US D 1.2:T 77 LOCKWOOD LIBAARY UNIVERSITY f4.TBUFFf4.LC. st.P 11 11J7 DOCUMENTS DEPOSITORY UBRf4.RY 0433 A New Era in Arms Control The On-Site Inspection Agency emerged with the dawn of a new era in arms control. In 1987, the United States and the Soviet Union broke new ground by signing the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty-the first arms control agreement to mandate the destruction of an entire class of nuclear missiles. Earlier strategic anns limitations agreements had established numerical ceilings above existing levels, requiring no weapons reductions. In contrast, the INF Treaty called for the elimination of all ground-launched nuclear missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers. On-site inspections were a major component of INF's verification regime. In three years, 1988-1991, the United States and the Soviet Union would be permitted to conduct almost 1,000 inspections to monitor and report on missile systems elimination and other significant treaty obligations. The United States needed trained and knowledgeable people to conduct inspections at Soviet facilities and to escort Soviet teams inspecting U.S. facilities . The Treaty also permitted each country to station up to 30 inspectors, 24-hours-a-day, outside the entrance of one current or former INF missile production facility on the other's territory. As the full scope of the United States ' rights and obligations became clear, it was necessary to move quickly to prepare for INF's historic responsibilities. Former OSIA Director Brigadier General Roland Lajoie, USA, greets General Major Vladimir Medvedev, Director, NRRC and a team of Soviet inspectors returning from an INF inspection in the western United States. The President Creates a New Agency In January 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed a National Security Decision Directive instructing Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci to establish a new agency to carry out INF's inspection, escort and monitoring operations. The On-Site Inspection Agency-the first organization of it s kind-came into existence on January 26 , 1988. The fledgling agency had to be prepared to conduct INF inspection operations within 90 days, because INF's ratification appea red possible by April 1988. With no employees nor even a building to call home, OSIA first needed a skilled leader to serve as its Director-someone capable of quickly crafting a new organization, recruiting qualified staff members, and setting appropriate precedents for future U.S. arms control implementation activities. For those daunting tasks, the U.S. Government turned to Brigadier General Roland Lajoie, United States Army. President Reagan appointed General Lajoie as the first Director of OSIA on February 1, 1988. General Lajoie promptly set up temporary headquarters operations at Buzzards Point in Washington, D.C. Finding qualified people to join the Agency was no simple task since there were no experienced treaty inspectors. Instead, he sought out military officers and noncommissioned officers who had knowledge and direct experience with the Sovie t armed forces, tho se with INF weapons systems experience, and those who were Russian linguists. Soon, an initial cadre of 40 military and civilian personnel joined General Lajo ie, and they began preparations for the historic treaty mission. Pres ident Ro nald Reagan greets U.S. INF inspectors at th e White Hou se on June 22, 1988. President Reagan accepts an OSIA gift for his presidential library in Simi Valley, Calif., from former Agency director Major General Robert Parker, USAF, in 1991 . The memento is a piece of the last Soviet SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missile destroyed at Kapustin Yar under provisions of the INF Treaty. The INF Treaty Is a Success Under INF, OSIA inspection teams monitored the elimination of 1,846 Soviet intermediate-range nuclear missiles and their launch-related equipment, and escorted Soviet inspection teams observing the elimination of 846 U.S. missiles and equipment. The Agency also proved that the on-site inspection process works. Since 1988, OSIA inspection teams have conducted almost 500 INF inspections in the former Soviet Union, East Germany and Czechoslovakia. They have escorted nearly 300 Soviet/Russian Federation teams inspecting U.S. INF Treaty sites in the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, West Germany, Italy and the United States. They also have been engaged in continuous, 24-hours-a-day, 365 days a year, monitoring and escort operations at former INF missile production plants in Votkinsk, Russia and Magna, Utah. The Agency is justifiably proud of its role in the Treaty's success. The On-Site lnspedion Agency The On-Site Inspection Agency has come a long way since the early days at Buzzards Point. Today, it is a self-sufficient, joint service Department of Defense agency composed of two inspection and monitoring operations commands and a full range of mission and staff support activities. The Agency's motto is Trust and Verify . The first step in most arms control treaties is an exchange of information among all treaty nations. The exchanged information " untiring devotion to duty and scrupulous attention to detail stand as the hallmark of OSIA's efforts in implementing arms control treaties and agreements, for which I and the Nation stand deeply in your debt." Feb ruary 8, 1993 letter to OSIA from former President Ronald Reagan on the Agency's 5th Anniversary American inspectors SSG Susan Alborn and TSgt David LaFleur with INF Treaty inspection equipment scales, measuring tapes, rod, camera and first aid kit. OSIA'S EXPERTISE: -Ballistic and cruise missiles -Aircraft -Ground forces and equipment -Nuclear and chemkal weapons -Submarines -Aerial reconnaissance -Linguists/ interpreters -Arms control treaties -Foreign area specialists -Plans and operations -Coun terintelligence -Security -Safety -Support specialties lists all treaty weapons , missiles, equipment, buildings and sites. This data, often numbering thousands of treaty-limited items, becomes the baseline for all inspections. OSIA inspection teams confirm data accuracy during on-site inspections. Pencil and paper in hand, OSIA inspectors also observe, record and report their findings on all other treaty obligations. Senior U.S. officials use the inspection teams' reports in making their recommendations to the President. The strength of OSIA is its people. The more than 850 Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine and Federal Civil Service men and women assigned to OSIA accomplish their mission with excellence. They are experts in areas ranging from ballistic and cruise missiles to nuclear and chemical weapons to foreign languages-to name just a few. All are informal ambassadors, representing the United States wherever they go . Inspectors and support personnel remain busy implementing existing agreements and planning for inspection activities required by new treaties. Their professionalism and thoroughness is well-known in the arms control world. Even so , the Agency's work is not limited to supporting the treaty verification process. The U.S. policy community often calls upon OSIA for technical advice concerning the application of insp ection , escort and monitoring procedures. The U.S . Government also relies upon OSIA's inspection experiences and linguistic capabilities to support a variety of other missions-from safely transporting uranium between continents to aiding the peace AGENCY ORGANIZATION OSIA operations and personnel perform missions across 22 time zones . efforts in Bosnia. In all of their endeavors, the men and women of OSIA play an important role in U.S . national security and international peace. The structure of leadership at OSIA is unique. The Secretary of Defense appoints the Director, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State and final approval by the President. The Director reports through the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological De fense Programs to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology. An Executive Committee comprised of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Tech.nology, the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Directors of OSIA and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff provides -Brigadier General policy and operational guidance to the Director. Technical guidance is provided by a Board of Directors comprised of Roland Lajoie, USA February 1, 1988-January 25, 1991 representatives of the Executive Committee. The Director is -Major General supported by a Principal Deputy Director, who is appointed from among senior officials at the U.S. Arms Control and Robert W. Parker, USAF January 25, 1991 -July 30, 1993 Disarmament Agency (ACDA) by ACDA's Director. The Secretary of State appoints a Deputy Director for External Affairs from among senior State Department officials, and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) appoints the Agency's Deputy Director for Counterintelli -Brigadier General Gregory G. Govan, USA July 30, 1993 -July 28, 1995 -Brigadier General Thomas E. Kuenning, Jr., USAF July 28, 1995 present gence from among senior FBI officials. ~89 OSIA' s Director oversees a theater of operations th at now spans 22 time zones . From its headquarters and center of operations at Dulles International Airport in Washington , D.C. , the Agency conducts and supports inspection and monitoring operations throughout the world . OSIA's European Operations Command, located in Frankfurt, Germany, is the base for inspection teams traveling to and from sites in Europe and western and central Asia . An Inspection Operations Detachment at Yokota , Japan supports OSIA teams going to in spect treaty sites in eastern Russia . Small OSIA Arms Control Implementation Units are located in the U.S. Embassies in Minsk, Belarus; Almaty, Kazakstan ; Moscow, Russia; and Kiev, Ukraine. Agency personnel maintain a continuous presence at a missile production facility in Votkinsk, Russia as part of the INF and Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) verification regimes. From January through May of 1995, OSIA also conducted continuous monitoring operations at a START mi ss ile production facility in Pavlohrad, Ukraine. In the United States, OSIA provides continuous escort support for Russian inspectors at a former INF missile production plant in Magna, Utah . The Agency also operates two U.S. points of entry for arriving foreign inspectors : one at Dulles International Airport, Washington, D.C., and the other at Travis Air Force Base near San Francisco . In addition , it maintains a small Liaison Office in Las Vegas, Nevada to coordinate support from the Department of Energy for nuclear testing agreements. The Growth of An Agency U.S. and Soviet agreement on the INF Treaty was followed by relatively rapid movement on a series of other arms control treaties aimed at reducing Cold War tensions. Since the verification regimes of the new treaties contained many of the on-site inspection provisions of the INF Treaty, and OSIA had carried out its INF inspection mission flawlessly, President Bush directed the Agency to plan and prepare for inspection-related activities for nine new agreements between 1990 and 1992 . In May 1990, the President expanded OSIA's mission to include planning for the requirements to support on-site inspections for the following emerging arms control agreements : Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty, Chemical Weapons (CW) Agreements, and two Nuclear Testing Treaties (NTTs). With this decision, President Bush officially changed the On-Site Inspection Agency from a single-to a multi -treaty agency. These additional missions required new expertise, and the Agency expanded rapidly. Its experts began planning and coordinating inspection, monitoring and escort activities under the Bilateral Destruction Agreement (BDA), in which the United States and Soviet Union agreed to destro y most of their chemical weapons stockpiles and production facilities. The Agency also began to manage the inspection, monitoring and escort activities under two agreements that limit the yield of underground nuclear tests and peaceful nuclear explosions, the Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty (PNET). Currently, these treaties are not active-both the United States and Russia have declared nuclear testing moratoriums. Nevertheless, OSIA remains ready to escort and to lead test monitoring teams should testing resume. It was primarily the START and CFE Treaties, however, that spurred OSIA's growth. Preparations for the numerous anticipated inspections increased the Agency's size to 517 personnel by 1991. Countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact signed the CFE Treaty in November 1990 to reduce the risk of a large-scale conventional war in the heart of Europe. It significantly reduces and limits five types of conventional offensive arms, and relies on a comprehensive system of inspections to confirm initial weapons data and the reduction of over 50,000 pieces of weaponry. Since the Treaty took effect in 1992, OSIA has been heavily involved in CFE inspections. By the end of November 1995, OSIA teams had conducted 237 inspections in former Warsaw Pact countries and had helped host 55 inspections of U.S . facilities in Europe. OSIA personnel continue to support NATO's Verification and Coordination Committee in Brussels, Belgium, and to augment the U.S. delegation to the CFE's Joint Consultative Group in Vienna, Austria. On-site inspectors examine a shrouded fighter aircraft, which is considered treaty-limited equipment under the CFE Treaty. Responsiveness to New Missions USIA's Trademark In June 1991, the National Security Council directed OSIA to prepare for, and conduct, inspection and evaluation activities under Vienna Document 1990 (VDOC-90). This agreement promoted peace and stability in Europe through a set of confidence-and security-building measures (CSBM) among members of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (which later became the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, or OSCE). Among other things , its signatories agreed to exchange information on armed forces, periodically inspect each other 's forces, and monitor large-scale military exercises and movements. OSIA provides support under the current Vienna Document, VDOC-94. Agency personnel typically serve as team chiefs, linguists or weapons specialists . Each year since 1992, OSIA has conducted an average of seven inspections and evaluations of other OSCE states, and has escorted an average of four inspections and evaluations of U.S. facilities in Europe. Linguists from OSIA also support representatives of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) participating in the various OSCE working groups in Vienna. Explosives handling wharf activity at a START Trident II submarinelaunched ballistic missi le exh ibition at Kings Bay, Ga. Just one month after OSIA received its Vienna Document 1990 responsibilities, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Strategic Arms Reductio n Treaty on July 31, 1991 . The Treaty mandates substantial cuts in the number of U.S . and Soviet strategic nuclear delivery systems and deliverable nuclear warheads, and calls for 12 types of inspections to verify compliance. Although the START Treaty did not take effect until December 5, 1994, OSIA's preparatory activities began in 1991. Between September 1991 and March 1992, OSIA sent nine inspection teams to the former Soviet Union and hosted Russian teams at four U.S . bases to confirm the technical characteristics of all START Treaty missiles and bombers. While the Treaty was being ratified, the Agency recruited, trained and certified 12 inspection teams. They conducted over 170 mock inspections to prepare U.S. facilities for START inspections. When START finally entered into force, the men and women of OSIA were fully prepared to carry out the U.S. Government 's inspection and escort responsibilities. Thirty days after START's entry into force, OSIA began continuous monitoring at missile production plants in Votkinsk, Russia and Pavlohrad, Ukraine. While OSIA's INF inspectors already at Votkinsk assumed additional START duties, a new team was dispatched to Pavlohrad. This mission was short-lived, however, as the United States and Ukraine subsequently agreed to cease portal monitoring operations at Pavlohrad. Starting in March 1995, OSIA teams conducted baseline inspections to confirm the accuracy of the data exchanged by the START signatories. During the baseline period, from March through June 1995, OSIA conducted 66 baseline inspections in Belarus, Kazakstan, Russia and Ukraine, and hosted 34 inspections at U.S. sites. START signatories are now involved in conducting eight different types of inspections which will keep OSIA busy for years to come. The START Treaty also brought OSIA an unexpected mission. Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, recognizing that his country would require substantial financial assistance to meet its START reduction obligations, requested U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry holds charge (left), while former Russian Minister of Defense Pavel Grachev pushes a plunger to destroy a Minuteman II silo at Whiteman AFB, Mo. in 1995. support. The United States responded with the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 (commonly known as Nunn-Lugar legislation). The act is designed to help prevent the proliferation of former Soviet nuclear, chemical and other weapons of mass destruction, and to reorient Soviet nuclear scientists and laboratories to peaceful enterprises. The Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program encompasses DoD's responsibilities under this legislation, providing the countries of the former Soviet Union with nuclear emergency response equipment, weapons transportation equipment, and a variety of other weapons dismantlement, denuclearization and chemical weapons destruction assistance. The program is a vital part of the U.S. effort to prevent the re-emergence of the nuclear threat that characterized the Cold War. The On-Site Inspection Agency plays an important supporting role in the Cooperative Threat Reduction program. More than two dozen OSIA personnel, including linguists, have helped conduct audits and examinations to certify that recipients are using the CTR equipment for its intended purposes. The Agency also supports the Secretary of Defense and other senior officials in negotiating CTR program implementation procedures and agreements with senior officials in Belarus, Kazakstan, Russia and Ukraine. An average of three to four such delegations travel to the former Soviet Union each week to facilitate CTR activities. Additionally, OSIA personnel provide in-country CTR support to the Arms Control Multinational inspectors, including OSIA personnel, pose in front of a transport helicopter assigned a logistics role in the UNSCOM mission. OSIA members deliver dry milk to Moscow Children 's Hospital Administrator under Operation Provide Hope. Implementation Units in Kiev, Minsk and Almaty. Since 1992, OSIA has also provided substantial personnel, logistic and administrative support to the CW Destruction Support Program. The final highlight of 1991 was OSIA's first mission involving a country other than those of the former Soviet Union or Europe. In May, the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) requested U.S. assistance in verifying the elimination of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. As directed by DoD, the Agency responded immediately with assistance in inspection operations and management. The On-Site Inspection Agency received formal tasking to support UNSCOM in July 1991. As DoD ' s Executive Agent, OSIA functions as the single point of contact to coordinate DoD support for the U.S . contribution to UNSCOM. As a working liaison between the Departments of State and Defense, OSIA coordinates an average of 50 UNSCOM support requests each year. Additionally, 14 OSIA personnel have spent 12-90 days at a time in Iraq assisting UNSCOM in ballistic missile, chemical and biological weapons and nuclear materials inspections, and related logistic support. The Agency has also provided UNSCOM with equipment for video camera monitoring, mobile chemical laboratories and environmental sampling. At least nine OSIA personnel are supporting UNSCOM at any given time, one of whom serves at UNSCOM Headquarters in New York. End of the Cold War-New Missions for. OSIA On December 25, 1991, the government of the Soviet Union collapsed, formally ending the Cold War. Soon, however, social and economic crises threatened to plunge Russia and the other new nations of the former Soviet Union into chaos. In order to prevent strife and help avert widespread famine and other possible disasters, Secretary of State James A. Baker, III, began a large-scale, multinational humanitarian assistance program known as Operation Provide Hope. On the recommendation of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Colin Powell, the On-Site Inspection Agency played a key role in the Operation. With its extensive experience dealing with the people and geography of the former Soviet Union, OSIA was ideally suited for this task. Working with local officials in numerous cities and locations, OSIA personnel ensured the timely and efficient distribution of the large quantities of food and medicine that arrived by plane, train, ship and truck. Between February 1992 and September 1994, OSIA teams helped to deliver over 70,000 tons of humanitarian assistance to those in need throughout the former Soviet Union. Their hard work and dedication contributed greatly to the success of this large-scale relief effort. The end of the Cold War also helped pave the way for the United States, Russia, Canada and 24 European countries to sign the Treaty on Open Skies on March 24, 1992. First proposed by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1955, this Treaty will contribute to the security and confidence of its signatories by allowing them to take photographs and record other images during unarmed observation aircraft flights over each other's territories. These observation flights are intended to increase the transparency of national military forces and operations from Vancouver eastward to Vladivostok. In November 1992 , President Bush assigned OSIA the mission to lead, manage, coordinate and support U.S. Open Skies observation missions. Once the Treaty takes effect, OSIA personnel will serve as Open Skies flight monitors and representatives, linguists, inspectors and escorts. In preparation for the Treaty 's entry into force, Agency personnel are participating in joint trial flights over the United States, and have conducted trial flights over other countries. Also in 1992, the DoD reorganized an existing defense contractor inspection readiness program which had been created in 1990. The reorganized effort-the Defense Treaty Inspection Readiness Program (DTIRP)-is intended to help government and defense contractor facilities meet the security challenges posed by the growing number of intrusive arms control inspections. OSIA was named Executive Agent for DTIRP in June 1992, and is responsible for coordinating and centralizing support for the program. Through DTIRP, OSIA assists facility and program managers in protecting national security and proprietary information during anns control inspections or Open Skies overflights. In particular, the DTIRP Outreach Program emphasizes Readiness Through Awareness, to help government and defense industry understand and protect vulnerabilities during intrusive on-site inspections and overflights. The On-Site Inspection Agency 's mission continued to grow in early 1993. Both START II , which further reduces strategic nuclear arsenals, and the Chemical Weapons The Air Force OC-1358 aircraft is assigned the Open Skies mission. DTIRP personnel have provided specialized assistance to more than 100 DoD and OSIA inspectors conduct ewe mock inspection activity at the Umatilla Chemical Depot in Oregon. Convention (CWC) , which prohibits production and mandates the destruction of chemical weapons, were signed in January. As under START, the On-Site Inspection Agency was assigned responsibility for implementing START II' s inspection and escort activities. Under the ewe, inspections will be conducted by international inspection teams. However, OSIA will escort those teams during inspections in the United States. OSIA has also developed and conducted training courses to prepare U.S. and non-U.S. citizens for ap pointment to the ewe international inspection teams . In late 1994, the U.S. Government once again called upon OSIA to support a new mission-a highly sensitive operation known as Project Sapphire. The operation centered on the Ulba Metallurgical Plant in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakstan-formerly a major contributor to the Soviet military nuclear complex. Kazak and American officials were concerned that the highly enriched uranium stored at the Ulba plant could be stolen. After receiving a request for assistance from Kazakstan , the United States sent a team of 31 specialists, including 4 OSIA personnel, to prepare and ship 600 kilograms of nuclear material to Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. The transport was completed smoothly, and OSIA added another success to its list of accomplishments. Supporting Peace in Bosnia Latest in OSIA's enviable record of challenging assignments is its selection to support international peace efforts in the former Yugoslavia. After three and a half years of war, Bosnia , Croatia and Serbia successfully negotiated a peace agreement commonly known as the Dayton Peace Accords. They also agreed to implement a series of verification measures similar to those under CFE and the Vienna Documents , including CSBMs and limits on various types of offensive arms. Because of OSIA European Operations Command's experience in conducting h undreds of CFE and Vienna Document missions, OSIA was a logical choice to help implement the Dayton Peace Accords. Working with other OSCE states , OSIA inspectors represent the United States on international inspection teams. In March 1996, OSIA led its first inspection, providing the international team with a team chief, a deputy team chief, a weapons specialist and a linguist. Once again, the Agency is proud to be at the forefront of international efforts for peace. OSIA European Operations personnel sign an inspection report at the end of a training inspection in Bosnia. Agency personnel conducted these inspections under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.