, harsh, staring coat, depraved or irregu-
lar appetite, irregular and imperfect rumination, a tendency
to tympany, flatulence, and torpidity of the bowels, a tucked-
up appearance, and rapid loss of flesh. In such cases treat-
ment must comprise change of diet and of general sur-
rounding conditions, and the administration of stimulant
tonics after the bowels have been cleared out by a brisk
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. ‘= 269

cathartic dose. Small doses of liquor’ arsenicalis are
admissible. :

In dealing with the effects of irritant poisons, we shall
have to touch upon Gastro-enteritis as it especially occurs
in adults, but there is a disease known under this name
to which calves are subject. In the young animal the
abomasum is the largest of the stomachs, and it is only
after weaning that the rumen comes to so greatly ex-
ceed the remainder of the gastric mass. The milk
accumulates in the fourth stomach and undergoes coagu-
lation, after which it is digested. For the proper per-
formance of these processes it is necessary that the milk
be taken in moderate quantity, and be of good quality.

  
    
   

  
 
  

aN \
c

   
 
 

Fra. 53,—Stomachs of the calf. a. Rumen. c. Abomasum (considerably
the larger). (Simonds.)

Pail-fed calves are apt to obtain too much milk, also
animals brought up by a foster-mother are apt to indulge
in excess in sthis respect, and disorder is promoted by
want of the healthy stimulus which exercise is to diges-
‘tive processes. Thus, the stomach becomes laden with a
hard mass of curd, which proves a source of irritation, -
and causes death from the effects of impaction. Inflam-
mation sets in, extends to the intestines, and thus gives
rise to an acrid irritating discharge, whence the disorder
is termed “white scour” or “ skit.’ Another form of
accumulation of material in excess in the* abomasum is
seen in partially weaned calves, when the first and third
compartments have not been able to properly prepare hay
270 #* BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and such other food material for digestion in the true
stomach. Here, as often in the former case, obstinate
constipation sets in. Usually in such cases as are charac-
terised by diarrhoea, resort is had at once to the sheep
and calves’ cordial (see page 81). This is not always good
treatment. It is preferable to first administer oil, whether
constipation or laxity is present, and it has been- found
that alkaline drinks in considerable quantity are most
useful in breaking up the mass of curd and also in check-
ing the excess of acid and acrid secretion which gives
rise to disorder of the bowels. At the same time carmi-
native agents may be given to promote the digestive
processes. When the constipation gives way, and as is
sometimes the case, is succeeded by profuse diarrhcea, it
will still be advisable to give cordials to assist these
natural processes, and at the same time stimulant tonic
doses will prove beneficial. As a change of diet, Dobson’s
recommendation of substituting linseed gruel for half of
the allowance of milk may be adopted.

The Intestines of the Ox are from twenty to twenty-two
times the length of the body, and entend for an average
distance of 150 feet, of which 120 feet are small. Though
thus half as long again as those of the horse, they are much
smaller in calibre. The.duodenum is short; the floating
portion of the small intestine is arranged along the free
margin of the mesentery, being here thrown into complex
convolutions by the sudden considerable increase in extent
of the mesentery close against its free margin. Besides
the usual structures (the mesenteric glands being remark-
ably. near the free margin rather than the root), the
mesentery contains the major portion of the large
intestines.

The Caecum is club-shaped, largest at its free extremity,
and gradually tapering until it gains the size of the com-
mencement portion of the colon. It is not puckered, for
it is devoid of muscular bands. Also it hangs freely
downwards and somewhat backwards.

The Colon is double throughout the greater part of its
course, and arranged in a spiral manner between the
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 5 . 271

layers of the mesentery. It is very small, devoid of
puckerings, and has no special peritoneal investment. It

 

Fic. 54.—The position of the intestines of the ox, with the method adopted
for the collection of chyle for physiological purposes. (From Colin,
* Physiologie des animaux domestiques.’)

 

Fia, 55.—Intestines, large and small, viewed from the left side.
272 . BOVINE PATHOLOGY.
enlarges somewhat to terminate in a fairly long and straight
rectum.

The glands of Peyer of the ox are elongated and
very large, ranging from four inches to twelve inches in
length, and from about half an inch to one inch in width.
Thus we see that food which has been thoroughly elabo-
rated in the stomach passes into a long but narrow
passage, not very capacious, but arranged so as to
secure contact of the contents with a very considerable
extent of surface, so that thorough absorption of useful
matters takes place. However, at the end of its passage
through the intestine useless excreted matter is expelled
as feeces, having about 75 per cent. of water, therefore
markedly pultaceous, varying in this respect according to
the nature of the diet and method of feeding. As com-

 

Fia. 56.—Intestines, large and small, viewed from the right side.

pared with the intestines of the horse, those of the ox
are less important digestive organs, and are, therefore,
not so frequently involved in disease; their disorders are
not so urgent. We have already seen how- numerous
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 273

and fatal are the diseases of the stomachs of the ox. The
ordinary seat of indigestion in the horse is the bowels ;
in them gases are liberated and tympany occurs, in them
impactions take place and ruptures, they also are gene-
rally the parts dislocated in abdominal hernie. We find
that these lesions and disorders affect the stomachs of the
ox. -Lastly, improperly prepared food, or alimentary
_matter in excess or of bad quality, acts on the stomachs
of the ox, on the intestines of the horse.

Contc, defined as “any abdominal pain not due to
inflammation,” is capable of more exact limitation. It
is distinguished by certain symptoms, which are more or
less marked in other abdominal disorders, and are known
as “colicky pains.” The animal ceases to feed and rumi-
nate for a time, and the pulse during the paroxysm be-
comes full and bounding ; moaning, grinding of the teeth,
striking the belly with the hind feet, extreme restlessness,
indicated by movement and constant rising and lying
down, are present, and the animal may turn his head
round, and bring the muzzle against the seat of pain ;
there is sweating and frequent passage of urine in small
quantities, or of small dry portions of feces. Herniz of
various kinds, strangulations, and impactions of the
bowels, as well as certain disorders of liver, stomach, or
urinary apparatus, may be the cause of this. In such
cases other signs may be present, and enable us to complete
our diagnosis. But, failing these, we may attribute the
signs of disorder to Simpiz Coutc, spasm of the bowels.
Then the pains are paroxysmal, and during the intervals
the patient. seems in thorough health ; but the pain is very
acute while it lasts. This is sometimes brought on by
changes of diet, the passage of imperfectly prepared
- food from the stomach, and, it is said, ingestion of very
cold or hard water. Reflex colic may occur, but we are
‘not assured of this; indeed, spasmodic colic is not fre-
quent in the ox, for obvious reasons. In cases of this
nature a saline cathartic; with stimulant cordial agents,
should be at once administered. This will generally
prove effectual, and no further resort to antispasmodics

18
274 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

required ; if necessary, these may be given, but an obsti-
nate case is probably more complicated than was at first
supposed. latulent colic also is not frequent; it may be
diagnosed from the spasmodic form by less urgency, but
more persistent character of the symptoms, by gaseous
eructations and emissions of flatus per anum, and some-
times by tympanic distension of the right side of the
abdomen. In such cases ammonia stimulants must pre-
ferably be administered with the carthartic dose. The
patient should be walked about, and friction applied to
the right side. These seldom prove very obstinate cases.
We insist on the cathartic because it tends to remove the
cause, and its administration is not open to the objections
urged against prompt adoption of such a course of treat-
ment of colic in the horse. Inall cases of abdominal dis-
order manual exploration of the rectum should be made,
and enemas utilised to facilitate supervention of catharsis.
‘We must now proceed to some other causes of colic.

Impaction, on Disrens1Ion witH OgstTRUCTION, OF THE
Bowzts may be due to calculous concretions, bodies
which have gained entry through relaxed vigilance of the
gastric protective apparatus, also tumours of various kinds,
among which may be enumerated the enormous swellings
of the mesenteric glands of a case, of which Mr. Brown of
Melton gives an account in the ‘ Veterinarian’ for February,
1830. The tumour weighed 160 lbs., and had a scirrhous
character. In one case a potato became impacted in the
colon (‘Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. iv, p. 212) ; -
in another, a tumour of a non-malignant character was
found in the duodenum (‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxii, p. 617).

CatcuLr in the intestines are neither large, solid, nor

‘frequent. They consist of concentric layers, and are found
in the large intestine; they are neither so large nor so
prejudicial as those of the horse.

InrussuscePtion, or Invagination, is the folding of one
portion of intestine within the canal of a preceding or suc-
ceeding portion, the result of simultaneous distension of
the investing, and spasm of the enclosed portion with irre-
gular or suddenly reversed peristaltic action. It is rare
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 275

in the ox, both on account of the special structural pecu-
liarities of the intestines, and because of the comparative
rarity of colic, of which it is asequela. The caecum is the
most frequent seat of intussusception in the ox; it. may
become completely fixed in the colon, The mesentery is in
some cases torn away from the involved part, in others
remains intact.

Symptoms are those of colic which lose their intermit-
tency without access of fever. The patient retains the
recumbent position, looks at and strikes the flank, and
either there is obstinate constipation or a discharge of
blood peranum. Therectum seems very liable to become
involved in this manner. The portion of bowel being
strangulated and gangrenous when death ensues, but cases
have been known in which the enclosed part sloughed’
away and recovery occurred.

Treatment.—lI£ the presence of a lesion of this nature is
suspected a tobacco-smoke enema may be resorted to. In
other animals artificial tympany thus induced has been
found useful against intussusception. Stimulant and
anti-spasmodic doses also may prove effectual against the
early and rapid prostration and the spasm which is present.

Prognosis, however, is unfavorable.

Votvutus, Inevs, or Twist of the Bowel, is another
sequela of colic. In it the bowel is twisted upon itself
or one portion of the intestine has passed round another,
resulting in obstruction and strangulation. There is
nothing about the symptoms which is diagnostic of
this condition from that last mentioned. It very
seldom occurs in the ox, but when it does so a small
knuckle of bowel only may be involved, and thus no
obstruction to the intestinal canal take, place. Hxplora-
tion per rectum may prove useful from a diagnostic point
of view in these obscure abdominal affections, and Pro-
fessor Walley’s paper on the “ Differential Diagnosis of
Abdominal Affections’’? should be carefully perused by
‘all. members of the veterinary profession (‘ Veterinary
Journal’). Laparotomy might be resorted to in extreme
cases of this kind. It is recommended by continental
276 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

writers, and the ox, of all animals, is least liable to be.
seriously affected by it. The operation should be per-
formed on the right side opposite the seat of incision in
ruminotomy; and similar measures taken for closure
of the wound, and after treatment. Pedunculated fatty
tumours hanging from the outer surface of the intestine
may be twisted round the bowel. These are enlarged
apendices epiploice. Most often the volvulus is the
result of violent struggles during abdominal pain.

Hernia is protrusion of an organ from its natural cavity
either into another cavity of the body or into an accidental
pouch. Abdominal herniz are the most frequent in the ox,
as in other animals. They may be congenital, present at
birth, or acquired, when they appear suddenly later in life.
Are reducible or irreducible as the organ can or cannot be
returned to its proper place; strangulated when it is sub-
jected to pressure, and so becomes disordered; and recur-
rent when, having been returned, the part again becomes
displaced. According to the nature of the contents the
hernia is a gastrocele, enterocele, epiplocele, cystocele; the
stomach, bowels, omentum, bladder, respectively being dis-
placed. The opening through which the herniated viscus
passes varies in position, and thus we have the ventral, in-
guinal and scrotal, umbilical, mesenteric, and phrenic forms.
Sometimes this is anatural opening, sometimes the result of
giving way of the tissues in consequence of injury. The
parietal layer of the peritoneum is forced out before the
viscus, forms the serous sac of the hernia, and becomes
vascular, thickened, and subsequently indurated. It fre-
quently contracts adhesions with the peritoneal coat of the
viscus. In the ventral and umbilical forms the skin yields to
gradual pressure, and thus seems too large after reduction
of the hernia. In chronic cases the passage through which
the organ passes becomes thickened and rounded at the
margins, and assumes a circular figure. Peristalsis of the
viscus may force more of it into the hernia sac, or the impri-
soned part may become overladen with contents, or there
may be swelling of the neck of the tumour. Hither of these
conditions leads to strangulation, whereby the imprisoned
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 277

portion becomes extremely congested, because of prevention
of the return of blood from it; gangrene results, and may
involve the peritoneum, in general extending from the.
hernia as a centre. Internal herniz may exist for some time
without causing any appreciable inconvenience, except when
they become strangulated. When superficial, as in the
umbilical and ventral forms, they produce a swelling which
is soft, elastic, and often disappears as a result of properly
-. applied pressure. The tumour communicates a diagnostic
impulse to the hand when the animal coughs. Sometimes
the characters of the tumour differ from those above de-
scribed, as when the omentum is the part imprisoned ; then
the swelling is plastic, lobulated, and gradually disappears
on pressure. These lesions are mainly attributable to ex-
ertion and injuries. Thus they occur as a result of straining
during parturition, constipation, or coughing. The sym-
ptoms of strangulation are those of acute abdominal disorder,
stamping, kicking the belly, rolling, and violent straining,
whereby a contracted state of the rectum, which prevents
the entry of the hand, is produced (this has been thought
to be diagnostic), also general or local perspirations, rapid
breathing, and a quick, hard pulse. When gangrene
~ supervenes we have sudden cessation of the pain, anxiety,
running down pulse, marked fall of internal temperature,
and extreme coldness of the extremities, and, finally, a
delirous condition terminating shortly in death. Treat-
ment comprises return of the viscus, and prevention of
the recurrence of the hernia.

Umbilical Hernia, Hxomphalos, mostly is found in young
animals, and is not unfrequently congenital. In older
beasts it may result from injury and straining. Some-
times, through want of tone in the system, due to scro-
fulous and other debilitating tendencies, the umbilicus
remains in a relaxed condition after birth, so that the
straining of the young animal to expel the hardened
meconium per anwm is apt to cause hernia. We may
expect to find this condition also more frequently in
animals born prematurely than in those which have passed
the full time of utero-gestation. This form of hernia
278 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

often is an epiplocele, and enlargement of the abdomen”
being more rapid than growth either of the omentum
major or of the mesentery, spontaneous reduction soon
takes place. If it does not the influence of a truss may
be tried. This consists of a pad supported by straps,
which are fastened over the loins. Itis kept from slipping
backwards by a back strap, and others passing between
the fore legs and becoming attached anteriorly to a
collar, from slipping forwards bya crupper. Difficulty
may be experienced in keeping this in position, so that
other means require to be resorted to; the truss returns
the viscus and retains it, and thus removes the cause of

 

ae

Fra. 57.—Truss applied for umbilical hernia. (Armatage,)

constant distension and enlargement of the umbilicus,
which is then free gradually to close. Powerful external

 

Fra. 58.—Clamps for umbilical hernia. Wooden, and “iron screw.”
(Armatage.)

stimulation of the tumour, or subcutaneous injection of
irritants locally, as tending to excite adhesive inflamma-
tion and closure of the umbilicus, have been suggested,
but are not often effectual ; a preferable method is com-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. aig

pression of the skin after return of the bowel, either by
clamps or ligature. Two forms of clamps are suggested, the
wooden, somewhat resembling the ordinary caustic wood
clamp for castration, jointed at one end, and arranged for
retentiqn at the other by a ligature, and the tron, consist-
ing of bars, averaging about seven inches in length, con-
nected together at each extremity by a screw (Fig. 58.) The
ligature treatment consists in careful return of the protruded
viscus, after which skewers are passed through the loose skin
covering the hernia at right angles to one another. A
cord is then tied round the skin between the abdomen
and the skewers, but too great pressure must not be
exerted, for the aim must be to excite extravasation of
plastic lymph to block up the umbilicus, and not rapid”
strangulation of the puckered skin leading to sloughing.
An elastic ligature or ring is admirably adapted for these
cases, since it accommodates itself to diminutions in size
of the peduncle as they occur. In either of these opera-
tions the animal must be thrown and kept on its back,-
which will facilitate the return of the contents of the sac;
and as such cases in young animals as are operated on aro
not liable to be adherent, there is but little chance of
injury of the intestines with the skewers, and will be none
if proper care be taken.

Ventral Herne.-—Protrusions of portions of abdominal
viscera through ruptures in the abdominal muscular walls.
The case is generally one of enterocele, and most fre-
quently results from cattle butting one another and from
“ staking.’ Itappears suddenly,.and the tumours present
all the characters of a hernia as above enumerated: These
cases are aptto become chronic, and a fibrous state of the
margins of the opening occurs. They are not likely to-
become strangulated, but a hernia is always liable to
injury. When small and recent, they may be treated by
application of a powerful blister, which will promote repair,
but when small and chronic, they may be left alone ; but in
cows they are liable to become enlarged during pauturition,
The operation for radical cure consists in careful incision
through the skin after return of the contents. The edges of
280 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the rent in the muscles are then to be brought together and
retained by metallic sutures. The wound in the skin is to
be closed subsequently. In a case of extensive hernia,
the sooner this operation is performed the better, for the
edges of the muscular lesion will have undergone less
profound changes, and therefore lymph will be more readily
thrown out. Of course the animal must be cast for the
operation, and must be placed in a position varying with
that of the hernia. The patient must be kept on soft
food, and apart from the herd in a quiet shed, until the
external wound has healed. When a ventral hernia is
injured, the intestine enclosed may ulcerate with the skin
and a false anus be formed.

Phrenic, or Diaphragmatic hernia in the ox, is generally
a gastrocele. Thus in one case the reticulum and a
portion of the rumen passed into the chest. In another
the omasum and part of the abomasum (?) In such the
symptoms are those of strangulation in general, together
with special disturbance of respiration. Sometimes chronic
cases of this nature are found in cattle after death. Con-
cerning such, Youatt says, “ The attack has been sudden
(at some time previously), but the colicky pains have not
been violent, they have intermitted, disappeared; but an
habitual difficulty of breathing has been left behind, dis-.
inclination to rapid motion, fright when suddenly moved,
anxiety of countenance, perhaps impairment of condition,
and certainly, impossibility of acquiring any considerable
degree of condition.”

Mesenteric Hernia is passage of a portion of bowel
through a rent in the mesentery ; it seldom occurs in the
ox; is liable to become strangulated, but cannot be ac-
curately diagnosed, in so far as we know at present.

Inguinal and Scrotal Hernie differ simply in degree.
When the bowel—for it is generally enterocele—passes
through the internal abdominal ring, and so into the
inguinal canal, it is an inguinal hernia, but if it passes
through the external ring and enters the scrotum it is
scrotal. This form of hernia is frequently congenital, and
thus is very likely to disappear as the animal grows
“THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 281

older and the abdominal rings grow smaller, and the in-
guinal canal is occupied by the spermatic cord after descent
of the testis. It is sometimes seen in adults, and is apt
to become strangulated. It is by far more frequent in
bulls than in castrated males.

Treatment.—In cases of strangulation, attempts may be
made by taxis (manipulative means) to remove the im-
prisoned portion of bowel, traction being applied by the
hand in the rectum. This means failing, and it seldom is
successful, the animal must be cast and placed on his back
to facilitate the gradual return by direct and special mani-
pulation. If this succeeds the animal, if a bull, should
then be castrated by the covered operation. But if the
hernia is irreducible the constricting portion must be
divided with a bistoury, as described in works on the
Surgery of the Horse (especially ‘ Williams’ Surgery’).
Youatt mentions ‘ a species of rupture, very difficult to be
treated, and occurs in cows in an advanced stage of preg-
nancy. An excessive accumulation of fluid has take place
in the womb or calf bed, and the tendinous expansion of
the muscles which support the lower part of the belly has
given way. The farmer says that the ‘rim of the cow’s
belly is ruptured ;’ a portion of the womb escapes through
the opening and descends into the groin or seems to occupy
the udder. Mr. Allison, of Idle, relates a case (‘ Veteri-
narian,’ 1831, p. 555) in which the head of the calf had
been forced down into the groin. The calf was extracted
with no great difficulty, but the bowels then descended
through the rupture into the place that had been occupied
by the foetus and the animal was irrecoverably lost.”

Pelvic Hernia.— Gut-tie,” “ Bound,” is a form of dis-
placement of the bowel which is seen in certain districts, and
is most frequent in mountainous countries ; thus it is preva-
lent in Switzerland. Among English counties, Hereford,
Northampton, and Lincolnshire afford the greater number
of these. It is seen only in bullocks and most frequently
about the second or third year.

Symptoms.—Colicky pains, often of a very acute char-
acter, so that the animal alternately arches and curves
‘

282 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the back; in the latter process, stretching the fore legs
forwards and the hind backwards, and almost bringing
the abdomen into contact with the ground. Moving the
hind quarters from side to side, crossing the legs, and a
tendency to press the hind parts against some standing
object, as a wall or fence. Much pain is manifested when
the hand is introduced into the rectum ; there is difficulty
in inserting it, but when it has been passed in and pressed to
the right the strangulated portion may be felt. Through-
out the attack the feces are scanty in quantity, they are
sometimes bloody, also there is continuous straining. In
addition to the above, there are the general signs of
strangulation, which may lead to those indicating that the
bowel has become grangrenous.

Cause.—This is evidently a-result of castration, and is
found to supervene on the “ tearing” operation, when the
cord remains too long and becomes fixed in the internal
abdominal ring, and between this and the brim of the
pelvis the bowel passes, pushing the peritoneum before it as
the hernial sac. Itis supposed that the gradual shortening
of the cord as it atrophies causes it to strangulate the im-
prisoned bowel. Williams considers that it is in some cases
due to twisting of the remnant of the cord around the in-
testine. Working oxen are very liable to become affected,
especially when they are on rough uneven ground. This form
of hernia may result from strains and intestinal commotions
like the other kinds. “When the conditions are otherwise fa-
vorable the attack seldom, if ever, lasts more than eight days.

Treatment.—Causing the animal to take a “ drop leap,”
and rolling him about on his back after casting have been
suggested, and are sometimes effectual. Preferably we
may explore per rectum, and having detected the mass of
fecal matter obstructed near the hernia, exert pressure

_upwards and forwards, and by special manipulative

means the adhesion of the cord may be broken down
(‘Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. i, p. 78).

Generally, however, abdominal section is necessary.
The hernia usually takes place on the right side, though
it may be on the left. The animal is kept in the stand-
THE’ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 2838

ing posture, with the left side against a wall. An in-
cision is made, large enough to admit the hand, down-
wards from the point opposite that of puncture of the
rumen, and the muscles are first divided ; subsequently
the peritoneum is perforated, and the hand is introduced
and passed upwards and backwards to behind the kidney,
where the remains of the cord may be felt and traced down-
wards. The bowel may be then gently drawn away, but
if it does not yield to very mild traction a probe-pointed
bistoury must be passed in, and the adhesion of the cord
to the abdominal ring divided, to prevent recurrence.
This is generally sufficient to permanently effect relief;
the colicky pains cease, and a free discharge of faces
takes place. We need not further describe the operation,
for the abdominal incision must be closed in the usual
manner.

Protarsus differs from hernia: in that the protrusion
occurs through one of the natural orifices. The rectum is
the only bowel which can thus become displaced, and cases
of this are not uncommon.. The causes are, violent strain-
ing, such as is symptomatic of the various conditions which
cause obstruction of the intestinal passage; also, it some-
times results from parturition throes, or where impediment
prevents evacuation of the bladder. After protrusion the
part becomes strangulated, assumes a bright-red colour,
and then becomes very much enlarged by gelatinous ex-
travasation between the intestinal coats; subsequently it
becomes cold and purple.

Treatment.—If possible, remove the cause of straining ;
then carefully clean the protruded bowel by washing it
with cold water, after which apply even pressure over the
organ, gradually returning it from the centre. There is
no serious objection to diminution of its bulk by scarifica-
tion. If all measures prove unsuccessful, and the organ
becomes purple, it may be amputated, and the edges of the
two cut portions of the bowel united together by sutures.
Subsequently anodyne agents, as opium, may be given,
and the diet be soft for sometime. This lesion is some-
times termed prolapsus ant.
284 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Torpidity of the action of the bowels is a constitutional
peculiarity of some individuals, and it may arise as a
result of disease of other parts of the body. More or
less marked torpidity is foundin fever. This must be dis-
tinguished from Constipation, in which there is a cessation
of passage of feces on account of some impediment, me-
chanical or organic. Thus, it is a symptom of strictures
and impactions of the stomach or intestines, may be due
to tumours, either within, in the walls of, or pressing on
the bowels ; it is a symptom of volvulus, intussusception,
and intestinal calculi, and concretions of various kinds,
such as faecal accumulations, The cause should be deter-
mined as exactly as possible, aud counteracted when this
is possible. Fecal concretions are very rare in the ox.
When constipation depends upon organic disease it is liable
to recur, unless the animal be fed on very soft food and an’
occasional laxative given. Relief of constipation is indi-
cated by the passage of hard fecal masses with a con-

_ siderable coating of mucus, sometimes also intermingled
with a small quantity of blood. If unrelieved, a fecal
accumulation may give rise to gangrene. The following
note, after Youatt, seems to show that we are, perhaps, not
often sufficiently bold in treatment of obscure intestinal
affections of the ox :—‘ Dr. Cheselden relates a very ex-

_ traordinary case of healing power, and does not forbid
hope, although the intestines may have been injured to a
very great extent. ‘An ox,’ he says, ‘ was suffering under
constipation of the bowels. Thomas Brayer, a doctor for
cattle opened the ox in the flank, and took out a great part of

- his bowels, upon searching which he found that there was a
perfect stoppage in the guts, and that the gut was, about the
stoppage, putrefied for about three yards; whereupon he
cut off so much of the gut as was putrefied, and took it
quite away, and then drew the ends of the guts which
remained sound, after what was cut off, together upon
a hollow keck, which was about three or four inches long,
and sewed the said ends of the guts together upon the said
keck, leaving the keck within the guts, and then sewed up
the hole cut in the hide upon the flank of the said ox.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 285

Within the space of one hour after this operation was per-
formed the ox dunged, and the piece of the keck which
the said end of the gut were sewn upon came away from
the ox with the dung, whereupon the ox recovered, and
liyed to do the owner service for several years.’ ”

We may here discuss the value of cathartics in cattle
practice. All practitioners of experience advocate prompt
exhibition of a full cathartic dose when a beast is taken
ill. Undoubtedly, in the majority of cases, this is good
practice. It is useful in all inflammations, except of the
alimentary canal, and when this tube is affected symptoms
are generally manifested sufficiently long before the in-
flammatory stage occurs, and so one cause of these dis-
orders is removed, and congestion probably relieved by
the timely use of a saline cathartic. Again, the quality
or quantity of food ingested is the cause of many dis-
orders. The cathartic generally administered to the ox—
Epsom salts—is not so drastic as that given to the horse ;
and notably, catharsis can be produced with greater
facility and more rapidly in the former animal than in
the latter. This is probably due to the less complexity
and digestive importance of the intestines in the ox. A
direct result of it is that in this animal we seldom see super-
purgation, and when this does take place it must not be
hastily checked, but the food must be dry, and the animal
protected from exposure. It will seldom fail to cease spon-
taneously, but too hasty administration of powerful astrin-
gent agents might do serious harm. We must remember
that cathartic agents may remain in one of the cesophageal
compartments of the stomach for a considerable length of
time without producing any effect, and when the function of
the rumino-reticular sphincter is perverted, as in disease,
the whole of a cathartic dose may fall into an inert rumen ;
it cannot pass from here very freely when the move-
ments of this stomach are irregular. This state of affairs
is especially liable to take place when impaction of the
omasum tends to obstruct, if it does not actually block
up the lower part of the cesophageal passage. In some
cases stimulants or other cordial agents will rouse the
286 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

rumen to action. The degree to which constipation may
exist in the ox, and the large amount of cathartic doses
which may be given, are well illustrated in a case recorded
in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ 1829, p. 357, by Professor (then Mr.)
Simonds. Obstinate retention of feces has been attributed
to fatty deposition around the rectum, since in prize beasts
accumulations of this nature are sometimes most remark-
able.

Hamorrnoms—piles—tumours in the terminal portion
of the rectum or about the anus, are described by Armatage
as of occasional occurrence in the ox. They are varicose
conditions of hemorrhoidal or rectal veins. The principal
symptoms to which they give rise are pain in defecation,
protrusion of the anus, bloody faces, the presence of tu-
mours, and often some constitutional disturbance. They
depend upon liver disorder or habitual constipation.

Treatment comprises soft diet, occasional administration
of laxatives, removal by ligature when practicable, and
astringent injections. Such measures, of course, are only
palliative. Cruzel describes as “Irritation venteuse du
rectum,” a disease which he attributes to the frequent
egress and ingress of air through the anus, as it occurs
in animals which work with their tails elevated.

Drarru@a.—Frequent evacuation of excessively fluid
feeces is a symptom of many disorders, or else is a diseased
condition of the lining mucous membranes of the intestines,
which is congested and, in some cases, inflamed. The
latter state is verging on dysentery, in which diarrhoea
when long continued and uncontrolled terminates. The
feces, besides being very liquid, are often highly foetid, and
are expelled suddenly with force. In acute cases there is
an injected condition of the lining membrane of the
rectum, and tenesmus is a marked feature. Colicky pains
may bepresent. The animal either feeds but little or the
appetite is depraved ; rumination is irregular and imperfect,
the urine scanty, and the patient stands apart from the
rest of the herd with arched back and anxious expression.

Causes——Any irritation of the alimentary canal may
give rise to this disorder, thus coarse and badly saved
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 287

food, certain acrid plants in a pasture, even excess or sudden
changes of food. Sometimes when an animal is turned out
after being kept in a stall an attack comes on, also any ex-
posure to cold is a very fruitful cause, since thereby the ex-
cretory function of the skin is arrested, and extra work is
thrown on the internal organs, lungs, kidneys, and bowels.
Sometimes chronic diarrhoea results from long-continued
improper dieting, whereby the mucous membrane of the
‘alimentary canal becomes organically altered, and its
secretory function perverted. When calves are being
weaned they are very liable to become affected in this
way, and they have little strength of constitution to
enable them to withstand an attack. Indeed, in the
majority of cases of obstinate diarrhoea there is a debili-
tated state of the system which is a result of the flux,
but also proves an accessory cause. This explains the
obstinacy of the disorder. In diseases of the liver, and
it is said also of the pancreas, diarrhoea may be present.
When the flow of bile is excessive the evacuations become
dark-coloured, watery, and profuse. The presence of para-
sites is occasionally the cause, but in many cases diarrhoea
is merely an indication of blood disease.. Thus, this is the
case in rinderpest, certain forms of anthrax, and notably
of scrofula, when either the mucous membrane of the
intestines or the mesenteric glands are affected. Sometimes
arelaxed state of the bowels occurs as a critical symptom
in disorders, of this “ red water” is a notable instance.
On post-mortem examination a general anemic condition
is found associated with congestive blush of the gastric
and intestinal mucous membrane, and perhaps. the organic
changes which produced the disorder will be detectable.
Treatment.—When called to a case of this disease we
must determine whether it be due to blood disease or local
irritation. In these cases it may even be advisable to pro-
mote it by administration of laxatives, preferably olea-
ginous agents. At the same time the patient should be care-
fully nursed and stimulant tonics administered internally. In
all cases the diet must undergo a thorough change. Where
organic disease exists tonics must prove our main resource.
288 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Mild astringents also may be given with judgment. The
mineral tonics are very useful in diarrhoea. Where colicky
pains are present tincture of opium is most useful, Water
must be given in only small quantities, the food should be
dry, and starch gruel is an astringént beverage. Where
there seems to be a perverted condition of the secretions,
the administration of calomel with opium is advisable.
Creta preparata is very useful as an antacid. When
scrofulous tumours are probably present, but little hope
of recovery can be entertained, but iodine compounds and
copper salts may be tried. Of the latter, the ammonio-
sulphate and iodide are most likely to prove beneficial.
In cases of enzootic outbreaks of diarrhoea something
more than curative influence is required from the prac-
titioner. The food must be carefully examined. Cakes
may contain mustard, the water may be prejudicial, or,
lastly, the herbage may be laxative, as in the scouring
lands of Somersetshire and other parts of the country.

Dysentery—bloody flua—is inflammation of the lining
membrane of the bowels, accompanied by ulceration. It
follows protracted diarrhoea, or may originate as a disease
in itself from exposure to cold, coarse innutritious pro-
vender, and almost any debilitating influence which acts
slowly but persistently. Thus, it is a sequela or culmina-
tion of some cases of scrofula, and may be found as a com-
plication in other blood diseases. It may be an after-effect
of poisonous agents.

Symptoms.—Sometimes the disease is acute, but more
often chronic. In the acute cases there is fever, together
with the signs of slight abdominal pains. The patient
stands with back arched, and constantly strains, passing
only a small amount of watery matter” tinged with blood ;
sometimes vesicles may be seen in the nostrils (Armatage).
As the disease advances signs of abdominal pain increase in
intensity, and the rapid emaciation takes place, and the
patient sinks and dies from exhaustion. In the chronic
form, which generally results from the acute, the sym-
ptoms are those of extreme debility (as described under
the heading “‘ Anzemia”) ; the patient is hide-bound, and
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 289

often cedematous, in a state of extreme emaciation ; with
coat dry and staring, mucous membranes pallid, eyes
sunken, ears pendulous, dull glazed appearance of the
eyes, relaxed condition of the anus, from which there is
constantly a slight sanguineous discharge, and the rectum
protrudes a little; back arched, pain on pressure of the
loins, and staggering gait. Generally, the skin is tho-
roughly invaded by lice. When feces are passed in
quantity they are found tobe highly offensive, san-
guineous, glairy, and viscid, in consequence of the amount
of mucus present. The animal will remain in this
state fora very long time, in spite of the most active
measures of treatment; and when at length death occurs
from asthenia or slaughter, post-mortem examination
_ shows that the stomach may be involved, as well as the
intestines. Thus, the abomasum has its lining membrane
reddened, with a gelatinous effusion into its substance, and
into the submucous areolar tissue. The small intestines
are sometimes somewhat similarly affected, but not unfre-
quently present only a slight congestive Mast of the lining: .
membrane. ‘The large intestines are the main seat of the
disorder, and show spots of extravasation and ecchymosis,
also congestive streaking, giving them a bluish colour,
also ulcerations, penetrating the mucous coat more or less
deeply. The contents are of an offensive smell and tinged
with blood. , .
Treatment is very unsatisfactory, which, perhaps, as
Mr. Armatage suggests, is due to the fact that the dis-
eased membrane of the alimentary canal is not in a con-
dition to allow of ready absorption. He therefore advises
treatment by means of subcutaneous injection. We must
adopt those measures’ already recommended for diarrhoea
due to organic change, but in chronic cases may use
powerful astringents. Astringent enemas should be ad-
ministered, and, according to some authorities, doses of
earbolic acid, chlorinated lime, and hyposulphite of soda,.
are beneficial. Careful nursing is absolutely necessary,
though these cases are so tedious that they are generally
left to take their chance. The food must be judiciously
19
290 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

selected, dry, and nutritious. Calomel with opium has
been followed by the best results, but this treatment needs
constant supervision by the practitioner. Animals which
are affected with dysentery are known as “ scanterers’” in
some parts of the country, or are said to be “ rotten.”

The disease known as Panras, Moor-1tu, or Woop-EvIL,
may here be mentioned. It is a form of gastro-enteritis
due to coarse or acrid food material ; it affects whole herds,
" especially in long, dry summers, when there is a deficiency
of herbage, so that plants ordinarily avoided are con-
sumed. It is sometimes attributed to free consumption
‘of astringent buds, as of the oak tree, and of heath; also
scarcity of food may be due to over-stocking of land, and
so an outbreak of this disease may occur.

Symptoms.—The attack lasts from six days to about a
fortnight, and is ushered in by dulness and constipation.
The latter sign is found throughout, except in the latest
stages, when profuse dysenteric discharge precedes death.
A small amount of faeces, in dry, hard, small lumps, coated
with mucus of a thick, stringy character, and sometimes
with blood, is expelled occasionally with some difficulty.
The urine is scanty, high coloured, and voided with diffi-
culty. Lactation early ceases, and the appetite, from the
first, is irregular and depraved. Acute febrile signs soon
are manifested, and there is tympany with acute abdominal
pain. Yellowness of the visible mucous membranes indi-
cates that the liver is also involved. Sometimes the brain
seems affected, or the animal becomes almost wild with
pain. Rapid emaciation takes place, and all the symptoms
of acute dysentery precede death.

Autopsy shows the lesions of advanced dysentery.

The treatment differs only from that of the last-
mentioned disease in that the necessity of clearing the
alimentary canal is even more urgent, and more powerful
cathartics than Epsom salts should be given, to be followed
by salines and oils, if necessary. Stimulants and tonics
are especially indicated. Mucilaginous drinks are valuable
as sheathing the diseased membranes. Thorough change
of diet to laxative but nutritious food and liberal supply
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 291

of pure water are essential, and of course the patient must
be removed from the pasture which has caused the disease.

Prophylaxis consists in administration of occasional
laxatives, a proper supply of water in dry seasons, and
avoidance of placing more animals on a limited pasture
than it will support.

Enterit1s.—Inflammation of the intestines, especially
affecting the muscular coat, but extending to the mucous
and peritoneal, is not frequent in the ox, except in working
animals. Plethoric adults are most liable to become
affected. Itis due to exposure to rough weather, drinking
cold water when in a state of perspiration, and ingestion
of irritant substances; it also results from extension of in-
flammation, and may be brought about by volvulus, intus-
susception, and impaction.

Symptoms.—There are general signs of disorder, with
pain on pressure of the loins, frequent passage of a small
amount of dry feeces, and perhaps some abdominal disten-
sion, Shortly acute febrile disturbance takes place, and
the patient stands obstinately in one place, with muzzle
protruded, and the hind limbs seem inclined to give way.
Thirst is excessive, but all inclination for food is lost; the
animal moans, grinds his teeth, looks round at the right.
flank, and flinches when pressure is made on the abdomen.
The pain is continuous, which, with the acute fever, serves
to distinguish this from colicky disorders. Shortly before
death the patient becomes unconscious and falls, moaning
continuously. The passage of feeces becomes suppressed,
and “a, little stream of liquid excrement forces its way
through the hardened mass, by which the rectum is dis-
tended, and that which is voided has an exceedingly foetid
and putrid smell.” Youatt considers this diagnostic.
Sometimes death is preceded by cessation of pain, but the
animal is anxious, the extremities are extremely cold, the
pulse imperceptible or “running down,” and the internal
temperature fallsrapidly. This is indicative of the occur-
rence of gangrene. Throughout the attack the pulse is
very quick and small, and the rectum, when examined
with the hand, is evidently very much increased in tem-
292 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

perature. The torpidity of the bowels is due to cessatic
of peristalsis, for the inflamed muscular coat loses i
contractile powers.

Post-mortem examination.—The intestines become ver
soon distended with gas. The peritoneum is congeste:
inflamed, or gangrenous over the parts of the intestin:
which are the centre of diseased action. The peritone:
sac contains a considerable quantity of sero-sanguineot
fluid, sometimes also flocculi of lymph. Both small an
large bowels are generally involved. The walls of the bows
are thickened and various in colour in different parts, fror
the redness of simple congestion to the green conditio
found in gangrene. ‘There is much gelatinous effusion an
some blood extravasation between the muscular fibres, an
the contents of the bowels are mainly blood and mucus.

Treatment,—Careful nursing, external stimulation ¢
the abdomen by means of hot-water rugs and ammoniace
or turpentine applications, manual removal of accumu
lated faeces from the rectum, with anodyne and muci
laginous injections. Cathartics must be avoided, for the
cannot make the intestines act, and will only irritate
Aconite, or preferably opium, should be admistered inter
nally, while the extreme thirst of the patient may be relieve
by nitrated water. In this disorder the early abstractio:
of blood has been found highly beneficial, and the animal
affected are usually well able to stand the depletior
Hot-water applications are used as follows :—The furnac
or copper having been set going to ensure a free suppl
of boiling water a blanket is folded and placed trans
versely beneath the belly of the patient; it is held o:
either side by a man, while a third pours fresh water i:
when the blanket begins to cool. During the interval
the blanket is kept well up against the abdomen. Thi
should generally be continued for about half an how
when the parts should be rubbed thoroughly dry, and
little ammoniacal solution applied with friction. Thi
active method of treatment proves most effectual in som
abdominal disorders. It can be repeated if necessary.

Fibrinous Casts of the Intestines are not rare in th
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. . 293

ox. Specimens of considerable length are sometimes
described as parasites, and we are told that the animal
has “ passedasnake.” The casts are flaky on the surface,
generally have been thrown out from the mucous membrane
of the small intestines, and are of a croupousnature. Hence,
the form of enteritis in which they are expelled is some-
times termed Crovrous Enterrris. It is less acute than
the other form, and after expulsion of the false mem-
brane recovery rapidly takes place. The treatment
in no way differs from that of the ordinary form of the
disease.

InrestinaL Apopiexy—Rupture of the intestinal blood-
vessels is rare in the ox except in blood diseases. It,
however, sometimes results from injuries and in inflamma-
tion and partial obstruction. The blood diffuses between
the layers of the mesentery. Colicky pains are present, but
no diagnostic symptoms. In the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xlii,
’ p. 768, M. Genée records a case of enzootic outbreak of this
disorder leading to sudden death, attributed to feeding on
the refuse of beet-root.

PERFORATION OR RoprurE or THE InrusTiInES may be
brought about by external injury, ulceration, the giving
way of the disorganised wall of the bowel during opera-
tions for relief of hernia, and the use of drastic cathartics
in cases of intestinal obstruction. When the rupture is
large the signs are those of collapse, but when it is small
peritonitis gradually supervenes. If the bowel be exposed
and rupture take place catgut sutures may be inserted
and the bowel returned. Cases thus treated have been
known to do well. Injury of an umbilical or ventral
hernia sometimes causes ulceration of the skin extending
into the enclosed bowel. From the opening thus formed
the intestinal contents constantly escape. It is a “ false-
anus,” and must be closed either by ligature or suture.

Rorrurs or THE Rectum may occur in cases of pro-
lapsus, or the leg of the footus may be passed through
the wall of the vagina and rectum in cases of difficult
parturition. These cases are not necessarily fatal, for the
terminal portion of the rectum is not invested by peri-
294 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

toneum, and, therefore, the feces do not pass into the
peritoneal sac. Their entry into the wound tends to
prevent it from healing, and a fistula in ano or recto-vaginal
fistula forms. This is not very liable to take place in the
ox, for the faces are pultaceous. The presence of a recto-
vaginal fistula gives rise to passage of faeces through the
vulval opening, also chronic irritation of the generative
passage, and the opening may be felt on exploration.

InrustivaL Parasites are’ comparatively rare in the ox,
and seldom give rise to serious disorder. The principal
are Ascaris lwmbricoides, and various Strongyles. Tenia
expansa is described by Law as causing serious indigestion
and abdominal disturbance-in America, Australia, and
some parts of Germany.

InrestinaL Tumours are generally fatty on the peritoneal
surface ; cancerous when projecting into the intestinal
tube, hemorrhoidal when.inithe rectum. The effects of
these and of calculi have been already noticed.

Matrormation oF THE Inrustines.—Of these proctatresia
or impervious anus is the most frequently seen in calves.
Sometimes the anal opening is closed by skin; in other
cases the anus is perfectly-formed, but at a short distance
from the external orifice there is a membranous septum
separating the passage in which the meconium is situated
‘from the anus. In another form the large intestine termi-
nates in a cul-de-sac in the posterior part of the abdomen.
These latter cases are hopeless, but in either of the former
relief may be afforded by division of the obstructing
membrane by two crucial incisions. Attention is called
to this condition by violent straining of the young animal,
which has not passed feeces since birth. The first milk
excites the bowels to action for expulsion of the meconium,
but this relief is prevented.

Mechanical Distension of the Rectum with hard pellets of
meconium is sometimes a cause of similar symptoms.
The accumulated material must be gradually removed with
the oiled forefinger. Sometimes the quantity present is
enormous.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 295

Srction 2.—Or rue Livzr.

In the ox this organ is large, mainly confined to the
right side, has rounded margins, and is scarcely divided
into lobes, but a fairly large caudate lobe is present. The
excretory apparatus differs from that. of the horse in that a
gall-bladder with a cystic duct is present, also the bile-
duct’does not open with the pancreatic, but terminates by
itself at a distance of about two feet from the pylorus.
The gall-bladder lies on the posterior surface of the liver,
with its fundus projecting downwards; it rests in a groove

 

Fie. 59.—Liver and pancreas of ox, with excretory apparatus. ec. Pan-
creatic duct. d. Gall-bladder. e¢. Common bile-duct. f. Duodenum.
(Simonds.)

in the liver substance, but is not surrounded by it to

such an extent as in the dog.

Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is sometimes seen
in high-bred plethoric animals, as a result of feeding with
an excessive amount of highly stimulating food, associated
with want of exercise. It is most prevalent in hot weather.
It is also attributed to changes of temperature and of
food, as well as to expose of various kinds. :

The Symptoms of some forms of liver disorder are
296 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

somewhat obscure. Yellowness of the visible mucous
membranes and of the skin is considered a diagnostic of
derangement of the bile-secreting organ, but it is not
always so,for it may depend upon the nature of the food,
and is constantly present in some of the best breeds.
When this organ is inflamed a certain amount of abdominal -
distension is observable, and the animal flinches, moans,
and grinds the teeth, when pressure is applied to the right
side over the seat of the liver. Its functions are arrested ;
thus, the secretion of bile is not carried on, hence the
bowels are torpid and the feces are dry, scanty, and of a
chocolate colour; generally they are thickly coated with
mucus. Lying continually on the right side and fainting fits
are sometimes present. The milk is yellow and scanty,
and its cream thick and “ropy.” There are occasional
colicky pains, and the skin is harsh, staring, and coated with
a yellowish-browny matter (which is considered a favor-
able sign). The urine is excessively yellow, and the various
mucous membranes are all more or less tinged with the
same colour. The respiration is somewhat impeded, and
the pulse is soft, weak, and generally frequent. Lame-
ness of the right fore limb has not yet been observed in
cases of this kind in the ox. The animal is very dull, as
in most affections of this organ.

In Chromic cases, with the generally diffused yellowness
and the unthrifty and scurfy state of the skin, and the
dry clay-coloured condition of the faces, there is per-
sistent dejection and falling off from condition, a want of in-
clination to move. The pulse and respiration are unaffected.
In one case of the acute disease the patient was so violent
that it was thought he was mad—the head extended,
eye fixed, shoulders cold, belly hot, pulse strong and rapid,
striking of head against the flank, and endeavouring to
bite those around. Here, on Autopsy, “ the liver appeared
withered and dry, as if it had been exposed during several
days to an ardent sun.” In other cases we may find
atrophy of the organ, the areolar elements (Glisson’s
capsule) having been increased in size at the expense
of the more important secreting part. Sometimes the
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 297

liver is much enlarged and softened, as a result of
inflamniation, whilst, in other cases, abscesses are
present. Inflammation of several. parts of the liver
simultaneously is. not infrequent, and this may lead
to multiple abscesses. Generally the peritoneal invest-
ment is either rendered opaque or is the seat of deposits
of lymph. Remains of these latter indications are not
infrequent in old animals. In more recent cases the
accumulation of gelatinous material beneath the peri-
toneum somewhat obscures the normal brown chocolate
colour.

Treatment.—The indications in cases of this kind are
to apply external stimulants over the seat of the diseased
organ. Administer a saline cathartic, which will act
without materially affecting the liver, while it. will also
act asa febrifuge. Aconite may be used to follow this
up as soon as any severe febrile disorder sets in. Of
course careful nursing is necessary, and the food, when
convalescence has set in, must be light and nutritious,
but in small quantity. Enemas must be utilised. In the
chronic form, where atrophy has occurred, we can do little
except give an occasional liver stimulant to rouse the torpid
organ into activity, at least so much of it as remains fit
to perform its duties.

Congestion oF THE Liver is manifested by dulness suc-
ceeding a meal, slight interference with respiration,
swelling on the right side (which is painful), constipation,
and a little yellowness of membranes. This must be
treated by a laxative, change of diet, fresh air, and some
exercise. It is generally of short duration, but when it
occurs frequently may give rise to chronic changes.

Hepatrrn@aA—HaMorruace From tHE Liver—Rvpture
oF tHE LivER—occasionally results from congestion and in
cases of degenerative changes of the organ. The sym-
ptoms are simply those of internal abdominal hemorrhage,
rapid sinking, and sometimes abdominal pain. In other
cases the peritoneal capsule does not give way, but the
blood accumulates beneath it. In the latter, recovery
is possible if the animal be kept very quiet and the
298 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

strength supported, and subsequent feeding carefully
regulated. In the former case recovery is hopeless. Any
one accustomed to examine the changes which the liver
undergoes as a result of disease will be aware of the
very considerable absorption of liver substance which
may take place as a result of parasitic invasion or of
morbid deposits, without the function of the organ being
materially interfered with. It seems as if each lobule
were an independent organ, and not in any way concerned
in the ‘state of its fellows. A direct consequence of this
is that very extensive changes of this nature may take
place, andno appreciable signs of them be manifested during
life ; of these changes tubercular are most frequent. We
find also on record “osseous deposits,” which, however,
hardly answer this description. Thus, in a case the
post-mortem examination of which reads very like that of
traumatic. pericarditis, Mr. Younghusband describes the
liver of a milch cow, “‘ which was three times the size of
one in anormal state, containing in its substance an im-
mense number of calcareous deposits, of the size of a
horse chestnut, which, when crumbled betwixt the finger
and thumb, gave a feeling of sand or grit. There were
some dozens of these deposits, but in none did I perceive
anything like the suppurative process.’? These were
perhaps calcified hydatids, -but the case was peculiar.
The enormous extent to which this organ may become in-
vaded by Hcehinococcus veterinorum is satisfactorily illus-
trated by a case recorded by Messrs. East and Steel in
the ‘ Veterinarian’ for 1878. The specimen came from the
Vale of Aylesbury, where parasitic disorders are prevalent.
Considerable diminution of the secreting liver structure
results in advanced cases of invasion by Fasciola hepatica,
in consequence of thickening of the walls of large and
small bile-ducts, the result of irritation.

RaMOLLISSEMENT (softening of the liver).—Enlargement
with structural change does not seem so frequent as we
would be inclined to expect from the frequency of exces-
sive fattening of the ox, together with the want of exercise
during preparation for exhibition or sale. A good illus-
: ’ THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 299
trative’ case of fatty liver is given in the ‘ Transactions
of the Veterinary Medical Association,’ vol. iii, p. 234, by
Mr. Read.

Interesting cases of Congenital Hepatic Hernia are given
in the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iv, p. 844 and 423, by Mr.
Swarry of Selby and Mr. Kirk. In them it seems a por-
tion of the right lobe of the liver was connected with the
posterior part of the lung by the right lateral ligament,
there being a foramen through the diaphragm.

we

ApprEnpum 1.

The gall-bladder of the ox has a capacity of several -
ounces, and its duct decreases in size somewhat after its
commencement. The bile of the ox is of a greenish colour,
and consists,.of the following :—Water, 90:44 per cent. ;
biliary and fatty matter, 8 per cent. ; vesicular mucus, 30
per cent.; osmazone, chloride and lactate of soda, *74 per
cent. ; accniny, ‘41 per cent. ; phosphates of lime and soda,
‘11 per cent. (Berzelius). Diseases of this excretory
apparatus have been observed, but are almost always
secondary in their character, due to disease of the bowels
or biliary ducts. The bile accumulated in the gall-bladder
is liable to undergo inspissation and to form biliary
calculi. These consist of the bile salts, also pigment and
cholesterin, arranged in concentric layers around a small
mass previously formed, which acts as a nucleus. They
vary in form, but have rounded margins, and in size
upwards to the average size of a walnut. They have a
low specific gravity, and so float on bile. Often they are
extremely numerous. So long as they remain in the gall-
bladder they seem to cause no inconvenience, but during
their passage through the central portion of the cystic
duct and the terminal part of the common bile duct, cause
excruciating agony, due to spasm of the muscular fibre of
the wall of the duct. These cannot be distinguished from
ordinary colicky pains, our only aid to diagnosis being the
occurrence of some biliary calculi in the faeces.
300° BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ADDENDUM 2.

The Pancreas is large and lies to the right of the abdomen
in the root of the mesentery; its ducts open separately
into the duodenum at a distance of over three feet from the
pylorus.

Scirrhous, tubercular and cancerous deposit, hypertrophy,
and abscess of this organ are described, but nothing more
seems to be known about these disorders than that, when
chronic, they give rise to malnutrition, since they interfere
with the due elaboration of fat-forming material. Caleuli
in the pancreas or its duct are occasionally found. They
are generally of a milky-white colour, dense and rough,
and about as big as a pea. :

Srcrion 3.—Or tHe PERironeum.

This membrane of the ox is only remarkable as forming ,
a large and well-developed omentum major, which generally
contains much fat.

Prrironitis—inflammation of the lining membrane of the
abdomen—is very rare in the ox, and we have often above
had occasion to remark the impunity with which very
formidable operations may be performed in which it is
subjected to injury. The various abdominal sections and
castration affect it, and it is more or less involved in
inflammations of various abdominal viscera, but its disease
passes unnoticed in the general disorder, and it is only after
wounds and occasionally climatic changes that it thus pri-
marily becomes inflamed. Then the animal suffers from
obscure pain, and is, therefore, dull and anxious, looking
round occasionally at the flank, moaning, grinding the teeth,
stamping, and with hind limbs trembling. The bowels do
not act, the pulse has the hardness characteristic of inflam-
mations of serous membranes, the extremities are cold,
and these cases rapidly terminate fatally. It will be
observed that the respiration is characteristically thoracic,
the diaphragm being as much as possible relieved from its
duties, which. cause extra pain.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 301

Post-mortem examination.—Sometimes we find after
slaughter of a healthy animal that parts of the peritoneum
are united by adhesions, while others are opaque and
flocculent from the presence of white shreds of organised
lymph. These“are indications of a previous attack of this
disease. In recent cases the membrane is in various parts
reddened, opaque, and hidden by lymphy deposits, which
bind the different abdominal organs together and vary in
the degree of organization according to their age. These
lesions are most. marked around the point of injury. The
peritoneal sac contains a considerable quantity of fluid,
which is. straw-coloured, milky, or sanguineous. Of
traumatic lesions giving rise to this disease passage of
sharp foreign bodies from the stomachs is not infrequent,
hence we generally find that peritonitis is present in- cases
of traumatic,pericarditis, bringing about union of the reti-
culum with the diaphragm, so that a cyst-like passage is
formed, which generally contains a milky serous fluid or
a blood-clot.

Treatment.—That suggested for enteritis. As in that.
affection cathartics should not be administered, for increased
peristalsis will give rise to incredsed irritation of the
inflamed peritoneum. Opium is specially indicated to
check peristalsis.

Ascites (dropsy of the abdomen).—This is sometimes
the result of acute inflammatory disease of the peritoneum,
but more frequently of general debility or of mechanical
impediment to return of venous blood, such as exists in liver
or heart diseases, also tumours pressing on vena porte.
It is a complication of other dropsical disorders. It is
not frequent in the adult, but is met with in obstetric
practice, since congenital ascites is an impediment to
expulsion of the affected animal from the womb. In these
cases it seems to result from debility or scrofulous disease
of the parent ; the sickly foetus may therefore be sacrificed,
the fluid being evacuated éither by direct incision with the
concealed knife through the abdominal walls, or by the
passage of a special long trocar and canula through the
chest into the abdomen.
302 : BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

% .
Symptoms.—Of the acquired forms are abdominal disten-

sion, and on auscultation a wave of fluid may be detected
striking against the abdominal wall when the opposite
side is percussed. Anasarcous swellings appear on the
- abdomen and underneath the chest.® Respiration is
thoracic, and there is gradually increasing anemia with all
its characteristic symptoms (see page 92).

Treatment.—W hile endeavouring to remove the originat-
ing disease we must do all in our power to sustain the
strength of the patient by stimulant tonics, as beer or
gentian with nitrous ether; also liberal diet of not too
watery composition. Iron salts (as the iodide) also are
indicated, and may be alternated with vegetable tonics.
Digitalis proves useful primarily as a sedative, but second-
arily by acting on the kidneys. Where the distension is
very great paracentesis abdominis, “tapping, the belly,”
will afford temporary relief. A small trocar-and-canula
is used, and the puncture is made just a little to one side
of the umbilicus, the instrument being inserted gently.
The reason of the obstinate resistance to absorption is
that the peritoneal stomata become blocked up by false
membranes and plugs of lymph. Besides the diseases
indicated it must be remembered that the peritoneum is
often one of the seats of “ grapy” deposits of scrofulous
origin. These give rise to subacute inflammation and
ascites. Opacity is generally produced in the opposite
portion of the peritoneum against which they rub.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 303

is

CHAPTER V.—DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY
APPARATUS.

Tue calibre of the air-passages of the ox is not so great
as that of the horse; the lungs are practically smaller,
and M. Colin has shown us that an ox breathes only about
82 per cent. of the amount of air required by a horse,
throwing off a proportionately small amount of carbonic
anhydride. This would lead us to anticipate that the
ordinary diseases of the respiratory organs of the ox are
less numerous and important than those of the horse. It
adapts the animal less for rapid and prolonged locomotion,
and is in accordance with the conditions of other parts of
the system; thus, the large gastric mass of the ox prevents.
rapid exertion after a meal, and the full conditions of these
organs remains for a long time. During this the action
of the diaphragm must be, to a certain extent, impeded as
far as its respiratory functions are concerned ; it facilitates
regurgitation constantly during rumination. Again, its
position is more upright. The conformation of the
skeleton of the ox gives us information that he is less
adapted for respiratory emergencies than the horse.
Ordinary respirations of the ox are frequent and not
deep, 15 to 18 in the adult, 18 to 20 in the young animal.;
they are liable to considerable increase in number even
during health. Similarly the healthy cough of the ox is
rather short and weak. The horse suffers so frequently from
disorders of the respiratory organs because he is pushed
to extremes of exertion, is pampered in hot, close, and
improperly ventilated stables, and is subjected to sudden .
changes of temperature of thesurrounding medium, and also
exposure to draughts, and under certain circumstances to
extremes of weather. With the skin acting profusely he
804 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is left standing in a current of air, and is otherwise
exposed. The working ox is somewhat similarly treated,
and hence of all bovines is most liable to diseases of respira-
tory organs, but he is not by any means pampered, and
seldom overworked. Cattle, especially when fat, are
sometimes overdriven, but ordinarily are in a state of
quietude in the stalls of not overclosed shippons or in
pastures. Under these circumstances traumatic causes
are the main influences which generate diseases of the.
breathing apparatus. Dairy cows and prize fattening beasts
are certainly continuously subjected to the close and foul
atmosphere of byres, but they are not exercised and do
not change from heat to cold, so the predisposition engen-
dered by ammoniacal fumes and constant inspiration of
warm air laden with impurities seldom receives the
exciting cause necessary to give rise to acute pulmonary
disorder. The effect is more marked in arousing heredi-
tary or acquired tendency to scrofulous disease, especially
phthisis. We have previously made some general remarks
on the nature of respiratory processes, but must now recall
to our minds certain special means of diagnosis, which
acquire particular importance in relation to the diseases
under consideration.

Auscuttation depends. on the motion of air through
‘the air-passages, and the movements of the chest and
other parts during breathing. It is termed immediate
if the ear is applied directly to the surface, mediate
if the acoustic connection is indirect. The former method
is open to the objection that the surface is often
not fit for contact, as when the animal is covered with
lice. It is most useful as avoiding extra friction sounds,
which result from the intervention of a foreign body
between the ear and the chest. Generally a handker-
chief is placed on the surface, and a little practice enables
the observer to automatically ignore any complications
due to its presence. The stethoscope is a long tube with
a trumpet-shaped extremity for even contact with the
surface, and an ear-piece; it is seldom used in veterinary
practice. It is an artificial prolongment of the external
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 3805

auditory canal. Auscultation is resorted to in cardiac and
certain abdominal diseases, but is mainly used for deter-
mining the states of the lungs and air-passages. These,
especially the former, are less accessible than in man, on
account of the greater bulk of surrounding substances, the
pectoral position of the fore extremities, and the restlessness
of the patient. Also the animal cannot be made to give
us the various phases of respiration on demand. Though
our diagnoses cannot, therefore, be so exact as those of
human practitioners, auscultation is most valuable to us.

Nasal sounds.—The normal rushing sound of air passing
through the nasal chambers is interfered with in cases of
tumours and other obstructions of these passages; also
when the mucous lining membrane is diseased. The ster-
torous character of breathing, as seen in coma, depends
on the state of the posterior nares and velum palati.

Laryngeal sounds.—The passage of air through the
healthy organ gives rise to a rushing sound. In cases of
thickening or impediment the sounds known as roaring
and whistling (which are familiar to us) will be distin-
guished. A peculiar crowing sound is considered dia-
pnostic of “croup.” The voice, of which this organ is the
‘seat, is sometimes modified ; its tones are not varied, for
the organ is very simple, but it is not difficult to distin-
guish the peculiar lowing indicative of pain. |

In the trachea and bronchial tubes we still find the rush-
ing sound; in health it is prolonged, almost uniform in
expiration and inspiration, and with an even transition
through its various modulations; under disease it may
become the mucous réle, when fluid exists in these tubes
in excess, and air bubbles through it, the cavernous rdle,
when the air rushes from a comparatively small tube into
a large space containing fluid, so that there is a special
gurgling sound. This, of course, can only be heard in
connection with disease in the lungs; it is found when
a cavity has been formed in those organs by suppuration,
or by bronchial dilatation. Sibilus, when the air rushes
through small tubes with a dry condition of their mucous
lining, such as is seen in incipient inflammation. Rhonchus
He 20
3806 ROVINE PATHOLOGY.

is a similar state when the larger tubes are involved. Other
refinements are distinguishable, but their characters are
rather indefinite. The Vesicwlar sownd observed during
health depends upon the tension of the walls of the air-cells
during inspiration, together with the rush of air through
the narrow terminations of the bronchial tubes into these
dilatations, consequently it is appreciable also to a modified
degree during expiration. It can only be heard in some parts
of the lungs, for it is liable to be obscured by the bronchial
rushing sound. It is most perceptible in young animals, ©
for with age the cells are much dilated, and the transitions
from the tubes less abrupt. Determination of this sound
is important, as informing us of the pervious condition of
the air-passages and the air-cells. It is early supplanted
in cases of inflammation of the intimate structure of the
lungs by a peculiar crackling sound known as crepttation.
The intensity of these sounds varies with disease; when a
part of the lung is lost for functional purposes the parts
which remain pervious give increased sound. Solidifica-
tion and deposition between a bronchus and the ear may
render its rushing sound more evident. In other cases
there is partial or complete loss of sound, due to an im-
pervious condition of the passages, as in lung consolidation
or collapse, or else to the presence of some bad conductor
of the sound, as in cases of hydrothorax. Our diagnosis
of the extent of disease also depends upon the stationary
or migratory condition of the sounds, as shown by frequent
examinations. The movements may be either abrupt, as
when some obstruction has been removed by coughing, or
gradual, as in hydrothorax.

The pleura, when inflamed, is the seat of the friction
sound, due either to two dry surfaces moving in contact
with one another, or to a similar application of two sur-
faces roughened by deposition of falsé membranes.

Examination of the Chest of the Ox, by Ausculta-
tion.—The extra lobe of the right lung extends rather in
front of the heart. The thorax is wide and rounded pos-
teriorly, but the diaphragm bulges into it to a marked ex-
tent, and gains firm attachment to the inner surface of the
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 307

last rib but one, so that the last intercostal space is not lined
by pleura. The rumen, therefore, giving its various sounds,
occupies a large part of the posterior division of the left
side, while the liver lies on the right, and gives an area
of dulness. “We must determine the natural sound
when the animal ruminates, which may be heard .at the
lower part of the chest at the level of the xiphoid carti-
lage of the sternum. It resembles the gurgling sound
when fluid passes from a bottle, and doubtless is due to
the liquids in the reticulum; since cattle, when sick, do
not generally ruminate, this noise will not be confounded
with abnormal sounds. Nevertheless, we have thought
right to note it here. We must also distinguish a crepi-
tation with a frothy sound, which originates in the ramen
when its muscular walls contract; it is audible at the
postero-superior part of the left side of the chest’
(Delafond). Since the shoulder occupies the anterior
part of the lateral surface of the chest as far back as the
fourth rib, and the diaphragm bulges posteriorly, the area
over which auscultation can be profitably performed in the
ox is very limited. However, the shoulder may be drawn
forwards to a certain extent, so that even the first rib may
be felt from behind, and considerable care will enable us
to distinguish lung sounds in the posterior region.

The lateral surface of the chest is divided into superior,
middle, and inferior thirds, ‘“ Right side.—In the superior
region the vesicular sound is well marked from behind the
shoulder to the level of the tenth rib, from which it gradually
decreases in intensity to be lost opposite the eleventh. In
the median region a loud and sometimes rather rude re-
spiratory murmur is heard over the fourth and three fol-
lowing ribs, which, however, gradually decreases from the
seventh, and is lost over the tenth or eleventh. In the
lower region the sound may be said to be bronchial over
the fourth and fifth ribs, evidently on account of the con-
siderable tube passing to the fourth lobe of the right lung.
From the sixth to the ninth rib it is vesicular, and its force
decreases from before backwards. Left side.—The superior
region simply repeats that of the right side. In the median
3808 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

region the only difference is that the sound is more feeble
over the fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. In the inferior region
a feeble respiratory murmur is heard over the fourth rib ;
this increases over the fifth and sixth, and then decreases
as far as the eighth orninth”? (Gamgee). Delafond warns
us against misinterpreting the crepitating sound, which
results from the looseness of the areolar tissue beneath
the skin of the chest of the ox. And Gamgee suggests
that useful information may be gained by auscultating the
chest of the ox from below through the sternum, since so
much of the lung is inferiorly placed.

Percussion.—Applying blows to the surface in a special
manner, we have already seen, is useful in diagnosis of
tympany. It is direct or indirect. In the former case
the ends of the fingers brought together are sharply
applied to a part, generally to the skin rendered tense
over a bone, as a rib, or the nasals. It is possible to de-
termine, from the resulting sound, whether the cavity
within is empty or blocked up by some material of a solid
or liquid nature. The healthy resonance of the chest is
very characteristic, and is most marked over the course of
the bronchi and larger bronchial tubes. Dulness on per-
cussion indicates consolidation or accumulation of fluid in
the pleural sac.

Percussion of the Chest of the Ox, “ Left side—The
superior region is very resonant over the eighth, ninth,
and tenth ribs. If it be struck very gently between the
latter and the twelfth rib, the diminished resonance of
the posterior border of the lung may still be brought
out, though, if struck at all forcibly in this region, a
tympanic sound is produced, due to gas in the rumen.
The median region - is very resonant over the fifth,
sixth, and seventh ribs, much less so over the eighth
and ninth, and quite dull over the lower third of the
tenth and half the eleventh; this dulness proceeds from
the abdominal - organs. The lower region, unlike in
the horse, shows considerable resonance over the fourth,
fifth, and sixth ribs, from this part lying over the anterior
lobes of the right and left lungs, which almost completely
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 309

envelope the heart. From the seventh to the ninth ribs
the resonance diminishes and is entirely lost in the lower
fourth of the latter, as well as over all the ribs behind it.
In young and emaciated subjects, by drawing the limb
forcibly backwards, and applying the pleximeter as firmly
as possible over the first two ribs, a clear sound may be
obtained. Right side—The resonance of the right side
differs little from that of the left; the resonance sometimes
being perceptibly less posteriorly, on account of the pre-
sence of the liver. In very thin animals a clear sound is
produced by percussion in the fosse of the scapula.”
(Gamgee).

Manipulation.—Pressure on the intercostal space causes
flinching. and other manifestations of pain in pleurisy and
pleuro-pneumonia, A fractured condition of the rib and
the presence of a needle which has migrated from the
reticulum have been determined by this means.

Succussion and Mensuration have not yet been found of
much value in cattle disorders. ,

The anterior nares have no false nostril, and. are con-
nected with the upper lip by the smooth humid pad
which is termed the muffle. The organ of Jacobson
runs from the anterior part of the mouth to that of the
nasal chamber. In consequence of separation of the
lower margin of the vomer from the palatine suture the
nasal chambers communicate posteriorly, so that we can
speak only of one posterior naris opening into the pharynx.
The facial sinuses are very extensive, and separate the
outer from the inner plate of the frontal bone everywhere,
except at a point on either side of the centre of the fore-
head. They pass into the horn cores, rendering them
hollow, and through the parietal bones, and partly into the
occipital.. The maxillary portion is prolonged into the
bony palate. The nasal peak is trifid. There are described
three turbinated bones, but of these the one known as the
middle is simply the great -ethmoid cell very much
enlarged. The lower margin of the vomer is remarkably
sharp. The posterior nares, as in other ruminants, are
very deep.
310 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

The muffle becomes involved in certain exanthemata,
for it may be the seat of eruption. Its condition is a useful
‘but not infallible guide in determining the health of the
animal, since during fever it becomes dry. The pro-
trusible tongue is capable of removing excess of moisture:
from this organ and the nostrils. The anterior naris is
less liable to laceration than that of the horse. The
Schneiderian membrane, as seen through it, is of a red-
dish colour, but varies much in shade and humidity with
the state of the health.

Catarru—F luz from the nostrils—is due either to conges-
tion or inflammation of the Schneiderian membrane. Also,
as a rule, the lining membrane of the nasal sinuses and
those of the pharynx and larynx are, to a certain degree,
involved. Is most frequent in spring, when east winds
are prevalent, and when animals are suddenly exposed to
extremes of wet and cold after having been accustomed to
shelter. It may arise from dampness of the byres in
which cattle are kept, or exposure to draughts. Animals
debilitated by previous disease are especially prone to this
disorder. It is more frequent in young beasts than old,
and sometimes is attributable to the “dust and gravel
of the road” (Youatt). It may be due to certain
specific conditions of the atmosphere, when it assumes an
epizootic or enzootic form (see Influenza). Then it is
excessively debilitating, and under ordinary conditions it
reduces the strength of the patient, and on this account
as well as because it is often a forerunner of more serious
disorder, it is important, and requires prompt and
judicious treatment.

Symptoms.—In some cases simply a discharge from the
nostrils, with dulness, but generally slight fever, is
present, with the usual signs of ill health. The Schnei-
derian membrane is reddened and turgid. At first dry, it
soon gives a watery discharge, which later becomes of
a thick mucous character, and afterwards muco-purulent.
Sneezing is generally present, as also is cough, which is
especially marked when there is sore throat, as denoted by
pain on manipulation, swelling, and difficulty in swallowing.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. , 311

The conjunctiva is more or less congested, which leads to
lachrymation and accumulation of mucus at the inner
canthus. A profuse mucous discharge from the eyes
may afterwards set in. Generally these symptoms subside
in two or three days, but sometimes they become modified
to those indicative of laryngitis.

Treatment.—House the animal in a_ well-ventilated
place, and nurse. Counteract all such of the causes as
are in operation as much as possible; especially place in
fresh air rather than in a close ammoniacal atmosphere.
Steam the nostrils either by holding the head over hot
washes, or by fixing on a nose-bag containing sawdust or
chaff soaked constantly in boiling water, or by Armatage’s
steam douche, which consists of an india-rubber tube
attached to the spout of a tea kettle, the free end being
brought towards the animal’s nostrils when the vapour
begins to escape (see Fig. 9). A febrifuge dose of
Epsom salts, together with a diffusible stimulant, may be
given, and the animal allowed nitrated water to drink.
Altogether the treatment of simple catarrh is more a
matter of nursing than of medicine.

Errstaxis— Bleeding from the nostrils—is sometimes a
symptom of serious blood disorders where ulceration or
rupture of blood-vessels of the Schneiderian membrane is
present. It is seen as a disease per se in working oxen,
in which exposure to the heat of the sun, together with
laborious exercise, have given rise to congestion of the
vessels of the Schneiderian membrane with subsequent
rupture of their walls. Sometimes it results from injury,
especially when there is fracture of the nasal bones. The
hemorrhage may be somewhat profuse. Under ordinary
circumstances it will cease spontaneously, but sometimes
cold-water applications, styptic injections, or plugging the
nostrils are necessary. These cases require careful exami-
nation, for the hemorrhage may be.from some more
important membranes than that lining the nostrils. Some-
times it results from Pulypus in the nasal chamber. Such
cases are very rare. Youatt relates one in which, while
the pedicle might be tracedinto the nasal chamber, the main
312 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

part of the tumour hung down in the pharynx and acted
as an impediment to swallowing. Exploration was made
through the mouth, and the tumour (which weighed
nearly half a pound), removed by torsion. The écraseur
may be used for such cases, or a ligature fixed round the
pedicle (see Pharyngeal Polypus).

Parasites.— Youatt mentions the occasional entry of
leeches from stagnant water. They gain access to the
nasal chamber through the anterior nares when the
animal is drinking. After they have gorged their fill they
will loosen their hold and be expelled by sneezing, except
when in the superior part of the nasal chamber. They
cause considerable hemorrhage, and may be removed by
injections of salt and water.

Other foreign bodies may become fixed in the nasal
chamber, or the nasal sinuses may be diseased, giving
rise to Nasal Gleet, but this is rare in the ox as compared
with the horse, for he is less liable to injuries of the
facial bones, and can expel matters returned by vomition
through the mouth.

Laryneitis—Inflammation of the larynx—is a sequela of
catarrh or of bronchitis, but may exist as a primary
disease. Besides the general signs of inflammation,
the pulse has a peculiarly hard character, the throat is
swollen, and the muzzle protruded ; considerable pain is
evinced on pressure, and a dry, hard, paroxysmal cough
may be originated in this way, or occur spontaneously.
Also there is profuse discharge of saliva from the mouth,
and difficulty and pain in swallowing (sometimes com-"
plete inability). There is discharge from the nostrils,
and the thickening of the laryngeal mucous membrane
gives rise to extreme difficulty in breathing, and an early
prostration of strength, such as results from defective
oxygen supply. This disease may be attributed to the
action of those causes which, under other circumstances,
give rise to catarrh. Death may occur either through
effusion around the rima glottidis, spasm of the larynx, or
extension of inflammation. A permanent thickening of the
lining mucous membrane of the larynx is likely to result.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 313

Treatment.—Where the breathing is excessively diffi-
cult, tracheotomy should be at once resorted to, as this is
a most valuable means of placing the larynx in a state of
rest. The throat should be freely fomented, and the
head steamed by either of the methods previously mentioned.
Nutrient enemas may be administered, and a free supply.
of nitrated water allowed. Administration of drenches is
not advisable, for the pharynx is involved in inflammation,
and the difficulty in swallowing may lead to entry of some
fluid through the glottis, with its resulting -ill-conse-
quences. When the disease tends to assume a subacute
character a stimulating application may be applied to
the throat. The compound liniment of cantharides is

 

Fic. 60.—Tracheotomy Tube. (Armatage.)

about the best. These cases are generally of an acute
‘and urgent character.

 

Fr¢. 61.—Animal wearing Tracheotomy Tube. (Armatage.)

To perform the operation of tracheotomy.—The head
being extended, the operator feels along the front
of the neck for the most superficial position of the
trachea. This having been found at about the centre
of the neck, a longitudinal incision, about two inches in
314 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

length, is made through the skin and muscle on to’ the
trachea, and the edges of the wound being held apart by
hooks, portions of two consecutive cartilaginous rings are
removed with a scalpel, so that a circular orifice extends
into the trachea large enough to admit the tracheotomy
tube (see Fig. 60); the latter is then inserted and
retained by a band passing round the neck and attached

on each side of its plate (see Fig. 61). It must be-

cleaned daily until, when a hand is kept over the orifice,
no impediment to breathing occurs. It must then be
permanently removed and the wound daily dressed with
carbolic glycerine until it closes. The opening in the
trachea becomes filled with fibrous substance or ossifi-
cation of the rings involved results. Care must be
taken lest the excised portions of cartilage fall into the
trachea. The operation may be performed on the animal
whether standing or lying. Sometimes it is supplanted
by Laryngotomy, which presents no special advantages
in the ox. It consists in perforation of the crico-thyroid
membrane, but the inferior position of the body of the

 

Fie. 62.—Larynx and Os hyoides of the ox. a. Epiglottis. &. Inferior
extremity of long cornua. (Simonds.)

thyroid in the ox is rather an impediment. Besides this,
the larynx in bovines is remarkable for its simplicity,
the absence of ventricles aud the high attachment of the

_ wide epiglottis, which has a rounded apex. The connec-
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 315

tion with the hyoid bone is less direct than in the
horse. ae

Pharyngotomy.—After giving an account of an “ epi-
demic affection of the upper air-passages,’’ which is evidently
the disease we have mentioned as diphtheria, Youatt says:
“When there is no great external enlargement and yet
much difficulty of breathing exists and suffocation is
threatened, there is reason to apprehend that the pharynx,
or some factitious pouch which nature has suddenly formed
for the fluid, or (yet very rarely, for they are small in the
ox) the guttural pouches. (?), or the commencement of the
communication between the mouth and ear, are filled with
pus.” In such cases he recommends the performance of
an operation similar to that known as hyovertebrotomy in
the horse. In the present day we would operate through -
the mouth for this condition.

Tomours or THE Larynx due to serous accumulations
beneath the glottal mucous membrane, cancerous growths,
&c., are not frequent in the ox. They prove serious
impediments to respiration.

Fractures of the Laryngeal Cartilage may take place
from injury ; union ensues, the earthy deposit uniting the
fractured edges sometimes forms a tumour projecting
beneath the laryngeal mucous membrane. Tumours of
neighbouring parts or impactions in the cesophagus may
impede respiration by pressure on the air-passages.

The trachea has more numerous rings and differs from
that of the horse, in that the ends of the cartilages meet to
form an acute angle posteriorly. There is a small special
bronchus given off from the right side of the tube some
distance before its termination. Though the dorsal
vertebree and ribs of the ox are much less numerous
than those of the horse they are larger, and the posterior
ribs are longer, and therefore the differences between the
size of the thorax in the two animals is not so great as
might be expected. The most essential reduction depends
on the way the diaphragm bulges in the ox, so that
it extends to opposite the sixth and seventh ribs; The
flat sternum of the ruminant allows him to comfortably
316 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

repose on the inferior surface of the trunk while chewing
the cud; for, thanks to the synovial union between the
sternal and vertebral ribs, supero-inferior compression
leads to lateral expansion of the chest. Synovial union
of the first bone of the sternum with the second facili-
tates this. To this point of conformation also is attri-
buted the fact that the ox in the emergencies of pul-
monary disease often remains in the recumbent posi-
tion, a marked contrast to the persistent standing of

     
   

  
 
 
 

 
 
            
  

: : A .
oN Hn Se
bs “4 i = i A ey
at NIN A =
o y, ye -_ a
Va " HN he BS

   
  
  
    

nt \h ie i
+ ae

       

AA
att Te
oe a :

\
es l, Pi is Nh

  
 

‘e

Fig. 63.—Healthy lungs of the ox, seen from above. Showing the extra
lobe of the right lung with its bronchus (4). a. Trachea. e¢, Right
bronchus. d. Right bronchial tubes. (Simonds.)

the horse under similar circumstances. A study of
the arrangement of the respiratory muscles in ruminants
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 317

serves to give much information as to their respiratory
uses.

Broneuttis—Inflammation of the Lining Membrane of
the Trachea and Bronchial Tubes—is of comparatively fre-
quent occurrence in the ox, depending either on the ordi-
nary cause of respiratory disorders, exposure, or on
extension of inflammation from the larynx and Schnei-
derian membrane. Also it may be due to mechani-
cal causes, the entry of solid or liquid particles into
the air-passages during temporary laxity of the glottis,
and the development and residence of parasites in the
lungs.

Symptoms.—Besides the ordinary signs of inflamma-
tion the pulse is remarkably hard, and the respirations are
increased out of all ordinary relation tothe beats of the pulse,
the inspirations being difficult, and each effort short and
imperfect. The animal does not look at the side, nor flinch
at pressure on it. The cough is paroxysmal, frequent, and —
very distressing. The visible mucous membranes are purple
through defective oxidation, and there is a considerable
amount of debility present, due to the same cause. Ausculta-
tion in the early stages gives various results according as
the larger or smaller air-tubes are involved ; later, both are
affected, as well as the lung-tissue in general. Rhonchus
or sibilus, according to the region auscultated, in the
early stages, and the mucous rale later in the attack,
may be present ; sometimes, also, we find intermittent
loss of sound in some parts of the lung, due to mu-
cous accumulations plugging the bronchial tubes. In
some cases this latter condition may occur permanently,
and loss of small portions of the lung result. This
is much less important than the similar state in the
horse. The functionless parts atrophy and often burst,
and the neighbouring air-vesicles enlarge somewhat.
Percussion gives healthy results from every part of the
chest. The dry stage of the bronchi is succeeded by pro-
fuse discharge from the nostrils, which passes through
the usual phases, from watery to muco-purulent. This
‘relieves the inflammation, and recovery may now com-
318 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

mence. Sometimes the disease afterwards assumes a
chronic character. Death may result from suffocation as
when the effused fluid blocks up the air-passages and fills
the pulmonary cells, or from imperfect blood oxidation, or
from extension of the disease to the lungs, pleura, or
larynx.

Post-mortem examination shows the air-passages blocked
up with frothy fluid, and their lining mucous membrane
discolored. The lungs have a sodden appearance, and
are also congested.

Treatment must be directed to support of the strength
of the patient, the promotion of resolution, and the avoid-
ance of lapse into the chronic stage. The animal must
be most carefully nursed, allowed a free supply of pure
air, a liberal supply of tempting food, and unlimited
nitrated water. The air-passages must be steamed and
stimulating applications applied to the sides and along
the course of the trachea ; these must not prove excessively
irritating nor vesicant. When the. bowels are torpid
enemas may be administered, but not cathartics, for
though, in the ox, the alimentary mucous membrane does:
not so readily become involved, together with that of the
respiratory passages, as in the horse, want of judgment in
this respect may cause diarrhcea, and fatally tax the
strength of the already debilitated patient. Aconite or
belladonna may be used to control febrile excitement.
When the patient commences to rally, diffusible stimu-
lants with vegetable tonics will prove most beneficial.

Chronic Bronchitis is frequent in the ox; it sometimes
is a sequela of the acute form, but more frequently by far
results from scrofulous disorder. The lungs, in these
cases, non-specific as well as specific, undergo various
changes. The most-remarkable of these are asthma, em-
physema, consolidation. The symptoms common to the
two are a persistent hacking cough, general unthriftiness, _
and tendency to slight asthenic febrile attacks. Emacia-
tion becomes very marked, and the respirations are want-
ing in depth. The animal is unequal to the slightest
exertion.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 319

Asthma consists in inflammation of the muscular coat
of the bronchial tubes, which atrophies, whereby either
dilatation of the tubes occurs, or, since due supply of
air to each air-cell is not regulated, these become dilated,
and eventually ruptured, so that air escapes into the
interlobular areolar tissue. The latter condition is known
as interlobular emphysema ; the former is vesicular emphy-
sema. Dilatation of an air-cell leads to impervious con-
dition of the beautiful capillary network on its walls,
and so atrophy of the affected part of the lung is pro-
duced. The conditions observed in addition to these in
scrofulous bronchitis have been already denoted. We
can do nothing to cure these states, and but little to pal-
late them. Stimulant tonics, easily digestible food, and
quiescence, will keep the animal alive for some time,
but the owner will generally prefer destruction of the
patient.

Parasitical Bronchitis, “ husk,” “ hoose,” or “ hoast ;”
phthisis pulmonalis verminalis.,—This disease is of frequent
occurrence among calves under a year old; it certainly is
seen in older animals when they are in a debilitated con-
dition, but seldom proves fatal in such cases, though it
sometimes causes considerable mortality among calves, for
in them there is not sufficient constitutional stamina to
enable them to resist the debilitating effects of the para-
sites. In the older animal the parasites may be found in
numbers in the lungs, even when no special indications of
their presence have been given; but it must be clearly
understood that their ill effects are directly proportional
to the strength of. constitution of the patient and the
number of the parasites. These worms are known as
Strongylus micrurus, the same parasite as is found so fre-
quently in the lungs of the ass. They are armed nema-
todes, and. are also found sometimes in the alimentary
canal, and Williams notes their presence in the heart and
blood-vessels in some cases. Hence it, is inferred that
they arrive at the lungs by entry of the alimentary canal
with the food, boring a passage nto the blood-vessels,
passing .with the current of blood through the blood-
320 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

vessels, and from the latter into the bronchial tubes,
The arguments which have been brought to support
this, the most, probable, view are that this is undoubtedly
the method of distribution of many forms of parasites,
and the disease is most frequent and the worm in the
lungs are most numerous in young animals in which the
tissues are most readily permeable. Other views are
those of direct migration from the alimentary canal and
entry through the larynx. There is no evidence to sup-
port the former view; the latter is based upon the idea
that it is possible for entry to occur even in spite of
the coughing, which would result from the passage
of the worms through the glottis; this is rather doubtful.
Again, they might, when immature and small, be carried
in with the inrush of air during inspiration. This view
does not account for the boring armature of the animal,
and it has not been found en voyage. As is usual with
parasitic affections, this disease is prevalent in wet seasons,
on low lands which are liable to flooding. It is seen par-
ticularly in calves kept out late in the autumn, and as a
result of feeding over land which has been previously
pastured by affected animals. It attacks a number of
animals at once, and the weakest are the first to give
way. The special nature of the irritant determines cer-
tain special features in the symptoms. Thus, acute
febrile signs are absent, except when the debility causes
that form of fever known as hectic. This only is observable
in the later stages. The cough is remarkably forcible,
distressing, and of a special hacking and paroxysmal
character. It leads to the expulsion of stringy mucus,
in which parasites may be detected or their ova observed
under a low power of the microscope. The attack has a
subacute character, and proves very exhausting. Thus,
emaciation rapidly increases,“ and diarrhoea sets in as a
complication. The parasites, embedded in stringy mucus, |
lie intertwined in groups, or stretched against the bron-—
chial mucous membrane. When in balls they block up
the air-passages ; they also cause spasm of the bronchial
tubes. Thus, they seriously impede respiration, which is
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. - ys

always remarkably laboured in’ this disease. It will be ob-
served, however, on autopsy, that little exudation into the
air-passages has taken place, and that, though the mucous
membrane is purple, it has not undergone such an amount
of change as & priori might have been anticipated. This is
attributable to the fact that the. irritant is a living one,
capable of altering its position, and simply occupying its na-
tural habitat. When the lungs of an animal which has been
affected with this disorder, but has recovered, are examined,
it will be found that the worms have become encysted, and
have undergone caldareous degeneration, forming nodular
calcareous deposits in the lungs. The average duration
of an attack is two or three weeks.

_ Treatment.—Though we are not assured of all the
phases in the life history of Strongylus micrurus, we know
that when ova are expelled from the lungs on to pastures
they undergo changes which are dependent upon warmth
and moisture in some way or other, and result in the
assumption by the immature parasite of the state in
which it is fit to gain entry into the alimentary canal with
food or water. It remains for some little time in the
primee viee, and then becomes comparatively inaccessible. .

Prevention, therefore, consists in housing all severely
affected animals, and destruction of bedding materials and
other matters on which the discharges from the patients
fall; removal of all the slightly diseased to high and dry
pastures, giving them a judicious supply of water not,
liable to -be contaminated, and rock salt; feeding them
liberally with strengthening diet and administering doses
of iron tonics which are anthelmintic. With regard to
the housed animals they must be treated with stimulant
tonics and carefully nursed. Williams has seen excellent —
results from administration of prussic acid, which allays
- bronchial irritation and destivoys the worms, but most
authorities seem to prefer more energetic treatment with
a view to actual expulsion of the parasites. Thus, tur-
‘ pentine is much landed, since it is excreted to a certain
extent through the bronchial mucous membrane, and is
supposed to render their habitat uncomfortable to the para-

21
322 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

sites. Fumigations with chlorine, carbolic acid (coal-tar
smoke), and sulphurous anhydride, are supposed to kill the
entozoa. They certainly cause such an amount of coughing
as leads to expulsion of a very considerable number, but
it is highly probable that parasites can stand a more severe
dose of these agents than the calves can. Therefore,
though these means should be tried they must not supplant
the stimulant tonic treatment above suggested. The
usual method of fumigation is to collect the patients into
a loose box with closed doors and windows. In this the
gas is generated as long as the operator is able to bear it,
then the apparatus is removed, and the patients left
exposed tothe gas for about a quarter of an hour accord-
ing to their state and the judgment of the veterinary
surgeon. The liberation of chlorine is brought about by
the action of sulphuric acid, either on a mixture of
chloride of sodium and black oxide of manganese, or on
bleaching powder. Sulphurous anhydride may be procured
by burning sulphur. Finally, we must insist on the avoid-
ance of pastures notorious for generating hoose ; especially
must caution farmers against keeping animals on them in
the later summer months, when the disease is acquired and
manifests itself towards the latter part of autumn. As
has been so frequently urged by. Dr. Coszoxp, parasitic
disorders of this kind are of national importance, and,
therefore, should be taken cognizance of by the govern-
ment with a view to prevention. Failing this, energetic.
well directed action on the part of our agricultural societies
could materially reduce the prevalence of these formidable
diseases. Agents used in the treatment of husk are some-
times administered through the nostrils. Of course, this has
no advantage over the method of oral adminstration. It is
possible that beneficial effects may result from diffusion of
such an agent as turpentine over the nasal mucous mem-
brane, whereby it can impregnate thoroughly the inspired
air. It also will give rise to violent efforts at expulsion.
by sneezing.

Putmonary ConcEstTion occasionally occurs in the ox
under an acute form, as a result of over-driving and over-
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 823

work, when it is manifested by extreme dyspnoea, pro-
fuse cold perspirations, coldness of the extremities, and
extreme rapidity of the pulse, which is scarcely perceptible,
‘also frequent respirations, and, sometimes, a mucous
discharge from the nostrils intermingled with blood. The
patient occupies the recumbent position, coughs frequently,
and has a wild haggard look.

‘On post-mortem examination the lungs are found to be
enlarged, of a dark red colour, and increased specific
gravity. The cavities of the heart are gorged with black
blood, which also flows from a section of the lung sub-
stance. The bronchial tubes are filled with frothy, often
sanguineous mucus. ‘This state is liable to be complicated
by ‘rupture of the vessels and extravasation of blood.
This is termed Punmonary AporLexy, and very seriously
increases the complexity of the case, for the blood thus
thrown out does not readily become absorbed, and per-
manently interferes with the function of a part of the
lung varying according to the amount extravasated.

Subacute pulmonary congestion may be seen in the later
stages of blood diseases and anzmic conditions, being one
of the metastatic congestions due to deficient nerve force
most liable to bring about the death of the patient. Thus,
it is not infrequent, and is denoted by the above-men-
tioned symptoms manifested less urgently and appearing

slowly. In all such cases stimulants are required ; they

act in two principal ways, by rousing the weakened heart
to increased vigour of contraction and by stimulating the
nervous structure of the lungs, whereby the tone of the
vessels is resumed and the congestion overcome, Measures
must be taken to diffuse the blood which is abnormally
heaped up in the lungs by such means as hand-rubbing,
hay bandaging or stimulating the extremities. Stimu-
lants, too, may be applied to the sides, and the patient
clothed and nursed with care. Tonic agents may subse-
quently be called for.

| Hawoprrsis is Bleeding from the Lungs. The flow of
blood may be somewhat profuse, and vary in colour. It
is intermingled with mucus, and takes place from the nose
324 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and mouth. It results from acute pulmonary congestion,
from laceration-of the lung substance, or from specific
disorders, such as give rise to ulceration in the lurigs (as
phthisis) or as cause subacute congestion of those organs. ©
The amount of blood which thus escapes is not often
considerable and the flow will cease spontaneously, but
sometimes cold applications to the sides and administration
of hemostatics are indicated.

Pyevmonitis—Inflammatory Pnewmonia (Inflammation of
the Lungs)—varies in its nature at the commencement of
an attack according to the parts primarily involved. Thus
we find three forms described :

I. Orupous or lobar, due to blood disease, is preceded
by acute congestion, which is followed by accumulations,
mainly in the air-cells, of lymphy deposit intermingled
with leucocytes, proliferating epithelial cells, and extrava-
sated red corpuscles. Thus, the lung over a considerable
‘part of its extent is rendered firm, and is found granular
and somewhat mottled on section. This condition is red
hepatization. It is succeeded by more marked prolifera-
tion of the epithelial cells and increased escape of leu-
cocytes, and thus the air-cells becomes blocked up with
young cells, which subsequently undergo fatty degenera-
tion; this is grey hepatization. Softening of the
deposits may occur as a secondary'process. The inter-
lobular areolar tissue is the seat of lymphy deposit, and
constitutes yellowish bands extending across the cut
surface of the lung.

I. Broncho-pnewmonia—Lobular or Catarrhal Inflam-
mation of the Iwngs—results from extension of bronchitis
into the pulmonary vesicles. Sometimes it depends upon
reflux of inflammatory products; in other cases it is
determined by the perversion of function which is
brought about by diminished supply of air. The air-
cells become blocked up with the inflammatory products
of mucous membrane; the inflamed parts of the lung
therefore undergo one form of grey consolidation. It
leads to congestion, collapse, and emphysema. As a
result of the inflammation, a serous effusion takes place
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 325

into the interlobular tissue, so that in an acute case the
lungs have a sodden appearance.

III. Interstitial pneumonia or lung induration is a
chronic form consisting in hyperplasia of the interlobular
areolar tissue, due to persistence of disease in this struc-
ture after the more acute attack in the other lung elements
has subsided. It results in diminution in size of the air-
vesicles which undergo atrophy, in great firmness of lung
tissue, and extensive emphysema. Sometimes it is an
effect of broncho-pneumonia, in other cases of pleuritis.

There can be no doubt that each of these forms of pneu-
monia occurs in the ox. The crowpous or exudative form
in pleuro-pneumonia zymotica, in which its exudative and
lobar characters are well marked and the mottled state of
the section is very evident. The catarrhal form results from
exposure, alternations of temperature, and other like causes
to those which originate bronchitis. Sometimes it depends
on the entry of acrid medicines and solid particles into the
lungs, as seen when the protective influence of laryngeal
sensibility is interfered with, as in parturient apoplexy, or
when the pneumogastrics have been injured. Besides the
ordinary signs of fever we find that there is a suppressed |
cough, and the animal generally lies, but sometimes stands
with the muzzle protruded. The extremities are of variable
temperature until the latter stages, when they are persist-
ently cold. The pulseis frequent, and afterwards becomes
rapid, small, and weak. The breathing is accompanied by
a grunt, andis even, short, and quick. Ausculation shows
at first crepitus, but the vesicular murmur is soon lost ;
percussicn gives a dull sound. As the disease progresses
suppuration or gangrene may supervene. The former
result is rare, except when due to specific disorder, as the
impactment of emboli in the blood-vessels. It is indi-
cated by rapidly increasing debility, a peculiar resonance
of the cough, and the cavernous rale. Also a purulent
discharge passes up from the lungs and sometimes this
contains the débris of the disorganised tissue. When gan-
grene takes place, there is a rapid sinking of the patient,
sudden fall of temperature, coldness of the extremities, and
326 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

a very foctid condition of the breath, as also of the nasal
discharge, and the pulse runs down. In cases of lung dis-
ease we generally find that pressure of the enlarged organs
on the posterior vena cava causes congestion of the liver, as
denoted by yellowness of the visible mucous membranes.
It is also been noted that in the dry stage of inflammation
respiration is interfered with, but that when exudation
takes place, the patient experiences sudden relief.

Treatment.—The prospects of eure depend very con-
siderably on the extent of the disease, for if the two lungs
be involved the blood will remain unoxygenated, and
also be overloaded with impurities. Bleeding is admissible
under these circumstances. Itis most likely to produce a
prompt cessation of the inflammatory process, and also to
a certain extent removes impurities from the system.
It is only to be adopted in the earliest stage of the
disease. Later, and’ in. conjunction with this, we must
administer aconite and other sedatives, while we endeavour
to excite the kidneys and skin to increased action by saline
febrifuges and ether. The bowels should be relaxed by
enemas. Hxternally stimulants must be freely applied to
the sides and along the course of the trachea, the limbs
must be hand-rubbed, bandaged, and stimulated. Pure
air must be freely allowed, but the animal kept warmly
clothed: When active febrile symptoms have subsided
and secondary lung changes are taking place, our main
reliance must be upon diffusible stimulants and sometimes
‘vegetable tonics. This is especially necessary when there
is a tendency to suppuration and grangrene. We are not
prepared to reject the plan of active stimulation of the
body surface in pneumonitis; though some practitioners
carry it to excess, its beneficial effects in some cases of
this nature will have been evident to all experienced
cattle pathologists. We are inclined to attribute the
benefit rather to reflex than to direct action.

The animal after recovery is liable to permanent changes
of the lungs, which will not interfere with its adaptation
for various uses. These changes are not so prejudicial to
fitness for duties as they would be in the horse.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 827

Interstitial pneumonia has been described by some
uthors under the heading emphysema. The latter state
3 one of its results. Besides the causes already mentioned
t may be due to the constant presence of effete matter
nthe blood. The large amount of areolar tissue of the
ungs of the ox must be considered a predisposing cause.
The symptoms manifested by an animal suffering from
his form of pneumonia are obscure. ‘The patient is
nanifestly unwell, and there is increasing anemia. The
ikin is yellow and scurfy, and the bowels are irritable,
\uscultation shows absence or diminution of the vesicular
nurmur in the diseased and increase in the healthy parts,
yut percussion does not give definite results.s Finally, the
weemia proves fatal, and after death the lungs are found
irm, pale, and markedly emphysematous. The right side
of the heart is hypertrophied. Cases of this kind are.
shronic and unsatisfactory. Stimulant tonics and good
‘eeding with careful nursing are about the only means at
yur disposal. The absorbent action of iodide of potassium
nay be tried.

The effects of entry of non-respirable gases into the
ungs or of the passage of fluid matters in considerable
yuantity down the trachea are, primarily, asphyxia, but if
ihe animal be able to rally from this the catarrhal form of
meumonia supervenes (‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xiv, p. 257).

Sometimes Echinococcus cysts are found in the lungs.
(hey may be present in considerable number without our
ttention having been drawn to any sign of ill health in
he host. The cysts are formed by the areolar tissue,
condensed and altered by the presence of the parasite
nd enclosing it on every side. They may be deeply
mbedded in the substance of the organ or projecting on
he surface, and sometimes are in the stage of calcareous
legeneration. Wounds of the Lwngs are not so frequent,
or these organs are very.elastic. An interesting case of a
‘Cyst in the lung,” due probably to the passage of a
oreign body from the stomach, is given by Mr. Gerrard, of
tomford (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iv, p. 168). A laceration
f this organ leads to hemoptysis, but repair somewhat

ee
3828 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

readily takes place. The most frequent cause of laceration
is fracture of a rib with the extremities forced inwards.
“Tic” under this name has been described “ wind
sucking” of the ox. It has been observed in France,
and is due to indigestion.

The pleura of the ox differs from that of the horse, |
mainly in the fact that the lower part of the posterior
mediastinum is as stout as any other part of the median
septum of the chest. Hence an accumulation of fluid may
take place in one pleural sac only, a state of affairs not
often seen in the horse.

Puirveitis, Pieurisy.— Inflammation of the pleura
results from exposure, especially when east winds are
prevalent ; it then assumes an enzootic, or even epizootic
character. Italso occurs as a complication of pneumonia,
and a result of fractures of the ribs and other injuries.
Ii has been seen ina case of passage of a sharp agent from
the stomach, which gained exit from the body through the
thoracic walls. It is in some cases of a rheumatic character.
It may be circumscribed or diffused, unilateral or double.

Symptoms.—Besides the general signs of fever, the
pulse is small, quick, frequent, and hard. The respirations
are peculiar, being principally abdominal ; the inspiratory
efforts being cautious, and the expirations prolonged.
The patient usually stands with an anxious expression.
A sharp, suppressed, painful cough is present. Pain is
manifested on pressure between the intercostal spaces by
the animal flinching and giving a grunt. Auscultation
detects the friction sound in addition to the ordinary
respiratory murmurs. A sudden subsidence of the acute-
ness of the symptoms denotes when effusion into the pleural
sac has taken place (HyprorHorax). Then the pulse ©
becomes soft, but is still frequent and small. The breath- —
ing is laboured, with prolonged expiration, the thorax is
enlarged, for the ribs are separated from each other to the
greatest degree possible. Less pain is manifested on pres-
sure of the sides, and the animal feedsfreely. There have
been noted a peculiar flapping of the notrils, protrusion of
the muzzle, and an anxious expression. Dropsical swellings
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 329

appear, and the patient becomes very weak, and death
from asthenia results. Accumulation of fluid in the chest
rarely occurs except as a result of previous inflamma-
tory action. The most valuable indications of its presence
are afforded by auscultation and percussion. The latter
test gives a dull sound as high as the fluid has risen in
the chest; the former an absence of all sound below the
same fine,

Results——Resolution frequently follows proper treat-
ment, and the deposits become reabsorbed. If the
disease has existed for some time some of the deposits
will have become organised uniting the pulmonary with
the costal pleura. Often we find that the pleura of a healthy
animal is opaque in patches, or has slight stringy lymph
bands connected with it, as a result of a previous attack
of pleurisy. Death may take place in the earliest stage
from fever, or in the later stage after prolonged disease
from collapse of the lungs, in consequence of pressure
from effusion, or it may be the culmination of progressive
debility. :

Autopsy. —At first a congested condition of the pleura,
causing reddening and dryness, either diffused, localised,
or in patches ; later, opacity and lymph deposits, in various
stages of organisation, investing the pleural surface,
uniting the parietal and visceral layers of the membrane,
hanging as shreds in the effused lymph, or sepa-
rated as flocculi, which float in the effused serum, which
varies in quantity (sometimes amounting to several gal-
lons), colour (straw coloured or red), and _ turbidity,
Occasionally pus is found in the pleural sac, when the
condition is known as Empyzma (but this, when it does
occur, is generally due to a ruptured abscess of the lungs,
for instance). The pleura may, in very acute cases, be
gangrenous, its lymphy deposit dark and wanting in con-
sistency, and of an offensive odour. In hydrothorax the
lung or lungs are small, firm, and somewhat congested.

Treatment.—That suggested for broncho-pneumonia, _
may be. adopted, with the following modifications :—
Bleeding is not called for; laxative agents may be freely
330 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

administered, for there is no such tendency to diarrhea,
as is sometimes seen in pneumonia. External stimulation
must be resorted to under the form of mustard applica-
tions to the sides, or prolonged fomentation with hot water.
In the hydrothoracic stage nitre must be freely given in the
drinking-water. Digitalis is specially indicated as a seda-
tive agent, which materially promotes absorption. Iodide
of potassium and other resolvents are useful. The de-
position of false membranes, however, prevents absorption,
and the constantly increasing accumulation of fluid
threatens lung collapse. Under these circumstances
Paracentesis thoracis or Thoracentesis—“ tapping of the

Kf

   

Fie, 64,—Thoracentesis v. paracentesis thoracis. (Armatage.)

 

‘Fie. 65.—Thoracentesis. Primary incision, with the skin drawn to one
side. (Armatage:)

chest””—must be resorted to. This is performed as in

the horse; the sixth or seventh intercostal space, just

behind the point of the elbow, is chosen. A small trocar

and canula areused. The skin is drawn forwards (Fig. 65),

so that the external wound may not correspond with the
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 331

puncture into the chest. Itis pierced by means of a scalpel.
The trocar is theninserted through the thoracic wall at about
the centre of the lower third, near the anterior margin of
the rib. Directly the wall is punctured the canula is pushed
farther in, and the trocar withdrawn (Fig. 64). It is not
considered advisable to thoroughly empty the chest, and thus
suddenly and completely remove from the lung all the pres-
sure exerted by the fluid. Again, a rush inwards of air must
not be allowed. If a free flow of fluid does not occur, or
suddenly ceases, it may be due to lymph plugging the
tube; this must. be removed with a probe. In all cases
where empyema is diagnosed this operation must be
resorted to. It may require to be repeated two or three
times, and cases have been known to recover under this
treatment. Prognosis, however, is decidedly unfavorable.

PNevmotHorax is accumulation of gas in the pleural sac,

_ due either to injury of the lung or a wound communicating
with the exterior. If the opening be closed the air will be-
come absorbed.

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA SPORADICA.—We find that frequently
pneumonia and pleurisy are concomitant, the disease ori-
ginating either in the lungs or the pleura. The symptoms,
pathological changes, and methods of treatment which are
most beneficial are compounded of those of pleurisy and
pneumonitis, and do not here need recapitulation. The
case seems most like one of pleurisy in some instances, of
pneumonitis in others. The most important question for
consideration, with regard to this disorder, is in what
respects it is to be distinguished from the epizootic pleuro-
pneumonia. This is a matter of much importance,
especially to veterinary inspectors. The existence of
this sporadic disease has been denied, but most
unwarrantably.

Causes.—It cannot be attributed to contagion, but
results from exposure to cold, and other influences liable
to generate inflammation of the respiratory organs ; seldom
runs through a herd; several animals, similarly exposed,
may become simultaneously affected, but removal of the
cause leads to cessation of fresh cases ; is most prevalent in
832 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

inclement seasons, and is not usually found associated with
the introduction of a fresh lot of beasts on to a farm, nor
with exposure in fairs and markets.

Symptoms.—Acute febrile signs are present, the attack
is sudden, runs its course rapidly, and frequently termi-
nates in resolution. We seldom find one lung more
affected than the other, and the phases of the disease in
the different parts of the lung are uniform.

Post-mortem appearances show the lung disease as
rather of the catarrhal than the croupous form. Both
lungs are generally uniformly involved. The section
presents a marked appearance, but not the variety of
colour seen in the other form—the yellow bands are not
so evident. With the exception of the intercostals the
muscular system presents no special change.

The diaphragm of the ox is very upright. The
muscular fibres gain attachment in a bipenniform manner
to a tendon running from above downwards centrally,
to just above foramen sinistrum. This arrangement is
very special.

Rupture or THE DiapHRAcm is sometimes seen in the ox ;
it is generally complicated with hernia. In some cases
it seems to be rather congenital deficiency than true
rupture.
THE URINE AND URINARY APPARATUS. 333

CHAPTER VI.—DISHASES OF THE URINE AND
URINARY APPARATUS.

Wu find that in the ox the kidneys are lobulated,
since they retain the division into parts observable in the
foetus; they are large, and present well-marked papille

A. Cc.

   

  

Fie. 66.—Kidney of the ox. A. Right: supero-external surface. B. Left:

infero-internal surface. C. Left: showing calyces. (After Chauveau.) ,
and calycine divisions of the pelvis. The bladder is
thoroughly invested by peritoneum, and is of considerable
size, The curve in the penis of the male interferes with
the passage of the catheter. Also the urethral passage is
small and situated deeply in the substance of the penis.
334 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

In the female a small mucous pouch, which opens back-
wards, may be found on the floor of the vulva, just behind
the termination of the urethra. In passing the catheter
some care must be taken to avoid this cul-de-sac. The
urine of the ox is alkaline, of a light yellow colour, having
a specific gravity of 1032 to 1040. Boussingault estimates
the average amount passed at 7°2 kgrs. in twenty-four
hours, and his analyses show that as compared with the
urine of the horse that of the ox contains more water, hip-
purate of potash (16-5—4:7), sulphate of potash and chlo-
ride of sodium, and much less urea (18°5—31), and scarcely
any carbonate of lime (0°6—10°8). Fromthe prepuce of the
male hang downwards long hairs in a tuft of a considerable
size. The urine flows in small straight stream while the
animal stands still. The cow postures herself for expulsion
of urine, and evacuates forcibly and in large stream.

Disorders of the urinary system naturally ‘divide into
those of the secretory organ and the product of the
secretory process, on the one hand; of the urinary passages
and the accumulation and evacuation, on the other.

Section 1.—ABNoRMALITIES or THE URINE.

The production of fluid may be excessive or the reverse,
may be perverted, or matters may be abnormally added.

‘DiaBEres SIMPLEX, v. Insirrpus.—Profuse urination is
dependent on excess of water in the blood (hydremia),
or on the presence in that fluid of some diuretic principle.
Thus, it is sometimes observed as a crisis of fevers, and
is nature’s means of removal of impurities from the
blood. The total daily product of urine is in excess of the
normal, but its specific gravity is decreased, and there
is a deficiency of colour, The patient is very thirsty,
and some fever may be present. The bowels are torpid,
the appetite depraved, and the visible mucous membranes
very pale. Anemia is present, and may increase to even
a fatal degree. This can hardly be considered a disease,
but rather a symptom of unsatisfactory composition of the
blood. It must not be too hastily checked, but the
THE URINE AND URINARY APPARATUS. 835

animal allowed a free supply of food and drinking water, ’
and nursed, care being taken to change the diet. Later,
doses of iodide of potassium will be found beneficial.
Special care should be taken that the skin be kept healthy,
and the bowels may be aroused into activity by a laxative
dose. Tonics may be required in the later stage. The
-adminstration of laxatives is especially called for, since
food containing excess of moisture, or impure, or rank,
is liable to cause diabetes. Autopsy shows signs of anzmia.
This condition is rare.

Non-srcretion or Urine seriously affects the blood,
giving rise to the condition know as uremia. It is seen
experimentally after excision of both kidneys, also to a
less degree in inflammation of these organs, especially —
when both are involved. Then the impurities in the
blood prove actually poisonous, though the liver and skin
endeavour, to a certain extent, to perform the duties of
the kidneys in addition to their own labours. This also
is but a symptom of disease, and must be treated with the
state upon which it depends. Sometimes there is defi-.
cient secretion of urine, as in fever, and that which is
passed is of high specific gravity in consequence of the
large amount of extractives it contains. A similar state,
but of a chronic character, is due to deficient supply of.

- water for drinking purposes when the patient has been fed
on dry food. This certainly predisposes to calculous disor-
ders of the urinary passages. It is seen in draught beasts
in dry countries, or when animals are turned out on upland
pastures in hot, dry weather. Parkes estimates the amount
of water necessary for a working ox on dry food at 6—8
‘gallons per diem.

Hamaruria.—Occurrence of blood in the urine depends
upon injuries, acute congestion, or ulceration of the-
kidneys or urinary passages. Sometimes also upon exces-
sive, indiscriminate, administration of diuretics or ingestion
of acrid plants. Straining, leaping on each other, and

falling into ditches are the most frequent cause of injury.
This is an accompaniment of some forms of blood disease,
and is often symptomatic of the presence of calculi.
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

mptoms.—The urine contains blood in a coagulated
tion, There is pain on pressure of the loins, the
al stands “in a heap ” with the back arched, moves
difficulty, and with a stiff staggering gait. There is
ent passage of a small amount of urine. The
at stands, and suffers from a variable amount of
athetic fever. Sometimes this is associated with
‘es caused at the same time. In one case clots
ne fixed in the urethra and interfered with the flow
rine, causing the symptoms of retention of urine.
il exploration should be made in all cases of this
to determine whether any injury of the vertebre is
nt, in which case there is likely also to be paralysis.
ae female, also, examination should be made per
m,
eatment.—Generally consists in the endeavour to cure
ajury upon which this depends, but where the flow is
rapid cold enemas and cold-water applications to the
and such hemostatic agents as sulphuric acid and
cetate of lead may be given. Demulcent drinks are
eful adjunct to more active measures. The diet
ghout the attack, and for some time after, should be
ive; small doses of oil will be beneficial.
\BUMINURIA is treated of at some length by Armatage.
all us it is due to disordered digestion and excretion
iperfectly elaborated albumen by the kidneys. That
sults from irregular feeding and bad management,
rom diseases of the nervous and digestive systems.
mptoms.—A great desire to stretch at full length,
ipation, stiffness, and straddling gait. Respiration
erated, urine thick, mucilaginous, and dark coloured.
ire also told that this fluid may not exhibit ‘the
ary reactions of albumen, “but white precipitates
btained with nearly all the following :—Tincture of
solution of bichloride of mercury, alcohel ; solution
bnitrate of mercury, flesh colour; solution of ferro-
de of potassium, acidulated with acetic acid, gives a
: precipitate after being heated.’ Paralysis and coma
 Armatage considers this the same as Bright’s
THE URINARY APPARATUS, 337

disease in man, but it has not the chronic character of
that disorder, the kidneys are not found in a state of
granular degeneration after death, and the urine has not
been shown to contain disorganised renal substance and
casts of the tubuli uriniferi. The analogy between the
two diseases can hardly be considered to be established,
but we must consider albuminuria of the ox a symptom of
defective assimilation. It must, therefore, be treated by
a cathartic dose, liberal administration of readily digestible
food, and vegetable tonics. Measures must not be taken
to check the activity of the kidneys.

Section 2.—DiIsEAsES oF THE KIDNEY.

Neparitis—Inflammation of the Kidney—is not a fre-
quent disease of cattle. It is seen in working oxen, for
these are most liable to exposure when heated and to
strains. In the horse this disease may generally be
traced to excessive administration of diuretic agents to
improve condition, but sometimes to over-weighting and
want of harmony between the movements.of an awkward
rider and those of the horse. These influences do not
operate on the ox to such an extent, though the former
may be to him an occasional cause of this disease. In-
juries of various kinds and extension of inflammation from
neighbouring parts sometimes give rise to nephritis.

Symptoms.—Besides the general febrile signs we find
that if both kidneys be affected no urine is passed; if
only one, a diminished supply of urine of a thick. viscid
character, containing much albumen, and perhaps blood
and pus. This is frequently passed in small quantities, and
afterwards the patient continues to make ineffectual at-
tempts to urinate; passing the catheter or manual explora-
tion per rectum or vaginam shows that the bladder is
empty. There are generally obvious signs of colicky pain.
The patient stands, and moves stiffly, and with a straddling
_ painful gait. The back is arched, and acute pain is mani- -
fested on pressure of the loins. In the latter stages
uremic complications set in, denoted by double pulse,

: 22
338 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

considerably increased fever, urinous sweats, foetid evacu-
ations of faces, and paralysis. In some cases the
diagnosis of this disorder will be found very difficult.

On post-mortem examination, one or both kidneys are
found disorganised, enlarged, and reddened. Lymphy
deposits occur in parts of the organ, and sometimes sup-
purative changes which lead to formation of abscesses.
Gangrene of these organs is seldom seen. In chronic
cases, cystic disease due to accumulation of fluid in the
Malpighian corpuscles, with blocking of their tubes and
atrophy, are present. Hypertrophy of these corpuscles
may often be observed in the undiseased kidney.

Treatment.—Bleeding is indicated as exerting a seda-
tive influence and removing a considerable amount of

' effete matter from the blood. The bowels and skin should

be aroused to activity to relieve the kidneys, Aconite
may be required as a febrifuge. Warm water to the
loins or the application of a fresh sheep skin to the
same part is decidedly beneficial, and warm enemas are
useful as fomentations. Digitalis applied as a decoc-
tion to the skin is recommended by Williams as a means
of exciting the secretion of urine when uremic intoxica-
tion sets in. When pain is excessive, doses of opium
must be given. Thoughout the attack cantharides, tur-
pentine, and other stimulants which act on the kidneys,
must not be applied to the surface.

Asscgss or THE Kipnzy is denoted by passage of a con-
siderable amount of pus with the urine. It most often
depends on calculus. Little can be done in such cases
except to support the strength of the patient. This
condition may be secondary, due to emboli or to specific
blood diseases.

Rewnat Catcutus of the ox is not infrequent. Generally
there are several of these concretions situated in the
calyces of the pelvis. They are irregular in form, are
dense and laminated. ‘ And as they increase in size cause
absorption of the medullary structure of the kidney; and
to a certain extent interfere with the function of the organ. oe
(Morton). They vary considerably in size and in their
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 3839

effects on the animal. Sometimes they cause no notice-
able symptoms; in other cases there are signs of sup-
purative nephritis, but of a chronic character. The
uncertainty of diagnosis and the deeply-seated position of
the concretion are impediments to remedial measures
Stimulants freely administered, and opiates when there is
much pain, may be tried. The value of the so-called
lithontriptics, hydrochloric acid, for example, in such cases
is probably nil. These caleuli must be considered to
result from an excess of salines or deficiency of water in
the urine; probably a portion of inspissated mucus forms
the nucleus. Cases of free incision through the side and
removal of calculus fromthe kidney through the wound
have, I believe, been known, but there are many objec-
tions to this bold operation. It is better, if possible,
to fatten the patient for the butcher.

Parasites have been observed in the kidney of ‘the ox,
but are less frequent than in the horse.

Enceruatorp Cancrr of the kidney. Professor Walley
records a case in the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. ii, 1878,
P- 9. It was associated with similar tumours in the omen-
‘tum, and nothing was known of the history of the case.

Srction 3.—ABNORMALITINS oF THE Urinary Passacus.

Sometimes a small calculus passes from the kidney into
the ureter and there becomes impacted, either on account
of its size or of spasm of the tube. Then severe colicky
pains take place, with straining, stamping the feet, lashing
the tail, and perhaps looking round at the side, until re-
laxation supervenes and the concretion passes on into the
bladder. Occasionally diagnosis in such cases is possible
from exploration per anwm, when the stone may be re-
moved by incision through the wall of the bowel. This
operation is seldom called for. Sometimes the calculus
becomes fixed at the opening into the bladder, when
dilatation of the wreter and of the pelvis of the kidney
will result from accumulation of urine behind the obstruc-
tion. In these cases full doses of opium are indicated
840 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

when pain is excessive ; it acts as an anodyne and relaxes
spasm of muscular fibres.

The bladder is subject to several serious disorders,
Of these the most important are associated with either
retention, incontinence, strangury, and dysury—symptoms
of disorder mostly dependent on several causes.

Rerention or Urine must be distinguished from Ischury.
In the latter case no urine is secreted, as may be seen in
nephritis. Retention is non-passage, attributable either to
obstruction or to want of expelling power. We are fre-
quently told by cowmen that the patient has not passed
any waterfor some time; this must be interpreted as “ has
not been seen to urinate,” it generally is a false alarm.
The retention may be due to loss of power of the bladder,
depending on nervous lesions, as in apoplectic cases; to
spasm of the neck of the organ, with or without inflamma-
tion; blocking up of the urethral passage by calculi or
lymph ; the pressure of a hardened mass of faeces in the rec-
tum may have this effect. The secretion of urine continues,
the longer, therefore, this state remains the more urgent
the symptoms ; but in cases due to nervous lesions accumu-
lation may take place to a sufficient extent to rupture the -
bladder without any appreciable signs of discomfort.
Under other circumstances the animal is very uneasy,
lashes the tail about, shifts the hind limbs, and sometimes
rises and lies down again frequently. He repeatedly en-
deavours to micturate, and perhaps looks round at the
flank. There is always an anxious expression of counte-
nance. Exploration per rectum et vaginam discloses
the distended state of the bladder, and also ascertains
whether any cause exists in either of these parts to account
for the obstruction. Sometimes simple pressure on the
organ will rouse it to action, a point of great importance
in the male, in whom this accident most frequently occurs,
for the sigmoid flexure of the penis of this animal com-
plicates the passing of the catheter, which is the next.
measure which suggests itself. The same form of catheter
is used for both male and female in cattle practice. It is
a metal tube, about 24 inches long, and with a calibre of
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 341

about 4 inch, somewhat curved, blind at one rounded
extremity, but perforated at its sides just within this, open
at the other (see fig. 77, p. 894). The operator, standing on
the right (“‘near’’) side of the cow, passes the left hand, with
the index finger over the rounded end of the tube, into the
vulva, and thus introduces this end into the urethral opening ~
on the floor of the canal, avoiding the cul-de-sac placed
just behind the orifice. When the instrument enters the
bladder a rush of urine takes place. This easy operation
must be performed whenever a cow remains recumbent for
an unusual length of time. In the male the course of the
urethra must be traced to its extreme posterior part, and
an incision made into it behind the ischial arch. Through

 

Fig. 67.—Passing the Catheter in the ox. (Armatage.)

this the catheter may be passed. The animal will not
require to be cast; indeed, this would not be satisfactory
in the highly distended state of the bladder. The wound
may be closed with a suture if it does not seem that
evacuation will require to be repeated. The method of
prepubic puncture has been suggested, and might well be
performed in the ox if the symptoms be very urgent.
Incontinence or Urine (diwresis).—Constant dribbling
of urine may result either from relaxation of the urethral
canal at its commencement (the contact of whose walls is
now deemed the true physiological means of preventing
342 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the escape of the accumulating urine), or from irritability
of the bladder, as in certain disorders of its lining mem-
brane or a cystic calculus; also where the urine is abnor-
mally acrid and laden with irritating material ; thus, we
have noticed its presence in hematuria. Sometimes it
may be deemed advisable to inject demulcents into the
bladder. A free exhibition of fluids will dilute the urine
and render it less acrid. In all cases the cause must be
removed. ;

Dysvria is pain in expulsion of urine, seen in inflam-
mation of the urethral canal, presence of cystic calculus,
and some other cases. .

StRANGURY, as seen in spasm or inflammation of the neck
of the bladder, is painful passage of urine guttatim.

Cystitis, inflammation of the bladder, is very rare,
though it may arise from several different causes, such as
excessive use of certain diuretics,.cantharides more espe-
cially, injuries, and extension of inflammation from neigh-
bouring parts. It is also said to be attributable to
acrimony of the urine. The inflammation may involve
part or the whole of the organ. The neck is most fre-
quently the seat of the circumscribed form, probably as a
result of spasm. The lining membrane may become
involved in catarrhal diseases of the urethra. When the
greater part of the organ is affected examination per
rectum detects heat. and pain on pressure of the bladder.
There is retention | of urine, which, when evacuated, is
found to be bloody, albuminous, and thick, with a con-
siderable quantity of mucus. Colicky pains, looking
round at the flank, and uneasiness are present, spasmodic
contractions of the cremaster (in the bull), and acute
febrile signs.

Resulis.—Those enumerated are resolution, death from
exhaustion, rupture of the bladder, and uremia. With
regard to the latter, it must be a direct result of destruc-
tion of the vesical epithelium, for under normal conditions
this is a very decided impediment to reabsorption of
urine.

Treatment.—When possible, injection of mucilaginous
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 343

substances into the bladder, after drawing off its contents
with the catheter; al8o free administration of water and
mucilaginous drinks, warm-water applications to the
abdomen; warm sedative injections, as infusion of
poppies ; sedative and febrifuge agents, which are not
excreted by the kidneys. Of course, careful nursing is
required.

Spasm or THE Nucx or tHE Biapper is not frequent in
the ox, but some cases have been recorded.

Rupture or THE BrappeEr results from over-distension.
It is denoted by sudden cessation of the acute signs of reten-
tion, and especially collapse of the organ, as felt per rectum,
without any passage of the urine externally. Uremic
symptoms occur and bring about death, which may take
place from collapse or the bursting of the viscus. When
there is retention of urine, throwing the animal for
operation may cause this accident. Sometimes it has
occurred when the animal fell in dying. The state of the
peritoneum ought to inform us whether such has been the
case, or the flooding of the abdomen with urine took place
earlier. This lesion is, of course, fatal.

InveRsIOoN oF THE BLADDER is seen in the female animal,
and is due to violent parturient throes. Amatage has seen it.
follow the administration of irritant medicines. Youatt
quotes a case where the wall of the vagina rup-

-tured, and the bladder was herniated through it. The
practitioner in attendance punctured this, and the urine
escaped. In a true case of inversion (prolapsus vesice)
the organ appears as a red tumour, projecting from the
floor of the vulva, and having urine constantly trickling
from it. Thus, the urine constantly drops from the
urino-generative opening, and excoriates the surrounding
parts. In such a case it is advisable to slaughter the
patient, for the accident is extremely liable to recur.
After straining pains have ceased the organ may be re-
turned. Little difficulty is generally experienced in
accomplishing this, because of the large size of the
urethral canal in the female. In a case of rupture of the
wall of the vulva, with hernia of the bladder, the latter
344 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

organ having been returned, the opening may be closed
by suture.

A Pervious Conpition or tHE Uracuus is sometimes
seen in calves. This passage, which in the foetus extends
from the peculiarly elongated bladder at the umbilicus to
the allantois, ‘becomes, under normal circumstances,
plugged with lymph, which undergoes organisation and
degeneration when the bladder recedes from the umbilicus.
In scrofulous subjects, especially, this process does not
occur properly ; the lymph thrown out only becomes im-
perfectly organised, loosens from its position, and there
is a constant dribbling of urine through the umbilicus.
We have known a case in which a plug of lymph which
had receded into the bladder became fixed, and thus
opposed the exit of urine per urethram. Straining led
‘to prolapsus recti, and necessitated slaughter. In these
cases a ligature around the umbilicus must be resorted to,.
or sutures may be inserted. The abnormal condition is
liable to disappear with development, for this condition is
of greatest frequency in animals born prematurely.

CaLcuLus IN THE Biapper.—Cystic or vesical calculus
depends upon excess of salines in the blood or upon
retention of urine. It is most frequent in the male, for
in him the urethral passage is much smaller than that
of the female, and is often attributable to a considerable
quality of special salines in the food or water, such as
the presence of many phosphates, as in oil-cake and
turnips. Sometimes renal calculi travel along the ureter,
and entering the bladder form the nuclei of larger con-
cretions, for cystic calculi are almost invariably laminated
and concentrically arranged around some nucleus or other.
They may attain a considerable size without giving rise
to much inconvenience, or may cause special symptoms.
Sabulous matter is sedimentary deposit from the urine
in the bladder; it is largely passed off by the urine, but
accumulates in the viscus in considerable quantity, or
the deposit may assume a crystalline form known as
“gravel.” This also is partially expelled with the urine,
but frequently becomes embedded in the mucous mem-
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 845)

brane, and gives rise to irritability of the bladder and
incontinence of urine. Fiirstenburg gives the following
composition as an average analysis of urinary calculi of
the ox :—Carbonate of lime, 84°8 ; carbonate of magnesia,
10-0; carbonate of iron, 0°6; organic matter, 1'6; water
and loss, 1:6; silicic acid, inconstant. The presence of
calculus in the bladder sometimes gives rise to hematuria ;
generally, however, no alteration is observable in the
character of the urine further than a somewhat copious
sediment. In all cases there is a straddling movement with
the hind limbs and stiffness about the loins. Sometimes
the stone becomes fixed in the urethral passage, whereby
it interferes with the expulsion of the urine, and the
signs of retention are present and urgent. This con-
dition takes place in the male, and the urethra becomes
distended with urine to the obstruction. It may result
in rupture of the urethral passage, a condition which may
also arise from injury (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxi, p. 204).
Exploration per rectum is often useful in cases of cystic
calculus. The bladder may be found distended with urine,
as in spasm of its neck, but the calculus is perceptible, and
sometimes may be removed by pressure, whereupon a rapid
flow of urine results. In these cases, too, there is not gene-
rally complete retention, but the flow, at first free, suddenly
ceases, and the animal lashes its tail, grinds its teeth, moves
the hind feet, and makes violent expulsive efforts, which
only tend to fix the obstructing agent more firmly in the
passage. Surgical methods are resorted to for the relief
of this condition. Lithontriptic or “ slow dissolving medi-
cinal agents”? have been found wanting; stimulants are
only palliative. There are three forms of operation.
Lithecstasy—Dilatation of the Urethra—is especially
resorted to in the female. It consists in the frequent dis-
tension of a bladder introduced into the urethral passage,
leading to dilatation to such an extent.that the stone may
ass. It is seldom resorted to in veterinary practice.
Lithotrity consists in crushing the stone, whereby, being
reduced to the state of gravel, it can be expelled through
the urethra. The instruments by means of which this is
346 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

done are large screw forceps curved and toothed at the
end. They are passed through the urethra of the patient
(from the perineal incision in the male), and the stone,
having been grasped, is broken by a few turns of the
screw handle. This operation is said to be facilitated
by frequent injection of a weak solution of hydrochloric
acid.

Lithotomy—* Outting for the stone”?—consists in in-
cisions through the urethral walls, whereby the passage
is rendered large enough for extraction of the stone.
The presence of calculus having been confirmed by intro-
duction of a sound through the vulva and urethra of the
female, or through an incision made down on the urethra
at the ischial arch in the male, and so into the bladder,
the walls of the passage are incised obliquely upwards
and outwards (whereby the artery of the bulb is avoided)
by a concealed bistoury and the stone withdrawn with for-
ceps. Subsequently in the male, the wound requires to
be closed by means of sutures after the bladder has been
thoroughly washed out. This wound will gradually close,
but the bowels must be kept in a slightly relaxed state.
These operations, however, are seldom performed on the
ox; we have not, therefore, given minutely such details
as the practitioner will derive from works upon the sur-
gery of the horse. The bladder of the ox is much more
thoroughly invested by peritoneum than that of the
horse, and extends somewhat further forwards into the
abdominal cavity ; thus, it might, in cases of emergency,
be punctured through the walls of the abdomen in front
of the symphysis ; again, it has been suggested to evacuate
the contents of the organ by incision from the rectum.
These formidable operations are seldom required.

Tumours In THE BLADDER are sometimes found post
mortem in cases of incontinence of urine. They are very
rare, and seem to be of an epitheliomatous nature.!

? Mr. H. King Shaw exhibited at the meeting of the Central Veterinary
Society, November, 1880, a most interesting case of vesicular polypus from a
cow. The principal tumour was pedunculated and of considerable size, and

two others were just commencing to grow. ‘The specimen, without
history, had been obtained from a slaughter-house. ? ay
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 847

CatcuLus or tuz Urerura is not uncommon in the ox,
but is generally a small vesical stone on its way to the
exterior. It has been stopped either by spasm of the
urethra or by the curvatures of the passage through the
penis, and gives rise to retention of urine of an obsti-
nate character. The symptoms are urgent, and must be
relieved by incision either longitudinally or obliquely
across the direction of the passage. The patient must not
be cast for the operation. There will be little difficulty in
determining the seat of obstruction, for the urethral
canal is distended to the same point.

Srricture or THE URETHRA may be organic or functional.
In the former case there is thickening of the lining mem-
brane of the canal,in the latter spasm of the accele-
rator urine muscle. These give rise to more or less
complete impediment to the passage of urine. They are
seldom seen in cattle.

PrarutiaL Catcutus generally assumes the form of
calcareous deposit around the hairs hanging in a tuft
from the prepuce. These deposits are mainly phosphatic,
and depend upon excess of salts in the food. The slow
and unenergetic expulsion of urine predisposes to their
formation. They must be removed by excision of the
hairs, around which they sometimes accumulate to such
a degree as to cause obstruction to the flow of urine.
Modification of diet so as to avoid excess of salines, also_
free supply of water and other solvents, must be looked
upon as prophylactics against calculous diseases.
348 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

CHAPTER VII.—DISEASES OF THE ORGANS
OF SPECIAL SENSE.

Suction 1.—ABNORMALITIES OF THE SKIN.

Tae skin of the ox is remarkable for its thickness, and
in some parts it is very loose, as where it forms the
“dewlap.” In other respects it somewhat closely resembles
that of other quadrupeds. Under healthy conditions it is
soft, elastic, and pliable, and the coat lies evenly and
smoothly. The animal or its fellows apply sharp rasping
friction to the surface of the integument by means of the
rough tongue with its horny epithelium. Ordinarily the
skin is loose and flexible, but when the animal is in a
state of ill health it becomes dry, harsh, and tightly
bound to the tissues beneath it. This state is known as
“ hidebound,’”’ and is not a disease. It is generally accom-
panied by a “staring coat,” due to erection of the hairs
in consequence of the minute muscular bundle of each
hair-follicle contracting in a spasmodic manner, as a result
of perversion of nervous energy. This is one of the general
signs of ill health to which we have had occasion fre-
quently to allude. It especially accompanies the rigors
which are indicative of the invasion of a febrile attack.
The disorders of the skin are divisible in the following
manner, primarily, into two classes :

( Inflammatory —Eczema, Psoriasis, Impetigo, Erythema,
Ecthyma, Herpes, Urticaria, Pemphigus, Furunculus.
Hypertrophic —Nevus, Warts, Elephantiasis (Sclero-
Non-PARASITICY derma), Dermo-pilous cysts, Pityriasis, Keratoid.
Atrophic—Alopecia.
Functional—Bloody sweat, Emphysema, @idema, Pru-
L_ ritus. ‘

Animal—Phthiriasis, @striasis, Acariasis.

PARABING Vegetable—Tinea: var. (1) tonsurans, (2) favosa.

In examining the list of skin diseases affecting the
THE SKIN. 349

horse we are enabled to trace the majority of them to
improper or neglected grooming and exposure of various
kinds; either local or general. These influences seldom
affect the ox, and his skin is less delicate than that of the
horse; hence it is less liable to disorder. Nevertheless,
as may be seen from the above list the diseases of the
skin of the ox are numerous, and deserving of careful
attention.

Subsection 1.—Non-parasitic Diseases.

Inflammatory, Non-parasitic Disorders may be
included under the term Dermatitis. Of these, Hry-
thema is the most simple. It consists of a diffused
redness of a portion of the superficial layer of the
dermis, which gradually blends with the healthy skin.
It is characterised by disappearance of colour on pres-
sure, but its hasty recurrence. Other signs of inflam-
mation are little marked. It leads to vesication, effusion,
and sometimes ulceration. It depends upon slight
irritation long continued, as friction, dirt, mild irri-
tants (as urine in cases of incontinency), and in some
cases is attributable to intrinsic causes, such as indiges-
tion and ingestion of acrid matters. Treatment is seldom
required for simple, though a laxative dose is beneficial in
severe cases; also lead lotion may be applied locally.
This disease sometimes tends to a chronic character,
as when it consists in ulcerations of a sluggish nature,
of which the most important are those the seat of which
isthe teats. Thisis described as ERYTHEMA MAMMILLARUM,
sore teats, or chronie erythema, and occurs especially in
newly-calved animals, though not infrequent under other
circumstances. In some cows the skin is very delicate,
and this disorder is particularly liable to develop, and is
difficult to cure. They are constantly affected while the
calf roughly manipulates the organ, and the ulcers assume a
very sluggish character. The calf should be removed and
fed by hand, the milk daily drawn off by means of a milk
syphon, and refrigerant lotion should be applied to the
850 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

affected part; a laxative dose also may be administered.
Sometimes the disorder does. not lead to ulceration, but
in other cases even the gland tissue becomes involved,
and when the heat and pain in the parts is considerable,
the precautions suggested for acute mammitis must be
tried. Farmers usually keep elder ointment about them
for cases of this kind, but the ordinary Glycerinum Acidi
Carbolici will prove most uséful when the calf has been
removed, for it will also keep away the flies.

Eczema is the vesicular stage of dermatitis, and, there-
fore, is generally preceded by erythema. The surface of
the skin presents a number of vesicles, while a somewhat
acrid fluid exudes upon it, and the hairs fall off. The
process is accompanied by a considerable amount of itch-
ing, and the friction with which the patient endeavours
to relieve this renders the parts raw and bloody. The
vesicular eruption is recurrent, and thus the case lasts for
some time ; it is liable to lead to cracks in the skin or to
resolution. In the latter case the secretion dries, and
protects the inflamed parts. When this disease becomes
chronic it leads to thickening of the skin, due to a horny
change of the epidermis and induration of the dermis
which is traversed by elongated sluggish ulcers. This
Armatage describes as Psoriasis, and he says: “ The
parts where this disease is located are the legs chiefly,
one, two, or all of which may be affected. We have seen
cattle of all ages turned upon clay pastures, and those in
which lime abounds, suffering repeatedly from the com-
bined irritation of these substances with wet and cold, as
well as severe lameness, to the great detriment of con-
dition, health, and even sloughing of hoofs.” He sug-
gests prolonged fomentations, followed by poultices,
a laxative dose, and clean quarters ; also doses of Liquor
Arsenicalis in long-standing cases. Simple erythema
almost always depends upon improper diet, and is asso-
ciated with special changes of surrounding influences. In
treatment of it the food must be changed, a cathartic dose
given, and weak carbolic solutions may be applied locally.

Herprs.—When the vesicles of eczema are arranged in
THE SKIN. 851

a gradually increasing circle they are sometimes described
as non-contagious ringworm or herpes. This disease is
subacute; several rings may be present, and it is difficult
to account for their form. When the vesicles burst their
discharge forms a scab. No special methods of treatment
are necessary. Herpes is not frequent in cattle.
Impevico—Pustular Dermatitis—results from the power-
ful irritant action of certain plants, especially upon the
delicate skin of calves. It has also been traced to special
acrid plants growing in pastures, and has been found to
most often affect animals with white legs and muzzles,
which parts it usually involves. A crop of pustules forms,
and by the bursting and aggregation of these a yellowish
scab is formed, which is persistent, and remarkably dis-
figures the animal when it involves the muffle, as it is
apt todo. Change of pasture, and nitrate of zinc or of
mercury ointment, applied to the parts, will generally
effect a cure. A cathartic dose will remove the irritant
if it has been ingested, from the alimentary canal, for
undoubtedly some of these cases are due to disorder of
the digestive tracts, though others depend upon direct
irritation of the affected parts.
Urricaria—WNettle-rash—Surfeit—is characterised by
the sudden appearance of patches of elastic prominences
of the skin, which are in a constant state of itchiness,
and disappear almost as rapidly as they came. Several
forms have been described, according to the size of the
-swellings and their heat. The most usual form is urti-
caria tuberosa. This is sometimes very dangerous, since
it may affect the structures of the muzzle and interfere with
respiration and ingestion of food. It is vulgarly termed
 stinge,’ “blain,” or “singe,” probably on account of
the manifest tingling sensation to which it gives rise, and
which renders the animal very uneasy. The causes of this
disorder are a high surrounding temperature, a rich pas-
ture (especially after a run on poor land), also certain
constituents of food, and errors in dieting. Manifestly a
purgative is indicated in these cases, salines being pre-
ferable to others, and sedative agents may be applied:
3852 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

to the surface of the skin. Some authorities trace this
disorder to defective action of excretory organs, notably
the kidneys. In cases of “ stinge” tracheotomy may be
necessary. Urticaria is essentially a serous effusion.

Ecruyma or Acne is the formation of discrete (or sepa-
rate) abscesses, of various sizes, in skin substance, a
sebaceous gland being generally involved. These burst
externally, producing a brownish scab. ‘They may be
frequently seen if carefully sought for upon those parts of
cattle covered by thin skin and few hairs, as upon the
udder, and about the vulva, inside the thighs, &c.”
Constitutional symptoms are seldom present; the dis-
order seems to depend upon local influences. When the
pus has become evacuated the pustules heal with facility.

Fourvuncvius is intense localised dermatitis, involving
the subcutaneous areolar tissue, and leading to death of
a portion of structure, which is expelled as the “ core” of
the boil. The inflammation runs high, and requires to
be determined to suppuration by poultices and fomenta-
tions, and, after bursting, the usual treatment of abscess.

Carbuncle differs from boil in the large amount of
tissue which dies, and requires to be removed by slough-
ing. It is generally due to specific influences, as in cases
of anthrax. It constitutes a serious drain on the system ;
hence removal of the dead parts with the knife, anti-
septic dressings, and (internally) stimulant tonics are
indicated.

Pempricus.—Mr. Isaac Seaman, of Saffron . Walden,
gives a good case of this disease, as affecting a three-
year-old bullock (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxv, p. 262).
There was diffused inflammation of the skin. with effusion
of serum, “which elevated the cuticle in places, forming
bulle or bladders, varying in size from a small nut to a
fowl’s egg. In other places a thin transparent fluid was drop-
ping from the hair, and in some places in quite a stream.”
The mucous membranes also seemed involved, and consti-
tutional symptoms ran very high. The case terminated
successfully after about a week, but the hair was appa-
rently lost from several parts of the body. This disease is
THE SKIN. 353

sometimes enzootic; often it assumes a chronic character,
and in some instances the effused fluid is intermingled
with blood or pus. It depends upon irritation of the
alimentary canal, and must be treated by evacuation of
the contents of the blebs, and subsequent dressings with
glycerin or oxide-of-zinc ointment. A cathartic should
also be administed.

Hypertrophic Disorders of the Skin are sometimes
seen in the ox. Of these, one of the most remarkable is
KeRaToID CHANGE oF THE Hpipermis. Hypertrophy of the
cuticle results from continued slight friction or from
gradual increase in size of a subcutaneous accumulation
of fluid with a tendency to burst. Thus, in every case, it.
must be considered to be an effort to strengthen the skin,
and the better to adapt it to new conditions. A most
remarkable case of this disease has just come under our
notice. A beast has a tumour, of a globular form, 56
inches in circumference, in front of the knee, this contains
pus, and the skin investing it has a flocculent epidermis
of stringy horn.

Prryriasis is that scurfy condition of the skin which
not infrequently affects cattle without any other indica-
tions of disorder than some local irritation. The scurf
has a peculiar branny character, whence the name of the
disease. It occurs most frequently in young animals, and
is associated with mal-nutrition, whether from imperfect
supply of food or from deficiency of nutritive materials in
_ it. A change of diet to richer food, and the inunction of
the surface with some sedative must be adopted.

Navus is hypertrophy of the superficial layer of the
dermis, constituting a slight swelling composed of blood-
vessels, often having an erectile character. It is rare in
the lower animals, but a congenital case is given by Mr.
L. Barker, in the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iv, p.255. In
this, intermittent free hemorrhage took place, and mate-
rially reduced the strength of the animal, but a cure was
ultimately effected. These tumours are liable to injury,
and may, when small or of moderate size, be removed by

the knife or by cauterisation.
. 23
854 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Drrmorttous Cysts are involutions of the integument.
‘They are occasionally found in various parts of the body,
and sometimes so deeply placed in viscera, such as the
testis, that the difficulty in attributing them to growth
from the skin has compelled pathologists to consider them
specimens of “ fetus in feti.” Generally a small fistu-
lous opening from the cyst discharges a fluid consisting
of watery matter and epithelial débris on to the surface
of the body, and a few long hairs may protrude through
the opening. The discharge is sometimes offensive ;
then the cyst may be removed by means of the knife
(see ‘Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. v, p. 593).

ELEePHAntiasis—hypertrophy of the subcutaneous areolar
tissue, with increase in its density—is very rare in the
ox. Under this heading has been described a specimen
of skin disease of the calf, in the Museum of the Royal
Veterinary College. The skin in this animal is in plates like
that of the rhinoceros, but ona smaller scale. This seems
a case of the disease described in man as Scleroderma.

Warts — “angle berries”? — verruce — are epidermic
growths primarily, but subsequently the true skin becomes
involved and hypertrophied, and thus are produced on the
surface of the body tumours of various sizes, confluent or
distinct. These, when subjected to friction, ulcerate, and
thus ugly fungus-like masses, in a raw condition, project
from the surface. They are most unsightly, and bleed on
the slightest pressure; are principally seen about the
genital apertures, eyelids, lips, and teats. We are not
assured of the cause of these growths, but in the majority
of cases dirt seems to be the exciting influence. Irrita-
tion of any kind may give rise to these circumscribed
dermal hypertrophies. A most singular case, reported by
Youatt, indicates their constitutional origin in some cases :
“ At uncertain intervals, from six to nine or ten months,
a cow suddenly lost flesh, her coat stared, she would
scarcely eat, and at length rumination was entirely sus-
pended; then would appear, and nearly all over her, and
particularly about the udder and in the mouth and on the
evelids, a thick crop of warts, varying from the size of a
THE SKIN. 355

millet seed to twice that bulk. In a fortnight they wero
gone.” We have already had occasion to notice warty
growths, as they are sometimes found in the cesophagus.
When developed on the udder and teats they prove very un-
satisfactory, for they make the animal troublesome to milk.

Treatment.—Where these growths prove unsightly or
detrimental they must be surgically removed, either with the
knifeand actual cautery, or by means of ligature. They are
generally pedunculated, so that the latter can be applied
with facility. Some prefer to destroy by the application
‘of caustic agents, but this is a slow process.

Atrophic Diseases.—Axorrcia or Duzprtation—bald-
ness of the skin—sometimes results from disease. Occa-
sionally calves are born in this state (see ‘ Veterinary
Journal,’ vol. x,'p. 302). It is hopeless to endeavour
to cure this in congenital cases, but when it is attributed
to disease, mild repeated stimulation, especially with can-
tharides, may promote renewal of hair. In man it is
sometimes due to parasites. .

Functional Disorders.—Cpmma, v. Anasarca, is not a
rare affection of cattle, in which there is dropsy of the sub-_
cutaneous tissue of the lower parts of the body. It may
depend upon inflammation of the skin, but far more fre-
quently is due to constitutional disorder, as anemia and
hydremia. It accompanies dropsical affections of other
serous cavities.

Treatment of this state comprises tonic means and
sedative diuretics, such, especially, as digitalis. Careful
nursing and local friction by means of hand-rubbing of
the affected parts will tend to promote absorption. This
disease is not so frequent in the ox as in the horse.

Emruysema is escape of gas into the subcutaneous
areolar tissue, dependent upon decomposition of the blood
or of structural elements, or some profound changes in
the blood of the part due to nervous influence, sometimes
also to entry of air either through an external wound or
a tear in lung substance. This is most often seen in
black-quarter ; sometimes the foetus, on birth, is found to
be in an emphysematous condition. In these cases there
356 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is a peculiar crackling beneath the epidermis when pressure
is brought to bear upon the part. The gas is at liberty to
escape if incisions:or punctures are made through the skin ;
in addition, the surface should be manipulated freely.
Sometimes the patient will require a stimulant dose.

Buioopy Swzat, a8 occurring in oxen, has been dealt
with by Count Ercolani, the celebrated Italian veterinary
professor; his conclusions are given in volume iii of the
‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ page 567.

Prouritus—Neurosis (Law) consists in itchiness of the
skin without any appreciable structural change. It is not
rare in cattle, and causes a considerable degree of rest-
lessness, so that the animal applies friction to the affected
part until it becomes raw. Such cases are generally
attributable to excessively high feeding and want of exer- ~
cise. They must be treated with saline cathartics and
sedative applications.

The effects of colour on diseases of the skin are sometimes
marked. White portions of the skin seem to be more
liable to disease than those which contain pigment. In cer-
tain forms of vegetable poisoning sloughing of only the
white portions of the skin is seen, and in cases of some
forms of impetigo it has been stated that the white por-
tions of the skin especially are involved. There is related
a peculiar case, illustrating the effects of colour, in the
‘ Veterinarian,’ 1834, p. 97 :—A white cow, with some black
spots on various parts of the body, suffered from acute
fever, with a peculiar hardness of the skin. Shortly, the
cuticle, and with it the hairs,-separated from the dermis,
except where the skin was black ; the coloured spots re-
mained quite soft and healthy. The hair gradually grew
again, except on the shoulders.

Subsection 2.—Parasitic Disorders of the Skin.

Some of these are attributable to Dermatozoa (animal
parasites, or Hctozoa), others to Dermatophyta. The former
are most important, the latter are acquiring fresh interest

as we become more acquainted with the vegetable forms
which give rise to disease.
THE SKIN. 857

Animal Parasitic Diseases of the Skin of Cattle.

Manez—Acariasis—is a contagious disorder due to the
‘presence and ravages of those Arachnidan or spider-like
‘parasites generally known as the Acarus bovis, which
comprises two forms (according to Gerlach), Dermato-
dectes bovis and Symobiotes bovis. Of these, the former is
most frequent, the latter being rare. Mange of the ox
is, therefore, due to Dermatodectes, which lives on the
surface of the epidermis, but gives rise to much irritation
by biting. Its most frequent seat is on the withers and
the root of the tail, but this preference is not very marked.
From the parts primarily. affected the disease extends, and
‘passes through its various stages, during the more acute
of which there is intense itching. Circumscribed nodular

   
  
   

typ

    

Fra. 68.—Mange insects (Acarus bovis). (Dobson.)

projections (papules) first appear; these become vesicles
and burst, giving exit to a watery fluid, which soon dries on
358 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the surface, forming crusts, which are liable to be succeeded
by ulceration. The hair falls off, or a few hairs persist and
project from the crusts. In chronic cases there is but little
irritation, but the skin is thickened, devoid of sensibility,
dry, harsh, and corrugated. Thus, it will be observed,
no special symptoms indicate mange; it passes through
- several stages—papular, vesicular, &c. Diagnosis must de-
pend, in the first place, upon detection of the parasites; also,
secondly, upon accurate tracing to an origin by contagion.
The latter must be, for we cannot allow that animals so
high in the scale as Acari can appear spontaneously. The
spontaneous origination of the disorder was once uni-
versally allowed, but this depended upon confusion of
mange with some of the simple non-parasitic diseases
already described, or non-recognition of the presence of
parasites. This disease, in regularity of eruption, phases,
persistency, and contagiousness, resembles some of the
eruptive disorders of the system. Analogy leads us to
anticipate that the latter will, with improved means of in-
vestigation, be traced to parasitic forms of some kind or
other. ‘This lesson learned from mange is a remarkable one.
When the disease is unchecked it exhibits urgency pro-
portioned to the seasons or the surrounding temperature.
Thus, it seems to be dormant in the winter, but in warm
weather and places is almost intolerable. The disease is
not truly transmissible to the attendants and to animals
of other species, for the parasites cause inconvenience for
a time but do not propagate in their new abode. The
Acari can be detected on the hairs and surface of the
epidermis, and can be seen with the naked eye as minute
white points moving about somewhat rapidly when the
patient stands in the full glare of the sun. Gerlach, who
is one of the leading authorities on this subject, suggests
for detection of Dermatodectes the removal of some of the
scales from the surface and placing them on the human
arm, with the under part uppermost, for an hour or more.
The Acari pass to the arm and there cause eruption, and
when the vesicles form they may be punctured with a needle
and the parasite obtained. Subsequently the arm sbould
THE SKIN, 3859

be rubbed with oil of turpentine or some oatmeal, as a
precaution against any increase of the parasites; though
this is hardly necessary, it is as well not to reject the
precaution. Acariasis is not frequent in the ox, but is
most prevalent in badly kept dirty herds, and is generally
associated with debility, which is traceable to the irritation
by the parasite being a constant source of worry. The
Acarus is the sole cause, and we cannot generate it by
any combination of ordinary causes. Nevertheless, it may
be that the skin of the weak animal forms a more con-
genial nidus for the acarus than that of an animal in
good health, and thus weakness becomes a predisposing
cause.

In the treatment of mange our efforts must be directed
to the destruction of the parasites. Also, it is necessary to
remember that after this has been accomplished the ova may
remain intact and undergo development in: due course.
Two conditions lead to obstinacy of this disease (not so
marked in the ox asin some other animals)—the concealed
state of the parasites and the powers of resistance of the
ova. We must break down :and remove the scales, and
generally must repeat our dressings at intervals, to de-
stroy the young Acari as they appear from the ova. The
removal of the epidermic débris may be best accomplished
by friction with a weak alkaline solution, as ordinary soft
soap and water. Subsequently, the solution of liver of
sulphur, tar, and turpentine liniment, arsenical wash,
solution of bichloride of mercury, or other anti-parasitics,
may be applied with care; stavesacre or tobacco infusion
are algo used for this purpose, and many prefer sulphur
ointment, or even simple réagents, which prevent access of
air-to the Acari and thus suffocate them. When making
use of poisonous applications we must remember that
they are liable to become absorbed or to be ingested,

from animals licking themselves or one another. Another
practical inference is to frequently change the dressing in
any particular case, for the Acari seem to become tolerant
of some of the agents, which do not cause their death,
but simply their departure. The desirability of adop-
360 “BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

- tion of constitutional treatment is debated, but the

value of tonics, especially arsenic, cannot be questioned.
In this disease isolation must be enforced, all clothing
and appliances from the affected animal either destroyed
or thoroughly purified.

Symbiotes bovis infests the region of the tail, is rare,
and must be treated like Dermatodectes.

Parurriasis— Lousiness’’—is very common in cattle,
especially in marked cases of debility, whether due to
disease or to want of food and shelter (as in animals half-
starved in a straw yard); the lice abound, and cause
pruritus, and materially retard growth and development
of the stock. They prove troublesome to the auscultator
who has not remarked their presence. Several different
forms are described, as Hematopinus vituli (which
specially affects the calf), and Hem. eurysternus, ani et
vulve, found on the cow, the former on the shoulders,
the latter in the positions which its name indicates.
Also, there is a form of Trichodectes present in some
cases. Tor the removal of these pests dressings with
tobacco water and stavesacre infusion are recommended.
These require to be several times repeated, well rubbed in,
and the animal should be subsequently thoroughly washed.
Measures should be taken to prevent their passage to man
or other animals. :

Cisrriasis (“ Warbles””).—Cistrus bovis, the gad-fly of
the ox, assumes its imago or perfect form at about the end
of summer; it then attacks cattle, puncturing their skin
by means of an ovipositor, and placing in the subcutaneous
‘tissue a drop of acrid fluid with an ovum. There results
an abscess of small size with a larva situated in it. A
small opening extends from the surface to the abscess
cavity ; against this the respiratory orifice of the grub is
placed, and he feeds upon the pus of the abscess. At
length the abscess bursts (according to Youatt, always
between the hours of six and eight in the morning), and
the larva falls to the ground and becomes a chrysalis, if
it escapes its numerous enemies, notably birds, who con-
sider it a sweet morsel. This occurs in about June or
THE SKIN. 361

July ; at the end of six weeks, under favorable conditions,
the full-blown dipterous insect escapes from its shell,
copulates, and the females deposit their eggs and then
die. The beast is much afraid of the fly, and rushes
towards water in a high state of excitement, with tail
erected and quivering. The pain results from the acrid
substance inserted with the egg. Mr. D. M. Storrar re-
lates a case in which he attributed paralysis to a number
of these warbles in their usual position on the loins on
each side of the spine. Sometimes they are very numerous
and give rise to fever, but more frequently do no harm,
except to the hides. Young animals and those in an
exuberant state of good health are generally chosen by
the fly, for in them the skin is soft and penetrable. The
Cistrus must be removed from the warble, which is
nature’s method of cure, and may be easily brought
about by pressure; the results of its presence will then
be gradually obliterated. Care should be taken to destroy
the Cstrus (“ maggot” or “bot”). Water is a very
effectual protective means, and cattle, when attacked, will
charge into it with great force.

The Tsetze fly, described by Livingstone, is more formi-
dable. It is seen in South and Hast Africa, and is capable
of poisoning cattle by its sting. Its technical name is
Glossina morsitans. Turpentine ointment is said to be
useful when applied for its bites. Maggots of the ordi-
nary fly are sometimes to be seen on neglected wounds
of cattle. Some forms of ticks (Ixodides) are sometimes
seen on cattle.

Vegetable Parasitic Diseases of the skin of Cattle:
Tinee—* Ringworm.”

Trnza FAvosa is due to the fungus Achorion Schéinleinii,
which originates from a spore which has gained entry
into a hair-follicle. It perforates the epidermic struc-
tures so that its spores may be found in the hairs as
well as in the main portion of the cuticle; from the
opening of the hair-follicle the fungus projects and forms
a yellowish cup-like crust, with a hair projecting from its
362 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

centre. A number of these aggregated produce a honey-
comb-like mass, whence the disease is known as “ Honey-
comb Ringworm.” It does not originate in the ox, but
is transmissible to this animal with some facility. Mice
and rats suffer from it, especially the former, for they
become much debilitated and their heads covered with
crust, in the form of an immense tumour, which causes_
absorption of the facial bones by pressure. Pulverising
of the crust disseminates the spores, whence the disorder
is infectious, but certain conditions of the skin, as seen in
young or debilitated animals, seem especially favorable to
its growth.

Treatment.—Remove the crusts and destroy them ; thus,
an ulcer caused by absorption of the superficial layer of
the dermis will be exposed. Remove all affected hairs
and dress with nitrate-of-mercury ointment, nitrate of
silver, vinegar of cantharides, or, preferably, dilute sul-
phurous. acid. Many kinds of animals suffer from this
disease, and true favus crusts have been grown from
spores on the acid cut surface of an apple.

TINEA TONSURANS is caused by another and more simple.
fungus—Tricophyton tonsurans. Its constituents are
smaller than those of Favus, and it does not project as
cups on the surface, simply invading the epidermal struc-
tures and constituting a fine powder on the epidermis.
Tt affects young animals, especially when exposed to
damp, and with dirty skins, and is readily transmissible
from ox to ox, or to man and other animals. It attains
a greater luxuriance of growth in the ox than in man,
and the disease, when first received by man from the ox,

 

Sco weal

Fia. 69.—Hair, with the spores of Trichophyton tonsurans. (After Harley
and Brown.)

is so luxuriant that it has been described as specifically
distinct.
THE FOOT. 363

Symptoms.—Circular patches in various parts of the
body, characterised by the absence of the hair, the pre-
sence of vesice near the outer margin, and a scurfy
condition of the central parts; here and there in the ring
may be seen a dry looking hair, of a greyish colour,
somewhat twisted at the root, or the stump of a hair
which has broken off. Mégnin considers the true Tinea of
the ox distinct from that of the horse, and terms it
T. decalvans or T. depilens. . This he finds to be generally
‘nearly three times the sizeof T. tonsurans, to give rise
.to more formidable symptoms when communicated to the
horse by inoculation, and to induce a different condition
of the affected hairs. In calves, the disease affects the
eyes, ears, neck, withers, and limbs. ‘These cases must

- be treated with the same applications as suggested for
-T. favosa.

Section 2.—Disnases or tHe Foor,

The foot of the ox, in a zoological sense, comprises
the structures from the knee and hock (inclusive) down-
wards in the fore and hind limbs. Custom sanctions the
application of the term foot to the inferior part of each ex-
tremity from the fetlock-jommt downwards. From a
pathological point of view it matters little which view
we adopt. Suffice it to say that the knee of the ox
is remarkable for the peculiar manner in which it is
“bent inwards in consequence of the obliquity upwards.
and outwards of- the inferior articulatory surface of the
radius, whence the proverbial term “ Calf-kneed.” That
the ulna meets the carpal bones, os pisiforme (Trapezium)
is less developed than in the horse, that the trapezoid
and magnum are fused into a single bone, and no true tra-
‘pezium is present. The metacarpus consists of a rudi-
mentary splint bone on the outer side, and of two fully
developed metacarpals blended together along the central
line, separating inferiorly, each division bearing three
pastern bones and a navicular, resembling moieties of the
corresponding bones in the horse. The two diverg-
864 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ing digits are connected together by certain interdigital
ligaments, and each bears a hoof resembling half the hoof
of the horse. Finally, behind the fetlocks are two rudi-
mentary claws, each with a contained bone, the os pedis
of a rudimentary digit. Thus, to sum up, the foot of the
ox consists of two functional digits united together
superiorly, which together represent the compound func-.
tional digit of the horse, and two very rudimentary digits,
of which the outer has a splint bone, a hoof, and a pedal
bone, but the inner has no splint bone. In the hind
limb the arrangement of the bones is much the same, but
there are no distinct splint bones, and the hock consists of
a well-developed astragalus, which forms a well-marked
hinge-joint below, with a bone compounded of the large
cuneiform and the cuboid, and.is freely movable on os
calcis, which has a long, rather slight process. The
cuneiforme medium is only of moderate size, and the
cuneiforme parvum is very small. The joint between the
upper and lower row of tarsal bones renders the hock
capable of a great degree of flexion. Diseases of the
foot in the ox are very rare, especially in this country,
for—Ist, its conformation is such as to render it less
liable to injury, as being more simple than that of the
horse; 2nd, the ox is seldom used for draught purposes,
and never for conveying heavy weights for great dis-
tances along hard roads, nor for excessively rapid progres- .
sion on the racecourse; 8rd, but few cattle are shod.
Fout, Loo, Low.—This term is applied, somewhat indefi-
nitely, to the formation of abscess in the foot and resulting
disorganisation of structure. This may be attributed either.
to common causes or specific influences. The latter are
scrofulous and perhaps rheumatic conditions. Scrofulous
arthritis not unfrequently affects the bones and joints of
the foot, causing such disease of them as of other parts
of the skeleton. This disease may be caused by the
presence of foreign bodies fixed between the claws, giving
rise to inflammation, by overgrowth of the hoof-horn on
the inner side, by various kinds of injuries, and, among
others, certain sprains of the pastern, pedal joints, é&c.
THE FOOT. 3865

It most frequently affects the hind feet, and is most
prevalent on low marshy lands, such as promote over-
growth and excessive malformation of the hoof. It is in
many respects similar to the non-contagious form of foot-
rot of sheep, and somewhat resembles quittor of the horse.
The extreme cases of non-specific foot-rot and foul which we
see occasionally are due to neglect, whereby inflammation
extends to the joints of the foot and leads to acute arthritic
disorder. Thus, the pathological conditions of this disease
are, at first, the existence of inflammation in the interdigital
substance, which may be partially removed by sloughing,
then the presence of pus beneath the hoof-horn, boring
and forming simple sinuses ; also later, arthritis and ostitis,
leading to increased suppuration and the formation of
sinuses, which extend outwards and burst on the surface.
The patient is very lame, and the digits are separated
from one another in a remarkable manner. Considerable
sympathetic fever is generally present in such advanced
cases, and the animal materially loses condition, suc-
cumbing to the pain of the disorder in a very rapid
manner. This entails considerable loss upon, the owner,
and necessitates energetic treatment, which must consist
of removal of the patient to a thoroughly clean quiet
place, careful washing of the foot, removal of any ragged
horn and overgrowth, also of any part of the hoof which
is underrun by the pus, poulticing for removal of the
pain and to arouse a healthy process, also a cathartic dose.
Subsequently, carbolic dressings, or mild astringents may
be applied, but such powerful caustic agents as were
once used are not required. Neither is the prolonged
interdigital friction, which was considered beneficial, and
was usually applied by means of atarrope. The diseased
foot will require to be dressed and to be protected by
means of a bandage. The mode of elevation of the foot
usually adopted has been already mentioned (see page 71).
Bleeding from the coronet, whereby much blood may
be removed, is recommended by Youatt and others, but its
effects are not likely to produce much benefit in this sub-
acute disorder, and it is preferable not to bleed too near
366 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

inflamed parts. In long-standing cases, with considerable
disorganisation of bones and joints, amputation may be.

 

Fia. 70.—Method of applying dressings between hoofs. (Armatage.)

performed, for the patient will thrive better after removal
of the diseased organ, and the case cannot otherwise be
cured. Hither one digit may be removed at the pas-
tern, or both may be simultaneously amputated at the
fetlock, or through the metacarpal region.

The operation is performed by casting the animal and
' freeing the diseased limb. A tourniquet, consisting of a
band passing round the centre of the metacarpal region,
with pads on the inner side, tightened by passage of a
bar through it and twisting, is used to restrain hemor-
rhage. This must be brought into use just before the
operation is commenced. Hither disarticulation or ampu-
tation through the bone is then performed with the fol-
lowing precautions: to leave a good flap or flaps of skin
to cover the exposed surface, and to ligature all the larger
arteries. Then the wound is closed by approximation of
the flaps, and maintained by sutures, the ends of the arterial
ligatures being allowed to hang free. The stump must be
protected with tow and a bandage. The operation may pre-
ferably be performed with antiseptic precautions. The
animal will favour the limb thus operated upon, and will
be able to make shift with the others, and may be pro-
vided with such a wooden leg as described by Mr. Litt,
of Shrewsbury, in ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iv, p. 241.
This operation has become thoroughly established in vete-
rinary practice.

With regard to the diagnosis of this disease, it is said to
be sometimes confounded with foot-and-mouth disease.
The latter, when neglected, degenerates into ‘“ foul” of an
THE FOOT, 3867

aggravated character ; it seems probable that at this stage
all virulence is lost. The treatment of “ foul” in sero-
fulous animals is, of course, only palliative.

Laminttis, “ Founder.”—Inflammation of the sensitive
structure of the foot is not frequent in cattle, but some-
times results, especially in very heavy and highly-fed
animals, from over-driving. It is also somewhat often
seen in working oxen. The simplicity of the foot of the
ox renders this a comparatively unimportant affection.
It may cause removal of the hoofs, but they will grow again.
The patientis better able to remain recumbent and to remove
the weight from an affected digit than is the horse. This
disease may be treated by a cathartic dose, rest, cold-water
applications, and, if necessary, sedatives.

Loss of a Hoof may arise from other causes than foul
and laminitis, as when the foot becomes caught by the
_ landing stage during unshipping, and under certain other
emergencies of travel. If time be allowed a fairly perfect
new hoof will be produced, until when the animal cleverly
utilises the companion claw for purposes of progression.

Sort Fazer result from excessive wear of the hoof from
travelling along hard roads. These must be dressed with
tar or put in a poultice, and thé animals rested. On this |
matter Youatt says: ‘ There is not a farmer that has not
had cows in his dairy that have lost for a time full half
of their milk on account of the pain which tender and dis-
eased feet have occasioned; the grazier sometimes loses
the advantage of three or four months’ feeding from the
same cause, and in London dairies tender feet are often a
most serious ailment, and compel the milkman to part
with some of his best cows, and that in a very indifferent
condition.”

This liability to sore feet necessitates the shoeing of
working oxen, which consists in affixing thin plates of
iron to the solés of the hoofs by three nails to each.
These nails are small, and require considerable care in
driving, on account of the thinness of the hoofs. The
‘animal is liable to prove restless while being shod, and
thus pricks may occur,
368 BOVINE’ PATHOLOGY.

Overcrowra or Hory, though nota disease, occasionally
requires attention from the veterinarian, since it may give
rise to foul and other diseases. It is seen in animals con-
stantly housed, and so deprived of the attrition which
naturally maintains the proper length of the hoof, and the
remedy consists in regulated application of the rasp and
drawing-knife.

Pricks AND oTHER Penerratinc Wounps or THE Foor
must be treated in such a manner as to give free exit to
all discharges, by removal of horn, so as to form a depend-
ing orifice ; and carbolic dressings ; however, cases of this
kind are not so important in the ox as in the horse, for
the pus readily bores its way to the coronet, and gains
exit in consequence of the comparatively loose union of
the laminated surfaces, whereas in the horse there is a
tendency to form secondary sinuses. Youatt lays stress
on this difference.

Monstrous conpiITION of THE Foor.—The development
of extra digits in the ox is of very rare occurrence, but
we have before us an instance in which the inner rudi-
mentary digit was fully developed, and bore a hoof about
three quarters as large as those of the two functional
digits. A case was mentioned before the Société
Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire of an ox with a cloven
condition of one hind limb, extending up to the tarsus.1

InrerpiciraL Fisromata are sometimes seen; as they
increase in size they cause lameness, tension of the inter-
digital ligament, and may ultimately lead to foul. They
should be removed with the knife.

Uxceration or THE Hext, of a sluggish character, either
associated with foul or as a distinct affection, sometimes
proves obstinate to treatment. It develops luxuriant
papille, assuming a fungoid character, or may form an
irregular, hard, callous mass. In either case cauterisa-
tion is called for. This condition results from long-con-
tinued exposure to cold and dirt. Youatt compares it to

* We have just received the hind limb of a calf with a well-developed digit,
consisting of a metatarsal, the full number of phalanges, and a fairly
formed hoof, curling upwards from the inner side of the hock.
THE FOOT, EYE, AND EAR. 369

grease in the horse, but is not very successful in esta-
blishing the comparison.

Section 8.—Dziszasrs or tHe Har.

The ear of the ox presents no special anatomical or
physiological features of import to us at present, nor is
it frequently involved in diseased action. The external
ear may be lacerated, and must then be treated on con-
‘servative principles. The skin investing it is also liable
to be involved in skin diseases; and Youatt mentions
the occurrence of fungous granulations springing up within
the ear.

Orrris is a formidable affection, not frequently recog-
nised, but liable to be confounded with: disease of the
brain, because of the violence exerted by the animal,
since this is a very painful disease. We have before us
a case in which extensive abscess had formed in the bone,
but the true nature of the disease was discovered only
after death. The principal symptoms, besides those of
fever, are carrying the head to one side and heat and red-
ness of the external parts. If this state is diagnosed
nothing can be done more than powerful stimulation
around the root of the ear, and the administration of
febrifuges and cathartics.

Section 4.—Duiseases of THE Eyz anp irs APPENDAGES.
Sub-section 1.—Abnormalities of the, Ocular Appendages.

The orbit of the ox has its external opening laterally
placed, giving a considerable backward range of sight—a
feature observable in all ruminants. This margin is formed
only of three bones, the squamous temporal being excluded
by the peculiar bifurcation of the posterior portion of the
malar. In other respects the orbit essentially resembles

that of the horse, and the accessory organs of vision are
24
370 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

very similar, except that the retractor muscle is even more
powerful, and the lachrymal and Meibomian glands are
very well developed, as also is the Harderian gland, which
is situated inside the cartilago-nictitans, and secretes a lu-
bricating fluid. The ductus ad nasum does not extend so
far down as the anterior naris. We have already noted the
frequent presence of bony tumours on the margin of the orbit.
Fractures of this part are not rare as a result of various
kinds of injuries ; either a small portion of bone is chipped
off the edge, or the orbital frontal process may be entirely
fractured. Loose portions of bone must be removed
artificially, or will slough out, and the attachments of the
eyelid may be interfered with, or depression of the frag-
ments may exert pressure on the contents of the orbit.
A highly vascular encephaloid or medullary sarcomatous
growth sometimes commences at the back of the orbit, and .
grows rapidly, pressing on the optic nerve, and forcing
the eyeball to one side. It appears at the surface as a
highly vascular mass, and is termed Funevs Humaropss.
It produces complete loss of sight, and must be treated by
extirpation of the contents of the orbit, and subsequent
application of the actual cautery, to restrain hemorrhage
and destroy the last vestiges of the cancerous mass. The
patient should then be fattened for slaughter. This is
perhaps the most frequent cancerous growth in the ox.

LacrraTions OF THE EyELips must be treated on the
‘principle of not removing any part which can possibly be
saved. Youatt tells us that “the eyelids are more subject
to disease in the ox than in any other domestic animal,”
and mentions Srponranzovs Empuysema of the organs to be
cured by puncture; and also ipzma, which is a sign of
general debility, 6r may be a sign of the existence of some
irritant in the eye. Sometimes cases of this kind lead to
chronic thickening.

Warrty Growrns are sometimes seen on the eyelids, and
must be snipped off, and their roots touched with caustic.
Finally, the largely developed Meibomian glands may
become inflamed or their ducts blocked up, and a small
abscess results. When this bursts or is opened the parts
THE EYE. 871

regain their normal condition. We are not aware that
inversion and eversion of the eyelids have ever been seen
im the ox. We have found records of a few cases of
Piosis, dropping of the upper eyelid, but have no evi-
dence as to the occurrence of disease in the lachrymal
apparatus.

TUMOURS OF THE CARUNCULA LACHRYMALIS AND CartTILAGo-
NICTITANS sometimes attain a considerable size. They
result from chronic irritation or conjunctivitis, and must
be removed by means of the scissors, the animal having
been cast and the cartilage fixed. The latter must be as
little injured as possible in the operation. Sometimes

caustic applications will suffice to destroy these tumours,
but generally it is found necessary to operate.

Sub-section 2.—Diseases of the Eyeball.

The eyeball is somewhat flatter in the ox than in the
horse, the cornea more convex, and the tapetum lucidum
has a golden-green colour, bluish near the margin, and a
fibrous structure.

Consunerivitis— Simple Ophthalmia—results from in-

, Juries, and especially from the entry of foreign matters
into the eye. It is denoted by profuse lachrymation, the
tears trickling down the cheek, thickening of the eyelids,
‘intolerance of light, redness of the conjunctiva, and
generally some opacity of the cornea through extension
of irritation, due to general causes, as exposure to cold, or
to acrid vapours ; both eyes may be thus affected (but this
seems to be very rare). An examination must be made for
the detection of foreign bodies, the lids being separated by
the finger and thumb, and each everted in turn. The
rapid movement of the haw over the eye renders this ex-
amination a little more complicated than it otherwise would
be. The cause having been removed the irritation may be
overcome by fomentations and dressings with solution of the
subacetate of lead, and the eye or eyes should be protected
from the light. This disease is generally complicated with
keratitis or corneitis, in which the cells which are collected
372 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

together to form the cornea proliferate freely and cause
opacity.

Opacity or THe Cornza also depends upon nutritive
conditions, and sometimes upon pressure, due to swelling
of the contents of the eyeball. Under these circumstances
it is temporary, and disappears with its cause, but when
it results from blows or other injuries, and sometimes after
ophthalmia, it may be permanent. When a slight bluish
imperfect opacity it is termed nebula, if more circum-
scribed, perfect, and with well-defined outlines, it is termed
albugo. These conditions are incurable; they may become
less marked with time, and the process of diminution in
size may be accelerated by the application of caustic
agents, such as nitrate of silver. Cartwright describes it
in some cases, as due to plethora and the pendent position
of the head (‘Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. v,_
p. 22); but it probably is more frequently dependent on
defective nutrition.

SrapHyLoma is either a tumour on the cornea or pro-
trusion of the linmg membrane of the aqueous chamber
with its contents through an ulceration of the cornea.
Such ulcerations result from debility, especially that due

 

Fia. 71.—Staphyloma. ~ (Armatage.)

to defective assimilation of tissue formers, or occasionally,
perhaps, from ophthalmic corneitis. The projection is
opaque and generally irregular on the surface, and in the
ulcerative form there is a tendency to evacuation of the ’
contents of the aqueous chamber. Ulcerations of the
cornea and tumours on it may be touched with nitrate of
THE EYE. 873

silver. Special attention must be directed ‘to. improve-
ment of the condition of the animal. Repair may be
established, even after the aqueous humour has escaped.

Oonyenttal hairy tumours have been seen on the sclerotic.
The most recent case on record is that in the ‘ Veterinary
Journal,’ vol. iv, p. 169. Development shows us that
the conjunctiva is but a modified portion of the external
investment of the body; this is a teratological proof of
the same fact.

‘Worm rn tue Hye is sometimes seen in the ox (see ‘ Veteri-
narian,’ vol. i, p. 77). The parasite is a Nematode (either
‘Filaria lachrymalis, F. papitlosa, or Strongylus armatus),
and occupies the anterior chamber, where it excites irri-
tation, and thus produces corneitis and some degree of
conjunctivitis. We have no instance of this occurring, in
this country, but perhaps it might be seen more often in
India. Incision at the supero-external part of the cornea,
with pressure on the eyeball, causing the aqueous humour
to squirt out, carrying the worm with it, should be tried,
as in similar cases in the horse.

Lymphy deposits in the Aqueous Chambers result from
inflammation of the eye, especially the rheumatic form,
and they may cause adhesion of the iris to the lens
capsule. They are generally only temporary, and soon
disappear. When small and attached to the anterior part
of the lens capsule they may be mistaken for cataract,
unless care be exercised. In the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxv,
p. 8, Mr. Cartwright relates a case of lymphy deposit,
which he attributed to inflammation of the iris. No
treatment is required—simply time for absorption.

Sereciric or Prriopic Oraruatmis, also described as
Retinitis, is not so frequent in the ox as in the horse.!
It is probably rheumatic, since it is periodical, and under-
goes metastatic passage from one eye to the other. It
especially effects the deeper structures, causing disorgani-
sation of the retina, a breaking up of the hyaloid mem-
brane, opacity of the lens, an orange colour of the iris, and

1 Many cattle pathologists deny that this disorder occurs in the ox. The
balance of opinion seems to favour the view advanced in the text.
874 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

its attachment to the capsule of the lens (both conditions
due to lymph extravasation), a jagged condition of its free
margin, and paralysis of its muscular structure, deposits
of lymph in the aqueous chamber, opacity of the cornea
of a temporary character, and constitutional irritability.
The symptoms are those of common ophthalmia of a severe
character, but on examination, the deeper structures of the
eye will be found to be the parts principally involved, and
those which are visible will be found altered more or less,
as above described. The attack is generally sudden, and
only one eye affected at atime. This disease leads to ca-

taract, atrophy, and thorough disorganisation of the eyeball.
_ _‘Treatment.—The same as for simple ophthalmia, and in
addition constitutional remedies, such as colchicum and
iodide of potassium. Is seldom amenable to treatment.
Animals thus affected, should be prepared for the butcher,
and should not be used for breeding purposes, for the
disease is certainly hereditary.

Cataracr.—Opacity of the lens, or of its capsule, or of
both these structures, may be circumscribed or diffused,
in the latter case it causes complete blindness. It is
caused by rheumatic ophthalmia, and sometimes by blows.
In the latter case it is a fracture of the lens, and is
generally a stellate opacity.

Treatment in the lower animals is not likely to prove
beneficial.

-Amaurosis—Paralysis of the Retina—is denoted by per-
manent dilatation of the pupil (except when the iris is
influenced by sympathy with the other eye) and by a
greenish and transparent condition of the posterior part
of the eye. The primary lesion may be in the cranium
as when a tumour presses on the optic nerve, along the
extracranial portion of the nerve as injury or com-
pression, or in the retina as in cases of depositions of
lymph in it as a result of inflammation. It also some-
times depends upon debility and excessive loss of blood.
It is not frequent in the ox. When due to compression
or structural change, nothing can be done which will
be likely to effect a cure. That form due to debility is
a
va

“THE EYE. 375

only temporary. When the eye cannot be any longer
used as an organ of vision the retina atrophies. This

is to be seen in cases of cataract. (‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. iii,

p. 141.)

Szcrion 5.—DisEaszs oF-THE OrGAN or TASTE.

We have already dealt with the abnormalities of the
tongue (Chap. IV, Section 1). Perversion of Gustation is
generally present in cases of depraved appetite.
876 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

CHAPTER VIII.—DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM.

THE nervous system of the ox is not very highly
developed as a whole, though, perhaps, the sympathetic
portion somewhat exceeds the average. The brain is more
rounded and tilted upwards anteriorly than that of the
horse ; it has not such a numerous and complex state of
the convolutions. The spinal cord, and cerebral, spinal,
and sympathetic nerves present no special differences in the
two animals.

Section 1.—THe CEREBRO-SPINAL SYSTEM.

The brain seems to be especially affected by inflam-
mation, apoplexy, and those ill-ascertained conditions
known as epilepsy.

Purentis—Inflammation of the Brain—preferably may be
called ENcEPHALITIS, since we cannot diagnose inflammation
of the brain or CrREBRITIS, in which simply the cere-
brum is involved, from that diseased action of an inflam-
- matory nature which involves both brain and membranes,
Aitkin, as quoted by Williams, gives the following
features of distinction between cerebral and meningeal
disease. The former is characterised by loss of some
proper nerve function from the first, not at all by high
exaggeration of function nor vascular excitement, and
paralysis, anzesthesia, loss of volition, are its distinctives.
In the latter, loss of nerve force takes place only some
time after the attack commenced; it is generally pre-
ceded by exaggeration of function and much vascular
excitement and local disturbance. Also spasms, pain,
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. ~ 877

and delirium, are present. Sometimes abscess in the
. brain occurs.

The disease usually described as phrenitis- is primarily
congestive, subsequently inflammatory. It is vulgarly
known as “ Phrensy,” and is highly acute. The exag-
geration of cerebral functions and of vascular excitement
are very marked. Perhaps the shortness of the neck of
the ox proves a predisposing cause to this and apoplectic
conditions against which even the complex Rete Mirabile
at the base of the brain is not always an efficient preven-
tive. Encephalitis is not of rare occurrence, and is espe-
cially prevalent in hot countries and hot seasons, and more
particularly affects working oxen, those exposed in pastures,
and plethoric males.

It is found that the disease also is less prevalent now
than formerly, perhaps due to less frequent over-driving
and greater care of animals. Fortunately, too, bull-
baiting, which would tend in this direction, is under
the ban of public opinion. Sometimes injury is the
cause. :

The congestive stage is denoted by a highly injected
condition of the conjunctival membrane, together with a
condition of stupor, during which the” pulse is slow,
respirations infrequent, there is a tendency to somnolence,
and the patient is “foolish.” Soon general febrile sym-
ptoms and the true phrenitic signs are developed. <A
wild and staring condition of the eyes, bellowing, and
charging at all available objects. This is the stage of .
delirium. When the disease is more advanced, convul-
sions are present, and there is a gradual tendency to loss
of power as denoted by frequent falling. The patient is
throughout the delirious stage all but unapproachable ;
the pulse is full and bounding, the respirations are not
usually accelerated, but sometimes slower than usual.
There is a want of method in the fury of a phrenitic ox
not discernible in that of a rabid one. Later, paralysis
sets in, and is succeeded by death.

Treatment.—The beast having been secured and con-
fined by the horns, blood may be abstracted to consider-
878 BOVINE PATHOLOGY..

able amount, which will materially tend to relieve the
cerebral and meningeal congestion ; also, cold water may
be constantly applied to the head, and, when possible, a
cathartic dose administered. Sometimes croton can be
given where more bulky remedial agents are rejected,
and the subcutaneous injection of sedative (not narcotic)
agents, such as hydrocyanic acid, may be tried, and the
tincture of aconite may be administered if possible.

Diagnosis.—This disease may be confounded with certain
abdominal disorders, especially impaction of the omasum.
It may be distinguished by its greater acuteness of the
symptoms, the presence of acute febrile conditions, and
the history of the case.

_ Prognosis, on account of the difficulty in managing
the patient, is unfavorable, since we are not even able
to adopt proper measures of nursing.

Post-mortem examination shows a highly congested
condition of the membranes and of the brain substance, as
denoted by unusual distinctness of the puncta vasculosa ;
also, sometimes the brain is softened, and there is fluid
in considerable quantity in the arachnoid and subarach-
noid spaces. Should the animal recover, there is a
liability to recurrence, so that altogether, when this
affection is present, the best treatment is to destroy the
patient and utilise the carcase.

Eritersy—Megrims or Staggers—is only a symptom of
disorder, as shown by the varied appearances seen post
mortem. Sometimes it is seen in diseases of an ordinary cha-
racter, a8 aneemia, and certain other forms of blood disease.
Thus, it is mostly prevalent among young and debilitated
animals. Sometimes on autopsy a spiculum of bone is found
penetrating the brain, in other cases there are scrofulous
or other deposits, and, again, there may be induration of
the white matter, with a marbled or rosy colour of the
grey, and adhesions of the membranes to the surface
(Watson). How far these apply to the conditions in the
ox we are not in a position to state, but certainly we find
epilepsy associated with irregular blood supply. “We
have in this malady another illustration of the fact that,
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 379

when the controlling influence of the cerebrum is sus-
pended, the peculiar functions of the spinal marrow are
exercised, not only in a disorderly, but also in an un-
usually energetic manner” (Watson). Thus, the symptoms
of an epileptic fit are, after a premonitory dulness, a
sudden loss of brain power, as denoted by the animal
staggering and falling, and remaining for a shorter or
longer time in a state of unconsciousness. Convulsive
movements of the limbs, which are outstretched and
shivering, of the respiratory and ocular muscles, and
of those of mastication, are very marked. There is froth-
ing at the mouth and involuntary passage of feces and
urine. Finally, the convulsions cease and the animal
rises, and shortly seems again in a healthy state.

Treatment must be palliative, and directed to the pro-
duction of blood in greater quantity and of a better quality,
and also to ensuring its regular supply to the head. In
young stock this diseased condition is most frequently seen.
Since, in the majority of cases, there is a deficient supply of
blood to the head, bleeding must not be performed. A
cathartic will prove useful in removing any irritant from
the alimentary canal. As soon as possible animals which
have once suffered in this way should be sent to the
butcher. Cases of epilepsy in the ox are rare.

‘Apopiexy is the reverse condition, in so far as blood
supply goes, to that which is observed in most cases of
epilepsy, being attributable to an over-distension of the
encephalic vessels with blood, and a giving way of their
walls, thus undue pressure is exerted upon the brain
by extravasated blood. Similar symptoms also may be
seen when sudden pressure results from bursting of an
accumulation, and other influences similar in their nature.
Plethora is the most fruitful predisposing cause. The
conditions of life of the ox especially tend to render him
plethoric, and when he is over-driven or excited during
hot weather apoplexy is apt to occur.

Symptoms.—Some slight dulness may at first be present,
but generally the animal is noticed to fall suddenly, with
complete loss of sensibility, consciousness, and power of
380 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

voluntary movement ; the eyes in an amaurotic condition ;
the breathing slow, stertorous, laboured; the surface of
the body covered with cold sweat. Often the convulsive
movements, rolling of the eyes, and sudden falling may
lead to diagnosis of epilepsy, but this will soon be with-
drawn, as the case remains in the same condition, or lapses
into the quiescent form, or rapidly terminates in death.
This results from extension of the pressure to the medulla
oblongata, and interference with its functions. It will
be observed that the symptoms vary somewhat, according
to the seat of the extravasated blood. This condition is
sometimes seen in association with fracture of the cranium
and with rupture of the blood-vessels such as may also
arise from other forms of external injury.

Treatment consists in free bleeding and administration
of a laxative, but is seldom effectual, and the” disease is
apt to recur. -

Droprsy or THE Brain: HyprocrpHaLus—is the accumula-
tion of serous: fluid in the cranium, ‘either between or
below the membranes of the brain, or else dropsy of the
ventricles. The latter condition is said to sometimes occur
in adults, but it certainly is very rare. Youatt tells us
the symptoms mostly resemble those of apoplexy, but are
gradually developed. The former state occurs in the
foetus, and causes enormous enlargement of the head and
impediment to parturition. The practitioner, when called ~
in, finds the head partly in the generative passage, either
the muzzle or forehead projecting with the fore limbs. The
enormous cranium is yielding, but must be diminished in
bulk by tapping with a trocar and long canula, or by
opening with the knife. To give room the fore feet should
be secured with ropes and returned into the uterine cavity.
When the cranium collapses the calf will readily be
expelled, of course dead. The loss is not to be lamented,
as it would have done no good, the animal remaining
weakly and unthrifty for a short time, and then dying.
Youatt gives an interesting case, in which puncture was
tried, but tetanus supervened and the animal died. He
also mentions that the disease may appear in weakly ani-
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 381

mals after birth. In these cases we shall find the cranial
bones thin and widespread, and large numbers of stellate
Wormian bones placed between them, in the endeavour to

eae

 

 

 

Fie. 72.—Congenital hydrocephalus, causing difficult parturition. (Simonds).
382 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

close up the large cavity, but not sufficient to replace a
great part of the membranous walls. The brain is 1m-
perfectly developed. Sometimes we find only the floor of
the cranium present, its bony walls being entirely absent,
and the margins of the imperfect walls regularly
rounded off.

Parasirss occasionally grow in the brain. These are
the same hydatids as are seen in the brain of sheep, giving
rise to “turnsick.”? They are known as Cenuri cerebrales,
are the larval form of the Tenia cenurus, seen in its and
adult state in the dog. They affect various parts of the

  

Fid. 73.— Cenurus cerebralis. Fra. 74,.—Conurus cerebralis.
(After Cobbold). (a) In sitd. (After Cobbold).

brain, generally the cerebral hemispheres. The embryo
which has escaped from the ovum of the tapeworm bores
its way through the tissues and enters a blood-vessel. It
lis carried in the round of the circulation to the brain, and
there locates itself. It increases in size, and generally is
large before it causes any appreciable symptoms, which
are those due to circumscribed deficiency of a portion of
the brain, or some forms of pressure on the surface, viz.
constantly moving round and round in the same direction,
and generally towards the side on which pressure is made.
The disease is most prevalent in young animals, and in
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 883

some seasons than others; ‘it is also somewhat rare in this
country.

Post-mortem examination having proved the presence of
the parasite, this must not be thrown away carelessly, but’
destroyed or preserved as a specimen, for it is of interest.
Trephining may be experimentally tried, for in calves the
sinuses are very small, and so sometimes a yielding of the
bone over the hydatid may be perceived. With regard to
the direction of turning and other interesting physiological
deductions from this disease, as seen in the sheep,
the ‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ 1879-80, may
be consulted with benefit.

The occurrence of bony tumours in the cranium is
noticed under the heading “ Exostoses.”? It will be
remembered that the cases of “ ossified brain” recorded
are of this nature.

We know but little of the derangements of the brain of
a less striking nature than those hitherto described which,
perhaps, occur in the ox. But we must remember that.
the conditions of life of this animal are not such as to
call for any high exercise of cerebral functions, nor are
cattle, as a rule, subjected to such close scrutiny as
suffices to detect: slight indications of brain disorder.
This organ is very liable to disease in association with
deranged conditions of the digestive apparatus, and a
disease of this kind has been described as Stomach staggers,
but really is a case of functional brain disease due to con-
gestion. We are familiar with the drowsy sensation
which results from a fulness-of the stomach ; the same is
sometimes exaggerated in cattle, giving rise to Coma,
which is denoted by dulness and a torpid condition, with
sleepiness and a tendency to fall down, especially when
the head is elevated. The respirations are deep and slow,
the pulse full and slow, and the pupil dilated. This is
the state also induced by narcotic poisons; it is then
termed Narcosis. It must be treated by bleeding, stimu-
lants, and a full cathartic dose.

Delirium is a condition of perverted cerebral functions
seen in some diseases, such as encephalitis and some forms
384 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of blood disorder, and it also results from the action
of certain poisons. There is a wild look of the. eye,
excitement and sometimes fury, with violent struggling
and discharge of frothy saliva from the mouth.

Diszases or THE Sprnat Corp have not been. diagnosed
with thorough accuracy, though Cruzel gives a long
account of myelitis, which, he says, is very rare in the
ox. Associated with this important nervous centre are
two remarkable conditions which, having been described
as distinct diseases, must be rather looked upon much in the
same light as coma and delirium, they being symptoms
which may be dependent upon any of several pathological
states. Thus, Tetanus or Locxep Jaw may be caused by
electric stimulation of a motor nerve or the spinal cord, or
by the introduction of strychnia into the system, or by
' certain conditions of nerves associated with a wound, or,
we believe, as a result of the action of cold and other
influences. It is simply an excitation of the spinal cord,
causing it to throw so many impressions into the motor
nerves so closely following one another that tonic spasm
results. It may be diffused or circumscribed. In the
latter case simply the source of motor-nerve force to the
muscles of the head may be affected then the jaws are
fixed and the retractor muscle draws the eyeball back
into the orbit and so causes persistent protrusion of
cartilago-nictitans. This is known astrismus. Again, we
may find only the muscles of one side of the body affected
(pleurosthotonos), or those above the spine (opisthotonos),
or those below (emprosthotonos). In other cases we find
a combination of these conditions. In disease is de-
scribed as Traumatic when due to wounds, and Idiopathic
when no wound can be found to which it may be attri-
buted. It must not be supposed that it is only the
motor portion of the cord which is affected, for there are
indications that hyperesthesia is present often to a
marked degree, thus, excitation of the patient is apt to
give rise to exaggeration of the spasm, and quietude is by
far the most important feature of treatment.

Symptoms.—A gradually increasing difficulty is evi-
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 385

dently found in separating the jaws, and in performance of
the voluntary movements in general. The disinclination
to feed is the first matter which directs attention to the
case, but there is no concomitant fever. There is a
straddling gait, due to inflexibility of the hind limbs.
Attention is directed to the mouth to determine the cause
of refusal of food, and it is found that by this time the
jaws are locked. Usually there is a flow of saliva of a
foetid character from the mouth when the lips are separated.
Soon the appearance of the patient becomes characteristic ;
there is a marked condition of the muscles, due to rigi-
dity, the tail is slightly straightened, the haw protruded,
and the animal moves “ all of one piece.” If the haw be
not protruded it will do so when the head is raised. The
muzzle is extended forwards, and there is obstinate con-
stipation. The animal sometimes tries to feed, and
succeeds in sucking up a small quantity of fluid; he some-
times falls and continues in the recumbent position, but
as often stands persistently. Respiration is materially
interfered with by the contraction of the inspiratory
muscles, but the diaphragm for a long time retains its
activity. That the sympathetic system is involved is
inferred from the state of the bowels; in some cases this
may be primary, and the disease of the cord secondary.
As a general rule, the reverse is the case. Sometimes

“the disease proves rapidly fatal, and causes death on the
second or third day ; if the patient lives to the sixth day
some hopes of cure may be held out, but the prog-
nosis is never very favorable, for we are working very
much in the dark in treating tetanus. In some cases it
is directly traceable to a wound either in the suppurative
or cicatrising stage, when it is supposed that some nerve-
fibre is entangled in the scar or otherwise disordered. Of
these wounds the most frequent are surface-grazes, those
produced in castration, and pricks in shoeing. Owing to
the frequency of the latter, it is said to be most prevalent
in working oxen. The idiopathic forms are attributable
to exposure to cold and sudden changes of temperature,
especially when the skin is heated. Thus, it is some-

25
3886 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

times seen in newly-born animals as Trismus nascentium.
It is also attributed to over-driving (when it may depend
on soreness of the feet) and the presence of irritants in
the alimentary canal. The latter, besides (probably)
causing the disease, increase its intensity, as is proved by
the beneficial effects of catharsis. To induce this extremely
large doses of powerful drastics are given, and it is wonder-
ful with what impunity. Once trismus has set in adminis-
tration of medicinesin the ordinary way is difficult, but croton
oil may be placed on the tongue. Other agents may be
given per rectum, but the best method is subcutaneous
injection. Thus, morphia may be administered, or prussic
acid, or a trial may be made of the nitrite of amyl. Chloro-
form inhaled is found to relax spasm temporarily, and the
same effect follows its administration per rectum; it
exerts no permanent influence. In these cases quiet
must be substituted even for ordinary nursing measures.
The patient must be placed in a dark and hushed place,
and left there with a free supply of gruel available and a
good bed. The wound to which the attack is attributed
may be treated by sedative applications and poulticed.
Méller has shown (see £ Veterinarian,’ 1880) that tetanus
cannot be produced by transfusion of blood from a.
tetanic to a healthy animal; it, therefore, is not specific,
as some suppose. No definite post-mortem lesions have
been observed, but in many cases there are congestion”
of the spinal cord and its membranes, softening of the
cord, and accumulation of fluid between the membranes.
An interesting feature of this disease is the height to
which the internal temperature may rise. Some of the
highest" readings on record in the human being were
taken from acute cases of this disorder.
Paratysis~—Palsy—is also a symptomatic condition
referable to many different causes, and varying much in
its characters. It is loss of voluntary motor power in a
few or many of the muscles of the body, and generally
is accompanied by a similar condition, anzesthesia, loss
of sensory power. ‘This union of the two conditions is
the result of the proximity of the sensory and motorial
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, 887

tracts, both in the majority of nerves and in the spinal
cord. The degree of palsy may vary from that of a
single muscle to total paralysis. When the whole of one
side of the body is affected, it is termed hemiplegia,
when both hind limbs, paraplegia. In the other cases,
simply “paralysis.” It may result from pressure on, or
disease of the medulla oblongata, pressure on the
spinal cord on the same side as the loss of power
between the origin of the roots of the nerves and the
brain, or on the nerves of. supply to the affected part.
Section of these structures or diseased action has the
same effect. The loss of power does not generally occur
suddenly, though it may do so, but where the limbs are
affected there isa staggering gait, and a tendency to cross
the hind legs. The most prevalent form in the ox is
paraplegia, It is most frequent in old animals, especially
those turned out on damp low pastures and during severe
weather. All hardships tend to the occurrence of cases
of this kind in the herd. Sometimes we find that
the pressure on the nerves or cord is due to fracture ;
in this case the paraplegia occurs suddenly after a fall
or some other form of injury, and the animal retains |
sensibility and motor power in all parts anterior to the
_ fracture, and loses them posteriorly, but it must be
remembered that reflex movements may occur, though
they are not frequent. In the horse, intermittent para-
lysis of the hind limbs has been found to be due to
plugging of the iliac arteries with lymph; such cases
have not been noticed in the ox, but cases of paraplegia
in pregnant animals are sometimes seen, in which the
paralysis disappears after parturition ; ; in’them there may
be pressure on the posterior aorta, or the iliacs more
particularly, interfering with blood supply. Tumours of
various kinds may be observed post-mortem, or even
during life, in such positions as to press upon the nerves
of the affected part. Sometimes paralysis is due to the
action of poisonous agents ; of these cases, lead palsy is
the most remarkable.

Treatment.—All attention must be paid to the comfort
388 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of the animal, which must have a good bed and be
frequently turned to avoid bed-sores, which are very
liable to occur under an aggravated form in these patients.
When. the case is attributable to debility, we may expect
success in restoring the patient, but, as a rule, these are
protracted and doubtful cases. When fracture of the
spine exists, or we surmise that tumours compress the
nerves and cannot be removed, we must anticipate a
prolonged course of treatment, loss of condition, and
want of success. It is better, therefore, to at once
have the patient destroyed. When the pressure is due
to inflammatory deposits, we may expect these to become
absorbed in time, and the process of removal will perhaps
be accelerated by the use of such agents as the iodide of
iron, which is at once deobstruent and tonic; also by the
external application of biniodide-of-mercury ointment. The
food should always be as nutritious as the digestive appa-
ratus is able to bear, and also of a laxative nature. The
urine may require to be removed frequently by means of the
catheter. Lastly, treatment of chronic cases by strychnia in
two-grain doses, gradually increasing and continuedfor some
time, may lead to return of nerve force to a portion of
the spinal cord, which has had its powers reduced by
some influence. Hand-rubbing of the affected parts, and
mild stimulation and clothing, are useful adjuncts. The
muscles of the paralysed part decrease in size, and some-
times degenerate into masses of fibrous tissue; this is
an advanced stage. The muscles less affected are found
in the stage of fatty degeneration. This is well seen in
cases of progressive -lipomatous paralysis, such as is
noticed in the ‘ Veterinarian’ for 1880. We have often
observed this in our dissection of monstrosities, in which
the nerve centres have been destroyed after due develop-
ment of the muscles, or in which muscles and nerves
have developed independently of nerve centres. Itseems.
that as long as they are involuntary the skeletal muscles
develop without the aid of nerve centres, but when they
become striated, unless used they degenerate, and they
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 889

can scarcely come into use except under the influence of
the cerebro-spinal nerve centres.

ADYNAMIA NERVOSA GENERALIS (hori is that
nervous debility which affects some cows during the later
stages of pregnancy, which has been confounded with
parturient apoplexy, but which is only indicated by a
want of ability to rise, a tendency to coldness of the

 

Fia. 75.—The natural position of rest as retained in adynamia. (Armatage.)

surface, and a weakness of the pulse, with some torpidity
of the bowels, otherwise the animal remains apparently in
good health. It has been attributed to pressure of the
uterus containing the foetus on the posterior aorta, pre-
venting the proper supply of blood to the hind extremities,
and in some instances this seems to be the case, but it
often persists after parturition, therefore it must be due
also to other causes. Of these, the demands of the fetus
on the nutritive material of the blood is considered-to be
one of the principal. Sometimes it is treated successfully
by suddenly frightening the animal, but it is better to
keep the bowels open by means of enemas and the
surface of the body warm, and support the strength of
the animal until it has entirely recovered from the effects
of utero-gestation. Small doses of strychnia have been
390 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

recommended, and stimulant applications along the length
of the back are of decided benefit.

Cuorra—Stringhalt.—Cases of this nature charac-
terised by clonic muscular spasms have been described,
as in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xv, p. 71, and ‘ Edinburgh
Veterinary Review,’ vol. iv, p. 237. In the latter instance
a number of animals were affected, and this was attri-
buted to the practice of giving them burnt ale with their
food.

Parrorent ApopLexy— milk fever,” “ dropping after
calving’’—is a disease peculiar to the cow, generally
occurring after calving, and within three days of that
event, most frequent after easy accomplishment of birth,
in good milkers, and in old animals seldom before the
third calf, perhaps most often seen after the fifth; very
liable to recurrence in animals which have once guffared
from it when the time for parturition again comes round.
It is noticed most frequently in warm weather, and in
animals which are in a plethoric state at the time of par-
turition. The disease is mentioned as also taking place
in some cases before birth, and some say even several
weeks after that event; but this is very doubtful, and, at
any rate, quite exceptional.

Symptoms.—The cow, some time after parturition,
generally about four hours, becomes restless, raises the
hind feet alternately, breathes rather quickly, is unwilling
to move, and staggers during progression. There is
cessation of appetite and rumination, a staring condition
of the eye and—a sign of great significance—the supply
of milk suddenly fails. Shortly, in about twenty-four
hours after parturition, the animal falls, the hind limbs
giving way, and remains on the ground, generally after
several ineffectual attempts torise. Then, it is found that
the eyes are protruding and bloodshot, and insensible to
the touch; in fact, there is a general loss of sensation
and power of voluntary motion. The pulse is now full,
soft, and frequently slow, but subsequently it becomes
faster, smaller, and finally imperceptible. The respiratory
efforts are slow and infrequent, and, after a little time,
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 391

stertorous. The visible mucous membranes are purple in
colour, and the head and horns are hot. The animal is
delirious, and dashes the head about with extreme violence,

SA,

   

Fie. 76.—Puerperal (Parturient) apoplexy in the Cow. (From Fleming’a
‘Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

or becomes comatose, and lies with the’ head flexed round
on the shoulder!. Amaurosis sets in, and there are twitch-
ings of the muscles of the eyelids. The udder remains
soft and flaccid, or sometimes becomes hard and small.
All power of swallowing is lost, the bowels do not act, and
the urine is retained. Tympany also is present. Usually
the coma becomes more profound and the signs of vitality
less marked, until the patient dies; but in other cases
the functions of the internal organs commence to be more
satisfactorily performed ; the bowels act, the pulse becomes
perceptible, and the respirations more frequent, and »
gradually the patient recovers. Even after the animal is
far advanced towards convalescence relapse may take
place, and we have seen cases in which the slow recovery
was seriously interfered with, the sloughing of large
patches of skin—bed-sores, in fact—resulting from a want
of attention to frequent turning and protection from the
acridity of urine while the animal was recumbent. To these
lesions an animal recovering from this disease seems par-

1This is by some considered due to special tonic spasm of the cervical
muscles.
392 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ticularly liable, probably in consequence of interference
with the nervous supply of the superficial parts.

Post-mortem examination.—The blood dark in colour
and distending the veins; petechiz of various serous
membranes ; congestion of the brain and spinal cord, with
apoplectic clots on various parts.

Pathology.—Gamgee and other authorities on this
subject consider that there is present in the blood a specific
element. The congested condition of the veins in general
and the dark colour of the blood, together with the ecchy-
mosis of the serous membranes observed post-mortem,
seem to support this view until we consider that the blood
must contain many impurities, as a result of defective
action of all the excretory organs. Probably those cases
in which the disease has been communicated were septic
peritonitis, a disease frequently mistaken for that in ques-
tion. Another argument advanced is, that the disease
sometimes assumes an enzootic form, but this is probably
attributable to uniformity of surroundings and mis-
management of a number of pregnant cows. The “ana-
tomical theory ” is that this disease is due to the arrange-
ment of the arteries at the base of the brain, as a rete
mirabile, rendering the cow liable to apoplexy, especially
when the supply of blood to the pregnant uterus is cut
off, and there is no compensatory determination to the
mammary gland. That the arrangement of the arteries
has little to with the matter is shown by the fact of
the spinal cord, as well as the brain, being the seat
of extravasations. Some attribute the disease to accu-
mulation of milk-producing elements in the blood, giving
rise to fever and, practically, blood poisoning ; to sudden
overloading of the system with blood, causing nervous
disorder; to encephalic anzmia (eclampsia). After a
very careful consideration of the various theories on
the subject, Fleming (‘Veterinary Obstetrics,’ p. 668)
adopts the latter view, as suggested by Franck, and he
considers the view of Professor Barlow, one of the ablest
of British cattle pathologists, as “most far-fetched.”
He hardly treats this view, which is supported by Pro-
* «THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 893

fessor Williams, with proper respect. These professors
considered the disease a disorder of the sympathetic
nervous system. Many considerations tend to render
this view most probable. In the ox, and especially
the milch cow, this system is most highly developed.
Alimentation, lactation, and utero-gestation, are under its
direct control, and its influence is especially appreciable
in the various secretory processes. At parturition, when
the act is rapidly accomplished, undoubtedly a large
excess of blood is thrown upon the system; the effects
are the same as when a flux of long standing is suddenly
stopped —either some excretory organ exerts its powers of
vicarious action, or there is sudden increase in blood
pressure, and congestions and apoplectic lesions take place.
Normally, the mammary gland becomes very active, and
removes the excess of nutritive blood constituents, while
watery. matters and salines are also removed by the
other excretory organs. If any influences lead to imper-
fection of this safety-valve action congestions and apo-
plexy take place. That the functions presided over by
the sympathetic gangliated cord are not duly performed
is evident in parturient apoplexy. The sudden loss of
milk, retention of urine, torpidity of the bowels, and loss
of power of deglutition, are proofs of this. But the next
question is as to what has brought about this disorder?
We must answer this by saying that the violent throes
which were necessary for the rapid expulsion of the foetus
depended on excessively violent nervous efforts, which so
exhausted the sympathetic system as not to admit of its
recovery until apoplectic mischief has been done by the
method above described. With the present state of phy-
siological knowledge of the sympathetic nervous system
we are not in a position to reason the matter out more
closely, but it is evident that this view is worthy of atten-
tion, and some pathologists will find it hard to believe
that apoplexy is due to anzomic conditions of a part which
is found congested after death. The occurrence of coma,
delirium, and convulsions is thoroughly explicable, as due
to congestion of the brain and spinal cord. The disten-
394 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

sion of the blood-vessels seen post mortem and the purple
colour of the visible mucous membranes throughout the
attack show that extreme fulness of vessels is present in
these cases, and also a loss of tone of their muscular
structure. Several other theories as to the nature of the
disease might be given, but it is not necessary. Williams’
idea, “that the particular congestion of the brain and its
meninges is determined by the state of mental excitement
which is always present at this period, an argument borne
out by the fact that the removal of the offspring from the
mother is a fruitful cause of the so-called milk fever,’’ is
feasible, but such an exciting cause is not absolutely
essential, and the brain is not the only part of the body
which is congested and presents blood extravasations.

Treatment.—Prophylactic consists in ensuring a healthy
state of the constitution towards the time of parturition by
allowing a little exercise and adopting other means to
avoid plethora. Some authorities even suggest cathartic
doses and bleeding with this object.

Curative.—In the earliest stages the abstraction of blood
is decidedly beneficial, and a large cathartic dose must be
administered. This latter measure should always be
adopted whatever the stage of the disorder, for one of
the most important indications is to get the bowels to act,
and it is really wonderful what large doses of purgatives
may remain in the alimentary canal without producing
any effect, for the great distension of the blood-vessels
prevents their absorption. Usually a combination of
salines with aloes isrecommended. In no disease is more
careful and assiduous nursing required. The animal must
be supported by bundles of straw, and covered with cloths,
the udder stripped regularly, and friction applied all over
the surface of the body. Cold water or ice may be
applied to the forehead, which may tend to rouse the
tonicity of the cranial arteries, which may thereby overcome
the passive congestion, but a more important means is
the frequent administration of small doses of diffusible
stimulants, which, we believe, tend to rouse the sympa-
thetic system into activity, and to diffuse some of that
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 395

nerve force now heaped up in the cerebro-spinal centres,
as manifested by delirium and convulsive efforts. It is
usual to apply a stimulant or a sheep-skin along the course
of the spine. Enemas should be frequently given, and
the urine drawn off with the catheter. All agents

 

Fra. 77.—Catheter.

administered internally should be given by means of the
stomach-pump, as deglutition is impaired and fluids are
apt to fall down the trachea, and to cause the death by
mechanical bronchitis of an animal which otherwise might
have recovered. Also introduction of the tube into the
stomach will tend to relieve tympany. A very good plan
is to insert the trochar and canula, and to administer the
stimulant doses through the opening. Any change for
the better must not cause relaxation in our efforts, but the
animal must not be allowed to feed on anything but easily
digestible laxative food, or strictly for some time kept on
a gruel diet.

Results.—We have already alluded to the liability of this
disorder to recur. Resolution takes place more frequently
in some parts of the country than in others, and thus the
fatality has been variously estimated. Paraplegia is one of
the most unsatisfactory results, dependent upon pressure on
or disorganisation of the cord. Such cases are occasionally
treated successfully by means of tonics, strychnia, and
absorbent agents, and blisters over the course of the spine.
Sometimes, as the deposit is gradually removed, they
undergo spontaneous cure. Where there are no signs of
amendment after a short treatment, the animal should be
slaughtered, and, if in a fit state, used as food. Whether
the carcase of an animal which has been destroyed while
suffering from milk fever is fit for food is much debated.
Tt has nothing specific about it, but the blood is so laden
with impurities that we must condemn such meat as bad,
396 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

though we cannot say that it will cause disease in animals
which consume it. we

Cases of Parturient Fever, ordinary fever observed
after parturition, which present no special features of
treatment, must not be confused with parturient apoplexy ;
and the latter disease must be carefully distinguished
from septic peritonitis, adynamia, and simple metritis.

MANIA PUERPERALIS is a disease which is occasionally
seen a few days after parturition, characterised by extreme
excitement, constant champing of the jaws, with gnawing
of the surrounding objects, especially the animal’s own
fore legs. These symptoms are somewhat similar to those
of rabies, but contagion cannot be traced, there is the
special relation to parturition, and the attack generally
lasts only a short time and yields to the action of opiates.
It is attributed to dyspepsia, exposure, and to removal of
the calf from the cow. Cases are recorded in the “ Vete-
rinary Journal,’ vol. ii, p. 17, and vol. ix, p. 18. Mr.
Storrar, of Chester, prefers to consider this disease as a
form of epilepsy.

With regard to the Nerves, we can only state that
Nevrotomy has been performed in the ox as in the horse,
the anterior plantar nerves being divided as well as the
lateral. The operation is so seldom performed that we
need merely allude to it here as having been resorted to
successfully.

In the third volume of the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary
Review,’ p. 503, is a case of suppose division of the

_ pneumogastric nerve in bleeding. Vomition, cough, and
atrophy of the left lung resulted.

Section 2.

Diseases of the Sympathetic nervous system in the ox
do not seem to have been recognised, except in so far as
has been already mentioned. (See Parturient Apoplexy.)
DISEASES OF THE SKELETON. 897

CHAPTER IX.—DISEASES OF THE SKELETON.

Tur Skeleton of the ox is heavy and comparatively
simple. The skull is large, for the face has to accommo-
date the huge grinding teeth. It also is peculiarly bent
upon the cranium. ‘The frontals especially are well
developed, occupying the whole of the upper part of the
cranium, prolonged on each side as a horn core and per-
meated throughout by sinuses, which contain heated air,
and lessen the weight of the head. The cervical vertebrae
areshort and stout, and ligamentum nuche is well developed,
but special in its character, having a layer of it on each
side lying externally to complexus major. The lumbar
region is composed of stout bones with long non-articulatory
transverse processes. The shoulder-girdle consists of a
scapula, with the coracoid appended to it as a process. The
clavicle is only represented by a white fibrous band.
The humerus has a single groove at its supero-anterior
part, and the ulna is prolonged to the knee. The pelvic
girdle is principally remarkable for the large size of the
ischium, which (with its symphysis) inclines peculiarly
upwards posteriorly. Consequently the sacro-sciatic liga-
ment is small. The most important feature of the hip-
joint is the absence of the pubio-femoral ligament ; the
femur, therefore, has freer movement than that of the
horse, its trochanter major is not so much divided, and
there is no third trochanter. The fibula, in all but very
old animals, is ligamentous throughout, except where it
is situated below the outer side of the tibia, and assists in
the formation of the tarsus by articulating with os calcis.
‘Other peculiarities have been already mentioned (as at
398 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

pp. 309 and 316, &c.). Diseases of the skeleton in the ox
are not so frequent as in the horse, but yet are not un-
common.

Suction 1,—ABNORMALITIES oF THE Osszous SysTEM.

Osrit1s.—Inflammation of Bone—results from injury
or from specific influences, especially the scrofulous

 

Fig. 78.—Skeleton of the ox. (Dobson.)

diathesis. Abscess is the most frequent result. Also,
since the inflammation causes condensation of bone tissue,
the supply of nutriment to the articular surfaces'is cut off,
and caries with arthritis ensues. Pain is very marked in
these cases, and swelling is but slight and very gradual.
The death of bone is termed necrosis, and the portion
removed is a sequestrum. When a bone is diseased at
the bottom of a wound, or when an abscess from a bone
has burst externally, the most important indication is to
remove all dead parts, otherwise an ichorous discharge
persists, sinuses extend in various directions, and the
DISEASES OF THE SKELETON. 399
a

affected part undergoes extensive disorganisation. When
a number of fragments of bone are separated in a com-
minuted fracture these act as foreign bodies, and necrose
through defective blood supply. . When this is the case
the larger portions may be surgically removed, and when-
ever a small amount of necrosis is present hydrochloric acid
dressings will prove useful by breaking up the bony
structure. One of the most frequent seats of necrosis is
the pastern bones in cases of foul. In cases of ostitis
poultices should be applied, and the parts freely fomented
and as thoroughly rested as possible. Besides a laxative
dose no constitutional treatment is generally required.

PeRiostris AND INFLAMMATION OF THE OuTER LaMINA OF
4 Bonz result from injury and, occasionally, from rheu-
matism. The membrane becomes thickened, and some-
times much congested, and an exudation of lymph beneath
it occurs, which becomes converted into bone. The pro-
cess is painful, and sometimes requires to be relieved by
periosteotomy. This operation does not seem to have
been used in cattle practice. A case of diffused meta-
tarsal periostitis, by Professor Walley, may be read in the
‘Veterinary Journal,’ 1880, vol. i, 126. It was a com-
plication of arthritis of the hock and fetlock, and led to
encasement of the upper three fourths of the metatarsus
by a bony layer. Chronic cases of ostitis and periostitis °
are sometimes benefited by a blister.

Exostosis—Bony Growth from Bone—results in most
cases from periostitis. In the first place it is simply
lymphy material thrown out, but later earthy matter is de-
posited in it, and this in process of time becomes converted
into true bone. Callus thrown out round a fracture has
much the same nature, but is specially arranged in relation
to the injured bone. The most remarkable growths of this —
nature seen in the ox are those dense outgrowths from the
petrous temporal bone which extend into the cranial
cavity and cause absorption of the brain ; they attain an
immense size and weight, and become closely moulded
against the cranial walls in such a way that often they
present a lobulated appearance, and have ramifying grooves
400 * BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

upon their surface for blood-vessels. Hence, they have
been mistakenly described as “ ossified brains.” Strange
to say, such cases are seen in animals in good condition
brought for slaughter, no special signs of disorder having
been ‘noticed in connection’ with them. Bony growths
are not infrequent, too, around the margin of the orbit,
dependent on periostitis, the result of injury. They some-
times attain such a size as to require to be removed with
asaw. Sometimes they bend inwards and exert pressure
on the eyeball, and they are always rather lieble to injury,
which causes ulceration. Small or large bony tumours
are sometimes found on the ribs, extending into the thorax.

Once exostoses have assumed the true bony character
they will remain as part of the body whatever treatment
may be adopted. The application of blisters will promote
absorption of any surrounding deposit. Cases of this
kind seldom require treatment.

Osteophytes, or bony growths, result from ossification of
exudates or of fibrous tissue. They are distinguished
from exostoses by not being attached to bone.

Fracititas osstum is a condition in which, through
excess of earthy matter, produced either by too great
removal of animal constituents (as seen in old age, and as
a result of inflammation), or, less frequently, by excessive
earthy deposit, the bones readily break. Under this
heading must be recorded the disease known as Cachexia
ossifraga malacia, which was especially noticed in the
‘Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol, iii, pp. 16, 75, and
223, and also treated of in the ‘American Veterinary
Journal, May, 1852. It is vulgarly known as “ Cripple ”
or “ Stiffness,” and is enzootic in certain situations, and
affects especially milch cows. It is attributed to the non-
assimilation of phosphatic material, or its excessive re-
moval from the system in milk. A deficiency of phosphates
in the soil is considered the main cause, and ee
land is likely to give rise to it.

Symptoms.—Indigestion, with progressive debility, stiff-
ness of gait and staggering. Later, inability to rise, swell-
ing of the bones, especially at the joints, and paralysis.
: * g-
¢THE SKELETON, * + 401

These cases are long and tedious, and require to be treated

by change to full and highly nutritious diet, a mild °

laxative to empty the alimentary canal, and gubseqnenily
mineral tonics. ae

Post-mortem examination shows ligaments dom nariiy
from their attachments, bones enlarged, friable, and pre-
senting outgrowths. Fractures also are generally present.
This disease is similar in many of its characters to “ Osteo-
porosis’’ as seen in the horse, but differs in the presence
of friable tumours and in the considerable alteration in
shape which,the bones undergo. Whether these are the
same disease is a matter of importance, for Osteoporosis has
been described as affecting the ox by Professor Williams,
who says, “ Cattle reared on bad, ill-drained land, poorly
kept in the winter, grazed on sterile upland pastures
during dry summers, or otherwise ill-used, are liable to be
affected with it.” This matter must be settled by micro-
scopical examination of the bones.

Racuitis—Rickets—is an imperfection of bones seen in
young animals, and essentially dependent on the non-
deposition of sufficient earthy matter in the ossifying tissue,
which therefore yields to the superincumbent weight.
This depends on imperfect nutritive supply or mal-assi-
milation, and is not infrequently associated with the
scrofulous diathesis. As seen in calves it is characterised
by enlargement of the joints, a bent condition of the
limbs, especially below the knee and the hock. Also, it
is almost invariably accompanied by indigestion and
diarrhoea. It is first manifested when the animal is a few
weeks old, and can be sometimes traced to imperfect
supply of milk; in other cases it may be associated with
lesions of the nervous system.

Treatment.—Careful nursing, nutritious and digestible
diet, cod-liver oil and lime water, mineral and vegetable
tonics. The medicinal agents should be given in milk. The
bent portions of the limb may be supported by properly
applied splints on the convex surfaces. As the animal
grows older the bones will become hardened, but will

remain deformed.
26

@
402 - 4 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

_A degneration of the gastrocnemii tendons has been
seen in young cattle.

Fractrurss—solutions of continuity of the hard struc-
tures,of the body—are simple, compound, or comminuted.
A fracture is simple when there is a breaking into two,
parts; when several fragments are formed it is commi-
nuted ; and it is compound when there is a communication
with the surface through a wound and sometimes pro- #
trusion of a portion of bone. When one of the long
bones of the extremity is the seat (they are the most
frequent) the fracture may be Jongitudinal, transverse, or
oblique. The latter are the easiest to set, but the most
difficult to retain in position, and their sharp ends are apt
to pierce the skin and to convert a simple fracture into a
compound one, which is not at all satisfactory, since ex-
posure to the air excites suppuration, and materially .
delays repair. Transverse fractures are difficult to set,
but easy to retain in position ; longitudinal are least liable
to displacement. When the bone is in a comminuted
condition, it requires to throw off all portions of which
the nutritive supply is cut off, and to unite together the
remaining fragments. Reunion of a fractured bone results
from the calcification and subsequent ossification of lymph,
which is thrown out around the fracture and forms the
interior callus, a plug inside the bone; the intervening
situated between the fractured surfaces, and the ensheath-
ing around the parts, binding them together. The callus
after a time almost disappears, and but little trace of the
fracture of the bone is visible. Rest is essential to the
proper performance of these processes, otherwise simply a
lymphy bond of union between the fragments may be
formed, constituting the condition known as “ false joint.”
Certain minor details of the process of repair have not
been touched upon, such as the rounding off of sharp
projections and the establishment of cancellated and
compact tissues continuous with one anothér.

Symptoms of Fracture.—The principal symptoms are
deformities and pain of the part, interference with its
function, crepitation when on manipulation the extremities
THE SKELETON. 408

are rubbed together. Soon swelling sets in and renders
diagnosis obscure. ie
Treatment comprises restoration of the fragments to
their natural position, and maintaining them there in a
state of rest until union has been completed. This takes
over a month, so that such cases are rather serious ones
to take in hand. “Setting the bone,” can best be

“effected by extension and counter-extension, but the

details must vary with the part affected. Retention may
be accomplished by bandages, compresses, or splints;
the latter are made of leather, gutta percha (warmed in
hot water), or some other soft yielding substance, and
must not be bound on too closely, but allowance made for
the swelling which will ensue. These are retained in
position by a starch bandage, which gives even pressure ;
depressions below the splints must be padded in such a
way as to secure this. A pitch-plaster is useful in some
cases where splints and bandages cannot be applied. To
secure as much rest as possible the patient should be
housed and allowed a good bed and regular laxative diet.
Of particular fractures we may specify—

Fracture of the Horns.—It is often seen, especially in
young animals which have beenfighting. The horn core may
be fractured transversely without injury of the horn; the
latter then will act as splints. When both core and horn
have been broken off, hemorrhage will be profuse, and
must be restrained by pressure, or, if necessary, by the
actual cautery. The opening extending into the frontal
sinuses must then be covered with a tarred cloth, which
must not be bound on too closely, or it may give rise to
exostotic growth from the exposed bone as in a case before
us, where the tumour measures about two feet ten inches
in longitudinal circumference, and weighs about five
pounds. Anything of this kind must be removed with
a saw. An imperfect horny covering will, in due time,
invest the exposed extremity.

Fracture of the Metacarpal or Metatarsal Bone,
when compound or comminuted, may be treated by
amputation, performed as recommended for foul.
404 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Fracture of the Os Innominatum may be through the
acetabulum, when, if the animal is at all in condition, it
should he killed for the butcher. The same rule applies
to fractures of the more serious kind involving joints, or
penetrating cavities in any part of the body. Animals
rushing through doors, over landing stages, or through
gates which shut on them, are liable to fracture of the
antero-inferior spinous process of the ilium; this never
unites, but a false joint forms, and the animal remains
permanently deformed, “ragged ” or “hipped,” as it is
termed.

Fractures of the Ribs may lead to passage of the frag-
ments inwards and laceration of the lung or to pleurisy.

Fractures of the Cranium are seldom seen in cattle, and
not likely to compress the brain, for the plates of bone of
the cranium are separated almost everywhere by the
frontal sinuses, so that the outer gives way without the
inner,

Fractures of young animals unite more readily than
those of the adult; in them we occasionally see cases
of partial fracture, fracture with bending, or greenstick
fracture, and apparent fracture may be due simply to
separation of epiphyses, especially those of the olecranon
and of the summit of the process of os calcis. In such
cases there is flexure of the limb at the hock or the
elbow, generally a hard tumour above the joints of these
parts, and a thickened condition of the muscles higher
up. In such cases the limbs must be forcibly kept
straightened for a considerable time, and an attempt must
be made to bring the separated parts in apposition, and .
maintain them there. Such cases are troublesome.

As in other lower animals, the difficulty in treatment
of fractures in the ox consists in our inability to keep the
patient quite quiet and at rest. Again, we cannot satis-
factorily use slings for him as we would for the horse
for they too much compress the abdominal viscera and
interfere with digestion. Still, we do not require
such accurate and perfect union in the ox as in the
THE SKELETON, 405

horse. Altogether treatment of the majority of cases is
indicated.

Section 2.—Insurms anp Disrases or LIGAMENTS AND
Moscorzs.

Sprarn is rupture of some of the fibres of a ligament or
tendon. When all give way simultaneously we have to
do with complete rupture of a white fibrous band, thus,
these conditions so often described separately are simply
one and the same, but the latter is an exaggeration of the
former. Reparative inflammation is set up and thus the
parts become hard, swollen, hot and painful, and there is
a want of free movement of the tendon. Over-tension
of some kind is the cause of this state, as when an
animal progressing rapidly steps in a deep hole, catches
its foot in any place, or bears its weight improperly on
the limb, Of course the tendons of the limbs are most
frequently the seat of thislesion. Generally some amount
of thickening remains after recovery.

Treatment comprises thorough rest, not only by keep-
ing the patient quiet, but sometimes by placing the limb in
a favorable posture. In the early stages warm water
may be used to relax the parts and lessen pain, but
when possible, cold water may be continuously applied,
whereby tendency to excessive deposit will be prevented ;
and also there will be a certain amount of local anesthesia
produced ; unless the application be continuous, it may as
well be left alone. When all heat has subsided in the
part it will be advisable to complete the repair by the
stimulating action of a blister or even of the actual
cautery.

Sprain of the Fetlock Joint is perhaps the most frequent
lesion of this nature. It depends upon excessive diver-
gence of the digits, and here mainly falls the stress of all
the weight thrown upon the limb. This form of injury:
is most frequent in working oxen, and presents nothing
special in its course and treatment except that it is liable
406 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

to be accompanied by arthritis and to result in false
anchylosis of the joint. The sheaths of the tendons
about this part always undergo thickening in such cases.
Sometimes the inflammation runs so high as to give rise
to considerable systemic disorder, so that a cathartic
and febrifuge agents must be administered. Overgrowth
of the hoofs, by giving rise to abnormal direction of
tension, predisposes to this injury.

Sprain of Ligamentum Teres of the Hip is seen in the
ox, for he has no pubio-femoral ligament to strengthen
the union of the head of the femur with the acetabulum.
Armatage gives the following symptoms :—Flexion of the
affected limb during rest and drooping of the haunch of
that side. Inability to raise the thigh and advance the
leg, so that the hoof is dragged along the ground. Great
pain on movement of the limb, absence of external in-
dications, and in chronic cases, wasting of the quarter,
with a clicking noise during progression. The most
frequent cause of this is beasts “mounting” on one
another, but blows may also give rise to it. Abscess
in the hip-joint may result. These cases are not rare,
and prove severe and protracted, and seriously interfere
with condition. The ordinary treatment for sprain must
be tried; in chronic cases a seton may prove useful.
Above all things thorough rest’ must be secured; this
ligament has been found ruptured.

A case of Ruptured Suspensory Ligament may be read in
the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xvi, p. 254. This ligament divides
inferiorly into four in the ox and assists the perforatus
to form its sheaths for perforans.

The muscular system of the ox is less liable to injury
and disorder than that of the horse, since the tendons
are seldom subject to excessive strain, and the animal is
not compelled to undergo excessive muscular exertion.
Yet, as a result of over-feeding, the muscles degenerate,
undergoing fatty change, and are liable to give way
under the influence of a comparatively slight degree of
force. Of this nature is the Rupture of serratus magnus,
%

THE SKELETON. A407

which gives rise to excessive and sudden lameness when
heavy fat cattle are made to travel any distance.

Displacement of the Abductor femoris has been described
by some authors. It gives rise to hip lameness, with
a dragging of the limb and imperfect flexion. Incision
through the investing fascia is necessary to free the
muscle. It is seen in working cattle and in mountainous
districts.

In muscles certain parasites take up their abode. Of
these the most important are the Trichina and Cysticerci.
These have, in this country, only been found in the ox as
a result of experimental investigation. It seems probable
that the Oysticercus bovis frequently occurs in the flesh of
cattle in India and other warm climates. Certain psoro-
sperms, very low organisms belonging to the Gregarinidz,
have been found in the flesh of oxen. These have been
described as cattle-plague bodies — ‘ Miescher’s” or
“ Rainey’s” bodies—are detectable under high powers, and
have no clinical importance. They are found in healthy
as well as diseased animals.

Sometimes wounds lay OPEN SYNOVIAL TENDINOUS SHEATHS.
Thé lining membrane exposed to the air becomes
thickened and discharges largely, manifesting all the
signs of acute inflammation. The continuous application
of cold water seems to be the best means which can be
adopted.

Szction 8.—ABNORMALITIES OF THE JOINTS.

The various affections of the joints are not so frequent
in the ox as in the horse. We may enumerate the
following :

Axgraritis—Inflammation of a Joint—generally depends
upon rheumatism or scrofula, or arsenical-fume poisoning,
but sometimes is simple and due to ostitis, or punctured
wounds or bruises. The specific affections have been
already noticed and compared. Traumatic arthritis causes
ulceration of the extremities of the bones, which produces
ulceration of the articular surfaces, with sometimes loose
408 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

portions of bone; also a distended condition of the joint
cavity, with the ordinary local signs of inflammation, the
swelling being particularly hard. Fever is apt to run
high, and when the diseased joint is in one of the limbs
lameness is intense. The discharge through the puncture

_ is at first profuse; subsequently it becomes flocculent, and
sometimes sanguineous.

Results.—Of these anchylosis is the most frequent unto-
ward condition; to it all these cases tend. It is nature's
method of cure of the disorganised joint by establishing
bony connection between its constituent portions, and thus
entirely obliterating its cavity.

The best treatment in such cases is to secure as much
rest of the parts as possible, and to endeavour to close the
wound before inflammation is excited in the joint. This
may sometimes be done by adhesives or sutures. When
admissible, of course the wound must be thoroughly
cleansed. Later cold water must be applied continuously,
which will allow only enough inflammatory action for re-
parative purposes. More recently the application of a
smart blister around the joint has been found to be very
successful, since it serves to limit motion and close up
the wound by the swelling it causes. Severe constitu-
tional irritation may occur in these cases. Even where
anchylosis has resulted the patient will probably be able
to get sufficient food to fatten himself; thus, we may deem
a cure of this nature fairly satisfactory in the ox, whereas

it would prove useless in the horse. Remarkable cases of
arthritis are those seen in “‘ copper-smoke disease.”

The Stifle-joint is very liable to injury from blows,
bruises, and other traumatic influences. The affected
limb is raised from the ground, and there are fluctuating
swellings, due to accumulations of synovia in the joints.
Weight on the limb causes extreme pain, and the animal
will not lie down, or when recumbent can scarcely rise.
Sometimes these cases last a very long time.

Hyprors ArticuoLoruMm—Dropsy of Joints—results either
from inflammation, or as a result of constitutional or local
debility. It is seen most frequently in young animals when
THE SKELETON. 409

it is due to the latter causes. It is not frequent in
cattle.

Treatment.—Subdue any inflammation present, then
paint with tincture of iodine, or apply friction and give
tonics.

Synovitis—Inflammation of a Synovial Membrane—
occurs whenever it is exposed to the air, as in open joint,
bursa, or sheath, and is a complication of tendinous inflam-
mations. It leads to the throwing out of lymph and adhe-
sions, which impede free movements of tendons in the case
of sheaths and burse. The membrane undergoes the
various stages of congestion, with dryness, thickening
from interstitial effusion, and lymphy exudation ; and there
is considerable pain, and fever runs high.

Treatment comprises active antiphlogistic means. The
most important point is to prevent extension of inflamma-
tion to the neighbouring cartilages.

Other diseased conditions of the structure of the skeleton
are of minor importance, and will present no difficulties to
the scientific practitioner.

ReELAxATIon OF THE Petvic SympHysis has been seen in
cows after parturition.

Distocations og Luxarions are misplacements of joint
surfaces, to allow of which some of the retaining ligaments
have given way. This leads to deformity, interference
with function, and subsequently to changes of the articular
surfaces in the direction of an adaptation of the parts to
their new situations. Thus, cartilage is removed, promi-
nences are levelled, and new depressions are formed, and
condensed bony tissue to a certain extent replaces the
articular cartilage (eburnation), and receives a polish.
These displacements depend upon some irregular action of
muscles or force applied to the surface; they are most
frequent in young animals with delicate ligaments and
only partially developed articular surfaces.

Treatment comprises reduction of the dislocation, reten-
tion of the parts in their natural position, and artificial
strengthening of parts. Hip-joint and patella dislocation
are the forms of this lesion most frequently seen in cattle
A410 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

practice. The former lesion is seldom unaccompanied by
fracture of the acetabulum.

 

Dislocation of the Patella is the most frequent luxation
in cattle, and is almost always outwards, so that the bone

 

Fia. 80.—Means for preventing recurrence of dislocation of the patella.
(Armatage.)

may sometimes be distinguished as a hard tumour outside
of its normal position. The limb is drawn and maintained
forcibly backwards in a manner which cannot be mistaken.
Reduction must be attempted by drawing the limb for-
wards by a hobble round the fetlock, with a rope attached
THE SKELETON. 411

to it, and connected with a band passed round the neck,
at the same time pressure inwards is brought to bear on
the displaced bone, which will probably easily slip back
into its position. The limb should be kept forwards by
tying the hobble rope to the neck band, and a blister may
be applied over the stifle to excite effusion as a means of
retention, for sometimes this dislocation is recurrent, and
the patella, constantly passing out of and into position,
causes absorption of the outer ridge of the femur, and still
further aggravates the case, and renders it incurable.
The immediate causes are slipping of the limb backwards,
as into a ditch, and want of tone of the surrounding
muscles. It is said to be most frequent in mountainous
districts.
412 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

CHAPTER X.—WOUNDS AND OTHER SURGICAL
CONDITIONS.

os

Szotion 1.

Wovnns are solutions of the continuity of the superficial
soft parts of the animal body, extending more or less deeply
into other structures. They generally result from violence
or other form of injury applied from without, and vary
with the nature of the cause. Thus:

Incised Wounds are cleanly cut withystraight edges, a
tendency to bleed profusely, and to heal readily. They
are simple separations of parts of a tissue from one another,
and hence can be sometimes repaired by simply bringing
the parts again into apposition.

Punctured Wounds result from forcible contact with
some penetrating instrument, which may break and leave
a portion of its substance in the depths of the wound.
The body, in the course of its entry, either cleanly cuts its
way or lacerates the tissues through which it passes ; in
the latter case healing is least readily brought about, but
this is not of much importance, for such wounds must heal
at the bottom first, and if union prematurely occur near
the surface accumulation of liquid products may give rise
to inconvenience and retard the healing process. It is
principally in wounds of this kind that we find serous
cavities and joints penetrated ; serious complications being
not of rare occurrence.

Lacerated Wounds result from bluntness of the injuring
body and moderate force, whereby the tissues are torn,
their elasticity exceeded, and destruction of material along
the course of the instrument brought about. There is
seldom much hemorrhage in these cases, but the ragged
ends of the tissue require to be removed by sloughing, and
WOUNDS 413

the retraction of the parts generally leaves a large vere
surface.

Oontused Wounds are those in which, besides a cut, con-
siderable bruising of surrounding parts results from in-
jury witha blunt instrument, or contact with a hard, irre-
gular surface. The bruise renders the case much more
complex than it otherwise would be, for, besides simple
repair of the cut, much tissue must be removed or re-
stored. A similar condition without the cut is termed a
contusion, and is less serious, as reparative changes take
place most readily without access of the air. The blood
thrown out in this latter case forms a hematoma or blood
tumour. The clot which is formed does not undergo
organisation, at any rate as a rule, but becomes slowly
absorbed,

Poisoned Wounds show a tendency to gangrenous
results, and heal very badly ; they are not frequent in
cattle.

Gunshot Wounds require no detailed notice from us.
The methods by which repair is brought about are as fol-
lows :—Repair by growth,'where no reparative processes
are set up, but the injury has not been sufficient to dis-
arrange the relations between the cells, so in process of
time the space left is filled up ; primary wnion, where the
parts, being brought together at once after the wound,
become united without any mark of injury being left; the
two surfaces are so grafted together that the necessary in-
fluences of neighbouring tissues may be exerted between
them ; primary adhesion occurs when two exposed surfaces
are broweht together some little time after the injury, and
maintained in n apposition, union being the result of the ad-
hesive influence of lymphy material on each surface;
repair by granulation is the most frequent method ; in his
the exposed surface, after heemorrhage has ceased, seems
to be covered with a glaze, which is the adhesive material,
simply thrown-out by the blood-vessels; this becomes
covered with little, highly vascular, minute projections,
resembling papille in their figure; also pus is formed at
about this time. The wound is gradually closed by the
414 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

growth and aggregation of successive crops of these pro-"
cesses, which are termed granulations; they consist of
granulation tissue, which is at first composed solely of
leucocytes, either united by soft fibrinous intercellular
substance, or aggregated longitudinally around certain
capillary loops, which are shooting into the new tissue
from the blood-vessels of the nearest uninjured part. » Asa
fresh outpouring of leucocytes occurs those nearest the
surface escape as pus, and those deeply situated become
new tissue. The skin surrounding the wound is stretched
over it to the utmost extent of its yielding, and the part of
the surface still uncovered is closed in by a growth of epi-
thelial cells, which takes place from the nearest cutis, or
sometimes from some generating centres in the granula-
tion tissue on the surface of the wound. This process of
completing repair is termed cicatrisation. Union by
granulation is slow, taxes the strength, and its newly-
formed tissue is liable to become the seat of degenerations.
Sometimes healing under a scab takes place; it is granu-
' lation without access of the air, whereby all the leucocytic
material can be utilised for granulation, and none is lost
as pus. The scab is formed by the discharges of the
wound, which have dried and entangled other matters with
them to form a hard layer. a

Adhesion of Granulations may be brought about by
binding together of two granulating surfaces, whereby
organic continuity is induced.

In the treatment of wounds the first indication is to
check hemorrhage, if present. This may be arterial or
venous. When not very profuse it will not require special
measures, but sometimes it persists long enough to debili-
tate the patient, and even produce syncope. Arterial
hemorrhage depends upon the nature of the incision or
wound of the artery. When an artery is completely
divided it retracts into its sheath, and also contracts, and
thus impediment to hemorrhage is brought about, except
when the vessel is a large one. Partial division may be
longitudinal or transverse ; in the latter case the hamor-
rhage will be greater, for the wound gapes. Persistent
WOUNDS. 415

Ln eee

hemorrhage results from oblique imperfect division of
the arterial coats. Arterial hemorrhage differs from
venous, in that the blood is pumped out in jerks and of a
bright scarlet colour, and the flow is promptly lessened by
pressure on the course of the artery of supply to the injured
part.: Venous haemorrhage depends upon wounds of various
kinds; but these are less important in their effects than
those of arteries, on account of the smaller pressure in the
veins, whence hemorrhage is less difficult to control, and
also the blood which escapes being impure, its loss is less
felt by the system.

When an artery has been partially divided complete
division generally suffices to check hemorrhage. In
other cases pressure will prove useful. This is applied
along the course of the artery between the heart and the
seat of injury ; torsion also is a very useful means, as it
places the coats of the vessel on the stretch in a spiral
manner, until they give way, and the jagged edges thus
produced recoil, and plug up the orifice of the vessel (see
figs. 35, 86, p. 222). Ligatwres must sometimes be tried,
and tied with sufficient force to rupture the middle and inner
coats of the artery, for these retracting will lessen the lia-
bility to secondary hemorrhage when the ligature separates.
Application of the Actiial Cautery to a bleeding wound
is a rough but effectual method, and in our patients, less
under supervision than human beings, is specially called
for when it is necessary to leave the patient to himself
after the operation. Hemostatic agents administered in-
ternally (such as tannic and gallic acids) are seldom re-
quired. Styptics, as the chloride of iron and various
caustics, are sometimes very useful. Cold water is, per-
haps, the best of these agents. Venous hemorrhage may
be generally restrained by pressure over the wound, or
by compression of the veins of supply. Usually it ceases
spontaneously.

Bleeding having been checked all foreign bodies must-
be removed. This is a matter of difficulty in some cases
of punctured wound, and it must be remembered that not
only bodies actually foreign, but pieces of dead tissue
416 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. ee

and loose bone must be removed, or they will retard healing.

Any extravasated blood should also be extracted. All this
must be done by gentle fomentation of the part, with
slight manipulation, lest hemorrhage recur. Next, nature’s
processes must be assisted as much as possible, and in the
first place it ‘must be,our aim as often as we can to pro-

mote primary union; even if this be brought about only :

to a slight extent the duration of healing may be mate-
rially lessened.
The edges of the wound must be brought together by
means of Sutures. Of these there are several kinds.
Figure-of-eight Suture —Formed by passing a pinthrough
the two edges of the wound, and winding thread round
each end in turn.

 

Fie. 81.—Pin, or figure-of-eight Fia. 82.—Interrupted suture.
suture. (Dobson.) (Dobson.)

Interrupted.—Stitches passed at intervals through the
edges of the wound, and each tied separately.

Uninterrupted.—Suture material passed successively and
continuously several times through the edges of the
wound alternately.

Quilled ave semi-cylindrical pieces of wood, resting by
their flat surfaces against the edges of the wound, which
they keep level and prevent from tearing. They are
retained by the thread sutures.

we
WOUNDS. 417

Catgut, metal, or thread are used for these sutures; of
them the first is best in almost every respect, as it causes
but little, if any, irritation, and will, in course of time,
become absorbed. It is also very strong, but may some-
times require to be replaced by the metal, when great
strain is put on the sutures. In large wounds the many-
tailed bandage is a useful means of retaining the parts in
apposition with one another. *

Of the methods adopted to promote healing of wounds,.
and to ward off ill consequences, the most remarkable is the
system of antiseptic surgery, sometimes called “ Lis-
terism.”” This consists in somewhat elaborate methods for
avoidance of contamination of wounds by atmospheric
germs, which prove irritants, and, as such, promote sup-
puration. They also are the cause of gangrene. Wound
dressing on this system is accomplished under a spray of
carbolic acid and water, which is also diffused through the
atmosphere while the operations are being performed.
Drainage tubes of decalcified bone or of carbolised lint are
so arranged as to allow “the drainage of decomposable
fluids from the monn without admitting the entrance to
it of unfiltered air.” Certainly this method has materially
reduced mortality in human surgery, but the refinements
of method and constant supervision necessary render it
seldom admissible in cattle practice. We, therefore, have
to resort to the simpler means of antiseptic lotions and
stimulants, especially those of carbolic acid, which keep
off flies, allay pain and ee and promote granu-
lation.

All our measures of eaabeeonk must tend to assist
nature, and especially to keep the affected parts in a state
of rest. Unless we can accomplish the latter object the
granulations will become irritable, and the discharge from
them of an ichorous character.

Sir William Fergusson, in the treatment of simple
wounds, preferred cold-water dressings, and their value
has been often noted in veterinary practice. Reparation
is brought about by salutary inflammation, and unless this
be interfered with no treatment will be required. When,

27
418 : BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

however, motion between the surfaces occurs there is a
tendency to excessive irritation, which must be restrained.
Again, we must observe that, in some cases, stimulating
treatment will be required, either in consequence of general
or local debility. Thus, judgment must be exercised in
the treatment of every wound. A punctured wound run-
ning obliquely to the surface may, by a bold slit, be con-
verted into an incised wound much more formidable in
appearancé, but which will heal in half the time. Ina
contused wound blood will often require to be freed from
the tissue spaces into which it had escaped. Few matters
in surgery require more judgment than the treatment of
wounds.

In the ox suppuration does not so readily occur as in
the horse, and the pus, when formed, is of a special odour,
and not of uniform consistence. Incised wounds are not
frequent in this animal, but punctures from the horns of
companions are both frequent and-formidable. Lacerated
wounds, too, are often seen, but the thick.skin of the ox
acts as a preventive against these.

Of the results of wounds we may say that gangrene,
pyemia, and tetanus are rare, and sympathetic fever
seldom runs high. Punetured, wounds of the abdomen
may lead to rupture or to injury of the bowels, as already
described. A wound of the same nature extending into
the chest leads to the easily repaired laceration of the
lung and to pleuritis, with considerable embarrassment of
respiration, but seldom proves fatal.

Chronic wounds, fistula, and the various kinds of ulcer,
have been already described at length.

Section 2.—Tumovrs.

Swellings of a circumscribed character due to abnormal
accumulation of tissue materials are described under this
name. They may be situated on the surface of the body,

or more deeply, and are primarily divisible into malignant
and non-malignant.
TUMOURS. , 419

a

Sub-section 1—Malignant Tumours.

The former essentially depend upon constitutional con-
ditions and exhibit a tendency to infective distribution.
They are specific in their character, and are commonly
known as Cancers or Carcinomata. We have had
occasion already to notice the cachexia which results
from constitutional impregnation with cancerous matter,
and have shown how cancer may be generated by a
process of grafting, so that local developments may be
either the cause or result of constitutional conditions.
This. local manifestation either assumes the character of
an infiltration or more frequently of a tumour. The latter
is less dangerous to the system than the former; its
virulent cells are confined and are less liable to invade
important organs; also the case may be palliated by
removal of the masses of specific cells. The cachexia
remains in a scarcely manifest state throughout the stage
of generation of the tumours, and according as the latter
have a soft or a hard character is the rapidity of systemic
complication; when the swelling begins to soften the
infective processes are in their greatest activity. Carcino-
mata are of several kinds: ©

 

Fie. 83.—Scirrhous growth from mammary gland. x 200. (After Harley
and Brown.) :

Scrrruus, dense, hard, generally lobulated, consisting
420 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of groups of cancer-cells embedded in a fibrous stroma,
which is very plentiful. These are of slow development.

Cottorp, gelatinous, adhesive, generally amber yellow
and soft, consisting usually of but little stroma and a great
number of cells. The cells separate somewhat freely,
leaving the areolar network behind.

Mepuiitary Sarcoma or Encrpnatoip, a lobulated mass
of brain-like substance, the skin investing which presents
very much enlarged veins, consisting of a more or less
plentiful stroma with cells in its loculi.

Ti will be seen that each of these forms of cancer con-
sists of cells in stroma. The cells are of a special
character. They vary very much in form and in their degree
of nucleation, but are all endowed with a high degree of
vital activity, which seems specially exaggerated in the
direction of reproduction. Thus, new cells are rapidly
produced within the older ones, and another sign of
activity is the tendency to migrate ; softening of the
cancer masses leads to ulceration, for the superficial
layers of the body become invaded and softened, and thus
-a large ulcer may be present, the distinctive characteristic
of which is the fact that its surface is largely composed
of cancer-cells. The discharge is of an ichorous or
special character and consists of specific cells ; the danger
of cancer lies in this, that it consists of special highly
vital tissue, which grows more rapidly than other tissues,
and constantly increases in size, involving neighbouring
parts; thus, it extends to the surface and produces an
ulcer, which does not tend to heal, and it involves all
tissues. Finally, its constituents are conveyed by the
lymphatics through the lymph glands, where a similar
diseased process results, and thus the blood constantly
receives supplies of the specific cells. We must not be
understood to imply that there is any special appearance
of cancer-cells by which they may be at once determined;
their specificity consists in their origin and effects; they
are frequently quite similar to normal tissue elements.
The cancerous nature of a tumour may generally be
determined by examination of a section of it, or of some
TUMOURS. 421

‘cancer juice” scraped from its surface. The manner of
extension and any infective indications will confirm the
diagnosis. These tumours exhibit all variations in size
and form as well as in consistence.

Causes.—These growths are due to hereditary influence
and have been originated by inoculation. The latter
process is attended with much difficulty and cannot be a
frequent occurrence in nature; we must, therefore, con-
sider hereditary tendency to be the predisposition, and we
find that mechanical and other injuries prove excitants.
Under these circumstances we cannot be surprised that ma-
lignant tumours are less frequent in the lower animals than
in man. Besides the above enumerated forms of cancer two
other kinds are to be included under this heading ; they
are less malignant than the others, and sometimes seem
to be simply local.

Epiruetioma consists of freely proliferating epithelial
cells embedded in a fibrous stroma. The cells present
must not be considered truly of an epithelial nature, but
rather mimic the cells of the tissue in which the tumour
grows, either the skin or mucous membrane.

MEtanosis, sometimes called “ black cancer,” is some-
what similar, but its cells resemble those of the Mal-
pighian layer of the skin which contain pigment in the
granular form. They differ from them, however, in their
high reproductive activity and in their tendency to in-
filtrate other tissues. Thus, melanotic infiltrations of
various organs sometimes are seen, but they are very rare
in the ox, in which animal, however, tumours of this black
cancerous material occur, and often are of very considerable
size. They differ from those of the horse in having a less
marked tendency to spread, and also in not having a pre-
ference for the anal and coccygeal parts of the body.

Treatment of cancerous tumours is not satisfactory.
The constitutional tendency remains except in a local
case taken very early; also there is a great liability to
recurrence. Excision is the only means of relief, and.
all the morbid material must be removed. Cases of this
disease are not frequent in the ox but some are on record.
422 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

The question may arise as to the propriety of use of the
flesh of a cancerous animal for food; if the patient
presents marked constitutional changes the carcase ought
to be at once condemned. But we have no proof of
cancer of the lower animals being communicable to man,
and it is highly improbable that a disease which can
scarcely be communicated by inoculation to another animal
of the same species would be produced by ingestion of
the flesh as food. Thus, the use of such flesh must be
sanctioned, but we must remember that this may possibly
be a source of human disease, and should make this a |
matter for testing by observations and experiments.
Next in importance to the true cancers must be placed the
Sarcomata—tumours composed of embryonic tissue.
They are generally described as cancer, but are dis:
tinguishable from it by the nature of their elements.
These vary considerably in their characters, but in all
cases they present the distinctive features of new and
imperfectly formed tissue. This generalised nature often
makes them seem malignant, for they may grow in
tissues of different kinds, and are frequently seated in
the lymphatic system. They tend to recur, for since.
they are similar in nature to the parts in which they are
found, the generating tissue cannot be completely re-
moved. They are not frequent in the ox unless the
disease known as OsrgosaRcoma or Spina VENTOSA is to be
considered under this heading, as it probably ought to be.
It appears as a swelling of the face, which is hot and
painful, opposite the molar teeth either of the upper or
lower jaw. This increases in size but does not materially
prevent the animal from feeding. The patient is generally
young, and the disease seems to be more prevalent in
some parts of the country than in others. As it progresses
the molar teeth become loose, and softening of the swelling
occurs in spots, which ultimately burst, and there is then
a profuse discharge of a gelatinous or purulent character.
Post-mortem examination shows disorganization of the
bone apparently of a colloid nature. The swollen bony
‘structure is arranged in bands and layers, the .spaces
TUMOURS. 423

between them being filled with a gelatinous reddish or
somewhat white and creamy substance. The true nature
of the disease is doubtful. Gamgee terms it “ Fibro-plastic,
degéneration of the bone.”? Williams thinks it is tubercular.
By others it is considered either truly cancerous or sarco-
matous. Lastly, it is thought to be simply a form of osteo-
myelitis. Until more careful examination of its nature has
been made, we shall, be hardly in a position to decide this
matter. Generally some injury is the exciting cause.

Treatment in the early stages must consist of cutting
down on the diseased, parts and removing them, which
must be done with a saw or bone forceps. All the growth
must be removed to avoid recurrence. The edges of the
wound must be closed-by sutures, and the ordinary treat-
ment of such lesions adopted. In advanced cases the
animal may be fattened with care for the butcher.

Sub-section 2.—Non-malignant or Innocent Tumours.

Orpinary Siupiz Tumours are hypertrophiesof the tissues
of the body, and hence are of several kinds solid or cystic.

Sot: Epidermic or Epithelial Tumours, such as ordi-
nary warts (for which see p. 354) on the skin and in the ceso-
phagus. These are hypertrophies of the skin or of mucous
membrane, the whole thickness of tissue being involved.

Fibromata consist of the ordinary elements of areolar
tissue; sometimes they are highly vascular. Of these,
the principal are the subcutaneous fibromata, polypi (as
of the pharynx, nasal chamber, or vagina), and fibrous
tumours on the knees, which often attain a very con-
siderable size as a result of pressure.

Iipomata—fatty tumours—may result from hypertro-
phy of adipose tissue in almost any part of the body;
the most important are those in the appendices epiploice,
which may have such long peduncles as to enable them
to become twisted round the bowel, producing strangulation.

Enchondromata—cartilaginous tumours—are not often
seen in the ox, they generally grow from pre-existing
cartilage.
424 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Exostoses and Osseous Tumours, in general, are the result
of ossification of an inflammatory deposit, whether in
connection with or separate from a bone. Osteophytes
are bony tumours, generally of loose texture. Hxostoses
are treated more in detail elsewhere (see p. 399).

Caleareous Tumours are inflammatory exudates, in which
earthy matter has been deposited, or, not infrequently, the
result of calcareous degeneration of _hydatids.

Lymphomata have been already alluded to (see p. 225).

There are other forms of solid tumours, but they are of
little importance to us at present. «

Cystic Tumours are not simple hypertrophies, but
result from the formation of cavities filled with fluid,
their walls being more or less dense. They comprise :—

Hematomata—blood-containing cysts—generally the
result of injury, and sometimes having a false aneurismal
character. .

Serous Abscesses, due to injury, which has caused the for-
mation of a space by rupture of areolar fibres and condensa-
tion of thesurrounding connective tissue to form the wall of
a cavity containing serum. These are most frequently seen
in front of the knee. They are most prevalent in bulls.

 

 

Fiq. 84.—Suction Trocar, used in exploring fluctuating tumours. The
blunt end of the instrument consists of a compressible india-rubber ball.
(From Erichsen’s ‘ Surgery.’)

Bursal enlargements.—Dropsies of burse may be due to
excessive accumulation of synovia, or to sprain of the tendon
belonging to the bursa, or simply the manifestation of
a general tendency to effusion in consequence of debility.

Hydatids.—These are larval tapeworms, sometimes en-
closed in a fibrous investment formed by condensation of
the areolar tissue of the part in which they are situated.

Dermopilous cysts have been described among skin
diseases (p. 354),
TUMOURS. 425

We find no record of cyst-bearing and dentigerous
cysts having been observed in cattle practice.

 

Fia 85.—Pneumatic Aspirator, used for the removal of the contents of
fluctuating tumours without admission of air.
"Clinically, tumours are of minor importance in com-
parative pathology. Their diagnosis comprises determi-
nation of their nature. It must be first decided whether
the swelling is solid or contains liquid. Certain of the
cancers, especially of the medullary form, may seem to
contain fluid. Generally the grooved exploring needle
or the suction trocar (fig. 84) may be used, and the
material brought out with it will often give us a clue
to the nature of the case. Signs of malignancy must
be sought for, especially the diseased condition of lym-
phatic glands. There seems to be in some animals
a tendency to hypertrophy of certain tissues, hence,
not infrequently, a number of fibrous or osseous tumours
appear, simultaneously however, which contrasts with the
consecutive growth in cases of malignance; also the
growths all occupy one kind of tissue. Some swellings
depend on inflammations, and must be considered exu-
dates in a more or less altered condition. Our guide in
determining the nature of these, and distinguishing them
from hypertrophies, must be their origination with an
inflammatory attack, also their course to a standstill
or decrease when inflammation ceases. The position of
the growth and its physical characters will generally
426 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

enable the practitioner to determine with considerable
accuracy its composition and importance; sometimes
growths prove troublesome by their tendency to block
up passages either by pressure or by plugging; again,
they may interfere with nutritive supply by pressure
on vessels (though generally they grow so as to avoid
this); often they cause ulceration of the investing
skin by pressure, and are thus transformed into obstinate
ulcers or irregular bloody projecting masses of a highly
irritable character, and with a tendency to bleed pro-
fusely; sometimes, by their size, form, and position,
they are serious eyesores. In growth, they may become
pedunculated or wide at the base.

Treatment consists in their removal with the knife or
hot iron, or by some other cauterising agent, or their
destruction through defective nutritive supply from pres-
sure of a ligature round the base. In cases of cystic
tumour other measures must be tried before recourse is
had to surgical removal. Generally evacuation of the
contents is indicated, the exceptions being hematomata,
synovial cysts, and recent serous abscesses. In them
inflammation must be set up to lead to consolidation, or
absorbent agents, as the biniodide of mercury, must be
freely applied; pressure also is highly valuable as a
means of promoting absorption. Surgical removal of a
tumour of any considerable size necessitates casting the
animal. The skin must be boldly divided, and all the
mass removed, the process of dissection being more or
less careful according to the proximity or otherwise of
important organs. Carbolic spray may be used during
the operation, and, if deemed advisable, the part may be
placed in a state of anzsthesia or the patient put under
chloroform. All arteries should be tied with catgut
thread, and bleeding may be reduced as much as possible
by a free supply of cold water, sponging, and some-
times pressure along the course of the artery of supply.
Finally, sutures may be inserted, and the animal
allowed to rise. Bony tumours must be removed with a
saw or bone forceps. After-treatment is that required
« TUMOURS. 427
for ordinary wounds of some size. In these operations
no skin must be removed unless it is diseased, however
loose it may seem; after removal of the tumour it will
soon adapt itself to the parts beneath.

Caustics, when used for the destruction of tumours,
generally require to be several times repeated. The best
for this purpose are those which penetrate deeply and
cause considerable destruction of tissue, such as the
mineral acids. Occasionally destruction is brought about
by placing masses of caustic in the centre of the tumour,
which lead to destructive changes of the surrounding -
mass. The red-hot iron is one of the most effectual
caustics; with it a projecting mass of tumour may be
amputated without danger from hemorrhage. Acetic
acid has been recommended in cancers, as having a
special influence in causing swelling and destruction of
the cells. (The galvanic cautery is used in human prac-
tice.) The écraseur is a useful instrument for removal
of tumours. Ligatures around the pedicles of tumours
may be of thread or horsehair; they must not be too
large, and must be sufficiently tight to exert firm pres-
sure; an elastic ring may be used instead, and is very
effectual.

 

Fria. 87.—Beach’s Ecrasour.
428 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. |

CHAPTER XI.—THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Section 1.—Dristasts or THe Mate Organs or Genera-

TION.

Tux testes of the bull are well developed, and elongated
from above downwards. The vesicule seminales are
glandular, and Cowper’s glands are absent, but the most
remarkable structure as compared with that of the horse is
the penis, which is very long and narrow, having a firm
external investment surrounding it, and a well-developed
band in the centre of the corpus cavernosum. Just behind
the scrotum the organ presents an §-shaped flexure, to the
posterior convexity of which are attached the retractor
muscles. The glans penis is fine and tapering; to the
sheath, at about opposite the umbilicus, run the retractor
muscles from behind, and circular fibres from in front
extend through the prepuce and are known as the pro-
tractors. <A tuft of hair hangs down from the opening of
the prepuce. Asin the case of the horse, early castration
prevents many of the generative disorders to which the
ox would otherwise be liable, while it also checks pug-
nacity and so lessens the frequency of injury. The
castrated male is more docile, forms better beef, and often
a larger body than the uncastrated; the change induced
by the operation is, therefore, in every respect, beneficial.
The operation of Casrration is performed by removal of
the generative glands, and various methods of performance
of this have been suggested. In India “ mulling ”
is the popular method. It is described by Mr. Richard
Poyser in the ‘ Veterinary Journal’ (1875) as orchithlasis,
and depends upon breaking down the structures of the sper-
THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 429

matic cord by a special manipulative process. In this
country a simple method termed “lashing” used to be very

 

 

 

 

a

Fig. 88.—External generative organs of a bull dissected. 1 and 2. Muscles
of prepuce. 3. Scrotum, dartos muscle; above it the spermatic cord.
4, Anterior curvature of penis. 5. Retractor muscles of penis.
6. Superficial abdominal veins, (Chauveau.)

 

Fre. 89.—Urethral canal of the ox a. Bladder. 6. Straight portions of
canal. ec. Curvatures. d. Retractor muscles. (Armatage.)

prevalent ; it consisted of tying a piece of cord so tightly
430 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

round the root of the scrotum that this organ with its
contents underwent mortification, and in due course of
time sloughed off, or was removed with the knife.
Quite recently a modification of this process has been
suggested and tried in France with some success; this
is the compression of the root of the scrotum by means
of an elastic band, considerably too small. This method
has the advantage of the pressure being even, and
constantly varying with the diminution in size of the
root. Generally the process of removal with the hot
tron is adopted. The patient is thrown, the skin rendered
tense over one testicle with the hand, and an incision
‘made boldly in as far as the tunica vaginalis testis;
the sperm gland is then drawn out, and the opera-
tion completed by division of the cord by means of a
red-hot iron. Sometimes the scrotum is opened with the
hot iron, it being urged that this entirely checks any ten-
dency to union of the external wound by first intention,
whereby the pus from the seared end of the cord is apt
to become pent up. Subsequently the parts should be
examined occasionally, to see that this closure does not
take place too early, and also to break down any adhesion
between the spermatic cord and the external wound.
After the testis has been freed the cord may be scraped
through with a knife having a jagged edge, or the posterior
part having been freely divided, the anterior may be
scraped through. This method has the advantage of being
quick, surgical, and not liable to be followed by hemor-
rhage or other complications; also not infrequently the
parts heal, even without suppuration.

The method of ligature consists in tying either the whole
cord or only the spermatic artery in the anterior part, and
_ then removing the testis. Itis said that tetanus is rather
apt to follow this form of the operation, also there is a lia-
bility to secondary hemorrhage when the ligature separates.

Torsion, either of the whole cord, or simply of
the spermatic artery, until it gives way, is not liable to
be followed by hemorrhage, and is preferred by some
practitioners; it certainly is very effectual. In France
THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. , 431

torsion without incision into the scrotum is performed in
@ special manner, and leads to atrophy of the testes. The
barbarous operation of tearing out the testicle used to be
followed, but is not much resorted to now. It. is said
especially to predispose to pelvic hernia, and the cord is
apt to tear off too short, and thus give rise to inconve-
nience and disorder. The removal of the testis, after it
has been exposed, by means of the écraseur, is easy,
quick, and effectual, and the use of this instrument is
regarded with considerable favour in the present day.

 

Fia. 90.—Castrating Clamps.

Removal with the Clamps, and by the Covered Operation
are seldom resorted to now, the latter, as already noticed,
being required in cases of inguinal and scrotal hernie,
such as require the operation for radical cure (see p. 281).
Animals are chosen to undergo castration when they
are two or three months old, before the glands have mani-
fested their generative activity. If it be performed later
there is greater liability to untoward complications, and
it is said the meat is not so good. Indeed, it is not at
all advisable to delay the operation, for the extra develop-
ment is not an advantage, asin the horse. Sometimes,
but rarely, we require to operate upon an older animal,
then the scraping method is still very good, but castration
with the hot iron is generally preferred. Greater liability
to complications is seen in old animals than in young.
Of these the principal are hernia, hemorrhage, tetanus,
and peritonitis, and adhesions of the testis to the scrotum.
In the primary incision care must be taken lest a small -
portion of bowel in the scrotum be divided. All animals
432 2 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

should be carefully examined, to ensure the absence of
hernia, before castration is commenced. Hemorrhage
may be treated by cold-water applications, or by taking
op the artery and applying a ligature. Adhesions must
be broken down, and not allowed to interfere with the
operation. Finally, if flies be troublesome, the parts may
be dressed with carbolic solution, but animals should be
castrated as much as possible when no flies are about.
The slight movements of the animals in pasture, and green
food will do them good. Sometimes it is deemed advisable
to perform the operation with the patient standing. He
is then secured by fastening the hind limbs eee or
by means of the side-line.

Emasculation of the ox is less frequently ee by
the veterinary practitioner than of the horse. It is
generally placed in the hands of empirical operators,
who sometimes, by practice, attain considerable dexterity,
but are not competent to meet the emergencies which
may arise, and require prompt action. It is thus not
infrequent to find the operation omitted from works on
diseases and treatment of cattle, but we have thought it
advisable to give the above résumé of methods.

Orcuit1is—inflammation of the testicle—may result
from injury or excessiye copulation. The former is the
most frequent cause. There is considerable pain and
heat in the diseased part, the dense investment of which
does not freely admit of swelling, and fever may run high.
Atrophy and suppuration have been noted as consequences ;
in either case there is apt to be loss of generative power,
or the animal will become an irregular stock getter.
Measures adapted to control local inflammation, together
with febrifuges, will generally restore the animal to health.
Sometimes the inflammation is of a scrofulous character,
leading to deposits of a specific nature in the testis;
this is the state known as TupercuLaR Sarcocete. The
animal should not then be again utilised for breeding
purposes, but early castration may check the progress of
the disease.

Sarcoce.e is enlargement of the testis; it may be can-
THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 433

cerous, or non-specific, but a scrofulous form is most
frequent. The spermatic cord is liable to certain morbid
conditions of its various components. Aneurisms and vari-
cose veins are sometimes present, giving rise to swelling,
not necessarily of a painful character. These conditions
are generally associated under the name varicocele.

In a specimen before us, Sreritiry was attributable to
fatty deposits around the structures of the cord. It may be
due also to morbid changes in the seminiferous passages
blocking them up; and in other cases is attributable to
nervous disorder, due to over-excitement of the sexual
apparatus. In such cases high feeding, regular exercise,
and tonics should be tried, and the animal prevented from
the exercise of the generative functions for some time.
This derangement is especially liable to occur in young
‘bulls allowed too early to exercise their procreative powers.

Sometimes on incision into the scrotum in castration
a considerable amount of fluid escapes. This dropsy of
the vaginal cavity is HypRocutz ; it is not frequent in the ox,
and seldom of much importance.

The penis is liable to injury sub coité, which interferes
with its protraction or retraction. The rapid perform-
ance of the act in cattle rather predisposes to this.
Generally the parts are restored to their healthy state
after a short period of inability; but deposits may give
rise to permanent deformity.

Such injuries predispose to Cancer of the organ, which
is occasionally seen in cattle. Cases of this kind are
given in the ‘Veterinarian, vol. xii, p. 51, and the
‘ Veterinary Record,’ vol. iii, p. 282. They may necés-
sitate amputation of the glans or of a still larger portion of
the organ. This is performed by casting the animal,
drawing out the penis, passing a sound along the urethral
passage, and retaining it in position by a ligature tightly
‘compressing the organ posteriorly to the seat of amputa- .
tion. A circular incision must then be made on to the
sound all round, and the ligature be left on for a day or
two, the sound also remaining in position to keep open the
urethral passage.

28
434 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Puymosis is inability to protrude the penis, due generally
to contraction of the anterior part of the prepuce or to
disease of the glans. It may also result from excessive
accumulation of smegma. It is associated with certain
chronic inflammations of the sheath which result from
irritating discharges, in some of which there is extensive
ulceration of the surrounding parts. Usually there is an
impediment to the passage of urine, which trickles on to
the surrounding parts, and increases the extent of the
disease, which at first has an erythematous character.
Phymosis is less apt to occur in the ox than the horse,
because of the mobility of the prepuce in the former

‘animal, the pointed condition of the glans, and the great
freedom of movement of the penis. It requires to be treated
by fomentations to cleanse the parts, and manipulative
protrusion of the penis, which can generally be accomplished
after prolonged fomentation. Failing this, an incision may
be made into the sheath. If any morbid growths are on the
glans, they must be removed with the knife. The sur-
rounding parts will require to be protected with glycerine,
vaseline, or lard.

Catcutus or raz Urersrat Passace depends upon the
entry of a small stone from the bladder, its impactment,
and an impediment to the free flow of urine. Sometimes
the obstruction is complete, in other cases only partial.
In the latter, strangury is the most prominent sign, and
the symptoms are less urgent. In the former there is no
passage of urine, the urethral canal is distended to the
seat of calculus, and the over-distended . bladder tends to
burst ; this occurs and causes death in some cases. In one
the membranous portion of the urethra gave way, and
infiltration of urine into the surrounding tissues took
place and resulted in uremia. The stone generally becomes
fixed against the flexure of the penis, and the presence of
this, as well as the smallness of the canal, is the cause of
the greater frequence of this disorder in the ox than the
horse; also it is attributable to the fact that the food of
the former contains often an excessive amount of phos-
phates, which are liable to form deposits, especially around
THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 435

the prepuce and the hairs hanging down from it, on which
the excess of phosphates in the urine forms stalagmitic
threads. The slow expulsion of the urine is one cause of
this. Accumulations of inspissated secretion around the
urethral orifice also sometimes impede the escape of
urine. Hairs thus covered may be cut off, and the ac-
cumulated calcareous matter and sebaceous material must.
be removed from around the glans. In cases of. urethral
calculus, relief must be afforded by incision on to the
stone and its removal, when a great rush of urine will
take place through the wound. This incision must be
made longitudinally and sufficiently long to allow of the
free exit of the stone. The animal may be kept standing,
but the hind legs fastened together. In the distended
state of the bladder it is not always advisable to cast
him. The escape of urine will be followed by cessation
of violent signs of over-distension of the bladder. The
wound should be closed with sutures. Urethral calculi
are-not often seen in the female.’

GonorrHoea, vulgarly termed “Bull Burnt,” is a dis-
ease of the glans penis and sheath of the bull, associated
with a certain amount of disorder of the lining membrane
of the urethra. When the latter is much affected, there
is a profuse discharge of thick mucus, and evident pain
on passage of urine is observable in every case, but is
sometimes very extreme. The patient stamps, moans,
lashes the tail, and evacuates the urine in jets rather
than in full stream. A certain amount of fever is present.
The prepuce may be primarily or secondarily affected ;
it is swollen, hot, and tender, and becomes ulcerated
internally, and abscesses may form in it, and sinuses
extend into the substance of the penis. The inflamma-
tion of the urethra is attributable to excessive venery,
and is most frequently seen in highly fed animals. When
neglected the disease terminates in fungous growths,
which may necessitate amputation of the penis. It is
certain that if bulls thus affected be allowed to copulate

1 I have a record of but one such ease; itis by Mr. Matthew Hedley, of
the Irish Veterinary Department.
436 ; BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

they give rise to a similar disease of the lining mem-
brane of the vagina and the vulva. Thus, it has been
supposed that this discharge has a specific character
resembling that of the syphilitic gonorrhcea of man.
There is grave doubt with regard to the nature of some
cases of gonorrhea, but certainly that form seen in this
country is not specific. The ulceration of the vulvo-
vaginal membrane is due to acridity of the discharges
(see Leucorrheea). Though considerable sexual excitement
is manifested by both male and female animals affected
by this disorder they must not be indulged, since this
only aggravates the case. ;

Treatment comprises thorough cleansing of the affected
parts, for which purpose the bull generally requires to be
cast, opening of abscesses, and slitting up of sinuses;
touching long-standing ulcers with nitrate of silver and
the reduction of fungous growths with more powerful
caustics, such as the butter of antimony; a dressing of
Glycerinum Acidi Carbolici to be applied all over the
diseased surface to allay irritability and promote healing.
The parts must be dressed every second or third day,
according to the state of the case, but the animal need
not be cast each time. Cases of this kind will thus not
prove so protracted as they are generally considered to be.

Ureruritis—simple inflammation of the urethra—un-
complicated by the above disorder is very rare. When
a case occurs, it must be treated with anodyne fomenta-
tions and injections. The most distressing symptoms
arise from spasm of the accelerator muscle during passage
of the urine.

Srcrion 2.—Diseases or tHE Femare Generative Organs.

The uterus of the cow differs from that of the mare in
the fact that its horns, situated at the free margins of the
broad ligaments, are twisted upwards, so that their con-
cavity is inferiorly placed. Also, in the pregnant animal,
the increased vascularity of the mucous membrane is con-
fined to certain spots, the uterine cotyledons, for rumi-
 

FOETUS IN UTERO,

surrounded by us membranes .
 

THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 437

nants have the placenta formed by a number of cotyledons;
the walls of the vagina contain rudimentary tubes, canals
of Gaertner; the labia are thick, and from the inferior
commissure hangs a tuft of hair. The pelvis of the cow
is so arranged that the expulsion of the feetus is more
tardy than in the mare. The ischium is very large and
expanded, and forms a very considerable part of the pelvic
wall, the sacro-sciatic ligament being correspondingly
shortened. The posterior part of the ischial junction ..
forms, with the remainder of the symphysis, an oblique
angle superiorly, and thus the pelvic outlet is diminished
in size, and placed above the general level of the floor of
the cavity. The pelvic passage of the cow is long.

 
 
      

 
    

   
    
     
  

“al |
y |

lie mk
nl , ‘| ay |
: NS ¥ rm ’ Me y

  
   

Shi

  

 
 

Fie. 91. Female generative organs. @. .. Body of uterus. 93. Its external os.
c. Its horns. d. Fallopian tubes. ¢. Ovaries. jf. Broad ligaments.
g. Bladder. %. Meatus urinarius externus. i. Cayity of vagina. (After

Simonds.)

The ovaries of the cow are smaller than those of the .
mare; they are liable to only two forms of disorder.

Dropsy os tHE Ovariss is seen in old animals, and
especially in those which have not been impregnated. It
438 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is due to the continued and unrelieved distension of the
Graafian vesicles, which enlarge so slowly that the fibrous
coat of the ovary is still able to protect them from burst-
ing. This condition is denoted by constant cestrum,
which does not seem to be relieved by copulation. It can
only be treated by removal of the organs.

ATROPHY oF THE Ovanzizs is associated with hermaphro-
ditic malformations of the generative apparatus, and with
malignant disease, either of the organs themselves or the
generative passages. It is not described as a distinct
disease. This condition can hardly be diagnosed. Only
one ovary may be in this state, then the animal will be
in a condition to breed.

Ovariotomy—REMOVAL OF THE OvaRIES—Spavinc—Cas-.
TRATION OF Cows—is an operation of which the value, from
"an economical point of view, has been much debated. The
following arguments have been advanced in its favour:

1. The milk is produced continuously, and in increased
quantity, and of better quality after the operation. This
is not, however, by any means generally admitted.

2. The animals are not subject to the periodical incon-
venience of cestrum.

8. They are not so liable to disease, especially the
numerous and ae disorders of the generative
apparatus.

4, They fatten more readily and attain a greater weight
than other cows.

5. By spaying beasts of doubtful value for breeding
purposes the race will be gradually improved.

Nevertheless the operation has not been generally
adopted, for some of the above-mentioned arguments
are of a doubtful character. The animals operated upon
are not so generally useful, tend too much, in some
cases, to the laying on of fat, and altogether are not so
profitable as the uncastrated females.

Spaying sometimes requires to be performed as a
curative means. An incision is made in the flank in
the usual manner. The hand is introduced and feels for
the ovaries, which are drawr out through the wound and
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 439

excised by means of the jagged-edged knife, or removed,
with the écraseur. Only one incision is generally neces-
sary, for both ovaries can be reached through it. This
may preferably be made on the left side. After the
operation has been completed, the wound being closed
in the usual way, the patient must be kept quiet and
fed on nourishing food, and the bowels kept open. Un-
toward results seldom follow this operation. Removal of the
ovaries through the vaginal wall has been tried withsuccess.

Menstruation of the cow is associated with the escape
of the ova from the ovaries, being accompanied by that con-

 

Fig. 92.—Maternal and foetal cotyledons of the cow. A. Pedicle of the
maternal cotyledon. 3B. Maternal cotyledon. ©. Foetal cotyledon
Dp. Placental villi. ‘z. Chorion, (From Fleming’s ‘Veterinary Ob-
stetrics.’)

dition of excitation known as Gistrum, or Heat. “ Kahleis,
Fuchs, Spinola, Numan, and others, have observed evident
44.0 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

sanguine emissions in the cow, and have also noted that
the discharge occurs regularly at intervals of nineteen or
twenty days, when the animal is not giving milk or in calf.
The hemorrhagic flow appears two or three days after the
commencement of the ‘rutting,’ and when this is most
intense” (Fleming). Thus, we have the opinions of the.
leading observers on the subject summarised by the author
of the excellent work on ‘Veterinary Obstetrics.’ It
generally commences when the animal is about twelve
months old, and occurs with fair regularity every month
or three weeks during the “ rutting” season, the duration
of each period being but short. Whether or not impregna-
tion takes place, a proliferation of the uterine epithelium
occurs. When this is thrown off it is intermingled with
a small amount of blood. Sometimes the discharge has
not a sanguineous character. ‘The estral products may
be retained, as in cases of impervious neck of the
uterus orimperforate hymen. They then accumulate, and
give rise to symptoms resembling those of dropsy of the
uterus. Again, they may be very profuse, and contain
much ‘blood, as in a case related by Mr. Macgillivray, -of
Banff (‘ Velen Journal,’ vol. iv, p. 186). In others
they are suppressed, and then the ordinary signs of cestrum
are usually, but not always, absent. Such cases of sup-
pression must be distinguished from those of retention,
the latter being by far the more serious condition. Sup-
pression is due to debilitating constitutional disorders, and
must be looked upon asa symptom of disease. With reten-
tion it is generally included under the heading Au ENORRH@A,
Sterility is not at all infrequent in heifers, especially
well-bred animals. It is generally associated with fre-
quent cestrum, but sometimes there is an absence of
sexual desire. It may depend upon imperviousness of any
of the generative passages, such as results from inflamma-
tion of them, scrofulous disease, or morbid growths; it is,
therefore, one of the symptoms of scirrhous os uteri, im-
pervious hymen, and congenital malformation of the gene-
rative organs, as seen in hermaphrodites. Again, the
excessively fattened condition may cause sterility.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 441

Free Martins are born twins with bull calves, and have
the external form of the female, but are reputed to be
sterile. John Hunter, whose great mind neglected no
source of information, made this popular opinion a matter
of inquiry. He found that the apparently female. calf is
often hermaphroditic, but all free martins are not to be
considered sterile, as many prove fertile.

The progress of utero-gestation is associated with a
higher development of the structures of the uterine wall,
whereby they are adapted for the supply of oxygen and
nutritive materials to the foetus. These changes, being in
the direction of higher development, increase the liability
to disease. Sometimes Fausz Lazour-pains occur before
the usual period, tending to produce abortion, and due to
such influences as disturb the relations between the mother
and the foetus. Thus, falls and injuries separate some of
the cotyledons, and stimulate the muscular walls of the
uterus to contract. Any colicky pains dependent upon
the pregnant condition of the uterus, but not succeeded by
expulsion of the foetus, must be classed under this head-
ing. Some authorities also include those which produce
untimely expulsion. The difference is one of degree,
not of kind: therefore these uterine spasms, whenever —
they take place prematurely, should be carefully watched,
and, if they seem likely to. produce ill effects, must be
controlled by opium or some other antispasmodic. At
the same time all irritant food-stuffs which may have
‘been the cause by reflex action, must in future be
avoided.

The Sicns or PreaNnancy are, sometimes a cessation

of cestrum and a considerable improvement in condition
- together with a want of inclination for the bull. The
abdomen enlarges and becomes pendulous, and the
mamme increase in size, as also does the mucous mem-
brane of the vulva and vagina and its secretion is
_ increased. About the fifth month the fetus may be
detected by manipulation of the right side; the wall of
‘the abdomen in front of the stifle being suddenly raised
with the hand, the foetus im wlerd will fall back again
442. BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and be felt. About this time, too, careful examination
will detect foetal movements, and later these can be per-
ceived-without manipulation. Exploration per rectum or
per vaginam is sometimes resorted to as a means of con-
firming the diagnosis, and it is said that the beats of the
foetal heart may be detected by auscultation in front of
the symphysis pubis.

AxBorTION occurs very frequently, due to the nature of
the food and other influences. It must be distinguished
artifically from premature birth in which the foetus is
able to live for a longer or shorter time after expulsion.
Fleming estimates all cases as abortions which take place
thirty-five days before the normal period of from nine to
ten months. He quotes the valuable observations of
Earl Spencer, that no calf can be born alive before the.
220th nor after the 318th day, and that it is im-
possible to rear those born before the 242nd day. This
accident is termed slinking or slipping the calf, and is
sometimes sporadic, often epizootic or enzootic. It varies
in importance with the stage of pregnancy in which it
occurs. Thus, in early stages it may cause no apparent
inconvenience, later it is accompanied by some fever, a
yellowish-red discharge from the vagina, and a consider-
able amount of uneasiness, and still later, there are all
the ordinary signs of parturition. It is liable to be brought
on by too frequently taking the bull, by various kinds of
injuries, by bad feeding, or the presence of fungi, such as
ergot or ustilago (rust) on the food, and by excessive expo-
sure to cold. - It often results from debility. It generally
takes place in pregnant animals affected with blood disease,
is common in cases of hernia, and may be due to nervous
influence. Owing to the latter condition, if one cow
abort, many others in the same shed will do so too. By
some, however, these enzootics of abortion are attributed to
the influence of certain prevalent bacterian organisms
which are developed in the foetal membranes and on the
vaginal mucous surface, and ordinarily cause a breaking
down of the foetal coverings. Consequently, if some of
the latter be left about it may prove most prejudicial, and
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 443.

rigid separation of animals which have aborted from those
which are pregnant should be attended to in all cases.
It is remarked that enzootics of abortion occur most fre-
quently in seasons favorable to the development of fungi.
Sometimes abortion leads to flooding, but the most im-
portant ill effect is the loss to the owner, for not only is
the calf dead but also the regular secretion of milk may
be seriously interfered with.

Treatment. After an abortion, an animal should be
nursed and carefully watched. Sometimes stimulant
tonics are requisite. As a rule, the foetal membranes are
passed investing the foetus, but if not, they should be
removed as soon as possible. Special care must be taken
to isolate all affected animals, and since the irregularity
is very liable to recur when pregnancy again advances to
the stage when the accident happened, it is often better
to fatten the cow for sale. We may conclude that any
cause seriously altering the constitutional conditions of
a pregnant animal may bring about abortion; some of
these influences also directly cause death of the foetus,
others do not do so. In the former case it is not to be
regretted that abortion takes place. The occurrence of |
the false labour pains must be met by antispasmodics.

Premature BirtH depends upon influences similar to
those which give rise to abortion. We note it here as
necessitating special care in the rearing of the calf. The
small animal thus prematurely brought into the world is
deficient 1n heat-producing power, and also in strength,
but in due time may progress as well as if the full
period of gestation had been completed. In many cases
the utero-gestation is remarkably prolonged ; in one
recorded it amounted to fifty-two weeks, this was most
remarkable ; it is not usually found that the calf is excep-
tionally large in these cases. The number of animals
born at one time from the same cow is sometimes very
extraordinary. The most extreme case was one in which
fifteen embryos were found in the uterus. Cases have
been known of animals producing five calves at a birth
and all of them living.
444, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Surzrreration is the impregnation of a second ovum
after the embryo from another has undergone a certain”
degree of development and is still in the uterus. It
sometimes is observed in the cow.

EXTRA-UTERINE Concrertion—development of the fcetus
in situations other than the cavity of the womb—is an
extraordinary phenomenon of which some cases in the
cow are recorded. It is rare, and seems in this animal
only to assume the abdominal form. Exploration per
vaginam vel rectum discloses no foetus, though the
abdomen has become enlarged and the other signs of
utero-gestation have appeared in due course, and even
there are indications of approaching parturition. The
foetus is found in the peritoneal sac, embedded in fibri-
nous material, and often in a very advanced stage of deve-
lopment, the neighbouring parts of the mother taking
upon themselves the nutritive functions of the uterine
walls. :

The Cesarean Overation may be tried in these cases, as
being the only chance of relief, for if the footus be re-
tained, it may give rise to septic ‘disease of the mother.
Occasionally it undergoes calcification. It must be noted
that in these cases the position of the foetus may be
determined, and it may even be removed without inci-
sion into the peritoneal sac. Nature sometimes adopts
this method, and throws off the decomposed foetus in the
pus of an abscess. The animal having been cast on the
left side and the right leg loosened and drawn backwards,
an incision is then to be made with the usual precautions,
as in ruminotomy but about one foot in length.
The intestines having been drawn to one side, an incision
must be made through the uterine walls or into the
tumour in which the footus is embedded, and the latter is
taken out and the umbilical cord ligatured and divided.
The membranes are then to be removed, and the uterine
walls to be closed with catgut sutures, the outer wall
being closed in the usual way. This operation is very
formidable, but may succeed if properly performed with
due antiseptic precautions. It must be had recourse to,
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 445

when necessary, before the patient’s strength begins to
flag, and may even be the means of saving both calf and
mother. It is also indicated when some deformity of the
cow or calf absolutely prevents expulsion in the usual way.
The ordinary signs of parturition are swelling and
occurrence of milk in the mammary gland, discharge of
thick mucus from the vulval opening with swelling of
the labia and relaxation of the pelvic ligaments. Then
the animal separates from the herd and manifests signs
of discomfort. The os uteri enlarges and gradually there
flows a watery fluid, liquor allantoides. The animal may
assume the recumbent position or remain standing. For
some time labour-pains will have been observed; they
gradually increase in severity and frequency. The
amnion is next seen protruding as a bladder containing fluid
(‘ water bladder”) from the opening. Soon the fore feet of
the young animal appear, and then the head resting on the
fore legs; finally, it is entirely expelled and falls slowly to
the ground, the umbilical cord being often ruptured in the
fall. The process of parturition generally occupies upwards
of an hour; its duration varies with the constitution of the
cow. ‘When more than one calf is present, the second may
be retained some time after the expulsion of the first, and
the third after the second. The chorion may not be ex-
pelled for several hours, or even days, as its cotyledonary
union with the uterine mucous membrane is complex. The
process of removal is termed “ Cleansing,” and the pro-
duct the “ After-birth.” In case of Rerenrion or THE
Fora, Mempranes it is advisable to remove them, for
sometimes they decompose in the cavity of the uterus
and give rise to septic disorder of the system. It seems
probable that their retention is due to entanglement as a
result of uterine contractions, but it also is attributable
to want of the necessary efforts in consequence of debility.
In natural cases a slight recurrence of pains brings about
their expulsion through the os uteri, which is still un-
relaxed, and wher these do not seem to be very effectual
traction may be applied on the protruding portion of
- the cord, the efforts coinciding to the pains. A more
44.6 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

effectual grasp of the protruding parts will be obtained
by rolling them round a piece of stick. Regularly applied
traction will often succeed in removing them, but some-
times it is necessary to introduce the greased hand into
the uterus and separate each cotyledon from its attachment
by a special peeling process. This measure should not be
resorted to until all chance of natural expulsion has passed.
Too forcible separation may give rise to hemorrhage.
Sometimes retention is seen after abortion, then, if left
alone, the membranes will pass off in due time. When
the foetal appendages commence to undergo decomposi-
tion there is a foetid discharge from the vulva, and typhoid
symptoms may be manifested.

AFTER-PAINS sometimes are present in cases of reten-
tion of the foetal membranes, of injury to the womb, and
even of the presence of an irritant in the intestines.
When birth has been completed the uterus tends to con-
tract, ‘is checked in this to a certain extent during
passage of the membranes, but subsequently succeeds in
its efforts, and thereby tends to prevent hemorrhage, and
to return to something like its state before pregnancy.
Sometimes after-pains indicate incipient uterine inflam-
mation, but they generally yield to an antispasmodic dose.
We have on record one case of PLAcENTA PREVIA, in which
a cotyledon was situated over os uteri.

H2MoRRHAGE PER VULVAM is of two kinds, uterine and
vaginal or vulval. In either case it may depend upon,
injury either from the foetus or from the instruments used
in extracting it. It is indicated by a constant trickling
of either arterial or venous blood from the external
opening, together with restlessness and increasing debility
of the patient. When the womb is affected the flow is
profuse, the passage painful, and the blood, when ex-
pelled, is clotted. The usual symptoms of hemorrhage’
are present. The practitioner will generally find that the
application of cold water continuously to the loins, or cold
intra-uterine injections will excite contraction and check
hemorrhage, but sometimes it is necessary to make use
of the ordinary hemostatic measures. In the later
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 447

stages stimulants are required. Uterine hemorrhage is
generally- termed “bloody flux.” There may be slight
hemorrhage before parturition, Ante-partum Bleeding,
due to the sudden separation of the foetus from the
maternal membranes or to injury; it often is not of
importance, but sometimes it indicates that the foetus is
dead. After birth bleeding may take place from the
cut end of the cord ; it does not last long and is unimpor-
tant. The peculiar depravity of appetite of cows in-calf leads
them to devour all sorts of extraordinary things ; the foetal
membranes.-will often thus be transferred to the rumen.
When called in to a case of calving, the practitioner
will find that he has to do with a case of normal PRESEN-
TATION or abnormal. In the normal form the owner has
generally adopted such measures as his experience sug-
gests. Sometimes his anxiety has led him into appre-
hension when the birth is simply prolonged. In this
the foetus is in its proper position, but in consequence
of imperfection of the throes is not expelled. In such
cases a stimulant may lead to the desired effect, or, in
more extreme instances, the careful administration of
ergot of rye may betried. The latter agent should never
be given unless there is no impediment in the passages
and the os uteri is relaxed. Often mechanical assistance
is required. The passages of the generative organs, and
the os uteri especially, having been found, lubricated, and
relaxed, the hand is passed into the uterine cavity. It is
thus enabled to determine with a certain degree of accuracy
the nature of the contents and their position. The parts
of the foetus are very slippery, the fluids are passed in
considerably quantities, and the room for working is con-
fined, hence the extraction of the foetus is nut so easy as
it seems. Looped cords, forceps, hooks, crutches, and
other instruments, are required tc assist in parturitions,
. and the number of appliances now used is very considerable.
In all these cases the main aim must be to support the
strength of the patient and to restore or keep the calf in
its natural position and then to overcome every impediment,
It is important never to lose control over any part which

&
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

448

A cord round the lower jaw and

one round each fore foot will be very useful for this purpose.

has once presented itself.

 

 

 

 

 

i
;

LEE

Ec

 

(After

embranes,

Fetus enclosed in m

.—Normal presentation.
Simonds),

Fie. 93

Tatse on ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS may be:

foot.—Secure the foot
ith the slipping noose of

a. Head presented and one
and head; introduce the hand w
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 449

a rope and feel the flexed other fore limb ; trace it down-
wards to the fetlock and slip the noose on to the foot,

Hee
Nils

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fia. 94.—Abnormal presentation (6).
(After Simonds.)

then push the foetus forwards while traction is brought
‘to bear through the rope on the flexed limb

b. Head presented without the feet. — Secure . the
29
450 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

lower jaw, then press the head back into the uterus,
find the fore legs, and secure and draw them upwards.

 

SS

 

SSS

Fig. 95.—Abnormal presentation (ec).
(After Simonds.)
c. Head turned backwards, feet presented.—Feel for
the head, and, if possible, fix a rope on the lower jaw and
also one round each of the feet, or a hook may be fixed
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 451

in the eye. Then if pressure be applied to the chest,
forcing the foetus deeper into the womb, by traction

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fia. 96.—Abnormal presentation (¢).
(After Simonds.)

of its cords the head may be brought into position.
When the head is out of reach embryotomy must -be
performed.
452 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

d. Head turned backwards, and only side of neck pre-
sented.—Proceed as much as possible as in 6.

SSS SS SSS >

Sse ee

=

S

—

Mihi

y SS
ll Wa |

ni
il

iL

 

 

 

 

Fra. 97.—Abnormal presentation (/).
(After Simonds.)

e. Nape of neck against os utert and one fore leg pro-
jecting.—Secure the other foot and continue as in ¢.
 

ve

‘THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 453

J. Fetus on its back, nape of neck presented. —
Pass a rope round the jaw and one around each fetlock, |

 

 

Fria. 98.—Abnormal presentation (2).
(After Simonds.)

bring’ the two latter round to the same side of the head ;
support the withers with the hand. ‘Then apply pressure
454 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

in a rotatory manner from below, while an assistant pulls
the ropes on the limbs. A gradual change to the ordinary

 

 

 

Fia. 99.—Abnormal presentation (/).
(After Simonds.)

position may take place, otherwise forward pressure
must be applied, and an attempt made to deliver the calf
as it is.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, A455

g. Fetus on its back, hind feet presented.—Hxtract
in position. ;

h. Foetus on its back, hind feet inclined forwards.—
Endeavour to press the calf downwards and forwards, and
then flex the hocks and obtain position (g). If this be
not sucessful, amputate at the hip.

4. Hind feet protruded.—Remove in this position.

j. Breech presentation ; hind feet projecting down-
wards and forwards.—A case of great difficulty, there
being no room for operations. By means of a special
instrument a cord is passed round each thigh, ‘the body
of the foetus is then pushed forwards by means of the
crutch, and the loop passed down to the fetlocks; then,
the pressure being still made, the feet are drawn by
flexure of the hocks and. other joints into the passage
and removal is effected.

Certain other presentations have been noted, but the
above are the principal. Besides these may be men-
tioned some of a special character, due to diseases and
irregularities of the calf.

HyprocePHaLus concEnrratis has been already noted (see
p- 879), as also ascirss of the foetus at time of parturition.
Each must be treated by the process of tapping. In the
latter case, the simplest method will be found to be direct
puncture by means of a concealed knife carried in the
hand into the uterus. In the former, the operation is
_performed by means of a perforator, the head being held
in position by a hook fixed in the eye, but this is not always
necessary. Occasionally the foetus is enormously enlarged
by disease, either general emphysema, or the condition
known as polysarca or cedema congenitalis. Emphysema
generally results from decomposition of a dead foetus,
from which the gas must be removed by incisions.
‘Polysarca is an enlarged fatty condition of the foetus
not often seen; edema or anasarca causes premature
birth.

Irregularities of the fcetus comprise the various forms
of monstrositizs, of which the principal seen in the cow
are as follows:
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

456

1. Anidians,—Rounded masses of living matter, con-

ees |

ring
Me

Fic. 100.—Congenital ascites, causing difficult parturition.

 

 

 

 

(After Simonds.)
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. A57

: Me
sisting of bones, muscles, vessels, &c., sustained by an
umbilical cord.

2. Celosomians.—Abdominal walls deficient, bowels
‘loose in amniotic cavity.

 

Fie, 101.—A special form of hydro- Fie. 102.—Harelip. Schistoce-
cephalus of the calf. (From Flem- phalus fissilabrus.(From Flem- .
ing’s ‘Veterinary Obstetrics.’) ing’s ‘Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

3. Hetopia cordis (see Heart).

4, Harelip or cleft-palate forms; the separation usually
extends through the whole face.

5. Oampylorrhachides.—Twisted condition of the spine,
so that often all four feet project forwards.

6. Dicephalians, or double-headed animals. The
division may simply comprise the faces or there may be
two distinct skulls.

7. Hermaphrodites with a confused mixture of male and
female organs, or external generative organs of the male
and internal of the female, or vice versé.

8. Megalomelus -perissodactylus.—Before us is a speci-
men in which the rudimentary metatarsal bears a distinct
digit, as is sometimes the case in the horse.

9. Schistomelus.—In a case recorded, the “hind limb
was cleft up to the hock.
458 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

10. Twin calves, united more or less intimately.

11. Polymelians, many-limbed forms.

We have mentioned some of the above forms more on
account of their curious characters than of their practical
importance in parturition. These peculiar creatures used
to be termed Lusus Nature, but recently the study of
them, Teratology, has been remarkably advanced by the
experimental method, and it has been shown that they
are not “freaks,” but produced according to definite
‘laws. Thus they may depend upon pressure as preventing
the development of any part, upon amputation performed
by a twist of the umbilical cord, upon budding of the
ovum, or upon exaggerated or arrested development. The
various kinds which occur in domesticated animals are
treated of at length by Fleming in his ‘ Obstetrics,’ where
he fills a great blank which long existed in English
veterinary literature.. Monstrosities are of very frequent
occurrence in the cow, and cases of double or even triple
calf, twisted spine, dicephalus, and polymelianism may
give rise to difficult parturition and necessitate adjustment, |
and often embryotomy. Some monsters are unable to live.
independently of the parent, others are unable to stand
the pressure exerted upon them in expulsion, as those with
ectopia cordis, Many live and are much appreciated by
itinerant showmen. Sometimes it is most astonishing
what peculiar bodies can be expelled without much
trouble.

Whenever the foetus cannot be removed by ordinary
traction, embryotomy must be tried. It consists in the
reduction of the size of the foetus by removal of parts, which
are separated with a special concealed knife (Fig. 1038), or
by méans of a curved pointed blade which has a ring for its
handle (Fig. 105), and thus may be fixed on the middle
finger and carried in the hollow of the hand into the uterus.
Operations with these knives are limited by the small
space in the pregnant uterus, and by the cramped state of
the arms of the operator from the pressure exerted upon
them, particularly during the uterine throes. Sometimes
the chain saw (Fig. 106), will be found useful. The fore-
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 459

limbs are the parts most frequently removed in this way.
An incision is made through the skin from as high up as
possible longitudinally downwards as far as the fetlock,

   
 

ch
(flltes>

|

    
 

Fra, 106.—Chain Saw, with removable bandles, for embryotomy.

where a circular division of the skin is made. The
subcutaneous areolar tissue is then divided as much as
possible, first with the knife, then with the fingers. The
limb is then removed by a forcible steady pull, its muscular
attachments to the trunk giving way. The skin can sub-
sequently be used for traction, a rope being fixed to it, and
also, in some cases of embryotomy, serves to protect sharp
460 BOVINE . PATHOLOGY.

bony edges. Care must be taken with the embryotomy
knife, as with other instruments, lest injury of the uterine
walls result from a false stroke or a slip. This operation
is generally performed when the cow is in the recumbent
position, and she may be supported by occasional doses
of stimulants. It must be resorted to only when other
means fail, the foetus being too large for the passage or
inaccessible otherwise. It is generally best to sacrifice
the life of the foetus to save that of the mother. In all
obstetric operations great care must be exercised to avoid
injury of the uterine walls; the feet when moved, must be ~
taken into the hand and then gently drawn round. Again,
it is always necessary to carefully examine the contents
of the uterus. The two legs projecting with the head,
may be not such as are most convenient for easy removal,
as seen in cases of curved spine and many-limbed animals.
Again, the projecting feet may belong to distinct animals.

Twins.—The presence of two calves in the uterus being
so frequent, we should always after removal of one look
for a second. They generally lie in reverse positions ; one
being presented in the ordinary way, the other with its
hind legs first. Twins are usually small, and therefore
do not cause much difficulty in expulsion. They are apt
to become fixed together in. the genital passages. In such
cases, the state of affairs having been clearly ascertained,
the fore legs of the normally presented calf are to be secured
with ropes, and, these being kept tight, the other calf is
forced back into the uterus. The first can then be
removed in the usual way, and the second will generally
follow.

Diseases of the foctal membranes are not very fre-
quent, but some few are on record,

Cases of Dropsy or tae AmNion—Hypramnios—are
some-what often seen in the cow, they give rise to undue
distension, which may lead to abortion, or to over-dis--
tension of the uterine walls with corresponding inertia.
The accumulated fluid is described as sometimes resem-
bling Vitreous Humour in its characters. The causes of
this condition are ill-ascertained, and its diagnosis from
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 461

Hydrops Uteri is not frequently possible. Thus, as in
that disorder, the accumulated fluid must be evacuated
through the os uteri. In the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iii,
October, is recorded a case of firm union of the foetus,
membranes, and uterine walls, probably resulting from
endometritis.

Harr BaLis—/MigaGRoPILes—are occasionally seen in the
liquor amnii. This fluid consists largely of the products
-of excretory action of the skin; the aggregation of the
hairs results from the. regular movements of the mem-
brane which are known to take place in the living
animal.

The cause of difficult parturition often resides in the
cow. The passages in a normal state may be too small
‘for the calf, as when a small cow has been put to a very
large bull, or the parts may not have sufficiently relaxed.
In the latter case enough time may not have been allowed
for relaxation of the os to take place, then the practitioner
must wait and mark the progress of the case. Often
there is some actual impediment present. Thus, there
may have been fracture of the os innominatum, with a
considerable deposition of callus, or some exostosis or
other tumour pressing upon the genital passages. Such
cases are most formidable and generally necessitate opera-
tive interference.

' There may be TUMOURS IN THE GENITAL PASSAGES; such
growths in the vagina are of a fibromatous, lipomatous, or
serous cystic character. They must be incised if cystic,
and removed by ligament or the écraseur otherwise. They
are often appreciable only on manual exploration. Of
course the progress of parturition is gravely affected both
by the position and size of such growths. Another cause
preventing expulsion of the footus is IMPERFORATE VAGINA,
due either to congenital malformation or to inflammation
of that passage. This may be complete or partial. In
the former case there is retention of. the products of
cestrum, and sooner or later severe straining sets in. The
state of the parts can be detected on exploration, and the
animal generally has not been known to take the bull.
462. BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

In the latter, impregnation.may occur, and the excessive
diminution in size of the vaginal passage not be detected
until the time of parturition, when it may be necessary even
to perform the oe section. In the ‘Edinburgh
Veterinary Journal,’ vol. ii, p. 283, is given a case in
which a band extended across the os uteri, probably the
result of inflammation of the parts. It required to be
divided before parturition could be effected. The os uteri
may be affected with spasm, but this is not very fre-
quent; rigid occlusion of the orifice is more frequently
due to sTRicTURE, in which the muscular walls undergo
various changes, as the fibrous, and especially the carti-
laginous. Then labour pains occur in due course, but do
not result in expulsion of the foetus, and on exploration
the hard and firmly constricted condition of the os is
determined. This state seems sometimés to be hereditary, ~
it may also result from injury. The fingers and thumb
of the hand in the vagina having been approximated, an
attempt is to be made to insert the hand as a wedge
through the opening; this will seldom be accomplished.
The instrument suggested for lithecstasy might be
tried, or incisions made through the cervix in various
directions by means of the concealed bistoury. In cases
which resist these means the Cesarian operation must be
tried or the patient slaughtered. Sometimes the os is
unyielding and incapable of relaxation in consequence of
disease of a cancerous or scrofulous nature. These “ Sorr
Srricrurus ” of Macgillivray require to be treated by inci-
sion, an operation known as vaginal hysterotomy. This may
give rise to much hemorrhage, but will not usually do so.
When the narrowing of the os is due to spasm, there are
generally powerful uterine contractions, and the parts are
regular, tender, and somewhat yielding. Antispasmodics
may be had recourse to or even the abstraction of blood,
manual dilatation, or the lithecstasy apparatus may be
tried. Usually the spasm will relax in time. Warm-
water vaginal injections are indicated.

An impervious statz or Os Ururt has been observed,
probably it is due to the throwing out of false membranes
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 463

as aresult of inflammation. In the virgin animal it gives
tise to uterine dropsy from retention of fluid; in the
pregnant cow there is generally a small opening through
which impregnation has taken place. This must be
treated by incision and dilatation.

Persistent Hymen is sometimes a cause of impeded
parturition in the cow. It is found to be a fibrous band
extending across the vulvo-vaginal passage, just above the
meatus urinarius. This must be divided, and then no
further difficulty in expulsion will be experienced.

Torsion or tHE NEcK oF THE Woms, or of the anterior
part of the vagina, is rather common in the cow, pro-
bably on account of the special position of the cornua,
which tend to “ heel over”? where the extra weight of a
footus is in one of them. This constitutes the predispos-
ing cause, but blows, falls, and injuries of other kinds,
are the most frequent exciting influences. The twisting
may be complete, incomplete, or double.

Symptoms.—Labour-pains in due course, but not lead-
ing to protrusion of the amnion; violent abdominal —
spasms; extreme indications of abdominal pain. The
hand introduced into the vagina meets an impediment,
and recognises the twist in the spiral arrangement of the
walls at the anterior, part. If‘ these conditions be not
relieved remission of the labour-pains occurs, and death
ultimately results from asthenia. The direction of torsion
may be determined by the way in which the back ’ of
the hand introduced into the twist inclines; when to the
left, it is a case of left torsion and vice versd.

/ Prognosis in such cases is unfavorable, but not. abso-
lutely hopeless. They generally necessitate some severe
operation. Rolling the cow in a direction opposite to
that of the twist, the uterus with the foetus in it being
as much as possible retained in position by means of the
hand introduced through the os has been tried. Sometimes
the strain on the hand is found to increase, then the body
must be turned in the opposite direction. When relief has
taken place, there is generally an escape of liquor amnii.
Failing this means the Ceasarian operation must be per.
464 BUVINE PATHOLOGY.

formed. Sometimes a slight torsion may be counteracted
by manipulative means per vaginam, any protruding por-
tion of the footus being grasped and rotated. In other
cases abdominal section with manual restoration of the
uterus to its position has been tried with success, but the
operation is difficult.

Ditatation or Os Ureri1.—Post-partum the os in due
time contracts, but sometimes this is not so. This is
generally associated with imperfect contraction of the
main portion of the uterus. It indicates a want of
tone, and may be generally overcome by cold-water
applications.

The Impzrrect Post-parrum ConTRAcTION or THE UTERUS
may be associated with hemorrhage, for diminution in
the volume of the organ normally suffices to prevent
bleeding from the slightly lacerated cotyledons. In such
a case it may be treated by cold-water injections either
into the uterus or the rectum. But when unassociated
with such a complication, it may be overcome by
administration of stimulants, or even small doses of ergot
of rye.

When Inertia or THE Urzrinze Watts takes place in
the pregnant animal, it is apt to lead to a want of re-
.Sponse to the ordinary indications for expulsion of the
foetus, and therefore to prolonged retention. Then the:
young animal may continue to grow, and thus become
large enough to cause some difficulty in expulsion, or it
may die, and either decompose and cause septic disorder
of the cow, or, if the os uteri prevent access of air, it
is apt to undergo dry gangrene and mummify.

Sometimes the decomposed foetal remains are expelled
gradually as a discharge per vulvam; in one. case alluded
to by Youatt, expulsion took place per anum, the cecum
and uterus having contracted adhesions and become
connected by a fistula. The tincture of the ergot
of rye isa most valuable excitant of the walls of the
uterus to contraction. In cases of prolonged parturition,
the uterus may lose its power and remain in a relaxed
state with the foetus still in its cavity and labour-pains
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 465

ceased. In such a case as this, when the passages are
clear, the use of ergot is indicated.

Furor vrerinus.—Sometimes cows remain as it were
in a constant state of cestrum, always ready to receive
attentions from the bull, in a highly excitable condition,
and often with a slight discharge trickling constantly
from the lower part of the urino-generative aperture.
The vaginal mucous membrane is congested. These
animals are termed “ bullers,” and the furor-is not always
to be associated with uterine disorders. Thus, it is a sign
of dropsy of the ovaries, of inflammation of the vulvo-
vaginal membranes, and often of the presence of tumours
in the generative passages. It is most frequently at-
tributable to scrofulous disease of the uterine walls, or
some other chronic inflammatory action in the uterus.

Hyprors urmrt.—Though many cases of retention of
cestral products have undoubtedly been mistaken for true
dropsy, some instances of the latter state are recorded.
These occur in animals supposed to be pregnant; but .
when distension of the uterus has ‘taken place, the os
opens and there is a spontaneous evacuation of a
watery, or more frequently a semi-purulent or sanguineous,
fluid. This gives relief, and is succeeded by a gradual
reaccumulation and a recurrence of the false pregnancy.
Trying for the foetus in theusual manner is ineffectual in
‘these cases,and there are several signs of this not being true
pregnancy. The pent-up fluid should be evacuated as soon
as the disease has been diagnosed. Then the uterus should
be washed out frequently by syringing it with a weak
solution of carbolic acid or chloride of lime. In the
meanwhile the patient should be well fed and nursed, for
the disease results from debility, injuries, and slight in-
flammation. Tonic agents (especially mineral) will prove —
beneficial. 7

InFLAMMATION OF THE Utirus may be of three kinds,
according as the external, middle, or internal coat is the
main seat of disease.

EnpoMETRITIS.—Inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the uterus results from injuries during parturition,

30
466 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and occasionally perhaps from abortion, or exposure
when the animal is heated. It is not very frequent
nor urgent, but during its course there may be false
pains, and usually the products of inflammatory action
accumulate in the cavity and so cause distension. Thus
this disorder leads to dropsy of the uterus, but sometimes
the products pass off as a continuous discharge. In some
cases the lining membrane is much disorganised by
ulceration, there is then frequent straining and rapid
loss of flesh. In cases of protracted labour the discharges
from the generative passages become acrid and may cause
endometritis by retention. This acridity is proved by the
ecthymatous disease which so frequently affects the arms
of veterinary obstetrists, and which is fully described by
Professor Gamgee in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,”
vol. i, p. 23, where a beautiful illustration of the affected
arm of the professor is also given. Endometritis must be
treated by antiseptic injections and careful nursing.
When it occurs during pregnancy, separation of the fotal
membranes from the lining of the uterus will cause
death of the foetus in some cases. Inflammation of the
muscular coat of the uterus without the other layers being
affected is seldom or never seen.

Merro-Perrironitis oR PurrrEral Perrronitis (Barlow).—
We have already alluded to septicaemia in general, and
noted that it especially occurs in connection with partu-
rition and its accidents. The substance of the womb
being inflamed, the peritoneum generally is involved, and
the diseased action spreads remarkably rapidly, and in-
volves a considerable extent of surface. Cases of this
kind used to be confounded with true parturient apoplexy,
but are now diagnosed with certainty since the symptoms
differ in many important particulars. Thus together with
the general signs of disorder succeeded by those of fever,
there is found a peculiarly hard quick pulse, which also
is frequent. The respirations as the disease progresses
becomes quickened, frequent, and often thoracic. There
is straining and the passage of a chocolate-coloured fluid
through the vulval opening, and the lining membrane of
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 467

‘this part is of a dark-purple colour, the labia being
small, contracted, and cedematous. ‘The cessation of
secretion of milk is generally sudden and the udder
becomes soft and flaccid. In the later stages the pulse
becomes very rapid and imperceptible, the rumen dis-
tended with gas, the patient comatose. There are usually
signs of abdominal pain of rather an acute character.
The prostration of strength is rapid and the animal dies
from asthenia.

On post-mortem examination, the cavity of the uterus is
found to be small and to contain chocolate-coloured fiuid.
The diminution in size results from the thickening of the
walls of the organ as a result of deposits. Blood extra-
vasations are to be seen beneath the peritoneum which
exhibits the various marks of inflammation. The veins of
the uterus contain dark blood in a coagulated state and
ecchymoses are visible on many of the serous membranes,
and sometimes on the inner surface of the labia. Hcchy-
moses have been noted in the cranial membranes.

Causes.—Such cases supervene on retention of the
after-birth or of the footus. Wounds received during |
assistance in parturition, especially in protracted cases,
prolapsus, inversion of the uterus, also exposure during
or after parturition, or over-driving also cause them, ple-
thoric animals being predisposed. It usually manifests its
first symptoms from a half to three days after parturition.

Resulis.—Most frequently runs a rapid course and ends
in death from blood poisoning. Occasionally very rapid
resolution occurs, and sometimes the attack degenerates into
a chronic endometritis tending to flooding, leucorrhcea, and
dropsical accumulations in the womb.

Treatment.—The system of the patient must be sus-
tained by stimulant tonics, especially the tinctures of the
vegetable bitters, and nourishing soft diet must be sup-
plied to her for sometimes the appetite remains after
the commencement of the attack. All debilitating in-
fluences must be avoided, and it is questionable whether
administration of cathartics is beneficial. However, we
deem this advisable, for it is an advantage to'keep those
468 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

important excretory, organs, the bowels, in free action ; the
influence of the cathartic is derivative, and the peritonitis
is not so diffused as in idiopathic cases of that disorder.
Local treatment comprises the administration of belladonna
or other anodyne enemas and of carbolic intrauterine injec-
tions. All endeavours must be made to remove decom-
posing membranes or the remains of a foetus, but the
practitioner must be most careful not to injure his arms
or hands with foetal bones, nor to work in such cases with
an exposed wound on the parts brought into. contact with
the decomposing material. The hands may be -advanta-
geously lubricated with carbolised soft soap. Neglect of
these precautions has proved fatal to some country prac-
titioners.

Lacerations or THE Urerms Watts result from ex-
cessivély powerful throes in different cases of parturition,
from wounds either by the foot of the foetus or by instru-
ments during delivery, and sometimes as a direct result
of other forms of injury. These lacerations may be partial
or complete. In some cases of metritis abscesses form in
the thickness of the coats, and in time burst into the cavity.
of the uterus, leaving behind them spaces, which become .
fistulous in consequence of the constant entry of the acrid
uterine discharges. Thus Urerine Fisrura is established.
The symptoms are those indicative of endometritis, and
are usually slight. Sometimes we have a true fistulous
communication, between the uterus and the intestines for
instance. We can only treat such cases as suggested for
endometritis. Perfect or complete laceration is Rurrurz
oF THE Urervs, which may occur either before parturition,
during labour, or after delivery. When it takes place
before or during parturition it generally results in the
falling of the foetus into the abdominal cavity. A
remarkable form of this lesion is noticed by Fleming, after
Count Ercolani of Bologna, in which transverse rupture of
the uterus (either the body or one cornu) results in the
hanging of the anterior separated part of the organ as a
foetus-containing cyst, supported by the broad ligament
below the lumbar region. The development of the foetus
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 469

continues; probably the rupture is gradual. It has not
been observed in this country. Rupture is often seen in
the everted uterus, but the organ may be returned and
the case recover. It is generally considered unneces-
sary to insert sutures in such cases. The reparative
powers of the uterus seem very extraordinary, for the
organ contracts after evacuation of its contents, and thus
the edges of any wound are kept close together and in a
condition favorable to rapid healing. Protrusion of the
small intestines through the rupture (which generally is
at one side of the anterior part of the organ) is some-
times seen. The symptoms of rupture of the womb are
those indicative of collapse; sometimes there is a flow of
blood or sanguineous fluid through the vulva, but this
symptom may be absent. When the foetus has fallen in the.
abdominal cavity there will be sudden alteration in the
shape of the abdomen and in the position of the footus.
In such cases all that can be done is to perform the
Ceesarian operation as early as possible; in others all our
efforts must be directed to supporting the strength of
the patient and counteracting untoward results.

 

Fiq¢. 107.—Portion of chorion with placentule. Cow. 1. Chorion. 2. Pla-
centula. (From Fleming’s ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

Protapsus vEL Inversio vurzri—“ Fallmg of the read
or calf-bed ”’—the turning inside-out of the uterus—may
470 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

be complete or incomplete. In the latter case the cornua
are generally not involved, but even they may be par-

 

Fia. 108.—Cotyledon of a cow’s uterus. aa. Surface of fwetal chorion.
6b. Blood-vessels of fcetal chorion. ec. Surface of uterine mucous
membranes. dd. Blood-vessels of the same, . f. Secretion from utricular
glands. (From Fleming’s ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

tially inverted. The uterus with its mucous surface and
maternal cotyledons protrudes through the vulval opening
and hangs downwards for a distance varying with the
severity of the case. It generally becomes strangulated
by the: action of the sphincter vulva or the, narrowness
of the passage, and thus tends to increase largely in size
in consequence of infiltration of serum into its substance
and accumulation of blood in its vessels. It generally
is somewhat lacerated as a result of exposure to external
injury, and even tearing up by the patient ; sometimes
rupture of: its walls has taken place. To allow the
inversion, the broad ligaments have generally become
lacerated and the vagina may be involved with the uterus.
The patient strains constantly, and thus tends to aggravate
the case. This accident occurs at or shortly after par-
turition and may result from excessive spasmodic con-
traction of the uterine walls, non-contraction of os uteri
post-partum, adhesion of the footal membranes to the
walls of the uterus, and it is especially frequent in
animals in a state of debility.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. ‘A71

Treatment comprises restoration of the organ, its
retention, and the counteraction of the ill consequences
of the accident. Restoration may be effected either from
the neck or from the fundus, or by both these methods
combined. As a preliminary measure the surface of the
womb must be cleansed from all foreign bodies, especially
also: from adhering portions of the foetal membranes. The
animal must be placed with the hind part of the body
raised and kept in that position, which is important not
only as a means of facilitating return of the part but
also of retention, The protruding organ must be sup-
ported by a towel held on each side during the process
of cleansing and return. In the latter effort the fist
must be closed and applied to the fundus of the organ
which must be pressed inwards at the intervals between
the throes and prevented from return during their efforts,
which must be prevented as much as possible by distrac-
tion of the patient’s atterition and pressure on the loins.
While the pressure is brought to bear on the fundus an
endeavour must be made to gradually return the neck, for
a combination of the two methods is decidedly the most’
satisfactory. When the protruded uterus is very much
swollen, it may be reduced in size by cold-water applica-
tions and by pressure evenly applied from the fundus
towards the neck. This may be best accomplished by an
Esmarch’s bandage, which also assists in the return of
the organ, but it. may be effected by fixing a carbolised
cloth around the protruding organ and manipulating in a
manner which may be learned rather from observation
than description. The fist with the fundus must be
passed in so far as not to cause great increase in the
expulsive efforts, and must be kept in position for some
time. Of retentive means the most important are dis-.
tension of the uterus with some bland mucilaginous fluid,
with an antispasmodic dissolved in it; the use of a
special retentive appliance termed a pessary. These are of
various kinds, but the most readily available and simple
of allis an ordinary glass bottle. The concavity on the
floor of this fits well against the os uteri, and its neck
472 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

may be fixed at the vulval aperture to the truss or
sutures. The narrowness of the neck allows urine to
pass freely, and its rounded edges and smooth surface render
it very unlikely to cause irritation (see ‘ Veterinarian,’
1880, p. 296). In cases where it is found impossible other-
wise to return the organ, it has been suggested to place
the animal on its back and elevate the hind quarters by
means of pulleys. When the spasms are excessive large
doses of opium are beneficial to allay this undue straining.
On return of the womb it has been suggested to place
metallic sutures through the os uteri, but these may prove
a source of irritation, therefore the application of a truss
(such as Gowing’s, shown in the accompanying figure 109)
is suggested. Trusses for this purpose are of various kinds,
and some are valuable as being composed of a simple
rope specially arranged (see Fig. 110). For a description of
these we must consult Fleming’s ‘ Obstetrics.’ Sometimes
it is deemed advisable to apply a truss in every case after
~ parturition; this preventive means should certainly be taken
with all debilitated animals and those which have previously
suffered from prolapsus. Standing on a floor slanting

   

  

= el

 

F ia. 109.—Gowing’s Truss for prolapsus uteri. (After Simonds.)

forwards is always a useful precaution after parturition.
Some practitioners insert sutures through the labia instead
‘THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 473

w

of using the truss; the quilled suture is the best, and
tho ligatures must be stout, so as not to readily tear

 

Fi@. 110.—The loop of Delwart’s Truss. (From Fleming’s ‘ Veterinary Ob-
stetrics.’)

away ; a good hold also must be taken. All measures failing
to effect the return of the protruding organ, it may be
amputated. This operation, Amputation of the Uterus,
has often been successfully performed The neck being
constricted by an ordinary ligature, the greater part of.
the organ may be removed with the knife or with the
heated iron, or the method of caustic clamp or elastic
ligature may be tried, and the use of the écraseur has
been suggested for this purpose. The patient will require
to be cast in the usual way and the operation be performed
under chloroform.

Prognosis in cases of prolapsus uteri must be considered
favorable. In many cases the recovery is so perfect as to
make the animal useful for breeding purposes afterwards,
but such animals should always be carefully watched during
parturition and the truss applied directly the foetus has
passed. Death may take place through shock on ampu-
tation, or from mortification of the protruded organ.
An animal which has once been thus affected, can be
returned to the vendor, according to the law of some
countries,

Inversion oF THE Vagina is a frequent accompaniment
of prolapsus uteri, and cannot be said to render the case
more complicated. Sometimes it is seen as a distinct
lesion ; then there is a red tumour hanging from the vulval
opening which presents no cotyledons, has an opening at
its fundus, and at its lower part may be seen the orifice
of the urethra. It is not difficult to return this after
cleansing, but the accident is very liable to recur, there-
474 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

fore the truss or sutures through the labia must be used.
This lesion is sometimes chronic; the lining membrane of
the organ becomes indurated. In such cases, since return-
ing is only effectual for a short time, amputation has been
tried with success, the operation being performed with
the hot iron or with the knife, the edges of the wounds
being united by sutures; this measure is seldom
necessary. The prolapsus results from prolonged reten-
tion of the foetus in the vulvo-vaginal canal and dryness
of the passages. It is apt to give rise to dysuria from
pressure on the urethral orifice. __

Inversion or raz Buappzr has been already mentioned
(see p. 843). We allude to it here to prevent the everted
organ being mistaken for apolypus. Its position is diag-
nostic, as also its form. —

Harnia UTERI oR HysTERocELE is rare in the cow on
account of the large size of the organ. We have already
alluded (p. 281) to the cases in which it is seen in front
of the pubis. Such seldom interfere with parturition.

Tumours 1n THE Urervus.—Fibromata either highly vas-
cular or lowly organised, hence either soft or hard, and
generally pedunculated, have been found in the uterus of
the cow, attached to almost every part of it in the various
cases. When near the os, these may prevent parturition
‘by becoming fixed in the cervix, and the same may be
said of those from any part of. the cavity, provided the
peduncle be sufficiently long. In such cases the tumour
must be returned into the uterine cavity so that extraction
of the footus may be possible. Afterwards an attempt
must be made to remove the growth by means of the
écraseur or ligature, the latter being most generally avail-
able. We have no record of malignant tumours in the
uterus, but in some cases the external os uteri is affected
by disease apparently of the nature of true cancer.

Matrormations or tHe Urerus are seen in hermaphro-
dite heifers, which are generally sterile.

Rupture or THE VAGINA on VuLvA is somewhat frequent
in parturition. It also is sometimes due to introduction
of sticks and other rough instruments by boys and™
‘THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. ATS
i

labourers, who seem to consider this an excellent joke.
Some hemorrhage will take place through the external
opening, and later, a discharge of a muco-purulent cha-
racter will appear. Manual exploration of the parts will
disclose the lesion. Cases of this kind do not seem to
be attributable to the penis of the bull.. During birth
a foot of the foetus may be forced into the rectum and
protrude through the anus, or pass into the areolar tissue
around the vulva. The throes being powerful, more or
less laceration occurs, and thus in some cases the peri-
neum may be entirely lacerated and the anus and vulval
opening become continuous with one another. This lesion
is seldom seen in the cow. When the foot protrudes
through the anus it must be returned as soon as possible,
and the calf removed through its normal passage. There
is after this great liability to Recro-vacinan Fistvta,
which must be avoided as much as possible by keeping
the contents of the rectum soft, whereby they can pass
easily, and by adopting dressings calculated to promote
speedy healing of the orifice.

Vesico-Vacinat Fisruta is not frequent. It causes in-
continence of urine, and the fistula can hardly be got to
heal because of the constant passage of the urine. A
rupture of the vagina may be far enough forwards to
admit of protrusion of the intestines and to be compli-
cated with peritonitis. Injuries, and especially bruises
during parturition, are rather liable to cause blood
tumours, Hamatomata, in the erectile tissue of. the bulb
of the vagina.

Levcorrp@a —“ The Whites.” — VaciniTIs sometimes
results from injury, but generally subsides rapidly, and is
represented by a chronic form of inflammation of the
lining membrane of the vulva and vagina, which in some
cases is ulcerated, in others simply thickened, and some-
times is the seat of scrofulous deposit. It may be more
or less extremely diseased. The discharge varies in
amount and in consistence also in constancy of flow. It
may be quite white and profuse, or purulent or sangui-
neous. Also the constitution is variably affected; there
476 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

*

may be considerable fever, or scarcely any. Generally the
“patient exhibits constant sexual desire, but seldom becomes
pregnant, and if it does is liable to abort. There
usually the general signs of unthriftiness.

Causes.—Gonorrhcea of the bull, debility, and the scro-
fulous diathesis are the principal.

Treatment.—Tonics, nutritious diet, avoidance of sexual
intercourse, and stimulant astringent applications after
thorough cleansing. In cases of ulceration, the applica-
tion of nitrate of silver. These cases sometimes prove
very obstinate. A crupous form pf vagnitis has been
described.

Appenpum 1.—Tue Lactirzrous APPARATUS.

The mammary gland of the cow is largely developed,
having been much increased in size by artificial selection.
It consists of four distinct quarters, each with a teat,
and sometimes two rudimentary teats, imperforated, are

 

Fid. 111.—Some of the smallest lobules of the lacteal gland of a puerperal
woman. x 70, (After Langer.)

situated behind those which are more fully developed.
The most frequent malformation is the ABsENcE oR IMPER-
PORATED STATE OF THE Treats, and in animals thus formed,
THE TEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. A477

after impregnation the gland enlarges, and in proper
time produces milk, but this cannot gain exit; it remains
in the milk channels, and gives rise to mammitis. Some-
times an incision at the extremity of the teat will open
the partially developed duct, when the milk must be drawn
off regularly with a syphon. Usually an abscess forms,
and the curdled and decomposed milk is thrown off in the
pus. Such animals should not be bred from, as there is
some risk, and this, like other vices of conformation, may
be transmitted to the progeny.

Mamuurtis—“ Garget ’—* Downfall of the Udder ’—
inflammation of the mammary gland—is frequent in the
cow, as might have been expected from the facts that this
animal is used as a milk-producing machine, and has its
lactiferous apparatus very largely developed. This dis-
ease is of the highest importance as affecting the yield of
milk rather than the life of the animal. It may be par-
tial or complete, for the quarters of the gland are sepa-
rated from each other by dense fibrous septa, so that,
practically, there are four glands, and inflammation may
rage in one or more quarters without the rest being
-affected. It may be acute or chronic, and most frequently
is seen in young cattle, especially primiparz (those with
the first calf), kept in a plethoric state. Sometimes it
commences directly after calving, but in other cases only
comes on some time after. Exposure to cold when
heated, injuries of various kinds, obstructions to the flow
of milk, eczema epizootica, and other specific disorders,
may be enumerated as causes ; in some cases it seems
traceable to metastasis from the lungs, since its appear-
ance is associated with sudden disappearance of pneumo-
nitis. It has been observed to be most frequent in hot
summers. Among the most frequent causes must be in-
cluded imperfect removal of the milk (“ Hefting”), and
allowing the animal to remain too long without milking,
to ensure a full and tempting bag at the time of sale.

Symptoms.—Fever runs high and the affected gland
is swollen, hot, painful, and hard to the touch. The
skin investing it is reddened, and there is generally lame-
478 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ness of one hind limb. The milk is markedly decrease
and is curdled, and often intermingled with blood, c
simply a thin serous fluid is removed when efforts ar
made to milk the animal. The inflammatory action ma
originate in the substance of the gland, or extend fror
the openings of the teats into the ducts. As the diseas
progresses resolution may be gradually brought abou
with subsidence of acute symptoms. Suppuration is o
frequent occurrence, and is denoted by softness of som
part of the gland, which pits on pressure. The abscesse
sometimes involve a very considerable part of the glam
substance, forming sinuses and fistule extending fron
the milk sinuses to the surface. In more acute case:
gangrene takes place, and the mortified portions of glanc
become cold, pasty to the feel, and are removed by slough
ing; at the same time the constitutional symptoms havi
a markedly asthenic character. When the inflammation i:
less acute induration is apt to occur, constituting the so
called “ scirrhous” condition of one or more quarters o
the udder. In either of these cases, suppuration, gangrene
or induration, the quarter is lost.

In the purchase of a cow the state of the udder, th
perfection of all its quarters, must be specially looked to
We have already alluded (p. 174) to a form of septic mam
mitis, which has been described, and admitted that it is jus:
possible that there is a diphtheritic form of the disorder
in which the milk may prove the vehicle of contagion, bu
we have no positive evidence on this point.

Treatment of this disorder comprises constitutional ané
local antiphlogistic means. A cathartic dose should be
administered, and the animal allowed nitre in the drink.
ing water. Aconite will counteract the systemic excite.
ment, and in some cases it is thought advisable to bleed
This measure will prove beneficial when the inflammatiox
runs very high, threatening gangrene, otherwise it maj
be omitted. The superficial abdominal or milk vein usec
to be preferred for this operation; it is remarkably
developed in the cow, and takes a course from behind for.
wards to the internal thoracic veins. This local abstractiox
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. A79

can have no more beneficial effect than general bleeding.
The vessels the milk vein receives from the udder are
very small, for the greater part of the blood from this

 

Fra. 112.—Means of supporting
the udder in mammitis, (‘Arma-
tage.)

 

Fia, 113.—Injection of fluids
into the mammary gland,
(Armatage.)

gland passes into the femoral veins indirectly through the
subpubic. Local treatment comprises removal of all the
milk at regular intervals, either by milking, by use of the
teat syphon, or by allowing the calf free access. Some--
times the cow will not allow the calf to suck at the dis-
eased quarters. Next foment freely, and afterwards
apply a poultice containing belladonna to the whole gland,
supporting it and the weight of the organ by a’ wide
bandage passed over the loins. As soon as suppuration
has taken place, and the abscess is perceptible, it must be
opened with a lancet, or an irregular wound will result
from its’ bursting, and the pus will burrow extensively
and cause disorganisation. By early puncture a part of
the quarter may be preserved. Subsequently the abscess
cavity should be dressed with tincture of myrrh or carbolic
ointment. In cases of gangrene the strength of the patient
must be supported by means of stimulant tonics, and the
mortified parts excised, or if they have sloughed away, the
wounds must be dressed with solution of chloride of lime
or of carbolic acid. In those cases where the disease
480 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

assumes a chronic character, and there is a tendency 1
induration, we must endeavour to break down the masse
of curdled milk in the gland by alkaline injectior
through the teats, and constant attention to milking; an
we must endeavour to promote the removal of exude
fibrinous matter in early cases by stimulating application
as soon as all active inflammation has subsided; late
by iodine ointments and iodide of potassium administere
internally. Throughout cases of mammitis the use c
food materials containing large quantities of milk-formin,
elements should be avoided. In the early stages the cal
may be allowed the milk, but when this becomes mingle
with inflammatory products, and especially when gangren
sets in, this fluid must be thrown away. During cestrur
and the first production of milk a congested condition o
the mammary gland has been observed. This is th
early stage of true mammitis, but the supervention o
inflammation may often be prevented by the timely with
drawal of milk and fomentation. Mammitis is very seldon
seen in “dried cows” (“ drapes ”’).

Sort Tarts — Eryvrazma Mamurttarum—has beer
already mentioned (see “ Diseases of the Skin,” p. 349).

Tumours on the Teats—Warty growths are sometime:
seen on the teats; they interfere with milking, and ar
liable to injury, but can be easily removed with th«
knife, or by means of ligatures.

OsstRuctions In THE TzaTs are not rare; in milking
the animal they can be felt as nodules along the cours
of the duct, and the flow will be more or less impeded
These are either masses of curdled milk, small tumour;
attached by pedicles to the mucous membrane, or Lac
TEAL Catcutt. These impediments to free flow tend t
produce mammitis, and must, therefore, be removed. Thi
is not always an easy matter, but, when not extracted, they
may be returnable to the galactophorous sinuses, where they
will often remain without causing inconvenience.

INFLAMMATION oF THE Lining Memrraye or THE Duct
occurring as a complication of mammitis, sometimes results
in sTricturE of the passage. This may be relieved by
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 481

frequent passage of probes or syphons of gradually
increasing size.

Relaxation is seen as a result of the practice of allowing
over-accumulation of milk. It gives rise to Lacrorrua@a.
‘The mechanism by which the milk is retained in the galac-
tophores is variously described as an elastic ring or a
sphincter of muscular fibre. The fact that the cow can
retain the milk if an attempt be made to remove it by a_
stranger seems to support the latter opinion. When this
muscular substance is disordered a free flow takes place. To
palliate this the sphincter has been artificially replaced by
an elastic band which compresses the teat enough to close
its passage but not to strangulate it. This is removed
at milking time, and seems to answer in many cases.
Lactorrheea sometimes results from inattention and want
of milking after removal of a calf (‘ Edinburgh Veterinary
Review,’ vol. iii, p. 190).

AppEnDuM 2.~—-Minx anp irs DisorpErs.

The milk of the cow has a specific gravity, averaging.
1080, and contains less fatty matter, albumen, and sugar
than that of the human female, but considerably more
casein and salines. It varies very much in quality and
quantity with the nature of the diet. Is tested by means
of a special form of the hydrometer, termed the lacto-
meter, and also by microscopical examination. We need
not enter into details of this, but simply remark that
though under healthy conditions the variations in quality
and quantity of this fluid are rather extensive, they are
more so as a result of disease.

Agalactia is the non-production of milk in consequence
either of atrophy of the mammary gland, which results
from inflammation, or of debility of the system in general.
In the former case it is incurable, in the latter, by
judicious feeding with highly nutritious diet, the flow of
milk may-be restored. The value of galactagogues is not
quite a matter of certainty. It is said by — that
A82 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

agalactia takes place in two or three years after spaying
has been performed, but others assert that this is only a

 

Fie. 114.—Section of the Fie. 115.—A. Lobule of mamma filled with

cow’s teat. aa. Principal milk. 2B. Milk globules. C. Colostrum.
lactiferous ducts. 6. Lac- a. Cell with visible nucleus. 6. Cells from
tiferous sinus. ec. Acini. which the nucleus has disappeared. (From
dd. Dartoid tissue of the Colin, ‘Physiologie des animaux domes-
teat. e. Orifice of the tiques.’)

teat. (From Colin, “Physi-
ologie des animaux do-
mestiques.’’)

very exceptional condition, the secretion of milk being
constant and lasting for a long time. Aged cows dry up, and
a loss of milk is the first symptom in many important
diseases.

Hypergalactia, or prolonged lactation, is not so frequent
and is often seen in very good milkers. It is hardly a
diseased state, but it constitutes a great strain on the
system.

CHANGES IN THE quaLity or THE Mitk are—(1) due to
excess or deficiency of natural components. Thus, some
milk gives scarcely any cream, while in other cases the
secretion is scanty, but very rich. Bluish watery milk is
given sometimes in normal quantity by debilitated animals.
These and other similar conditions are dependent on feed-
ing, and other points of management. The nature of the
food very frequently affects the flavour of the butter.
Sometimes it is found that the milk gives little
butter, and at other times is not valuable for cheese.
(2) Admixture of foreign matters, as blood, pus, specific
discharges, bacteria, &c. These result from specific or
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 483

ordinary inflammation; in the former case the milk may
prove the vehicle of contagion to man and other animals.
In foot-and-mouth disease, and other specific disorders,
the calf if left with the dam may become affected with
a virulent form of the disease. Medicinal agents adminis-
tered to the cow pass off in the milk and may seriously
affect the calf or children fed on this fluid. It has been
proposed to thus prepare medicines in a palatable and
bland form for human use at the expense of the cow, but
this method has not been generally adopted.

 

Fira. 116.--Milk or Teat Syphon.

ADDENDUM 3.—DISEASES OF VERY Younae ANIMAIS.

The young animal on birth is sometimes found asphyxi-
ated. No respiratory efforts are made; the “necessity
for breathing ” does not produce the usual effect. Artificial
respiration may be tried or douching with cold water.

Umbilical Hemorrhage may result from breaking off of
the cord too close to the abdomen. The usual styptic
measures may be tried, and if possible, a ligature put on.

Perviousness of the Urachus, Gastro-enteritis, and Hernie
of young animals have been already described. Also we
have alluded to the accumulations of meconium, which give
rise to constipation and general abdominal disorder, and
result either from excessive accumulation, or from the
young animal being deprived of the colostrum, its natural
cathartic.

INFLAMMATION OF THE UMBILICAL Corp—OmPHALitis—is
especially seen in the progeny ot scrofulous azimals, and
may result from any ordinary irritating influence ; the ten-
dency calves have to suck the remains of the umbilical cord
especially gives rise to this. The scrofulous cases are very -
obstinate, but ordinary ones soon suppurate, and there is a
484, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

tendency of the pus to pass up the cord and cause sinuse:
These must be opened, the young animal removed fro1
among other calves, and the inflamed part fomente
and protected from injury, after opening it must t
dressed with the glycerine or oil of carbolic acid. N
_special measure is necessary in the treatment, but a lon
and severe case of this disorder may considerably retar
the development of the calf. It also may give rise to
disorder which has been described by M. Lenglen,
Arras, in a paper which has been translated for th
‘ Veterinarian,’ December, 1880. Itis termed GanaRrENov
Stomatitis, being similar to a disease of the same nam
which affects children who are badly nourished. Th
buccal membrane sloughs in patches of considerable siz
against the molar tooth, and there is a tendency to th
formation of an abscess in the cheek or lips. Feeti
diarrhcea is present, and often carries off the patient
Though most frequently seen in very young animals thi
disease may be found in calves several months old, an
should be treated by nourishing diet, vegetable tonics
and, according to M. Lenglen, coffee. The lesions shoul
be touched with caustic after the ‘sloughing patches hay
been removed. All the hygenic conditions should b
carefully regulated.

(ipema or THE Umaiticus also results from calves suck
ing one another. It must not be mistaken for umbilic:
hernia, A bandage may be put on to protect the part.

cS

 

Fia. 117. - Parturition forceps.
NOTES ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CATTLE
PATHOLOGY IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

 

Fora long time after some scientific knowledge had been brought
to bear on the subject of the diseases of the horse, the treatment of
other domesticated animals remained in the hands of the most
ignorant of empirics, who, under the name of “ Cow leeches,” were
called in to attend such cases as proved beyond the experience of
the owner. The vilest and most complicated of nostrums were
administered by these worthies, and it seems that it was generally
considered to be safer for the farmer to trust to his simple know-
ledge of disease and the prescriptions handed down to him by
his ancestors, than to expend money on medicinal treatment with
little prospect of receiving its value, and considerable likelihood of
detriment to his stock. Hence, we find that accounts of the diseases
of the ox are, with those of other animals, treated of in works on
Husbandry, such as Marxkuam’s Way to Wealth and Country Farmer,
and we need scarcely say that the language used and the notions
expressed in these works were markedly different from those
sanctioned by science. Before 1825, some books were produced
* specially touching upon the management and diseases of cattle, of
these we may mention:

Mascall on “ Cattle ” (1680).

Mills on “ Cattle” (1776).
Downing on “ Cattle” (1797).

Feron’s “ Farriery ” (1803).

Rowlin’s “ Cow Doctor ” (1804).
Boothby on “ Cattle” (1809).

Causer on “ Domestic Animals ” (1822).

Also the works of Lawrence, Tindall, Rydings, Peck, and Rydge,
and those of Clater and White, which, under much modified forms,
have remained to the present day; the latest edition of CLATER’S
Cattle Doctor by ARMATAGE being one of no little value, to which we
are indebted for many useful hints and illustrations. WHITE was
an author of much repute and merit, and his Veterinary Dictionary
and Cattle Medicine are still worth examination, especially the 1842
edition of the latter, which was brought out by Mr. W. C. Spooner,
an eminent veterinary surgeon and accomplished writer. TorHam
produced a book specially on the Diseases of Cattle, and this period
of the evolution of the literature of cattle pathology led to such
monographs on special subjects, as Parkinson on Parturient
Animals, SKELLET on the Breeding Cow, and BLURTON on Milking.

In 1798 was published JENNER’s remarkable work on Variola
Vaccina.

During the rise of veterinary science appeared books useful both
486 NOTES ON BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CATTLE PATHOLOGY.

for the owners of cattle and to the members of the young professio
of these the one which most largely has influenced the progress
cattle pathology is that excellent work, Youatr On Cattle, whic
appeared in 1834, and may still be consulted with benefit in spite
-the vast strides of all branches of pathology since then. Mo
recently members of the veterinary profession have contribut:
largely to the advancement of this branch of science, and 01
leading authors have treated of the diseases of cattle generally wil
those of our other patients, as in the works of Buaine, Dic:
GamcGEs, and Wiuttams, the Veterinary Surgery and_Veterina:
Medicine of the last of these authors, and the work of GAMGEE ¢
Our Domestic Animals in Health and Disease, are those which v
suggest as most valuable to the student of cattle pathology in tl
present day. For information on special subjects he cannot ¢
better than consult such works as those of FLEMING on Anim
Plagues, Rabies and Hydrophobia, Veterinary Sanitary Science ar
Police, and (especially) Veterinary Obstetrics, the publication -
which has rendered it less necessary for us to enter into prolong
treatment of this section of bovine practice than has seemed rig]
to our predecessors in this branch of professional literature. Al
WaL.ey’s Four Bovine Scourges is of special value and interest ;
is a marked gain to veterinary science. We must here also allu
to the small but useful papers by Morton and Srmonps, the form
on Caleulous Coneretions and Toxicology, the latter on Pleur
pneumonia, Parturient Apoplexy, and so on, Also to that formidah
but interesting volume, GamGEE on Cattle Plague. For our inform
tion on the action of medicinal agents we are indebted to the wor.
of Morton, Tuson, and Fintay Dun; and we have derived mu
valuable matter from Dr. CoBBoLD’s Parasites, and The Parasii
of our Domesticated Animals, as well as from notes on his cour
of lectures at the Royal Veterinary College, which we, as a st
dent, had the privilege of taking. A few works on cattle have be:
recently produced in America, of these we need only allude to Pr
FESSOR JAMES Law's Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser, as in many poin
original and always worth reading. Doxsson On the Ox, throu
which we have been fortunate enough to obtain many of our illu
trations, is addressed to the farmer as well as the practitioner, ai
is therefore hardly sufficient fo: the requirements of the professi
in the present day. It has proved of considerable use to studer
and practitioners, and we can conscientiously allude to it as
simple, interesting, and practical work. With those of Youa
Armatage, and Spooner, already alluded to, it has recently rep:
sented that portion of veterinary literature most directly deali:
with diseases of the ox. Not the least valuable portion of +
literature of my subject. must be sought for in the columns of su
periodical publications as the Veterinarian, Veterinary Journ
Edinburgh and American Veterinary Reviews, Veterinary Reco:
Abstract of Proceedings of the Veterinary Medical Association, a
also the journals of the various agricultural societies,
INDEX.

PAGE
Abductor femoris, dislocation of 407
Abnormal presentations . . 448
Abomasitis . s . 264, 267
Abomasum ‘ js .« 250

—impactionof .  , . 267
— rupture of . ° 7 . 268
Abscess . ,. 7 « C ‘ Bl.
—of kidney .° . . . 3838.
— serous. ‘ ‘ » 424
Absence of teats ‘ : . 476
Acariasis.. - .. . 857,
Accumulations of.2 meconium, . 4835

Acne i. ., eee, we - 852
Aconite . ‘ . . - 193
Active congestion’ . ‘ . 85
— hemorrhage. . +) BT.
Acute disease . ‘ ot 140°
— inflammation . 8 BB
Administration of chloroform - 72
— of drenches . : : » 74
— of medicines - . .
Adrenals. _ . . .

Adynamia nervosa . . ?

' Higagropiles . . . « . « 264
— in liquor amnii . -
Afterbirth°  .  . Fe -
Afterpains a ‘ss - - 446
Agalactia. . » 481
Age in relation to disease. , + 61:
Air . . . . A
— expired . . a

Albugo . ° . .
Albuminuria é .
Alimentary canal. 2

Alopecia . ‘ .

Alvitis . 5 2
Amaurosis 5 é 3
Amenorrhea . i A . 440
Amnion, dropsy of . ,
Amputation of a foot =.

— of the penis . .

— of the uterus :

— of the vagina 7

Anemia . . ‘
Anesthetics . .

Anasarca . 3

‘16, bei

358:

 

Aneurism ais
“ Angle berries”
Anidians . .

Animal parasites of skin :

— vaccination
Anorexia

Ante-partum bleeding Z

.

Anthracoid affections

Anthrax . a
Antidotes .
Antiphlogistics

Antiseptic surgery .

— system .
Anus, false

— impervious .
Aphtha, < .
'— epizootica.. |
— genitalium .
— infectious .
Apnea . .
Apoplexy: .
— intestinal .
_ parturient .
— puerperal .
— pulmonary .
— splenic

.
.
.
.
.
.

Ce

PAGE
220
354
456
357
157

441
161
161
189

49
417
417

280, 293

= 8 eo © we te tw

Rppendeces of the eye, diseases
of

Application of boiling water

. Aqueous chamber, deposits in .

Arsenic . ‘
Arteries . .
— irregularities of
Arthritis . %
— rheumatic .
—scrofulous .
Ascites . é
— congenital.
Asphyxia
— neonatorum
Asthenia .

Asthenic inflammation

Asthma . z

Astringent poisons .

Atheroma 7
Atmosphere .

294
236
141
160
160

379
293
390
390
322
167

369

373
197
220
221

104
124
301
456

483
16

319 >

196

220
59
488 INDEX.

PAGE
Atrophy . : . . - 22
— of the blood f f - 92
— of the beart, * 5 .- 210
— ofthe omasum . 3 . 267
— of the ovaries . . . 437
— of the skin . ‘ 3 855
— of the spleen . . 225
Auscultation . “ ; 304, 306
Bacillus . . . - 161
Bacterium of anthrax < * 161
Baldness . a ‘i ‘ 355
Balls for cattle i ss -
Barbs é - ‘ 4 . 232
Bearers . . . . - 201
“ Bed-sores” . % 7 - 391
Bending of a bone . : - 404
Bile - . . .- 299
Birth, premature . . - 443
- Black cancer” i é - 421
“Black leg” . . . - 170
‘Black quarter” =. . .- 170
“ Black water’ ef « 106

Bladder, inflammation of . 3842

— inversion of 5 . 843,475
— rupture of . = . - 3843
— spasm of the neck . - 343
— tumour of . . : . 846
Blaine or blain i - 169, 351
Blebs . . . . 33
Bleeding from the langa . . 823
— from the nostrils 7 - 311
— ante-partum . . « 446
Blistering si . . - 85
Blood. 5 : . - 89
—inurine. . . + 3835
Bloodletting . ‘ . - 86
— local . . . . - 57
Bloody flux . . + 288, 447
— sweat . . . - 3856
« Blown” . . - 254
Bone, fibro-plastic degeneration

of - 423
_ inflammation of . . - - 396
Bony tumours on orbit. - 3870
Borborygma . . - 67
* Bound” 5 . 5 - 281
Bowels, diseases of . i - 274
Brain, dropsy of . . - 880
— inflammation of . 3 - 376
— parasites in ‘ - 882
Breeding, “‘in-and-in” . - 58
— special . . . . 47
Bronchitis . . . - 315
— chronic . 2 . - 318
— parasitic . . ‘ - 319
Broncho-pneumonia é - 1384
Bulimia . . . . - 241

 

“ Bullers” . . .
“ Bull-burnt” . -
Bursal enlargements .

Cachexia aquosa verminosa
— ossifraga malacia
Cesarean operation
Calcareous tumours
Calcification
Calculus, cystic

— gastric *

— intestinal .
— lacteal .
— pancreatic .
— preputial .

—renal .

— salivary

— urethral

— uretal .

Callous ulcer
Callus.
Campylorrhachiles
Canal, alimentary
Cancer. .

— black . .
—ofkidney .
—of penis .
—oftongue .
Capillary hemorrhage
Carbuncle .
Carbuncular erysipelas
Carbonic-acid poisoning

Carcinomata . ‘
Cardiac polypi .
Carditis . . a
Caries . . a

—of molars .
Cartilago-nictitans .
Caruncula lachrymalis
Caseation .
Castration .
— of cows .
Cataplasmata .
Cataract «
Catarrh .

— malignant .
Cathartics
Catheter, passing the
Cattle plague . $
Causes. . é
— determining 3
Cautery, castration by the
Cavernous rale . .
Cerebritis . . .
Cerebro-spinal system .

ee ee ee
ee ee eee ee ew 8 ete ee Be tt tt tlw th ll th hl tl

Charbon . . ‘
—eessential . .
—external . .

ieee
Rs

wu oS be

AA
INDEX.

| PaGE
Charbon, symptomatic . . 170
Charbonous eyerene oflungs. 170
“ Chine felon ” aie » 104
Chlorofowm ‘i : ‘ 44, 71
Choking . - 240

Chorea . : : is .- 890
Chronic disease ‘i * « 40
— inflammation é 5 » 561
Cicatrisation . i‘ a » 414
Clamps, castration with . . 431
— umbilical . . 7 - 278
Classification of poisons . - 186
— of skin diseases . . 348

“Cleansing” . Pg 445

Colchicum .
Cold abscesses

Cleft palate . . « 457
Climate . . ° - 60
“Clue bound ” . - 264
“ Clyers” . . - 124
Coat staring . - - 3848
Celosomians . . - 457
Coitd, injuries sub , 433

— effects of . - 61
Colic, flatulent . 274
— simple 3 . - 273
Collapse . < : - 45
Colloid . . ‘ - 420
Colon. . . 270

Colour, effects on skin diseases 356

Coma . AF
Concentric hypertrophy . - 210
Conception, extra uterine - 4438
Confluent ulcer . . . 82
Conformation . . . - 61
.Congenital disease . ‘ . 47
—hairy tumour . . - 373
—~ hydrocephalus . . - 456
Congestion . ‘ . 35, 52
—hepatic . . . - 297
— pulmonary - . . - 322
Conium . ‘ . . - 193
Conjunctivitis . . . + 3871
Conservative surgery . - 46
Constipation . . - - 284
Contagion 7 7 - 113

Continuity, solutions ol + - 87
Contraction, imperfect, of os
uteri . . . .
:Contused wounds . 5 a
“ Copper smoke disease ” .
Cord, spinal, diseases of . - 384
* =. ymbilical, inflammation of . 483
Cornea, opacity of . . - 372
Corneitis 7 . . - 3871
Coryza . e : 5 . 179
Cough . 10, 64
Covered operation of castration 431

 

Cramp of tongue . .
Cranium, fractures of
Crepitation

“Cripples” . .
“Crochles” . . .
Crupous enteritis

— pneumonia . ‘ 3
Cud, dropping the . .
Cumulative agents . .
Cuticular cyst in parotid
“Cutting for thestone” .
Cyanosis . o- Lie .
Cystic calculus

— tumours A .
Cystitis, . . . .
Cystocele :
Cysts. $ ‘ :
— dermopilous . ‘

Dead fetus . .
Death . 4
Debility . , -
Degeneration . .
— cretaceous, of heart
— fatty,of heart . :
— of arteries . ‘

— of bone, fibro-plastic
— of esophagus.
Delirium . ‘i é
Delitescence .
Demarcation, line of
Depilation : 7
Derivatives . 5
Dermatitis . a
— pustulosa . .

se ew ew

Dermatophyta .
Dermatozoa .
Dermopilous cysts
Detection of foetus
Determining causes .
* Dew blown ”
Diabetes insipidus . :
—mellitus . . .
Diagnosis . :

Diaphragm, rupture ‘of
Diaphragmatic hernia
Diarrhea . .
Diet . .
Difficult parturition .
Digestive system. .
Digitalis . . .
Dilatation of os uteri :
—of esophagus . .
— of urethra . . :
—ofureter . . :
Diphtheria. Fi F
Disease . .
Diseases, specific ‘

ee ee ry

489

PAGE
235
404
306
400
104
298
324
230
186
232
346
219
344
424
342
276
235
354

465
15
92
18

211

211

220

423

235

383

33, 48

353

49
349
351
356
356
354
441
114
254

111, 334

see ee we

111

332
280
286

38
461
227

49, 194

464
258
339
345
176

1
111 .
49U LIN DUAs

PAGE ]

Disinfection . . . . 86 | Enteritis . . . . .
— for pleuro-pneumonia . . 152 | —crupous. . . :
Dislocations . . . 409 | Enterocele . . . :
— of the patella. A . 410 | Enzootics ‘ . : :
Displacement of ehdvetor fe- Epidermal tumours .

moris . 3 . 407 | Epidermis, keratoid change of
Diuresis . . ' . 841 | Epilepsy .
Doses. . 77 | Epiphyses, separation of . .
“ Downfall of the udder 7 . 477 | Epiplocele 5
Draughts . . . 73 | Epistaxis é : 7
Drenches . 3 . 7 Epithelial tumours . . 7
Dressing feet . . 71 | Epithelioma . . ? .-
Drink * . 61 | Epizootics . . . .
Dropsy 25,538 | —vesicular . 2 ‘ °
— of abdomen. . 801 | Erysipelas s 3 .
— of amnion . 460 | — carbuncular .

—ofbrain .
—of joints .
— of ovaries .
— of pericardium
—ofuterus .

. 879 | Erythema . .
- 408 | —chronica . ‘ fs Fi
. 437 | — mammillarum a

. 217 | Essential charbon .
. 465 | Etiology . . ‘ 2 ‘

Dysentery ; 288 | Evil, quarter . e
Dysorexia . . ..67 | Examinations, post- -mortem .
Dyspnea. . rd Exanthemata . s ‘i
Dysuria . . - 842 | Excipients

fae Exomphalos . : Z
Ear, diseases of i - + 369 | Exostosis ‘ . . 899,
Eburnation . . “105 |i Extra uterine conception . .

Eccentric hypertrophy of heart 210 | Extravasation . . .
Echinococcus . z . 182 | Exudation  . 3
— in liver .

i

297 | Eye a Se 8

Ecraseur i : « 427, 431 | —wormin . fs
Ecthyma . : . . 852 | Eyeball, diseases of .
Ectopia cordis i »« 219, 457 Eyelids, Jaceration of %

‘ Hctozoa . . . . "356
Eczema . . . . 850 | “Falling of the read”
— contagiosa . : a - 141 | False anus . %
— epizootica . . : . 141 | — labour pains :
Effusion . . - 24 | — presentation 7
Elastic band for castration . 432 | Farey .
Elephantiasis . _. . 3854 | Fatty deposits in ” spermatic

Eliminative poisons . 197 cord . -

 

Emasculation . . . - 430 | — tumours . . .
Embolism a . . 221 | Felon chine fi . .
Embryotomy . . . . 458 | —joint . é : . .
Emphysema . . - 319, 355 | Fetlock, sprain of . 7 3
— fetal. . . . 456 | Fever . :
— infectuosum . . - 170 | — inflammatory . 7 7
— spontaneous = * - 370 | — parturient . . - 178,
Emprosthotonos . . - 884 {| —Spanish . 7 < -
Empyema + «+  « 2%, 328 | — splenic . . - .
Encephalitis . . - 875 | — Texas. .
Encephaloid . . 7 - 420 | Fibrinous intestinal ‘casts. .
Enchondromata 5 . - 423 | Fibromata . . ‘ :
Endocarditis . . . - 211 | — interdigital . . .
Endometritis . a . - 466 | Fistula . . .
Enemas . a . . - 75 | —inano 3 . . .
Enlargements, bursal . - 424 | —ofrumen . . is .
Fistula, recto-vaginal .
— uterine é < .
— vesico-vaginal . ‘
Flatulence

Fluke. i 5
Flux, nasal. .

Fly, tsetze es

Foetal membranes, diseases of .

—removal of . ‘ 5
— retention of ‘
Feetid pus 5 : .
Foetus dead™ ‘

— detection of
Fog sickness . .
Fomentations . : %
Foot p .
— and mouth diseuaa é
Foreign bodies in reticulum
— —rumen . 2 3
“Foul” . . ‘e “
“Founder” . . «
Fractures .

— greenstick . .
— of cranium . .

—ofhorns .

—— of metacarpals

— of os innominatum
— of ribs G

— partial .
Fragilitas ossium
Free martins .
Friction sound
Fumigation .
Functional disorders
— disease of heart . a
— of skin 5 i .
Fungus hematodes . .
Furor uterinus
Furunculus. *

oe ee we
oe © ee we tw ew

Gall bladder . . .
Gangrene - é 7
—of lungs.
Gangrenous stomatitis
“Garget” :
Gasterocele . °
Gastro enteritis .
General symptoms .
Generative system, female’

—-—male . x
Genital aphtha
Glanders %

Glands, salivary
—vascular .
Gleet, nasal
Gloss-anthrax .
Glossitis . . .

*Glanders” . .

INDEX. 491
PAGE PAGE
294, 475 | Gmelin’s test . ‘ z .» 101
468 | Gonorrhea . < : 435
475 | “Grain-sick” . 260.
67 | Granulations . ue - 80
98 | “Grapes” 3 : » 138
310 | Greenstick fracture | ‘ - 404
361 | Gregariousness : . . 58
460 | Groove, csophageal. . . 298
. 445 | Grooved needle ‘ 14
. 445 | Growths, warty Pare 370
. 29 | Gunshot wounds . 5 412
. 465 | Gustation 3 s . 875
. 441 | “Gut tie” 7 ‘ . - 281
- 254
. 85 | Hematomata 217, 418, 424, 476
- 863 | Hemo-albuminuria .. . 106-
. 141 | Hemoptysis . 822
. 263 | Hemorrhage 36, 414
. 263 | :— capillary 222
- 364 | — from the liver 297
. 867 | — from vulva. . 446
87, 402 | — umbilical - 483
. 404 | Hemorrhagic infarction . . . 387
. 404 | Hemorrhoids . 5 . 286
. 403 Hair balls 268
. 403 | — in liquor amnii . 461
. 404 | Hairy tumours, congenital 375
. 404 | Hare-lip . . ‘ 457
. 402 | Hawks » i ; ‘ 169
. 400 | Healthy ulcer . ok”
. 440 | Heart . 3 A 207
. 806 | — diseases of . 209
. 3822 | — misplacement of. . 219
. 87 | — pouched . 211
209, 264 | — rupture of . : 218
. 855 | Heat ; 57, 439
. 870 | —of inflammation . . 24
+ 465 | Heel, ulceration of . . 868
352 Hemiplegia , . . 887
Hepatic hernia . 299
. 299 | Hepatirrhea . " . 297
. 82 | Hepatitis ‘ r . 295
. 170 | Hereditary influencé F - 58
. 484 | Hermaphrodites - 457 -
178, 477 | Hernia . i ‘ . 278
. 276 | —diaphragmatie . , . 280
. 269 | — hepatic , ‘i @ - 299
. 62 | — inguinal . ‘ 3 - 280
. 436 | — mesenteric . - 280
. 288 | —ofrumen . é - 264
. 160 | — pelvic. ‘ ‘ 3 . 281
. 175 | — phrenic . 280
. 179 | — scrotal . x ‘ - 280. |
. 230 | — uteri . . a e » 475
. 225 | — ventral 2 5 - 279
. 812 | Herpes . ¥ ‘ 350
. 169 | Hide bound . 348
. 232 | History of cases ‘ 5

 

°
492 INDEX.

PAGE
Honeycomb ringworm. . 362 | Inflammation of the brain
Hoof, loss of . ‘i ‘ . 869 | —ofthespleen . .

Horns, fractures of . ” - 405 | Inflammatory fever -

—~ overgrowth of . ‘ . 868 | —ulecer . 5 : .
Hosts. 2 : . - 201 | Infusoria 7 ‘ :
Hoven « ji ‘ . 254 | Inguinal hernia a a
Hydatids . 3 . : . 424 | Inhalations . é
Hydramnios . . i - 460 | Injection, hypodermic -
Hydrocele . . : . 433 | — intravenous 2 q
Hydrocephalus ‘i ° . 879 | — subcutaneous . .
— congenitalis eo a . 456 | Inoculation . . .
Hydrophobia . . . ~~. 181 | — for anthrax 2 8
Hydrops articulorum . . 408 | — for cattle plague. ‘
—pericardii . . . 217 | — for pleuro pneumonia .
— uteri . ‘ ° . 465 | Inspissated pus . *
Hydrothorax . R - 828 | Interdigital fibromata .

463 | Interlobularemphysema .
85 | Interstitial eee
21 | Intestines .

Hymen, impervious. .
Hyperemia .
Hypertrophy .

 

—of blood . : . 91 | —walformations of. ‘i
—ofheart . . . 210 | — parasites in a .
- — of skin oe oe . 853 | — tumours of . . .
—ofspleen . ‘ 225 | — ruptures of. 5 *
Hypergalactia . . 482 | Intestinal apoplexy - .
Hysterocele . , ‘ - 475 | — casts . : .
Hysterotomy, vaginal . - 462 | Intussusception . .
Invagination . . .
Ichorous pus . . é « 29 | Inversion of bladder 5
Icterus . ‘ - 101 | —ofuterus . . .
Idiopathic hemorrhage 3 387 | —of vagina . .
— inflammation ‘ . 84 Irregularities of arteries 3
— pericarditis. . - * 216 | Irritant poisons te
— tetanus . “i . . 884 | Irritation venteuse . 5
Tleus . iw 275 :
Immediate contagion i 113 Jaundice ne 7 .
Impaction of abomasum . - 267 aera cer : .
— bowels . 7 * - 274 Joints, dropsy of
« oniaeum. : : . 264 | — inflammation of . a
— rumen a. . 260 | Keratitis . .
Imperforate vagina. . . 461 | Keratoid change of skin .
Impervious anus. : - 294) Kidney, abscess of .
— teats . : . . + 476 | — encephaloid of s
Impetigo. - . . . 851] —jinflammationof. .
Incised wounds s “i . 412
Incisors . ‘ ‘ - 227 | Labour pains, false . .
Incontinency of urine. . 341 | Laburnum =. .
Indigestion , 5 . + 268 | Lacerated wounds
Induration of mammary etand 479 | Lacerations of the eyelids
— of thyroid . ° - 226 | —ofthe uterus. .
— of tongue . d . - 234 | Lactorrhea a .
Inertia of uterine walls . - 464 | Laminitis ‘ a ‘
Infarction, hemorrhagic . « 87 | Lands, scouring % *
Infection . : . + 113 | Laparotomy . ° 5
Infectious aphtha . . + 160 | Laryngitis . ‘ ‘
Infiltration . . 20 | Laryngotomy . . .
Inflamed ulcer 5 . - 32 | Larynx, fractures of 3
Inflammation . . . « 23 | — tumours of. ‘ :
— of the blood ‘ 5 95 | “Lashing” , “ ‘i

47,

294
294
294
293
293
292
274
274
475
470
474
221
196
286

101
104
408
407

371
353
338
339
337

441
195
412
370
468
481
367
288
275
312
314
315
815
429
 

INDEX.
PAGE

Latent period . : ‘ - 117 | “ Mawbound” . . .
‘Laudable pus . . - - 29 | Meat, scrofulous . .
Lead - - 195 | Mechanical congestion .
Legislative measures ‘i - 47 | Meconium, accumulations of
Leuczemia 7 - < - 99 | Mediate contagion . .
Leucocythamia : 7 - 99 | Medullary sarcoma. .
Leucorrhea . z . 475 | Megalomelians . .
Lice ‘ - . 860 | Megrims oa te
Ligamentum teres, sprain of . 406 | Melanosis . .
Ligature for castration . . 430 | Meningitis, tubercular .
Lightning shock . . . 98 | Menstruation . :
“Lipomata : 5 . 423 | Mensuration . 7
Lipomatous paralysis es - 3888 | Mercury . a
Lips ‘ ‘ | 227 | Mesenteric hernia .
Listerism . . s . 417 | Metacarpal, fracture of the
Lithecstasy . . . 845 | Metastasis ‘ . .
Lithotomy . . 346 | Meteorisation.
Lithotrity 7 . 845 | Metro-peritonitis . .
Liver, congestion of . a . 297 | Miescher’s bodies. .  .
— inflammation of . . 295 | Miliary tubercle . 6
— ruptures of : . 297 | Milk _ -
— softening of - 298 | — changes of quality .
* Locked jaw . . 884 | —fever . ‘
Loo. $ - » 864 ) — pathological : ‘
Loss of a hoof . ; C . 867 | Misplacement of the heart
Lousiness 5 7 . . 860 | Molars . é .
Low < : 5 ‘ . 867 | Monstrosities .
Lumbago : . ‘ 104 | Monstrous condition of foot
Lung disease . . . 130 | “Moor-ill” . é
— induration of 325 | Morbid anatomy .
— wound of . 2 327 | Mortification . . .
Lusus nature . a i 458 | Mucous membranes .
Luxations 7 ‘ 409 | — rale me as ‘
Lymph adhesions . . 225 | Mutile . . 7
— coagulable . ‘ 5 25 | “Muir-ill” 7 ‘
— vaccine . . . 157 | “Mulling? . 2 :
Lymphatic system . < . 224 | Murrain . : .
Lymphoma. S 225, 424 | Muscles of mastication .
Lymphy deposit in aqueous — parasites in . 7

chamber . . .  . 873 | Myelitis. . er

Myo-carditis . . .

Malformations ~ = » 219
— of intestines . é . 294 | Novus . . s .
—of palate. ‘ a . 257 | Narcosis . : 3
—of uterus . ° . . 474 | Narcotic poisons . .
Malignantcatarrh . : . 179 | Nasal polypus . °
— sore throat . ‘ - 169 | —gleett.  . : .
-— tumours . ri . . 419 | Nausea . . s .
Mammary gland . . 478 | Nebula . .
Mammitis . . . . 477 | Neck of bladder, spasm of
— from eczema . ‘ . 143 | — of womb, torsion of
—septic. . - +  « 174 | Necrania’ . r .
Mange . : . . 857 | Necrosis . .
Mania puerperalis ° . . 896 | Nephritis
Manipulations . . . 803 | Nerve, phrenic, division of
Manual exploration . . . 13 | — sympathetic . 5
Manyplies . . . . 249 | Nerves . < . :
“ Martins’ . . . . 440 | Nervous system . 7

493

PAGE
260
129

35
483
113

a
no
°o

433

oe ee
a
awd

76, 98
33, 398
337
396
396
. 3896
. 376
wave,

PAGE PB

bay | —inkidney .

— in muscles .
— in nasal chambers

Gsophagotomy
G@sophagus. .
— dilatation of 3

Nettle-rash . ‘ é . 851 | Panzootic 3 3 i .
Neurosis . 7 - 3 - 856 | Paps 3 A .
Neurotomy . z . 396 | Paracentesis abdominis ;
Non-secretion of urine. « 334 | — thoracis x - 3 .
Nostrils, bleeding from . - 811 | Paralysis 4 es a :
Number ata birth . 443 | —ofretina *) ¥ : ‘i
Nursing . s : AB) 50, 72 | —oftongue . ‘ é a
Paraplegia =. % ae
Cidema . - 25, 810, 355 Parasites : : 183,
—umbilical . ‘ ‘ 484, * e
—inbrain . % . *
C@sophageal groove . 248 aay
Gsophagitis 238 | — im heart . : .
nag’ — in intestines 5 e

238

— fibrous degeneration of 238 z :
—ruptureof . 4 E 239 | — = csophagus . is ‘
— stricture of . , ° . 238 rumen . . :

— vegetable . .
Parasitic disorders of the ‘skin.
Parasitism, partial .

Gstral products, profuse - 440
—retained . . - . 440

He ehoccnacneenenen eas ee

 

— suppressed . < . . 440 a
Gia 5 «xe BHO | EAaMemon :
strum . : ; : * 439 arotiditis . e * é
Omasitis 266 Partial fracture j 4
‘Omascm:. . ; : : 249 Parturient apoplexy . :
— atrophy Ge S = 267 | ~~ fever - eo THR,
Omphalitis . 5 . 483 Pa ee fosmis = : j
Opacity of the cornea 3 - 872 wifi ate : . F
Open synovialsheaths . . 407 Pa ame ae ean
Operations i . 43 naltia i a . - i
— hemorrhage 3 i
ae as periodic . ° oh Patella, dislocation of . s &
— specific : : : : 373 Pathognomonie ‘ ‘ a
Opisthotonos . . ss - 384 Pathological milk . oe hie
Oniume = : : . 49, 191 Pathology, intimate 3 at al
Orchithlasis . . . . 429g | (Paumching”- . . . 2¢
Orchitis . . | 433 Pelvic hernia ¥ ae: - 2)
Organic disease of the heart | 210 | > *¥™pbysis, relaxation of aC
Orthopnea , : : ; g | Pemphigus. . . 3é
Osseophytes . : : * 400 Percussion | . 3C
Osseoustumours : | 494 | Perforation of intestine _ a 228
Osteoporosis . . . , 401 | Pericardialdropsy .  . 21
Osteosarcoma . . 7 . 422 | > rupture. i : 21
Ostitis . : - 398 Pericarditis . ‘ : 21
Os uteri, dilatation of | 464 | Period, latent . a : i
— imperfect contraction of . 464 Periosteotomy ° : . + 39
‘— impervious . ; : "463 Periostitis a ‘i 7 39
Otitis. . : . 369 Peripneumonia . - 13
Ovaries, atrophy of . 437 Peritonitis a . ¥ 30
— dropsy of . 7 . 437 | = Puerperal . ‘ - 46
“Ovariotomy . : . 439 | Persistent hymen . . . 46
Overgrowth of horn. +. 868 oe urachus . =. , 84
‘etechia . : . ‘ . 8
ol Snape of. . ap Pettenkofer's oe < . 10
. . agedemic ulcer . : . 3
io al of the heart . a peynael polypus ; 23
Pancreas, diseases of : : 300 spies . j ; a
“Pantas” =. . . . 290| Phlebitis. - © «© « 3
 

INDEX. 495
PAGE PAGE
Phlebotomy + « «+ 86 | Prolapsus recti . 6 + 283
Phiegmon + + “% 283] —uteri. . . 2 , 469
Phrenic hernia é . . 280 | — vesical . - 343
Phrenitis i 2 . - 3875 | Prolonged utero- gestation « 443
“ Phrensy” + + + 876 | Prophylaxis .  . . . 46
Phthiriasis, .“ e - 360 | Pruritus . . . . . 356
Phthisis pulmonalis - 121 | Psoriasis . . . . . 850
Phymosis ae i : - 433 | Ptosis . . - ‘ - 370
Piles 7 fs ‘ F - 286 | Ptyalism . 2 ‘ - 65, 231
Pityriasis . A - 853 | Puerperal apoplexy . . . 390
Placenta previa. . 446 | — mania. ‘ 3 +  « 896
Plenalvia : 260 | — peritonitis . . 487
Plethora . . ; 91 | Pulmonary apoplexy i - 3823
Pleurisy . oy Eee 328 | — congestion . y # 322,
Pleuritis . 3 . 328 | Pulse a ‘ < ‘ 6, 62
Pleuro . . - - 131 | — venous . . s - 63
Plewto-pnenmonia contagiosa - 131 | Puncture of rumen . . - 258
—exudativa . A . - 181 | Punctured wounds . 3 « 412
— pathology of . . 135 | Purgatives . . 285
—sporadica . ‘ - 831 | Purpura hemorrhagic. LS . 110
— zymotica ° is 131 | Porulent infiltration ‘ . 27
Pleurosthotonos ‘4 384 | Pus 7 : : 5 26, 29
Pneumonia. e = 324 | Puschima . ‘ . 47
Pneumonitis . y ‘ . $24 | Pustular dermatitis | F 351
Pneumothorax. . r - 831 | Pyemia . s 173
Poisoned wounds . - 412 | Pylorus, stricture of " 268
Poisoning, carbonic anbydride - 100 | Pyrexia . . . ‘ - 96
Poisons . a . ‘ » 185 | : sa55
Polymelians . . . « 458 RRARLoEp vl fe cast
Polypus, cardiac *. : . 217 | Rabies. . . é - 181
—nasal . ‘ i . - 811 | Rachitis . . . - -« 401
— pharyngeal . é + -+ 287 | Rainey’s bodies : 3 - 407
Polysarca ci : . 456 | Rale . ‘ + 6 «805
Porcellaneous deposit oF - 105 | Ramollissement . . - 298
Post-mortem examination - 88 | Record of cases . . . 6
“ Pouched heart”. : . 211 | Recto-vaginal fistula : « 475
Poultices . s é 7 . 85 | Rectum, distension of . - 294
Preputial calculus . . - 3847 | — rupture of . ‘ - 293
Predisposition . ‘ : . 2 | Relaxation of pelvic symphysis 409
Pregnancy « . . - 59 | —ofteats . . . » 481
‘“—signsof . ; . 441 | Remittent fevers . . » 182
Preliminary treatment . . 44 | Renal calculus A . - 338
Premature birth . . . 443 | Repair .« . : . -« 413
Premonitory symptoms . ‘ 4) Resolution . : . - 84
Presentation, false . . . 448 | Respirations . ‘ 3 . 8, 64
—true . -. . ‘ . 447 | Respiratory organs . . - 3802
Prevention . 3 : - 46 | Rest a) ‘ . 48
Pricks . : . -  . 868 | Restraint : - 7
Primary disease. 3 . 49 | Results of wounds . . . 418
Probang.  . ‘. ‘ . 242 | Retention of foetal membranes. 445°
— corkscrew . . . . 244 | —ofcestral products . . 440
—_ forceps ‘ * ‘ . 244 | —ofurine. ¥ ‘ . 840
-— passing the. A é . 243 | Reticulum 5 . » 249
Proctatresia . ‘3 . 294 | Retina, paralysis of. 5 . 874
Profusion of cestral products . 440 | Retinitis . “ * . 873
Prognosis is : 4 14,67 | Rheumatism . 3 s 104
Progressive paralysis . . 888 | Rhonchus . . . 305
Prolapsus ani . . . . 283 | Ribs, fractures of . . 404
496 INDEX.
PAGE :

Rickets . 3 ‘ - . 401 | Serous abscess . 2 . 36
Rinderpest . . «  . 147 | —extravasation . 5
Ringworm, contagious . 361, 362 | Serratus magnus, rupture, of
—honeycomb. . «. ~~ 861 | Setons . . .
— non-contagious . . 851 | “Setting” a bone ‘
Rot 5 5 3 . 93 | Sex. s .
“ Rotten” beasts : . . 290 “Sbackling Br .
Rumen . . . . . 248 | Shoeing . . ’ .
Rumination . . . «. 252 | Sibilus . .
Ruminotomy . 261 | Simple hypertrophy. .
Rupture of abomasum 269 | —ulcer . . .
—pbladder. . 348 | Singe . 3s . .
— diaphragm . . 7 332 | Sinus. . - .
— heart . ‘. : . 218 | Skeleton . ‘i . .
— intestines . 293 | Skin 5 ‘ 5
— esophagus . é - 239 | — diseases of . .
— pericardium ‘ : . 217 | Skit j 5 . ‘
— rectum ‘ 293 | Slinging - .
— rumen . . 262 | “Slinking” a calf . z
— serratus magnus. . 406 | Slipping a calf .
— suspensory ligament 406 | Sloughing ‘ 7 :
—urethra. i 345 | Smallpox in cattle . :
— uterus . 469 | Solutions of continuity .
— vagina s 475 | Sore feet. :
— veins . . . . 223 | — teats . : .
— vulva 7 475 | — throat, malignant
— white fibrous band. 405 { Sounds, respiratory .

Spanish fever . .
Salivary calculi < 232 | Spasm of the bowels e
— glands . 230 | — of os uteri . .
Salutary inflammation 47 | Spaying . .
Sanguineous extravasation 36 Special breeding z :
Sanious pus. 29 | — stimulant poisons .
Sarcocele . 3 . . 432 | Specific diseases. .
— tubercular . . 432 | —inflammation . .
Sarcomata .. . . 422 | — ophthalmia. . :
Scab, healing undera =. 414 | —pus . . . .
* Scanterers ” ‘ 290 | —ulcer . 5 a
Scarlatina 2 s 110 | “Speed” 3 ‘
Schistomelus . . 457 | Sphacelus 2 - . 7
Scirrhous udder .. . «+ 478 | Spina ventosa . - : ‘
Scirrhus. . . «.  . 419 | Spinal cord, diseases of .
—oftongue . S 233 | Spleen, hypertrophy of .
Scleroderma : . 354 | Splenic apoplexy . .
Scour . . e 269 | — fever . 3 . : A
Scouring lands e a 288 | —— American . * ‘
Scrofula . é : 121 | Spongio-piline . = s .
Scrofulous meat. . . 129 | Sporadic diseases . . .
Scrotal hernia . . - 280 | — pleuro-pneumonia . .
Secondary disease . . . 5 | Sprain . ‘ . . .
Sedative poisons 7 - 193 | —of fetlock . " 5 x
Sedatives, local . - 51 | — of ligament teres e Z
Senile ulcer. ‘ - 82 | Spray diffuser . : - p
Separation of epiphysis A - 404 | “Staggers” s ‘ ‘
Septic mammitis i - 174 | Staggers . é . zi ‘
Septicemia . ite 4 173 | — stomach . 3 2 ‘
— parturient . p "1 173 | “Stamping out”. . 2
Sequestrum . . . 33, 398 | Staphyloma . . ‘

 
 

INDEX.
PAGE
Staring coat. s a . 848 | Teeth . ‘ 7
Sterility of female ..  . - 440 | Temperature, surface .
—male . , ay 8 » 432 | —internal ....
Stertor . ‘i ° . - 10 | Teres, ligamentum, sprain of
Sthenic inflammation a - 84 | Testicle, diseases of
“Stiffness” . - 400 | Tetanus . : . .
‘Stimulants for inflammation - 50 | Texas fever . ‘
Stinge . : . + 851 } Thoracentesis . ,
Stomach-pump . . 74 | Thrombus 5 7 .
Stomachs ’ . . 248 | —ofveins . -
Stomatitis gangrenosa . . 484 | Thrush in the mouth. -
—pustulosa . . - 160 | Thymus body . . .
Strangles . . + « 175 | Thyroid— . ‘i
Strangury - 842 | “Tic? .  . . -
Stricture of cesophagus . 288 | Ticks . 5
— of os uteri . : - »« 462 | Tinea favosa . ‘
— — soft ‘ : : - 463 | —tonsurans . ‘ .
—of pylorus . . s - ,268 | Tiner . 7 . .
— of urethra . . . . 847 | Toleration . . .
Stringhalt . - : . 890 | Tongue - .
Strumous pus . . . » 29 | — cancer of 3 .
Strychnia 7 . . - 190 | —crampof . . .
Subacute disease . . - 40 | —cystsof . ‘i .
Succussion . . + 809 | — induration of -
Suction trocar . . . . 424 | — paralysis of . .
Superfcetation . s 443 | —scirrhus of . : .
Suppression of estral products 440 | —ulcersof . c a
Suppuration . ‘ 26,52 | Tonsils . .
Supra-pharyngeal slonds, eee Torsion in castration i.
- puration of . 125 | —of uterine neck . .
Surfeit . . Meo =e . 857 | Trachea . - . ‘
Surgery, antiseptic... . 417 | Tracheotomy . . .
Surgical treatment . . 42 | Transfusion .
Suspensory ligament, zupeans of 406 | Transmission of tuberculosis
Sutures . 7 . - 416 | Traumatic hemorrha a
Swelling . . 24) —inflammation .* ,
Sympathetic nervous system .. 396 | — pericarditis . .
Sympbysis, pelvic, relaxationof 409 | — tetanus . oo cts
Symptoms . . . . 3°| Treatment . . <
— general . . - 62 | —of inflammation . .
— objective . . = - 65 | —of specific diseases a
— subjective . . . - 65 | Trismus . . “oo
Syncephali . ° 457 | — nascentium . : :
Synovial membranes, inflamma. Trochar, suction . ‘
tion of . ‘ a ‘ . 408 | Truss, Delwart’s .  .
— sheaths, open 5 407 | — uterine . : .
Synovitis . . . . . 408 | Tsetze fly . . .
System, antiseptic . . - 417) Tubercle. . . :
— in man . .
Tabes, mesenterica . . - 126 | Tubercular meningitis .
Tapping the chest . . . 830 | —sarcocele . . .
Tartar emetic . r . 49 | Tuberculosis . 3 .
Taste. 375 | Tuberculous ulcer .  .
“Tearing ” process "of castra- Tumours . . .
tion . . - = . 480 | — calcareous . , *
Teats, absenceof . . . 476 | — cystic. . . .
— imperforate state of . . 476 | — epidermic ‘i ‘
—sore . . ° . . 3849 | — epithelial . . Z

oo

497

PAGE
- 227

10, 64
406
482
384
168

. 3830

. 221
223
236
226
226
328
360
361
862
361
186
232
234
235
235
234
236
233

125
128
124
432
121
130
418
424
424
» 423
» 423
498

Tumours in genital aida

— innocent .
— intestinal . «
— laryngeal . .
—malignant . 3
—non-malignant .
— of veins .
— ordinary simple .
— osseous
—scrofulous .
— uterine a .
Twins.
Twist of the bowels .
Tympany . .
Typhoid ulcer .
Udder, dropping of .
Ulceration
— of the heel . <i
Ulcers A
— of the tongue

INDEX.
PAGE
. 461 | - Vaccination, animal
. 428 | Vaccine. . .
. 294 | Vaccinia. -. .
. 815 | Vaccinoides .
. 419 | Vagina, imperforate
. 423 | Vaginal amputation
. 224 | — hysterotomy .
. 423 | —inversion . 5
. 424 | —rupture . 4
124 | Vaginitis . : .
474, | Varicella . s .
460 | Varicocele ,
. 275 | Varicosity . .
67, 254 | Variola . ‘i *
. 180 | —ovina . .
. 477 | Vascular glands .
29, 52 Vegetable parasites .
368 | — of the skin .
31 | Vehicles . . .

236

Umbilical cord, inflammation of 483

— hemorrhage .
— hernia ‘
Umbilicus, edema of
Urachus, pervious .
Uremia . *
Uretal calculus, °
Ureter, dilatation of
- Urethra, calculus of

— dilatation of *
— rupture of . ‘
— stricture of .
Urethritis 5 .
Urinary passages
Urination, profuse .
Urine. : *
—bloodin . a
— disorders of si
— incontinence of .
— non-secretion of .
— retention of

Urticaria . . *
Uterine dropsy

— fistula <

— furor . ’
—inversion .

— malformation

—prolapsus .
— rupture .
_-- tumours.
Utero-gestation
— prolonged .
Uterus, amputation of
— inflammation of .
— laceration of ‘
Vaccination. .

483
27
484
- 344
103, 335
- 339
- 839
347, 434
- 3845
. 3845
« 3847
436
339
- 3834
67, 334
. 334
- 834
- 3841
. 835
. 3840
110, 351
465
468
465
470
474,
. 469
469
474,

441.

448
. 473
466

- 468
47, 152

 

Veins, tumours of
Venesection .
Venous pulse .
Ventral hernia
Vertigo .
Vesical calculus
Vesico-vaginal fistula
Vesicular emphysema
—epizootic .

— sound. * es
Vicarious activity
Volvulus . *
Vomition é é
Vulval rupture .
Warbles . . .
Warts. a
Warty growths -
Water . * x
— boiling i ‘
% Water bladder” .
Weak ulcers .

“es Wens 2

« Whites ” " i
“ White skit”. .
Wind sucking . .
Womb, dropsy of
— inflammation of .
— torsion of neck

© Woodevil ” a
Worm in the eye .
Wounds . " .
—ofarteries . .
—oflungs . .

Yew, effects of ‘

Yeo on pleuro-pneumonic lesions
| Young animals, diseases of very
Zymotic pleuro-pneumonia

 

PRINTED BY J, E, ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

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