Prepared By: Office of The Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans Attn: DAMO-FDG 400 Army Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20310-0400 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20310 LOCKWOOD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO April 13, 1998 JUN 23 1998 DOCUfv1ENTS DEPOSITOf .Y SUBJECT: 1998 Army Modernization Plan LIBRP..RY 042? Since the end of the Cold War, the Army has been the Service of choice in responding to the nation's needs. The capabilities and equipment soldiers have today are, in large part, the result of decisions made a decade ago. As the Army prepares now for the 21st century, the decisions we make today will determine the capabilities and equipment of Army XXI. This presents both an opportunity and a challenge. The Army has developed its operational vision for Army XXI to support the National Military Strategy and Joint Vision 2010 to achieve Full Spectrum Dominance. We are working to make this vision a reality through a process called Force XXI. We have developed the 1998 Modernization Plan to make the best use of scarce resources to equip the Army of the future, while still meeting today's needs. This Modernization Plan details what the Army plans and what we can accomplish with these resources. While we do not accomplish all that we would like, the plan is prudent and sets the course for future change. This year's Modernization Plan is based on a time-phased investment strategy that takes into consideration the expected geostrategic environment, the expected operational needs, and the technological advances now taking place and on the horizon. The plan focuses the near-and mid-term on enhancing operational capability by achieving Information Dominance. At the same time, it preserves the combat overmatch required to win swiftly with minimum casualties. The Modernization Plan also prepares for the Army After Next by focusing technology development for the far-term payoff of leap-ahead capabilities. Our vision is clear. Our missions are increasing and expanding. Our capabilities must keep pace. Through modernization, we must ensure that our Army remains the most capable Army in the world; able to shape the international environment to deter potential crises; able to respond to crises that do arise; and able to prepare now to meet the full spectrum of crises expected in the 21st century. ~p~ Robert M. WalkerDennis J. Reimer General, United States Army Acting Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff Pn nted on Recycled Paper ® I THE 1998 UNITED STATES ARMY MODERNIZATION PLAN Table of Contents Annex Page Army Modernization Plan ......................................... i A Force Structure ..................................................... A-1 8 Soldier Systems ..................................................... 8-1 c Digitization............................................................C-1 D CBT Maneuver ..................................................... D-1 E Fire Support. .......................................................... E-1 F Air & Missile Defense ........................................... F-1 G Aviation................................................................ G-1 H NBC ..................................................................... H-1 I C4........................................................................... I-1 1 lEW ........................................................................J-1 K Tactical Wheeled Vehicles ................................... K-1 L Logistics ................................................................ L-1 M Combat Health Support ........................................ M-1 N Training ................................................................ N-1 0 Space .................................................................... 0-1 Glossary...................................................................... . THE ARMY MODERNIZATION PLAN "/do not know when or where, but we will sometime place soldiers in harm's way, on short notice and ask them to defeat a determined and dangerous foe. When that happens, we should be satisfied that we have done our best to prepare them for the task at hand. " General Dennis J. Reimer, CSA Introduction The Army must be prepared to contribute to the National Military Strategy (NMS) and to do so it must modernize. That need is a constant. No Army, regardless of its prowess in its last war, can presume its weapons, organization, and methods of fighting will automatically be appropriate for the next. That endstate is a potent, capabilities-based force that supports the NMS. The Army is increasingly being used for the purpose of worldwide deterrence, engagement, and enlargement operations. In the short span of seven years, we have deployed 27 times-an order of magnitude increase over the entire Cold War period. But, despite this increased operational tempo, the Army continues to receive the same percentage of DoD Total Obligation Authority (TOA) as it has received for 40 years, except during Vietnam and Operation Desert Storm. The Army receives 24% of the DoD TOA and 14% of the total DoD investment accounts. Analysis shows that Army procurement is underfunded annually at approximately $48. Given the Army's TOA and its requirement to balance near-term readiness with future investment, we developed an investment strategy that determines those programs to modernize, those to recapitalize (upgrade), and those to defer until technology advances provide leap-ahead capability improvements. The Army believes that dig!tization of the battlefield provides essential capabilities required by Joint Vision 2010 to support the NMS, and therefore it is our top priority. This modernization plan lays out how the Army has elected to invest its scarce resources to: • Field programs that enable information superiority, • Maintain combat capability overmatch through selective modernization of combat systems, • Conduct essential research and development and leap-ahead science and technology, • Recapitalize aging systems with product improvements, and • Achieve status as a totally integrated force. 1 Tl1e. u.s. Army 1998 Modernir.ation:P~~ --- Purpose of the Army Modernization Plan The Army Modernization Plan is a comprehensive, imaginative program of improvement that will guarantee tomorrow's soldiers are equipped and trained for combat with the best tools available. It is an essential demand on the Nation' s resources . Military hardware, operational concepts, doctrine, and command initiatives are never absolute and never static. The World War II and Cold War armies required reorganization and restructuring for Vietnam, and the Desert Storm army must be changed if only because other nations and other armies learned lessons in the Persian Gulf also. Their application of modem technology to those lessons will assure that the next battlefield on which we are engaged will be different, perhaps more challenging, certainly an uncertain prospect at the outset. As we transform the Army to meet future needs, we must strike a balance in our technological efforts between achieving leap-ahead capabilities and finding the best ways to improve existing and soon-to-be-fielded systems. By transforming the Army too quickly, we risk acquiring capabilities that are "overkill" and not needed for the near-term strategic environment. This would be expensive and would create an imbalance in the six imperatives of quality people, training, force mix, doctrine, modem equipment, and leader development. Quick transformation may also result in using technologies not fully matured and that could not retain their long-term relevance. Transforming too slowly risks losing the Army's current position of military dominance. While more affordable, this path seriously risks preparedness for future threats. In addition to providing a road map to attaining future full-spectrum capabilities, the 1998 Army Modernization Plan: • Explains the Army' s Modernization Strategy, • Presents a comprehensive and coherent summary of modernization programs, • Provides an assess ment of modernization efforts, • Identifies significant modernization accomplishments with the resources available and achieved through additional initiatives and efficiencies, and • Identifies significant modernization shortfalls . The Army Modernization Plan, together with the Army Science and Technology Master Plan (ASTMP) and the Army Enterprise Strategy (AES) and guided by the modernization strategy, provides the road map for the Army to achieve full-spectrum dominance for Army XXI and position itself for the Army After Next (AAN). The establishment of priorities over time should enable the Army to meet the needs of the National Military Strategy now and in the future. The focused research and development effort should provide for continued improvements required for overmatch as well as development of the next generation capabilities. The ASTMP is the technical companion document to the Army Modernization Plan. The ASTMP describes the highest priority S&T investments to enable Army Vision 2010 patterns of operation and AAN capabilities. The AES is the single unified vision linking strategy and doctrine to the employment of information technology in military operations. It serves as the enabler for a full spectrum dominant land warfare force for the next century. It integrates Army 2 doctrine and modernization plans for the evolution of systems to achieve information dominance. The Army Modernization Plan annexes include a section on Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technology programs that highlight significant efforts important to the respective annexes. Complete descriptions of the Army's 200 Science and Technology Objectives (STOs) as well as Strategic Research Objectives (SROs) are detailed in the ASTMP. The Need to Modernize The overarching reason to modernize is to maintain greater combat capability than a potential enemy's. The Army is America's force of decision, ready to conduct missions across the full spectrum of military operations-from promoting regional stability to conducting peacetime operations to fighting and winning major theater wars. The dangers we face today, and consequently the missions we are expected to perform, are more diverse than they were in a bipolar world. To accomplish these missions, the Nation must have an Army able to deter diverse threats and, when necessary, to fight and win. A Changing Environment As depicted in Figure 1, in the 1990s the Army's modernization strategy changed to respond to the changing environment. The modernization strategy strived to develop and maintain a balance among five modernization objectives that would provide a full range of capabilities required for Land Force Dominance. This strategy also began to recognize the key role played by information operations on the battlefield. "Win the Information War" became one of the modernization objectives. Major improvements were begun in sensor and information processing capabilities. A Changing Modernization Strategy Figure 1 Changes in several conditions and circumstances, and fiscal realities have convinced us that the strategy of maintaining balanced modernization objectives is no longer appropriate to an effort of achieving the full spectrum dominance required for the 21st Century: 3 Tlte. l .'.S. Anm· /998 Modernization Plan ' :~ ... .!'-«1!' . _ .. • Changing Geostrategic Environment. Regional instabilities of the post-Cold War geostrategic environment and the National Military Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement have resulted in increased requirements for land forces across a broad spectrum of crisis activities. The Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) highlighted the relevance of the Army in the current geostrategic environment. Maintaining peak readiness for key missions by preserving combat force capability and maintaining forces responsive to the missions resulting from the National Military Strategy are top priorities for the Army' s modernization programs. • New Overarching Visions. The publication of Joint Vision 2010 (JV 2010) provided the conceptual template for achieving new levels of effectiveness in joint warfighting. It identifies advanced operational concepts that result in dominance across the entire range of military activities-full spectrum dominance. Army Vision 2010 (AV 2010) was developed as the blueprint for the Army' s performance contribution to these warfighting concepts. The patterns of operation described in Army Vision 2010 now define the general capabilities required for the Army to meet the needs of the nation in the geostrategic environment of the 21 st Century. These patterns serve as a template for Army modernization (refer back to Figure 1). • Army Warfighting Experiments. The lessons learned from a series of Army Warfighting Experiments must be integrated into the modernization and investment plans. As part of its Force XXI process for changing to meet the needs of the 21 st Century, the Army has learned lessons about how to integrate new technological advances, particularly in information technologies, to provide enhanced warfighting capabilities. As the Army changes in size, it also is being redesigned to reflect the needs of the new geostrategic environment and to take full advantage of technological advances. • Resource Shortfalls. Over the past decade, however, there has been increased emphasis on the need to rapidly project and maintain overseas presence in order to shape the international environment and respond to a variety of small-scale contingencies and asymmetric threats. Peak readiness for these contingencies requires full funding of training and operations accounts. The Army's Total Obligation Authority has been greatly reduced since the end of the Cold War. As a result of the directed downsizing, the Army made the conscious decision to take care of people, soldiers and civilians, while maintaining current readiness . These priorities came at the expense of modernization funding. Concurrently, the increased OPTEMPO is causing a higher-than-programmed toll on the useful life of Army equipment, thus shortening potential life cycles and further increasing the need for recapitalization. Diversion of modernization funds has resulted in slowing, stretching, or canceling key programs, accepting the inefficiencies of these actions, and deferring the capabilities these systems would provide. Today's modernization and investment strategy emphasizes reducing this migration from procurement accounts and providing procurement stability. 4 FY98 President's Budget The Army RDA budget has consistently been the smallest in DoD. DoD TOA = $252.28 When supplemental funding for the Gulf Defense Wide in modernization ..." Army War is excluded, FY98 is the 13th $37.28 $60.48 15% consecutive year of declining Army TOA. 24% Over this period, Army TOA declined by RDA TOA = $78.58 nearly 43% (FY85 $1 06.6B to FY98 Defense Wide $11.68 $60.4B) (Figure 2). 30% 15% This trend has been most acutely felt in our modernization investment Army RDA budget has Navy accounts. Today, Army modernization dropped 64% since 1985 38% $25.88 In Constant 98 Oolla,.. 33'/o investments account for just 14% of all DoD RDA. With the submission of the Figure 2 FY98 President's Budget, Navy RDA resourcing was approximately double that of Army RDA. Similarly, Air Force RDA resourcing was approximately two and one-half times as much. Over the past 13 years, Army procurement has declined nearly 73% (FY85 $25.50B to FY98 $6.7B). The FY98 President's Budget totaled $6.7B for Army procurement (Figure 3). In real terms, that was the lowest procurement level for the Army since 1960. Army RDA Funding 1989 $20.038 RDA Plus-up 19981995 1996 $12.38 RDA $12.48 RDA $12.68 RDA 1997 Plus-up $13.28 RDA Plus-up Plus-up .028 ProcProc Proc Proc Proc $6.78 $14.78 $6.098 $6.38 $6.38 Over the last decade, RDA funding has dropped 54°/o. Figure 3 5 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization PI~ This decline in available funding has caused the Army to maintain procurementprograms at minimum sustaining rates rather than more efficient economic rates. Furthermore,with additional funding support from Congress, which totaled $371 million in the FY98Department of Defense Appropriations Bill, Army procurement funding only keeps pace withinflation. Based on current projections, it appears that FY99 will continue that trend. In the interim, the Army-with congressional support and leadership--has been doing much to help itself. Through a combination of initiatives, we have acted more efficiently and therefore freed critical funds for higher priorities. The congressionally-mandated 1997 Quadrennial Defense Review was helpful in many respects. TheQDR: • Focused on the elements of our National Military Strategy-Shape, Respond,Prepare-and recognized the strategic role of land forces across the full spectrum of operations, both now and into the foreseeable future. • Noted that Army modernization investments are directly linked to the NationalMilitary Strategy, especially our ability to "prepare" for the challenges of anuncertain future. • Validated the Army modernization objectives and programs, and increased fundingfor digitization and acceleration of the transformation of U.S. Army Reserve andArmy National Guard forces to fill critical capability shortfalls in combat support andcombat service support forces . These transformations, as well as others associatedwith Total Army Analysis 2003, are rolled under an initiative called the ArmyNational Guard Division Redesign Study (ADRS). The Secretary of Defense pledgedan additional $1 billion for Army digitization and, internally, the Army has more thandoubled funding for ADRS from FY98 to FY03. • Created an opportunity to assess the impact of Army modernization on the ArmyReserve Components. This has been an unparalleled success story, with $21.58 innew procurement and cascaded equipment. Modest personnel reductions in all components (military, civilian, active and reserve)resulting from the QDR have made some additional funding available. However, to balancemodernization requirements with resources the Army needs an additional $3-5B per year over the long term, in today's dollars, bringing the total Research, Development and Acquisition(RDA) account to a steady-state $15-16B. Modernization Strategy -Vision The Army Modernization Strategy consists of three components --a vision, goals and investments. As a result of the changes described above, the Army has adopted a modernization vision to guide us into the 21 st Century and beyond: Enable Army Vision 2010 by equipping acapabilities-based Army to achieve full spectrum dominance in conducting prompt and 6 sustained joint operations while protecting the essential elements of the science and technology and industrial bases (Figure 4) . Modernization Vision FullSpectrum Domina Figure 4 Modernization Strategy -Goals The modernization ~trategy is executed by establishing specific goals to be achieved during the next decade. Focusing on achieving information dominance while maintaining combat overmatch will allow us to eventually field a full-spectrum , dominant land warfare force for the next century. The five major goals of Army modernization are: • Digitize the Army • Maintain Combat Overmatch • Sustain Essential Research and Development (R&D) and Focus Science and Technology (S&T) to Leap-Ahead Technology for the Army After Next • Recapitalize the Force • Integrate the Active Component (AC) and the Reserve Component (RC) 7 Tl1e. U.S. Army /998 Modernization pf4';, Using representative systems, modernization goals are depicted in Figure 6. Faced with an uncertain future, but still required to be prepared, the modernization strategy focuses on specific opportunities that provide the Army the best return on investment. Modernization Strategy --Goals Near Term (99·03) Mid Term (04-10) Army of 2020 Figure 5 Digitize the Army Information dominance provides the foundation for full-spectrum dominance. We are learning in the warfighting experiments that secure information technology can create an order of magnitude difference in combat effectiveness. Therefore, the first priority of the modernization strategy is to achieve information dominance in the near-and mid-terms. Information dominance stems from superior information systems and the mindset and training that ensure soldiers are prepared to win on the complex battlefield of the future. It results in a significant operational advantage over any adversary. Digitization is a component of modernization. It is the means by which we will achieve information dominance. Digitization involves the use of modem communications capabilities and computers to enable commanders, planners, and shooters to rapidly acquire and share information. The resulting improved awareness will revolutionize the conduct and tempo of all phases of combat operations. The cornerstone of this effort is the fielding of a digitized corps by 8 2004, with an intermediate goal of a digitized division by 2000. Digitization of "echelons above division" organizations is scheduled to be accomplished at a slightly slower pace, depending on the relative position in the deployment sequence associated with the war plans of the theater commanders-in-chief. The Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS), discussed in Annex E (Fire Support), is an example of a system that fits within the information dominance component. It is viable in the near-and mid-terms and provides a common operating picture as part of the Army Tactical Command and Control System. It also provides the command and control necessary for improved fire support coordination and supports the first priority of the modernization strategy to achieve information dominance in the near-and mid-terms. Maintain Combat Overmatch The Army currently enjoys overmatch in ground combat operations. However, it is prudent to make improvements to current systems to ensure that combat overmatch is maintained as threat capabilities continue to modernize. Improvement must be tailored to those capabilities that truly provide overmatch against potential adversaries. Doing so requires periodic focused technology insertions to improve combat effectiveness through preplanned product improvements (P3I) programs. This will leverage the technological innovations and maintain much of our industrial base. The Longbow Apache is an example of maintaining overmatch. The Apache, covered in Annex I (Aviation), currently enjoys overmatch. But as military technology capabilities are proliferated, we must tailor our improvements to the Apache, and to other systems, to prepare for expected adversary capability improvements. Adversarial improvements in signature reduction, survivability, and air defense protection will require corresponding improvements in target acquisition, lethality, and standoff range in order to maintain overmatch. Overmatch is also maintained through appropriate force structure changes (Annex A). The programmed conversion of up to 12 Army National Guard (ARNG) combat brigades to combat support/combat service support (CS/CSS) units as part of the ARNG Division Redesign Study contributes to that end . As a result of this initiative, the Army's unresourced warfighting requirements (COMP04) will be reduced while increasing the relevance of ARNG force structure. The conversion of these ARNG combat brigades is scheduled to be completed by 2009. Sustain Essential Research and Development and Focus Science and Technology on LeapAhead Technologies Deferring the requirement for most next-generation weapons platforms requires investments in funding and focusing the technology and industrial bases to be able to provide the necessary capabilities required to support the future Army. Modernization resources are insufficient to continuously pursue balanced modernization for all required capabilities. Our 9 Tlte. CS. .-lrmy 1998 Modernization Plan ~: : strategy maintains overmatch throughout the near-and mid-terms with minimum necessary improvements to most combat platforms. The strategic opportunity provided by a geostrategic environment in which no real competitor is foreseen before 2010 has justified our previous decisions to accept risk by deferring modernization . Deferring modernization, however, leaves a capability gap as current systems approach wearout dates and replacement systems are not yet available for fielding. "Catching up" by fielding incrementally improved systems would be expensive and would field technologies soon-to-be obsolete. To attain the required physically agile systems in the far-term, we must field leap-ahead capability systems to bridge the gap caused by modernization deferrals. This will require lighter, faster, more lethal weapons platforms in addition to the information dominance capabilities achieved in the near-and midterm, which will then be embedded in these platforms. These systems must provide the ability for the land force commander to utilize his force and forces on the battlefield at the time and place of his choosing. Future weapons platforms will require expanded capabilities to kill threat targets in all weather, on-the-move, day/night, in cluttered environments, and at long ranges with increased probability of destruction out to the extent of the commander' s battlespace . Looking this far ahead drastically changes combat vehicle design considerations. The design of lighter, more mobile, more supportable vehicles is an integral part of the focused Research and Development (R&D) strategy. Focused R&D accelerates essential leap-ahead capabilities required for full-spectrum dominance and provides a significant, almost revolutionary, improvement over current capabilities. Recapitalize the Force To guard against fleet obsolescence and the high costs associated with maintaining aging equipment, funding and planning are necessary to ensure a viable recapitalization program. Today's equipment must be replaced or refitted to ensure that it is safe to operate, provides the soldier with reliable systems to go to war, and does not require excessive time and money to maintain. Recapit~ization of worn or dated equipment maintains its usability and effectiveness. Current production and fielding rates of many Army systems do not meet the levels required to prevent fleet aging from becoming a chronic problem. Rising fleet ages prevent soldiers from operating with the most current and capable combat systems, and Operating and Support (O&S) costs to maintain aging fleets drain precious dollars from procurement accounts. Recapitalization can be achieved through replacement, extended service programs (ESP), preplanned product improvements (P3I), depot rebuild, or technology insertion. The Tactical Wheeled Vehicle (TWV) programs, discussed in Annex K, provide an excellent recapitalization example. Most TWV systems are replacing fleets that are well overage and expensive to maintain. The recapitalization includes a mixture of new vehicles and refurbishment programs that extend useful life as well as reduce operating costs. This often neglected but critically important area of modernization must have a steady flow of resources to prevent capability gaps. Integrate the Active Component and the Reserve Components The Army will continue to modernize the Reserve Component along a timeline that ensures that the Total Force remains interoperable and compatible . The Reserve Component today is at an historical high point in modernization. From FY92 through FY98, over $21 .5B of 10 .,.,... The U.S. Arm 1998 Moder11i~atio11 Pla11 new or relevant and serviceable equipment was provided to the Army's Reserve Component. This was achieved through a combination of procurement programs and equipment cascading from other forces . Examples include: • All ARNG tank battalions are modernized from M60A3 to M liM l A 1 Abrams tanks, • Ten ARNG battalions are now fielded with MLRS, Paladin Howitzers are replacing aging Ml09A1-A5s in the artillery, • 15 enhanced brigades have been pure fleeted with M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles, • Nine Apache battalions are fully operational (7 ARNG and 2 USAR); • 12 ARNG and three USAR Aviation battalions have been modernized with UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters and • Five Heavy Equipment Transport (HET) and five Heavy Materiel Supply companies in USAR have been pure fleeted with HETS. As the Army transforms itself to a smaller, CONUS-based, power projection Army, it will rely on the Reserve Component more than ever before. Active Component/Reserve Component (AC/RC) integration is the integration of the Total Army. By analyzing the roles and missions of the Active and Reserve Components, a force mix to meet the National Military Strategy and the National Security Strategy can be achieved. During Total Army Analysis 2003, a major force structure initiative was approved to reduce the COMP04 (required but unresourced) requirement necessary to support the Defense Planning Guidance (DPG) illustrative planning scenario by converting ARNG combat structure to combat support/combat service support structure. Other Requirements Finally, the modernization investment strategy will need to fund selected other requirements, such as un~ reseen safety modifications, to conduct fundamental operations to properly field, equip, sustain, and train the force. The procurement of 500 additional outload rail cars for positioning at selected locations to enhance force projection is an example of key contributions to this investment category. Modernization Strategy --Investments To achieve this visi n, the Army has decided upon a strategy that prioritizes investments over time. The strategy reflects the linkage to every required pattern of operation. The requirements are based on well articulated Joint and Army visions. These visions provide the operational concepts and patterns of operation that define the capabilities needed. The strategy links the capabilities of the visions to the systems that provide those capabilities. Modernization programs can now be considered and assessed not only in terms of the patterns of operation that they support, but also in terms of their investment categories (Figure 6). 11 -.;" Tile. ll.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plan ~~.. Investments Are Linked to Required Capabilities The Army's investment plan focuses on a process that optimizes Army modernization requirements, and Provides a framework for future modernization For example: The pattern of operation, Protect the Force, requires the capability "protection against ballistic missiles" which Is provided by the PATRIOT PAC-3 program. In making the Investment decision, PATRIOT PAC-3 can be prioritized as a system required to maintain " capabilities overmatch". The capability/system Is then linked back to the pattern of operation, Protect the Force. And Are Crosswalked to Ensure Linkage with Each " Pattern of Operation" Figure 6 The strategy being implemented to meet these requirements prioritizes investments over time . Investment priorities subtly shift in the near-, mid-, and far-terms to synchronize modernization activities. Modernization Strategy Requires Transition Phase Investments Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Current Information Dominance Info Sys Weapon Overmatch Capabilities Systems Essential Research and Development (R&D) Tech Base and Leap-Ahead Technologies Recap Recapitalization Other Requirements .EYiH} .Eru:1.!!. • Priority on Information • Continue emphasis • Sustain Information Dominance on Information Dominance • Maintain necessary funding to Dominance • Combat capabilities an'l......a...... sustain combat capability Information Dominance....,.... After overmatch embedded • Focus R&D on leap ..head technology for mid· and far-tarms • Fund required recapitalization Next Figure 7 12 5~ Th• U.S. Army 1998 Moder11i~ntio11 Pln11 Investments: Near-Term (FY98-03) The emphasis in the near-term is information dominance. Near-term priorities are: • Those systems which enable information dominance, particularly those that contribute to the Army goal of fully equipping a digitized division by 2000 and a digitized corps by 2004, • To provide the minimum funding necessary to maintain the current degree of capability overmatch, • To provide funding for S&T efforts to develop technologies that guard against an uncertain future in all A V 2010 patterns of operation and, • To recapitalize essential aging systems to extend their life and increase their capabilities. Investments: Mid-Term (FY04-10) The mid-term goal is to achieve information dominance and begin to attain the physical agility needed to achieve full-spectrum dominance. Mid-term priorities are: • Continued emphasis on systems that provide information dominance capabilities. As these programs mature and are fielded, the focus will shift to ensure the established modernization tempo provides for embedding information dominance systems throughout the force in the far-term. • Continue to fund required overmatch capabilities. • To focus basic research and early applied research to enable AAN forces to achieve fullspectrum dominance. • To recapitalize aging systems. The Army must continue to reduce the age of its fleet and recapitalize through technology insertions, new systems acquisitions, and aged systems retirement. Investments: Far-Term (FYll-20) The far-term goal is full-spectrum dominance. The Army will have synchronized and executed the modernization of planned and required capabilities to ensure a force that embodies Joint Vision 2010 and Army Vision 2010 operational capabilities. Far-term priorities are: • Those systems which support full-spectrum capabilities. They will have overmatch and information dominance capabilities embedded. This will provide the necessary physical agility for tomorrow's battlefield. • Sustaining information dominance capability. • Provide stable funding of S&T that focuses applied research and advanced technology development on AAN required capabilities. • Continued recapitalization of the force. 13 Tl1e. ll.S. Army 1998 Modemiz.ation Plt:uj . Modernization priorities are synchronized over time to support Army patterns of operation, enhancing the required operational concepts described in Army Vision 2010. Assessment by Patterns of Operation Army Vision 2010 affirms that land component operations "will be fully integrated with those ofjoint, mul tinational, and non-governmental partners. Recent experience reminds us that Army operations have never been and will never be independent. From initial mission receipt through deployment, operations, and transition to follow-on operations, Army elements will execute their resp nsibilities through a deliberate set of patterns of operation. These patterns are not phases, nor are they sequential. They serve to focus the many tasks armies have always performed in war and other military operations." These patterns are: Gain Information Dominance, Project the Force, Protect the Force, Shape the Battlespace, Decisive Operations, and Sustain the Force . By extension, Army modernization initiatives converge to support these patterns of operation. Gain Information Dominance Gaining information dominance through digitizing the Army is the near-and mid-term Army modernization priority. Information operations, conducted to gain information dominance, are essential to all patterns of operation. They consist of offensive and defensive efforts to create a disparity between what is known (and can be shared with other friendly forces) about the battlespace and operations within it and what the enemy knows. The capabilities required through the far-term include seamless, secure communications at all levels. Supplying the warfighter with key decision-making information in a timely manner is at the center of information dominance. The W arfighter Information Network (WIN) is an evolving integrated C4 network comprised of commercially based, advanced technology information and communications systems. Current capability shortfalls in data capacity, security, and network management restrict our ability to satisfy information requirements, but the emphasis on digitizing the Army should eliminate this problem as upgraded C4 systems are fielded. However synchronization of information and communications systems is critical, and requires a comprehensive Command, Control, Communications, and Computers/Information Technology (C4/IT) investment strategy that balances technology investments. The initial C4/IT strategy, published in May 1997, was a significant initial step and focuses on capabilities rather than individual systems. Information systems must be procured and fielded in concert with the communications systems designed to support them. Failure to synchronize results in sub-optimal performance of all parts of the architecture. In addition, interoperability must be maintained. Open cooperation with other services and our allies is essential so architectures and standards can be adhered to. Finally, as fielding leading-edge equipment to all forces at one time is infeasible, minimum essential compatibility with last generation equipment is required so baseline interoperability is maintained within the Total Force. We must have continuous real-time Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB). The Army is fielding a robust sensor capability, as well as investing in the downlinks required to 14 obtain timely information from joint and national intelligence assets. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs) and other airborne sensors enable commanders to see their battlespace, provide targeting information, and protect their forces through early warning of enemy intentions. The modernization plan includes sensors such as the Outrider Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) that provide reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, and battle damage assessment. In addition, intelligence fusion systems such as the All Source Analysis System (ASAS) provide commanders with relevant intelligence needed to understand enemy deployments, capabilities, vulnerabilities and potential courses of action. Low acquisition rates for lEW systems are a concern, but in the far-term the Army should have the capabilities required given current program stability. We must have the ability to disrupt enemy information operations as well as protect and conceal friendly information operations. The Ground Based Common Sensor (GBCS) is an example of a system that provides signals intelligence and an electronic attack capability. It will be fielded in a wheeled variant for the light divisions and a tracked variant for heavy divisions. In the digitized force, machine-to-machine data transfer will become the norm. Unfortunately, today's communications "pipes" were built to carry voice and low rate data and are insufficient to handle t e increased volume of traffic. For the most part, the technology is available now to moderniz communications. There are numerous other systems discussed in each annex that support gaining information dominance. Each has a unique warfighting role and all are important to the overall effort. While there are a number of competing requirements to balance, gaining information dominance is the first priority for the Army in the near-and mid-terms. Project the Force The Army has cha ged from being predominately forward deployed to a CONUS-based power projection force. Augmented with critical equipment pre-positioned where the need is most likely, air and naval components of the joint force will commence transport of a tailorable, modular Army within hours of the decision to deploy. In the future, this force will be equipped with lighter, more durable, multipurpose warfighting systems, thus reducing the amount of lift required, as well as the size and complexity of the logistics "tail" needed to sustain the force. The Army considers the C-17 a key power projection system. It can transport outsized/oversized equipment directly from the CONUS to anywhere in the world, access short runways, operate in austere environments with minimum materiel handling equipment, and conduct strategic brigade airdrops of paratroopers and equipment. Department of Defense analysis estimates that the C-17 can operate in as many as four times the number of airfields as the C-5. A total of 120 C-17 aircraft will be procured by 2003. This program is considered a cooperative success between the Army and the Air Force. The Army also supports Navy programming for additional Roll-On/Roll-Off ships and the Navy initiative that looks at new, high-speed sealift capabilities. Historically, 90% of Army 15 Tile. l '.S . • -lrmy /998 Modernization Plan -_:_ ·~ equipment and sustainment stocks are deployed by sea. The 191h and final Large, Medium Speed Roll-On/Roll-Off ship is scheduled for delivery in FYO l . Logistics-Over-the-Shore operations ensure the Army can conduct operations over unimproved shorelines, through restricted access ports, or through improved ports. Equipment required to conduct Logistics-Over-The-Shore operations include vessels to transport cargo from the strategic sealift ship to the beach, pier, or shore, and other utility craft such as floating cranes, tugs, and Roll-On/Roll-Off discharge facilities . The Logistics-Over-the-Shore equipment currently funded in the near-term includes three floating cranes, eight small tugs, three logistics support vessels, three containerized maintenance facilities, and causeway systems. The causeway systems include the floating causeway, causeway ferry, and Roll-On/Roll-Off discharge facilities. Modernization initiatives to make warfighting systems lighter will provide even greater efficiency in the far-term. Protect the Force A proliferation of potential enemy missile systems and weapons of mass destruction (WMD), coupled with competing priorities for limited modernization resources, result in some risk in this area. To protect the force, the Army will rely on a technically advanced, operationally simple network of multicomponent intelligence sources capable of detecting and locating forces, active and passive obstacles, in-flight aircraft, ballistic and cruise missiles and their launch sites, chemical and biological agents, and other still-developing threats. Missile system technologies to defeat both air-to-surface and surface-to-surface systems are key requirements to protect the force. From initial entry through redeployment, air and missile defense (AMD) systems support this requirement. PATRIOT PAC-3 and the Theater High Altitude Area Air Defense System (THAAD), covered in Annex F, are among the AMD modernization initiatives in this area. The PAC-3 incorporates upgrades to the radar set, engagement control station, and launchers with the new design, high velocity hit-to-kill PAC-3 missile. PAC-3 capabilities will more than double the current defended area on the ground against Theater Ballistic Missiles (TBMs), kill TBMs with twice the range of the Gulf War threat, and increase missile accuracy and lethality to effectively intercept and destroy TBMs/cruise missiles with WMD warheads and aircraft threats. Current funding supports procurement of 1,200 missiles, enough for five of the ten PAC-3 battalions. The THAAD is currently in development. When fielded in 2006, it will provide wide-area protection against medium-and short-range ballistic missiles. It will provide the objective two-tiered defense of CINC critical assets in theater in the mid-term. Manned and unmanned platforms will contribute to the weave of sensor and weapons capabilities so that the reach of full dimensional protection can extend far beyond the horizon. Sensors will provide refined information to even more elements at lower echelons. The Airborne Reconnaissance-Low (ARL) and its far-term follow-on system, the Aerial Common Sensor (ACS ) are examples of modernization programs to meet this required capability. The ARL provides communications intelligence, live imagery information, and Moving Target Indicator 16 ~.'$ The U.S. Ann 1998 Modemizatim1 Pla11 (MTI)/Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for tactical commanders. The final ARL will be fielded in FYOO, with upgrades to existing aircraft extending through the near-term. The ACS will employ leap-ahead technology to combine the functions of the ACS and the Guardrail Common Sensor (ORCS) in the far-term. By FY12, a total of five systems will be fielded: one system per corps, and one system for the Echelon Above Corps (EAC) Military Intelligence (MI) Brigade. These systems, and others, are discussed in Annex J, Intelligence and Electronic Warfare. Modernization of personal armor, chemical and biological protection ensembles, and medical modernization initiatives contribute to protecting the force . Modular Body Armor provides "bullet stopping" protection for dismounted soldiers and Marines at a reduced weight compared to current systems. The Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST) provides the soldier with chemical survivability, minimizing the physiological and psychological burdens associated with wearing current protective clothing. In the future, vaccines to provide soldiers a protective immune response against biological agents are a required capability. Leap-ahead medical research into multi-agent vaccines for biological threat agents is ongoing. However, medical evacuation capabilities lag. Current ground combat evacuation capability is based on obsolete M577 and M 113 Vietnam-era platforms. Air evacuation is conducted in UH-1 sand older UH-60s. Modernization to the UH-60Q is funded, but not until the far-term. Shape the Battlespace Shaping the battle pace sets the conditions for success-it is directly linked with decisive operations. Together they allow the force to overcome the enemy' s center of gravity and result in the total takedown of an opponent. For land forces, shaping the battlespace is far more than just precision strike which, as a lone function, is nothing more than 21 st Century attrition warfare. Shaping the battlespace is the unambiguous synchronized application of all combat multipliers with the scheme of maneuver to overwhelm the enemy. Technologies required include Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms to support Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB), sensor-to-shooter links, and brilliant munitions. The JST ARS Ground System Module/Common Ground Station is a modernization program that contributes to shaping the battlespace. It provides a dynamic link between sensors and shooters. It receives, processes, manipulates and disseminates data from the airborne JSTARS radar, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other tactical, theater, and national systems for targeting, situational development, and battle management. Ninety-eight Common Ground Stations are scheduled for procurement. The Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) Block IIA program combines the extended range of the mis ile (300 km) with the Brilliant Anti-Tank (BAT) munition, resulting in the ability to effectively engage moving armor formations . Coupled with sensors such as JSTARS, it will have a significant battlefield effect. This capability is not expected until the mid-term. 17 Tile. F.S. Arm}·/998 Modernization Plan ·.. • =· Decisive Operations Decisive operations force the enemy to accede to our will. In combat operations, decisive operations are defined in terms of victories in campaigns, battles, or engagements. In other military operations, decisive operations are defined in terms of accomplishing the military objectives (free elections in Haiti or the absence of war in Bosnia are examples). Modem technologies will exploit situational understanding to enable tailored, still undefined combat organizations to task organize quickly and fight dispersed. Fused inputs from manned and unmanned sensors (including satellites) will provide battlefield situational awareness to distances well beyond the horizon, enabling the synchronization of weapons equipped with significantly advanced avionics, weaponry, vehicle mobility, stealth, survivability, and communications technology. The Army currently has an overmatch capability in most weapons systems, such as the Abrams, Bradley, Apache, MLRS and PATRIOT, as well as other tremendously effective weapons systems. However, modernization cannot be deferred if overmatch is to be maintained indefinitely. Other countries are developing weapons systems that equal and, in some cases, exceed the capabilities of weapons we currently field . The M 109A6 Paladin is a good example. Currently there are several howitzers developed by other nations that exceed Paladin capabilities in range and rate of fire , such as the British AS 90, the German PzH 2000, the Russian 2S 19, and the Chinese Noricum GNK155, and could potentially end up in the arsenals of non-allied nations. The Crusader is the leap-ahead howitzer that allows the Army to regain and maintain overmatch in cannon artillery. It has the world ' s first fully automated reload system, firing 15 rounds in the time a Paladin crew can fire four. Other incorporated technology advances ensure this howitzer will be the key heavy, close-fire support system well into the mid 21 51 Century and the Army After Next. Our capability to dominate maneuver and achieve decisive operations also depends on air operations. The RAH-66 Comanche and the Longbow Apache are rotary wing modernization systems, and are discussed in Annex I. In the near-to mid-term, the Army ' s ability to conduct decisive operations is adequate, but there is risk if programs that maintain or regain overmatch are not continued. In the farterm, current tanks, air defense artillery, infantry figh ting vehicles, and other combat systems reach their Refit, Replace, Retire (R3) points with no follow-on systems available, and other nations' advances match our weapons performance. Sustain the Force For the Army, focused logistics will fuse information, logistics , and transportation technologies to deliver the right support at the right place on the battlefield at the right time. Technology will be a great enabler of focused logistics. Smaller fighting elements with easily maintainable equipment, made of more durable materials which share repair-part commonality with other equipment, will significantly reduce the logistics "tail" required to sustain the force. Precision weapons and fuel-efficient systems will reduce logistics demand volume. Advanced 18 .·-Th• U.S. Army 1998 Modemi::.atio11 Pla11 business solutions for inventory control, materiel management and distribution , transportation and warehousing, and automatic cross-leveling and rerouting will greatly expand current Army Total Asset Visibility. Every pattern of operation depends on focus ed logi stics, yet focused logistics can also stand alone in situations such as humanitarian missions. The current objective of a distribution-based logistics system is to move away from extensive (and expensive) stockage to a velocity managed, customer-friendly system. Modernization initiatives aim to provide visibility (Total Asset Visibility, communications , situational awareness), capacity (throughput per day), and control (centralized distribution management). The measure of success is time, whether it is supply (time of need to receipt by the user) or maintenance (breakdown to repaired system available for use). Digitization is the key, with the goal to reduce the time it takes to satisfy the user. The Combat Service Support Control System is part of the Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS) . This system replaces an unstructured , slow, labor-intensive manual system unresponsive to present day battlefield Command and Control (C2) requirements . Automatic connectivity between the system and consumption sensors eliminates the need for manual input from logistical, medical, financial, and personnel systems . Integrated, automated decision-making capabilities replace manual information management tools . Tactical Wheeled Vehicle (TWV) modernization, to include recapitalization of the fleet, also contributes to the "sustain the force" pattern of operation. Significant progress has been made in lowering average fleet age of tactical wheeled vehicles. Although approximately 25% of the fleet is currently overaged , it is a much improved picture from several years ago. Even so, most TWV funding appears in the outyears of the POM. The Army Modernization Plan Annexes Patterns of operation provide the framework used within each of the Modernization Plan a annexes to describe system contributions to the enhanced operational concepts, resulting in few changes to the content and structure of this year's Army Modernization Plan. Previously, the Army's efforts at enhancing the capabilities of the individual soldier, the Army' s greatest This year, a new annex has been added resource, have been included in Combat Maneuver. (Annex~) which highlights these Soldier Systems programs . Another annex has been added (Annex C) to highlight the Aryny's Digitization program, a central piece of the modernization strategy. Theater Missile Defense (TMD) and National Missile Defense (NMD) have been integrated into the Air and Missile Defense annex (Annex F) simply to prevent duplication. TMD is still viewed as the integrated efforts of each of the TMD elements: Active Defense, Passive Defense, Attack Operations, and BM/C41. Special Operations Forces (SOF) modernization has again been integrated into each of the annexes that are providing equipment for SOF, and the Training annex (Annex N) again reflects the overall Army training modernization, as opposed to reviewing training modernization status in each of the annexes. The Army Modernization Plan provides focus to assess the capabilities available to achieve full-spectrum dominance as part of the joint team in 2010. Within each annex, there is an assessment-RED, AMBER, GREEN-of that mission area's modernization programs and 19 ... Tl1e. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization P!fl . their contributions to achieving full-spectrum dominance and the capabilities required to execute the operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. Each mission area is constrained to the available and programmed resources, and is responsive to the external factors of the changing threat, technology breakthroughs or delays, funding levels, and personnel/force structure assets. Capabilities are assessed and shortfalls and deviations from the modernization strategy are identified. • RED means no capability exists, or the capability is insufficient to defeat the expected threat. • AMBER indicates that a limited capability and quantity exists to support achieving the capability. The wide range of possibilities in this assessment area requires that the limitations be defined in more detail on a case by case basis to determine if the limitations are minor or approaching no capability. • GREEN means adequate capability and quantity exist. These ratings are based on the anticipated required 21 51 Century capabilities and the current resourcing status of programs necessary to meet capability goals. Systems are rated in the Near-Term (FY98-03), Mid-Term (FY04-l0), and Far-Term (FYll-20). Force Structure. Annex A summarizes the structure of the force. Force Structure decisions are critical to Army capabilities as it evolves to Army XXI and beyond to the Army After Next. Redesign of divisions and corps is discussed in this annex, as well as Reserve Component force structure changes and changes to the lnstitutional/TDA structure. What is clear, however, is that without realization of current modernization objectives it will be difficult, if not impossible, to transform the Army from an industrial age configuration to an information age force. Soldier Systems. Soldier Systems are discussed in Annex B. Efforts to modernize soldier systems in the Army's combat branches are well underway. Modernization of combat support and combat service support elements are lagging because existing resources are currently applied against those units most likely to be in direct contact with the enemy. Systems for the Contingency and Rapid Response forces (Force Packages (FPs) I and mare generally AMBER, while soldier systems to equip FPs III and IV are RED. Digitization. Army Digitization is discussed in Annex C. Digitization of the 4th Infantry Division by FYOO and the entire III Corps by FY04 is an Army priority and is the method by which we will achieve information dominance in the mid-term. Overall, Digitization is AMBER. Combat Maneuver. Combat Maneuver forces are aggregated as the subject for Annex D. Mounted and dismounted forces (heavy and light units) provide the Nation with the required options for conducting future military operations. They are inherently tailorable, lethal, and versatile, and are the centerpiece of military action, providing decisive victory by dominating the battlespace. The Abrams tank and Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle will 20 . The U.S. Army 1998 Moder11i::.atio11 Pla11 continue to provide overmatch into the far-term given planned upgrades, but work must start now on follow-on systems to avoid a capability gap. For light forces, improvements in night vision equipment and Land Warrior dismounted soldier system programs are discussed. Technology improvements for ill Generation FUR are an important addition to Combat Maneuver capabilities into the far-term. Army engineer forces (included in Annex D) support Army XXI operations across the entire spectrum of conflict and throughout the battlespace. Engineer units maintain the mobility of the maneuver force with road and bridge equipment and through mine breaching operations. They impede the movement of enemy forces through countermobility missions. Topographic information and products, produced by Army engineers, provide accurate and timely terrain data, as well as hard copy and electronic situational updates of unit locations and dispositions. Introduction of the Grizzly Engineer Breaching Vehicle and Wolverine Assault Bridge are long-overdue additions to heavy force operations. Fire Support. Field artillery forces occupy three major roles in the warfight under the heading of indirect Fire Support (Annex E). Together these three roles (close support, counterfire, and interdiction) provide maneuver forces the capability to employ decisive fires simultaneously throughout the depth of the battlespace. Crusader is the number one fire support priority. This system is required to regain cannon artillery overmatch. It is the technology carrier for all other heavy ombat vehicles into the far-term, and is the Army's first fully digitized weapons system. First Unit Equipped is scheduled for FY05 . The ATACMS program is another fire support modernization priority. Extending the range through a series of block improvements and incorporating brilliant munitions into the ATACMS missile provide significant capability to the Army to shape the battlefield and engage in decisive operations. Modernizing the light forces is also a priority. The Lightweight 155 howitzer, a joint Army/Marine program, provides a replacement for the aging M198. Fire Support modernization is currently AMBER. Air and Missile Defense (AMD). Annex F supports the modem force by providing active defense against air and missile attack. Procurement of new systems, such as THAAD, and modifications to existing systems (Bradley Linebacker, PATRIOT PAC-3, etc.) and consideration of and experimentation with emerging technology are incorporated in the AMD plan. While funding constraints preclude the timely fulfillment of the overall AMD plan, significant portions are being implemented. Unfortunately, key systems such as Bradley Linebacker and MEADS are underfunded or unfunded, requiring reliance on other services and allied capabilities to accomplish full-spectrum dominance and protect key theater assets. National Missile Defense (NMD) continues as a technology readiness program to reduce the risk of responding to a quickly developing NMD threat. Theater Missile Defense (TMD) combines the active defense of air defense forces with the remaining elements of an integrated Theater Missile Defense: passive defense, attack operations, and the necessary Battle Management/Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C41) required to successfully accomplish this demanding battlefield mission. Overall, mode.mization in this area is rated AMBER. 21 Tile. l'.S. Arlll)' /998 Modernization Plan ,~ Aviation. The inherent versatility of Army Aviation (Annex G) enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of virtually all combat functions (maneuver, intelligence, fire support, battle command, mobility and survivability, air defense, and logistics). Army aviation provides an extension of combat power throughout the battlespace. Aviation forces bring to the fight reconnaissance, security, real-time battlefield intelligence, force protection, attack helicopter operations (including deep attack), air assaults, combat support, and special operations capabilities. Among the factors driving aviation modernization are the deficiency in reconnaissance/ security, the requirement to maintain overmatch capability, current digitization efforts, and advancing airframe age of selected systems. The RAH-66 Comanche is the aviation response to current deficiencies in reconnaissance/security operations, and eventually too as a possible candidate to replace the Apache. The Longbow Apache program combines extended range targeting and adverse weather target acquisition with a fire and forget RF HELLFIRE missile. It will maintain the Apache's position as the world's premier attack helicopter. Utility and MEDEVAC mission areas require attention, as they are primarily equipped with Vietnam-era legacy systems such as the UH-1; and the UH-60, first fielded in 1978 as the UH-60A, approaches 30 years old in the mid-term. Aviation modernization is assessed as AMBER. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC). Protection of the force against WMD is addressed in Annex H. Arms control efforts cannot guarantee the absence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) on future battlefields. The NBC mission area has three components: NBC defense, smoke and obscurants, and Flame/Incendiary and Nonlethal (FINL) munitions. The NBC modernization strategy focuses on developing multifunctional, multi-Service, easy to use and maintain, lightweight equipment to improve force survivability and to mitigate mission degradation caused by the very equipment protecting the force. Overall, NBC is rated AMBER. The need for a strong NBC program is indisputable. Nations with limited military capability often pursue NBC weapons programs to shift the balance of power. Significant and measurable progress has been made in NBC defense modernization. Advances in detection equipment for radiation, chemical, or biological contamination have resulted in several new systems. Individual and collective protection systems, such as the Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST) and the Advanced Integrated Collective Protection System (AICPS) are funded, but not in the immediately required quantities. There is a great deal of essential science and technology work in the NBC arena, which should bear significant dividends in preparing the Army for future potential conflicts. Even with the OSD plus-up, our ability to meet the two Major Theater War (MTW) requirement is lacking. Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4). Modem armies coordinate their actions through an architecture of Command, Control, Communications, and Computers, described in Annex I, and Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (lEW) systems described in Annex J. They are the foundation of the Army's digitization efforts. The Warfighter Information Network is key to this area. Future investments in WIN will equip the warfighter with information networks required for information dominance in the near-and midterms, but current funding shortfalls may limit our ability to transform to a totally digitized force. To achieve information dominance, the C4 community must provide the means to share 22 information among warfighters and supporters at all levels of warfare. C4 modernization, into the far term, is AMBER. Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (lEW). IEW systems (Annex J) are critical to winning the information war and disseminating intelligence in real time to tactical commanders as a part of information operations. The gathering, processing, and dissemination of information must be synchronized with the operational concept and battle plan to ensure the commander's requirements are met. We cannot achieve information dominance without the IEW capabilities required. In the near-term, critical intelligence shortfalls at lower echelons are being addressed with the joint Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) program and the extension of the ASAS Remote Workstations to brigade and battalion level. These programs are integral to the successful implementation of a fully digitized division in FYOO and corps by FY04. During the mid-term, accurate sensors, enhanced communications, and faster processing capabilities that will ensure timely targeting information to the shooter come on line. The ability to maintain success into the far-term depends on technology insertion efforts to keep pace with rapid changes in the environment. Overall, IEW rates AMBER until the mid-term, changing to GREEN. Tactical Wheeled Vehicles (Annex K) support the warfighter by providing transportation for ammunition and fuel and sustainment supplies, and unit mobility. Rapid force projection, extended communications lines, and the likelihood of operating without an existing logistical infrastructure, place unique demands on the Army's transportation capability. Tactical Wheeled Vehicles are fundamental to the support of every mission the Army undertakes. Recapitalization of the fleet is a continuing effort, as the cost to maintain and operate overage Tactical Wheeled Vehicles is prohibitive. Significant improvements have been made in Tactical Wheeled Vehicle outyear funding, which will, if made available, approach the level of modernization required. If it does not, however, the current average fleet age will continue to rise. Tactical Wheeled Vehicle modernization is rated AMBER. Logistics. The foundation of Army Logistics (Annex L) modernization rests on projecting the force, sustaining the force, and providing core support to the force at all levels. In addition to support of Army combat units, Army logistics assets support other services, multinational forces, and during relief operations provide support directly to civilian populations. Airlift and sealift programs are approaching required numbers, and Logistics-Over The-Shore equipment for cargo discharge are also in final stages of procurement. However, maintenance test equipment, war reserve and training ammunition, and petroleum distribution systems still lag behind requirements. The Combat Service Support Control System, enabling logisticians to effectively and efficiently manage resources in support of digitized battlefield operations, should complete fielding by FY08. Overall, logistics modernization is rated AMBER. Combat Health Support (Annex M) is a capability required to Protect the Force and Sustain the Force. Medical support to the soldier provides the basis to conserve the fighting strength and thus assist the Army in achieving its warfighting goals. Combat Health Support modernization is rated AMBER. There are critical shortfalls in patient evacuation vehicles, both 23 Tile. U.S. Army /998 Modernization Plan ;_·: . ~-t • ~ ground and air, that contribute to this rating. The current air evacuation vehicles are a mixtureof Vietnam-era UH-ls and older UH-60s. Procurement of the UH-60Q is funded, but not untilthe far-term. Ground evacuation is still conducted in M113s and M577s, which are incapable ofkeeping up with maneuver forces equipped with Mls and Bradleys. Moreover, their armoredprotection is inadequate. The Armored Medical Treatment Vehicle (AMTV) is designed to meetthis shortfall, but it is not funded in the POM. The Medical Communications for CombatCasualty Care (MC4) is an umbrella system that encompasses all current and future medicalinformation systems and databases, communications, and digitized medical diagnosticmonitoring and treatment systems. It will link the medical system to the digitized battlefield.Limited procurement is scheduled to begin in FY99. Training. Good training (Annex N) creates soldier confidence, increases morale andesprit, and allows leaders to master command and control functions for operations at allechelons. The Army needs a mixture of simulations and live field exercises for both individualand unit training proficiency. The Army's Combat Training Center (CTC) program is thecenterpiece of the Army' s collective training effort. Instrumentation upgrades to the JointReadiness Training Center for light forces, the National Training Center for heavy forces, and the Combat Maneuver Training Center in Germany are ongoing, but partially funded.Embedded systems and Conduct of Fire Trainers (COFT) for weapons systems are also animportant part of the overall training modernization program. Great strides have been made intraining simulations, which translate into more efficient use of training dollars. Training is rated AMBER. Space. The Army's use of space-based systems and capabilities (Annex 0) isincreasingly important to the conduct of all phases of land warfare, including achievinginformation dominance. In the near-term, full-spectrum operations are limited in the GlobalPositioning System (GPS) and the Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM)programs. Global Positioning Systems allow for navigation over unfamiliar or featurelessterrain. Communications extend ground force capabilities to allow for efficient command,control, and sustainment of split-based and highly mobile forces. From disaster relief,humanitarian, and security assistance roles to combat operations, decisive victory and fullspectrum operations depend on space capabilities and products. Modernization of spacesystems improves in the mid-term, but increasing requirements and aging SATCOM systems inthe far-term bring the assessment back to AMBER. Modernization of Special Operations Forces (SOF) equipment is unique. Attainingspecial operations objectives often means using specialized training and equipment to deliverpeople, equipment, and weapons with surgical precision; locating high value, strategic, movabletargets; and delivering firepower more accurately with less collateral damage and injury tocivilian populations. Modernization of SOF, however, also includes equipment common toother force elements of the Army. Throughout this Army Modernization Plan, discussion in theannexes will point out where SOF capabilities are significantly impacted by Army equipmentmodernization. 24 Conclusion The modernization strategy upon which the 1998 Army Modernization Plan is based strives to maintain the technological advantage that has served the Army so well in recent conflicts-to maintain the capability to win swiftly with minimum casualties. The strategy also recognizes that, although readiness requirements have already deferred previously planned modernization, there is a near-term opportunity to focus a greater portion of the modernization efforts on systems which provide the broad capabilities required for information dominance. At the same time, the modernization program must be synchronized to maintain combat overmatch capabilities, recapitalize equipment no longer mission capable or too expensive to operate, and prepare for the future by focusing Research and Development efforts on fielding leap-ahead capabilities to position the Army to meet the warfighting needs of the Army After Next. There are many factors, such as the Defense Reform Initiative, affecting the Army's ability to carry out the modernization plan. The framework established by the modernization strategy is intended to provide a means to optimize modernization planning while responding to these varied factors and maintaining a strategic flexibility to respond to the Nation' s needs in an unstable, unpredictable strategic environment. The Army has done its best to balance near and future readiness. The absolute demands of increasing requirements for land forces to support the National Military Strategy have mortgaged modernization. The Army has increased its efforts to streamline the procurement process, establish initiatives, and achieve other efficiencies in order to generate savings for more modernization. Still, there are limited areas for discretion in what the Army can accomplish. These initiatives can only provide a portion of the required resources. In the last published While the Army has sinceModernization Plan, our assessment was AMBER headed to RED. received an infusion of dollars to the RDA accounts, it applies mainly to the POM out-years. We have included that infusion in the current planning and it helps in attaining our modernization goals. Historically, however, out-year dollars are decremented as we move closer to them. As stated at the beginning, a steady-state requirement of approximately $15 .5B (in FY98 dollars) is necessary to pursue required modernization over the long-term. The Army's collective modernization assessment remains AMBER. Without this infusion of resources, Army capabilities will decline to a RED status before the end of the mid-term. 25 ANNEXA: FORCESTRUCTURE SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Force Structure Overview The U.S. Army continues to structure its forces to provide the Nation with a full spectrum of land force capability as it transitions the force into the 21 51 Century consistent with Joint Vision 2010. The Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) validated the Army's existing operating (combatffOE) force structure while recognizing the opportunity to effect some reductions in both the operating and the generating (InstitutionalffDA) forces and in both the Active and Reserve Components. The principles which have emerged from other ongoing initiatives, which will guide the Army's force structure changes in the program years are: • Maintain balance while implementing directed reductions • Continue to shape the future force • Leverage the capabilities of the Reserve Components The Army's reduction in endstrength will be balanced with complementary force structure reductions. The challenge is to retain the Army's capability to execute the National Military Strategy (NMS) while reducing both force structure and endstrength. Additionally, the Army must maintain its ability to meet its Title 10 responsibilities (Figure A-1) . Title 10 Responsibilities The Army's ability to support the NMS remains central to the Army's force structure requirements. Concurrently, we must continue to plan and execute initiatives to shape the Army for the 21 51 Century. Force XXI will enable the Army to redesign the Army's operating forces by A-1 The. U.S. Army 1998 il1odemizatio~~ftJtla leveraging information technology to achieve full spectrum dominance. The Institutional Army Redesign is an ongoing effort to reengineer the Army's Generating Forces (Figure A-3). In order to maximize the contribution of the Total Army, we must leverage the full capabilities of the Reserve Components. The Army's goal is a totally integrated force that is sized and shaped to meet the Army's commitment to the NMS. The QDR report concluded that the need for a large strategic reserve has declined. Given today's strategic environment, elements of the Army's strategic reserve forces can be reduced and transitioned into capabilities that have greater utility across the entire spectrum. Active Component (AC) The QDR validated the Army's existing operating force structure. The AC will maintain a four corps, ten division structure consisting of four light divisions (two light infantry, one air assault, and one airborne), and six heavy divisions. Each division will consist of three AC combat brigades. Two armored Cavalry regiments (one light and one heavy) will be retained. These forces will be complemented by a Ranger Regiment and five Special Forces Groups. These forces are referred to as active Operating Forces (Figure A-2). Active Army Operating Forces Generating The Operating Forces... -Primary mission is to fight and win the nation's wars. • Warfighting portion of the Army. -CONUS-based, forward presence. -Currently supporting the National Military Strategy by being heavily epublic of engaged In operations Korea other than war, by promoting peace, IX • Brigade of a split based division Ideterring war and resolving conflict. -An Integral part of the Joint Team. Figure A-2 AC force structure reductions, resulting from the QDR, will be executed in coordination with planned endstrength reductions. These reductions will bring active Army endstrength to 485K in FY98 and to 480K by the end of FY99, thereby achieving directed drawdown objectives for the AC. A-2 cfr:~:,· Annex A: Force Structure Active Component Infrastructure In addition to the Operating Forces, the active Army also consists of Generating Forces that provide the minimum infrastructure necessary for training, projecting, and sustaining the Total Army force structure in peace and war (Figure A-3) . Current reengineering efforts and initiatives continue to produce a more efficient institutional infrastructure, while providing quality mission support to our operational forces at home and abroad. Generating Forces I Title 10 The Generating Forces are the foundation of the warfighting force. • Perform all Title 10 functions. • Assist in supporting national and directed missions. • Enable the operating forces to accomplish the National Military Strategy by...manning, training, acquiring, equipping, mobilizing, and sustaining the ' Intel forces in the field. ' SOF Figure A-3 Force Structure and the Force XXI Campaign Plan The end of the Cold War has seen the Army shift its intellectual and physical focus from a predominately forward deployed force to a CONUS-based force projection Army. Eight AC divisions, one corps, and associated support units have been inactivated since the end of the Cold War. While the size of the Army has been substantially reduced, the tempo of current operations remains high. The imperative for a smaller, better, high tempo Army is to increase its capabilities through modernization. The Army's senior leadership is convinced that Force XXI is the right course of action to successfully develop the structure of America's land force of the future. Warfare will change radically during the 21 st Century, and America's Army must focus on staying ahead and capitalizing on those changes. The Force XXI Campaign Plan (Figure A-4) is the concept that the Army will use to manage and exploit anticipated revolutionary changes in technology. A A-3 Tile. u..s·.Army 1998 Modemization,P/a)i;:;<£ balanced, stable force structure offers flexibility and focus during modernization efforts throughout the transition period and provides a stable launching platform for transition to Army XXI. Force XXI Campaign Plan Joint Ventu •AWEs, ACTDs, ATDs Axis Redesign the Simulations • Live, Constructive, Operating Forces Virtual • Distributed, Interactive • STOW Figure A-4 Force XXI will bring about a transformation of the entire Army, from the way it defines requirements, to the way it acquires material from the industrial base, how it conducts its Title 10 functions, and how it organizes, trains, and fights . This force, first and fundamentally, will be designed around information . While Force XXI will exploit other modern technologies to the fullest extent possible, information systems will drive the Army's quantum leap in effectiveness. These systems will tie organizations together with an unprecedented level of shared situational awareness, precision, and speed in order to create high levels of synergy-both on and off the battlefield. Army XXI is moving from a threat-based to a capabilities-based Army. It will be more lethal, mobile, and survivable. It will be information dominant, modular, and tailorable, enabling an efficient response to a variety of contingencies and challenges around the world. Army XXI will also enhance the Army's ability to orient forces by linking command and control, communications, and intelligence means . These enhanced capabilities resulting from the application of superior information and digital technology will certainly influence the doctrine and design of the future force. A-4 :: Annex A: Force Structure The Army of the 21 st Century must also adapt to constraints caused by shrinking budgets and reductions in manpower. Army XXI must harness current and emerging technologies which offer quantum advances in operational capabilities for land forces. Those technologies will enable the Army of the future to project greater combat power with current force structure levels. The future Army must provide superior land forces in support of joint operations. This mission will be accomplished primarily by projecting power from CONUS with the appropriate lethality, capability, and versatility to respond to a wide variety of missions and contingencies. We have already begun planning and preparing for anticipated challenges during development of the future force. The Army's redesign efforts concentrate on capturing efficiencies in all areas, particularly training and logistical support. These critical initiatives are highlighted in each axis of the Force XXI Campaign Plan. Joint Venture Axis The main effort of the Force XXI Campaign Plan is the Joint Venture Axis. This axis is focused on the redesign of the Army's operational forces. The Joint Venture Axis is a concerted effort between the Army's major commands and the Army staff. The Commander, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), has responsibility for overseeing and coordinating this effort. The initial focus of the Joint Venture Axis is the redesign of the Army division. The Joint Venture Campaign's Experimental Axis (Figure A-5) uses a linked, interactive series of Advanced Warfighting Experiments (AWEs), Advanced Technology Demonstrations (ATDs), and Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTDs) to provide verifiable insight for critical decisions about future Army force structure. These advanced experiments will provide the critical analysis that will be the cornerstone for developing future organizations, equipment, training, and doctrine. The primary goal of the Experimental Axis is to prompt interim and final force design decisions. A-S The. U.S. Army 1998 ;\1/odemizatio.fp"'R[m,~, Joint Venture Campaign Conceptual Axis • TRADOC Pam 525-5 • Army Battle Command System Experimental Axis Conducts AWEs • EXFOR • Analytical Agencies Figure A-5 Institutional/TDA Redesign Axis Another vital axis supporting the Force XXI Campaign Plan is the Institutionalffable of Distribution and Allowances (TDA) Redesign Axis. This axis is a critical element of the top-tobottom, front-to-rear reengineering studies process. The InstitutionalffDA Redesign Axis is spearheaded by the Army's Vice Chief of Staff, with the mission to reengineer and redesign the Institutional Army by the year 2000 to perform Service Title 10 functions to support redesigned Army warfighting organizations more effectively and efficiently. The Institutional Axis is a three-phased operation (Figure A-6). In Phase I the baseline TDA organization was established from which the Army will evolve into the 21st Century. In Phase ll, the baseline will undergo an interim transition to a revised organization to better posture for Army XXI. Phase Ill will commence with the objective of the final InstitutionalffDA organizational design completed by the year 2000. An emerging vision of that ultimate design has been captured in draft DA Pamphlet 100-xx, "Force XXI Institutional Army Redesign." A-6 ,,:· Annex A: Force Structure Institutional Army Redesign Axis Campaign Plan Baseline Corps TAA 02-07 POM 07 FYOO R E D sE I G N E D I Ns T I T u T I 0 N A L A R M y liiiiioo-------------TIME--------------· Figure A-6 The InstitutionalffDA Redesign Axis incorporates studies pertaining to specific Title 10 functions. Reengineering changes resulting from the first phase, conducted from January 1995 to June 1996, were submitted in POM 99-03. Some of the more significant results of Phase I include: (1) redesignating Information Systems Command (IS C) to Army Signal Command, a subordinate worldwide operational command of U.S. Forces Command (FORSCOM); (2) subordinating U.S. Army Recruiting Command (USAREC) and Military Enlistment Processing Command (MEPCOM) to TRADOC; and (3) reducing Headquarters Department of the Army (HQDA), its Field Operating Agencies (FOAs) and Staff Support Activities (SSAs) by approximately 44%. Phase II (Figure A-7) of the plan addresses those Title 10 functions not examined in Phase I in order to establish an interim design for the InstitutionalffDA force. This phase began in March 1996 and is scheduled for completion in time for results to be entered into POM 00-05. Those specific functions examined in Phase II include: • Installation Management. Alternatives for providing services on installations and the organizational structure for managing installations were investigated. • Law Enforcement. The entire process, both operational and institutional, was reviewed. Institutional dimensions of the process were investigated including confinement facilities and installation provost marshal organizations. The latter included consideration of conversion to a TOE design. A-7 Tile. U.S. Armv 1998 i\1/odemization Plan -:'·:'~ . .. -""""•'? ; • Health Care. Operational and institutional health care organizations were reviewed together with a view toward merging the two organizations into one common processand organization capable of supporting all those entitled to health care. • Intelligence. A seamless intelligence architecture, from maneuver unit to nationalagency, is being assessed with proposed alternative organizations that offer aproduct/customer focus while acknowledging the Army's role in the globalintelligence community. • Support of Organizational Training. Expanding on the Phase I assessment ofindividual training, in Phase II the Institutional Axis assessed the Army' s processesfor synthesizing individuals into organizations capable of meeting training standardsand performing doctrinal tasks required by the combatant commands. • Finance. A vision was developed for simplifying the Army's financial/resourcemanagement processes and achieving more efficiency in operations. Relatedinitiatives serve as a blueprint to enhance Army financial management operations intothe 21 51 Century. lnstitutionai/TDA Redesign AxisPhase II Plan Umbrella Institutional Finance Study Equip/Supply/Svc/Maintain 17July96 I~upport to Organizational Training 12 Mar 95 Intelligence (MI)' ....__H_e_alt_h_C_ar_e....:(M_e_di_ca-'1)_'--'~19 Nov 96 i" Security/Law Enforce/CI (MP)' 11 9 Aug 9 6 J Installation Management l11 Jun 96 ii/_ Figure A-7 A-8 ·~V'':: " Annex A: Force Structure " ~ Phase IT culminates with a decision briefing to the Vice Chief of Staff and Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs. Proposals emanating from the functional assessments will be recommended for programming in POM 00-05. The objective of this phase, a revised InstitutionalffDA force, will then posture the axis for its third and final phase. Phase ill will result in the organization of the TDA force for Army XXI and will be entered into POM 02-07. Throughout the campaign, the Institutional Axis continues to embrace the National Performance Review principles of cutting unnecessary spending, serving customers, empowering employees, andfostering excellence. Army Digitization Axis The third and final axis of the Force XXI Campaign is the Army Digitization Axis. The digitization plan involves four thrusts and represents our greatest challenge for Force XXI (Figure A-8). ADO Campaign Plan Experimentation and Evaluation Plan Figure A-8 The top thrust, or arrow, involves the acquisition of strap-on, or applique, hardware and software systems that will allow us to experiment with digitization and field an initial capability while we work toward the Battlefield Information Transmission System (BITS). The second arrow represents efforts to establish a Tactical Internet that links current tactical communications hardware systems (MSE, SINCGARS, EPLRS). A-9 The. U.S. Army /998 Modernization Plan ·:t The next step, represented by the third arrow, is to integrate various software programs for each of the Battlefield Operating Systems (BOSs). Our current series of s'oftware systems were developed without consideration for interoperability outside a specified BOS. We need to modify the software to allow them to exchange information. The bottom arrow represents the long-term solution to digital communications; it is the BITS, which will be a family of future digital radios capable of handling long-term digital communications requirements. All four thrusts will be focused by efforts to develop common operational, technical information, and architectures for future systems that are interoperable with the joint community's evolving Global Command and Control System. Force XXI Time Line The Army's Force XXI Campaign Plan is designed to transform the Army from its current industrial age configuration into an information age force. The Force XXI schedule (Figure A-9) is proceeding on schedule, but projected efficiencies and effectiveness will be jeopardized without the realization of proposed modernization initiatives and total commitment to funding key enablers. It is imperative that proper testing and implementation of the Force XXI concept continues on schedule if the Army is to benefit from efficiencies in the form of force structure savings. Force XXI Time Line FY96 I ~ Warrior Focus JWID FY97 • Prairie Warrior 96 Force Design: ~ Interim Div Design TFXXIComplete Ph I FAAs Prairie Warrior 97 FY98 EXFOR: Force Design:Complete Modn Fldg' Complete Ph II FAAs ~ AWE Train Up Propose TDA Redesign Div XXI I Force Design: FY99 Complete Ph Ill FAAs ~ FYOO I Corps XXI Force Design: Force Design: Div XXI Design FY06 I Final TDA Decisions Fielding: Fielding: Force Design:Programmatic One Div with Applique Decisions Corps XXI Design One Corps by FY03 FY ... ("A" Series Units) Fielding: One LT Div Figure A-9 A-10 'h, Annex A: Force Structure Reserve Component (RC) The RC force structure will continue to transition during the POM years. The RC will achieve its QDR objective of 45K reduction in force structure by the end of FY02. The initial 20K will be achieved by the end of FYOO and has been apportioned to the Army National Guard (ARNG) for 17K and the U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) for 3K. The remaining 25K reductions will be completed by FY02 and determined by the Army Staff in coordination with the National Guard Bureau (NGB), representatives of the Adjutants General, and the Office of the Chief of Army Reserve (OCAR). The specific reductions will be integrated into Total Army Analysis 2007 (TAA-07). The ARNG will program for 15 Enhanced Brigades as part of the Total Army's warfighting capability. To transition ARNG force structure effectively for increased utility across the spectrum of conflict, the ARNG will continue to execute the programmed ARNG Division Redesign Study (ADRS) which converts up to 12 ARNG maneuver brigades to combat support (CS)/combat service support (CSS) forces required to support the Army's warfighting requirements. Redesign conversions will be accelerated as funds become available. The ARNG will achieve QDR force structure and endstrength reductions as adjudicated during the June 1997 ACIRC offsite conference. Those reductions call for ARNG force structure and endstrengths to be reduced in parallel. ARNG force structure and endstrength will be reduced 17K NLT FYOO in increments to be decided by the Army Senior Leadership. These reductions will bring ARNG endstrength to 350K by the end of FYOO. Further endstrength reductions to be achieved by FY02 have yet to be determined. The USAR will continue to implement QDR force structure and endstrength reductions consistent with the outcome of the AC/RC offsite conference. The USAR will reduce endstrength to 205K by the end of FYOO. As with ARNG reductions, USAR endstrength reductions by FY02 have yet to be determined. Decisions resulting from Total Army Analysis 2003 (TAA-03) reduced the longstanding CS and CSS force structure shortfalls, required to support the NMS, from 124.8K to 58.4K. Subsequently, the ADRS examined alternatives to convert existing low-priority combat units into support forces. The ADRS further reduced CS and CSS shortfalls from 58.4K to 15.7K when the Secretary of the Army approved the study on 23 May 1996. The impact of the ADRS will further enhance the integration of RC force structure and better position the Army for success with ongoing modernization efforts. MULTI-COMPONENT UNITS In an era of increasing missions and constrained budgets, the Army is seeking innovative ways to maximize its available resources. The formation and documentation of multi-component units is one such initiative. Multi-component units are Modified Tables of Organization and Equipment (MTOE) organizations which utilize AC and RC personnel, equipment, and funding to leverage the resources and expertise from the Total Army. A-ll Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Afodemizatiou Plan :~[~~1"~ During Total Army Analysis 2005 (TAA-05), the Army decided to form eleven units which will be fully documented as integrated multi-component units. This process will enable the Army to address the many legal, administrative, and procedural issues involved in the formation of these units. In addition to those units selected for single documentation, TAA-05 made several recommendations for the formation of multi-component units. These units would continue to operate with organizational documents from their respective components. By leveraging the capabilities from each of the components, multi-component units will enable the Total Army to reduce AC force structure while converting existing RC force structure to more relevant functions. Integrated Divisions To make the ARNG combat structure more relevant to the warfight, the Army is establishing two AC/ARNG Integrated Divisions. The initial phase of this process will put three ARNG Enhanced Brigades under command of an AC/ARNG division headquarters. This alignment should improve training readiness for early deploying ARNG combat elements, facilitate more rapid deployment of these brigades, and enhance post mobilization preparation for war. This phase lays the foundation of the future transition of these forces to fully structured, integrated warfighting divisions. The Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces Command will lead the process with active participation from the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, the National Guard Bureau, and the Adjutants General. The Army will continue to take full advantage of the soldiers, equipment, and resourcing of the Active and Reserve Components to field the most modern, lethal land combat force in the world. Department of the Army Civilian Personnel Department of the Army Civilians (DAC) are major contributors to the Army's overall mission. Civilians comprise approximately 18% of the Total Army and occupy vital support positions in all Army operations. More importantly, civilians provide stability and institutional knowledge regardless. of the organizational level to which they are assigned, from senior management to administrative support. This is particularly true in the area of depot level maintenance, supply, acquisition, training, medical care, research and development, and facilities operations. The civilian work force is the cornerstone of the Army's CONUS-based, Power Projection Strategy. The overall tempo of Army operational deployments and mission requirements is ever increasing, yet the civilian work force continues to decline. As a result of the QDR, Army civilian endstrength continues to fail-a total of 186K from FY89 to the end of FY03, or 46% since FY89. Civilian downsizing reflects reductions in funding, force levels, mission support requirements, and outsourcing and privatization initiatives. A-12 · ;·: Annex A: Force Structure The current program reduces civilian endstrength to 217K by FY03. These reductions are related to CONUS-based outsourcing and privatization efficiencies in base support operations, reshaping of Army Materiel Command, and military technician reductions consistent with RC force structure reductions. Additional savings are anticipated based on results of ongoing and programmed studies . Military technician reductions are notional and contingent on compliance with the Defense Authorization Act of 1997 and the OMNIBUS Consolidated Appropriation for FY97. Strategic Force Packaging Strategic Force Packaging groups the Army's units into force packages based on the "first to fight" principle, ensuring that programs and resources are consistent with objectives of the NMS and the requirements articulated i!l the Defense Planning Guidance. The Strategic Force Package affect the development of the Department of the Army Master Priority List (DAMPL), Army Acquisition Objectives (AAO), modernization plans, and other planning and programming activities within the Army. The force packaging concept assigns major combat units , CS/CSS units, prepositioned equipment sets, and war reserve stocks to Force Package I, II, III, or IV. Three factors are considered for unit force packaging: their designation as an early deployer for crisis response, urgency of their need in stated CINC requirements for operations other than crisis response, and their ability to contribute to the full range of operations specified in the NMS. CS and CSS units are the linchpins of successful operations. The Contingency Force Support Packages (FSP) are designated FSP 1 and FSP 2 and contain designated CS/CSS units capable of supporting full spectrum operations during a crisis. Force Package 1: Contingency Response Forces. Contingency Response Forces, together with required support and command and control, provide the supported CINC with rapidly deployable forces capable of conducting full spectrum operations. Balanced forces with a mix of capabilities permit tailoring and deployment to any theater. Contingency Response Forces possess a forci ble entry capability, include supporting SOF, are initially sustained by predominately AC CS/CSS units for 30 days, and can be reinforced or augmented with addition al AC and RC units as necessary to meet regionally unique requirements. The Army' s goal is to deploy a Contingency Response Force of up to three divisions (one light and two heavy) from CONUS in 30 days. Force Package II: Rapid Regional Responses F orces. These forces are designed to reinforce or augment Contingency Responses Forces and are comprised primarily of forwardstationed forces and forces deployed temporarily from CONUS on an intermittent or recurri ng basis. The Army's goal is to deploy designated forces from FPl and FP2 (five divisions with associated CS/CSS) in 75 days. Force Package III: Reinforcing Response Forces. These forces are designed to provide the National Command Authority with a reinforcing capability for a Major Theater War (MTW), A-13 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Plai1 ''<'"·"!"f."" ,_ or a portion of the primary force, in the event that a second MTW or other crisis erupts. Reinforcing Response Forces are comprised of AC forces and the ARNG enhanced brigades. The enhanced brigades are expected to reinforce, augment, backfill, and/or provide rotational forces to AC formations. Force Package IV: Strategic Reserve Forces. These forces are required to train, equip, and sustain the current force, including the capability to conduct domestic missions and to meet the requirements for the expansion, reconstitution , and/or regeneration of the force through all phases of mobilization. A-14 SECTION 2: CONCLUSION "We must find the best ways to organize, train, and equip our forces to exploit our competitive advantages-quality people and advanced technology." General Dennis J. Reimer, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army The Army's primary mission remains fighting and winning the Nation ' s wars, and its most demanding requirement is outlined in the NMS: winning two Major Theater Wars (MTWs) in close succession, one followed almost immediately by another. The Army is also confronted with other similarly dangerous challenges, such as Smaller-Scale Contingency (SSC) operations and responding to asymmetric threats. FY89 770KAC 776KRC ARNG 457 USAR 319 5 Corps 18ACDIY 10 RC DIY 403K CIY FY97 495K AC (-5K) 490K 582KRC ARNG 367 -FSA413 {-8) USAR 215 4 Corps 10 AC DIY 8 RC Olv 15 EB 250K CIY ODR Decision AC -15K RC -45K Clv ·33.7K Shaping the Army as of Sep 97 FY90 FY91 FY92 FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 732K AC 710K AC 611KAC 572KAC 541K AC 509KAC 495KAC 743K RC 745K RC 729K RC 686K RC 657K RC 629K RC 603KRC -- --- ARNG 444 ARNG 446 ARNG 426 ARNG 410 ARNG 397 ARNG 387 ARNG 373 USAR 299 USAR 299 USAR 303 USAR 276 USAR 260 USAR 242 USAR 230 -- -- -- -- 5 Corps 5 Corps 4 Corps 4 Corp• 4 Corps 4 Corp• 4 Corps 18 AC DIY 18 AC DIY 14 AC DIY 14 AC DIY 12 AC DIY 12 AC DIY 10 AC DIY 10 RC DIY 10 RC DIY 10 RC DIY 8 RC DIY 8 RCDIY 8 RC DIY 8 RC DIY -- -- -- -- -- 380K CIY 365K CIY 334K CIY 294K CIY 280KCIY 267KCIY 255K CIY ~ ~ ~ ~ VII Corps SOAO (ARNG) 6 IO(l) 2 AD I 24 IO(M) 3-A0, 810, 2610 (ARNG) 7 10 (l) 1 IO(M) llag to Europe 21D,2AD SID(M) r.tllg to 2AD 3 IO(M) llag to Stewal1 4 IO( M) lllg to Hood 3 ACR to Carson FY98 FY99 FYOO FY01 FY02 FY03 FY89-03 CUMULATIVE 490K AC (-5K) 485K 485K AC (-5K)480K 480K AC 480K AC 480KAC 480KAC REDUCTIONS 570K RC 565K RC 555K RC 555K RC 530K RC 530K RC (·5K) 565K -- -- (· 25K) 530K AC: -290K ARNG 367 ARNG 362 ARNG 357 ARNG 350'k ARNG 350* ARNG 350* {-38%) (-5KJ 382 (-5K) 357 (-7K) 350 -FSA 388 -FSA 388 -FSA 388 RC: -246K -FSA405 -FSA 400 -FSA 388 (-32%) (-5) USAR 208 -- (-7) USAR 208 USAR 208 (-3K) 205 USAR 2os* USAR 205* --- USAR 205* --- ARNG -107K (-23%) * 4 Corpo 10 AC DIY 4 Corp• 10 AC DIY 4 Corps 10 AC DIY 4 Corpo 10 ACDIY 4 Corps 10 AC DIY 4 Corpa 10 AC DIY USAR -114K* 8 RC DIY 8 RC DIY 8 RC DIY 8 RCOIY 8 RC DIY 8 RC DIY (-38%) 15EB -- 15EB 15 EB 15 EB 15EB 15EB -- -1 Corpo -8 ACDIY 244K CIY 236K CIY 228KCiv 223K CIY 210K CIY 216KCIY -2 RCDIY ARNG Div Redesign CIY : -187K (-48%) FYOI-02 25K QDR RC Reduction TBD In T AA-07 Figure A-10 Today's Army is meeting the challenge of its most significant force structure changes since the end of World War II. It has been transformed from a forward-deployed Cold War Army to a globally engaged land force. The power projection Army is designed to execute the NMS through peacetime engagement that shapes the environment, deterrence and conflict prevention, and the use of rapid deployments to respond to crises whi le maintaining the ability to achieve quick, decisive victories with minimal casualties. The current and programmed force structure allows America's Army to successfully conduct prompt and A-15 Tile. U.S. Army /998 Modemizatimt'Plau···-:··, sustained operations on land, and provide a wide variety of operational capabilities applicable across the continuum of peace and war (Figure A-11). The Army's Role in National Military Strategy Peacetime Conflict Fight to Engagement Prevention Win To demonstrate To convince Guarantee our commitment & adversan·es that vital interests enhance stability aggression will be defeated 1M Bottom Line: Fight and Win the Nation's Wars! Figure A-11 The U.S . Army force structure will continue to evolve and be designed to best support the NMS and meet the Army ' s Title 10 responsibilities, while posturing for the challenges of the 21 st Century. The Army is developing the means and the process to achieve future success but, without the procurement of superior technology and modernized systems that success will be j eopardized. The current force structure must have a robust, fully fun ded modern ization program to mitigate risk to our smaller force. It is imperative that America's land force remains trained, ready, and equipped to defend our national interests during the 21st Century. A-16 ANNEX B: SOLDIER SYSTEMS SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION "But we can never forget that the ultimate technology and the ultimate weapon for the U.S. Army will always be the individual soldier." General Dennis 1. Reimer, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army Overview A highly trained and properly equipped soldier is a crucial and integral component of the successful employment of all Army systems. The soldier is, in fact , a unique weapons system platform. The soldier of 1998 and beyond must be capable of performing a full range of operations supporting many different missions around the world, including peacetime engagements, deterrence, and conflict prevention, while maintaining a core competency to provide land power dominance at any level of conflict. Today, Army soldiers are not full y prepared to meet all the field conditions they are expected to face. Technological advances have allowed the Army to achieve superior overmatch with most major weapons systems. However, with current equipment our soldiers can only hope for technological parity with their opponent in a close and brutal fight. Chemical agents, antipersonnel devices, kinetic and directed energy weapons, harsh environmental factors, as well as burdens of soldier load and physiological effects, threaten the safety, lives, and effectiveness of our Army's soldiers. In addition, soldiers will increasingly face sensors and sighting systems that make survivability more difficult. Thus, modernizing and fielding effective and efficient soldier systems to the Army continues to be a major challenge and a pressing requirement. It follows that the soldier's, and hence the Army's, overall mission success will rely upon soldier systems receiving sufficient resources to develop and field the equipment and clothing necessary to meet tomorrow's battlefield demands. Soldier systems are a family of integrated systems for the individual soldier that consists of everything that is worn, carried, or consumed for individual use in a tactical environment. The over 110 soldier system programs focus on the individual mounted and dismounted soldier and the aviator crewman in combat, combat support, and combat services support roles. The soldier system is analogous to any other major weapons systems platform in that it has numerous component parts that must work in harmony to be effective. Yet, the soldier system is uniquely different from all other major weapons systems in two significant respects. First the soldier system frame is human; its loss is not measurable in dollars. Second, the soldier is the common element for all Army major weapons system platforms. The operation of every major Army system is affected by the quality of the soldier systems and the synergy created by the ability of soldiers to interface effectively and efficiently with his or her equipment and systems. With the soldier as the common element for all of the Army's major weapon platforms, it is both logical and imperative that soldier systems remain a key component of the Army Modernization Plan. This annex addresses the Army's planned modernization of soldier equipment. Army Vision B-1 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Plan 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contribution to the enhanced operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. This annex describes soldier systems' planned modernization efforts to achieve these required capabilities. This plan will lead the Army to Army Vision 2010 in the mid-term, and will set the stage for the soldier of the future in the Army After Next in the far-term. Soldier Warfighting Concept "The gun, the missile, the ship, the plane, the spaceship is no better than the Man who operates it. " Hanson W . Baldwin, Military Historian, Author, Battles Lost and Won The soldier of today enters combat with a 75-to 125-pound load and power capability for 12 to 24 hours of sustained operations before re-supply (mission, enemy, terrain and troopstime-dependent). A multi-layered component approach affords some environmental and chemical protection, as well as protection from airburst munitions to head and torso and direct fire munitions, but with a heavy weight penalty. Paper maps, a compass, and a stand-alone Global Positioning System (GPS) unit serve as the navigational aids, and the soldier relies on his own vision, hand signals, and his voice to provide situational awareness. Currently, the weapon is the M16A2 rifle with a line-of-sight scoped out to 600 meters in daylight (and only 300 meters or less at night). Today's soldier does not possess overmatch in the close, brutal fight, nor is the soldier prepared for the 21st Century battlefield. Soldier systems contribute to the five significant capabilities needed by every soldier to attain overmatch of the enemy. In tum, as shown in Figure B-1, the soldier capabilities can be linked directly to the Army patterns of operation. When soldiers with overmatch in these five capabilities are placed in elements of squad or above, these units form the foundation for successful employment of the Army patterns of operation. Without individual soldier overmatch capability provided by soldier systems modernization, the synergistic effect of an Army unit's pattern of operation will be weak or fail. These soldier capabilities, linked with comprehensive training and mission rehearsal, empower the individual soldier to shape his battlespace. Figure B-1 B-2 ~.: An11ex 8 : Soldier Systems Near-Term and Future Capabilities Required This Army soldier modernization strategy provides for integrated soldier systems to enhance the soldier's capabilities in the near-term . Science and technology followed by technology insertion will equip the future soldier with the capabilities essential for full spectrum dominance. Decisive Operations Protect the Force Information Dominance Project the Force Sustain the Force Challenges Ahead Near-Term Capability Requirement • Modular Weapons Systems • Thermal Weapon Sight • Non-Lethal Munitions • Slightly Reduced Weight • Reduced Heat Stress • Modular Protective Systems • Combat Identification • Linkage to Digital Battlefield • Real-Time Data • Integrated GPS/Digital Map • Exact Airdrop Insertion • Reduced Bulkiness • 12-Hour Battery • Battery Commonality Figure B-2 Future Capability Requirement • Objective Individual Combat Weapon • Target Acquisition and Hand-off • Selectable Lethality • Dramatically Reduced Weight • Advanced Physiological Monitoring • Fully Integrated Protection • Fully Integrated Combat Identification • Mobile Internet • Battlefield Asset Data Link • Sensor Fusion • Route Selection • Individual/Group Transporter • In-stride Mine Avoidance • 7-Day Sustained Operations • Improved/Lighter Power Sources The paradigm of the Army poised to meet the demands of the Cold War has been replaced by the scenario of equipping for two Major Theater Wars (MTWs) and contingency operations. In actuality, the Army is responding to many contingencies on a continuing basis, as well as continued preparation for two MTWs. The Army has responded, in a time of a dramatically smaller forces, by shuffling units between force packages and by relying heavily upon low-priority units to augment overtaxed, high-priority units. This causes a constant challenge to keep all units equipped with modernized clothing and equipment, in tum resulting in disruptions to the fielding plan and unbudgeted equipment shortfalls. This dynamic fielding environment leads to an overall absence of modernized equipment and clothing in many deploying units and dramatically impairs mission effectiveness. This impact has become apparent in training and battle rehearsal exercises at Army training centers and in discussions with commanders and soldiers in the field. Major technical challenges include weight reduction, power sources, power management and, most importantly, systems integration. These directly affect the soldier's mental agility. For B-3 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modernization Pltm example, the technologies exist, or are emerging, that can enable conveying vast amounts of information to the soldier. Determining the right balance of needed information at the right time is a complex challenge. Soldiers must have instantaneous access to information that is relevant to their missions, the ability to process that information and to communicate voice and data up and down the chain, and to use the information effectively to achieve the mission . Providing this information while reducing soldier load requirements continues to be an essential challenge (e.g., power sources) . Materiel solutions to the requirements, identified in Figure B-3, will greatly increase the potential capabilities of the soldier, but this increased capability will be at a cost. The weight of soldier equipment, despite the emphasis on lightweight materials, greatly exceeds what the soldier can carry and still operate effectively. PM-Soldier PM-Small Arms PEO-IEW/PM-NVEO • Modular Body Armor Modular Load System • Bore Sighting Device for • Night Vision Device Interim Small Arms Protective Vest PAQ-4 • Thermal Weapons • Multi-Purpose Overboot • M203 for M4 Carbine • Chem-Bio Protective Gloves • Joint Ltwt Integrated Suit Technology • Launched Grapnel Hook • Improved Mechanics Coveralls • Spotting Scope M144 • Soldier Ground Insulator • Modular Sleeping Bag • M41M16 Multiple Mag • Ankle Brace Holder • Eye Protection • II Generation Extended ColdWeather Clothing System Compact Patrol Pack • Compression Sack • Shin Guards • Mid-Size Riot Control Dispenser • Extreme Cold· Weather Boot Equipment Belt Extender • Alternate Hot-Weather Boot Blast Protective Boots • Improved Rainsu it • Combat Medic Vest System • Individual Soldier Radio • Computer • HUD • Chern Mask • Selectable Lightweight Attack Munitions • Chern Warning Device • Fighting Position Excavator • Chern Treatment Kit Figure B-3 The soldier system integration challenge focuses on mission-tailorable equipment, integrated systems, and subsystems that will enhance combat, combat support, and combat services soldier capabilities while restricting load to what can reasonably be carried and operated effectively. In addition, integrated soldier systems of the future will include the capability for embedded training, mission rehearsal, and soldier capabilities testing and evaluation . Physical agility requires successful resolution of these integration challenges. B-4 ~, ~'~',i'' Annex B: Soldier Systems Summary The Army leadership is committed to modernizing all soldiers. The Army's soldier modernization strategy is focused on improving soldier capabilities through the application of human and systems engineering, realizing technological benefits, advancing interoperability, employing a technology insertion strategy, and putting equipment rapidly into the field. A clear need exists to enhance the combat effectiveness and protection of the individual soldier for any mission and all environments. Improvements in soldier capabilities are the essential cornerstone to move the Army toward realization of the digitized battlefield and for the Army After Next (Figure B-4). Soldier modernization, as described in the remainder of this annex, delivers new technology, as well as leveraging technology from other services and nations, to improve the warfighting capabilities of the individual soldier. With the soldier as the critical link to success in the patterns of operation, enhancing soldier combat effectiveness through improvements in warfighting capabilities is imperative to future mission success. Soldier System Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Army Digitlzation Affordable Flame Protection 33% Reduction in Soldier Load Combat Identification Low-/No-Power Personal Heating/ Tunable Laser Eye Protection Integrated Training Attain Overmatch Cooling ChemicaVBiological Protection Ultra-lightweight Ballistic Protection Self Decontamination Garments • Lethality Reduced Heat Stress & Bulk Signature Management Technologies • Multiple Ballistic Protection Own the Night Laser Protection Maintain Overmatch • Lethality • Survivability Advanced Physiological Monitoring Interactive Textiles Integration and Synchronization of All Soldier Programs Soldier Load Reduction/Human Factor Integration Issues Future Threat Weapons (Small Arms and WMD) Will Require Increased Soldier System Survivability Digitization/Sensor Fusion Will Increase Demands on Power Sources Figure B-4 B-5 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Plan. . SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT "The security challenges ofa largely bipolar world have been replaced with more ambiguous and, in some cases, equally dangerous problems. " General John M. Shalikashvili Overview The Army's new force projection strategy requires the deployment of tailored Continental United States (CONUS)-based contingency forces comprised of elements from all Force Packages to fulfill contingency missions across a broad spectrum of conflict. The Army's current soldier systems modernization funding and fielding plans only support a small portion of the Army's force projection strategy. This section provides an overview and an assessment of our warfighting capabilities from the standpoint of where we are today and how our modernization strategy will fulfill the Army's requirement in the mid-and far-terms. Good progress is being made in the Science and Technology (S&T) and the Engineering and Manufacturing (EMD) phases of the life cycle of soldier systems. Efforts must increase in order to resolve the significant technology challenges that arise as the nature of the soldier's battlespace evolves. The Army's current soldier modernization lacks sufficient centralized funding and fielding (CFF) and sustainment resources to meet the fielding demands of today's environment. Until sufficient resources are devoted to fielding modernized clothing and equipment to all units and full fielding occurs within three years, many of the capability assessments will reflect RED or AMBER. Soldier Systems Modernization Strategy The cornerstone to a successful soldier systems modernization strategy is the need to synchronize the modernization of soldier systems and capabilities with the rest of the Army. Utilization of technology carriers such as the Warrior programs and Army digitization will help synchronize system fielding to maneuver forces. Figure B-5 illustrates soldier systems programs and their relationship to the components of the Army Investment Strategy and the Army Vision 2010 patterns of operation. Many programs cover more than one investment component but are categorized based on their primary contribution. Although Land Warrior's primary contribution is to soldier lethality and providing overmatch capability, it will also make a significant contribution to information dominance. B-6 }' Annex B: Soldier Systems. Invest Comp Patterns of Operation Information Dominance Overmatch Land Warrior Information Air Warrior Dominance Mounted Warrio Shape the Battlespace Decisive SPEAR Operations MLS Project the Force MBA Protect the SEP, CIE Force JSLIST Army War Sustain the Reserves Force Other Missions Maintain Readiness Essential 5&T Leap-ahead Recapitalization Contributing Capabilities Infrastructure Force XXI Land Warrior MOUTACTD OiCW Airdrop Technologies Soldier Systems Advanced Bomb Firefighters Technology for Suit Integrated AAN Suit STEPO Combat Medic Vest Figure B-5 The soldier systems modernization strategy integrates, packages, and provides synergistic improvements to systems that increase the individual soldier's combat capabilities on the battlefield and make direct contributions to all Army patterns of operation. These systems are also structured to recognize the need to fulfill varied and tailored requirements in a modular fashion for each "type" of soldier found on the battlefield. This process is accomplished through the use of one of three soldier system development paths: the Soldier Enhancement Program (SEP), the Clothing and Individual Equipment (CIE) program, or the Soldier Warrior Programs (represented by Land Warrior, Mounted Warrior, Air Warrior, Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST), and Special Operations Forces Personal Equipment Advanced Requirements (SPEAR) programs). The SEP (Marines participate through the Marine Enhancement Program-MEP) requires minimal Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDTE) effort and shortens the developmental phase of the life cycle process through the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items. Representative SEP program items are depicted in Figure B-6. B-7 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemiwtion Pltm Soldier Enhancement Program (SEP) Command and Control Individual Soldier Radio Improved Skis, Poles, and Fighting Position OverheadBindings Cover Figure B-6 The ern program encompasses all combat, life support, ballistic, and environmental protection items worn or carried by the soldiers for individual use (that have not already been addressed under the SEP program). The ern program also includes non-tactical clothing and individual equipment, including dress uniforms. Representative ern items are depicted in Figure B-7. Soldier systems flagship Clothing and Individual Equipment programs provide the soldier with a decisive winning edge on the 1. Modular Body Armor battlefield. The use of technology 2. Concealable Body Armor demonstrators has become a major vehicle for transitioning promising 3. JSLIST technologies into the systems of 4. Advanced Protective Eyewear tomorrow. As a result of Army 5. JSLIST ChemicalScience and Technology (S&T) Protective Gloves efforts, high-payoff technology capabilities are being pursued through tailored, modernized strategies in the Warrior programs to field equipment as fast as technology allows. Land Warrior is a result of past Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) Figure B-7 B-8 ~· An11ex B: Soldier Systems efforts and will field an integrated soldier fighting system by FYOO and should fully outfit Force Packages 1 and 2 by FYI I. Figure B-8 depicts the Land Warrior system components and major thrusts. Land Warrior Soldier Systems 1. Integrated Helmet Assembly Subsystem (IHAS) 2. Computer/Radio Subsystem 3. Protective Clothing and Individual Equipment Subsystem 4. Weapons Subsystem 5. Software Subsystem Figure B-8 Army emphasis on acquisition reform has provided a welcomed focus on streamlining the front end of the life cycle process (Milestone 0 to Milestone 3), decreasing the time to turn requirements into items ready to field. However, the developmental process is useless unless the developed capabilities can be placed in the hands of soldiers. Initial fielding and subsequent sustainment of organizational clothing and equipment has consistently lagged due to shortfalls in funding and outdated fielding policies. During FY97 the Army began efforts to increase the focus on the procurement and fielding aspects of soldier systems. These efforts will continue and, in fact, must accelerate. Central Funding and Fielding (CFF) is the procurement mechanism that acquires and fields life-support and mission-enhancing equipment to individual soldiers. Formerly, such items were made available for purchase at installation level using Operations and Maintenance Account (OMA) funding. With the rising demands on installation OMA, the Army has been procuring selected items and free-issuing them to high-priority units. This has been the mechanism used to field items developed by the SEP program and the Organizational Clothing and Individual Equipment RDTE (OCIE) process. The intent is to field these items within a B-9 Tlze. U.S..4rm •1998 Modernization Plan three-year period after RDTE is complete. Once initial fielding under the CFF program is complete, the sustainment process begins. Sustainment and replenishment of CFF items are funded at the installation level. The Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) has identified over 80 items for development and procurement since the SEP program' s inception in 1991. Unfortunately, there are insufficient CFF resources to "pure fleet" many items throughout the force. Although the problem faced in previous years of having the CFF dollars reallocated to other Army priorities seems to be on the mend, there are still insufficient funds to procure all of the CFF items required throughout the force. The impact has been that higher priority units have received a larger number of CFF items than lower priority units. Moreover, the goal of fielding systems within three years usually is not met. A specific example of the impact of this consistent under-funding is the deployment of the modular sleeping bag system. Initial deployment was started in FY95, but fielding of FP 1 and FP 2 alone will not be completed until after 2000. Replacement and sustainment at installation level of expensive OCIE items are also problematic because of the high expense associated with replacing many of the CFF procured items. Sustainment of soldier systems is also becoming a greater challenge. The operational tempo (OPTEMPO) of the late 1990s, utilizing a dramatically smaller soldier force, is accelerating replacement requirements for equipment and systems. Due to the high technology demands generated by these factors, many of the modernized equipment items are more costly. With the increased turnover of items, as well as increased costs, commanders must decide whether to use their scarce OMA funding to replace old, worn-out equipment with expensive, modernized equipment or to conduct training to maintain proficiency. The Army War Reserve (AWR) program provides the Army the ability to project a CONUS-based force quickly and to sustain those forces for extended periods of time. The AWR program provides for the development of requirements, stockage, management, planning, and execution of clothing, textiles, and other soldier system commodities in support of contingency operations involving the projection and sustainment of Army forces. Army War Reserve funding prevents the Army from achieving a 100% fill of the AWR requirements. Although deficiencies have been identified, no new mobilization funds have been received for over five years. This may result in the depletion of Army War Reserve sustainment stock before the industrial base is ready to provide full support during a conflict. Information Dominance Capability Assessment Information dominance will influence the individual soldier's ability to initiate decisive operations on the small unit/individual level by providing the soldier critical situational awareness of his battlespace. The decisions the soldier can make, based on his assessment of information received via command and control tools, directly influence his lethality, survivability, mobility and sustainability. Further, information dominance affords the individual soldier increased survivability through better understanding of both enemy and friendly elements on the battlefield as well as increased mobility through integrated GPS. B-10 '"" ,,, .4nllex B: Soldier Systems Information Dominance Capability Assessment Systems Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Soldier Programs Funded FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Land Warrior 34,000 AMBER AMBER AMBER Figure B-9 Land Warrior is the Army's revolutionary program to develop and field a totally integrated soldier fighting system by the year 2000. Originally focused on soldier lethality and command and control, program focus has expanded to include soldier mobility, survivability, mission rehearsal, and sustainment. The addition of these requirements and the HQDA direction for a First Unit Equipped (FUE) of FYOO has resulted in an aggressive program schedule with limited RDTE funding and little room to accommodate any major problems which could surface. This causes the program to be rated AMBER in the near-term (Figure B-9). The slow fielding rate of Land Warrior due to overall insufficient funding through the Extended Planning Period (EPP) causes Land Warrior to remain AMBER for the mid-and far-terms. Overmatch Capability Assessment Overmatch Capability Assessment Systems Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Soldier Programs Funded FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Land Warrior 34,000 AMBER AMBER AMBER Modular Load 36,000 AMBER AMBER AMBER System AMBER AMBER Modular Body 36,000 AMBER Armor JSLIST 1,345,000 AMBER AMBER AMBER CIE/SEP N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER (Basket Program) Figure B-10 The Warrior programs, along with PM-Small Arms and PM-Night Vision Soldier Enhancement Program initiatives such as the long-range sniper rifle, modular weapon system rail adapter, the monocular night vision device, and the selectable lightweight attack munitions, will provide the individual soldier with lethality overmatch in both the mid-and far-terms. However, until Force Package 3 receives Land Warrior, it will remain AMBER throughout the rated period (Figure B-1 0). B-11 Tile. U.S. Army J998lUodemization Plan Modular Load System. Great strides have been made at lightening the load and integrating ballistic protection with load carriage systems. The Modular Load System will increase mobility, reduce heat stress, and be compatible with Modular Body Armor (MBA) and other CIE. It includes fighting load carrier, patrol pack, rucksack, butt pack, and pockets/pouches. Affordability issues make the Modular Load System AMBER throughout the rated period. The soldier will also continue to pay mobility and sustainment penalties in equipment weight and bulkiness to secure ballistic protection. This may change as technology advances provide the soldier with less bulky and lighter weight ballistic protection. The Integrated Modular Body Armor (MBA) system will provide "bullet-stopping"protection for dismounted soldiers and Marines against fragmentation, fleschettes, and smallarms rounds (7.62x54, 5.56 Green Tip) at a reduced weight compared to current systems.However, until all units receive this soldier survivability equipment, MBA is rated AMBERthrough the far-term. Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST). JSLIST can providethe soldier with an overmatch capability for chemical survivability. The consolidated efforts offour services will develop the next generation suits for chemical/biological (CB) protection.JSLIST allows soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines to perform operations for 24 hours in achemical environment after 45 days of wear. The suit is launderable, with improved comfort andless weight, bulk, and heat stress for improved mission mobility and sustainment. Since JSLISTcurrently has a one million suit shortfall ($250M), all suits currently planned for procurementwill be placed in contingency stocks as opposed to being issued directly to soldiers. This willplace readiness and training shortfalls on affected units. This affordability issue makes theJSLIST rating AMBER throughout the POM. The Soldier Enhancement Program (SEP) and Clothing and Individual Equipment(CIE) programs suffer the same affordability issues as the above mentioned programs and arerated AMBER throughout the rated period. A sampling of the over 110 SEP and CIE programsthat help create soldier systems overmatch are as follows: Fighting Position Overhead Cover will provide basic overhead protection for a twosoldier fighting position from airburst, indirect fire, and small arms weapons. It will reduce setuptime compared to the Class IV lumber/plywood system. It will also be easier to transport andstore. Concealable Body Armor. Concealable body armor provides ballistic protection againsthandgun and small arms rounds for users in missions where concealable armor is needed, e.g.,protective services and force protection. There are two levels of protection-a specific softsystem for handgun protection and upgrade plates for small arms like the AK-47. It featuresimproved protection, fit, concealability, and reduced soft vest weight. It provides standardized,concealable protection for military and other government users. Equipment Belt Extender. This provides the soldier with a four-inch extension forequipment belt adjustment without removing and relocating equipment. It also provides rapid B-12 / · · Annex B: Soldier Systems fighting load adjustment when donning and doffing cold weather and Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) garments and body armor. Machine Gun Assault Bag. This provides the soldier with a bag to support 500 rounds of linked machine gun ammunition. It reduces soldier load by eliminating the requirement to carry ammunition cans, increases response time by having ammunition in a ready-to-fire configuration, and keeps ammunition clean. Knee and Elbow Pads. Pads reduce injury to soldiers by providing increased protection for knees and elbows. They extend the life of soldier uniforms and reduce lost duty time due to InJUry. Advanced Protective Eyewear System (APES). This system provides the combat vehicle crewmen with an improved goggle, providing eye protection from sun, wind, dust fragmentation, and laser threats. Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technology Essential R&D for Soldier Systems Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Future Warrior • Nanoscience SRO • MOUT ACTO • • Force XXI Land Technologies • Compact Power SRO Warrior (Includes • Enhanced Soldier Integrated Sight) Performance SRO • Personnel Airdrop • Ballistic Protection for Improved Individual Survivability Further information may be obtained in the Army Science and Technology Master Plan, Chapter 111.1 (Soldier Systems). Figure B-11 NEAR-TERM (FY98-03) Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD). The MOUT ACTD is a joint Army/Marine Corps program that encompasses a breadth of technologies including an advanced soldier system, advanced individual precision weapons, combat identification, counter-sniper non-lethal weapons, advanced sensors, situational awareness, and personal protection. The core capability that will be generated via the ACTD is the linkage of a series of advanced systems/components into a MOUT "system of systems" whereby the components are interfaced, integrated, or linked in an architecture to ensure their effective interoperability and functionality in the challenging MOUT environment B-13 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Piau Force XXI Land Warrior technology insertion program will ensure the future battlefield dominance of dismounted infantry. Advanced technologies in microelectronics, weaponry, and protection will be systematically applied to individual soldiers, Marines, and special operators of current and future warrior systems to augment their operational capabilities to achieve maximum synergy between human and equipment performance. Force XXI Land Warrior is rated AMBER for lethality in the near-term. The rating switches to GREEN in the mid-term and beyond as technologies enhance individual, crew, and personal combat weapons effectiveness with such systems as the Objective Individual Combat Weapon (OICW). This system will provide the soldier with the capability to attack fortified, non-line-of-sight targets and targets that have gone to ground. In addition , Force XXI Land Warrior is rated AMBER for command and control in the near-term, but becomes GREEN as personal communications devices become available. The personal communications device for the soldier will provide the next generation Land Warrior radio technology by adapting commercial cellular technology to support the needs of the dismounted soldier and to satisfy the joint service requirements for dismounted warfighter communications. Helmet-mounted display research will reduce power drain; increase luminance, chromaticity, and uniformity; improve high-speed refresh rates; enhance contrast; reduce cost; and increase display life. Soldier systems S&T programs involving soldier mobility include personnel airdrop technologies that will provide the means of delivering personnel and supplies with greater accuracy, safety, and precision, resulting in greatly reduced personnel airdrop injury rates and increased survivability of delivery aircraft. Also, precision drop will reduce drop zone size requirements to support rapid force entry tactics, resulting in a faster consolidation of force and allowing just-in-time resupply of rapidly moving forces. Advanced airdrop technologies will provide improved performance and enhanced safety of current personnel parachute capabilities. Advanced airfoil and parachute designs will provide gliding personnel parachute concepts and increases in jump altitude, as well as soft landing capabilities to augment personnel parachute performance. Sustainment technologies include lighter weight batteries; a fuel cell powered battery charger; and low-cost, pseudo-rechargeable, environmentally benign batteries for use in training and low-rate applications. In addition, advanced subsistence technologies will provide ration systems that sustain and support highly mobile, forward-deployed troops, and provide enhanced performance capabilities including improved target acquisition, enhanced cognitive skills and decision making (particularly under stressful battlefield conditions), extended mission endurance, and increased alertness. Improved food packaging will protect and prevent ration components from physical, chemical, or microbiological deterioration in extreme conditions. Advanced Personnel Airdrop Technologies Demonstration. This will demonstrate technologies to provide improved performance characteristics and enhanced safety of existing personnel parachute capabilities. Utilizing advanced airfoil and parachute designs, it will demonstrate a gliding personnel parachute with a 20% increase in maximum jump altitude and a 25% increase in glide ratio when compared to the current Army state-of-the-art MC-4 parachute. By the end of FY99, a non-parachute soft landing capability will be demonstrated which will B-14 ;; ··: · : An11ex B: Soldier Systems reduce descent rates to values below 16 feet per second, utilizing "pneumatic muscle" technologies. Ballistic Protection for Improved Individual Sustainability. The intent of this program is to develop advances in materials technology that increase the protection and performance of armor systems for the individual warfighter. Specifically, the goal is to integrate and transition improved technologies (at least 20% reduced weight for small arms protection) to development and/or as technology insertions to modify existing individual protective systems. It will demonstrate/insert protective materials technology that will provide a reduction in casualties at 35% less system weight than the 1996 individual countermine protective systems. The program will demonstrate an improved material system prototype for second generation multiple ballistic threat protection with a 25% decrease in weight (or an increase in protection or a combination, depending on user input). MID-TERM (FY04-10) Future Warrior Technologies. This program demonstrates the integration and supportability of technology insertions into the Land Warrior, Air Warrior, and Crew Warrior systems. The technology insertions will further enhance the various platforms in the areas of improved miniaturization, improved power management, improved Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C41) integration, low observables, improved mobility and improved vision systems. The target goal of 20% reduction in unit production cost while providing the increased capabilities will be assessed during this demonstration. All systems will be designed for maximum commonality to reduce the overall logistics burden and unit costs. The program will exploit emerging commercial technology trends to ensure the final products, the upgraded Warrior systems, are technologically superior to any potential adversary. Soldier systems technology for the Army After Next has the goal of reducing the Land Warrior load to 50 pounds and will provide fully integrated protection against a full spectrum of threats while reducing bulk, logistics, and weight. In addition, goals for AAN include dramatically increasing lethality with target acquisition which will automatically acquire and hand over targets to appropriate supporting weapons in all conditions, day/night and through obscurants. Finally, situational understanding will include a full time link to all available battlefield assets, automatically selected for unit, position, and mission. In addition, the soldier will be capable of seven days' sustained operations without re-supply. FAR-TERM (FYll-20) The Nanoscience Strategic Research Objective (SRO) will enable the development of extremely lightweight sensors and Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4) technologies for the future soldier. The Compact Power SRO will develop technologies that increase the soldier's power capacity while decreasing the weight burden. The emerging Enhanced Soldier Performance SRO is focusing on technologies to improve soldier combat performance, including nutritional, physiological, and cognitive engineering interventions. B-15 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemiz(tfion Phm Research and development programs involving soldier survivability include textile and composite-based material systems, design concepts for individual ballistic protection, chemical biological protection (to include selectively permeable membranes and/or enhanced adsorbent components), countermeasures to sensors, multi-functional materials (to include environmental and flame/thermal protection), warrior performance and endurance enhancements (to include microclimate conditioning), laser eye protection (to include agile laser protection), and integration of soldier systems modular components. These efforts will provide the technology basis for upgrading soldier survivability in the Warrior systems. Contributing Capabilities and Infrastructure Efforts to modernize the soldiers in the Army's combat branches are well underway with a combination of the efforts of the Warrior, Special Operations Forces Personal Equipment Requirements (SPEAR), CIE, and SEP programs; the results will impact only a small portion of the total active force. Modernization of the combat support and combat service support soldier elements are lagging since modernization requirements for these essential members, who contribute much to the total force, are yet to be determined. Current efforts are underway to determine requirements for combat medics and how spin-offs from the Warrior programs can improve field medical capabilities. In addition, efforts to meet requirements of firefighters, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), military police and chemical decontamination personnel are currently ongoing with some of the following examples: The Firefighter Integrated Suit-Combat (FIS-C), an ensemble that provides the Army firefighter both chemical agent and fire protection, will be developed. It enables firefighters to conduct fire and rescue operations in a chemical warfare environment-no current capability. The Advanced Bomb Suit (Figure B-12) will provide protection from Unexploded Ordinances (UXO) and Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) fragmentation, blast, and overpressure. A modular design configuration will meet the specific needs of various users. It reduces weight (roughly 12% using new lightweight materials), improves protection, and combines servtce requirements. Self-Contained Toxic Improved Toxicological Agent Environmental Protective Protective Ensemble (ITAP) Outfit (STEPO) Figure B-12 B-16 .4nllex B: Soldier Systems The Self-Contained Toxic Environmental Protective Outfit (STEPO), an encapsulated ensemble which will provide four hours' protection against chemical/biological agents, toxic industrial chemicals, missile fuels, POL, and flame, will be developed. It will reduce heat stress and provide increased protection for prolonged operations. The Improved Toxicological Agent Protective Ensemble (IT AP) will provide protection for short-term entry, lifesaving, and routine depot toxic chemical agent stockpile operations. It improves on the M3 TAP suit capabilities and fills the gap between the STEPO and Level C clothing. The Combat Medic Vest System provides efficient organization of medical equipment to enhance the treatment of casualties and to reduce the medic's load burden. The vest and pack system will allow medics hands-free capability and easy access to most frequently used supplies when treating injuries in the field. A one-size-fits-all vest carries 40% and pack carries 60% of supply items and equipment. Overall Assessment In summary, today's Army is the best-fed, best-led, best-equipped, and best-trained fighting force in the world, but it still lacks the capabilities required for its soldiers to ensure combat overmatch, minimize casualties, and fully meet the vision of Army XXI. For the Army to maintain its decisive edge, it must ensure that its ultimate weapon, the individual soldier, is sufficiently equipped to meet the challenges of the next century. Progress is being made in the S&T and EMD phases in the modernization of soldier systems. Support for these efforts must continue in order to achieve a decisive edge in the more challenging battlespace of tomorrow. However, not all the soldiers of our Army are issued the force multiplying clothing and equipment that has been developed to meet the formidable conditions of today's battlefield. The severity of budget constraints repeatedly causes disjointed and tiered fielding of modern systems. Fielding programs intended to achieve synergy among new systems are staggered over as many as six years in various divisional fighting forces, creating have and have-not units . This reduces soldier effectiveness and undermines morale. The difficulty of getting newly approved clothing and equipment into the hands of the soldier in a reasonable time-frame results in the current assessment for production and fielding as AMBER for Force Packages 1 and 2 and RED for Force Packages 3 and 4. In addition to problems inherent to initially fielding an item, the cost of technology in presently fielded soldier systems makes it extremely difficult for commanders to purchase soldier equipment items out of O&M funding. Therefore, the rating for the sustainment phase is RED. A significantly increased investment must be made to procure and field soldier systems, providing the soldier a force multiplier to offset a steep decline in soldiers in the field and a dramatic increase in OPTEMPO. Failure to do so increases the vulnerability of the soldier we deploy. B-17 Tile. U.S. Arm •1998 Modernizatioll Plan SECTION 3: CONCLUSION The soldier of the 21st Century must be physically tough, intelligent, and well trained. Regardless of advances in technology, the combat soldier's mission remains to close with and destroy an enemy by means of fire and maneuver. Close combat forces must capitalize on advances in technology to allow increased lethality and survivability of the individual soldier. A key and vital aspect of our National Military Strategy is "troops on the ground." Whether the mission is deterrence, peacekeeping, humanitarian relief, or conflicts short of war, it cannot be accomplished without the commitment of ground troops. A theater naval task force and an air wing were unable to stop the genocide in Bosnia-the soldier on the ground with a rifle in his hands made the difference. The overall rating for soldier systems is depicted in Figure B-13. Soldier system information dominance is rated RED in the near-term for soldier systems modernization until (1) Warrior systems establish an Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in a light division (FY04) and (2) the light forces digitized architecture is established. Soldier systems overmatch takes into consideration all five soldier capabilities and receives a RED rating in both the near-and midterms due to lack of soldier survivability capability in individual body armor and NBC protection. In addition, overmatch is also reduced by lack of soldier mobility caused by excessive body armor weight and power sources requiring excessive use of batteries . Good progress is being made in soldier system S&T. Support for these efforts must continue in order to achieve a decisive edge in the more challenging battlespace of tomorrow. While there are technology challenges to be met and overcome, this area is rated overall GREEN. Until requirements are defined for soldiers in the areas of combat service and combat service support contributing capabilities will be rated AMBER in the near-and mid-terms. This rating will change to GREEN in the far-term as these requirements become more defined and "spin-off' technologies become available from the Warrior programs. Overall Assessment Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Invest. Cat FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Info Dominance RED AMBER AMBER Overmatch RED RED AMBER Essential R&D GREEN GREEN GREEN Contributing Capabilities AMBER AMBER GREEN Figure B-13 Soldier systems modernization priorities are to develop and field integrated systems that increase the soldier's situational awareness, lethality, efficiency of power sources, and survivability; reduce load weight; and further reduce the adverse impact of his environment B-18 -"!: · Annex B: Soldier Systems (weather and NBC). This will be done through further definition of suits of clothing and equipment that form logical, integrated soldier systems, using the Land Warrior as a point of reference. The combat engineer, the field medic, the firefighter, the EOD technician, and the chemical decontamination technician, to name a few, have unique equipment requirements over and above those of the individual soldier. Additionally, centralized funds to field modernized equipment must be robust enough to fulfill the Army's current commitment to field to Force Packages 1 and 2 in a reduced time. It must also then be extended to reach through Force Package 3 in order to meet the "contingency" response requirements consistently levied on those units. POM FY99-03 DOES: DOES NOT: Land • Begin fielding to force Land • Provide force IOC Warrior • Provide systems to 41h 10 Warrior • Provide light force digitization Modular Body • Provide "bullet-stopping" Modular Body • Protect all soldiers in high-priority Armor survivability to soldiers Armor units Modular Load • Provide better mobility to Modular Load • Provide better mobility to all soldiers System soldiers System in high-priority units Central Funding & • Provide rapid initial fielding of Central Funding & • Field to lower-priority units Fielding clothing and equipment Fielding JSL/ST • Provide initial contingency JSLIST • Protect Total Force stock Figure B-14 No American soldier should be sent into harm's way without the proper equipment. The Army leadership is committed to providing soldiers with the best equipment the Army has to offer. Resource requirements in both soldier modernization RDTE and procurement will receive greater management "Soldiers Are Our emphasis than in previous years to ensure a positive Credentials!" turnaround in the area of soldier modernization. In this way, the Army will continue to ensure that "Soldiers Are Our Credentials." Figure B-15 B-19 ANNEX C: BATTLEFIELD DIGITIZATION SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview The Army digitization effort is a vital part of the larger Army process for meeting the challenges of the 21 51 Century. Tomorrow's Army-Army XXI-will emanate from the reconceptualization and redesign of the force at all echelons, from the foxhole to the sustaining base. Assimilation of information and information technologies will be crucial to the success of the redesign effort. Army modernization is facing formidable challenges, and technology offers significant operational advantages. When technological breakthroughs occur, the Army must capitalize on them and distribute the advantages across the force. Horizontal Technology Integration (HTI) is a key component of the Army Modernization Strategy, oriented on system upgrades that capitalize on new technology insertion, as well as the development of new system platforms. It applies emerging technologies commonly across multiple systems to improve the warfighting capability of the total force. It simultaneously integrates and fields such technologies into different weapons systems and support platforms that fight together, providing exponential improvements to the force. "Pushing" Army emerging technologies across the range of systems also enhances interoperability. This affords economies of scale by capitalizing on opportunities to modernize where opportunities may not have been considered earlier. Battlefield digitization is one of the horizontal technology initiative . It is a key element in support of the Army's concept for information dominance. Digitization Digitizing the Battlefield is the application of information technologies to acquire, exchange, and employ timely digital information throughout the battlespace, tailored to the needs of each decider (commander), shooter, and supporter...allowing each to maintain a clear and accurate vision of his battlespace necessary to support both planning and execution. l Lethality Survivability '< OPTEMPO From Strategic/Sustaining Base Assets To The Tactical Level Within The Army and Within Joint/Combined Operations Figure C-1 C-1 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plan· ~ :;,;\ Digitization is the application of information technologies to acquire, exchange, and employ timely information throughout the battlespace. This information is tailored to the needs of each decision maker (commander), shooter, and supporter allowing each to maintain a clear and accurate picture of the battlespace necessary to support both planning and execution phases of military operations. Digitization allows the warfighter to communicate vital battlefield information instantly and reliably, rather than through slow and less reliable voice radio channels and even slower liaison efforts. Digitization is a force multiplier providing a cost-effective means of enhancing combat power. It provides a significant increase in the ability of commanders and leaders at all levels to quickly synchronize forces, direct and indirect fires; and to rapidly make decisions to increase operational tempo. It provides timely and accurate information on friendly locations, reducing the potential for fratricide . Digitization achieves shared situational awareness, which provides a clear and accurate common picture of battlespace to commanders at all levels (Figure C-2). Getting the Picture c 0 M M 0 N p ~ DIV/JTF tl!i'~, will permit the quick, no-tools attachment of aiming lights, close combat optics, powered optics, 12 devices, thermals, grenade launchers, and other ancillary equipment. The concept is to allow unit commanders the ability to tailor their unit's weapons for specific missions and reconfigure without the need for re-zeroing except when necessary. Funding is available to support Army procurement through high priority units requirements. AMBER. M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). The M249 is a 5.56mm, lightweight, aircooled, gas-operated, belt-fed, one-man portable automatic weapon capable of delivering a large volume of effective fire at ranges up to 800 meters. The basis of issue is one per soldier designated to fire in the automatic rifle role in all types of units. As a light machine gun, it is scheduled to replace the M60 7.62mm medium machine gun in certain units. In 1996, the Army awarded a three-year contract for M249s. Through the POM, the Army procures 95% of its requirement. GREEN. MK19-3 40mm Grenade Machine Gun (GMG). A 40mm, self-powered, air-cooled, belt-fed, blowback operated weapon, the MK19-3 is designed to deliver accurate, intense, and decisive firepower against point targets at ranges out to 1,600 meters and area targets at ranges out to 2,200 meters. It replaces selected M2 .50 caliber heavy machine guns in selected units and will be the primary suppressive weapon for combat support and combat service support units. In 1997, the Army awarded a three-year contract for MK19-3s. Through the POM, the Army procures 95% of its requirement. GREEN. M240B Medium Machine Gun. The M240B addresses the problem of reduced performance in the aging M60 medium machine gun fleet. The M240B is an extremely reliable, ground-mounted, gas-operated 7.62mm machine gun that fires NATO-standard ammunition from the open bolt to a maximum effective range of 1,100 meters. In addition to improvements in reliability, the weapon will be modified to accept modular accessories such as day optics, night vision devices, laser aiming lights, flashlights, and training devices. The M240B is intended to replace ground-mounted M60 machine guns in infantry, armor, and selected combat engineer units. In 1997, the Army awarded a contract for procurement of M240B medium machine guns. Through the POM, this satisfies 72% of the Army requirement. GREEN. Javelin MPIM/SRAW Figure D-14 Javelin. Javelin, a joint Army/USMC program, is a man portable, medium antitank weapon that replaces the obsolete Dragon. The Javelin has an integrated day/night (thermal) sight; a range exceeding 2,500 meters; a lock-on before launch, fire and forget capability that can D-16 ·/; · ··"" 'A1111ex D: Combat Maneuver be selected for direct or top attack; and can be fired from enclosures. The Javelin is the number one anti-tank priority for light forces. The Javelin began fielding in 3QFY96 and is currently fully resourced through high-priority units, with a Javelin training package for the remainder of the force. GREEN. Multipurpose Individual Munition (MPIM)/Short-Range Anti-tank Weapon (SRAW). The MPIM/SRAW, a joint Army/USMC program, is a light, disposable, multipurpose weapon that replaces both the AT4 and BDM and is capable of defeating personnel in bunkers, behind masonry and brick walls, and in light armored vehicles. The MPIM/SRAW has an effective range of 500 meters against masonry structures and 300 meters against earth-timber bunkers. It is safely fired from enclosures and can be used by all soldiers without the need for a dedicated gunner. This is a joint program that uses a launch and flight module developed in the USMC SRAW program and uses the Army-developed MPIM warhead module. Research and development occurs in FY96-99 with the First Unit Equipped in FY02. AMBER in the nearthrough far-terms. Thermal Weapon Sight (TWS)/(AN/PAS-13). The TWS is a family (light, medium and heavy variants) of lightweight, compact, battery-operated, second generation, thermal imaging devices that begins fielding and full production in FY98. The TWS will mount on the M16 rifle, M4 carbine, M249 squad machine gun, M60 and M240B medium machine guns, the .50 caliber heavy machine gun, and the MK-19 40mrn machine gun. An integrated laser rangefinder and compass/vertical angle Figure D-15 measurement device is planned for technology insertion in FY99. The planned procurement extends out to FY08, but will only be fielded to fill critical requirements. GREEN. Mini Eye-safe Laser Infrared Observation Set (MELIOS). The MELIOS, a lightweight, eye-safe, handheld, battery-powered, laser rangefinder, accurately measures ranges to 10,000 meters. The Army has funded 7,363 MELIOS, a quantity which fields MELIOS to critical requirements in the AC and seven National Guard EBs. An integrated CompassNertical Angle Measurement upgrade kit is funded for all devices. It still requires a non-rechargeable, go-to-war battery which makes this system AMBER through the far-term. Figure D-16 AN/PAQ-4C Infrared Laser. A 5.8ounce eye-safe laser target designator for small arms target acquisition. It is visible only with image intensification devices (i.e., NVGs and MNVD) and when boresighted to a weapon, allows the soldier at night to fire accurately to a Figure D-17 D-17 The. U.S. Army 1998 Afotlemization Planl ~,,.~ ""'/' ,.:;;, range of approximately 300 meters. Additional fielding of 17,000 devices in FY98 will fully equip the AC and half of the enhanced brigades. GREEN. AN/PEQ-2A Infrared Laser. A 7.2-ounce dual laser similar to the AN/PEQ-4C in function. The PEQ-2A has two lasers with a maximum effective range of several thousand meters. One laser functions in an IR floodlight illumination capacity, which increases the effectiveness of the soldiers' image intensification devices. The AN/PEQ-2A will be issued to machine gunners and selected infantry leaders. Fielding begins in FY98. GREEN. AN/PVS-4 Product Improvement Program (PIP). Provides soldiers with small arms not equipped with TWS with a third generation image intensification tube and a rail grabber to allow mounting on the new family of small arms (M16A4/M4/M240B MMG and M249 SAW). Funding will resource only a portion of the 82nd Airborne Division. Figure D-18 AMBER. Sniper Day/Night Sight (SNS). The SNS provides the sniper the capability to fire the M24 Sniper Weapon System (SWS) accurately to a range of 600 meters at night and 800 meters during the day. An advanced third generation image intensification tube mounts to the existing M24 rail. The Army is funded for 100% of requirements and will field SNS to all M24 SWS beginning in FY98. GREEN. (Enhanced) Target Location Observation System [(E)TLOS]. (E)TLOS provides counter-sniper capability to the infantry squad. An eye-safe IR illuminating laser provides retroreflection from enemy optics. (E)TLOS GPS, laser rangefinder, and compass/vertical angle measurements provide digital target acquisition of targets at 3-5kms. (E)TLOS is Land Warrior capable for data export and has a unit weight under five pounds. Fielding is to begin in FY99-00. Due to technology risk with the development of this system, this program is AMBER. Mortar Fire Control System (MFCS). MFCS is an automated fire control system that seamlessly integrates mortar platoons into the current and future fire support command and control architecture. MFCS provides an onboard fire control system that includes fire control that maximizes lethality (CEP is reduced from 230 meters to 60 meters) and increases survivability by allowing "shoot and scoot" capabilities similar to Paladin. Additionally, MFCS hosts Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2). The MFCS provides increased capabilities to both heavy and light forces. MFCS is a Force XXI Warfighting Rapid Acquisition Program (WRAP). WRAP funding accelerates the fielding of this system by two years. FUE is scheduled for 3QFYOO. MFCS will be fielded to Active Component mortar platoons. The MFCS program is insufficiently funded through the far-term to provide the required operational capability. AMBER. D-18 ·.• "!¥ Annex D: Combat 1llftneuver ENGINEER FORCES Combat Maneuver-Overmatch Program Assessment- En~ 1neer Forces #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks HORNET (WAM) Grizzly Wolverine 906 366 Note 1 RED AMBER AMBER AMBER AMBER AMBER AMBER AMBER AMBER Procurement Low Production Low Fielding HDSB 123 74 AMBER AMBER AMBER Procurement ACE 482 07 AMBER AMBER AMBER Procurement Note: 1. Requ1red for Wolvenne are 928 launchers w1th 465 funded and 1,013 bndges w1th 989 funded. Figure D-19 HORNET [Wide Area Munition ('VAM)]. The HORNET is the foundation of future obstacle warfare. The initial hand-emplaced HORNET has a stand-off detection and engagement capability to attack targets out to 100 meters with a top-attack munition. Its 100-meter range covers the same frontage as 150-200 conventional anti-tank mines. HORNET will be the base dynamic obstacle system technology, reached through the HORNET product improvement program (with turn-on, turn-off capability) and Deep Attack HORNET deliverable by rocket, missile, or fixed wing aircraft. Limited procurement in the near-term to meet the operational capability causes a RED rating; and 28% fill of the AAO of 40,000 systems for the 1st digitized division, corps, and high-priority units makes this system AMBER through the far-term. See Annex L, Logistics, for Wide Area Munition information. Grizzly Breaching Vehicle. The Grizzly will provide an in-stride, under-armor breaching capability for heavy divisions. The Grizzly is based on an Ml chassis and power unit and will have the same cross-country mobility, component commonality (75+%), and situational awareness capability as the M1A2 and M2A3 force it supports. The current Army Acquisition Objective (AAO) is more than 900 with 311 systems required for the Active Force. FUE will be in FY04; through the far-term more than 300 systems will be procured for the high-priority units and propositioned unit Figure D-20 sets. AMBER because of slow production rates. Wolverine Heavy Assault Bridge (HAB). The Wolverine will provide a Class 70 assault crossing capability over 24 meter gaps. This system will replace the Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge (AVLB), a Class 60, 18-meter assault gap-crossing system. The Wolverine is based on the M1A2 SEP chassis and will have the same mobility, component commonality (90+%) and situational awareness capability as the M1A2 and M2A3 force it supports. The current AAO is over 900 with 332 required for the Active Force. FUE will be in FYOO. More than 300 systems are fielded through FY11. The system is rated AMBER through the far-term primarily due to low rates of fielding to Figure D-21 meet the operational capability. D·19 The. U.S. Army 1998 A1odemizatioll Piau":: ,•, Heavy Dry Support Bridge (HDSB)-Forward Tactical Area LOC Bridge. The HDSB will provide the maneuver force a forward area heavy crossing bridge capable of crossing Class 96 wheeled traffic (heavy equipment transporter with an M1A2 tank) over 40 meter gaps. This bridge will be installed in less than 90 minutes by less than 14 men. It will replace the Medium Girder Bridge (MGB) which takes several hours to install by an engineer platoon. FUE for this bridge will be in 1 QFY02, limiting our gap crossing capability. AMBER through the far-term. M9 Armored Combat Earthmover (ACE). The ACE is the primary earthmover in mechanized combat engineer battalions. Currently there are 482 systems on hand, filling 28% of the total Army. requirement, with less than 70 % of the Active Force fielded. Rated AMBER in the near-term. No major procurement for an improved ACE is planned until FY07; this, added to the existing ACE numbers (which will have reached their R3 point), completes fielding to the Active Force and begins fielding to other units by FYll . The new fielding will begin with the highest priority units in the force, which will allow cascading to other non-ACE equipped units. Considering aging equipment among original ACEs, the assessment through the far-term continues as AMBER. Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technologies Research and development efforts to modernize combat maneuver systems for Army Vision 2010 and Army Mter Next focus on: • Maintaining lethality of direct fire systems in the near-term • Extending the battlespace of maneuver systems • Seeking leap-ahead lethality for future systems • Improving survivability of mounted and dismounted forces • Improving tactical and strategic mobility • Improving effectiveness and survivability of early entry forces • Reducing countermobility effects of mines • Developing non-lethal weapons To achieve the Army's vision for Army Vision 2010 and the even more challenging vision for the Army After Next, successful development and transitioning of advanced technologies to systems will be essential. A major challenge will be to provide technologies for affordable systems that have higher strategic and tactical mobility (e.g., smaller, lighter, and more agile ground systems with reduced logistics burden), yet retain, or possess, even greater combat capabilities. The AAN concepts are still evolving, but one can see certain themes. For the U.S. Army to be a true power projection force with greater flexibility and responsiveness, ground combat systems need to be smaller and lighter, both for intertheater and intratheater transportation. Development and analyses of competing concepts, identification of technical D-20 barriers, and establishing technology programs to address them, helping the user refine requirements, and addressing affordability early in the development process are activities that are appropriate for the R&D base. The most notable Advanced Technology Demonstrations (ATD), technology demonstrations (TD), and R&D investment programs are summarized below. Essential R&D for Combat Maneuver Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 • LOSAT ACTD • Future Combat System TD • Full Spectrum Active Protection • EFOG-M ATD (RFPI • Future Infantry Vehicle TD • Mobile Wireless ACTD) Communication (SAO) • Direct Fire Lethality ATD • Biomimetics (SAO) • Extended Range Munition • Future Scout and Cavalry System ATD • Multi-Function Stories Sensor Suite ATD (MFS3) • Objective Family of Small Arms • Vehicular Mounted Mine Detector A TD Further information may be obtained in the Army Science and Technology Master Plan, Chapter III.G (Mounted Forces), III.H (Close Combat Light), and II.M (Engineer and Mine Warfare) Figure D-22 Near-Term (FY98-03) Line-of-Sight Antitank (LOSAT). The LOSAT is a direct fire kinetic energy missile fired from a heavy HMMWV platform using the Improved Bradley Acquisition System II Generation FLIR sight. It provides overmatching lethality against current and future armor threats and provides for automatic multiple target tracking and engagement. LOSAT can be airdropped or airlanded from Air Force cargo aircraft, CH-47s, and UHLO Black Hawks in support of early entry Figure D-23 contingency/light forces. Enhanced Fiber Optic Guided Missile (EFOG-M). The EFOGM is a digitized non-line-of-sight antitank system capable of defeating high-value targets under day/night, poor weather conditions, out to 15kms fired from a heavy HMMWV chassis . Resourced for participation in the RFPI ACTD FY98, EFOGM will also undergo an extended user evaluation in FY99-00 resulting in the fielding of 12 fire units, three platoon command vehicles, and 256 operational Figure D-24 missiles to the XVIII Airborne Corps. D-21 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Piau ""-;t Direct Fire Lethality (DFL) ATD. This ATD will demonstrate technologies to enhance the direct fire, hit and kill capabilities of the Abrams tank and other armored vehicles. The approach is to provide a quantum leap in performance with little or no weight or volume burden on the vehicle. Emphasis will be placed on defeat of explosive reactive armor appliques with precursors for Kinetic Energy (KE) and weapon stabilization of turret and main gun. DFL ATD began in FY96 and will be completed in FYO1. Extended Range Munition (ERM). This program will demonstrate advanced munition technologies to provide tanks with both line-of-sight, and long-range , non-line-of-sight antiarmor capabilities against high-value targets equipped with explosively reactive armor (ERA) and/or active protection systems (APS). The program responds to a user requirement to extend the battlespace of main battle tanks to eight or ten kilometers. Future Scout and Cavalry System (FSCS) ATD. FSCS ATD will demonstrate the advanced technologies-e.g., sensors, survivability, communications, mobility, and lethalityrequired to develop the Army's first dedicated scout/reconnaissance vehicle. Plans call for a robust, competitive demonstration while omitting the traditional demonstration and validation phases as a time and cost saving measure. The demonstration will.be conducted competitively under a cooperative program with the United Kingdom. The ATD is scheduled to start in FY98 and is to be completed in FY02. Multi-Function Staring Sensor Suite (MFS3). This program supplies the advanced sensor technology development to improve the effectiveness and survivability of the combat vehicle. This ATD will demonstrate a compact, affordable suite of advanced integrated sensors to increase long-range noncooperative target identification, reduce time lines, increase detection probabilities of low-signature targets, and detect mortar/sniper fire location. The suite will include staring infrared arrays, multifunction laser and acoustic arrays. This ATD started in FY98 and is scheduled to be completed in FYOl. Objective Family of Small Arms (OFSA). The OFSA is a technology-based program managed by the Joint Service Small Arms Program to develop leap-ahead small arms systems that will provide the soldier significantly increased lethality and overmatch on the battlefield. The Objective Individual Combat Weapon (OICW) provides the soldier the ability to detect, acquire, engage, and defeat personnel targets out to ranges of 1,000 meters. It combines the firepower of 20mm controlled (set to specific range) air bursting munitions with 5.56mm kinetic energy projectiles. The system includes a full solution, computer integrated fire control (day/night-powered optics, laser rangefinder, combat ID, environmental sensors, and adjusted aim point display) that will improve probability of hit 300-500% over the standard M16. The OICW is the future infantryman's weapon and is expected to begin fielding in FY06. The Objective Crew Served Weapon (OCSW) represents the next generation crew served weapons system identified to replace existing CAL .50 and MK 19 weapons systems. The OCSW leverages technologies developed for OICW. It fires 25mm air bursting and anti-armor munitions with an effective range of 2,000 meters. D-22 ¥• ", '0" Annex D: Combat J.lfllneuver Vehicular Mounted Mine Detector A TO. This ATD demonstrates the mounted capability to detect metallic and nonmetallic mines conventionally or remotely emplaced. The system uses ground-penetrating radar, forward-looking radar, infrared, sensor fusion, and automatic target recognition. Teleoperation capability will be demonstrated. Two multisensor suites for mounted, close-in and stand-off detection of minefields, individual mines, and unexploded ordnance are planned. This ATD began in FY96 and ends in FY98. Mid-Term (FY04-10) Future Combat System (FCS). The Future Combat System (FCS) responds to a requirement for a new close combat system that is a leap-ahead in lethality, survivability, and sustainability. A key element of FCS is the ability of this system to perform expanded battlefield roles in the close heavy battlespace while significantly reducing the logistical support required for deployment and sustainment of such a system. This need for an expanded battlefield role resulted in a change from a Future Main Battle Tank (FMBT) concept to FCS. FCS concept development is focused on candidate armament technologies which are the main design drives for FCS. Also being explored in S&T are alternative power sources and approaches to provide a platform capable of maximum output with minimum logistical demands. Advanced survivability measures will be integrated into the FCS. First Unit Equipped (FUE) is desired for FY15. Future Infantry Vehicle (FIV). The strategically deployable FIV will provide full dimensional protection and transport for its crew and an 11-man Land Warrior infantry squad to any point on the battlefield. The FIV will dominate maneuver and provide fires at extended ranges with increased survivability. The FIV and variants are anticipated to replace the Bradley family of vehicles and the aging M113 family of vehicles as general transport and medical evacuation vehicles. The FIV needs to begin fielding no later than 2012 to meet projected operational requirements and anticipated threat. Far-Term (FYll-20) Full Spectrum Active Protection System (FSAPS). The objective of this program is to develop technologies to provide hemispherical protection for combat vehicles against highvelocity , large-caliber kinetic energy penetrators, as well as slower moving anti-armor guided missiles. Efforts funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Army have examined ways to defeat threats such as handheld high-explosive antitank weapons and anti-tank guided missiles. The much more demanding task of defeating faster moving long rod penetrators is the goal of long-term efforts. If successful, the active protection approach can make combat vehicles far lighter than they would be if they had to rely on ballistic armor only for comparable levels of protection. Strategic Research Objectives (SRO). The Mobile Wireless Communications SRO will support the development of highly efficient bandwidth utilization techniques, with terrain and environment independent communications to enable integrated, precision maneuver. Biomimetics research focuses on advanced survivability methodologies based on design principles derived from natural systems, for example, spider-silk. D-23 Tile. U.S. Army /998 Modernization Plan ~ ::~~1:2, Recapitalization Combat Maneuver-Recapitalization Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Heavy Forces M1A1 AIM M2/3A2 ODS 1,535 1,573 0 1,573 16 RED AMBER RED AMBER RED AMBER Funding I Note 1 Procurement M113 UPGD 19,213 1,370 AMBER AMBER AMBER Funding I Note 1 Engineer Forces ESE Note 2 AMBER AMBER AMBER Procurement IRB AMBER AMBER AMBER Procurement CONST. EQ Note 2 RED AMBER AMBER Procurement Notes: 1. Upgrade program to currently fielded systems at their R3 point. 2. Consists of multiple systems. Figure D-25 HEAVY FORCES Abrams Integrated Management (AIM) XXI. The AIM program is the armor community's high-payoff program to ensure the M1A1 's viability. By the year 2015, the initial production version of the M1A1 will have been in the field for 30 years. AIM XXI will provide benefits of life-cycle cost reduction, increased readiness, enhanced configuration control, fleet modernization, industrial base sustainment, and opportunity to insert warfighting capabilities while the tank is disassembled. AIM XXI is currently funded to conduct a Proof of Principle (PoP) using 17 M1A1s from the NTC. Both government and industry facilities will be used to execute complete disassembly and rebuild of subassemblies, both hull and turret, and finish with a complete system check. The PoP effort began in 4QFY96 and ended in 1 QFY98 with a final report from AMSAA. Not funded-RED. Bradley Fighting Vehicle Upgrade (M2/3A2 ODS). Following the Gulf War, an improvement program was initiated to address Bradley deficiencies discovered during that conflict. This program resulted in the Operation Desert Storm (ODS) retrofit with "off-the-shelf equipment" and will result in 1,573 existing M2/M3 Bradleys being retrofitted between FY96 and FYOO. The ODS Program was initiated as an expedited, nondevelopment program for near term improvements. ODS improvements include an eye-safe Laser RangeFinder (LRF) with super-elevation for the 25mm cannon; Global Positioning System (GPS) with digital compass; a Driver's Viewer Enhancement (DVE) restowage; and mounting for the Battlefield Combat Identification System (BCIS). M2/3A2 ODS is rated AMBER through the far-term due to procurement quantity. D-24 M113 Family of Vehicles (FOV) Upgrade Program. The Reliability Improvement Selected Equipment (RISE) program was designed to improve the mobility and survivability of the M113 family of vehicles. Improvements include a 275-horsepower engine and an upgraded transmission, externally heavy fuel tanks, and an improved steering system. The Army intends to apply a RISE power upgrade to select vehicles in high priority units. Included in the RISE upgrade program are the M1059 smoke carriers, M1064 mortar carriers, M1068 command posts, and the Opposing Force (OPFOR) Surrogate Vehicle (OSV}-the replacement for the Sheridan Fleet at Combat Training Centers. The total Army requirement for M113A3 family in all units is 19,213. Due to reduced annual funding which results in an extended fielding timeline the Mll3A3 is AMBER. ENGINEER FORCES Engineer Support Equipment (ESE). ESE includes many items of equipment which support the total force; floodlight sets, rubber assault boats, diving equipment, prime power generation equipment, and well drilling equipment are all included under ESE. ESE is primarily low-density and unique equipment that is procured using an under $2 million line which has been largely underfunded in recent POMs. Most of the ESE in the field are beyond their R3 points and current procurement programs are beginning to address this deficiency. ESE is rated AMBER in the near-term. Numerous recapitalization efforts in FY04 are required to continue this recovery, particularly in the areas of diving equipment, well drilling, and surveying instruments. It is rated AMBER in both mid-and far-terms since these procurements will only fill high-priority units. Improved Ribbon Bridge (IRB)-Float Bridge. The IRB will replace the current ribbon bridge found in engineer assault float bridge companies. This bridge will provide a greater degree of flotation, allowing crossings in faster currents, as well as increased survivability against small arms fire and small artillery fragments. The bridge will also have stronger ramp sections to support access/egress across higher riverbanks. Current systems are AMBER due to limitations on crossing ability. This system remains AMBER through the far-term despite fielding to most of the Active Force. . Construction Equipment. Construction equipment provides Army forces with a wide range of capabilities, from force projection, to survivability construction, to sustainment engineering. Missions include road and runway construction/repair, to fighting positions and protective berms/structures, to bridges and temporary shelter construction. Although several systems are being fielded, construction equipment is over age and therefore RED in the near term. Construction equipment is projected to be procured for high-priority Active and Reserve units only. AMBER through the far-term. D-25 The. U.S. Army 1998 A1odemization Bla11: ~ :l~ Contributing Capabilities ENGINEER FORCES combat Maneuver-contn"butmg capabT. I 1t1es proaram Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Engineer Forces Volcano GREEN GREEN GREEN GSTAMIDS 645 AMBER GREEN GREEN ProcurementHSTAMIDS 16,000 RED AMBER GREEN CapabilityFigure D-26 Volcano. This is the state-of-the-art tactical mine system for Army forces today,providing scatterable, rapidly emplaced minefields. Ground Volcano dispensers will be fielded through the entire force by FY99. Air Volcano dispensers (employed on UH-60 helicopters)began fielding in FY96 and will be complete through most units by FY98. Shortfalls exist inreload capabilities due to reduced procurement of Class V, increasing risk during earlyentry/force projection and extended operations. Due to an anti-personnellandmine usemoratorium in 1999, Volcano canisters will be produced with six anti-tank mines rather than theformer combination of five anti-tank mines and one anti-personnel mine. See Annex L forVolcano ammunition information. GREEN. Interim Vehicle Mounted Mine Detector (IVMMD)/Ground Stand-off MineDetection System (GSTAMIDS). The IVMMD is an interim capability until GSTAMIDS isfielded. GSTAMIDS will detect metallic and nonmetallic-metallic mines both on and off routes.Both systems have the capability to mark and record detected mines. The IVMMD will beplaced in storage for contingency operations in FY98-99 until needed for military operations.AMBER in the near-term, GREEN in the mid-term. Procurement of the objective GSTAMIDSwill begin in FY02, maintaining the assessment as GREEN by FY11. Handheld Stand-off Mine Detection System (HSTAMIDS). HSTAMIDS providesdismounted soldiers a multispectral means to detect mines. This system will rely on acombination of technologies to detect metallic and nonmetallic-metallic mines on and belowground surface. HSTAMIDS will replace the AN/PSS-12 mine detectors. AAO is over 16,000sets. Procurement will begin in FYO 1; this causes our nonmetallic-metallic detection assessmentto be RED through the near-term, rising to AMBER through the mid-term, and to GREEN bythe close of the far-term. D-26 Infrastructure combat Maneuver~ f program Assessment n rastructure I #Systems I #Systems I R3 I Near-Term I Mid-Term I Far-Term I System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Engineer Forces Fire Truck I 182 I 132 I 1s I AMBER I AMBER I AMBER I Procurement Figure D-27 Firetrucks (TOE). Tactical firetruck procurement will begin in FY99 to upgrade the Army's existing fleet. Trucks will be improved to a 1000-gallon capacity and will feature offroad capabilities to better support Army airfield operational requirements. AAO is 182 while APO is 132; procurement will continue through FY08. AMBER. D-27 SECTION 3: CONCLUSION Ground maneuver of the future must be able to project lethal and survivable combat power anywhere in the world. We must continue to modernize the total suite of combat maneuver systems, i.e., heavy forces, light forces and engineers to achieve a totally integrated and interoperable force. Overall, our combat maneuver systems are rated AMBER through the far-term; however, they are at further risk if projected funding is not realized. Additional budget constraints can cause disjointed, tiered fielding of modernized systems rather than complete suites of modernized equipment to integral units and organizations. The inability to field to integral units forces soldiers to be proficient on multiple generations of similar equipment. It also requires units to retain extensive repair parts, tools and test sets to accommodate the wide variety of equipment. The heavy ground maneuver force systems such as the Abrams tank, Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle, and Grizzly will continue to be the cornerstone systems for future heavy warfare. Combined with LRAS3, Crusader, Comanche, and Apache Longbow, heavy forces will retain land dominance and give the American soldier unsurpassed lethality. Upgrades to the Abrams and Bradley systems are critical to sustain the capability to ·overmatch potential adversaries and avoid the risks of parity. The introductions of the Grizzly breaching vehicle and the Wolverine assault bridge to heavy force operations are long overdue. Light forces must also capitalize on advances in technology to allow increased lethality and survivability of the individual soldier. Soldier systems are an integral and inextricable part of the future digitized battlefield. Moden1ization of soldier systems will continue to capitalize on emerging technologies that enhance existing soldier ability and provide new capabilities to ensure land force dominance. Priorities for the future must focus on the ability of the dismounted soldier to acquire targets and observe the battlefield in all weather, day and night; engage targets with lighter weapons possessing greater lethality; and survive both hostile fire and the environment under a wide range of conditions. Future emphasis on engineer and mine warfare systems will be as diverse as engineer missions. Mobility support to the force must be continued through development and fielding of stand-off mine detection and breaching technologies as well as programs to replace and enhance bridging equipment. The future of countermobility lies in intelligent minefield technology with the HORNET and smart/brilliant mines. The use of unmanned ground vehicles will enhance soldier and system survivability in extremely hazardous or mined environments. Survivability and sustainment are both linked to the quality and quantity of modern construction equipment in order to meet the demands of worldwide support to our force projection Army. Recapitalization of this fleet must receive more attention in the future. Tactical topography must maintain pace with technology if we are to provide rapid generation of terrain database and related products in support of our force projection strategy. The success of future missions and the survival of our warfighting soldiers depends upon sufficient and stabilized funding to field 21st Century technology. That funding must remain robust enough to field state-of-the-art, high-quality ground combat equipment to our soldiers. D-28 ;~""~' An11ex D: Combat ;\fanew•er This equipment must be capable of operating effectively with other Army and joint components of the 21st Century armed forces. The goal is to provide to our forces the best capabilities in the shortest amount of time. It should be noted that our modernization plan creates a discrepancy between a superior active force and a less capable reinforcing force, particularly in the area of digital information technology. This discrepancy results in interoperability challenges that we will continue to address through our modernization programs, training, and doctrinal updates. Concurrent with retaining information dominance and technological overmatch, we must continue to invest in essential research and development initiatives aimed at ensuring Land Force dominance into the Army After Next. POM FY99-03 ABRAMS Bradley FSCS Night Vision Javelin FOTT WOLVERINE Grizzly DOES: • Provides FDC+ M1A2 SEP • Completes M1A2 Production • Begins M2/3A3 Production With FUE in 00 • Digitizes the FDD and FDC • Funds ATDs • Begins EMD Phase • Accelerates Night Vision Capability to Light Forces • Fields to High-Priority Units And Javelin Training Package to Low-Priority Ulits • Begins ROTE • Fields WOLVERINE in FYOO • FUE in FY04 ABRAMS Bradley FSCS Night Vision Javelin M113A3 FOV WOLVERINE Grizzly Figure D-28 D-29 DOES NOT: • Complete M1A2 SEP Production • Upgrade/refurbish M1A1 • Accelerate M1A2 SEP Retro • Refurbishment Program • Complete Enhanced Brigade Modernization • Fully Maintain NVG/ Aiming Light Modernization • Complete IT AS Fielding to FP 1 Until FY07 • Field Full MTOE to Low-Priority Units • Field to FP 1 or 2 Until FY07 • Provide Gap Crossing to More Than One Division • Fill The FDD and FDC • Field Beyond 27% of FP 1 • Fill the FDD and FDC ANNEX E: FIRE SUPPORT SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview Army Vision 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contributions to the enchanced operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. This Annex describes Fire Support's planned modernization efforts to achieve these required capabilities. Fire support modernization is critical for the Army to achieve the capabilities necessary for Army XXI and Army After Next (AAN). The Fire Support modernization strategy provides for measured, logical growth of current and planned systems in support of Army XXI while focusing Research and Development (R&D) efforts on leap-ahead technologies to support Army After Next. Fire Support is the collective and coordinated employment of indirect fire weapons (mortars, cannon artillery, rocket and missile artillery, and naval gunfire), armed aircraft and other lethal and non-lethal attack means. A true system of systems, fire support must have an accurate means to locate targets (radars, UAVs, mounted and dismounted fire support teams), accurate computations (IFSAS, AFATDS), and accurate delivery systems (MLRS, Paladin, Crusader, LW155) linked by a state-of-the-art command, control and communications system (AFATDS). Because it is essential for fire support to have the ability to rapidly engage the enemy from the close battle to operational depths, it is critical to modernize from our current legacy systems to position the Army to meet the needs of the Army After Next. While the current force contains a lethal mix of proven systems that contributed significantly to the victory in the Gulf, most of these systems are near the end of their useful lives. Our priorities to meet these challenges are shown in Figure E-1 . Fire Support Priorities • Field First Crusader Unit by FYOS • Complete AFATDS/FED Fielding by FY07 • Buy arid Field Warfighting Rapid Acquisition Program (WRAP) Programs • Complete SADARM Buy in FY06 • Modernize Light Forces • Field MFOM/ATACMS • Complete M270A1 Launcher Upgrade • Field Firefinder Radar Upgrade Figure E-1 E-1 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plan ""'~41;,~."' ~~l1' The current artillery force consists primarily of legacy systems which have been continually product improved (Figure E-2). The predominant artillery piece, the M109A6 Paladin howitzer is the last in a series of improvements on a 1960s howitzer. National Guard divisional units have the M109A5 howitzer, an even older version. The Mul tiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) M270 launcher, our most modern artillery system, is already over 15 years old and must be upgraded to fire current and planned munitions. The Fire Support Vehicle (M981) is an awkward hybrid of a lasing platform and a 1960s era M113A1 vehicle which cannot keep pace with maneuver forces in M1 Abrams or M2 Bradleys. Current target acquisition systems, the Firefinder radars (Q-36 and Q-37), were procured in the 1970s and contain 1960s technology. These systems are currently linked to shooters by the Initial Fire Support Automation System (IFSAS), a steppingstone command and control system between the 1970s T ACFIRE and the future Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS). Force Structure The Field Artillery consists of a mix of cannon and rocket units, which provide both direct and general support to maneuver commanders. Every division has a divisi on artillery, which provides support to the force. Two Field Artillery brigades reinforce each division artillery. Additional brigades support the Corps. Near 70% of all Field Artillery units are in the National Guard. Recent analysis in support of Total Army Analysis 05 demonstrated that every non-divisional field artillery unit, active and National Guard, is committed to one of two major theaters of war. Figures E-3 and E-4 show the force flow used in the analysis and indicates that these units are critical to the war fighting capability. In fact, for nondivisional_field artillery units, the National Guard outnumbers active Army in both theaters of war (19 National Guard battalions to 17 active battalions in the first MTW and 30 to 1 in the second MTW). Additionally, some of the National Guard battalions actually deploy before some of the active Army battalions. Aging Fire Support Equipment I I I Crusader I : M109 -M109A1 -M109A3 --M109A6 ..---+------1·~ R3 1(155SP) :~ I :I : ~ I ~: : .. M114 -----+---M198 .. R3 (1551) M102 R3 ----r----r ~g--r-----;--~ (1051) :~ I MLRS =-----......---=='=P=IP= 1.....:1.._____,..., R3 I I I Flrefinder --;-;:vt:-i------V7 -ve --+---!> II .I I R3 I I I ~ IBFIST/Striker ~ I FISTV ~AWIN ~.'------!-:---~-----~------!-flWMM:ffls--tt-+ ~90 Chronograph•-+:----:----+--------+--------HI MVS ~ I I ~ I I ... 1 TACFIRE FSAS I -----AFATDS 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Figure E-2 E-2 111111', Annex E: Fire Su ort Impact on Modernization Fire support modernization is truly a total Force effort. Because of the criticality of these units to the warfight, National Guard Field Artillery modernization is an integral part of the overall fire support modernization strategy. Units are fielded in a first-to-fight sequence based upon their wartime mission, regardless of component. Many National Guard units receive new equipment before some active component field artillery units. TAA-05 WarfightingStructure••••First MTW IAC FABDE I ~ ~ ~ 1Z.EAJIIll[; ~ ~ 6-37 MLRS ~a MLRS 1-321155T 2-18MLRS 5-18 MLRS 5-3 MLRS 1-14MLRS ~321155T 6-32 MLRS 6-27 MLRS 1-12 MLRS ~13MLRS 1-3n 155T 2·17155SP' 1-17155SP' 3-18 155SP' ~ 234 TAO 1TAO 2TAO ~27 MLRS 231 TAO IARNG FA BDE I 196 FA BQE TN 197 FABQE NH 45 EABQEOK 130 FA BQE KS 151 FA BQE SC 147 FA BQE SQ 1-115155T TN 1-1n 155T NH 1-158 MLRS OK ~178 MLRSSC 2-115155T TN 2·187155T NH 1-171 MLRS OK 2-130 MLRS KS ~116 MLRS FL 1-147 MLRS SO 1-111155T VA 1-152155T ME 2-222 15SSP UT' 1-127155SP KS' 4-1781SSSP sc· (2-147155SP so I 135FABPE MO 1-128155T MO 1-128155T MO PALADIN' 1-151155T MN I llo MLRS I Figure E-3 ...Forces in First MTW (TAAOS) TAA-05 Warfightlng Structure••••Second MTW L!J [1J [1J [1J ~ [1J ~ IAC FA BDE I llEA..IIIlli liQlg liQlg liQlg liQlg liQlg ~ 1-27MLRS COMP04 COMP04 COMP04 COMP04TAO 25TAO 10TAO COMP04TAD IARNG FA BDE I ll5EA BPEYa l3B EA BDE ISY l6SEA BPECP llHABPEtiC Jg3EA BPE Bl 1-49 155T WY 1-623 MLRS KY 1·103155T Rl ~:157155SP CO l I;;-113155SP NC' 1IS.111155SP VA) 1-140 155T UT 1-181 MLRS TN ·157155SP CO 1-211155SP MA COMP04 1-86 155SP VI 1-190 155T MT 1-214155SP GA' 1-202 155SP NM' ·20 SSSPWV' COMP04 l5HABPEAZ 5Z EA BPEWI H2 EA BPE AB 631 EA BPE MS 43 EA BPECI TBD 155T AZ l-ll2 M~B5 Ml l-H2M~B5 AB ~117155SP AL l 2-150 155T IN 1-162155T PR I1-121155SP WI I I2-142155SPAR I 3-117155SP Al 2-123155T IL ~162155T PR 1-126155SP Wf' ~115155SP TN' ·114155SP MS" ~123155T IL PALADIN' I ILoMLRSI Figure E-4. Forces in Second MTW (TAAOS) E-3 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemizatio11 Plan ~, :'iM" · Near-term modernization strives to make incremental changes to existing systems, extending their lives and maintaining their relevancy until they can be replaced. These include completion of fielding of the M109A6 Paladin howitzer to the active force and high priority National Guard units, upgrade of the Firefinder radar to Version 8, fielding of AFATDS Version 98, and an upgrade of the MLRS system to enable it to fire the new suite of munitions. Rockets and missiles will be developed and procured which extend their range and lethality and provide the corps commander with a true organic deep strike capability. The Army will also begin production of smart and brilliant cannon and missile munitions, greatly increasing lethality against selected high-value targets while decreasing logistical ammunition requirements. The Bradley FIST vehicle (BFIST), together with Striker, will replace the M981 FISTY in most force packages and provide maneuver with an enhanced fire support platform. The Gun Laying and Positioning System (GLPS) will provide rapid, mobile survey for all light units in the Total Force . AFATDS will provide the C3I link for the Total Force between the improved target acquisition and the improved shooters as well as enhanced fire support coordination. R&D efforts will remain focused on development of the next generation of systems. In the mid-term, fire support modernization will provide the systems for Army XXI while continuing the R&D efforts necessary to achieve Army After Next. We will begin procurement of some of the next generation of systems in support of both light and heavy forces. Key among these are the Crusader howitzer to replace the M109A6 Paladin, the lightweight 155mm (LW155) howitzer to replace the aging M198 howitzer, and the High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS) to provide a mobile, deployable deep strike capability for early entry operations. Displaced M109 A6 howitzers will be cascaded to replace older models of the M 109 in National Guard divisions until Crusader can be procured for those units in the far term. LW155 will be fielded to two active and five National Guard battalions. HIMARS will be fielded to two active and fourteen National Guard battalions. Together, these two systems will replace all M198 howitzers in the Total Army. The artillery will field a suite of long-range precision strike weapons that compensate for a smaller force and a Firefinder Block II radar capable of targeting at operational depths. Profiler, the next generation meteorological system, will be fielded to the Total Force and will provide for target area meteorological information critical to accurate fires. Munitions R&D efforts will continue to explore methods to reduce the size and weight of cannon ammunition, rockets, and missiles in support of Army After Next. In the far-term, modernization will focus on Army After Next requirements. Crusader will finish fielding to the Total Force and, with planned improvements, continue to be the key, heavy fire support system for the battle forces of the AAN. Munitions science and technology should provide for the ability to procure smaller, lighter, more mobile weapons platforms capable of effective fire support throughout the battlefield. Future Direct Support Weapon (FDSW) will replace current 105mm howitzers with a lethal ity equal to 155mm munitions while retaining the mobility of the current howitzer. Displaced M119Al howitzers will be cascaded to light National Guard division artilleries to replace the aging M102 howitzer. Eventually, the M119Al howitzer will be replaced by FDSW. Scorpion will provide a lightweight, deployable replacement for the current MLRS launcher. Other leap-ahead technologies will be applied to target accuracy, acquisition, and area meteorology systems in support of Army After Next. Advances in composite materials and ballistic protection technology will be retrofitted to existing systems to reduce weight and increase deployability. E-4 :,f' ' · Annex E: Fire Su ort The fire support modernization strategy improves current systems to the maximum extent of their useful lives while developing and procuring new systems with significant technological advancements. As a system of systems, all components of the modernization program are critical to our ability to provide full spectrum fire support. Failure to field any component will adversely affect our ability to provide continuous, timely, and accurate fire support to Army XXI and Army After Next forces. In addition, these systems must be procured in sufficient quantities to allow for modernization of all high priority units, regardless of component. All first-to-fight units must be equipped with the most modern equipment available. Capabilities Contributing to Army Vision 2010 Patterns of Operation The field artillery has the dual mission of destroying, neutralizing, and suppressing the enemy by cannon , rocket, and missile fires and integrating all fire support assets into j oint and combined arms operations. As such, each fire support system plays a vital role in delivering fires throughout the battlespace. All aspects of the fire support modernization process must move forward as an integrated, balanced program. Figure E-5 shows how near-and mid-term artillery systems support Army Vision 2010 patterns of operation and capabilities. Artillery Capabilities Contributing to Army· Vision 2010 Patterns Capabilities Systems/Investment Component Relevant combat knowledge AFATDS [ID]Extended battlespace awareness FED [ID]Gain Info Multi-node processing Firefinder [ID/RECAP] Dominance Tactical fire planning aids Profiler [ID/R&D] BDA information protection Crusader [OM] (AFATDS) Target acq to operational depth LW155 [OM] (Firefinder) Shape the Deep operations coordination Paladin [RECAP] Sensor-to-shooter links FSDW[R&D] Battlespace SADARM [OM] XM982 [OM] MLRS [OM] Smart/brilliant munitions lethality Attack targets at depth MFOM [OM]Decisive First round kill ____...., ATACMS [OM]Integrated fire and maneuver Operations LLDR [OM] Deconflict targeting data BFIST[OM] Striker [OM] Protect Counterfire ____...., (MLRS) (HIMARS)Fire support survivability the Force (Crusader) (LW155) Fire support for light/early entry (HIMARS) Project Reduced combat loads ____...., (LW155) Adaptive artillery organizations (FSDW) [R&D] the Force Munition s [R&D] Rapid general support arty employment (AFATDS)Total asset visibility FAASV [RECAP] Sustain ____...., In-time logistics Crusader RSV [R&D] the Force Munitions management (Munitions)[ R&D] Figure E-5 E-5 The. U.S. Army 1998 i\1/odemizatiou Plan ,, .:.,.;t::;;~~ GAIN INFORMATION DOMINANCE The fire support system exploits information dominance by providing a robust fire support command, control, and communications system. This system must provide relevant combat knowledge, situational awareness, long-range assured communications, and information protection in support of precision fires throughout the battlespace. All weapons systems/vehicles must have a real-time, continuous, self-location and position/navigation capability. Critical capabilities include situational awareness to facilitate fire support coordination and the information necessary for accurate, predicted fire. AFATDS, FED, Firefinder, and Profiler enable, enhance and support these capabilities. SHAPE THE BATTLESPACE Long-range, precision fires with smart/brilliant weapons and munitions shape the battlespace by attacking high-payoff targets in depth. Target acquisition sensors detect, identify, and track high-payoff targets (C3 nodes, TBMs, etc.) at extended ranges. The Fire Support C3 system (AFATDS) ties sensors, deciders, and shooters together in real-time or near-real-time. Critical capabilities include those discussed in information dominance-accurate target and weapons locations, and the command and control necessary for fire support coordination and target processing. Given this information, the fire support system must have lethal munitions capable of effectively engaging targets at operational depths and the weapons platforms required to deliver these munitions. CONDUCT DECISIVE OPERATIONS The Fire Support system provides fires in support of decisive operations. These fires can be close support, counterfire, or interdiction fires. Powerful, mobile combined arms elements supported by a responsive, precision fire support system deliver devastating blows to the enemy's ability to maneuver. At every maneuver echelon from company to theater, the field artillery provides Fire Support Elements that integrate all aspects (mortars, field artillery, close air support, naval gunfire, and Army aviation) of fire support. Critical capabilities are a subset of those necessary to shape the battlespace with emphasis on accurate fire and high-lethality munitions in support of the close battle. PROJECT THE FORCE The rapid deployment of the Fire Support system provides commanders greater flexibility in projecting combat power. Smart munitions will reduce the logistics burden and, in conjunction with lighter weight weapons, sensors, and C3 systems, facilitate more rapid force projection. HIMARS, LW155, and FDSW will provide more mobile, deployable systems for the light forces and will have capabilities similar to those in the heavy forces. Advances in munitions will allow for reduction in weight, further enhancing deployability. E-6 PROTECT THE FORCE Protect the force is a two-pronged effort. First, close support fires deprive enemy maneuver systems their freedom and ensure ours. Silencing enemy artillery, mortars, rockets, and missiles protects and preserves our fighting forces. Interdiction fires against enemy surfaceto-surface missile systems, air defense systems, and associated logistics and command control facilities deprive the enemy of his deep attack and air defense means. Second, fire support weapons systems and vehicles must be highly survivable. Friendly fire support systems will be considered high priority targets to any adversary . Our systems must be able to out-range an adversary with a high volume of accurate, lethal munitions. Critical capabilities to protect the force are a subset of those necess ary to shape the battlespace with emphasis on accurate fire in support of the close battle . Increasing the survivability of fire support systems is accomplished through a combination of lethality, mobility, rate of fire, and survivability characteristics built into the weapons platforms. SUSTAIN THE FORCE The fire support sustainment system must be capable of supporting high-tempo operations throughout the battlespace. Smart, smaller, lighter and more effective submunitions reduce the number of rounds required per engagement, thus reducing the logistics burden. Advanced propulsion for weapons systems and munitions will also reduce the logistics burden. Critical capabilities are two-fold. First, the field artillery must be capable of sustaining itself on the battlefield. AFATDS linked to the CSSCS will provide for logistics management. The FAASV provides a companion resupply vehicle for the Paladin howitzer. The Crusader Resupply Vehicle (RSV) enhances this capability for the Crusader with increased ammunition resupply capability as well as a refuel capability not currently found in the FAASV. Second, artillery must reduce the burden on the logistics system. Artillery munitions are currently over 50% of the logistics flow. Commonality of ammunition will reduce this challenge. The Modular Artillery Charge System (MACS) replaces four different propellants with two. The MultiOption Fuze Artillery (MOFA) replaces eight different fuzes with one. Reduced size and weight of future munitions will further reduce this flow . The Fire Support modernization strategy emphasizes essential research and development programs that lead to the fielding of Crusader and its attendant capabilities. The development and fielding of improved command, control, and communications systems, and target acquisition systems will enable information dominance through decider to sensor-to-shooter information capabilities . Crusader will restore U.S. cannon supremacy. ATACMS, MLRS launchers and rockets, SADARM, LW155, HIMARS , and XM982, the new long-range DPICM projectile, will integrate new capabilities into the fire support system in a coherent, logical manner that will sustain combat overmatch. Leap-ahead technology focuses on providing the fire support system of systems with truly advanced C3 , weapons and munitions, target acquisition, and sustainment systems. Because the fire support system provides significant and critical contributions across the entire Army Vision 2010 patterns of operation, modernization of the fire support system is critical to achieving the capabilities required for Army XXI and Army After Next. E-7 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 j\tJodemization Plilll{~~\f! . CHALLENGES AHEAD There are many challenges in the future for the field artillery. First, we must procure the weapons and munitions critical to achieving the capabilities in support of Army XXI and Army After Next. These systems must be procured in sufficient quantities to equip the Total Force. Fielding Crusader is key to this effort. The most important challenge in the near-and mid-terms is to maintain improvement programs for the current systems to enhance our capabilities and replace aging equipment. Second, we must fund the R&D efforts to reduce our munitions size and weight in conjunction with the development of lighter, more mobile yet equally lethal weapons platforms. Finally, while focusing on the major weapons platforms and munitions, we cannot lose sight of the smaller, less expensive systems which are critical to accurate, predictable fire support such as Firefinder radar, LLDR, Striker, GLPS, Profiler, and MVS. As a system of systems, fire support modernization must remain a coherent, logical, integrated program. E-8 ..+~'' ', , . Annex E: Fire Su art SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT Overview This section provides an explanation of the warfighting contributions of current fire support programs and an assessment of the programs in the near-, mid-, and far-terms. Systems are listed by investment category, i.e., where they fit in the investment strategy, not by their inherent battlefield capability. The Army modernization strategy acknowledges a period without a peer threat where moderate risks are acceptable. The fire support community makes full use of this window of opportunity with the modernization effort coming to fruition in FY10-12. By that time, modernization will include Paladin and Crusader, M270A1 MLRS launchers, and product improved SADARM, BAT, MSTAR, ATACMS, FDSW and LW155. Prior to 2010, the Army will continue to accept some risk in fire support programs in order to pursue promising technology and investment in information dominance systems. It is clear, however, that the Vietnam-era legacy systems, which make up a large part of the fire support contribution to the battlefield are at the absolute limits of their useful lives. Field Artillery Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term FY98-03 Mid-Term FY04-10 Far-Term FY11-20 Digitized div by FYOO First Round Kill Average Equipment Age in 2020 Digitized corps by FY04 Total Asset Visibility M1 09 -57 years old M198 -41 years old Relevant combat In-Time Logistics MLRS-@ 38 years old knowledge Q-36/Q-37 -40 years old Crusader R3 Point is 5 Years • M1 09 PIP/SLEP 6 times & out-ranged, outgunned, lacks speed and survivability • M981 is obsolete and creates a unique signature on the battlefield • Smart and brilliant munitions ~ • Multi-node information processing ~ • Target acquisition to op erational depth / • Sensor-to-shooter links • Shelf life issues for MLRS missile and ATACMS Figure E-6 E-9 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemizatiou Plail "-·"'. ..,.£, Overall Fire Support Modernization Goals The Fire Support modernization strategy provides a coherent, integrated approach to ensure that all aspects of fire support are modernized in support of Army XXI while focusing S&T efforts on leap-ahead technologies to support Army After Next INFORMATION DOMINANCE Information dominance is critical to the accomplishment of the fire support mission. Accurate target and weapons platform location coupled with detailed meteorological data are key to accurate predicted fire. Real-time situ ational awareness is essential to successful fire support coordination. All of these systems must be linked by a state-of-the-art command and control system. AFATDS will provide the common operating network as a part of the A TCCS as well as the command and control necessary for fire support coordination. The BFIST, Striker, and FED will enable company-level fire support teams to provide fire support coordination at that leveL The Firefinder radar will enhance target acquisition, first as the Version 8 improvement, then as the Firefinder Block II. Striker and LLDR provide forward observers with the ability to accurately locate and designate close targets. Profiler will provide for target area meteorological information necessary to account for the effects of weather. GLPS will provide non-Paladin units with a rapid and accurate self-location capability, currently embedded in the MLRS and Paladin and to be embedded in Crusader. Target location is provided by forward observers and by the Firefinder radars. Striker, BFIST, and LLDR (overmatch systems) assist by providing improved targeting capability by observers. Firefinder capability will be significantly enhanced through block improvements. Situational awareness from a common operating picture, and true automated command and control, will become reality with the fielding of AFATDS. F"1re s t I f f uppor-norma 1on Dommance p rogram Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks AFATDS 5,328 5,328 2008 AMBER AMBER RED Note 1 FED 4,274 2,568 2010 AMBER AMBER RED Note 2 ..Notes: 1. Serv1ce life exp1rat1on w1th no fund1ng for follow-on system 1dent1f1ed. lns ..uff1c1ent q . .uant1t1es of the new FED to mate with the AFATDS fielded throughout the digitized corps. 2. Insufficient quantities in the near-and mid-terms of the new version of the FED to mate with the AFATDS fielded throughout the digitized corps. FY99 plus up of $25 .6M will procure an additional 1000 FED (included in #systems funded) Figure E-7 TACFIRE was the forefront of the digitization efforts that characterize Army XXI. It was replaced by the Initial Fire Support Automated System (IFSAS), which will give way to the objective system, the Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) currently fielded to 4ID, 1CAV, and III Corps Artillery. Fielding to the total force is scheduled for completion in FY07. E-10 ,:'' Anne.\· E: Fire Su ort AFATDS, the automated fire support command, control, and communications system of the future, will provide shared information. It provides the maximum utilization of the fire support assets available on an expanding battlefield. AFATDS is a multiservice (Army and Marine Corps) system, interfaces with the USAF CTAPS, and will intemperate with the fire support command and control systems of the United Kingdom (BATES), Germany (ADLER), and France (ATLAS). It is a highly successful system that will continue to receive annual upgrades to improve functionality with Joint Fire Support Systems. Software improvements are planned through FYOO. Overall, the AFATDS program is rated AMBER in the near-term and RED in the mid-to far-terms because a replacement system has not been designated. While AFATDS will be fielded to the Total Force, insufficient quantities of the new version of the FED to mate with the AFATDS hinder the effectiveness of the system for the National Guard divisions. The FED is a complementary system to AFATDS. It is the forward observer's entry to the digital battlefield and gives commanders a mobile, remote digital capability. The current FED is a 286-based, 1200 baud computer system approaching obsolescence. The upgraded FED will intemperate with existing and emerging fire support and EW assets through the AFATDS. Due to a lack of funding for fielding to the total force, the FED program assessment is AMBER in the near term and RED in the mid-and far-terms. Recent FY99 initiatives increased the proposed funding for the FED; however, an additional $54 million is required. This funding would procure 1706 FEDs and enable fielding of the Total Force. Despite the improved capabilities of AFATDS, FED, and other fire support systems that support information dominance, the rating for information dominance is AMBER out to the farterm. The R3 point for AFATDS, the backbone of the fire support command, control, and communications (C3) system, is 2008 and it is not fully capable without the FED. COMBAT OVERMATCH Fire support achieves combat overmatch from its weapons platforms and its munitions. The weapons platforms must be capable of large volumes of extremely accurate fire with lethal precision munitions which can engage targets from the close battle to operational depths. These platforms must be as mobile and survivable as the supported force (Figure E-6). Current weapons platforms are reaching the end of their useful lives and, in the case of Paladin, have lost their overmatch. Paladin howitzer is being fielded to extend the life of the current cannon system. Crusader will provide significant increase in both range and rate of fire in support of maneuver forces. Crusader is being developed to displace the Paladin howitzer and will restore the overmatch in cannon artillery. ATACMS variants will engage targets out to 300km with lethal submunitions. Incremental improvements to MLRS munitions (Extended Range-MLRS, Guided MLRS [GMLRS], and MLRS Smart Tactical Rocket [MSTAR]) will increase the range, accuracy, and lethality of rocket fire. In the close battle, SADARM and SADARM Preplanned Product Improvement Program (SADARM P3I) provide a significant improvement to current cannon lethality. Weapons platforms are also being improved to shape E·ll The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plmr ~~r~"' the battlefield through increased range and greater lethality. The M270Al upgrade to the MLRS launcher is required to fire the new MLRS Family of Munitions. HIMARS is under development to provide MLRS capability to light, early deploying forces. In addition to HIMARS, light force capabilities will be enhanced by the LW155 towed howitzer, a lighter, more mobile system than the current M198 howitzer. Light, direct support force capability will be significantly enhanced by the Future Direct Support Weapon (FDSW) system which will have 155mm lethality (vice current 105mm) while retaining the weight restrictions of the current M119Al 105mm howitzer. The XM982 munition will extend the range of cannons while the Muzzle Velocity System (MVS) and Meteorological Measuring System (MMS) will improve their accuracy. F"1re suppor-0 t h p t verma c rogram Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term ~ystem Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Crusader 1,378 1,378 2025 GREEN GREEN GREEN Note 1 &2 MLRS 1,193 857 2015 AMBER AMBER AMBER Note 3 ATACMS Blk I 1,650 1,650 2001 GREEN GREEN AMBER Note 4 ATACMS Blk lA 652 573 2008 GREEN GREEN AMBER Note 4 ATACMS Blk II 1,206 1,206 2011 GREEN GREEN AMBER Note 5 ATACMS Blk IIA 600 600 2014 GREEN GREEN AMBER Note 5 GMLRS 83K 83K 2014 AMBER AMBER GREEN MSTAR 25K 12K 2022 AMBER AMBER GREEN Note 6 LW155 297 273 2025 GREEN GREEN GREEN HIMARS 363 363 TBD GREEN GREEN GREEN SADARM 50K 50K 2019 GREEN GREEN GREEN Note 7 MVS 2,476 1,868 2007 AMBER AMBER AMBER Note 8 BFIST 1,011 568 2020 AMBER AMBER AMBER Note 9 Striker 449 296 2020 GREEN AMBER AMBER Note 10 LLDR 1157 715 2020 GREEN GREEN AMBER Note 8 GLPS 525 525 2020 GREEN GREEN GREEN Notes: 1 . . $23 m1111on decrement 1n FY98. 2 . Quantities insufficient to replace aging Paladin until FY20 or later. 3. Total requirement not procured; no ROTE for M270A1 replacement. 4 . Shelf life expiration begins to occur in the mid-term. 5. Shelf life expiration begins to occur in the far-term. 6. Insufficient ROTE in FY02-03. 7. Funding is sufficient providing full support of the P31 program. 8. Insufficient quantities. 9. Out of sync with maneuver fieldings ; insufficient quantities funded; will be replaced by Future FIST Vehicle (FSV),a variant of Future Infantry Vehicle. 10. Insufficient quantities; will be replaced by Future COLT Vehicle (FCV), a variant of Future Scout and Cavalry System (FSCS). Figure E-8 Crusader fulfills a critical need to restore combat overmatch in cannon artillery. It provides a leap-ahead capability and is a revolution in cannon fire support. When fielded in FYOS, Crusader will be the premier cannon system in the world, with a significantly greater range, rate of fire, and survivability than any cannon system. Prototype systems have demonstrated the ability to fire 15 rounds in the time a Paladin crew fires four rounds. As the first fully digitized field artillery weapons system, Crusader will provide first-class fire support E-12 :,';· Annex E: Fire Su ort to Army XXI and to the battle forces that will constitute the majority of the Army After Next. Additionally, Crusader will possess the mobility to keep pace with the supported maneuver force ... a critical deficiency of the current cannon. The resulting increase in firepower has allowed the Army to decrease the size of self-propelled howitzer battalions by one-third. Paladin battalions have already reduced from eight guns to six in anticipation of the Crusaders' capability. A fully automated system, the Crusader will also decrease the manpower required within each section from nine men to six per howitzer system. The net result is a reduction in cannon battalion size from 600 soldiers to 404. Although heavier than the Paladin howitzer it replaces, Crusader provides strategic flexibility to the commander. It currently requires 12 C5 sorties to deploy a Paladin battalion with its ammunition vehicles. Crusader will provide equivalent firepower with six systems that require only six sorties! Finally, as the lead ground combat system, Crusader is a technology carrier for future systems in support of Army After Next. Many of the new technologies under development for Crusader have direct applicability to other future ground combat systems. Crusader will be fielded to all heavy active component artillery battalions and eleven high-priority National Guard (NG) battalions (FP 1, FP 2 and part of FP 3). Because it is not funded for the Total Force, Crusader is rated as GREEN in the near and mid-terms but AMBER in the far-term. Recent initiatives should increase funding for Crusader in the Extended Planning Period, which will allow for fielding of the Total Force. Given funding limitations, full fielding will not be achieved before FY20. The MLRS delivers large volumes of firepower in a short time against critical, timesensitive targets. The M270A1, a modification of the current launcher, begins fielding in FY98. These modifications improve the fire control system and improve slew rate to accommodate the needs of the MLRS Family of Munitions (MFOM) systems under development, reduce the aiming time by 70%, and reduce the reload time by 50%. Inadequate funding precludes fielding MLRS to 11 NG battalions. These units have been issued the M109A5 howitzer instead. Therefore, MLRS is AMBER. Due to the criticality of these National Guard units to the second major theater of war, the Field Artillery School is examining an alternative that would decrease the number of launchers in current MLRS battalions. This would allow for complete fielding of these 11 National Guard battalions and would complete fielding to the Total Force. The upgrade to the M270Al allows for increased reliability and speed of firing that would allow for this change, therefore, fielding would be tied to the upgrad~ of the launchers. This could not begin before FY04/05 unless significant additional funds are added to the launcher upgrade program. If the reduction of launchers is not operationally feasible, an additional $151M per year would be required from FYOO-FYlO. ATACMS missiles are being developed as a logical series of improvements to range, accuracy, and lethality. To achieve the greatest efficiencies while maintaining the industrial base capability, missile production is continuous with each new block improvement cut into the existing production line, when ready. ATACMS Block I proved its effectiveness during Operation Desert Storm. ATACMS Block IA improves the range from 165km to 300km, but retains the APAM payload which is effective against stationary, soft targets. ATACMS Block II significantly improves the lethality by incorporating BAT/BAT P3I to effectively engage moving armor formations. ATACMS Block IIA with BAT P3I increases the range to 300km. BAT P3I E-13 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemizatiou PJiL/J~ will enhance the submunition so that it can effectively engage cold, hard targets. Overall program assessment is GREEN in the near-and mid-terms. Army Rockets and Missiles Range 300 KM,... ~ Legend ••• Soft/Light Armor Soft Targets ~ (/ 300 Block lA (/ 300 Block IIA Moving Armor -~ Hard/Soft, Moving/ Stationary, Hot/Cold, J Large/Small TLE J Support to Corps 200 K;;' ~ Block I Block II -r- Support {/ 165 (/ 140 to Division 100 MSTAR 1[ ER-G L 70 ER-MLRS -~ M-26 45 25 35 I 32.5 13 10 Figure E-9 MLRS rockets are being upgraded in a manner similar to ATACMS. Improvements will be cut into the production line as they become ready. Extended Range MLRS (ER-MLRS) will provide for rocket fire out to 45km. Guided MLRS is an improvement to the accuracy of the ER-MLRS which also extends the range to 60km. MLRS Smart Tactical Rocket (MSTAR) improves the GMLRS submunition to attack armor and other high payoff targets. An ATD is planned for FY99-02. The entire MLRS program assessment is AMBER in the near-and mid terms because the predominate rocket in the inventory is the M26. The ER-MLRS and the GMLRS will enter the inventory in the near-and mid-terms in low numbers. The MSTAR rocket will enter the inventory late in the mid-term. In the far-term, MLRS rockets will be GREEN. The combat overmatch capability of light units will be significantly enhanced. All Corps-level FA brigades (active and National Guard) which support light units will convert from their current configuration (three M198 battalions) to one battalion ofLW155 and two battalions of HIMARS . In the far-term, the direct support howitzers in the light units (M119Al) will also be replaced by the FDSW. E-14 L_ ______________ ________ ___________________________ ---------- '·· ..~ An11ex E: Fire Su ort L The Lightweight 155 howitzer (LW155) will replace the 1980s era M 198 howitzer in light corps artillery units. A joint USMC/U.S. Army program, it provides increased strategic and tactical mobility, increased rate of fire, and improved survivability over the M198. In addition, the LW155 will possess self location capability and will be digitized with the same basic capability as self-propelled howitzers. This howitzer, together with the HIMARS, will replace all M198 howitzers in the Total Force. Current plans call for LW155 to be fielded to 2 active battalions and 5 National Guard battalions. Rating: GREEN. HIMARS will provide early entry forces with MLRS capability in a lighter weight, more deployable system. Mounted on a medium tactical vehicle, HIMARS is transportable on a C-130 aircraft. It provides full MLRS Family of Munitions capability yet requires 70% fewer airlift resources to transport a battery. A three-launcher platoon will serve as a stand-off killer in the Rapid Force Projection Initiative Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration in FY98. Following a twoyear user evaluation at Fort Bragg, HIMARS will begin production in FY04. HIMARS, together with LW155, will replace all M198 howitzers in the Total Force. Current plans call for HIMARS to be fielded to 2 active battalions and 14 National Guard battalions. Overall program assessment is GREEN. Sense and Destroy Armor (SADARM) munitions are the field artillery's first fire-and~ ~ forget, multi-sensor smart munition which will detect and destroy armored L r~ vehicles. SADARM has no known foreign counterpart, and full-rate production ~ ~ is scheduled for 1999. Overall SADARM program assessment is GREEN given 1' 1' adequate funding for the SADARM P3I program. Without this enhancement, additional quantities of basic SADARM would be required and the program would become AMBER Precision fire requires measurement of variations in muzzle velocity caused by gun tube wear. The Muzzle Velocity System does this. It is an exponential improvement over the current M90 Chronograph, an archaic and cumbersome system. Fielding has begun and the program is rated AMBER due to a shortage of 608 systems for the Total Force. An additional $18 million is required to correct this shortfall. The Bradley Fire Support Vehicle (BFIST) provides an integrated Bradley-based fire support platform for fire support elements at company level. The BFIST incorporates the same Forward Looking Infrared Radar (FLIR) as mounted on the maneuver force Bradley. Crew survivability and mobility is significantly enhanced over the Vietnam-era M113 currently used. Current funding leaves a three-year gap in synchronization of BFIST fielding with maneuver force Bradleys. In addition, BFIST will be fielded only to those high priority artillery units supporting infantry battalions that receive the M2A20DS or M2A3 BFV. Other units will receive the Striker in lieu of BFIST. Rating: AMBER E-15 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Plan ~;:.,l, Current Combat Observation Lasing Teams (COLT) with maneuver scouts use a M981 FISTV. This M113-based vehicle lacks the required mobility and provides a unique signature which degrades survivability. Striker, a HMMWV-based capability, is the only digitized vehicle currently in the brigade recon fight. Striker contains a complete AFATDS suite of equipment for the COLT in a vehicle that is compatible with the maneuver scouts. The system is currently funded for procurement to all high priority units and is rated GREEN in the near-term. Funding shortages preclude fielding to the Total Force and reduce program assessment to AMBER in the mid-and far-terms. Only seven Enhanced Brigades and one National Guard Armored Cavalry Regiment can be fielded. Eight National Guard divisions and ten Enhanced will not receive Striker. An additional $61 million is required to procure 153 systems to allow fielding to the Total Force. The Lightweight Laser Designator/Rangefinder (LLDR) provides Fire Support Teams .,.....,.-:------, with a man-portable system to accurately locate and designate targets. It replaces the current Grounci!Vehicular Laser Locator Designator (GNLLD) which is large and extremely maintenance intensive. LLDR, a new capability for light forces, will also replace the current heavy force system with up-to-date technology and reliability. This program is rated GREEN in the near term and AMBER in the mid and far terms. Current funding procures LLDR for all active battalions and 13 National Guard Enhanced Brigades. An additional $120 million is required to procure 442 additional LLDR to field the remaining 2 Enhanced Brigades and the National Guard divisions. In addition to accurate target location, accurate weapons location is required. Self-propelled howitzers and the MLRS contain self-location capabilities. GLPS will provide both positional and directional information to light units to assist them in providing accurate, predicted fire. This program is rated GREEN. Recent FY99 additions increased funding to procure additional GLPS and will field the Total Army. GLPS should begin fielding to National Guard units in FYOO. Combat overmatch capabilities will be significantly upgraded over the POM and EPP. Improved weapons and munitions, together with advanced target detection and designation, will provide longer range, more lethal fire support. In spite of this, overmatch is rated AMBER for all time frames. Funding problems and inadequate quantities preclude fielding these capabilities to the Total Force. ESSENTIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D) AND LEAP-AHEAD TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT R&D efforts to modernize the fire support operating system address problems that are relevant for both Army XXI and AAN. A large number of technologies have already transitioned from R&D to the Crusader system. AAN capabilities relate to the needs for high levels of strategic and tactical mobility, overmatching lethality, and reduced logistics burdens. Notable R&D initiatives are those that address very lightweight towed artillery for early entry forces, and the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in cannon and missile artillery ammunition to increase accuracy. The most important programs are described below. E-16 ~, · Annex E: Fire Su ort F"1re sUPIpor-Leap-AheadTechnoogy Assessment t #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Profiler 86 86 2021 RED AMBER GREEN Note 1 SADARM P31 SOK 50K 2019 AMBER AMBER GREEN Note 2 FDSW 600 600 2028 RED AMBER GREEN Note 3 XM982 248K 43K 2024 RED AMBER AMBER Note 4 BAT& P31 19.8K 19.8K 2011 AMBER GREEN AMBER Note 5 037 Block II 72 72 2023 GREEN GREEN GREEN Notes: 1. System unavailable until FY06. 2. Insufficient funding in the near-te rm. 3. FUE FY1 1. 4. Three variants are required. Only th e OPICM variant is funded at this time . 5. $40 million ROTE decrem ent in FY98. No ROTE follow-on. FUE 3QFY01 . Figure E-10 Profiler. The Profiler Meteorological System will provide a modernized and enhanced target area meteorological capability to the Combined Arms Commander. Profiler will achieve this through the use of meteorological satellites and sensors aboard UAVs . It will greatly enhance the employment and effectiveness of "smart" munitions. This unique capability will allow the Combined Arms Commander to project lethality up to 500kms forward of the Forward Line of Troops (FLOT). Another unique feature of the Profiler is that it will eventually eliminate the use of meteorological balloons on the battlefield. The program is overall rated as AMBER. First unit equipped (FUE) will be in FY06. Although the basic Profiler program is fully funded, Profiler is an upgrade to the Meteorological Measuring System. Current funding is short 8 systems. An additional $8 million is required. If this funding is made available, Profiler can be fielded to the Total Force. SADARM P31. The SAD ARM P3I enhances the performance of the SAD ARM submunition. The P3I has increased hang angle, an improved sensor array, and a higher altitude which equates to a greater lethal footprint. P3I submunition effectiveness is two times greater than baseline SADARM allowing an over all decrease in projectile quantities. The program is rated AMBER in the near-and mid-terms due to funding. Future Direct Support Weapon (FDSW) will replace the aging M119Al , 105mm howitzer in light, direct support units . It will significantly enhance those units ' capability by providing 155mm lethality while retaining the mobility characteristics of the current 105mm howitzer. FDSW will be towed by a HMMWV-class vehicle, and will retain transportability in a C130 or by UH-60L aircraft. FUE is FYll and the program is rated AMBER due to technical risk of achieving challenging weight goal. FDSW will replace alllOSmm howitzers in the Total Force. XM982. The XM982 Field Artillery Projectile is an extended-range, rocket-assisted, 155mm Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition. It utilizes the new XM80 self-destruct bomblet which reduces hazards from duds . The XM982 will replace the M864. It is compatible with all current and future 155mm cannon systems. It represents an increase in range from 28 to 39kms E-17 The. U.S. Army /998 Modemizatiou Plaii;-.~z; with current systems, 38 to 47kms with the Crusader. The program is rated as AMBER due to production beginning in FY03 and funding. BAT P31. The Brilliant Anti-Tank Submunition (BAT) is dualsensor (acousticlinfared) designed to attack moving armored targets. BAT P31 has autonomous dual mode , millimeter wave, and imaging infrared capability designed to provide deep attack interdiction against an expanded target set to include armored combat vehicles (moving or stationary), stationary targets (hot or cold), surface-to-surface missile transporter erector launchers (SSM TELs), and multiple rocket launchers (MRLs) . Initially, 13 BAT submunitions will be carried on the AT ACMS Block II missile to ranges in excess of 140 kms. BAT will enter limited production in fourth quarter FY98 with the goal of first unit equipped by FYOl. The BAT P31 will enter limited production in FY02 with a first unit equipped date of FY04. Six BAT P31 will be carried by the AT ACMS IIA missile, which will extend the range to 300krn. Both programs are rated RED in the near-term due to a funding decrement. Q37 (Firefinder) Block II. Future improvements to the Q37 Firefinder system are captured in the Firefinder Block II program, currently rated as GREEN. Among other improvements, it will double target acquisition range of cannons and rockets over the Q37 Version 8 upgrade to 60kms and lOOkms, respectively, and improve missile location capability to 300kms-SCUD missile range. Currently, 72 systems are funded. This will field Firefinder Block II radars to the Total Force. Essential Research and Development-Fire Support Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Theater Precision Strike • • SADARM Block II . Mobile Wireless Operations ACTO Communications (SRO) • Guided MLRS . Nanoscience (SRO) • Composite Armored Vehicle • Hypervelocity Physics ATD • 155mm Automated Howitzer • Decision Aides • JPSD Precision/Rapid Counter MRL • Multi-mode Airframe Missile Technology Demonstration Further information may be obtained in the Army Science and Technology Master Plan, Chapters Ill. N (Fire Support) and III.G (Mounted Forces). Figure E-ll Near-Term (FY98-03) Theater Precision Strike Operations (TPSO). The TPSO Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) will develop and demonstrate advanced sensor-to-shooter E-18 ~' Amwx E: Fire Su m·t connectivity for theater-level precision fires. The demonstration focuses on U.S. Forces Korea (USFK) real-world missions, but the technology has applicability to land component commanders in all ClNC areas of responsibility . The ACTD will provide work station displays, database management techniques and decision aids to significantly reduce response time in deep fire coordination between ground, air and sea launched systems. Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD). This ATD will demonstrate a significant improvement in the range and accuracy of the MLRS free-flight artillery rocket. Improved accuracy results in a significant reduction in the number of rockets required to defeat the target (as much as six-fold at extended ranges) with a corresponding reduction in the logistics burden. The ATD will design, fabricate, and flight-test a low-cost guidance and control package to be housed in the nose of the rocket. The package to be demonstrated will result in a rocket which is more cost effective and more lethal while requiring no change to crew training procedures or maintenance procedures (during the 15-year shelf life). Combat Armored Vehicle (CAV) ATD. This program demonstrated the feasibility of a combat vehicle structure made with composite materials versus traditional metallic solutions. The goal was to achieve a 35% chassis weight reduction, and that goal was met. This technology was transitioned to Crusader, and it has been chosen for the Crusader turret, thereby reducing its weight by about one ton. lSSmm Automated Howitzer (AH) Technology Demonstration. This program will demonstrate an automated, digital fire control system for a 155mm towed artillery system. The digital Fire Control System (FCS) has self-location and direction determination capabilities which are expected to increase efficiency, responsiveness, and accuracy. Decision Aids for Advanced Artillery and Armament Decision Aids Technology Demonstrations. The initial demonstrations evaluate a prototype decision aid system for selfpropelled artillery utilizing artificial intelligence and advanced computing techniques. It will reduce planning time required for movement to a new fire position, decrease response time to a new mission, and increase self-survivability capability. The follow-on demonstration (Armament Decision Aids) will build upon previously developed technology and link the individual fire support platform to the digitized battlefield. JPSD Precision/Rapid Counter MRL ACTD (95-98). This ACTD will demonstrate a significantly enhanced capability for USFK to neutralize the North Korean 240mm Multiple Rocket Launcher (MRL) system. Multimode Airframe (Missile) Technology (MAT) Technology Demonstration. This technology demonstration will provide the battlefield commander with a long-range (40+kms) precision guided artillery weapon that will provide light forces surgical kill capabilities against heavy armor, helicopter, and bunker targets. E-19 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemizatioll Plani.;J: :,~; Mid-Term (FY04-10) SADARM P31. This effort will demonstrate the application of a common aperture Laser Radar/Infrared (LADARIIR) transducer to enhance current SADARM smart submunition sensor suite for use in gun launch environments. The sensor suite will improve countermeasure performance and provide target classification capability with specific performance goals to include: probability of detection (Pd) less than .90%; probability of classification (Pc) less than .75 %; and 20 times increase in footprint compared to basic SADARM. The enhanced sensor suite will greatly reduce cost per kill for basic SADARM. Far-Term (FYll-20) Strategic Research Objectives. The Mobile Wireless Communications SRO will ensure reliable, efficient distribution of target information to support optimal application of fire support assets through sensor-to-shooter linkages. Nanoscience will support the development of the next generation of sensors and guidance systems to significantly enhance the performance of precision munitions. Hypervelocity physics supports the basis for tunable lethality through the application of electric armaments and other hypervelocity weapons. RECAPITALIZATION The field artillery must recapitalize several systems to allow them to remain viable for the foreseeable future. Paladin and FAASV fielding must be completed. When replaced by Crusader, these howitzers will be cascaded to the strategic forces in the National Guard until replaced by Crusader in the far term. Firefinder radar contains basic 1960s technology which must be upgraded to remain relevant. up :>or-Recap1 a1za1on p F'1re s t ·t r r ro~ ram Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Paladin 1,378 950 2012 GREEN GREEN GREEN FAASV 1,378 950 2012 GREEN GREEN GREEN Q36(V8) 85 85 2008 GREEN GREEN NA Q37(V8) 46 32 2008 AMBER AMBER NA Note 1. . . .. . . Notes: 1. lnsuff1c1ent quantities. Replacement must be 1dent1f1ed. Figure E-12 M109A6 Paladin. The Paladin is an upgrade to the 1960s M109 howitzer. It includes an onboard ballistic computer and navigation system, automatic gun positioning, automotive improvements, and a Nuclear Biological Chemical (NBC) protection system. While Paladin greatly improves the survivability and responsiveness of a 1960s-era cannon, it still lacks the desired mobility, range, and rate of fire required to maintain a combat overmatch capability as well as embedded information dominance systems. Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle (FAASV) improvements include an upgraded ammunition handling and storage capability, an improved automotive and suspension system, improved ballistic protection, improved crew NBC E-20 *-:r Annex E: Fire S11 ort protective system, and position/navigation and night driver aids. These improvements greatly enhance the ability to keep our heavy cannon force supplied with ammunition. Paladin and FAASV are currently being fielded in the Active Component and in the Army National Guard (through FP 3). Active Component fielding will be complete in FY98 and, by FYO1, 18 ARNG battalions will be fielded . Current Paladin funding procures 950 vehicles . Current FAASV funding procures 921 vehicles, 29 vehicles short of the APO. The program is rated GREEN. In 2012, this weapons system reaches it R3 point with a basic M109 system that is 49 years old. It is unlikely that another refit program could upgrade it enough to meet the combat requirements of the Army After Next. Because of this, Paladin will be replaced by Crusader in the Total Force by FY20. While procurement is short of the requirement ( 428 systems at a cost of $1 .3 billion), no additional Paladin are required. The shortage will be covered through cascading of Paladin howitzers that are replaced by Crusader. Q36 and Q37 (Firefinder). The Firefinder radars (both Q36 and Q37) are being improved. These radars provide automated locations of enemy mortars, artillery, and rockets. The Q36 Version 8 upgrade will allow throughput of 20 targets per minute, versus the current four, and will have a 30% range improvement. The Q37 Version 8 upgrade will correct transportability deficiencies, improve mobility , and increase range to 130kms. Overall assessment for this area is AMBER. Additional funding included in FY02 and FY03 should alleviate current shortfalls. Thi s should allow for upgrades to an additional thirteen Q36 and four Q37 systems for the Active Army, and 46 radars for the National Guard (42 Q36, 4 Q37). An additional $8M is required to upgrade fourteen radars and complete Firefinder upgrades for the Total Force. Recapitalization will ensure that current artillery systems remain viable until replacements can be procured. Although several systems have funding shortages, the two major systems, Paladin and Firefinder, are adequately funded. Recapitalization is rated GREEN in all time frames. E-21 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 i\1/odemizatiou Piau ', ~1f:~:c' SECTION 3: CONCLUSION The Fire Support modernization strategy employs an integrated, balanced, system of systems approach aimed at improving operational effectiveness across the entire warfighting spectrum. The primary objectives remain: completing Paladin fielding; completing Crusader development and fielding; updating the fire control electronics and mechanical capabilities of the MLRS launcher fleet; creating an arsenal of smart/brilliant munitions that have increased range and lethality; and developing improved target acquisition, C3, and meteorological systems capable of operating on the Army XXI battlefield. The Fire Support modernization strategy is effectively geared toward leveraging research, development, and acquisition resources. The long-term goal of the strategy is to ensure the fielding of these capabilities required to fight and win well into the 21st Century. Systems with these capabilities include Crusader, SADARM P31, Firefinder Block II, MLRS/ATACMS, and AFATDS. These will provide critical combat overmatch and information dominance capabilities to the Total Force and permit the field artillery to contribute to full spectrum dominance. F1re S iystem St t upportS a us System To Total Force? Short Funding Required Comments AFATDS Yes Short FED FED No 1706 $54M Crusader Yes MLRS Possible 236 $151M peryear FY00-10 Restructure under if no restructure review LW155 Yes HIMARS Yes MVS No 608 $18M BFIST No 443 Cost prohibitive Cannot field except to M2A20DS, M2A3 units Striker No 153 $61M LLDR No 442 $120M GLPS Yes Profiler No 8 $8M 8 MMS required FDSW Yes 037 Block II Yes Paladin/FAASV No 428 $1.38 Cascade 036 (V8} Yes 037 (V8) No 14 $8M Figure E-13 Shortfalls exist throughout the field artillery today; therefore, the overall rating is AMBER. Procurement shortfalls preclude fielding all systems to the Total Force... even to high priority units. Figure E-13 provides a recapitulation of these shortfalls. The fire direction and command and control elements continue to increase effectiveness, but will fall short in Army XXI. The greatest challenges facing the fire support system are in the areas of C3 and target acquisition. The C3 system requires the capability for long-range, enhanced situational awareness and relevant combat knowledge. Target acquisition requires the ability to "see" E-22 targets throughout the depth of the battlespace and to assess the effects of our attack of those targets (battle damage assessment). Light forces (light infantry, airborne, and air assault) require a direct support weapons system with increased range, improved responsiveness, and enhanced tactical mobility (UH-60 transportable). F"1re suppor-0 o ermzaf1on Assessment t veraII M"ISSIOn Area M d Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System of Systems Systems FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Information Dominance AFATDS and FED AMBER AMBER RED Combat Overmatch MLRS, HIMARS, LW155, AMBER AMBER AMBER MFOM, ATACMS, BFIST, Striker, LLDR, GLPS,SADARM R&D and Leap-Ahead Crusader, FDSW, Munitions, AMBER AMBER AMBER Technology ATD Recapitalization Paladin, FAASV, Firefinder GREEN GREEN GREEN Figure E-14 POM funding supports AFATDS fielding and the Q-37 P31 production in the near-term. The POM funds MLRS systems that decrease launcher slew time and .the production of SADARM. Additionally, the POM funds Joint Technical Architecture compliance in the nearterm. The POM doesn't completely fund information dominance due to a partial FED buy. Additionally, the Future Direct Support Weapon is not funded in the near-term and will not begin production until the mid-term. POM FY99-03 Buys: Doesn't Buy: • JTA Army Compliance • Information Dominance • Partial Smart Munition Capability • Future Direct Suooort Weaoon • Improved Launcher • All systems for the Total Force: • Improved Target Acquistion FED, MVS, LLDR, Profiler Paladin, MLRS • AFATDS BFIST, Striker Figure E-15 E-23 ANNEX F: AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview Joint Vision 2010 calls for full-dimension protection for U.S. forces, friends, and allies. Army Vision 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contributions to the enhanced operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. This annex describes Air and Missile Defense's planned modernization efforts to achieve these required capabilities. In order to accomplish this, Air and Missile Defense (AMD) modernization planning begins with the evaluation of global trends that could affect the United States military forces. Potential adversaries are expected to utilize existing technologies to acquire low-cost, unmanned, high pay-off systems that provide high operational effectiveness. The threats with increased proliferation trends in the 21st Century are tactical ballistic missiles (TBM), cruise missiles (CM), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and rockets. Either sophisticated or rudimentary versions of these systems pose a danger to our joint forces due to their ability to target any area of the battlefield, in addition to their ability to deliver Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Significantly, these types of weapons can severely disrupt our ability to project our force into theaters of operation, particularly Air and Sea Ports of Debarkation (APODS/SPODS) which are critical to our ability to build up our forces. Also, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) and traditional air threats, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft, will continue to exist in the world of tomorrow. . . . The proliferation ofweapons ofmass destruction-nuclear, chemical, and biological-is one ofthe most troubling dangers we face . The ongoing efforts to obtain such weapons by a number ofcountries present great and growing risks for the United States and its allies. National Military Strategy (A Strategy of Flexible and Selective Engagement), February 1995 A Poor Man's Air Force Low cosVhigh benefit drives increasing threat. Given $50M, ' any" adversary could buy .. . 100 (+)Off-the-Shelf ~c!;;;;;;;;::!i;wiillli Cruise Missiles 100 Reconnaissance 15 Theater Ballistic Missiles with3 TELs • ').. 10 Utility Helicopters 4 Attack Helicopters iii'il ~ Theater missiles provide potential foes an affordable means to Counter U.S. Force projection operations Figure F-1 F-1 The mission of Air and Missile Defense in the 21 51 Century will continue to be to protectthe force and selected geopolitical assets from fixed and rotary wing attack, missile attack, andsurveillance. Air and Missile Defense organizations operate as part of an integrated jointcapability, and protect forces and key assets from the full spectrum of threat aerial vehicles. Themodernization goal is simple-an affordable Air and Missile Defense Force capable ofperforming missions which support the Joint Forces Commander in execution ofNational Security Strategy and National Military Strategy, and which meets the objectives ofArmy Vision2010/Joint Vision 2010 (Figure F-2). AMD Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 • Digitized division by FYOO • Digitized total force by FY1 0 • Need for future SHORAD system • Digitized corps by FY04 • Necessity for upper tier system • PATRIOT fleet> 30 yrs old • Digital radio requirements • PATRIOT fleet> 20 yrs old • FAADC2/Sentinel fleet > 20 yrs oldbecome essential • Requirement to resource compo 4 • L nebacker fleet > 20 yrs oldunits • R&D support for AAN• Avenger fleet > 20 years old • Begin R&D for AAN • CHS-2 > 5 yrs old software PATRIOT not mobile/deployable to support maneuver force Obtain Information Dominance Maintain combat overmatch capability Maintain recapitalization funding to guard against fleet obsolescence JoinVcoalition C41 interoperability Figure F-2 Systems Providing Required Capabilities The AMD systems provide near leak-proof, in-depth defense of maneuver forces andcritical assets in the divisional/forward areas, corps, and theater, as well as National MissileDefense. Systems that are critical to both the sustainment and modernization of the force arelisted below with respect to the area of the battlefield they are designed to protect. Air andmissile defense forces will provide a two-tiered defense against medium-and short-rangeballistic missiles. PATRIOT and Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS) will providethe lower tier defense primarily against short-range ballistic missiles as well as cruise missilesand air-to-surface missiles. PATRIOT, MEADS, and Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD)systems will engage fixed-wing and rotary-wing threats, which penetrate joint defenses. Thesesystems, with their organic communications sensors and data hnk capabilities provideInformation Dominance on the battlefield. F-2 ·."'Annex F: Air artd .Missile De ense Divisional/Forward Area Air Defense (FAAD) Systems. SHORAD extends protection of the force forward-shaping the battlespace and enhancing Information Dominance with FAAD C2 and Sentinel providing integrated early warning, targeting information, and C2 SHORAD weapons systems provide overmatch capabilities to the forward deployed AMD force. capabilities through in-depth protection of maneuver forces in division, corps, and theater areas throughout all phases of operations, and ensure integrated fighting capabilities against CMs, UAVs, helicopters, and fixed-wing aircraft. SHORAD currently consists of the Bradley Stinger Fighting Vehicle (BSFV), Avenger, FAAD C2, Sentinel (formerly known as Ground-Based Sensor), and Stinger MANPADS. The BSFV will evolve into the Bradley Linebacker. Avenger will be improved with Slew-to Cue enhancements, which increase its capability to attack cruise missiles Corps Systems. Lower tier TBM and air defense protection of forces in the corps area is currently provided by PATRIOT and Avenger. MEADS will be the future linchpin system for the AMD force and will provide lower tier TBM capability in conjunction with upper tier Theater High Altitude Air Defense (THAAD). Designed to be the eventual replacement for PATRIOT lower tier defense, MEADS will provide an overarching layer of protection for forward maneuver forces against TBMs, CMs, UAVs, helicopters, and fixed-wing aircraft. Each Corps Brigade will have Common Hardware/Software (CHS) equipment providing the three dimensional battle picture for situational awareness. Theater Systems. Theater Missile Defense (TMD) is an integrated system approach to provide near leak-proof protection of the force and critical assets against tactical ballistic missiles (TBM). TMD is accomplished by integrating a mix of mutually supportive operation elements active defense, passive defense, attack operations, and command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I). Consisting currently of PATRIOT, TMD (active defense) systems will expand in the 21 st Century to include THAAD and MEADS capabilities. The Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor System (JLENS), formerly known as AEROSTAT, an elevated sensor platform, will meet the Army's requirement to detect, track, and support engagement of low flying threats, with a focus on cruise missiles. National Missile Defense. National Missile Defense (NMD) will provide protection of the United States against accidental, unauthorized, or intentionally limited ICBM attacks. Program intent is to develop, within three years, an initial system to the point that a limited capability could be fielded within three years of a deployment decision. Capabilities Contributing to A V2010 Patterns of Operation Army Vision 2010 describes six patterns of operation which are inherent to the force of the future. These are Information Dominance, Protect the Force, Decisive Operations, Shape the Battlespace, Project the Force, and Sustain the Force. Air and Missile Defense provides the Land Component Commander the means for success in all six patterns of operation, with primary focus on Information Dominance and Protect the Force (Figure F-3). F-3 The. U.S. Army 1998 Afodemization Plail;,·:f18.. Air and Missile Defense Relevance to Army Vision 2010 Patterns of Operation II Information Dominance Protect the Force Decisive Operations Shape the Battlespace Project the Force Sustain the Force Theater StrategicJSupport Area Leads to Full-Spectrum Dominance Figure F-3 INFORMATION DOMINANCE AMD systems are critical components in information warfare, protecting friendly force information and denying information to threat forces. Information system assets will be defended with national, theater, corps, and divisional AMD systems. The AMD forces will engage hostile Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) reconnaissance and surveillance platforms, denying them aerial intelligence data on friendly force locations, movements, and intentions . Warnings of threat aerial activity will trigger passive defense measures, further preventing enemy situational awareness. In addition, the AMD information systems will collect, process, and disseminate common airspace and C2 information to support information warfare operations. Early Warning provides maximum reaction time for AMD forces, resulting in an increased ability to kill targets. AMD systems also provide other key information that aids in targeting enemy assets on the ground, such as suspected airfields and TBM launch points. The AMD sensor/data network, with input from JT AGS and system radars as well as with connectivity with national sensors/satellites and joint sources, can provide a real-time or near real-time air picture of the air and missile defense battlespace to the force commander. The equipment provided with the Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System (AMDPCS), deployed with AMD units from Division to Theater, provides command and control of AMD assets in support of ground forces from maneuver brigade to theater level. F-4 ~~~:::··-Annex F: Air and Missile De (m.~;e PROTECT THE FORCE From initial entry through redeployment, Protect the Force encompasses the host of AMD weapons and control systems. Defense in-depth exists not only from the rear to the forward areas of the actual groundspace of the battlefield, but vertically as well, to include airspace. This is accomplished through a two-tiered approach to AMD operations. Upper tier and lower tier Theater Missile Defense systems provide defense of critical priorities in theater, as designated by the Joint Force Commander/Land Component Commander/Joint Force Air Component Commander. Overlapping TBM coverage of all assets is preferred to thicken the defense and provide assured, near leak-proof protection of high value assets. The corps and divisional AMD systems move with and defend maneuver forces and their sustainment organizations/facilities against the array of threat TBMs, CMs , UAVs, helicopters, and fixed-wing aircraft. The AMD weapon system capabilities to protect the force are synchronized by supporting C41 systems. AMD sensor platforms provide the requisite air picture to assist in minimizing engagement timelines and maximizing force survivability. The AMDPCS and AMD TOCs ensure interoperability with platforms from the other services, increasing the operational capabilities of joint forces. DECISIVE OPERATIONS While operations continue to be conducted throughout the theater, the focus of Decisive Operations is the forward area. The AMD mission focus is the defeat of threat air and missile strikes against the maneuver forces and theater assets, and denial of threat UAV reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) efforts. While theater assets maintain their defense of the APODs, SPODs, and priority geopolitical assets in the rear areas, corps and divisional forward area units provide air and missile defense coverage of the maneuver force and such critical assets as forward refueling and ammunition points, aviation forward operating bases, and potential choke points. Bradley Linebackers, Avenger, and MANPADS accompany the maneuver units as they advance to counter the threat's close battle air support platforms helicopters and lethal UAVs. Avengers are deployed along routes of advance and Air Avenues of Approach to protect the force against threat fixed-wing/helicopters, cruise missiles, lethal UAVs, and RSTA UAVs. MEADS and/or PATRIOT (if brought forward) provide overwatch protection of maneuvering forces against cruise and ballistic missile threats, in addition to the enemy fixed-wing aircraft. SHAPE THE BATTLESPACE Defense of forces against threat missiles is gained through a common, integrated command and control architecture, shared air intelligence, and timely synchronized engagements of threat platforms by capable, lethal AMD forces. Theater and corps AMD systems can limit/deny the threat's use of TBMs and CMs to degrade preparations for decisive operations. Divisional systems can detect and engage CMs and UAVs in the forward areas. Collectively, these systems enable simultaneous operations in the defended airspace and assure the commander the freedom of maneuver, fires , and other airspace operations. Data from Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) and AMD sensor platforms can assist in determining TBM launch points and F-5 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization1!lant :]1~ may be transmitted to Army and other joint attack operations systems (e.g., MLRS, ATACMS, Apache) and active AMD systems for engagement. PROJECT THE FORCE AMD Project the Force operations focus on mission planning and actions from the United States, or other staging bases, to early entry and initial build-up in the theater of operations. Protection of the force projection base is of paramount importance. The land-based NMD system will protect the United States-based force projection capability as well as the United States population, industrial base, and infrastructure against limited ICBM attack of the American homeland. In deployments where the threat of air and missile strikes exist, the AMD units deploy with the initial force. The AMD deployed force consists of a mix of systems, tailored to meet mission and threat considerations. Theater AMD systems provide a two-tiered defense for the lodgment APOD/SPODs and initial force concentrations. Corps AMD assets are task organized for composite and complementary defense against the other aerial threats. Force warning and alerting to facilitate passive defense of the force is provided by JTAGS, Sentinel, and JLENS systems and is distributed by FAAD C2. MEADS will enhance Force Projection by reducing lift requirements to provide full spectrum protection for early entry forces and facilities. SUSTAIN THE FORCE Logistical complexes, embarkation/debarkation ports, and resupply points will be critical force assets and must be protected from air and missile attacks. The AMD units throughout the force provide the requisite warning and defense of these facilities and of the deploying and reconstituting forces. How Air and Missile Defense Modernization Aligns with the Army Modernization Strategy The plan to attain modernization goals identifies key AMD capabilities for current and future Army operational concepts (Force XXI, Army Vision 2010, and AAN) and is consistent with Joint Vision 2010 and the Concept for Future Joint Operations. The strategy supports achieving full spectrum dominance in the far-term by establishing near leak-proof protection against all forms of TBMs, CMs, rotary-wing and fixed-wing platforms, to include protection of the continental United States. AMD investment recommendations are grouped in four components-Information Dominance, Overmatch Capabilities, Essential Science and Technology/Leap-Ahead Systems, and Recapitalization efforts. The modernization strategy emphasizes information dominance in the near-term by focusing on offensive and defensive efforts to achieve dominant battlespace awareness. This is accomplished through investment in command and control platforms that enhance early warning capabilities and the synchronization of our firepower. It also includes means by which we deny our adversaries the potential to gather information about our own forces on the battlefield. It supports overmatch capabilities throughout by investing in combat systems improvements using advanced technologies, such as PATRIOT Advanced Capability (PAC-3), that maintain an advantage over potential opponents. It provides focus for research and development to provide for future capabilities required for F-6 AAN by identifying leap-ahead technologies that result in more deployable systems, such as MEADS, which can defeat predicted threats. Recapitalization allows us to extend the life of current systems through product improvements in Stinger and PATRIOT PAC-2 in order to maximize their usefulness. The synchronization of these investment component capabilities will lead to achieving full spectrum dominance. A summation of the patterns of operation, the capabilities provided, the key system contributors to these capabilities, and the associated investment categories is presented in the following (Figure F-4). Patterns of Operation Information Dominance Protect the Force Decisive Operations Shape the Battlespace Project the Force Sustain the Force Required Capabilities Early Warning/Cueing/ Target Acquisition/ Army and Joint lnteroperability LimiVDeny Surveillance LimiVDeny Surveillance Early Warning/Cueing/ Target Acqu isition Defend Against TBMs/ Cruise Missiles/Helicopters/ UAVs/Rockets/Aircraft Early Warning/Alerting/Cueing Defend Against TBMs/ Cruise Missiles/Helicopters/ UAVs/Rockets/Aircraft Promote Freedom of Action by Denial of the 3d Dimension/ Integrate Fires/Provide Back-Tell TBM launch Point Data Early Warning/Integrated C3/ Protect the U.S. (Powe · Projection Base) lntegrate/Def;md Supported Elements Figure F-4 System/Investment Component FAAD C2/Sentinel/ JTAGS/AMDPCS Info Dominance Linebacker/Avenger/ Stinger/ PAC-3 Overmatch JLENS/MEADS Essential R&D/Leap-Ahead Linebacker/Avenger/Stinger/ PAC-3/THAAD Overmatch MEADS/CADEWS/JLENS Essential R&D/Leap-Ahead FAADC2/Sentinei/JTAGS/ AMDPCS Info Dominance Linebacker/PAC-3/ Avenger/Stinger Overmatch MEADS/CADEWS Essential R&D/Leap-Ahead PAC-3/THAAD/ Avenger/Linebacker/Stinger Overmatch JLENS/MEADS/CADEWS Essential R&D/ Leap-Ahead AMDPCS/FAAD C2/JTAGS Info Dominance THAAD/PAC-3/Avenger/ Linebacker/Stinger Overmatch NMD/JLENS/MEADS Essential R&D/Leap-Ahead AMDPCS/FAADC2/Sentinel Info Dominance THAAD/PAC-3/Avenger/ Linebacker/Stinger Overmatch F-7 The. U.S. Army /998 Modemization Plan . ~-., Challenges Ahead Future air and missile threats will become increasingly sophisticated and increasingly lethal. The potential for TBMs and cruise missiles armed with weapons of mass destruction (WMD) increases. In addition, potential adversaries possess arsenals with large quantities of rockets, artillery, and mortar systems. Though "unsophisticated", these systems can deliver large quantities of munitions at concentrated locations in relatively short periods. The AMD force must have the capability to counter these threats, literally from "mud to space." System ranges must be sufficient to engage beyond visual range (in the case of Stingerbased platforms) and over-the-horizon (in the case of AMD systems) to effectively negate or counter WMD platforms ICBM Threat to CONUS before they can release their payloads. Command and China Russia Kazakhstan• Belarus• control must be interoperable, Capability to attack# IFEW IMANY I MANY IFEW I U.S . 1n 1998 joint, and assured via Hostile countries . North . Pote"ltlal ·h t . Iran d]ra CD1ba Korea [f]na for Othe rs redundant communications t a can acqlllre r;:'"1 r::-1 D ICBM capability I...W.J L.W....I links. The Nation must be within 8·1 0 years *ICBMs in process of being moved to Russia protected against a potential 3 Also have nuclear programs ICBM threat (Figure F-5). "Revenge takes 40 years, if not my son, then the Some may consider a successful attack by even one son of my son will kill you. Someday we will missile on the United States a have missiles that can reach New York." The following strategic victory! -Abdul Abbas, PLF Leader investments achieve the majorFigure F-5 thrusts of current and future operational concepts. Information dominance is the key enabler for all 21 st Century Army and joint operations, and is critical to achieving decisive victory. Maintaining overmatch capabilities will require sustained future investments. Overmatch systems Investment Categories will use increasingly System Investment Category List capable ADA System List -------.,...., FAAD C2 improvements to Sentinel defeat the threat. AMDPCS • Bradley Linebacker JTAGS Investments in • MEADS research and • PATRIOT .....,..-.....,..-----.., Patriot PAC-3 • THAAD THAAD development will Linebacker • Avenger enable the leapAvenger • Stinger Stinger ahead systems • FAAD C2 envisioned in the • Sentinel MEADS • AMDPCS JLENS Army After Next. NMD • JLENS CADEWS • JTAGS • NMD Stinger Block 1 • CADEWS PAC-2 GEMS+ Figure F-6 F-8 li!lr ·. A1u1ex F: Air and MissUe De ense SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT Overall Mission Area Modernization Assessment and Key System Ratings This section provides an overview and assessment of our warfighting capabilities from the standpoint of where we are in the near-term and how our modernization strategy fulfills our objective requirements in the mid-to far-terms. While Figure F-7 appears to show a proliferation of ADA systems over the ear-, mid-, and far-terms, it must be emphasized that successful air and missile defense depends upon a family of systems which are complementary in nature. These systems must be able to defeat an array of threats, literally, from mud to space. For example, Stinger Blocks 1 and 2 are extremely capable against rotary-and fixed-wing threats, but are of little use against TBMs. PATRIOT PAC-3 provides adequate lower-tier protection for Echelon Above Corps assets but is not deployable or mobile enough to provide protection for corps maneuver units-MEADS fills that gap. THAAD will meet the requirement for our initial capability to provide an upper-tier defense. The AMDPCS synchronizes the defense of these complementary systems of our AMD forces and, ultimately, ensures near-leak-proof defense that allows us to reach full spectrum dominance in the far-term . AvengerSTC THAADUOES PAC..3 FAAD-C2 Sentinel Bradley Unebacker 11. .l . Mid-Term (FYQ4..10) ,~\ ~ ..... . A( Sllngo3 .,.o~~ Bradley MEADS FAADC2 Sentinel AvengerSTC Unebacker .-IITrJk, .l Far-Term (FY11·20) ~'~ :s/1 PAC..3 -. ~ Bradley j • ~D ~;;;;·~ ~-~II 41. lliAAD MEADS FAAD C2 CADEWS Figure F-7 The following is an assessment of Air and Missile Defense systems listed by investment component. The AMD Force maintains an overall AMBER capability to meet mission requirements and defeat the spectrum of aerial threats during the cited near-, mid-, and far-terms. F-9 INFORMATION DOMINANCE: AMBER System ratings are reflected in Figure F-8. 1r and M.1551·1e Defen5e -Information Dommance program A 55e55men t #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks FAAD C2 28 Bn Sets 19 Btrv Sets 28 Bn Sets 19 Btrv Sets 2015 AMBER GREEN GREEN Sentinel 115 115 2017 GREEN GREEN GREEN JTAGS 5 5 2017 GREEN GREEN GREEN AMDPCS 16 4 2015 AMBER AMBER AMBER GREEN pending Result of WRAP ASARC Figure F-8 F AADC2. The F AADC2 system provides automated engagement operations and force operations to SHORAD battalions and their supported force. The system integrates common hardware and software (CHS) equipment into a Standard Integrated Command Post (SICPS) subsystem and vehicular-and track-mounted SHORAD weapons (Figure F-9). Common Hardware and Software 1 (CHS-1) equipment in the initially fielded units, becomes logistically unsupportable in FY00/01 and is not interoperable with SINCGARS-SIP (being fielded to these divisions in the FY00/01 timeframe). The FAADC2/FBCB2 integrated software is being developed and will be tested during the FBCB2 LUT. This unforeseen HTI resulted in slipping BLOCK ill (version 5.2) and BLOCK IV software up-grades by one year. Rating: AMBER turning to GREEN. FAAD C2 Key Features • Provides a composite air picture to SHORAD weapon systems from air and missile defense sources • Distributes threat and air battle control info to the supported force Mission • Reduces fratricide Provides an automated means of providing timely target • Provides 24-hour continuous opns data to SHORAD weapons to prevent fratricide and • Nets organic sensors manage the air battle. Figure F-9 Sentinel. The Sentinel system provides the required critical track surveillance of the forward areas, automatically detecting, tracking, and reporting targets (cruise missiles, UAVs, helicopters, and fixed-wing aircraft). The Sentinel P3I program provides extended range detection of the low-flying, reduced-signature platforms, such as cruise missiles and UAVs with a smaller radar cross section (Figure F-10). Rating: GREEN F-10 ":",~,, ' A11nex F: Air ami Missile De ense Sentinel Mission Provide acquisition, tracking, classification, and ID of cruise missiles, UAVS, RW and FW aircraft, and provide adequate target location to cue SHORAD weapons into field of view. Key Features • Detects cruise missiles, UA VS , rotary wing aircraft, and fixed wing leakers • Reports location, flight parameters, classification of air tracks, identifies friendly aircraft • Provides high mobility, reliability, ARM and ECM resistance Figure F-10 Joint Tactical Ground Station. JTAGS (Figure F-11) provides the necessary connectivity and intelligence through the Defense Support Program (DSP) to expeditiously broadcast in-theater TBM warnings. In the latter part of the near-term, the JTAGS P31 Phase II will upgrade the five fielded JT AGS into Multi-Mission Processors (M3P) for integration into the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS). Phase II is necessary for continued JTAGS in-theater operations with the new constellation of SBIRS satellites, scheduled to replace the aging DSP in FY02-04. Rating: GREEN JTAGS Mi.ssjQn Provide theater with real-time, space-based infrared warning of TBM launches and other tactical events. Key Features • Threat warning and cueing directly to theater commanders • Allows destruction of TBM launchers via accurate launch point prediction • Direct access to comma nets • Supports all operational elements of TMD • Air, truck, and sea transportable Figure F-11 AMDPCS. The A1\1DPCS (Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System) is underfunded. Preliminary indications are that thi s system will receive WRAP funding. Should this be the case the system will go to GREEN. The development and fielding of the AMDPCS to brigades and battalions will enhance engagement and administrative/logistical operations and result in the requisite interoperability across the force. Currently prototype equipment is fielded which has software not thoroughly tested. Funding shortfalls in the mid-term and beyond will result in insufficient quantities procured to defeat the emerging threat. Additionally, lack of RDT&E funding prevents integration of SHORAD, PATRIOT, and THAAD units into the C2 network. Rating: AMBER. F-11 Tile. U.S. Army /998 Modernization Plan 'x·'""" OVERMATCH: AMBER System ratings are shown in Figure F-12. Air and Missile Defense -Overmatch Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks BSFV/ Linebacker 992A2(0DS) 136 M2A3 99 136 2021 AMBER RED GREEN GREEN GREEN GREEN RDT&Eshort fall in 99.()1 for M2A3 Amber in mid- Avenger 1381 1009 2008 AMBER AMBER AMBER and far-tenns due to P31 shortfall Stinger Block II 13819 9520 2008 AMBER AMBER AMBER Funding does not meet objective requirements Not enough Patriot 54AC/6ARNG 54AC/4ARNG 2010 GREEN GREEN GREEN PAC3 missiles to meet predicted threat Program THAAD 8 8 TBD AMBER GREEN GREEN restructured In FY97; FUE slipped FY04 to FY06 Figure F-12 BSFV/Bradley Linebacker. The currently fielded BSFV system (Figure F-13) has some capabilities against the fixed-wing aircraft, helicopter, UAV, and cruise missile threats. It is hampered, however, by its inability to receive "cueing" data-positioning information that directs the gunner to the target. Without such cueing, the gunners have difficulty detecting small signature platforms. Additionally, BSFV cannot maintain continuous protection of the maneuver force (the vehicle must stop while engaging), and crew survivability is at risk (Stinger team must dismount the vehicle to engage). The Bradley Linebacker M2A2 (ODS), with an integrated slewto-cue and shoot-on-the-move capability, provides the mobility, survivability, and lethality required to protect the future maneuver force. The M2A3 RDT&E, which allows for the conversion of existing M2A3s to Linebacker, is currently unfunded in the near-term. Rating: AMBER turning to GREEN. Bradley Linebacker Key Features • Kills CMS , UAVS , RW, and FW in close Miui2n combat Provide maneuver forces with low altitude • Can maneuver with supported force AD against CMS, UAVS, RW and FW aircraft • Multiple AD weapon system -Stinger -25 MM gun Figure F-13 F-12 ~:;:·: · A1mex F: Air ttml 1liissile Defense Avenger. The Avenger system has the same capabilities and shortcomings (inability to receive "cueing data") as the BSFV. The addition of the Slew-To-Cue (STC) capability enhances the Avenger's detection, acquisition, and engagement of the low-flying, low observable cruise missiles and UAVs. STC digitally accepts sensor track data from the FAAD C2/Sentinel and automatically slews the Avenger turret, placing targets in the gunner's field of view. This lengthens the target engagement window and ultimately increases the probability of a kill (Figure F-14). System shortages exist due to the requirement to upgun the heavy divisional battalions from 24 to 36 Avengers. In addition, there is a lack of funding for other P3I items including the remote control, unit video tracking upgrades to the forward looking infrared (FLIR) system (improving visual positive identification capability of the current FLIR by 1.5 times), and fire control computer enhancements (improving integration with the combined arms team). Rating: AMBER Avenger Key Features Mission • Multi-service Protect the force • Rapidly deployable/lightweight -BDE, dlv, & corps rear • All weather/day night assets with low altitude air defense • 8 ready to fire stinger missiles -Protect against • .50 cal machine gun • UAVS • Shoot on the move • CMS • RW • 2 man crew • FW Figure F-14 Stinger. The follow-on Block ll upgrade provides the requisite capability against the advanced cruise missile, UA V, helicopter, and fixed-wing aircraft threats . Incorporating an advanced focal plane array seeker, the Block ll tracks cruise missiles at extended ranges, counters the stand-off helicopter in clutter, improves accuracy and infrared counter-countermeasures, and adds a full night capability. The Block ll lacks sufficient RDTE funding to reduce schedule and technical risk (Figure F-15) . Rating: AMBER Stinger Key Features Mission • Fire and forget Provide low altitude AD against • Guidance-IR/UV cruise missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, rotary wing and • Reprogrammable microprocessor fixed wing aircraft for brigade • Used on multiple platforms through EAC forces and critical • Only AD system in forward area assets. -Block I -defeats current through midterm threat -Block II -defeats far-term threat Figure F-15 F-13 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Motlemizatiou Plan ::,;., PATRIOT. The PAC-2 does not provide the increase in battlespace and enhanced lethality to counter the proliferating.and evolving TBM threat. As a result, PATRIOT is evolving to the PAC-3 configuration through a series of hardware "sweepdowns" to all fielded equipment and accompanying software changes. PAC-3 incorporates upgrades to the radar set, engagement control station, and launchers with the new design, high velocity, hit-to-kill PAC-3 missile. The PAC-3 capabilities will more than double the current defended area on the ground against TBMs, kill TBMs with twice the range of the Gulf War threat, and increase missile accuracy and lethality to effectively intercept and destroy TBMs/cruise missi les with WMD warheads and air breathing threats (Figure F-16). The funded PAC-3 missile procurement is 1200 missiles, which is projected to resource only 5 of the 10 PAC3 battalions. Rating: AMBER Key Features Mission • PAC-2: only fielded combat proven ATBM system in the Provide theater AMD for critical assets and maneuver forces belonging to corps and EAC . army • PAC-3 missile -Hit-to-kill technology -Active Ka band MMW seeker -Rapid end game response • Integrated fire control center -Information & coordination center at Bn Missile -Engagement control station at f ire unit • Radar set BMC41 -Multi-function phased array radar Figure F-16 THAAD. The Theater High Altitude Area Defense System (THAAD), currently in development, will provide wide area protection against medium range ballistic missiles (MRBM) and short range ballistic missiles (SRBM). It will assure near leak-proof TBM defense in conjunction with lower tier systems. The THAAD User Operational Evaluation System (UOES), to be fielded in FYOO, complements PATRIOT by providing some capability against medium range TBMs. The UOES will be used in testing to provide early user input into the design of the objective system and will be available for limited use during a national emergency. The UOES, however, is unable to defend multiple high priority assets over extended distances due to limited numbers of missiles, sensors, and supporting equipment. The objective THAAD fielding in 2006 provides the objective two-tiered defense of CINC critical assets in theater in the mid-term. Rating: AMBER turning to GREEN. THAAD Key Features ~ To defeat tactical ballistic • Counters high velocity TBMS missile threats directed BM/C31 against military forces, • Provides coverage for large area assets critical assets such as • Provides multiple shot opportunity population centers and industrial resources. • C-141/C-17 transportable • Kinetic energy kill vehicle • Endo· and Exo-atmospheric intercepts • X-band radar Figure F-17 F-14 • frt:c·· ··f· • • • Annex F: Air and iUissile De ense ESSENTIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND LEAP-AHEAD TECHNOLOGY Air & Missile Defense -Essential R&D and Leap-Ahead Programs Near-Term FY98-03 Mid-Term FY04-10 Far-Term FY11-20 • MEADS • JLENS • NMD • CADEWS • BMDO R&D Program • Nanoscience (SRO) • Microminiature, Multifunctional Sensors (SRO(E)) • Hypervelocity Physics • BMDO R&D Program Figure F-18 Near-Term (FY98-03) Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS). MEADS is being designed to provide deployable lower-tier (low-to-medium altitude) air and missile defense for rapid and deliberate force projection and maneuver forces. Intended to replace PATRIOT in the corps ADA brigades, MEADS is significantly lighter, more mobile, and provides greater protection for our forces (Figure F-19). It will be fully capable against short range TBMs, CMs, UAVs, helicopters, and fixed-wing aircraft. It will complement the SHORAD system capabilities by providing an overarching layer of protection for the forward maneuvering forces. However, adequate funding for full development and fielding is lacking. Currently, funding ends in FY99 with the completion of the program definition/validation phase. MEADS Key Features • Defeats both tactical missiles and air breathing threats • Air transportable by C-130, C-141, CH-47, and C-160 BMC31 • Tactically mobile to protect maneuver forces Mini2n • Interoperable with other army services and allied Defends corps maneuver forces and critical systems Assets against the ballistic missile and air Breathing threats in force projection operations. • 360 degree coverage against all threats Figure F-19 Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor System (JLENS). The JLENS is being explored as a cost-effective, airborne sensor platform to support over-thehorizon engagements of cruise missiles. JLENS will enhance cruise missile defense capabilities by significantly extending the detection/warning range and the defended area footprint for AMD systems (Figure F-20). The joint program (Army lead, with Navy and Air Force support) will yield one small/tactical JLENS operational unit set by FY03 with an option for two deployable prototype (large/strategic) systems available in FY05. The JLENS's limited availability (only one F-15 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plan . _, }~'~-~ ii system projected/funded for fielding) and status (deployable prototype) restrict optimal use of its surveillance capabilities. Key features o Expand battlefield surveillance and engagement against land attack CM o Expand battlespace for systems such as PATRIOT, MEADS, and AEGIS Mini2n Provide over-the-horizon surveillance and precision tracking data to enable the air directed surface to air missile concept to increase battlespace for CM defense. Figure F-20 NMD. The National Missile Defense (NMD) program is being designed to provide effective protection of all 50 states against small attacks (a few missiles) of limited sophistication. The program approach allows the preservation of a capability to deploy a NMD system within three years, while allowing the United States to continue the advancement of technology, add new elements to the system, and possibly reduce deployment timelines. There is no fielding decision/timeline. The initial NMD system, even if fielded, would provide only a limited capability against accidental, unauthorized, or intentionally limited ICBM attack and does not have the additional missiles, sensors, or sensor netting required to counter a sophisticated attack. CADEWS. The Counter Air Directed Energy Weapons System (CADEWS) is envisioned to provide warfighting capabilities utilizing directed energy (i.e., laser and high power microwave) technologies in a strategically deployable, tactically mobile, surface-to-air weapons system. The system will utilize an integrated suite of directed energy systems to provide protection of forces in the forward area and defense of scarce, high value assets. It will be capable of engaging an expanded threat set which includes TBMs, CMs, UAVs, rockets, artillery and mortar rounds, helicopters, and fixed-wing aircraft. RDT&E is projected to begin in 2006. CADEWS is currently unfunded. Mid-Term (FY04-10) Many of the Army's R&D program investments are applicable across mission areas. Many of the advanced sensors, C4, and missile technology developments described in other annexes apply to the air and missile defense annex. The Ballistic Missile Defense Office's (BMDO) Advanced Interceptor Technology (AIT) program can provide significant opportunities for air defense systems. However, the Army does not direct the BMDO AIT program and must assess leveraging opportunities after technology developments are completed. F-16 ,::~ ,' Amtex F: Air tlnd Lllissile Deje11se Far-Term (FYll-20) For the far-term, Army basic research in three areas may be key to enable AAN missile and defense capabilities: Nanoscience, Microminiature, Multi-Functional Sensors, and Hypervelocity Physics. The Strategic Research Objective (SRO) for nanoscience will support the development of the next generation of sensors and guidance systems to significantly enhance the performance of precision weapons. The emerging (SRO) on microminiature, multifunctional sensors will enable the use of an adaptive, integrated network of sensors for threat tracking, targeting, and intercept. Hypervelocity physics provides the basis for tunable lethality through the application of electric armaments and hypervelocity weapons. RECAPITALIZATION: AMBER Air & Missile Defense--Recapitalization Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Funding does Stinger Block I 12,250 10,487 AMBER AMBER AMBER not meet program objectives PAC-2 RED RED RED Unfunded (GEM+) 1100 0 Figure F-21 Stinger Block I. The Stinger reprograrnmable microprocessor missile is currently being improved to increase missile accuracy and performance against slow moving targets and those employing advanced counter-countermeasures, provide a capability against cruise missiles, and improve night capability. The Block I is insufficiently funded for the missile (only 10,597 missiles to be modified) upgrade of Force Packages 3 and 4 platforms to fully utilize missile capability. Rating: AMBER PAC2 Upgrade (GEM+). The PATRIOT system continues to improve over time. The current PAC2 system has some capability against the short range ballistic missiles, UAVs, and high altitude CMs and full capability against fixed-wing aircraft. Improvements to the P AC2 missile, such as the Guided Enhanced Missile + upgrade, enhance system capabilities against current/future cruise missile threats. GEM+ allows PATRIOT units to defend a larger area, and therefore, more assets at a greater range. GEM+ is unfunded. Rating: RED F-17 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plan ~ ·.· ..~·.'." .·.~,. SECTION 3: CONCLUSION Force protection from such third-dimensional threats as TBMs, CMs, UAVs , helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, and rockets is critical to the achievement of full spectrum dominance. AMD will play an increasingly important warfighting role as threat aerial systems proliferate and improve. While currently fielded systems provide capability against today's threat, additional systems/capabilities are required to meet tomorrow's threat. The AMD modernization strategy identifies the capabilities needed to meet and overmatch the evolving threat. This strategy incorporates procurement of new systems (e.g., THAAD, MEADS), modifications/upgrades to fielded systems (e.g., Bradley Linebacker, PAC-3, Stinger Block II, Sentinel, AMDPCS , FAAD C2) , and consideration of and experimentation with emerging technologies (e.g., JLENS, CADEWS). While funding constraints preclude the timely fulfillment of the overall AMD modernization strategy, significant portions of the strategy are being implemented. Unfortunately, key "show-stoppers" such as MEADS, Bradley Linebacker, and AMDPCS are either unfunded or underfunded. The inability to field these systems in the quantities/configurations required will degrade the AMD force protection capabilities. POM 99-03 issues are described in Figure F-22. These shortfalls require reliance on other Services and allied capabilities to accomplish full spectrum dominance and the protection of key theater assets, in addition to friendly maneuver forces. PATRIOT THAAD MEADS Bradley Linebacker Stinger Avenger AMDPCS FAAD C2 Sentinel JTAGS JLENS NMD POM FY99-03 DOES: • Procure PAC· 3 Missiles, Radar Upgrades,Components (BMDO) • Fund DAB Approved Program • Continue ROTE • Funds Initial M2A2(00S) ProcuremenV Fielding lor Force Package 1 units • Procure Block I Missiles/Platform Mods lor FP1 Units • Initiate Block II Missile EMD • Fund Slew-to-Cue lor 443 AC Fire Unlls • Funds Avengers lor ARNG • lnltlale Funding In FY02!or CHS UpgradeProcurement • Fund Procurement and Fielding of Required 26 Sets • Develop and Test Block Ill ORO Requirements • Complete Procurement to Total Force • Fund SBIRS Mod • Keep the program alive w/reducl lon In ObVScope • Continue Development PATRIOT THAAD MEADS Bradley Linebacker Stinger Avenger AMDPCS FAADC2 Sentinel JTAGS JLENS NMD CADEWS Figure F-22 F-18 DOES t:K1I;. • Procure GEM+ • Does not support QDR mandate lor FY06 FUE • Fund Design and Development/Initial Prod Phases • Fund PDN Phase Meet FUE 05 • Fully Fund M2A3 ROTE/Procurement • ~'ITfl~'.;~Pt ProcuremenVFieldlng • F~~.ie~~~~Block I to economic rate of • ~ully Fund Block II ROTE • Procure FP 3&4~latlorm mods ~~~:rl::':/:roved LIR, Remote Control Unit, & • Fully lund STC lor ARNG • Fund ROTE Efforts to Integrate SHORAD, Pab1ot, THAAD, nor Integration of the ADSI, AMDWS, or JTIDS/MIDS • Fund Replacement of CHS1 With CHS2 Equipment • Fund Program Initiation • Fund Program Continuation ANNEX G: AVIATION SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview The challenges of the 21st Century demand a highly mobile and responsive force, capable of leveraging information technologies for effective and synchronized operations. Aviation's modernization strategy is a total Army plan, providing the response to meet these challenges and to move beyond them, to the full-spectrum dominance objective of Army Vision 2010 and beyond. Coupled with Army aviation's inherent strengths of mobility, lethality, and versatility (Figure G-1 ), a total Army approach to aviation modernization ensures continued relevance as the Army reshapes to meet the evolving threat and mission requirements of the Army After Next (AAN) timeframe. Gain Information Dominance Relevance to Full Spectrum Dominance Tactical Reconnaissance Mobile C31 Commo Relay lnteVEiec Wariare Fixed Wing Army Airspace C2 "we (Mobility) Utll/ty!SEMA ShaQB the Batttespace r--=------.., Deep Operations Special Operations Air Assault Economy of Force Decjsjve Operations Attack Operations Deep Operations Air Assault Exploitation & Pursuit Protact the Eoa;e Tactical Reconnaissance Security Theater Missile Defense SEAD PCQject the Foa;e Self-DeploymentDefending or Liberating Territory Air Movement FARP Emplacement Punitive Intrusion lntratheater Transport Conflict Containment Sustam the Force Versatility! Leverage Aerial ResupplyReassurance Aerial Recovery Core Security Aviation Maintenance Medical Evacuation Humanitarian Figure G-1 Aviation provides combat, combat support, combat service support, and special operations across the spectrum of full-dimensional operations. Air Cavalry/Reconnaissance units conduct reconnaissance and security operations to provide the tactical commander critical combat information, early warning, and force protection. Attack helicopter units, with the G-1 The. U.S. Armv /998 Modernization Plan ~· :..::?J.:"'~ capability to deliver precise, lethal fires without massing forces, provide a unique maneuver force that contributes to all forms of offensive and defensive combat. Utility and cargo helicopter units provide tactical air movement of combat forces and their assets, allowing commanders and their staffs to command, rapidly traverse, see the battlefield, and perform front line medical evacuations. Special Operations Aviation (SOA) conducts a broad spectrum of combat and combat support missions. Fixed wing aircraft deliver essential combat support and combat service support, conducting operational airlift, intelligence and electronic warfare, and intratheater personnel and cargo transportation. Special Electronic Mission Aircraft (SEMA) provide communications/ signal intelligence and electronics countermeasures. Tactical Air Traffic Services (ATS) units provide a continuous flow of joint airspace information between commanders and airspace users to enhance airspace management, situation awareness, and combat effectiveness. Collectively, Army aviation is ideally suited to provide the joint force the lethality, speed, mobility, and versatility required for responsive worldwide demands. Priority in resourcing aviation readiness is given to modern, sophisticated, high impact aircraft. Risk is balanced by accepting inadequate numbers of aircraft in the sustaining accounts and by providing reduced resources in lower priority units. Recapitalization funding is maintained to guard against fleet obsolescence and rising operating and support (O&S) costs. This plan provides the Army roadmap to meet near-term priorities, then move to meet the challenges of the mid-and far-terms to help the Army achieve its ultimate objective-full spectrum dominance. Aviation Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Digitized Div by FYOO Digitized Corps by FY04 Fleet Compatibility With Army XXVEmbedded Average Airframe Age in FY20 CH-47 >50 Over 500 Obsolete Battle Command AH-64 > 30 OH-58D > 25 AH-1/0H-58C FY02: UH-60 Begins UH-60 > 30 Over 900 UH-1 Turning 25 Years Old UH-1 > 45 C-12 > 30 > 25 Years Old ATG Missile Inventory and Shelf-Life RAH-66 Reaches Half-Life FY02: CH-47 Begins Turning 40 Years Old Joint/Combined Arms Training & Simulation UH-1 Replacement S& T Support for AAN • OH-58D Lacks Range, Speed, Payload & Ballistic Survivability • AI• T LONG RANGE UTILITY C-20 (4) CARGO C-23 (44) ~=~ts~ :-: . . .• ""' ~ \2GRCS . C-12 (57) SEMA R ..-"'---_ ~ -:Ji..z.. ARL RC-78 (15) • Requirtd Quantities TBD Figure G-7 Capabilities Assessment INFORMATION DOMINANCE Information dominance programs for aviation include RAH-66 Comanche, digitization initiatives in support of Force XXI, the Airborne Command Vehicle (UH-60 with Army Airborne Command and Control System (A2C2S)), and the EH-60L Advanced QuickFix (AQF) SEMA. Automation/digitization and the Comanche are critical to attaining the Army's "information dominance" objective. Digitization funding issues and limitations of the interim OH-58D Kiowa Warrior result in an overall assessment of AMBER for information dominance programs. Armed tactical reconnaissance/security is Army aviation's number one defi ciency. The RAH-66 Comanche, with its revolutionary mission equipment package, advanced survivability features, and superior maintainability features will solve this deficiency. Comanche will provide tactical targeting, prioritization, and enemy information to joint force tactical commanders at all levels. Figure G-8 provides an assessment of cavalry/reconnaissance capabilities by force package for the near-, mid-, and far-term timeframes. The RAH-66 acquisition strategy builds two prototypes in FY95 and FY98, and six Early Operational Capability (EOC) aircraft equipped with the reconnaissance mission equipment package in FYOl-03. The objective is to place these aircraft, with their embedded training capability, into operational units for soldier evaluation, thus confirming revolutionary capabilities and reducing program risk. Full production and Initial Operational Capability (IOC) remain in 2006, beyond the replacement point for AH-1 and OH58D. G-10 ~ ;· Annex G: A t•itttion Information Cavalry/Reconnaissance Dominance ~GREEN AMBER IIRED 100 80 60 40 20 0 FP 1 FP 2 FP 3 FP 4 FP 1 FP 2 FP 3 FP 4 FP 1 FP 2 FP 3 FP 4 Near-Term FY98-03 Mid-Term FY04-1 0 Far-Term FY11-20 (AMBER) (AMBER) (GREEN) • OH-58D AMBER • RAH-66 GREEN • RAH-66 GREEN Range, Speed , Payload, Fixes Reconnaissance/ Fielded thru FP 3 Survivability Deficiencies Security Deficiencies • OH-58D RED • OH-58D AMBER • AH-1 RED Fleet Average Age> 20 Yrs Day Only Approaching RED Average Age > 30 • AH-1 RED System Rgmt* Funded R3 Pt Remarks AH-1 0 NIA 1995 (Retire) 203 TOE Retained Due to RAH-66 Restructure OH-58D 318 318 2004 (Replace) Survivability & Safety Mods Until RAH-66 RAH-66 735 735 2017 (Refit) Far-Term Objective to Add Longbow FCR • Qty for RAH-66 = Force Rqmt, OH-580 =On-hand. OH-580 AAO = 426; RAH-66 AAO = 1,292 Figure G-8 The OH-58D Kiowa Warrior is a significant improvement over the AH-1 and bridges the gap until the Comanche is fielded. However, the Kiowa Warrior offers limited airframe growth potential and suffers from range, speed, survivability, and weapon payload deficiencies. The retrofit and production of OH-58D to the Kiowa Warrior configuration (armed with Semi-Active Laser HELLFIRE, Air-to-Air Stinger, 2.75 inch rockets, .50 caliber machine gun) will be complete in 1999. RAH-66 fielding allows cascading of OH-58D aircraft to the Strategic Reserve beginning in FY 2009. Current Comanche production schedules will require retention of OH-58D until they are retired in FY 2022. This long-term retention of these aircraft will require future safety and sustainment upgrades to keep these aircraft viable. At a minimum, 190 aircraft (includes 8 cavalry squadrons, 1 light division attack battalion, and 38 aircraft to satisfy training base and sustainment needs) will require additional refurbishment beyond that currently programmed in the POM or Extended Planning Period. Rough order of magnitude estimates of funding requirements for this refurbishment are $1-2M per aircraft. The AH-1 Cobra, with the exception of approximately 70 C-NITE equipped aircraft, lacks the capability to operate effectively at night and in reduced visibility. All AH-1 have inadequate flight performance for global operations, are not capable of adequate threat stand-off against air defense threats and are not compatible with the digital battlefield. AH-1 continues to be RED. Initiatives to reduce the authorized level of AH-1 aircraft in Strategic Reserve reconnaissance units until RAH-66 fielding allows OH-58D cascading to these units are still in the planning stages. This initiative is similar to the Associate Unit Strategy for attack battalions G-11 discussed in the Combat Overmatch Section. The objective of this effort is to further accelerate AH-1 retirement to the point where all remaining AH-ls would be C-NITE Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) equipped for night target acquisition. Additional aviation information dominance programs are assessed in Figure G-9. These digitization programs ensure interoperability, from within organic units to among joint force participants, and provide rapid sharing of enemy and friendly information among all digitized forces for near-real time situation awareness and synchronization of combat power. The overall assessment for aviation digitization is AMBER. Aviation-Information Dominance Program Assessment #Systems #Systems Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks A2C2S 207 133 AMBER AMBER AMBER FP 1 & FP 2, 50% FP 3 AVTOC 374 15 AMBER RED RED Funded Only for Initial Dig Divs/Corps AMPS 1,101 923 AMBER GREEN GREEN Bde/Bn/Co Level EBC Integration TBD 0 RED RED RED Required for Digital Connectivity TAIS 28 28 AMBER GREEN GREEN ATS Node of ATCCS Note: . . R3 Po1nts for these systems have not been determined. D1g1tal technology hfe IS less than 10 years . ·Figure G-9 With few exceptions, aviation digitization programs are not resourced beyond the Contingency Corps and Regional Response Forces. Fully funded programs (GREEN) include the AN/ARC-220 High Frequency Radio, GPS, the Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS), and initiatives for automated logistics supply reporting/tracking and diagnostics. The AN/ARC220 High Frequency Radio allows non-line-of-sight (voice and limited data) communications between the aviator and commander/Tactical Operations Center (TOC). The Aviation Mission Planning System (AMPS) provides automated mission planning, rehearsal, synchronization, and transfer of essential mission data to aircraft systems. The Aviation Tactical Operations Center (A VTOC), funded only for the Force XXI initial digitized divisions/Corps, provides aviation brigade, battalion, and separate company commanders the capability to plan, control, and report aviation operations. Integration of Embedded Battle Command (EBC) software functionality onto aviation platforms for linkage to the digital battlefield is significantly under funded. The T AIS is linked to the ATCCS and the USAF Contingency Theater Automated Planning System (CT APS), providing joint airspace management and airspace deconfliction with other combat arms . Future plans for a new air traffic architecture are based upon satellite based navigation, increased use of data links rather than voice for pilot/controller communications, and improved surveillance for enhanced ground and cockpit situational awareness. To avoid potential flight restrictions, aviation must address necessary aircraft modifications for future OCONUS/CONUS civil airspace compliance. G-12 . '?' · Annex G: A••ilttiotl Logistics digitization objectives include consolidating the Unit Level Logistics SystemAviation (ULLS-A), Soldier Portable On-site Repair Tool (SPORT), and an Integrated Electronic Technical Manual (IETM) into a single laptop computer with a CD-ROM. The intent is for this system to interface with the unfunded Digital Source Collector (DSC) to enhance preventive maintenance and diagnostics. The aviation implementation of the Integrated Combat Service Support System (ICS3) Standard Maintenance System (SMS) module will provide a single integrated system that meets all maintenance information processing requirements. The Airborne Command Vehicle, a UH-60 fitted with the Army Airborne Command and Control System (A2C2S), will serve as a Corps, division, or maneuver brigade commander's airborne tactical command post. A2C2S allows the maneuver commander to fight over large expanses and accommodate the fluidity of the 21st century battlefield. It features situational awareness that fosters a commander's common view of the battlefield and voice/data equipment that provides battlefield information processing and connectivity equivalent to ground tactical command posts and the Battle Command Vehicle. The EH-60L AQF program modernizes the aircraft electronics suite and upgrades the engine and fuel pods to address flight performance/range deficiencies. The AQF provides electronic support and attack to address emerging threat, precision location data for first fire, and improved mission duration. Requirements for the Aerial Common Sensor (ACS), the future SEMA platform, are being developed to create a multi-functional aerial intelligence platform. COMBAT OVERMATCH Aviation combat overmatch programs include AH-64D Longbow Apache, the RF HELLFIRE missile, Aircraft Survivability Equipment (ASE), and Air Warrior. The Longbow Apache, RF HELLFIRE missile, and improved ASE will give the Army attack helicopter technological superiority well into the 21st Century. However, limitations of interim OH-58D and AH-64A aircraft coupled with funding issues with ASE and weapon procurement result in an overall assessment of AMBER for combat overmatch. Figure G-10 assesses attack helicopter combat overmatch capability. The impact of the Associate Unit Strategy (discussed below) is significant as all AH-1 attack aircraft are retired in Strategic Reserve attack battalions by FY 2003, more than 10 years ahead of previous schedules. The attack mission is currently performed by three different aircraft. In some units (5 heavy/medium divisions, 1 light division, 1 armored cavalry regiment), AH-1s continue to perform the attack mission. These aircraft (rated RED) fight blind at night (with the exception of limited quantities of AH-1F C-NITE aircraft) and lack the weapon systems and mission equipment required for effective combat operations. The OH-58D serves as the attack aircraft in the remaining three light divisions and two armored cavalry regiments. The OH-58D suffers the same deficiencies discussed above, particularly inadequate weapon payload. G-13 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plan:·'"·'1:;,.,,. Overmatch Percent ~-~,.-~""lllliijliiij..,..lllii!•••• 100 80 60 40 20 0 FPI FPII FPill FPIV FPI FPII FPill FPIV FY2010 (AMBER) FY2020 (AMBER) • AH-640 GREEN • AH-640 AMBER • AH-64A AMBER • AH-640 GREEN • First AH-64Ds Reach 20 Yrs AH-64A Only Partially Dig itized • OH-580 AMBER • OldinFY18 Vulnerable to Threat Air Defense Approaching RED • RAH-66 GREEN • OH-580 AMBER • OH-580 RED Range, Speed, Pa~oad, Survivability Deficiencies • Fleet Average Age > 20 Yrs • AH-1RED System Rgmt* Funded R3 Pt Remarks AH-1 0 N/A 1995 (Retire) 144 TOE Retained Due to RAH-66 Restructure OH-580 72 72 2004 (Replace) Survivability & Safety Mods Only AH-640 751 (569**) 751 2018 (Replace) Fielding Complete In FY2009 RAH-66 462*** 462 2017 (Refit) Far-Term Objective Is Longbow Capability ** 569 When RAH-66 Is Fully Fielded AAOs: OH-580 =426 ; RAH -66 =1292; AH-64A =914; AH-640 =758 ••• 54 SOA Not Included * RAH-66 Qty =Force Rqmt , AH-640/0H-580 =On-hand. Figure G-10 The Associate Unit Attack Aircraft Strategy has been embraced by both the active and reserve components as a means to accelerate AH-1 aircraft retirement, modernize reserve component aircraft, and maintain soldier skills (pilot/maintainer) relevant to the strategic reserve requirements to support reconstitution and regeneration of the force. Implementation of this strategy, shown in Figure G-11 , allows early retirement of 120 TOE AH-1 aircraft at a cost avoidance approaching $200M. Implementation of this strategy is expected to be complete in the near-term_ It consists of the following adjustments to current structure: • Reduce the authorized level of aircraft for reserve component heavy division/Corps attack battalions in the warfight from 24 to between 12 and 18 aircraft. This frees up over 40 AH-64 aircraft for redistribution. Additional aircraft will be made available in FY 2009 with the completion of Longbow fie lding and as early as FY 2000 if emerging Army XXI force structure changes are adopted . Trainup and equipment costs associated with this alternative are about $11M. • Reduce the authorized level of aircraft in the five Strategic Reserve heavy division attack battalions to between 8 and 12 aircraft. • Field AH-64 aircraft to Strategic Reserve attack battalions at a reduced authorization level until cascading AH-64s, made available through RAH-66 fieldings, allow fielding the full complement of 24 AH-64 aircraft per battalion. G-14 IAssociate Unit Strategy I 7 National Guard AH-64s Battalions HVYOIVATK I in the Warfight Resourced with 18-24 28AD'm 2 AH-64s 34Mxift Form Associate 3sMxm 24 24 38MxW ur~l Resource with 12-18 42AD '00 24 Strategic Reserve AH-64s Attack Battalions • No AH-1 ' s Remaining + with Resourcedin Divisional Atk BN's 8-12 AH-64s Frees Up 40-60 Aircraft For Redistribution to Strategic Reserve Attack Battalions Figure G-11 The AH-64 is the world's premier heavy attack helicopter. Remanufacture of the AH64A to the AH-64D Longbow Apache configuration provides extended range targeting and adverse weather target acquisition coupled with a fire and forget RF HELLFIRE missile. The Longbow millimeter wave FCR, RFI, and T700-GE-701C engines are programmed for 227 AH64Ds. All AH-64D aircraft will receive precision inertial and GPS navigation, state of the art weaponry, enhanced displays, redundant processors, MANPRINT cockpit; structural upgrades; joint compatible digital communications suite, interactive electronic manuals, and aircraft reliability improvements. The program also includes training devices and simulators. From constructive simulation/analysis to operational experiments such as the Task Force XXI Advanced Warfighting Experiment (AWE), the AH-64D has proven itself a true combat multiplier for the Army. Until Comanche is fielded to heavy division/corps attack battalions in the far-term, the AH-64 will also serve as the scout in heavy attack units. However, the AH-64 remains vulnerable to modern threat air defenses when employed in the close-in scout role. Fielding the RAH-66 Comanche as the scout aircraft in these heavy division/corps attack battalions and as the light division attack aircraft will provide a survivable aircraft with the speed, range, payload, and logistical supportability features required by these units. G-15 Other aviation combat overmatch programs are shown in Figure G-12. The RF HELLFIRE missile permits precision engagements by AH-64D and RAH-66 in Electro-Optical (EO) countermeasure environments and through adverse we~ther/battlefield obscurants. The RF HELLFIRE missile uses the HELLFIRE II missile bus and warhead, and incorporates a millimeter wave seeker. Production of the RF HELLFIRE began in FY97. Approximately 13,000 RF HELLFIRE will be procured through FY03, short of the requirement for the AH-64D. The Block II Stinger (FUE 2004) will improve air-to-air missile performance against targets in clutter. Concepts are being evaluated for a low cost Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS) guided munition (to complement the Hydra-70 family of rockets and supplement HELLFIRE) to provide a lower cost, more capable means of defeating soft or lightly armored targets in clutter and urban terrain. In the mid-term, RAH-66 Comanche missile requirements and laser HELLFIRE shelf life extension must be addressed. Aviation-Overmatch Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point* FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11·20 Remarks SAL HELLFIRE HELLFIRE II RF HELLFIRE N/A.. .. 0 7,888 13,311 97 08 12 AMBER GREEN GREEN RED AMBER GREEN N/A RED AMBER Inadequate Shelf Life Inadequate Quantities RAH-66 Rqmts, Shelf Life Concerns SIIRCM 2,882 1,047 14 AMBER AMBER AMBER AH-64, OH-580, UH-60 UQ, CH-470 SIRFC 1,108 1,108 14 AMBER GREEN GREEN AH-64, UH-60, CH-470, SOA Air Warrior 15,956 10,286 21 AMBER GREEN GREEN 1 per Aircrew Member APKWS TBO 0 --- RED RED RED Procurement Unfunded • Retrofit/Replace/Retire R3 Point based on approx. 20-Yr life, 15 years for HELLFIRE. •• Total HELLFIRE (HELLFIRE II and RF HELLFIRE) requirement is approximately 25,000 missiles to support AH-64. Figure G-12 The ASE program includes RF, Infrared (IR), and EO countermeasure devices to detect and defeat threat anti-aircraft systems. As Army aviation continues to modernize, aircraft systems must have the necessary ASE items installed at the production line or via field retrofit. The Suite of Integrated IR Countermeasures (SIIRCM) and Suite of Integrated RF Countermeasures (SIRFC) are the two most critical ASE programs for Army aviation. They provide necessary situation awareness, improved target identification, interfaces for digital target handover, missionized electronic order of battle, and substantially improved effectiveness against current and projected air defense threat. The mid-term solution for SOA includes components of the SIIRCM and SIRFC. The Aircrew Integrated Systems program encompasses those items of equipment that are used to protect, sustain, and enhance the performance of Army aircrews and passengers. The Air Warrior program develops a modular, tailorable aviator ensemble for rotary wing aircraft crewmembers. Its aim is to reduce the aviator's equipment weight and volume to lessen the physical burden, improve survivability, and enhance the aviator's ability to accomplish the mission. Subsystem programs which feed Air Warrior include: Aircrew Integrated Common G-16 Helmet, Helmet Mounted Display, Laser Protective Visor, Magnetic Head Tracker System, the Aircrew Microclimate Cooling System, and an Electronic Kneeboard. ESSENTIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND LEAP-AHEAD TECHNOLOGIES Aviation is supported by a robust S&T program fully aligned with Army Vision 2010 and AAN timelines. The S&T program supports development of new systems I concepts and the technologies required for upgrades of existing rotorcraft. Detailed descriptions of these programs are contained in the Army's Science and Technology Master Plan. The aviation S&T program consists of efforts focused on developing and demonstrating technologies for advanced rotors, transmissions, structures I airframes, weapons integration, engines, survivability, cockpit I mission equipment packages, and flight controls. The major S&T programs for aviation, as shown in Figure G-13, support a three pronged strategy: (1) development of a Joint Transport Rotorcraft (JTR) as a potential replacement for CH-47 and CH53 helicopters; (2) support for Army After Next rotary wing concepts; (3) potential technology insertions for RAH-66 and AH-64D. Aviation Essential R&D Programs Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 • Rotorcraft Pilot's Associate ATD • 3rd Generation Adv. Rotor • 4th Generation Crew Station • Adv. Rotorcraft Transmission II TO Demonstration TD TO • Helicopter Active Controls Tech TO • Rotary Wing Structures Tech TD • Adv. Rotorcraft Aeromechanics TechiD • Joint Transport Rotorcraft ATD • Smart Structures SAO • Intelligent Systems SAO • Signature Management & Control SAO • Joint Turbine Advanced Gas Generator TO • Air/Land Enhanced Reconnaissance and Targeting ATD • HELLFIRE Ill TD • Airborne Manned/Unmanned Systems Tech ATD Figure G-12 The JTR will demand significant warfighting performance advancements in range, speed, payload, mobility, and acquisition costs. These advancements will result from technology improvements in structures, cruise efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and maneuverability/agility. The Rotary Wing Structures Technology (RWST), Advanced Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Technology (ARCAT), 3rd Generation Advanced Rotors Demonstration (3rdGARD), Helicopter Active Controls Technology (HACT), Advanced Rotorcraft Transmission (ART) , and Joint Turbine Advanced Gas Generator (JTAGG) Technology Demonstrations (TD) will transition technologies to develop this potential new JTR system. G-17 The. U.S. Army 1998 i\tlodemizatiowPli~:~.(4.,¥, Potential technology insertions to the RAH-66 Comanche and AH-64D in support of the evolving digital battlefield will include crew station workloads enhancements, advanced pilotage/displays (such as Virtual Retinal Display technology), vehicle management, and interoperability between manned and unmanned scout/attack teams. Future needs require significant technology improvements in cognitive decision aids, sensor fusion, displays/symbology, and enhanced processing for voice and data communications. The Rotorcraft Pilot's Associate Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD), Airborne Manned/Unmanned Systems Technology ATD, and 4th Generation Crew Station ATD will mature technology required for these improvements. NEAR-TERM (FY98-03) Rotorcraft Pilot's Associated (RPA) Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) The objective of this program is to improve combat helicopter mission effectiveness through the application of artificial intelligence for cognitive decision aiding and the integration of advanced pilotage sensors, target acquisition, armament and fire control, communications, cockpit controls and displays, navigation, survivability, and flight control technologies . RPA technologies greatly enhance aviation crew's ability to see and assimilate the battlefield in all conditions. Advanced Rotorcraft Transmission (ART) II Technology Demonstration The ART TD incorporates key emerging material and component technologies for advanced rotorcraft transmissions and makes a quantum jump in the state of the art. Advanced concepts including split torque path, highly loaded gears, high reduction ratios per gear stage, low noise gear configurations, and high temperature corrosion resistant materials will be integrated into an advanced transmission demonstrator. The ART demonstrator objectives are to provide a 25% increase in shaft horsepower to weight ratio, 100% increase in mean time between removal, 10 dB reduction in noise, and 10% reduction in production costs. Helicopter Active Control Technology (HACT) Technology Demonstration The HACT TD will demonstrate a second generation fly-by-light technology and integration of flight control and mission functions into a Vehicle Management System (VMS). It will demonstrate high bandwidth active control technologies, multimode stabilization, and carefree maneuvering with robust control law design methodologies for affordable high performance helicopter control systems. Rotary Wing Structures Technology (RWST) RWST will demonstrate advanced lightweight, tailorable structures and ballistically tolerant airframe configurations that incorporate state-of-the-art computer design/analysis techniques, improved test methods, and affordable fabrication processes. The objectives are to increase structural efficiency by 15%, improve structural loads prediction accuracy to 75%, and reduce costs by 25%. G-18 1 Annex G: A ••itttion Advanced Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Technology (ARCAT) ARCAT will develop and demonstrate critical technologies in rotorcraft aeromechanics focused on increasing maximum blade loading, increasing rotor aerodynamic efficiency and adverse forces, reducing aircraft loads and vibration loads, reducing acoustic radiation, increasing inherent rotor lag damping, and increasing rotorcraft aeromechanics predictive effectiveness. Achievement of aeromechanics technology objectives will contribute to rotorcraft system payoffs in range, payload, cruise speed, maneuverability/agility, reliability, maintainability, and reduced RDT&E, production, and O&S costs. Joint Turbine Advanced Gas Generator (JTAGG) JTAGG is a tri-Service I NASA I DARPA Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology (lliPTET) demonstrator effort focused on achieving a 40% reduction in specific fuel consumption and a 120% increase in power to weight ratio over current production engines. The JTAGG demonstrator will integrate compressor, combustor, turbine, and mechanical components using advanced materials and materials processing, simulation and modeling, computational fluid dynamics, and manufacturing science. A full engine demonstration of the improvements in gas turbine technology resulting from the JTAGG program will be conducted as required to support JTR development. Air/Land Enhanced Reconnaissance and Targeting (ALERT) ATD The ALERT ATD will demonstrate on-the-move, automatic aided target acquisition (ATR) and enhanced identification via the use of a second generation FLIR/multi-function laser sensor suite for application to future aviation assets which do not have radar. ALERT will leverage ongoing Air Force and DARPA developments for search on-the-move ATR including the use of temporal FLIR processing for MTI. This approach will also enable application of the ATR capability to all weapons systems with integrated FLIR/laser sensors. The demonstration will be a real-time, fully operational flying testbed emulation of all modes of the basic RAH-66 target acquisition system. ALERT will integrate laser range mapping and laser profiling capability with FLIR imagery to demonstrate on-the-move aided target acquisition and identification with acceptable false alarms as a lower cost alternative to FLIR/radar fusion . Hellfire III Technology Demonstration Hellfire Ill demonstrates an improved Hellfire missile that remains compatible with current and future Hellfire launchers at a possible reduction in weight and/or cost. The technology demonstration will utilize enhancements in propulsion, warhead, and aerodynamic technologies to allow missions to be performed at extended ranges (12 km), at reduced times of flight, and on a greater variety of target sets. G-19 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Plan "V, ""l:' Airborne Manned/Unmanned System Technology (AMUST) AMUST will assess, develop, and demonstrate the software, components, and procedures needed to enable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to perform as intelligent and autonomous members of a rotary wing aviation team in support of the maneuver commander. The program will use existing or planned UAVs and manned rotorcraft to demonstrate the enabling airborne manned/unmanned teaming technologies. AMUST will use the aviators mission requirements and plans, manned system capabilities, threat information, and UAV flight and payload performance capabilities to automatically develop an optimum manned/unmanned team flight, payload, and communication management plan. MID-TERM (FY04-10) 3rd Generation Advanced Rotor Demonstration (3rd GARD) The 3rd GARD TD will demonstrate advanced rotors/concepts developed in the ARCAT program to enhance current rotor performance ceilings. Increased performance will result through the application of high lift airfoils/devices, tailored platforms and tip shapes, elastic/dynamic tailoring methods, active on-blade control methods, acoustic signature reduction techniques and integration of advanced rotors/concepts with advanced active control systems. 3rd GARD technology will provide for increased survivability via reduced acoustic signature and increased maneuverability/agility, increased rotorcraft speed capability, increased range and payload, and reduced O&S cost via reduced vibration and loads. Joint Transport Rotorcraft (JTR) ATD The ATD will serve as a risk reduction demonstration program to allow transition of rotary wing platform technologies to a JTR EMD program as the replacement for the aging CH-47 Chinook and CH-53 Super Stallion helicopter fleets. Integration of technologies from the RWST, HACT, ART, ARCAT, 3rd GARD, and JTAGG programs will be included in the ATD demonstration vehicle. This integration demonstration will result with a lightweight reliable transmission, advanced flight controls, smart structures to include materials and manufacturing, 2X increase in propulsion capability and increase maneuverability, agility, and cargo handling capability. The ATD will use simulation and virtual prototyping and platform ground and flight testing to demonstrate the technologies' greatest potential for dual-use and reducing development, production, and operating costs. FAR-TERM (FYll-20) 4th Generation Crew Station (4th GCS) Technology Demonstration This TD will demonstrate the next generation of air vehicle crew station architecture . The effort will develop/incorporate advanced displays for full glass cockpit/crew station; three-dimensional display technology; selectable touch, cyclic grip cursor, or pupil tracked cursor information access capability; rapid pilot-reconfigurable information layout on displays; automated artificial G-20 ,'f:,;f Annex G: At'illtion intelligence (AI) "Advisor" aiding; intelligent, adaptive interfaces, advanced selectable "windowless" cockpit synthetic vision systems; advanced information display symbology; and advanced flight control designs. Displays, AI, and crew station technology from Air Force, Navy, and NASA programs will be incorporated into the system design. The TD will demonstrate increased pilot performance and overall reduced pilot susceptibility to injury by laser, directed energy, or other sources in hostile electromagnetic environments. Strategic Research Objectives (SRO) The Smart Structures SRO focuses on the development of adaptive structures for airframe and rotors as well as embedded sensors to measure the performance and "health" of vehicle structures. The Intelligent Systems SRO includes the development of "associate systems" to aid the pilot/operator in systems monitoring, decision making, and tactical operations. The Signature Management and Control SRO will enable the development of advanced methodologies for enhancing survivability against future threats. RECAPITALIZATION PROGRAM Aviation's major recapitalization programs are the UH-60 Modernization/Life Extension, the UH-60Q MEDEVAC, the CH-47 ICH, OH-58D System Safety Enhancement Program (SSEP), and tactical ATS/fixed base air traffic control (ATC). The aging aviation fleet coupled with delayed procurements increases the significance of these programs. Funding shortfalls to address UH-1 recapitalization and/or replacement as well as low procurement rates for funded programs (ICH, UH-60Q, UH-60 Mod) result in an overall AMBER assessment for recapitalization. Utility and MEDEVAC modernization is assessed in Figure G-14. The current utility fleet includes the UH-1 and UH-60A/L. The UH-1H is an old airframe that possesses inadequate lift, speed, range, and survivability to accomplish General Support, Air Assault, MEDEVAC, or Command and Control mission requirements. Consequently, approximately 250 TOE UH-1s are assessed as RED. As the UH-1 is considered supportable until the 2010 timeframe, the 96 TOE UH-1 aircraft in the Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) role are assessed as GREEN in the near-term. However, emerging T-53 engine reliability issues and the need to enhance mission equipment have raised questions on the feasibility to sustain the UH-1 fleet until2010 without additional upgrades. Potential upgrade requirements for the UH-1 vary from $0.5M to $1M per aircraft, not including the remanufacture costs required for life extension. Eventual replacement for these TOE UH-1 s is also complicated by the significant number (approximately 280) of TDA requirements for UH-1 above and beyond the 25% sustainment account planning factor. Completely eliminating the UH-1 from the Army inventory necessitates a relook at these requirements and consideration of the most appropriate replacement on a case by case basis. G-21 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Pltm ,,;,.~', UTILITY WARFIGHTING ~GREEN CAPABILITY ~ 100 80 60 40 20 0 FPI FPII FPill FPIV FPII FPill FPIV FPI FPII FPill FPIV FY 2003 (AMBER) FY 2010 (AMBER) FY 2020 (AMBER) • UH-60L GREEN • UH-60L & MOD GREEN • UH-60 MOD GREEN • UH-60A AMBER in ASSLT/C2 • UH-60A AMBER • UH-1 REDGREEN in GS role Over 300 TOE UH-1s Remain• UH-1 Avg Age> 35 Yrs • UH-1 All > 45 Yrs Old AMBER in LUH RoleGREEN in LUH Role (FP1 &4) RED in Utility RoleRED in Utility Role (FP 3&4) System Rqmt• , Funded R3 Pt Remarks UH-1 0 N/A 1995 (Retire) UH-60 Proc Termination Forces Retention UH-60AIL* 1426 1082 2004 (Refit) Inadequate Lift (UH-60A), Requires Digitization UH-60MOD 1439 1439 2024 (Replace) MOD w/Common Engine, Dig Cockpit, New Rotor LUH 120 0 2010 (Procure) Potential NDI Solution; UH-1 Fills Until2010 FUR 1426 0 2024 (Procure) Replace UH-1/UH-60; Combine w/ LUH? * Qtys Reflect Force Requirements. UH-60AIL AAO =1645 (includes MEDEVAC) UH-60 MOD quantities include MEDEVAC Figure G-14 The Program Objective Memorandum (POM) terminates UH-60 procurement after FY03 at 1569. Approximately 900 of these UH-60s are 'A' models. The UH-60 program includes standardization of 300 pre-1985 A-models to the 1989 A-model baseline configuration (less hardpoints), electromagnetic environment protection, and improved radar warning upgrades. These efforts will be complete by the end of the POM. These UH-60A, first fielded in 1978, have insufficient lift to fully meet Air Assault and Command and Control mission requirements. A UH-60 Modernization/Life Extension Program is scheduled to begin in FY02. This program will address this deficiency, and include digitization, airframe upgrades, and capability enhancements required to keep the UH-60 fleet viable until Future Utility Rotorcraft (FUR) can be procured in the FY25 timeframe. Funding the sustainment of simulator concurrency is also critical for aircrews to receive training which mirrors actual aircraft mission equipment and flight performance. While current POM funding provides the highest possible return on investment, significant deficiencies remain in the utility mission area. Although the UH-1 aircraft is deemed supportable until the 2010 timeframe, fleet size alone demands immediate attention given realistic UH-1 SLEP or replacement rates. The recognized need to dual-mission reserve component aircraft to meet the requirement for a third assault company in the three air assault division battalions and in the three Light G-22 Divisions in the warfight requires priority attention. Dual-missioning aircraft in the Strategic Reserve to meet this requirement necessitates procurement of 60 additional UH-60 aircraft. UH60 attrition over the last 20 years has also led to some of the UH-60 companies being resourced at less than their authorized level. These losses have caused a requirement for an additional 30 aircraft. These combined requirements create a need for 90 additional Black Hawks at a cost of approximately $925M, assuming additional production begins in the POM. The Army is accelerating the requirements determination process to facilitate replacement of UH-1 Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) aircraft beginning in the 2001 timeframe. These aircraft, in the warfight at Corps, have mission requirements which include flights for staff transport, liaison, air messenger service, and air movement of supplies. Additionally, the LUH aircraft augments Corps air ambulance resources. Although UH-1 sustainment is possible until the 2010 timeframe; commercial off-the-shelf (COTS), Non-developmental Item (NDI), or leased aircraft appear the most practical options given the nature of LUH mission requirements and the emerging need for UH-1 modifications to maintain UH-1 viability. This aircraft will also be a candidate to replace UH-1 s performing non-warfight utility and MEDEVAC duties as well as selected TDA missions. Funding LUH procurement requires $507-625M. Addressing the problem of obsolescing UH-ls in Air Assault, Command, General Support, and selected TDA roles is complicated by the sheer size of this fleet (approximately 550 aircraft) and the concurrent requirement to sustain this fleet while SLEP and/or replacement options are executed. An assessment of UH-1 sustainment and SLEP viability and costs is being initiated to address these concerns and help determine the best long term option. Anticipate completion of this assessment by 1st quarter FY 1999. Cargo Modernization is depicted in Figure G-15. The CH-47D modernization program extended aircraft useful economic life of the original CH-47AlBIC by approximately 20 years; consequently, the aircraft remanufacture point will be reached in FY 2002. An immediate requirement is to upgrade the T55-GA-714A engine to recapture lift and range requirements lost over years of aircraft modifications. Life extension efforts will be centered on the CH-47 ICH program by extending aircraft life through vibration reduction, structural modifications, and addition of a minimum essential data bus for digitization compatibility. The objective is to modernize a minimum of 300 CH-47 through an ICH remanufacture with a service life extension program until a replacement system, the JTR is fielded. G-23 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plan "~ , [Recapitalization J CARGO WARFIGHTINGfG1 GREEN CAPABILITY ~ 100 80 60 40 20 0 FPI FPII FPill FPIV FPI FPII FPill FPIV FPI FPII FPill FPIV FY 2003 (AMBER) FY 2010 (AMBER) FY 2020 (GREEN) • CH-47D AMBER • CH-47 (ICH) GREEN • CH-47 (ICH) GREEN Capability Shortfalls Life Extension Approaching AMBER Digital Architecture • CH-47D RED • CH-47D RED Obsolete Non-Digitized • JTR Begins in 2020 40 Yrs on all Airframes Required in 2015 System Rgmt* Funded R3 Pt Remarks CH-470 448 430 2002 (Refit) CH-470 Re-engine with T55-GA-714A & FADEC CH-47 ICH 448 300 2024 (Retire) Digital Databus, Vibration Reduction, SLEP JTR 485** 0 2039 (Refit) Far-term Objective -Tri-Service Program * CH-47/JTR Qt s = Force R mt. ICH R mt = AAO. •• Includes SOA Figure G-15 Figure G-16 provides an assessment of other aviation recapitalization programs. Aviation Ground Support Equipment (GSE) programs develop and procure GSE; Sets, Kits, and Outfits (SKO); and cargo handling equipment. The program maximizes the use of Non-Developmental Item (NDI) for materiel development and acquisition. Efforts include a Containerization and Modernization Program for A VIM shop sets that refurbishes them and improves their deployability and support to task force missions, Unit Maintenance Aerial Recovery Kit (UMARK), Shop Equipment-Contact Maintenance (SECM), common Maintenance Free Battery, Environmental Sensitive Maintenance concepts, and Turbine Engine Diagnostic System. Current cargo handling equipment programs and plans are focused on developing improved and standardized internal and external cargo systems to meet requirements for the CH-47D, ICH, and JTR. The Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling System (AAFARS) will provide more reliable, rapid, and safer tactical refueling of aircraft. Air Traffic Services (ATS) focus primarily on support of Army and land component commanders' airspace command and control requirements. Three tactical ATS systems are funded for development and acquisition: Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, and Coordination System (ATNAVICS); Tactical Airspace Integration System (TAIS); and Mobile Tower System (MOTS). These systems provide the digital link among airspace users and the Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS). Fixed base Air Traffic Control (ATC) supports joint, combined, and individual Service training; provides military controller training; and provides G-24 equipment to support force projection deployment airfields. The upgrade of fixed base ATC facilities will leverage off FAA National Airspace System (NAS) modernization efforts. The OH-58D Kiowa Warrior System Safety Enhancement Program (SSEP) installs the R-3 engine, crashworthy seats, cockpit airbags, improved mission processors, GPS, IDM, and tactical internet compatible radios. Aviation-Recapitalization Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks CH-47D Mod 467 467 02 GREEN GREEN GREEN Restores Range (714 Engine) and Lift Perform OH-58D SSEP 411 77 12 AMBER RED RED Safety/Surviv/Perform ATS I ATC FP 1 & FP 2 Only ATNAVICS 38 38 20 AMBER AMBER AMBER Replace TSQ-71 B MOTS 38 38 20 AMBER GREEN GREEN Dig Mobile ATC Tower NAS N/A N/A 22 AMBER GREEN GREEN FAA Leads Fixed Base Prog Avn GSE Multiple Multiple 96 AMBER AMBER AMBER GREEN tor SECM, UMARK, GANG AMBER or RED Other Rqmts Acft Engine Comp lmpr N/A N/A N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Inserts New Tech Components. Fixes Field Deficiencies Figure G-16 CONTRIBUTING CAPABILITIES MEDEVAC, fixed wing utility aircraft, and training/simulation initiatives are the primary contributing capability programs for aviation. The overall assessment for this area is AMBER. The MEDEVAC fleet is assessed as AMBER (Figure G-17). The UH-1 V MEDEV AC (assessed RED) lacks the speed, range, endurance, patient regulating capability, and survivability to adequately support maneuver forces. As configured, the aircraft no longer meets mission requirements. These shortfalls are magnified during high/hot environment operations (above 4,000 feet and 95 degrees). After the current multi-year deliveries, the MEDEVAC fleet will be fielded entirely with UH-60s. The UH-60A MEDEVAC (assessed AMBER) lacks the capability to meet many of its assigned missions: sustainment of casualties over extended distances, shore to ship evacuation, supporting combat search and rescue, and patient regulating. Additionally, the UH-60A MEDEVAC is not capable of functioning on the digitized battlefield or using telemedicine technology. MEDEVAC capability improves to GREEN with the modification of UH-60As to the "Q" configuration. The UH-60Q includes medical equipment upgrades (telemedicine, enhanced MEDEVAC kit, built-in rescue hoist, onboard oxygen generator), digital communications (data bus, HF radio, SINCGARS SIP), and navigation equipment (GPS, FLIR). G-25 The. U.S. Army 1998 J\1/odernizatioliBltif: [~~) MEDEVAC WARFIGHTING CAPABILITY [g GREEN AMBER ~~--~~==~==~~====~:=~==~======~~- 80 60 40 20 0 FPI FPII FPIII FPIV FPI FPII FPIII FPIV FPI FPII FPIII FPIV FY 2003 {AMBER) FY 2010 {AMBER) FY 2020 {GREEN) • UH-600 GREEN • UH-600 GREEN • UH-600 GREEN • UH-60A AMBER • UH-60A AMBER • UH-60A RED Lacks Telemedicine, Enhanced Approaching RED Average >35 Yrs Old Medical Interior, External Hoist, Situation Awareness Sy:stem Rqmt* Funded R3 Pt Remarks UH-1V 0 N/A 1995 (Retire) Replaced by UH-60A in Near-term Doesn't Meet Medevac Rqmts UH-600 387 387 2019 (Replace) Meets Rqmt, Extremely Stretchedout Pgm FUR 387 0 2024 (Procure) Replace UH-600 beyond Far-term * Qtys Reflect Force Rqmts. Figure G-17 The fixed wing fleet is assessed AMBER (Figure G-18) for the near-through far-term. The Army's fixed wing fleet consists of 15 different types of aircraft. Although much progress has been made over the last five years (26 different aircraft types five years ago), this diverse and varied fleet remains difficult to manage and is expensive to operate and sustain. Additionally, the lack of a standardized fleet and the numerous cockpit configurations have an adverse impact upon training and operational standardization. G-26 :"~ -" " , Annex G: A vuttion DOES NOT QQfS C-12 • MEETS AVG SSA PAX LOADS • STANDARD AVIONICS I .....,.,..1---Short Range • SMALL PARCELS NAV • OPNS W/1 3000 -5000 FT RWY (0-500 nm) ----;:--_J ~u~~';;~'fr~i~---~ £'"tf~:~ .J£11;::-.r>---i ' r'rJJJ'"-'.:...<.r J UC-35 DOES NOT Medium Range----. EFFICIENCIES • MEETS OPERATIONAL RQMTS (500-1500 nm) • SERVICE CEILING 45K FT QQfS C-20 DOES NOT • WORLDWIDE DEPLOYMENT • SECURE COMMUNICATIONS • BELOW 5000' RUNWAY ......t--Long Range • BRIEFING/PLANNING AREA • LONG RANGE NAV/AVIONICS ( 1500 plus nm) QQfS DOES NOT C-23 • REAR RAMP I CARGO DOOR • WORLDWIDE • SEMI-IMPROVED SURFACE DEPLOYABLE • ROLLERS FOR PALLETIZED--=== • 463L PALLET CAPABLE CARGO r-: • PRESSURIZED Figure G-18 The C-12 (GREEN) is fulfilling the short range mission. A near-term avionics upgrade is needed to standardize the myriad of cockpit configurations in the C-12 fleet. This upgrade will ensure the C-12 fleet is capable of operating in modernized national and international airspace systems. The newly designated UC-35A (AMBER due to limited quantities) is being procured to fulfill the medium range requirement. The C-20 (GREEN) will continue to perform the long range mission. The C-23 (AMBER) currently fills the cargo mission, but lacks the payload, range, or speed desired for the Army's future cargo requirement. Modernization of the fleet includes an avionics upgrade to standardize C-12 cockpits, upgrades to commercial standards for the C-20 fleet , and the acquisition of 35 UC-35A jets to meet the Medium Range (MR) requirement. The UC-35A supplements the C-20, C-21, and C-12 by rapidly deploying senior leaders during initial operations and sustained theater operations like those found in Europe. The C-12, with avionics standardization and refurbishment, will meet the short range (SR) requirement. The recent transfer of additional C-12s from the Air Force permits the retirement of all remaining U-21s. The RC-12 and RC-7B currently satisfy the Army SEMA requirement. Requirements for the Aerial Common Sensor (ACS), the future SEMA platform, are being developed to create a multi-functional aerial intelligence platform. Aviation Training and Simulation Initiatives are assessed AMBER, approaching RED. Reductions in flight hours coupled with funding shortfalls are leading to an increasing disparity between simulators and the aircraft they are replicating (simulator concurrency) and are certain to erode combat skills. The A VCA TT (RED) is an unfunded element of the Army's Combined Arms Tactical Trainers family of networked trainers. The AVCATT is essential for aviation to participate in distributed simulation combined arms training, exercises, rehearsals, and G-27 The. U.S. Army /998 Motlemization Plan -~T.,, , experiments. The AWSS, Kiowa Warrior Crew Trainer, and HSI are other critical unfunded/under funded initiatives. Summary The Comanche and Longbow Apache helicopters solve reconnaissance and attack deficiencies; they remain Army aviation's major focus to correct critical warfighting shortfalls. However, a life extension for the UH-60 and CH-47D, initiation of the fixed wing investment strategy, and attention to Strategic Reserve fleet obsolescence are equally important to a balanced strategy. Modernization of our core programs (avionics, aircraft survivability equipment, aviation life support equipment, air traffic services, and aviation support equipment) is essential to the support and sustainment of our aircraft programs and compatibility wi th the digital battlefield of the future . Aviation training and simulation initiatives require funding support to address future individual, collective, and combined arms combat training requirements. Without attention to outyear fleet sustainmenUmodernization issues, the obsolescing fleet problems of today (AH-1, OH-58A/C, and UH-1) will be compounded by aging UH-60, CH-47, OH-58D, AH-64D, and C-12s. A robust R&D program is required to meet Army aviation's future requirements for recapitalization and next generation/future systems. G-28 SECTION 3: CONCLUSION The future of Army aviation has been mapped out along a path to achieve a modernized, Force XXI-capable combat arm. This plan is a realistic, proactive course of continuous improvement supporting the National Military Strategy, Army XXI, and Army Vision 2010. It represents the Army's best return on investment given current fiscal constraints . The impact of this strategy results in an AMBER assessment for aviation. Under current modernization plans, older, obsolescing aircraft will remain in the inventory into the foreseeable future . This is portrayed for the rotary wing aviation fleet in Figure G-19. W arfighting, training, logistical support, and operating and support costs are impacted by the presence of these legacy systems. Aviation Modernization Strategy 8748 9000 Rotary Wing Fleet Inventory* Projections UH·1M 8000 * Excludes SEMA and SOA includes 25% Sustainment Planning Factor 7000 6000 > -; - fij 5000 ::l 0 iij 4000 ... 0 ... <3000 2000 1000 0 FY87 FY91 FY95 FY99 FY03 FY07 FY11 FY15 FY19 FY23 Fiscal Year Figure G-19 Reconnaissance/security represents the single greatest deficiency in Army aviation. The Army remains completely committed to the Comanche, a variant of which may be considered as the possible long-term solution for the attack helicopter beyond the Longbow Apache. Until the Comanche's introduction, however, this mission area will suffer with significant numbers of AH-1 Cobras in the Strategic Reserve and Kiowa Warrior as the interim aircraft. Long term retention of the Kiowa Warrior will necessitate additional refurbishment funding in the far-term. G-29 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernizatiou.J?lan! ,::·lr Longbow Apache is the logical progression of the world's finest attack helicopter. It represents a fusion of emerging technologies, enhancing proven capabilities. Longbow ensures U.S. forces maintain world-class attack helicopter capability into the 21st Century. An extremely capable aircraft, the Longbow Apache nevertheless will still be limited in pi lotage by its first generation FLIR. We must find ways to insert second generation FLIR technology. The Associate Unit Strategy accelerates AH-1 retirement in Strategic Reserve attack battalions and modernizes these units with reduced quantities of AH-64 aircraft until RAH-66 fielding allows AH-64 cascading to bring these units back to authorized levels. This strategy maintains attack battalion relevance in the Strategic Reserve, ensuring a pool of pilots/maintainers are available to support reconstitution/regeneration of the force. , With few exceptions, aviation digitization programs are under funded. The requirement for seamless sensor-to-shooter connectivity across the vast battlespace and need to capitalize on the emerging information exchange capability of the tactical internet demand a maneuverable Airborne Command Vehicle and tactical internet compatibility for aviation platforms. The utility and MEDEV AC mission area deficiencies also require attention. Approximately 300 TOE UH-1 s must be retained in General Support, Air Assault, and Command Companies without continued UH-60 procurement beyond 1999. The UH-60 Modernization/Life Extension Program will address the aging of the UH-60 fleet , but does not resolve quantity shortfalls. A near-term priority to procure additional UH-60s to meet assault mission requirements remains unfunded. The Light Utility Helicopter (LUH) requirement is satisfied with the UH-1 until the 2010 timeframe, although upgrading mission capability must be addressed. Emerging UH-1 reliability concerns and the requirement to upgrade this aircraft to achieve compatibility and interoperability with the force drive consideration for replacement in the near-term. The Army is accelerating efforts to identify solutions to the complex issues associated with UH-1 obsolescence in assault, command, general support, and TDA roles. The UH-60A requires significant modifications to fully meet MEDEV AC mission requirements. The UH-60Q modification is the objective solution to address these deficiencies. Although UH-60Q procurement begins in FY02, it has been stretched out to the far-term due to funding constraints. The age of the CH-47D fleet is forcing the Army to address performance, digital compatibility, and rising support costs. The ICH initiative will address thes e shortcomings in the mid-and far-term period. The JTR remains the long term solution for the Army's cargo helicopter. The ICH program is designed to accommodate the JTR, modernizing only the number of CH-47Ds required to bridge the gap until JTR can be fielded in the 2020 timeframe. Figure G-20 summarizes aviation program resourcing under the FY99-03 Program Objective Memorandum (POM). Funding shortfalls will require the Army to make new investments in the mid-term , not only in RDA accounts for the development of next generation systems, but in OMA accounts to sustain the older modernized and non-modernized fleets to keep them relevant to the warfight. Retaining older aircraft longer will also require modification of training and personnel strategies. G-30 , :~ POMFY99-03 DOES: RAH-66 • RDT&E Streamlined Funding • Build 2 Prototypes & 6 EOC Aircraft AH-64D • Procure 448 AH-64D Thru FY03 Hellfire • Procure 13,311 LB RF HELLFIRE Missiles AH-64A • RAM and Desert Storm Fixes • Fund TADS/PNVS/CATB Support Programs • Minimum ATC, ALSE , ASE , AGSE • Digitize Most of FP 1/2 • AVTOC for 2 Div & 1 Corps UH-60 • Complete Refurb Program • Procure UH-60 through FY03 • Initiate UH-600 and UH-60 Modernization OH-58D • Partially Complete SSEP CH-47 • Initiate ICH and Engine Upgrades FW, AH-1, • Provide Min Safety of Flight Mods UH-1 RAH-66 AH-64D Hellfire Support Programs UH-60 OH-5BD CH-47 FW UH-1 AVCATT Annex G: A1'itttion DOES NOT: • Procure Any Mission Aircraft for First Digitized Division/Corps • Upgrade with II Generation FUR • Continue HELLFIRE II • Procure A VTOC Rqmt, DSC • :ntegrate Embedded Battle Command Into All Modern Aircraft • Meet Priority Assault/TOE Rqmts • Meet UH -60 Digitization Rqmts • Procure MEDEVAC First to Fight Rqmts • Complete SSEP • Procure Kiowa Warrior Crew Trainer • Field CH-47 ICH • Meet CH -47 Digitization Rqmts • Buy UC-35A Rqmt • Upgrade C-12 Avionics • Adequately Sustain/Upgrade Fleet • Procure Replacement for LUH • Provide Aviation Unique Rqmts/lntegration Figure G-20 The aviation modernization strategy ensures aviation will continue to provide support across the range of military operations. Although aviation modernization enjoys the planned introduction of newer, more capable systems in the future; slipped, stretched, and canceled programs have led to a situation where. attack, reconnaissance, utility, and cargo aircraft all require modernization or replacement decisions in the near-term. This is compounded by significant UH-60 shortages, risk in the sustaining accounts for all modern aircraft (AH-64, UH60, CH-47, OH-58D), and the need to address emerging digitization/air traffic control requirements. Continued pressures on the defense budget have forced the Army to trade-off aviation modernization requirements (given no increases in the research , development and acquisition budget) and consider reduced aircraft resourcing strategies. Reduced procurement rates and deferred programs will create increasing disparity between first to fight and lower priority units and limit efforts to improve efficiencies and reduce costs. G-31 ANNEX H: NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview The Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) modernization plan focuses on leveraging technological opportunities to achieve new levels of NBC effectiveness in support of Army Vision 2010 (AV2010). It endeavors to identify, develop, and utilize new and improved NBC defense capabilities and technology applications to Chemical Corps Support to A V201 0 and Beyond achieve the Army's role in accomplishing full spectrum dominance within Army Vision 2010 . It assures a disciplined • ~FullDimensional approach to meeting , • Protection mission-based • Dominate the Electrorequirements and secures Magnetic Spectrum an orderly modernistic • Non-degrading IPE change as we transition Management through Army XXI to the • Standoff Chemical Biological (CB) Capability Army After Next (AAN) • Multi-spectral Smoke (Figure H-1). Army and Obscurants Vision 2010 is the • Advances in Individual and Col ective Protection blueprint for the Army's contributions to the 1997 2010 2025 enhanced operational Figure H-1 concepts of Joint Vision 2010. This annex describes planned modernization efforts to achieve these required capabilities. Since the end of the Gulf War, significant and measurable progress has been made in modernizing NBC defense . Specific examples of new and improved systems that have been fielded include new protective masks , advanced chemical and biological protective garments, stand-off chemical detectors , and first-ever capabilities for biological agent point detection and stand-off aerosol/particulate detection . An integrated system-of-systems approach to NBC defense incorporates detection systems, force protection, smoke and obscuration programs, and decontamination to provide the most effective means to ensure that U.S. forces will be ready to fight at the time and place of our choosing. Although we have made significant progress, technological advances will provide even more improvement. We must continue to resource and fund a strong NBC modernization plan in order for our Nation to continue to dominate this arena. Funding constraints have made it difficult to capitalize on ongoing work in the technology base and to introduce next generation capabilities. It is critical that we vigorously pursue new and improved NBC defense capabilities H-1 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemizati()n Plim to negate or minimize the effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and other NBC hazards on our forces. This plan explains the capabilities we are pursuing for NBC force modernization to meet the needs of Army Vision 2010 and set the conditions for AAN. It assesses the future NBC capabilities which must be pursued to support the Total Army and accomplish full spectrum dominance. Threat-Why We Need to Modernize The need for a strong NBC defense program is indisputable. The threat and proliferation of WMD continue to expand. Besides the five declared nuclear states, four and possibly five other states have nuclear weapons, as many as 14 nations are developing biological weapons, and as many as 25 nations are producing and stockpiling chemical weapons. Nations with limited military capability often pursue NBC weapons programs to shift the balance of power. When these weapons are used or threatened, regional conflicts quickly escalate to international concern and complicate efforts at crisis resolution. The Toxic Industrial Hazard (Tlli) and Low-level Radiation (LLR) threat in Bosnia and the terrorist chemical attack in Japan have provided convincing examples of the need to expand NBC defense capabilities beyond those required for defense against WMD in a major theater war. Even the Continental United States (CONUS) may be a target of terrorists either directly employing NBC weapons or creating an NBC event by an attack which releases toxic industrial chemicals. Additionally, the Army's expanding role in stability operations and support operations has developed new missions which direct our forces toward the world's trouble spots , where our capability to quickly fight, win , and survive on the NBC battlefield is critical. The capability to employ fully trained, highly motivated military forces, equipped with modern NBC defense systems, serves as a credible deterrent to adversaries who may attempt to use NBC weapons against U.S. forces. NBC Defense Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 • Digitized Div by FYOO • Limited Biological • Smaller/Multipurpose • Digitized Corps by FY04 • Agent Vaccine Capability • Detection Equipment • Limited Biological o Detection/Warning Capability • Detection Capability o Enhancements • Limited Joint Doctrine o Decontamination Technology -Fixed Site Decon • Recapitalize Individual/Collective -Ports/ Airfields • Protective Equipment • Aging/Obsolete Decontamination , Individual , and Collective Protection Equip'llent • Changing Threat • Protect the Force and Sustain the Force • Increase lnteroperability Through Joint NBC Defense Program • JoinVCombined Arms Training and Simulation Requirement Figure H-2 H-2 i!nuex H: Nuclear, Biolo ical, and Chemical Capabilities Contributing to Army Vision 2010 Patterns of Operation To achieve Army Vision 2010, the Army must take advantage of the revolution in military affairs by advancing capabilities that will enable it to effectively support a power projection force able to accomplish its mission in all operational environments. To meet these challenges, the chemical corps is actively exploiting information dominance systems, improving overmatch capabilities, recapitalizing existing programs, and pursuing essential research and development and leap-ahead technologies to develop future operational capabilities to Protect the Force, Sustain the Force, and Shape the Battlespace (Figure H-3). Capabilities Contributing to Army Vision 2010 Force XXI ...Army Vision 2010...Army After Next System •BIDS (M31)* •JCAD* 1--------1•Biological Detection Equipment •JWARN* •JBPDS • Chemical Detection Equipment •JBREWS •Aircrew Mask • Radiation Detection Equipment •LABS (M94)* Program* Protect the Force -Individual Protective Clothing • PATS (M41)* •M40/42 Mask* -Collective Protection Systems • ICAM •JUST* -Decontamination Capabilities • ACADA M22 * • Sorbent Decon System • Joint Service Large Area Decon •NBC Battle Management •Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Sustain the Force •Flexible NBC Doctrine • Decon System •AV2010Force Structure •Flexible NBC Doctrine •Digitized NBC Force Structure •XM81 Millimeter and Obscurants •JSWILD •Wave Grenade Shape •Nonlethal Technology •LNBCRS* •RSCAAL (M21)* ..,_-------f •Multispectral Smoke •JLSCAD* • Standoff Detectors •JCPIP •M56/M58 Multi the Battlespace •Vehicular Collective Protection •AICPS spectral Smoke Systems* "---~--------.•Real-time Warning & Reporting *NBC Priority List Figure H-3 Protect the Force will benefit from information technological advances in NBC battle management, reconnaissance, detection, identification, individual and collective protection, and decontamination. Primary protection capability enablers, such as advancements in the Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JLIST), and the Joint Service General Purpose Mask (JSGPM), will greatly enhance individual soldier performance and survivability. The Joint Warning and Reporting Network (JWARN) and enhanced stand-off sensors and identification capabilities such as the Long-Range Biological Stand-off Detector System (LRBSDS) will protect soldiers by providing early warning of an NBC hazard. H-3 Tile. U.S. Arm • 1998 t"'odernization Plim The nuclear, biological, and chemical survivability of tactical systems continues to be a critical element in the modernization plan. To maintain our current dominance in the face of an increasing WMD threat, we will continue to build NBC survivability into our tactical systems. Mission-essential equipment hardened against WMD effects remains an essential element in support of the Army's mission of deterrence and has the support of the senior leadership of the Army. Department of Defense (DoD) instructions and Army regulations require that combat developers address NBC survivability for mission-critical systems. As a min imum, high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) survivability is required for mission-critical equipment to preclude theater-wide loss . Ifaddressed early in the development cycle, NBC survivability will have a minimal effect on technology risk and program schedule. The materiel developer must understand the NBC survivability requirements, select the materiel that will enhance a system's ability to meet the survivability requirements, and then conduct survivability testing and assessments to verify that the system is NBC survivable. The use of Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) and non-developmental items (NDis) do not negate the requirement to be HEMP-and NBC-survivable. Sustain the Force will benefit from the NBC Battle Management System, which will continually maintain and update NBC asset status throughout the battlespace. The NBC battle management system will also integrate battlespace sensors and provide commanders with a full sensor-to-soldier NBC situational awareness capability. This situational awareness will increase operational tempo and lethality by providing real-time focused defense to selective units within the hazard area and provide analytical risk assessment and decision tools for commanders and staffs. Digitized diagnostics embedded within NBC defense items will automatically monitor their serviceability throughout their life cycle and assess battle damage when required. Joint Service Large Area Decontamination, Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Decontamination System, Modular Decontamination Systems (MDS), and Sorbent Decontamination System, in concert with flexible NBC doctrine and force structure changes, will also enhance the battlespace sustainability of the overall force. Shape the Battlespace will require decisive control of the electromagnetic spectrum, the capability to defeat threat target acquisition, and the need to limit casualties. The M56 and M58 Smoke Systems will provide mobile smoke capable of defeating current and future Reconnaissance, Intelligence, Surveillance, Targeting and Acquisition (RISTA) systems operating in the visual through infrared (IR) range. The XM8 1 Millimeter Wave Grenade, along with other multi-spectral smoke and obscurant technologies, will expand frequency control and remain integral components to shape the battlespace. Non-lethal technologies will provide additional options in stability operations and support operations when the force must be able to maintain and enforce peace while minimizing casualties. Real-time NBC warnings will allow commanders to make critical and time-sensitive decisions regarding hazard protection and avoidance while on the move. Joint Service Program The DoD has implemented Public Law 103-160, the National Defense Authorization Act for FY94, which mandated coordination and integration of all service Chemical Biological (CB) H-4 , ·*;:: ,. An11cx H: Nuclear, Biolo ical, and Chemical Defense Research, Development, and Acquisition (RDA). The joint NBC Defense Program Objective Memorandum (POM) (most recently the FY99-03 POM) provides funding for all service NBC defense requirements based on a joint priority list. The Joint Service NBC Defense Modernization Plan, and the Joint Service NBC Defense Research, Development, and Acquisition (RDA) Plan have been developed to chart the future course of the NBC defense for the next 15 years. This program supports readiness and modernization by developing and procuring NBC defense equipment which has multi-service application and can be horizontally integrated into existing and future military systems. Continued modernization of individual and collective protection, medical support, detection, identification, warning, and decontamination systems is required to ensure force survivability and mission accomplishment under NBC conditions. Coordination and synchronization of joint service doctrine and training programs will be enhanced by applications of technology to allow realistic mission rehearsals and training under NBC conditions. Smoke, obscurant and target defeating systems were not consolidated in the Joint CB Defense Program and remain Army managed. NBC Doctrinal Modernization for the 21st Century The (draft) Joint Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defense Concept has developed new doctrinal tenets from joint NBC capabilities, current Army doctrine, and future warfighting capabilities and equipment needs. These emerging doctrinal tenets of battlespace management, visualization, protection, and restoration operations provide an overarching framework and common focus for the NBC modernization strategy. • NBC Battlespace Management. NBC battlespace management provides NBC vulnerability analysis, planning, rehearsal, and decision tools for commanders and staffs . The system incorporates all Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4I) information with horizontal integration of visualization , protection, and restoration data; analyzes the data; and then selectively exports NBC data to enhance battlespace situational awareness and assist commanders and staffs with critical NBC decisions . • Visualization. Visualization (situational awareness) is the ability to determine whether an NBC hazard is present or absent in air, water, or land; or on personnel, equipment, or facilities . • Protection. Protection consists of the measures that are taken to keep NBC hazards from having adverse effects on personnel, equipment, or critical assets and facilities. • Restoration Operations. Restoration operations are the measures taken to return personnel and units to a near-normal operating capability after an NBC attack. Force Structure Modernization Chemical force structure provides combat support to units at maneuver battalion through theater Army . Chemical companies provide large area smoke, thorough decontamination, NBC reconnaissance, and biological detection to these forces. Cellular augmentation teams provide H-5 The. U.S. Amzy 1998 Modemization Plmi'{~ NBC warning and reporting to selected organizations in the force which do not have organic capabilities. Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) is currently redesigning division and echelons above division (BAD) force structure as part of the Force XXI experiments. Under these initiatives, the U.S. Army Chemical School is currently developing new designs to support heavy divisions and BAD. TRADOC has also developed chemical force structure for experimentation under the Force XXI Advanced Warfighting Experiment (A WE), which will evaluate chemical combat support for the heavy division and BAD. Following the AWE and force design efforts, the Army leadership will make a decision on unit designs in the near-term (Feb 98). In the near-term, the Army is completing conversion of all Chemical Companies (Motor Smoke) (Corps) and Chemical Companies (Decontamination) (BAD) to dual purpose companies. These new units will be equipped with the Modular Decontamination System and the M56 Smoke Generator System. Large area multi-spectral smoke support and thorough decontamination support will be provided to warfighting forces by these modem dual-purpose companies. Chemical Companies (NBC Reconnaissance) (Corps), Chemical Companies (Airborne/Air Assault), and Chemical Companies (Light Cavalry Regiment) will be equipped in the future with the Lightweight NBC Reconnaissance System (LNBCRS). The LNBCRS is currently under development and will meet the critical need for NBC support to the Army's lightfighters. The Army continues to activate biological detection companies to defend against surprise, large-area biological attacks. In 1996, the 310th Chemical Company activated with one active and four reserve platoons. This unit is equipped with the Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS) and the Long-Range Biological Stand-off Detection System (LRBSDS). In the nearterm, the Army will activate one active and two USAR biological detection companies equipped with the BIDS and the LRBSDS. Counterproliferation (CP) Support Program Counterproliferation involves stemming the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their missile delivery systems. Effective counterproliferation capabilities devalue the potential political and military benefits of NBC weapons for a would-be proliferant. In addition, capabilities developed for the battlefield to deal with NBC proliferation-especially intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance means-can support international regimes, export controls, and other international monitoring efforts to prevent the spread of NBC weapons , related technologies, and delivery means (especially missiles). The CP Support Program enhances the NBC Defense Program by leveraging funds to accelerate fielding or development of critical programs, including remote biological agent detection systems. H-6 ;:'Jt;,;" .4.nuex H: Nuclear. Biolo ·cal. and Chemical Training the Force-· Training Devices, Simulations, and Simulators Challenging and realistic training remains integral to future success. Future NBC defense and smoke and obscurant training will provide a "virtual combat" experience for the joint force. The focus of the training modernization effort will be on world-class unit training opportunities. Technology, such as distributive interactive simulation, will provide cost-effective, unparalleled realism. Training through joint, multinational, and interagency exercises is critical. The force must "train as it will fight." This is especially true in NBC defense. The strategic and political ramifications of NBC defense demand integrated and orchestrated support on the first day of combat. The key to training the force cost effectively is realistic training devices, simulations, and simulators. This area plays an increased role in maintaining the NBC readiness of the total force . Due to environmental constraints, the force will increasingly rely on training devices and simulators. These devices cross all areas of NBC and smoke and obscurants and can support the full spectrum of conflict training. The very nature of NBC, smoke, and obscurants dictates that trainers are fielded concurrently with the system they support. The top five modernization training systems for NBC are the Simulated Area Weapons Effects, Global Positioning System (SAWE) (GPS); the M82 Smoke Grenade; Biological Integrated Detection Simulation System (BIDSS); the Long-Range Biological Stand-off Detection System Trainer (LR-BSDST); and the Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM) simulator. Additionally, all developmental systems must have embedded self-tests and training or simulation routines. H-7 Tile. U.S. Arm •1998 Ll-lodemization Plii11 SECTION 2: CAPABILITIES ASSESSMENT Overall NBC Mission Area Program Assessment Funding and personnel shortages continue to impact NBC defense readiness. The overall NBC program assessment is AMBER even with current resource increases. Information Dominance CONTAMINATION AVOIDANCE Contamination avoidance programs support information dominance by providing complete NBC situational awareness. This area remains AMBER throughout the modernization period. Limiting factors in the near-and mid-terms are stand-off chemical detection limitations; the remote, early warning capability and limited quantities of reconnaissance; unit detection; and automated warning and reporting of equipment and software. To meet near-term needs while detection technology matures, nondevelopmental systems are being assessed, and a number of stand-alone sensors are being developed. These include advanced and multi-agent chemical agent alarms for vehicle and manportable detection devices of chemical agent vapors. Mid-term biological point detection needs will be met by integrating Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS), Integrated Biological Agent Detection (IBAD), emerging and improved technologies, and discrimination software to develop the Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS); remote early warning requirements will be fulfilled by the Joint Warning and Reporting Network (JWARN), Joint Biological Remote Early Warning System (JBREWS), and networked NBC detectors (Figure H-4). Fielding of the Block I modification to the Fox NBC reconnaissance system will begin in FY98. The Joint Lightweight NBC Reconnaissance System (JLNACRS) will be fielded to the Army, Air Force, and Marines starting in FYOl. The far-term objective is to integrate chemical and biological point and early warning capabilities into a single system. Technology focuses on (1) detection sensitivity and specificity across the evolving spectrum of threat agents; (2) system miniaturization, range, and minimizing false alarms; and (3) integration of automated NBC detectors into command and control networks to provide common Uoint) warning and reporting (Figure H-4). H-8 , ":,ta'70 ' Anuex H: Nuclear, Biolo ical, and Chemical Information Dominance-Contamination Avoidance Biological Detection #Systems #Systems Funded R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required FY(99-03) BES Point FY98-03 FV04-10 FY11-20 Remarks BIDS NDI 124 83 2005 AMBER AMBER AMBER lncl P31 in FY99 JBPDS 180 63 2012 AMBER AMBER AMBER Replaces BIDS No BW early JBREWS 3,816 1,771 2012 RED AMBER AMBER warning until FY03 Figure H-4 CONTAMINATION AVOIDANCE RDA STRATEGY Biological Detection, Warning, and Reporting The goal of the biological detection area is to provide a real-time capability to detect, identify, locate, and quantify biological warfare agents (BWs) below incapacitating levels . The current strategy includes the fielding of ground-based biological agent point detection capability and a long-range stand-off aerosol cloud detector. Current emphasis is on multi-agent point detection with identification, stand-off detection, ranging, and mapping. In the near-term, complementary detectors will be developed to improve reliability and reduce false alarms. The mid-term technology focus is to improve range, detection sensitivity, and identification specificity across the spectrum of biological agents, while reducing system size, weight, and false alarm rate (Figure H-5) . Biological Detection, Warning, and Reporting RDA Strategy 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS) P31 Joint Biological Universal Detector S stem JBUDSl Joint Biological Point Detection System , Block I Joint Biological Point Detection System, Block II Joint Biological Remote Early Warning System (JBREWS) Development Procurement Future Concepts Figure H-5 H-9 Tile. U.S. Anny 1998 Modemization Plii11 Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS) NDI. The current BIDS NDI provides the capability to detect a biological attack and identify a limited number of agents within 30 minutes. Planned improvements to the BIDS, known as Preplanned Product Improvement (P31), will increase sensitivity, decrease response time, and identify additional agents. Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS). The JBPDS Block I is an integration of Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force programs. The sensor suite will be capable of detecting BW agents in less than 15 minutes and in quantities below levels that impact combat effectiveness. The JBPDS Block ll upgrades the BW detection capability through advanced technologies. Joint Biological Remote Early Warning System (JBREWS). The JBREWS will visualize the theater of operations. The JBREWS will enhance situational awareness throughout the battlespace by providing automated biological warfare agent remote early warning and realtime hazard information for force warning. A biological remote early warning Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD), proposed for FY98-00, will transition into a twoyear development phase in FYOO followed by a four-year production phase. Chemical and Nuclear Detection and Warning The goal of the detection and warning area is to improve operational effectiveness by minimizing the time that personnel must remain in Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP). The focus of the detection area is on multi-agent sensors and detectors to provide real-time detection, identification, and reporting of chemical and radiological contamination. Stand-off sensors are being developed for manned and unmanned aerial platforms to enhance contamination avoidance and reconnaissance capabilities . The strategy for company leveldetection and warning focuses on fielding an automatic chemical point detector in the near-term and improved miniature sensors in the mid-and far-terms. These enhanced multi-agent sensors exploit advances in biotechnology, microelectronics, and miniaturization techniques. Warning and reporting form the critical link between CB detection and CB protection. The goal of this effort is to provide sufficient, timely information to commanders at all levels through early and direct warning capabilities so they may develop options on how to conduct their missions and decide the appropriate protective postures to assume. Warning and reporting remain critical issues in contamination avoidance. Automated hazard analysis software and fully integrated warning and reporting will replace both voice reporting of NBC attacks and manual hazard prediction. H-10 l!mwx H: Nuclear. Biolo ical. and Chemical Information Dominance-Contamination Avoidance Chemical and Nuclear Detection #Systems #Systems Funded R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required FV(99-03) BES Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 JSLSCAD 330 67 2012 AMBER AMBER AMBER PKT RADIAC 32,4 14 32,4 14 GREEN GREEN GREEN I CAM 14,170 8 ,785 AMBER GREEN GREEN 29 ,357 19,059 ACADA AMBER GREEN GREEN JCAD 40,000 39, 838 AMBER GREEN GREEN NBCRS (FOX) 195 95 AMBER AMBER AMBER CBMS 195 95 AMBER AMBER AMBER JLNBCRS 449 105 RED AMBER AMBER RED AMBER AMBER MICAD 23 ,356 1 ' 117 JWARN 23 ,356 1'11 7 RED AMBER AMBER Figure H-6 Chemical and Nuclear Detection &Warning RDA Strategy 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Joint Service Lightweig ht Standoff Chemica l Ag ent Detector (JSLSCAD) I Chemical Imaging Sensor I Joint Service Warn ing & Identification LIDAR Detector (JSWILD) I I Pocket Radiac 1 Su~~~:~~uid 1 Improved Chemical Agent Monitor {ICAM) NDI Automatic Ch emical Agent Alarm Join t Chemical Agent Detector (JCAD) 1 I NBC Reco nnais sance System (NBCRS) CB Mass Spectrometer I I Join t Ligh t NBCRS Multi purpose Integrated Chemical Agent Alarm (MICAD) Joint Warning & Reporting Network (JWARN) Joint Service Agent Water Monitor (JSAWM ) I I I Development I !Procurement I IFuture Concepts Figure H-7 H-11 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Plim Joint Service Lightweight Stand-off Chemical Agent Detector (JSLSCAD) (DEV FY97-00/PROC FYOl-04). The current JSLSCAD is designed to operate on the move for detection of chemical agent clouds out to 5kms. It can be integrated on ground or aerial recon platforms . Joint Service Warning and Identification LIDAR Detector (JSWILD) (DEV FYOl06/ PROC FY07-09). The JSWILD will detect, quantify, and map chemical agent rain , vapors, aerosols, and ground contamination in a stand-off mode from ranges up to 5kms. The JSWILD will have the capability to operate from both fixed sites and ground vehicles including the NBCRS and will transmit information digitally to a battlefield information network. Automatic Chemical Agent Alarm (ACADA-NDI) (DEV FY97/PROC FY98-01). The ACADA-NDI is an advanced point sampling chemical agent alarm system which meets critical current deficiencies. It permits concurrent detection of nerve and blister agents and has improved sensitivity, faster response time, agent identification , significantly improved interference rejection , and a data communications interface. ACADA-NDI is manportable, operates unattended after system start-up, and provides both audible and visible alarms. Joint Chemical Agent Detector (JCAD) (DEV FY98-0l/PROC FYOl-06). The JCAD will be an advanced, miniature, lightweight chemical alarm capable of detecting chemical agents at levels below incapacitation and physiologically significant effects. The JCAD will be capable of integration wi th 21 st Century Land Warrior sensors and communications equipment. The program is evaluating ion mobility spectrometry and surface acoustic waveguide technologies . M93Al NBC Reconnaissance System (NBCRS) (PROC FY97-03). The M93Al , an upgrade to the fielded Fox NBCRS interim system, provides organic maintenance and reduces crew size to three. The M93Al has the capability to detect chemical contamination in its immediate environment through improved point detection, and at a distance through the use of a stand-off detector (M21 RSCAAL). It integrates contamination information from all detector systems, onboard navigation and meteorological systems, and transmits digital NBC warning messages through the Maneuver Control System (MCS) to warn follow-on forces. CB Mass Spectrometer (CBMS) (DEV FY97-00/PROC FYOl-03). The CBMS is a developmental component of the BIDS and the NBCRS. The CBMS is being designed as an ion trap mass spectrometer to detect and presumptively identify threat biological and chemical agents. The CBMS includes a mas s analyzer capable of tandem mass spectrometry. Light NBCRS (DEV FY97-00/PROC FYOl-03). The LNBCRS will consist of an NBC detection suite which will electronically map CB contaminated areas and provide meteorological data to Marine and Army forces . The system can be mounted on the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) and a standard HMMWV, and it will have similar capabilities as the current M93 Fox NBCRS . H-12 ,, :"' ' Anuex H: Nuclear, Biolo ical, and Chemical Multipurpose Integrated Chemical Agent Detector (MICAD) Network (DEV FY97-98/PROC FY99-03). MICAD is a near-real-time integrated NBC warning and reporting system to be employed in area warning, armored vehicles, and tactical vans and shelters. It automates the NBC warning and reporting process throughout the battlefield, automatically formatting and transmitting alarms and NBC 1 and NBC 4 reports. It greatly accelerates the sharing of NBC information through the chain of command and permits synchronization of battle requirements created by the NBC conditions. Joint Warning and Reporting Network (JWARN). This battlefield decision aid will provide a near-real-time picture of the contaminated battlefield (situational awareness), assist in alerting all forces of WMD hazards, and minimize casualties by providing a contaminated avoidance capability. The JWARN Phase I will provide an interim capability in FY97 using Commercial-Off-the Shelf (COTS) software and existing reporting systems to process and transmit digitized NBC information. The JWARN Phase II in FYOO will link multiple existing and developmental detectors/sen sors to C41 systems . Phase ill in FY04 will use advanced modeling and simulation and artificial intelligence technologies, and provide NBC hazard predictions, scenario preplay, and combat effectiveness measures for battlefield commanders. Joint Service Agent Water Monitor (JSAWM) (DEV FY99-03/PROC FY04-06). The JSAWM will provide both an in-line water monitor and a portable batch water test capability. The JSAWM will be capable of detecting chemical agents below the revised U.S. Army Surgeon General's requirements for chemical agents and also be able to detect a range of waterborne biological agent contaminants down to parts per million. Overmatch Capabilities PROTECTION Both individual and collective protection systems support overmatch capabilities by denying the adversary the expected military advantage sought by attack with NBC weapons . H-13 Tile. U.S. Ann •1998 Modernization Plii11 Overmatch Capabi I ities-Protection Individual and Collective Protection #Systems #Systems Funded R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required FY(99-03) BES Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks CBPS 792 279 RED RED RED M40 MASK 1,268,000 1,010,676 2012 GREEN GREEN GREEN M45AVN 26,311 26,311 GREEN GREEN GREEN Gen Avn MASK M48AVN 3,889 3,889 GREEN GREEN GREEN Apache Only MASK JSLIST 2,346,000 1,342,125 AMBER AMBER AMBER Figure H-8 Individual Protection Funding shortages, delayed procurement, and deficiencies in protective gear that degrade personnel efficiency cause protection to be rated AMBER. To meet near-term needs, the M40Al/42Al mask is being fielded through Force Package IV and improved aviator masks are being procured. Development and fielding of an improved protective ensemble will be completed under the Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST) program. Mid-and far-term objective technologies seek to optimize performance, compatibility and comfort, and to reduce logistical burdens . Materials that detoxify a broad range of threat agents on contact and can be incorporated into fibers, fabrics, and semipermeable membranes will be investigated using biotechnology and other, more conventional approaches. In addition, we will identify mask readiness criteria and complete fielding of protection assessment test systems. Collective Protection Shortages in collective protection equipment (CPE) and CPE that is bulky and logistically difficult to support result in a RED rating throughout the planning period. Our goal for collective protection is to provide a "clean" environment for personnel operating in armored vehicles, command and control centers, and other enclosures. Lightweight shelters with integrated environmental control and power-generation capabilities are being developed for integration into a number of host systems. Mid-and far-term technology objectives seek to protect against novel agents and reduce system weight, size, and assembly time. Development of longer lifetime filters for CP systems is a goal; regenerative filtration materials will be studied to reduce maintenance and logistical burdens. H-14 ilnucx H: Nuclear, Biolo ical, and Chemical Individual and Collective Protection RDA Strategy Individual and Collective Protection RDA Strategy Individual Protection 97 98 9~ 00 01 02 03 04 oslos 07 08 09 10 11 12 ,...---Future Joint Chemical Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Stock Fund Procurement '--Ensemble Tech nology (JSLIST) I I I I I I I I JSLIST II Stock Fund Procurement M40/42 Series Mask I I I I I I Next Generation PATS I Protection Assessment Test Sys (PATS) II Next ~~nerat1on 1 M45 Aircrew Protective Mask JSAM Joint Service General Purpose Mask I Joint Service Aviation Mask Callectlve P[atectiac I I I I I I I Adva nced integrated Collective Procurement Funded by Host Systems Protection System (AICPS) Joint Collective Protection Improvement I I I I I I I Program (JCPIP) I - Development c:::::J Procurement c::J Future Concepts Figure H-9 Individual Protection The goals of individual protection technology efforts are to (1) improve protection against current threats and add protection against future threats, (2) minimize mission degradation by reducing the impact of individual protection on the soldier's performance, and (3) reduce logistics burdens. The key components of individual protection are ocular, respiratory, and percutaneous protection. Advanced filtration technologies will reduce breathing resistance and increase comfort. These technologies will reduce individual performance degradation and integrate CB protection as well as provide protection from environmental, ballistic, laser, or other threats. M40/42 CB Mask (PROC FY97-00). The M40/M42 mask provides respiratory, eye, and face protection against chemical and biological agents, radioactive particles, and battlefield contaminants. M45 Aircrew Mask (PROC FY97-99). The M45 mask is the replacement for the M24 and M49 (formerly designated M43 Type maircraft masks. The M45 mask will be used by all Army aircrew members except AH-64 helicopter pilots in M40/42 the conduct of aviation missions in a CB environment. CB protection will be provided without the use of a motor blower while maintaining compatibility with aircraft sighting systems and night vision devices. The M45 mask will also be integrated into the Land Warrior Program. H-15 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 lUodemization Plim M48 Apache Aviator Mask (PROC FY97-03). The M48 replaces the M43 Type I mask as the standard issue for Army attack aviators. It provides improved eye relief and complete compatibility with the Apache's Integrated Headgear and Display System (IHADS). Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST). The JSLIST is a three-phased program to develop improved protective clothing which meets all Service performance requirements. Protective clothing research is focused on developing new air permeable materials that provide improved protection against CB warfare threats while minimizing the physiological and psychological burdens. JSLIST Collective Protection (CP) Collective protection equipment, with regenerable filtration capability, will be available for integration into weapons platforms providing continuous air, eliminating the logistics and maintenance burdens of filter replacement, and providing protection against anticipated future threats. Future CP equipment will be smaller, lighter, and require less power. Advanced Integrated Collective Protection System (AICPS) (DEV FY97-99). The AICPS NBC filtration system is integrated with an environmental control unit and an integral power unit. The AICPS on vehicles and shelters will be activated by the next generation of NBC detectors and alarms. Chemical Biological Protective Shelter (CBPS) (DEV FY96-98/PROC FY99-03). The CBPS provides NBC collective protection for front-line medical units and replaces the M51 shelter system which was retired in FY96. The NBC filtration system includes an environmental control unit which provides conditioned air for patients and aid station staff. The system is made of lightweight materials and is transportable by HMMWV and I V2-ton trailer. Recapitalization Program DECONTAMINATION Current decontamination systems are being replaced, retrofitted and retired as part of a recapitalization program to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of existing decontaminating methods. Decontamination will remain RED throughout the planning period unless a technological breakthrough occurs in less corrosive decontaminants. Problems include inadequate electronic equipment decontamination, deficiencies in large area/port/airfield decontamination, and reliance on DS2 and water. The goals for decontamination are to find technology which removes and detoxifies contaminants from materials without injuring personnel or damaging the equipment or environment, and to reduce the logistical and manpower burden. Possible technologies include enzymes, catalysts that improve reactivity, decontaminants that are effective in both fresh and salt water, reactive coatings, and improved reactive orbents. Near-and mid-term efforts focus on potential replacements for DS2 and supertropical bleach (STB) for use on combat equipment, as well as H-16 ~ ,d,_~'U:'A~"'' Annex H: Nuclear, Biolo ical, and Chemical decontaminants for personnel gear and skin. The Modular Decontamination System will enhance current capabilities, but the lack of decontamination for aircraft, sensitive equipment, and port and airfield facilities will remain a major problem for the digitized Army. The recapitalization systems identified in Figure H-10 address only a portion of the problem. More R&D is required to enhance current decontamination capabilities. The RED rating in this area will remain until technological breakthroughs are made in decontaminants. Recapitalization-Decontamination #Systems #Systems Funded R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required FY(99-03) BES Point FY98-03 FY04-1 0 FY11-20 Remarks No fixed-site M17 LOS 2516 2078 decon AMBER AMBER GREEN capability No sensitive 578 578 AMBER GREEN GREEN equipment MDS decon Figure H-10 Decontamination RDA Strategy Decontamination is defined as the process of removing or neutralizing a surface hazard resulting from a chemical or biological agent attack. The objective of decontamination technology efforts is to develop methods that are effective and environmentally safe, that react with chemical agents or disinfect biological agents, and that do not impact the operational effectiveness of the surface or equipment being decontaminated. Critical studies are needed to define the decontamination technology issues that must be addressed as part of the national global force projection and our ability to simultaneously deploy in two potentially contaminated Major Theater Wars (MTWs). Decontamination RDA Strategy 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Sorbent Decontamination I Stock Fund Procurement System Modular Decontamination System I Next Generation Decontamination Kit I Joint Service Fixed Site Decontamination Joint Service Sensitive Equipment Decontamination System Joint Service Mini Superior Decontamination System Decontamination Solution Development Procurement Future Concepts Figure H-11 H-17 Tile. U.S. Army /998 ModemizatiQn P/{m Sorbent Decontamination System. This program will develop a decontaminant for immediate level of decontamination which is superior to the XE555 carboneous and ion exchange resin mix now used in the M295 kit. The new adsorbent will also eliminate DS2 from the operator's spraydown procedures. Modular Decontamination System (MDS). The MDS contains a decontaminant pumper module (XM21) to mechanically dispense and brush/scrub DS2 and liquid field expedient decontaminants. With the high pressure washer (XM22) , the MDS will provide the soldier an improved capability to perform decontamination on the battlefield with reduced water usage, labor, and processing time. Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technologies The Army Science and Technology Master Plan describes the joint NBC defense research and development (R&D) strategy as applicable to Army needs. The goal in NBC defense R&D is to maximize limited resources by pursuing new technologies that enhance current warfighting capabilities, reduce or eliminate battlefield deficiencies , and provide affordable solutions for NBC defense. The technology base program is focused on joint, high-priority needs in contamination avoidance technology, especially biological point detection , early warning, and CB stand-off detection. Resources are also allocated for decontamination, modeling and simulation of NBC environments and systems, and individual and collective protection. Smoke and obscurants and target defeat technologies are funded in the Army program. The non-medical joint NBC defense program consists of four commodity areas supported by a science and technology infrastructure and reflects a joint service technology base strategy. NBC Essential R&D Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FV04-10 FY11-20 • Integrated Bio-Detection (ATD) • Chemical/Biological (CB) • Biometrics (SRO) Protective Duty Uniform (STO) • Millimeter Wave Screening • Nanoscience (SRO) (STO) • Millimeter Wave Material and Dissemination Technology (STO) • Joint Biological Remote Early Warning System (JBREWS) (ACTO) Figure H-12 H-18 t-1nuex H: Nuclear, Biolo ·cal, and Cltemical NEAR-TERM (FY98-03) Integrated Bio-Detection This ATD will demonstrate two technologies: a pre-exposure warning for a biological attack and an order-of-magnitude increased sensitivity to agents while adding a first-time virus identification capability. It supports the Joint Biological Point Detection System (JBPDS) and Joint Biological Remote Early Warning Systems (JBREWS). Millimeter Wave Screening This Science and Technology Objective (STO) will demonstrate the capability of obscurant materials to block or defeat enemy RSTA assets in the millimeter wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It supports the Multi-spectral Expendable Obscurant Generating System and the XM56 MMW Module P31. Millimeter Wave Material and Dissemination Technology This STO will use novel material technology to reduce the cost and the logistics of the millimeter wave (MMW) obscurant smoke by evaluating both the dissemination and the obscurant material. It supports the M56 Large Area Smoke Generator-Motorized and M58 Large Area Smoke Generator-Mechanized. Joint Biological Remote Early Warning system (JBREWS) This ACTD will enhance situational awareness throughout the battlespace by providing automated biological warfare agent remote early warning and real-time hazard information for force warning. A biological remote early warning ACTD, proposed for FY98-00, will transition into a two-year development phase in FYOO followed by a four-year production phase. MID-TERM (FY04-10) ChemicaVBiological (CB) Protective Duty Uniform This STO will provide, by the end of FYOO, the CB duty uniform. It will be launderable, 30% lighter, and less bulky than the standard duty uniform/overgarment system (JSLIST) with equivalent durability. FAR-TERM (FYll-20) Strategic Research Objectives (SROs) The Biometrics and Nanoscience SROs will enable the development of advanced NBC detection and characterization systems, including the exploitation of biologically based detectors. H-19 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plim Leap-Ahead Technologies CONTAMINATION AVOIDANCE Contamination avoidance is the ability to detect, identify, and warn of CB attacks combined with advanced warning and reporting systems with mapping capabilities for nuclear contamination and CB agents. Joint Biological Universal Detector System (JBUDS) The JBUDS concept will be the universal biological detector for the Armed Forces that fully integrates both point and remote sensors into one detector. The JBUDS will be miniaturized, multitechnology-based, fully automatic in manned or unmanned mode, all-agent capable with automatic warning and reporting linked to the theater C41 system. Chemical Imaging Sensor (CIS) The CIS concept will expand the capability of current passive interferometry and signal processing to allow long-range chemical imaging. The sensor will be capable of detecting known chemical agents and can be programmed to detect other militarily significant spectral data and provide a visual display of the hazard area. Surface Liquid Detector (SLD) The SLD concept will have the capability of both active and passive systems for detection and identification of chemical agent liquid surface contamination for use in reconnaissance, contamination avoidance, and decontamination effectiveness roles. INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION Individual protection includes eye/respiratory protection, clothing ensembles, and handwear/footwear for percutaneous protection against nuclear contamination and CB agents. Joint Service General Purpose Mask (JSGPM) (DEV FY99-04/PROC FYOS-09) The JSGPM is being designed as the replacement for the M40, M42, M45, and M49 masks. The JSGPM is intended to reduce mission degradation greatly while remaining compatible with future equipment and soldier systems. The mask will be virtually maintenance free. Unit costs may be low enough cost to allow for disposal after contamination. Joint Service Aviation Mask (JSAM) (DEV FY00-02/PROC FY03-08) The JSAM is a technology effort to develop a protective mask system for highperformance aviation requirements and possibly for use by rotary-wing pilots. This effort will H-20 ' ·i¥:: · :!mwx H: Nuclear, Biolo ical, and Chemical focus on consolidation of requirements from a series of high-performance aviation mask systems, some of which are not intended to provide protection against chemical or biological agents. COLLECTIVE PROTECTION Collective protection encompasses filters and filtration technology for protection against nuclear contamination and CB agents for individuals operating in ground and aerial vehicles as well as in shelters and other large-area enclosures. Joint Collective Protection Improvement Program (JCPIP) (DEV FY00-03/PROC FY03-09) The JCPIP will evaluate several advanced CB filtration concepts to prove feasibility of implementing improved filtration technologies into various combat system applications. DECONTAMINATION This area includes decontaminants and equipment for personal equipment, vehicles, supplies, weapon systems, airfields, ports, and other fixed sites. Joint Service Mini-Decontamination System This program will provide for a manportable modular decontamination system for dismounted forces and the Marine Corps. Next Generation Decontamination Kit This program will demonstrate the use of nontoxic material and environmentally safe decontamination. Superior Decontamination Solution (SDS) Current methods of decontamination are labor-and time-intensive, having corrosive properties that create environmental, safety, and health hazards. SDS will replace existing decontamination solutions and may be used to safely destroy CB material in sensitive applications. Technologies to be investigated include novel, high-capacity surfactants, reactive organic/water solvent systems with nucleophiles to destroy agents, and enzyme-based systems. H-21 Tile. U.S. Ann •1998 Modemization Pliin Smoke, Obscurants, and Target-Defeating Capabilities RECAPITALIZATION Smoke and obscurants protect the force and can attack the enemy capability to gain information dominance. Smoke and obscurants consist of obscurant materials and the smoke generators, grenades , and projectiles used to counter enemy reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition systems. Target defeat weapons include flame and incendi ary devices, riot control technologies , and materiel-defeating munitions that minimize collateral damage. Funding for smoke, obscurants , and target defeat modernization was not consolidated into the Joint NBC Defense Program and remains an Army mission area responsibility. Smoke and Obscurants The modernization plan for smoke and obscurants upgrades the large area smoke capability by adding multi-spectral obscurants to the smoke generator systems being fielded in the mid-term. A two-year break (FY00-0 1) in production of the M56 Motori zed Smoke System and lack of Vehicle Engine Exhaust Smoke System (VEESS) causes an AMBER rating through the near-and mid-terms . The lack of environmentally safe smoke material keeps thi s rating AMBER in the mid-term. The limited availability of multi-spectral smoke, along with limited vehicle self-screening systems, and the continued lack of alternative environmentally safe smoke material and individual soldier screening capability, keep this area rated AMBER through the mid-and far-terms . Smoke and Obscurants-Recapitalization Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11 -20 Remarks M56 Motor 969 448 2010 AMBER GREEN GREEN M58 Mech 350 280 2010 AMBER GREEN GREEN Strategy: • Obscurants for all spectral ranges • Improved smoke producing system • Less -hazardous sm oke materials Figure H-13 M56 and M58 Smoke Systems (PROC FY97-03). The M56 wheeled vehicle and the M58 tracked vehicle-mounted smoke generators can dispense smokes capable of defeating current and future threat Reconnaissance, Surveillance, Target, and Acquisition (RSTA) systems operating in the visual through infrared (IR) range. Millimeter wave (MMW) defeat is a preplanned product improvement that will provide the Army's first large area radar obscuration capability. H-22 , , ~:· Annex H: Nuclear, Biolo ical, and Chemical M157A2 Smoke Generator (PROC FY97-99). This class of smoke generator comprises two-thirds of the total force requirements. The M157 A2 eliminates the requirement for gasoline and eliminates several recurring safety deficiencies throughout the force. LEAP-AHEAD TECHNOLOGIES Smoke and Obscurants RDA Strategy In response to the proliferation of increasingly sophisticated enemy RST A capabilities throughout the electromagnetic spectrum, the smoke and obscurant RDA strategy capitalizes on technologies capable of providing multi-spectral screening. XM81 Millimeter Wave Grenade (PROC FY97-00) The XM81 multi-spectral smoke grenade provides IR and MMW obscuration for armored vehicles. This system significantly enhances armored forces survivability on current and future battlefields. Light Vehicle Obscuration Smoke System (LVOSS) (DEV FY97/PROC FY98-03) The L VOSS is a soft launched, nonfragmenting, pyrotechnic smoke dispenser. The LVOSS will counter threat weapons systems operating in the visible and near-IR portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, enhancing the survivability of the vehicle. Multi-spectral Projected Directed Energy Neutralization System (DENS) The DENS concept will provide the maneuver commander with a projectile capable of delivering materiel to neutralize (defeat or degrade) directed energy weapons. Other multispectral concepts include a smoke pot that will defeat enemy visual, IR, and MMW sensors, and a system that uses an existing smoke generator to disperse a smoke/obscurant cloud to a sufficient height above the ground such that the cloud will provide overhead screening but permit friendly operation under the cloud in an unobscured or minimally obscured environment. Future smoke and target defeat concepts include the following: • Direct Fire Smoke provides maneuver commanders the capability of generating projected and large area screens to shield their forces from visual, IR, and MMW RSTA threats. • Electro-Optical System Marking Smoke provides the capability to release an obscurant detectable only with a mid-or far-IR sighting device. The grenade is intended for use by ground forces as a signaling device to mark landing and drop zones, etc. H-23 Tire. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plim • Flame/Incendiary Indirect Firing System (FIIFS) will increase the operational effectiveness of conventional weapons. The F/IFS will be used to defeat, degrade, or immobilize enemy targets using indirect fire support capabilities across the battlefield. • Enhanced Incendiary Projectile (EIP) will demonstrate the increase in terminal effectiveness from combined effects greater than conventional warheads of the same caliber and explosive weight. Flame, Incendiary, and Non-lethal (FINL) The assessment of FINL remains RED due to continued deficiencies in this area (Figure H-14). Limited flame and incendiary delivery capability, a lack of antimateriel munitions, and no non-lethal munitions developments are the major deficiencies. This area has not been a high priority, and there is limited funding for technology advancements. Flame, Incendiary, and Non-lethal (FINL) #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Tenn Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Materiel RED RED RED • New delivery capabilities Management • Non-lethal materiel Objectives development Figure H-14 H-24 , J':~Bf;',,.~,t Anuex H: Nuclear, Biolo ·cal, and Chemical SECTION 3: CONCLUSION The NBC modernization plan assures a disciplined approach to meeting miss ion-based requirements and secures an orderly, modernistic change as we tran sition through Force XXI, Army Vision 2010, and AAN. This modernization plan , while only a fi rst step into the future, is a key element in our Nation ' s defense and commitment to gain full spec trum domi nance. Although the overall rating of the Army ' s NBC defen se is AMBER, signi ficant and measurable progress has been made in NBC defense modernization (Figure H-15 ). However, it is not just changes to technology that will define the chemical corps' role in A rmy Vision 2010. It will also be based on how we redesign our force structure, update our doctrine, and train future leaders in other branches, as well as chemical soldiers , to support the Army of tomorrow. While this commitment is a bridge into the 21 st Century, it is also a costly inves tment of limited funding for R&D, field testing, and fielding of equipment to soldiers . Neglecting to provide funding for modernization can have a lasting and dangerous liability on the defen se of our Nation. Failure to maintain a robust NBC defense capability may result in unwanted ri sk to U.S. force s and the general population. This investment provides a force multiplier that cannot be matched by any other element of U.S. military forces. POM FY99-03 DOES: DOES NOT: Protection • Meet M40-Series Rqmt* • Meet M48 (Apache) Rqmt • Support AICPS Dev • Support Dev of Next Gen Mask (JSGPM) • Meet M45 Gen Avn Mask Protection • Meet JSLIST Rqmt • Meet CBPS Rqmt Rqmt Contamination Avoidance • Improve Bio Det (BIDS P31, JPBDS) • Provide Long-range Bio Det ContaminatioAvoidance n • Upgrade Entire Fox NBCRS Fleet W/ Standoff Chern Det Capability • Meet Light NBCRS Rqmt • Meet Point Det Rqmt (ACADA, JCAD , ICAM) Dec on • Meet M 17 LOS Rqmt Dec on • Meet MDS Rqmt • Support Dev, Procurement of Fixed-site Capability Smoke * 1-MRC rqmt • Procure Multi-spectral , NearIR Capabilities for Armored Vehicles • Support Dev of Directed Energy Neutralization System Smoke • Meet M56 , M58 Rqmt • Support Flame , Incendiary, & Non-Lethal (FINL) Wpns Development Figure H-15 H-25 Tile. U.S. Arm •1998 Modemizatwn Pliin Of critical concern to NBC defense modernization is the $732 million plus-up (for FY98-03) for CB passive defense approved by the Secretary of Defense. Appropriation of this funding would dramatically improve NBC defense program assessments across the board. In the near-term, the Army would be able to completely modernize NBC defense equipment across one major theater war (1-MTW) force . In the mid-and far-terms, this plus-up would provide additional RDT &E funding that would accelerate development and acquisition of next generation detection and protection systems. The Army has developed a detailed, prioritized list of programs against which this ph,1s-up is to be applied. This list addresses the most critical NBC defense needs across the total force, both Active and Reserve Components. Since the end of the Cold War, the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons to nations looking to gain asymmetrical advantages has heightened the threat to our forces . Continuing modernization of our ability to rapidly detect, identify and decontaminate CB agents is essential to maintaining an edge over the continuing threat. H-26 ANNEX I: COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND COMPUTERS (C4) SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview Army Vision 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contributions to the enhanced operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. This annex describes the Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4) planned modernization efforts to achieve these required capabilities. The Army's vision of dominance across the full spectrum of potential missions suggests that commanders at each echelon must gain information dominance. In a capabilitiesbased force, information dominance is measured by the speed, accuracy, and precision demonstrated in the use of force. "Near-perfect" mission selection, assignment, execution, and timely understanding of mission effects will characterize the Army's contribution to joint operations in support of the National Military Strategy (NMS) in the 21 st Century. Army XXI information systems will be relevant across the full spectrum of operationsfrom humanitarian assistance through high-intensity conflict. Deployed forces will be connected to their power projection/sustaining bases by communications links that support command and control, intelligence, and logistics information requirements. Headquarters and tactical formations in the Area of Responsibility (AOR) will be linked with a seamless, internet-like data network that facilitates the synchronized, decisive operations of mobile forces. Commanders and staffs will conduct planning, rehearsal , and execution on interoperable information systems using a relevant, common picture and featuring integrated, distributed simulations capabilities. Developing and fielding these capabilities to the Total Force is a top priority ofthe Army's Modernization Strategy. Power Projection-Army XXI o Key Installations o Megacenters o Simulation Centers o Step Locations o Air/Sea Ports o MOB Centers o Depots Figure 1-1 1-1 The. U.S. Arm 1998 il!/odemization Piau How C4 Modernization Aligns with the Army Modernization Strategy Delivering the operational advantages of information dominance starts with the Army Enterprise Architecture (AEA)-a single, unified vision for the Army C4/Information Technology (IT) community. The AEA aligns and focuses existing joint and Army efforts to maximize benefits to the warfighter. It synchronizes Army requirements in Army Vision 2010 with the Joint Staff's Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4I) for the Land Warrior concept, approved business practices, and the Defense Information Infrastructure's Common Operating Environment (DII COE). This synchronization is imperative to achieving Joint/Combined Interoperability. Use of the AEA and Joint Technical Architecture (JTA) is mandated for Army materiel developers. The AEA focuses the C4/IT community on a common goal and establishes a structure to guide the system development process. In addition, it has developed economic, functional, and technical guidelines, as well as criteria to aid resource managers in making C4/IT system assessments. In conjunction with the AEA, Army doctrine in FM 100-6, Information Operations (10), dictates a Warfighter Information Network (WIN) with the essential C4/IT capabilities Army XXI will employ in the 21 51 Century. WIN is an evolving integrated network comprising commercially based, advanced technology information and communications systems. WIN increases the capacity and velocity of information distribution to gain information dominance throughout the battlespace. WIN also maximizes information services for the warfighter and supports the power projection force from the sustaining base to the foxhole. In addition to the AEA, the Army has designated key components of WIN as information dominance investment component systems. These high-priority systems must be in place by 2010 to achieve the mental agility described in the Army 's Modernization Strategy. The component threads (Figure I-2) of the Warfighter Information Network summarize and categorize the Army's current and future C4 capability. C4 modernization efforts described in this annex will provide the necessary improvements to information collection/decision support/information dissemination capabilities across the tactical, operational, and strategic echelons of Army XXI. WIN Major Component Threads and Modernization Programs Figure 1-2 1-2 IJ.JI.!!Jjjjfjjz{i!; Control, Communications, and Computers POWER PROJECTION/SUSTAINING BASE Capable power projection platforms and sustaining base installations are essential to the Project the Force and Sustain the Force patterns of operation. Power Projection Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Infrastructure (PPC4I) programs provide modernized information infrastructures at Continental United States (CONUS) and forward-presence bases which will support mobilization and movement control, provide the gateway for deployed forces, and support split-based operations. Infrastructure upgrades needed to make this a reality include fiber optics, data gateways, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switches. AEA-compliant technology used at power projection locations will allow the warfighter to use the same type of telephone or personal computer in the field that he uses in garrison, thus reducing the training burden. Standardized Tactical Entry Point (STEP) will provide standardized access by deployed forces to strategic infrastructure services such as telephone and data networks. The Defense Messaging System (DMS) provides a comprehensive, seamless messaging system that will support information flow between strategic and tactical commanders/staffs. Both PPC41 and DMS are information dominance investment component programs. SATELLITE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS Satellite communications support every aspect of Army XXI operations, from force projection and split-based operations to providing connectivity among deployed formations. Satellite transport support will include the proper mix of both commercial and military assets. Because Military Satellite Communications Systems (Mll..,SATCOM) support the full spectrum of military operations, they are considered under the Gain Information Dominance pattern of operation. Protected MILST AR systems, spectrum-efficient Tactical Satellite Communications (T ACSATCOM) systems, Global Broadcast Service (GBS), and the Global Positioning System (GPS) are information dominance investment component systems. GBS provides tailored, multimedia, intelligence broadcast service for Army XXI commanders and their staffs, while GPS remains the Army's primary position/location and navigational aid. The Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) provides strategic connectivity for warfighting CINCs, as well as the Defense Information System Network (DISN) entry points for deployed force networks. The upgrades required to maintain the viability of DSCS are recapitalization investment component programs . TERRESTRIAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM This portion of the WIN will carry the bulk of the data required by division-, corps-, and theater-level commanders to gain information dominance. Future voice and data networks will have higher capacity, make more efficient use of available bandwidth, provide required information services, and support highly mobile headquarters. To accomplish this, the objective WIN terrestrial transport system will comprise A TM backbone switches, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) access switches, and High-Capacity Line-of-Sight (HCLOS) radios, as well as wireless communications such as wireless Local Area Network (LAN) and Personal Communications Services (PCS). These capabilities will be achieved primarily through technology insertion into the Army's current Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) at I-3 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plaii'l'"' " division/corps and Tri-Service Tactical (TRIT AC) equipment at echelons above corps. Coupled with the other components of WIN, this will result in the complete overhaul of the copper-based, low-bandwidth telecommunications technology. WIN terrestrial transport is an information dominance investment component system. TACTICAL INTERNET/COMBAT NET RADIO At brigade and below, the Tactical Internet will extend the Army Battle Command System (ABCS) to the soldier/weapons platform. The Tactical Internet passes the battle command and situational awareness data required to gain information dominance at the tactical echelon. The Tactical Internet, as referred to here and depicted in Figure I-3, is used to describe the communications pathways only, not the information processors connected to the radio network. This network will integrate the legacy Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio Systems (SINCGARS), Enhanced Position and Location Reporting System (EPLRS) radio, and emerging wideband data radios in the near-term. In the mid-term, the multi-band Joint Tactical Radio (JTR) will provide embedded voice, data, and routing in one radio. The EPLRS and other data radios are considered information dominance investment component systems. The JTR is a leap-ahead technology investment component system. The older generation SINCGARS, used primarily for voice communications, is being cascaded to Force Package 3 and 4 units as a recapitalization investment component effort. The Tactical Internet "Tactical" • Data Communications Infrastructure at Corps and Below • Gateways to Strategic Levels • Situational Awareness and C2 "Internet" • Uses the Internet Protocol (IP) Suite for Seamless Communications .. Host Computers • Uses Commercial Network (e.g .• Applique) Standards/Products • Dynamically Routes Data to Hosts • Facilitates Technology Insertion Figure 1-3 INFORMATION SERVICES Critical network services provided by the WIN include distributed databases with access at all command and control nodes, battlefield video teleconferencing "white board" collaborative planning, multi-level security, and seamless messaging from the warfighter to the sustaining base. These services will be fully integrated into the information networks and will be 1-4 ' '!lJJ!liitiiliiiiJ!AeolJfrol; Communications, and Computers interoperable across echelon boundaries. Information Security (INFOSEC) is required to protect the force. Command and Control (C2) protect programs will integrate hardware and software solutions designed to preserve the integrity and availability of Army XXI information networks. These capabilities will be embedded in WIN programs such as PPC41, terrestrial transport, Army Battle Command System (ABCS), and INFOSEC, which are information dominance investment component programs. INFORMATION SYSTEMS A constant element of all the patterns of operation described in Army Vision 2010 is the capability to supply the warfighter with key decision-making information in a timely manner. Commanders and staffs will use information processors that will translate the situational awareness into the knowledge required to accomplish missions. Providing and processing widely disparate elements of information for the warfighter require the integration of various information systems into one homogeneous "system of systems." These will encompass the strategic, operational, and tactical levels; they will also support joint operations. There are three categories of WIN information systems: Global Command and Control System (GCCS), Army Battle Command System (ABCS), and Standard Army Management Information Systems (ST AMIS). Linked together with transport systems, they form a seamless, secure, and adaptable information architecture. Global Command and Control System and the Army Battle Command System are information dominance investment component programs. The supporting Common Hardware/Software (CHS) and Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) programs are listed in the Maintain Overmatch investment component. NETWORK MANAGEMENT WIN network management is crucial to planning, building, and maintaining the dynamic information networks required to gain information dominance. Efficient bandwidth management, positive control of network services, and allocation of communications assets for the wide variety of systems described above demands integrated management solutions. Key elements of the Integrated System Control (ISYSCON), the tactical network management system, are battlefield spectrum management, Communications Security (COMSEC) management, Wide Area Network (WAN) management, network engineering, and signal command and control. The ISYSCON program is an information dominance investment component system. Challenges Ahead Architectures and technical standards will continue to evolve. The Army must remain flexible in procurement strategies while ensuring that emerging technology does not lead down a dead-end path. Discipline in the Army Enterprise Architecture process, focused research and development efforts, and cooperation with industry are essential to attaining Army XXI information dominance (Figure I-4). 1-5 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Plaltl!!; C4 Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term FY98-03 • Digitized division by FYOO and digitized corps by FY04 • Refine Tactical Internet • Develop security solutions • Fully integrate the Army Battle Command Systems Mid-Term FY04-10 • Complete fielding of info dominance systems to AC/RC by FY10 • Complete information infrastructure improvement for force projection/sustaining bases Far-Term FY11-20 • Maintain overmatch of Force XXI info dominance systems • Science and Technology support for AAN info dominance systems • Develop and execute comprehensive, integrated architectures • Increase bandwidth available to tactical information systems • Synchronize fielding of info systems an d supporting comms • Improve spectrum efficiency; build in the "right'' bands • Joint and combined interoperability is an imperative • AC/RC interoperability maintained throughout transition to Force XXI • Affordability/Operation and Support Costs complicated by increasing independence on commercial sector • Emerging technology versus program/force stability Figure 1-4 Synchronization of information systems and communications systems is critical. Investments must be synchronized so that information systems are procured and fielded in concert with the communications systems that are designed to support them. Failure to synchronize results in sub-optimal performance of the new information system and the unit. lnteroperability of C4 across the joint force is an imperative. The Army can expect jointness to occur at lower levels than previously experienced-i.e., at brigades and battalions. Open cooperation within the joint community is essential so that architectures and standards can be agreed upon and adhered to. Maintaining combined and Active Component (AC)/Reserve Component (RC) interoperability during this period of rapid modernization will require constant vigilance. Direct dialog with military allies on modernization initiatives should continue. Minimum essential compatibility with last generation equipment is required so that the Army maintains baseline interoperability during the transition period. Investment in Army XXI information dominance systems must ensure that the Total Force is equipped by FYlO. Digitized systems are listed in Figure 1-5. Priority C4 Systems for the Digitized Force First Digi tized Division: • Maneuver Control System • SINCGARS-SIP Radio • EPLRS/Data Radio • Global Broadcast System • MILSTAR (SMART-T/SCAMP) • SPITFIRE Radio • Warfighter Information Network-Terrestrial Transport • Integ rated System Control ( ISYSCON) First Digitized Corps : • Command and Control Vehicle Objective Digitized Force : • Joint Tactical Radio • Airborne Communications Node • Personal Communications Services • Defense Messaging System Figure 1-5 1-6 , • ~" }1l:;ollfrolj Com1mmicatious, and Computers SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT Overall C4 Modernization Assessment The C4 mission area rating for the near-term is AMBER. Capability shortfalls across the current Warfighter Information Network systems in the areas of data capacity, security, and network management restrict the warfighter's ability to satisfy today's information requirements. Army Battle Command System interoperability is immature, and fieldings have not been synchronized with transport system modernization, which creates additional burdens for these 1980s technology systems. Ongoing development should produce command and control systems that share a common operational picture by FYOI. The additional data requirements generated by the Army's digitization efforts are being considered in the C4 modernization plans so the current capabilities shortfall should be eliminated as the upgraded C4 systems are fielded. The mid-term goal of the Modernization Strategy is to achieve Total Force information dominance by FYIO. C4 rating is AMBER in the mid-term because the procurement rates for the modernized C4 systems required to achieve information dominance are too low to completely field the Total Force (AC/RC) by 2010. The rating in the far-term is AMBER-obsolescence caused by technology turnover must be addressed through maintain overmatch and recapitalization investments. However, these requirements will compete for C4 funding with the mid-term requirement to complete fielding of the Total Force with the basic information dominance systems. Therefore, even systems that are projected to have completed fieldings are rated AMBER in the far-term. The following is an assessment of C4/IT systems by investment component. Within each investment category the systems are grouped and prioritized according to the Warfighter Information Network (WIN) component threads they support. Information Dominance Assessment POWER PROJECTION/SUSTAINING BASE Modernization of the communications infrastructure is a major initiative for supporting the Army's global information architecture. These programs focus first on modernizing backbone information processing and transfer capabilities vital to the daily operations of Major Commands (MACOMs), installations, and deployment facilities. The primary focus is on those installations where warfighters maintain optimum readiness and are able to mobilize and deploy in support of the National Military Strategy. 1-7 The. IJ.S..4rmy 1998 Modernization Plall r IS ta· · power pro)ec 1on us lnlng 8 ase-Informar1on Dommance programs WIN #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Component Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks PPC41 95 95 2005 AMBER AMBER AMBER Requires to EPA RED resources to complete OMS 62,800 62,800 2005 AMBER AMBER AMBER Requires EPA resources to complete Figure 1-6 The following programs provide strategic C4/IT modernization required to establish the seamless information networks that support force projection and sustainment operations : Power Projection Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Infrastructure (PPC41) PPC41 upgrades telecommunications infrastructure at Army installations to ensure that it supports power projection and split-based operations, and represents the instal lation-level distribution portion of WIN. For the program period, PPC41 upgrades infrastructures on those installations which project early deploying forces and combines the four exis ting telecommunications infrastructure programs that improve telephone switch, outside transmission media cable plant, backbone data network, and the data gateway to communications networks external to the installation . PPC41 will synchronize the upgrades of all four component programs to reduce costs and disruptions at installations and to prepare for the arrival of programs whose data transmission will require enhanced transmission capability. PPC41 is AMBER in the near-term due to fiscal constraints , which limit C4 infrastructure modernization to 25 of the 95 installations required by FY03. Mid-and far-term ratings are AMBER turning RED because basic modernization of all installations will not occur before recapitalization efforts must begin (FY05 ). Installations will be modernized in accordance with the Army Installation Sequence List (ISL) priorities. Defense Messaging System (DMS) The DMS is the primary messaging system for the Department of Defense (DoD). It provides the warfighter with a single, secure, global, reach-back messaging capability extending from the deployed force to the sustaining base. DMS tactical implementation provides primary command and control messaging support for WIN and the Joint Task Force (JTF) environment across the continuum of Army operations. DMS features (1 ) a user-operated service, (2) a single form of message service and simplified message format , (3) multi-level, secure message processing through the use of Multi-level Information Systems Security Initiative (MISSI) products as they become available, (4) automated local distribution via information transfer networks, and (5) multifunction workstations for most Army users. 1-8 The DMS is AMBER throughout due to funding shortfalls for individual user access and extension of DMS network services to deployed forces. The program will be fielded in accordance with the Army Installation Sequence List (ISL). The objective goal is to provide a secure, seamless, global C2 messaging capability to support the WIN , Army Battlefield Communications Systems (ABCS), Global Command and Control System (GCCS), and PPC41. The current funding level allows us to provide a secure DMS capability to the organizational level (approximately 11% of Army users), allowing the Army to continue to close resourceintensive telecommunications centers and AUTODJN switching centers by FYOO. Fielding of DMS program components will begin in 2QFY98 and will be integrated to provide the warfighter writer-to-reader messaging capability across the battlespace using a single C4 application on a single platform. SATELLITE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS The Army's focus for modernizing its space assets is to leverage technology developments for the warfighter. The Army must continue to influence satellite design and operational architectures to ensure direct access to the required capabilities that Satellite Communications (SATCOM) provides. Some of the SATCOM capabilities required for Army XXI are interconnecting split-based operations with medium and high data rate links, providing flexible "on-the-move" communications to the mobile commanders, broadcasting communication of large-scale command and control and intelligence databases, and navigating accurately across featureless terrain in all weather. a e Transport-normaf1on Dommance programsS t ll"t1 e I f WIN #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Component Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks MILSTAR 869 559 2013 AMBER GREEN AMBER SCAMP at 50% in near-term TACSATCOM 3632 2550 2013 AMBER AMBER AMBER Spitfire shortfall GBS 504 504 2013 AMBER GREEN AMBER R3 in 2013 GPS 106,000 75 ,000 1999 AMBER AMBER AMBER NAVWAR sys avail in FY01? Figure 1-7 Army MILSTAR This program is developing the Secure Mobile Anti-Jam Reliable Tactical Terminal (SMART-T) and the Single-Channel Anti-Jam Manportable (SCAMP) Terminal that will interface with the Extra High Frequency (EHF) MJLSTAR satellite. Currently, there are two Low Data Rate (LDR) MJLSTAR satellites in orbit, with future launches for four medium data rate satellites in the mid-term. MILSTAR accesses a new space segment that gives warfighter 1-9 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Plitii ~ forces (corps and below) a protected anti-jam range extension capability. SMART-T provides a multi-channel range extension to the Army's Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) . SMART-T operates in both low and medium data rates (LDRIMDR) and has the inherent capability of low probability of intercept/low probability of detection (LPIILPD). SCAMP is a single-channel terminal designed to interface with the MIT.,STAR LDR payload which operates in point-to-point and broadcast modes. SCAMP Block I (Manportable) provides critical command and control communications for echelon corps and below forces. SCAMP Block ll (Manpackable) augments and/or replaces SCAMP Block I in the mid-and far-terms and significantly reduces terminal weight and provides point-to-point and Combat Net Radio range extension for conventional and special operations forces . SMART-T procurement is fully funded and rated GREEN. Approximately half of SCAMP Block I requirements are funded, so the rating is AMBER in the near-term. SCAMP Block ll is funded in the mid-term to field the acquisition objective for SCAMP; therefore, the program is rated GREEN. Tactical Satellite Communications (TACSATCOM) T ACSATCOM provides primary tactical range extension satellite communications (multi-channel and single-channel) for C2 operating in the ultrahigh and superhigh frequency (UHF and SHF) ranges. Current modernization programs are the AN/PSC-5 Spitfire, an enhanced manpackable UHF terminal and the SHF Tri-band Advanced Range Extension Terminal (STAR-T). The AN/PSC-5 Spitfire program replaces the existing family of singlechannel radios with embedded encryption and Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) capability. This allows better support of user demands for increased satellite access and better portability. STAR-T is a HMMWV-mounted, C-130 transportable (Roll-On/Roll-Off), multichannel T ACSA T terminal which operates with any commercial or military transponder-based satellite system within the X (DSCS), C, and Ku (commercial) frequency bands. STAR-T will have two versions : standard and switch. The standard version will consist of communications equipment, power generation, and an antenna system. The switch version will be identical to the standard unit with the addition of embedded automatic switching equipment. STAR-T will replace ANffSC-85B/93B ground mobile forces multi-channel T ACSAT terminals at EAC . Tactical satellite communications systems are rated AMBER in all terms because procurement levels of single-channel DAMA radios do not meet overall Army requirements. The joint multi-band programmable radio program is considering this waveform; if it is successful, the new radio will be available for procurement in the mid-term . Global Broadcast Service (GBS) GBS is a newly initiated joint DoD program that will provide the capability to broadcast large volumes of information (data, video, imagery, etc.) to tactical forces on a worldwide basis. The GBS system consists of an information management element, a space segment, and a user element made up of injection terminals and user receiver terminals. The program will be implemented in three phases. Phase 1 (near-term) will use commercially available leased 1-10 ··~~ tflf Coutrol, Communications, and Computers satellites and receiver terminal capabilities. Phase 2 (mid-term) will use military satellite capabilities on Navy UHF Follow-On (UFO) satellites using the military portion of the Ka frequency band. Phase 3 (far-term) will implement a fully capable system of DoD satellites and terminals that leverage the follow-on to DSCS and the military portion of the Ka frequency band. The Air Force is designated as the executive agent for the program. The Army will acquire injection terminals and common receiver terminals for all users. The Army requirement is for theater injection points to support joint task force and joint special operations task force operations. Army ground receiver terminals will be fielded down to battalion level. The Army GBS program is funded to field the first digitized corps by FY04 but is rated AMBER in the near-term because the Total Army Requirement is not fielded until FY05. The program is GREEN in the mid-term and AMBER in the far-term because of projected equipment obsolescence as technology advances. NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS is a satellite-based, global, all-weather radio navigation system that provides highly accurate positioning, velocity, and precise timing information, as well as a common military grid for an unlimited number of users. It consists of three segments: Space segment [GPS satellites operated by U.S . Air Force Space Command (USAFSPACOM)], control segment (ground control stations operated by the USAF), and user segment (GPS receivers). Army GPS user equipment consists of passive receivers for air, ground, and sea users. These provide accurate navigation information for maneuver and support forces; precise positioning for firing platforms and target location for precise munitions in support of deep fires, indirect fire systems; and precise timing for Communications and Command And Control (C3) systems. GPS is capable of denying military accuracy to unauthorized users [Selective Availability (SA)] and overcoming the threat's ability to alter GPS signals to the warfighter. GPS is considered essential to dominating the maneuver battle. The current constellation of GPS satellites reached initial operational capability (IOC) in FY93, with full operational capability (FOC) achieved in FY94, and will continue at FOC with follow-on replacements as required. All weapons systems and aircraft are projected to have at least an interim GPS capability by the year 2000. The User Equipment (UE) segment is rated AMBER in the near-term because of incomplete development for all air applications, insufficient funding to complete the current handheld program, and limited capability to initiate a follow-on program that incorporates protect and denial capabilities. The UE mid-term rating is AMBER because approved protection and denial technology is expected to be available after FYOl. These major concerns are the subject of a DoD study called Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR). 1-11 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 LUodemization Piau TERRESTRIAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS Area Common User System (ACUS) ACUS is an all-digital telecommunications system for the battlefield composed of switching, transmission, network control , and subscriber terminal equipment. The corps and below area common user system is the Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) . Echelons above corps (EAC) communications are provided by Tri-Services Tactical (TRI-TAC) systems. TRITAC switches have been modified to possess the MSE technology by incorporating a common flood search voice and data switched network. lnteroperability is provided via gateways to provide automated, secure voice and data communications between the two echelons. ACUS links command posts from maneuver brigade to the JTF/ Army Forces (ARFOR) headquarters, provides "cellular-like" access for mobile subscribers, and interfaces with strategic voice and data systems. The Tactical Packet Network (TPN) aspect of ACUS will allow subscribers to exchange data with SINCGARS/Enhanced Position Locating and Reporting System (EPLRS) users via router gateways and bridges, thus forming a Tactical Internet. The technologies used in the current ACUS equipment have recognized limitations that will hinder seamless, robust support of the digital battlefield. Consequently, the Army initiated the ACUS Modernization Program, a comprehensive plan to implement ongoing and planned improvements to the system. The program is designed to transition the ACUS to commercial technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) , Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), High-Capacity Line-of-Sight Radios (HCLOS), and router-based data networks. These improvements will provide the efficient use of increased bandwidth required to support multimedia subscriber devices, personal communications services , video teleconferencing, and the tremendously expanded data traffic expected on the future battlefield. The future ACUS system will become the backbone of the WIN. To accommodate and synchronize enhancements to all facets of the ACUS, the modernization program places improvements to circuit switching, data switching, terminal devices, transmission terminals, and network management into three phases as rated in Figure I-8 . Near-and mid-term improvements are required to move the ACUS incrementally toward the functions and services of the obj ective WIN architecture. The timing and speed of this movement is heavily dependent on funding availability and technological advances. Terrest.naITransport-Informaf1on Dommance pro_g_rams WIN #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Component Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks ACUS 56 56 2013 AMBER AMBER AMBER Initial field ing completed FY14 Figure 1-8 1-12 'li I» tiild.,~ etmtrol, eommunications, and Computers The objective WIN architecture will utilize the latest state-of-the-art technologies to the greatest extent that funding resources will allow . Commercial standards, technology, and products will be used to the maximum extent wherever and whenever possible; however, the major goal will always be to satisfy the user's requirements in the most cost-effective way possible. A major goal of the objective WIN architecture will be to allow the soldier to perform functions the same way in the field as in the garrison, using the same subscriber instruments where possible. The far-term objective architecture will feature smaller, lighter, more mobile equipment to reduce crew-size, permit rapid deployment in times of crisis, and provide a high level of reliability and flexibility. The objective ACUS will provide increased trunk capacity for voice, video , and data, and the flexibility to shift bandwidth among all three as required. This will permit bandwidth/overhead intensive applications, such as the Defense Message System (DMS), to operate over the ACUS data network. Command posts supported by the objective system will be able to use wireless subscriber terminals . Network services and network management systems will be greatly improved in the objective architecture and will utilize Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standards. Many components of the ACUS network will incorporate embedded training to reduce training costs. ACUS modernization is rated AMBER in the near-term because the fielding rate for crucial technology insertion will only support the first digitized corps and contingency force beginning in 2001. Non-modernized ACUS lacks the bandwidth capacity and network management capabilities necessary to support today's pre-digitized information requirements fully; ongoing fielding of the Army Battle Command System (ABCS) exacerbate the problem. The mid-term rating is AMBER, as the current fielding rate will not modernize the Total Force (AC/RC) by FYlO . Development and integration of crucial technologies (PCS, Wireless LAN), currently deferred until the mid-term, will compete for C4 resources with ongoing efforts to upgrade ACUS with commercial switching, router, and transmission technologies. The farterm rating is AMBER as the Army Modernization Strategy shifts its priority to weapons platforms before Total Force C4 modernization is complete. TACTICAL INTERNET/COMBAT NET RADIO (CNR) This section covers those radio modernization programs, outside the ACUS, which comprise the Tactical Internet (Figure (1-9). Tacf1caIInternet-I f n ormaf1on Dommance programs WIN #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Component Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-1 0 FY11-20 Remarks SINCGARS 108,000 108,000 2005 GREEN AMBER AMBER Total fielded SIP SINCGARS is 227,000 EPLRS 5,015 5,015 2005 AMBER AMBER AMBER Joint Tactical Radio? Figure 1-9 I-13 Tile. IJ.S. Army 1998 Modemization Piau· SINCGARS-System Improvement Program (SIP) This program specifies an interface with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers; improved data throughput rates ; decreased weight; and an automated interface, both voice and data, with Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) and with EPLRS through use of Internet controllers. The SINCGARS-SIP, which is an integral component of the Tactical Internet, debuted in FY96 and will be retrofitted to Force Package 1 and 2 units. SINCGARS AlB model radios will be cascaded to lower priority units. The program will complete fielding of SINCGARS-SIP to the contingency and reinforcing forces in FYOO. The SINCGARS-SIP is on schedule with final year of procurement in FY98. Recent digitized division/corps architecture changes indicate that the overall requirement for voice and data radios is growing. Additional requirements for SINCGARS-SIP must be analyzed in conjunction with development of requirements for the Joint Tactical Radio, a multi-band programmable radio currently expected to be available in FY04. Enhanced Position Locating and Reporting System (EPLRS) EPLRS is a robust, reliable system that provides passage of targeting data, combat orders, Situation Reports (SITREPS) , intelligence data, and messages between friendly units at the tactical level. EPLRS enhances situational awareness by automatically tracking and identifying friendly units to other EPLRS-equipped units . The system reduces the potential for fratricide and is interoperable with the Marine Corps Position Locating and Reporting System (PLRS) with regard to POS/NA V functionality. Currently, EPLRS is approved for fielding to Force Package 1 units at a reduced Basis of Issue Plan (BOIP) level. The EPLRS acquisition strategy is viewed as an evolutionary step to the Near-Term Digital Radio (NTDR) and, ultimately, to the Joint Tactical Radio (JTR) . Wideband Data Radios are rated AMBER in the near-term due to uncertainty in the migration strategy. EPLRS ' last procurement year is FY99 , and programmed quantities will not satisfy data radio requirements beyond the first digitized corps . The NTDR is expected to be available in FYOO. The JTR is currently expected to be available in FY04. Mid-term funding projections appear adequate to field the Total Force (AC/RC) with the required data radio by FY10 in accordance with the Army's Modernization Strategy. INFORMATION SERVICES erv1ces-n ormat1on D ommance prog_ramsInformation s I f WIN #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Component Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks INFOSEC Varies* Varies* Varies* AMBER AMBER AMBER C2 Protect Varies * Varies* N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER *INFOSEC modermzatwn consists of many subprograms mvolvmg legacy and emergmg commumcatwns secunty requirements . Figure 1-10 1-14 · ·'!il flillllll.lJ{I/d, Collfrol, Communications, and Computers Information Systems Security (INFOSEC) secures Army-wide tactical, strategic, and sustaining base communications. It contributes to the C2 Protect aspects of information warfare and supports security of strategic requirements for the National Command Authority. INFOSEC is integrated into the Total Package Fielding (TPF) from multiple sources in order to support all weapons and telecommunications systems. The Army's C2 Protect program is a key component in addressing vulnerabilities of the military information environment and countering threats to warfighting information assets. The scope of C2 Protect includes protection for information assets ranging from the National Command Authority down to the soldier's foxhole, to ensure that vital information required for decision making and force control is not compromised or corrupted. Dependence on commercial systems increases the vulnerability of military information and puts tremendous demands on the C2 Protect program. INFOSEC will field a variety of tools from the Multi-level Information Systems Security Initiative (MISSI) program. MISSI products include Secure Network Servers (SNS), TACLANE (a tactical in-line encryption device with Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) capability), and tactical guards and firewall systems that will be used in securing the Army's portion of the Defense Information Infrastructure (Dm. MISSI products are designed to be the Multi-level Security (MLS) solution. MLS will permit communications over the entire classification spectrum to share the same transmission paths. Due to the past proliferation of many non standard information system platforms, the MLS objective solution is one of the most difficult issues to solve under current technical and budgetary constraints. INFOSEC will field Army Secure Terminals (AST) to strategic units. The AST is a terminal device that provides secure (end-to-end encrypted) voice and data communications in support of any mission and any level. Replacement of legacy loop encryption devices and VINSON systems with new Miniature Terminal (MINTERM) and Airborne Terminal (AIRTERM) systems is unfunded. While the encryption technology in VINSON is still good, the speed and data-handling capabilities are inadequate to support emerging requirements. AIRTERM, a narrowband/wideband terminal that provides secure voice and data on tactical air platforms, will be fielded to high-priority units in support of the AN/ARC-220 radio fieldings. INFOSEC is AMBER in the near-term due to insufficient funds to pay the large bill that the Army will incur when all the Defense Information Infrastructure initiatives are implemented. The C2 Protect program, which provides automated common tools and risk management assessment to counter hacker threats to Army XXI strategic and tactical information networks, is . also underfunded. INFOSEC is AMBER in the mid-term because current funding will not achieve required information dominance capabilities for the total force by FYlO. 1-15 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 il'lodemization Plan INFORMATION SYSTEMS Army Battle Command System (ABCS) is the Army's overarching command and control system; it provides the framework for today's digitized battlefield to become interoperable. The current developmental programs of ABCS extend from the joint/strategic Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4I) systems via Global Command and Control System-Army (GCCS-A) through the theater of operations, to the operational/tactical headquarters, and culminates in near-real-time, digital links among the tactical battlefield operating systems functions at brigade level and below. ABCS will mature as each battlefield automated system migrates to the Defense Information Infrastructure (DII) Common Operating Environment (COE), and as common and unique applications are developed. Key fielded and developmental systems in this integration effort are: • Global Command and Control System-Army (GCCS-A) • Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS) • Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below (FBCB2) ABCS is a conceptual and technical evolution of the existing Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS). The FBCB2 initiative is the centerpiece of the Army's efforts to digitize a brigade at Task Force XXI Advanced Warfighting Experiment (A WE). I f normar1on s t I f r iys ems-n orma 1on Dommance programs WIN #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Component Required Funded Point FV98-03 FV04-10 FY11·20 Remarks GCCS-A 2,616 2,616 2006 AMBER GREEN AMBER MCS 1,358 1,358 2006 AMBER RED AMBER EPP resources required to complete fielding FBCB2 TBD TBD TBD AMBER GREEN AMBER Figure 1-11 Global Command and Control System-Army (GCCS-Army) GCCS-A is part of the overall GCCS. GCCS-A is the Army's strategic and theater functions built on the DII COE. GCCS-A functionality supports operations from peace to war, including contingency and natural disaster operations. GCCS-A, along with other GCCS functions, supports the Army component commands, Army CINCs, Army Joint Task Force commands and components, and Headquarters, Department of the Army. As part of GCCS, GCCS-A provides a single seamless command and control system that supports joint, multinational, and strategic/operational levels of conflict. 1-16 ~~.J!JlJ.HlllltdJ Control, Communications. and Computers GCCS-A is built around the joint Dll COE and is an interoperable component of the GCCS. Its design ensures software and technology reuse and minimizes duplication among command and control systems . The GCCS-A objective system is being achieved through the evolutionary process of fielding hardware, software, and communications components. These components provide commanders and staff officers the functional capabilities currently possessed by the Army Worldwide Military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) Information System (AWlS), Standard Theater Army Command and Control System (ST ACCS), Theater Automated Command and Control Information Management System (T ACCMS), and Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS). System development is fully funded in the near-and mid-terms. However, GCCS-A is rated AMBER in the near-term because of several remaining deficiencies identified during operational testing prior to reaching Initial Operating Capability (IOC). The mid-term is rated GREEN because all the hardware and software requirements will be developed and fielded. Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS) ATCCS incorporates both the development of software applications to support the force commander and his staff, and the integration of applications from the ATCCS Battlefield Functional Area (BFA) command systems: Maneuver Control System/Phoenix (MCS/P), Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS), Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS), All Source Analysis System (ASAS), and Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control (FAADC2) System into the Common Applications Support Software (CASS). These systems will be in compliance with the Army Technical Architecture (AT A) and the Defense Information Infrastructure Common Operating Environment (Dll COE) . The Dll COE integrates modernization of these five computerized/automated command and control systems. The Dll COE specifies common protocols, system languages, report formats, and necessary interfaces for each of the five independently developed systems to ensure an overall cohesive and compatible Command and Control (C2) system for the force. Additionally, Dll COE provides the common connectivity means among the five arms of the C2 architecture and allows battlefield commanders to rapidly acquire and integrate information, determine optimal battlefield actions, direct their implementation, and control their execution in joint and/or multinational environments. Only MCS is discussed in detail in this annex . For information on AFATDS, see Annex E; for CSSCS, see Annex L; for ASAS , see Annex J; and for FAADC2, see Annex F. Maneuver Control System (MCS) is the primary battle command system providing the common picture, decision aids, and overlay capabilities to support the tactical commander and the operational staff via interface with the force level database. MCS features maximum interoperability, hardware and software commonality, and a digitized database. MCS is rated AMBER in the near-term because funding does not support fielding to the Total Force (AC/RC). The MCS Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) will be 1-17 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Ll'lodemization Plan conducted in 3QFY98. Software integration was conducted to support Task Force XXI and Division XXI Advanced Warfighting Experiments. Active Component MCS fielding is scheduled to be complete in FY02. MCS is rated RED in the mid-term because Total Force modernization will not be complete by 2010 due to the current funding level. Development of an R3 point solution is programmed for FY06. Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below (FBCB2)/Applique FBCB2 will be a suite of digitally interoperable, Battlefield Operating System (BOS)specific functional applications, designed to provide on-the-move, near-real-time situational information to tactical combat, combat support, and combat service support leaders from A TCCS to the platform and soldier levels . FBCB2 will help populate the database with automated positional friendly information and current tactical battlefield geometry for friendly and known/suspected enemy forces. It will also pull information from the force level database to provide leaders with situational reporting, calls for fire, and close air support via graphic and textual orders. Currently, very few elements at brigade and below possess digital capabilities; therefore, these capabilities must be added as an "applique." The applique program centers on a system of strap-on computers, along with digital radios (SINCGARS-SIP or EPLRS), and POS/NAV devices (GPS) which enable current, tailorable situation displays of the battlespace showing friendly and enemy platforms aligned over a scalable map/grid display background. Applique software will be the Army's brigade and below command and control software. The initial set of appliques will be used primarily for situational awareness and operational control. The Army awarded the contract in 1995 to acquire four types of computer processors, develop software, design and produce installation kits, provide logistics support, and integrate the applique with the platforms and the communications. The first phase of this streamlined acquisition approach was conducted in conjunction with a brigade rotation at the National Training Center (NTC) in the form of an Advanced Warfighting Experiment (AWE) titled Task Force XXI. Technical challenges with integration require an AMBER rating for the near-term. The FBCB2 program is adequately funded and is therefore rated GREEN in the mid-term. The command and control functionality demonstrated by the objective FBCB2 will be embedded in the weapons platforms that will be fielded in the far-term. NETWORK MANAGEMENT Current ACUS Network Management improvements are provided under the Integrated System Control (ISYSCON) program. 1-18 i1 !f~:.!k'l''(liiliilimml, Control, Communications, and Computers NetworkManagemen t n orma 10nI f f Dommance programs WIN #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Component Required Funded Point FV98-03 FV04-10 FY11-20 Remarks ISYSCON 153 153 2008 GREEN AMBER AMBER Mid-term requirements for tactical internet management under development Figure 1-12 Integrated System Control (ISYSCON) ISYSCON is an automated theater-wide system that signal operations staffs will use to manage battlefield information systems. ISYSCON is an evolutionary system that will provide the common thread for management for all tactical communications systems. Ultimately, the high-level management functions of the Area Common User System (ACUS), data radio, and satellite systems will be incorporated into the ISYSCON. In the far-term, NCFs will no longer be required, and this will result in a change from the current "three-tiered" architecture to a "twotiered" architecture of network management and control. ISYSCON's expanded responsibilities will include network management of Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) and SJNCGARS. ISYSCON is rated GREEN in the near-term because current funding provides comprehensive, dynamic network management to the Total Force (AC/RC) by 2005. Software integration of commercial router management is critical for optimizing the information networks emerging from the Army's digitization efforts. The rating is AMBER through the far-term because requirements to provide network management facilities for the tactical internet at maneuver brigade are still under development. Maintain Overmatch Assessment . M'amtam 0 vermatchPrograms WIN Component/ #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FV98-03 FY04-10 FV11-20 Remarks Information NA NA 2006 GREEN GREEN AMBER Systems/CHS Information 6,022 6,022 2006 RED GREEN AMBER 48% Systems/SICPS underfunded to meet near-term ATCCS rqmts Figure 1-13 1-19 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 iUodemization Plan~''i~li INFORMATION SYSTEMS ABCS Supporting Programs Common Hardware/Software (CHS) is provided to the Army battlefield functional areas to minimize the number of unique hardware and software systems (including common logistics) used for Army command and control. Hardware and software will evolve through a series of buys, each infused with the latest technology. CHS is adequately funded. Funding provides support for the research, development, and acquisition requirements of current and future hardware/software systems. The program is rated GREEN in the near-and mid-terms. Requirements and fielding schedules are linked directly to the various ABCS system requirements and fielding schedules. The CHS 1 and 2 contracts are open-ended to suit this need for flexibility. R3 point (replace) for CHS 2 with CHS 3 is projected for FY06. The Common Software Initiative (Csn ensures that common applications that support the ABCS are compliant with the Defense Information Infrastructure Common Operating Environment (DII COE). Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) is a family of standardized command post platforms developed to transport and/or shelter ABCS across all battlefield functional areas. Variants include a Modular Command Post Tent (MCPT), Rigid Wall Shelter (RWS), track vehicle CP (M1068), 5-ton expando van CP, and heavy HMMWV CP . SICPS variants facilitate C2 functions at corps through battalion. Fielding of the MCPT to light divisions has been completed. The bulk of fielding to Contingency Forces began in FY97 . SICPS is rated RED in the near-term because of a 48% funding shortfall. SICPS is rated GREEN in the mid-term because of adequate projected funding. The Army projects that 6,022 systems are required. Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technologies Essential R&D for C4 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 • Joint Combat Identification ACTO • Range Extension • Mobile Wireless Communications • Battlespace Co mmand and (SRO) Control ATD • Universal Transaction Services • Tactical Command and Control • Nanoscience (SRO) Protect ATD • Digital Battlefield Communications ATD • SATCOM (TO) • Communications Integration and Cosite Mitigation • Commercial Communications Technology Testbed (C2TL) Figure 1-14 1-20 • ., "~~[!\Ii..;Jl)lJLR!# l l?~iumaud, Control, Communications, and Computers NEAR-TERM (FY98-03) Joint Combat Identification (JCID) ACTD The JCID ACTD is designed to demonstrate a joint, integrated air-to-surface and surfaceto-surface combat ID capability. It will quantify the contributions of identification technologies in increasing combat effectiveness and reducing fratricide, and support a Joint and Army Analysis of Alternatives (AOA) through assessment of Measures of Performance (MOP) and Measures of Effectiveness (MOE) from exercises and simulations. The ACTD will leverage the investment in the digitized battlefield initiative to explore synergism between situational awareness and target identification. Battlespace Command and Control (BC2) ATD This ATD will develop and demonstrate information-and knowledge-based technology. It will provide a common , integrated situation display with selectable detail and resolution, providing battlefield visualization and supporting systems architectures. A multi-service system architecture will interoperate with multi-echelon joint/allied assets to provide faster, more accurate, intuitive, and tailored battlespace information to the mobile strike force and Force XXI. Tactical Command and Control Protect ATD The Tactical C2 Protect A TD will demonstrate the ability to protect the Army's tactical information systems, components, and data from modern network attacks. This ATD will leverage existing commercial off-the-shelf and Department of Defense programs which target network security technology. The approach will be to develop tactical network protection and assessment capabilities, then use the assessment techniques against the protection mechanisms to determine the effectiveness of both. The security architecture developed will be an integrated solution , which provides advanced network access control, intrusion detection , and response mechanisms within tactical communications networks. Digital Battlefield Communications (DBC) A TD This ATD will exploit emerging commercial communications technologies to support multimedia communications in a highly mobile dynamic battlefield environment, the "digitized battlefield," and split-based operations . Commercial Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology will be integrated into tactical communications networks to provide "bandwidth on demand" to support multimedia information requirements. SATCOM Technology Demonstration This TD will extend the applications and capabilities of SATCOM terminals by providing higher data rates, improvements in throughput, and reduced life-cycle costs. Throughput improvement will utilize emerging techniques and architectures such as Demand Assigned 1-21 Tile. V.S. Arm}' 1998 Modemization Pla1~_7 HEMTT II Production for OvermatchI • • HMMWV Procurement • FMTV Fielding Continues Throughout • Remanufacture of HMMWV, 2% -Ton, and 5-ton . • Trailer Procurement Line-haul Procurement and Remanufacture • HETS Procurement Figure K-2 INFORMATION DOMINANCE Most of the systems which currently provide overmatch capabilities, or will eventually provide for information dominance, are either directly dependent upon TWV for mobility about the battlefield or in direct support. Mobile information dominance cannot be achieved without capable TWV. SHAPE THE BATTLESPACE Many systems which shape the battlespace, such as EFOGM, HIMARS, etc., are TWVmounted and depend upon TWV for mobility and munitions support. Other key systems contributing to shaping the battlespace also depend upon TWV for direct support. During Desert Storm, reliable TWV were essential contributors to success (Figure K-3) . K-2 " , ,;!'' ~-:.. t\mwx K: Tactical li''Jweled l'ehicles XVIII Airborne Corps Movements Avg Dist. 422 Miles 115,000 Soldiers 4,300 Tracked Vehicles 21 ,000 Wheeled Vehicles Reliable Trucks Are Essential to Moving and Sustaining the Army! lsuPCOM I LOG BAS~ DHAHRAN ) I SAUDI ARABIA TO JIODAH Figure K-3 DECISIVE OPERATIONS All systems contributing to decisive operations, such as M1Al/A2, Crusader, Paladin, STRIKER, Apache, etc., are either tied to TWV for arm, fuel, or fix functions, or are TWVmounted, such as STRIKER. PROTECT THE FORCE Vehicles such as the Armored Security Vehicle and Up-Armored HMMWV are designed specifically to protect the force . Other TWV are integral components of force protection systems like HMMWV-mounted Avenger, PLS-mounted THAAD, and HEMTT-towed PATRIOT. SUSTAIN THE FORCE TWV are most often viewed as sustainment systems. They are the distribution platforms at all echelons delivering fuel and ammunition to weapons systems; food, water, medical evacuation, and other vital services to soldiers; and moving units about the battlefield (Figure K-4) . K-3 The. U.S. Army 1997 Modernization Piau ·':) • Truck Missions HMMWV cucv FMTV HEMTT PLS LINE HAUL ENGR TRAC HET TRLR'S Weapons Prime Mover X X X Weapons Platform X X X X Tank Transporter X X Comm Systems Trans X X X Pol/Water Distribution X X X X Troop Transport X X X Ammo Distribution X X X X X Tactical Ops Center X X Medical Evacuation X Command & Control X General Cargo X X X X X Recovery X X Engineer Equip Ops X X X X X Shop Equipment X X X X Power Gen Equip X X X Containers X X Figure K-4 Congruence With Army Modernization Strategy The TWV modernization strategy aligns with the Army modernization strategy in important ways. The TWV strategy is essentially to acquire as much capability as resources will permit. With limited dollars, this translates into a practice of buying new, fully capable vehicles, for the first deploying units, and remanufacturing current vehicles for lower priority units. All vehicles are dis tri buted in Department of the Army Master Priority List (DAMPL) sequence regardless of whether the unit is Active, Guard or Reserve. With the activation of new TAA-03 truck units , the Guard and Reserve will be receiving equipment right off the production line. This modernization plan includes procurement of fully capable Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) for first deploying units while remanufacturing the existing, less capable 2Vzton and 5-ton trucks for others. This strategy also applies to the HMMWV fleet, the HEMTT fleet, and the M915 line-haul tractors. This two-pronged approach to modernization represents the best balance between acquiring capability increments, and controlling or reducing the cost of ownership, via recapitalization. TWV funding is emerging from the trough that was experienced in the mid-1990s. Since the Army Modernization Plan in 1996, Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and Congress have provided significant help in resourcing the procurement of TWV over and above that which the Army could afford . The Army has also reprioritized the POM and added money for the most pressing needs. The sum of these resources will do much to slow the rate of advanced aging of the medium fleet, and fill some of the light and heavy fleet shortages. Changes in force structure K-4 ro,~~ ~ ;lnuex /(: Tactical Wheeled llehicles to add much needed line-haul capacity for both fuel and dry cargo, as well as the National Guard redesign, have recently increased TWV requirements and resulted in additional budgetary pressures. The current level of annual resources needed to meet TWV modernization objectives is approximately $1.2B. The POM funding is beginning to approach these levels. However, the question is always: "When the outyears become the budget years, how much money will actually remain?" The Army uses a combination of "buy new" and "remanufacture" or a special development process to provide modern TWV to meet requirements. High-priority units receive the most modern and technologically advanced TWV. Risk is taken on lower priority units by cascading the older, less sophisticated equipment to them. This strategy ensures that those units with the highest Operation Tempo (OPTEMPO) have the most reliable and least costly to operate equipment. Therefore, readiness is increased and operation and support costs are reduced across the force for the Active Component (AC), National Guard (NG), and Reserve Component (RC). TWV remain the backbone of the Army. Challenge Ahead TWV play a vital role in today ' s capable Army. With an ever-increasing emphasis on information dominance, which can dramatically increase the tempo of battle, the TWV of the future will still be heavily relied upon for an increasing array of functions. The faster tempo will also require more highly capable TWV to "keep pace" with the combatants . Shown below are the TWV priorities for achieving full spectrum dominance (Figure K-5) . TWV Priorities Priority System Purpose Capability 1 FMTV Fix Over age Support ADRS & TAA-03 A More Mobile, Reliable 21•' Century Fleet 2 HEMTTII Replace HEMTT When Over Age Mobility Increment for Higher Army XXI, AAN OPTEMPO 3 HMMWV(LTV) Procure Heavy Variant Advanced Platform for Digitized Systems/Up Armor 4 Line-Haul Tractors Replace Over Age TAA-03/ADRS Required for Theater Lift & Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and Integration (RSOI) Reduce O&S 5 Heavy Tactical Fill Shortages Stand-Up Units PLS for Army XXI, HETS for M1A2,HEMTTSforShort 6 Retire Over Age Reduce Operating and Support Costs Modest Capability Loss, Shift $$to Modernization Reduce Poor Performers 7 Reman HMMWV, HEMTT Extend Life, Reduce O&S Costs Army XXI, Fill In Until New Fielded 2'12·, 5-Ton 8 Trailers Fill Shortages More Deployable, Mobile, Semitrailers Force Projection Reduces O&S Costs 9 Yard Tractors Replace Worn-Out Tractors Key Force Projection System Figure K-5 K-5 The. U.S. Army /997 Mmlemi::.atiou Plan .~ ~·~ ,, SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT "Without trucks the Army stops." GEN Wesle Clark SACEUR Required numbers of TWV have generally been re-proportioned to the shrinking size of the Army. Some requirements have seen increases to support Army Prepositioned Stocks (APS), war reserve stocks, operational project stocks, and more recently force structure (TAA-03) transportation company increases. Also underway is a National Guard redesign that is expected to increase TWV aggregate requirements . Major Changes Since 1996 Since the last Army Modernization Plan was published, several even ts have occurred which affect the relative health of the fleet, such as: • Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) First Unit Equipped (FUE) occurred on 29 January 1996 with the XVIII Corps. • Programmed Army funding for the POM period has improved. • The number of transportation truck companies has increased significantly as a result ofTAA-03. • Congress provided plus-ups in FY96-98 for HETS, PLS, HEMTT, HMMWV, FMTV, ASV and trailers to maintain the industrial base, fill shortages, and activate NG and RC units. • Congress deleted funding for line-haul tractors in the FY98 budget; and reduced funding for 5,000-gallon tankers, 7,500-gallon tankers, and 22V2-ton semitrailers. This will delay fielding of the tanker units by up to two years, prevent upgrade of the line-haul fleet that goes over age in 1998, and prevent fill of shortage and activating units that need the 22V2-ton semitrailer. The reductions delay modernization of the line-haul tractor fleet and extend the risk to support of two major theaters of war. • The XM 1114 Up-Armored HMMWV was fielded to soldiers in Bosnia in March 1996. An Armored Security Vehicle (ASV) prototype contract was awarded on 12 December 1995. The Up-Armored HMMWV has saved soldiers' lives. The ASV will provide Military Police with a capability for force protection in operations other than war. Ultimately, this is a requirement for future development (force protection). K-6 Information Dominance Assessment TWV -Information Dominance Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks LMTV (2%-ton) 40 ,320 28 ,610 2013 AMBER AMBER GREEN Fills FPs 1, 2 &3 MTV (5-ton) 45,174 28,945 2015 AMBER AMBER GREEN Fills FPs 1, 2, & 3 HMMWV (LTV) 119,500 24,600 1999 GREEN AMBER AMBER FP 1 only in EPP; OK near Figure K-6 The TWV listed below do not have information dominance as their main mission, but they provide the platforms for many of those systems providing information dominance. Without a modern platform, the most sophisticated equipment in the force will be useless. The fleet assessment area will provide more details concerning these fleets. The systems funded numbers reflect the quantities procured with prior year and projected funding through FY03 . Overmatch Assessment There is one TWV program that is considered an overmatch system. It is currently designated the Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) II (Figure K-7) . Replacing the current HEMTT, the HEMTT II will possess significantly greater mobility (speed and terrain capability), will utilize the most current smart vehicle technology, and will possess a fuelefficient and EPA emission-compliant engine and a Palletized Load System (PLS) type Load Handling System (LHS) to maximize logistics throughput. It will be a key vehicle for the Army XXI and Army After Next. The POM contains sufficient Research , Development, Test and Evaluation (RDTE) funding for the program, and production award is scheduled for FY04. Systems funded data reflects FY04-12 production. TWV-Overmatch Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks HEMTTII 13,203 13,203 2025 NIA GREEN GREEN Fills 100% Figure K-7 K-7 Tile. U.S. Army 1997 Modemizatiou Plan · :' ~~~( Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technology Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technology for Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 • Synthetic Lubricants • Improved Diesel Engines for • Improved Diesel Engines • Electronic Power Train Controls Improved Fuel Efficiency and Alternative Vehicle • Automated Guidance and • Lightweight Armor and Blast Propulsion Position Location Resistance for Tactical Trucks • Diagnostic Computers • Collision Warning • Converting Crankcase Oil Into Vehicle Fuel Figure K-8 The majority of the Army's TWV requirements are met by the commercial truck industry. However, military TWV, unlike their commercial counterpart, must be able to operate in wider environmental extremes. Additionally, military TWV have requirements for increased crew and passenger protection from small arms and landmines. Because TWV are generally commercial vehicles or modifications thereof, which are acquired through performance specifications, the government has a limited say in what basic technologies, components and subsystems are included. Resource constraints also make it difficult to find opportunities to modify TWV. The National Automotive Center (NAC), located at the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center, Warren, MI is a cooperative effort that identifies dual-use technologies that can benefit both defense and commercial industries, as well as structures cooperative programs. Goals of this approach are affordable innovation, faster product development, improved production methods , better manufacturing and product quality, economies of scale, and lower costs. Some NAC accomplishments include: • Synthetic lubricants that can stand up to high temperatures and pressures • Electronic power train controls for more efficient engine operation and improved fuel economy • Embedded or automated guidance and position location to enhance efficiency and reduce fuel use • Diagnostic computers to improve maintenance. These improved diagnostics prevent replacing the pack early and improve preventive maintenance • Collision warning systems to save lives and equipment • Converting crankcase oil into vehicle fuel to save fuel costs and make use of oil that would otherwise require disposal K-8 -~·:. ;lmwx K: Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Improved Diesel Engines Currently, TWV have whatever engine is proposed by the prime contractor. This situation results in a large number of different engines in the Army's inventory, for which maintainers must be trained, unique parts must be kept in stock, and special tools are required. A possible solution is adoption of a family of diesel engines that can meet the needs of medium and heavy trucks, as well as combat vehicles up to medium class. The Army is currently exploring this strategy. The Army expects to have a major role in a new White House initiative, "21st Century Truck," which will involve government and industry teaming to improve fuel efficiency and reduce the impact of internal combustion engines on the global climate. Lightweight Armor and Blast Resistance In support of several recent operations, lightweight armor technologies have been applied to TWV to improve protection against small arms and landmines. These technologies were developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Army Research Laboratory, and the Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center. Armored TWV have seen service in Haiti and Bosnia, among other places, in recent years. The armor appliques do a commendable job against threats for which TWV were never designed to withstand. Areas for improvement in the future are TWV designs that are inherently more survivable, both in terms of blast and fragmentation effects, and initiatives to protect occupants against serious collision injuries. Recapitalization Program Assessment The majority of TWV systems falls into the recapitalization category. Recapitalization is the replacing or retrofitting of an existing system due to mechanical aging, technological obsolescence, or excessive expense to maintain . The intent is to economically sustain the current capability, as opposed to a significant capability improvement. Recapitalization can be achieved through replacement, Extended Service Program (ESP), Preplanned Product Improvement (P3I), depot rebuild or technological insertion. The fill against requirements is based on prior year buys, POM, and Extended Planning Period (EPP) projections. The requirements shown in Figure K-9 for Extended Service Program (ESP) vehicles are candidates rather than hard requirements. The only exception is the HMMWV program. The current acquisition strategy states that 73% of the required vehicles will be re-manufactured. The remaining 27% will be a new buy. Funding at this time does not meet the requirement. The shortfall will be addressed in the FY00-05 POM build. K-9 111e. l!. . "t·. Army 1997 Motlemization Plan .-f-·~~~i#' TWV Recapitalization Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Rolls to cucv 10,380 30,415 1997 AMBER NA NA HMMWV PLS 3,711 3,711 2012 GREEN GREEN GREEN HETS 2,412 2,412 2012 AMBER GREEN GREEN HEMTT 13,203 13,203 2004 GREEN GREEN GREEN OK Line-Haul 6,552 5,068 1998 AMBER GREEN GREEN Meets rqmt Tractors Engineer 2,813 604 1998 GREEN AMBER AMBER FP 1 only Tractors Less than ASV 1,740 155 2018 RED RED RED FP 1 Line-Haul New& 1,857 1,484 2015 GREEN GREEN GREEN ESP Reman HEMTT 2,814 786 2018 AMBER AMBER AMBER Late in POMESP HMMWV 78 ,841 20 ,588 2011 AMBER AMBER AMBER ShortESP 2Y2 -Ton ESP 14,000 6,278 2012 AMBER AMBER AMBER Short 5-Ton ESP 12,321 5,042 2017 AMBER AMBER AMBER Short Figure K-9 Contributing Capabilities: Infrastructure Program Assessment There is one TWV program in the infrastructure assessment, the yard tractor. The yard tractor is a key piece of equipment for port opening packages for Army Prepositional Sets (APS) ships , and for cargo transfer units. Non-affordability has prevented the Army from taking action to fix this program sooner than FY99 (Figure K-10) . TWV-Other Requirements-Infrastructure #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Yard 230 old 419 419 1990 AMBER GREEN GREEN Tractors on-hand Figure K-10 K-10 Assessment Methodology The Army continually assesses its TWV fleet for required capabilities, operating cost characteristics, and other ownership measures of effectiveness. The Army Modernization Plan provides an opportunity to document those assessments and to support the execution of program decisions such as initiation and retirement. Army fleet asset management uses the concept of Economic Useful Life (EUL) developed by the TACOM Fleet Planning Office, to measure or predict the age at which a fleet of vehicles should be replaced. The Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) performs periodic capability assessments to determine if required capabilities are still being achieved with fielded systems. Overall TWV Fleet Assessment Overall, the TWV fleet should be considered AMBER, with selected segments as RED. Added resources in the outyears, if they materialize, will improve the long-term picture. Today, approximately 25% of the TWV fleet is over age (i.e., beyond Economic Useful Life) with virtually all that being medium vehicles (Figure K-11) . By FY10, when Army XXI is to be fully operational, the medium fleet over age condition will have been halved, but the light and heavy fleet segments will have significant numbers over age. The percent of the fleet over age at that time will have grown to approximately 40%. Old to Young-Aging of the Fleet 50 40 ~ 30 ~ - ~ ~ :1~1~1=1=•=·=·=·~·~·-·~ ~ 20 - eft. 10 - 0 I0 LIGHT • MEDIUM • HEAVY Figure K-11 K-11 Tile. U.S. ;\rmy 1997 Modemization Piau _<} LIGHT FLEET ASSESSMENT The light fleet consists of the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle (CUCV) , Small Unit Support Vehicle (SUSV), and Armored Security Vehicle (ASV). High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) The HMMWV is rated GREEN in the near-term and AMBER in both the mid-and farterms. Funding levels are not sufficient to maintain over Force Package 1 requirements wi th new or Extended Service Program (ESP) vehicles (Figure K-12) . Up-Armored HMMWVs do not meet Force Package 1 requirements . HMMWV 120000 100000 C/) Q) 80000 (.) :.c Q) 60000 > 40000 20000 0 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Fiscal Year Figure K-12 Up-Armored HMMWV 14000 12000 12 I M11091 Fiscal Year Figure K-13 K-12 r~:/ 1lnnex K: Tactical Wheeled Vehicle ,\ Armored Security Vehicle (ASV) The ASV is not shown graphically since none are yet fielded . The ASV will be the prime vehicle for the Military Police, providing protection, convoy support, and rear area security. Funding for the vehicle does not meet Force Package 1 requirements. Fielding is expected to begin in late FY99. It is rated RED in all three periods. Commercial Support Cargo Vehicle (CUCV) The CUCV requirements will be eliminated and all requirements will become HMMWV requirements. The CUCV is expected to be eliminated from the fleet by 2003 (Figure K-14). cucv 40000 FP4 (/) Q) 30000 Overage (3:.c 20000 Q) > 10000 I 0 ~~-~~r··-·-·-·-•-•-•-•-•-•-• 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Fiscal Year Figure K-14 Small Unit Support Vehicle (SUSV) Although this vehicle is tracked, it is considered a TWV . There is no graphic for this item. The vehicle is used in arctic regions, marsh areas and other areas of extreme terrain conditions. It is GREEN in the POM, but will become RED in the mid-and far-terms unless an upgrade or replacement program is developed such as that for the 2Y2-and 5-ton programs. MEDIUM FLEET ASSESSMENT For the past decade , the medium fleet has been in the most need of significant modernization. Now, with FMTV vehicles being fielded, that situation is beginning to improve. Outyear funding helps arrest the age creep but is insufficient to eliminate it. K-13 FMTV VEHICLES Figure K-15 21/z-Ton The 2Y2-ton situation has improved with fielding of the LMTV and the ESP. As shown in Figure K-16, FP 1 and FP 2 situations improve in the POM. Overall, the system is AMBER going GREEN. LMTV (2112-Ton) Fill 60000 No Replacement In POMIEPP for TruCks Retired I 50000 IRetire 28,412 Trucks 1970 and Prior I FP4 en Q) u :..c Q) > 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 Fiscal Year Figure K-16 ·K-14 i:ii~i'·r t1mwx /(:Tactical Wheeled Vehicles 5-Ton ' Because of continued procurement of the 5-ton truck, the overall situation is much better than the 2Y2-ton . The major problem within the 5-ton fleet is model mix. T AA-03 truck units have greatly increased the requirement for 5-ton tractors and decreased the requirement for dump trucks. Requirements for 5-ton tractors will not be met until 2004. Overall the system is AMBER going GREEN (Figure K-17). MTV (5-Ton) 60000 50000 (/) Q) 40000 :§ ~ 30000 Q) > 20000 10000 ~i~===::iiiiil=====~~;::; 0 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Fiscal Year Figure K-17 Yard Tractor There is no graphic for this vehicle. The yard tractor is AMBER going GREEN. POM funding does meet Force Package 1 requirements. The yard tractor is a key piece of equipment for port opening. HEAVY FLEET ASSESSMENT Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) The HEMTT IT is the key overmatch system for TWV (Figure K-18) . The vehicle is important to Army operations now and will be for Army XXI and the Army After Next. The current HEMTT has critical model shortages in the wrecker and tanker versions. Cargo versions are being converted to common bridge transporters and tankers. This reduces the need to buy new vehicles . The HEMTT ESP does not start until 2002. POM FY00-05 will address moving the starting date forward. The HEMTT program is GREEN overall. K-15 The. U.S. Army 1997 Modemization Pla11 '':\~t;t?~\'<1;. HEMTT ESP 15000 en Q) 10000 u :.c Q) > 5000 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~ 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Fiscal Year Figure K-18 Palletized Load System (PLS) PLS is GREEN. (Figure K-19) PLS is being equipped with PLS-Enhanced, Movement Tracking System (PLS-E (MTS)). The system provides the capability for movement control and allows dispatch personnel to know the exact location of the vehicle and status of its cargo. It provides two-w ay communications between the operator and the dispatcher. The PLS-E (MTS) is a Warfighting Rapid Acquisition Program (WRAP) item. It is a priority 2 system for the digitized division and corps. It will start fielding in the 3QFY98. The new PLS flatrack is known as the Container Roll-On/Off Platform (CROP). It is designed to fit in a 20-foot International Standards Organization (ISO) container. The CROP provides the capability to ship directly from factory or depot to foxhole . PLS C/) ~ 3000 ~ 2000 ~ii!B!B!iiii!B!!iii!B!Biiiii!B!i!!:JG ~ 1000 0 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 FISCAL YEAR Figure K-19 Heavy Equipment Transporter System (HETS) As shown in Figure K-20, the HETS will meet the requirement and be GREEN. The new HETS provides the capability to transport the tank on the trailer and the tank crew in the cab of the truck. This saves wear and tear on the tank and enables the tank crew to arrive rested and ready to fight. More tanks arrive in battle-ready condition since they did not have to move by their own power to the assembly area. K-16 . ~':! ·· Auuex K: Tactical Wheeled Vehicles HETS 96 97 98 99 00 0 1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 FISCAL YEAR Figure K-20 Line-Haul Tractors Line-haul tractors do meet requirements until the end of the POM (Figure K-21). Funding for the FY98 buy was denied by Congress. Over age assets are kept throughout the period. These vehicles are critical to TAA-03 unit activation for the National Guard and the Army Reserve. Line-haul tractors overall are AMBER going GREEN. LINE HAUL 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 OS 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 FISCAL YEAR Figure K-21 Engineer Tractors Engineer tractor rebuy maintains modem assets in Force Package 1 while Force Packages 2 and 3 are filled with older assets. Engineer tractors are GREEN going AMBER. (Figure K-22). K-17 The. U.S. Army 1997 Modernization Plan · ,·~r;.i\W~ . Engineer Tractors 4000 2000 FP3 1000 FP 2 0 +&.IJ.-.----,,J......, FP 1 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Fiscal Year Figure K-22 Trailers Trailers are significant for the Army in that they haul bulk cargo such as fuel and dry cargo. Funding for trailer programs has improved in the POM. Trailers programs that would have supported activation of new units in the National Guard and Army Reserve were delayed because Congress reduced the funding for 5,000-gallon tankers, 7,500-gallon tankers and 22Y2ton semitrailers. AMBER. Initiatives and Efficiencies The Army TWV community has long sought ways to constrain the number of TWV required, reduce the cost to acquire, and reduce the cost to sustain the fleet over time . Two major initiatives are the Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Requirements Management Office and the Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Retirement Program. Virtually all Army units organized under Tables of Organization and Equipment (TOE) require, and are expected to require, some TWV as they represent the most flexible and costeffective mode of transport available. The determination of TWV requirements at the unit level and validation at the aggregate level , is vested in the Training and Doctrine Command's Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Requirements Management Office (TWVRMO). The TWVRMO analyzes each TOE unit design as it is being constructed, and determines the most cost and operationally effective mix of vehicles to satisfy mission needs . TWVRMO is Army's TWV appetite suppressant! The Army established a TWV retirement program with the first TWV modernization plan in 1989 . The Army then recognized that with declining budgets on the horizon , coupled with aging fleet components, especially the medium fleet, action was required to retire selected vehicles. In 1995 , that process got renewed emphasis when Army leadership saw an opportunity to accelerate TWV retirements and to reallocate avoided Operating and Support (O&S) costs into procurement dollars. The TWV retirement program has reti red over 20,000 vehicles since April 1995. K-18 ,."l. , ;1mw:x K: Tactical Wheeled Vehicles SECTION 3: CONCLUSION "Sometimes soldiers like me need to be reminded that trucks are as important as tanks." General Norman Schwarzkopf Significant improvements have been made in TWV outyear funding. Ifit is made available, it will approach the level now required. Ifit is not, however, the current situation will continue and become worse. This TWV annex reaffirms the goals, objectives, and fleet architecture of each Army modernization plan and the seminal 1989 TWV modernization plan. Recent funding decisions made by the Army, OSD, and the Congress have recognized the TWV fleet condition and battlefield contributions. The precept of EUL is still appropriate and results in retiring or refitting fleets before they become too maintenance intensive, resources permitting. The chart below summarizes what the POM and EPP does and does not do for TWV. POM FY99-03 DOES: DOES NOT: Light Fleet • Procure Up-Armored HMMWV , Light Fleet • Procure Sufficient Quantities to • Procure the ASV Meet Requirements for FP 1 • HMMWVESP and FP 2 Medium Fleet • Accelerate FMTV Program Medium Fleet • Procure Sufficient FMTV Trailers • 2%-Ton ESP to Meet Requirements • 5-Ton ESP Heavy Fleet • Procure New HETS for ACIRCING • Procure PLS, PLS-E, Flatracks, Trailers, Container Lift Kits • Start HEMTT II Program • Procure Line Haul for TAA-03 • Buy Engr Tractors for FP 1 • Line Haul ESP Trailers • Procure Supply Van Trailers • Procure HEMAT Trailers • Procure HMT • Procure M871 Trailers • Procure M1061 Trailers • Procure 40-Ton Trailers • Procure 5000-Gallon and 7500-Gallon Tankers Figure K-23 K-19 The. U.S. Army 1997 Modernization Plan ' :·.~~1'~-'· This final fleet assessment, made against the criteria of capabilities required and sound business practices, results in the ages by vehicle type as noted in Figure K-24 . Fleet Average Age 1996 vs. End POM/EPP Economic Max Fleet Ave % Fleet Average Age Vehicle Life Age Objective Over 1996 2012 cucv 12 6 14 9.8 N/A HMMWV 14 7 0 5.0 11.1 susv 15 7.5 0 5.8 20.0 M151 15 N/A 100 17.7 N/A M880 7 N/A 100 17.1 N/A 2%-Ton 20 10 98 25.5 13.9 5-Ton 22 11 31 13.6 13.7 PLS 20 10 0 0.5 15.7 HEMTT 20 10 0 8.1 5.6 Engineer Tractor 20 10 0 12.1 22.8 Line-Haul Tractor 20 10 0 12.7 13.1 HET 20 10 40 8.4 13.7 Yard Tractor 10 5 100 14.9 29.9 Total Avg. 8.8 23 11.9 12.8 Figure K-24 To bring all fleet segments in line with modernization objectives, i.e. , at half-life, approximately an additional $300M per year would have to be added to the POM. The increase in truck units added to the Army by TAA-03 and National Guard redesign requires more trucks. Thus, although more vehicles are being bought, they are filling new shortages rather than replacing old. Summary TWVs provide a significant contribution to today's battlefield and to operations other than war. Joint Vision 2010 and Army Vision 2010 increase expectation of even greater future importance. This, combined with an aging fleet and increased requirements in selected fleets, has garnered POM and congressional support for TWV modernization. The Army challenge is to maintain this momentum to acquire required quantities of capable TWV while keeping the cost of ownership at affordable levels. Maintenance of planned levels is key to both. Should the planned funding picture in the outyears not materialize, the TWV fleet, perhaps the most important yet unheralded contributor to all patterns of operation, will continue to decline in capability and increase in cost of ownership. Efficient fleet management requires scheduled recapitalization. Soldiers deserve capable TWV, and the taxpayer deserves affordability! K-20 ANNEX L: LOGISTICS SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Army Vision 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contributions to the enhanced operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. This annex describes Logistics' planned modernization efforts to achieve these required capabilities. Focused logistics will fuse information, logistics, and transportation technologies to allow the Army to deliver the right support at the right place on the battlefield at the right time. It will be fully adaptive to the needs of our increasingly dispersed and mobile forces , providing support in hours or days versus weeks. Focused logistics will enable joint forces of the future to be more mobile, versatile, and projectable from anywhere in the world. Accompanying a remarkable evolution of the fighting force, the support logistics tail will experience a revolution of its own, assuring the resulting land force is globally mobile and sustainable. Army prepositioned sets of equipment will facilitate operational positioning and dissemination. Increased commonality in design and materials between military and civilian-use equipment will enhance surge and regeneration capabilities in times of crisis. The Army After Next will be a high-tech, rapidly deployed force, with less of a logistics tail and more lethal than the post-Cold War Army. Freed of a traditionally heavy logistical tail , the Army will be able to quickly move troops and supplies by land, sea, or air. The range of military logistics operations is described in Figure L-1 . -Industrial base link to military force -Private sector support for warehousing, materiel management, and -Ties strategic capabilities to tactical requirements -Support to sustain Army, joint, and multinational campaigns; general war and operations other than war -Logistics activities that sustain soldiers and their systems -Military majority with significant DoD civilians and contractors -CSS units and platoons , sections, teams organic to maintenance -CSS units with modernized combat and combat support -Linkage of Army to sustainment base -Reduction in Army managed stockpiles of supplies and equipment augmented by DoD civilians, contractors, host nation -Reception , discharge, onward movement, positioning , units -Manning, arming, fueling, fixing, moving, and sustaining soldiers and their equipment materiel reconstitution , distribution -Modular organizations edeployment deploying force Figure L-1 L-1 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Piau "'·'';~· The mobility, deployability, and sustainability essential to the Army of 2010, as well as the Army After Next, cannot be achieved without a revolutionary change in support concepts. The Army's revolution in military logistics will be an integral part of the revolution in military affairs. It is the visionary document to transform logistics into a global, distribution-based logistics system that substitutes logistics velocity for logistics mass, taking maximum advantage of technological breakthroughs. Technology is a great enabler of focused logistics. Smaller fighting elements with easily maintainable equipment made of more durable materials, supported by systems such as water, laundries, food and shelters, will significantly reduce the volume and complexity of the resupply system. Precision weapons with increased lethality and survivability and fuel efficient systems , will generate quantum reductions in demands on systems like petroleum distribution. Advanced business solutions for inventory control, materiel management and distribution, transportation (heavy equipment transport, palletized loading, and medium tactical vehicles), warehousing, and automatic cross-leveling and rerouting will greatly expand current Army Total Asset Visibility and Objective Supply Capability concepts. Use of electronic diagnostics and prognostic sensors, along with interactive digitized technical data, artificial intelligence, and enhanced test program sets associated with state-of-the-art commercial off-the-shelf test measurement diagnostic equipment will identify anticipated failure conditions and initiate resupply and repair activities. In the same manner in which combat crews train using built-in weapons systems situational understanding software, the Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS) will be used to train logisticians. The situational understanding logistical network will not only enable suppliers to train, but it will also be used to war game operations so that logistics operators can develop better alternatives and test logistics plans before operations occur. The current objective of a distribution-based logistics system is moving away from extensive stockage to a velocity-managed, customer-friendly system. Modernization must provide vastly improved operational capabilities resulting in visibility (Total Asset Visibility, communications, situational awareness), capacity (throughput per day), and control (centralized distribution management through hub and spoke distribution). The measure of success is time, whether it is supply (from time of need to receipt by the user) or maintenance (from time of breakdown to a repaired system available for use). Digitization will be an enabler throughout all Combat Service Support (CSS) operations and systems with the goal to reduce the time it takes to satisfy the customer. Focused logistics applies across the spectrum of crisis-from disaster relief to full-scale war. No other concept is executable without focused logistics. The introduction of the Palletized Loading System (PLS) in 1994, the container Roll-In/Roll-Out Pallet fielding in FY99, the Ml flatrack fielded in FY97, Movement Tracking System fielding in FY98, and the radio frequency tag will provide true factory to foxhole capability. These systems support the revolution in military logistics and will result in significantly shortened time-lines for ammunition throughput to units. Given that ammunition logistics is a large part of the burden on CSS units, the ability to bypass ammunition storage and supply facilities at certain levels and deliver to, or near, using units is a combat enhancement of significance. This system will permit tracking of the cargo L-2 from the moment it is picked up to the instant it is delivered and will work not only for ammunition but also for other commodities. Focused logistics is also an operation that can stand alone, particularly in humanitarian operations. An example of a stand-alone system is Force Provider, which is organized and equipped to sustain itself in long-term, austere operational environments, and is especially suited to react quickly when called upon to provide logistics support for both domestic and foreign, natural or man-made disasters. The Army's requirement to project the force creates an image in the mind of an adversary of an unstoppable force of unequaled competence. Augmented with critical equipment prepositioned where the need is most likely, air and naval components of the joint force will commence transport of a versatile, tailorable, modular land force within hours of the decision to deploy. This power projection force will be equipped with lighter, more durable, more lethal multipurpose warfighting systems, thus reducing the amount of lift required as well as the size and complexity of the logistics tail needed to sustain the force. Information technologies will enhance airlift, sealift, and pre-positioning capabilities to lighten deployment loads, assist pinpoint logistics delivery systems such as Logistics-Over-theShore, and extend the reach and longevity of systems currently in the inventory. The combined impact of these improvements will be a smaller, more capable deployed force. It will require less continuous support with a smaller logistics footprint, decreasing the vulnerability of our in theater streamlined logistics structure. The Army's Logistics modernization program is primarily focused on these patterns of operation: Project the Force, Sustain the Force, and Protect the Force. Figure L-2 describes the patterns of operation and where the key logistics systems fit in relation to modernization investment components. L-3 The. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plan .'ik·. LOQIStiCS siystems Other Investment Components Requirements Essential R&D & Leap- Patterns of Operation Project the Force Information Dominance Overmatch Airlift Ahead Technologies Logistics-Over- Recapitalization Contributing Capabilities Infrastructure Rail The movement of Sealift the-Shore personnel, equipment, and supplies from factory to foxhole Sustain the Force CSS Control War Reserve Air Drop CSS Equipment Provide water, food, System Ammo Petroleum Dist. fuel, personnel Tactical Equipment hygiene, and Electrical Maintenance automation support for battlefield Power css Equipment Materiel Handling support and Automation Equipment improving soldier Systems Water Mod. quality of life Protect the Force Explosive Ord. Protect forces from Disp . attack by weapons, NBC, munitions , and electronic warfare Maintain Integrated Readiness Family of Training ammunition , ammunition base Test Equip. Test Equip. Mod. support, materiel handling equipment, Training Ammo power generation, and test and diagnostic support to keep the Army operatino efficiently Figure L-2 Logistics modernization is driven by a number of critical factors as shown in Figure L-3. The first division will be digitized by FYOO, the first corps by FY04, and the total Army by FYIO. There is a shortage of training and war reserves ammunition through FYIO. There is a critical shortage of generators which will be used to power the digitized battlefield, and the current generators are aging. Explosive ordnance disposal funds were moved to FY98-03, creating shortages in the mid-and far-terms. Near-term shortages exist for Logistics-Over-theShore. Far-term shortages and limited capacity of petroleum distribution equipment, maintenance equipment, aerial delivery systems, food service, and water modernization are also concerns. L-4 ~' Annex L: Logistics Logistics Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term FY98-03 Digitized div by FYOO Food Service-rapid deployment for Force Projection Ammunition-Training and War Reserves-shortage Tactical Electrical Power-aging and shortage Logistics-Over-the-Shorecritical shortages Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mid-Term FY04-10 Digitized Total Army Ammunition-Training and War Reserves-shortage Tactical Electrical Power-aging and shortage Integrated Combat Service Support System and other logistics automated systems in place Far-Term FY11-20 Advanced Long Range Aerial Delivery Systems Water Modernization-more production capability Shortage of Petroleum Dist Eq and Maintenance Equipment • Operating and sustainment cost reduction-save dollars for the Army • Digitized battlefield-real-time situational reports and C2 improvements • Enabling Technologies-revolution in military logistics provides efficient and capable systems Figure L-3 L-5 The. U.S. Army /998 Motlemizatiou Plan --:.z"::. SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT Information Dominance To provide responsive logistical support, the system must know what commodity is required, who needs it and in what priority, where the commodity is located, and how long it takes to arrive at the user unit. This logistical information is critical to a commander's assessment of his ability to conduct operations. Logistics-Information Dominance Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Req Funded Point FY98-03 FY04·10 FY11-20 Remarks Combat Service Support Control System 1651 1651 2008 GREEN GREEN GREEN Approved full rate production Logistics Automation Systems N/A N/A N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Requirements have not been determined (Note 1) Tactical Electrical Power (Note 2) 66,700 15,293 2008 AMBER AMBER AMBER Supports contingency forces only Notes: 1. Narrative explains why requirements have not been determined. 2. Breakdown by small, medium, and large generators is in Figure L·S . Figure L-4 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT CONTROL SYSTEM This system is part of the Army Tactical Command and Control System (ATCCS). It provides command and staff with automated critical command and control information to effectively manage resources in support of battlefield operations. It provides logistical near-realtime situational awareness from brigade though corps level. It is one of the five principal decision-making systems supporting the Army Global Command and Control System (GCCS). This system replaces an unstructured, slow, labor-intensive manual system unresponsive to present-day battlefield command and control requirements. Automatic connectivity between the system and consumption sensors eliminates the need for manual input from logistical, medical, financial, and personnel systems. Integrated, automated decision-making capabilities will replace less efficient, slower, manual information management tools. This is a key piece of logistics digitization. As part of the Army Battle Command System (ABCS), it links combat service support functions with maneuver, fire support, and air defense through common communications networks. The Army Battle Command System cannot fully achieve the objective force level operational capability until the Combat Service Support Control System is fie lded. Recent deployments of Reserve Components and the movement of infrastructure support to the Army Reserves increase the urgency for concurrent fielding to the Reserve Components. The program is GREEN due to receipt of additional research and procurement funds. Current research funds allow completion of Version 5 objective software and the ability to place software on smaller hardware systems, such as laptops, for battalion entry data. The first L-6 production began 4QFY97. Fielding to Contingency and Rapid Response Forces will occur by FY03 and the total Army by FY08. The replacement point for hardware is 10 years and the replacement point for software upgrade is 5 years . R3 point is 2008. LOGISTICS AUTOMATION SYSTEMS State-of-the-art communications and automation are critical to the modernization effort. Logisticians require the same real-time situational understanding and improved command and control capabilities as the warfighters they support. Several logistics automation systems will support the Army digitized system architecture. These are the Standard Installation Division Personnel System, Transportation Coordinators' Automated Information for Movement System II (TC AIMS m, Integrated Combat Service Support System, Tactical Interactive Ground Equipment Repair Initiative, Radio Frequency Tags, and "smart" personnel cards. TC AIMS II, a joint system, is currently in development and will be the Army's unit deployment system for the 21st Century . It will replace TC ACCIS as the Army's system that maintains unit equipment lists and the source system for unit deployment data and in-transit visibility (lTV) during a contingency. TC AIMS II will eventually provide the warfighting CINC with lTV by providing theater movement control and mode management organizations with a theater transportation capability. The most critical initiative of logistics automation is the Integrated Combat Service Support System (ICSSS). The Integrated Combat Service Support System is the Army's interactive modular CSS information management and operations system. It is the centerpiece of CSS automation. This system addresses the Army's current CSS automation dilemma of having "stovepiped" systems without an overall system architecture. This diversity of hardware, operating systems, and database management systems creates serious supportability and training problems. Integrating these functions in relational databases gives the user several significant improvements over existing systems, reducing total processing and delivery time for all supplies and services. The use of common databases greatly increases the accuracy of all actions . Full implementation with common hardware and software reduces the costs to train soldiers and to maintain the systems. The Integrated Combat Service Support System will interface with the Army Global Command and Control System (AGCCS) at the strategic level through the Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS), and the Warfighter Information Network (WIN) at the tactical level. This system will provide logistics support based on the Warfighter requirements . Specifically, it will support joint, allied, and split-based operations, as well as Army XXI, revolution in military logistics, and the Army After Next. The ICSSS program is GREEN for the near-term, but AMBER for the mid-and farterms. Future funding is uncertain as business practice reengineering is ongoing to define Phases 2 and 3 of the program. These phases provide wholesale logistics, and joint linkages and requirements. Total Distribution Program provides asset visibility from "factory to foxhole." The program's main objective is to develop an objective distribution system focused on 1) an assured L-7 The. U.S. Army /998 Modernization Plan . .:;.:;.;: logistics communications capability connecting the theater of operations with the sustaining base; 2) essential materiel handling equipment and transportation requirements; and 3) linkage of logistics information systems and in-container, in-transit, and in-process asset visibility. This program will mesh with the Department of Defense initiatives for Total Asset Visibility and Intransit Visibility. Total Asset Visibility/lntransit Visibility provides materiel managers with information on location, quantity, condition, and movement of assets. Software has been installed throughout the Army at installations , depots , and arsenals, and automated identification technology is used for sustainment operations throughout the Army. This program is part of the Revolution in Military Logistics and will provide increased capability and efficiency to track materieL Two places where this program has been successful are Haiti and Bosnia. The Army has approved a Warfighting Rapid Acquisition Program to evaluate the employment of automated identification technology equipment within a maneuver brigade. Ifsuccessful, this will establish the final visibility link between supporting activities and the tactical elements. The Total Distribution program is AMBER for all years. The Army will not be able to provide key links in the communications network extending the Total Asset Visibility/lntransit Visibility capability to the tactical logistician. Split-Based Operations Corpsffheater Automation Data Processing Service CenterPhase II supports a split-based operation configuration with fly-away capability. The minicomputer at the sustainment base is connected by various communications modes to microcomputers and laptops in the area of operations. Fly-away boxes provide corps-wide asset visibility and a remote query capability. The program is funded under the Total Distribution Program for active Army and Reserves and under the National Guard for their systems. The program is GREEN. TACTICAL ELECTRICAL POWER The Tactical Electric Power modernization program is critical to the overall Army XXI modernization effort. This program is considered information dominance because it is one of the key components for the Army digitized battlefield. New digitization initiatives require constant and reliable electrical power and the proper equipment is crucial to ensure the success of that effort. Generators are needed to operate the Tactical Operations Centers, the central communications area for the digitized battlefield. The Tactical Electric Power modernization program provides improved capability and reduced operational and support costs at an affordable price due to its use of off-the-shelf equipment components. The program is expected to produce systems/platforms with useful lives of 15 to 20 years with product improvements incorporated when applicable to further enhance system performance. The previous military-standard generators, nearly 28% gasoline-fueled, average 20 to 25 years old . They are difficult and expensive to maintain, have low readiness rates , and lack many of the critical operational features required for Army XXI. Tactical quiet generators markedly improve battlefield survivability by reducing noise and detectability by 80%, virtually eliminate infrared signatures , and are hardened against electromagnetic pulse effects. Mobility, transportability, and deployability have been enhanced by reducing size/weight by 19% (equivalent to four C-141 sorties per typical division), and by integrating the smaller sets onto the L-8 generator ready trailers. Overall maintainability/supportability has seen a 100% improvement in reliability, 65% reduction in frequency of preventive maintenance checks and services, and 16% reduction in fuel use, thereby significantly reducing operating and support costs . The 5-60kW Tactical Quiet Generator Program was initiated in 1988 . The 30 and 60kW tactical quiet generators will incorporate improvements in digital controls/diagnostics and Environmental Protection Agency certifiable engines. Further improvements through technology insertion are anticipated/planned for FY01-FY03 . There are two auxiliary power unit efforts being fielded. One is the 5kW/28 VDC auxiliary power unit for the 1068/M577 tracked Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) and the other is the lOkW 60Hz tunnel-mounted auxiliary power unit for Standard Integrated Command Post shelter. The 5kW/28 VDC unit is replacing the 4.2kW gasoline set now being used. System #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Required Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Small Tactical 24,131 1,692 2008 RED AMBER AMBER TQG fielded Electrical Power in limited ProQram (<4kW) qtys Medium Tactical 45,545 13,601 2008 AMBER AMBER RED Limited Electrical Power capability Program (5kW fielded 60kW) Large Tactical 589 0 2008 RED RED AMBER Joint Electrical Power program Program (100kW begins in 750kW) FY98 Figure L-5 The near-term rating for the Small Tactical Electrical Power Program (3kW sets) is RED. The 3kW tactical quiet generator will be fielded in limited quantities in FY99 with production quantities and major fielding 12-18 months later. Inadequate funding to support fielding to forward deployed and follow-on forces contributes to mid-and far-term ratings being AMBER. A limited quantity of the newly adopted 2kW military tactical generator was fielded initially only to contingency forces. By FYOO the 2kW will be completely fielded to contingency forces due to recent increases in POM funding . The Medium Tactical Electrical Power Program (5-60kW) is rated AMBER in the near-and mid-terms because the follow-on forces will not be fielded. The far-term rating for the 5-60kW program is RED because funding is uncertain in the outyears to recapitalize systems that reach their R3 point. A replacement effort must begin before reaching FYlO for all systems 60kW and under. The Large Tactical Electrical Power Program (100750kW) is rated RED in the near-and mid-terms, and AMBER in the far-term. The 100-200kW Joint Service Program is scheduled to start in FY98 . A program to develop a modernized prime power generator (750kW or larger) begins in FY98 . Significant fielding of modernized prime power sets will not begin until about FY05. Overmatch Logistics overmatch programs include lift capabilities, ammunition stockage, and diagnostic test equipment. L-9 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Motlemization Plan · ~\Ji~~·i~~ Logistics-Overmatch Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Airlift (C-17) 120 120 N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Procurement of 120 C-17 aircraft by FY03 (Note 1) Short 5 Roll-On/Roll-Off or Sealift See remarks See remarks N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN equivalent capacity (Note 2) Based on capabilities-War Reserve Ammo See remarks See remarks N/A AMBER AMBER RED based munitions requirements (Note 3) Integrated Family of Test All systems funded by 21,264 21,264 N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Equipment FY10 (Note 4) Test, Measurement, & Only 25% force N/A N/A N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Diagnostic Equipment requirements met (Note 5) Notes: 1. The C-17 is currently shown as GREEN. However, the program could be downgraded to AMBER if issues relating to Strategic Brigade Airdrop are not resolved prior to publication of the next modernization plan. 2. 19 large medium-speed Roll-On/Roll-Off ships (required and funded); 36 Roll-On/Roll-Off ships (31 funded) ; 8 fast Sealift (required and funded) . 3. Breakdown of different munitions Is shown in Figure L-7 . Chart supports Fire Support and Combat Maneuver annexes. Training munitions are included in Training annex. 4. Consists of Base Test Shop Facility, SPORT, Electronic Repair Facility, Electro-Optical Test Facility. See Figure L-8. 5. Strategy focuses on commercially available technology . Figure L-10 AIRLIFT Airlift is one leg of the strategic deployment triad of airlift, pre-positioned equipment, and fast deployment ships. The C-17 aircraft, an Air Force program, is the primary capability enabler for airlift. The Mobility Requirements Study and the Mobility Requirements Study Bottom-Up Review Update determined that 120-140 C-17 aircraft were required for force projection. The C-17 is now operational in the Air Force and supported deployments in Operation Joint Endeavor. The C-17 is really three planes in one_ It carries heavy cargo as if it were a C-5 (more efficient operation), lands on airfields like a C-130 (with four times the cargo), and is about the size of a C-141 (carries double the cargo) -Plans are for procurement of 120 aircraft by 2003. The C-17 is an overmatch system because it provides unique capabilities to the Army. The C-17 can transport outsized/oversized equipment directly from the CONUS to anywhere in the world, access short runways, operate in austere environments with minimum materiel handling equipment, and conduct Strategic Brigade Airdrop (SBA) of paratroopers and equipment. DoD analysis indicates that the C-17 can operate in as many as four times as many airfields as the C-5. The C-17 meets the Army's requirement for a forced entry-Strategic Brigade Airdrop of soldiers and equipment to arrive as a cohesive fighting force. Near-term, mid-term, and far-term ratings are GREEN. Though the C-17 is currently shown as GREEN, the program could be downgraded to AMBER if issues relating to Strategic Brigade Airdrop are not resolved prior to publication of the next modernization plan_ L-10 .;~ -' rluuex L: Logistics SEALIFT CAPABILITY The Army supports the Navy's programming for additional Roll-On/Roll-Off ships, or equivalent capacity, to meet the Mobility Requirements Study/Bottom-Up Review Update lift objectives of 36 Roll-On/Roll-Off ships in the Ready Reserve Fleet. The Army supports the acqu isition of all 19large, medium-speed Roll-On/Roll-Off Ships to meet its strategic sealift requirements. These assets are critical in the deployment of Army materiel. Historically, 90% of Army equipment and sustainment stocks are deployed by sea: At present, DoD is about 2.9 million square feet short of meeting the Mobility Requirements Study/Bottom-Up Review Update surge fleet requirements. When Avondale Shipyard delivers the nineteenth and final surge of large, medium-speed Roll-On/Roll-Off ships (FYOl), and depending on Transportation Command's success in offsetting the 550,000 square feet Rapid Response Forces shortfall, DoD will be approximately 300,000 square feet short of meeting its end-state requirements. The nearterm rating is AMBER until the large, medium-speed Roll-On/Roll-Off ships for pre-positioned equipment are procured and transloaded in late FYOl. The mid-and far-term statuses are GREEN, provided the additional capacity is obtained. AMMUNITION SUSTAINABILITY (WAR RESERVES) The assessment for modern war reserve items is provided in Figure L-7. War Reserve Modernization Items (POM FY99-03) R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System/Ammunition Item Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11·20 Remarks Tank • 120mm APFSDS-T (M829A2 & M829E3) Yes 1999 AMBER AMBER AMBER Procurement Complete • 120mm MPA-T HEAT-MP-7(M830A1) No 2015 GREEN GREEN GREEN Procurement Complete Bradley • 25mm APFSDS-T (M919) Yes 2015 RED AMBER AMBER M 119 Howitzer • 1 05mm Arty DPICM (M915/M916) No N/A RED RED RED Insufficient Quantities • 105mm HERA (M913) No 2015 GREEN GREEN GREEN Procurement Complete Artillery • 155mm SADARM Yes 2015 RED RED AMBER Extended Procurement • 155mm Enhanced Range HE (M795) No 2020 AMBER AMBER AMBER Procurement Complete 120mm Mortar • 120mm Mortar Multi-Option (M934) Yes 2020 AMBER AMBER AMBER • 120mm Mortar Smoke (M929) No 2020 GREEN GREEN GREEN Procurement Complete • 120mm Mortar Ilium (M930) No 2020 GREEN GREEN GREEN Procurement Complete 60mm Mortar • 60 mm Mortar Ilium (M721) No 2020 AMBER AMBER AMBER Procurement Complete Mines eWAM Yes 2015 RED RED RED Extended Procurement •SLAM No 2015 RED AMBER AMBER Insufficient Quantities • Volcano (M87) No 2015 RED RED RED Insufficient Quantities Figure L-7 L-11 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Plan •:.;~~:.:z·:;) .. INTEGRATED FAMILY OF TEST EQUIPMENT The Integrated Family of Test Equipment Program develops general-purpose, automatic test equipment to affordably diagnose and repair weapon systems at all levels of maintenance from organizational to depot. This program is one of two families of test equipment designated as Department of Defense (DoD) standard. Efficiencies are realized by producing automatic testers which exploit commercial stateof-the-art and by upgrading them as commercial capabilities improve. More significant is the role of the integrated family of test equipment in the effort to retire aging and obsolete test equipment currently used by the Army in the field today. Specifically, the Land Combat Support System which supports TOW and Dragon, the Test Support System which supports Army aviation, and the electronic quality assurance test equipment which supports communications and electronics are all old technology (vintage 196011970) and increasingly unreliable. They are scheduled to be replaced by the integrated family of test equipment. Rehosting the workload from these system-specific testers onto the more modern and general-purpose testers will markedly improve readiness and will reduce the overall logistics footprint in the field. The integrated family of test equipment is also critical to Army initiatives to modernize weapons system diagnostics through built-in test and embedded sensor technology. Development efforts are focused on smaller automatic testers which can be tailored to supplement a weapons system's ability to diagnose itself. In that way, test equipment can be procured economically in quantity and can be configured to meet the specific test needs of the weapons system instead of buying separate test equipment. As built-in diagnostics become more affordable and as testers continue to shrink in size, more and more maintenance will be performed directly on the weapons system by either the operator or the organizational mechanic. The goal of this program's modernization effort is to complement progress being made in onboard testing and to provide those test capabilities which cannot be affordably embedded Test Facility within Army weapons system platform. This program is rated GREEN for all terms. All systems are funded by FYlO. #System #System R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Base Test Shop Facility 106 106 GREEN GREEN GREEN Funded SPORT 21 ' 108 21 '108 GREEN GREEN GREEN Funded Electronic Repair Facility 16 16 GREEN GREEN GREEN Funded Electro-Optical 34 34 GREEN GREEN GREEN Funded Figure L-8 L-12 ,!{1~.'' Annex L: Logistics TEST MEASUREMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT This program procures state-of-the-art, cost-effective, commercial off-the-shelf hardware required for support of Horizontal Technology Integration, digitization, and new weapons systems. Acquisition strategy focuses almost exclusively on commercially available technology. Approximately 2,500 makes and models of general-purpose test equipment items are being replaced with less than 75 non developmental items. Modernization requirements are identified and defined by the combat developer, and are generally traceable to new technologies, obsolescence, or sustainment costs of items currently in use. The current program includes, but is not limited to, network analyzers, ammeters, frequency counters, multimeters, oscilloscopes, pitot-static test sets, radio test sets, signal generators, spectrum analyzers, and voltmeters. This program is rated AMBER for all terms because only 50% of total force requirements will be met. Current antiquated and unsupportable test equipment and calibration standards in the field continue to impede effective maintenance programs. A near-term projected increase in funding will allow procurement of critically needed Identification Friend or Foe radar test sets, but only in minimal quantities to support contingency response forces. The key element of the test equipment modernization objective is standardization, or reduction of types and models of the test equipment, since sustainment costs tend to be amplified by make and model proliferation. Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technologies Essential research and development (R&D) programs are designed to provide future capabilities required for full spectrum dominance. They are those high-leverage or critical technologies that enable the Army's patterns of operation such as airdrop delivery. Programs are Precision Offset High-Glide Aerial Delivery of Munitions and Equipment, Logistics-Over-theShore, Silent Energy Source for Tactical Applications, 5kW Advanced Light Portable Power System and Rapid Deployment Food Service for Force Projection. Logistics-Over-the Shore and Advanced Lightweight Portable Power System provide critical capability of the right support at the right time to enable Army Vision 2010 patterns of operation. Precision Offset High Glide Aerial Delivery of Munitions and Equipment, Silent Energy Source for Tactical Applications, and Rapid Deployment Food Service for Force Projection provide enhanced capability. Leapahead technologies are those that can provide a significant, almost revolutionary improvement over current capabilities. Priorities will be placed on common usages between services such as Logistics-Over-The-Shore. Explosive Ordnance Disposal is another technology essential to force protection. L-13 Essential R&D for Logistics Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FV98-03 FV04-10 FV11-20 • Precision Offset High Glide • Programs recommended by the • Compact Power SAO Aerial Delivery of Munitions and ongoing Board on Army Science • Smart Structures SAO Equipment and Technology Study for • Logistics-Over-the-Shore reducing Logistics demand (includes Rapidly Installed Breakwater Systems) • Silent Energy Source for Tactical Applications • 5kW Advanced Lightweight Portable Power Systems • Rapid Deployment Food Service for Force Projection • Science Research Ojectives Note: Further information may be obtained in the Army Science and Technology Master Plan, Chapter 111.0 (Logistics) Figure L-9 Precision Offset High Glide Aerial Delivery of Munitions and Equipment This program demonstrates revolutionary technologies for the reliable precision-guided delivery of combat-essential munitions/sensors and equipment using high glide wing technology and incorporating a low-cost, modular Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance and control system. High-glide technology will significantly enhance the military aerial delivery capability through substantially higher glide ratios than are possible with ram air parachutes and will directly benefit the initial deployment of early entry forces . Logistics-Over-the-Shore The two primary objectives of this effort are to demonstrate 1) a full-scale prototype version of the Rapidly Installed Breakwater System for application in Logistics-Over-the Shore (LOTS) and Joint Logistics-Over-the Shore (JLOTS) operations and 2) construction materials and techniques to provide roadway linkages to the inland infrastructure from LOTS/JLOTS sites. Present LOTS operations are limited to wave conditions in 'the mid-range of sea-state 2. Based on considerations of global wave climates, CINCs require that LOTS operations be able to continue through sea-state 3. There is also a significant need to minimize construction time and materiels in moving personnel and equipment from the beach to the inland transportation infrastructure. Silent Energy Source for Tactical Applications This program demonstrate silent, lightweight liquid fueled fuel cell power sources in the 50-150W range for various soldier applications. These power sources will offer lighter, more L-14 energetic power sources than are currently available and would extend mission time, reduce weight and decrease the logistics burden associated with batteries. SkW Advanced Lightweight Portable Power Systems This program demonstrates an efficient, portable engine driven generator set operable with multiple fuels for tactically mobile use. The design shall be based on the integration of commercially available engines and state-of-the-art alternator and power electronic technologies. The goal is to enhance electrical generation, storage, and conditioning capabilities required to support TOCs, communications/weapons systems, and sensors of the 21st Century battlefield. Rapid Deployment Food Service for Force Projection By the end of FY98, this program will demonstrate integral power generation, advanced insulative materials, and non-low-powered regenerative refrigeration. By the end of FY99, it will fully integrate these technologies for the demonstration of a highly mobile, rapidly deployable, field feeding system that is more reliable (50% increase in Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)) and more efficient (50% decrease in fuel), that can be operational in minutes instead of hours, and that expands the range of tactical situations in which hot meals can be prepared and delivered by 40%. Science Research Objectives (SROs) An ongoing study by the Board on Army Science and Technology is in the process of defining an investment strategy for technologies to reduce the logistics demand of systems for the Army After Next time frame . The Compact Power SRO will enable the fielding of lighter weight, higher power density systems. The Smart Structures SRO will enable the development of systems with enhanced reliability through the application of predictive maintenance methodologies and structural "health" measurement. Leap-Ahead Assessment Logistics-Leap-Ahead Program Assessment It Systems II Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Req Funded Point FY98..03 FY04-10 FY11·20 Remarks Logistics-Over-the-Shore See remarks See remarks RED AMBER GREEN See Figure L-11 for breakdown of various systems (Note 1) Aerial Delivery N/A N/A N/A RED RED RED Inadequate funding for RDA and procurement (Note 2) Explosive Ordnance See remarks See remarks GREEN AMBER AMBER Funds moved to FY99-03 (Note 3)Disposal Notes: 1. RED rating for critical shortages of Roii-Orv'Roii -Off discharge facilities and other key systems . See Rgure L-1 1. Funding has been reprogrammed to support the research, development and acquisnion of key Joint Logistics-Over-the-Shore. 2. See Figure L-12 for breakdown of systems . 3. See Figure L-13 for breakdown of systems . Funds moved to FY99-03 for Remote Ordnance Neutralization System, Advanced Rad iographic System , Remote Demotnion Firing Device, and MK32 X-ray. Need a follow-on program for those systems. Figure L-10 L-15 The. U.S. Army 1998 JWodernizatimt Hlall.:r~:;;,· LOGISTICS-OVER-THE-SHORE Logistics-Over-the-Shore operations ensure the Army can deploy "the last two miles" in the strategic sealift deployment process . These operations are conducted over unimproved shorelines, through restricted access ports, or at an improved port. Equipment required to conduct Logistics-Over-the-Shore operations include vessels to transport cargo from the strategic sealift ship to the beach, pier, or shore and other utility craft such as floating cranes, tugs, and Roll-On/Roll-Off discharge facilities . Watercraft units also provide movement services of equipment and supply via intercoastal and inland waterways . These capabilities are critical to successful completion of many DoD missions. The Army Reserves provides 48% of the Army's watercraft. Army watercraft provide the foundation for theater opening and reception of Army and joint forces that are an integral part of Force XXI for projecting and sustaining combat power. Waterborne logistics delivers 90% of all unit equipment and supplies of U.S. forces. Army Reserves watercraft units must be able to deploy at any time to fulfill the objectives of the National Military Strategy and the Army Strategic Mobility Program which implements the recommendations of the DoD Mobility Requirements Study. The Vice Chief of Staff of the Army and the Vice Chief of Naval Operations signed a memorandum of agreement in August 1996 that defined the protocol for the coordination between the two services in the development of Joint Logistics-Over-the-Shore capabilities. This memorandum led to the formation of a Joint Logistics-Over-the-Shore Master Plan that is the synthesis of critical interdependent enabling technologies to meet service and unified command Army and joint requirements . Significant progress has been made in this effort and funding has been reprogrammed to support the research, development, and acquisition of key programs. This includes development of the Joint Modular Lighterage System with the Navy that can operate in Sea State 3, with waves 3.5 to 5 feet high. The Logistics-Over-the-Shore equipment currently funded from FY98 to FY03 includes three floating cranes, eight small tugs, three Logistics Support Vessels (LSVs), three containerized maintenance facilities, and causeway systems. The causeway systems include the floating causeway, causeway ferry, and Roll-On/Roll-Off discharge facilities systems . Three Roll-On/Roll-Off Discharge Facilities are programmed for procurement in FY99. This critical system enables vehicles to drive off the strategic sealift ships so they can be loaded aboard Army lighterage more quickly. Logistics-Over-the-Shore will provide increased capabilities and efficiencies. For example, the Joint Modular Lighterage System is projected to have significantly lower operating and sustainment costs and will provide an operational improvement of over 50% at likely JLOTS locations. The near-term capabilities are AMBER due to the critical shortages of Roll-On/Roll-Off discharge facilities and other key systems . The mid-term rating is AMBER due to shortages in causeway systems, however the far-term rating is GREEN. L-16 ~:. A1111ex L: Logistics Logistics-Over-the-Shore Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Roll-On/Roll-Off Discharge Facility (RRDF) 7 7 2019 RED GREEN GREEN Begin procurement in FY99 Powered Causeway 17 4 2019 RED AMBER GREEN 2 systems in production Floating Causeway 4 2 2019 RED AMBER GREEN 2 systems in production Logistics Support 9 9 1999 AMBER GREEN GREEN Vessel (LSV) Landing Craft 13 LCU 1600 used ILO 47 47 2002 GREEN GREEN GREEN Utility (LCU) New procure in FY04 Landing Craft 51 65 1995 GREEN GREEN GREEN Divesting excess LCMs Mechanized (LCM-8) 1 00 ft substitute for 9 128FT Tug 15 6 2012 GREEN GREEN GREEN each Complete buy in FY99 Small Tug , 900 Class 12 12 2017 AMBER GREEN GREEN 4 65 ' Small Tug ILO Procure 3115 Ton by Floating Cranes 5 3 2017 AMBER GREEN GREEN FY98 2 SLEP 89 Ton ILO Lighter Amphibious 12 22 2005 GREEN GREEN GREEN Divesting excess LARC Resupply Cargo 60 Figure L-11 AERIAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS Advanced aerial delivery technology will permit rapid worldwide insertion of CONUSbased forces , allow for battlefield resupply, and furnish a low-cost aerial delivery capability for stability and support operations. Improved personnel parachutes and aerial delivery systems are required to increase our force projection capability and to sustain forces throughout the range of military operations. Precision-guided, high-offset cargo systems are required to accurately deliver warfighting and sustainment provisions as well as reduce aircraft vulnerability and the numbers of aircraft needed to conduct aerial delivery operations. Improved aerial delivery systems, including the 60,000 pound Low-Velocity Aerial Delivery System and the Enhanced Container Delivery System, can increase cargo capability to nearly double the current tonnage per aircraft, per pass , thereby maximizing aircraft capacity and reducing dispersion on the drop zone. The assessment for near-, mid-, and far-terms is AMBER due to inadequate funds being available for research and development for all systems and for procurement of the Advanced Tactical Parachute System and the Enhanced Container Delivery System. Funding constraints delay research and development of the extracting parachute jettison device which enhances the safety of cargo aerial delivery operations until FY04. Research and development of the 500-foot Aerial Delivery System required for early entry forces for rapid insertion of essential warfighting equipment, and the family of advanced precision airborne delivery systems needed for precise delivery of resupply for early entry force sustainment, have been delayed indefinitely because of funding constraints. L-17 111e. U.S. Army 1998 Jfodemization Plan 7;;:;:_~ The Advanced Tactical Parachute System will replace the current personnel parachute system and is scheduled to begin fielding in FY02. Aen.aI Dr s e 1very •vstems Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Advanced Tactical Parachute System 52,260 31,486 AMBER AMBER AMBER Lacks procurement funds Extraction Parachute Jettison Device 1,000 1,000 RED AMBER GREEN Safety issue on all Air Force aircraft Enhanced Container Delivery System 1,000 0 RED RED RED Complements C-17 Dual Row Airdrop 500' Low-Velocity Aerial Delivery System 500 0 RED RED RED Stock funded Figure L-12 EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL Explosive Ordnance Disposal has a unique and viable role in force protection and sustainment by eliminating hazards of unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices, such as pipe bombs , during military operations. Explosive Ordnance Disposal lacks remote capability to access and render safe the increasing array of sophisticated munitions with improved magnetic proximity, anti-disturbance, electronic fusing systems. This program develops and procures the specialized tools, protective clothing, and equipment required by Explosive Ordnance Disposal soldiers to perform dangerous, render safe, operations on unexploded ordnance. Proper equipment is essential for soldiers to work in j oint, combined, coalition, and interagency operations to ensure maneuverability, survivability, and supportability on the battlefield . Present tools and equipment are based on pre-1970s technology, requiring manned emplacement and operation. Improvements are required in sensing, diagnosis, and remote or robotic neutralization of unexploded ordnance, particularly sophisticated electronic area denial munitions . Modernization items include the Remote Ordnance Neutralization System, remote electronic circuitry sensing device, remote listening device, Advanced Radiographic System, advanced imaging ordnance locator, advanced bomb suit, laser neutralization systems, small caliber dearmer and lightweight disposable disrupters. These systems will replace or augment antiquated items currently in the field. The Remote Ordnance Neutralization System is a key system in clearing mines and does a better job of mine detection than current systems . The system is a modification of the existing Explosive Ordnance Disposal robotic vehicle that increases the range, speed, and manipulator capability; improves the camera and display ; and extends the service life of the system. This increases safety by enabling the Explosive Ordnance Disposal soldier to perform more reconnaissance, access and render safe operations remotely. The Advanced Radiographic System increases the capability of the existing MK 32 portable x-ray by providing digital images at an operator' s remote location. This filmless system increases operator safety because it eliminates the requirement for the return to the unexploded L-18 ordnance to retrieve and process film . Repeated and varying exposures can be made to obtain a satisfactory image in order to determine more efficiently the procedures to be employed and the placement of Explosive Ordnance Disposal tools. The system also enables image enhancement for rapid identification of internal components and image storage as standard-format computer graphic files. It reduces the operating costs and logistics burden of storing shelf-like item and disposing of waste materiel. Even though the U.S . Navy, the DoD's single manager for this program, is developing or has developed these systems, the Army historically has not programmed sufficient funds to procure these items. Due to recent plus-ups, these programs are rated GREEN for the near-term and AMBER for mid-and far-terms. r nance o·1sposaIS•ystems AssessmentEXpiOSIVe Od #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Charge, Demolition: Shaped, N/A YES 2018 GREEN GREEN GREEN Class V item Clipper Lightweight Disposable Disrupter N/A YES RED RED RED Class V item Remote Ordnance Neutralization System 58 58 2008 GREEN AMBER RED Need follow-on program Advanced Funds Radiographic 400 400 2008 GREEN AMBER RED moved to System FY99-03 Remote Need Demolition 115 115 2010 GREEN GREEN RED follow-on Firing Device program MK32 Portable X-ray 73 73 2007 GREEN AMBER RED Funds moved to FY99-03 Remote Electronic Circuitry TBD 0 RED RED RED 6.2 program Sensing Laser Neutralization TBD 0 RED RED RED 6.2 program Figure L-13 L-19 Tile. U.S. Army /998 ,\1/otlemization Plan _)~~- Recapitalization The Army must devote resources to replace or refit existing systems to ensure that equipment is safe to operate, provides the soldier with reliable systems to go to war, and does not require excessive time and money to maintain. Recapitalization can be achieved through replacement, extended service programs, preplanned product improvements, depot rebuild, or technology insertion. Logistics-Recapitalization Program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98·03 FY04·10 FY11·20 Remarks CSS Equipment See remarks See remarks N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Funding shortfalls for many systems . See Figure L-15 (Note 1) Force Provider 36 36 N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Improvements in supporting systems Water Modernization 3,663 3,527 N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Inadequate water production capability (Note 2) Petroleum Distribution Equipment 763 420 N!A AMBER AMBER AMBER Funding shortfalls for many systems . See Figure H-13 (Note 3) Maintenance Equipment N/A N/A N/A AMBER AMBER RED Fielding to digitized and contingency corps (Note 4) Materiel Handling Equipment 2,993 2,962 N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN Shortages and overage equipment in near-term (Note 5) Notes: 1. Breakdown of various systems are In Agure L-15. Funding shortfalls have delayed R&O for Laundry Advanced System and shelter programs. 2. Breakdown of different water systems in Figure L-16. Water production and distribution equipment does not meet the total support and sustainment requirements. 3. Breakdown of different petroleum systems in Agure L-17. 4. Consists of Contact Maintenance Truck (digitized banlefield) , Welding Shop (contingency corps) and Forward Repair System. See Figure L-18 . 5. Consists of Ali-Terrain Lifter, Anny System , Rough-Terrain Container Handler, and Rough-Terrain Container Crane. See Figure L-19. Figure L-14 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT The Combat Service Support Equipment Program is rated AMBER for near-, mid-, and far-terms. Combat service support equipment systems provide for the personal needs and sustainment of troops in the field and are essential to maintaining the soldier's morale and quality of life. Current programs include the Laundry Advanced System, the Containerized Self Service Laundry, Environmental Control Units, the Family of Field Latrines, the Army Field Feeding System-Future, and Shelter programs. Funding shortfalls have delayed the research and development of the Laundry Advanced System and shelter programs. Mid-and far-term funding is not sufficient to carry out planned field and food service equipment and shelter modernization programs. Laundry The Laundry Advanced System, now in development, is a water saving field laundering system that uses approximately 500 gallons of water per 20 hour day to launder 400 pounds of clothing per hour. The system consists of two 200-pound capacity laundry machines mounted on a dedicated M-871 trailer, hauled by a medium truck vehicle tractor and powered by a 30KW L-20 ...~ Annex L: Logistics tactical quiet generator. Each new system will replace four of the current M85 laundry units in Field Service Companies, resulting in an estimated Operating and Support (O&S) cost savings of $2500 per mission in water, waste disposal, and in the use of vehicles, generators, and personnel. The Laundry Advanced System is scheduled for technical and operational testing in FY98, with type classification in 1QFY99. Procurement is scheduled to begin in FY99. The Containerized Self-Service Laundry consists of nondevelopmental, self-service type washing machines and clothes drying equipment that will allow soldiers in rear areas to wash their personal clothing items. The Containerized Self-Service Laundry Program is scheduled to be type-classified in 1 QFY99. Procurement is scheduled to begin in FY99. This system will be stored in the Collective Support System Operational Project and be available to support CINC requirements. Latrines The Family of Latrines Program, under development, includes the modular initial deployment latrine, the maturing theater latrine, and the follow-on latrine. Latrines help the Army control waste management and improve soldiers' health and morale. The modular initial deployment latrine will be a portable system that can accompany deploying personnel into the theater of operations (DO to D+30) and is programmed to be classified as a Common Table of Allowance item. The maturing theater latrine is a more stable, durable system that will be made available in the theater following initial deployment (D+30 to D+120) for use as the theater matures. The follow-on latrine will be the final latrine to reach the mature theater (D+120) for use in rear areas. The maturing theater latrine and the follow-on latrine are programmed to be stored in the Collective Support System Operational Project and be available to support CINC requirements. Latrines are scheduled for type classification in 2QFY99. O&S costs savings will be realized in latrine rentals and labor savings in the preparation of field latrines. Feeding The Army Field Feeding System-Future consists of a combination of new and currently fielded equipment which will provide the capability to prepare and distribute three hot meals including one AlB meal per day at the battalion level. It includes the Mobile Kitchen Trailer, Food Sanitation Center, and Kitchen Company Level Field Feeding-Enhanced (includes the High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle and High-Mobility Trailer). Mobile Kitchen Trailers are currently fielded and will be replaced in some units by the Containerized Kitchen, now in development. New and improved equipment will have labor-saving devices, reducing O&S costs, as well as reducing the logistical burden by eliminating the need for gasoline and moving towards the goal of one fuel on the battlefield of the future. The Containerized Kitchen will double the current capacity of the Mobile Kitchen Trailer, allowing a two-for-one exchange and offering a more resource-efficient (fuel, manpower, time) field kitchen. Component systems of the Army Field Feeding System-Future are being procured to support FP 1 fieldings. The Containerized Kitchen is scheduled for type classification in 4QFY98 with procurement to begin in FY99. L-21 The. U.S. Armv 1998 Motlemization Plmi ''·'#f., ., - ~~. Shelters Shelters support the warfighter in all areas of the battlefield from manportable tentage for dismounted soldiers and vehicle crew tents, tentage for vehicle and aviation maintenance, to solar protection for ammunition and perishable supplies. Shelters provide protection from climatic extremes as well as battlefield threats, while minimizing weight and volume. The new shelters utilize modular technology which will save O&S costs through a reduction in the number of personnel required to maintain the systems, components required for each system and the national stock numbers that must be maintained . Current programs include the Lightweight Maintenance Enclosure, Modular General-Purpose Tent System, Aviation Maintenance Shelter, Ballistic Protection System, and Ammunition Solar Covers. All systems except the Aviation Maintenance Shelter are scheduled for type classification standard in FY98. The Aviation Maintenance Shelter is scheduled for type classification in FYOO. Due to funding constraints, procurement of the Lightweight Maintenance Enclosure will be delayed indefinitely. The Modular General-Purpose Tent System, Ballistic Protection System, and Ammunition Solar Covers will be classified as Common Table of Allowance items, procured by the Defense Logistics Agency, and obtained by unit using Operations and Maintenance funds. Rigid wall shelters provide high-quality workspace capable of sustaining, protecting, and transporting new and existing systems on the battlefield. Shelters provide a survivable and protected environment during chemical agent attack, provide protection against the effects of electromagnetic interference, and provide the mobility and transportability required for strategic and tactical deployments. A large number of battlefield systems depend on the capabilities of rigid wall shelters; such systems include command and control, medical, communications, maintenance, and field feeding. Currently all rigid wall shelters are customer-funded and procured periodically. Current development programs include cargo bed covers, which provide a family of low-cost, securable enclosures for vehicles and trailers. Heaters/Environmental Control Units The family of improved environmental control units, currently in research and development, will offer better reliability, maintainability, and efficiency than present fielded environmental control units, and will also use a non-ozone depleting refrigerant. These environmental control units are designed for the broad range of command and control intelligence electronic warfare tactical shelter applications, and are required for successful operation of sensitive mission critical equipment in adverse environments. Various sizes of air conditioners are currently in production but procurement is limited due to funding constraints. Powered field heaters will be developed through a non-developmental effort which will provide 60,000-BTU and 400,000-BTU heaters for billeting and maintenance tents/shelters. These heaters will also be used by combat armor and aviation units for readiness and maintenance of equipment. These will be electronically powered multi-fuel heaters, and will be used to replace dangerous and over age gasoline heaters currently fielded. The 120,000-BTU Army space heater is currently in production but procurement is limited due to funding constraints. L-22 The family of space heaters consists of four systems: Space Heater-Small, intended for use with the newly fielded Soldier Crew Tent; Space Heater-Arctic, for use in Alaska and other cold climates; Space Heater-Medium, for use in general-purpose and TEMPER Tents; and Space Heater-Connective, for use in the Modular Command Post System tent and other applications that require a clean environment and more accurate temperature control. These heaters operate cleanly, efficiently, and safely on JP8 and diesel fuels and need no external power sources. The Family of Space Heaters planned type-classification date is 3QFY98 for the Space Heater-Small and Space Heater-Arctic, with procurement scheduled for FY98 . The Space Heater-Convective was type classified standard in 3QFY96 to support the Modular Command Post. Improved Environmental Control Units combine the functions of air conditioning, heating, and dehumidification into one unit using more environmentally acceptable refrigerants in compliance with Environmental Protection Agency policies. The digitized battlefield demands these capabilities while worldwide restrictions demand our compliance in many of our expected missions. csss•vstems Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Laundry Advanced System 293 293 AMBER GREEN GREEN Saves over 2,000 manpower spaces Containerized Self-Service Laundry 40 40 GREEN GREEN GREEN Operational project stock Modular Initial Deployment Latrine TBD N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Stock funded Maturing Theater Latrine 2,000 1,422 AMBER GREEN GREEN Operational project stock Follow-on Latrine 100 40 AMBER GREEN GREEN Operational project stock Component of Containerized Kitchen 2,124 1,666 RED AMBER AMBER Army Field Feeding System- Future Component of Food Sanitation Center 5,098 2,708 RED AMBER AMBER Army Field Feeding System- Future Lightweight Maintenance Enclosure 3000 0 RED RED RED Replaces Fritsche tent Aviation Maintenance Enclosure 88 0 RED RED RED Operational project stock Modular General-Purpose Tent System TBD N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Stock funded Ballistic Protective Shelter TBD N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Stock funded Ammunition Solar Cover TBD N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Stock funded Cargo Bed Cover TBD N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN Stock funded Replaces over Army Space Heater 4,980 3,396 AMBER AMBER AMBER age, dangerous Herman Nelson Space Heater-Small TBD N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Stock funded Space Heater-Arctic TBD N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Stock funded Space Heater-Convective TBD N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Stock funded Brief respite for Force Provider 36 36 GREEN GREEN GREEN soldiers from rigors of war Figure L-15 L-23 FORCE PROVIDER The Force Provider collective support system contains all materiel necessary to provide quality food , billeting, hygiene services , and morale, welfare, and recreation activities for 550 soldiers. Facilities such as well-lit, air-conditioned tents, kitchens , showers, and latrines are included. The primary mission is to provide the front-line soldier a brief respite from the rigors of the combat theater. Additionally, it provides an increased capability for humanitarian aid, disaster relief, theater reception, and reconstitution missions. Force Provider enhanced the Army's capability to rapidly and economically house units deployed to Bosnia. As an operational project stock, Force Provider will be stored in Army prepositioned stocks-3 or CONUS depots and is GREEN for all years. Force Provider modules will be packaged and stored in shipping containers ready for operations and will provide support above organic capability. The total requirement is 36 modules to support the contingency force . Six modules are deployed to support Operation Joint Endeavor, six are stored in Army Preposition Stocks-3 , three are positioned at Sierra Army Depot ready to support deployments, six are being assembled, and 15 are programmed for FY98-03. One-hundred percent of the 36 module requirement is funded throughout the POM. Improvements have been made in the laundry and latrine subsystems. These improved subsystems will be incorporated into the production modules. As part of the production program, a winterization kit is to be assembled to expand Force Provider's deployment capabilities . The winterization kit will be purchased in sufficient quantities to support up to one-third of the total Force Provider capability. The kits will remain in operational project stock until required to support Force Provider modules deployed to climates with temperatures below +32°F. The winterization kit is available for production and provides capabilities to operate Force Provider at temperatures down to -l5°F. Cold-weather kits are funded in the POM. WATER MODERNIZATION PROGRAM Assessment for the Army Water Modernization Program for near-, mid-, and far-terms is AMBER. Water production and distribution equipment does not meet the total support and sustainment requirements. The Army is the DoD executive agent for land-based water resources in support of contingency operations . To accomplish this mission effectively, improvements in water support and sustainment are required, for example, faster bulk distribution of water to unit trains and logistics transfer points, increased water storage assets, improved water packaging capabilities, and additional water purification capabilities. Procurement for additional 3,000-gallons-per-hour Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units is scheduled to begin in FYOO. Only 71% of FP 1 requirements are satisfied by quantities currently available. This water unit provides corps units the capability to produce required quantities of potable water. The 1,500-gallons-per-hour Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit is being developed to replace the 600-gallons-per-hour Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit on a one-for-two L-24 '"i' Annex L: Logistics basis, reducing equipment and operator requirements while enhancing water purification capabilities for division and brigade units. The 600-gallons-per-hour Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Units are reaching the end of their life expectancy, are expensive to maintain , and do not have the capability to operate in cold environments or with sources of high salinity. The 1 ,500-gallons-per-hour Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit, currently in research and development, will correct these deficiencies and is scheduled to begin production in FYOO. The Small Mobile Water Chiller is designed to chill water (normally stored in 400gallon water tankers) from l20°F to 60°F. Personal water consumption requirements are a minimum of three gallons per day in arid environments. Cool water encourages consumption and minimizes heat exposure related casualties. Procurement of additional Small Mobile Water Chillers is scheduled to begin in FY99. The quantity currently available meets only 50% of contingency requirements . The Lightweight Water Purifier is a lightweight, modular, portable water purification unit that will provide water purification capability to small units, medical assistance teams , Rangers, and Special Operations Forces during tactical movement and independent operations . Candidate systems are currently being evaluated that produce 75 to 125 gallons per hour from all raw water sources. Initial operational test and evaluation is scheduled for 4QFY98 with production scheduled to begin in FYOO. The Packaged Water System will provide the capability to package water in disposable one liter containers to refill canteens and is scheduled to be type classified standard in 2QFY99 with production beginning in FYOO. The Packaged Water System will reduce the requirement to transport water into the theater. #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks 3,000-gallons-per hour Reverse Insufficient 435 376 AMBER AMBER AMBER Osmosis Water quantity Purification Unit 1,500-gallons-perhour Reverse 200 200 AMBER GREEN GREEN Osmosis Water Purification Unit Small Mobile 2,700 2,628 AMBER AMBER GREEN Water Chiller Lightweight Water 320 315 AMBER GREEN GREEN Purifier Packaged Water 8 8 GREEN GREEN GREENSystem Figure L-16 L-25 The. U.S. Army /998 Modernization Plan " · ';~ .:~:?;~ PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT · The Petroleum Distribution Equipment Program is rated AMBER for near-, mid-, and far-terms. This program provides the capability to perform battlefield sustainment operations, including receiving and transferring petroleum from trucks, ships, and permanent and temporary storage facilities; moving petroleum between storage to and within corps and division areas; quality surveillance testing ; and dispensing in support of tactical operations, including rapid refueling of airfields. Systems to accomplish such operations include systems described below and a variety of test kits , fuel pumps and collapsible tanks . These systems support the Army's mission to supply fuel for all land-based forces, including the Marines and the Air Force. The Petroleum Quality Analysis System, currently in research and development, allows units to use captured and locally procured fuels. The system is scheduled to be type classified standard in 4QFY98 and production is funded to begin in FYOO. Funds are needed in FY02 and FY03 to eliminate a break in production of the Petroleum Quality Analysis System. The Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling System replaced the current Forward Area Refueling Equipment on a one-for-two basis and will increase aircraft availability by . reducing time and distance to fuel points. The Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling System is funded to begin production in FY99. Inland Petroleum Distribution System components are funded through the Program Objective Memorandum and Extended Program. Assembly/containerization of this system is ongoing at the Sierra Army Depot. A 40% shortage for the Inland Petroleum Distribution System, plus a shortage of associated pumps and pipeline assembly equipment, critically impedes the capability for operations in Southwest Asia and Korea. Petroleum Quality Surveillance Lab research and development is scheduled to start in FY98 . This newer lab will replace the Semitrailer-Mounted Petroleum Lab and will incorporate Army Oil Analysis Program capability. The Rearming, Remote, Refueling, Deployable Distribution System is currently in research and development with type classification standard scheduled for FY99. The R3D2S will provide the capability to refuel two OH-58 aircraft simultaneously from the external fuel tanks of a UH-60 and when configured with two Hellfire racks or M-261 rocket pods will provide simultaneous rearming and refueling capabilities. The Improved Tactical Fuel Distribution and Storage System, currently in research and development, will incorporate improvements such as lightweight materiels, compatibility with future fuels and drybreak sexless couplings into future procurements of pumps, storage tanks , and hoses. L-26 L Annex L: Logistics p t UIOn E:qwpmentAssessmente ro eum o·IStrl·b r #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Petroleum Quality Analysis System 18 6 AMBER AMBER AMBER Limited capability fielded Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling 303 169 AMBER AMBER AMBER System Inland Petroleum Distribution System 267 157 AMBER AMBER AMBER (5-Mile Pipel ine Sets) Petroleum Quality Surveillance Lab 43 28 AMBER AMBER AMBER Remote, Rearming, Refueling, Deployable 72 0 RED RED RED Unfunded Distribution System Improved Tactical Fuel Distribution and Storage 60 60 AMBER GREEN GREEN System Figure L-17 MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT The Contact Maintenance Truck is a self-contained, multi-capable , highly mobile repair system that will allow mechanics and repairers to perform on-site organizational and direct support-level repair of wheeled vehicles and ground-support equipment. It consists of hand and power tools, welding and cutting equipment, an air compressor, and test, measurement, and diagnostic equipment mounted on a High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle. The Contact Maintenance Truck is a one of the systems for the Army's first digitized division and corps . Initial production began in 1995 , and almost 400 systems have been ordered and fielded to date. There will be a delay in production as the contract is recompeted. The fielding is expected to continue in late FY99. The Trailer-Mounted Welding Shop is a 2Y2-ton, trailer-mounted, self-contained unit with provisions for accomplishing oxyacetylene, electric arc, metal inert gas , tungsten inert gas, and carbon arc welding for ferrous and nonferrous metals. This is a high-use, multi-application system that provides critical fix forward capabilities using modern welding technologies. The system will be provisioned to accomplish safely manual oxypropylene braze, straight-stick electric arc, metal inert gas, tungsten inert gas, air carbon arc cutting, and flux cored wire welding of ferrous and nonferrous metals . The acquisition objective is 1523; approximately 400 have been reported as on-hand. The fabrication of the reconfigured system will be finished by L-27 The. U.S. Army 1998 JW'odemizatiiFifilJlim mid-1998. Current program supports fielding to Force Package 1 and a limited number of Force Package 2 units. The Forward Repair System is a self-contained, multi-capable heavy repair system consisting of hand-powered tools, test and diagnostic equipment, welding and cutting equipment, an air compressor in an enclosure, a 50kW generator set; and a 7.7 crane carried on an Palletized Loading System (PLS) vehicle chassis. This system's capability will greatly reduce total repair time. This system enhances the operational readiness and force effectiveness of the supported heavy units. Development and evaluation will determine if this repair workstation can be mounted on a flat rack that is off-loaded at a field site. The heavy repair workstation would be self-contained and independent from the chassis. The Maintenance Equipment Program is AMBER for the near-term, AMBER for the mid-term, and RED for the far-term due to reduced procurement funds. M . t am enance E~qUipmentAssessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Contact Maintenance 400 400 N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN Truck Limited Welding Shop 1,523 400 N/A AMBER RED RED capability fielded Forward Repair N/A 0 N/A RED RED RED Unfunded System Figure L-18 MATERIEL-HANDLING EQUIPMENT The Army Materiel-Handling Equipment (MHE) Program is rated AMBER for the near term due to shortages and the over-aged condition of the current fleet. Materiel-handling equipment modernization consists of three major systems described below. Procurement of new systems raises the rating for MHE to GREEN in the mid-and far-terms. The All-Terrain Lifter, Army System, is a 10,000-pound-capacity forklift which replaces the current over age 6,000-and 10,000-pound forklifts on a one-for-one basis. This system's extendible boom provides an interface with aircraft cargo systems and provides a new container pallet stuffing and unstuffing capability. Procurement began in FY96 for a nondevelopmental item with subsequent buys scheduled through FY03 to support Contingency Force operations. The Rough Terrain Container Handler is used in transportation units to transfer, lift, move, and stack 20-and 40-foot-long International Standardization Organization (ISO) containers weighing up to 50,000 pounds. This equipment provides essential container handling capabilities for Logistics-Over-the-Shore as well as aerial, rail and seaport operations. A FY96 procurement effort bought a limited number of Rough Terrain Container Handlers to equip two L-28 ~: Annex L: Logislics companies, and subsequent buys are scheduled to begin in FY99. Future versions will be capable of lifting up to 55,000 pounds. The Rough Terrain Container Crane (RTCC) is used to transfer 20-and 40-foot ISO containers weighing up to 67,000 pounds from one mode of transportation to another. The current shortage of RTCC is principally due to the conversion of units to, and activation of, the Improved Container Handling Companies, scheduled to begin in FY99. The RTCC is scheduled for procurement in FY99 with the current POM buying the remaining requirements. Matene-. I H andl"mq E:qUI pmentAssessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks All-Terrain Lifter, Army 1,988 1,988 GREEN GREEN GREEN System Rough Terrain Container 651 620 AMBER GREEN GREEN Handler Rough Terrain Container 354 354 GREEN GREEN GREEN Crane Figure L-19 Infrastructure Infrastructure is part of the other requirements not covered under investment components. Rail is the only system for logistics considered in this category . L . OQISfICS In ras rue ure f t t p rogram A ssessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Buys majority Deployment of remaining Outload 1,405 1,405 N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN 179 rail cars Rail Cars by FYOO requirement Figure L-20 DEPLOYMENT 0UTLOAD RAIL CARS Rail cars are an integral part of the Army Strategic Mobility Program. Prepositioned rail cars at selected installations will enable key warfighting units to deploy quickly to selected ports. The prepositioned rail car requirement is 1,405. The Army began purchasing used rail cars in FY97 and has programmed to procure 168 of th~ remaining 179 requirement by FYOO. The nearterm rating is GREEN; however, minor shortages still exist. The mid-and far-term ratings are GREEN. L-29 111e. U.S. Army /998 Modernization Plan ' ~ "~tl)! SECTION 3: CONCLUSION Logistics is a critical component of the Army's modernization effort, especially as the National Military Strategy and Joint Vision 2010's focus on full spectrum dominance places a new emphasis in the areas of peacekeeping, peace enforcement, humanitarian assistance, nation building, and disaster relief, as well as the continuing requirement to simultaneously support two major theater wars. Much of the POM logistics investment is in modernization of the logistics infrastructure such as container/materiel-handling equipment, Logistics-Over-the-Shore systems , shelters, water/petroleum systems, power generation, maintenance systems, and railcars . Continuing funding shortfalls in the POM, however, create significant risks for several programs as detailed in the body of this annex . The most critical shortcomings within the logistics arena and the areas where additional dollars are required, in priority order, are: • Ammunition-Training and War Reserve • Tactical Electrical Power • Logistics-Over-the-Shore Figure L-21 provides a summary of current POM issues. The need for Roll-On/Roll-Off discharge facilities, rail cars, improved generators, materiel-handling equipment, and quality-of-life items remains a challenge in the upcoming POM. With the limited dollars available for defense, we are faced with doing more with less; therefore, we must ensure that we procure those items which best support the Army. The Army still faces significant logistics capability shortfalls in the following areas : operating and sustainment cost reduction, the digitized battlefield, and enabling technologies. This risk and the need to provide solutions to the Army logistical shortfalls are recognized by Army leadership. The modernization of key sustainment enablers will support both operations and equipment. In the meantime, the Army will operate with a shortage of materiel in areas of Roll-On/Roll-Off discharge facilities, rail cars (bought by FY99), improved generators, materielhandling equipment, and quality-of-life items. The logistics modernization strategy ensures logistical systems will continue to provide sustainment across the range of military operations. To project and sustain the force in support of Army XXI and the Army After Next, the Army will need to fund these systems at an adequate level to overcome the realities of previous and projected reductions. L-30 ~.. ·,, · rlmtex L: r.ogistics POMFY99-03 Info Dominance Overmatch Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technologies Recapitalization Infrastructure DOES': Combat Service Support Control System 100% for FPs 1 & 2 Tactical Electrical Power-2kW-60kW-FPs 1, 2, & 45% FP3, 60kW-750kW-50% FP 1 Ammunition-Minimal Training Ammo, Minimal Downsizing Ammo Plants and Closure Plans Integrated Family of Test Equipment-100% Base Shop Test Facility, 97% SPORT Requirements Test Equipment-25% of Total Army Logistics-Over-the-Shor&-2 Causeway Ferries, 2 Causeway Piers, 3 Floating Cranes, 8 Small Tugs, 3 Logistics Support Vehicles, and 3 Containerized Maintenance Facilities Airdrop Delivery Systems-RDT&E Wedge for Adv Tactical Parachute System, Enhanced Container Delivery Systems, Parachute Jettison System Explosive Ordnance Disposal-Equipment Essential to EOD Units Combat Service Support Equipment-Space Heaters, FP 1 & 2 Sanitation Ctrs, 90% FPs 1 & 2, Containerized Kitchen, 50"/o FP 1, Air Cond, 34"/o Req, Laundry 68% FP 3 Force Provider-1 00% Requirement for Total Army Petroleum Distribution-Fuel Sys Supply Point 55"/o FP 1 Maintenance Equipment-Sets, Kits, Outfits, (Weld Shop, Steam Cleaners), FP 1, Contract Maintenance Truck 46% FP 1 Materiel-Handling Equipment-Rough Terrain Container Handler, FPs 1, 2, 3, 65"/o FP 4, All-Terrain Lifter, FPs 1, 2, 3, 4 Water Modernization-3K ROWPU, Small Mobile Water Chiller, Lightweight Water Purifier, Tactical Water Dist Sys-FPs 1, 2, 3, 4 Deployment Outload (Rail Cars}-100"/o for FP 1 Figure L-21 DOES NOT: Combat Service Support Control System-FPs 3&4 Tactical Electrical Power-Wear-outs and Humanitarian Ammunition-Demilitarization Integrated Family of Test Equipment-Delays Electro-optical Test Facilities Test Equipment-75% of Total Army Logistics-Over-the-Shore-Roll-On/Roll Off Discharge Facilities Airdrop Delivery Systems-RDT&E for Adv Tactical Parachute System, Enhanced Container Delivery Systems, Parachute Jettison System Explosive Ordnance Disposal-New and Improved Equipment to Replace Antiquated Equipment Combat Service Support Equipment-Procurement for Remainder FP Petroleum Distribution-Remainder Fuel Sys Supply Pt, HEMTT Refuel Sys, Pol Qual Analysis, Tact Fuel Dist Sys Tactical Rigid Wall Shelters-RDT&E for All Programs Maintenance Equipment-Remainder of Sets, Kits, Contract Maint Truck, Forward Support System Materiel Handling Equipment-35% Rough Terrain Container Handler for FP 4 Water Modemization-1,500-Gallon-Per-Hour Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit to Replace 600K Deployment Outload (Rail Cars}-500 Cars to Fill Req L-31 ANNEX M: COMBAT HEALTH SUPPORT SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview The Army Medical Department (AMEDD) modernization plan provides for an integrated, seamless Combat Health Support (CHS) system capable of rapid, worldwide deployment in support of military operations. This requires a CHS system that provides treatment, evacuation, hospitalization, and focused logistics support to the warfighter. Army Vision 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contributions to the enhanced operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. This annex describes Combat Health Support's planned modernization efforts to achieve these required capabilities. It focuses on improving CHS capabilities and supports Force XXI by leveraging existing air and ground platforms and by adding digital capabilities and information management technologies to provide situational awareness on the battlefield. Modern platforms with linkages to the digital battlefield are core capabilities required to medically support the Army. Organizational changes recommended by the medical reengineering initiative provide the capability for split-based operations and complement these materiel modernization initiatives to successfully support the Army into the 21st Century. The AMEDD plan supports Sustain the Force, Information Dominance, and Protect the Force patterns of operation (Figure M-1). Capabilities Contributing to Army Vision 2010 Patterns of Operation Patterns of Required Know When a Soldier Becomes a Casualty Locate the Casualty Prevent the Casualty Operation D[....~"·· I ~Dominance ) I Protect the Force I ~ Capabilities C41 Preventive Medicine ~ ~ System MC4 Vaccines ~ Treat ~ WPSM ~ NBC c::::> CPBS c::> CP DEPMEDS ISustain the Force I ~ITreat ~ CST AT Maneuver to the Casualty Treat and Evacuate the Casualty l) ~ IEvacuation ~ c::::> AMTV UH-600 ~ AMEV ~ IHospital c::::> DEPMEDS ~ Figure M-1 M-1 Tlw. U.S. Army /998 Modemization Plan "~ ·· SUSTAIN THE FORCE Patient Evacuation Army operations require a responsive air and ground medical evacuation system that functions efficiently across the entire spectrum of conflict. The evacuation system must: • Provide continuous patient evacuation support, day and night • Be able to operate under nuclear, biological , and chemical (NBC) contamination conditions • Provide evacuation vehicles and aircraft able to communicate with supported and supporting units • Share a common battlefield situational awareness with supported units • Provide onboard advanced trauma management for patients en route Key systems providing these capabilities are the UH-60Q and the Armored Medical Treatment Vehicle, both included under Contributing Capabilities. The Critical Care Support for Trauma and Transport (CSTAT) is discussed under Leap-Ahead Technologies. Hospitalization Combat Health Support sustainment requires the ability to provide full hospital care across the range of military operations, including NBC environments. Medical surveillance and health hazard assessment capabilities includes the full range of NBC threats, from peacetime regulatory exposure limits to high-intensity conflict. Hospital personnel must provide definitive care for return-to-duty or stabilizing care for evacuation out of theater. Within this area, required capabilities include: • Telemedicine • Inpatient care and outpatient care • Consultant medical services (with digitized medical record capability) • Rapid relocation and set-up of some medical/surgical modules The Deployable Medical Systems (DEPMEDS) and Chemically and Biologically Protected Shelter (CBPS) are discussed in detail in Section 2 under Recapitalization. Chemically Protected DEPMEDS is discussed under Contributing Capabilities. M-2 "W-An11ex A-1: Combctt Health Stt ort Patient Treatment Soldier combat readiness and casualty determination requires timely transmission of the soldier's location and status to health providers. Reducing the Killed-in-Action (KIA) and Died of Wounds (DOW) rates requires battlefield medics to have information and communications systems that rapidly locate and identify casualties, improve triage, and apply improved treatment modalities. The capabilities for digital diagnostics and monitoring and digitized patient health records are required to ensure quality medical treatment at all echelons. The Warfighter Physiological Status Monitor (WPSM) is covered in Section 2 under Leap-Ahead Technologies. Far Forward Surgery The need to provide urgent resuscitative surgery for casualties requiring surgical stabilization prior to further evacuation increases as a result of the extended battlefield. Combat health support units must have the capability to perform medical support operations in all environments, including the full range of NBC threats, from peacetime regulatory exposure limits to high-intensity conflict. Materiel modernization initiatives are required for improved lightweight shelter systems that: • Allow both tactical and strategic deployment • Allow quick set-up • Embed environmentally controlled conditions • Allow provision of surgical support in a contaminated environment Highly mobile Forward Surgical Teams (FSTs) provide care to 10-15% of casualties requiring surgical stabilization prior to further evacuation. This capability reduces KIA rates and the morbidity associated with critical wounds. Far-forward surgery requires lightweight shelter systems that allow for strategic deployability, quick set-up, and rapid response under biological/chemical environmental conditions. The FSTs also require future technology insertion, including Medical Communications for Combat Casualty Care (MC4) systems, to enhance casualty treatment. The Advanced Surgical Suite for Trauma Care (ASSTC), a highpayoff program in this area, is covered in detail in Section 2 under Leap-Ahead Technologies. GAIN INFORMATION DOMINANCE Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C41) Medical command and control provides the communications, information, and automated systems required for battlefield situational awareness. In addition, the C41 capability provides: M-3 Tile. U.S. Arm ' 1998 Modemization Pliin • Telemedicine at all echelons • Synchronized planning and execution for all medical functional areas • A system for determining patient accountability • The ability to track patient movement across echelons during evacuation or "return to duty" • Manage patient regulation • Coordination and assessment of theater class VIII (medical logistics) system status • The required ability to access patient condition data Comprehensive medical C4I requires integration with other Services and with allied, coalition partners, and host nation systems . The C4I system is discussed under Information Dominance in Section 2. PROTECT THE FORCE Preventive Medicine The capability to assess the soldier's health continuously and improve soldier sustainability is required to protect the force. Through vaccines, chemoprophylaxes, and the prevention of combat stress; soldier protection from environmental, occupational and radiation exposures, and endemic, food, waterborne and other diseases is enhanced. The ability to rapidly deploy a modular, lightweight support package that provides comprehensive preventive medicine and laboratory diagnostic services is needed. In addition, the ability for a real-time disease and non-battle injury surveillance information reporting/archiving system which integrates tactically significant disease, environmental , and operational surveillance data for the warfighter would greatly enhance Combat Health Support. Vaccines are discussed in Section 2 under Leap-Ahead Technologies . Modernization Driving Factors The driving factors for the AMEDD modernization are linked to long-standing deficiencies in the capability to clear the battlefield of casualties. The capability to clear the battlefield of casualties is dependent upon first knowing when a soldier becomes a casualty, accurately locating that casualty, then being able to maneuver to the casualty at night and in all weather conditions, provide advanced trauma management on-site, and then rapidly evacuate the casualty while providing continued advanced trauma management en route. Linkage and integration with digital battlefield systems are critical to the information and situational awareness required to clear the battlefield. The well-documented capabilities shortfall in existing evacuation systems is exacerbated by the extended, non-linear battlefield. M-4 · • :::r?·· Annex ilf: Combat Health Su ort In the near-term, the requirement is to provide modernized, enhanced capability systems through the integration of digital technologies into mature vehicle platforms. The UH-60Q and the Armored Medical Treatment Vehicle (AMTV) are the highest priority systems to address this shortfall. Continued sustainment and modernization of DEPMEDS equipment is required in the near-term, driven by equipment obsolescence and increased operations and maintenance costs. In the mid-term, the factors driving AMEDD modernization are Joint Vision 2010 and the Joint Health Service Support (JHSS) Vision 2010, and the need for a strategically deployable, tactically mobile, digitally capable Table of Equipment (TOE) hospital. Continued modernization of DEPMEDS' medical and non-medical equipment, and integrating digital information and communications systems into the TOE force also drive mid-term modernization efforts. The factors driving far-term AMEDD modernization will be the results of ongoing research and development efforts in vaccine programs, and new technologies to enhance performance, cure disease, and care for trauma casualties (Figure M-2). Commercial advances will assist military medicine to maintain the standard of care in TOE evacuation and treatment systems. Advances in high-energy thermal, laser, and other weapons will produce casualties requiring intensive management and care. Digital diagnostics, artificial intelligence, and remote embedded sensor and feedback systems also drive the AMEDD equipment and software modernization program in the far-term. Combat Health Support Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Warfighting Lack of Capability to "Clear the Force XXI Battlefield" Joint Health Service Support (JHSS) Vision 2010 Mature Medical Research and Development (R&D) Programs • Digitized Division by FYOO • Digitized Corps by FY04 • Strategic Deployability • Tactical Mobility • Reduced Medical Footprint • Vaccines • Blood Substitutes • Artificial Intelligence Medical Information Dominance • Medical Communications for Combat • Digital Medical Diagnostics • Medical Surveillance Diagnostics and Treatment Casualty Care (MC4) Deployable Medical Systems (DEPMEDS) Modernization UH-60A Lacks Linkage to Digital Battlefield and Advanced Trauma Management Integration of Capabilities Digital Technologies Across Combat M577 Lacks Capability to Support the Armored/Mechanized Force XXI Battlefield Health Support Functional Areas Readiness Impacts/Operations and Support Costs of Obsolescing DEPMEDS Equ~ Figure M-2 Challenges Ahead As knowledge and technology in medicine have improved during the 20th Century, the increasing specialization and sub-specialization of all types of health care providers have M-5 characterized health care. Figure M-3 describes the most pressing challenges facing the Combat Health Support system. A medical treatment facility now requires an enormous range of these highly specialized health care providers to supply comprehensive care. Current Table of Organizational Equipment (TOE) hospitals are large. To have access to a full range of medical services, soldiers often have to be evacuated to these TOE hospitals or to medical centers outside the theater of operations . This ever-increasing specialization of health care providers and its impact upon medical treatment facility size is in conflict with the increased tempo and maneuver and the expanded battles pace of Force XXI. Force XXI will require smaller medical treatment facilities with greater mobility. Evacuation vehicle programs are critical to force sustainment. The medical support system requires the same battlefield situational awareness as the front-line commander so that medical support is available, at the right level, and at the right time. Preventive medicine through immunizations is a combat multiplier. Finally, medical systems must be deployable and capable of operating under all environmental conditions including in an NBC contaminated area. Challenges Ahead • Improve Evacuation to Reduce "Killed-In-Action" and "Died of Wounds" by Fielding UH-60Q and the AMTV • Increase Situational Awareness to Significantly Enable FarForward Medical Care by Fielding MC4 • Provide lmmunizatrons Against Endemic Diseases and Biological Agents Through Continued Vaccine Development • Modernize Treatment Facilities to Decrease Weight and Cube and Enhance Diagnostic and Treatment Capabilities • Enable Selected Treatment Facilities to Operate in NBC Environments with CBPS And CPDEPMEDS Fielding Figure M-3 M-6 ~.,~~! ~ , · Anllex M: Combftt Health Su ort SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT The AMEDD evaluated its capabilities within each mission area and developed a modernization plan to address the specific shortfalls. Advanced technologies will include embedded training and simulation to allow rapid insertion into the force. Overall Mission Area Modernization Assessment and Key System Ratings The AMEDD has critical shortfalls in air and ground patient evacuation capabilities, information systems required to ensure scarce medical resources are effectively and efficiently employed on the battlefield, and casualty treatment. These systems represent the top AMEDD priorities to address major shortfalls in these capabilities. Figures M-4 through M-8 provide a rating of AMEDD systems. All quantities of systems required represent the Army acquisition objective. INFORMATION DOMINANCE Combat Health Support-I f r Dommance Program Assessment norma 10n #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Limited MC4 348 12 * 2020 AMBER AMBER AMBER capability fielded ' ' *Buys equ1pment sets of Med1cal Detachment Telemed1c1ne (MDT), only part of MC4. Figure M-4 Medical Communications for Combat Casualty Care (MC4) The MC4 program is inclusive of current and future medical information systems and databases, communications systems, digitized medical diagnostic monitoring and patient treatment systems, and communications mounted on evacuation platforms. MC4 relies on the integration of existing and emerging digital communications and other advanced diagnostic and information technologies. Deployment of the Medical Situational Awareness and Control (MSAC) system through the Combat Service Support Control System (CSSCS) will provide common battlefield situational awareness for commanders of medical organizations in real-time or near-real-time. The Personal Information Carrier (PIC) will digitize patient information from predeployment to deployment and continue throughout casualty management to ensure seamless medical treatment and documented medical care while in theater. Telemedicine will improve triage, enhance provision of advanced trauma management and resuscitative surgery, as well as aid in the prompt and accurate diagnoses of disease and injury. M-7 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Pum;'~ \~i"~~aat~l1, A Milestone 0 is planned for early FY98 and refinement of requirement capabilities is ongoing. Since the acquisition strategy will predominantly center on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items and many component products can be initially fielded as stand-alones, a transition to Milestone 3 limited procurement is expected by FY99. The MC4 program is rated AMBER in the near-, mid-, and far-terms with limited capability fie lded. ESSENTIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND LEAP-AHEAD TECHNOLOGIES To achieve the Army's vision for Army After Next, successful development and transitioning of advanced technologies to systems will be essential. The most notable science and technology programs are summarized below . Details of CHS initiatives are contained in the Army Science and Technology Master Plan (ASTMP) . Essential R&D Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FV98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 . Computer-Aided Diagnosis and . Deployment Exposure Assessment . Medical Countermeasures for Treatment. Multi-Agent Vaccines for Biological Threat Agents . Common Diagnostic Systems for Biological Threats and Endemic Infectious Diseases . Field Wake/Rest Discipline in System for Environmental Contaminant . Warfighter Readiness and Sustainability Assessment . Chemical Agent Prophylaxes . Minimizing Blood Loss and Optimizing Fluid Resuscitation Deployment Stressors . Multi-Agent Vaccines Sustained and Continuous Operations Figure M-5 Near-Term (FY98-03) Computer Aided Diagnosis and Treatment integrates all of the various individual soldier, medically-oriented advanced technology, and routes the data gathering, calculation, decisionmaking, and communications through the Soldier Individual Computer (SIC) common to all 21st Century Land Warriors. Multi-Agent Vaccines for Biological Threat Agents research will identify vaccine candidates that will concurrently provide protective immune response against a range of biological threat agents. Common Diagnostic Systems for Biological Threats and Endemic Infectious Diseases research will identify diagnostic assays and reagents that will provide rapid laboratory diagnoses for a broad array of biological threats and infectious diseases using common diagnostic technologies. Field Wake/Rest Discipline in Sustained and Continuous Operations develops and demonstrates effective means for counteracting the effects of inadequate restorative sleep and rest on military performance. M-8 k: '::; ,' Annex ill: Combat Health Su ort Mid-Term (FY04-10) Deployment Exposure Assessment for Environmental Containment seeks technologies focused to protect soldiers deploying into environments contaminated with industrial and agricultural wastes which pose either short-term threats to military performance or long-term threats to health. Warfighter Readiness and Sustainability Assessment identifies a family of physiological sensors in order to gather useful data on soldier status and to guide the development of a wear-and-forget, soldier acceptable Warfighter Physiological Status Monitor (WPSM). Chemical Agent Prophylaxes demonstrates the feasibility of a reactive/catalytic scavenger pretreatment effective against chemical agents that reduce chemical agent toxicity without operationally significant physiological or psychological side effects. Minimizing Blood Loss and Optimizing Fluid Resuscitation provides products for management and control of hemorrhage. This program will define mechanisms of toxicity of blood substitutes and complete evaluation of status of commercial blood substitute development to define future research and development needs. Far-Term (FYll-20) Medical Countermeasures for Deployment Stressors and Multi-Agent Vaccines represent future research initiatives for the Army After Next. Emerging research addresses nutritional and physiological interventions to improve performance under stress and enhance endurance. LEAP-AHEAD TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT comb t H ealth S uppor-Leap-Ah ech a t eadT noogy Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Vaccines R&D 0 N/A RED RED AMBER Not fully developed for WPSM R&D 0 N/A RED RED RED production Early dev CSTAT R&D 0 N/A RED RED RED 6.1/6.2 Unfunded ASSTC R&D 0 N/A RED RED RED Early dev 6.1/6.2 Figure M-6 M-9 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Putil~;:~. ':;~o;;·-y · Vaccines The purpose of vaccines is to build immune responses to protect soldiers from disease, significantly reducing disease and non-battlefield injury (DNBI) totals. The infectious disease research program focuses on endemic diseases that will be encountered during deployment to most foreign theaters. The leading threats are malaria, acute diarrhea, and insect-borne viruses. The biological and chemical programs counter threats listed as "weapons of mass destruction." Biotechnology breakthroughs will provide the capability to counteract multiple agents with one immunization. The vaccine program is RED in the near-and mid-terms due to of a lack of vaccines ready for production, and AMBER in the far-term. Research and Development for vaccines should come to fruition in the far-term. Warfighter Physiological Status Monitor (WPSM) The initial fielding of the WPSM system will be a technology insertion into Force XXI Land Warrior. The WPSM consists of an ensemble of "wear and forget" physiological monitors that gauge individual soldier status. WPSM is modular in design and through different interface capabilities will enable use in armor, artillery, and aviation systems. It provides information on work/rest status and stress, detects and signals the occurrence of trauma, and supports far forward triage. The ability to rapidly assess soldier and unit status is a vital element of battlespace situational awareness. When combined with other digital battlefield capabilities such as geolocation and navigation, the "first response" time to the casualty will be significantly shortened. The program is rated RED due to no current capability fielded. Critical Care Support Systems for Trauma and Transport (CSTAT) This mobile critical care platform will dramatically increase the ability to render treatment within the first critical hours after injury, and will allow stabilization and resuscitation during transport. The CST AT patient movement platform provides a self-contained suite of medical devices that provide continuous care for critically injured patients throughout extended evacuations. It will contain an oxygen blender, an air pressure compensated electronic ventilator, continuous or intermittent suction, a 3-channel N infusion pump, an automated external defibrillator, vital signs monitor, blood chemistry analyzer, and patient isolation and environment control capabilities. All medical and system parameters are captured by an onboard data logging system which is displayed on a secondary display. This mobile critical care platform will allow stabilization and resuscitation during transport. A U.S. patent on the CST AT has been issued to the Army and is now available for licensing. The first functional prototype has been completed and is undergoing the MIL Standard testing required for airworthiness testing. A Milestone 0 and a draft Operational Requirements Document (ORD) have been completed. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has favorably reviewed the CST AT design strategy which principally uses FDA-approved components. An initial analysis of alternatives (AOA) is ongoing. The CST AT program is RED M-10 -'4t ,; An11ex 1\1: Combat Health Su ort through the far-term as it is unfunded, resulting in potentially sub-optimal care for critically injured/wounded soldiers during evacuation. Advanced Surgical Suite for Trauma Care (ASSTC) The ASSTC shelter platform, with its potential multi-modal transport, ease of operational establishment/dis-establishment, and self-sufficient nature, makes it a high-payoff project of the future. This newly established technology base research project utilizes advanced materials and new packaging techniques to develop a lightweight, expandable shelter capable of supporting farforward surgical requirements and specific hospital functional areas. An initial prototype was delivered in September 1997. The project has gained Joint Service interest with the U.S. Marine Corps providing initial requirements and test criteria. The Army will initially leverage test data from the U.S. Marine Corps to determine applicability, feasibility, and potential redesign of the ASSTC to meet Army requirements. It is too early in the process to determine procurement costs or timing, and as a result it is rated RED. RECAPITALIZATION comb t H ealth S uppor-Reca1 ·t r r program Assessmenta t Jl a IZa IOn #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Requires DEPMEDS 38 5 2000 AMBER AMBER AMBER continual modernization Rapidly Dental Services N/A N/A N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER obsolescing dental equipment Limited CBPS 770 116 2018 AMBER AMBER GREEN capability fielded Figure M-7 Deployable Medical Systems (DEPMEDS) This system forms the foundation of the AMEDD hospital force structure with over 30 medical modules directly supporting all functional areas such as the operating room, intensive care units, laboratory, x-ray, etc. This system was initially fielded in the late 1980s and has started to reach life expectancies of both medical and non-medical associated support items of equipment. Sustainment of modules and incremental modernization of individual equipment items are essential actions to maintain currency into the next decade. Redesign work is ongoing to better focus efforts to the most critical functional areas within the hospital. Incremental modernization of FP 1 units is on line with procurement of new vital sign monitors, digital x-ray systems, and water distribution systems . M-11 11u!. U.S. Arm 1998 Modernizati M577• Survivability • NBC Overpressure connectivity with the battlefield • Lacks NBC Protection • MLRS/C2V Common Platform digital CSS and medical MC4 • Aging Platform (+35 Yrs) • Integrated ECU • No Environmental Control • Advanced Trauma Management nets; specialized medical • Static Setup for TreatmenV Internal on the Move equipment for treatment on the • Digital Data Bus Lack of Internal Space move; and transport capacity • Applique I Situational Awareness • No Digital Capability for at least four litter patients . L---------------------------------------------~ Figure M-10 M-14 r~t: ,:, Annex .M: Combat Health Su ort Milestones IJll were recently completed and a Milestone ill is tentatively scheduled for FY99. The prototype successfully participated in Task Force XXI and completed a Concept Exploration Plan test this past fiscal year. The AMTV program is rated AMBER in the near-, mid-, and far-terms due to limited capability in the current M577. Chemically Protected (CPDEPMEDS) This system integrates independently developed M28 liners, hardened environmental control unit (ECU) air conditioners, and modified ISO shelters into one system that provides a contamination-free operating area within the already existing DEPMEDS equipped Combat Support Hospitals . This system will be designed to support either the Medical Force 2000 (MF2K) configured Hospital Unit Base or the newly configured 84-bed module. CPDEPMEDS provides a "short sleeve shirt" environment in which medical personnel can operate effectively. A final operational test was completed during July-August 1997 with expected type classification in FY98. Contract award for the liner is completed and the awards for ECUs is expected in FY98. ISO Shelter modifications will begin in FY98. CPDEPMEDS is RED in the near-, mid-, and far-terms, with no collective protection capability because of the lack of critical sub-components required to complete hardening of 17 hospitals. Combat Health Logistics System and Blood Management The Combat Health Logistics System must manage, maintain, and coordinate distribution of critical medical equipment, supplies, and blood products and future blood substitutes in support of the Joint Service, single integrated medical logistics management mission of the AMEDD. The Combat Health Logistics System is rated RED in the near-, mid-, and far-terms due to insufficient resourcing for Class Vill Army War Reserve stocks and Potency and Dated (P&D) materiel sustainment. The Combat Health Logistics System also has unfunded requirements for fully integrated automated information technology and advanced cargo handling capability. The continued reliance on limited external transportation assets to support unit distribution and lack of Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment preclude efficient medical materiel distribution . The lack of total asset and in-transit visibility continues to hamper the ability of the Combat Health Logistics System to work in concert with the Army's focused logistics vision. Preventive Medicine The Preventive Medicine system directly impacts sustainment and protection of the force through the prevention of endemic disease or injury from environmental, occupational, and NBC warfare agent hazards and directed energy hazards. The Desert Storm experience attests to the need to conduct disease, hazardous agent, and environmental surveillance from the forward line of troops to CONUS, using state-of-the-art automation and communications systems to produce a tactically significant threat and risk exposure profile and database to support the warfighter. The M-15 The. U.S. Army /998 1'ltlodemization PUin r•<•f: • system contributes directly to the warfight by reducing the casualties suffered from disease and non-battlefield injuries. Infectious Diseases/Environmental Injury/Occupational Hazards. This capability is rated AMBER in the near-, mid-, and far-terms due to the limited scope of automated programs, lack of equipment for disease and environmental hazard surveillance, and under-resourced programs for infectious disease prevention and treatment. BiologicaVChemical Agent Casualty Prevention. Biological Agent Casualty Prevention is rated RED in the near-and mid-terms because of the low rate of vaccine production, current vaccine inventory and stockage levels , immunization protocol time requirements, and the long delay between identification of the threat, development of a vaccine, and FDA approval. Far-term improvement to AMBER is expected with increased DoD emphasis and funding for research and development programs to counter the biological threat. Chemical Agent Casualty Prevention is rated AMBER in the near-, mid-, and far-terms due to a lack of effective prophylaxes for chemical agents. A continued baseline research program will maintain the far-term rating at AMBER. Medical Laboratory Support The overall projection and sustainment of medical laboratory support in the near-, mid-, and far-terms is rated AMBER. Laboratory modernization at all levels is necessary to support rapid diagnostic procedures and equipment in support of patient monitoring, surgical resuscitation, and trauma management of combat casualties. The theater-level area medical laboratory will focus on the assessment and in-theater field confirmation of health threats to deployed forces posed by endemic diseases, environmental and occupational hazards, radiological/nuclear hazards, and chemical and biological warfare agents, and will provide rapid diagnostic tests for identification and confirmation of biological and chemical warfare agents and toxins. Veterinary Services The Army Veterinary Corps is the DoD executive agent for all theater-level veterinary services and support. Veterinary services are required for procuring safe foods at origin; inspecting all military operational rations; inspecting of commercial food, water, and ice establishments; detecting of NBC contaminated foods; animal diseases of military significance; and maintaining the health and welfare of the military working dog pools of the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force. Veterinary capability is rated AMBER in the near-, mid-, and far-terms due to a lack of capability for detecting NBC contaminated foods. M-16 ,~'-Annex M: Combat Hettlth Su 1 ort SECTION 3: CONCLUSION The AMEDD modernization plan redesigns the CHS system to support the Army After Next (AAN). The plan focuses on identified shortfalls in CHS capabilities and employs a balanced strategy of technology insertions, system retrofit, and COTS procurement. Figure M-11 summarizes AMEDD program resourcing under the FY99-03 Program Objective Memorandum (POM). The AMEDD' s top priority is to remedy the critical capability shortfall in patient evacuation. POM FY99-03 DOES: UH~OQ • Procure 27 aircraft. 20% of FP1 rqmt. • Procure FP 1. Continued development MC4 of MSAC (Medical Situation Awareness Control) . AMTV CBPS • Procure FP 1 in the Joint NBC Defense POM. CPDEPMEDS • Procure major ASIOE items (chemical protected hospitals). DEPMEDS • Provide for incremental modernization of FP 1 and FP 2 (deployable medical hospitals) . Vaccines • Provide limited funds for product RDT&E. WPSM • Fund hardware. • Fund RDT&E to leverage Land Warrior technology. ASSTC CSTAT UH-60Q MC4 AMTV CBPS CPDEPMEDS DEPMEDS Vaccines WPSM ASSTC CSTAT DOES NOT: • Procure 117 needed for FP 1. • Procure Total Force rqmts (Medical Command, Control, and Communications). • Procure any vehicles. • Procure complete rqmts. • Procure secondary components. • Modernize Total Force. • Sustain module rebuild. • Fund all RDT&E. • Procure products to fight infections or chemical agents. • Continue RDT&E to MS Ill (shelter platform). • Continue RDT&E to MS Ill (critical care platform) . Figure M-11 It is essential the AMEDD's top priorities be resourced in order to provide the capabilities required on the future battlefield. Other requirements, while partially funded in many cases, stretch the fielding of critically required capabilities to the total force beyond the introduction of a peer threat in 2010. Potentially U.S. soldiers could, for the first time ever, be committed to conflict without the most modem medical care and evacuation capabilities available. M-17 ANNEX N: TRAINING SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview Training is a major component in achieving and maintaining forces trained, ready, and equipped to conduct full-spectrum operations. Good training retains quality people, brings doctrine to life, melds individuals into combat ready units, makes soldiers and units proficient on new equipment, and develops competent, confident leaders. The training goal has always been to execute tough, live, realistic field exercises to maintain combat readiness. However, decreasing resources, increasing weapons system range and lethality, increased deployments, and environmental constraints limit the Army's ability to train in a field environment. The Army is also evolving towards using smaller, dispersed units that must rely on precise communication and synchronization to accomplish their missions in digitized environments. Training requirements for new levels of capabilities include the broad force projection mission, the need for mission and planning rehearsal capabilities, and the digitization of future forces. Shrinking resources and digitization, point out a need to leverage the rapid growth in technology to improve training proficiency with the smart use of Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, and Simulations (T ADSS) and automated command and control (C2) systems. In order to meet these challenges the Army is developing new training strategies and technologies that have a high potential payoff. Maximum training effectiveness is sought at the lowest cost. Training modernization is a critical component of the Army ' s modernization strategy to achieve full-spectrum dominance. Army Vision 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contributions to the enhanced operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010 . This annex describes Training's planned modernization efforts to achieve these required capabilities. Capabilities Contributing to Army Vision 2010 Patterns of Operation Effective training transforms people, equipment, and doctrine into a capable fighting force. Army training develops both mental and physical agility. Training, combined with superior information systems and equipment, ensures that soldiers are prepared to win on the complex battlefield of the future in all patterns of operation. A trained force allows the commander to seize the initiative and dominate maneuver on future battlefields, effectively using the systems, weapons and technologies that provide information dominance and overmatch capabilities. Mirroring the modernization effort of digitizing the battlefield, Army training initiatives are being developed to embed the complex structured training of the future into the digitized force. SYSTEMS PROVIDING REQUIRED CAPABILITIES Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, and Simulations (T ADSS) enhance the training of soldiers at all levels . Training Aids are items that assist in the conduct of training and the process of learning. Training Devices are three-dimensional objects that are substitutes for actual N-1 The. U.S. Arm · 1998 Modemizatiotl Pla11 ' equipment and -improve training. Training Simulators are devices that imitate or replicate all or most of a system's functions . Training Simulations are computer-driven wargaming systems that provide leaders effective training alternatives when maneuver and gunnery training opportunities are limited or restricted. They are a means to replicate the whole force structure through C41 systems and provide training for complex operations. The Army ' s goal is to fund, develop, and field T ADSS as part of each weapon systems package or to embed training devices in the weapon systems themselves (embedded training). Use ofTADSS will enhance and maintain individual, crew, and collective skill proficiency. From a modernization viewpoint, this objective is supported by the effective and efficient integration of training technologies and development within the three simulation environments: live, virtual, and constructive. Live Live simulation training is executed under battlefield conditions using tactical equipment. It includes individual and collective field training performed at training institutions, home station, Combat Training Centers (CTCs) , live fire ranges, and while deployed in support of military operations . Live training emphasizes the fidelity of field training under battlefield conditions and standards and is supported by a toolbox ofTADSS, instrumentation systems, targetry, and training unique ammunition. Aside from gunnery training, live maneuver training normally incorporates Tactical Engagement Systems (TES) to simulate combat conditions. TES training methodology is characterized by free interplay of forces, using a real-time casualty assessment system that reinforces training tasks through immediate feedback response to correct and incorrect individual and collective task accomplishment. Live training is the most resource intensive form of training and is used to reinforce skills previously trained during the crawl and walk stages of the crawl-walk-run training progression . While live training can never be totally replaced, the application of technology can provide simulations to enhance traditional field/range training and offset restrictions imposed on live training by high technology weapons systems, safety, environmental sensitivities , and higher training costs. Capabilities required for modernizing the live simulation training environment for the near-and mid-term period are : • Integration of new/upgraded systems, weapons, and Opposing Force (OPFOR) into the current collective training battlefield; • Collection of C2 digital data to realistically simulate exchanges of digital information between higher/adjacent units and joint elements; • Conduct of force-on-force and precision military operations in urban terrain; • Optimization of individual/collective skills to synchronize and employ combined arms assets through realistic live fire training exercises. Capabilities required for modernizing the live training environment for the far-term period are : • Integration of new/upgraded systems and weapons into the future collective training battlefield; N-2 ,~f; Annex N: Training • Dissemination of lessons learned through interactive systems and weapons into future collective training battlefields; • Dissemination of lessons-learned through interactive systems to units at home station • Tie-in of units undergoing a CTC rotation with higher headquarters, parent, and sister units training at home station; • Instrumentation of training ranges for analyzing and providing feedback on exercises at home station. Virtual Virtual simulation training is executed using computer-generated battlefields in simulators that approximate the physical layout of tactical weapons systems and vehicles. In the virtual environment simulators take the place of terrain and weapons systems and can be linked together to expand the scope of the training event. Virtual training also has the advantage of allowing soldiers to perform tasks too dangerous for the live environment (such as calling for artillery fires on or near an occupied friendly position), as well as providing the capability for rapid changes to scenario and retraining specific tasks. Virtual training is relatively new, and current technology is both expensive (initial investment) and limited to individual , crew, and small unit training. Capabilities required for modernizing the virtual training environment in the mid-term are: • Repeated iterations of training and sustaining combined arms tasks unrestricted by ecological concerns, safety issues, and resources (e.g. , budget, property/terrain, weather, etc .); • Repeated iterations of conduct of mission rehearsal during deployment and while equipment is in deployment-ready status or in transit; • Upgraded/enhanced After-Action Review (AAR) capability; • Integration of training requirements into an aggregate virtual simulation environment. Capabilities required for modernizing the virtual training environment in the far-term are : • Affordable training fn a combined arms environment (armor, infantry, artillery, aviation, low altitude air defense, and engineers) while economizing time by combining precision gunnery with maneuver training; • Integration of follow-on systems training requirements into an aggregate virtual system environment that employs actual C41 systems. Constructive Constructive simulation training is the use of computer models and simulations to exercise the command and staff functions of units from platoon through joint task force . Constructive simulations permit multiple echelons of command and staff to execute their normal warfighting tasks in extensive exercises without the resource expenditure for using a large number of troops. N-3 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemizatioll Plitn. . Each constructive simulation requires supporting resources in the form of personnel in response cells with appropriate workstations. Capabilities required for modernizing the constructive training environment for the midterm period are repeated iterations of realistic commander and staff C2 training in a Synthetic Environment (SE). The constructive and virtual simulations need to be linked seamlessly so that the interface is transparent to the user. Commanders from platoon through theater level will actively participate. Capabilities required for modernizing the constructive training environment for the farterm period are: • Linking of Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4l) for enhanced mission planning and rehearsal capability; • Affordable conduct of realistic commander and staff C2 training in a combined arms or joint environment by embedding constructive simulations into combat systems; • Dissemination of lessons learned through interactive media to units at home station; • Forming of a synthetic environment (SE) where live, virtual, and constructive simulations are seamless and transparent to the training audience. Total Army Distance Learning Program (TADLP): The T ADLP addresses how the Army will integrate Distance Learning (DL) technologies to train the total force (Active, USAR, NG, and civilian) in a cost-effective manner and achieve Army XXI training goals. The plan specifically includes AC/RC courses identified for multimedia conversion, course conversion costs, schoolhouse infrastructure costs, DL transmit/receive costs, course length reductions, savings, funding required, and implementation strategy. The Total Army Distance Learning Program is in its beginning stages of implementation, and starting to make changes in Army training methods. The Army will have fielded over 183 classrooms by the end ofFY98. Figure N-1 provides a conceptual picture of future Army training evolution. The Traini Investment Continuum Yesterday's Today's Tomorrow's Training Training Training ~ ~~==~~~~~==1===~~~1~==13~~~~~~~~ ,__:..:..;;.:.._ rr 1--= =-----/\ 0 =;-;:;::---/ m w ~:-:'----/ r---Jr----.:.v v..----L!!-"--o ..J -.,.,,_..----/ -1 ..J -··.;<;·::;..---· / --\--··--··-·-'"·-·-······ 0 ~~-~ ·~'fil~-t--=-=;..;:.._ < 0 -;:;=;:,:;:--/1. . f·······-··.:..==·-··--m Figure N-1 N-4 •( :, Annex N: Training Challenges Ahead The Army continues to examine methods to improve training. Future training will use innovative technologies to improve readiness. The challenge is to train and sustain the most combat ready and deployable force in the world. The Army must research and develop initiatives to identify technology that may offset decreasing force structure and ensure the means of providing realistic, dynamic training to our soldiers-today and tomorrow . Training Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Expanding Multi-Dimensional Train the Digitized Force Live Training Limited By $ , Time , Battlespace Environment Ambiguity and Complexity of Missions OPTEMPO Constrained Myriad of Weaponry Higher Levels of Ind. Leader and Unit Competence Req'd . Less Time to Prepare , Less Notice to Conventional Combat Deploy Critical Deci sions at Lower Levels Other Contingency Operations Faster Tempo of Operations Limited Experience Base Individual and Leader Tasks Accelerated Decision Making • Maintain Trained Digitized Force • Reduce Training Cost • Joint Service Systems/Subsystem Requirements • Joint/Combined Arms Training and Simulation Requirements Figure N-2 While today's TADSS supplement live training, tomorrow's TADSS must provide the trainer with mission planning and rehearsal capabilities and options to train segments of the force to standard before entering into a crucial , and resource intensive or safety constrained training environment. The vision is to build this synthetic battlefield environment, integrate it with today's live training, and use automated training management tools to provide trainers with a flexible , mission essential task list (METL)-driven menu of structured exercises . The objective training system will feature a robust synthetic environment (SE) that integrates live, virtual, and constructive simulations . The SE allows commanders to simultaneously train all battlefield operating systems, in real-time and on the terrain of choice, under all operating conditions demanded of a force projection Army conducting military operations in a joint environment. Using Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) and DoD High-Level Architecture (HLA), geographically separate and split-based units will be able to train as a force package prior to deployment. The SE will also enable combat, materiel , and force developers, and analysts to test, evaluate, and refine new doctrine, weapons systems, and organizations in compressed time schedules. N-5 Tlze. V.S. A.rmy /998 Modernization Pltm .'.. ,( The transition from aTADSS-supported, high OPTEMPO/live fire training program to a T ADSS-based training program will use significantly lower levels of OPTEMPO/live fire. There will be a reduction in the requirements for ammunition, fuel , repair parts, etc. when using TADSS. Some measures of performance and effectiveness of training are easily determined for individuals, crews, and small units . These assessments occur during activities such as marksmanship and gunnery tests . However, determining the right amount and type ofTADSS to train division , corps and JTF-level tasks is more difficult. The challenge will be to find the right balance ofTADSS and live training to achieve and maintain full-spectrum dominance on the future battlefield. The Army must develop measures of training performance and effectiveness. It must also develop effective training support materials to keep pace with the changes in T ADSS , advanced weapons , and digitized technologies of the future. N-6 SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT ,------ Overall Mission Area Modernization Assessment and Key System Ratings The overall rating ofTADSS is AMBER due to shortages ofTADSS across the Army. In some areas there is a lack of required T ADSS improvements to achieve and maintain information dominance and overmatch capability in the future digitized battlefield. Some of the simulation systems do not have all the required capabilities. Fielded T ADSS have been categorized as in the investment category as contributing capabilities. Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technologies Digitization of the force, increasingly diverse missions, and the integration of existing T ADSS and emerging technologies present significant training challenges to the Army. To meet these challenges, the Army must design, in partnership with T ADSS development, new training strategies and techniques that have a high potential payoff (i.e., maximum effectiveness at the lowest cost). The Army's training research program is striving to meet this need with much of the work focused on achieving maximum training effectiveness through T ADSS (Figure N-3). A more complete description of the Army's training research program and Science and Technology Objectives (STO) is provided in the Army Science and Technology Master Plan . Essential R&D -Training Near-Term · Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 1---- • Performance-based • Cognitive • Mobile Wireless Metrics for the Engineering of the Communications Digitized Battlefield Digital Battlefield (SAO) (STO) (STO) • Compact Power • Combined Arms (SAO) Training Strategy for Aviation • Enhanced Solider Performance (SAO) • Force XXI Training Strategy (STO) • Joint Training Readiness (STO) Figure N-3 Given the nature of combat training and the shrinking resources available, simulated environments provide a means of realistic training across a wide spectrum of conflicts. This is especially true for aviation where realistic live combat training is extremely expensive and dangerous and for the Reserve Component (RC) where time constraints are severe. Reliable, valid training methods, technology assessments, and performance measures are needed to support the development of more effective, lower cost aviation and combined arms training for AC and RC soldiers and units. Examples of current R&D include: N-7 NEAR TERM (FY98-03) Performance-Based Metrics for the Digitized Battlefield (STO). This STO develops standardized, field-operational measurement scales for use by the Battle Labs, Army Digitization Office, and Army Research and Engineering Centers (RDECs) in defining and evaluating integrated soldier-information system performance on the digitized battlefield. The resulting metrics will provide both technology developers and field users with a common, standard framework for specifying performance requirements and assessing the contribution of digital information system technology across a variety of battlefield settings (e.g., brigade TOC staff, tank crew, individual dismounted soldier) . Combined Arms Training Strategy for Aviation (STO). This STO has as its purpose the determination through R&D of the most effective training strategies utilizing an affordable mix of existing T ADSS and live exercises for initial flight skills through unit combat tasks. It will establish minimum fidelity requirements for utilization and upgrades to existing simulators and will deliver an experimentally validated prototype aviation training strategy for Initial Entry Rotary Wing training. Force XXI Training Strategies (STO). This training research will incorporate the use of virtual, constructive, and live simulations to demonstrate and evaluate selected prototype training techniques. It will evaluate training and performance assessment tools developed for the digitized battlefield and develop and demonstrate new training and evaluation technologies that prepare operators and commanders to take maximum advantage of evolving digitized C3 systems. Joint Training Readiness (STO). This STO develops and tests new training tools, techniques, and metrics for commanders and training developers to use in planning, managing, and executing operational exercises using distributed simulation for Inter-Service and Joint forces. It will also develop performance measures and training feedback systems for echelons from brigade through corps as a Joint Task Force (JTF). Demonstrations will be conducted in a Joint and Multi-Service Distributed Training Testbed (JMDT2) using analytic, quasiexperimental, and case study techniques . MID-TERM (FY04-10) Training must keep pace as the Force XXI Army and the Army After Next (AAN) evolve toward smaller, dispersed units that must rely on precise communication and synchronization for mission accomplishment. The increasing complexity of weapon systems and combat, including digitization, requires significant changes in how the Army trains. This requires an emphasis on R&D to ensure that the soldier gets the right training and mission rehearsal with essential performance measurement and feedback . Some issues that must be addressed include: (1) how to transition from training conventional skills to training digital skills, (2) determining the rate of decay of various digital skills and maintaining a balance between conventional and digital skills to accommodate potential system failure, (3) how to manage the increasing amount and speed of data and information that can enhance situational awareness, but can also increase "noise" and N-8 li~,· , , t-lnuex N: Trainiug cognitive overload, and (4) determining the best methods to train and assess performance in increasingly joint operations. The current R&D efforts include: Cognitive Engineering of the Digital Battlefield (STO) . Battle Command operations at brigade and above are increasingly being characterized by component capabilities that focus on the cognitive aspects of a distributed decision-making process. This STO effort focuses research at better understanding cognitive processes as they are shaped by time stress, team structure, level of staff training and experience, and the introduction of digitization technology. Through experimentation and constructive exercises, the STO develops a set of predictive models and performance metrics for assessing TOC design tradeoffs among information display and decision support technology, team structure, skill and experience level, and cognitive workload. Research findings will be used to refine battle staff training approaches that address a broad range of staff officer cognitive skills and functions. FAR-TERM (FYll-20) Strategic Research Objectives (SRO). The Mobile Wireless Communications SRO will facilitate the deployment of high bandwidth networks that will support the application of advanced distributed interactive simulation (DIS) for integrated force training. The Compact Power SRO will enable the fielding of lighter weight, higher power density sources for training, including embedded training. The emerging Enhanced Soldier Performance SRO includes the development and application of advanced training systems and strategies to increase combat readiness. Contributing Capabilities Assessment SIMULATION TADSS Cost-effective, realistic computer generated battle simulations are designed to train leaders to optimize their abilities to conduct mission analysis, OPLAN development, and courseof-action development. This training improves the effectiveness of battle commanders and their staffs, with a focus on improving cognitive thinking and problem solving skills required by increased digitization, information overload, and new mission demands. This includes the diagnostic assessment of battle staffs in live, virtual, and constructive simulations. This training is useful for assessing, training, and maintaining the knowledge and skills commanders and their staffs require for successful command on the battlefield. The related intelligence T ADSS provides scenario generation architecture and systems to train for battle staffs and MI personnel on C41 equipment and target information exploitation. Figure N-4 summarizes major simulation T ADSS in the near-, mid-, and far-term. N-9 The. U.S•.4rmy 1998 Modemizatio11 Pliin . 1 s·1muIfa 1on TADDS Siystem #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks Corps Battle Simulation 10 Primary 10 Primary 2004 GREEN AMBER N/A Baselined legacy system Replaced by WARSIM W arfighters 3 Regional 3 Regional N/A AMBER AMBER GREEN Simulation 2000 Trng Sites Trng Sites 36 Battle 36 Battle Sim Ctrs Sim Ctrs Warsim Intel 3 Regional 3 Regional N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN Module Trng Sites Trng Sites 36 Battle 36 Battle Sim Ctrs Sim Ctrs DIS 1 1 N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded STOW-A 1 1 N/A AMBER AMBER GREEN Figure N-4 Corps Battle Simulation (CBS) Program. CBS supports training in the command and control skills needed to conduct operations for commanders and staffs at levels from brigade through theater. It also supports training for joint operations. It is funded at sustainment levels. W ARSIM will replace CBS. CBS cannot continue to support large scale CPXs and maintain its compatibility with the ALSP confederation models . CBS has been baselined with no new funds programmed for enhancements. AMBER Warfighters Simulation (WARSIM) 2000. W ARSIM 2000 will support training for commanders and staffs at levels from battalion through theater. It will replace BBS, CBS, CSSTSS, and TACSIM. It will provide the land warfare functionality to the Joint Simulation System (JSIMS). JSIMS will provide the capability to train at the joint task force level. This program is funded. GREEN W ARSIM Intel Module (WIM). WIM is the intelligence driver fo r W ARSIM 2000. It can replicate division through national intelligence collection sources. WIM supports training of corps and divis ion command posts and their associated military intelligence (MI) staffs. WIM is fully funded. GREEN DIS. DIS is a linked architecture within which humans may interact through simulation(s) and/or simulators at multiple networked sites using compliant architecture, modeling, protocols, standards, and databases. DIS provides for the interconnection of dissimilar simulations and simulators, interoperability in joint simulation, enhanced technology, digital terrain data, modular semi-automated forces, reconfigurable simulator technology, and credible environments suitable for any combination of live, constructive, and virtual simulations. DIS will also support analyses , tes ts/evaluations , and advanced concept experiments and new technologies to refine requirements for the Force XXI Army. It is partially funded. Funding shortfalls will have both quality and quantity impacts . Primarily it will prevent the four Core DIS facilities from pursuing engineering development for terrain database developments, simulator upgrades, and user enhancements. AMBER N-10 STOW-A. STOW-A is an application of DIS technology. It serves as the infrastructure that will link any combination of selected computer-based constructive models and simulations, virtual simulators, emulators, and instrumented live maneuver activity to support training, exercise and military operations, advanced concepts requirements , and research, development and acquisition objectives using units, commanders and battle staffs. STOW-A will allow the Army to conduct worldwide, multi-echelon exercises in high-resolution virtual, constructive, or live environments without regard to local constraints such as limited maneuver area or diminished OPTEMPO funding . It will provide the capability to research, develop, test, and evaluate prototypical weapons, equipment, and organizations, and allow for the analysis of new doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures necessary for the evolution of Force XXI. The STOW-A program buys hardware, software, and the training development required to field a comprehensive and validated system able to support training and mission rehearsals, operational analysis, and experimentation within a core DIS interoperable network. STOW-A will augment (not replace) currently fielded and planned live, virtual, and constructive training simulation systems. Shortfalls in program funding have both quality and quantity impacts . The STOW -A program will proceed with system experimentation/design. This shortfall degrades Army capability to provide units a flexible simulation-based training system to support immediate and recurring training requirements . Training of geographically separated, specialized/tailored force packages via a common "battlefield" will not be realized. AMBER CTC TADSS Programs Figure N-5 depicts the CTC programs assessments. CTC TADSS S >vstem #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks JRTC Objective Instrumentation 1 1 N/A AMBER AMBER GREEN JRTC Live Fire Objective 1 1 N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded JRTC Mout Force-On-Force 1 1 N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN NTC Objective Instrumentation 1 1 N/A AMBER AMBER GREEN NTC Live Fire Objective System 1 1 N/A AMBER AMBER GREEN NTC ABCS Integration 1 1 N/A AMBER AMBER GREEN OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle Replacement 236 236 N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN OPFOR Aviation Replacement TBD 0 N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Unfunded until far-term OPFOR Track Replacement 128 51 N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded OPFOR Wheel Replacement 166 0 N/A AMBER AMBER GREEN Unfunded until far-term CMTC 1 1 N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded Figure N-5 N-11 The. U.S..4rmy /998 lUodemization Plti'ii•. The Combat Training Center (CTC) program is the centerpiece of the Army's collective training. It includes the National Training Center (NTC), the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC), the Combat Maneuver Training Center (CMTC), and the Battle Command Training Program (BCTP). The instrumented battlefields of the three CTCs inextricably support army training needs. NTC, CMTC, and JRTC integrate advanced technology, instrumented maneuver areas with observers/controllers, and a dedicated and highly skilled OPFOR to exercise units in realistic force-on-force engagements, Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT), and live fire exercises. Modernized systems must be delivered with the components needed for them to be fully integrated into the CTC battlefield. The CTC battlefield provides the capability to record, assess, and replay the complex battlefield dynamics of exercises that can provide useful feedback for After Action Reviews (AAR). Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) Program. JRTC is sponsored by Forces Command (FORSCOM). The training focus is on light battalion task force on a light brigade battlefield. The scope of training is low to mid-intensity combat including peace enforcement. Special Operations Forces and Air Force combat and airlift units are also trained. JRTC is located at Fort Polk, LA. T ADSS for JRTC include: • JRTC Objective Instrumentation System. It is a computer-controlled training system that provides a full data collection and objective feedback capability to units training at JRTC. The basic system is fully funded. Additional capabilities (integration of the Single Channel Ground/Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) and Army Battle Command System (ABCS)) are not funded until FY07. AMBER • JRTC Live Fire Objective. The system is designed to provide full instrumentation and integration of ground targetry in support of company and platoon level force-onforce exercises . Unfunded until the far-term. AMBER • JRTC Military Operations in Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) Force-on-Force. Phase I is funded and provides stand-alone basic instrumentation capabilities to parts of the MOUT complex . Phase ll is funded starting in FY98. It will provide individual soldier tracking and position location data, real-time data for After Action Reviews, advanced friend-foe targetry for force-on-force and live fire MOUT training, centralized scenario control, and visual observation throughout the entire MOUT complex. GREEN National Training Center (NTC). NTC supports an armor/mechanized battalion task force on an armor/mechanized brigade battlefield. The scope of training includes mid-to highintensity combat. NTC is located at Fort Irwin , CA. T ADSS for NTC include: • NTC Objective Instrumentation System. The NTC Objective Instrumentation System supports data collection and feedback capability to train a full brigade. Development is scheduled to start in FY98. Due to later funding, AMBER. N-12 ,'~~ , A.nuex N: Training • NTC Live Fire. This system supports upgrade of the existing NTC Live Fire Instrumentation System and expansion of the system from two battalion task forces to three battalions (brigade operations) . It includes a new command and control facility. Unfunded until the far-term. AMBER • NTC Army Battle Command System (ABCS) Integration. Integration of the Army Battle Command System into CTC instrumentation systems. Development for NTC begins in FY98, with JRTC and CMTC scheduled for the far-term . Partially funded. AMBER. OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle (OSV). System designed to replicate threat infantry fighting vehicles (primarily BMPs) . NTC requirements are fully funded in the near-term. JRTC requirement is fully funded, but CMTC requirement is unfunded. GREEN NTC (OPFOR) Aviation. Provide OPFOR aircraft to be used in force-on-force training at NTC. Unfunded until the far-term, AMBER. OPFOR Track Vehicle. Provides functionally correct OPFOR main battle tanks and self-propelled (SP) howitzers, and SP Air Defense Artillery (ADA) vehicles at the CTCs. Main battle tank variant is funded; SP howitzer and SP ADA are unfunded. AMBER NTC OPFOR Wheeled Vehicle. Provides visually modified reconnaissance vehicles, towed artillery decoys, antitank guided missiles, and rocket artillery devices for NTC. Not funded until the mid-term . AMBER Combat Maneuver Training Center (CMTC). CMTC is sponsored by U.S. Army, Europe (USAREUR) . Supports armor/mechanized battalion task force training on an armor/mechanized brigade battlefield. The scope of training covers low to high-intensity combat. Both conventional operations and regional response scenarios are replicated. CMTC is located at Hohenfels Major Training Area (MTA), Germany. It is the only U.S. training area in Europe capable of supporting battalion level maneuvers. Fully funded except for SINCGARS integration, ABCS integration , and Live Fire Instrumentation, which are not funded to start until the far-term. AMBER Maneuver and Range Systems T ADSS Figure N-6 summarizes major TADSS in the near-, mid-, and far-terms for the Maneuver and Range TADSS . N-13 Tile. U.S. Arm · 1998 ModeruizatUm Plan Maneuver/Range TADSS S;ystems #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks CCTT 366 366 NIA GREEN GREEN GREEN Abrams Tank Multiple NIA GREEN GREEN GREEN TADSS Partially Bradley T ADSS Multiple NIA AMBER AMBER AMBER funded Javelin TADSS Multiple NIA GREEN GREEN GREEN Miles Replacement Multiple NIA GREEN GREEN GREEN 1,191 I TWGSSIPGS 1,191 I 1,147 NIA GREEN GREEN GREEN 1,147 EST 368 368 NIA GREEN GREEN GREEN Home Station Unfunded 16 NIA AMBER AMBER AMBER Instrumentation until FY02 I EW Tactical Multiple NIA AMBER AMBER GREEN Proficiency Rets I NGATS Multiple NIA AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially Training Ammo Multiple NIA AMBER AMBER AMBER funded Figure N-6 To achieve and maintain overmatch capabilities, T ADSS are being used or developed for the whole spectrum of combat and combat support equipment. T ADSS are used from individual to crew served weapons. Live, virtual, and constructive simulation environments are all used to achieve the right balance of training from individual to JTF level. An example ofTADSS in this area is the Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT). T ADSS train and prepare soldiers for direct fire close combat by adding realism of force-on-force training while improving crew gunnery skills. Simulated environments can be tailored to provide realistic training for these missions. A major challenge in training is minimizing cost while maximizing effectiveness. This is especially true in aviation training where live training of aviators is extremely expensive. Reliable, valid training methods and technologies support the development of lower cost aviation training and combined arms training; to exploit virtual environments (VE) for individual and small unit training; and to develop efficient and effective training for RC soldiers and units. Training the Reserve Component (RC) is improved by using T ADSS when time constraints are severe. Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) (formerly CATT CORE). This T ADSS is the core of the Synthetic Environment (SE) program, the future family of virtual simulators. CCTT uses various simulators, emulators, and semi-automated forces replicating combat vehicles, weapons systems, dismounted forces, combat support, combat service support, command and control, and opposing forces . It is networked to provide fully interactive unit task training on a computer-generated terrain. It will be fielded in mobile/transportable configuration (platoon level) for the National Guard and at fixed (company/team level) sites to support armor and mechanized infantry training for the Active Component. SE Core will be the common architecture and framework for aviation, air defense, fire support, and engineer simulations which follow-on virtual simulators will link into. It supports the armored/mechanized components of the Army. The replacement point of CCTT is dependent on development of the new main battle tank (2015). Fully funded . GREEN N-14 ·,"", Annex N: Training Abrams Tank TADSS. System training devices for the MlAl and M1A2 currently programmed include a wide range ofTADSS. The Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) which supports the Ml and MlAl tanks , and both the Institutional COFT (ICOFT) and the Mobile COFT (MCOFT) which are used by the Reserve Component (RC), provide precision gunnery training for commanders and gunners over a variety of combat situations using simulation. The Advanced Gunnery Training System (AGTS) is an enhanced COFT which provides a target acquisition, identification, and engagement capability using fire control and sighting equipment. The Crew Station Trainer provides an interactive training tool for the display panels (commander, gunner, and driver) in the M1A2 tank. A family of Maintenance Trainers provides training in the critical unit and in direct support/general support tasks required by the Abrams . System training devices for Abrams are funded in the near-and mid-term. GREEN Bradley Fighting Vehicle TADSS. System training devices for the Bradley currently programmed include the AGTS , the COFT, and the Bradley Maintenance Trainers . These system training devices are partially funded and will result in some shortages in some locations. AMBER Javelin TADSS. The Field Tactical Trainer (FTT), the Basic Skills Trainer (BST), and the Missile Simulation Round (MSR) are three programmed system training devices for the Javelin. They are currently fully funded through the far-term. GREEN Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement Systems (MILES). MJLES is a live simulation used to train individual and collective maneuver skills on the force-on-force battlefield. MJLES 2000 will begin replacing MJLES I in FY99-03 . MJLES 2000 provides realtime casualty effects necessary for a reali stic force-on-force training scenario. Enhancements include: discrete player identification for all participants, enhanced audio-visual cueing effects, event recording and display, increased programmability of weapon characteristics, and increased ability to account for side, flank , corner, and rear shots. Fully funded . GREEN Tank Weapons Gunnery Simulation System/Precision Gunnery System (TWGSS/PGS). These systems are vehicle-appended, two-way laser gunnery training systems used to simulate main gun and coaxial machine gun firing for M 1-series tanks, and M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles (whose system also includes TOW). They provide a precision gunnery capability for home station training. Fully funded . GREEN Engagement Skills Trainer (EST). EST provides instructors a resource to support marksmanship training at all skill levels for individuals , fire teams, and squads . It offers an opportunity to conduct and evaluate tactical training in a simulated environment. EST is adaptable to any weapon or shooting course, can support training with up to 13 weapons at the same time, and can simulate artillery Call-For-Fire procedures. Fully funded . GREEN Home Station Instrumentation (HS-IS). HS-IS complements the Combat Training Center program by providing commanders instrumented capabilities to prepare, conduct, and assess live training in information warfare skills within the context of a SE. This gives the units at home station the opportunity to train with MJLES and instrumented ranges . Partially funded. N-15 Tile. U.S..4rmy 1998 Modernizatioll Pltm;:;!~'1fh · Shortfalls preclude enhancing capability to develop and sustain collective training skill in garrison and tactical environments against credible threat capabilities. Training support tools to support analysis and feedback of training will not be provided . Impact is both on quantity of systems provided and quality of training that can be attained. AMBER Intelligence/Electronic Warfare Tactical Proficiency Trainer (IEWTPT). IEWTPT will be embedded in or strapped on individual MI tactical collection systems. It will provide training from the operator/crew level through the corps Military Intelligence battle staff. Partially funded in the outyears. The MI community will have to continue to train without a fully capable collective trainer. AMBER Remoted Target System (RETS)/New Generation Automated Targetry System (NGATS). RETS is a standard marksmanship and gunnery range targetry system, including target lifting mechanisms , target moving devices , controlling devices/computer system, simulators, and interfacing devices. NGATS is the future of Army ground targetry. Utilizing commercial-off-the-shelf technology, NGATS will provide a more reliable system at lower cost. Partially funded. AMBER Training Ammunition. Training ammunition provides units the ability to meet the training standards outlined in DA Pamphlet 350-38, Standards in Weapons Training. The total training ammunition program includes funding for standard ammo used for training and training unique ammo. Tank ammunition is fully supported at 92% in the near-term, going to 83% in the mid-to far-terms . Training ammunition for Apache, Bradley, and MK-19 GMG is at 80-90%. Other training ammunition items are supported at approximately 80% and below. To offset training ammunition procurement shortfalls, the Army adopted a risk strategy of periodically drawing down selected war reserve items (those prestocked for use under wartime conditions). Replacement point is evaluated on an annual basis. The near-term is 95 % funded. Out years are partially funded at 90%. Dependency on war reserve draw down will essentially end after FY04. AMBER Aviation Systems T ADSS Figure N-7 summarizes major TADSS in the near-, mid-, and far-terms for the Aviation TADSS. N-16 .~ "'"";::· · Anuex N: Traillillg A"f iys ems VIa IOn TADSS S t #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks AH-64 Apache 10 10 N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN Fully funded AH-640 Longbow Apache TBD TBD N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN Comanche RAH66 TBD TBD N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded MILES AGES II N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded ASET IV 8 8 N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN Figure N-7 AH-64 Apache TADSS. There are a number of system training devices currently programmed for the AH-64. The Combat Mission Simulator utilizes visual systems, provides realistic weapons, combat skills, and flight emergency procedure training to both the pilot and co-pilot/gunner (CPG). The Tactical Engagement Simulation System (TESS) simulates weapons fire in force-on-force collective training. The Apache Crew Trainer (ACT) provides pilot and copilot/gunner training in normal flight and emergency conditions, and weapon systems skill training under all weather conditions. The Apache Crew Training System (ACTS) trains the AH64A team in a combined arms environment. The Airframe and Engine Drive System Trainer enhances the removal and installation critical skills to maintain the AH-64A weapon system. The Armament/Electrical Trainer (AET-A7) provides a platform for developing the skills for the armament/electrical repairer. System training devices are partially funded in the mid-term only and not all the Apaches will have dedicated TADSS. AMBER AH-64D Longbow Apache (LBA) TADSS. The currently programmed training devices include the Longbow Crew Trainer (LCT) which uses advanced computers , image generators, and visual display systems to provide Pilot and Copilot-Gunner procedural training in cockpit operations to include normal and emergency flight, sensors, Target Acquisition Designation Sight (T ADS), and Fire Control Radar (FCR). LCT also provides support to weapons (including Semi-Active Laser (SAL) and Radar Frequency (RF) HELLFIRE missiles) employment as well as air crew and team training under simulated battlefield conditions in a combined arms environment. The Longbow Crew Trainer System (LCTS) provides team, unit, and staff training/mission rehearsal under simulated battlefield conditions using combined arms scenarios. TESS simulates all on-board weapons fire (line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS)) in live force-on-force collective training. The Longbow Airframe and Engine Drivetrain Systems Trainer (AEDST) trains the removal and installation critical skills to maintain the LBA weapon system. The Multiplex, Armament, Visionics, Weapons, Electrical Systems Trainer (MAVWEST) develops skills for the armament/electrical/avionics repairer. The LCT, LCTS, AEDST, and MAVWEST are integrated and use much of the actual aircraft software. The LCT and LCTS are DIS compliant and can network with synthetic environment systems. TESS is partially funded; other LBA devices are fully funded . GREEN N-17 Tile. V.S..4rmy /998 tltlodemization Pltt11 Comanche RAH-66 TADSS. The currently programmed RAH-66 training devices include the Cockpit Procedures Trainer (CPT) which trains individual aviators in normal operational and emergency procedures. The Cockpit/Sensorffurret Gun (CSTG) Trainer trains the Comanche crew on airframe, cockpit, and gun turret operations . The Integrated Composite Maintenance Trainer is a full size, fully integrated replica of the Comanche that trains maintenance personnel on all aspects of the aircraft. Partially funded. AMBER MILES Air-to-Ground Engagement System (AGES) II. The AGES II system is an addition to the MILES force-on-force training system, integrating the AH-64A, CH-47D, UH-60 HELLFIRE Ground Support System (HGSS), OH-58D, and a controller device. AGES II augments the MILES training capability by incorporating additional corps/division aviation assets into the training environment. The CH-47D, the UH-60, and the HGSS systems will be fielded both to units and to the CTCs. The AH-64A and OH-58Ds will be fielded to the CTCs only. Funding for the Combat Training Center's OH-58D requirement begins in FY02. Capability to integrate new/upgraded TA Capability to integrate new/upgraded systems training requirements into the Combat Training Center collective training battlefield will be degraded. Quality of training and training feedback for aviation forces will be negatively impacted. AMBER Aircraft Survivability Equipment Trainer (ASET) IV. ASET IV is a group of groundbased emitters that replicate a threat air defense battery. These emitters simulate infrared and radar frequency defense systems. ASET IV tests the pilot's ability to employ aircraft survivability equipment and tactics to survive. It has been integrated into the OPFOR at the Combat Training Centers. Fully funded . GREEN Fire Support Systems T ADSS Figure N-8 summarizes major T ADSS in the near-, mid-, and far-terms for the Fire Support TADSS. Fire Su ort T ADSS S stems #Systems # Syste ms R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Fun de d Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks FSCATI 1,290 1,290 N/A GREEN GREEN GREEN SAWE-RF 24 ,170 24,170 N/A AMBER GREEN GREEN Partially funded GUARDFIST II 337 194 N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded Figure N-8 Fire Support Combined Arms Tactical Trainer I (FSCATT 1). FSCATT I trains and assesses the entire field artillery team, from forward observer to gun crew, on required tasks. FSCATT I consists of a target acquisition subsystem , a fire direction subsystem, and a weapons delivery subsystem. The subsystems have three operational modes: stand-alone, interactive, and closed-loop. GUARDFIST II links with FSCATT I as the primary target acquisition subsystem. FSCATT I is funded through the far-term. GREEN. Funding shortfalls in GUARDFIST II will N-18 ,--------------- ,J!S?:r; Annex N: Training decrease the number of systems provided to the force, and degrade unit capability to train in a closed loop, interactive fashion , and may increase recurring OPTEMPO costs. Shortfall in systems will also impact training with other Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (CATT) systems. Simulation of Area Weapons Effects-Radio Frequency (SAWE-RF). SAWE-RF accurately simulates in real-time the effects of direct and indirect fire and surface area weapons. It ties in with MILES II and will only be fielded at the CTCs . Funding for SAWE-RF lightweight personnel detection device begins in FY02 for replacement of MAN-WORN devices at the CTCs. Partially funded. Program funding will satisfy only 2/3 of vehicle kit requirements, and does not address integration of new battlefield systems. Funding does not completely address Light Weight Personnel Detection Device requirements in FY02. Rotational units at the combat training centers will not be able to exercise the complete combined arms team , with a corresponding shortfall in training realism and feedback. AMBER Guard Unit Armory Device Full Crew Interactive Simulation Trainer II Field Artillery (GUARDFIST II). GUARDFIST II trains Active Component (AC) and RC forward observers in call for fire techniques , target acquisition, and identification. It uses computergenerated graphics and an audio system to simulate the sights and sounds of the battlefield. It also provides a record of student performance for After Action Reviews (AARs). It supports both the AC and RC. There are two versions (based on instructor to student ratio): the one-toone trainer and the one-to-thirty trainer. GUARDFIST II replaces the Training Set Fire Observation (TSFO) . It is unfunded in the near-term. Guardfist II near-term funding will impact the quantity of systems provided to the force. Training will be negatively impacted for units unable to replace obsolete Training Set Fire Observation (TSFO) systems. AMBER Air Defense Systems TADSS Figure N-9 summarizes major T ADSS in the near-, mid-, and far-terms for the Air Defense. Air Defense TADSS S stems #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Re uired Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11·20 Remarks Avenger TBD TBD N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded Stinger TBD TBD N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded Patriot TBD TBD N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded Bradley Linebacker TBD TBD N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Partially funded Figure N-9 Avenger TADSS. The Force-on-Force Trainer (FOFT) provides tactical simulation of missile and gun firings, weapon s effect signature simulation, and is integrated with a real-time casualty assessment capability. The Troop Proficiency Trainer (TPT) provides real-time, free play, and interactive simulation of stationary and remote operations. Institutional Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) provides full training of operator engagement tasks through the use of N-19 computer-generated _battlefield scenarios. Avenger lacks funding for key platform improvements including slew-to-cue, Improved Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR), and digitized Avenger Control Electronics (ACE). The system is partially funded. AMBER Stinger TADSS. Stinger is the infrared missile system for Avenger, Bradley Linebacker, Manportable Air Defense System (MANP ADS), and air-to-air missiles. The man portable FOFT provides tactical simulation of missile firing and weapons effect signature simulation integrated with a real-time casualty assessment. The TPT is used at unit level to train and sustain crewmember engagement skills. The ICOFT provides full training of operator engagement tasks through the use of computer-generated battlefield scenarios. System T ADSS are currently fielded, but future upgrades are unfunded. There is a funding shortfall for Block II T ADSS development in FY98-99. Until the Block II TADSS is funded, training will have to be live or outdated Block ITADSS will have to be used. AMBER Patriot TADSS. The TPT is a software program, which allows Patriot operator training in the field. The Patriot Conduct of Fire Trainer Post Deployment Build IV Upgrade (PCOFT PDB IV) is a computer-driven battlefield system, which allows one instructor to assist eight students on operation of the tactical system operator consoles. The Patriot Organizational Maintenance Trainer Post Deployment Build IV Upgrade (POMT PDB IV) provides a realistic trainer for Patriot missile maintenance personnel. The Patriot Intermediate Maintenance Training Device (PIMIT) simulates realistic system faults, which require the application of maintenance concepts, tools, and techniques. Partially funded through the far-term. This will result in a shortage of fully equipped trainers. AMBER Bradley Linebacker TADSS. The Conduct of Fire Trainer Upgrade, a gunnery trainer for the Bradley Linebacker commander/squad leader and gunner, and the Enhanced Force-onForce Trainer, an integrated laser engagement simulator used in conducting force-on-force training at the CTCs, are the programmed system training devices. Partial funding does not begin until the far-term. Bradley Linebacker crews may use the standard COFf to train with the Bradley weapons. AMBER N-20 ~):. .·tnnex N: Trailling SECTION 3: CONCLUSION The National Military Strategy (NMS) calls for a Total Army that is deployable, lethal, versatile, and capable of deterrence. Only by maintaining a trained and ready total force can the Army meet the expectations of the American people. This annex maps future actions on how the total force trains and identifies resources required for training. The transition from a T ADSS supported, high OPTEMPO/live fire training program to a predominately T ADSS-based training program would result in significantly lower levels of OPTEMPO/live fire. The Army of the 21st Century needs a mix of field training and simulators for individual crew training, and simulations for unit training at company level through echelons above corps. Units organize for training as they organize for combat. This strategy enhances combined arms and service support operations. The training strategy described in this annex supports a holistic approach to Army modernization. Each program contributes a critical piece to the Army's integrated training system and offers necessary linkages to combat readiness. Additionally, these programs together have a synergistic effect; each interacts with other training programs to provide an exponential benefit. Training Mission Area programs must be sufficiently resourced to ensure the training readiness of the Army. System T ADSS must be procured and fielded with their respective systems. T ADSS must be completely integrated to avoid duplication and ensure all requirements are satisfied. The Army faces significant changes in the future. These changes will challenge the Army's capability to train; it must train more effectively and efficiently. The maturing of current technologies and emergence of new concepts offer opportunities to improve the training of soldiers, leaders, and units . At the same time, constrained resources demand that the Army reshape the current training strategy to preserve the progress already made, take advantage of new opportunities, and reduce the strains on both dollars and soldiers. Effective training enhances soldier confidence, increases morale, unit cohesion and spirit, and allows leaders to master command and control functions for operations at all echelons. N-21 ANNEX 0: SPACE SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Overview Space capabilities and products are critical enablers to global land, sea, and air operations. The military employs space assets to enhance operations across the spectrum of military conflict at all echelons of command. Space products provide capabilities and products that allow military commanders to gain and maintain information superiority and full spectrum dominance. The Army is already the DoD's largest consumer of space products, and Army requirements will increase exponentially over the next two decades . Space operations is in many instances the most efficient means to provide command and control, communications, intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, early warning, environmental and navigation information to military forces . Technical advances and rapid expansion of space capabilities in the commercial sector will result in the Army making much greater use of commercial assets. Army Vision 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contributions to the enhanced operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010. This annex describes Army space program planned modernization efforts to achieve the required capabilities. Program information on space capabilities and products to achieve specific missions is covered in several annexes of this plan. This annex consolidates and assesses that information from an overall space perspective. The vision for Army modernization is to equip a capabilities-based Army to achieve full spectrum dominance against potential adversaries. Space-based assets, capabilities, and products help the Army attain its modernization vision by supporting the commander's ability to shape, control and dominate the battlespace and its tempo, as well as by enabling continuous operations, day and night, and in adverse weather. The Army's space modernization efforts are driven by two primary groups of factors. First, current Army space systems must be upgraded to keep pace with user demands for increased information accuracy, security, timeliness and user requirements for continuous operations in service denial environments Uamming, spoofing, etc .). Second, since the Army's investment in space consists primarily of ground terminals, Army space systems and Preplanned Product Improvements (P3I) must account for future architecture and spacecraft advancements. The Department of Defense has programs under review and, in some cases , under development in all space system functional areas that provide support to land force operations. The space system functional areas are depicted in Figure 0-1 and consist of communications; position and navigation; early warning; intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance; and weather, terrain and environmental monitoring. Changes in spacecraft architectures and space system characteristics (orbits, frequencies, modulation schemes, etc.) have great impact on the Army's terminal programs. The Army participates in the development of future space system architectures to minimize required modifications to ground programs and to ensure that ground terminal programs keep pace with spacecraft and system architecture advancements. 0-1 The. U.S ..4rm · 1998 L'l-lodemizcttion Plan · ,., :r.'!!~ Space Modernization Driving Factors Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 T I Advanced EHF spacecraft (protected/survivable) I COMM Advanced UHF spacecraft (mobile services) 1 * I Future high capacity SHF GBS fielded to first digitized corps (2004) and broadcast svstem POS/NAV r Global Positioning System (GPS) Block IIF __:;:::> GPS Block Ill EW Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) I --==- I I JSR I ~ Future National Intelligence Systems WTEM I National Polar Orb~ing Environmental Satell~e System (NPOESS) > IPotential for olgnlllcont "gaps" In utellite communications I data capacity, security and network manogement operations Obsolescence of Army Milital)' Satellite Communications Concerns (MILSATCOM) terminal systems 1· Shortfalls In GPS hendheld and elr eppllcallon termlnol programs • l i mited protection and denial cepobllltles In current GPS terminals I COMM : Communications EHF: Extremely High Frequency EW: Eany Waming GBS : Global Broadcast System ISR : Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance POS NAV : Position-Navigation SHF: Super High Frequency UHF: Ultra High Frequency WTEM : Weather, Terrain and Environmental Monitoring Figure 0-1 Capabilities Contributing to Army Vision 2010 Patterns of Operation Space systems provide a means to address requirements and future operational capabilities identified in each of the Army patterns of operation . The following sections outline the impact space systems have on each of the Army Vision 2010 patterns of operation. PROJECT THE FORCE To meet most National Military Strategy missions, the majority of forces must be projected from CONUS. Space systems provide assets by which the Army conducts strategic level deployments under the Joint Vision 2010 operational concept of Dominant Maneuver. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) is vital throughout all phases of operations . During peacetime, terrain and weather data gathered and catalogued provide the basis for multiecheloned planning. Space capabilities and products provide near-real-time imagery, signals intelligence data, weather, terrain data, map updates and force disposition information which are essential to IPB and en route battle command and mission rehearsals. For early entry and force build-up phases, space systems provide a majority of the available reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities. Additionally, commanders require worldwide communications to 0-2 ~~,r Annex 0: S ttt.:e provide en route, real-time updates on the tactical situation and target data. Space services are particularly important when the operational area lacks the infrastructure to support Army operations. In these instances, space services may provide the only connectivity for Army split based operations. This communications connectivity is provided via Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) systems as well as Global Broadcast Services (GBS). DECISIVE OPERATIONS Space products are key to the conduct of decisive operations, the Army's operational element of the Joint Vision 2010 operational concept of Dominant Maneuver. Decisive operations are vastly enhanced by the precision navigation and timing capabilities afforded by the Global Positioning System (GPS), near-real-time reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance and target acquisition (RIST A) capabilities of space-based sensors, and the capability to communicate "precise information" via MILSATCOM, GBS and national intelligence assets. The Army uses space products to shorten the command and control time line and the commander's decision cycle. Advanced MILSA TCOM architectures and systems will provide the means by which Army commanders and forces orchestrate decisive operations. This will be possible whether the force is stationary or on the move. To dominate the fight, Army satellite information must be brought directly from the satellite to the theater. Space assets enable the commander to shape the battlespace by providing detailed information on enemy and friendly force disposition. Space systems also provide environmental and terrain conditions in threatoccupied areas where directly observed surface information is needed but denied. Finally, mission rehearsals are enabled through space-based communications and enhanced through realtime situational awareness provided by space assets. SHAPE THE BATTLESPACE Space products provide the capability for the Army to see, hear and locate deep, high payoff targets, and locate obstacles in near-real-time. This information supports the Army's use of precision guided weapons systems in engaging targets at extended ranges with a high probability of kill. Space assets provide a means to quickly assess battle damage in order to determine the need for re-engagement. Space-based communications assets provide sensor-toshooter links that enable the fusion of precise intelligence data on enemy unit locations, movement and intentions. Rapid transmission of friendly unit information enables greater situational awareness of combat force locations essential for eliminating fratricide. PROTECT THE FORCE The Army takes a holistic approach to force protection. The Army applies organizational, materiel, and procedural solutions to the challenges of protecting not only soldiers and tanks, but also information and space systems. One of the required capabilities under this pattern of operation is early warning of missile attack. The Army's Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS) enables early warning of theater forces by providing the joint commander an in-theater processing capability for satellite-generated, infrared data that provides highly accurate theater ballistic missile (TBM) launch and impact point predictions. JTAGS is an information 0-3 Tile. U.S. Arm· 1998 Modemization Pliin dominance system that expands the theater commander's view of the battlespace. The Army must be able to protect its force during predeployment, deployment, operations, redeployment, and reconstitution . The global coverage of the Defense Support Program (DSP) provides depth and breadth to the theater commander' s battles pace impossible to achieve from terrestrial-based sensors . Space-based assets provide tactical warning of attacking forces. Weather and remote sensing space systems provide time critical environmental information of severe weather and contaminated areas. Space assets allow commanders to determine enemy force dispositions and locations , anticipate situations, and respond with greater agility and capability than the enemy force. SUSTAIN THE FORCE Future logisticians will leverage space-based global positioning data and communications, intelligence, weather, and remote sensing data via Global Broadcast Service (GBS) and di rect downlinks . Access to this information will enable improved logistical situational awareness , which in turn enables total asset vis ibility and just-in-time logistics . These improved operational methods eliminate the need for large holding yards of equipment and containers. This change in the way logistics operations are currently conducted will enable flexibility and agility of future joint forces. Space assets such as MlLSATCOM, GBS and the GPS will enable " the fusion oflogistics and information technologies" by providing the means for the flow of large amounts of precise logistics information and data. GAIN INFORMATION DOMINANCE Space programs provide the sensors, processors and dissemination means to achieve information dominance . Developing superior information and gaining an information dominance advantage requi res an integrated architecture of supporting space systems . Space systems collect, process and disseminate relevant information directly to the warfighter. Controlling space and integrating space applications to gain information dominance is fundamental to achieving battlespace dominance and supporting our force projection operations with timely, relevant and protected information. Future Army operations and equipment will enable information dominance methods that exploit adversary space systems and protect friendly forces from spacebased observation through non-lethal , reversible, non-physical attack, and deception capabilities. The space systems contributing to the attainment of capabilities required by this pattern of operation include MlLSATCOM, GPS, weather and remote sensing platforms such as the Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS) , JT AGS and Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities (TENCAP) systems. Challenges In the future, it is crucial for the Army to play a greater role in influencing what is placed in orbit to support Army requirements for Army XXI and the Army After Next (AAN) . The Army must increase efforts to influence the design and development of space-based intelligence, missile warning , and data dissemination systems through national , service and civil organizations, and commercial space agencies . 0-4 The Army's increasing dependence on space warrants expanded efforts to exploit and leverage space capabilities. The Army must continue to leverage and participate substantively in investments made by other services and organizations to include the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), Department of Energy, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the intelligence community. However, land force unique applications such as tactical mapping and specialized land navigation will be aggressively pursued by the Army and shared with other users. The Army must continually assess the commercial and civil markets to determine their applicability to Army modernization efforts and future warfighting. We appear to be in a period of transition with respect to space capabilities. Industry invested heavily in space-based communications in the 1960s. Industry and civil portions of the U.S. Government embraced the capabilities inherent in the Department of Defense's Global Positioning System (GPS) in the late 1980s. LANDSAT, SPOT and other commercial imagery systems forged new markets for remote sensing and high-resolution, electro-optical, synthetic aperture radar, infrared, multispectral and hyperspectral commercial imagery. The military and intelligence community may become secondary customers (and potentially insignificant customers when viewed from the profit-minded, corporate vantage point) in each of these "exploding" commercial markets. The Army must assess requirements that may be satisfied through the use of these systems and invest resources now to achieve a potential, significant return in the future. Space Modernization Priorities The Army's modernization priorities for space-related programs and systems are complex due to the very nature of space operations. Army planners must be capable of interfacing with a diverse set of players from other military services, governmental agencies and, potentially, foreign consortia. In the past, the Army utilized a reactive modernization strategy with respect to space systems. The Army developed user terminals based on space systems that were already built and in orbit. The Army merely had to determine a space system's operational and technical capabilities and develop terminals to receive data. This strategy worked well during a time frame when space products were critical to Army strategic planning and operations but only of limited use at the operational and tactical levels. In the past, response time lines for space imagery products were measured in days to meet strategic requirements. The environment has changed. Today, we possess near-real-time space capabilities that have operational and perhaps tactical utility. To capitalize on this change, the Army must assume a more proactive modernization approach. The Army must become involved in space system design and the requirements generation processes to ensure future space systems adequately address land warfighting requirements. NEAR-TERM (FY98-03) The Army's near-term modernization priority is information dominance. There are a number of near-term modernization programs that will have a major impact on the Army's ability to achieve and maintain information dominance. These programs provide communications, 0-5 navigation, missile warning, weather and remote sensing capabilities. Of particular interest are the efforts of the Department of Defense (DoD) to investigate navigation warfare vulnerabilities in the GPS system. Protection of the precise position and timing data and the denial of the same to an adversary are of critical importance to Army forces . MID-TERM (FY04-10) AND FAR-TERM (FYll-20) Space assets and capabilities will have a major impact on Army operations in the midand far-terms. The Army's Advanced Warfighting Experiments and the Army After Next wargame efforts are attempting to define the nature of future land warfare. These activities indicate that the future of the Army is tied to space. The primary mid-term priorities involve : • Modernization efforts directed at protecting GPS terminals from jamming and deception, • First steps in the migration of the current MILSATCOM systems to more advanced systems included in the Advanced MILS A TCOM architecture, • Migration of JTAGS from DSP to the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS), and • Exploitation of satellite on board processing, direct downlinks, and joint multifunction user equipment integrated in the battlefield operating systems. 0-6 SECTION 2: CURRENT PROGRAM ASSESSMENT Overall Space Modernization Assessment This assessment highlights and expands upon space system individual program assessments found in the following Modernization Plan annexes : • Annex F for Air and Missile Defense • Annex I for Command , Control, Communications, and Computers (C4) • Annex J for Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (lEW) The overall assessment of space systems is AMBER in the near-term due to: • Shortfalls in the GPS user equipment segment Incomplete development for all air applications Insufficient funding to complete the current handheld program Limited capability to initiate a follow-on program that incorporates protection and denial capabilities • Potential for significant gaps in satellite communications data capacity, security and network management capabilities The overall assessment of space systems in the mid-term is GREEN due to corrective efforts in both the GPS and MILS A TCOM near-term shortfall areas. The overall assessment of space systems in the far-term is AMBER due to obsolescence of the Army ' s military satellite communications systems. This obsolescence must be addressed in future Army modernization efforts . Information Dominance Assessment The Army's space effort is heavily invested in the information dominance component. Space systems collect, process and disseminate relevant information directly to the warfighter to gain information superiority. Satellite communications systems support every aspect of Army XXI operations, from force projection and split-based operations to providing connectivity between deployed formations . Several space programs support this component of the investment strategy (Figure 0-2). The satellite communications programs include protected MILSTAR systems, spectrum-efficient Tactical Satellite Communications (TACSATCOM) systems and the Global Broadcast Service (GBS). Other space systems include the Global Positioning System (GPS), the Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS) and the Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS). 0-7 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Pltm S I f ;pace-n ormat1on Dominance Pro~ram Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks MILSTAR 869 559 2013 AMBER GREEN AMBER Potential gaps in EHF coverage in the far-term TACSATCOM 3,632 2,550 2013 AMBER AMBER AMBER Shortage in procurement levels GBS 504 504 2013 AMBER GREEN AMBER Terminal fielding not complete until mid-term. Far term requirements not identified. GPS 106 ,000 75,000 1999 AMBER AMBER AMBER Near-term terminal shortfalls in air applications. Insufficient funding for handheld terminals. Limited protection and denial capabilities. IMETS 32 27 2000 AMBER AMBER AMBER Limited fielding to corps, division, ACR, Sep Bde , SFG, and EAC JTAGS 5 5 2017 GREEN GREEN GREEN Figure 0-2 MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (SATCOM) SYSTEMS The Army uses military and commercial communications satellites to carry large portions of intercontinental, intertheater and intratheater traffic at brigade level and above. Some tactical intratheater users are also supported . The Army ' s focus for modernizing its satellite communications (SA TCOM) assets is to leverage technology developments for the warfighter. The Army must continue to influence satellite design and operational architectures to ensure direct access to the required capabilities that SATCOM provides. SATCOM capability is critical to support the range extension requirements of a force projection Army. These requirements are driven by a global strategy and operations doctrine that envisions split-based operations and units widely dispersed on the battlefield. During crisis, the demand for SATCOM exceeds current capabilities. Modernization efforts must correct this shortfall as well as assure access to the critical data flow enabled by the tactical internet. Assured access to SATCOM nets and paths is a critical requirement. 0-8 df Annex 0: S ace Army MILSTAR The Mll..STAR (Figure 0-3) system provides secure, anti-jam communications capabilities to the land warfighter. Presently, there are two M~STAR satellites on orbit, with future launches for four additional satellites in the mid-term. M~STAR provides the warfighter (corps and below) protected, anti-jam, range extension capabilities. Within the Mll..ST AR program, the Army is developing the Secure Mobile Anti-Jam Reliable Tactical Terminal (SMART-T) and the Single Channel Anti-Jam Manportable (SCAMP) terminal. Each of these terminal systems interface directly with the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) Figure 0-3 M~STAR satellite. SMART-T (Figure 0-4) provides multi-channel range extension to the Army's Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) and has the inherent capability of low probability of intercept/low probability of detection (LPIILPD). SMART-T procurement is fully Figure 0-4 funded and rated GREEN. The Army's single-channel Mll..STAR terminal is the SCAMP (Figure 0-5). This terminal operates in both the point-to-point and broadcast modes via the Mll..ST AR Low Data Rate (LDR) payload. The Army is acquiring these terminals in two blocks. SCAMP Block I, a manportable equipment set, provides critical command and control communications for tactical forces through corps level. SCAMP Block ll, a manpackable terminal that augments and, in some cases, replaces SCAMP Block I in the mid-and far-terms, significantly reduces terminal size and weight and provides point-to-point and Combat Net Radio (CNR) range extension for conventional and Special Operations Forces. SCAMP Block I is partially funded in the mid-term resulting in an AMBER rating. In the far-term, SCAMP Figure 0-5 Block IT is fully funded resulting in a GREEN rating. Based on these terminal program assessments, M~STARis rated AMBER in the nearterm. M~STAR is rated GREEN in the mid-term due to SCAMP Block ll fielding to augment near-term Block I shortages. The M~STARacquisition program provides service through the first 10 to 15 years of the 21 51 Century. MILSTAR is rated AMBER in the far-term due to potential gaps in capability for EHF services in the latter part of the far-term period. Tactical Satellite Communications (TACSATCOM) This Army terminal program provides communications in both the ultrahigh and superhigh frequency (UHF and SHF) ranges to users from the soldier level through Echelons Above Corps (EAC). In the UHF range, the terminals are capable of communicating via either of 0-9 Tile. U.S. Arm · 1998 1Hodemization Plan two existing military SATCOM systems, the Fleet Satellite Communications System (FLTSATCOM) or the UHF Follow-On (UFO) satellites . In the SHF range, the terminals are capable of communicating via the Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) and several commercial systems. The Army has two terminal programs that provide tactical SATCOM capabilities. These programs (described in greater detail in Annex I) are: • AN/PSC-5, Spitfire. A portable, manpackable system providing tactical range extension satellite communications (multi-channel and single-channel) for tactical command and control. The Spitfire program adds embedded encryption and Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) to the existing family of single-channel radios. • SHF Tri-band Advanced Range Extension Terminal (STAR-T). A HMMWVmounted, C-130 transportable (roll on/roll off), multichannel terminal which operates with commercial or military transponder-based satellite systems . Tactical satellite communications systems are rated AMBER throughout the investment time frame due to a shortage in procurement levels (approximately 70% funded). Global Broadcast Service (GBS) The Global Broadcast Service is a joint DoD program that will provide the capability to broadcast large volumes of information (data, video, imagery, etc.) to tactical forces on a worldwide basis. The system provides a "Direct TV" like capability for deployed forces. Users will be able to select channels to view a wide range of information relevant to mission operations and soldier welfare. Channels will include intelligence, weather, CNN and recreational services, to list just a few. The program will be implemented in three phases: • Phase I (near-term) uses commercial leased satellites and receiver terminal capabilities. • Phase 2 (mid-term) will use military satellite capabilities on Navy UHF Follow-On (UFO) satellites using the military portion of the Ka frequency band. • Phase 3 (far-term) will implement a fully capable system of DoD satellites and terminals that leverage DSCS follow-on and the military portion of the Ka band. The Air Force is designated as the Executive Agent for the program. The Army requirement is for theater-injection terminals fielded to corps signal brigades and receiver terminals fielded at battalion level and above. The Army GBS program is funded to field the First Digitized Corps by 2004, but is rated AMBER due to insufficient funds to procure and field terminals to meet total Army requirements in the near-term. Funding to complete GBS fielding is available in the mid-term resulting in a rating of GREEN. Army requirements for the Phase 3 objective system have not 0-10 ,.!>. A11nex 0: S (tee been identified. Projected equipment obsolescence due to technology advancements results in a far-term rating of AMBER Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS (Figure 0-6) is a satellite-based, global, all-weather radio navigation system that provides precise positioning, velocity, and timing information across a common military grid for an unlimited number of users. Army GPS user equipment consists of passive receivers for air, ground, and sea users. These receivers provide accurate navigation information for maneuver and support forces; precise positioning for firing platforms and target location for precise munitions in support of deep fires, indirect fire systems; and precise timing for Figure 0-6 communications and command and control systems. The Army is fielding the Precision Location GPS Receiver (PLGR) (Figure 0-7). The PLGR provides location accuracy to within 16 meters spherical error probable. Continued proliferation and use of these GPS devices enhance the Army's overall combat, combat support, and combat service support capabilities in the near-and mid-terms. Precision guided weapons systems are integrating GPS technology to improve accuracy, target location, and lethality. This provides added value by Figure 0-7 increasing weapons platform stand-off range and survivability, reduces munitions payload weight and logistics resupply, and reduces collateral damage to surroundings in the target area. Combat identification initiatives to reduce fratricide depend on GPS data to determine friend ly locations. Army modernizatiqn efforts include the incorporation of GPS receivers in combat net radio communications, and an embedded capability will eventually be included in all vehicles/individual equipment modernization efforts . The current constellation of GPS satellites reached initial operational capability (IOC) in 1993 with full operational capability (FOC) achieved in 1994. The current system will continue at FOC with follow-on replacement spacecraft launches through the first ten years of the 21st Century. GPS user equipment is rated AMBER throughout the investment timeframe for three reasons : • Incomplete development for Army air applications • Insufficient funding to complete the current handheld program • Limited capability to initiate a follow-on program that incorporates protection and denial capabilities 0-11 Tile. U.S. Arm · 1998 Modemization Plan I NTEGRATED METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM (IMETS) Accurate and timely weather information is critical to any military operation. In the nearterm, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) (Figure 0-8) provides accurate, near-real-time, high-resolution cloud imagery and other weather elements . In the mid-term, the National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) will replace both the DMSP and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) to provide advanced sensors capable of providing higher resolution imagery and data as well as soil moisture information. The availability of soil moisture content data will provide critical information for terrain and target Figure 0-8 analysis resulting in more accurate planning factors for military operations. The Army currently uses a mix of military and commercial receivers to obtain data and imagery from military, civil and allied weather satellites and weather information services . The Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS) is an Army modernization effort that will replace current weather terminals . IMETS will receive, process and collate weather data to provide a wide range of products tailored to meet the commander's requirements. These products include nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) effects, illumination and visibility overlays and tactical weather effect depictions. The data obtained from IMETS will also complement other Army modernization programs such as the Artillery Profiler System (Annex E). IMETS will provide high atmospheric sounding of wind, temperature and pressure elements that will be linked to the Artillery Profiler System to improve the accuracy of artillery missile fires. IMETS fielding, at a reduced basis of issue, will be completed in FY99. This fielding results in limited capability to each corps, division, ACR, separate brigade, and to selected aviation brigades , special forces groups , and EAC headquarters. IMETS is AMBER in the nearterm due to this reduced fielding. The program remains AMBER until funding supports the acquisition objective. JOINT TACTICAL GROUND STATION (JTAGS) Army space capabilities to warn the force are a cost-effective survivability enhancement for protecting the force. Space-based warning enhances all four elements of the Army's Theater Missile Defense (TMD) capabilities (active defense, passive defense, attack operations, and Battle Management/Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence). Overhead coverage allows surveillance of enemy TBM systems, alerts active theater missile defenses and attack operations forces, and permits forces to assume defensive . postures. Protection of the force is enhanced in the near-and mid-terms Figure 0-9 through the use of the Defense Support Program (DSP) (Figure 0 -9) data processed by the Joint Tactical Ground Station (JTAGS). 0-12 ,---- /#'·" Aunex 0: S ace JT AGS (Figure 0-1 0) is a transportable system that provides in-theater processing of TBM launch information through a direct downlink (DDL) of spacecraft data. The availability of a DDL from the DSP spacecraft reduces response time for friendly forces to assume defensive postures. The reduced time lines also increase opportunities to conduct attack operations against adversary TBM launch platforms. R&D efforts are underway to improve JTAGS's ability to predict TBM launch points through the collection of more accurate missile burnout data and fusion of that data with data collected by other means. These efforts will further enhance JT AGS' s ability to provide impact point prediction and warning to theater forces. JT AGS is the transportable, in-theater element Figure 0-10 of the U.S. Space Command's Tactical Event System (TES). JTAGS is rated GREEN throughout the time periods. JT AGS has the necessary connectivity and intelligence through DSP to expeditiously broadcast in-theater TBM warnings. In the latter part of the near term, the JT AGS P31 Phase II will upgrade the five fielded JTAGS into multi-mission processors for integration into the Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS). Ph ase II is necessary for continued JT AGS in-theater operations with the new constellation of SBIRS satellites, scheduled to replace the aging DSP in FY02-04. Essential Research and Development and Leap-Ahead Technologies The Army's research and development effort uses four approaches: • The Army's in-house research and development effort primarily focuses on the ground segment of space systems (e.g., receiver terminals, antennae, and processors). Army R&D institutions have ongoing sensor, software and processor development programs to aid in automatic target recognition, battlefield visualization, and theater missile defense applications. In-house R&D efforts seek to develop space science and technology objectives, Advanced Technology Demonstrations (ATDs) and Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTDs) while participating in Advanced Concept Technology II (ACT II) efforts. • Partnerships with other DoD and government science and technology organizations to include industry and academia. Army space R&D offices will integrate and transition viable space technologies with Army Research, Development and Engineering Centers (RDECs), Program Executive Offices (PEOs), Fast Track Acquisition, and Army digitization efforts. • Leveraging and acquiring space technologies from other services, governmental agencies and commercial/industry sources. Horizontal Technology Integration (HTI) is the common application of enabling technologies across multiple systems to increase force effectiveness. GBS and GPS technologies are excellent examples of HTI. The HTI process reinforces the integration of highly classified space capabilities with commercial, civil and unclassified military capabilities. 0-13 ,---------------- Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Plfiil ., sipace-Essenf1aI R&D P ro grams Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 • Laser Boresight Calibration • Overhead Sensor • Mobile Wireless (STO) Technology for Battlefield Communications (SAO) • Theater Laser Comms Characterization (STO) • Nanoscience (SAO) (STO) • Battlefield Ordnance Awareness (STO) Figure 0-11 NEAR-TERM (FY98-03) Laser Boresight Calibration (Figure 0-12) This program provides a solid-state laser calibration capability for the JT AGS system. The laser calibrator provides a known ground registration point for space-based sensors . The program is designed to reduce target location errors of the Defense Satellite Program (DSP) and other defense satellites. Laser Boresight improves sensor pointing accuracies of DSP spacecraft by improving satellite calibration. The improved line-of-sight Figure 0-12 target accuracy will result in higher quality missile warning, alerting, and cueing information. Theater Laser Communications Laser Communications, or Lasercom, provides a high bandwidth overhead and ground sensor capability while reducing size, weight, power, and cost. This capability enables near-real time battlefield visualization with high volume imagery and video data required for Army XXI. Lasercom provides radio silent data transfer of sensitive information and is very difficult for an adversary to intercept and detect. Lasercom technology is lightweight and compact with very low power requirements . Potential applications are directed toward airborne reconnaiss ance missions using a layered architecture involving satellites, manned and unmanned aircraft, aerostatic vehicles, and portable/fixed ground terminals . Current program focus is on the ability to use a layered architecture consisting of a network of satellite-to-air-to-ground sensor platforms. The technology utilizes laser diodes for transmission , tracking and alignment; low noise avalanche photodiodes for collecting data transmissions ; and charge-coupled device arrays for tracking and alignment. Future advanced technology development will address high bandwidth potential (~10 gigabits per second) and other issues such as improving laser output power and maximizing link availability. 0-14 • >l'] c Anm.•x 0: S ttt:e MID-TERM (FY04-10) Overhead Sensor Technology for Battlefield Characterization This program is developing a passive optical sensor for overhead platforms that uses hyperspectral, polarimetric, and on-focal plane array processing to support battlefield awareness with wide area, near-real-time target detection, discrimination, identification, and location. This sensor will be able to detect camouflaged and concealed threats, such as tactical vehicles and aircraft, with target location accuracies that are comparable to those obtained from airborne synthetic aperture radar. The program will use sensor and processing technologies to reduce requirements on communications links and ground processing while providing near-real-time targeting data to support the warfighter. This sensor provides a significant advancement over current sensors in detecting, discriminating, identifying, and locating masked, concealed and low signature targets such as cruise missiles. Battlefield Ordnance Awareness (BOA) This program applies modem space-based and aircraft-mounted sensor technology to address the needs of the Army warfighter through battlefield visualization. The BOA sensor detects and classifies ordnance events such as muzzle flashes, bomb detonations, missile firings, and cruise missile ejector motors. The BOA system then generates and reports information in near-real-time on these ordnance events (time, type, rate, and precise location) to be displayed as new layer for the warfighter's battlefield visualization. This information gives the level of conflict, ordnance delivery location, launch time, and enhanced impact point prediction. While systems exist to locate and track vehicle traffic and radio frequency transmitters for intelligence preparation of the battlefield, no system currently exists that reports type, time, and sightings of either friendly or adversary ordnance. BOA will identify ordnance by type, provide positional information for counterfire operations, battle damage assessment, ordnance inventory and information for dispatch of logistical, medical and search and rescue support. BOA also has the potential to classify launch systems using time domain intensity information in specific spectral bands. Advanced processor technology will be used with state-of-the-art staring focal plane arrays to provide this critical information to battlefield commanders. FAR-TERM (FYll-20) Strategic Research Objectives (SRO) The success of the Mobile Wireless Communications SRO is directly dependent on the availability of space-based assets. The Nanoscience SRO is developing the next generation of computing systems that will enhance satellite-based sensors and real-time analysis capabilities. 0-15 Tile. U.S. Arm •1998 Modemization Plan Leap-Ahead Technologies The Army's Leap-Ahead modernization efforts include the Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities (TENCAP) program, the Army Space Exploitation Demonstration Program (ASEDP), Eagle Vision II and Grenadier Beyond Line of Sight Reporting and Targeting (BRAT) (Figure 0-13). sipace-Leap-Ahead P rogram Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks TENCAP 6 TES 6TES 2010 GREEN GREEN GREEN 10 DTES 10 DTES ASEDP N/A N/A N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Limited funding level Eagle N/A N/A N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER NRO/ Army Vision II funding neqotiations Grenadier N/A N/A N/A AMBER AMBER AMBER Awaiting BRAT funding authorization Figure 0-13 TACTICAL EXPLOITATION OF NATIONAL CAPABILITIES (TENCAP) The TENCAP program focuses on exploiting national space intelligence systems and integrating the capabilities into the Army's decision-making process. Army TENCAP systems provide data from national imagery and signals intelligence (SIGINT) systems. The Army has successfully fielded more than 60 systems and is constantly exploring ways to integrate advanced technologies into its inventory. The Army's modernization efforts in the TEN CAP arena focus on the integration of the current systems into a single system capable of providing multi-source intelligence data from improved national sensors. Improvements in the near-term include product improvements to the Advanced EPDS (AEPDS), Modernized Imagery Exploitation System (MIES) (Figure 0-14), Enhanced Tactical Radar Correlator (ETRAC), and the Mobile Integrated Tactical Terminal (MITT). In the mid-term, the Tactical Exploitation System (TES) will combine the capabi lities of three ground processors (AEPDS, Modernized Imagery Exploitation System, and Figure 0-14 Enhanced Tactical Radar Correlator) into a single, integrated, modular system specifically designed for split-based operations. The TES will serve as the corps/theater interface between national imagery and SIGINT collectors and tactical forces. TES will receive data from theater and tactical assets . TES will be fielded on the basis of one TES per Army Corps and theater MI brigade. The Division Tactical 0-16 "'~' ' Annex 0: S ttce Exploitation System (DTES) is the objective TENCAP system for support to the division in the mid-term. The DTES is a HMMWV-mounted, multidiscipline processing and analysis system that provides links to theater and national intelligence platforms. The DTES replaces the MITT as the objective division TENCAP system. The DTES will have compatible UHF, GBS, and Shand radios as well as multiple methods of processing and analyzing SIGINT and imagery products. Since DTES is a subset of the TES, modular components from a Corps TES can be incorporated with the divisional system, thus providing a very robust capability. DTES is fielded on a basis of issue of one DTES per division. In the far-term, the enhanced TES (ETES) will replace the TES. Plans call for ETES to conduct direct tasking of space systems with control of on board satellite processing and direct dissemination from the spacecraft to the warfighter. TENCAP is rated GREEN in the near-, mid-, and far-terms as TES is 100% fielded with robust P31 efforts planned to ensure the systems remain current and applicable to both evolving technologies and warfighter needs. ARMY SPACE EXPLOITATION DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM The Army Space Exploitation Demonstration Program (ASEDP) incorporates new technologies, educates tactical commanders on the use of space assets to enhance Army operations, assists in defining/refining requirements for further documentation, and, where appropriate, supports subsequent materiel developments. ASEDP consists of two types of demonstrations, Concept and Operational. Each type is focused on a different level of technological maturity and different Army organizations. Concept demonstrations generally involve items that are rugged enough to be taken to various Army locations to be demonstrated in a controlled environment. The demonstration item is examined in the context of a Battlefield Operating System/Functional Area to determine if it contributes to the Army's concept of operation. Operational demonstrations primarily involve prototypes that have matured from technologies evaluated by the Space Technology Directorate of U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC). These demonstration items are sufficiently advanced and rugged for use by soldiers during field exercises. If the demonstrated capability is useful, appropriate transition partners work to ensure development and fielding of that capability within the Army. ASEDP products include: • Multispectral imagery to provide geographic and topographic data to tactical units for areas where existing map coverage is inadequate • Weather satellite receivers to provide timely environmental information for planning purposes • Precision Location GPS Receivers (PLGRs) for both mounted and dismounted soldier navigation (Annex I) 0-17 Tire. U.S..4rm · 1998 Modemization Plall'j,'', • Gun Laying Position System (GLPS) to provide azimuth for non-Paladin howitzers, mortars , radar, and missile systems (Annex E) As a result of ASEDP and the GBS demonstrations , GBS was transitioned to the digital division and the Army has approved funding for 500 ground receiver terminals and three theater injection points under Program Objective Memorandum (POM) 98-03. In addition, as a result of the Low-Earth Orbit Mobile Data Communications (LEOCOMM) demonstration, the Army's Combined Arms Support Command is purchasing LEOCOMM capabilities for the Army's Movement Tracking System (MTS). The Palletized Loading System (PLS) is the first recipient of MTS technology. The Army does not currently have a separate ASEDP funding line. The program is executed through judicious leveraging of a modest amount of SMDC funds , resulting in a smaller number of demonstrations than desired. This limited funding level results in an AMBER rating throughout the investment time frame. EAGLE VISION II Eagle Vision ll (EV ll) is a technology demonstration effort currently led by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and supported by SMDC. This C-130 deployable system provides direct, in-theater, near-real-time downlink of unclassified imagery (panchromatic, multi-spectral and radar) from commercial satellites to tactically deployed warfighting commanders. The products are used to support planning, operations and intelligence. Current EV llfunding will develop a prototype that will be used to determine a concept of operations and assess tactical utility. EV IT components include a 30-foot expandable shelter with a 5.4-meter X-band antenna. The Deputy Director of the NRO and the Commanding General, SMDC have agreed to transition funding and program control to the Army. Details of the transition are currently under review within each of the organizations. The EV IT program is rated AMBER throughout the investment time frame due to continuing NRO and Army funding negotiations . GRENADIER BRAT Grenadier BRAT (GB) is another Army technology demonstration program that provides a cost-effective means of enhancing situational awareness through a mechanism to track friendly forces on the battlefield. The system consists of a small transmitter box and two antennas. The system uses low output power, spread spectrum and short burst UHF transmissions. The system receives location and time location via the Global Positioning System and transmits this information along with a unique vehicle, equipment or personnel identifier to friendly command centers. GB offers worldwide operations, uses existing space and terminal systems , and addresses joint interoperability requirements through the use of existing joint communications protocols and methods. GB has been demonstrated since July 1995 in Europe, Korea and CONUS and is a candidate for the Warfighter Rapid Acquisition Program (WRAP) . 0-18 -~· Annex 0: S (lCI! The GB program is rated AMBER throughout the investment time frame while the program awaits decisions on future funding. Recapitalization Program Assessment SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (SATCOM) SYSTEMS (FIGURE 0-15) sipace-R ·t r ecap1a1zar1on program Assessment #Systems #Systems R3 Near-Term Mid-Term Far-Term System Required Funded Point FY98-03 FY04-10 FY11-20 Remarks DSCS Varies Varies Varies AMBER GREEN AMBER Limited fielding of critical user components Figure 0-15 Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) (Figure 0-16) is a joint, worldwide military satellite system that supports long-haul communications requirements of deployed warfighters. As a communications asset serving Army customers at all levels of command, DSCS provides the deployed warfighter super-high frequency (SHF) wideband and anti-jam satellite communications. DSCS supports senior Army leadership command, control and communications (C3) and provides deployed forces a capability to reach back to the CONUS sustaining base. The Army is the executive agent for the DSCS ground segment and is responsible for five DSCS Operations Centers that control and maintain communications networks. Figure 0-16 DSCS ground terminal modernization programs will bring the DSCS program more in line with 1990s technology and extend the life of satellite communications terminals to the year 2010 and beyond, while reducing operations and sustainment costs. The DSCS program is rated AMBER in the near-term due to limited fielding of critical user components. The program is rated GREEN in the mid-term based on fielding completion. DSCS will be replaced in the far-term with an advanced SHF satellite system. The advanced system is included in the DoD's Advanced MILSATCOM architecture. Summary Space products are necessary for the Army to properly discharge its responsibilities in the enhanced joint operational concepts of Joint Vision 2010 and in achieving full spectrum dominance. In the near-term, Army decisive operations capabilities are limited by shortfalls in the GPS and Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) programs. These limitations are overcome in the mid-term , but increased requirements and aging satellite communications systems in the far-term are matters that must be considered in future modernization efforts. 0-19 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Moderniuttion Plan SECTION 3: CONCLUSION The Army's future is closely linked to space. The Army has a long history of firsts in space. It was the Army in 1958 that launched America's first satellite. The Army was the first service to initiate a Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities (TENCAP) program. The Army must continue this legacy of leadership to ensure the future Army is capable of achieving and maintaining full spectrum dominance. Increasingly, the Army is institutionalizing space into its normal, everyday operations. One of the most significant aspects of this posturing involves the Army's proponent for space, the U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC). SMDC is now the Army's specified proponent for space and national missile defense issues and the Army's integrator for Theater Missile Defense (TMD) issues . SMDC is spacaandMissuaoatanaacommand the Army lead for the generation and definition of space and national Figure 0-17 missile defense requirements. Of particular note, SMDC established a Space and Missile Defense Battle Lab to execute a variety of experimentation efforts including Battle Lab experiments, Advanced Technology Demonstrations, Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations and Advanced Warfighting Experiments involving space and missile defense. SMDC has a unique role as a technology developer and integrator, combat developer, materiel developer, tester, evaluator and operational command. Another significant action that underscores the added emphasis space has on Army operations is the approval of an officer personnel management Functional Area (FA) for space operations. The management area, FA 40, provides new challenges and opportunities for innovative warfighters via a career path for officers with a technical space-oriented education or assignment experience in commands that focus on space operations. FA 40 emphasizes space activities from communications and weather satellites, to satellite-based intelligence and reconnaissance collection means, to joint space activities . The institution of FA 40 into the Army will have a significant effect on modernization over the long-term. As Army officers become more and more literate in this technical area of warfighting, the Army will be better positioned to develop and defend requirements in the joint environment. These officers will also be prepared to influence and leverage the design of future military, civil and commercial space systems. The efforts outlined in this annex place the Army on the right path. However, there is a great deal of work that must still be accomplished. Army space programs must capitalize on the Army's near-and mid-term emphasis on information dominance. In addition to the modernization efforts outlined in this annex, three areas require attention: • The Army must play a greater role in influencing what is placed in orbit and influence the design and development of space systems to support Army requirements for Army XXI and the Army After Next (AAN). • The Army must expand efforts to exploit and leverage space capabilities and participate substantively in investments made by other services and organizations. 0-20 ,------------ • The Army must continually assess the commercial and civil markets to determine their applicability to Army modernization efforts and future warfighting. The Army must assess requirements that may be satisfied through the use of commercial systems and invest resources now to achieve a potential , significant return in the future. The POM FY99-03 makes headway in the near-term. Figure 0-18 below highlights critical space related POM items . POMFY99-03 DOES NOT: • Does not fund complete GBS capability • TES: does not provide sufficient quantities to field to all force package units • IMETS: does not provide for most timely and efficient procurement of needed capabilities C4 lEW DOES: • Begins procurement of protected GPS • Fields advanced satellite communications to force packages 1-3 • DTES: retains and enhances assured receipt of national intelligence collection at the division level • TES: starts improvements in deployability by downsizing and achieving interoperability between systems • IMETS: supports "owning the weather" Missile Warning • JTAGS: funds SBIRS modifications C4 lEW Figure 0-18 0-21 Glossary (E)TLOS (Enhanced) Target Location Observation System A2C2S Army Airborne Command and Control System AAFARS Advanced Aviation Forward Area Refueling System AAN Army After Next AAO Army Acquisition Objective AAR After Action Review ABCS Army Battle Command System Abn Airborne ABS Advanced Bomb Suit AC Active Component ACADA Automatic Chemical Ag_ent Detector Alarm ACE Armored Combat Earthmover ACE Avenger Control Electronics ACOE Army Common Operating Environment ACR Armored Cavalry Regiment ACS Aerial Common Sensor ACT Apache Crew Trainer ACTD Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration ACTS Apache Crew Training System ACUS Area Common User System ADA Air Defense Artillery ADLP Army Distance Learning Program ADO Army Digitization Office ADRS ARNG Division Redesign Study AEA Army Enterprise Architecture AEDST Airframe and Engine Drivetrain Systems Trainer AEPDS Advanced Electronic Processing and Dissemination System AET Armament/Electrical Trainer AFATDS Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System AGE Auxiliary Ground Equipment AGES Air-to-Ground Engagement System AGTS Advanced Gunnery Training System AH Automated Howitzer AI Artificial Intelligence AICPS Advanced Integrated Collective Protection System AIM Abrams Integrated Management AIRTERM Airborne Terminal AIT Advanced Interceptor Technology ALSP Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol AMD Air and Missile Defense AMDPCS Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System AMEDD Army Medical Department AMEV Armored Medical Evacuation Vehicle Glossary-! Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Plii11 AMPS Aviation Mission Planning System AMSAA Army Materiel Systems Analysis Agency AMTV Armored Medical Treatment Vehicle AoA Analysis of Alternatives AOR Area of Responsibility APAM Anti-Personnel Anti-Materiel APES Advanced Protective Eyewear System APFSDS-T Armored Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot-Tracer APO Army Procurement Objective APOD Air Ports of Debarkation APS Army Prepositional Sets AQF Advanced QUICKFIX AQL Advanced QUICKLOOK ARF Airborne Relay Facility ARFOR Army Force ARI Aviation Restructure Initiative ARL Airborne Reconnaissance-Low ARNG Army National Guard ARSOF Army Special Operations Forces ART Advanced Rotorcraft Transmission ASAS All Source Analysis System ASE Aircraft Survivability Equipment ASEDP Army Space Exploitation Demonstration Program ASET Aircraft Survivability Equipment Trainer ASIOE Associated Support Items of Equipment ASSTC Advanced Surgical Suite for Trauma Care AST Army Secure Terminal ASTAMIDS Airborne Standoff Minefield Detection System ASTMP Army Science and Technology Master Plan ASV Armored Security Vehicle ATA Army Technical Architecture ATACMS Army Tactical Missile System ATC Air Traffic Control ATCCS Army Tactical Command and Control System ATD Advanced Technology Demonstration ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATNAVICS Air Traffic Navigation, Integration, and Coordination System ATS Air Traffic Services AUTODIN Automatic Digital Network AVCATT Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer A VIM Avionics Intermediate Maintenance AVLB Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge AVTOC Aviation Tactical Operations Centers AWE Advanced Warfighting Experiment AWIC Army WWMCCS Information System Glossary-2 "" ~~'\ ' Glossa ' AWR Army War Reserve AWSS Area Weapons Scoring System BAT Brilliant Anti-Armor Submunition BBS Brigade and Battalion Simulation BC2 Battlespace Command and Control BCIS Battlefield Combat Identification System BCTP Battle Command Training Program BDA Battle Damage Assessment Bde Brigade BFA Battlefield Functional Area BFIST Bradley Fire Support Vehicle BFV Bradley Fighting Vehicle BIDS Biological Integrated Detection System BIDSS Biological Integrated Detection Simulation System BIT/BITE Built-In Test Equipment BITS Battlefield Information Transmission System BLWE Battle Laboratory Warfighting Experiment BM/C41 Battle Management/Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization BMP Soviet Vehicle Nomenclature Bn Battalion BOIP Basis of Issue Plan BOS Battlefield Operating System BRAT · Beyond Line of Sight Reporting and Targeting BSFV Bradley Stinger Fighting Vehicle BSM Battlefield Spectrum Management BST Basic Skills Trainer C2 Command and Control C2TL Commercial Communications Technology Test Lab C2V Command and Control Vehicle C2W Command and Control Warfare C3 Command, Control, and Communications C31 Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence C4 Command, Control, Communications, and Computers C41 Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence CADEWS Counter Air Directed Energy Weapon System CAM Chemical Agent Monitor CASS Common Applications Support Software CATT Combined Arms Tactical Trainer CB Chemical Biological CBMS Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer CBPS Chemical Biological Protective Shelter CBS Corps Battle Simulation CCTT Close Combat Tactical Trainer Glossary-3 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 llJodernization Pliin CDL Common Data Link CEP Circular Error Probability CFF Centralized Funding and Fielding CGS Common Ground Station CHALS-X Communications High Accuracy Location System-Expanded CHATS Counterintelligence/Human Intelligence Automated Tool Set CHS Common Hardware/Software CHS Combat Health Support CI Counterintelligence CIBS-M Common Integrated Broadcast Service Module CIDDS Combat Identification for Dismounted Soldiers CIE Clothing and Individual Equipment CINC Commander in Chief CIRCE Countermobility Remote Control System CIS Chemical Imaging Sensor CITV Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer CM Cruise Missile CMTC Combat Maneuver Training Center CNR Combat Net Radio COFf Conduct of Fire Trainer COLT Combat Observation Lasing Team COMINT Communications Intelligence COMSEC Communications Security CONUS Continental United States COTS Commercial Off-the-Shelf CP Command Post CP Counterproliferation CPDEPMEDS Collective Protection Deployable Medical System CPE Collective Protection Equipment CPG Co-Pilot/Gunner CPT Cockpit Procedures Trainer CROP Container Roll-On/Off Platform cs Combat Support CSH Combat Support Hospital css Combat Service Support csscs Combat Service Supp_ort Control System CSSTSS Combat Service Support Tactical Simulation System CSTAT Critical Care Support for Trauma and Transport CSTG Cockpit/Sensor/Turret Gun CTAPS Contingency Theater Automated Planning System CTC Combat Training Center CTT/JTT Commander's Tactical Terminal/] oint Tactical Terminal cucv Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle DAC Department of the Army Civilians DAMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access Glossary-4 ;.; , , Glossar ' DAMPL Department of the Army Master Priority List DARO Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DBC Digital Battlefield Communications DCP Defense Cryptologic Program DCS Defense Communications System DENS Directed Ener-gy Neutralization System DEPMEDS Deployable Medical System DFL Direct Fire Lethality DIICOE Defense Information Infrastructure Common Operating Environment DIS Distributed Interactive Simulation DISE Distribution lllumination System Electric DISN Defense Information Systems Network Div Division DL Distance Learning DMS Defense Messaging System DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DNBI Disease and Non-Battlefield Injury DOCS DSCS Operation Control System DoD Department of Defense DOW Died of Wounds DPG Defense Planning Guidance DSC Digital Source Collector DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System DSP Defense Support Program DTED Digital Terrain Elevation Data DTES Division Tactical Exploitation System DTSS Digital Topographic Support System DVE Driver's Vision Enhancer EA Electronic Attack EAC Echelons Above Corps EAD Echelons Above Division EBC Embedded Battle Command ECU Environmental Control Unit EFOGM Enhanced Fiber Optic Guided Missile EHF Extremely High Frequency EIP Enhanced Incendiary Projectile ELINT Electronic Intelligence EMD Engineering and Manufacturing Development EO Electro-Optic EOC Early Operational Capability EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal EPA Extended Planning Annex EPLRS Enhanced Position Locating and Reporting System Glossary-5 Tile. U.S. Arm •1998 Modernization Plim EPP ERA ER-G ERM ER-MLRS ESE ESM ESP EST ETES ETRAC EUL EXFOR F/IIFS FA FA FAA FAA FAADC2 FAADS FAASV FBCB2 FCR FCS FCS FDA FDC FDD FDR FDSW FED FINL FIS-C FISTY FIV FLIR PLOT FLTSATCOM FMBT FMTV FOA FOC FOFT FORSCOM FOTT Extended Planning Period Explosively Reactive Armor Extended Range-Guided Extended Range Munition Extended Range MLRS Engineer Support Equipment Electronic Support Measure Extended Service Program Engagement Skills Trainer Enhanced Tactical Exploitation System Enhanced Tactical Radar Correlator Economic Useful Life Experimental Force Flame/Incendiary Indirect Firing System Field Artillery Functional Area Functional Area Assessment Federal Aviation Administration Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control Forward Area Air Defense System Forward Area Ammunition Supply Vehicle Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below Fire Control Radar Future Combat System Fire Control System Food and Drug Administration First Digitized Corps First Digitized Division Future Data Radio Future Direct Support Weapon Forward Entry Device Flame, Incendiary, and Nonlethal Firefighter Integrated Suit-Combat Fire Support Team Vehicle Future Infantry Vehicle Forward Looking Infrared Forward Line of Troops Fleet Satellite Communications Future Main Battle Tank Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles Field Operating Agency Full Operational Capability Force-on-Force Trainer Forces Command Follow On To Tow Glossary-6 FOV Family of Vehicles FP Force Package FS Fire Support FSAPS Full Spectrum Active Protection System FSCATT Fire Support Combined Arms Tactical Trainer FSCS Future Scout Cavalry System FST Forward Surgical Team FTI Fixed Target Indicator FTT Field Tactical Trainer FUE First Unit Equipped FUR Future Utility Rotorcraft FW Fixed Wing FY Fiscal Year G/VLLD Ground/Vehicular Lase·r Locator Designator GARD Generation Advanced Rotor Demonstration GBCS Ground Based Common Sensor GBS Global Broadcast Service GCCS Global Command and Control System GCCS-A Global Command and Control System Army GEM Guided Enhanced Missile GLPS Gun Laying and Positioning System GMG Grenade Machine Gun GMLRS Guided MLRS GPS Global Positioning System ORCS GUARDRAIL Common Sensor GSE Ground Support Equipment GSM Ground Station Module GSTAMIDS Ground Standoff Mine Detection System GUARD FIST Guard Unit Armory Device Full Crew Interactive Simulation Trainer HAB Heavy Assault Bridge HACT Helicopter Active Controls Technology HCLOS High-Capacity Line of Sight HDSB Heavy Dry Support Bridge HEMTT Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck HET Heavy Equipment Trailer HGSS Hellfire Ground Support System HIMARS High Mobility Artillery Rocket System HLA High-Level Architecture HMMWV High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle HMT High Mobility Trailer HPT High Payoff Targets HQDA Headquarters, De_p_artment of the Army HS-IS Home Station Instrumentation HSTAMIDS Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System Glossary-7 Tilt!. U.S. Army 1998 Modemization Plim HT Heavy Terminal HTI Horizontal Technology Integration HUMINT Human Intelligence IBAD Integrated Biological Agent Detector IBAS Improved Bradley Acquisition System IBS Intelligence Broadcast System ICAM Improved Chemical Agent Monitor ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ICH Improved Cargo Helicopter ICOFT Institutional Conduct of Fire Trainer ICS3 Integrated Combat Service Support System IDM Improved Data Modem lED Improvised Explosive Devices IETM Integrated Electronic Technical Manual lEW Intelligence and Electronic Warfare IEWTPT Intelligence/Electronic Warfare Tactical Proficiency Trainer IFSAS Initial Fire Support Automation System IGRV Improved GUARDRAIL V IHADS Integrated Headgear and Display System IHAS Integrated Helmet Assembly Subsystem IMETS Integrated Meteorological System IMINT Imagery Intelligence INFOSEC Information Security 10 Information Operations IOC Initial Operational Capability IOT&E Initial Operational Test and Evaluation IP Internet Protocol IPB Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield IPE Individual Protective Equipment IPF Integrated Processing Facility IPR In Progress Review IR Infrared IRB Improved Ribbon Bridge ISC Information Systems Command ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISL Installation Sequence List ISO International Standards Organization ISYSCON Integrated System Control IT Information Technology ITAP Improved Toxicological Agent Protective ITAS Improved Target Acquisition System IVIS Intervehicular Information System IVMMD Interim Vehicle Mounted Mine Detector JBPDS Joint Biological Point Detection System JBREWS Joint Biological Remote Early Warning System Glossary-8 JBUDS Joint Biological Universal Detector System JCAD Joint Chemical Agent Detector JCMT Joint Collection Management Tools JCPIP Joint Collective Protection Improvement Program JDISS Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System JHSS Joint Health Service Support JLENS Joint Land Attack Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor System JLOTS Joint Logistics-Over-the-Shore JPL Joint Propulsion Laboratory JRTC Joint Readiness Training Center JSAF Joint SIGINT Avionics Family JSAM Joint Service Aviation Mask JSAWM Joint Service Agent Water Monitor JSGPM Joint Service General Purpose Mask JSIMS Joint Simulation System JSLIST Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology JSLSCAD Joint Service Lightweight Standoff Chemical Agent Detector JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System JSWILD Joint Service Warning & Identification LIDAR Detector JTA Joint Tactical Architecture JTAGS Joint Tactical Ground Station JTF Joint Task Force JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System JTR Joint Tactical Radio JTR Joint Transport Rotorcraft JWARN Joint Warning and Reporting Network JWID Joint Warfighting Interoperability Demonstration KE Kinetic Energy KIA Killed-in-Action LADAR/IR Laser Radar/Infrared LAMGHQX Louisianna Maneuvers General HQ Exercise LAN Local Area Network LANDSAT Land Satellite LAV Light Armored Vehicle LBA Longbow Apache LBSS Low Band Subsystem LCM Landing Craft Mechanized LCT Longbow Crew Trainer LCTS Longbow Crew Trainer System LCU Landing Craft Utility LDR Low Data Rate LDTOC Light Digital Tactical Operations Center LHS Load Handling System LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging Glossary-9 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Moder11ization Plicn LLDR Lightweight Laser Designator/Rangefinder LLR Low-Level Radiation LMTV Light and Medium Tactical Vehicle LNBCRS Lightweight NBC Reconnaissance System LOC Line of Communication LOS Line-of-Sight LOSAT Line of Sight Anti-tank LOTS Logistics-Over-the-Shore LPIILPD Low Probability of Intercept/Low Probability of Detection LRAS3 Long-Range Advanced Scout Surveillance System LRBSDS Long Range Biological Standoff Detection System LR-BSDST Long Range Biological Standoff Detection System Trainer LRF Laser Range Finder LRIP Low Rate Initial Production LSV Logistics Support Vessel LT Light Terminal LTV Light Tactical Vehicle LUH Light Utility Helicopter LVOSS Light Vehicle Obscuration Smoke System LVRS Lightweight Video Reconnaissance System LW Land Warrior M3P Multi-Mission Processor MACOM Major Command MACS Modular Artillery Charge System MANPADS Manportable Air Defense System MANPRINT Manpower and Personnel Integration MAT Multimode Airframe Technology MAVWEST Multiplex, Armament, Visionics, Weapons, Electrical Systems Trainer MBA Modular Body Armor MC4 Medical Communications for Combat Casualty Care MCOFT Mobile Conduct of Fire Trainer MCPT Modular Command Post Tent MCS Maneuver Control System MCS/P Maneuver Control System/Phoenix MDR Medium Data Rate MDS Modular Decontamination System MDT Medical Detachment Telemedicine MEADS Medium Extended Air Defense System MEDEVAC Medical Evacuation MELB Mission Enhancement Little Bird MELIOS Mini Eyesafe Laser Infrared Observation Set MEP Marine Enhancement Program MEPCOM Military Enlistment Processing Command MES Medical Equipment Set Glossary-10 METL Mission Essential Task List METT-T Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Troops-Time MF2K Medical Force 2000 MFCS Mortar Fire Control System MFOM MLRS Family of Munitions MGB Medium Girder Bridge MHE Materiel Handling Equipment MI Military Intelligence MICAD Multipurpose Integrated Chemical Agent Detector MIES Modernized Imagery Exploitation System MILES Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System MILSATCOM Military Satellite Communications MILSTAR Military Strategic Tactical Relay MINTERM Miniature Terminal MISS I Multilevel Information Systems Security Initiative MITT Mobile Integrated Tactical Terminal MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System MLS Multilevel Security MMG Medium Machine Gun MMIC Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit MMS Meteorological Measuring System MMW Millimeter Wave MNVD Monocular Night Vision Device MOFA Multi-Option Fuze, Artillery MOPMS Modular Pack Mine System MOPP Mission Oriented Prqtective Posture MOTS Mobile Tower System MOUT Military Operations in Urban Terrain MP Military Police MPIM Multipurpose Individual Munition MR Medium Range MRBM Medium Range Ballistic Missile MRI Medical Reengineering Initiative MSAC Medical Situation Awareness Control MSE Mobile Subscriber Equipment MSR Missile Simulation Round MSTAR MLRS Smart Tactical Rocket MT Medium Terminal MTA Major Training Area MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTI Moving Target Indicator MTOE Modified Table of Equipment MTW Major Theater War MVS Muzzle Velocity System MWS Modular Weapons System Glossary-11 Tile. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Plim NAC National Automotive Center NAS National Airspace System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO North Atlantic Trean'_ Or·ganization NAVWAR Navigation Warfare NBC Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical NBCRS NBC Reconnaissance System NCF Network Control Facility NDI Non-Developmental Item NGATS New Generation Automated TargetU::_ S_y_stem ' NGB National Guard Bureau NLOS Non-Line-of-Sight NMD National Missile Defense NMS National Military Strategy NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPOESS National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite S_ystem NRO National Reconnaissance Office NTC National Training Center NTDR Near Term Data Radio NVD Night Vision Device NVG Night Vision Goggles O&M Operations and Maintenance 0&0 Organization and O_gerations O&S Operating and Support OCAR Office of the Chief of Army Reserve OCIE Organizational Clothing and Individual Equipment ocsw Objective Crew Served Weapon ODS Operation Desert Shield/Storm OFSA Objective Family of Small Arms oicw Objective Individual Combat Weapon OMA Operations and Maintenance Account OPFOR Opposing Force OPTEMPO Operation Tempo ORD Operational Requirements Document OSA Operational Support Airlift OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense osi Open Systems Interconnection osv OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle OTN Own the Night P&D Potency and Dated P3I Preplanned Product Improvement Program PAC-2/3 Patriot Advanced Capability-2/3 PATS Protection Assessment Test Set PATRIOT Phased-Array Tracking-Radar Interc~t-on-Tar_g_et PCOFTPDB Patriot Conduct of Fire Trainer Post Deployment Build Glossary-12 ~:: ~ Glossar ' PCS Personal Communications Service PEM Proton Exchange Membrane PEO Program Executive Office PGS Precision Gunnery System PI Product Improvement PIC Personal Information Carrier PIMIT Patriot Intermediate Maintenance Trainer PIP Product Improvement Program PLRS Position Locating and Reporting System PLGR Precision Location GPS Receiver PLS Palletized Loading System PLS-E (MTS) PLS-Enhanced, Movement Tracking System POES Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites POM Program Obiective Memorandum POMTPDB Patriot Organizational Maintenance Trainer Post Deployment Build PoP Proof of Principle POS/NAV Position Navigation PPC41 Power Projection Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Infrastructure PPSB Power Projection Sustaining Base PRE PO Pre-positioned PVNTMED Preventive Medicine QDR Quadrennial Defense Review R&D Research and Development R3 Refit, Replace, Retire R3D2S Rearming, Remote, Refueling, Deployable Distribution System RAS Rail Adapter System RC Reserve Component RDA Research , Development, and Acquisition RDEC Research , Development, and Engineering Center RDTE Research , Development, Test, and Evaluation RETS Remoted Target System RF Radio Frequency RFI Radio Frequency Interferometer RFPI Rapid Force Projection Initiative RISE Reliability Improvement Selected Equipment RISTA . Reconaissance, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition RMP Reprogrammable Microprocessor ROWPU Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit RPA Rotorcraft Pilot's Associated RRDF Roll-On/Roll-Off Discharge Facility RSOI Reception , Staging, Onward Movement and Integration RSTA Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition RSV Resupply Vehicle RTCC Rough Terrain Container Crane Glossary-13 Tile. U.S. Army 1998 Modernization Plim RTV Rapid Terrain Visualization RW Rotary Wing RWS Rigid Wall Shelter RWS Remote Workstation RWST Rotary Wing Structures Technology S&T Science and Technology SA Selective Availability SADARM Sense and Destroy Armor SAL Semi-Active Laser SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar SATCOM Satellite Communications SAW Squad Automatic Weapon SAWE Simulated Area Weapons Effects SAWE-RF Simulation of Area Weapons Effects-Radio Frequency SBA Strategic Brigade Airdrop SBIRS Space-Based Infrared System SCAMP Single Channel Anti-Jam Manportable SDS Sorbent Decontamination System SE Synthetic Environment SECM Shop Equipment-Contact Maintenance SEMA Special Electronic Mission Aircraft SEP Soldier Enhancement Program SF Special Forces SHF Super High Frequency SHORAD Short Range Air Defense SICPS Standard Integrated Command Post System SIDS Secondary Imagery Dissemination System SIGINT Signals Intelligence SIGM2 Signal Mission Management SIIRCM Suite of Integrated IR Countermeasures SIMLM Single Integrated Medical Logistics Management SINCGARS Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System SIP System Improvement Program SIRFC Suite of Integrated RF Countermeasures SITREPS Situation Reports SKO Sets, Kits, and Outfits SLD Surface Liquid Detector SLEP Service Life Extension Program SMART-T Secure Mobile Anti-Jam Reliable Tactical Terminal SMDC Space and Missile Defense Command SMS Standard Maintenance System SNS Sniper Night Sight SNS Secure Network Server SOA Special Operations Aviation SOF Special Operations Forces Glossary-14 SP Self-Propelled SPEAR Special Operations Forces Personal Equipment Advanced Requirements SPOD Sea Ports of Debarkation SPORT Soldier Portable On-Site Repair Tool SPOT Satellite Pour 1' Observation de la Terre SR Short Range SRAW Short Range Anti-tank Weapon SRBM Short Range Ballistic Missile SRO Strategic Research Objective SSA Staff Support Activity sse Smaller-Scale Contingency SSEP System Safety Enhancement Program STACCS Standard Theater Army Command and Control System STAFF Smart Target Acquisition Fire and Forget STAMIS Standard Army Management Information System STAR-T SHF Tri-Band Advanced Range Extension Terminal STB Supertropica1 Bleach STC Slew-to-Cue STEP Standardized Tactical Entry Point STEPO Self-Contained Toxic Environmental Protective Outfit STO Science and Technology Objective STOW Simulated Theater of War STP Space Test Program susv Small Unit Support Vehicle sws Sniper Weapon System TA Target Acquisition TAA Total Army Analysis TACAN Tactical Air Navigation TACCMS Theater Automated Command and Control Information Management System TACSATCOM Tactical Satellite Communications TACSIM Tactical Simulation TADS Target Acquisition Designation Sight TADSS Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, and Simulations TAIS Tactical Airspace Integration System TAP The Army Plan TBM Theater Ballistic Missile TCS Tactical Control System TD Technology Demonstration TDA Table of Distribution and Allowance TEL Transporter Erector Launcher TEN CAP Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities TES Tactical Exploitation System TESS Tactical Engagement Simulation System Glossary-IS The. U.S. Arm 1998 Modemization Plim THAAD Theater High Altitude Area Defense TI Tactical Internet TIBS Tactical Intelligence Broadcast System TIH Toxic Industrial Hazard TIIP Topographic Imagery Integration Prototype TMAS Tank Main Armament System TMDE Test Measurement Diagnostic Equipment TOA Total Obligation Authority TOC Tactical Operations Center TOE Table of Equipment TOW Tube Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Command Link Guided Missile TPF Total Package Fielding TPN Tactical Packet Network TPSO Theater Precision Strike Operation TPT Troop Proficiency Trainer TRADOC Training and Doctrine Command TRITAC Tri-Service Tactical TRIXS Tactical Reconnaissance Intelligence Exchange System TRRIP Theater Rapid Response Intelligence Package TSFO Training Set Fire Observation TTHS Trainees, Transients, Holdees, and Students TUAV Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle TWGSS Tank Weapons Gunnery Simulation System TWS Thermal Weapon Sight TWV Tactical Wheeled Vehicle TWVRMO Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Requirements Management Office UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UE User Equipment UFO UHF Follow-On UHF Ultra High Frequency ULLS-A Unit Level Logistics System-Aviation UMARK Unit Maintenance Aerial Recover Kit UMS Universal Modem System USAF U.S. Air Force USAFSPACOM U.S. Air Force Space Command USAR U .S. Army Reserve USAREC U.S. Army Recruiting Command USAREUR U.S. Army, Europe USFK U.S. Forces Korea USMC U.S. Marine Corps uxo Unexploded Ordnances VE Virtual Environment VEESS Vehicle Engine Exhaust Smoke System VMS Vehicle Management System Glossary-16 ~1~~~~ Glossar WAM Wide Area Munitions WAN Wide Area Network WARSIM WIM odel WIN etwork WMD ction WPSM Status Monitor WRAP isition Program WSM r WWMCCS Worldwide Militar Command and Control System Glossary-!7