FM 17-36 BISON' I 0 E: PART ME_N T 0 F' T HE AR M Y FI EL D M ANUA L I I ,. (0 0> - ~ DIVISIONAL ARMORED AND AIR · CAVALRY UNITS HI:ADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY "----..'\ OCTOBER 1965 i I I AGO 5733A i i( *FM 17-36 FIELD MANUAL } HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 17-36 WASHINGTON, D.C., 8 October 1965 DIVISIONAL ARMORED AND AIR CAVALRY UNITS Paragraphs Page PART ONE. GENERAL CHAPTER 1. GENERAL 1-4 5 2. EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED AND AIR CAVALRY UNITS ----------------------------5-9 9 PART Two. ARMORED CAVALRY TROOP CHAPTER 3. GENERAL Section I. General ----------------------------------------10,11 10 II. Organization ------------------------------------12-14 10 III. Duties of key personneL___________________________ 15,16 14 CHAPTER 4. EMPLOYMENT OF THE ARMORED CAVALRY PLATOON Section I. General -----------------------------------------17 16 II. Reconnaissance operations -----------------------18-31 16 III. Offensive operations -----------------------------32-46 30 IV. Security operations ------------------------------47-52 33 V. Defensive operations ----------------------------53-60 36 • VI. Delaying action ----------------------------------61-69 40 CHAPTER 5. EMPLOYMENT OF THE ARMORED CAVALRY TROOP Section I. General -----------------------------------------70-75 47 II. Reconnaissance operations -----------------------76-81 50 III. Offensive operations -----------------------------82-102 57 IV. Security operations ------------------------------103-110 65 V. Defensive operations ----------------------------111-119 76 VI. Retrograde operations ----------------------------120-122 81 PART THREE. AIR CAVALRY TROOP CHAPTER 6. GENERAL Section I. General -----------------------------------------123,124 89 II. Organization ------------------------------------125 89 III. Employment of Army aircraft____________________ _ 126-129 98 Air marches and assembly areas___________________ IV. 130-147 100 CHAPTER 7. EMPLOYMENT OF THE AIR CAVALRY TROOP Section I. General -----------------------------------------148-152 110 II. Reconnaissance operations ------------------------153-164 112 III. Offensive operations ------------------------------165-167 128 IV. Security operations ------------------------------168-175 130 V. Defensive operations -----------------------------176-179 138 VI. Delaying action ----------------------------------180-185 139 VII. Air escort operations______________________________ 186 142 *This manual supersedes FM 17-36, 21 December 1961, including C I, 6 May 1963, and C 2, I July 1964: FM 17-35, II February 1960; and FM 57-17, 22 September 1959. TAGO 5733A-September Paragraphs Page PART FoUR. ARMORED CAVALRY SQUADRON CHAPTER 8. GENERAL Section I. General -----------------------------------------187-189 144 II. Organization ------------------------------------1~0-199 145 III. Combat support ----------------------------------200-205 147 IV. Organization for combat___________________________ 206, 207 148 V. Employment, headquarters and headquarters troop___ 208-213 149 CHAPTER 9. RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS Section I. General -----------------------------------------214-216 151 II. Types of reconnaissance missions___________________ 217-219 151 III. Conduct of reconnaissance operations_______________ 220-223 155 CHAPTER 10. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. General -----------------------------------------224-230 158 II. Preparation for attack____________________________ 231-233 160 III. Conduct of attack_________________________________ 234-236 160 IV. Consolidation, reorganization and continuation of attack ----------------------------------------237,238 161 v. Exploitation and pursuit__________________________ 239-241 162 CHAPTER 11. SECURITY OPERATIONS Section I. General -----------------------------------------242-244 164 II. Flank guard operations___________________________ 245,246 164 III. Rear guard operations____________________________ 247,248 169 IV. General outpost and covering force operations_______ 249, 250 170 v. Screening force operations_________________________ 251, 252 170 VI. Rear area security operations (STANAG 2079) ______ 253-256 173 CHAPTER 12. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. General -----------------------------------------257-268 176 II. Mobile defense -----------------------------------269-272 179 III. Area defense -----------------------------------273-276 180 IV. Perimeter defense --------------------------------277-279 181 CHAPTER 13. RETROGRADE OPERATIONS Section I. General -----------------------------------------280-282 183 II. Delaying action -------------------~-------------283-290 183 III. Withdrawal ------------------------------------291-293 188 IV. Retirement --------------------------------------294,295 189 CHAPTER 14. SPECIAL OPERATIONS Section I. General -----------------------------------------296 191 II. Chemical agent detection and radiological monitoringand survey operations__________________________ _ 297-301 191 III. Area damage control (STANAG 2079) -------------302-304 192 IV. Reconnaissance behind enemy lines_________________ 305-310 193 V. Airmobile operations ----------------------------311 195 VI. Counterinsurgency operations ---------------------312-315 195 PART FIVE. AIRBORNE DIVISION CAVALRY SQUADRON CHAPTER 15. GENERAL Section I. General -----------------------------------------316,317 204 II. Organization -----------------------------------318 204 III. Combat support ----------------------------------319 205 IV. Organization for combat__________________________ _ 320 205 CHAPTER 16. AIRBORNE ASSAULT Section I. General -----------------------------------------321 207 II. Preparation for airborne assault___________________ 322-328 207 III. Conduct of assault phase_________________________ _ 329-333 210 IV. Withdrawal by air-------------------------------334 211 v. Pathfinder operations -----------------------------335,336 211 AGO 5733A • CHAPTER 17. APPENDX I. II. III. IV. v. VI. VII. INDEX Paragraphs Page EMPLOYMENT OF THE AIRBORNE DIVISION ARMORED CAVALRY SQUADRON____________ 337-343 212 214 REFERENCES ---------------------------------SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS IN ARMORED 217 CAVALRY UNITS ----------------------------EMPLOYMENT OF ARMY AIRCRAFT___________ 229 EXAMPLES OF OPERATION ORDERS__________ 249 STANAG 2079, REAR AREA SECURITY AND REAR AREA DAMAGE CONTROL____________ 250 256 BATTLE DRILL -------------------------------ARMORED RECONNAISSANCE/AIRBORNE ASSAULT VEHICLE (AR/AAV) -------------- 268 270 AGO 5733A PART ONE GENERAL CHAPTER I GENERAL I. Purpose This manual provides doctrine for the employment of the reconnaissance platoon, the armored cavalry platoon, troop, and divisional squadron, and the air cavalry troop. Doctrine for the employment of the scout platoon is contained in FM 17-15; however, the information in this manual on definitions, missions, fundamentals, communications, and duties applies to all reconnaissance type platoons. · 2. Scope a. This manual covers basic doctrine in tactics, techniques of employment, organization, exercise of command, control, movements, and tactical operations appropriate to reconnaissance platoons of combat battalions, all armored cavalry platoons and troops, all air cavalry troops, and divisional armored cavalry squadrons. b. The procedures described herein are intended as a guide only and are not to be considered inflexible. Each situation in combat must be resolved by an intelligent interpretation and application of the doctrine set forth herein. c. This manual is designed to be used in conjunction with FM 17-1. General information contained in FM 7-11, FM 7-15, FM 7-20, FM 7-30, FM 17-15, FM 17-30, and FM 54-2 may be used as applicable. d. Unless otherwise specified, the material presented herein is applicable without modification to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare. e. Figure 1 shows the symbols most frequently used in illustrations throughout this manual. For other military symbols, refer t() FM 21-30. f. Users of this manual are encouraged to submit recommended changes or comments to improve the manual. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which the change is recommended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to insure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should be forwarded direct to US Army Combat Developments Command Armor Agency, Fort Knox, Ky. 3. Missions of Armored a.nd Air Cavalry Units a. Armored and air cavalry units are organized to perform reconnaissance and to provide security for the unit to which assigned or attached and to engage in offensive, defensive, and delaying action as an economy of force unit. The employment of armored and air cavalry units on such missions permits the higher commander to concentrate the efforts of other elements of the command on more decisive objectives or on other aspects of the mission. b. The majority of missions assigned to armored and air cavalry units are primarily of a reconnaissance and security nature. In many instances troops of the squadron will perform one of the types of reconnaissance as a part of the overall squadron security mission. When troops of the squadron are assigned one type of security mission, they perform continuous reconnaissance. Therefore, a reconnaissance mission provides a certain degree of security, and a security mission provides information of the enemy and the area of operations. c. The security force orients its location or movement on the force being secured whereas the unit conducting a reconnaissance mission AGO 5733A D ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER USED BY THE SUPPORT SQUADS ARMORED COMMAND AND RECONNAISSANCE CARRIER CONTACT POINT Note. Illustrations used herein are not intended to depict future design of vehicles or equipment. HELICOPTER, OBSERVATION ? E( Aero-Scout Platoon Leader HELICOPTER, UTILITY ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ co Aero-Weapons Aero-Rifle Service Mainten once Troop Operations ATGM .1. .. M113 APC Ml14 ACRC M41 TANK • --. ...... .. f I ~ ~-ton truck %-ton truck 2}2-ton truck heIicopter, light observation with trailer with water trailer ... ._.... ..__.. ~ iii 2¥.J:-ton truck, gasoline 2}2-ton true k van shop 5-ton truck helicopter, utility tank w/kit segregator w/cargo tra iIer w/ammo trailer UNITS scri2J Aero-Scout Unit Aero-Rifle Unit Air Cavalry Troop [2] WPN Aero-Weapons Unit Figure 1. Symbols used in manual. \ AGO 5733A orients its location or movement on intelligence (b) Types of security rnissions. objectives. For a detailed discussion of recon1. Advance guard. An advance naissance and security missions, see FM 17-1. guard is a security force, primarily offensive in nature, which (1) Reconnaissance definitions, missions, operates to the front of a movingand fundamentals. force to insure its uninterrupted (a) Reconnaissance. Reconnaissance is advance and to protect it fromthe directed effort in the field to colenemy surprise attack by defeat lect information of the enemy and ing or delaying the enemy within the area of operations by ground its capabilities. and air means. 2. Flank guard. A flank guard is a (b) Types of reconnaissance missions. security force that operates to the 1. Route reconnaissance. Route re flank of a moving or stationaryconnaissance is the directed effort force to protect it from enemyto obtain information of the route, ground observation, direct fire,obstacles, and enemy along a speand surprise attack by defeatingcific route and the terrain adjaor delaying the enemy within itscent to the route which would afcapabilities. fect movement along the route. 3. Rear guard. A rear guard is a 2. Zone reconnaissance. Zone recon security force that operates tonaissance is the directed effort to the rear of an advancing or withobtain detailed information of all drawing force to protect it fromroutes, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundenemy surprise attack or annoyance by defeating or delaying the aries. enemy within its capabilities. 3. Area reconnaissance. Area recon #. Screening force. A screening naissance is the directed effort to obtain detailed information of all force, by surveillance over an exroutes, terrain, and enemy forces tended frontage to the front, within a specific and clearly deflank, or rear of a moving or stafined area. tionary force provides early warning by observing, reporting, (c) Reconnaissance in force. Reconnaissance in force is a limited-objective and maintaining visual contact operation by a force of sufficient with enemy forces encountered. size to discover and test the enemy's 5. General outpost or covering force. A general outpost or a covering dispositions and strengths, or to de velop other intelligence. force is a mobile, tactically self (d) Fundamentals of reconnaissance. contained security force that op 1. Orient on the location or moveerates at a considerable distance ment of intelligence objectives. to the front, flank, or rear of a 2. Report all information accurately moving or stationary force, with and rapidly. the mission of making an early 3. Avoid decisive engagements. development of the ·situation, de#. Maintain contact with the enemy. feating hostile forces if possible, 5. Develop the situation. and deceiving, delaying, and dis (2) Security definition, missions, and organizing enemy forces until the main force can adequately react fundamentals. to cope with the situation. (a) Security. Security as applies to armored and air cavalry, includes 6. Rear area security force. A rear area security force protects rear • all measures taken by a command to protect itself from observation or area units, installations, and surprise. routes of communication from at- AGO 678SA 7 tack by enemy airborne and airshould be employed in close conjunction with landed forces, guerrillas, and inground units so that the capabilities of groundfiltrators. and air elements will mutually complement each (c) Fundamentals of security. other. These basic characteristics are discussed 1. Orient on the location or movein FM 17-1. Air-to-ground weapons are disment of the force being secured. cussed in appendix III. 2. Perform continuous reconnaissance. 3. Provide timely and accurate warning. 4. Provide space for maneuver. 5. Maintain enemy contact. d. Economy of force is the skillful and prudent use of combat power to accomplish the mission with minimum expenditure of re sources. (1) Economy of force implies appropriate allocation, not husbanding, of the available means to perform secondary tasks to insure sufficient combat power at the point of decision. Armored and air cavalry units are organized and equipped to perform economy of force missions, thus permitting a commander to maneuver the preponderance of his other forces to another area for a decisive blow. (2) In the economy of force role, armored and air cavalry units can be employed in any offensive, defensive, or retro grade operation in areas and on missions not requiring the combat power of a tank unit. They can also be employed as an economy of force to fill a gap. 4. Characteristics of Armored and Air Cavalry Units a. General. Successful operations by armored and air cavalry units depend on the maximum use of the inherent favorable characteristics of armor-protected firepower, air-to-ground weapons, ground and air mobility, shock effect, extensive and multiple means of communications, and flexibility. Air cavalry units normally b. Firepower. Armored and air cavalry units have mobile firepower in the form of tank weapons, air-to-ground weapons, machineguns, mortars, and individual weapons. c. Mobility. Armored and air cavalry units are completely air or surface mobile in organic vehicles and can move rapidly cross-country on roads or trails, and in the air. Their many light, tracked vehicles provide excellent crosscountry mobility. The swimming capability of the armored command and reconnaissance carrier, the armored personnel carrier, and the self-propelled mortar provide an inland water crossing capability. Scout and dismounted rifle and mortar elements can be readily transported throughout the battle area by Army aircraft. d. Shock Effect. Shock effect in armored and air cavalry units is enhanced by mobility and firepower, and the armor shielding afforded by its ground vehicles. e. Extensive and Flexible Communications. Armored and air cavalry units have an extensive and flexible communications system. Although FM voice radio is the primary means employed between ·troop and squadron, AM radio (voice or CW) and telephone (wire communication) are also available. This capability enables a great volume of traffic to be handled, and provides a means for maintaining com munications over greater distances than would be possible using only FM voice radio. f. Flexibility. Cross-country and air mobility of certain elements, extensive and flexible communications, and responsiveness to command permit armored and air cavalry units to operate over wide areas and at extended distances in accomplishing rapidly changing and varied missions. AGO 67SSA CHAPTER 2 EMPLOYMENT OF ARMORED AND AIR CAVALRY UNITS 5. General Actions of armored and air cavalry units in combat are governed by the application of the principles of war and certain guiding fundamentals of employment for armor, which are discussed in FM 17-1, and for air cavalry, which are discussed in this manual. The success of these units depends to a large degree on the tactical ingenuity of commanders in applying these principles and fundamentals. 6. Principles of War The principles of war govern all military operations. They are the major factors that commanders must consider in achieving success on the battlefield. In combat, the plan of each commander, regardless of level, must be based on a specific mission and on the logical application of the principles of war. Principles of war are discussed in detail in FM 17-1. 7. Factors Affecting Employment The successful employment of armored and air cavalry units depends on the commander's careful and continuous consideration of certain influencing factors. These are the mission, enemy, terrain and weather, and troops available (METT). The four factors are considered constantly and simultaneously by the commander. A detailed discussion of these factors is contained in FM 17-1. 8. Alternate Equipment Alternate equipment may be substituted when an armored cavalry unit organic to an infantry division is to be employed in an air transportable role. Appropriate authority will select the most desirable equipment to suit the mission. Capabilities of substituted equipment must be considered when employing the unit. 9. Combat Support for Armored and Air Cavalry Units Armored and air cavalry units, depending on their assigned mission and forces available, may be supported by artillery, engineer, tactical air force, and Army aviation elements and reinforced by tanks and mechanized infantry. FM 17-1 provides general guidance on combat support for armor units. Specific guidance for armored and air cavalry units is given throughout this manual at each level and for each type of operation discussed. The use of smoke is covered in FM 3-50. •AGO 573SA PART TWO ARMORED CAVALRY TROOP CHAPTER 3 GENERAL Section I. I0. Purpose and Scope Part Two covers the organization, tactics, and techniques employed by the armored cavalry platoon and troop. Reconnaissance, offensive, security, defensive, and retrograde operations are covered in separate sections. The armored cavalry troops of divisions and armored cavalry regiments are similar in organization and conduct operations in essentially the same manner; therefore, the tactics and techniques for each type of operation discussed in this manual pertain to each of these platoons and troops. I I. Missions and Capabilities of the Armored Cavalry Troop a. The armored cavalry troop is designed to perform reconnaissance, provide security, and engage in offensive, defensive, and delaying action as an economy of force unit. It is employed on missions that complement the squadron mission or the mission of the unit to which it is attached. The armored cavalry troop has the following capabilities: (1) Collection of information of intelligence value, including information on GENERAL potential nuclear targets and nuclear damage assessment. (2) Providing flank security for a larger unit on one flank. (3) Acting as part of a security force between two larger units. ( 4) Acting as part of a divisional general outpost (GOP) or a corps covering force in defensive operations; acting as part of a division covering force in offensive and retrograde operations. ( 5) Providing a screen for a larger unit. (G) Performing rear area security as part of a larger force. (7) Conducting offensive, defensive, and retrograde operations in reconnaissance and security missions or as an economy of force unit. (8) Conducting chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring and survey operations. (9) Performing damage control operations as part of a larger force. b. The armored cavalry troop is capable of operating as an independent force for a limited period of time. The troop may be reinforced as required by the mission. Section II. ORGANIZATION 12. General The armored cavalry troop consists of a troop headquarters and three armored cavalry platoons. Figure 2 shows the organization of the armored cavalry troop. 13. Troop Headquarters, Armored Cavalry Troop The armored cavalry troop headquarters consists of a headquarters section, a ground surveillance section, and a maintenance section. AGO 5788A a. Headquarters Section. The headquarters tion is to provide short range ground radar section comprises the troop command post. It surveillance for the troop. is the operations and administrative center of c. Maintenance Section. The maintenance the troop and is usually under the supervision section performs organizational maintenance of the executive officer. It consolidates and reon the vehicles, radios, and weapons of the ports information, and communicates, makes troop. It performs vehicle evacuation within liaison, and plans with higher headquarters its capability. The section comprises a mainand adjacent units. Logistical requirements of tenance sergeant, recovery mechanics, tracked vehicle mechanics, radio mechanics, and a tur the troop are also coordinated by this section. ret mechanic. Equipment in the section inThe headquarters section is composed of the cludes a tracked recovery vehicle, an armoredtroop commander, executive officer, first serpersonnel carrier, and necessary light trucks. geant, supply sergeant, communications chief, liaison sergeant, liaison agent, two intermedi 14. Armored Cavalry Platoon ate-speed radio operators, troop clerk, a comThe armored cavalry platoon consists of amander and driver for the armored command platoon headquarters, scout section, tank sec and reconnaissance carrier, and drivers for the tion, rifle squad, and a support squad (fig. 3).armored personnel carrier and wheeled vehicles a. Platoon Headquarters. Platoon headquar in the section. ters consists of the platoon leader and a scout b. Ground Surveillance Section. The ground driver. Transportation is provided by an surveillance section consists of a surveillance armored command and reconnaissance carrier. section chief and four radar operators. Two b. Scout Section. The scout section consists radar operators also drive the section's two of two scout squads, each with six men. Each armored personnel carriers required to transsquad consists of a squad leader, assistant port the two short range radar sets and persquad leader, two scout observers, and two sonnel of the section. The mission of this sec-drivers. The section leader also commands the I ARMD CAV TROOP I 1 ARMD CAVTRP HQ PLAT _I I I I GND SURVL HQ SEC MAINT SEC PLAT HQ TK SEC SPT SQD SEC SCT SEC RIFLE SQD Figure fJ. Organization, armored cavalry troop. AGO 5733A II first squad. There are two armored command fire team consists of a team leader, an autoand reconnaissance carriers in each squad. matic rifleman, a grenadier, and a rifleman. c. Tank Section. The tank section has three Transportation is provided by an armored perlight-gun tanks. Each crew includes a tank sonnel carrier. commander, gunner, driver, and loader. The platoon sergeant, also the section leader, come. Support Squad. The support squad con mands one tank. sists of a squad leader, gunner, assistant gun d. Rifle Squad. The rifle squad consists of a ner, ammunition bearer, and driver. The sup squad leader, two fire teams, one rifleman desigport weapon is mounted on an armored mortarnated as a machinegunner, and a driver. Each carrier. 12 AGO 678SA • > .. "'... "' > ARMORED CAVALRY PLATOON ' ~SCOUT SECTION ~ r RIFLE SQUAD ""-/ TANK SECTION ---/SUPPORT SQUA~ {PLATOON HQ ' / AN/VRC-53 ' AN/VRC-12 AN!VRC-46 AN/VRC-46 AN/PRC-25 AN/VRC-12 AN/VRC-53 ' AN/GRC-125 .. Lt (Plat ldr) P E-6 (Sec ldr) R E-5 (Asst Sqd Ldr) R 1 E-6 (Sqd Ldr) R E-7 (Plat Sgt) (Tk Comdr) P 1 E-6 (Tk Comdr) P 1 E-5 (Sqd ldr) R E-4 (Set Dvr) R E-3 (Set Obsr) P, M-79 E-3 (Set Obsr) P, M-79 2 E-5 (Team Ldr) R E-5 (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Gnr) P 1 E-4 (Mort Gnr) P E-4 (Set Dvr) R E-4 (Set Dvr) R 2 E-4 (Auto Rifleman) R E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-4 (Mort Carr Dvr) R 2 E-4 (Grenadier) P, M-79 E-3 (loader) P, S 1 E-3 (loader) P, S 1 E-3 (Asst Mort Gnr) P AN/GRC-125 3 E-3 (Rifleman) R 1 E-3 (Ammo Bearer) R AN/GRC-125 AN/VRC-53 1 E-4 (Pers Carr Dvr) R ~ E-6 (Sqd Ldr) R E-5 (Asst Sqd Ldr) R E-6 (Tk Comd) P E-3 (Set Osbr) P, M-79 E-3 (Set Obsr) P, M-79 E-5 (Gunner) P E-4 (Set Dvr) R E-4 (Set Dvr) R E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S E-3 (loader) P, S Figure 3. Manning chart for armored cavalry platoon. w Section Ill. DUTIES OF KEY PERSONNEL 15. Duties of Key Personnel, Troop Headquarters a. Troop Commander. The troop commander is responsible for the training, tactical employment, health and welfare, discipline, and administration of the troop. To discharge these responsibilities efficiently, he must train and use his subordinates to the fullest, and continually supervise the actions of the troop. b. Executive Officer. The executive officer is second in command of the troop. He keeps abreast of the tactical situation and must be prepared to assume command at any time. As the principal assistant to the troop commander, the executive officer supervises the functioning of the troop support elements and the activities of the troop command post. The executive officer is responsible for the movement, location, and security of the troop command post. He insures that communication is maintained with the platoons, the troop commander, and the next higher headquarters. c. First Sergeant. The first sergeant is the troop commander's administrative assistant; however, his duties may vary from administrative and supply matters to command responsibilities. He assists the executive officer in the operation of the command post and supervision of logistical support elements of the troop. d. Communications Chief. The communications chief assists the troop commander and executive officer on communications matters. He normally commands the command post vehicle and assists the executive officer and the first sergeant with the operation of the troop CP. He trains communication personnel and supervises the installation, operation, and maintenance of troop communications systems. During operations he insures that radio operators maintain efficient communication, that they record all incoming and outgoing messages, and that they are relieved properly. e. Liaison Sergeant. The liaison sergeant provides direct communication facilities between the troop command post and higher headquarters. He keeps informed of the existing tactical situation and the plans of the unit to which he is sent. Also, he may provide a radio relay station, carry messages and orders, and guide personnel or elements to the troop ,con'lmand post. f. Motor Sergeant. The motor sergeant commands the maintenance section and advises the troop commander and executive officer on maintenance matters. He supervises and trains mechanics, except the radio mechanics ; requests, issues, and stores repair parts; keeps maintenance records; and exercises overall supervision of organizational maintenance. g. Supply Sergeant. The supply sergeant is the troop commander's supply assistant. He maintains appropriate supply records, submits reports as required, and requests necessary supplies to sustain the troop. h. Surveillance Section Chief. The surveillance section chief commands the surveillance section and assists the troop commander on surveillance matters. He trains radar operators and supervises installation, operation, and maintenance of surveillance equipment. 16. Duties of Key Personnel, Platoon a. Genera,l. The platoon leader and noncommissioned officers in the armored cavalry platoon must be capable of employing the troops and equipment for which they are responsible. Within the platoon, each leader must be able to react rapidly and with initiative in any situation. He must have a knowledge of combined arms tactics and be able to employ his unit alone or as part of a larger force. b. Platoon Leader. The platoon leader is responsible to the troop commander for the discipline, training, combat readiness, and control of his platoon, and its maintenance and equipment. The platoon leader must know the capabilities and limitations of the men and equipment in the platoon, and he must be thoroughly familiar with all aspects of command and leadership as discussed in FM 17-1. c. Platoon Sergeant. The platoon sergeant is second in command of the platoon. He commands elements of the platoon as directed by the platoon leader and assumes command of the platoon in the absence of the platoon leader. Normally, when the platoon leader is mounted AGO 5733A in the command and reconnaissance carrier of platoon headquarters, the platoon sergeant will command the tank section. When the platoon leader uses a tank, the platoon sergeant may use the platoon leader's command and reconnaissance carrier. The platoon sergeant assists the platoon leader in maintaining discipline, in training, and in maintaining control of the platoon. He assists in matters pertaining to maintenance of equipment, supply, and other platoon administrative matters. d. Section and Squad Leaders. Section and squad leaders are responsible to the platoon leader for the training, discipline, tactical employment, and control of their units. They closely supervise the maintenance and operation of all vehicles and equipment that are organic to their elements. Each section or squad leader must be thoroughly familiar with the operational techniques of his own and other elements of the platoon. This is essential for effective combined arms action within the platoon. e. Tank Commanders. Tank commanders direct the movement, firing, maintenance, and supply of their tanks. They also supervise first aid and evacuation of wounded crew members. They are responsible to the platoon leader for the tactical employment of their tanks and the training and discipline of their crews. AGO 5733A CHAPTER 4 EMPLOYMENT OF THE ARMORED CAVALRY PLATOON Section I. 17. General a. The armored cavalry platoon is the basic tactical unit of the armored cavalry troop. Its organization and equipment permit its employment in numerous roles. It is capable of performing reconnaissance, providing security, and executing combat missions as an economy of force unit. GENERAL b. The platoon is organized, equipped, and trained to operate as a team. It should be employed as a unit. c. The armored cavalry platoon in the armored cavalry troop rarely will be detached for independent missions. Section II. RECONNAiSSANCE OPERATIONS 18. General a. Reconnaissance is the directed effort in the field to collect information of the enemy and the area of operations by ground and air means. The armored cavalry platoon usually performs reconnaissance to obtain information about the enemy. Reporting of enemy information will, therefore, take first priority. Information about the area of operations that has tactical significance, such as terrain, trafficability, etc., should be reported promptly. Information of available resources, such as repair materials, food, water, fuel, or utilities, should be reported as directed. b. Reconnaissance may be accomplished mounted, dismounted, or by combined mounted and dismounted action. Normally, the platoon will combine mounted and dismounted action. Scout elements employ stealth, infiltration and observation, and movement to obtain information. When necessary, the platoon will fight to accomplish its reconnaissance mission. Both positive and negative information are reported. c. The armored cavalry platoon is organized and equipped to operate most effectively along a single route or axis of advance. When more than one route or axis of advance is assigned, the platoon will cover the additional routes or axes of advance with elements from the platoon. (See figures 4-6 for armored cavalry platoon reconnaissance formations.) 19. Route Reconnaissance a. Route reconnaissance is the directed effort to obtain information of the route, obstacles, and enemy along a specific route and the terrain adjacent to the route which would affect movement along the route (fig. 5). b. The armored cavalry platoon may be directed to conduct route reconnaissance. If so, the platoon is normally assigned and can best reconnoiter one route. Route reconnaissance may be conducted forward of or to the rear of friendly dispositions. c. When the platoon performs route reconnaissance forward of friendly lines, enemy information will usually be of primary concern. The platoon reconnoiters the route or routes assigned and all terrain adjacent to the route, which, if occupied by the enemy, could influence movement along that route. The armored cavalry platoon operates as a unit, using the formation best suited to the terrain and enemy AGO 5733A situation. It takes necessary steps to insure constant local security. Scouts or tanks may lead the formation (figs. 4, 6, and 7). ( 1) Scouts mounted in armored vehicles do not have the capability of moving by stealth. Using the inherent armor protection and cross-country capability of these vehicles, scouts will normally lead the formation. When there is a threat of enemy armor or armorprotected antitank weapons, the tank section must be prepared to lead. (2) Scouts mounted in unprotected vehicles will usually lead the formation when very little or no enemy action has been encountered, fields of fire or terrain favors enemy ambush, and natural obstacles are prevalent. The tank section will usually lead the formation, with scouts employed on the flanks, when the platoon is approaching a known enemy position or when enemy small arms fire interferes with the rapid advance of the platoon. d. Route reconnaissance behind friendly lines usually is performed to determine the advisability of using routes that are indicated by map reconnaissance as suitable for the movement of a large force. e. All members of the platoon must have a working knowledge of the road, bridge, and overhead clearance requirements and inland water crossing capabilities of their own and supported units. The platoon should report route and bridge conditions, location and condition of bypasses, fords, and obstacles, and information of the enemy or terrain that are likely to affect the movement of friendly elements. f. Engineers should be placed in support of the armored cavalry platoon when they will facilitate the advance of the platoon and assist in collecting technical information. Engineers may assist the armored cavalry platoon by clearing mines, removing roadblocks, constructing hasty bridging, or constructing bypasses. g. For action on contact with the enemy refer to paragraph 24. 20. Zone Reconnaissance a. Zone reconnaissance is the directed effort to obtain detailed information of all routes, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries. b. The armored cavalry platoon may be assigned a zone reconnaissance mission. Zones are assigned by the troop commander to coordinate movement, control fires, and fix responsibility. Boundaries are used to designate platoon zones. Factors determining the width of the platoon zone are the pattern of the road net, terrain features, anticipated enemy activity, type of information desired, and time available for accomplishing the mission. The platoon can most effectively perform zone reconnaissance within a zone containing only one route. When performing this type reconnaissance, the platoon reconnoiters and reports information on all routes, key or dominating terrain, and the location, strength, and disposition of the enemy within the platoon zone. Less important terrain features in the zone are reconnoitered as thoroughly as time permits or the situation requires. The platoon must insure that terrain information is obtained and that no enemy forces are undetected. The platoon operates as a unit, using the formation best suited to the terrain and enemy situation. Normally, scouts reconnoiter roads, trails, and terrain features within the zone while the remainder of the platoon advances along the best route or axis of advance available, prepared to support the scout section anywhere in the zone (fig. 8). c. For action on contact with the enemy refer to paragraph 24. 21. Area Reconnaissa.nce Area reconnaissance is the directed effort to obtain detailed information of all routes, terrain, and enemy forces within a specific and clearly defined area. a. Area reconnaissance is performed to gain information of a definite locality such as towns, woods, or crossing sites over a water obstacle. In an area reconnaissance, the armored cavalry platoon moves by the most direct route to the area to be reconnoitered. During movement to the area to be reconnoitered, unless otherwise AGO 5733A :t DjRj:CTION . PF ADVANCE SCOUT SECTION: Operates I in front of platoon on main t route and reconnoiters lateral routes and terrain features nee· ~ _,_.. essary or as directed by the platoon leader. Scout squads may operate together or separately depending on the terrain. Scouts should dismount when necessary. PLATOON HEADQUARTERS: Location depends upon the situatio.n and mission. Platoon leader places himself where he can best control and influence actions of platoon. He should avoid becoming blocked behind a tracked vehicle. TANK SECTION: Overwatches operation of scout section and is prepared to support scout section by fire or attack from column. RIFLE SQUAD: Prepared to act as part of tankinfantry team in attack. Provides security to flanks of platoon by observation. Dismounts if platoon halts for an extended period. SUPPORT SQUAD: Prepared to furnish indirect-fire support to platoon. Monitors platoon situation constantly. Squad leader notifies platoon leader when he must move to new position to support platoon. I..I Figure 4. Armored cavalry platoon conducting reconnaissance; scout section leading. AGO 5733A I ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE ~· I ' ' Figure 5. Armored cavalry platoon conducting route reconnaissance. ordered, the platoon should report and bypass d. See paragraph 24 for actions on contact enemy opposition. When the platoon arrives at during area reconnaissance operations. the designated area, it performs reconnaissance in the same manner as for zone reconnaissance. 22. Movement During Reconnaissance n. One of the outstanding characteristics ofb. In moving from the location where the the armored cavalry platoon is its mobility. Inmission was first assigned to the area to be addition to excellent cross-country mobility, itreconnoitered, the platoon adopts a formation also has an inland water crossing capabilitythat will permit rapid, secure movement. This with its armored command and reconnaissanceformation is usually the same as that used for carriers and armored personnel carriers. Thisa route reconnaissance, with either the tanks mobility can be exploited best by aggressiveor scouts leading. action. c. The platoon leader plans the reconnaisb. When the situation is vague or when timesance in detail to insure that the area is systemis critical, the platoon will advance in columnatically covered, particularly roads and trails, and at maximum speed with scout elementskey terrain, and suspected enemy locations. If moving to the front by bounds. The distancethe area restricts vehicular movement, disbetween vehicles will vary with the terrain. The I mounted patrols from the scout section and rifle squad will normally reconnoiter the area tanks maintain observation over the area in which the scouts are operating. The purpose of (fig. 9). AGO 5733A 19 DIRECTION OF ADVANCE TK • SCT~ ••• ~(:--) •[@J SPT TANK SECTION: Operates in front of platoon on main route and reconnoiters that route. • SCT~ SQUADS: Operate on flank to reconnoiter lateral routes and provi de flank security for platoon. PLATOON HEADQUARTERS: Location depends on situation and mission. Platoon leader places himself where he can best control and influence actions of platoon-usually in second tank. Platoon sergeant leaves this tank and rides in platoon leader's command vehicle in front of support squad. RIFLE SQUAD: Prepared to act as part of tank-infantry team in attack. Observes to flanks. SUPPORT SQUAD: Prepared to furnish indirect-fire support to platoon. Squad follows platoon situation constantly. Squad leader notifies platoon leader when he must move to a new position to support platoon. Figure 6. Armored cavalry platoon conducting reconnaissance; tank section leading. 20 AGO 5733A DIRECTION OF 1 ADVANCE • SCOUT SECTION: Protects advance of platoon by • reconnoitering high ground on flanks. The scout section r;::;:?1 SCT~ leader controls one scout-tank team. SCT ~ • TANK SECTION: One or two tanks operate with a scout • squad to provide support for advancing scouts. Tanks r;:;(l should be mutually supporting when possible. Platoon TK ~ sergeant controls one scout-tank team. TK~ • ~ ~(-) PLATOON LEADER: Locates himself in position where he can best control actions of platoon. This is usually along route of advance of platoon. RIFLE SQUAD: Moves along route of advance prepared to support either one or both of the scout-tank teams . • SPT~ Figure 7. Armored cavalry platoon in reconnaissance Y formation. AGO 5733A • I I I I II I I ~,t¥~,: :,;;,. ''"''I t I I •I I I I I § I Figure 8. Armored cavalry plawon conducting zone reconnaissance. 22 AGO 5788A extending the formation to this degree is to permounted in unprotected vehicles, the determinamit the platoon to move at maximum speed and, tion as to which element will lead is based upon at the same time, minimize the possibility of a consideration of the factors of METT. When involving the entire platoon in an ambush or scout elements lead, they normally work in trap or exposing all elements of the platoon to pairs and move by bounds (fig. 10). This proenemy fire at one time. cedure assists in locating enemy positions, furnishes fire to cover the movement of leading c. When enemy contact becomes imminent or vehicles, and insures rapid transmission of in has been made, all elements of the platoon will normally advance by bounds with one element formation. The following basic techniques of covering the movement of another. movement are used by scout elements. d. During reconnaissance missions the pla(1) Before moving, the leader of the scout toon normally advances along one axis or route element must determine his next posiin column formation. In cross-country operation and the most favorable covered tion, some lateral dispersion within these forand concealed route to it. During mations is made. Formations frequently emmovement, the scout element must ployed by the armored cavalry platoon are move as rapidly as the situation perillustrated in figures 4, 6, and 7. mits, being on the alert for the enemy and ready to move quickly to cover e. Usually the scout section will lead the pla toon in the advance. In units where scouts are and concealment. Figure 9. Armored cavalry troop conducting area reconnaissance. AGO 5733A 23 ~ > 8 ..."' >"' ~~ ( ( -., _ (r,1If. {If' 4,,-~-------~ --r ~-{ +:,... 1 \ t,(cd"' ( ~->-'l?C_ --=_---u---" r 1-.;1_ _( ( -JC-,..-....._~ "-:~' ~---C __ --- -•-"" ~·~ ---r~ ~ _____..,.... . (1(\ ( ~ COVERING ELEMENT CLOSELY -----:::__~~~~~----:;,c=~----:,..._..--;:-OBS!::RVES ALL AREAS WHEREENEMY MAY BE IN HIDING ANDPROTECTS THE BOUNDING ELEMENT. BOUNDING ELEMENT MOVES RAPIDLYTO THE NEXT STOPPING POINT. The lead vehicle moves forward to the selected stopping point covered by the rear vehicle. . ( ,. '(J . ' / ------..,) ..--..._ I ( f.')t\ #·/"" --4.----(~ 1'-~-o · ....---....------:..~,..,., _ --c(rr1'~H t•« -"' --}---. \ 'v( f ' (( ( ~ljl ~! I \ •I __ L I· --(T'<.. ·_-:(-:-(----t; 1 ~~ -~-~ ("" ........,_--~~~ --:;l"'i!!!)Q_JI(, ---. ~ \ ----:~~ ~ii!P'""----===...;;:;-=-~ AFTER STOPPING POINT IS REACHED--"---~ ~---AND DETERMINED TO BE CLEAR, THE ......____ ,... REAR VEHICLE IS SIGNALED FORWARD. When the lead vehicle arrives at the selected stopping point, the vehicle commander dismounts and reconnoiters the areato the front, keeping his vehicle concealed until he has signaled the rear vehicle forward and the next bound has beendetermined. If the rear vehicle now leads the next bound, the squad will be employing alternate bounds. If the rearvehicle again covers the movement of the same lead vehicle, the squad will be employing successive bounds. Figure 10. Scout squad moving by bounds. • (2) When approaching a position that will afford new areas of observation, the commander of the leading vehicle should stop his vehicle and dismount while in defilade, to prevent enemy forces beyond the position from detecting his presence. The fundamentals of individual movement discussed in FM 21-75 are applicable. When the position is secure, the overwatching scout element moves forward. Should the commander and observer move forward dismounted the driver should man the caliber .50 machinegun and cover their advance. (3) Troops must not become vehiclebound. When the vehicle is stationary, they should dismount to improve observation, prevent enemy detection, and provide security. ( 4) The distance of each bound is determined by the nature of the terrain and the range at which the covering element can effectively support the moving element. Normally, this distance should not exceed the effective range of small arms fire. ( 5) Movement in each bound must be completed rapidly; however, it should not be done so rapidly that efficiency of operation and coordination between elements are lost. (6) When covering elements have been signaled forward, they should take the shortest and fastest route forward to avoid delaying the continuation of movement. (7) When the movement of advancing vehicles is being covered, observation must be directed at terrain from which fire is expected and not on the moving vehicles. In so doing, crews of the supporting vehicles are usually able to detect enemy fire more easily and to engage hostile forces more rapidly. Vehicles within the scout squad, or scout squads within the section, should advance employing either successive or alternate bounds (figs. 11 and 12). AGO 5733A (a) Successive bounds. In this method, the leading element, covered by the rear element, advances and takes up positions to support the advance of the rear element. The rear element, upon arriving at a position abreast of the leading element, halts and again supports the advance of the leading element. Only one element moves at any one time. This method is normally employed when contact is imminent. This method provides more protection during movement. (b) Alternate bounds. In this method, the leading element halts and takes up positions to support the advance of the rear element, which then advances past the leading element and takes up positions. The initial leading element then leapfrogs the initial rear element and advances to a new position. Only one element moves at any one time. This method of movement is usually more rapid than successive bounds. f. Tanks usually move by bounds, overwatching the scout section and the platoon leader. g. The rifle squad usually follows the tank section. It is prepared to be part of a tank infantry team if offensive action is required. During movement the rifle squad provides some security to the platoon by observing to the flanks. When the tank section halts, the riflemen provide dismounted local security. h. Normally, the support squad displaces forward from one firing position to another by bounds. The support squad should remain far enough to the rear of the platoon formation to allow employment of the mortar at the minimum range of the weapon. The squad leader monitors the platoon net to stay abreast of the situation and he must advise the platoon leader frequently of his status, location, and time of displacement. The support squad provides some security during movement by observing to the rear. i. The platoon leader places himself where he can best control the platoon with particular attentio'n to the scouts. He must rely on the platoon sergeant to directly control the movement of the tank section and the rifle squad. 5TH MOVE I I I I I I I I SCT ~SCT~ II Figure 11. Scout section moving by successive bounds. 23. Reconnaissance by Fire a. Reconnaissance by fire is accomplished by firing on likely or suspected enemy positions in an attempt to cause the enemy to disclose his present positions by movement or by return fire. During reconnaissance by fire, troops with binoculars must continually observe the positions being reconnoitered, so that any enemy movement or return fire will be definitely located. Reconnaissance by indirect fire has the added advantage of security for the scouts directing the fire and observing enemy reaction. b. Reconnaissance by fire may be used when time is critical. It is made at the risk of losing further surprise, but it tends to lessen the probability of moving into a well-concealed enemy position without being aware of its presence. Within the platoon, reconnaissance by fire is normally accomplished by the tanks and support squad. When scouts employ this technique, they must insure that their vehicles are in protected firing positions or they should dismount and fire from covered or concealed posi tions. c. If the enemy returns the fire, the unit proceeds to develop the situation. If the fire is not returned, the unit continues on its mission. However, caution should be exercised, because 26 AGO 5783A +I 4TH: MOVE I III3D I MOVEII I IIIIIMOVE II I I I SCT~ Figure 12. Scout section moving by alternate bounds. reconnaissance by fire may fail to draw the fire n. Deploy nnd Report. of seasoned enemy troops. ( 1) The platoon deploys to positions from which it can fire at or observe the d. Ifthe enemy fails to return the fire, it may enemy.be necessary for elements of the scout section (2) The platoon leader makes a report of to move to the flanks or rear of the suspected the enemy contact to the troop composition to check it. If available, air vehicles mander immediately.will facilitate movement of the ground element. b. Develop the Situntion. The platoon leader takes the necessary action to determine the 24. Action on Contact • location, strength, composition, and disposition When contact with an enemy force is made, of the enemy encountered. The platoon uses the action taken by the platoon leader and his two methods in developing the situation: reconplatoon falls into four distinct steps. naissance by fire or patrols, or both. AGO 5733A 27 ( 1) Reconnaissance by fire. In this method the weapons of the platoon are fired on known or suspected positions in an effort to make the enemy disclose his position by returning the fire or by moving. For further discussion of this method refer to paragraph 23. (2) Patrols. Mounted or dismounted patrols from the scout section move to positions from which they can observe known or suspected enemy positions. The rifle squad may also be used to provide additional men for dismounted patrols. Patrols provide better secrecy and consequently a better opportunity to surprise the enemy. c. Choose a Course of Action. After developing the situation the platoon leader must choose a course of action that will take care of the immediate situation as well as assist him in his assigned mission. d. Report. The platoon leader now makes a complete report to his troop commander. This report includes the enemy situation as it has been developed and the course of action the platoon leader will adopt. The troop commander normally approves the decision of the platoon leader. He will, however, disapprove the decision if it interferes with the overall mission of the troop. 25. Reconnaissance of a Bridge or Defile Visual reconnaissance is made for enemy positions before leading elements of the platoon across a bridge or into a defile. When mines, boobytraps, or ambushes are suspected, patrols reconnoiter the approaches of the bridge or defile. Reconnaissance of a bridge includes checking underneath as well as on top for mines, boobytraps, demolition charges, or weakened construction. Any demolitions located should be removed or neutralized. The tank section and support squad cover the movement of scout elements to the far side, and then the remainder of the platoon passes over the bridge or through the defile. When it is not possible to cross a bridge, fording sites will be selected and reconnoitered. Reconnaissance will include selection of entrances and exits and checking for underwater obstacles and demolitions. In selecting fording sites platoon personnel must consider the inland water crossing capability of the unit to which assigned or attached. 26. Reconnaissance of a Town, Obstacle, or Enemy Position a. In reconnoitering a town, obstacle, or enemy position, the unit should make an attempt to approach it from the flanks or rear. If time is available, the reconnaissance should be made dismounted; however, if time is short, the unit will remain mounted. In either case, detailed observation with binoculars will precede the actual reconnaissance. If the terrain permits, scouts should be positioned where they can observe approaches other than the one being used by the platoon while reconnoitering the near edge of town. b. When time is available, dismounted patrols move forward, covered by the remaining elements of the unit. The number of patrols depends upon the size of the objective and upon available approaches, cover, and concealment. If the patrols find that the near edge of the area is clear, the remainder of the unit, less the support squad, moves forward. The dismounted patrols then continue the reconnaissance, overwatched and followed closely by the rest of the unit. c. A mounted reconnaissance should usually start with a reconnaissance by fire. Then the mounted patrol moves forward rapidly, over.. watched by the tanks and supported by the support squad. If the near edge of the area is clear, the overwatching elements move forward and the advance continues. Vehicles move through a town by bounds in a staggered formation, covering the buildings on the opposite side of the street by observation and fire. It is desirable for dismounted troops to precede the vehicles. 27. Reconnaissance at Night a. Reconnaissance operations are slow and less effective at night. Night reconnaissance is usually limited to dismounted patrolling, observation of routes, and the use of listening posts. Only against light enemy resistance and with favorable terrain and routes of advance can vehicular reconnaissance be used without being preceded by dismounted patrols. Engines AGO 5733A and tracked vehicle movements can be heard for considerable distances. Observation is limited, making vehicles highly susceptible to ambush. b. When mounted reconnaissance is necessary at night, it is carefully planned after a detailed map reconnaissance. When possible, visual reconnaissance is conducted during daylight. Key individuals prepare sketches showing the road net and landmarks that can be easily identified at night. c.· Measures are taken before departure to muffle equipment noises, prevent light reflections, and reduce light from flashlights or vehicular lights. d. Elements of the platoon move to successive positions by bounds. The degree of caution with which the platoon moves is determined by the known or suspected proximity of hostile forces. 28. Reconnaissance Opera.tions Behind Enemy Lines Armored cavalry elements may be employed on reconnaissance missions in rear of enemy forces. Members of the armored cavalry platoon, particularly scouts and riflemen, should be trained in mounted and dismounted reconnaissance operations behind enemy forces. Further discussion is included in paragraphs 308 through 313. 29. Chemical Agent Detection and Radiological Monitoring and Survey Operations The armored cavalry platoon is capable of conducting chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring and survey operations. Although the scout section will most frequently be employed for this purpose, everyone in the platoon must be trained to conduct such operations. For guidance on radiological monitoring and survey operations, see paragraphs 300 through 304. 30. Reconnaissance Instructions a. Reconnaissance instructions must be complete and must include exactly what combat information is to be obtained, the time by which the information must be reported, where the information is to be sought, and when the mis- AGO 5733A sion is to be executed. Essential details may include ( 1) Pertinent information of the enemy and friendly troops. (2) Plans of the higher commander. ( 3) Specific information desired. ( 4) Zone, area, or route to be reconnoitered. ( 5) When, where, and how information is to be reported to the higher commander. ( 6) Time of departure. ( 7) Phase lines, check points, contact points, objectives, and, when desir. able, the times they are to be reached. ( 8) Action to be taken when the mission is completed. b. A route, zone, or area reconnaissance missiori is assigned to the armored cavalry platoon as a unit, usually by oral order. The platoon leader then issues orders to his platoon. When the situation permits, he will assemble his key noncommissioned officers to receive the order. After the reconnaissance has started, additional instructions are disseminated by radio, by messeng-er, or by the platoon leader in person. 31. Tra.nsmitting Information a. Rapid transmission of information is essential to the success of any reconnaissance mission. All members of armored cavalry units must be indoctrinated with the need for rapid and accurate transmission of all positive or negative information gathered. Use of a standard report format facilitates transmission of essential information (fig. 13). A unit has not fully accomplished its mission until it has reported the results of its reconnaissance to higher headquarters. b. Information is transmitted without delay from squad or section to platoon, and from platoon to higher headquarters. Positive and negative information, regardless of its apparent value, is forwarded to higher headquarters. This information mn.y be of extreme importance to the higher headquarters when considered in conjunction with information received from other sources. Negative information is often as important as positive information. Section Ill. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 32. General a. The armored cavalry platoon may be required to attack to accomplish its assigned mission. It may attack as part of a troop or independently. The attack may be coordinated or it may be an attack from march column. b. FM 17-1 and FM 17-15 contain additional information on the fundamentals of attack, techniques of employing tanks and infantry, control measures, and other basic considerations of offensive action. 33. Preparation for a Coordinated Attack a. Before the platoon leader can reach a decision to attack or formulate his attack plan, the situation at hand must be developed in enough detail to permit him to make an estimate of the situation. He must analyze the mission, enemy situation, terrain and weather, and troops available. He must consider, evaluate, and compare the courses of action open to him and then decide on the course of action that is most likely to succeed. For a discussion of the estimate of the situation, see FM 17-1. b. Whether the platoon attacks alone or as part of the troop, it is important that the platoon leader make both a map and a ground reconnaissance of the area of operations. By so doing, he is better able to make a valid estimate of the situation and arrive at a sound decision. 34. Control Measures To control his platoon in the attack, the platoon leader uses certain control measures, the type and number of which depend on the mission. In the planning stage, the platoon will normally be assigned an objective by the troop commander. This objective is a control measure in itself and all efforts of the platoon are directed toward its capture. Other control measures that may be used are the attack position; line of departure; axis of advance, zone, or direction of attack and checkpoints. These measures and others used during offensive actions are discussed in FM 17-1. 35. Planning for a Coordinated Attack The platoon plan of attack includes the scheme of maneuver and the plan of fire support. Before completing his plan of attack, the platoon leader conducts a reconnaissance and completes his estimate of the situation. The platoon leader's plan must be simple, yet it must contain all essential details. It should include a. The composition and location of the base of fire, targets to be fired on, and control measures to lift or shift fires. b. The composition of the maneuvering force, the route it will take to the objective and, if applicable, when the rifle squad will be dismounted. c. Provisions for security during the attack, reorganization and consolidation after the attack, and resumption of the advance. 36. Composition of the Maneuvering Force in a Platoon Attack a. The maneuvering force should contain the maximum available combat power. It should seek to strike the enemy force on the flanks or in the rear. In a mounted attack the armored cavalry platoon normally uses the tank section and rifle squad in the maneuvering force. Scout elements may accompany the maneuvering force to provide flank security and to assist in movement of the force by selecting covered or concealed routes. Scout elements mounted in armored vehicles may also join other elements in closing with the enemy, adding their vehicular mounted weapons to the firepower of the maneuvering force. If a dismounted attack is required, the maneuvering force may consist only of scouts and the rifle squad (fig. 14). b. Normally, the platoon leader should mount in the platoon sergeant's tank and directly control the actions of the maneuvering element throughout the attack. He must have communication with other elements of the platoon. The platoon sergeant commands the element not directly under the platoon leader. Radio will be the primary means of communication, but alternate control means such as arm and hand signals, flag signals, and pyrotechnics should be planned. 30 AGO 5733A SPOT REPORT ALPHA--What is identification of person sending information? BRAVO--What enemy was observed and in what strength? CHARLIE--Where and when was the enemy observed? DELTA--What was the enemy doing? ECHO--What are you doing about it? EXAMPLE ALPHA--Rattlesnake 16. BRAVO--S medium tanks. CHARLIE--Coordinates 596715. 0930 hours. DELTA--Moving south on Highway 17. ECHO--Keeping them under observation. Figure 13. Spot report format. 37. Composition of the Platoon Base of Fire a. The base of fire element should consist of the minimum force necessary to limit the enemy's capability to interfere with the movement of the maneuver elements and, within its capabilities, to neutralize or destroy the enemy. In the platoon, it normally consists of the support squad. Tanks, riflemen, or scout elements may assist the base of fire. Tanks are placed in the base of fire only if the terrain or enemy dispositions prevent their employment in the maneuvering force. Riflemen and scouts are employed to assist the base of fire when the composition of the enemy force is such that friendly automatic weapons can provide effective suppressive fire. b. Elements of the platoon employed in the base of fire are normally controlled by the platoon sergeant. 38. Supporting Fires for a Platoon in a. Coordinated Attack • Supporting fires for the platoon must be planned by the platoon leader. If support squads are massed under troop control, mortar fire is requested through the troop commander. Supporting artillery fires are requested through the troop commander or the artillery forward observer when available. AGO 5733A BASE OF FIRE Figure 14. Attack formation, armored cavalry platoon. 39. Platoon Operation Order a. The platoon leader's order for the attack is given orally. It is desirable to issue the order to key members of the platoon from a vantage point where they can view the terrain over which the attack will take place. If this cannot be done, the platoon leader will issue his order at any convenient location, using a map or sketch of the area to outline his plan. The platoon leader should adhere to the standard operation order format in issuing his order. b. The platoon leader usually issues the order to the platoon sergeant and section and squad leaders. These key noncommissioned officers then disseminate the instructions to their units. Time permitting, all members of the platoon should be afforded an opportunity to see the terrain over which the attack will take place. 40. Attack Position a. If the plan of attack requires the use of an attack position, this position is occupied for the shortest possible time. Every effort is made to move rapidly through the attack position, if used, in the specified attack formation and to cross the line of departure without halting. When the situation requires that the maneuvering elements halt in the attack position, the platoon leader should insure that local security is established; use is made of available cover and concealment; the platoon is in the prescribed formation; and readiness of platoon is reported to the troop commander. b. Section and squad leaders make an inspection of their units and correct deficiencies as the situation permits. 41. Actions of the Maneuvering Force a. The maneuvering force closes with the enemy as rapidly as possible. Maximum use is made of cover and concealment during the advance, and the maneuvering force should advance as close as possible to the objective before employing fire and movement. b. The maneuvering force places maximum fire on the enemy as soon as it is within effective range. The fire of the maneuvering force, reinforced by the base of fire, pins down the enemy, denies him observation and movement, and destroys his troops and equipment. c. The decision as to when and where to dismount the rifle squad, if it is to be dismounted, is the decision of the platoon leader and is based on the situation. When the rifle squad is dismounted, the squad leader must insure that there are personnel operating with each of the three tanks. It may be possible for one fire team to operate with a pair of tanks, while the other fire team operates with one tank. The terrain and situation will dictate how the squad is employed to provide maximum coverage to the tank section. d. FM 17-1 contains additional information on employment of the maneuvering force. 42. Actions of the Base of Fire a. The mission of the base of fire is to pin the enemy to the ground and neutralize his weapons, thereby permitting freedom of action by the maneuvering force. The base of fire normally does not join the maneuver force in the final assault against the objective. The base of fire may consist of organic mortars, supporting artillery, armed Army aircraft, tactical air, and naval gunfire. The use of tanks in a base of fire is justified only when terrain precludes their employment in the maneuvering force. Supporting fires are lifted or shifted at the last possible moment to keep the enemy troops pinned down until the assault elements are upon them. These fires must be lifted or shifted soon enough to prevent losses to friendly troops. A preselected, readily identifiable terrain feature and/or signal is used to coordinate the lifting and shifting of supporting fires and the final deployment of the attacking echelon in preparation for conducting an assault against an enemy position. Complete details for fire support planning are contained in FM 6-20-1 and FM 6-20-2. b. Elements in the platoon assisting. the base of fire displace forward on prearranged plan or order. The support squad should be left in position until its fires are masked or the objective is secure. When the support squad displaces, indirect support fires should be obtained from other available sources. 43. Actions of Key Personnel During the Attack a. The platoon leader, who is normally with the maneuvering force, controls the conduct of the attack and varies the platoon formation to meet changes in the situation. His major concern is to seize the objective. Additionally, he keeps the troop commander informed of the terrain and enemy resistance encountered, reporting any change in the situation. Upon meeting strong resistance that the platoon cannot engage effectively, he requests supporting fires through the troop commander and keeps the commander informed of the situation. b. The platoon sergeant and section and squad leaders assist the platoon leader by carrying out orders aggressively during the attack, by supervising and controlling the actions of their units, by constantly observing in their immediate areas, and by keeping the platoon leader informed of the situation. 44. The Conduct of the Attack a. On order, all weapons in the base of fire begin firing. This fire is distributed over the entire objective. When the maneuvering force arrives at the objective and masks the supporting fires, the base of fire lifts its fire or shifts fire beyond and to the flanks of the objective. This action is controlled by radio, observation, or prearranged signals. b. Fires of the maneuvering force should strike the objective before the time that supporting fires are lifted. When the base of fire AGO 5733A lifts or shifts its fires, the maneuvering force fire support agencies may be made at • should move directly onto the objective in the this time. assault. Tanks use their main guns and mac. Actions of the platoon in the reorganiza chineguns, and armored vehicles use their mation includechineguns while closing with the enemy. Dis (1) Reporting by all sections and squadsmounted elements use assault fire. The actual on the status of personnel, equipment,closing with the enemy must be aggressive, and ammunition. continuous, and well coordinated. All enemy (2) Redistributing personnel, equipment,troops who continue to resist are killed and all and ammunition as necessary. weapons are destroyed or captured. The ob (3) Report by the platoon leader to thejective must be secured completely. troop commander on the status of the c. When the maneuver force masks supportplatoon. ing fires, the base of fire should be prepared to (4) Evacuation of casualties, prisoners,displace forward on order. and damaged equipment. 45. Actions on the Objective ( 5) Accomplishing supply as time and the situation permit. a. When the objective is taken, the position is consolidated and the platoon is reorganized 46. Resumption of Advance for subsequent action. As a result of the platoon leader's continuous b. The objective should be consolidated in estimate of the situation, his knowledge of the minimum time. Plans for consolidation should troop commander's plan, and his own mission, a be included in the platoon operation order for formation is adopted that will enable the plathe attack. Actions by the platoon during contoon to readily resume operations. The platoonsolidation include: may reorganize while continuing to move and ( 1) Establishing security by the scout seccontinue to advance without halting after overtion to the front and flanks. running an objective. Continued movement will (2) Preparation by the tank section and allow little opportunity to reassign individuals rifle squad to repel counterattacks, to within the platoon. The platoon leader will call continue the advance, or to defend the for status reports from each section and squad position, as required by the mission. and will report this information to the troop (3) Positioning the support squad for fire command post. When the situation permits he support during continuation of the adwill make the necessary changes to insure the vance or for defense. Further requests continued operational effectiveness of his plafor fire support by artillery and other toon. Section IV. SECURITY OPERATIONS They should be far enough from the main body 47. General to afford the main body time and space to react a. Security, as applied to armored and air to any enemy threat that develops. cavalry, includes all measures taken by a com mand to protect itself from observation or surb. Refer to FM 17-1 for a detailed discussion prise. A unit performing a security mission of fundamentals and techniques applicable to must give adequate warning of hostile approach security operations. to allow the main body to take appropriate ac 48. Platoon as Advance Guard tion. When possible, the security force will en gage the enemy and delay or defeat him. The a. An advance guard is a security force, pri distance that a security force operates from the marily offensive in nature, that operates to the main body varies according to an analysis of front of a moving force to insure its uninter the factors of METT. Security forces will norrupted advance and to protect it from enemy mally organize or operate along key terrain. surprise attack by defeating, destroying, or de- AGO 573SA \ laying the enemy within its capabilities. The platoon normally performs this mission for its parent troop or as a part of a larger force. b. When performing an advance guard mis sion, the platoon normally employs a formation similar to the formation used in route reconnaissance. c. The platoon operates as fast as the situation will allow. It performs continuous reconnaissance to the front and flanks and destroys or forces withdrawal of small enemy groups before they can hinder the main body. When enemy contact is made the platoon follows ac tions-on-contact procedures. The platoon should be prepared to join or assist the attack. by the main body. An advance guard must be far enough in front of the main body to insure that the commander has freedom of action in the employment of his force. However, it must not be so far in front that it can be destroyed by enemy attack before assistance can reach it. Distances are reduced at night, in close terrain, and under conditions of low visibility. d. The platoon, acting as an advance guard for the troop, normally advances in column with scouts moving by bounds until contact is made. When contact with the enemy is immi nent and the terrain favors this technique all elements within the platoon move by bounds. For additional details on employment of the advance guard, see FM 17-1. e. When contact with an enemy force is made, the action taken by the platoon leader and his platoon falls into four distinct steps as described in paragraph 24. 49. Platoon as Flank Guard a. A flank guard is a security force that operates to the flank of a movinl,!" or stationary force to protect it from enemy ground observation, direct fire, and surprise attack by defeating, destroying, or delaying the enemy within its capabilities. b. The platoon will frequently participate in a flank guard mission as part of a larger security force. A single platoon cannot perform a mobile flank guard mission. Reconnaissance platoons of combat battalions have the capability of occupying one blocking position of a stationary protected unit. c. When participating in a flank guard oper ation as part of the troop, the platoon may be employed as an advance or rear guard for the troop. It may also be employed to occupy blocking positions or to screen an area when the troop is overextended. For further details on flank guard, see paragraph 105. d. When protecting the flank of a larger unit, the platoon will occupy a blocking position that dominates the major avenue of enemy approach into the flank of the main body. The platoon normally governs its movement on the advance of the main body; or moves at the direction of the main body commander. The platoon can effectively occupy only one blocking position at a time. Additional flank coverage can be obtained by establishing observation posts. In a mobile situation, the platoon will normally move from one blocking position to another along its selected route of advance. If the advance of the main body is uninterrupted, then the platoon may move continuously along its assigned route, with scouts checking key terrain and likely avenues of enemy approach on the exposed flank. 50. Platoon as Rear Guard a. General. A rear guard is a security force that operates to the rear of an advancing or withdrawing force to protect it from enemy surprise attack or annoyance by defeating, de stroying, or delaying the enemy within its capabilities. b. Platoon as Rear Guard for Advancing Force. The platoon may act as rear guard for the troop or larger unit moving in column formation on one route. When the main body is advancing, the platoon, as rear guard, detects and delays enemy forces attacking the rear of the main body. The platoon follows the main body at a distance prescribed by the main body commander and usually moves on the same route of advance. The platoon will employ delay techniques with its combat power oriented to the rear. The scout section is employed to the rear and flanks to establish contact with enemy forces that attempt to move between the rear guard and the main body. c. Platoon as Rear Guard for Withdrawing Force. When the platoon provides rear guard for a withdrawing force, it employs delaying 34 AGO 5733A action techniques, usually withdrawing by bounds. The rate of movement is based on that of the main body or on prearranged plans. The platoon executes the rear guard mission by moving along the route over which the main body has moved, keeping itself between the main body and the enemy. The platoon leader selects a series of delaying positions along the route and withdraws by bounds from one position to another. The area to the flanks must be kept under constant observation by the scouts and available Army aircraft to prevent the enemy from bypassing the rear guard platoon. The platoon leader maintains communication with the main body to insure that his movement is in consonance with that of the main body and to keep the main body commander informed of the situation. The platoon normally remains one delaying position behind the main body. 51. Platoon as Screening Force • a. General. A screening force exercises surveillance over an extended frontage to the front, flank, or rear of a moving or stationary force to provide early warning by observing, reporting, and maintaining visual contact with all enemy forces encountered. The platoon may be employed as a screening force when an extended frontage cannot otherwise be secured. The commander who assigns the screening mission will define this area of responsibility. When assigned this type of mission, the platoon provides early warning by observing and reporting enemy activity. Within its capability, it destroys small enemy patrols that reach the line of observation posts and impedes the advance of the main enemy force by employing indirect fires. b. Planning. The screening force may be positioned forward, to the flanks, or to the rear of the main body. The platoon leader or higher commander selects the general location for establishing a series of observation posts and contact points between and forward of the line of OP's. When selecting the location of OP's the following should be considered: (1) Overlapping fields of observation with other OP's. (2) Concealment of OP's and access routes. ( 3) Ease of installation. (4) Maintenance of communication. ( 5) A voidance of landmarks. c. Observat'ion Posts. Observation posts are located on the forward slope for maximum observation and background concealment, or on the reverse slope for ease of occupation and freedom of movement. Mounted or dismounted patrolling is conducted between contact points consistent with the need for security. The armored cavalry platoon operates a screen most effectively when not more than three observation posts are assigned (fig. 15). (Two OP's are manned by the scout squads and the third by the rifle squad.) This provides good radio communication and sufficient troops for patrolling and manning OP's. For short periods, depending on the mission, the armored cavalry platoon can establish a maximum of six observation posts. However, the use of six OP's will reduce the effectiveness of the screen. When six OP's are employed, they are manned by placing a scout vehicle each on four positions, a dismounted fire team with portable radio on the fifth position, and a fire team and the personnel carrier (in defilade) on the sixth position. The disadvantages of six OP's are the loss of mobility for the platoon, insufficient troops for patrolling, and one-half the OP's must use short range portable radios for communication. The tank section and support squad are positioned internally to assist in repelling small enemy patrols and extricating OP's and to provide rear security. Once enemy contact is established, visual contact must be maintained. The OP's withdraw, on order, to successive OP positions, maintaining visual contact; reporting enemy strength, location, disposition, and composition; and adjusting supporting fires to impede the enemy's advance. When available, short range ground radar should be used, particularly during periods of reduced visibility, to cover major avenues 'of enemy approach. All observation posts must have a means of communication, and it is desirable to have one automatic weapon at each OP. Once visual contact has been made with the enemy, it must be maintained. OP's make accurate and timely reports and may direct the fires of supporting elements to harass advancing enemy forces. If given permission to withdraw, the platoon moves by bounds, maintaining visual AGO 5733A contact, and continuing to adjust supporting d. Antiairborne, Antiairmobile, Counterguer fires. Under some circumstances small enemy 'rilla Attacks. The larger force may be given patrols may be permitted to infiltrate the se the mission of protecting a rear area against curity so that the movement of the larger an airborne, airmobile, or guerrilla attack. In enemy forces may be observed. When this is the performance of this type of mission, the done, necessary precaution must be taken to platoon may be required to man observation insure that the infiltrators do not join with posts or listening posts and patrol likely drop other infiltrated forces'and become a threat to zones or landing areas, or act as part of a cen the main body. tral reserve. 52. Platoon in Rear Area Security as Part of a Larger Force (STANAG No. 2079) a. General. A rear area security force pro tects rear area units, installations, and routes of communication from attack by enemy air borne and air-landed forces, irregular forces, and infiltrators. When the platoon performs a rear area security mission as part of a larger force, it may perform security, reconnaissance, offensive, defensive, or delaying missions. b. Routes of Communication The largerforce may be given the mission of securing asupply route or escorting trains of a larger unitalong a designated route. In the performanceof this type of mission, the platoon may be required to ( 1) Patrol the assigned route. ( 2) Screen a sector of the route by estab lishing a series of observation posts. ( 3) Act as a reserve or as part of the re serve. (4) Escort trains along the designated route. ( 5) Follow or take a position in the trains column. c. Rear Area Units and Installations. If thelarger force is assigned the mission of securinga particular unit or installation, the platoonmay be required to either screen or secure asector of the area or perimeter or act as part ofthe reserve. Figure 15. Armored cavalry platoon employed as a screening force. Section V. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS 53. General less of the type in which the armored cavalryplatoon participates, the steps taken to orga a. This section covers the preparation and nize a defensive position and the general conplanning for defensive actions by the armored duct of the defense are the same. When thecavalry platoon. enemy possesses a mechanized force, the pri b. The two general types of defense, mobile mary consideration in the defense is the antiand area, are discussed in FM 17-1. Regard-tank plan. 36 AGO 5733A c. The armored cavalry platoon operating fields of fire; afford good observation; offer alone is limited in its ability to conduct defencover and concealment; and have concealed sive action; however, in the execution of some routes to the rear. The terrain to the front should force the enemy to become canalized and missions it may be required to defend an area for a limited time. Defense may be an assigned offer a minimum number of covered ap mission for the platoon or may be forced by proaches. enemy action. c. Detailed plans must be made for the fire of d. The organization of a defensive position tanks, automatic weapons, mortars, and other and the conduct of a defensive action by the available fire support agencies. Primary, alarmored cavalry platoon require the platoon ternate, and supplementary positions are seleader to apply the following fundamentals lected for tank and crew-served weapons. The (FM 17-1): platoon leader assigns sectors of fire to each element of the platoon, and final protective (1) Make maximum use of terrain. (2) Provide security. fires to machineguns to insure that the entire platoon area of responsibility is covered. (3) Insure that elements of the platoon are mutually supporting. 56. Platoon Order for Defense ( 4) Organize the position in depth. ( 5) Provide all-round defense. The platoon leader issues his order orally to (6) Insure that fires are coordinated. the key noncommissioned officers of the platoon (7) Continue to strengthen the position. while at the position to be defended. This en ables the platoon leader and section and squad (8) Provide flexibility within the defense. leaders to become thoroughly familiar with the (9) Make maximum use of offensive acarea and reduces the possibility of misundertion. standing. The order should be issued in time 54. Employment of the Armored Cavalry to permit the section and squad leaders to rec Platoon in Defense onnoiter the area to be defended. a. The armored cavalry platoon will nor 57. Occupation and Preparation of Platoonmally participate in a defensive action as part of a larger force. The platoon may be required Defensive Position to defend alone when attacked by enemy forces, a. The platoon leader assigns specific sectors in securing a blocking position or roadblock, or of responsibility to each element of the platoon. when participating in operations conducted by Local security to the front and flanks of the poa larger force on a broad front. sition is provided by establishing observation posts to give early warning of enemy approach. b. When the platoon participates in defense as part of its parent unit, it may be employed Listening posts are used at night and during as part of the security force, part of a troop deperiods of reduced visibility instead of observation posts. Patrols cover areas not otherwise fensive position, or part of a reserve. The pla toon leader must coordinate fires with adjacent under observation. units, assume lateral responsibilities as desigb. The platoon defensive position is organated by higher headquarters, and coordinate nized around the tank section. The primary his efforts with the troop commander in securand alternate positions selected for the ·tank ing all-round defense for the troop. section cover the most likely avenue of enemy armor approach into the position. Supplemen 55. Reconna.issance and Selection of Positions tary positions are then prepared to cover other a. When assigned a defensive mission, the possible approaches into the flanks and rear. platoon leader, accompanied by his section and Time permitting, lanes of fire are cleared and squad leaders, should make a thorough reconvehicles are moved to the alternate and supnaissance of the area to be defended. plementary positions. Each tank crew provides b. The platocn defensive position should conits own local security; therefore, at least one trol the area in which it is located; take maximember of the crew is required to be in the mum advantage of natural obstacles; have good turret of the tank and alert at all times. At AGO 5733A 37 night and during other periods of limited visiIn some situations, the platoon leader may bebility, the tanks will normally be positioned forced to use scouts or other elements of thecloser together for better mutual defense and platoon to provide security for the supportprotection. A range card is prepared for each squad. At night and during periods of limitedtank and crew-served weapon at each defensive visibility it may be necessary to place the supposition. port squad within the platoon position for itssecurity. When the platoon is occupying part of c. The rifle squad is located to provide maximum firepower to the front and flanks of the the troop sector, the mortars may be employed under troop control if the sector is narrow position and to protect the tanks from hand ~nough to provide complete coverage of the carried antitank weapons or devices. The pla troop sector from a central location. When the toon leader designates primary, alternate, and supplementary positions for the crew-served mortar remains under platoon control, the pla toon leader normally designates primary, alter weapons, and assigns the sectors of fire to be nate, and supplementary positions. covered. The fire teams are placed so they canfire across the front and flanks of the platoon f. A typical platoon defensive position isdefensive position. If possible, the armored shown in figure 16.personnel carrier is employed in the squad g. Vehicles of the platoon, not employed in area. The vehicular-mounted machinegun is a security mission or in the defense, should be used to increase the defensive firepower of the located to the rear of the position in well con platoon when the carrier can be placed in a cealed and defiladed positions. defilade position or the machinegun may beused on its ground mount. All troops dig in h. The platoon is capable of preparing oband make maximum use of cover and concealstacles and installing minefields. The installament. The rifle squad leader positions himself tion of mines and the establishment of obwhere he can best control actions of the squad. stacles must not detract from the mobility ofAt least one man at each machinegun and autothe friendly forces; mines and demolitions emmatic rifle position must be alert at all times. placed and obstacles prepared must be removedThe organization of the squad position may prior to departure from the defensive position.change at night to provide better close-in deUse of demolitions to destroy bridges, to fellfense and protection. trees, and crater roads should be considered bythe platoon leader. Use of such demolitions d. The scout section may provide security must be coordinated with higher headquarters for the position or be employed as riflemen. and be in consonance with the overall plan of When the scout section is employed to provide defense. If authority is received from higher security for the platoon position, it will nor headquarters, the platoon leader may install mally establish observation posts and conduct protective minefields. Such minefields are cov patrols. At times, the crew of one squad is suf ered by platoon direct-fire weapons. Smoke ficient to give adequate early warning of enemy may be used to reduce effective enemy observa approach while the remainder of the scout sec tion and confuse the enemy; however, its use tion is used to add strength or depth to the pla must be closely coordinated with adjacent units toon defensive position. When scout elements to insure that use of smoke does not inhibit are employed as riflemen, they should be em their plan of defense. The platoon should con ployed by squad. Machineguns mounted on tinue to strengthen the defensive position as armored vehicles are used to increase the de time and materiel permit. fensive firepower. of the platoon when the vehicles can be placed in defilade. 58. Conduct of Defense e. The support squad provides close indirecta. Success. of the platoon defense dependsfire support for the platoon. Consistent with largely on the organization of the position and minimum range, it is located far enough to the the effective use of the firepower available.rear so that it may fire within the defensive The defense must be conducted aggressively, position. When firing, the support squad has and the enemy should be engaged continuouslyonly a limited capability of providing security. from the time he is within effective range of 38 AGO 5733A ® I I FORD 1¥ .....)r(.... I I I ' \ /1( ' v /~ m Figure 16. Armored cavalry platoon in defensive position. the weapons. The platoon continues to defend its position until the enemy is repelled or the platoon is directed to move. The platoon leader may adjust his forces within the platoon position to counter an enemy threat. • b. Defensive fires of the platoon are coordinated to insure maximum effective fire during both daylight and darkness. Tanks, in mutually supporting positions, cover the probable avenues of armor approach. Interlocking bands of machinegun fire should cover the entire platoon sector. The support squad and grenadiers place fires into areas that cannot be reached by other weapons of the platoon-particularly covered areas in which the enemy might assemble and advance-and are prepared to fire within the defensive position. AGO 5733A c. In defensive situations, the platoon provides its own local security. The scouts will usually provide security to the front and flanks, and the support squad to the rear. 59. Platoon Blocking Positions and Roadblocks a. Blocking Positions. A blocking position is organized to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent further advance of the enemy in a given direction. The platoon may be given a mission to establish a blocking position, or it may do so on the platoon leader's initiative in carrying out another mission. A blocking position may consist of a roadblock, or it may consist of a platoon defensive position that covers a likely avenue of enemy approach. b. Roadblocks. Where the movement of vehicles is largely restricted to roads, roadblocks are especially important to the platoon in carrying out many of its assigned missions: Before establishing a roadblock, the platoon leader should consider all available means to obstruct, delay, and canalize enemy movement. Natural obstacles, mines, demolitions, barbed wire, and logs are commonly used. Boobytraps may be used in conjunction with these means. In addition, the element of surprise and the ability of the platoon to cover the obstacles by fire must be considered. The roadblock usually incorporates obstacles covered by fire; however, if time or the lack of obstacle material prevents the platoon from physically placing an obstacle in the road, it establishes the roadblock by fire alone. Having selected the point or area along a road where the roadblock will be established, the platoon leader must select positions for each element of the platoon and allot tasks for preparing the position and creating an effective obstacle. In establishing the roadblock, scouts will normally provide security to the flanks and assist in covering possible bypass routes that the enemy may attempt to use in avoiding the roadblock. The tank section is positioned to cover the roadblock and the approaches to it. The rifle squad will normally construct the obstacle and then provide close-in protection for the tanks. The support squad will be positioned to cover by fire designated points along the route to the roadblock, possible bypass routes, and to seal off escape routes from the ambush area. Figure 17 illustrates a typical platoon roadblock. 60. Combat Support for Platoon in Defense a. In the conduct of a defensive mission, the armored cavalry platoon may receive support from artillery, engineers, Army aviation, and elements of the air cavalry troop. b. An artillery forward observer will normally be available at troop level to assist in planning, requesting, and adjusting artillery fire for elements of the troop. The platoon leader will normally request artillery fire through the troop commander or forward observer. c. Engineer support may be available to the platoon. Engineer support for the platoon is made available by request to troop headquarters. d. Army aircraft or elements of the air cavalry troop should be used to assist in locating enemy forces and to maintain visual contact with the enemy force. This support is obtained by request to troop headquarters. Figure 17. Armored cavalry platoon roadblock. Section VI. DELAYING ACTION 61. General mum punishment is inflicted on the enemy by a. A delaying action is a retrograde operathe unit without becoming decisively engaged. tion in which space is traded for time and maxi-The armored cavalry platoon may be required 40 AGO 5733A to conduct delaying action as part of its parent unit or as an independent force. b. Situations under which the platoon may be required to conduct a delaying action are as follows: (1) When the troop is conducting delaying action. (2) When the platoon encounters an ad· vancing superior enemy force during a reconnaissance or security mission. c. The platoon can most effectively delay by occupying successive positions along a single route. This route is normally designated as the route of withdrawal. d. FM 17-1 contains a complete discussion of basic considerations, planning, and conduct of a delaying action. 62. Reconnaissance and Selection of Platoon Delaying Positions a. The platoon leader makes a map reconnaissance, and, if possible, reconnoiters along his route of withdrawal to select platoon de . laying positions. He selects intermediate delaying positions on all suitable terrain between troop delaying positions, and reports these locations to the troop commander. The platoon is disposed to cover the main avenue of enemy approach into the delaying position, but plans must also be made to cover other likely avenues of approach. The most important factors to consider in selecting delaying positions are : (1) Avenues of enemy approach. (2) Key terrain that dominates the avenues of enemy approach. (3) Obstacles across the front and flanks. ( 4) Cover and concealment. ( 5) Observation and fields of fire. (6) Routes for withdrawal and lateral movement. b. The platoon leader makes a personal reconnaissance of the initial delaying position. This position is designated by higher headquarters. Once the initial position has been organized, the platoon sergeant and others designated by the platoon leader are sent to reconnoiter the next delaying position. The pla toon sergeant normally uses the platoon leader's command vehicle, with its driver and one or more men from the rifle squad, to assist him in the reconnaissance and organization of successive delaying positions. As the platoon sergeant moves along the platoon route of withdrawal, he plots artillery and mortar concentrations on his map. Radio contact is maintained with the platoon leader. When the platoon arrives at its next delaying position, it is guided into position by the platoon sergeant. He then briefs the leaders on their fields of fire and routes of withdrawal. As soon as practical thereafter, the platoon sergeant withdraws to the next succeeding position and repeats the procedure described above. 63. Coordination and Control of Pla.toon in Delaying Action The platoon leader must insure that coOl·dination is continuous with adjacent units and with other units to his rear. This may be accomplished by radio or by rendezvous at designated contact points. Coordination is maintained by using scouts and other means of communication. Control of all elements of the platoon in a delaying action is essential and is assured by the close, personal supervision of the platoon leader. 64. Platoon Organization and Employment on the Delaying Position a. Organization. Each platoon position is organized around the tank section. Tanks are placed on terrain features that dominate likely avenues of enemy approach, permit long range fires, and facilitate covered withdrawal to the next delaying position. The organization of each delaying position is similar to ·that of the platoon defensive position (fig. 18). Basic factors that the platoon leader must consider in occupying a delaying position include: (1) Primary, alternate, and supplementary positions. (2) Preparation of range cards. ( 3) All-round security. ( 4) Coordination with other units. ( 5) Plans for integrating all available fires. (6) Plans for employment of natural and manmade obstacles. b. Employment. (1) Scouts. The scout section is employed to the front and flanks to provide early AGO 5733A ENEMY The personnel carrier should be AVENUE OF placed in defilade to support the pla ~~ APPROACH toon with its caliber .50 machinegunfire. Automatic weapons are normallyplaced on the flanks. When employedin this manner, one fire team doesnot have a radio; therefore, the squadleader must establish a means of com munication to control the entire squad. ( 4) Support squad. The support squadI furnishes indirect-fire support. ConI sistent with the minimum range, it isI positioned far enough to the rear soI that it may fire within the delayingI position and provide continuous fireI support during withdrawal of otherelements of the platoon.I ( 5) Platoon headquarters. The platoonleader may control the platoon froma tank or from his command vehicle.He normally uses one of the tanks and positions himself where he can bestcontrol the platoon. @ 65. Platoon Preparation for Delaying Action The platoon leader keeps the troop commander informed of the specific position occupiedby the platoon. He insures that each squadand section make maximum use of availabletime and materiel to improve and strengthenthe position occupied by the platoon. Tanksare positioned in hull defilade, fires are coordiFigure 18. Armored cavalry platoon in delaying nated, and fields of fire are cleared for allposition. weapons. Individual foxholes and automaticweapon emplacements ·are prepared and im warning of enemy approach and to proved. All positions are camouflaged. Rangeadjust long range supporting fires. cards are prepared for tank weapons and auto (2) Tanks. The tank section provides long matic weapons. Obstacles are constructed and range direct fire and antitank defense covered by fire. The position and planned firesfor the platoon. The section is emare coordinated with adjacent units. Covered ployed as a unit, with its tanks posi routes to the platoon route of withdrawal aretioned to be mutually supporting. selected and reconnoitered for each vehicle. (3) Rifle squad. The rifle squad is positioned to provide close-in protection 66. Conduct of Platoon Delaying Actionfor the tanks against dismounted In a delaying action, successive positions areenemy patrols or tank-killer teams and occupied long enough to cause the enemy toto cover obstacles with fire. The squad halt, develop the situation, and begin theirmust be employed to insure that each maneuver for the attack. The enemy is engagedtank is supported. Personnel normalat the maximum effective range of platoonly should be positioned far enough weapons and supporting fires. Normally infrom the tanks to avoid being affected direct fire weapons engage the enemy first. Theby enemy fire directed at the tanks. platoon leader must avoid decisive engagement 42 AGO 5733A unit, or by squads and sections. In either case, during the withdrawal. The platoon leader must keep the troop commander informed of continuous contact is maintained with the enemy and the withdrawal is accomplished as the platoon situation to insure receipt of orders for the platoon withdrawal before it becomes follows: decisively engaged. Contact with the enemy a. Platoon Leader. The platoon leader re should be maintained throughout the action. mains with the last element to withdraw. Elements of the platoon conduct the delaying b. Tank Section. In daylight, to make bestaction as follows: use of its destructive firepower, the tank section a. Scout Section. As the enemy approaches is normally the last element of the platoon to the platoon's delaying position, the scout secwithdraw from the position. The tanks withtion withdraws by squads to the flanks. They draw without exposing themselves to enemy maintain contact with the enemy, continue to fire, keeping their main armament toward the adjust supporting fires, and report any attempt enemy. At night, in heavy woods, or when by the enemy to bypass or envelop the plaobservation is otherwise restricted, the tank toon position. The scout squad leaders must section may withdraw under cover of the rifle keep the platoon leader informed of all enemy squad.activity observed and the location of their c. Rifle Squad. When the terrain providessquads. good observation, the rifle squad normally with b. Tank Section. Tanks engage the enemy draws before the tank section. The squad at the maximum effective range of their weapleader must establish a means of informing ons and continue to fire until ordered to cease his fire teams when to return to the carrier. fire. To deceive the enemy as to the tank At night or when visibility is limited, the rifle strength at the delay position, and to avoid squad may remain on the delaying position until heavy volumes of enemy fire, tanks may be after the tank section has withdrawn. shifted to alternate positions. d. Support Squad. The support squad will c. Rifle Squad. The rifle squad will engage normally withdraw on order, after maximum dismounted infantry and tank-killer teams that assistance has been given to other elements of attack the position. They will be particularly the platoon in delaying the enemy. The supalert to enemy attempts to envelop the posiport squad should be in position to fire at tion. the time the other elements of the platoon be d. Support Squad. The support squad may gin to disengage and begin movement to the next delaying position. The squad should be be the first element of the platoon to engage the enemy. They will provide continuous fire displaced to the rear when its fires are no long er required to assist the withdrawal of thesupport for the platoon during the defense of tanks and rifle squad. the delay position. e. Scout Section. Scout squad leaders con 67. Platoon Withdrawal to Next Delaying trol the withdrawal of their squads and coordiPosition nate this movement with the withdrawal of The platoon holds each delaying position unother elements of the platoon. The scouts withtil forced to withdraw by enemy action or to draw independently on the flanks of the placonform to the withdrawal of adjacent friendtoon, maintain contact with the enemy, conly units. In either case, the authority to withtinue to adjust supporting fires, and report draw rests with the troop commander. To preenemy location, disposition, composition, and clude decisive engagement, the platoon leader direction and speed of movement (fig. 19). must keep the troop commander informed as 68. Ambush by Platoon in Delaying Action the situation develops so that the troop commander has detailed knowledge of the situation a. An ambush is a tactical maneuver to entrap an enemy force and destroy it. Troops in sufficient time to make a proper decision. He will hold the position at all costs if permisparticipating in an ambush wait in a concealed sion to withdraw is not granted. The platoon position for an opportune time to attack an may withdraw from the delaying position as a unsuspecting enemy force. AGO .5733A 43 b. The frequency with which an armored cavalry platoon can employ an ambush is limited by the terrain and enemy action. The platoon must be capable of destroying the enemy force that it intends to ambush; otherwise the platoon may become engaged so decisively that it is unable to withdraw. An ambush prepared by a platoon should be organized so that the leading vehicle and the last vehicle of an enemy column are engaged simultaneously. If possible, fire should be placed on all vehicles in the enemy column to preclude employment of their weapons against the platoon (fig. 20). c. In an ambush, elements of the platoon are positioned to deliver maximum firepower on the enemy force. Tanks are positioned to de liver effective direct fire on all vehicles in the ambush. The rifle squad is positioned to prevent the escape of dismounted enemy troops. The scout section may be placed to provide security or where it can add to the firepower of the ambush. This section may be used also to help seal off the ambush. The support squad delivers indirect fire on the ambushed force. It is also prepared to fire on routes of escape or reinforcements. 69. Combat Support for Platoon in Delaying Action Combat support for the armored cavalry platoon in a delaying action, as in a defense, may be provided by artillery, engineers, Army aviation, or elements of the air cavalry troop. AGO 573SA • [] t s Figure 19. Armored cavalry platoon in withdrawal to next delaying position. AGO 5733A 45 ENEMY \ 46 .AGo 5788A • Section I. 70. General The armored cavalry troop is organized, trained, and equipped to perform reconnaissance and provide security for the unit to which assigned or attached and to engage in offensive, defensive, or delaying action as an economy of force unit. The armored cavalry troop normally operates under control of the parent squadron, or it may be attached to a brigade or the support command. 71. Organization for Combat a. The armored cavalry troop commander is responsible for the organization for combat and employment of the platoons, operations of the troop command post, and control of troop trains. To determine the best organization of the combat force available to accomplish an assigned mission, the troop commander considers the mission, enemy, terrain and weather, and troops available (METT). The troop commander normally employs the armored cavalry platoons as organized. In some situations he may reinforce one platoon with elements of another or form provisional platoons. The troop commander may group the support squads under troop control whenever the situation permits them to support the entire troop from one location. b. Figure 21 illustrates several typical task organizations that can be formed by the organic elements of the armored cavalry troop. 72. Combat Support a. The armored cavalry troop normally operates without attachments; however, an Army aircraft should be provided to facilitate command and to conduct air reconnaissance. For a particular mission, tanks or mechanized infantry may be attached. Elements of the air cavalry troop may support or be attached but CHAPTER 5 EMPLOYMENT OF THE ARMORED CAVALRY TROOP GENERAL are normally under operational control of the armored cavalry troop in whose zone or area they are operating. Artillery and engineers may be placed in support or attached. If a tank or infantry unit is attached to the troop, it is usually employed intact. Tactical air may also be available to support troop operations. b. Elements of the air cavalry troop are normally placed under operational control of the troop for a particular mission. Usually the air cavalry element will consist of an aeroscout section, or, on occasion, a platoon team, consisting of an aero-scout section and an aerorifle and aero-weapons squad. When air cavalry elements are attached they will normally be employed as a unit under troop control. Air cavalry elements should be employed in close coordination with ground elements to extend and complement the troop effort by: ( 1) Screening the front and flanks. (2) Reconnoitering lateral roads, dominating terrain, and areas inaccessible to surface vehicles. (3) Locating bypass routes around enemy positions and obstacles. ( 4) Establishing and maintaining contact with adjacent units. ( 5) Assisting in command and control. (6) Performing communication relay. (7) Locating favorable routes of attack and protecting their flank when the troop is forced to attack to accomplish its mission. (8) Engaging in offensive, defensive, and delaying action. (9) Establishing contact with the enemy. c. Artillery support is usually provided by the artillery unit supporting the parent squad- AGO 5733A CD I co II I I~ ~ [gJJ ® 1 co I I xo I ® I co I I I I I ~·(-) SPT ~ ~(-) ~ ~(-) SPT ~ ~(-) SPT ~ ~(-) SPT ~ ~ SPT 0 JL co IL I I J IPLAT I TK ·'· IPLAT I ~ lPLAT I LDR LDR LDR SCT TK ~ ~ ~ SPT ~ SCT ~ ~ SPT TK ~ ~ SCT ~ ~ SPT ~ @ l co L J xo I I L J I •• I I PLAT I IPLAT J TK ~ I PLAT ILDR LDR LDR SCT ~ ~ TK ~ SPT ~ SCT TK ~ ~ ~ SPT ~ SCT ~ ~ ~ SPT (DISMOUNTED) Figure 21. Five methods of organizing the armored cavalry troop for combat. 48 AGO 5733A ron or the major divisional unit to which the troop may be attached. The armored cavalry troop will have an artillery forward observer if artillery is in direct support of or attached to, the parent unit. When a forward observer is available, requests for artillery fires are processed through him. When an artillery forward observer is not available, the troop will request artillery fires through the next higher headquarters and adjust artillery fires with assigned individuals. d. Engineers may be attached to the armored cavalry troop when the situation so dictates. Engineer reconnaissance parties may be employed with the troop to collect information on roads, bridges, and obstacles. e. Army aviation support may be made available from the division aviation battalion or the brigade aviation section. Army aviation support will come from the brigade aviation section when the troop is attached to a brigade. An Army aircraft should be allotted to the troop commander to facilitate observation, reconnaissance, and control. Army aircraft may be available to airlift troops and equipment of the scout section, rifle squad, and support squad. f. Tactical air support may be available to th~ troop during tactical operations. When it is available, a forward air controller from squadron will be available to control tactical air strikes in support of troop operations. 73. Employment of the Ground Surveillance Section a. In the armored cavalry troop, the short range ground radar section may operate as a section under troop control; the section may be attached to a platoon; one team may operate under troop control and one team may be attached to a platoon ; or a team may be attached to each of two platoons. An analysis of the factors of METT will dictate the method of employment and location of radar sets. The location of radar sets should be coordinated with other ground radar equipment and in accordance with the squadron surveillance plan. FM 17-1 contains detailed data on the short range ground radar. b. The radar normally should be located in or near the position of the platoon with which it is working. If the mission or terrain conditions require a location for the radar that is not near the platoon, it may be necessary to assign scouts or riflemen the mission of providing for its security. c. Missions assigned to the short range ground radar derive from the troop surveillance requirements. It is used to monitor or search a specified area. The specific mission assigned" should include the type of radar surveillance to be conducted, an operating schedule, duration of mission, area to be covered, and reporting procedures to be used. d. The primary requirement for effective employment of the radar is that it be positioned for line-of-sight operation. It must be oriented in azimuth and its location plotted precisely on the map to enable the operator to locate targets on the ground accurately. During daylight, radar may be employed to supplement visual observation or to monitor a particular dangerous avenue of approach. Their greatest value is during periods of limited visibility. e. In offensive operations, the radar may be used to assist in providing flank security or to search beyond the line of contact. It should be positioned well forward during the attack to allow searching of the objective before and during the assault. Once the objective is reached, the radar may be used to maintain surveillance on likely avenues of enemy approach and thus assist in early warning against a possible counterattack. f. In defensive and retrograde operations, the short range ground radar may be used to monitor the main enemy avenue of approach and to search critical areas and gaps between blocking positions. 74. Employment of Troop Headquarters a. Geneml. During combat operations the troop headquarters normally is organized into the troop command post and troop trains, The troop command post contains the personnel and equipment required for control of the troop. The trains include the organic or attached personnel and equipment necessary for logistical support of the troop. FM 17-1 contains a detailed discussion of trains and logistical support. AGO 5733A 49 b. Command Post. (1) Troop commander. When the troop is committed, the troop commander normally controls the unit from his command vehicle or an Army aircraft. He may be accompanied by an artillery forward observer. The broad front usually covered by the troop requires that the troop commander' position himself centrally or on terrain that is favorable for communication, observation, and control. (2) Command post operations. The troop command post is organized around the armored personnel carrier organic to the troop headquarters section, and its operation is supervised by the troop executive officer, who is assisted by the troop first sergeant. Other vehicles found with the CP may include the executive officer's vehicle, the attached medical evacuation vehicle, and the liaison vehicle. The executive officer normally remains in or near the CP to be continually aware of the situation and ready to assist the troop commander with troop operations. (3) Location. The CP follows the combat elements of the troop by bounds during offensive operations. During defensive or retrograde operations, the command post vehicle should be located to the rear of the combat elements. When not moving, it is located in a position facilitating communications (app. II) with the troop commander, front line platoons, and the squadron command post or other unit command post to which the troop is attached. The position selected should provide cover and concealment. ( 4) Reports to higher headquarters. The troop CP, supervised by the executive officer, forwards all situation, opera tion, and administrative reports to higher headquarters. c. Troop Trains. Troop trains consist of the headquarters section, minus personnel and equipment operating with the command post, maintenance section, and other attached logistical elements. Troop trains may operate as a unit or be formed into troop combat trains and troop field trains. Combat trains, under control of the executive officer or first sergeant, are located in the vicinity of the troop command post, and consist of those elements that accompany the troop to provide immediate logistical support during combat operations. These normally include the medical aid-evacuation team, elements of the maintenance section, and attached squadron supply vehicles as required. Other organic or attached administrative and logistical elements constitute the troop field trains and are located with squadron trains or the trains of the unit to which attached. For a detailed cliscussion on the composition and employment of the troop trains, refer to FM 17-1. 75. Command and Liaison a. The commander of an armored cavalry troop exercises and commands his unit through the executive officers, first sergeant, and platoon leaders. His instructions or directions are transmitted as troop orders. Control means used by the troop commander are contained in FM 17-1. b. Liaison personnel are provided in the troop headquarters section. Normally, this liaison party is dispatched to the next higher headquarters where it conducts its operations. When detached from the parent squadron and a requirement exists for liaison with a flank unit as well as with higher headquarters, a liaison officer from the squadron headquarters should be attached to the troop for this purpose. For duties of liaison personnel, refer to FM 17-1. Section II. RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS 76. General a. Reconnaissance is one of the primary missions performed by the armored cavalry troop. The troop may conduct assigned reconnaissance missions as part of the squadron, or independently when the troop is attached to another unit. Within the area to be reconnoitered, platoons are assigned zones, routes, or areas, and are 50 AGO 5733A prepared to engage in combat as required and within their capabilities, to accomplish the mission. b. The information obtained by reconnaissance is used by commanders at all echelons in formulating their plans for future operations. Therefore, information must be timely, accurate, and reported promptly. FM 17-1 contains detailed coverage of the types of reconnaissance, missions, fundamentals of reconnaissance, and additional considerations appropriate to special reconnaissance operations. 77. Reconnaissance Frontages There is no established frontage for an armored cavalry troop to reconnoiter in executing a reconnaissance mission. The width, visibility, terrain, road net, anticipated enemy contact, the nature of information sought, and time available are some of the factors that influence the frontage assigned to the troop. Wider frontages may be assigned to the troop when air cavalry elements are available. The frontage to be covered by the troop normally is designated by the headquarters directing the reconnaissance operation. 78. Conduct of Reconna.issance Operations a. The armored cavalry troop must make maximum use of its communications, firepower, and mobility to conduct reconnaissance operations. Scouts are employed to accomplish a mission requiring stealth or infiltration. In the conduct of reconnaissance missions, collecting information is the primary task and must not be jeopardized by unnecessary com~ bat with the enemy. In many situations the troop will be required to fight to obtain the desired information. Whenever possible, the troop should avoid combat and bypass enemy resistance to accomplish the assigned mission. When required to bypass an enemy force, the troop commander must report to the next higher commander the complete enemy situation and his decision to bypass the enemy. When the troop must bypass and it is necessary for the troop to maintain contact with the enemy force, scouts or Army aircraft may be used for this purpose. b. The troop formation must provide for adequate coverage of the assigned route, zone, or area. If less than three platoons are required, the remainder of the troop may be employed as a reserve to provide depth to the formation, provide flank security, and in general, to support the forward elements of the troop. The reserve also may be committed to find a bypass around an enemy position or expedite the operation by reconnoitering key terrain features. c. Figures 22-24 depict typical armored cavalry troop reconnaissance formations. 79. Route Reconnaissance a. When enemy action is imminent, route reconnaissance m1sswns are usually assigned on the basis of one major route per troop. In an area where little enemy action is anticipated, the armored cavalry troop may be assigned as many as three routes to reconnoiter. In some situations the troop may reconnoiter more than three routes; such employment will require more time for completion of reconnaissance missions and may subject the troop to defeat in detail. For the definition of route reconnaissance, refer to paragraph 3. b. The troop normally retains platoon integrity in conducting a route reconnaissance m1sswn. Route reconnaissance by armored cavalry platoons is discussed in paragraph 19. If the troop is conducting a route reconnaissance along a single route, it usually advances in column of platoons (fig. 25). c. Elements of the air cavalry troop may be employed to support the troop as discussed in paragraph 72. d. Army aircraft from the aviation battalion or the brigade aviation section employed to support the troop in route reconnaissance missions will normally (1) Be allocated on the basis of one or more Army aircraft per troop. (2) Operate to the front and flanks of the troop. (3) Be used for observation and assist in control. Army aircraft used in this manner extend the range of observation to the front and flanks. 80. Zone Reconnaissance a. For the definition of zone reconnaissance, refer to paragraph 3. It is more detailed and time consuming than route reconnaissance. AGO 5733A • SCT SCT~ §••• (-) COMO GP ~ §••• DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT ~(-) [@J(-) ~ e~t SCT~ II Figure 22. Armored cavalry troop conducting reconnaissance in column formation. AGO 5733A I . • SCT~ SCT~ sc@ SCT~ ~(-) DIRECTION OF COMO~ (-) ADVANCE GP ~ ~(-) cP[@J rr&J SCT~ II Figure 23. Armored cavalry troop conducting reconnaissance on two axes. When conducting zone reconnaissance, without pends on the situation and time available and supporting Army aircraft, the troop commandis directly related to the width of the zone, er assigns portions of the troop zone to each number of routes, terrain, capabilities of the are available, enemy, and availability of other friendly platoon. When Army aircraft he may assign each platoon a route and specific ground and air units. The troop command post and combat trains usually advance by locations to reconnoiter. He may employ supbounds on the best routes available near theporting Army aircraft to reconnoiter the area center of the troop zone (figs. 26 and 27). between these routes. This technique facili tates rapid accomplishment of the mission. c. Elements of the air cavalry troop may be Platoon zones are established by boundaries. employed to support the troop as discussed in Boundaries should be defined by easily recogparagraph 72. nizable terrain features such as roads, streams, d. For typical troop formations during zone and ridge or tree lines. reconnaissance on multiple routes, see figures b. The number of platoons employed de-25 and 26. AGO 5733A t • • SCT~ SCT~ scr~scr~ scr~scr~ II DIR~~TION • • ADVANCE ~(-) II ~ COMO~ ~(-) GP ~ ~(-) CP~ ~ II Figure 24. Armored cavalry troop conducting reconnaissance on three axes. 81. Area Reconnaissance a. In the conduct of this mission, the troop may be required to reconnoiter areas such as a town, woods, or crossing sites along a river. For the definition of area reconnaissance, refer to paragraph 3. b. The armored cavalry troop moves to the assigned area by the most direct route and performs area reconnaissance in the same manner as in zone reconnaissance. During movement to the area, enemy forces encountered by the troop are reported and bypassed unless ordered otherwise. The troop uses a formation that will permit rapid, secure movement. This formation is usually the same as that used for a route reconnaissance, with either scout or tanks leading. c. The troop commander plans the reconnaissance in detail to insure that the area is sys tematically covered, particularly roads and trails, key terrain, and suspected enemy locations. If the area restricts vehicular movement, dismounted patrols from the scout section and rifle squad will normally reconnoiter the area (fig. 28). ..,_____ ROUTESOF PATROLS Figure 25. Route reconnaissance by the armored cavalry troop with aero-scout section. 54 AGO 5733A • Figure 26. Zone reconnaissance by the armored cavalry troop. AGO 5733A • PL BLUE I I ••• ~ aaag~ ~ I DD ....... I / ~ I I I ~ Legend: Road ---Trail 0 Note. Armored cavalry platoonsCheck point reconnoitering routes and specific areas as indicated by check points. Figure 27. Zone reconnaissance by the armored cavalry troop with aero-scout section. 56 AGO 5733A Section Ill. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 82. General a. The armored cavalry troop engages in offensive action when necessary to facilitate the accomplishment of its normal reconnaissance and security mission. It may be employed in the attack as part of the armored cavalry squadron. It may assist the attack of a larger force by attacking to accomplish its primary mission of reconnaissance or security; it seldom will attack as part of the larger force to seize a portion of the force objective. The troop may attack without benefit of additional support, although reinforcements may be available from or through the unit to which the troop is assigned or attached. The troop may find it necessary to attack to reduce enemy positions that threaten the accomplishment of its mission; or it may be ordered to attack and destroy enemy forces that threaten the main body. b. During the advance, the troop frequently must attack to reduce enemy positions that are encountered. (1) When the troop is in a single column formation (fig. 22) and light opposition is encountered, the leading platoon will deploy and develop the situation while the remaining platoons are deploying for the attack. Normally the three platoons, less the support squads, will be committed to the attack. The support squads and other indirect supporting fires will normally provide a base of fire. (2) When the troop is in a double column formation (fig. 23) and must attack to reduce an enemy position on either route, the platoon that is not engaged will normally be used to reinforce the attack of either one of the two committed platoons. ( 3) When the troop is disposed along three routes (fig. 24) and must attack along any one of these routes, elements of the troop not in contact or heavily engaged with the enemy may be maneuvered to reinforce or support the attack on any one of three routes. ( 4) When necessary, the entire troop will be concentrated and committed to the attack. The troop may attack as organized, or like elements may be massed to form provisional platoons (tank, infantry, and scout platoons with the mortars in battery). The troop must have an established SOP and all members must be 'completely r.~x;; :~·::.· ~~· ~~tf>tl.f;;:J Figure 28. A rea reconnaissance by the armored cavalry troop. AGO 5733A familiar with the techniques of rapid ly organizing for combat in this man ner. c. For a discussion of the purposes of the offense, fundamentals of attack, techniques of employing tanks and mechanized infantry, control measures, passage of lines, night attacks and other offensive operations requiring additional considerations, refer to FM 17-1. 83. Preparation for the Attack a. The· troop commander uses all available time to prepare the troop for the attack. Normally he will receive a warning order from the higher commander. He then immediately alerts the troop by issuing a warning order and the troop begins preparation for the attack. The armored cavalry troop usually completes preparation for the attack in an assembly area. The troop fuels, performs maintenance, replenishes supplies, and completes· other necessary actions before launching the attack. b. While the troop is in an assembly area preparing for the attack, the troop commander usually joins his commander, or the commander of the unit to which attached, to receive the detailed operation order. He takes with him those personnel needed to assist in planning the attack. During the absence of the troop commander, the executive officer remains with the troop and, assisted by platoon leaders and key noncommissioned officers, makes certain that the troop is readied for combat. After he has received the order, the troop commander begins troop leading procedure including his estimate of the situation, coordinates with adjacent and supporting units, prepares a tentative plan, makes a personal reconnaissance, completes his plan of attack, and issues his order to the troop. He then checks the readiness of the troop to conduct the attack. c. When the troop is involved in a meeting engagement and required to attack directly from march column, it attacks without benefit of the foregoing preparation. The troop commander makes a rapid estimate of the situation, arrives at a course of action, issues necessary fragmentary orders, and executes the attack. For further discussion of troop leading procedures, see FM 17-1. 84. Reconnaissance Before the Attack a. Before the armored cavalry troop is committed to an attack, the commander makes a map reconnaissance, then a personal groand or air reconnaissance of the area of operations. If time does not permit a personal reconnaissance, the commander must rely on a detailed map reconnaissance in planning the attack. • • b. The troop commander arranges to have the platoon leaders and s_upporting unit commanders accompany him or come forward to meet him at a specified time and place. The troop commander normally completes his own reconnaissance before meeting with his platoon leaders. If available, an artillery forward observer accompanies the troop commander on the reconnaissance and assists in planning the use of supporting fires. c. During his reconnaissance, the troop commander determines : (1) Positions for supporting weapons in the troop base of fire. (2) The avenue of approach for the maneuvering force to the objective. (3) When necessary, positions for tanks employed in a supporting role. ( 4) Location of obstacles likely to hinder the advance. ( 5) Location of an required. attack position when (6) Control measures. (7) Location of line of departure. d. Elements of the air cavalry troop, when available, may be employed to develop the enemy situation and to determine the flanks of and weak points in enemy defensive positions. Care must be taken to insure that these actions do not unnecessarily disclose the intent or plan of the troop. e. Army aircraft, when available, should be used by the troop commander in his reconnaissance. This will facilitate the reconnaissance and the information acquired will supplement that gained through ground reconnaissance. f. The troop commander should allow time for platoon leaders to make a ground reconnaissance of the area of operations following issuance of the troop order for the attack. AGO 5733A 85. Estimate of the Situation a. The estimate of the situation by the troop commander is a continuous examination of all factors that affect the accomplishment of the mission. The commander uses the basic form for the estimate as a mental checklist to insure that he considers all pertinent factors before arriving at his decision as to which course of action to follow. b. In making this estimate, the troop commander should consider the mission, enemy situation, terrain and weather, and troops available as each pertains to the particular situation. For detailed discussion and commanders' estimate of the situation checklist, see FM 17-1. 86. Plan of Attack a. The plan of attack is designed to insure teamwork and maximum coordination within the attacking forces throughout the operation (fig. 29). The plan must be simple but must cover all essential details. It includes the details of the who, what, when, where, and possibbly the how and why of troop actions in carrying out the assigned mission. b. The troop plan of attack consists of the scheme of maneuver and the plan of fire support. (1) The scheme of maneuver includes the composition of the maneuvering force, the approach route it will follow to the objective, and its method of advance. (2) The plan of fire support includes the location and composition of the base of fire, targets to be fired on, and signals for lifting or shifting the fires. c. The plan of attack will include provisions for security during the attack, for consolidation of the position, for reorganization after the attack, and for resumption of the advance, if appropriate. 87. Formation for the Atta.ck The armored cavalry troop may attack in either of the two basic combat formations, column or line, or in a variation thereof (fig. 30) . A detailed discussion of combat formations is contained in FM 17-1. 88. Maneuvering Force a. The troop may comprise all or part of the maneuvering force during an attack conducted by a larger unit. When required to execute an independent attack, the troop will provide elements for both the maneuvering force and the base of fire. b. When possible, tanks and mounted rifle squads should be employed in the maneuvering force as tank-infantry forces. c. Scout elements may accompany the maneuvering force to provide flank security and to assist in movement of the force by selecting covered or concealed routes. Scout elements mounted in armored vehicles may also join other elements in closing with the enemy, adding their vehicular mounted weapons to the firepower of the maneuvering force. d. If the terrain or obstacles prohibit the use of vehicles, the maneuvering force will consist of dismounted rifle squads and possibly troops from the scout sections. When scouts are so employed, they should be formed as dismounted rifle squads. e. The troop commander may employ one of several combinations of the platoon elements to constitute the maneuvering force when executing an independent attack: ( 1) Three tank-infantry forces consisting of three tanks and one rifle squad each. (2) Two provisional tank platoons, one with five tanks, the other with four. (3) A provisional rifle platoon of three rifle squads. f. Provisional groupings of tanks, rifle, and scout elements are commanded by the platoon leaders, other key persons designated by the troop commander, or as covered in the unit SOP. 89. Base of Fire a. The base of fire for the armored cavalry troop during an attack may consist of supporting artillery, air cavalry units, or tactical air in addition to organic firepower. The nucleus of the base of fire for the troop is provided by the three organic mortars. They are grouped under troop control whenever they can effec- AGO 5733A ...u"'...0 C) ;;;;z b:d~ ... \ :::1 \ z...> oo( I ~ I II IIIIII IIIIIII ~ :::::> r::!;,o, / / SCT~~SCT!,!g /// ~ ' I ,.,..."'"', SUPPORTING ARTILLERY .,..-" TACTICAL AIR.,...-' I , I'1/ ! Figure 29. Armored cavalry troop in a mounted attack. tively support the troop attack. Scout elements the commander should follow the establishedmay be used to assist the base of fire to furnish form for an operation order. It will normallyautomatic weapons firepower or to provide sebe issued from a vantage point overlooking thecurity. Tanks may be used to assist the base of area of operations, thus precluding the possibilfire only when the maneuvering force is reity of misunderstanding by the recipients. Ifquired to attack dismounted because the terthe situation or time precludes issuing the orderrain, obstacles, or enemy antitank weapons reat a terrain vantage point, the troop comstrict or stop the movement of tanks. mander may issue the order in the assembly b. The troop commander usually designates area or at any other convenient location. the executive officer or a platoon leader to control that part of the base of fire provided by 91. Supervision of Preparation for Attackorganic elements of the troop. Supervision by the troop commander, platoon leaders, and noncommissioned officers is 90. Operation Order a continuing process. All officers and noncomThe troop order for the attack is usually ismissioned officers must actively supervise thesued orally by the troop commander to his asactions of their subordinates to insure thatsembled key subordinates. It should be brief, their units are fully prepared for the operation.clear, and complete. To insure completeness, Detailed attention must be given to such mat 60 AGO 5733A • ~ ~ ~ 1 DIRECTION LINE OF MOVEMENT ~ ~ ~ COLUMN ~ §••• §••• Note 1 ECHELON §••• § § WEDGE Note 1 Note 1. Variations of line and column formation. Figm·e 30. Armored cavalry troop in offensive formations. ters as supply, maintenance, communication, 96. Conduct of Base of Fire and dissemination of information contained in a. The base of fire is prepared to furnishthe plan of attack. continuous fire support to the maneuvering force from the beginning and throughout the 92. Movement from Assembly Area to attack. Initially, fire is directed on the objec Attack Position tive and other enemy-held areas that can retard a. Movement from the assembly area to the the advance of the maneuvering force. As theattack position, when used, is made as a tactical maneuvering force approaches the objective,march. The troop order of ma:rch should be and supporting fires are masked, they are liftedplanned to simplify movement into the attack or shifted. If the assaulting force consists ofposition. When the troop commander is on retanks and mounted infantry, the base of fireconnaissance or otherwise not available, the may continue to place overhead fire on the obexecutive officer will move the troop to the atjective until just before the rifle element distack position. mounts. b. The troop may march as part of a larger b. Elements in the base of fire prepare to disunit or independently. In either instance, it place forward as the maneuvering force moveswill provide its own security on the march and onto the objective. Forward movement of thein the attack position. base of fire will be on order of the troop commander. It is important that all elements of 93. Attack Position the base of fire do not displace at one time.Mortars should be displaced in such a manner When an attack position is used, it is octhat fire support is always available immedicupied for a minimum time. Every effort is ately. made to move rapidly through the attack posi tion in the specified attack formation and cross 97. Actions of Troop Commander During the line of departure without halting. Attack a. During the attack, the troop commander 94. Conduct of the Attack locates himself where he can best influence andDuring the attack, unforeseen circumstances control his troop. He normally will accompanymay require the troop commander to change his the maneuvering force, placing himself whereplan. He must exploit favorable developments decisive action is likely to develop, normally inwithout hesitation and must overcome obstacles the vicinity of the lead elements. In a mountedas quickly as possible. In event committed eleattack he will ride in one of the vehicles of thements cannot be shifted to take advantage of maneuvering force. If the scouts are not aa changing situation, the next most effective part of the maneuvering force, he should notmethods are to use uncommitted parts of the ride in the ACRC as its distinguishing configtroop or to shift the supporting fires. uration will make it a prime target. He shouldavoid placing himself so that he may become 95. Conduct of Maneuvering Force so involved with the actions of a subordinateelement that he cannot influence the action of The maneuvering force must close on the obthe remainder of his troop. Effective use ofjective in the shortest possible time. This force visual signals is used to aid in maintainingshould be committed over terrain that is favorcontrol. able for rapid movement toward the objective. Available cover and concealment should be used b. During an exploitation or other rapidly to gain surprise and to reduce vulnerability. moving offensive operations, the troop comThe maneuvering force attempts to reach the mander should be located near the head of theobjective by continuous movement; however, column, or immediately behind the lead plawhen the situation requires, fire and movement toons. are executed by elements of the maneuvering c. Throughout the attack, the troop comforce. Aggressive action is the keynote to sucmander must keep squadron or other higher cessful attack. headquarters informed of the situation. 62 AGO 5733A ·98. Conduct of the Assault a. General. The desired goal in the assault is to bring the maximum firepower and shock effect of tanks, rifle elements, and artillery to bear upon the enemy simultaneously to destroy him as rapidly as possible with the fewest casualties, personnel or vehicular, to friendly forces. The commander must achieve this complex goal by forceful and decisive action coupled with judgment in employing the combined arms team. The assault of a defended position by tanks and riflemen in cooperation with artillery may take two forms: (1) Tanks and dismounted mechanized infantry assault in coordination. Regardless of the method of attack, the assault is conducted as a coordinated effort. As the tank and mechanized infantry forces approach the objective, heavy supporting fires are placed on the enemy position. The tanks and armored personnel carriers maintain their rate of advance and increase the volume of fire by saturating the objective with machinegun fire. If the battlefield environment precludes overrunning the objective in carriers, the mechanized infantry stop at the closest tactically feasible position short of the objective and dismount. When the tanks and dismounted infantry reach a predesignated position, or upon signal, supporting fires are lifted or shifted to the flanks or rear of the objective to prevent escape of the enemy or to break up counterattack formations. The fires of tank and infantry weapons replace indirect supporting fires on the objective. Infantry close with and destroy the enemy in close combat and protect the tanks from individual antitank weapons and tank killer teams. Whenever possible, the machineguns of the armored personnel carriers are used to support the assault from the dismount area until their fires are masked by advancing riflemen. If dismounted the riflemen use assault fire to close with the enemy. The shock effect of assaulting tanks and infantry is multiplied by rapid movement and a heavy volume of fire, including the use of hand grenades. During this time the tanks continue to saturate the objective with machinegun fire, destroying enemy positions and weapons with the main tank gun. As the units arrive at the far edge of the objective, fire is directed on the enemy dispositions beyond the objective area. As soon as the objective is seized, the tanks and infantry are moved to positions dominating avenues of enemy approach and prepare to repel counterattacks or to continue the attack. Further actions to consolidate the position are carried out. (2) Tank support by fire only. Terrain or obstacles may make it impossible for tracked vehicles to join in the assault. In this situation mechanized infantry (dismounted) will conduct the assault just as any other infantry unit. Tanks will be used to support by fire with full consideration given to the long range and rapid rate of fire of the tank weapons and the precision and control with which these fires can be delivered. As soon as the obstacle can be overcome, tanks will rejoin the infantry. b. Coordination and Cooperation in the Assault. The tank-infantry grouping is employed by the commander in a manner that takes maximum advantage of the best characteristics of both elements. Maximum destructive effect on the enemy is obtained only with careful coordination and complete cooperation among the individuals of the tank, rifle, and scout squads and their leaders, and between platoons and troops. Lack of such coordination may lead to one or more of the following undesirable situations: (1) Undue separation between tanks and infantry in the assault. This condition may permit the enemy to man his weapons, destroy supporting dis mounted riflemen, and attack unsupported tanks at extremely close ranges. (2) Armored personnel carriers interspersed with or preceding tanks in the assault. Such action exposes the ar- AGO 5733A mored personnel carrier to fires it was technics to which this meaning may benot designed to withstand. An enemy assigned, and possession of the signalgunner may or may not distinguish device by the unit.between two types of tracked vehicles (4) Vehicles follow dismounted personnel. at this time. Further, rifle squads Under limited visibility and when efmounted in carriers have little power fective enemy antitank fire are unliketo counterattack. ly, armored personnel carriers may (3) Cruising the objective. Unless tank follow the dismounted rifle squad,commanders and armored personnel keeping the last man in sight. Thiscarrier commanders or drivers are technique has the advantage of keepgiven specific directions as to their ing the armored personnel carriermission upon completing the assault, close to its unit with little time lost invehicles may be exposed needlessly to remounting, but may result in its lossenemy fire because of confusion and if the unit becomes involved in a fire the resulting unnecessary, uncovered fight. movement on the position. (4) Armored personnel carriers left in ex99. Actions on Position posed positions. The vehicle com a. Immediately upon taking the objective, themander must insure that the driver troop deploys to repel a counterattack. Adplaces the vehicle in a protected or dejustments are made to fit the situation. Morfilade position immediately after the tars and other organic weapons in the base ofsquad dismounts to avoid needless loss fire displace forward by echelon and cover posfrom antitank or other fires. sible avenues of enemy approach to the front c. Rejoining of Armored Personnel Carriers or flanks of the objective by fire. Ground andand Squads on the Position. Once a dismounted air scouts should be used to provide security toassault has cleared the position, it will be necthe front and flanks and to maintain visualessary to bring armored personnel carriers forcontact with the enemy. Supporting artilleryward to rejoin their units. Any of the followand tactical air are used to reinforce the posiing techniques may be used, but they must be tion against hostile counterattacks. coordinated with vehicle drivers before the rifle b. The troop may be required to remain onsquad dismounts. or in the vicinity of the position and defend it (1) Radio. All armored personnel caror to continue the attack. If the troop is reriers are provided with vehicular quired to remain on the position or continueradios that net with the sets carried the attack, time permitting, vehicles are supfor dismounted use. If this technique plied without delay and placed in defilade posiis used, the driver must constantly tions. Logistical support is provided by themonitor the radio. troop trains. (2) Messenger. A dismounted messenger c. After the troop is deployed to repel a counmay be sent to the position occupied terattack, reconnaissance is begun for a conby the armored personnel carriers to tinuation of the attack. At the same time,guide them to their respective units. reorganization takes place. Casualties areFor its success this method depends evacuated and troops are redistributed as necon a route clear of the enemy. This essary. The unit situation, strength, and vehicleis the slowest method. and ammunition status are reported. Prisoners (3) Pyrotechnic devices. A pyrotechnic are interrogated briefly for immediate tacticalsignal may be fired to indicate to veinformation and sent to PW collecting points ashicle drivers the time to move and the quickly as possible.approximate location of the unit. Thistechnique is dependent for success on I 00. Continuation of Attack constant scanning of an area by the The armored cavalry troop commanderdriver, visibility, availability of pyro-should have a complete picture of the plan of 64 AGO 5733A the next higher commander. He makes a continuous estimate of the situation. If the plan calls for a continuation of the attack, the troop is deployed on the position to facilitate resumption of the advance. If this procedure is followed, only brief oral orders will be required to continue the attack. I 0 I. Employment of Air Cavalry Elements Air cavalry elements, if available, may be employed to protect the flanks of the troop maneuver force and to harass the enemy's rear. As the attack progresses they maintain visual contact with the withdrawing enemy force and provide early warning of impending enemy counterattack or approach of reinforcements. I02. Use of Army Aircraft in Troop Attack Scouts, dismounted rifle squads, and support squads may be transported by air vehicles during an attack. For a detailed discussion of airmobile operations see FM 57-35. Section IV. SECURITY OPERATIONS I03. General a. The size of the security force will be determined by an analysis of the factors of METT. The armored cavalry troop is well suited for use as a security force because of its mobility, firepower, and extensive and flexible means of communication. The troop may be employed on security missions alone or as part of a larger force. FM 17-1 covers the principles of security operations and the fundamentals of employment for each type of security action. For the definition of security, refer to paragraph 3. b. Security missions performed by the troop include advance guard, flank guard, rear guard, screening mission, and acting as part of a general outpost, covering force and rear area security force. I04. Advance Guard a. General. The armored cavalry troop may be employed as an advance guard or as part of an advance guard for the parent squadron or for the unit to which attached. Air cavalry elements or Army aircraft can render assistance to the advance guard by extending the range of reconnaissance and providing security, and should be made available to support the troop. The troop, when acting as the advance guard for the squadron, should march far enough in advance of the main body to insure that the main body has the time and space necessary to react to an enemy threat. For definition of advance guard refer to paragraph 3. b. Formation for Advance Guard Mission. The troop may advance on multiple routes or AGO 5733A in column. When moving in column, the following platoons are prepared to support the leading platoon in any action necessary to accomplish the mission. These platoons will usually be employed as organized; however, their tanks and rifle squads may be grouped in provisional units under one platoon leader to provide an attacking force for the troop. The scout sections of these two platoons may be grouped under the third platoon to provide flank security. The three support squads are normally employed under troop control and provide mortar fire support to all elements of the troop (fig. 31). When moving on multiple routes a platoon is assigned to each route. In addition to the advance guard mission the flank platoons may be required to provide flank security. If the routes are within range the three support squads may be employed under troop control to provide mortar fire support to all platoons. c. Conduct of Advance Guard. (1) Once enemy forces are encountered, the troop commander takes prompt and aggressive action to develop the situation and, within his capability, employs offensive action to defeat the enemy. His actions will vary according to the situation as developed by the leading platoon. Actions taken by the troop commander include these four steps: (a) Deploy the troop and report initial contact. (b) Develop the situation. (c) Choose a course of action. (d) Report the enemy situation and course of action taken to next higher headquarters. (2) When the situation requires the main body to attack, the troop may provide security, support by fire, or join in the attack. I05. Flank Guard a. The armored cavalry troop may execute a flank guard mission alone or as part of a larger force. When participating in a flank guard operation as part of the squadron, the troop may be assigned an advance or rear guard mission, or required to attack alone or as part of the squadron to seize or occupy blocking positions. \\ Figure 31. Typical formation for the armored cavalry troop employed as advance guard. It may perform a screening mission when the squadron is overextended. For the definition of flank guard, refer to paragraph 3. b. When the troop is to perform a flank guard mission as an independent force, the troop commander plans the mission in the following sequence: (1) Initially, he makes a map reconnaissance of the area of operations and selects the most likely avenues of enemy approach. He selects a series of blocking positions on the flank that generally parallel the main body's axis of advance. These blocking positions should be located on defensible terrain that dominates likely avenues of enemy approach. The blocking positions should be at sufficient distance from the flank of the main body to permit timely warning of enemy approach and to provide the main body with sufficient time and maneuver space to react to an enemy threat. The blocking positions should be located in such a manner as to deny the enemy ground observation and direct fire on the main body. These positions should be within supporting range of the artillery of the main body. If the flank guard force encounters a superior enemy force, the positions should !Je far enough apart to provide sufficient terrain for the conduct of a delaying action toward the main body. However, the distance between the axis of advance or flank of the main body and the line of blocking positions should not be so great that one armored cavalry platoon cannot secure this front age. (2) The troop commander normally selects the troop route of advance unless a route of advance has been prescribed by higher headquarters. During a penetration, the larger unit commander normally designates a specific route for the troop. The route selected should be far enough from the axis of advance of the main body to prevent the troop from interfering with the maneuver of the main body, but with- AGO 5733A • in the capability of one platoon to seavailable, are included in the troop cure the area between the main body, plan of operation. and the troop route of advance. The c. During the conduct of a flank guard oproute should be interior to, and permit eration, the troop moves parallel to the axis of rapid access to, the line of blocking advance of the main body. It regulates its positions (fig. 32). If a suitable route movement on the main body. The area of redoes not exist, the troop may be responsibility for the flank guard of an advancquired to operate cross country. ing force starts at the rear of the leading bat (3) The troop commander next develops talion (TF) and ends at the rear of the combat elements of the main body (exclusive of thea scheme of maneuver that will enable the troop to seize and hold selected rear guard), or as otherwise specified. The lead blocking positions and secure the area platoon provides the advance guard for the between the leading task force of the troop, secures the area between the main body main body and the troop route of adand the troop route of advance, and maintains The scheme of maneuver incontact with the rear of the leading battalion vance. task force of the main body. If the leading pla cludes provisions for seizing the blocking positions either by individual toon is not able to accomplish its three-fold platoon actions or by a coordinated mission, the troop commander either employs troop effort. The troop commander must also decide the strength required to hold the blocking positions that have been seized. ( 4) Contact points must be easily identifi able, they should be located forward of the line of blocking positions and gen erally between the individual blocking positions. Contact points delineate the area of responsibility for the platoon holding each position, and indicate that the platoon is responsible for the position and the area between the con tact points on each flank. The platoon is required to make physical contact with adjacent units at the contact point. PL ~~~,..':::-\:-t----J '1...--+---;-BILUE ( 5) The troop commander selects a forma latLd tion that will permit rapid employI,_....I ment against enemy resistance. The formation must provide for maximum flexibility to meet any change in the solution. The column formation pro vides the best control and maximum PL TEXAS flexibility. The troop provides its own security. Normally, each platoon is re LEGEND: quired to provide security for its exQ Check point posed flank. Scouts are used to pro, '..... ) P.roposed blocking positions vide security for the platoons and to extend reconnaissance. ( 6) Employment of Army aircraft and Figure 32. Planning for the employment of theelements of the air cavalry troop, if m·mored cavalry troop as a flank guard. AGO 5733A 67 an additional platoon or reinforces the leading platoon to the extent necessary to insure that the task is performed properly (fig. 36). If available, Army aircraft may assist in this mission. The remainder of the troop marches in column, prepared to secure blocking positions on order. The decision to occupy these positions and the method of movement that the troop may employ will depend on the speed with which the main body is advancing and the enemy situation on the exposed flank. If the troop becomes overextended, the troop commander should ask for permission to screen all or part of the area or to be relieved of responsi bility for the rear part of the rear. When the main body is stationary, the troop occupies blocking positions covering the likely avenues of enemy approach. When the blocking positions are being occupied, the troop CP and combat trains are located far enough from the blocking positions to preclude their frequent displacement should the flank guard be required to conduct a delaying action. There are three basic methods of movement that the troop may employ to furnish the required flank protection. (1) Alternate bounds. This method may be used when the element being secured is advancing slowly and strong enemy r e s i s t a n c e is anticipated against the flank guard. When all subordinate units have been employed and the main body's advance requires the securing of additional positions to the front, the rear unit is moved forward from its previously occupied blocking position to a new one to the front (fig. 33). (2) Successive bounds. This method is used when the movement of the main body is characterized by frequent short halts. Each subordinate unit occupies designated blocking positions. When forward movement is resumed, subordinate units retain their relative position in the flank guard formation as they move forward to occupy successive blocking positions (fig. 34). (3) Continuous marching. This method is used when the main body is advancing rapidly at a constant rate and the enemy resistance to the flank is very MAIN BODY SCT~ Figure 33. Armored cavalry troop as flank gua1·dusing alternate bounds. light. The flank guard uses a column formation and moves without halting, adjusting its rate of advance to the movement of the main body (fig. 35). d. The troop operating as a flank guard for a defensive force occupies a series of blocking positions on the flank of the main body. The blocking positions are located on key terrain that dominates likely avenues of enemy ap proach into the sector. The troop is normally given a sector of responsibility that is defined by specific terrain features, contact points, and boundaries. In accomplishing the mission, the troop employs defensive tactics. If forced from its positions, it employs delaying action techniques, providing time and space for the main body to react to the threat. e. Operations of the troop as flank guard for a unit performing a retrograde movement are similar to those of a troop performing as flank guard for an advancing force. The major difference is that in the retrograde movement the area of responsibility is from the front of the last unit (which may be the rear guard) to the front of the first unit in the formation. I06. Rear Guard a. The rear guard follows the main body at a distance prescribed by the main body commander and usually moves on the same route. It is prepared to intercept and engage enemy forces that attempt to attack the rear of the main body. If attacked by superior forces, the AGO 5733A rear guard employs delaying action in accomplishing its mission. It must not permit itse~f to be driven into the main body. For the defimtion of rear guard, refer to paragraph 3. b. When planning a rear guard operation the troop commander considers the following: ( 1) Ter-rain. The troop commander should analyze the terrain in the area of operations. He selects a series of delaying positions along the prescribed route of advance or withdrawal. Depending on the terrain and existing road net, the troop may be required to withdraw on more than one route. (2) Organ·ization of the rear· guard. The troop commander must determine the number of platoons to be employed in the initial delaying position. If the situation permits, he may position one platoon in depth. He assigns a troop route of withdrawal and designates the control measures necessary to insure effective control. Measures normally employed by the troop commander include delay positions, phase lines, check points, contact points, and route of withdrawal. (3) Security. The troop commander plans for flank security and reconnaissance to the front and flanks of occupied delaying positions. Active measures must be taken to insure that the MAIN BODY SCT~ Pigwre J4. A·rrnored wvalr·y tr·oop as flank guard using successive bounds. enemy does not bypass the rear guard and attack the rear of the main body. Plans may include assignment of a mission to one or more platoons to reconnoiter a given area to the front or flanks of a position. Normally, however, platoo11s are assigned the additional mission of protecting the flanks and extending reconnaissance to the platoon or platoons on the delaying position. The reconnaissance mission to the front and flanks is normally accomplished by scout elements operating under platoon control. Army aircraft can augment the effort of the platoons by extending observation to the front and flanks. The organic short range ground radar set may be used to augment security to the front or flanks. Elements of the air cavalry troop may be employed to maintain contact with the main body, and to prevent the enemy from bypassing the rear guard and attacking the rear of the main body. In addition, air cavalry elements may establish an air screen to the front of the rear guard to provide timely warning of enemy approach. ( 4) Supporting elements. Frequently, engineers are attached to or placed in support of the rear guard. The troop commander, together with the engineer unit leader, makes plans to construct obstacles to delay the enemy. When artillery support is available, the troop commander, in coordination with the artillery forward observer, develops the fire support plan for the operation. The fire support plan includes planned artillery fires, organic mortar fires, tactical air, aerial fire support, and the fires of organic weapons. (5) Plans and actions of the rnain body. It is essential that liaison be maintained with .the main body to regulate the rate of withdrawal of the rear guard. In addition, the rear guard commander must be thoroughly familiar with the plan of the main body and have continuous communication AGO ,;733A with the main body commander so information relayed by the troop that both commanders are informed of command post that may move close any situations that affect withdrawal behind the main body. of the rear guard. A liaison agent, ( 6) Delaying positions. Plans must in preferably the troop liaison sergeant, clude reconnaissance of delaying posi may be designated to accompany the tions. The troop executive officer and main body to effect this liaison. Ansuch others that can be spared are other soluti~n is to have the necessary used for this purpose. SCT~ ~~s~-~ ~ COMD~ GP~ (-) ~ ~ ~.. ~ Note. The troop is moving by the marching method with ground and aerial scouts reconnoitering to the front and flank. Figure 35. Armored cavalry troop as flank guard using continuous marching. AGO 6733A Figure 36. Armored cavalry troop employed as a flank guard, with one platoon maintaining contact with main body. (7) Command post and trains. The troop commander must plan the movement and locations of the troop command post vehicle and trains. Disposition of elements of the troop and the prox imity of the main body will normally provide security for these elements. c. The troop as rear guard follows the main body by bounds, occupying successive positions or following the main body by a prescribed time or distance interval. It occupies each position and remains there until the main body has cleared the next position. The distance between the rear guard and the main body should not permit the enemy to bypass the rear guard and attack the main body (fig. 37). d. The rear guard engages all enemy forces that threaten the rear of the main body. It fights to insure that the enemy does not impede the movement of the main body. The rear guard normally fights a delaying action, trading space for time until the main body has moved beyond the range of effective enemy action. When contact with the enemy has been made, it is maintained until the enemy is no longer a serious threat to the main body or has moved out of the area of responsibility. e. If the main body is moving rapidly and no contact is made with the enemy, the rear guard moves at a given rate of march behind the main body. It regulates its speed to stay the prescribed distance behind the main body. AGO 5733A [§ SCT SCT~ \ 1 Figure 37. Conduct of rear guard action by the armored cavalry troop. I 07. Covering Force a. The covering force engages in any type of action necessary for the successful accomplishment of its mission. When participating as part of an advance covering force, the troop normally conducts a route or zone reconnaissance. When employed as part of a rear covering force, the troop normally conducts a delaying action. When participating in a flank covering force mission, the techniques employed are similar to a flank guard operation. The flank covering force operates at a greater distance from the main body. The covering force must not become decisively engaged, bypassed, or enveloped. For the definition of covering force, refer to paragraph 3. b. The armored cavalry troop normally opthe troop sector. The tank sections and supporterates as part of the covering force when the squads are retained in positions behind the main body is advancing to contact, engaged in screening force to destroy enemy patrols andmobile or area defense, or is conducting a retassist in their withdrawal. rograde movement. c. The troop commander plans a screening c. When the troop is employed as part of a mission as follows:covering force for an advancing unit, it performs reconnaissance within its assigned zone (1) Upon receipt of a screening mission, the troop commander makes a mapto locate enemy forces. When contact with the reconnaissance. The enemy situation,enemy is made, the troop attacks and destroys the width of the sector assigned theor disperses the enemy within its capability. troop and the amount of travel inAn enemy force may be bypassed if stated in volved often preclude the troop comthe mission or on order of the squadron commander from making a ground reconmander. The troop must adopt a formation naissance of the entire area. If Armythat provides for rapid employment against aircraft are available, he may makeenemy resistance. an air reconnaissance. d. The armored cavalry troop may be em(2) Based on his reconnaissance, theployed as part of a covering force for a unit troop commander selects the generalconducting a retrograde operation. The higher location of observation posts and descommander directing the covering force action ignates contact points between andwill designate the general area in which it is to forward of the observation posts. Heconduct its operations. Instructions will also makes tentative plans for the employinclude a general line in front of which the ment of each platoon. In selecting theenemy is to be held, and the time required to general locations of OP's to cover likeaccomplish the mission. The time element is ly avenues of enemy approach, henormally expressed in hours or days. In exshould consider the factors discussedecuting a covering force mission as part of a in paragraph 51. Normally, tanks arelarger force, the troop is assigned a zone and not positioned in the vicinity of theaccomplishes its mission by delaying action. observation posts. The troop command post is located well to the rear I08. Screening Force for security and on high ground that a. A screening mission is characterized by provides good communication.the employment of relatively few forces over a (3) Phase lines and check points are used wide area. The mission is accomplished by to control movement in the event theestablishing observation posts, and patrolling screen is forced to withdraw. Contactwhen necessary, to cover all approaches into points are established forward of andthe area. The higher commander specifies the generally between the observationgeneral trace of the screen, the units to be posts.screened, and the responsibility for the area be (4) When supporting artillery fires aretween the screening force and the screened available, the troop commander counits. The mission of a screening force is to ordinates their use with the artilleryprovide early warning of enemy approach and to maintain contact with the enemy. Forces forward observer. The plan of firesupport includes harassing fires on the disposed on a screening mission cannot be exenemy at defiles or other confiningpected to offer significant resistance to the terrain features, and protective firesenemy. Screening forces will fight to protect for observation posts and patrols. Elethemselves and to destroy small unit patrols ments of the air cavalry troop may be(figs. 38 and 39). For the definition of screenemployed to establish an air screen being force, refer to paragraph 3. yond the ground OP's to reconnoiter b. Scout elements and rifle squads establish primary avenues of enemy approach,observation posts and conduct patrols across to maintain contact with the main 72 AGO 5733A • rnrn m [!] rn m aJIE kk~ k~k ~~k A B c D E F G H .... ••• ~(-) ~(-) ~(-) Figure 38. Armored cavalry troop deployed on a stationary screening mission. • body, or both. Army aircraft may be used to extend observation to the front and flanks, to make periodic flights over sensitive areas, and to transport patrols. Electronic surveillance devices are employed to increase the effectiveness of the screen during periods of poor visibility. (5) When the troop is operating as part of a larger force, the troop commander coordinates with adjacent units to insure that the area between the two units is covered adequately by observation. d. The observation post or patrol that observes an enemy force reports its location and progress. The observation post or patrol reporting the enemy usually remains hidden so as not to disclose its location. Uncommitted elements of the troop and supporting fires are employed to destroy the enemy patrol or drive it from the platoon or troop sector. e. When any enemy force, posing a threat to the main body, approaches the position, it is reported by the fastest means available. Every effort is made to obtain the strength, composition, disposition, and direction of movement of the enemy force. Once contact has been 80~000~08GG0~G0~G ~AAAAA~AAAA~AAA~~~ p R K L M N 0 QA B c D E G H [gil(-) [gil(-) [gil(-) A-B B-C Figure 39 . . Armo·red cavalry t1·oop conducting stationary screen over maximum frontage for short periods with good visibility. AGO 5733A made, one or more observation posts may be assigned the mission of maintaining visual contact with the enemy. The remainder of the troop may reinforce the observation posts, with certain elements designated by the troop commander to move with the enemy and to report changes in the situation. When required, the entire troop may be ordered to withdraw to a new line of observation posts. All available fire support is used to harass and impede the progress of the enemy. When contact has been gained with the enemy, it is maintained until the enemy moves out of the troop sector of re sponsibility. Enemy movement that may affect another unit is reported promptly to higher headquarters. I09. Rear Area Security Force (STANAG 2079) a. General. The armored cavalry troop will normally perform rear area security as part of a larger force. The troop commander must carefully coordinate the efforts of the troop with those of other combat elements in the area. He must also avoid stereotype operation of patrols, observation posts, and listening posts as regards time, areas, and patrol routes. For the definition of rear area security, refer to paragraph 3. b. Securing Lines of Communication. The techniques employed to guard lines of communication vary with the terrain, the road net, the length of the lines of communication, and the type of enemy activity expected. The following techniques form the basis for plans to secure lines of communication. ( 1) Ifthe lines of communication to be se cured extend only a short distance, platoons may be assigned areas of responsibility. Small security forces consisting primarily of scouts are placed on dominating terrain features overlooking avenues of enemy approach. The troop commander maintains as large a reserve as possible to counter any enemy threat that develops in the troop area of responsibility. (2) If the lines of communication are long and must be guarded over a great distance, larger areas of responsibility are assigned to the platoons. Every effort is made to insure that both flanks of the route are covered by a series of observation posts. These posts have the mission of giving warning of enemy approach. The remainder of the troop patrols the line of communication and provides escorts for vehicles moving through the area. (3) In employing either of the techniques discussed above, the troop commander may organize provisional platoons of scouts, tanks, and riflemen to best accomplish the assigned mission. The scout elements are best used to man observation posts and for patrols. They may be augmented by riflemen. The remainder of the troop is held in reserve to escort convoys and to counter enemy threats. c. Security Against Airborne, Airmobile, and Guerrilla Attack. (1) When protecting a rear area against enemy airborne, airmobile, or guerrilla forces, the commander deploys his troop to best counter the enemy threat. He usually accomplishes this by establishing o!:>servation posts that provide a good view of likely drop zones, landing areas, and areas where guerrilla forces may assemble, and by patrolling the entire area. The remainder of the troop is retained in a central location, from which it is prepared to move rapidly to any part of the troop area. FM 31-15 contains additional information on operations against irregular forces. (2) Upon being assigned a mission to defend an area against airborne, airmobile, or guerrilla attack, the troop commander reconnoiters his area and selects likely drop zones for airborne forces, landing areas for airmobile forces, and potential assembly areas for guerrilla forces. From this he determines where to establish observation posts, routes for patrols, and suitable assembly areas for the troop reserve (fig. 40). (3) The bulk of the tank strength, available riflemen, and the support squads form the <:entrally located reserve. Patrols are conducted and observation AGO 5733A posts established primarily by scout d. Elements of the air cavalry troop, if availelements. Riflemen may supplement able, may be employed to perform periodic the scouts as required. aerial surveillance of the area and reconnoiter likely landing areas for airborne and airmobile ( 4) The key to success against airborne or forces. The capability of air cavalry units toair landed forces is rapid deployment move at relatively high speed without regard to and the placing of maximum fires on terrain obstacles should be used to the maxi the airborne or airmobile forces durmum to rapidly locate and engage enemy forces. ing the early phases of the landing. Consequently, movement to attack enemy forces is of such paramount imI I0. Protecting an Installation portance that piecemeal commitment The armored cavalry troop may be requiredmay.be required. to protect an installation in the rear areas, such ( 5) Counterguerrilla tacts include defenas a supply installation or an element of the sive actions to prevent or minimize the nuclear weapons delivery system. The troop is effects of guerrilla actions, and offendeployed generally the same as for all-round sive actions directed at destruction of defense (fig. 41). The troop commander proguerrilla forces. Specific actions taken vides early warning of enemy approach by against guerrilla forces should be to establishing an OP systen;t around the installadetect them early, take them under tion, by continuous patrolling, and when Army fire, and attack rapidly to destroy aircraft are available, by aerial surveillance. them. A detailed discussion is found Short range ground radar sets of the ground in paragraphs 312 through 315. surveillance section are used to improve secur (6) The troop may be required to seize ity. The troop commander should maintain a and secure an attack position and a tank-heavy reserve close to the protected installine of departure when the main rear lation. Mortars may be grouped under troop area security force is committed . control to provide fire support. • AGO 5738A 75 LEGEND: ==== Main road • v • ~ ~ lP • I ],8 ~g5 ITl ~~? "'"'"' -'"'"' gg~ ~~"' [;:. .~ -....., ... __ • / I • • <\ ..,." t <% '\] ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ..,.q_ NOTE. PLATOON BLOCKING POSITIONS COVERING AVENUES OF ENEMY APPROACH MAY BE OCCUPIED AS SITUATION DEVELOPS. Figure 40. Armored cavalry troop deployed for defense Figure 41. Armored cavalry troop protecting an against an airborne threat. installation. Section V. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS I I I. General a. The armored cavalry troop may be required to engage in defensive action in the performance of normal reconnaissance and security missions. In an economy of force mission, the troop may be required also to defend a specific area, terrain feature, or installation. b. The troop is most effectively employed in the defense when it is assigned reconnaissance or security missions for a larger unit. For basic considerations, types, and conduct of defensive actions, see FM 17-1. I 12. Employment of Armored Cavalry Troop in Defense n. The armored cavalry troop may be employed in defensive operations either alone or as part of a larger force. When part of a larger force in a defensive action, the troop may participate in the mobile defense or area defense. The mobile defense is the type normally adopted by the armored and mechanized divisions, while the area defense is the type more frequently employed by the infantry division. b. In the mobile or area defense, the troop is best employed when given a security force mission. AGO 5733A • 113. Organization of the Ground for Defense When the enemy possesses a modern mechanized force, the primary consideration in the defense is the antitank plan. Measures for increasing the effectiveness of defensive fires and permitting maneuver by elements of the troop take precedence over other actions in organizing an area for defense. The defensive position is organized to permit delivery of maximum fires on the enemy, impeding and canalizing his advance and reducing the effects of his fires, and to force him to mass, thereby providing a lucrative nuclear target. I 14. Reconnaissance and Selection of Position Assignment of a defensive position to the armored cavalry troop is normally the responsibility of the squadron or the supported unit commander. The troop commander reconnoiters his assigned area to find the likely enemy avenues of approach into the troop sector. In selecting a position, the troop commander analyzes the terrain with particular emphasis on key terrain features, observation and fields of fire, cover and concealment, obstacles, accessibility of positions, and communication. I 15. Occupation of the Defensive Position a. Based on the results of his reconnaissance and estimate of the situation, the troop commander locates his platoons to cover avenues of approach into his area of responsibility. The nucleus of each platoon defensive position is the tank section and rifle squad. If there are two enemy avenues of approach into the troop sector, the troop commander may employ two platoons forward to block the avenues of approach and position the third platoon in depth. The troop commander may employ the mortars and scouts from each platoon directly under troop control. When possible, mortars are massed to support the actions of all elements of the troop. Scout sections operating under troop control may be used to provide local security by manning observation posts and by conducting patrols in the troop area (fig. 42). On occasion, the troop commander may elect to organize a provisional tank platoon, rifle platoon, and scout platoon, with the support squads employed under troop control. In this situation, the tank platoon will be employed to cover the most likely avenue of enemy armor approach, and the infantry platoon disposed to provide protection for the tanks and cover avenues of enemy infantry approach. Tanks are seldom employed alone. The tanks and rifle squads are employed as a team. Scout elements are used to establish observation posts and to patrol the areas between platoons or between the troop and adjacent units. The short range radar sets are employed to cover the most likely avenues of enemy approach into the defensive position. b. When the organization for combat is complete, the defensive position is occupied. The platoons immediately prepare the ground for defense. Fields of fire are cleared, tanks are placed in hull defilade, and emplacements are ENEMY AVENUES OF APPROAOI A ~ A B SalUT ELEMENTS ~ '--·~__.) NOTES. 1. SCOUTS MAY BE ORGANIZED INTO A PROVISIONAL PLATOON. 2. MORTARS MAY REMAIN UNDER PLATOON CONTROL OR BE MASSED UNDER TROOP CONTROL. Figure 42. Schematic diagrarn of the armored cavalry troop in defense. AGO 5733A dug for crew-served weapons. The firepower of machineguns on the armored personnel carriers is usually integrated into the all-round defense of the troop. Armored personnel carriers should be employed in or near the areas of the rifle squads they transport. Normally, the carriers will be placed in defilade to the rear of the position; as the situation develops, they will be moved to previously selected alternate and supplementary positions as required. When scout elements man observation posts, their armored vehicles accompany them and are placed in position to provide protection for the OP. Plans are made to integrate their machineguns into the all-round defense of the troop when they withdraw from the OP. When employed within the defensive position of the troop, their armored vehicles are positioned the same as armored personnel carriers. I 16. Strengthening the Defensive Position a. Strengthening of the defensive position is continued as long as it is occupied. The rifle squads and scout sections perform necessary pioneer work to improve the position. b. Full advantage must be taken of natural obstacles. Tactical wire, mines, and other obstacles are placed to break up the enemy attack and hold him in areas covered by defensive fires. Obstacles should be inconspicuous from ground and air observation, and they are covered by direct fire to pr€vent their removal or neutralization by the enemy. ( 1) Wire entanglements, trip flares, noise makers, and antipersonnel mines (as authorized) are employed to provide warning and to delay and prevent an assault. The distance from the unit to the wire entanglement should permit day and night observation. It should be beyond effective hand grenade range. (2) Use of antitank mines is coordinated with the use of other obstacles and antitank weapons. Antitank mines are laid forward of the defensive position to connect or extend other obstacles and to canalize enemy armor into areas where antitank fire is most effective. Antipersonnel mines are normally used in conjunction with antitank obstacles and minefields to prevent ease of removal or breaching. When barrages of artillery and mortar fire are planned, the mines are usually located at the near edge of the barrage. c. Obstacles must not be created where they will hamper the mobility of friendly forces or limit the employment of the reserves. Their use must be consistent with the overall plan of defense. Engineers normally provide technical supervision in establishing minefields and other obstacles. Because members of the armored cavalry troop must accomplish much of the pioneer work, they must be trained accordingly. d. Dummy works, in accordance with the overall plan of defense, may be used to mislead the enemy and disperse his fire. To be effective, dummy positions must be realistic. They should be located near occupied positions, yet not so close that fire intended for the dummy position strikes troops. For further deception and increased effectiveness, dummy positions may be manned lightly during the preliminary phase of the defensive action while the enemy is attempting to determine the extent and strength of the position by air and ground reconnaissance. Examples of deceptive techniques that may be employed include: (1) Installing dummy minefields (as authorized), including boobytraps and live mines, to inflict casualties and to force the enemy to make a cautious and thorough search of the area. (2) Spreading canvas strips, straw, foliage, or similar material to cover sections of the road leading into the defensive position. This camouflage may be used to conceal defensive works or installations, and as a deception measure. (3) Concealing antitank mines in felled trees or other debris blocking a road. (When a tank is stopped within such an obstacle, the obstacle is improved.) 117. Mobile Defense a. General. The armored cavalry troop may be employed as part of any element of the mobile defense-the security force, fixing force, or the reserve. AGO 5733A be employed in one or more echelons of the de • b. Security Force. (1) In the mobile defense, the troop norfense: security force, forces in the forward mally participates as part of a squaddefensive area, or reserve. The troop is most ron performing a covering force effective when it is assigned missions in which it can use its mobility and extensive means of mission. It is usually assigned a sector of the initial squadron position. The communication to the maximum. These capatroop conducts this type of mission bilities includegenerally as explained for the delay( 1) Participating as part of a covering ing action, in paragraphs 120 through force or general outpost for a larger 122. unit. (2) If the troop is assigned a flank secur(2) Acting as the combat outpost for a ity or rear area security mission in the brigade.mobile defense, it conducts the mis ( 3) Acting as part of the reserve for asion as described in paragraphs 105 larger unit. and 109. b. Combat Outpost. The armored cavalryc. Fixing Force. When the armored cavalry troop may be required to furnish the combattroop is employed as part of a fixing force, the outpost for its parent squadron, for a battalionhigher commander will designate the general task force, or a brigade. The troop commandertrace along the forward edge of the battle area assigns outpost sectors to the platoons. The by a dashed line intersecting coordinating combat outpost is normally located far enoughpoints that have been fixed along the lateral in front of the forward edge of the battle areaboundaries in the zone to be occupied by the to deny the enemy ground observation into thetroop. The higher commander may designate battle area. Once the platoons have organizedcertain blocking positions that the troop is to their respective positions, the troop commanderprepare or occupy. As soon as possible, the coordinates their dispositions, making necestroop commander initiates a reconnaissance of sary adjustments. his area and develops his plans of defense. Platoons are positioned to provide long range ( 1) When an artillery forward observer is fires and mutual support (fig. 43). The troop working with the troop, the troop is organized for combat based on the factors of commander arranges with him for METT. No reserve is held at troop level, alsupporting artillery fires. If no forthough, if the situation permits, one platoon ward observer is available, the troop should be positioned in depth. The position is commander arranges artillery support organized for all-round defense. The plan of through squadron headquarters. Morfire support is developed, range cards are pretar concentrations are prepared to pared for all tank and automatic weapons, and cover possible avenues of enemy apoverlays showing the organization of the troop proach, with particular emphasis besector are prepared and submitted to the ing placed on areas that cannot be adequately covered with flat-trajectory squadron commander. The troop command post vehicles and combat trains are positioned to the weapons. rear. (2) Scouts maintain contact between the d. Reserve. The armored cavalry troop may outposts. The combat outpost withdraws only on order, unless authority be employed as a part of the reserve. The prep aration and conduct of the operations of the has been delegated to the troop com reserve are similar to those of normal offensive mander, and uses previously recon action (FM 17-1). When participating as part noitered routes of withdrawal that provide maximum cover and conceal of the reserve, the armored cavalry troop is best suited for reconnaissance and security ment. Routes are selected that will assist in deceiving the enemy as to the missions. true location of the forward edge of I I8. Area Defense the battle area. Several plans for withct. General. In area defense, the troop may drawal are made and the troop is pre- AGO 5733A 79 0 ~ ~ C D - - \ Platoon blocking position with sector of fire Routes to blocking positions to be occupied on troop order Figure 43. Armored cavalry troop occupying a fixing force position. pared for any change in the situation. the squadron is performing an economy of force Forces in the battle area are notified mission. When assigned this mission, the troopwhen all elements of the combat out should be given a sector consistent with its post have cleared the forward edge of capability to fight a defensive action. the battle area. d. Ar1nored Cavalry Troop as Part of Rec. Armored Cavalry Troap as Part of Forces serve in Area Defense. 1:n the Forward Defens'ive Area. The troop is not normally employed independently to hold a (1) The armored cavalry troop may be part of the forward edge of the battle area; employed as part of the reserve in the however, it may be assigned such a sector when area defense. The troop is best suited AGO 5733A to perform reconnaissance and security missions for the reserve. (2) The troop commander studies the plans for employment of the reserve, reconnoiters the area, and prepares necessary plans. He may organize the troop to concentrate tank-infantry strength or employ the troop without any change in organization. Platoon and section leaders reconnoiter routes to, and areas of, planned operations. I 19. Armored Cavalry Troop Perimeter Defense When operating independently, the troop must provide for its own perimeter defense (fig. 44). The troop commander deploys his platoons to cover likely enemy avenues of approach and establishes local security. The troop commander should insure that platoon leaders employ tanks to cover the most likely avenues of enemy armor approach, and riflemen to provide close-in protection for tanks and to cover likely avenues of enemy infantry approach. The troop employs normal defensive tactics. If the situation permits, a reserve should be maintained and positioned that can quickly move to any part of the defensive system. The defensive posture of the troop should provide sufficient maneuver space for the troop reserve. For security, the CP and trains should be placed in the center of the area or in the vicinity of one of the platoons. Section VI. RETROGRADE OPERATIONS 120. Delaying Action a. The armored cavalry troop may be required to conduct a delaying action to accomplish an assigned mission. The troop may conduct this action as a separate unit or as part of a larger force. For the definition of delaying action, refer to paragraph 61. A detailed discussion of the characteristics of delaying positions and the principles of the preparation for and conduct of the delaying action, are contained in FM 17-1 and FM 17-15. b. Higher headquarters normally assigns the troop a zone in which to conduct delay, the general area of the initial delay position and successive delay positions and the length of time the enemy ·is to be delayed forward of each position. As soon as possible, the troop commander reconnoiters the designated delaying positions. He normally selects intermediate delaying positions between those selected by higher headquarters and reports these locations. Successive delaying positions are spaced far enough apart to force the enemy to deploy to attack each position and reorganize after each attack (fig. 45). c. The troop commander deploys his platoons to cover likely avenues of enemy approach. The width of the assigned sector and the number of avenues of approach into the area determine the distribution of forces to be employed. When operating within a wide sector containing several routes of approach, the troop commander positions one platoon to block each avenue of approach. The troop commander may organize provisional platoons, however, the normal method is to employ the platoons intact. Whenever it is possible to support the entire troop from one firing position, the support squads are massed under troop control. The troop normally will not designate a reserve. When the width of the troop sector permits, a platoon is positioned in depth. This platoon is used to block enemy penetrations, to reinforce elements of the delaying position, or to cover the withdrawal of forward elements. The initial organization of force should be considered flexible. Changes in organization for combat or distribution of forces should take place whenever required by the tactical situation. d. The organization of a delaying position is similar to the organization of a defensive position. Most of the firepower of the troop is oriented toward the enemy; however, adequate flank and rear security must be provided. Tanks are located to block likely avenues of enemy armor approach and to deliver long range direct fire. Rifle elements are placed where they can protect tanks and cover avenues of enemy infantry approach. If possible, the fires of machineguns should interlock. The troop commander should prepare contingency plans for AGO 5723A • ~ . TRACE OF FEBA ~ ,------ I • •• • ••• I • ~ I ' J£ ' \ \ / I I \ \• / / \ • / • / ........ ' ,_ •• ~ ~ Figure 44. Perimeter defense by the armored cavalry t1·oop. being reinforced on the delaying position by the squadron reserve. e. The fire support plan should provide for normal defensive fires, fires in support of a counterattack, and fires to cover the withdrawal. Defensive fires should concentrate on breaking up advancing enemy formations at long range. Details of the fire support plan must be disseminated to all persons in the troop. FM 17-1 contains additional information. f. The delaying action is accomplished in the following manner: (1) Scout elements of the troop operate well forward of the initial position to give early warning of enemy approach. As the enemy approaches, scouts withdraw to the flanks of the delaying position. They maintain contact with the enemy, adjust supporting fires, and report any attempt by the enemy to bypass or envelop the position. As the enemy approaches the position, the scouts withdraw to the flanks. (See more on armored cavalry platoon delaying actions in chapter 4.) Scout elements providing observation to the flanks do not withdraw in any set order. They keep the enemy under constant observation and move by bounds, using routes of withdrawal other than those used by other elements of the troop. (2) Long range fires are brought to bear on the approaching enemy force as far forward of the delaying position as AGO 5733A [ [ Figure 45. Armored cavalry troop intermediate delaying positions between squadron delaying positions. possible. This is usually accomplished by. artillery and mortar fire. Tactical air and air cavalry units engage enemy forces before they come within range of supporting artillery fires. Within the delaying force, tanks open fire on the enemy at maximum effective range. Other weapons in the position are brought to bear as soon as the enemy is within their effective range. Observation posts on the flanks of the position remain concealed and do not fire on the enemy unless forced to do so by enemy action. Maximum delay is obtained on each delaying position; however, the delaying force will normally be withdrawn from a position before becoming decisively engaged. The delaying force withdraws to successive delaying positions. This technique must be used to achieve continuous delay. [ AGO 5733A (3) The troop commander must maintain close contact with his platoons. He attempts to locate himself with the platoon that is engaged in the most critical action; however, he must not become so engaged in a platoon action that he cannot control the entire troop. The troop will not withdraw until authorized to do so by the higher commander. Unengaged platoons may be employed to assist or disengage heavily engaged platoons. The troop commander bases his decision to withdraw elements of the delay force on his knowledge of the situation and reports or recommendations of subordinate commanders or platoon leaders. He normally remains on the delaying position until the last platoon withdraws. The ground surveillance section should be emplaced to cover likely avenues of enemy approach and should remain in position as long as possible. g. Successive troop delaying positions are organized and occupied in a manner similar to the initial delaying positions (fig. 46). Before arrival of the troop, the next delaying position is reconnoitered and platoon positions are organized by the platoon sergeants in coordination with the executive officer. The position is strengthened as much as time and materiel permit. Obstacles are created and routes are improved. When required, supplies, ammunition and barrier material are stockpiled on the position. h. Artillery fire support is normally available to the armored cavalry troop conducting a delaying action. Supporting artillery will initially provide long range fires on advancing formations and continue to fire on the enemy as he advances toward the delaying forces. Artillery fires will also be used to support counterattacks by the reserve and to cover the withdrawal of delaying forces from one position to the next. If artillery is in direct support, a forward observer will work with the troop, otherwise fires will be requested through command channels and will be adjusted by persons in the troop capable of observing the target. Engineers assist in the delay by destroying bridges, blocking roads, and erecting barriers. They also maintain routes of withdrawal for friendly forces. Figut·e 46. A'rnwred cavalry troop conducting a, delaying action with all platoons on line. Platoons delay onsuccessi,ve positions. Scout elements provide security on the flanks. The engineers will normally be controlled at squadron or higher level. Coordination is necessary so that obstacles constructed by the engineers are covered by fire and in no way impede the planned withdrawal of delaying forces or the commitment of the counterattacking force. Tactical air, when available, assists in the conduct of the delaying action by disrupting and harassing advancing enemy formations. Army aviation provides aircraft for air reconnaissance, artillery and mortar observer liaison, and relaying information. If the situation warrants, Army aircraft may be used to transport elements of the troop or to carry critical items of supply. Elements of the air cavalry troop, when available, provide early warning of enemy approach, harass and delay the enemy force within their capability, and provide flank security. 121. Withdrawal a. A withdrawal is a maneuver whereby a a force disengages from an enemy force in accordance with the will of the commander. The armored cavalry troop may be required to conduct a withdrawal to reach a position from which it can begin other action. Generally it is accomplished in two phases: a disengagement from action, followed by the formation of march columns for continued movement away from the enemy. A troop may be required to withdraw alone or as part of a larger force. If conducting an independent withdrawal, the troop must provide for its own security and take action to insure a successful disengagement. One platoon may ad as the security force for the remainder of the troop during a withdrawal. If conducting a withdrawal as part of a larger force, the troop may withdraw under cover of security elements provided by another unit, or it may act as the security force or reserve for the larger unit. The troop can make a successful withdrawal either in daylight or at night. If withdrawal is to be made at night, the decision should be made sufficiently in advance to permit planning, coordination, and a daylight reconnaissance of routes of withdrawal. b. The commander of a troop executing a withdrawal must designate (1) Location of the new position or assembly area. The new position or assembly area should be behind the line of contact and should be designated early enough to permit reconnaissance of the area. (2) Provisions for preparation and occupation of the new position. These provisions should include necessary defensive measures, disposition of the troop trains and command post, and guides for units moving into the area. (3) Routes of withdrawal. The troop may be assigned a route of withdrawal by the higher headquarters. When the troop is operating on a broad front, it is desirable that each platoon be given a separate route of withdrawal. The commander must exercise strict control over movement during the withdrawal. If the withdrawal includes a movement through a defensive position occupied by another unit, close coordination is required. The troop commander will designate a representative, normally the executive officer, to coordinate with the unit through which the troop will withdraw. Coordination and control measures must be disseminated to all platoons. Plans should include provision for guides from the unit being withdrawn through liaison and communication, and recognition signals. ( 4) A security force. The troop commander may designate one platoon as a rear guard. If the troop is withdrawing as part of a larger unit, it may be assigned the mission of providing the security force. ( 5) A time schedule. Higher headquarters designates the time of withdrawal for the troop. Based on this time, a schedule must be prepared for the entire operation. The time of withdrawal of the security force must allow the main body to completely break contact with the enemy. (6) Priority of withdrawal. Troop trains and the command post vehicle should be designated as the first elements to withdraw. They are followed by those elements that will allow for an orderly withdrawal of the troop and still AGO 5733A maintain unit integrity. The mortars, if operating under troop control, should be withdrawn early so that they are in position to provide indirect fire support for other elements when they begin to withdraw. The security force will be the last element to withdraw. c. In a daylight or involuntary withdrawal, the troop commander normally employs about one-third of his unit as a security force. The security force protects the withdrawal of the troop main body and withdraws on order of the troop commander. To disengage from the enemy, the security force moves to a position at the rear of the troop. The remainder of the troop executes a delaying action through the security force, breaks contact with the enemy force, forms into march columns and continues its rearward movement under cover of the security force (fig. 47). A limited-objective counterattack by the security force may be necessary to disengage the troop. Once the main body has withdrawn, the security force employs fire and movement (rearward) until it passes through friendly forces or disengages from the enemy. d. In a daylight withdrawal, the troop may be designated as all or part of the reserve for a larger unit. When employed in this manner, the troop may be ( 1) Employed as a counterattacking force to permit withdrawal of a unit that is heavily engaged. Such a counterattack is a limited-objective attack. (2) Employed as a security force to occuPY a position from which it can protect by fire the withdrawal of units in contact with the enemy. (3) The first element to move to the rear when it is not required to assist other units in disengaging from the enemy. When the troop is given a security force mission for a larger force, it organizes for combat and conducts its actions in essentially the same manner as the security force in the mobile defense. A troop in contact with the enemy and not required to provide its own security, disengages from action in a manner similar to that of a unit conducting a withdrawal in a delaying action. e. A night or voluntary withdrawal reduces the effectiveness of enemy air attacks and ground fire. It is easier to deceive the enemy at night; however, control is more difficult and movement is slower. Security detachments are left in contact with the enemy when the situation requires that security be provided for the other withdrawing elements of the troop. Security detachments left in contact may consist of an armored cavalry platoon or elements of ~ I ,I SECURITY FORCE /SCT £.• ..t-----JL_ • fS~ SCT FRIENDLY FORCES Figure 47. The armored cavalry troop initiating a withdrawal. The bulk of the troop withdraws through the security force, forms into march columns, and continues movement to the rear. AGO 6733A each of the three platoons. If a provisional security detachment is left in contact, the troop commander may designate the executive officer or a platoon leader to command it. Coordination must be achieved within the security detachment, between this detachment and the withdrawing element, and with adjacent units. Matters of command and control must be clearly specified. A security detachment left in contact should use whatever deceptive measures are available to create the impression that a much larger force is remaining in position. Such deceptive measures include those actions normally associated with operations in a fully manned position, such as digging in and moving equipment about. Normal communications traffic is maintained and the same pattern of supporting fires is employed to add to the deception. f. Units withdraw at night in generally the same manner as in daylight. All platoons, minus their security, move simultaneously if possible. Formations are closer and movements are made with greater emphasis on secrecy and security than during daylight withdrawals. Conditions may permit a unit to withdraw so rapidly that the enemy cannot interfere with the movement. If a commander is certain that this is possible, he may execute a night withdrawal without the use of security. However, each platoon is responsible for maintaing its own security during this type of move. 122. Retirement a. A retirement is an orderly withdrawal of troops according to their own plan and without pressure by the enemy. It may be made following a withdrawal from action or when no actual contact with the enemy has been made. The armored cavalry troop usually executes a retirement as part of a larger force (fig. 48). b. The armored cavalry troop, as part of the squadron or another larger force, is best suited to be employed as a security force during a retirement. Appropriate security force mission include employment as part of a covering force or as a flank or rear guard for the main body executing the retirement. AGO 5733A ' \ ~t_' \ '\ -·~ .:.~~~ ... .... .... '' -t" ·~-.,... ..... "" / / --I -_,.. :.~::l '--@]-:..---§ \ " I ' I I (!) I \,_ ..::.'_,, Figure 48. Armored cavalry troop conducting a 1·etirement. 88 AGO 5733A PART THREE AIR CAVALRY TROOP CHAPTER 6 GENERAL Section I. 123. Scope Part Three contains a discussion of the organization, tactics, and techniques applicable to the training and employment of the air cavalry troop organic to divisional armored cavalry squadrons. The troop will normally be employed as a part of the armored cavalry squadron. The doctrine contained herein is also applicable to the troop when attached to or placed in support of brigades or other major units. 124. Missions and Capabilities The air cavalry troop is designed to extend by air means the reconnaissance and security capabilities of the armored cavalry squadron, or the unit to which attached, and to engage in offensive, defensive, or delaying actions within GENERAL its capability to seize and dominate lightly defended areas or terrain features. The air cavalry troop has the capability to a. Perform aerial and ground reconnaissance and provide security for the unit to which assigned or attached. b. Engage in offensive, defensive, and delaying actions. c. Provide armed air escort for airmobile operations. d. Seize and dominate lightly defended areas or terrain features. e. Conduct chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring and survey operations, nuclear target acquisition, and nuclear damage assessment. Section II. ORGANIZATION 125. Organization a. General. The troop is organized with a troop headquarters, an operations section, an aero-scout platoon, aero-rifle platoon, aeroweapons section, and a service platoon (fig. 49). b. Troop Headquarters. Troop headquarters contains the troop commander, one warrant officer (helicopter pilot), the first sergeant, a crew chief, and a troop clerk (fig. 50). One utility helicopter is provided to transport the troop commander and it may be used to perform aeromedical evacuation. A 1,4-ton truck is provided for necessary command surface trans- AGO 5733A portation. The warrant officer pilots the helicopter and the crew chief may also act as observer and armorer. FM voice radio is the normal means of communication with other elements of the troop. An internal wire net may be established within assembly areas if conditions permit. The utility helicopter is armed with a quad machinegun weapons sys tem. c. Operations Section. The operations section consists of a flight operations officer, one warrant officer (helicopter pilot), an aviation operations sergeant, communications chief, aviation operations specialist, helicopter crew chief, and two radio operators (fig. 50). The gun weapons systems and the utility helicopterssection includes the personnel and equipment are armed with antitank guided missile systo exercise control over combat operations of tems. The platoon accomplishes normal scoutthe troop, and through which communications type reconnaissance missions using aerialmay be provided between the troop and supmeans. Minimum formations will normally beported units. The operations section will freteams consisting of two helicopters operating quently accompany the combat elements of as a team. the troop into the forward area of the combat ( 1) The platoon leader is responsible forzone by operating from a utility helicopter. the training, discipline, control, andThe operations section is the center of activity tactical employment of his platoon within the troop and the successful accomplishand for the maintenance and efficientment of missions is dependent upon planning operation of its helicopters. and coordination provided by section person (2) The section leader is responsible fornel. The utility helicopter is armed with a the discipline, training, control, andquad machinegun weapons system. conduct of the crews in his section. d. Aero-Scout Platoon. The aero-scout plaHe also serves as leader of the firsttoon c o n s i s t s of a platoon headquarters, team of the section.equipped with one light observation helicopter, (3) The team leader has essentially thetwo light aero-scout sections, each equipped same responsibility for his team as thewith four light observation helicopters; and a section leader has for his section.heavy aero-scout section, equipped with four e. Aero-Rifle Platoon. utility helicopters (fig. 51). The light observa(1) The aero-rifle platoon consists of ation helicopters are armed with twin machine platoon headquarters and four inte- AlR CAY TROOP TRP HQ OP SEC AERO-SCT AERO-RIFLE AERO-WPNPLAT PLAT SYC PLAT SEC PLAT AERO-SCT AERO-SCT PLAT AERO-RIFLEHQ SEC (L T) SEC (HY) HQ SQD ~ PLAT MAINT SUPHQ SEC SEC Figure 49. Organization, air cavalry troop. 90 AGO 6733A ;I> "' to "" c.o ;I> "'J / .Q• AN/ARC-54 !=! AN/ARR-49 'i AN/URC-10 ... (>t ~ ~ ~ WO (Army Aviator} P ~· E-5 (Crew C/Armorer} P 7.62 MG Quad " ;. ~ _.... ~ Q ~ ;. ... &. oC:I s 'i .... ,------------------FLIGHT OPERATIONS SECTION------------------'"""' "' ~ / ~ ~· " ~ ~ J" AN/VRC-47 .... Q Q '!:~ 'i .... Lt (Op Off} P E-4 (Rod Op/Dvr} R TROOP HQ----------------------------------------~ AN/VRC-47 .... 1 Capt (Trp Cmdr} P 1 E-8 (15gt) R 1 E-4 (Tpp Clk} (Dvr} P, M-79 AN/VRC-47 AN/ARC-54AN/GRR-5 AN/ARR-49AN/GRC-19 AN/URC-10AN/VRC-24 ..... WO (Army Aviator} P E-5 (Avn Op Sp} R E-5 (Comm C) R E-7 (Avn Op Sgt} R E-5 (Crew C/Armorer} P E-4 (Rod Op/Dvr} R 7.62 MG Quad -o grated aero-rifle squads (fig. 52). Each squad has a squad leader, one rifleman designated as a machinegunner and two fire teams, each consisting of a team leader, grenadier, automatic rifleman, and rifleman. Each squad and the platoon headquarters elements are mounted in utility helicopters. Each helicopter is equipped with a quad machinegun weapons system for suppressive firepower. Lift capability of the helicopter allows transport of the entire squad under average conditions of temperature, altitude, and flig~t duration. The helicopters are capable of mounting and firing rockets from a detachable pod. (2) The platoon leader is responsible for the discipline, control, training, and tactical employment of the platoon and for maintenance of assigned helicopters. A warrant officer aviator acts as pilot or copilot for the platoon headquarters helicopter. f. Aero-Weapons Section. The aero-weapons section consists of a section commander and three helicopter pilots, each mounted in a utility helicopter equipped with rockets (fig. 53). The section provides close area fire support for elements of the troop or squadron. The section may be employed intact or as part of platoon task organizations. (1) The section leader, in addition to being the aviator for one of the helicopters, is responsible for the discipline, control, training, and tactical employment of the section and for maintenance of helicopters. (2) The crew chief on each helicopter will function as mechanic, observer and gunner. g. Service Platoon. The platoon includes a headquarters, maintenance section, and supply section (fig. 54). The service platoon provides the necessary mechanics and equipment to supervise and accomplish the troop's maintenance, including limited organizational helicopter maintenance and certain supply functions. (1) Platoon headquarters. Platoon headquarters provides the command and control element for the platoon. The platoon commander coordinates all supply and maintenance support activities of the troop. (2) Maintenance section. The maintenance section performs maintenance on air and ground vehicles, armament, and avionic equipment for the troop. The maintenance section is equipped to provide forward emergency repair service to elements of the troop by both helicopter and ground vehicle means. (a) The assistant maintenance officer is the section leader. He devises and recommends maintenance procedures and policies and supervises the maintenance effort. He pilots the helicopter organic to the maintenance section. (b) The technical inspector is responsible for inspecting maintenance performed on all helicopters. (c) The helicopter mechanics perform limited second-echelon maintenance on the helicopters. (d) The wheeled vehicle mechanics perform second-echelon maintenance on ground vehicles in the troop. (e) The radio mechanic and aviation electronic equipment mechanic perform maintenance on the helicopters and ground-type radios in the troop. (f) The missile system repairman and the armorers perform maintenance on the troop's machineguns, antitank guided missiles (ATGM), rockets, and individual weapons. (3) Supply section. The supply section contains adequate men and equipment to receive, issue, store, and maintain troop supplies required. This includes general troop supply, helicopter repair parts, POL, ammunition, and other items of supply peculiar to the air cavalry troop. (a) The helicopter pilot functions as the unit supply officer and, in addition, pilots the utility helicopter assigned 92 AGO 5733A > .... co "' AERO-SCOUT PLATOON > co AERO-SCOUT PLATOON HQ AERO-SCOUT SECTION (LT) " SECTION (HV) AN/ARC-54 AN/PRC-25 ~ AN/ARR-49 / r AN/PRC-25 ' AN/ARC-54 AN/ARC-54 AN/PRC-25 AN/ARC-54 AN/ARR-49 AN/ARR-49 AN/URC-10 AN/ARR-49 AN/URC-10 AN/URC-10 AN/URC-10 " " di rb c=,i wb 4ii I' ~ Lt (Plat Ldr/Army Aviator) P Lt (Sec Ldr) P Lt (Team Ldr) P Lt (Sec Ldr) P WO (Army Aviator) P E-5 (Crew C/Recon Sgt) P E-5 (Crew C/Recan 5gt) P E-5 (Crew C/Recon 5gt) P E-5 (Crew C/Armorer.) P Kit, MG, XM-1 Kit, MG, XM-1 Kit, ATGM, 5511 Kit, MG, XM-1 AN/ARC-54 AN/ARC-54 AN/ARC-54AN/ARR-49 AN/ARR-49 AN/ARR-49 AN/URC-10 AN/URC-10 ANiURC-10 WO (Army Aviator) P WO (Army Aviator) P (Army Aviator) WO P E-5 (Crew C/Recon 5gt) P E-5 (Crew ClRecan 5gt) P E-5 (Crew C/Recon 5gt) P Kit, MG, XM-1 Kit, MG, XM-1 Kit, ATGM, 5511 / AN/ARC-54 AN/ARR-49 AERO-SCOUT SECTION (LT) AN/URC-10 (Same as above) -I' Lt (Team Ldr) P E-5 (Crew C/Recon Sgt) P " Kit, ATGM, 5511 AN/ARC-54 AN/ARR-49 AN/URC-10 .. I' WO (Army Aviator) P E-5 (Crew C/Recon 5gt) P Kit, ATGM, 5511 Figure 51. Manning chart, aero-scout platoon. -o w :. / AERORIFLE PLATOON -------- ~ / PLATOON HEADQUARTERS AN/ARC-54 ~ AN/ARR-49 AN/PRC-25 AN/URC-10 -,. lt (Plat ldr) P WO (Army Aviator) P E-7 (Plat Sgt) R E-5 (Crew C/Armorer) P Kit, MG, Quad > __, "" Figure 52. "' "' > AN/ARC-54 ' r- AN/ARR-49 AN/PRC-25 AN/URC-10 ,. 4ii WO (Army Aviator) P E-5 (Crew C/Armorer) P Kit, MG, Quad MG, M60 AN/ARC-54 • r~ AN/ARR-49 AN/PRC-25 ~N/URC-10 ;- WO (Army Aviator) P E-5 (Crew C/Armorer) P Kit, MG, Quad MG, M60 AN/ARC-54 A~/ARR-49 / AN/PRC-25 AN/URC-10 4ii ,. WO (Army Aviator) P E-5 (Crew C/Armorer) P Kit, MG, Quad MG, M60 AN/ARC-54 AN/ARR-49 r AN/PRC-25 AN/URC-10 4ii ;- WO (Army Aviator) P E-5 (Crew C/Armorer) P Kit, MG, Quad MG, M60 Manning chart, aero-rifle platoon. 1ST AERORIFLE SQUAD~ 1 E-6 (Sqd ldr) R 2 E-5 (Team ldr) R 2 E-4 (Auto Rifleman) R 2 E-4 (Grenadier) P, M-79 3 E-3 (Rifleman) R 2D AERORIFLE SQUAD (Same as above) " 3D AERORIFLE SQUAD (Same as above) ~ 4TH AERORIFLE SQUAD --~ (Same as above) > .. "'..., > AERO-WEAPONS SECTION----------------- / AN/ARC-54 AN/ARC-54 AN/ARC-54 AN/ARC-54 AN/ARR-49 AN/ARR-49 AN/ARR-49 AN/ARR-49 AN/URC-10 AN/URC-10 AN/URC-10 AN/URC-10 4ii " 4li " -" WO (Army Aviator) P WO (Army Aviator) P WO (Army Aviator) P Lt (Sec Ldr) P E-5 (Crew C/Obsr/Armorer) P E-5 (Crew C/Obsr/Armorer) P E-5 (Crew C/Obsr/Armorer) P E-5 (Crew C/Obsr/Armorer) P Kit, Rocket, 2.75 Kit, Rocket, 2.75 Kit, Rocket, 2.75 Kit, Rocket, 2.75 Figure 53. Manning chart, aero-weapons section. oO en o / SERVICE PLATOON ; PlATOON HQ '\. / MAINTENANCE SECTION ~ • AN/VRC·-47 1 Lt (Plot Ldr/Army Avootor) P .,._.., • ~ ~ (Note. Plot Ldr rides in mainte nance section J4.ton truck.) 1 E-3 (Hel Mach Hlpr/Ovr) R 5 E·5 (Sr Hal Mach) R 5 E-4 (Hel Meehl R 1 E-3 (Hal Mech Hlpr/Ovr) R 1 E-3 (Hel Mech Hlpr/Dvr) R ·~ .... 1 E-6 (Tech lnsp) R E-5 (Msl Rpmn) R 2 E·5 (Am Elct Equip Mach) R E-4 (Armorer/Dvr) R 1 E-4 (Rod Mech/Ovr) R E-5 (Sr Hel Mach) R AN/ARC-54 AN/ARR-49 AN/URC-10 ~ ·;- ... (HU-18)~..-~ E-4 (Wheel Veh Mech) R 1 WO (Sec C) P 1 E-3 (Wheel Veh Mech/Dvr) R 1 E-5 (Crew C/Armorer) P2 E-4 (Hel Mech) R Kit, MG, Quod ' Figure 54. Manning chart, service platoon. > 0> _, "' "' > > _, "' "' "' > / AN/ARC-54 AN/.ARR-49 AN/URC-10 4fi r WO (Sup Off/Army Aviator) P E-5 (Crew C/Armorer) P Kit, MG, Quod w~s~~ 5-Ton 2%-Ton . ...._. ,~ E-6 (Sup Sgt) R E-4 (Ammo Stor Sp) R E-3 (Afld Svc Crmn) R E-3 (Ammo Stor Sp Hlpr/Dvr) R E-3 (Sup Clk) R 5-Ton2%-Ton ....._. ~ E-4 (Trons Parts Sp) R E-4 (Ammo Stor Sp) R E-3 (Afld Svc Crmn/Dvr) R E-2 (Ammo Stor Sp Hlpr/Dvr) R 2%-Ton ·~ E-3 (Afld Svc Crmn/Dvr) R Figure 54-Continued. ' (2) ... 2 E-3 (Petri Disp Sp/Dvr) R (2) ... 2 E-3 (Petri Dlsp Sp/Dvr) R -o ~ this section. He is responsible for the computation and maintenance of appropriate usage factors and stock levels of supply. (b) The supply sergeant supervises the activities of supply personnel. He coordinates the supply activities of the section with other elements of the troop. (c) The transportation parts specialist operates the troop aviation supply. He requisitions, stores, and issues helicopter parts and equipment and maintains necessary forms and records. (d) The supply clerk assists the supply sergeant, maintains records, receives, stocks, and issues supplies. (e) The ammunition storage specialists and helpers receive, stock, and issue all types of ammunition the unit will use. They also assist in the rearming of helicopters. The ammunition storage helpers are also heavy truck drivers. (f) The petroleum dispensing specialists and airfield service crewmen drive the gasoline tank trucks and provide POL servicing for helicopters. Fueling is normally accomplished in a forward area at a rendezvous between tank trucks and helicopters. (g) The airfield service crewmen assist in operation of the troop heliport, refueling of helicopters, and installation and operation of lighting equipment. They also drive the cargo vehicles of the supply section. (4) The utility helicopters in the maintenance section and in the supply section are equipped with quad machinegun weapons systems. Section Ill. EMPLOYMENT OF ARMY AIRCRAFT 126. General Helicopters assigned to the air cavalry troop are combat vehicles used to accomplish the troop mission. The training of helicopter crews to the proficiency necessary to enable them to operate with the troop over varied terrain and under conditions of marginal weather and limited visibility, is the responsibility of the troop commander. Frequent missions can be expected under conditions of marginal weather. 127. Nap-of-the-Earth Operations a. Nap-of-the-earth operations are those in which participating Army aircraft are flown as close to the earth's surface as vegetation and obstacles permit. Over wooded terrain or other vegetation the aircraft is flown close to the tree tops or foliage to gain maximum concealment from enemy fire and observation, and to exploit surprise to the fullest. The tactic of flying nap-of-the-earth and employing pop-ups and dismounts as the situation and terrain warrant is superior to flying at tree top level or straight nap-of-the-earth. b. Advantages of low altitude operations are that detection and engagement of helicopters by hostile high performance aircraft are difficult, and enemy air defenses are less effective at low altitudes. However, navigation at such low altitudes is more difficult, observation is restricted, and air vehicle malfunctions more dangerous. c. The emergency procedure requiring constant stress is autorotation, the process by which a helicopter is safely landed in the event of mechanical failure. The technique of autorotating to a predetermined spot from napof-the-earth altitude and at high speeds requires practice and skill. Flare autorotation is the most effective method for this. In flare autorotation from nap-of-the-earth altitude, loss of forward speed of the helicopter is normally mandatory. In some instances, it will be necessary to dissipate all forward speed and descend vertically into whatever area is available. This may mean descent into the top of a tree, a steep incline, dense vegetation, or water. When vegetation or other obstructions are present, care must be used during execution of the flare autorotation to prevent the tail rotor of the helicopter from striking an obstacle or the ground. duration of the mission with hasty, continuous 128. low-level Navigation map reference. Helicopters should be flowna. Pilotage is the primary means of navigaas low as the terrain and vegetation permit. tion for helicopters assigned to the air cavalry Care must be used to avoid becoming "skytroop. It is mandatory that aviators and oblined" and to avoid large open areas with littleservers be highly proficient in map reading or no cover or concealment. If the flight path and terrain appreciation. All movement will be follows a river or valley, the helicopter shouldcontinuously related to a tactical map or an air be flown on the enemy side of the river orphotograph (fig. 55). Aeronautical charts are valley to reduce the time that the enemy can not suitable for nap-of-the-earth navigation. detect, identify, and engage the helicopter.Detailed planning must be accomplished before Whenever possible, the flight paths should beany mission. Specific emphasis should be placed made with the sun to the rear of the helicopter.on routes to be used, protection afforded by terThe blinding effect of the sun on the enemy andrain, avoiding built-up areas, areas occupied by the aviator's avoidance of the same effect ma the enemy, obstacles, and the flying techniques terially assist in accomplishing the mission. to be used. 129. low-Visibility Operations b. Regardless of the terrain over which the air cavalry troop will operate, some protection in Operations of the troop, as with most units, the form of cover and concealment can usually are hindered by low visibility during bad be found. But if the aviator is to take full adweather or darkness. As with other units, the vantage of the terrain, he must be well versed overall efficiency of the air cavalry troop to in the tactical advantages to be derived from operate at its optimum performance diminishes under conditions of reduced visibility. How surprise, vegetation, and terrain forms. Study of maps and photos should be directed toward ever, this does not occur to such a degree as to a specific area. It should be conducted in a prohibit operation of helicopters during such manner that will enable the aviator and obperiods. Operations may be even more reserver to visualize the area of operations for the stricted in range at night. Figure 55. Pilotage is the primary method of navigation. AGO 5733A 99 a. Low visibility during daylight hours can or artillery weapons. Use of pyrotechnics mustcomplicate operations in many ways as navi be coordinated with other units participating gation over unfamiliar terrain becomes more in the operation. Indiscriminate use of pyro difficult, the speed of the helicopter may have technics can cause loss of surprise and prema to be reduced"to avoid obstacles, and observa ture exposure of the unit participating in the tion of enemy activity becomes restricted. Op operation. The key to a successful night op erations require more detailed planning, with eration is the aviator's ability to develop and particular emphasis on flight routes, altitudes, maintain good night vision. In order that ob and formations. Control is more difficult due jects may be defined at night, effective use to limited visibility between helicopters. Thus, must be made of night vision techniques. Some it is more important than ever that each aviator form of artificial illumination may be encoun and observer thoroughly understand every as tered during night operations. This illumina pect of the mission. Nevertheless, in the execution of a well-planned operation, periods of tion may vary from tracers fired from the low visibility provide the troop excellent conaviator's own helicopter to flares used to cealment. The helicopters are concealed by the illuminate the hostile target area. Regardlessweather from enemy observation, and active of the intensity of the light encountered, it mayenemy countermeasures are reduced. produce. varying effects on the aviator's nightvision. Precautions must be taken to avoid a b. Night operations by the troop will habitually be required in support of ground opera-total loss of night vision or the aviator's reacting to erroneous impulses created by the . tions. All flight difficulties encountered duringlow-visibility daylight operations apply to loweffects of night illumination. Even thoughnight operations are normally flown at a higher visibility night operations as well. Planning must be in detail. Terminal guidance peraltitude than are daylight operations, the formed by pathfinder trained personnel of the aviator must constantly be aware of his posi unit may be required. During night operations, tion in relation to terrain and obstacles and illumination of the enemy area will often be control his helicopter accordingly. required. Targets may be illuminated by c. For a detailed discussion of flight tech pyrotechnics delivered from aircraft, mortars, nical data, see appendix III. Section IV. AIR MARCHES AND ASSEMBLY AREAS 130. Air Marches a. The open column is a formation in which a. Training in air march techniques is of normal distances between helicopters are inutmost importance for the air cavalry troop. creased to achieve greater dispersion. ThisA vital factor in the successful operation of type of column is particularly applicable tothis unit is orderly, efficient, and prompt movetactical moves that must be made without. airment. cover during daylight or when time is so im b. The commander's objective in conducting portant that lack of secrecy and the possibilityan air march is to move from one location to of some losses from air ·attack must be acanother, arriving at the appointed time with cepted. The. distance between helicopters willall troops and equipment in the best possible be prescribed by the commander and will becondition and ready for combat. This requires adequate to prevent two or more helicoptersthorough planning and aggressive leadership, from being hit by a single· artillery airburst.as well as constant supervision during the moveThe open column formation provides the bestment. possible compromise between the conflicting requirements of short time length and wide dis13 I. Types of March Columns persion of helicopters in the column.The troop normally will use one of three b. The close column formation is one intypes of march columns: open, close, or infilwhich helicopters are closed up to minimumtrating. safe flying distance. This formation is used 100 AGO 5733A when a large volume of traffic must be moved over a short distance in a minimum of time. It is particularly applicable to moves where there is little or no danger from air or ground attack. Normally, close column is not justified except when the troop has air. cover or other security from hostile air attack, or during periods of low visibility. This formation does not provide dispersion against enemy attack, and traffic bottlenecks are likely to occur at critical or terminal points. c. The infiltrating column is a formation in which helicopters are dispatched at irregular intervals. This formation may be used when sufficient time is available and the maximum of secrecy, deception, and dispersion is desired as a means of passive protection from air and ground observation and attack. With the extended distance between helicopters, control is extremely difficult and routes must be planned carefully in advance. 132. Warning Orders for Marches The warning order, issued before the detailed march order, is essential for alerting the troops and allowing them time to prepare for the air march. Whenever possible, the warning order should include the time of departure, air route, destination and necessary instructions to the advance party. 133. Planning the March Careful and adequate planning is necessary for a successful march. Planning' includes: a. Routes. b. Route reconnaissance. c. Advance parties (terminal guidance personnel when required). d. Landing sites and zones. e. Air control points. f. Formation for the march. g. Designation of start points and release points for units. h. Rate of march. i. March distances. j. Fuel and endurance of the type of helicopters used. k. Phase line:; or other control measures. l. Security. m. Refueling points and methods of supply. n. Disposition of ground echelon. o. Coordination with ground units to be flown over, including air defense units. p. Maintenance requirements to support the march. 134. Routes of March In friendly zones, the air cavalry troop may have an air route of march designated by a higher commander; however, in other instances a zone of advance may be given. The troop commander, by map reconnaissance, selects his primary and alternate routes. In the case of large airmobile operations, higher headquarters may give the troop an air route priority for its march, and the commander must exercise close supervision so that this priority is adhered to. 135. Route Reconnaissance The troop may perform air route reconnaissance for a larger command. This reconnaissance may be conducted for either ground marches or airmobile operations. After receiving the warning order for a movement, the troop commander obtains all available information concerning the route of march from higher headquarters, from a map reconnaissance, and from an aerial reconnaissance. The troop may undertakes reconnaissance of the following: a. Ground Routes. ( 1) Roads, including type, condition, width, and grades, and data on roadblocks. (2) Bridges, including estimated capacity, width, overhead clearance, location, and bypasses. (3) Fords, including location, estimated depth of water, speed of current, and conditions of banks and approaches. ( 4) Terrain features dominating the route. ( 5) Any other information of use to the commander. b. Air Routes. (1) Minimum en route altitudes. (2) Hazards to flight, including exact locations. AGO 5733A (3) Navigational aids, including the locations and means of identification. ( 4) Landing sites for refueling, assembly areas, etc. ( 5) Flak areas and bypasses. (6) Any other information of use to the commander. 136. Formation for the March The march formation is governed primarily by the factors of METT. Ground elements of the administrative and maintenance. sections move overland, using march techniques outlined in FM 17-1. The platoon commander of the service platoon will normally supervise movement Df the troop's ground element. In certain situations these sections may be left in the squadron trains area. The air elements of the troop use tactical flight formations. For tactical air formations, refer to figures 56 through 62. 137. Start Point When the air cavalry troop is marching as part of an airmobile force, the start point ( SP) for the larger unit is designated by the higher commander. The troop commander establishes an IP short of the IP of the larger unit and sets a time for the troop to reach the point and clear it. The troop SP is the point at which platoons or other elements of the troop form a column or march unit and it must be far enough from the assembly area to permit the column to become airborne and gain the proper airspeed and altitude by the time it reaches it. Each platoon or other element must be traveling at the prescribed airspeed and with the prescribed time interval and distances when it reaches this point. The SP should be easily identified from the air. 138. Rate of March a. Rates of march for the air cavalry troop, based on mixed columns of observation and utility helicopters during day or night marches, will vary from zero mph to the cruising speed of the slowest helicopter, depending on the factors of METT. If required by the situation, two separate columns of Army aircraft may be formed so that the slower Army aircraft will not limit the speed of the faster Army aircraft. b. Factors to be considered in determining the exact rate of march are: ( 1) The tactical mission. (2) Enemy capabilities that dictate napof-the-earth flying procedures. (3) Condition of helicopters. ( 4) A via tor and crew fatigue. ( 5) State of training and degree of experience of aviator's and units. (6) Weather conditions that affect visibility. (7) Light conditions that affect visibility. 139. March Orders The march order for the air cavalry troop is issued after plans for the march have been completed. If the troop is marching as part of a larger unit, the order is based on, and issued after the receipt of, the march order of the higher headquarters. This order must be complete and cover all problems that might arise during the movement. The order includes all of the following items not covered in unit standing operating procedures: a. Destination. b. Route. c. Rate of march (may be SOP). d. Order of march. e. Location of start point. f. Time of passing the start point. g. Security measures (may be SOP). h. Scheduled halts. i. Distances between helicopters and march units. j. Communication. k. Location of the command group during the march. l. Air traffic control measures. m. Location of the release point. n. Time the unit is to clear the release point and any other critical air points along the air route. o. Air strip maps, if needed (fig. 63). 140. Control and Supervision of Air Marches a. Control of the air cavalry troop on the march requires a high degree of training and discipline. Radio is the primary means of con- AGO 5733A DIRECTION OF ADVANCE Figure 56. Air cavalry troop in column formation. AGO 5733A ~ 9 ~9 9 ~ ~9 ~ 9~ ~ ~ ~ Note, Dispersion is in time, ~ which will cause the actual distance to vary with the speed of the ~ formation. DIRECTION OF ADVANCE Figure 57. Air cavalry troop in wedge formation. 104 AGO 5733A 9 9 DIRECTION OF ADVANCE 9 9 Figure 58. Air cavalry troop in echelon formation. trol on the march. Factors affecting the use of radio are security, tactical requirements, terrain, weather conditions, and electronic warfare. b. The troop commander and the platoon leaders must supervise movement of the troop on a march closely. Commanders check the presence of all helicopters in the column; their distances and speed; and general conduct of the troop. Corrections, where necessary, are made immediately. Supervision of the air march column is the responsibility of the troop commander and all subordinate commanders. AGO 5733A 141. Night Air Marches a. The air cavalry troop must be trained to conduct night marches under various conditions. Constant practice offers the most valuable training and some of this practice must be over unfamiliar terrain. b. Because darkness increases the difficulty of control, all movement should be preplanned. The planning and execution of the plans must be thoroughly coordinated, including route reconnaissance, control points, and marking of landing. zones and sites. 142. Security on the Maret 9 a. On the march, the troop gains a largemeasure of security against attack from enemyair and ground forces by employing advance, 9 flank, and rear guards. The strength and composition of these detachments, which vary according to the terrain, mission, and tacticalsituation, are specified in march orders. Se curity is enhanced also by the fleeting targetafforded by the helicopter when proper use ismade of its speed and maneuverability in relation to its nearness to the terrain (nap-ofthe-earth flying). b. Security measures against air attack mustbe taken by the troop during the march and atthe halt. Helicopter crews will be constantlyon the alert for other aircraft, friendly orenemy. Proper distances between helicoptersmust be maintained during the march and atthe halt. Commanders must guard against thetendency to close up. 9 143. Assembly Areas a. The air cavalry troop may occupy an assembly area for the following reasons: (1) Combat organization for a mission,including issuance of order. (2) Refueling, maintenance, and supply. (3) Regrouping after an attack or a movement. 9 b. In the assembly area, the air cavalry troopnormally will service, inspect, and repair helicopters; supply and feed troops; and issue or ders preparatory to a coming operation. 9 c. The assembly area, when used in preparation for an attack, should be as close in time toDIRECTION the enemy position as terrain and enemy acOF tivity will permit, provided maneuver spaceADVANCE and surprise are not sacrificed. This distancewill vary. Preparations for a forthcoming operation are completed in the assembly area. 144. Characteristics of the Assembly Area a. Desirable characteristics of an assemblyarea for an air cavalry troop includes (1) Concealment from air and ground observation. (2) Cover from direct fire. (3) Hardstand. Figure 59. Aero-scout platoon in column formation. (4) Good landing zones and sites. 106 AGO 5733A 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 DIRECTION OF ADVANCE Figure 60. Aero-scout platoon and elements of the aero-weapons section as a team in line formation. 9 9 ~ f( ~ DIRECTION·oF ADVANCE 9 9 9 9 ~ ~9 9~ ~ ~ Figure 61. Aero-scout platoon, aero-rifle squad, and -elements of the aero-weaponssection as a team in wedge formation. (5) Ample space for dispersion of heli145. Dispositions in the Assembly Area copters, troops, and equipment. Elements of the air cavalry troop are dis ( 6) Protection afforded by natural terrain posed within the assembly area so thatobstacles against enemy mechanized a. The troop headquarters and service plaattack. toon elements are encircled and protected by b. It is desirable that adequate overhead conthe combat elements. cealment be provided. If the troop is to remain b. All units are able to move into and out of in the assembly area for any length of time, the area without passing over other parts of helicopters must be camouflaged. the area. AGO 5733A 107 ? DIRECTION OF ADVANCE Figure 62. Aero-scout platoon and elements of the aero-weapons section as a team in echelon formation. c. Service elements are easily accessible to 147. Security in the Assembly Area all other elements. a. Security in an assembly area is obtainedd. Circulation within the area is reduced to by concealment, use of natural obstacles, locala minimum. security measures, reconnaissance, and estab e. Platoons or other elements can readily lishment of an outpost system that covers allmove out in the anticipated order of march. key terrain features and likely avenues of hos f. Adequate room for dispersal is available. tile approach. All-round security is established. b. The degree of organization of the outpost 146. Communication in the Assembly Area system depends on whether contact with the a. Higher headquarters may order listening enemy has been established or is imminent.silence during the time the troop is in an asOutposts are given adequate strength to enablesembly area. Each platoon sends a messenger them to achieve their missions. The basic conto the troop command post; these messengers sideration is that the unit must not be surwill be the primary means of communication prised. The fact that the air cavalry troop mayduring the period unless wire communication be in an area in rear of friendly troops doesis available. A liaison officer or agent should be not relieve the commander of his responsibilitysent to higher headquarters if one is not alto protect his command.ready there. c. The outpost system may consist of a series b. Final plans for communication during the of strongpoints, composed of aero-rifle elecoming operations are made while the troop is ments, located on key terrain features and in the assembly area. If necessary, changes of likely avenues of enemy approach. Each strongradio frequencies are made to provide adequate point sets up observation posts; at night, thesecommunication between the troop and attached, observation posts become listening posts. Comsupporting, and adjacent units. munication is by radio or messenger. 108 AGO 5733A 365 HIGHER H1J RP TRP RP LEADVILLE 700 G..,a ACP FREQUENCY (See SOl) MINIMUM EN ROUTE AL T 1,500 HIGHER HQ SP AND ACP LEGEND ACP: Air control point 0 Rodio beocon Figure 63. Air cavalry troop air strip ma.p (administrative flight). AGO. 5733A 1'09 CHAPTER 7 EMPLOYMENT OF THE AIR CAVALRY TROOP Section I. 148. Employment, General a. Successful employment of the air cavalry troop is predicated upon effective use of its unique characteristics and capabilities and an understanding of its limitations. The air cavalry troop may be employed on various types of tactical missions; however, its primary purpose is to extend the reconnaissance and security capabilities of the squadron. The troop should be employed in close conjunction with ground armored cavalry units so that the capabilities of ground and air elements will complement each other. When required, it is capable of being used on independent missions. b. The air cavalry troop is a combat force with combat elements mounted completely in organic helicopters. The unit combines the characteristics of tactical three-dimensional mobility and destructive air firepower. The troop operates largely in the ground environment (nap-of-the-earth), which is the air space extending from the ground to a few feet above, but generally below, the level of the surrounding terrain formations. This provides a relatively high degree of protection from enemy ground and air action. Helicopters are armed with antipersonnel, antimateriel, area and point fire weapons capable of destruction and suppression of enemy forces. c. The troop is organized and equipped to operate as a unit or with one or more teams composed of aero-scout, aero-weapons, and aero-rifle elements. The capabilities and characteristics of these elements are designed to complement each other. The flexibility of the organization permits rapid organization of platoon teams specifically tailored to accomplish the mission. When a mission does not require total troop effort, only those elements that are GENERAL essential to successful accomplishment of the mission are committed. d. The air cavalry troop will operate from one or more assembly areas for the purposes of organizing for combat; refueling, maintenance, and supply; and regrouping after an attack or movement. The combat elements during attack operations will operate from assembly areas that will be located well forward in the combat zone, as close to the enemy positions as terrain and enemy activity will permit. The air cavalry troop service elements, during periods of combat, may operate from the vicinity of the squadron trains area to accomplish maintenance of vehicles and helicopter supply and support activities. A high degree of air and ground mobility in the service platoon permits maintenance and supply operations as far forward in the area of operations thereby avoiding lengthy disengagement by combat elements. e. The problem of air traffic regulation and identification of helicopters is of particular importance. The air cavalry troop can tolerate only the minimum air traffic control measures if the troop is to accomplish assigned missions. The use of airspace in the troop area of operations will require coordination with friendly ground elements, air defense units, and other agencies using airspace in the area of operations. However, the use of nap-of-the-earth flight techniques will minimize the degree of coordination required. 149. Fundamentals of Employment Employment of the air cavalry troop is based on the following principles and fundamentals: a. Surprise. The success of combat operations by air cavalry troops will depend to a major degree on the element of surprise at 110 ,\GO 5733.\ units. To that end, the mission affects the or tained. This surprise is achieved by using speed, maneuverability, and its capability of ganization, combat formations, and scheme of crossing terrain obstacles to strike the enemy maneuver. at an unexpected time and from an unexpected c. Enemy Situation. In reconnaissance misdirection. Surprise can be achieved by wellsions, the troop is normally oriented on the executed movements at low altitude, by using enemy, and in security missions it is orientedavailable cover and concealment, speed, aggreson the location and movement of the friendly siveness, and deception. element being secured. Employment of the unit b. Fire and Movement. Air cavalry units in reconnaissance missions is predicated on use the technique of fire and movement to gaining information of the area of operations, destroy the enemy and for self-protection. Orfinding the enemy forces, conducting surveilganic weapons, as well as those of ground elelance of enemy dispositions, reporting the naments, must be used to the maximum to proture of the enemy located, acquiring targets, vide suppressive fires to protect the movement and eng·aging the enemy within its means. De pending, in part, on the enemy situation of helicopters and reduce their exposure to ground fire. Using their speed and maneuver(known or unknown), air cavalry units may be ability, air cavalry elements strive to move into used independently or in support of armored unexpected and advantageous positions from cavalry units. Consideration of the enemy situwhich they can be employed to disrupt, disoration will frequently dictate the specific mission ganize, and destroy the enemy. The psychoto be assigned, security or reconnaissance, or a logical effect of the concentrated fire of rapidly combination thereof. Enemy capabilities, inadvancing armed helicopters should be recogcluding nuclear potential, will affect the emnized and exploited. ployment of these units. c. Teamwork. Air cavalry units are orga d. Terrain and Weather. Terrain has a les ser effect on these units than on ground forces. nized and equipped to operate normally as units or as teams composed of aero-scout, aero-weapThe air movement capability of these units ons, and aero-rifle helicopters. The capabilinegates the effects of terrain obstacles that impede the movement of ground elements of ties and characteristics of these elements are designed to complement each other. The flexithe squadron. The primary terrain considerability in the organization of the troop permits tion for air cavalry units is evaluation and use rapid organization of platoon teams specifically of air movement routes for nap-of-earth flying tailored to complete the mission. Teamwork betechniques. Landing sites are also a consideratween air and ground reconnaissance elements tion. Weather is a controlling factor in emis essential to exploit fully the capabilities of ployment as high winds, icing conditions, and each. Air cavalry should normally be employed periods of low visibility may restrict use of in elements of two helicopters for their mutual these units. However, air activities must be security. planned to follow up quickly and to exploit these adverse weather conditions. Periods of d. Economy of Employment. Elements of the air cavalry troop will be employed to insure a darkness present problems in flight and obsermaximum flying capability when required. vation techniques and delivery of aerial fire. Helicopters not engaged in flying missions are Light observation helicopters are not instrumaintained in the highest state of operational mented and therefore problems arise in navireadiness commensurate with the situation. gation when there is no visible horizon. Aerial observation and accurate delivery of fire is im 150. Factors Affecting Employment possible unless some type of illumination is provided or the enemy's light discipline is poor. a. General. As with any combat unit, emThis does not imply that air cavalry units can ployment of the air cavalry troop should be based on the factors of METT. FM 17-1 connot be employed effectively at night. tains a detailed explanation of METT. e. Troops Available. The assignment of mis b. Mission. The assigned mission is the prisions and the planned employment of air cavmary consideration in the employment of these alry units is dependent on the personnel avail- AGO 5733A Ill able, particularly aviators. To insure sustained operations, consideration must be given to such items as previous and contemplated employment of the unit, status of equipment and troops, and adequacy of logistics to support the mission. 151. Organization for Combat Organization of the air cavalry troop for combat is characterized by flexibility, and is such that small tailored teams may be formed and used according to the mission. In combat, the flexibility of the troop will permit variations in the force organization to meet changing situations. Organization for combat is not rigid; forces actually required for the mission are tailored for the job. Elements of the troop may perform independent missions, or elements may be cross-attached to provide several balanced air teams. The troop may be reinforced by attachment of air elements from other sources, or it may provide reinforcement or support for ground cavalry units (fig. 64). 152. Fire Support a. Added fire support may be made available to the air cavalry troop by artillery, mortars, ground armored cavalry forces, or tactical air. Fires provided by these elements must be planned and coordinated with planned troop employment. Mortars and artillery, including nuclear fires, will provide the bulk of the fire support for the troop. These fires, as well as fires provided by other units, may be required for suppression, counterbattery, or destruction of targets beyond the capability of organic air weapons. b. An artillery forward observer will be available to the troop when artillery is in direct support or attached to the armored cavalry squadron. Requests for artillery fires are processed through the troop commander or the forward observer if available. c. All Army aviators are trained and qualified to adjust artillery fires and may be used to adjust fires on targets of opportunity if this does not interfere with the primary mission. Section II. RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS 153. General a. Reconnaissance is the directed effort in the field to collect information of the enemy and the area of operations by ground and air means. Reconnaissance is one of the primary missions performed by the air cavalry troop. The troop may conduct assigned reconnaissance missions as part of the squadron, or it may have the mission of providing direct support to armored cavalry troops, or elements of the troop may be attached to or placed under operational control of the ground troops. Operational control is preferred as it does not burden the ground commander with the logistical support required by the air elements. The troop will engage in offensive action as required to accomplish the mission. b. The troop will normally be employed in close coordination with armored cavalry troops to extend the reconnaissance effort of the squadron. c. Highly mobile air cavalry units are especially adaptable to reconnaissance as an extension of the ground reconnaissance effort. d. The troop performs its reconnaissance mission by using air teams to obtain the desired information. Generally, within the assigned route, zone, or area, the air teams are assigned subzones, axes of advance, or areas of responsibility. e. The troop may use aerial cameras to facilitate the accomplishment of reconnaissance missions. 154. Reconnaissance Frontages a. There is no set distance for the front to be covered by air cavalry troops in performing reconnaissance missions. The frontage is determined by the performance characteristics of the organic helicopters, the visibility, terrain, enemy situation, and the time available to acquire desired information. The most outstanding characteristic of the unit is the ability to perform reconnaissance within zones containing limited or no ground routes and over obstacles that would preclude use of any other type of reconnaissance means. The troop can perform reconnaissance within the squadron 112 AGO 5733A EXAMPLE 1 SCTS ~ WPN~ PLATOON TEAM EXAMPLE 2 ~(-) ••• '~(-) WPN •• ~ • scTI2J •B PLATOON TEAM PLATOON TEAM EXAMPLE 3 e(-) SCT ••• ~(-) • scTI2J re • WPN 12] WPN •[2) PLATOON TEAM PLATOON TEAM EXAMPLE 4 (-) SCT ~ 121 • WPN [2] ~ PLATOON TEAM • WPN [2] PLATOON TEAM EXAMPLE 5 scTI2J(-) Sl(-) [2] WPN WPN [2] [2] [2] PLATOON TEAM PLATOON TEAM PLATOON TEAM Figure 64. Type organizations for combat, air cavalry troop. AGO 5733A 113 zone with little regard to the road net or topography. The frontage to be covered by the air cavalry troop is normally designated by the higher headquarters under which it is operating. Due to the speed and cross-country mobility of air cavalry units, they are able to reconnoiter large areas quickly. b. Aero-scout elements can reconnoiter most effectively in open or cleared areas. These reconnaissance capabilities decrease directly in proportion to the degree of increase in natural or manmade concealment on the surface. Aeroscouts can cover wide frontages to considerable depth in open terrain. Figures 65 through 72 depict the techniques employed by aero-scouts during reconnaissance operations in conjunction with ground cavalry units. c. Aero-rifle elements are used to best advantage in the dismounted role to reconnoiter specific locations that cannot be reconnoitered effectively from the air by the aero-scouts. In the dismounted role, aero-rifle elements have a capability similar to that of conventional rifle elements of comparable size, with the advantage of being delivered to and removed from reconnaissance missions rapidly at considerable distances. When not engaged actively on a reconnaissance mission, the platoon will be centrally located on the ground and ready for rapid employment to perform a specific reconnaissance mission. d. The aero-weapons section is normally held in a central location. The section must be prepared to support the actions of the aero-scout or aero-rifle elements rapidly. 155. Route Reconnaissance a. Route reconnaissance is the directed effort to obtain information of the route, obstacles, and enemy along a specific route and the terrain adjacent to the route, which, if occupied by the enemy, would affect movement along the route. The air cavalry troop may perform route reconnaissance as an independent force or in conjunction with armored cavalry troops, or elements of the troop may be attached to or placed under operational control of an armored cavalry troop. b. The troop is less suited for detailed route reconnaissance than for other reconnaissance missions. Although the troop is capable of con ducting a route reconnaissance independently, it can best perform this mission in close conjunction with ground elements of the squadron. Route information should be confirmed by ground cavalry units. c. Route reconnaissance may be executed by the aero-scout platoon operating alone or in conjunction with other elements of the troop, or the route reconnaissance may be made by the entire troop. Generally, a map reconnaissance of the route to be reconnoitered, together with a consideration of the factors of METT, will dictate the organization of the force to execute the mission. Elements of the aero-scout platoon habitually lead the formation. The air formation is determined by the factors of METT. The formation commander is located behind the aero-scout element. He is normally followed by the aero-weapons and the aero-rifle elements, in that order, when they are in the formation (fig. 73). d. During a route reconnaissance, the lead· ing aero-scout section reconnoiters the main route in column formation. As dominating terrain features on the flanks or lateral routes require closer examination, the successive aeroscout sections leave the formation, reconnoiter the designated terrain features or route, and return to their place in column. Meanwhile, the remainder of the troop continues the reconnaissance along the designated route. The aeroweapons section and the aero-rifle platoon are prepared to support the aero-scout platoon. e. When the aero-rifle platoon is committed to a ground reconnaissance mission, the platoon operating either as part of a larger force or in. dependently, moves as close to its objective as the situation permits and dismounts the aero· riflemen. From that point, the riflemen employ normal dismounted ground reconnaissance techniques. Upon completion of the ground re. connaissance, the riflemen and their helicopters rendezvous and return to the air formation or the assembly area and prepare for further em· ployment. f. Throughout the route reconnaissance, the aero-weapons section is prepared to provide air fire support. It may be employed to deliver sup. pressive fires on ground enemy forces or assist the aero-scout elements or the dismounted aero- AGO 5733A WOODS PHASE I PHASE II < Legend PHASE Ill • Aerial routes ---- Direction of observation Communication ~ Figure 65. Aero-scouts reconnoitering a route through a wooded area. AGO 57SSA 115 --- ..............._ -.... PHASE I PHASE II Legend PHASE Ill Aerial routes--Aerial/ground OP's6 Communication -z... Figure 66. Aero-scouts reconnoitering a bridge. AGO 5783A A \ PHASE I ........... ....---6 --------~~~-1 ----------=--"' ---- t-r-..::::::PFi~r--~ / .," """' .... ..... / ':"- ,/~/ ----~'\ I B I \ '· I ,_.___ ----___ ..,. ~~0.1 PHASE II ~ ~ NO. 2 f PHASE Ill Legend Aerial routes--Aerial/ground OP's~ Communication~ Figure 67. Aero-scouts reconnoitering a wooded area. AGO 5733A 117 4 I I I I I I I PHASE I NO. 2 Legend PHASE II Aerial routes---Aerial/ground OP's /j. Communication~ Figure 68. Aero-scouts reconnoitering a town. I 18 AGO 5733A • Legend Aerial routes--- Aerial/ground OP's,6. Communication~ Figure 69. Aero-scouts reconnoitering a defile. AGO 5733A I 19 Legend Aerial routes ----Aerial/ground OP •s A Communication ~ Figure 70. Ae·ro-scouts reconnoitering parallel corridors on multiple routes. 120 AGO 5733A • :» Cl ~---L::. --.... ...'" !/>.. Y'>-, ,.. "' "' ~"~$;... !:{. ' \ I ~, .. 'L.. I ----------.......... ,_ :» ~~ ' ',,"' ~G-~,~~~~A', I .... . T'' 1 ' I . . ,,;-'f,~-~\ ~ ', \ ,.. ~1/'Y I ' ' ~:, i-:J·· I \ ~/ (:{ I ,-----------' \\ I \ --.... , I ~~ ---~-- ' ' \ -.------- ''---~----~~-~~//1 • ~ ~----\ r-: • 1 ,-• ~---------~ I . '.._ -,--• ,.,_ 1 b.. ---' '~ 'I' ...., ----, .,.--------------- I ,. I .:rl»~ , --"'' I .'lAB}if I( ..'··, \ .... .... --I ' ' . \ I\ \"f.'.'· I ,---.~ - ~----,. I ... :CX l..s I l I ----------.... , " -- ,~, .· .... ' ••• \ ._/ RECON'' ' ' BY ', ' ~ FIRE ', ····~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ COMO, CON, AND LN Legend Aerial routes ----Aerial/ground OP•s ~ Communication ~ N Figure 71. Aero-scouts on a zone reconnaissance with extensive frontage. Legend _ ·-·- Ground routes---- Air routes -'s fl. Air/ground ~~ ~ Comm"n;catoo advan" "'"'"'" Figure 72. Aero-scouts as part of an AGO 5733A ' I GP~) COMO .. \ WPN El'' ••• ·I ~~ Figure 73. Air cavalry troop conducting route reconnaissance. riflemen. It will habitually protect the landing and takeoff operations of the aero-rifle platoon. g. When more than one route is to be reconnoitered, the air cavalry troop may be organized into several teams composed of aeroscout, aero-weapons and aero-rifle elements. Generally, not more than three such teams should be formed (fig. 64). h. The air element conducting route reconnaissance in conjunction with ground reconnaissance elements assumes the character of an air screening force. The route and its dominating terrain features are reconnoitered from the air as thoroughly as possible. The progress of the air cavalry element is coordinated with the advance of the armored cavalry units. The air cavalry unit maintains close contact, liai son, and free exchange of information with the ground troops. In addition to its reconnaissance function, the air cavalry unit provides the ground reconnaissance unit with early warning of enemy forces. 156. Zone Reconnaissance a. Zone reconnaissance is the directed effort to obtain detailed information of all routes, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries. It is more thorough and time consuming than any other type. This type of reconnaissance mission can be readily conducted by the air cavalry troop (fig. 74). b. When the enemy's location is in doubt or when it is desired to determine the most suitable of several available routes, a zone reconnaissance may be assigned. Factors that determine the width of the zone are surface concealment, terrain features within the zone, time available to accomplish the mission, visibility, and anticipated enemy action. In some situations, the zone reconnaissance may be executed by the aero-scout platoon operating as discussed in paragraph 155. COMDGP~ WPN[2] Figure 74. Air cavalry troop conducting zone reconnaissance in column formation. AGO 5733A 123 c. Zone reconnaissance may be conducted by the troop as a whole, or the troop may be organized into teams and the zone subdivided to give each team a zone (fig. 75). Team organization will normally include elements from the aero-scout platoon, aero-weapons section, and aero-rifle platoon. Reconnaissance of a large zone may be conducted in a series of air sweeps or, when the zone is narrow, the unit may adopt the techniques used in route reconnaissance. Route information should be confirmed by ground units. The roles of the aero-scout and aero-rifle platoons and the aeroweapons section remain the same as for route reconnaissance. d. In zone reconnaissance, use of the aerorifle platoon in a dismounted role will be more frequent to insure thorough coverage of areas not readily reconnoitered from the air. The rapidity with which the zone reconnaissance can be made will be affected by the speed with which the aero-rifle platoon can accomplish its dismounted missions. e. Formations and techniques of searching the zone will vary according to the size, shape, •• ... • SCT 121 (-~ . IWPN.1:21 WPN!21' . ·~H) •\ !HI and nature of the zone, as well as time available and factors of METT. In a large zone of rectangular shape, parallel sweeps of the air formation between boundaries will be normal. The aero-rifle platoon (element) will be dismounted as necessary to insure thorough search of specific terrain features. The sweep may be made by the troop (team) in column, line, or other appropriate formation. In a narrow zone, line formation of the troop (team) may be used to complete the reconnaissance in a single sweep between boundaries. f. The air cavalry troop may be assigned a zone reconnaissance mission across the squadron zone. Under these conditions, the troop is required to operate far enough in advance of the ground forces to permit the latter freedom of action. Thus, the troop, in effect, executes a security and warning mission and extends the ground reconnaissance effort. its speed of advance is regulated by the progress of the ground reconnaissance forces. Reliable communication and close coordination between the air and ground reconnaissance elements are essential. • • • • Figure 75. Air cavalry troop corulucting zone reconnaissance with platoon teams. AGO 5733A 157. Area Reconnaissance a. Area reconnaissance is the directed effort to obtain detailed information of all routes, terrain, and enemy forces within a specific and clearly defined area. b. Area reconnaissance by the air cavalry troop may be a specific mission or it may be performed as part of a route or zone reconnaissance mission. Area reconnaissance is performed using zone reconnaissance techniques. Area reconnaissance is performed with the troop or its elements in accordance with the factors of METT. Normally, area reconnaissance will require the employment of at least aero-scout and aero-rifle elements. The aeroweapons element may be included as required. An aerial reconnaissance will be made of the designated locality first. The aero-rifle element is then landed to conduct a detailed ground reconnaissance of areas not adequately reconnoitered from the air. The aero-scout platoon and aero-weapons section support ground reconnaissance by the aero-rifle platoon (fig. 76). c. Detailed ground reconnaissance of specific areas or suspected targets deep in enemy territory may be performed by air-delivered patrols from the aero-scout or aero-rifle platoon. Patrols used in this manner achieve their mission by stealth, without air protection by other elements of the troop. Normally, the helicopter will not remain with the rifle element but will return to pick up the patrol according to prearranged plans. Adequate communication between the patrols and troop headquarters must be maintained by establishing either forward base radio stations or air radio relay. The patrols may remain in enemy territory for extended periods but their movements must be coordinated carefully with higher headquarters to avoid casualties from friendly fires. d. Depending on the nature of the area, dismounted reconnaissance may not always be required. In open terrain where ground concealment is lacking, reconnaissance may be limited to air activity only. Some dismounted area reconnaissance is usually necessary, particularly with respect to reconnaissance objectives such as towns, river crossing sites, bridges, and wooded areas. When ground reconnaissance forces are working with the air unit, dismounted reconnaissance of specific locations should be performed by ground troops. In such a situation, elements of the air cavalry troop will provide air reconnaissance and early warning for the armored cavalry troop. 158. Conduct of Reconnaissance a. In the execution of reconnaissance missions, i.e., route, zone, and area reconnaissance, the air cavalry troop may be: (1) Used as an air extension of the armored cavalry squadron's ground reconnaissance capability operating under squadron control. (2) Attached to or placed under operational control of an armored cavalry troop. (Attaching is usually not desirable (para 72) .) (3) Used as teams of aero-scout, aeroweapons, and aero-rifle elements acting under troop control or attached to armored cavalry troops. b. Reconnaissance missions must be executed boldly and aggressively, making full use of the troop's mobility and firepower. Maximum use should be made of the capability for rapid, deceptive movement to confuse the enemy as to the exact mission and information sought. Normally, when terrain and surface concealment is sparse, the aero-scout platoon will execute the air reconnaissance mission within the troop zone of responsibility. The aero-rifle platoon and aero-weapons section will advance behind the aero-scout elements from positions that will allow them to move quickly to support the scout elements, should enemy forces be encountered that cannot be bypassed or are of a size and type that, if bypassed, would affect the completion of the mission. c. Flight altitudes for reconnaissance will be determined by the mission, terrain, weather conditions, light level natural or manmade surface concealment, security desired, location and disposition of the enemy, enemy countermeasures, and obstacles to flight (app. III). d. The troop will attack, when necessary, in performing the reconnaissance mission. Before committing his unit to an attack, the commander must be relatively certain of success. Care must be taken not to commit the unit to an attack in which losses might be so great as to prevent further completion of the reconnaissance mission. AGO 6738A 125 I I I Note. Aero-scout platoon reconnoitering entire area, aero-rifle squads reconnoitered specified locations indicated by check points and aero-weapons section centrally located to support aero-scout and aero-rifle platoons. Figure 76. Air caval,ry troop conducting area reconnaissance. 126 AGO 5733A • 159. Reconnaissance by Fire a. During reconnaissance by fire, troops must continually observe the positions being reconnoitered so they can locate any enemy movement or return fire. Reconnaissance by fire is used when time is critical. It is made at the loss of achieving further surprise, but it tends to lessen the probability of moving over a well-concealed enemy position without being aware of its presence. b. If the enemy returns the fire, the unit proceeds to develop the situation. If the fire is not returned, the unit continues on its mission; however, caution should be exercised because reconnaissance by fire may fail to draw the fire of seasoned enemy troops. 160. Control a. The commander controls and coordinates the advance of his subordinate units primarily by radio. The commander should place himself in a central location, where he can maintain contact and control all elements. He must be prepared, however, to move rapidly to any part of his zone of responsibility to supervise a critical action. b. To assist in control, the troop commander may designate phase lines, control points, contact points, and a series of reconnaissance objectives. Platoons or other elements report, but do not stop, on reaching or crossing phase lines or control points. (For a discussion of control measures, see FM 17-1.) 161. Instructions a. A reconnaissance m1ss1on is assigned to the troop as a unit. When more than one mission is assigned, a priority should be given. The troop commander then allots tasks to the platoons or air teams. Operations are coordinated by the troop operations section. b. Reconnaissance instructions must be specific. Instructions to the platoons or other elements must be complete and must include: (1) Available information of the enemy and friendly troops in the area of operations. (2) Plans of the higher commander, when appropriate. (3) Specific information desired. AGO 5733A (4) Zone, area, route, or axis of advance. ( 5) When, where, and how information is to be reported. ( 6) Time of departure. (7) Phase lines, control points, reconnaissance objectives, and, when desirable, the times they are to be reached. (8) Time mission is to be completed. (9) Action after the mission is completed. c. The troop commander issues instructions orally to his platoon and team leaders. Unless the immediate situation makes it impracticable to do so, platoon and team leaders should be assembled to receive the order. After the reconnaissance has started, necessary additional instructions are transmitted by radio, or by the troop commander in person. 162. Transmitting Information Rapid transmission of information is essential to the success of any reconnaissance mission. For principles involved see paragraph 31. 163. Target Acquisition Target acquisition is implicit in any mission of the air cavalry troop. Like reconnaissance, target acquisition is a continuing process. Lucrative targets are either engaged or promptly reported for engagement by other forces. Targets are reported by detailed description as to size, composition, direction of movement and exact location. The importance of early target acquisition is magnified in nuclear warfare. Because of the characteristics of delivery systems and the effects of nuclear weapons, targets must be located, identified, and engaged as soon as possible. Air cavalry units are well suited for nuclear target acquisition. •They will.fre..:. ··.· quently be the first to discover, identify, and contribute to the development of nuclear targets. The mobility and long range capability of the air cavalry troop enables it to meet the demands of early nuclear target acquisition. 164. Chemical Agent Detection and Radiological Monitoring and Survey Operations Elements of the air cavalry troop are capable of performing chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring and survey operations. Air and ground monitoring is performed in conjunction with other missions. Generally, the objective of air monitoring is to determine the presence or absence of significant levels of chemical or radiological contamination. The air cavalry troop can effect rapid air survey of the radiation hazard near a nuclear explosion. As radiological surveys are specific missions that normally divert a part of the unit from the normal reconnaissance and security missions, they are conducted only when essential information cannot be obtained by monitoring or by other agencies. Direct damage assessment of either friendly or enemy nuclear weapons can also be performed by elements of the air cavalry troop. The troop may be the most readily available means to complete the first survey. Section Ill. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 165. General a. The air cavalry troop normally attacks in conjunction with other elements of the squadron to accomplish assigned reconnaissance and security missions. The troop may attack when the mission requires the destruction of enemy encountered, when it is necessary to reduce an enemy position to continue the mission, or when the mission is to seize a particular objective. It may attack with or without reinforcements, when used on an independent mission. b. Normally, the troop engages in offensive action as a unit. The aero-scout platoon may be employed as an air security force to provide reconnaissance and security for the attack or as an element of the base of fire. The aero-weapons section usually provides an air base of fire. The aero-rifle platoon normally is employed dismounted as the maneuvering force to close with and destroy the enemy. However, this mission must be compatible with the offensive capabilities of a dismounted rifle platoon. c. Employment of the air cavalry troop as an attacking force to seize an objective in a planned offensive role is rare. The organization and equipment of the troop are of such a nature that the unit should not be unnecessarily exposed to loss. Its capabilities for sustained offensive action are limited. 166. Preparation for the Attack a. The commander's preparation for the attack consists of issuing a warning order, beginning an estimate of the situation, coordinating with other units, making a tentative plan, making a personal reconnaissance, completing the plan, and issuing his oral order. At all times he must actively supervise the execution of orders. For a detailed discussion of troop leading procedures, refer to FM 17-1. b. In organizing for combat, the air cavalry troop may use its elements as organized or by cross-attaching with each other to form platoon teams. When the team composition has been announced by the troop commander, the leaders to which they are attached coordinate their actions. At this time they make all necessary arrangements concerning communication, liaison, reconnaissance, and other appropriate matters of mutual interest. c. Coordination with other units is accomplished during the reconnaissance. If the attack is to be made over or in conjunction with friendly units, the troop commander or his representative contacts the commanders of those units and accomplishes essential coordination. This coordination includes the location of leading elements and the use of recognition signals, supporting fires, and fire control measures. Linkup by ground troops is coordinated if the operation requires. This is often the case in limited objective operations, as the air cavalry troop is not organized for sustained defensive operations. d. All individuals of the troop must receive a detailed briefing. e. Before the troop is committed to an attack, the commander normally makes a personal air reconnaissance. He arranges to have his subordinate leaders accompany him or to come forward to meet him at a specified time and place. After the commander issues his attack order, the subordinate leaders make as detailed a reconnaissance as time permits. If time, security, or visability do not permit, leaders make a detailed map study. f. Commanders seek the following information during their reconnaissance: (1) Definite and possible locations of enemy positions. 128 AGO 573SA (2) Definite and possible locations of enemy air defense weapons or other obstacles to flight, and routes for bypassing them. (3) Defiladed or concealed flight routes to the objective. ( 4) Overall condition of the terrain. (5) Enemy activities that might reveal enemy plans, such as strengthening defensive p o s i t i o n s , withdrawing trains, or concentrating reserves. (6) Positions of friendly units. (7) Good fields of fire from air and ground positions. (8) Location and extent of natural obstacles that the commander may use to his advantage. (9) Key terrain features to assist in control. g. The plan of attack is designed to insure maximum coordination within the attacking forces throughout the operation. The plan must be simple but must cover all essential details. It should include the location and composition of the base of fire, targets to be fired upon, and signals for lifting or shifting the fires of the base of fire. It should include the composition of the maneuvering force, the avenue of approach it will follow to the objective, the formation to be used, and if required, its method of advance. It should include provisions for security during the attack, for consolidation of the objective, for reorganization after the attack, and for resumption of the advance. h. Fire support is normally provided by the aero-weapons section. This fire may be augmented by one or more sections of the aeroscout platoon. Artillery or mortar support from ground units is also used if the objective is within supporting distance. When supporting fires are provided, coordination is required to insure that helicopters avoid trajectories of high-angle fires. When the distance to the objective is too great for artillery support, tactical air support, if available, may be used to soften up the objective area before the assault. 167. Conduct of Attack a. The air cavalry troop attacks by fire and movement. Air-to-ground fires neutralize, disorganize, and destroy the enemy weapons and troops they can reach. Movement brings the firepower into new and more advantageous positions from which it can complete the destruction of enemy forces. b. Unless otherwise planned, fire and movement begin immediately with the first definite hostile contact. The troop commander normally places himself where he can best control those elements of the troop that are making the main effort in the attack. He maintains close communication with the other elements. Radio is the primary means of communication, but supplemental control means such as pyrotechni~ signals should be provided for. c. The mission of the air base of fire element is to force the enemy to seek cover, neutralize his weapons, and soften him up for assault by the maneuvering force. The air base of fire may contain all or parts of the aero-weapons section and aero-scout platoon. Elements of the aerorifle platoon are seldom used in this role. Aeroscout elements may assist the air base of fire. They have the advantage of being able to move rapidly in and out of position over terrain that would be difficult or impossible for ground units to use. When used to assist the air base of fire, scout elements may locate and mark by fire the targets for the aero-weapons section to engage. d. The aero-rifle platoon will make the assault if this action is required. When terrain and the situation permit, the aero-rifle platoon will normally approach an enemy position from the flanks or rear. It moves by covered or concealed air routes to the aero-rifle dismount point. Elements of the aero-scout platoon or aero-weapons section should cover the landing of the aero-rifle platoon; from there the aerorifle platoon normally makes a final dismounted assault on the objective. Elements of the aeroscout platoon or aero-weapons section, assist by sealing off the objective with air fire, protecting the flanks and rear of the ground assault force, and firing on targets of opportunity beyond the capability of the aero-rifle platoon. e. On a prearranged order, all air base-offire weapons begin fire on the objective. This fire is distributed over the entire objective. As the aero-rifle platoon arrives at the objective or masks supporting fires, the base of fire lifts or shifts its fire beyond or to the flanks of the objective. This is controlled by radio, observa- AGO 5733A 129 tion, or prearranged pyrotechnic signals. Heli copters in the base of fire may shift from one position to another whenever necessary to obtain better fields of fjre or to escape enemy fire. This is done by using air gunnery techniques outlined in appendix III. f. Fire from elements of the aero-rifle platoon should strike the objective before supporting fires lift. The moment that the base of fire lifts or shifts, the aero-rifle platoon should move directly into the assault of the objective. g. The troop reorganizes after the attack either to continue the advance or to defend or dominate the position taken. Security to the front, flanks, and rear is established immediately. Aero-scout elements provide security at greater distances. This security includes maintaining visual contact with any forces that may have been driven from the objective. Casualties are given first aid and emergency evacuation by troop helicopters, if necessary. Persons are designated to replace key individuals who are wounded and evacuated. Ammunition is redistributed and helicopter armament systems are checked and reloaded. Prisoners of war are handled according to unit SOP; they may be evacuated by helicopter in many situations. The commander makes his report on the action as soon as possible after the objective has been taken. The report includes the results of the attack, casualties sustained, prisoners taken, equipment losses, logistical requirements, and immediate plans for subsequent action. Section IV. SECURITY OPERATIONS 168. Security Operations a. Security, as applied to armored and air cavalry, includes all measures taken by a command to protect itself from observation or surprise. When performing security missions, the air cavalry troop must give the main body adequate and timely warning of hostile approach. Within the capabilities of the troop, it engages the enemy to defeat or delay him. A security force must orient its maneuver on the main body being protected. There is no set distance at which the air cavalry troop operates from the main body. The distance will vary with the factors of METT. The troop should be far enough from the squadron to provide time and space for the squadron to react to an enemy threat. b. Security is a mission that will frequently be assigned to the air cavalry troop. The security mission will be accomplished by offensive or defensive action, delay, or a combination thereof. The air cavalry troop will normally perform security missions as part of and in conjunction with the parent squadron. It may perform security missions for other elements of the division. c. The air cavalry troop will often be re quired to operate over broad frontages in the performance of security missions. The troop commander must expect broad frontages and consequent dispersion of his forces. He must take full advantage of his unit's mobility and radio communication to overcome the disad vantages of dispersion. The troop can be assembled quickly for a given mission, then rapidly redeploy as the situation requires. 169. Advance Guard a. An advance guard is a security force, primarily offensive in nature, that operates to the front of a moving force to insure its uninterrupted advance and to protect it from enemy surprise attack by defeating, destroying, or delaying the enemy within its capabilities (fig. 77). For a detailed discussion, see FM 17-1. b. In an advance guard mission, the air cavalry troop will normally act as the air extension of the armored cavalry squadron. The troop will not normally perform an advance guard mission as an independent unit. When performing this mission, the air cavalry troop will normally regulate its movement on the forward progress of the ground elements of the advance guard. The troop will normally precede the ground armored cavalry force far enough to provide the commander sufficient time and space to react to an enemy threat to the front or flanks. Formations adopted will be governed by the factors of METT. When the main body is in column formation, the air ad 130 AGO 5733A vance guard formation will usually consist of deployed aero-scout sections, reinforced as necessary with aero-weapons and aero-rifle elements, providing observation to the front and flanks. When the main body is advancing on a broad front (e.g., in multiple columns), it may be necessary to deploy the aero-scout section in line or wedge, with the remaining air cavalry elements deployed to provide rapid support at any point of enemy contact. c. Throughout the advance guard operation the troop combines its advance guard mission with a reconnaissance mission. The troop reconnoiters the terrain along the route of advance continuously and regularly reports all information, either positive or negative, to the ground forces. d. Contact with the enemy is reported promptly. The aero-scout elements determine the size, strength, and disposition of the enemy force, and within its capabilities, the troop takes the necessary action to reduce the enemy element or force it to withdraw. The combined firepower of the aero-scout platoon and the aero-weapons section are used offensively to neutralize the enemy force. Within its capabili ties, the aero-rifle platoon may be dismounted to engage the enemy force. The troop should not become so engaged, however, as to risk destruction. When the enemy force is of such a size and disposition that the troop cannot successfully engage it, the situation is reported to the advance guard commander. The troop then may be directed to avoid the enemy forces and continue its mission, bypassing the located resistance. Usually, the troop will be required to maintain surveillance of the enemy with a part of its force until relieved by other elements. When the enemy dispositions are of such extent that they cannot be bypassed, the air cavalry troop reports and develops the situation within its capabilities, reconnoiters the enemy force as thoroughly as possible, and maintains contact and surveillance until relieved by other elements of the squadron. Between the time that first contact is made and the time it is relieved of its mission, the troop uses observation, air fires, and dismounted infantry action to develop the situation. Close coordination with the ground element of the advance guard is maintained. Within its capabilities, the troop initiates offensive action, including dismounted infantry attacks, reconnaissance by fire and fire suppression measures, to prevent enemy interference with the ground units preparations for attack. As the leading ground elements arrive to assist the troop, elements of the air cavalry troop are then employed to provide security to the flanks and rear of the attacking force. e. When the advance to contact is prolonged, logistical support is obtained through mobile forward supply and maintenance elements or by phasing Army aircraft back to the trains area. Air operations must be planned to provide op portunities for fueling, supply of ammunition, and necessary maintenance. 170. Flank Guard a. A flank guard is a security force that operates to the flank of a moving or stationary force to protect it from enemy ground observation, direct fire, and surprise attack by defeating, destroying, or delaying the enemy within its capabilities. b. The air cavalry troop will normally perform flank guard missions as a part of its parent armored cavalry squadron (fig. 78). Thus employed, the troop primarily conducts air reconnaissance and surveillance operations, by establishing an air screen, as an extension of Figure 77. Air cavalry troop as part of an advance guard. AGO 5733A the squadron's ground capabilities. Within its Concurrently, aero-scouts conduct aid patrolcapabilities, the troop will assist in accomplish ling forward of and between the dismounted ing the flank security mission by engaging in OP's. The aero-weapons section remains cen offensive, defensive, or delaying actions, as aptrally located and prepared to support the aero propriate. scout or aero-rifle platoon. c. In a moving situation, the initial disposi I 71. Rear Guard tion of the air cavalry troop may be relatively narrow and require only a part of the troop to a. A rear guard is a security force that op be airborne. As the operation of the squadron erates to the rear of an advancing or withdraw becomes more extended, the air dispositions ing force to protect it from enemy surprise extend accordingly by lateral displacement of attack or annoyance by defeating, destroying, elements initially employed or by using addior delaying the enemy within its capabilities. tional air elements. If the movement of the b. The air cavalry troop will normally per squadron is slow, aero-rifle elements may be form rear guard action as a part of the parent dismounted to man observation posts or listensquadron. The troop will seldom perform a ing posts on key terrain features. When the rear guard mission as an independent troop. main body is moving rapidly, air elements may displace parallel to the movement of the squadc. Rear guard action may be conducted as a series of delaying actions. The rear guardron by alternate or successive bounds. follows the main body at a prescribed distanced. In performing a flank guard mission, the or time interval and generally along the sameair cavalry troop will normally be employed to axis as the main body. According to the situaestablish an air screen beyond the line of squadtion, movement may be continuous, regulatedron blocking positions; to provide air elements on the main body, or by bounds, occupying keyfor the squadron advance· guard; to screen the terrain positions to block possible enemy at area between the main body and the squadron tacks.route of advance, and to maintain contact withthe rear battalion task force of the main body. d. The air cavalry troop will normally be Normally, the air reconnaissance and security under command of the rear guard commander. operations of the troop will not extend beyond Use of the troop is based on continuous comthe line of the air screen. In some situations, munication with the squadron commander.elements of the troop may be used to recone. The troop performs continuous reconnaisnoiter avenues of enemy approach out to the sance and surveillance to the rear and flanks,operational range of assigned helicopters. reporting all information promptly. ContactGround dispositions of the squadron should not with enemy forces is reported immediately andcontrol the actions of the troop too closely; air elements reconnoiter and attack to delayhowever, all actions of the air cavalry troop or destroy the enemy force. When the enemymust be coordinated closely and in concert with force is of such a size and composition that thethe ground elements to facilitate the accomair cavalry troop cannot engage it without riskplishment of the squadron mission. When coning destruction, the troop reports the situationtact is established with an enemy force, the air to the rear guard commander and maintainscavalry troop will engage the enemy within its surveillance over the enemy.capabilities to harass and delay his advance. f. Techniques of employment correspond toContact will be maintained with the enemy those used in advance and flank guard operaforce as it approaches the squadron blocking tions. The air cavalry troop functions as anpositions and the squadron commander must extension of the ground force reconnaissance,be kept abreast of the situation. surveillance, and combat capability. It provides e. In a slow-moving or static situation, the early warning of enemy approach. The airtroop may use a combination of dismounted and troop extends its operations to the distancesair action. Elements of the aero-rifle platoon that insure adequate reaction time and maneumay be dismounted to man observation posts ver space for the main body commander toalong primary avenues of enemy approach. meet the enemy threat. 132 AGO 5733A OBJECTIVE MAIN BODY ,. ... , I 31 \ w I \ 8; I 0 '-~ ,-, I ~ I uw \ ~I zo <(0::: \0..\ ><( o=> \..) <(<.!> LL~ ...Jw<( <(LL co ,,...\ 0a::: <.!>~ z~ I ~ J 51 <( ' ...J w \co ( -) ...J b 0coz ~ ~ Legend: ,'"\ I I Blocking position I'"," I Air cavalry troop as pwrt of the annored cavalry squadron in a flank gua~·d security mission. Figure 78. 133 AGO 5733A g. When participating in a rear guard mission in conjunction with ground forces, the aero-rifle platoon will not usually be required to conduct dismounted action. When the air cavalry troop is performing a rear guard action as an independent force, the aero-rifle platoon may be used to occupy ground positions designed to provide delay consistent with the platoon's capabilities. The platoon is airlanded on or close to the initial delaying position, and its helicopters occupy the nearest available covered parking positions. The landing is made under cover provided by the aeroscout platoon and aero-weapons section. While the rifle elements occupy their positions, the aero-scout platoon and aero-weapons section extend the area of reconnaissance coverage to the flanks and rear. As the main body increases its distance away from the rear guard, the aero-rifle element is relifted under cover of elements of the aero-scout platoon and aero-weapons section, and is moved to the next delaying position. When the progress of the main body is rapid, and the enemy is not threatening direct interference, an air screen to the rear and flanks of the main body may provide adequate rear guard security. In such a situation, elements of the aero-scout platoon conduct the air screen while the aero-rifle pla toon and aero-weapons section remain centrally located to provide rapid support at any point of enemy contact. h. In a withdrawal from action, the air cavalry troop is normally employed in conjunction with ground elements of the squadron. Specific actions of the troop involve offensive tactics, reconnaissance and surveillance, and delaying action. Because of the difficulties of recognizing friendly forces, detailed coordina tion resulting in usable control procedures and recognition signals must be completed before using the troop in night withdrawals. The air cavalry troop may take part in the with drawal as an element of the security force protecting the retrograde movement of the main body. When acting as part of the security force, the air troop conducts its operation in the same manner as in the rear guard action. 172. Screening Force a. The air cavalry troop may be appropriately and effectively used as a screening force by conducting surveillance over an extended frontage to the front, flank, or rear of a moving or stationary force to provide early warning by observing, reporting, and maintaining visual contact with all enemy forces encountered. The air cavalry troop will perform screening missions more often than any other mission. A screening mission is assigned to the air cavalry troop when security is desired on an extremely wide front and limited forces are available to fulfill the mission. The air cavalry troop covers this extended front by aero-scout patrols, aero-rifle patrols, or a combination of both supported by elements of the aero-weapons section. The screening force deployed over such a wide area, normally observes and reports enemy activity and may be required to engage small enemy patrols within its capability. Unless otherwise ordered, elements of the screen will report and maintain visual contact with the enemy force until the squadron commander takes action to halt the enemy threat. b. When the air cavalry troop is assigned a screening mission, the aero-scout elements will normally establish the airmobile patrols of the screen. In a slow-moving or static situation, or when surface concealment limits air reconnaissance, aero-rifle elements may be used to establish ground observation posts. Elements of the aero-weapons section are attached to the aero-scout elements when the assigned frontage is too wide to permit timely use from a central location. c. When ground employment is required, elements of the aero-rifle platoon are transported to selected locations in their organic helicopters. When available cover and con cealment are adequate and the enemy situation permits, the platoon helicopters may remain nearby. If this is not possible, the helicopters return to the troop assembly area and remain on call for pickup of the rifle elements. These positions should be organized in not less than squad strength with adequate communication to the platoon CP. Positions will be on commanding or key terrain features covering likely avenues of enemy approach. The mission of each observation post or listening post is to maintain surveillance over an assigned avenue of enemy approach and report all information AGO 5733A as obtained. Small listening posts may be advanced from the observation posts at night. When not engaged in self-defense, rifle elements of the screen will engage small enemy patrols. Maximum use will be made of stealth and concealment. Limited patrol operations may be conducted from observation posts; these operations include reconnaissance patrols and patrols to maintain contact with adjacent observation posts. Air contact between widely separated observation posts should be main tained. 173. Covering Force a. A covering force is a highly mobile, tactically self-contained security force that operates at a considerable distance to the front, flank, or rear of a moving or stationary force with the mission of achieving early development of the situation, defeating hostile forces if possible, and deceiving, delaying, and disorganizing enemy forces until the main force can prepare for action. The air cavalry troop will normally perform a screening mission when the squadron is performing a covering force mission. It may be used on the flanks, to the front, or to the rear of the squadron. The squadron commander will specify the area of operations or the units to be covered by the covering force (fig. 79). b. The air cavalry troop will rarely be used alone as a covering force. It will normally operate as part of the armored cavalry squadon on such missions. c. The troop will normally perform air reconnaissance and security missions for the squadron during covering force or general outpost operations. The troop will accomplish this mission by establishing an air screen and ground OP's beyond the squadron covering force or general outpost positions to provide early warning of enemy approach. The air screen consists of aero-scout patrols and aerorifle observation posts as a warning system, with the aero-weapons section and the remaining aero-rifle elements centrally located to the rear. When forced to withdraw, the troop delays the enemy within its capability and protects the flanks of the squadron, avoiding decisive engagement with the enemy. Every effort is made to deceive the enemy as to location of the squadron blocking positions. w w u u z z ... ... > > c c ... ... .... .... 0 0 "' x "')( ... ... [Q] [Q] Figure 79. Air cavalry troop as part of a covering force. d. The air cavalry troop may be appropriately and effectively used as part of a covering force in a movement to contact. In such a situation, the troop will normally function un der control of the armored cavalry squadron. The troop will normally reconnoiter to the front and flanks, employing zone reconnaissance techniques. It seeks out the enemy force and destroys the enemy within its capabilities. When superior forces are encountered, the troop develops the situation to determine the composition and disposition of the enemy force, and prepares to assist the squadron during its attack. The troop will normally be employed as a unit in the formation best suited to provide thorough reconnaissance of the area through which the friendly forces are advancing. In seeking out the enemy positions, the aero-scout elements are supported by the aero-weapons section and aero-rifle platoon. )1.GO 5733A 135 Small enemy forces are destroyed or routed entrance into rear areas. Rear area securityby fire. The aero-rifle elements may be disin general provides for mounted to conduct limited offensive operations (1) Local security of installations andon the ground or to secure bridges or defiles units. to assist the uninterrupted advance of the (2) Relief or attacked installations and ground elements. When aero-rifle elements are units. thus used, they are relieved as soon as possible (3) Route patrolling and convoy escort. by the advancing ground cavalry elements, relifted, and resume position in the troop forma( 4) Surveillance of possible bases of option. erations for irregular forces and infiltrators. 174. Providing Security Between Units ( 5) Denial of possible drop and landingzones. a. When a gap exists between major units, it may be covered by a security force. When (6) Finding, fixing, and destroying enemyforces operating in rear areas. covering a gap, the security force maintainscontact with the major units on each flank. b. The troop normally conducts rear areaTo maintain contact and secure the gap, it is security missions in accordance with the squadnecessary for the security force to engage in ron rear area security plan. This plan willthe same general tactical posture as the units normally consist of a series of checkpoints,on each flank, that is, attack, defend, or delay. observation posts, and patrols designed to deNormally, the air cavalry troop accomplishes tect enemy activities and fix the enemy until this mission using air reconnaissance and sehighly mobile ground armored cavalry forces curity techniques. can be employed to destroy him (fig. 81). Because of its speed of maneuver and flexibility, b. The air cavalry troop may operate alone the air cavalry troop is well suited to particiwhen covering a gap. In conducting this mispate in rear security missions as a part of thesion, the troop may use a combination of air armored cavalry squadron.and ground action (fig. 80). The aero-rifleplatoon may be dismounted to occupy a strongc. The air cavalry troop has a limited capa bility for providing rear area security inde point in a defensive situation or it may be used pendently. The aero-rifle platoon may be dis as a ground reconnaissance force in close ter rain where concealment is plentiful. Air remounted to provide the forces for securing key installations with a limited defense capability. connaissance and contact with adjacent forces A greater coverage can be obtained by estab is achieved by the remainder of the troop. In a moving situation, the aero-rifle platoon will lishing a series of small observation posts either be airborne, or centrally located on the throughout the area as information-gathE:ringactivities and a warning system. The rear area ground and employed as the situation dictates. security plan must provide for defense against c. Conduct of operations by the troop in vertical envelopment, partisan activities, in filling a gap will, in a moving situation, correcluding sabotage, and protection of lines of spond to zone reconnaissance operations. In communication and supply. The aero-scout pla a static situation, the operations will corretoon is used to maintain air observation over spond to those in a flank security or a screenthe part of the area that is not covered adeing mission. quately by ground observation posts or otherdefense elements. The aero-weapons section 175. Rear Area Security (STANAG 2079) is centrally located to provide immediate sup a. The objective of rear area security is to port to any part of the troop sector. prevent serious enemy interference with operad. Normally, the air cavalry troop will betions in rear areas. Plans are prepared to employed in a rear area security mission asneutralize or destroy enemy forces such as part of the squadron. In this situation thesaboteurs, infiltrators, bypassed units, irregular troop will provide air surveillance of the rearforces, airmobile, or airborne forces that gain area in extension of the ground capability. 136 AGO 5733A X X XX Figure 80. Air cavalry troop filling a gap. e. The weapons systems and limited size of more effective surveillance of the entire area, enemy forces normally encountered in rear with periodic close inspection of suspected areas will permit helicopters to assume a greatenemy activity. Nap-of-the-earth flight tech er offensive role in a rear area security misniques will be required only when an enemy sion. Flights at higher altitude will permit force is encountered. AGO 5733A 137 p DESTROY ~(-) @ SASP !§] X X, @I(-) X X ~~··· /B [2] ~~FIND AND FIX ENEMY FORCE AND GUIDE GROUND TROOPS TO THEM XX Figure 81. Air cavalry troop as part of a rear area security force. Section V. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS I 7 6. General The air cavalry troop may be forced to engage in defensive actions to perform its reconnaissance and security missions; however, when the troop is operating alone, its defensive capability is limited. In other than reconnaissance and security missions, the troop will normally take part in defensive action as part of a larger force. 177. Types of Defense a. Preparation for either mobile or area defense requires the same detailed reconnaissance, selection, organization, coordination, and planning that precedes offensive action. In addition, when preparing for the defense, it must be remembered that the enemy has the initiative and that alternate plans must be prepared to meet all conceivable contingencies. b. Reconnaissance for the defense should be as complete as time and the situation will allow. It should include a study of the terrain from the enemy's viewpoint. The commander evaluates the terrain in his assigned sector or area of operation in terms of the basic considerations contained in FM 17-1. c. The techniques of conducting reconnaissance, offensive, and security operations, as dis cussed in paragraphs 153 through 175, are applicable to the employment of the air cavalry troop in both mobile and area defense missions. 178. Mobile Defense a. Mobile defense is a defensive action that makes maximum use of air and ground mobile combat power. Mobile defense is an active defense that employs offensive and delaying action as well as defensive measures. Techniques of conducting a mobile defense are outlined in FM 17-1. b. The air cavalry troop is employed in the mobile defense as part of the parent armored cavalry squadron. In this capacity the troop extends the capabilities of the parent unit by performing reconnaissance and security missions. Specifically, the troop is best employed to: (1) Extend initially the range of operations of the security forces. AGO 5733A • (2) Provide security between fixing forces. b. The troop may act as a security force for the squadron during covering force operations(3) Provide security for the reserve. or when the squadron is part of the general outpost. The speed and cross-country mobility I79. Area. Defens.e of the unit make it well suited for this type ofa. The air cavalry troop will normally be action. The air cavalry troop is capable ofemployed as part of the armored cavalry squadcovering large sectors more rapidly than groundron during an area defense. The troop may reconnaissance units. be used as part of the covering force or general outpost, or it may be used as an airc. The air cavalry troop may be used as an mobile counterattacking force. It should not independent airmobile reserve but will normalbe assigned a sector within the battle position ly act as a reconnaissance and security force because of the limited ground-holding capafor the squadron. While in reserve, it may bility of one rifle platoon suitable for this type have the additional responsibility for rear area of employment. security. Section VI. DELAYING ACTION of occupying only a position normally occupied 180. General by an infantry platoon. It is the ground nucleusa. The air cavalry troop may be required to of the delaying position. The aero-scout placonduct a delaying action to accomplish other toon performs air security to the front andassigned missions. The troop will normally flanks of the position. The aero-weapons secconduct this action as a part of the squadron. tion provides air fire support and antitankUsually, the troop will perform reconnaissance protection. and security missions to support the squadron c. Each squad of the aero-rifle platoon shoulddelaying action. have a concealed route by which it can move tob. When the troop commander is assigned its waiting helicopters for withdrawal to thea delay mission or it becomes apparent that he next delay position. Where possible, all helimust fight a delaying action, he makes a map copters should have defilade flight routes forreconnaissance of designated positions and sethe withdrawal. lects successive positions that his troop will d. Hastily prepared obstacles are improvisedoccupy as it withdraws. This map reconnaisto slow the enemy's advance. These obstaclessance should be supplemented by air reconmay be covered by fires from the aero-weapons naissance when the situation permits. In selecting delay positions, the troop commander section. considers the same factors used in selecting e. The delaying position may be organized defensive positions. Selection of delaying posias an ambush in either close or open country, tions, preparation of positions, and conduct where vehicular movement is restricted, obof delaying action are outlined in FM 17-1. servation is limited, and fields of fire are short, although it must be expected that the enemy 181. Organization of Delaying Position will approach such an ambush site cautiously a. The delaying position is organized as a and on the alert.defensive position. Units are located within the delaying position to insure successful with182. Conduct of a Delaying Action drawal. If the assigned sector can be covered a. Delay at each position is accomplishedadequately by a part of the unit, the commander by forcing the enemy to deploy and attack. Tomay hold the remainder of his force in redo this, the troop opens fire on the enemy atserve. maximum range. It avoids decisive combat. b. The aero-rifle platoon is located on the Each position is held long enough to force the most dominating ground to cover the main aveenemy to deploy at attack. The troop is withnue of enemy approach. The platoon is capable drawn in time to prevent unacceptable losses AGO 5733A 139 and to insure that the troop does not become engaged decisively. Frequent air harassing attacks by the aero-scout platoon and aeroweapons section will be conducted to slow the enemy's advance. b. The aero-scout platoon provides security to the front and flanks of the position. It gives early warning of the approach of enemy forces and adjusts long range supporting fires. Because of its air mobility it may engage the rear and flanks of the enemy force in a series of hit-and-run harassing attacks as he approaches the main position. As the enemy continues his approach, the aero-scout platoon will withdraw to the flanks of the aero-rifle positions and continue to fire. c. The aero-rifle platoon, occupying the dominating terrain astride the enemy's axis of advance, opens fire on the enemy at long range with all available ground weapons. On order, the platoon assembles at waiting helicopters and withdraws to the next delay position. d. The aero-weapons section is the commander's air base of fire. He will use it when and where it can best influence the action. Normally, squads of the section will be located initially in defilade some distance to the rear of the delaying position; however, they are available for rapid air employment to support" the aero-scout or aero-rifle platoons. 183. Withdrawal From a Delaying Position a. Withdrawal from a delaying position is rapid, but is conducted in an orderly manner. Elements withdraw on the troop commander's order. b. The aero-rifle platoon is usually the first element to withdraw. It moves back rapidly to its waiting helicopters and is airlifted to the next delay position. c. The aero-weapons section, less any attachments to the aero-scout platoon, is next to withdraw. The aero-weapons section may be used to deliver air fires on the enemy column between delaying positions. d. The aero-scout platoon will normally be the last to withdraw. The aero-scouts maintain contact with the enemy during the withdrawal of the remainder of the troop. A part of the aero-scout platoon, reinforced with elements of the aero-weapons section, may provide continuous delay and maintain contact with the enemy between delaying positions, making hitand-run attacks on the enemy's rear and flanks. 184. Employment in Delay as Part of a Larger Force a. When used as part of a larger force, the air cavalry troop will normally perform reconnaissance and security missions for the squadron during squadron delaying actions (fig. 82). Operating as a unit, the troop will maintain contact with the enemy forces, continuously reporting enemy dispositions and progress to the squadron commander. The aero-scout platoon will maintain surveillance, and, within their capabilities, will deliver fire on targets of opportunity. The aero-weapons section will provide the major source of firepower for the troop. Antitank guided missiles and rockets will be used against armored vehicles ; machinegun fire will be used against dismounted troops. Care will be taken to guard against losses that will reduce the reconnaissance and security capability. Employment of ground forces in the delaying action will not ordinarily require dismounted employment of the aerorifle platoon. The aero-rifle platoon will accompany the other elements of the troop in a delaying action role, prepared for employment as the situation requires. When acting as part of the squadron delaying ground force in contact with the enemy, the air cavalry troop may be used to deliver air fires on forward enemy elements, maintain air surveillance over the enemy front and flanks, and execute offensive actions against small isolated units. During withdrawal, organization for combat and flying formations are influenced by the factors of METT. In the conduct of reconnaissance and surveillance missions on a broad front, formations will be dispersed. On a narrow front, dispersal between helicopters, together with the use of only a part of the troop organized in teams, will permit adequate reconnaissance and contact to be maintained on a continuing basis by rotating teams. Air formations should avoid concentrations of helicopters and should include maximum use of cover and concealment. b. When used in a delaying action as part of the squadron, the air cavalry troop pays 140 AGO 57SSA DIRECTION OF ENEMY ADVANCE • I I ' I I ' \ I I • I I ' .. I \ i ' I ~ \ I "I •I \ ~I I ' II I ~I I ~I I I t-.:.1 I ~, I I• I i.t..l I \ ol • I I I 411 I - /-.1 I I - I - &I - I Q::. ,_I ~. "'' ~.~..., ' •• ' ~ ' \ \ ,,__,I g. ••• ~· •••••••• • ~-.. • ~. • • • • • Figure 82. Ai·r cavalry t1·oop as part of the squadron delaying force. AGO 5733A 141 particular attention to the flanks. Small enemy reconnaissance and security elements are destroyed and enemy attempts to envelop the delaying positions are reported promptly. c. The air cavalry troop is particularly well suited to patrol routes to the rear and provide security to its parent unit from vertical envelopment. This mission can be performed in a manner similar to the conduct of rear area security missions. 185. Coordination and Control During Withdrawal a. Close control in a delaying action is essential. It is exercised by the troop commander through close personal supervision and by radio. To exercise maximum control and to execute maximum delay, the troop commander must locate himself where he can best influence the action. When the troop is delaying along two or more axes, the troop commander should be at the most critical point. b. Close coordination and reliable communications with the ground elements of the delaying force are essential. As the covering echelon of the ground delaying force withdraws, the air cavalry troop extends its maximum effort to immobilize the enemy forces. Use of the troop may permit the ground forces to break contact so long as air contact with the enemy is main tained. The troop must insure continued surveillance until ground forces can or are ready to regain contact. Section VII. AIR ESCORT OPERATIONS 186. Armed Air Escort a. Armed air escorts provide security to Army aircraft engaged in airmobile operations and to ground vehicles when air-to-ground suppressive fires are required. Detailed planning and coordination are essential. Warning orders are issued well in advance to allow adequate planning time. Map reconnaissance and the commander's reconnaissance over proposed routes are carefully conducted to insure selection of a route that offers minimum interference by enemy forces. Nap-of-the-earth flight technique is employed as necessary. Covered and concealed air routes are selected. Recom mendations concerning march SP's and RP's and technical aspects of the movement such as air speeds, air control points, and formation are coordinated by the escort and airmobile force commanders. If the move is administra tive, the armed air escort may be concerned primarily with security during the move and air cover during the airlanding phase. Such an operation will be in the nature of providing advance, flank, and rear guard security. b. In the airmobile operation where the escorted forces are to be landed in an active combat zone, the escort function may include, in addition to security en route, a requirement to airland its rifle element and to provide air cover and ground security during the airland ing phase. In this situation, the aero-scout platoon reconnoiters to the flanks and rear, as well as the front, to provide aerial surveillance for the airmobile operations. The aero-rifle platoon alone, or as part of a larger force is landed and dismounted, and, according to a prearranged plan, secures the landing area on the ground. The aero-weapons section provides air cover during landing of the aero-rifle platoon and assists the aero-scout platoon and aero-rifle platoon by firing on targets of opportunity. Once the escorted force has been landed and is prepared to assume its primary mission, or once the cargo has been discharged in a logistical operation, the aero-rifle platoon returns to the troop formatio~. . En route, formations will be as required by the factors of METT. Normally, the aero-scout platoon will lead, followed by the aero-weapons and the aero-rifle platoon, in that order. When the airmobile force is of such a size that flank security at extended distances is required, elements of the aero-scout platoon may be given flank security missions and the aero-weapons section will lead the air formation. The troop formation should normally be led by elements of the aero-scout platoon. c. In a situation involving the use of airborne or airmobile troops or cargo, similar to the operations described above, the air cavalry troop, in whole or in part, may properly be AGO 5733A given the task of a pathfinder unit. Such a task is assigned the troop when regularly constituted pathfinder teams are not available and the task implies an airborne or airmobile operation of reasonably small size or limited operational distances and areas. When secrecy of the operation is not a major consideration, the air cavalry troop may precede the main airmobile force. The aero-rifle element is landed and completes the pathfinder functions of preparing the landing sites, installing navigational aids, designating assembly or cargo discharge points, and providing local security within its capabilities. The aero-scout platoon and aeroweapons section support the pathfinder effort by air reconnaissance and fire. AGO 5733A PART FOUR ARMORED CAVALRY SQUADRON CHAPTER 8 GENERAL Section I. 187. Purpose and Scope Part Four is a guide for the employment of the armored cavalry squadron of the armored, mechanized, and infantry divisions. It covers organization and employment of the divisional armored cavalry squadron in offensive, defensive, retrograde, reconnaissance, and security operations. The airborne division armored cavalry squadron is discussed in part five, and the armored cavalry squadron of the armored cavalry regiment is discussed in FM 17-95. 188. Missions and Capabilities a. The armored cavalry squadron performs three types of missions : reconnaissance, security, and economy of force. The squadron is organized, equipped, and trained to engage in offensive and defensive combat or in retrograde operations in the execution of these missions. All divisional squadrons perform the same types of missions regardless of whether the squadron is organic to the armored, mechanized, or infantry division. b. The armored cavalry squadron has the following capabilities : ( 1) Conducting reconnaissance over broad fronts and to extended depths. (2) Collecting and reporting information of intelligence value, including information of nuclear targets and nuclear damage assessment, employing ground and air observation and electronic ground surveillance means. ( 3) Protecting or screening the flank or flanks of the division. GENER~l ( 4) Providing security or maintaining contact between elements of the division or between the division and an adjacent unit. (5) When reinforced, acting as a division covering force in offensive and retrograde operations, and as a divisional general outpost in defensive opera tions. (6) Conducting chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring and survey operations. (7) Performing area damage control operations and providing forces for rear area security. (8) Exploiting the success of other units and effects of mass destruction weapons. (9) Providing armed air escort for airmobile operations. (10) When suitably reinforced, conducting extended semi-independent operations. 189. Combat Service Support The tactical success of the armored cavalry squadron requires adequate and continuous combat service support. In this support prior logistical planning is essential. Supply, medi cal evacuation, transportation, and maintenance must be adequate and timely. The procedures for all aspects of combat service support, the logistical elements available to the commander, and the employment of the squadron trains are covered in detail in FM 17-1 ' FM 54-2, and FM 12-11. AGO 5733A Section II. ORGANIZATION •190: General The armored division cavalry squadron consists of a headquarters and headquarters troop, three armored cavalry troops, and an air cavalry troop (fig. 83). Organization of the armored cavalry troop and the air cavalry troop is covered in chapters 3 and 6, respectively. 191. Headquarters and Headquarters Troop a. The headquarters and headquarters troop of the armored cavalry squadron consists of squadron headquarters and the squadron headquarters troop. The squadron headquarters contains the squadron commander and his staff. Headquarters troop contains a troop headquarters, squadron headquarters section, squadron communication platoon, squadron support platoon, squadron maintenance platoon, squadron medical platoon, and a squadron ground surveillance section. An air control team · is provided by augmentation (fig. 84). b. The mission of the headquarters and headquarters troop is to provide command, administration, communication, supply, medical, transportation, and maintenance support for the squadron. 192. Squadron Headquarters The squadron headquarters contains the individuals necessary to command, control, train, and employ the squadron. These are the squadron commander, executive officer, personnel ARMD staff officer (Sl), intelligence officer (S2), operations and training (S3), S3 air, logistics officer (S4), communication officer, motor officer, surgeon, and sergeant major. For duties and responsibilities of the squadron commander and his staff, refer to FM 17-1. 193. Troop Headquarters a. General The troop headquarters, headquarters and headquarters troop, is organized to provide combat service support for the troop and for squadron headquarters. It consists of a troop headquarters and a maintenance section. b. Tt·oop Headquarte-rs. This includes the troop commander, executive officer, first sergeant, supply sergeant, troop clerk, and a driver. The troop commander is responsible for the organization, security, and movement of the squadron command post. c. Maintenance Section. The maintenance section is commanded by the automotive maintenance technician who is the troop motor officer. This section includes the motor sergeant, mechanics and drivers, and the troop armorer. It has the function of keeping all headqaurters troop vehicles and armament operating at maximum efficiency. 194. Squadron Headquarters Section a. Squadron headquarters section provides the bulk of the enlisted men for the staff sections and part of the vehicles needed for com- CAY SQDN ..... HQ AND HQ ARMD CAY AIR CAY TRP TRP ~ TRP Figure 83. Organization chart, armored cavalry squadron, armored, mechanized, and infantry divisions. AGO 573SA mand and control of the squadron. Headquar ters section includes three liaison officers, an intelligence sergeant and assistant, an operations sergeant and assistants, a personnel staff NCO, a chemical NCO, radioteletype team chiefs, radioteletype and intermediate speed radio operators, clerk typists, a mail delivery clerk, drivers for the section vehicles, and two commanders for the armored command and reconnaissance carriers. Transportation includes four light tracked command post carriers, two armored command and reconnaissance carriers, and necessary general purpose vehicles. b. Two armored command and reconnaissance carriers are provided for use by the squadron commander, operations officer, artil lery liaison officer, forward air controller (when one is present), or other staff members as required. When not otherwise used, these vehicles may be employed for security of the command post. 195. Squadron Communica.tion Platoon The squadron communication platoon, commanded by the squadron communication officer, contains sufficient men, equipment and organic transport to provide for the installation and maintenance of the squadron communication system. A radar mechanic is provided for maintenance of radar equipment. The communication chief supervises the activities of the platoon message center, wire, maintenance and messenger personnel. The message center clerks operate the platoon cryptographic equipment. The platoon is transported in a carrier command post light tracked and wheel vehicles, 196. Squadron Support Platoon a. General. The support platoon is organized into a platoon headquarters, a transportation section, a mess section, and a supply section. It has the men, vehicles, and equipment to provide the transportation, mess, and supply support required by the squadron to sustain itself for limited periods of combat. Details of its operation are included in FM 17-1. b. P.latoon Headquarters. Platoon headquarters consists of a platoon leader and intermediate speed radio operators, one of which is also a light truck driver. The platoon leader controls the squadron field trains. He has radio communication with the transportation section leader and the squadron 84, using the squadron logistical net FM or, in emergencies, the squadron command net. I I ,--------.., I II ACT • : L-------J r-------, I I I I AUGMEtHATION I I L------.J Figure 84. Organizational chart, headquarters and headquarters troop, armored cavalry squadron. AGO 5733A c. Transportation Section. The transportaeration of the maintenance platoon are contion section is organized and equipped with the tained in FM 54-2 and FM 17-1. men and trucks necessary to transport that 198. Squadron Medical Platoon part of the squadron basic load of class V and a. The medical platoon provides unit medicalprescribed load of class III that is carried in service and medical support for the squadron. the squadron trains, and all other supplies from The platoon is organized into a platoon headdivision distributing points to troops of the quarters, an aid station section, an aidman secsquadron. The section leader has radio comtion, and an evacuation section. It establishesmunication with the support platoon leader and and operates the aid station and provides medithe squadron S4 on the squadron logistical net. cal aid-evacuation teams and armored ambuHe will normally command the squadron comlance service to the troops for emergencybat trains. medical treatment and evacuation of casualties d. Supply Section. The supply section operto the aid station. It assists in technical inates under the direct supervision of the platoon struction in first aid, field sanitation, and releader. The section is responsible for receiving lated subjects, and carries out technical inspecand consolidating supply requests from the tions of a medical and sanitation nature.troops, preparing all requisitions, and procurDetails of its operation are contained in FMing and issuing supplies in the squadron. 17-1. e. Mess Section. The mess section operates b. The normal allocation of medical sectionunder direct supervision of the platoon leader. support to each troop in the armored divisionThe section is organized into five troop mess cavalry squadron consists of one medical aidteams to provide troop messes when required. evacuation team composed of an ambulance, with driver, and one aidman per platoon. 197. Squadron Maintenance Platoon a. The squadron maintenance platoon pro199. Ground Surveillance Section vides the personnel and equipment to perform The ground surveillance section contains a organizational maintenance, to recover and section sergeant, a team leader, two senior evacuate disabled ground vehicles, and to supradar operators, and four radar operators. The ply repair parts for all maintained equipment section is organized to provide two teams : one except signal and medical. team commanded by the section sergeant, the other by the team leader. Two radar operators b. The platoon is commanded by the squad ron motor officer who is assigned to squadron drive the two armored personnel carriers in the headquarters. He is assisted by a warrant ofsection. The section mission is to provide the ficer, automotive maintenance technician. He squadron with medium range ground radar has FM radio communication with the squadsurveillance. The section will normally operate ron S4 and the troop maintenance sections over under the staff supervision of the squadron S2. the squadron logistical net or, in emergency, For details of the section equipment and emover the squadron command net. Details of op-ployment, refer to FM 17-1. Section Ill.. COMBAT SUPPORT mechanized infantry may be attached to the 200. General squadron for a particular mission. a. The material covered in this section is applicable to all divisional armored cavalry 20 I. Artillery Support squadrons. When the squadron is operating beyond the b. The armored cavalry squadron may operrange of the artillery units supporting the com ate without attachments; however, combat supmand, artillery may be attached to the squad port may be provided by artillery, engineers, ron. When direct support artillery is available, Army aircraft and tactical air. Tanks and the squadron commander and artillery repre- AGO 5733A 147 sentative must coordinate the supporting artillery fires closely with the squadron plan of operation. 202. Tank and Infantry Support a. Although tank and infantry are not considered combat support units, they are combat. elements which will provide operational assistance to the armored cavalry squadron. b. When a mechanized infantry unit is attached to the squadron it should be kept intact. On occasion elements may be attached to the armored cavalry troops. The attached unit is employed in an infantry role in support of the squadron mission. c. When a tank unit is attached to the squadron, it is preferable to employ it as a unit under control of the squadron commander; however, when required, tanks may be attached to armored cavalry troops. d. If both tanks and mechanized infantry are attached at the same time, they should be employed as a tank-infantry team. 203. Engineer Support Engineers may be attached to the squadron to perform demolition functions; assist in the crossing, clearing, and installation of obstacles; assist in the crossing of inland waterways; make technical reconnaissance, and perform road maintenance to facilitate movement of the squadron. Engineers may be employed under squadron or troop control. 204. Army Aviation Support Army aviation support is provided by the division aviation battalion or the brigade aviation section. Aviation staff assistance and advice are provided the squadron commander by the air cavalry troop commander. Army aircraft from the aviation battalion or brigade aviation section are used by the squadron commander, the staff, and troop commanders for observation, reconnaissance, and control. Army aircraft are available to the squadron commander from the airmobile company of the aviation battalion and are used to transport scouts and riflemen for reconnaissance or security missions and to move supplies. 205. Tactical Air Support When tactical air support is available, the Air Force provides a forward air controller. The forward air controller advises the squadron commander in matters pertaining to the employment of tactical air, and controls air strikes flown in support of the squadron. Close liaison should be maintained between the forward air controller and the artillery liaison of .fleer. The forward air controller should remain with the squadron command post or command group until a target is selected; he then moves to a point where he can observe and direct the air strike. He may operate from a vehicle provided by squadron headquarters, in the vehicle provided him by the squadron forward air control team, or in an Army aircraft. Communication equipment to control air strikes is available in the squadron forward air control team. Section IV. ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT 206. General The armored cavalry squadron commander is responsible for the organization for combat of his squadron. To determine the best organization for combat to accomplish an assigned mission, the squadron commander considers the factors of METT. The essential elements for combined arms operations are present in the squadron. 207. Organization for Combat a. The squadron commander normally employs the armored cavalry troops and the air cavalry troop directly under squadron control without change in troop organization. When available, helicopters will be attached to the armored cavalry troops to facilitate command and control. When required, surveillance devices may be used to augment the capabilities of the troop. b. Certain situations may require a temporary reorganization of one or more armored cavalry troops and the air cavalry troop to accomplish a specific mission. The squadron commander shifts the elements of the troops to form teams of appropriate size and of proper ratio of tanks, riflemen, scouts, mortars, and air elements to best accomplish the mission. 148 AGO 67S3A Section V. EMPLOYMENT, HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS TROOP 208. General The headquarters and headquarters troop is organized identically the same in squadrons organic to armored, mechanized, and infantry divisions. The organization of the squadron headquarters and headquarters troop permits flexibility in its organization for combat. It provides control and coordination of, and combat service support to, armored cavalry troops. During combat operations, squadron headquarters usually operates in two echelons, the command post and squadron trains. Composition of the command post and trains will vary with the situation. 209. Squadron Command: Post a. The squadron command post contains the personnel and facilities to control combat and administrative operations of the squadron. The command post maintains communication with higher, adjacent, supporting, and subordinate units. It receives and forwards intelligence information and situation reports; makes plans for current and future operations; provides for liaison with higher and adjacent units, and controls liaison individuals from supporting and lower units. The command post usually includes the squadron commander, the staff, and such liaison personnel as are necessary. During offensive operations the command post moves with the combat elements of the squadron and thereby gains a large degree of security. In defensive or retrograde operations, the command post is usually located well to the rear so as not to interfere with combat operations. b. The squadron commander and his command group operate from the location that permits best control of combat operations.* 210. Command Post Organization a. The headquarters troop commander is responsible for the organization, security, and movement of the command post under the staff supervision of the squadron Sl. :;: A command group is a command and control facility, consisting of the commander and selected staff officers, signal means, and a security detachment. This group enables the commander to operate away from his command post to obtain personal knowledge of the situation, exercise leadership, and closely control the operation during critical periods. AGO 5733A b. The plan for internal arrangement of the squadron command post must provide for communication, efficient functioning, security, and access to the available road net (fig. 85). In the organization of a command post, the following should be practiced so far as terrain and tactical conditions permit: ( 1) The command post should be located to provide maximum communication capability. (2) Sections should be located within the perimeter of security. (3) The message center should be located near the entrance. ( 4) The operations and intelligence sections should be centrally located and operate from joint facilities. ( 5) When the commander and executive officer are at the command post they should be located near the operations and intelligence sections. ( 6) Liaison personnel should be readily accessible. (7) A suitable landing site should be available (location should not disclose the squadron CP to the enemy). c. During combat operations, the squadron command post normally remains mobile and operates entirely from vehicles. The command post is located to facilitate continuous communication, both with the troops and with higher headquarters. The extensive capability of the squadron communication system enables the command post to operate efficiently on the move or to displace by echelon. 211. Squadron Trains Squadron trains consist primarily of elements of the squadron that provide logistical support. The organization, location, and employment of the squadron trains depend upon the mission, time and space factors, and the tactical situation. For a detailed discussion of methods of operations, see FM's 17-1 and 54-2. 212. Command, Control, and Coordination a. The squadron commander controls and coordinates operations of the squadron through the command post and command group. LEGEND 0 TENT Figure 85. A method of arranging elements of the squadron command post. b. In the operation of the armored cavalry squadron headquarters, it is essential that communication be maintained and that information be constantly exchanged between the command post and the command group when it is operating away from the command post. The command post must keep itself and higher headquarters informed of the squadron situation. To do this, the command post staff must be familiar with the decisions, locations, and actions of the squadron commander. On the other hand, the commander cannot satisfactorily command the squadron unless he is aware of the squadron situation as a whole and of current information from higher and adjacent headquarters. To insure a high degree of coordination, the executive officer relays orders and makes decisions as authorized by the commander. The commander, with the command group, must locate himself where he can be in constant communication with the command post and where he can best supervise the activities of the squadron. To insure prompt logistical support, close coordination and communication must be maintained between the command post and the squadron trains. This coordination is usually accomplished by the timely exchange of information between the 84, and the support platoon leader, who controls the field trains. c. Command and control of the squadron is facilitated by the efficient use of liaison personnel. Liaison personnel are employed by the squadron executive officer to effect coordination, exchange information, and aid in unity of effort. The armored cavalry squadron maintains liaison with higher and adjacent headquarters. Liaison officers spend most of their time at the headquarters to which they are sent, maintaining communication with their parent unit. In addition, the liaison officer operating at the higher headquarters operates in the squadron command net AM. Thus, the liaison officer at higher headquarters is able to receive information directly from the armored cavalry troops or from the squadron operations section and passes it immediately to the next higher headquarters. He also transmits information and instructions from the higher headquarters to the squadron. 213. Employment of Medium Range Ground Radar The medium range ground radar equipment organic to the squadron may operate under squadron control or be attached to the troops. This equipment is used to perform ground surveillance and is capable of detecting and locating moving ground targets. FM 17-1 contains additional information on employment of this equipment. ISO AGO 5733A CHAPTER 9 RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS Section I. 214. General a. The divisional armored cavalry squadrons are the principal reconnaissance agencies for their parent divisions. The armored cavalry squadron accomplishes its reconnaissance missions by employing its troops alone or reinforced. Air cavalry is employed to extend the range and speed of reconnaissance operations conducted by the squadron. For the definition of reconnaissance, refer to paragraph 3. b. The armored cavalry squadron is employed to collect information in the division area of influence. The squadron may be directed to determine the location, composition, and disposition of enemy troops, including the local reserves immediately in rear of the line of contact, and specified information of the area of operations. 215. Reconnaissance Frontages a. There is no set distance for the width of front to be covered by the armored cavalry squadron in performing a reconnaissance mission. The information desired and the factors of METT affect the frontage assigned to the squadron. b. The armored cavalry squadron can effectively reconnoiter three major avenues of approach by assigning one major avenue to each armored cavalry troop. This allocation normally permits the assignment of two or three secondary routes to each troop. GENERAL c. Employment of the air cavalry troop and other Army aircraft increases the speed and extends the range, width, and scope of the reconnaissance performed by the squadron. The number and type of Army aircraft attached to or placed in support of the squadron from the division aviation battalion or brigade aviation section depends on the priority of the squadron mission. d. Organic ground surveillance equipment may be used to extend and augment the reconnaissance effort of the squadron, particularly during periods of limited visibility. Ground surveillance sections work in conjunction with other elements of the squadron. 216. Reconnaissance Missions The squadron commander determines routes, zones, or areas to be reconnoitered by armored cavalry troops and the air cavalry troop. Responsibility must be fixed and duplication of effort avoided. Maximum freedom of action is allowed subordinate commanders in executing reconnaissance missions. Instruction for reconnaissance operations should be specific so that each troop commander has an objective toward which he can direct the efforts of his troop. Instructions should also specify what the unit is to do after completing the reconnaissance mission and the time that the mission is to be completed. Section II. TYPES OF RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS 217. Route Reconnaissance covering force in the advance or when assigned the mission of reconnoitering in the division a. The armored cavalry squadron, as a unit, area, or by employing subordinate troops to is not normally assigned a route reconnaissance mission. Usually, the squadron will obtain the reconnoiter specific routes, zones, or areas. route information desired by the division as a When enemy action is imminent or anticipated, AGO 5733A 151 reconnaissance missions are usually assigned on the basis of one major avenue of approach per troop. When enough Army aircraft are available from the aviation battalion or brigade aviation section, at least one should be em ployed with each troop conducting reconnais sance to facilitate command and control and to perform air reconnaissance. For the definition of route reconnaissance refer to paragraph 3. b. In the execution of reconnaissance missions, the air cavalry troop may be employed to the front, flanks, or between ground cavalry · troops. The air cavalry troop is employed to reduce the time required to conduct route reconnaissance. It is normally employed to check lateral roads and terrain adjac~nt to designated routes. When air cavalry elements are employed in this manner, ground elements move rapidly forward in column on specified routes and check those lateral routes or terrain features that cannot be reconnoitered adequately by air cavalry elements. All enemy information and locations of areas that cannot be reconnoitered by the air cavalry troop are promptly reported. Air cavalry elements maintain communication with leading armored cavalry elements and provide immediate warning of enemy dispositions. The shoulders of defiles are reconnoitered by air cavalry elements before armored cavalry elements move through the defile. The air cavalry troop can be assigned a route reconnaissance mission; however, information about the condition of the: route should be confirmed by ground units. 218. Zone Reconnaissance a. Zone reconnaissance is more thorough and time-consuming than route reconnaissance. Normally the squadron will obtain the information desired by the division using zone reconnaissance techniques while conducting a covering force operation during the advance. The squadron commander assigns troop zones and designates the boundaries for each troop. Boundaries are designated along easily recognizable terrain features, such as roads, streams, and ridgelines. Troops must reconnoiter all routes and terrain within their established boundaries. The number of troops to be employed depends on the information desired and the factors of METT. For the definition of zone reconnaissance, refer to paragraph 3. b. The squadron can most expeditiously conduct this operation by combining the efforts of both air and ground elements. The capabilities of ground and air cavalry units are optimized when they operate in conjunction with each other. Elements of the air cavalry troop are normally placed under the operational control of each armored cavalry troop in the conduct of zone reconnaissance missions (fig. 86). In some situations, it may be advisable to employ the air cavalry troop as an entity, providing its operations are in close concert with the ground troops (fig. 87). The armored cavalry troop with an air cavalry element conducts zone reconnaissance operations as discussed in para graphs 76 through 81. The air cavalry troop conducts zone reconnaissance for the squadron as discussed in paragraphs 153 through 164. ~ I I PL-H---7t;;~~~~r----~~--~---1rt ~D I I I ~ ~<-< ,./ I ( I I I I I I Figure 86. Armored cavalry squadron reconnoiteringin zone with aero-scout section under operational control of each armored cavalry troop. AGO 573SA PL TOM PL BILL • X X PL BOB Legend: ----Comm PL TOM \ \ \ '\ \ \ \ I I I I I I I X X PL BOB ,' '¥ /~(-) ~ I I I I I I I Figure 87. Armored cavalry squadron reconnoitering in zone with ai·r cavalry t?·oop conducting zone reconnaissance and troops reconnoitering routes and specified areas within asslgned zones. AGO 5733A -~ Figure 88. Armored cavalry squadron conducting area reconnaissance. Air cavalry troop reconnoitering the entire area and the armored cavalry troops reconnoitering in zone. c. The squadron command post and trains advance by bounds on the routes available in or near the center of the squadron zone. 219. Area Reconnaissance When the squadron is assigned an area reconnaissance mission, it moves to the area over a designated route or routes and performs the area reconnaissance mission using zone reconnaissance techniques. Troop areas of responsibility are defined by boundaries within the area (fig. 88). The squadron can most expeditiously conduct area reconnaissance by combining the effort of both air and ground elements. Elements of the air cavalry troop may be placed under operational control of ground troops or the troop may be employed under squadron control. The air cavalry troop may reconnoiter march routes for the squadron to facilitate movement to the designated area. After arriving in the area the troop will assist the squadron, using the zone reconnaissance technique. Information about the condition of routes should be confirmed by ground elements (fig. 89) . For the definition of area reconnaissance, refer to paragraph 3. AGO 5733A SCT ~ / I l [@~(-) ~(-) I Figure 89. Armored cavalry squadron conducting area reconnaissance. Aero-scout sections, under operational control of each armored cavalry troop, reconnoiter in zone and the armored cavalry troops reconnoiter routes and specific locations as indicated by checkpoints. Section Ill. CONDUCT OF RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS cavalry troops and the air cavalry troop. When 220. General contact is made, each element of the squadrona. Reconnaissance is executed aggressively, develops the situation to determine the strength, making full use of the squadron's ground and air mobility. The squadron commander coorcomposition, and disposition of the enemy. dinates and directs the efforts of the armored When the resistance cannot be overcome by AGO 5733A 155 a platoon or troop attack, the squadron commander may commit additional forces, or he may order the unit to disengage and bypass the enemy to continue the reconnaissance mission. b. Reconnaissance missions assigned to the squadron will normally require the commitment of all troops. If a part of the squadron is uncommitted, it is designated as a reserve. 22 I. Control During Reconnaissance Operations a. The squadron commander controls and coordinates operations of his troops from a position affording communication with all troops. He is prepared to move rapidly to any portion of the squadron area to supervise and direct action by any element of the squadron. The squadron commander usually operates with a command group containing necessary personnel and control facilities. b. Control measures are used only to the extent necessary for coordinating the efforts of elements of the squadron and preventing interference among troops. Maximum freedom of action is granted to the troop commanders. FM 17-1 contains a discussion of control measures. 222. Reconnaissance Orders and Instructions a. Instructions may be issued to the squadron commander orally or in written operation orders. Priorities are established when more than one mission is assigned. b. Instructions by the squadron commander are issued orally, by an overlay-type operation order, or by a combination of both. When possible, troop commanders are assembled to receive an order initiating a new action. This insures complete understanding and coordination of measures pertaining to fire support and movement during the operation. Objectives, routes, zones, or areas are assigned by the squadron commander. After the operation is under way, fragmentary orders are usually issued by radio. Other means frequently used to deliver instructions include messengers, Army aircraft and members of the squadron staff. 223. Transmitting Information by Elements of the Squadron a. Prompt transmission of accurate information is essential to the success of any reconnaissance mission. The use of a standing operating procedure (SOP) facilitates transmis- RATTLESNAKE 6--THIS IS RATTLESNAKE 16-RATTLESNAKE 11 REPORTS 4 MEDIUM TANKS IN POSITION, COORDINATES 457126 AT 1105 HOURS. RATTLESNAKE 11 IS KEEPING THEM UNDER OBSERVATION--OVER. Figure 90. Information must be rapidly relayed to higher headquarters. 156 AGO li788A sion of important information. Information of first contact with the enemy and terrain information vital to a higher headquarters is transmitted at once (fig. 90). b. The squadron staff insures that all information, both positive and negative, of the enemy and terrain is reported to higher headquarters, disseminated to appropriate elements in the squadron, and used in planning squadron operations. Information is reported over the intelligence net. If the information is of particular significance, it may be reported over the command net. c. Supporting Army aircraft from the aviation battalion or the brigade aviation section may be used to facilitate transmission of information, for radio relay, or to transport messengers, liaison officers, or other individuals. AGO 573SA CHAPTER 10 OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. 224. General The armored cavalry squadron is capable of conducting offensive operations as an economy force. It engages in offensive action most frequently to accomplish an assigned reconnaissance or security mission. Attacks by the squadron may be a series of individual troop actions, or the squadron may conduct a coordinated attack. The squadron normally operates directly under division control; however, it may be attached, in whole or in part, to a major subordinate command .. 225. Employment of Armored Cavalry Squadron in Offensive Operations In offensive operations conducted by either the armored, mechanized, infantry, or airborne division, the armored cavalry squadron is normally assigned a security mission (flank guard, rear guard, covering force, or screening force). a. Penetration. In the penetration, the armored cavalry squadron is normally employed to provide flank security for the force making the penetration and for maintaining contact with the forces on the flanks. As the force making the penetration advances, the squadron will provide flank security, patrol lines of communication, seize and hold terrain features, or be committed as an independent combat force. b. Envelopment and Turning Movements. In conducting an envelopment or turning movement, the division will usually have both flanks exposed. The armored cavalry squadron is normally assigned the mission of securing the more dangerous flank of the division. 226. Frontage a. The frontage covered by the armored cavalry squadron in the attack is determined by GENERAL the factors of METT. The frontage must be sufficient to allow for maneuver, yet not be so wide that elements of the squadron cannot be mutually supporting. b. The squadron will normally operate over a broad , front when performing as a covering force. for a larger unit conducting an offensive operation or in open terrain. It will normally operate on a relatively narrow front to concentrate available combat power when required to attack a prepared enemy position, when operating in wooded areas and rough terrain, or when limited visibility prevails. c. When adequate artillery and tactical air support are available, the frontage covered by the squadron may be greater. 227. Distribution of Forces The squadron is normally divided into a maneuvering force and :a base of fire. If sufficient forces are available after the requirements of the maneuvering force and base of fire are met, a reserve may be designated (figs. 91 and 92). 228. Maneuvering Force a. The maneuvering force should consist primarily of tanks and infantry elements. The squadron commander must insure that the squadron maneuvering force has enough tank and infantry strength to provide the combat power required to accomplish the mission. Scouts of air cavalry elements are employed to provide flank security for the squadron. b. The maneuvering force attacks to close with and destroy the enemy. Fire and movement in the maneuver force is employed as dictated by the situation. The maneuvering force is usually committed in a formation that AGO 5733A has both mass and depth. Every effort is made to employ the maneuvering force against an exposed flank of the enemy position. As the enemy position is reached and overrun, assault fires of all available weapons of the maneuvering force are intensified to compensate for the lifting or shifting of supporting fires. c. Air cavalry elements maintain visual contacJ; with enemy units and screen the front, flanks, and rear of the maneuvering force. They may also reconnoiter to the rear of enemy positions to provide warning of approaching enemy reinforcements. The aero-rifle platoon, supported by other elements of the troop, may be employed to block the approach of enemy reinforcements or to block the withdrawal of escaping enemy forces. The troop may bypass enemy positions to seize key terrain, such as bridges and defiles, to facilitate the squadron attack. d. Ground surveillance radar is employed to assist in providing flank security and to seM;rch beyond the line of contact. Terrain permitting, SCT~ I, ~ Figure 91. Distribution of fun:es, armored cavalry squadron in the uliu.ck. ~-) /~(-1 BASE OF FIRE I Figure 92. Distribution of forces, armored cavalry squadron in the attack. AGO 57SSA the radar is positioned well forward to allow searching the objective before and during an attack to detect any movement by the enemy that might indicate reinforcement or a change in disposition. During the reorganization the radar may be used to assist in preventing a surprise counterattack by searching enemy avenues of approach. 229. Base of Fire In a squadron attack the base of fire is pro vided by mortars, artillery and automatic weapons, and, when available, tactical air. Tanks may be placed with the base of fire if terrain does not permit their effective employ ment with the maneuvering force. Air cavalry elements may be employed to provide an air base of fire, particularly against the flank and rear of the enemy position. 230. Reserve a. Combat forces should be held out as a reserve only after adequate forces have been allocated to the maneuvering force and the base of fire. The reserve, if designated, may be employed initially to reinforce the base of fire or to provide security. As the attack progresses, the reserve is used to exploit the success of the maneuvering force. b. When enough forces are not available to constitute a reserve, the squadron commander must use other measures to influence the action, such as providing depth to his formation, maneuvering his supporting fires, and making full use of the unit's mobility. Section II. PREPARATION FOR ATTACK 231. General To accomplish offensive missions quickly and effectively, the armored cavalry squadron attacks with aggressiveness, speed, and violence. The conduct of such attacks requires thorough and deliberate planning. In planning for a squadron attack, the commander must consider the factors of METT. His plan must be practical and capable of rapid and forceful execution. 232. Plan of Attack Upon receipt of the plan of attack, or operation order, from higher headquarters, the squadron commander begins to formulate his plan of attack. The plan of attack includes the scheme of maneuver and the plan of fire support. Troop leading procedures are outlined in FM 17-1. 233. Control Measures To maintain control of his squadron during the attack, the squadron commander uses only those control measures that are necessary for success. For definitions and use of control measures, refer to FM 17-1. Section Ill. CONDUCT OF ATTACK 234. General a. Once the squadron attack is launched, it must be executed with aggressiveness and violence, using all available firepower. Under cover of the support provided by the base of fire, the maneuvering force closes rapidly with the enemy. From the moment this force is under enemy observation, its movement must be as rapid as terrain permits. Each subordinate commander must be impressed with the fact that troop and vehicle losses are often proportionate to the time required to close on the objective. When the assault is launched by the maneuvering force, fire is delivered continuously so that when supporting fires are shifted or lifted, the enemy is constantly under heavy fire until he is destroyed or captured. Aggressive leadership at all levels, of command increases the chances of success. b. The squadron commander places himself where he can best control and influence the actions of elements of the squadron. Most often he is with the maneuvering force; however, he should not become so involved with the actions of one element of his command that he is unable to control the entire squadron. During AGO 5733A the attack, he depends largely on radio communication to control the squadron, and, by remaining in a forward position and maintain ing personal contact with his troop commander, he can control the action effectively. The S3, artillery liaison officer, and forward air controller usually accompany the squadron commander. 235. Conduct of Maneuvering Force a. The maneuvering force directs its movement toward the enemy flank or rear, using all available cover and concealment, and moves aggressively for the objective. Fire and movement techniques may be employed by elements of the maneuvering force. b. The maneuvering force assaults the objective in a deployed formation to close with and destroy the enemy. 236. Conduct of Base of Fire a. All weapons in the base of fire begin firing on order at designated targets or areas. When the maneuvering force arrives on the objective or masks supporting fires, the base of fire lifts or shifts its fire to the rear or flank of the objective. b. Direct-fire weapons in the base of fire, and other elements of the base of fire as reqiured, are prepared for immediate displacement forward to participate in the reorganization of the objective. Section IV. CONSOLIDATION, REORGANIZATION AND CONTINUATION OF ATTACK 237. Actions on the Objective a. General. The actual occupation of the objective is a critical stage of the attack. This is the stage during which control is most difficult and the time when an aggressive enemy delivers a carefully planned and coordinated counterattack, covered by all available supporting fires. When the squadron has assaulted and seized an assigned objective, it enters into activities called "actions on the position." These actions are consolidation and reorganization. In nuclear warfare, actual seizure of the objective may often be followed by either a continuation of the attack or a rapid move to dispersed locations from which the squadron can dominate the position, but avoid presenting a lucrative nuclear target. Such actions will be in accordance with plans made by a higher commander. b. Consolidation. As soon as leading elements ·of the assaulting force reach the objective, the following actions are taken with the greatest possible speed to destroy remaining enemy resistance, prepare to move to dispersed locations, avoid presenting nuclear targets, or to continue the attack on order. These actions include: (1) Establishing observation posts and outposts and dispatching patrols. (2) Positioning elements of the squadron to continue the attack or to defend the area. (3) Moving to dispersed locations to avoid presenting nuclear targets. (4) Submitting requests for artillery and air support. ( 5) Displacing the base of fire to support the continuation of the attack or the defense of the position. c. Reorganization. Reorganization pertains to actions taken to restore maximum combat effectiveness of the unit and restore control. These actions include: (1) Reporting of troops on their combat status, including disposition and status of personnel, equipment, and supplies. (2) Redistributing men. ( 3) Treating and evacuating casualties and prisoners of war. ( 4) Supplying ammunition, fuel, and other supplies. ( 5) Restoring communications. (6) Maintaining equipment. d. Security. During the reorganization and consolidation phase, the air cavalry troop may be employed to provide security to the front and flanks of the squadron to harass the enemy rear and flanks, to prevent him from regroup- AGO 5733A 161 ing for a counterattack or organizing new defensive positions. The troop may perform air reconnaissance well to the front of the squadron to warn of approaching enemy reserves and, within its capability, harass and delay the advancing enemy. 238. Continuation of Attack Unless otherwise directed, the armored caval ry squadron will continue the attack to prevent the enemy L·om reconstituting his defenses, to exploit initial success, or to execute its next mission. The squadron commander should be aware of the overall plan of the next higher commander and make a continuous estimate of the situation to insure that his actions are in consonance with that plan. The squadron commander adopts formations that will enable the unit to continue the attack rapidly. Troop commanders should require only brief oral orders to resume the advance. Section V. EXPLOITATION AND PURSUIT 239. General a. Exploitation is a phase of offensive action that usually follows a successful penetration, envelopment, or turning movement. During an exploitation by the division, the armored cavalry squadron will normally be employed on security missions. In some situations the squadron may be employed as an economy force. b. Pursuit is a phase of the exploitation that has as its primary purpose the capture or destruction of retreating enemy forces. The squadron may be employed as a covering force to regain contact with the enemy or to protect the flank or rear of the division. 240. Armored Cavalry Squadron in an Economy of Force Role in Exploita.tion a. When the zone of action assigned to the division is unusually wide and enemy resistance is weak and disorganized, the division commander may assigri an axis of advance or zone for the armored cavalry squadron in the exploitation. The squadron's axis of advance or zone is normally on one flank of the division; however, the mission is primarily one of exploitation rather than flank security. b. The squadron is usually assigned an axis of advance that will permit it to advance on a broad front. The command post should be located near the center of the column, with the command group located well forward. The squadron trains move toward the rear of the column, with protection as may be needed. Small enemy forces should be bypassed. The next higher commander should be kept informed of the situation, especially with respect to location and estimated strength of enemy forces that the squadron commander proposes to bypass. Depending on the mission and bypass routes available, an attack may be lanuched by the squadron or the enemy may be bypassed. The air cavalry troop will normally be employed to the front, flanks, and rear of the squadron to warn of enemy approach and to maintain contact with adjacent units. The air cavalry troops may also be employed to harass the rear and flanks of retreating enemy forces. In some situations, the troop may be employed to seize or destroy bridges to the rear of retreating enemy forces. 241. Armored Cavalry Squadron in Pursuit a. Encircling Force. The mission of the encircling force is to get into the rear of the enemy and block his retreat. When the division is engaged in a pursuit operation, the armored cavalry squadron is best employed as a part of an encircling force. This mission is assigned when the bulk of the division has become engaged with the enemy and a light mobile force is needed to effect a rapid encirclement. The squadron in the encircling maneuver advances along routes paralleling the enemy's line of retreat to seize defiles, bridges, and other key terrain before the enemy force. The air cavalry troop may be employed to protect the front, flanks, and rear of the squadron and to reconnoiter routes of advance and bypasses for the squadron. b. Direct-Pressure Force. The mission of the direct-pressure force is to attack continuously to prevent disengagement and subsequent reconstitution of enemy defenses and to inflict maximum casualties. As a direct-pres- AGO 5733A sure force, the squadron as a part of a larger engage the enemy main body. When the enemy force, advances along its assigned axis, usually has halted and established a defensive position, employing multiple columns, to close with the the squadron continues to maintain constant pressure by fire and by employing offensive retreating enemy quickly. Every effort is made to break through the enemy rear guard and tactics. AGO 5733A 163 CHAPTER II SECURITY OPERATIONS Section I. 242. General a. The purpose of security operations is to preserve secrecy and to gain and maintain freedom of action. Security is achieved by effectively providing for the detection of a threat; for enough time to react to the threat; and for the avoidance, neutralization, or destruction of the threat. The armored cavalry squadron accomplishes security missions by employing the armored and air cavalry troops alone or reinforced. Th.e troops conduct offensive, defensive, or delaying actions as required to accomplish the mission. The air cavalry troop extends the range of squadron security operations. The activities of all elements operating under squadron control, ground and air, are interrelated. Information obtained through air reconnaissance is used to facilitate ground operations by the armored cavalry troops and vice versa. For the definition of security, refer to paragraph 3. b. The squadron may be reinforced with additional tanks, mechanized infantry and combat support elements such as artillery, engineers and Army aircraft. Additionally, tactical air support may be available. GENERAL c. The squadron is designed to provide security for the division or major subordinate commands of the division. It may be employed as flank guard, rear guard, covering force, screening force, or as a rear area security force. When used as a covering force, the squadron should be reinforced with tanks, mechanized infantry, artillery, engineers, and Army aircraft. 243. Frontage for Security Operations The armored cavalry squadron may be employed over broad frontages when engaged in security operations. The armored cavalry squadron commander must expect extended frontages and consequent dispersion of his forces. He should maximize the mobility and extensive and flexible communication to offset the disadvantages of dispersion. 244. Liaison in Security Operations In performing security missions, the armored cavalry squadron should maintain close liaison with the main body and with adjacent units. The squadron commander will use his liaison officers in this function. Section II. FLANK GUARD OPERATIONS 245. General a. As a flank guard for the division, the squadron normally protects one flank. In some situations, an armored cavalry troop and elements of the air cavalry troop may be attached to the brigade with the less vulnerable flank to provide security. For the definition of flank guard, refer to paragraph 3. b. The main body commander specifies the units to be protected or the zone of responsibility. Usually, the flank guard responsibility begins at the rear of the leading battalion task force and ends at the rear of the combat elements of the main body, exclusive of the rear guard, or as otherwise specified. When performing a mobile flank guard mission, the armored cavalry squadron operates along a 164 AGO 5738A route of advance. The route of advance generally parallels the axis of the main body and provides rapid access to key terrain dominating likely avenues of enemy approach. When the main body halts, the squadron establishes blocking positions on key terrain to protect the flank. The leading troop acts as advance guard for the squadron ; secures the area between the main body and the squadron route of advance; and maintains contact with the rear of the leading battalion task force of the main body. An aero-scout section is normally placed under operational control of a ground troop to facilitate this action. c. There are special considerations in planning for a flank guard mission for a larger force that is executing a penetration or an attack out of bridgehead. The movement through the gap of the penetration by the force executing the penetration and the armored cavalry units providing the flank protection must be closely coordinated. The lead troop normally follows the leading battalion task force and the remainder of the squadron follows the leading brigade (fig. 93) . The lead troop follows the leading (flank) battalion through the gap until the situation permits its movement to the flank. The troop acts as the advance guard for the squadron; continues to maintain contact with the rear of the leading battalion task force; and secures the area between the rear of the leading battalion task force and the squadron route of advance. When the remainder of the squadron moves through the gap it moves to the flank and is prepared to seize and occupy blocking positions. The initial phase of the operation will usually be a slow-moving operation. Therefore, the squadron normally employs the successive bound method of movement. As the main body's rate of advance increases, the squadron will then employ the alternate bound or marching method of movement. Initially, the squadron's area of responsibility is from the rear of the leading battalion task force to the shoulder of the penetration. When the last combat element of the division moves through the gap, the squadron's area of responsibility is normally changed to the rear of the last combat element (exclusive of the rear guard) . After the leading troop has moved th:cough the gap, elements of the air cavalry troop normally will be employed to AGO 5733A screen the front and flanks of the troop. When the entire squadron reaches the squadron route of advance, elements of the air cavalry troop are normally placed under the operational control of the lead troop to assist in its three fold mission. d. The squadron commander normally employs the air cavalry troop in screening operations beyond the line of blocking positions to provide early warning of enemy advance and permit selective occupation of blocking position. Elements of the troop will reconnoiter each succeeding blocking position forward of the lead ground troop to determine its accessibility to surface vehicles and for enemy forces. Aeroscouts will conduct a hasty reconnaissance of key terrain and primary avenues of enemy approach between the line of blocking positions and the line of air screen. The air screen will orient its movement on the squadron. It will be far enough from the squadron to provide the commander time and space to react to an enemy threat. The air screen will normally be conducted by aero-scouts. However, the aero-rifle squads may be used to occupy ground OP's along the line of air screen. The aero-weapons section and aero-rifle platoon (if not otherwise employed) will be located centrally to facilitate immediate employment to support the aeroscouts. When contact is established, aero-scouts and the aero-weapons section will harass and delay the enemy force to provide additional time for armored cavalry troops to occupy blocking positions. The aero-rifle platoon may occupy blocking positions to assist in delaying the enemy force. 246. Flank Guard Planning and Conduct a. The commander plans a flank guard mission in the following sequence: (1) Initially he makes a map reconnaissance of the area of operations and selects the most likely avenues of enemy approach. He selects a series of blocking positions on the flank that generally parallels the main body's axis of advance. These blocking positions should be located on defensible terrain that dominates likely avenues of enemy approach. The blocking positions should be far enough from the flank of the main body to permit ENEMY AVENUES OF APPROACH PL RED PL . BLUE PL WHITE LEGEND: ,., ~ J '·' t I I N I I I I --L:-w~ ~~·(-) "'---' I I I N I I I I I I Pl Pl TEXAS OHIO Blocking position Figure 93. Planning fo1· the employment of the armored cavalry squadron as a flank guard during a penetration. timely warning of enemy approach ( 2) The commander normally selects the and to provide the main body with squadron route of advance unless a sufficient time and maneuver space to route of advance has been prescribed react to an enemy threat. In the selec by higher headquarters. During a tion of a blocking position, special at penetration, the larger unit command tention should be given to the terrain er normally designates a specific route that dominates avenues of enemy ap for the squadron. The route selected proach. should be far enough from the axis 166 AGO 5733A of advance of the main body to pre(6) Army aircraft from the aviation bat vent the squadron from interfering talion should be placed in support of with the maneuver of the main body each ground troop. An artillery liaison but within the capability of one troop officer and forward air controller to secure the area between the main should be available to assist the squad body and the squadron route of adron commander. vance. The route should be interior to, (7) Combat trains normally accompany and permit rapid access to, the line of the squadron command post. Squadron blocking positions (fig. 93). If a suitfield trains usually move with the able route does not exist, the squadron trains of a brigade in the main body. may be required to operate crossb. During a flank guard operation, the squadcountry. ron moves parallel to the axis of advance of the(3) The squadron commander next demain body. It regulates its movement on thatvelops a scheme of maneuver that will of the main body. The lead troop provides theenable the squadron to seize and hold advance guard for the squadron, secures theselected blocking positions and secure area between the main body and the squadronthe area between the leading task route of advance, and maintains contact withforce of the main body and the squadthe rear of the leading battalion task force ofron route of advance. The scheme of the main body. If the leading troop is not ablemaneuver includes provisions for to accomplish its three fold mission, the squadseizing the blocking positions either ron commander either employs an additionalby individual troop actions or by a troop or reinforces the leading troop to the excoordinated squadron effort. The tent necessary for such tasks. The remaindersquadron commander must also decide of the squadron marches in column, prepared tothe strength required to hold the blocksecure blocking positions on order. The decisioning positions that have been seized. to occupy these positions will depend on the(4) Contact points must be easily identispeed with which the main body is advancingfiable; they should be located forward and the enemy situation on the exposed flank. of the line of blocking positions, and The squadron command post should be centrallygenerally between blocking positions. located. There are three basic methods of moveContact points delineate the area of ment that the squadron may employ to furnishresponsibility for the troop holding the required flank protection: alternate bounds,each position. When a troop is ordered successive bounds, and continuous marching. to occupy a blocking position, it is reThe method selected depends on the rate of adsponsible for the position and the vance of the main body and the enemy situaarea between the contact points on tion. If the squadron becomes overextended, theeach flank. The troop is required to squadron commander should ask for permissionmake physical contact with adjacent to cover part of the area by screening ( observunits at the contact point. ing and reporting) or to be relieved of respon( 5) The squadron commander selects a sibility for the rear part of the area or forformation that will permit rapid emadditional forces. When the main body is staployment against enemy resistance. tionary, the squadron occupies blocking posiThe formation must provide maximum tions dominating the likely avenues of enemyflexibility to meet any change in the approach (fig. 94). situation. The column formation pro vides the best control and maximum c. The squadron operating as a flank guard flexibility. The squadron provides its for a defensive force occupies a series of block own security. Normally, each troop ing positions on the flank of the main body. is required to provide security for its The blocking positions are located on key ter exposed flank. Air and ground scouts rain that dominates likely avenues of enemy ap are used to provide security for the proach into the sector. The squadron is nor troops and to extend reconnaissance. mally given a sector of responsibility that is AGO B733A 167 OBJECTIVE I -,\\ \ \ \ '...'\)'~ PL RED 7 5 1-------- ~"w'\ f H I\ ~ I \ ,E....I PL BLUE o8o~e BRI~ADE REAR GUARD \ Legend: 0 ,... '\,.J' Blocking position Check point Figure 94. Armored cavalry squadron conducting a mobile flank gU ;·•• 4 \ • Note. ,..---, PLATOON BLOCKING POSITIONS ( \ COVERING AVENUES OF APPROACH \ I MAY BE OCCUPIED AS SITUATION DEVELOPS. '•••"' Figure 99. Armored cavalry troop protecting an installation as part of a squadron rear area security force. AGO 6733A 175 CHAPTER 12 DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. 257. General a. The armored cavalry squadron may be required to conduct defensive operations in performing reconnaissance, security, or economy of force missions. b. The squadron may participate in either a mobile defense or area defense. In addition, when performing reconnaissance or security missions, the squadron may be forced to adopt an all-round defensive posture. c. The armored cavalry squadron commander organizes and conducts the defense through application of the following basic considerations: (FM 17-1 contains a complete discussion.) ( 1) Proper use of terrain. (2) Security. (3) Mutual support. ( 4) Defense in depth. (5) AU-round defense. (6) Flexibility. (7) Maximum use of offensive action. (8) Dispersion. ( 9) Integration and coordination of defensive measures, including: (a) Fire planning. (b) Barrier planning. d. When the enemy possesses a modern mechanized force, the primary consideration in the defense is the antitank plan. 258. Employment of Armored Cavalry Squadron in Defensive Operations a. The armored cavalry squadron is best suited for employment on reconnaissance and security missions during defensive operations. The squadron is normally employed as part of a larger force. The squadron will rarely engage in an independent defensive operation, except in accomplishing a reconnaissance or security GENERAL mission. In mobile defense, it may be employed as a security force or forward defense force. In area defense, it may be employed as a security force or occupy a sector of the forward defensive area. b. When the squadron is employed as a security force, its withdrawal through the FEBA must be coordinated closely with the fixing forces or the forces in the forward defensive area. The squadron must effect coordination also with the corps covering force during its withdrawal. c. The best use of the armored cavalry squadron in defensive actions is to provide reconnaissance and security for the larger force. The decision to use the squadron to organize blocking positions in the mobile defense or as part of the forces in the forward defensive area in area defense must receive careful consideration by the higher commander. Its employment in this manner should be considered an economy of force measure and should be undertaken only when this need is greater than reconnaissance or security requirements. d. When halted, the armored cavalry squadron may adopt an all-round defensive posture. 259. Squadron as Division General Outpost in Defense a. When performing a general outpost mission, the squadron is normally reinforced with tanks, mechanized infantry, artillery, and en gineers. The general outpost seeks to destroy the enemy within its capability, employing all available supporting fires and its organic combat power (fig. 100). b. Tactics employed by the squadron as a general outpost are basically the same as for a delaying action. The commander organizes his AGO 5733A J t-------:;z.----~--z----~ Contact points for withdrawal of corps covering force. IDP IDP I I I I ' I ' I I I I ' I I I I I I I I t I I I I !I l< I I , ' I J X ' , 1 .; ' ' \ ~ '--~ I I ..., •• -,; ,_. I ~ .--.._, 1 ! / '~CDf ~ \ '\ I \ \ I \ 1 ' I, , , ,, , : '~-..-,~ -r--...."$ \ \ I \ ~ / i ~ \ I I I Contact points 1, 2, 3 for withdrawal through FEBA. Figure 100. Armored cavalry squadron reinforced as a covering force in the defense. Armored cavalry troops and air cavalry troops screening forward of the GOP. _\GO 5733.\ forces to operate on a wide front with little depth. Early development of the situation is essential and the division commander must receive information of the enemy by the most expeditious means available. c. The air cavalry troop will greatly enhance the squadron capability to provide early warning of enemy approach. Ground surveillance radar should be used to cover major avenues of enemy approach. d. For additional information on employing the squadron as a general outpost, see paragraphs 249 and 250. 260. Squadron as Flank Guard in Defense a. In either an area or a mobile defense, the armored cavalry squadron may be assigned the mission of securing one flank of the division. In some situations a troop may be attached to the brigade with the less vulnerable flank of the division. The squadron, minus, is retained under division control and is employed on the most critical flank. For detailed discussion on planning and conduct of a flank guard, see paragraphs 245 and 246. b. Flank security for forces engaged in either mobile or area defense is provided by the occupation of blocking positions located on key terrain to the flank of the main defensive positions. Blocking positions should be selected to cover the most likely avenues of enemy approach from the flanks. Intervals between the positions are covered by ground observation and air and dismounted patrols. Supporting fires should also be planned to cover these areas. The air cavalry troop may be employed to establish an air screen to the front and flanks of the blocking positions, to provide air patrols between blocking positions, and to maintain contact with the main body. Ground radar sets should be employed to supplement ground and air observation and surveillance, particularly during periods of limited visibility. 261. Economy of Force Role in the Defense The squadron may be employed under division control to fill a gap between forces occupying dispersed defensive positions. One or more troops may be attached to a brigade occupying a defensive position for the purpose of filling a gap and maintaining contact with an adjacent unit. 262. Squadron Providing Rear Area Security in Defense The armored cavalry squadron may be employed to provide rear area security for the division. The procedures outlined in paragraphs 253 through 256 cover the squadron in this type of operation. 263. Employment of Ground Radar Equipment In defensive operations, the medium range ground radar set in the squadron headquarters and headquarters troop, and the short range ground radar sets in each troop are used to supplement the security efforts of the squadron. These devices are employed well forward where their effectiveness is not hindered by terrain or vegetation. They are used to monitor likely enemy avenues of approach, search key terrain, or maintain surveillance over gaps between friendly elements. During daylight, radar may be employed to supplement visual observation or to monitor a particularly dangerous avenue of approach. Their greatest value is during periods of limited visiiblity (FM 17-1). 264. Employment of Aerial Surveillance and Target Acquisition Platoon of the Division Aviation Battalion When the aerial surveillance and target acquisition platoon of the division aviation battalion assists the armored cavalry squadron, it is used primarily on surveillance missions to detect enemy movement and to give early warning of enemy approach. During daylight hours, visual observation to the front and flanks is maintained. Enemy strengths, movements, and target locations are reported. Both day and night airphoto missions are conducted. The air radar is best employed during darkness or other periods of limited visibility. 265. Reconnaissance and Selection of Defensive Positions The squadron commander makes as complete and detailed a reconnaissance of the area as the time and situation permit. This should include a map, ground, and air reconnaissance of the squadron sector. From these, the squadron commander determines the key terrain features and the likely enemy avenues of approach. He designates positions for the armored cavalry troops that cover likely enemy avenues of approach. AGO 5733A 266. Organization and Preparation of 267. Strengthening the Position Defensive Position Strengthening of a squadron defensive posi a. Troop blocking positions are usually ortion includes the measures taken in preparing ganized to control key terrain features. The the position and counterattack routes. Obsta location of these positions depends on the imcles, including mines, are located to divert or portance of the terrain and the enemy apstop the enemy attack and to hold the enemy in proaches they dominate. Supplementary and areas covered by tank, artillery, mortar, and automatic weapons fire. The use of demolitions alternate positions are selected and prepared by each troop to permit the squadron commander to destroy bridges, fell trees, and crater roads should be considered in strengthening the de to withdraw his forces or shift them to other positions to prevent their capture or destrucfensive position. Supplementary positions are tion, or to draw the enemy into an area suitable prepared and strengthened to be occupied in the event of an enemy attack from another direc for counterattack or destruction by friendly nuclear fires. Forces occupying troop blocking tion. Strengthening of the defensive position is positions should be mutually supporting. Any continuous. FM 17-1 contains a detailed dis gaps between units should be covered by either cussion of priority and preparation of defensive ground or air observation, listening posts and positions. patrolling. 268. Fire Planning in Defense b. The squadron commander indicates to his a. The fire support plan provides for bringtroop commanders a general trace of the ing the enemy under fire as early as possible, FEBA, troop boundaries and other control for increasing the fire as he nears the defensivemeasures as required, and those positions that positions, for breaking his assault, and forare key to the squadron defense. reducing penetrations of the defense position. c. If the width of the sector and the terrain Defensive fires must be planned carefully to permit, the squadron commander disposes his insure that they will be effective during bothforce in the manner that will provide depth to daylight and darkness. the squadron sector. This is normally accom b. The squadron fire support plan includesplished by placing one or more troops in depth. detailed plans for coordination of artillery, d. The squadron commander must make promortars, tanks, automatic weapons, and tacvisions for security during the organization and tical air. As soon as the squadron commanderpreparation of the position. He may charge has selected troop positions, a fire support planeach troop with the responsibility for its own is prepared that includes long range fires, closesecurity, or he may assign this mission to one defensive fires, final protective fires, and fires troop that will later be positioned in depth. The to support the attack by the reserve. The squadair cavalry troop will normally be employed to dron commander requests artillery fires throughprovide early warning of enemy approach from the artillery liaison officer. the front or flanks of the squadron, to protect c. Fires should be planned on critical areas,areas between blocking positions, and to mainsuch as likely avenues of approach, and on postain contact with adjacent units. sible enemy assembly areas or attack positions, e. The squadron headquarters will occupy as well as on known and suspected enemy posithe least vulnerable position within the defentions. A detailed discussion of fire support sive position, hut must be located to facilitate planning for defensive operations is contained control and support of all tactical units. in FM 6-20-2. Section II. MOBILE DEFENSE 269. General Elements of the mobile defense consist of ron may participate as one or as part of any the security force, forward defense, and reof these elements. The squadron is best suited serve (FM 17-1). The armored cavalry squad-for employment in the security force. AGO 67SSA 179 270. Squadron as General Outpost in Mobile fend a blocking position as an economy force.Defense This type mission is not normally assigned to a. When employed as a general outpost, the the armored cavalry squadron when other resquadron will operate initially well to the front sources are available. If the armored cavalry of the forward edge of the battle area. Once squadron is assigned this mission, the squadroncontact with the enemy force has been gained, commander will organize and prepare the posi it is maintained throughout the general out post action. Maximum use is made of natural tion as discussed in paragraphs 266 through and artificial obstacles to impede the advance 268. of hostile forces. For further discussion of 272. Squadron as Part of the Reserve general outpost operations in defense, refer to paragraph 275. The armored cavalry squadron may be em b. Upon completing the general outpost misployed as part of the division reserve, usually sion, the armored cavalry squadron may be asafter it has performed a general outpost missigned another reconnaissance or security mission and has withdrawn through the forwardsion. Under certain circumstances, the defense. The squadron may be used to performsquadron may be directed to reinforce or reconnaissance and security missions for the occupy a strongpoint. division reserv~. Operations of the reserve are27 I. Squadron as Part of Forward Defense similar to those of normal offensive operations.Force After the reserve has been committed, theIn the mobile defense, the armored cavalry armored cavalry squadron may be retained assquadron may be required to organize and de-the division reserve. Section Ill. AREA DEFENSE 273. General the squadron should be assigned a sector inIn the area defense, the armored cavalry which the commander can best use its capasquadron is most effective when assigned misbilities for defense. For details on organizasions that optimize its mobility, firepower, and tion of a defensive position, see paragraph 266extensive communication system. These misand FM 17-1. sions include- 275. Squadron as the General Outpost Force ( 1) Security force on the general outpost. in Area Defense (2) Providing security for division flank a. The armored cavalry squadron should beor within the division area. reinforced by tanks, mechanized infantry, en (3) Acting as all or part of the reserve ; gineers, artillery, and Army aircraft. It is however, its use as division reserve is capable of being employed as all or part of thenot normal. general outpost of a division engaged in area ( 4) Acting as part of the forward dedefense. The general outpost is controlled byfense forces in an economy of force the division commander or higher headquarrole. ters. The mission of the general outpost, similar to that of the covering force, is to give 274. Echelons of Defense early warning of enemy approach, disorganize In area defense, the armored cavalry squadand delay his advance, and deceive him as toron may be employed in one or more of the the exact location of the battle area and toechelons of defense: security force, forces in destroy the enemy.the forward defensive area, and reserve. The b. When assigned a general outpost mission,squadron is not normally employed with the the squadron commander immediately initiatesforces in the forward defensive area except as reconnaissance of the area, preferably a peran economy force. If employed in this role, sonal reconnaissance, supplemented by a map 180 AGO 573SA or airphoto reconnaissance. He then formulates his plan, which includes security measures, disposition and frontages of subordinate units, selection of advantageous delaying positions between the initial general outpost line and the FEBA, organization and coordination of organic and supporting fires, and organization of the ground, including obstacles, means for deceiving and disorganizing the enemy, and the procedure for movement tq successive positions to the rear. I c. Because of extended frontages inherent in this type of operation, intervals between units must be covered by patrolling, ground OP's, supporting fires, and elements of the air cavalry troop. d. Squadron actions during a general outpost mission are essentially the same as for a delaying action. Unless required to delay the enemy for a specified time, the squadron begins its withdrawal to rearward positions as soon as it is apparent that a superior enemy force is deployed for attack and the general outpost is likely to become decisively engaged. The withdrawal is begun on order. 276. Squadron as Reserve in Area Defense a. General. When the squadron is designated as the reserve, it may be employed to plan and execute counterattacks or to prepare positions to extend the depth of the battle area and to protect the rear of the higher command. b. Location. The squadron should be positioned near a good road net that will permit rapid movement to any part of the battle area. It occupies a position that will add depth to the defensive system. c. Counterattack Plans. When the squadron is employed in the reserve, it must be prepared to conduct counterattacks against enemy threats. Counterattacks are designed to destroy the enemy or restore the original positions by striking hostile forces in the flank or rear. Plans must be coordinated closely with adjacent units and with other forces in the forward defensive area to insure mutual support and to prevent firing into friendly positions. Each counterattack is designed to seize a specific objective. The counterattack plan normally includes an assembly area, attack position (if required), a line of departure, fire support plan, formation, direction of attack, objectives, actions on the objective, communication arrangements, rehearsals or briefing of troop commanders, and coordinating instructions. Commanders at all echelons should reconnoiter the routes to the assembly area and the area in which counterattacks are to take place and familiarize their troops with the details of the plan. d. Conduct of Counterattacks. Counterattacks are offensive in nature and are conducted in the same manner as a coordinated attack (ch. 10 and FM 17-1). Section IV. PERIMETER DEFENSE 277. General The perimeter defense is a technique employed in the mobile and area defense. In this situation, units are deployed to meet an attack from any direction. The purposes of the perimeter defense are self-protection of the unit and retention of key terrain. 278. As Part of a Larger Force When a larger force is employing a perimeter in the defense, the armored cavalry squadron may provide all or part of the security force, occupy a portion of the defensive perim- AGO 5733A eter, or participate as all or part of the reserve. 279. Squadron Employing the Perimeter Defense The armored cavalry squadron normally operates at a relatively far distance from other elements of the division; and it must often employ the perimeter defense to protect itself while preparing for other actions (fig. 101). Usually the situation requiring establishment of a perimeter defense allows little time for detailed prior planning. Each troop on the perim eter is assigned a sector covering possible the techniques previously discussed; however, avenues of enemy approach. Troops organize emphasis must be placed on mutual support, the ground in as much detail as time permits. counter-infiltration measures, and nuclear Planning and conduct of the defense follow vulnerability. ... ____s sc1[2)~ ~ ~ ~ ~---...... .......... "' I /•• I \ I • • ..$s(T121 \ J ~scTr2J~ \ ~\ \ ,'I ~ // ~ \ ', ,_ /~ ~ Figure 101. Armo1·ed cavalry squadron peri·meter defense. AGO 573SA CHAPTER 13 RETROGRADE OPERATIONS Section I. 280. General A retrograde operation is a planned movement of a command to the rear or away from the enemy. The armored cavalry squadron conducts retrograde operations when forced to do so by enemy action or voluntarily to obtain a tactical advantage. The armored cavalry squadron will normally conduct retrograde operations as a part of a larger force. 281. Types of Retrograde Opera.tions There are three types of retrograde operations : retirement, withdrawal, and delaying action. (FM 17-1 contains a detailed consid- GENERAL eration of the types and purpose of retrograde operations.) 282. Control Measures a. Control measures used in retrograde operations include phase lines, coordinating points, checkpoints, contact points, zones, routes, delay lines, and other measures associated with tactical marches (FM 17-1). b. In selecting control measures, the commander should allow maximum freedom of action at the small unit level; however, missions and details of execution will be more detailed than in other operations. Section II. DELAYING ACTION 283. General a. The squadron, because of its mobility, is well suited for a delaying action mission. However, effectiveness is significantly increased by attachment of tanks, mechanized infantry, artillery, engineers, and Army aircraft. With such a mission, the squadron usually delays on successive positions. Delay on successive positions consists of organized resistance on an initial position and continuation of this resistance through successive delaying positions. (A discussion of the basic considerations is contained in FM 17-1.) Higher headquarters normally assigns the squadron an area for delay, the general trace of the initial delaying position, successive delay lines, the period of delay, contemplated future actions, and any limitations. b. Delaying positions normally are not organized in great depth. They are strong in firepower, with the bulk of the force concentrated at likely avenues of enemy approach. An armored cavalry squadron conducting a delaying action is normally divided into two major echelons, the delaying force and a reserve. Troops normally do not designate reserves. The squadron commander influences the action by maneuver and supporting fires. Execution of a delaying action within assigned zones and between squadron delaying positions is decentralized to troop level. The troops normally select intermediate delaying positions between squadron delaying positions. These positions are reported to squadron. The squadron commander controls the action by assignment of troop zones and designation of squadron delaying positions. 284. Reconnaissance and Selection of Delaying Positions . Delaying positions may be designated by higher headquarters in which case intermediate delaying positions may be selected between AGO 5733A those specified. A reconnaissance to select delaying positions must be made as early as possible. Likely avenues of approach are located, and plans are made to deny their use to the enemy. In selecting delaying positions, the squadron commander considers the same factors as those considered in selection of any defensive position. He selects positions affording long range fields of fire with routes suitable for withdrawal and lateral movement, and establishes priorities thereon. Delaying positions are sought that incorporate the following: a. A series of parallel ridges across the lines of hostile advance. b. Unfordable streams, swamps, lakes, and other obstacles on the front and flanks. c. Good observation and long range fields of fire. d. Concealed or covered routes of withdr:J,wal. e. A road net or areas providing good crosscountry trafficability. 285. Disposition of Forces for Delaying Action a. The squadron commander assigns troop zones corresponding to the most likely avenues of approach available to the enemy through the squadron zone. Where possible, each avenue of approach and the terrain dominating the avenue are assigned to one troop. Each troop zone should include at least one good route of withdrawal. b. The squadron reserve is located initially in an area from which it can block the enemy or move rapidly to reinforce the delaying forces at any threatened point, or from which it can rapidly execute a counterattack. c. The squadron command post and combat trains are located well to the rear to a void the necessity of frequent displacement and interference with actions of combat elements of the squadron. The command group, however, should remain well forward with the engaged elements and should be among the last to withdraw. d. The squadron commander disposes his troops in such manner as to cover likely avenues of enemy approach into his zone. In a wide squadron zone with several good avenues of approach, all armored cavalry troops may be used on line. Whenever possible, one troop should be positioned to provide some depth. This troop differs from a reserve troop in that its primary function is to deepen the position by reinforcing the defenses of the forward troop. 286. Task Organization of an Armored Cavalry Squadron Conducting Delaying Action Organization of the squadron for delaying action is based on the factors of METT. Troops of the squadron are normally employed intact. 287. Security in Delaying Action a. General. During a delaying action, the enemy will make every effort to envelop and destroy the delaying force. The squadron commander must be particularly careful that the enemy does not turn his flank or surprise him in position. Continuous reconnaissance provides one of the best sources of security. Ground reconnaissance may be extended by ground radars. Close coordination between adjacent units is essential to avoid presenting an exposed flank to the enemy. Elements of the air cavalry troop may be employed to the front and flanks to provide early warning of enemy approach and to harass and delay his advance. b. Security to the Front. If elements of the delaying force are not in contact with the enemy, action must be taken to prevent surprise of the delaying force and to provide early warning of enemy approach. Elements of the air cavalry troop will operate well to the front to provide early warning of enemy approach. Observation posts are established to the front of delaying positions during daylight. These are replaced by listening posts at night. Routes from the position to the observation posts are chosen very carefully to avoid detection by the enemy. c. Security to the Flanks. Armored cavalry units on a delaying position must establish their own flank security by all-round observa tion, patrols, and contact with adjacent units. Detailed reconnaissance enables the delaying force to locate avenues of approach the enemy is likely to use in an effort to envelop the delaying force. Leading elements of any enemy force attempting to advance along such avenues must be blocked or ambushed. Elements of the air cavalry troop will reconnoiter the flanks and avenues of enemy approach into the flanks AGO 57SSA to provide early warning of enemy approach. For additional details and discussion of control measures, combat support, employment of fires, and use of obstacles in the delaying action, see FM 17-1. 288. Organization of the Ground for Delaying Action a. Planning considerations for the organization and occupation of a delay position are generally the same as for any defensive position. In planning for a delaying action, definite zones of responsibility are delineated. Boundaries may extend to the rear through the depth of the squadron zone and, as a minimum, must extend through the next rearward delaying position and forward to the limits of the effective range of supporting weapons or limits of observation. b. When zones are assigned to subordinate units, each enemy avenue of approach is given in its entirety to a unit when possible. Boundaries are assigned so that terrain features that control fire and observation into a sector are assigned to the unit having responsibility for that sector. Coordinating points and contact points are designated for coordination and for continuity of the position. c. Natural obstacles are exploited in organizing delaying positions. Artificial obstacles are also used to improve the position with the materials, time, and manpower available. Although important, obstacles alone must not be relied on to halt the enemy's progress. No terrain is impassable to a determined, resourceful, well-trained, and aggressive enemy. He will attempt to gain surprise by attacking over ground considered impassable. All obstacles, both natural and artificial, must be covered by fire to cause him maximum delay. In massing to overcome such defended obstacles, the enemy may present a profitable nuclear target. 289. Delay on Successive Positions a. Delaying on successive positions is the type of delaying action most frequently conducted by the armored cavalry squadron. When this type of delaying action is used, all armored cavalry troops are normally committed on the squadron delaying positions. AGO 5733A b. Delay on successive positions envisages improvement and occupation of each natural delaying position. However, delay is inflicted not only on these successive squadron positions, but also between the positions on intermediate troop delaying positions. Terrain is never given up unnecessarily; instead, every opportunity to cause delay to the enemy is exploited, and minimum terrain is traded for maximum delay (FM 17-1 and FM 17-15). c. The initial delaying position is organized and occupied by the armored cavalry troops. In some cases, the initial delaying position is occupied before contact is made with the advancing enemy. In such cases, elements of the air cavalry troop reconnoiter to the front to establish contact and, within their capabilities, delay the enemy advance toward the initial delaying position. Long range artillery and units in the initial delaying position take the enemy under fire at maximum range. This fire inflicts casualties on the enemy, causes his early deployment and requires him to take other time-consuming measures to close with the position. d. Each position occupied by a troop is defended until the enemy threatens decisive engagement or envelopment. When maximum delay has been achieved and it becomes apparent that further occupation of the position will result in decisive engagement, withdrawal is initiated in accordance with prearranged plans on order of the higher commander. Each withdrawal is coordinated with adjacent units. e. When the order to withdraw (para 291) is received, the affected unit displaces directly to the rear and occupies the next designated delaying position (fig. 102). The scouts maintain contact with the enemy between the first position and the next rearward delaying position. When the enemy is within range of the rear delaying positions, he is subjected to fire by elements occupying these positions. The commander employs all available firepower to hold the position as long as possible. When he is no longer able to hold the position without becoming decisively engaged, the withdrawal procedure is repeated. 290. Delay on Alternate Positions a. When the squadron is operating on a narrow front, the squadron may elect to delay DIRECTION OF ENEMY ADVANCE I ' I I I I' I I ' \ I I ~ \ \ - ... I ~ I '{"I ' I ~I I I a:: I "-I I I ~, I I I ~I I I I I tJ.JI ' I I 1--J ' I I ~I a::, ,_I ~I u.,"'' I ' ' ' ~ \ \ /'IX '~ , 0. • -.... ;z:• ~--. ~. ••• Figure 102. Armored cavalry squadron in delaying action-successive positions. 186 AGO 5733A DIRECTION OF ENEMY ADVANCE FEBA LINE PEAR - - . ..h "'"• ~· ct• ~·. ~ ~·• '5· w' ..... ~· 0::~ LINE PLUM • -•• I Figure 103. Armored cavalry squadron in delaying action--alternate positions. AGO 5733A on alternate positions. Employing this technique, the squadron is divided into two elements. The first element occupies the initial delaying position and engages the enemy. The second element occupies and improves the second delaying position. b. Units occupying the initial delaying position delay the enemy by employing continuous delay techniques. They delay on the initial delaying position and between it and the second delaying position. When units arrive at the second delaying position, they withdraw through the units that prepared and are occupying that position. After withdrawing through the second delaying position, the units proceed to the third delaying position and begin preparing and occupying that position. Responsibility for delaying the enemy is assumed by the units on the second delaying position when the first element has withdrawn through their position. The delaying procedure is then repeated, with each element being alter- Section Ill. 291. General a. The purpose of a withdrawal is to preserve or regain freedom of action or to draw the enemy into an unfavorable situation. b. A withdrawal is classified as either a daylight or a night withdrawal and it may be either forced or voluntary. In either case, contact is maintained with enemy forces to provide for security and deception and to prevent a rapid enemy advance. When the division is conducting a withdrawal, the armored cavalry squadron may be employed as a rear guard to provide security for the remainder of the division. An armored cavalry troop may be employed to protect the withdrawal of the squadron. c. Orders for a withdrawal are prepared in detail and include: (1) New location to be occupied and dis position of units within that location. (2) Sectors or routes of withdrawal to be used by subordinate elements. (3) Provision for security forces and other security measures. ( 4) Combat deception measures. nately in contact and responsible for obtaining the required delay. When not in contact, each element is responsible for improving and occupying rearward positions and for providing overwatching fire for the withdrawal of the element that is in contact (fig. 103). c. The squadron reserve, if organized, may be employed on the same type missions and in the same manner when delaying on alternate positions as when delaying on successive positions. It may also be used to assist in preparing positions. d. Delay on alternate positions has the advantage of providing more time for the improvement of delaying positions and the performance of maintenance on equipment. It also provides troops with periods of relief from combat. However, this technique renders the squadron more vulnerable to nuclear attack because of troop density during the rearward passage of lines. WITHDRAWAL ( 5) Time and priority of withdrawal by units. (6) Traffic control measures. (7) Provision for evacuation or destruction of excess supplies. (8) Evacuation of casualties. d. Plans for the withdrawal should be formulated and disseminated enough in advance to permit subordinate units to conduct a daylight reconnaissance of routes and asembly areas. 292. Night or Voluntary Withdrawal a. Because of the advantages gained under cover of darkness, night withdrawals are preferred over daylight withdrawals. The night or voluntary withdrawal depends greatly on deception and secrecy. When these security measures are unsuccessful, nuclear attacks against enemy front line units can be used to facilitate the withdrawal. The withdrawal normally will begin shortly after dark. The hours of darkness are used to the maximum in moving to the rear, especially for the main body. 188 AGO 5783A b. Armored cavalry troops in contact with the enemy designate part of their forces (approximately one-third) to remain in position and cover the withdrawal of the remainder of the squadron. These security detachments left in position seek to prevent the enemy from learning of the withdrawal. They delay and deceive the enemy and prevent interference with the withdrawal of the major elements of the command. These security detachments may remain in contact until the withdrawal is completed, or they may withdraw through another troop position established by squadron on or in front of the next delaying position. In either case, security detachments employ delaying action tactics as described in the following paragraphs. c. Withdrawal of front line elements is executed on a broad front. Units move directly to the rear, form march columns, and proceed to the designated location. Tanks may be withdrawn by infiltration prior to the withdrawal of the main body if there is not a definite threat of enemy armor and their withdrawal will not nullify deceptive measures. Tanks that remain with the detachments left in contact withdraw with other elements of the detachments. Tanks with infrared equipment or searchlights may provide assistance to the detachments in the event of an ~nemy attack during the withdrawal. To facilitate the reorganization and assembly of units, ·squadron may designate troop assembly areas. Such areas, when used, are widely dispersed and are occupied for the minimum time. d. When all elements of the squadron except security detachments have disengaged from the enemy and formed march columns, the withdrawal from action is considered completed. Further movement to the rear or away from the enemy is classified as a retirement. Re- Section IV. 294. General A retirement may be made following a withdrawal or when there is no actual contact with the enemy. When a withdrawal precedes the retirement, the retirement begins after the main forces have broken contact with the enemy and march columns have been formed (FM AGO 5733A tirements are conducted as described in paragraph 295 and in FM 17-1. 293. Daylight or Involuntary Withdrawal a. The high degree of mobility of the armored cavalry squadron enables it to conduct successful daylight withdrawals. As daylight withdrawals are normally subject to enemy observation, success depends on speed, control, and effective employment of security forces. b. The procedure followed in a daylight withdrawal is similar to that of a night withdrawal except that assembly areas are not required and tanks are withdrawn last. Each troop in contact with the enemy normally provides and controls its own security detachments. These detachments should be composed primarily of tanks to effect maximum delay and inflict casualties on the enemy and to minimize friendly losses. Close coordination and control between troop security forces is necessary. The security detachments cause continuous delay of the enemy by employing delaying action tactics. c. Maximum use is made of all supporting fires, including nuclear weapons, to assist the squadron in breaking contact with the enemy and in supporting the security detachments. Smoke is used to screen movement and to reduce the accuracy of enemy fire. d. Movement of the squadron is expedited. Assembly areas are not used ; instead, troops move directly to the rear, form march columns, and continue without halting. e. The squadron reserve, if organized, may be employed on the same type missions and in the same manner as in the delaying action. It may also be used to assist in preparation of positions. RETIREMENT 17-1). For the definition of retirement refer to paragraph 122. 295. Conduct of the Retirement a. In a retirement, the squadron is organized in a manner inverse to that employed in a movement to contact. b. The squadron assigns definite routes and march objectives or rearward positions to each armored cavalry troop and the air cavalry troop. During the initial stage of the retirement, control may be decentralized to subordinate commanders. However, as the squadron increases the distance between itself and the · enemy, the squadron commander resumes centralized control. c. Security for the main body is provided by advance, flank and rear guard action and early warning will normally be provided by elements of the air cavalry troop. When the retirement is preceded by a withdrawal from action, an armored cavalry troop and elements of the air cavalry troop will provide a rear guard. The rear guard uses delaying action techniques to slow the advance of the enemy and prevent interference with the movement of the squadron. The squadron commander must be alert for attempts by the enemy to envelop his force. He employs elements of the air cavalry troop to obtain early information of such enemy attempts. 190 AGO 5733A CHAPTER 14 SPECIAL OPERATIONS Section I. GENERAL 296. General This chapter is a guide for employment of enemy lines, airmobile operations, and operaarmored cavalry units in special operations. It tions against irregular forces. Information on covers chemical and radiological monitoring other types of special operations in which and survey operations, area damage control oparmored cavalry units may participate is coverations, reconnaissance operations behind ered in FM 17-1. Section II. CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTION AND RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SURVEY OPERATIONS 297. General a. The armored cavalry squadron is one of the principal division level agencies that conducts chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring and survey. The air radiological monitoring and survey missions will be performed primarily by the air cavalry troop. This section discusses the conduct of these operations in general terms as applicable to armored cavalry units, and explains the terminology used to describe monitoring and survey. b. Armored cavalry units are trained and equipped to perform chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring as a normal part of their routine activities. Survey missions will be assigned to these units as required by the situation. Helicopters of the air cavalry troop perform radiological monitoring and survey operations and should be used to facilitate the accomplishment of survey missions. c. For additional information concerning chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring and survey operations, see FM 3-10, FM 3-12, FM 17-1, and FM 21-40. 298. Definitions a. Radiological Monitoring: The detection and/or measurement of radioactive contamination on areas, structures, personnel, equipment and supplies. b. Radiological Survey: The directed effort to determine the distribution and dose rates of radiation in an area. c. Chemical Agent Detection: Actions taken to detect the presence, and give warning of toxic chemical agents by use of detector kits, detection paper, detection crayon, or alarm devices. d. Survey Party: A survey party normally consists of a monitor and an assistant. The survey party may be mounted in a ground vehicle or Army aircraft, or dismounted as required by the type of contamination. The assistant may drive the vehicle, fly the aircraft, and operate the radio. A ground survey party may be augmented by additional persons for security or other reasons. e. Control Party: A control party is a group of individuals that coordinates the efforts of two or more survey parties under its control and reports radiological data to the appropriate higher echelon. f. Survey Team: A survey team consists of a control party and two or more survey parties. AGO 57SSA 299. Monitoring Operations a. Chemical agent detection and radiological monitoring is a command responsibility performed by armored cavalry units. It is essentially a protective measure to detect and measure radiation, and to identify a chemical attack. b. All armored cavalry and air cavalry units are equipped with radiac instruments and chemical agent detection and identification equipment. These instruments are used to perform radiological and chemical monitoring. A monitor and assistant monitor should be trained to operate the equipment authorized. c. Monitoring activities may be conducted on a periodic or continuous basis using the ground or air method. While a unit is moving, it is normally advisable for designated persons to perform continuous monitoring to prevent movement into an area of dangerous contamination without warning. When the unit has occupied a position or an area, periodic monitoring may suffice. d. The objective of monitoring by air is to determine the presence or absence of significant levels of radiological contamination and not to determine accurate ground dose rates unless the monitor is specifically directed to do so. 300. Survey Operations a. When an armored cavalry unit is assigned a survey mission, the size, number and composition of the survey team is based on a consideration of the person available, equipment on hand, the size of the area to be surveyed, the road net in the area, and the specific information desired. Protection from radiation must be afforded to survey personnel. The cumulative dose of radiation acquired by a person must also be considered. No one must be permitted to exceed dosages specified by command guidance. b. Ground survey missions are normally conducted by platoon-size units. Each armored cavalry platoon headquarters is capable of acting as a control party. c. Survey by air is employed in areas that have radiological contamination or dose rates that would be unacceptably dangerous to ground survey parties, along lines of communication, over areas under consideration for relocation of units and installations when speed is important, and over areas of difficult accessibility to ground troops. 30 I. Reporting Data. a. Information obtained while conducting chemical and radiological monitoring operations should be forwarded through command channels. b. Chemical and radiological data gathered during a survey operation is reported directly to the division chemical, biological, and radiological element (CERE) or through command channels, depending on the type of survey being conducted. c. When reporting radiological contamination data, the monitor will report his location by grid coordinates, the time the radiation reading is taken, and the dose rate in rad/hr. The format for monitoring reports is found in appendix III, FM 3-12. Section Ill. AREA DAMAGE CONTROL (STANAG 2079} 302. General a. Damage control operations consist of measures taken before, during, and after a mass-destruction attack or natural disaster to minimize the effects thereof. In forward areas these measures are directed primarily toward minimizing interference with combat operations and the loss of men and materieL b. Damage control activities are a command responsibility and the commander at each echelon is responsible for planning, training, and implementing area damage control measures. c. Refer to FM 17-1 for additional information on area damage control operation. 303. Squadron Area Damage Control Operations a. The armored cavalry squadron is well suited to perform area damage control operations. Frequently, the squadron, or a portion thereof, may be required to perform area damage control operations in the squadron area or in the area of another unit. If other assigned tasks do not interfere, subordinate elements of AGO 5733A the squadron, as organized, may be employed in performing area damage control operations. Frequently it may be necessary for the squadron to conduct area damage control operations in conjunction with combat missions. Under these circumstances, it may be necessary to organize and commit provisional area damage control units. b. Organization of the squadron area damage control elements is usually prescribed in the squadron SOP. Type organizations that will be established are (1) A control and a s s e s s m e n t' team (CAT). This organization is the squadron command and control headquarters for conducting squadron area damage control activities. (2) Squadron rescue squad. This squad will be established at squadron level. This squad will be assembled on order and attached to a control and assessment team for area damage control operations. (3) Troop rescue squad. One of these squads will be established by each armored cavalry troop. This squad will be assembled on order and at tached to a control and assessment team for area damage control opera tions. 304. Troop Area Damage Control Operations a. The armored cavalry troop, or portions thereof, may be required to participate in area damage control operations. As stated in the squadron SOP, the troop is responsible for organizing and training individuals to perform area damage control functions. Elements of the troop, as organized or as a provisional unit, may perform these functions. A type unit employed is the troop rescue squad that normally operates under control of a designated noncommissioned officer. b. The functions of area damage control elements furnished by the armored cavalry troop are to ( 1) Rescue and remove casualties from affected areas. (2) Administer first aid. (3) Evacuate vehicles and other major items of equipment from the affected area. ( 4) Perform limited, hasty decontamination. (5) Conduct radiological monitoring. Section IV. RECONNAISSANCE BEHIND ENEMY LINES 305. General a. On a battlefield characterized by dispersion of units and vaguely defined lines of contact, armored cavalry elements of squad, section, or platoon size must be prepared to operate behind enemy lines or intermingle with enemy forces. When these cavalry units are thus disposed as a result of deliberate planning or of being isolated by enemy action, they must capitalize on this opportunity to collect and report any information that cannot be obtained by other means. b. This type of operation requires the utmost in aggressive and imaginative leadership by junior leaders and the ability of small armored cavalry units to operate independently. c. These operations are not intended to compete with or replace the need for special forces or clandestine operators, but rather to exploit a valuable means of gathering information of AGO 5733A immediate tactical value to the larger unit commander. d. An understanding of the information contained in FM 21-75 on scouting and patrolling activities is essential to this type of operation. 306. Missions Small armored cavalry elements operating behind enemy lines are particularly effective in accomplishing the following missions: a. Location of targets for employment of air strikes, artillery, or nuclear fires. b. Observation and control of air and artillery fires. c. Damage assessment. d. Radiological monitoring or survey. e. Route and area reconnaissance. f. Location and identification of enemy units and installations. g. Surveillance over routes and enemy lines of communication. 307. Methods Employed to Get Behind Enemy Lines Methods that may be employed by armored cavalry elements to get behind enemy lines include: a. Foot or mounted elements infiltrating enemy units or areas. b. Army air transport. c. Elements left behind deliberately. 308. Employment Behind Enemy Lines a. The armored cavalry platoon may be employed in reconnaissance operations behind enemy lines as a unit or by sections or squads. Scouts are normally employed in this type of mission, although other elements of the platoon may participate in platoon operations. b. In most operations behind enemy lines, stealth and secrecy play an important role; consequently, vehicles may be of little or no value. Roads and populated areas should be avoided; trails and cross-country movement provide a degree of secrecy. Elements should move frequently to avoid detection by enemy communication detection devices and patrols. Such moves should be made during darkness and other periods of limited visibility. c. Communication must be maintained so that timely reports can be transmitted to higher headquarters. Transmissions should be ~--the-minimam -c-ansistent with the-mi-s --siun; Thts-wiu reduce <'1ilmc