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Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour atre raproduit an un saul cliche, il ast film* d partir da I'angla supiriaur gaucha, da gaucha i droita. at da haut an bas. an pranant la nombre d'imagaa nicassaira. Las diagrammas suivants ilfustrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1.2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART 'ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.8 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 A >^PPLIED IIVHGE Inc ^^ 1653 East Mam Street rjS Rochester, New York 14609 USA ^= (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^S (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax '0? L nil :39 im RENOUF'S EASY EXERCISES IN ENGLISH AND CO-AllMMSINi; PARTS OF SPEECH, THEIR USES AND IX FLEXIONS. HUILDIXG AXD AXALYSIS OF SENTENCES, With Practical Exercises IN COMPUSITIOX, LETTER WRITING, CAPITALS AXD PUNCTUATION. E. M. RENOUF, PUBLISHER, 223S ST. CATHERINE STREET, MONTREAL. l'-,OZ. i liiiterfd accordiiii,' to \ct of rarliaiiii'iit of Canada, in .the yi'ar one thousand iiini- hiindri d and on.>, by E. M. Rkxock, in tlie Office of till- MinistiT of Ayrit ulturi;. ^^■^;^-*M%i:mws3""^/^ i^T^ EASY KXKIinSKS I\ EX(;USI[. Part I. — Words and Sentencej NOUNS 1. Jravo you evi'i- tlioujrlit that ovoiythin^' ^\hU■h yon kiK.w «»r can tliiiik of hasa luniir ? AV,. should iiud if Jianl to talk \vith(.ut usiuj; nanios. A ^^cat many oltlu' words wliich we use an; the names of things. Thus tlu! thini,' w.' use to unlock a door -ets tlu; name feci/. Xaiiio soinctliiii),' EXERCISE 1. 1. tliat ki-i'iPS(.frtlH> ruin, -. tliat iliaws a \va^'llIl. ;>. tliat. jrivt's out licat. 4. tliat \vi' live in. ■"). that we ride in. <>. that tt'lls tiiiH". 7. that rooks our food. 5. that iiiakf.s shoos. ". that ^'riiids corn. 1(1. that eats hav. 11. from whh'h ^vo iiiak." hricks. 12. oil whicii we haii-roiir(ai)s. i:!. that carries us over the water. 14. that keeps our liands warm, lo. that^'njws in a ^'arden. li>. thattrrows in n lake. 17. tliat !.'rows in tho sea. 15. that^rows on free frimks. 1!>. that is used to cut jrrass. -n. that is the oppnsite ofday. L'. A woid that is used to „antr (nti/f/ii>,f/ is called a ncum, that is a name or uinniiiij word. A noun is the name of a thing. i! ; t * K.vsv i:xi:k( isr.s r.v i:\(;i.isir, PROPER AND COMMON NOUNS. .'{. This hoi/ livt's in tlw ti/if. ('/iiit/r.H Wtifsnn li\('s in Mmitmil. TIm' strdmHliij, <'n»ss(Ml Ihr Dntni in saft-tv. Tiic Parisian nosstMl tin- Af/autir in safety. Carlo is a j;(kkI r/o//. M' we compaic i)aiis of nonns in IIm'so sentences, v iiotici- tliat Charles Watson is t l»e name of an ' .lirl^l,,, hoy, Montreal of an iin/iri-fuaf city. Par. of a ;»^//r/V»ii. vitii, sframsl,!,,, onaii, tlot/, ai names that may be applied to any ol.jecf (d" their cla> — itiiy l>'»y, any city, any steamship, any ocean, an do^'. They are. therefore, called common nouns, Im canse they are names coniinoii to all ol>Jects (d'thesam kind. A proper noun is the name of an individual person c thing. A common noun is the name of any one of a class o similar persons or things. -I i>roj>rr voini .s/H»ii/ ]>i.iiicr aii.l wliicli (•(.ininoii? M'hv? '\\'nun,s or f 1... mo„r.. ./• f''n.y.s tluf ur uM.v want to s;,y sontHhin.^. a-.-uf |'.„V, ^v words— a noun to nanu- a tl SS,'S (»t 'lll,^^ and :i verb to tell -mHhin.ah.ut tho thin;, -hwWr.. wo can r.aliv siH'aks..ns,l,iy, or .v,.n.ssonr thoughts. As soon a"s :;:;^:;r'"' '^^"^"'-'■-"' --'-^-^•- i--an<-a A sentence is the expression of any thought in words. '^•^'•";^'"--'nst..ontainaM,.asttwowords^.,.,,. ..,, , ■ • ^^ ^"'O c-ontaiu maav otJicr words. 6 EASY KXKRCISKS IN KNfJI.ISII. EXERCISE 3. IMake a s^"'' '"^v liy fiUinjr in citlu'r fhr inniir <•( tin- thiui/ that makes tlio iiiiisc, tliut is tlu' ri.L'lit •xm; or the wonl that Vlh iiliat )ii)isf in nitidi', tluit is the riu'lit vi rh. 1. A cat.... 1 . 2. A cow 8. .S. I'iu's.... !). 4. Lions.... 1(1. 5. Mict'.... 11. , cDiis. irt. Tlu- iloor. . . iH'iL'hs. 14. Th(^ leaves, .(•iiiw. ].">. Tin? vviml. . .l)h'a's. If). All abv.. .. 1- iiisses. is. Thi> sea. 10. . . . les. i>. Snails ti ily. 1(>. A Kahy 14 walks. ;;. I,;inil»s 7 trots. 1 1. A worm. . . . L") swincrs. 4. Ducks S.. ..struts. 12. < iras-.hoppers.. . . U; leap. (). A v<'rb may tell irlnif iKinjicnnf fo ovii or the uoriJn that t.ll ii-h'it li'ij'jii III 'I /" ''. 1 ... .was nielteil.* •) .was lient. . > . . . . were broken 4... . is w ritteii. .">... .was soM. (i... . well' soldi. i . • . . ai'e sawn. S. The ship '.*. 'riieoi-amres. . 10. Tiie coal.... 11. Tiie sailor..., 12. The ml .her.., l:;. Thee-irs.... 14. The lire.... \'i hasheen nuii.'. 1(1. .. . has ln'cn wrunu'. 17 ... . was seen. 1^ . . . . has been soileil. pt. . . , was s])illeil. 20. ...has 1ieen iiaperel. 21 has been elear.e 1. • lliitli't; tiillo'r, ,w(.>/r, .■.r/.ito, In niliri;< in tlic:-e ;iiul ail oUivi' biln,;.il' i.i.u.k?, t'licouruKO ;is much vark'ty as is consistent with accuracy. ^^^^m^^^M^n SUJiJECT AND riJEDICATE. 7 SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 7. \\'lien -w-e speak of such words as irater and fret:,>s merely as lielonjiinj;- to rrrftiiti cfds.scH 0/ words, we call them noKH.s or rrrhs. But wlieu we put tlieiu toj;etlier so us to junhc up the tiro juni.s of art, the subject of the sentrnrc ; and the second or t«'11inj^ part, tlie predicate of the Nrtifcnrc, Every sentence consists of two parts, a subject and a predicate. AVlu'u a sentence contains only a noun and a verh, it contains no moi'e words than are necessary io make it a sentence. T1m> noun is then called the simple ffiih- jcrt, and the verb the siinpte jnedicatc. PREDICATES WITH OBJECTS. S. But we S])eak, or read in books, very few sen- tences that are made up of only a noun and a verb. Often, indeed, a noun and a verb alone will not make a complete sentence. For example, *■' JU'ch (jatlicr'''' do<'s not make a sentence until we add the mtmc (f the fhhif/ that hers (/(ifhcr. '■' Hern (ptther houei/'' is a com- plete sentence, the two parts being subject, hee.s and predicate, tjather honcij. EXERCISE 6. Fill ill what is nociU'il to make a si nti nr,', ami tell wliich i)art is the subject and wiiicli jiart is the pinlicate: — l....killc.l the bear. 'J felU'd tlie trees. 'A. The Iii.lian Iteiit.... 4. Tlie 111 mse ;jr;ia\ve.l . . . . "). Tlie viml druve.... (i....(lnive a nail. 7 Iruve the earria'_'e. S. The Ixiy will lii;-'.... !'. T!ie irii'l will wriir.;.... ] ii. . . . iVee/.es the puiid. 11 ^.nired tlie milk, li' made tlie .Iress. f I I mmm I 8 KASY EXEKCI.SES IN' EXfSLISH. n. A word like '• honey," whicli is needed to eom- plefe llie sense in tliis Avay, injiy be sepjinited from the verb or siniph' i)redieiite, and called the object. Subject. Bees Predicate. Vcrh. xather Ohjnt. honey. EXERCISE 7. C'omiilete the sentence, and say %vhich i)art is the subject, and whii'h tlie verl), and name tlie iiduii used as an object: — 1 waiDieil (i sees.... 11 lias frozen.... atcli.... 7 saws VI will tliaw. . .. , . niav ca ?>. . . .fritrlitcnoil . . . 4. ...has Itnriu'il.. . 5. . . .have filleil . .. s siiws.... i:'>. .. .will fry. . .. ',( sews 14. .. .cannot carry. 1(1 heanl l."> is writin<,'. , WHAT PREDICATES MAY TELL. 10. Tredieates waj/ tell man// thhif/s about a subject ; they mu,sf tell mmethhuj. For example :— EXERCISE 8. A ]iro(licate may tell that animals /"/ (iHniii thiiKjn, e.g., "Horses — >iit hii'j ii>r cirii, ijr, ontx]." Fill in similar jinMlicates after these subjects: — 1. Ciits 4. ^iice 7. Lions.... 10. i^nails.... 2. r.inls ."). SIk-c]) .s. Fish II. Si)ili'-'hter 7. A iMi:.liii.ui. . .. i:;. A carter 2. A vasherwomar . ... S. .V printer 14. A tinker A -"ym^rW^f^ l!^i=iLLflJi^£A^li^I^iS:i^ WHAT I'K'KDICATKS .AlAY Ti:i.r.. 9 ;^. A iuessa.<,'i'-l my ... . 4. A . A .Idi-tar... in. I'.utcluTs.. 11. I'iikcrs. ... V2. (ilaziors... !■">. A thii-f.... I'i. 'J'lu- tcai'luT. . . 17. Slicplit-nls. . ., IS. ( 'oiiks, . . . EXERCISE 10. A predicate may tell imt (inly that jteople 'h, ,; rt'iin thimiii Imt also I'ltat tin;/ >/,, tiKiii "■/■///— that i.s, Mliat tnuls tlu-y use :— " The wnodinan— /■- Ih ^•< , .« vith an axr."' Fill in similr.r jire licutes after tliese subject.,:— 1. The fisheruian..,. 4. Carpenters 7. A tailnr 2. The ])ainter h. lUacksniiths S. Tlu- ^'ar.lener. ... 3. Masons.... (i. Sjiuehlacks. ... U. Reapers EXERCISE 1 1 . A predicate nuiy t< II n-luit Ihinijn (tn- rur, nd vith, ^ .^'.,'' ( )ur feet — (()•<' conrid nit!, t-tdchiiKjii m.il flmty" Fill in similar jiredicates after tliese subjects :— 1. Trees.... (i. Tables. . .. 11. The field.. .. K;. Fl,,ors..., 2. Birds.... 7. Abed.... 12. Windows. ... 17. AValls.... 3. Hands.... S. A.-at.... i:5. Horses. . ., is. Houses . ... 4. Sheep.... !». A head. ...14. Hedjrehoir.s. . .. l!». P.,nds.... ' 5. Fish.... Kt. Faces Ir,. J{abl)its. . . . 20. Piirs.... •A EXERCISE 12. A predicate may !■// I'luit tliiiajs an- uuid, "/, e.ir. "A hduse- rii'ti.h. (if FtolW mill Hun ."' Fill in subjects nr jiredicates:— 1. A bell.... 2. A ca-.-... 3. Fence's. . . 4. Coats r>. p,,iis 'i. 3L>nev... 7. riulirellas. s. Candies !*. r.nttnns UK T\ii.er.... 12. i^kates.... ]■' are ma le < f .'lass. '4 are made of day. b") are ma le of hair. Hi. . . . are ma lo . f bono. ' '■ ;"■*' Hui ir 1 fci .(loll. bs are ma le « f h-athei mmmmm ■*vp ^1 I 10 KASV KKKHC'ISKS 1\ KNlU.I >. EXERCISE 13, A ]nv(liciito may /'// fli"t thnajs^ ,in iit (///'/, t'.'i., "' .Steel— Vv iiiml, liitii /.)//')•(>■, I /'( /'■■-', iiinlli^, etc.) I'i'.l ill subjects or jii'cilirutfs : — 1. Silver..,. ■") i> male into lii'iir. ••• uil..,. ■2. Leather 'i is made iiitu lnea. Worms '1-. Tiie moon.. .. 2_ fitars II. Ships Iti. 3Iici', . .. •_';>. Apples. . .. ;->,. Hens 10. Sheep 17. Ice L'4. llor>es 4. 15o,,ks,... 11. Trees IS. Snails L'-'). Iiidia::s ,-,. Uoses.... IL'. J>e\v.... 111. CliMdcs ... L'(i. Waves. .. , (i. Cloii.ls.... ]:;. liust..,, 2il. I'.ees L'7. Shells. .. . 7. Sj.iders 14. Nuts '.'l. Smoke :.'S. Turnips HOW SENTENCES ARE BUILT UP. 1 1 . Just as Ave may put two words to<,'etlu'r to make up aiK.tlu'r word, (e.j;-., ?''f//aiul (/o// tinuakc pay-day,) s(» wo luay put two seuttMicos toyvtlu'r to luake another ami loujicr sentence. .1 voite nr'% il. -own, and flic vian ?m.s mird. A rope ir :' lOirn, but tlic vkoi did not catch if. A rope teas throioi, or flic moil irontif luivc ticcii droirned. ilcre we Ilivc two seiitenc<'s, v.nU with its own separate suhjt'ct and ]>redicate, joined by the words Olid, hut. r*/-.— Just as two w(»rds ai-e joined l>v a hy- phcii. and put to.uether to build up a louj;-er and fuller stateuK'ut. ifeeA.Aag^':JEy if^l7i«lj^ HOW .si;nti:n(i:s ai;k juii.t it. 11 EXERCISE 15. AiM aii'itlicr .«. The pan-i'l iiiiist lu' sent tci-tjay or.... •'.. Tlii! sea wan very r<>ii;_'h and..., 7. 'i'lic mails wen- lilurkfil witii snow and.... s. Tlu' iiijH'S were all IVkzcm and.... 9. Tins soliru'r.-i fiiii'.dit liravcly hut.... UK Yut .... 1"). 'I'lic leak must lie stoiipi-d or. . . . 12. SidiK'timcs when two scutciiccs art' joiii('(n)yfn/^/ i)V hiif, ]>:irt <>r tlic second sciitciict' may be left out. This oltcii hapixMis wlicii two tilings arc said ol" one sulijcct, that is wlicii our snhjrrf lias tiro ])i<'dicatcs. Tims if wcwant to .say altoiit h<> t.s (1) irlial f/ici/ are niiidc i)l\ and (2) irhdt flici/ arc ii.-inJ for, \vc may set down these two statements ia two ways : ((I). I>y makini;' two sei)ai'ate sentences, repoatin;^ the .same subject or making" the second sui>Ject a pro- noun, e.ii'., />oo^s' (irr iixitlr of Icdilur. Hoofs { they) are iixr'l for corcriiif/ orr frrf. i/>). 15y lea vin;^" out the second subject and Joining the two i»redicates by (unl. so ;is to make our snifriire oii/if. e.jj.'., Boof.s (irr hudlr if Irotlirr and orr n.srd for rorrriiH/ our frrf. EXERCISE 16. ^lake similar statemi'Uts, in oui' scntcnrr, tt'llini: 1* what tlu'sc thiuLTs are made of. "/"/ i "J i wiuit tliey are usf 1 for: — 1. A kettle. 4. Paper. T. (ilove>. Id. A \k\.\\. ;;. A l)laekl)oard. (i. An axe. !•, A u-ati-. 12. baskets. ^- fi I '• 12 i:asy i.xkkcisks in kncjlish. •1 1 » « , i EXERCISE 17. Do the sHiuc with tlu-sc as siil)jc<'ts:— 1. Nails. •■>. A saw. !•. Tal.U's. i:;. A purso. 2. CariK'ts. (i. A Imisli. in. Tinul.lcrs. 14. A sliawl. :;. CaiMl.-s. 7. A spunii. II. I'.lankHs. K). A m,,,.. 4. A ship. s. A riixv. 1-'. A s]i I >n. ]*>. A thaiii. EXERCISE 18. :Mako siiuihir scntciu'.'s tclliii'-' M i whcrr or huw these liuii;,'s aro -.'nt, aii'l {L'j what thfv an- iiiadc int.. nr usol for:- " Coal is (hi;/ cut "J ///'■/"■>• "(-'/ is ii-^il /'>!■ iiiitkii'ijjirrs. ' 1. W.H.!. .-,. Corli. 'X IVarls. V.\. Clay. '2. l.catlier. ti. Silk. in. Diami.nas. 14. I'-ciie. :5. Milk. 7. Api.U-s. 11. Su:_'ar. 1-".. St .iic 4. Tiiuhcr. s. Ivory. ll'. (ifapfs. in. Steam. i;{. .Tusr as two predicates may tell about the same subject, s«) the same predicate may tell somethiiiji' about more than one ,whi<'rf, e.i;'.. Daisies ainl buttercups and pretty cowslips — were growing on the saute hank. Here Ave could nuike thnr Hcparatc sentences, but iustead we put the three subjects tojivther aud treat theui as one, as the naminfj part ofoue seuteuce. EXERCISE 19. (;ivo toil sub.ic> -^ that iiauu" two m- iiK.re thiiiLTs, e.tr., .1" '""- hr.lht n,'l , lo ,n,. will hnrn. "■ are made nf won,!. :;. arej-'ard.'ii touls. m. are made ef ii-.m. PKONOl'NS. 13 4. an- vi'^;»'tablt's. r>. art' luoiitlis. (i. arc si 1 rubs. 7. art' si-asiiiLs of tlic vi'ur. 11. arc (loiucstif animals, ll'. ar(( ludlics nf laml. i:;. ail- Huwiii<_' waters. 1-J. arc jn'rioils oftlu! ilay. EXERCISE 21. Dn the same with tliese as prclicates : — 1. are jiarls iifa hnuse. 4. arc the juiints nf tlic coiui>ass. L'. are I'arts (if a tree. •"). are eh'vatiniis of lainl. I'l. are ]iarts nf a muuntaiu. •>. aic parts nf a rivt-r. PRONOUNS. 14. ("cituiu littk' wolds often take the place ofiwmns. Tlu'se ai'e jh-ouokiis, that is irortl.s ii.sclfor iioini.^. There are only a lew i)rt»ii(»iiiis in onr lan;;iia,ue, hut never- theh'ss many of the ((nninonest mistakes in the use of Enjilish arise from a wron^- choice of iironouns. ^'). A pronoun may stand foi' t lie name of the person speaking, {jir-sfjcrsoiiK the person spoken to i stfond jirrson ), or the person or thing spoken of f'iir. The person who is speakint; uses 7. mr, instead «.f his mune, or cv. us, i plural; instead of the nr.mes of him- self and others ; lie \\.sv<. iioK instead ol" the ii:;:neoftlie person to whom he sj)eaks ; and \{-vy often he uses lie, hill), .shr, Iifr. if, flit //, ^liciii in place of the names of the persons or thin,L;s of which he speaks, A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. EXERCISE 22. (•I ,1. I'inl t!ic jirniinuns and tdl f >r wliat imuns thi y staiil. i'^). "Write them in thi'cc cnlumiis, lir.-; jicrsnn, sci-nuil jicrsor., auil tliii'.l iHM-sn.i, separately. 1. 1 i.iai-k W'iisiiii i hsc nil Peei Slicci, ana vnu > inni .hiiic>i live near me; Imt she iClara Jm'Hi lives several sui-'ess away I; iii» 11 KASY KXKIU'ISFS IN KNMJLISH. from u.. 2. He hit nw. :!. T saw ynu. 4. Sho tuuK'ht tho.n ... I 8awhimnmvlH«r,.n>asluM'=is.rltlu- .lu„r. .1. Hero is Mary; she W.S1U.S to speak to UH. 7. Tomi's sist.rs arHu-ro; tLry.^nm' yestc-nlay. Hav.- y..n s,..-ii them? S. W i- are lu-re. .). ^^ c know tlic forest round us. EXERCISE 23. A pronoun may be tlu> sul.j.'rt nf a M-nteneo. Soleet from the previous oxereisc tiiost- pronouns that art- suhjects. EXERCISE 24. Here are some expressions in wliieh mistakes are often made espeeiallv in .•onversation. Th.-se sentene..s are eorre.'t. Kepeat them alt.u.l until they sound iamiliar to you. It is I. It is he. II is she. It is we. It is they. Isn't it I ? Isn't it he".' Isn't it she ? Isn't it we'.' Isn't it they'.' It isn't I. It isn't lie. It isn't she. It isn't we. It isn't tliey. It wasn't I. It wasn't he. It wasn't she. It wasn't we. It wasn't tliey. EXERCISE 25. It was I. It was hi'. It was she. It was we. It was they. AVasit not I'.' AVas it not he'.' "Was it not she '.' Was it not we'.' AVas it not they '.' 7, /-. , i>lu,it, >'■>', >,<.v, th,,,, may he used as subjects or may follow is, was or sr cimM- t • siM' Nrllic ami.... 7. Artlmr isaf -ot talliT than.... s. Tt wart I'itluT r.... !t. It was tliat rt'i.lifd. 1(1. If. ...wen- vvuuM irc 11. "Was it nut who said y<'>'.' 1') HOW SUBJECTS ARE BUILT UP. IG. A xiiiijilr Knhjrrf consists of a iioiat ( or i»rouoiin) ouly. I Jilt other words may Im- :i(l(l«'«l to tin- simiilc subject for the purpose of (lescrihin-,' it more fully. Thus if we merely say -'Tlir hnni — mix .snuislml." v.e get quite a correct .sentence. Uut we mav buihl up a longer sentence and make it tell us more. Thus if \ say ^'Tlir huj hroinr lamp iit/ronf of llir Mo/ioi's lioii.c —was smashed," T a(hl words to tlie simple subject to describe it and to make de.ir what lamp it w;is. 17. r>ut remember however many words may be used to build up a subject, all these words taken to- trether form but (inc part of a sentence, the lirst or naminfj i>(irt, that about which wear*' to say somethin^^ Thus iu the sentence ;;iven above the wlioh' .siibjrrt or namiuf/ j'crf is '"77/c />/// hroitzr hi nip in front of thi Jlaijor'fi hoioie."' Uut amon«,^ the woi'ds that uiake up the irhole ,siihji'ct there is always one iioini i or pronoun; which actually names the thin-;- that the other words describe im)re fully, viz., the noun " lami'." This noun is the foundation on which the whole subject is built up. Such a noun is called tlu' .simi'le .sittijirt. EXERCISE 26. Point «mt tho wliulo sulijct <sul.je-t, iiii.l w-nls tlwit .Uvsoribe the siiiiiik' Miihji'ct. 1 Tl.at man is hunv. -'. Tlu- v'irl at tlu' tup nf tin- rlasH H my Kist.T :i IVt.-r r.rnwn.tl.fl.ak.T in (Mnr-.-Stn-rt. makes n^^A l.is.uits. 4. rivttv vlicw llnwtis -ivw tluT.-. 5. LaiL't' in.n- l,„„„.ll.uN..s >vn, usnl. (i. ol.l w..n>.n .l.v.snl in n-.l ^^ere sittin..'nn.UTtiu-tm.s. 7. A l.inl witlt n.l a:.l 1.!... fcatlu-rs tiittc-.lal.nut. S. Fnnr-an.l-tvNiMity l.larki.inls wi-.v l.ake.l m a l.ii'. ',». Till! tliivo i.n-tty i.ictnn'-hnnks arc prizi's. EXERCISE 27. Bulla up sul.jofts l.y a.l.lini; '•'"''•^ '" ''"" >'"" ■ 1 Tl... -anu"kc"i-iK''-. 4. AVat.T-wlu-rl. 7. .lanuary. o .i,,i,n r.n.vvn. ■->• I'irtun-. S- <'ni.l'l^'- :•■ A lisluM-man. ti- A sailn r. '••. Tortoise. ADJECTIVES. IS. An adjective is a word that describes a noun. TlK' Nvnl udjt'ctivc in<-:ins "ad.l.-d to." It is so calU'd lH-c:iusi> lui adjective is es. rrrr// eye, «"'/"' milk, ""Tf straw. ,/,,. Whirl, thiii.iis, e.-.. fix-t l...nk. ///asr children, ///^ .s/ \\\\n'^^. i'.-j:.. tall //rn('/.so//(r -iris, a slroii;/ <><(l;ni statl". •JO. Adjectivt-s are words that describe. A proper useofa.ljeetive. ismost ituportant fur speakin- -oo«ail, S. lii'-'li, :',. wi'ary, 1». tiui. t. 4. i)k'asant, 10. niild, ."). jrontle, 11. "-'I'Tious, (i. faithful, 11'. brave, i;;. i.ri'.'iit, 14. .lull, ]."). keen. It), studious, 17. cui'ious 15. .In .11, I'.t. fumy, I'D. starry, •_'l. careh'ss, •JL'. hrlttle, L':'). u'lassy, 1.'4. shv. EXERCISE 29. SfU'ct and arrantro t()<:etlu'r in f.ur (•..Unnns, wonls that are nv.st akin in na'anin^;, as njinthi, h.initl/nl.fiiir, hun'hniur . stubborn. 1;'>. cheerful, L'. luerrv, ti. ra'_'in'_', in. handsuuu', 14. sulky, :;. LrliK.niv, 7. happy, 11. furious, 1.'.. pioilttinj.ereil, 4. beautiful, S. fierce, V2. vi..lent, Itl. sullen. EXERCISE 30. T)o the sann^ nsin^ as nouns linu^i , tub , /">//, innthi r : — 1. kiiiil, .'). spacLius, i). ^Mviit, i:'.. patient, •1. r lUirli, (i. funny, in. jrraci.ms, 14. inipn.lent. r.. !.;■_'. 7. L'ent'.e, 11. hiUL'hable, 1-'). iiii>ii'ij kltlnm. l',». morry, I'd. lol.l, •Jl. lu'iiutil'iil, •22. mi.-ifraUU', •_':!. favouritf, •J4. (luarri'lsoine. A Hi-ril 1. •> ■A. 4. (i. Still, lively, warm, imisy, littli', wet, 7. stripi'd, s. tiiu', U. jdayfiil, 1(1. i'li«uily, 11. rainy, r.>. fnisty, \'.]. stortny, 14. l>n'tty. IT). ).ft, Iti. clear, IT. romiiiiik'. 15. f.iK'k'V. EXERCISE 32. A.M to tluMvmn^ or, r a-.l hit: two or more a-ljoetiv.s that hest ilescriho theiii : — 1. swift, ". fruitful L». barren, :\. slu>,r>rish, 4. hree/.y, .'). hiirh, ('.. stronjj, ^ 13. hurry in;r, l'». Hteep, S. sparkliW, 14. noisy, 2o. lofty, »t. windinvr, 1">. jrrien, 1(». .leep, 1<'>. useful, 11. ;:rassy, 17. rocky, II.'. navij:ahU', l*^- •liiil'^, EXERCISE 33. L'l. rai>i\i>h1 ; h»t,r„bl. Select a.ljectives that are opposite to those K'iven below, ami \\riv them si'le by side:— 1. Itri^ht, 2. full, 3. small, 4. true, :•>. tame, (■>. roujih, 7. wise, S. merry, (t. clear, 1(1. early, 11. pretty, IL'. wtak, i;]. few, 1". ymnjr, 14. cruel, '-'<». cract'ful, ir>. timi.l, -'1. polite, Ki. ripe, 22. clean, 17. silent, '-':'.. (piarrelsome, 15. .litlicnlt, 24. industrio is. EXERCISE 34. Arike a list of adjectives that you can use in describing <» ', thir>tii JI'l. ' Separate the adjectives from one another by commas. (See i^age 2:5.) :I1 MOW PUr.IUCVTKS AK'i: m II.T t I', HOW PREDICATES ARE BUILT UP. 19 21. We hiiv«' s<'«'ii that words ( ii(lj«'('tiv«'s i may he a(l(lr// ft nimnnn/ horsi'."' \ have now added some w«»i-ds to the simple predicate, " v''-*- trvdaij"' to tell «•////< the lamp was smashed, and '' Inj a niuainii/ liofnc "' to tell lioir the lamp was smashed. 22. Rut remember howe. iuauy M-or«ls nmy be used to build up a predicate, j^.i these wonls taken to- j^ether foiin but one jiort ot'a sentence-tin* second or fcUhifj ]>((rt. Thus in tlie sentence just j^iven the tcliole jiredicatf ov ff'ffiny ixni is '■ n-ns sinaHltM yestn-dai/ hi/ a riinairai/ hontr."' But amonj^ all the words that make uj) the irliole jfralirafr there is always one rf/'ft which is the Anindation. This is the verb and we must learn to know it from all other words. This verb is called the ■sihii'Ic jrcdicdfr. EXERCISE 35. Point out the whnlf )ire'lii'at(» nr telling.' jiart; separate the wliuh' )ire'lirate into siiui>le implicate ami wonls that huild up the siuipli' predieate. I. TIk' chiMron jplay merrily. 2. The hoy ran hastily fn.iu till' room. ;>. The river Hows rapiiUy. 4. .ife =>;.^ =''>;^.^;; ,l,,,K.s haa heen won. only twiee 4 A ^'^^ -\;:^-^^^X .,,i,t,v fV.e,lin, in the n^eadow l.y the nver. .. A ^ -^ ' ^ ^^ .frliilren verv prettilv .Iressea, came to the sea.ule 1 > tlic ;tsl tl'iln fn.uMontreai. .. A weather-beaten sailor w.th one le^ lives in ihe little hriek cottaiie. EXERCISE 37. VAV^d up longer suhjeets and pre.lic-ites with the.-e:- 1 Bees .ather honey. 2. Trees were planted. :i. The l.lm,ls we>v drawn. 4. Tents were put np. a. The n.en earned torehes. - \ v,,M,l WIS made. S. Laddi-rs were (i. I'ri/es were -.nven. ,. A load wa^ ma.u. . y^ ,,,,„,. 10. The lioy was pumshed. U. ' ■ 12. T'..e hooks were sent. i:;. >moke rose. Horses drew loae, 10. A walkin<_'-stick, 11. A railway-station, 11'. ."lierries. ADVERBS. '>;} We luivt' seen tlmt some words (uajectives) i.ro a.Me. usually, 1(1. fast. 1*4. Keineiuber that an adverl) nearly always consists of a .sitif/lr I'-onl. We may nse sevei'al words to do the Avork of an adverl), i.e., to tell hoic or ir/wn or irlirrc. Itut •groups of words so nsed ar(> not adverbs. Tlins I may say. •• ]\rary will retnrn stxDi," ov •• 3Iaiy will returns/ sl.r o'clock." In one sentence I use a siiiu:le word.s'ooH, and in the other sentence \ use thiee words of sir o'clock, to t(dl when ]\[ary will return. The sini::le word .svyoy/ is an adverl*; the three woi'ds ((f si.r ocJork are not adverl»s, 1hun<;li they do the same woik. An adverb is a word that tells how, when or where. EXERCISE 41. ]'.>■ a Idiu',' ■■'!} rt',: .< a:id e f .'.nidations : — 1. Tiie tl'ain st' loi,..,!. _>. I>;..tnres wi've i^ijhited :\ {'■■**}:•. were i:ra/.!ii'_'. -I. Martha rarried the l>a>I.ft. ■",. Flowers urew. r ;| *".! <>•> EASY EXKRCISKS IN KNdl.lSII. N «i. ritrluTS won- carrii-.l. 7. Sliii.>i cross th.- sea. .s. The sack was filled. It. Sol.litTs f(mpI>^ pmlimt.x and (ich-irhx. 1. A tramway. r^. Monkeys, !». Kain. l"'- I'-r^^'^^l '^ \n en-'ine, *;. Chimnevs, l(i. An axe, 14. :Milk, 3. An inkstand, 7. Clothes. II. Skates, L^. Snow 4. A rainhnw, .s. Crutches. IL'. Flax, Iti. A mole. EXERCISE 43. Arrange in four columns 1 1 ) tlie simi.le subjects, (2) the adjec- tives, (l'.) the predicates, (4 1 the adverbs. 1. Much snow often lies there. 2. The blind old woman is ptandin;: vonder now. :i. live -rev pi;:eons were cooinj,' very .sweetly. 4. Old Tom once lived here. 5. Some bold men cau^-'ht the robbers vi'sterdav. H. The happy children tossed the hay cverywlu're." 7. That weary beir^'ar cannot walk farther to-day. S Tlu- old vilhiL'e smithy stands there. It. Several hoys are playing' noisily outside. 10. < Hir London friends are coming here to-morrow. , , ,..„, N.B.— Prodicato 'ncludos verb and object. The following exercises on capitals, punctuation, letter- writing and composition are to be taken, not in the order in which they appear here, but throLtghout the year as occasion arises. WHERE TO PUT CAPITAL LETTERS. 2.">. (ui. For the first ivnnl of cirvn Hcntrnn'. (h). At fh' hif/innliifl of ,'rrr!i liiir of j'ocfri/. .. .1 7 ■ • <■ .. .i:.,,,,.f v.-rp"l' ("' ti>ut*nflo» (V). .Ir riiflXl/l il lllli;/ <'J j5'':\^ I'l'.VCTlATIOX. 23 (d). For all ]>roj>er tiatnc.s, includinrf the dai/.t of the week and montha of the i/ear. (ej. For the jironoKH I atuf inferjeetion 0. PUNCTUATION. 26. The period is used:— (a). At the oiul ofeveiy complete sentence. (b). Aft-i- abbreviations, e.g.,,/. L. Brown, Rev., Dr. 27. The i'.terrogation point (?), "the little crooked thing that.. sks questions," is used after every direct question, e.g., When icilJ you, go? ^.\i.—Ivxuit to kujou ulll ij,,, hoimIs no .iiu'sti(jn mark. 2S. The exclamation point, (I), is used after words or sentences that are really exclamations. They express surprise, pain, deliglit, etc. The sea/ tlir s,v/ the open se-i .' The blue, the fresh, the enr fr,, .' 29. The comma is chietly used to marl- of the portions of a sentence u-hieh are to be read tot/ether, e.g., (a). To mark off the name of a person addi-essed,as, Charles, do your duty. (b). To mark off adiicct quotation, as, '^ Jfere are your yJoves," said Mary to her sister. (c). To mark off similar parts of speech in a series e.g.. The gown was stylish, becoming and expensive. I hare a cloak, hat, scarf and umbrella in the hull. 30. Quotation marks or inverted commas ('■"). i uiay report wliat a person says in two ways: (a) Dirrcthi that is by setting down the very words the person useil ; or (b) Indirectly, that is by giving in my own words •I; 24 KASY r.XERCISES IN r:Noi.i??H. what be said. When the actual words which a person speaks are given, they are placed between quotation marks, e.g.. EXERCISE 44. Put in commas, qiu.tati^m, i.itcrro-atinn, and exclamation marks. Fill Manks. 1 The master inquired what is tlie matter. 2. AVhere .lo ynu live asked tl.e policeman. :!. Why is the mo.,n so small rennirk- ed \lice 4. Oh i)i't, ric, 'dcas, he's. (h). To mark the ^'>i' f/iorrs. EXERCISE 46. Kxpiahi the apostrvipi 1. l'.ahv"s tooth. 2. r.ahies' teeth. cne? ."). Ihrd's nest, ti Thn ,^».... ...flt» ii-» i^pt-»fpv»f>pa ;^— :;. A wolf- 'My. 4. Wolves' l)irds' nests. 7. Woman's hon- isXfW -f >^.^;a^-w m LKTTKUS. 2o net. S. Women's lioiiiu'ts. it. Man's foot. 10. Men's fi'et. 11. Cliild's name. IL'. ( 'liililreii's names, i;'.. Tlie sul.lier's life. 14. The soldiers' lives. l.">. The liv's eves. Ki. Flies' eves. LETTERS. 32. How to begin letters, (a) to rcljitives, "Mi/deav Mother,"' or "Dear I'nele (ienr<)(' ;" (//), to sclioolimitosor frieiid.s of your own ajic/'MYoN^o/*," or '• Dear ElheJ ;"' Tc), to toaeliers or fijiowii-u]) people <:j(Mic)ally, ''Dear Miss Gran;'' oi' '* Dear Mr. Sinitli.'' or ^'Dear Sir."' 33. How to end letters, (a), to rolativos, ^-Your afee- fionate son," or " Your hriiif/ iiieee ;" (/>), to schoolmates or yount; friends, ''Your si neere friend ;'" (e), to teachers and grown-up people, ^^ Yours frnl}/;^ or ^' Yours respect- 34. The heading may occupy two lines thus : 10 Tteforia l\oa'ih;rav(' me. ^^'e named it Topsy. I use I to wash it m my tin liaih, witli a spontre, ■^^i. \t\ I'l LM) KAsv lAKKcisKs i\ j;n(;i,ish. liki' a rt'ul I):ilty. It was a stDii',' an. I jiatitMit doll. It alloweil im- tn sinu't'/.i", toase, lovf, ki.ss, boat and .scold it, just as I was in till' humour. Your lovini; friend, Klsie Wi'.iil. EXERCISE 47. AVrlte shoit Utters about: 1. Your toys and playmates. 4. Wluit you see in summer. 12. Your pi'ts at home. o. What you see in winter. 0. Your last holidays. tJ. A visit to the seaside. Address letters to: 1. Your motiier. I!. Your Dot'tijr. ."). A friend. 2. Your teacher. 4. Your Minister. (i. Your grocer. COMPOSITION EXERCISES. 3«>. A common object may be described in a simple manner l)y telling, 1. Wh((f flw crticlc is. 2. What if is made of. S. Wliat its jtarfu arc. 3. The use of' ciich jxirt, e.g.. A chair is a piece of fnrniture. It is made of vari- ons kinds of wood and sometimes of cane. Its parts are tlie back, the seat and the legs. The back is used to lean against. The seat is to support tlie weight of the person wlio sits upon the chair, and the legs are to hold the seat at its proper height. EXERCISE 48. Describe in tlie s:inu- way f 1 1 n /.""'/'-, (2j a 'drt, (.3j a I'-liip, (4) a 'in : '!!• , ''} i 'I l^it' , ' t'l ' 'I fl "'I jh IK i/. .37. Exercises in composition should be based upon otiiei- p;ni> ui' >eiioo] woik. Tilt* leaders, geographies, historic-^ and science lessons will yield abundant EXCHANGING ^VOKDS AND I'HJiASKS. 27 mato'-ial. For oxamplo, when ^'('()j,Miii)lii(al ideas and names are tauglit, exeieises sijnilar to tlie following on the peninsula will l)e suitable. A jienhtsiila in a hod if of land )H'(nfif xunoioidrd by water. It in much likt- an i.sfaiid ,- hii! an is/am/ i.s enfire- ly surrounded by uafcr. J peninsula is Joined l< the via inland by a mrk of land, eat led an ist/nnus. Tli". 7an/est and most important i>eninsala in the u-orld is South America. EXERCISE 49. Describe in tiie siiiiu- wiiy (I) an ;.■i„ thef..Il.)wiii^' ..utliiic— I. What If Is-. i>. //„„. Ifrrs,mhlrs HOnutkiiHj ihr (t„'l ho,r It .litj;,-~y :i im. use nmninir over his face, lie n-se up in anger ami caught it. lie was ahuiu to kill tile mouse when tiie frightened creature l.e-ire.l iiim t<> spare its life. The mouse said, " I will he sure to repay ymr kindness." The lion lauLriied and k't it iin. Slmrtly after the ii..n was caught in a net l)y some hunters. The little mouse Jieard his amrry roar and came runnimr up. It .luietly gnawed the meshes with its stroim teeth and set him free. ,1. 2S I'Asv i;\i:kmisi's in i;\(;i.isu. Outline for reproduction. .\ lidii was nmst'il tVniii slri']> hy a iiikusc. A\'as aloiiit to kill it. ^\'llat llic iiiimsf saiil. lie sjiaii'il its lift'. Tlic lion cauvrlit in tin' snare. What the iiii>iist' did. EXERCISE 5 1 .—The Dog and the Shadow. rivir — ijiidt iiul'iCiil — (f.v /.(';/ iiijiuii — till r,j'nri — s'trinj' !>i jhirnt — lifts. .\ di>L' was t l^ls^iIl._' ;i liridLrc over a stream. In his nMuth ht> lu'ld a iiirii' (if flesh, lie observed his nwii shadnw in (hr water l)ol()\v. an/i inistMik it f ir annilu'r dou' with a piece double his own in size. He consequently let '_'m his own i>ieic. Then he Sercely attacked t!ie other dtiir ti 'jet the laru'er jiieee from him. In this way he Inst hnth. EXERCISE 52.— The Fox and the Grapes. grajii -'idthi ri m; — rr, jit safthi — i iij.rh/ ihsirnl — jinnjii'l nipi'iu (Hid ii'l'iin — 'lilt nj i',iti-li — ^i,,j,j,,:l lr;iiii !■/' — ''iits,'! — ,!,,:illii riijii,-;'. On a severe winnr day a f.irmer found a snake stiff and frozen. He liad compassion on it. He took it \\]> and ]>]a'/ed it in his bosom. The warmth of the man's ho'ly (|iiiekly revived the snake. But it eould n,,t f .r_'ot its nature, and it hit its benefactor. This inflicted a mortal wound. Witli his dyinu' hr-atli tii • farmer said, ■' I am ri_'htly >erved f ^r trustim.' an euemv." 39. AVritf* .storie.s from the Inllowinij: out lines : EXERCISE 54. A Freiiflimau at a 'ior;uaii hotel. ]»;l n -; know <;erman. ■,^.--'- , ' > KO.Mi: I-SKFIT, KXKKCISKS. 29 Wantf.1 iim.sliPH.iM.s f.r .liniicr. Divw pi.'tiir.! .,n wall Waiter nn,Me.l W.-nt ..(lar„l hn.u^ht unihrclla. What the Fn-nchman saiil. \V liat tht! waiter said. EXERCISE 55. Kin-i;nic,'!,a.l faiicl. Alni-.st i,. .l.'spair a.i-I hiuiu" from his ..,uM„i..s. In Ih.,|. Sausj.i,hr tryi,,..' V, n-M-h ih.. .•..i^n.' l• aih.l oner, twi,-,., t w.-hv tinn's. At last siu'ce.-.|e.l. Kin^' cn- ♦ •niiraycMi. One more cd'ort. Siirci'ss. EXERCISE 56. Man aslc,.].. Tainr yniiii..' tit^'cr with hi.ii. Ti-er lickclhi.s han.l. Wish.-.! to shnw ].,v... I!,„i._.h V>u'jiu- hroii^rht hI.H„l ■Man awnkc. Tricl iM.irawaway hand. Ti-cr -mwl,.,!. -.Vaiitod n.un'hlnnd. No iMn-rrlan..'. Man saw his dan-er. Drew pis- till fmin pillow. Shot tiiriT. EXERCISE 57. Sailor, Ion- tinu a j.ris .ncr. At last rel.-ascd. (f.K-s to Lon- don. Soeslarksin aca-c. Jinys iheni all. Frees them. His reason and remarks. 40. SOME USEFUL EXERCISES. EXERCISE 58.— USE OF NOT. rhanL'etliennaninL'of the fnll.,winu' sentem-es hv inserting leelian-es of w^rds inav he i, -essarv, e.g., the Word II I 't JI, ;:iioii:-< h'lS It.'isiin. Jf, ilii,.i-ni,thi,i,irli;:.l,'s.<»jii, 1. Tie knows liis U'sso,,. s. .l.,lin went home vestenhiy 2. -Mary lias Ju'r ho,,k with lier. <». Have yon a new reader".' " :'.. She has torn lier hook. lo. He said so. 4. They can tind the plaee. o. T am sxointr home. "1. Tile l)ird sinu'- merrilv. 7. I hou<^lit .some tiowers. 11. Were yon told what to do? \'l. \ on liavesnnL' lont.' enoi]._'h. l:i. The kite llewoverthehonse. 14. You tliouu'ht you were ii<'ht. I 30 EASY FA-KRCISKS IN KN(a.ISir. EXERCISE 69- Read over alouil many times. I "lon't know. I »1<> not kiinw. He ilDesn't kimw. He (lueH not know. I am not ready. He is not ready. He isn't reacly. We are not ready. We aren't ready. You aren't ready. I wisn't tiiere. You weren't tiiere. Fie wasn't ther»>. AVe weren't there. Tliey weren't tiiere. Wasn't 1 tiiere'.' AVeren't you tiiere? Wasn't lie tiiere'.' -DRILL EXERCISE. ()l)serve the ecMitrai'tions. We don't know. We do not know. Tliey don't know. Tliey do not know. -Am I Hot ready ? Is lie no* ready '.' Isn't lie icady '.' Are we not n'ady '/ Aicn't wt' reai(iii», A. H. Carter, (ieo. Smith. •2. Montlix, .Ian., Keli., .Alar., Apr., .\\vs., Sept., Oct.. Nov., Dec. :!. y^'f;/.", Sun.. Mon., Tues., Wed., 'Ilmrs., Kri., Sat. 4. Mr., Mrs.. Dr., Uev., Ks(i., St., Ave., No. .-). P.O.. A.M., M., P.M.. o',lo,-k. (i. E., AV., X., S,, doz., aiis., T'ol., ('apt., Hon. 41. A voi'b lias three jiriuriiiaJ jxois. («). The simple form, e.^,. l irrlfr. {h). The I'onn tln.t will ^o with the word i/ester SOMI: iSKiri- KXKKCISKS. EXERCISE 61. 31 (Jive til.' tlirci- i-riiicipal pnrts .-f lli.. f..li,,win« v.tI.s:— T.-|.r, fly, st..al. -Iriv.-, s,M.ak. fall, sl.ak.-. war, fl.ruw tak.' Htaihl.n,I..,-u, lu-ar,.lu,w.-av..,fr,.,./.., In-in, v.a., I..,jl,, ,„,,„„' EXERCISE 62. in tlio l)lanksin tlu; lnlluwiii« scnttMices 1 P'ill ••orrect form of tlio ^'ivon verb;— 1. o •yiiisertiii'' the Lucy lias heraimm. (Unr). The l)ir. II. VI. 13. 14. 15. 1(>. 17. 18, nif. (///). The luutikey has..,. ail the bread {Ktt(tl). I have. ...the cattle out <.f the jranleii. {,lri The book ha.s from the table. ( fall i Tl le parrot lias not f'.r several .1 avs. He has. ...the apj.les from the tree, {xlmk (opeak). The shoes are, >ut. (i He my hat into the riv I (If). er. 3Iy slate wa? (Ih hroir). Yestenlav i Mit of mv desk. Unki ny caji and nmi)rella tl le messen;:er has, . . . ten miles, {ri.l, lere. (.«ta)i>{ IIehad....bef..re I ;. came (,70). He. . . . very well for one who had fore. ('/'y). ^lany bri<;ht threads have 1 I last iiiL'ht that vou had never.... that work ]> ieen....in. (imtr,). gone. The ice has >n the iM.ud. (/><>;,). AVe this study a year ajro. {hnjin). {head conduct. (1. I wiIl....you au example wjiilo you.,..vvait- (''). The child .... awake all nijrht. ,S. The cat was .... asleep *^i •,i'2 i;asy I xi,iaisi:s in i;N«ii,isii. oil tin- rilL', wluii tlu'.ln;: InWIl Ix'sj.!,' luT. !• yoiirlMKiks iisiiU- lit. ! \»ill l.wn Hwliilf. 1 1. Tlic jmu nmst In- )ti Hh- tal.I" In!- I. ...It tluTf. I-.'. '111.' Soil . ... Ills ht'ail. ^VI•it»• till' priiicipal pacts of >./, i/r, //«, /(///. EXERCISE 64. nil till' blanks with (a) A '(/•// nr ^ <(./(, (h) r/.v. or »•((.■.>.•/ ; — ("). !. Willi. .. .Villi to (1(1 iliat '.' :.'. 'I'lic Itoy liaN....ti> Hwirn. ;i. His t'lii'iid .... Iiiiii last MiiiiiuiT. 4. Kate is how to .sevk'. r>. Shi- is lii'iiiu'....l)% her t'ldi-r sistiT. (1. She wants to. ...to ^\i\iS that she i;iay . . . .others. ('0. 7. Tlu' ^'ar(l^'n^'r has. ... many vi'^ct'talilfs this yt'iir. S. The sii.i. . ..carlii-r I'Vcry inorniiii; imw. \K I'c . ..the hox carefully. 1(1. She was loo hadly hurt t 11. They all when slio enteri'dthe "ooin. lli. They luiil already to pi wliou itstruck nine. AVrite the iirliieipal parts of /, in-;,, latrh, ri^i , rnls, . V \^>\i EXERCISE 65. il! the hlaiiks with iiiuif or ra//, tnli/lit or cnull: — May and might denote permission. Can and could denote ability. She asked ifslu'...,he excused from school. . . . . I '_'' 1 and see Kreil now ? If iiothiiiu' hapjtene 1, hi" tlioU'_'ht hi'. . ..come. \ou reacli that hook on the toji shelf? ....I seetheliook which you are readini:'.' .!■ 'Iiii said, '■ ^lotlier, . . . .1 ;ro to ;,chool to-niormw ?" His mother reiilii'd. "You.... if v.,u are able; but unless are much lietter, I do not think vou...." ^ass^^s^.^mj^ iffiii: mM^m"m. HI JUIX T AMI 1'U1:D1CATJ.. ,'iJ EASY (IXKIinSKS 1\ K\(;usir. Part II.—Simi'lk Skxtenxes. Thk Parts OF Sl'KKCH. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 1. A sentence is the expression of a thought in- words. Kveiy svutvw, vvvn (he slmrtrst, must l.av.. fa-o par/s, a subject and a predicate, as ,/n/,n sHp^c,/. 1.'. The subject uu>nr, s.,n,rll,in;, :uu\ jm.sf I,,- (,n a (fO. A noun is the name of a thing. ^^.uns aiay nam,, laany t hin-s, ,..- , y,,.;..vo«.s. as Mary Alfml th,. (;,,,,t, muthrr. Im.v ; ^7.,,r.s, as Franc"/ K...nc, ,-,ty, -ai.h-n ; .,/,/.h//.s, as ., a. ship, Lan.n, In.uso ; <, colUrtion of thnujs. lintujor nut, as Ih.ck, „i(.h, Imncli. li asj^rit'i; iVai.joy, i)ain ; iiualit «'<'t ; f'('rJi)if/s, kind ness ( rucltv : iiiiisliin('iit. To find out tlic subject (•;' a sciitc nee ask yourself, wlio is the ixTsoii, or what is the Ihiu^, ahoiit wliich somctliiii^- is said ? The uouu or other Avord .standing for that ix'i'soii oi- tliiiij,^ is the subject. 8. The predicate tells something about the subject. The ]>i-rtlir(if(; nuist he, or must have iu it, a verb. Whatever else may l>e omitted from a sentence, the verb or tc/fin;/ irord must be there. KINDS OF VERBS. 4. Intransitive and Transitive Verbs. Com pa 10 the verbs in these two sentences : — T/if, d()(j harhcd. T/w dofi cauf/hf a rat. "NVe see that in the lirst the verb hi(rked is not fol- lowed by any noun, l)ut that in the second the verb crt »///// is followe.i b.- a noun r((f. We also see that the veil) caiif/lif really needs some noun to follow it, if the sense is to be complete. The do;/ caut/lif would seem to usunlinishedand wouhlsuggest the question,'' What did he catch T' On the other hand, the verb harked is complete in sens" and do<'s not need the addition of a noun. Ill fact if we were to add a noun to the sen- tence, ^'T/ic d()(j barked," we should make nonsense. Examining the noun that follows c((i(f/hf, we tind that it nam' s the receirer of the action expressed by the verb. Such a noun is called the object. A verb that makes complete sense without an obj . is intransitive. '!■ KISDH or VEKBS. A verb that requires an object after it in order complete sense is trar to make Ev cry tiausitiv • \ (•;ed )»r ^' Stand 11 >ig l<»r that pers( "'veib. Thenoni 1 or other word Titer], Hit hroheh >'» or thin,i; is the object. ^^■ The iroiiiati enf the pie plaything. Tlie Avords '• i)Iaytl, receiver of tlie action i";,'"and "pie "which name the expiessed by the verb are o/yW/.s. Toll whicli vcHt W):v, Fill EXERCISE 1. 1-0 traiiM-tive an.l M-hicli intr; <<'m).l,.te].iv,licat ">.s>iital.U.ohj(vt.s after tluU <'S. imsitivo, and •aiisitivc! vorbs to make I. The li nil J IK' loavrs Init. tor 1 • ■"Vcrcd S. Til oaves foil, 4. •••""•'■'•• •-'. ThoIr,ukino.l. 3 Thel '•<-l- r,. Watortrioklo,]. fi. Wator fillo.l. , , ^'K'rlsoroamo,!. 0. ThoR-rl bon-i.t. 10 AV Tl ,'f'">"". 11. Wiuforhasl 13. The W l)rok ^'. 14. The h.,v niiiht. 12. AVintor h t'i)t. lO in- ns isone. I>otI 1. Tl \0 e o(.(k crew. G. The water 3(5 K.VSV lAKRCISKS IN' KXOLISH. lit boils. 7. Tlic irriHTf has solil. S. TIio ^'mccr has failt'il. 9. A (■ul)lilcr niakt's. Id. A mlihlcr inciids. 11. A watcli kocps. 12. A watch ticks, i:*.. The Iiors*^ sliicil. 14. Tlu' liorsi' tiircw. EXERCISE 3. I'iil each lilank with several siiitaliU- iirunouiis as siinjoct.saud olijocts : — / — /(// ; ('•. —».-'; Ill— hi III; sin — }iiv; tin il — tliilii. 1 fnuihl. ... ill till' wiidds. L' asked. . ..to saw. • ..ainl . (I. Copulative verbs and complements. Some V('il>s. Uv.\i arc vc, y iiiipoitaut in inakiiij; s(mi- toiict's^ liavc so littU' meaning tliat we mi,ulit easily lail 1(. rcco^uisf tht'iii as \eilts at all. These are the veil) to !><■ ill its (lilt'ereiit I'oniis, (ini. Is, arc, inis^ ircrc^ etc, aii;l some other verbs as hcconic, fn nn, OjijU'dr. liisueli seiiteiiees as '• Jack y.v a sailor, ■■ or "The apjjles scon lijx'.*" the lueaiiiiiy of the i)re(lieate is really eoiitaiiied ill the words that follow the verlis /,s' and seem. Yet if we omit these verh.s we no longer have seutenees. Jack f^ .sailor^ Ai'i'lcfi ^ rijic. 7. Verhs of this kind are intransitive, but. like trau- sitive verbs, they reciuire some woi'd or wor;etlier the subject aniiil'U'to tlu! i>rt'(liciitt' •wlic'thur it IS ii iioim or iiilji'<'tivi':— •y iiiMiii;,' u coini.lciiiciit uiid say 1. T1k« St. J.awrciicc \> T caiiH". 4. .Jul !<• iiiicc wcnv T 111 .SCflll.- Pirat T IL' ttlKl l)(>- t'S arc. s. H lli>\vtis arc. (;. IMiiilniPrli j,. iirscs arc hrookrt iiiav li !». T ic water apjicai 'inc. II. His j.laii jimvcd. li'. Tl 10. Th ic wiilv ' lives wen; 1.5. Ihcciuiirufal.arcis. 14. S.mc kiii.Is ..flisli are I", Tin ••a^rie .s. 1.;. All trcvs are. 17. She looks. Is. Tl,c Marsc-illais. .s in. Ottawa is. 1'... A Colonel is. -'I. His speech -.as. L-' J ho boy proved. EXERCISE 5. A,id (•oj.ulative verl.s aii.l .•on.i.lciucnts to these suhjects :_ 1. A river. :,. The lilies. !•. A hox. 1.3. The old num. -.A Kate. .;. I'.nttcrcnps. 1(.. A .sack. 14. Flower-pots. 4. A lake. S. The j.icnic. ll'. A f ield. 10. A mil way station. 8. Tims ill evi'iy soiiteiicc wo must Imvc:— i. Tlu' words we use :iit' our sjirctli. Our vonls iiKiy I)o iiiiaujicd iu vk':]\t classrs. called Partsof Speech. T/i( J.- 1 ltd of tn irk irhicli a innd ihxs irht n irr iisr il in a fii xtiiicc, dchMiuincs llic part o!" si>rrcli (.. wliicli it I.c- loiiiis. Ifa word is used to inniw :\ tiiiiiu it \<.\\ iiuini ; if it is used to /r// soiuctliiiiu it is a r< rh. Nouns and Verbs ait' two of (lie (M^lit I'aits of SixTch. Wesliall now- speak of ("our others. Pronouns, Adjectives, Adverbs and Conjunctions. PRONOUNS. 1(t. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. Personal pronouns. i" . When a lu-rson speaks about himself, lie doos not nieiition liis name. l)ut uses some loim <»f the \mo- noun •• I.'" This is the pronoun of the First peisou. I iht.' speaker i //oy/r /o }rin a j'fi:r. • h -. W lien we speak to a person, we do not mentiou liis name, hut we use some form of the pronoun '-you."' This is the pronoun of the Second person. F.n rulxxhi ^.niisi's you (^the ])ersou spoken to). ' ' . A^ hen some person or thing is spoken of, we do 11"! lejieat the innin. which names that person or thing, if the p.'isoa (.r thing has been named already, but we Use instead some i>ronoun of the Third ])erson. Frii'if IS fiixxl, iiitil it a;ines irif/i vie. I'i<'noun> most used are J — ur ; i/on ; li< , sin , if — f/tci/ ii>...v,-/,. . •.^ ,• ,iiid III' - /(A ; 1/1)11 ; /iniijirr. if — fin m iisofijrcf.s. Thi.sjhiif, flu SI , /Ao.sf are also comiiioii,-'(iive me that.'' APJKCTIVKS .'{9 EXERCISE 7. Fi:! in tho Manks. :in,l aii^w,.,- Hu- .nu'stimis, umu- a vari<.tv (■f MiilaMi' inMnoiin.s;— 1. >Iaryan,l....viMt..,l,lu.,.ark. 2 an.I.. att.Mi.l,..! fl.e f"'"'^"- -Thatis Isit. ...■.' AM.i.h i>....? 4. X.-itlur ....ii-r....isrii:!,t. :>. Tlu.,|,.,-t.,r caiiM- to >,■,•.... an.i (j A tlM.uu'iitMrurk....an,l....-,M-..u.alrit,T. 7. Wi„, ,,,.,. n.."l' ll.e ^*!!>,i.,v^ V 1, ^a>.... ,s. AV1„, is ,h..n-7 It i-.... «, J, ,„,^t irank-.' M. It is. . . .•^-!,,, am >i,..akiii-. 11. Wa. it. . ./.' i-j_ u It....'? i:l It Mas ritluT....,.r 14. If. . . . wen-. . .. v\.nl.l i: .. 1"\ Wii., is wriiiiii:'.' ADJECTIVES. U. Sometinios wn,,ls :uv add.--] f. the s^ihj^rf. ohj^rf Of //(>,/// r,.wy./r//;,;,/ to ojvt' tli.-iu a eh-,,,.,"- ,.r I'un.-r lufaiiiiii:. Tlu'M- A\(,r,U >]io\v : .1. Tlu- number ..r tlu' quantity ,.f th.' tliin-s. ciih.^r (•X;a-1 1 y Of ill a -.-luTal way : as. flrt ojy n./nf, , n sinnr. '2. Which Tliiii-s : n-^.thafhoat, 1h>s,',-l,;h1n,i. ih' i>n1h h(Uiy>. Hi, sOhU' .sinril. mil mt'-i, . },, ,■ <,,rn ch,fli,s. ;;. What sort of tilings: ■,,>. a 1„ll ;,;rl^ bluul r}n/,:nn. ih( HI UK iilil iiHiK, litis f^iiKiiii mil: .si it I:. Words attached to nouns to add something to their meaning are called adjectives. Tin- Vdj'd aui] tin- "vvdid •• tl riii.s of f/ii/f. a is a shiif! i'unii of iht- ail !«• js a sijoi-i i'<'C\ 1\«- O/if ; M' adjfcthtj r ■:!:! out tin' aljf EXERCISE 8. '•t:v.'s an.; i>-:: w!iu; carh sli-ws a'.'.ia ir. I. ^V,.,•a,:n..I ■lav.--..,.! h.-ailh vvitS.^m fr,..i, air aini a -lii- 40 r.Asv i:xi:Ktisi:s in i;N(ii.isii. h ! mon provcH), li;is iiiiu' lives. ,".. All llio iH'nplf s;i\v fli;it monkey on the liraiii-h (if:i liiL'h tree. A. ( >iir eow ;:ives several ]>iiits of pHiil milk I'very .lay. 5. Tlie third l.oy in the elasn has l.eeii ahseiit all the week. (i. A larire mimher of ripe ajiples fell from till! same hraneh, while that violent wind was Mowini.'. 7. Spare a iioor innoeent trumpt'ter. I have killed no man. 1 havedone liolhinj^ Imt hlow thi;i Iiarmless (rumpet. 12. A writrr (or speaker) ofcoi rect and expressive Eiij;lisli is never lied (l(»\vii lo one word only, with ■wliieh to express his i(h'as. He is earelul not only to use the rijilii w.>rd in the riiiht way. but to havea store of similar and snitahle nouns, verhs, adjectives and j'.dvi'rhs. The (hiily reading lessons atlord lielpful practice in the exact use of words, and in theexdiange of eiiuivak'nt words and i)lirases. EXERCISE 9. Put those adjectives and nouns totrether, eaeli to eaeh, which most appropi lately pj toirether: as <> .■^j^lrittd lidrnt. ('M. Modest, lovely, flauntin,^', meek. ].atient, faithful, saucy, spirited, ^'entle, sly, wa]i> r,.iul>in;iii.,n.s ,,f tlir full,, win;::— 1. .^till. .ahu. j.lari,!, tniu.i„il; Jak... .s,,.,,,., mMvv< .vi " f^'un.^,.,,,. ,Varl..>- lann^. valo,-,.,,.; ,!.....,, ,,..„i,„,_ ,:^i,,;;^^,; o. I nn.tu .(,.,„]... ,,n„l„,,iv., luxuriant; tn., v......;ati„n. ..„il an,., -i. l--rut.a,.n.v,.s>ar>.,v,,nisit,.: t..,.]s,nnnil,..r ,,art .-,' •auiuus, n.n„vvn..,I, .liMin.MH.lu.l, .rk-I-raU.,! ; j,r.a,ln.r, ju,^^.■ EXERCISE 12. ("nniliinr \vi;h MiitaLU- n-un-:— 1. (■.■>,h. ,],,., .-..„>.,„,,,, ,,xiH.n>,v,-,l,i.h-,,ri,...,l. :;. Happy, ,h.li;:htful 1'l'tlH.>.,,u,.,.,u)„.ar.t. :;. s;v.,.n.f,y.anful...unnin._'. 4 lu-ulau- ,, ,, ■ "".'"'•''"'""••'• •^■'t''.>'-'-inv.tnistwnrt]iv. Mire. t^:::y;r;::x;:' ■-^> ■'--■■' :.Ti„,i,,..,i,.,.,;.,„.a, EXERCISE 13. Think of several a.ljr,-tiv...s .Mu.ilar in incanin- t.,-- h Tinn.l. ,. W,.an>.,„K.. H. Sl„vw,l. 4. Surly. ,. Pl-a^ant. b. l-ly. ,.\i.-t,,n,,u,.. .K. I'.arr,.,,. '..Skilful. In. Awk^vard. J 4. It will Ik. foun.l excel K-ut practice, after ,1cM-ri]»- in^^aiMnei.lent.totakeauutI.erre4„irr.wn;-,isexact- Jy npi'<'>ne 111 ,v //.sv <,r iiiea-iih- to (iesciil)e it. e.- Yousa\va]MM,rlM,yiutliestreet.il|-,-Ia,laiHll,mi-rv A little on 1 M-ent i,]> lu l,i,u an-l offere.! him an apple ^\ hat rfars mmu1<1 .lescrihe snvh an action ? Y,,u mi;.;iit say. •• It was a kind, worthy, unselfish, generous action •' A In-,., ).,,. j,„.( ,j,,. ^.^^^^^^ .jj ^_j^^^^ j^^^j^ toreiblv snatcluMl his npple ainl ran away. What adjeetive; wouhl y„u iH.w use l.> de>,-rihe t his eonduet'^ Y.,u iiiiji'iir >.i ■, , Til is con.luct was mg. mean, cruel, base, selfish, bully- 42 KAsv kxi:rc'isi:s in i:.\(;Lisir. m Do not 1)(' content to say of tho first action tliat it was goothn- Liiiif : and ot'thcsccond, that it was badov unkiinL EXERCISE 14. U.-50 in st'iiti'iici's worils that best doscrilie: — 1. A liny \vli(» ill-trfiits (Ininl) aninials. 2. A i.'irl who is j^iddy. 3. A liny will) savi's anotiicr's life. 4. Cliildron wlm tell lies. 5. A perseveriiii,' sihnlar. (1. I'litiily scliolars. 7. Those who hke to have fiu'ir iiwii way. S. "W'eatlier yoii dislike. !'. iJook.s that helji. 111. The work of doctors. EXERCISE 15. Use sentences to deserilie jiewple ur thin'jrs quite opposite. EXERCISE 16. Use u u'l'oup of adjeetive.s to deserihe: — 1. Tlie sunset. L'. A jioodle. 3. Tlie st^ry. 4. Tho sermon. 5. Irc-rreaiu. (i. A new u'own. 7. A seene nr view. S. Tlie fiaee, the manner, tho dispositinn . Attrlbufiv-o adjuncts nvo usually adject ivos, but they may l)e ironf.H that i,ositi(>n to another noun, as Jack the sailor; I>eter, the lamplighter; yu-. Jones, the banker! Tliese nouns, I.,. in-added to other nouns to make their iueanin-in(.rt hope had vanished, (i. The -nl,Ieii-iu,l is a wavsi.le ll,,wer. 7 The Fn-r. lishsparrnwisalittle.h.lm iiull. s. .Mv fathei'-s Imuse will ho ynurJ)n.ther-sh.,me. <). Iron is a stmi,... .....tal. In. Imu tuuis pn.vo stn.n-est. II. Tahu M-eather makes a .•aim. V2. 0„r fiien.ls, the Ii.,|iaus. left -. ];!. Our .lauirhter 3Iarv-s hair i.s brown. 14. Wi; .In.veotftho .■nen.y, hurseiueii and fn,,tiiieii. ADVERBS. 3 7. Words are added to the predicate to sliow : {(I). The time, tliat is when sK The place, that is where, as JFe is hnned there; the. chihhrn. //vy;/ homeward ; ( In- rahbifs arc yonder. (r). The manner, that is how, as Snakes ///o/r silently ; fiiri/ bc'liaeeii ill j the a.ss iras treated cruelly. A word added to the verb to modify its meaning is called an adverb. ^- 44 EASV Kxi:K'in<; Avitli tho verb or pn-dicatt'. ami are called adverbial adjuncts of the predicate. Tlu-ir name adirrh or io-mh indicates this. EXERCISE 19. BiiiM si'iiti'iici's fiiutaiuiiig vcilis ami ailvorlis as lidnw : — 1. (U'paitfil su.lilciily. L'. arrivi'd uiu'xiieftt'|ierly constnicti'il. 5. heeumin'.'ly .Ircssed. •!. suitably ftirnisheil. 7. acte AtJrerhH of (fcf/irc hvlyt tit uv.iln^ it more iompldo ad- jocfivc (.!• atlvrih, and must go wherever the adjective or adverb j^oes. EXERCISE 22. Point out tho a,lv(.rl)H. t.-ll wiuit kiii,l each is au.l wliat jKUt .,f si»ee('h it iii(«Iiiic.s : — I. Sliesiii-MlK.autifully. L'. Yn,i an- ualkin- t... far. :!. I frel l.ett.-ralr»"a.ly. 4. Ho sj-nko iimst kii„llv. .-,. Wo an- -niiii,' tu- lunrn.w. (i. Vouare walki.,i,Mo,,fast. 7. TIh-v went licmc vos- tonlay. s. ]I,. arrival i.nich t-ailicr than I. !». She is aiiiinst iK-iiHili'ss. ]o. .\ ,Innkcy-s l.ray is v,.ry harsh. 11. I i,iit it tiu-ro satuly. l:.'. A f(M.li>lily siisi.i.ldiis wumaii is never liajipy. EXERCISE 23. Point out attributive a.ljuncts and a.iverhiai adjuncts, au.l tell to what word eaeii helon^'s:— 1. Souie hold men eau','ht tiie impudent l.ur-hirs vesterday. 1>. Miieii HUow often lies thero Ion- ;!. The hlind old won.ans" .sua IS .standin- yondor now. 4. The hapj^y ehildreu tosse.l thenew- niado luiy overywhore. 5. That weary < hild cannot walk farther to-.Iay. (1. TJH! old vilhiLTO .snuthy stands there. 7. Sevi-ral hoy.s are playini.' noisily outside, s. The ])oor oft.-n sutfer u:vat hard- slup.s. <). Our Toronto friends are c.niiii- ln-re to-ui. rn.w. CONJUNCTIONS. 10. Tlie most important eonjmu-tiou is and (Iwth- and). The coujuiietiou and may join two or niore ironli, e.j;-. ('(). Subjects: The c' and tho ylu.j, were feediuir together. (/'). Objects: The fall killed both tlie man and the hoiC. (r.) Complements: Robert Pru.o was a /:i}nj and a h>ro. {ased on Tennyson's >• iJrook," Notice the lar;;e ninnher of littin^'iind «'\i»ressi\(' verbs, adjectives and nouns. The hnildini; np of similai' woid lists will greatly stren-lhen the pow^-r of forcilde speech. Verbs. —The ln-oi,l: naiuol in the pMcrii >iiiirklfs, l.ickcrs. hur- ries, fjnws, rhaltcrs, l.al.l.lfs, l.iihl.lcs, trcts, wiinls, ravels, steals, slips, siiilcs, ;:liMiius, ;.'lain'fs, iiiiinniirs, liii::eis, loiicis, ciirvi's. Adjectives a I 111 nouns (<'xi>r('ssivcc(Piiil.iiiatiniis.)—Sii.!.h'ii sally, briiiiiiiinjr river, >tniiy ways, e(!.lyiiij.' hays, fairy foreland, lusty triiut, foamy tlake, silvery vsaterhreak, t-'oMeii jrravel, urassv plots, hazel covers, sweet for;,'et-nie-jiots, iiappy lovers, ^skiIlllllill^' HWiillows, netted .sinilK-aiu, sandy .sliall.;ws,hrauibly wildernesses, BJiinjrlv )»ars. EXERCISE 24. Take selections from tlic reailinj,' IxMiks and huild up similar liHtsof cxpres.sivc vcrlis, adjectives and adverbs. ANALYSIS OF A SENTENCE. 21. To analyse a sentence is to take the sentence to l)ieces in such a way as will show the uses of theditfer- ent classes of words or Tarts of Speech, that have been enii)loyeosite of Composition or buUOiny-tq,. A convenient l"oiin f(.r Atialysis may be obtained by inling a large sheet of paper into six columns and in- serting the following headings:— (1) Simph' subject; (2) Attributive adjuncts of subject; (.'{)Simi)le pr<'di- cate; (4) Object or complement ; (5) Attributive ad- juncts of object or complement : («)) Adverbial ailjum-ts of predicate. A sheet Jiiled in this way will last some time. •1 E- ^ li ka .pi. I(ti;M «•!■ ANAI.V.si SIS. ss. - s 47 *- ^ - < — ■ -3 ' ~ !; -^ Z ? Jf = c = c u •; ■- ; t. i •yi CO -; CO I :: o ! y. k. a O A' *. E ^^ ■rr> 0< •A c ■5 ■= 1- is ^ : i E- CO £ B •5 o ^ < V 1i T. P< a ■- ES- ! O »^ Mm : u ^ VT ■ «-i ■"■ ^ ~ = i V = — f . ■-■ U' T" ■— "T - r. r. 10 V ^ — f ■" _£ (M ■/■' "* "3" ^1^ ^ '— *- c t, — . ^ 1, •- — C M "^ c ^ ='P /- ^ ■•-• CO ^ ^ . z: ^ r: = :;■ r ■ ^ 0$ r. 7i J i - - — ^ X > >'. - r :^' i '1 ''^ •• ^ > > -"" i- X v= "T is ^^ ~ '~- . — .^ ■: 1 -f >, "t = ..- = ~ ~ _: -1* ^ ^ c ~ . >. ■£• ;« z 1^ *■' "— '"* ^ r* ^ *sZ ^ ^" - ~c 1^ 1^ Ml^ ^i;s ^ X - = :;• ht' ~ *** > zi ? - ±' t V Tt *■' X U *=■ Ki' 48 EAPY EXERCISES I\ ENGLISH. THE FORMS OF A SENTENCE. 22. All the sentences that we have studied so far liave been statements made in a straightfoiward way. AW have aHserted or ^^^r/w/yf? that something is or is not. T/tiH }>t the Declarative A»-m of the sentence. In such sentences the miial order of the words is (1) the subject witli its adjuncts ; (2) the predicate with its adjuncts. But words may be arranged in a differ- ent onler in a declarative sentence without changing its meaning. Thus "An old man sat at thecottagedoor,-' might be set down ''At the cottnge door an old man sat. •' or "At the cott "u;e door sat an old num."' Com- mon changi'S in the order are : — (1). Piedicate first, as,"/)o«-M went/Z/f J!oi/(d (ieorf/e.-' (2). Object first, as, "Money T cannot f/irr/'> (o). Complement first, as "A frozen corpse ?ms he." EXERCISE 26. (1). Cliaii^re to n.siuil order, (l*;. Aiuilyso. 1. Down fumc the storm. ?. In .sti'iipcd tlu' funny r)l(l man. 3. The ro^ne they never cauirlit. 4. Silently and .swiftly fell the fatal ])l()w. .■). Willi i.s thy lay and loud. C. :Meye cannot harm. T. Tliussi)eaks your kin;;. S. There stands the castli-, old and jrrey. 0. His voiee no lon<,'er could the fatlur lu-ar. 10. There duelt a miller, hale and hold. 11. Tliere will he no nieetin<,' to- ni'dit. 23. Some sentences are put in the form of a request or (trder. Sentences with all three kinds of predicates may take this form. {((). Intran.sitive : Rise; sit there ; work di/ir/entli/. (I>). Transitive: Bring the ln>ok.s : fetch the new states. {<■). Copula with compUiiMMit : Be -nrnz/.s obliging. This !s the Imperative /o/'>« of the sentence. y^ ■ i-> •<3: :^^^'^^J^ TUE rOEMS OF A SEXTE>'CE. 49 Here the predicate, or part of the predicate, comes first ; and the subject — the pronoun ihov, or yon — is left out, since it stands for the jierson or persons to whom we are actually speaking, and, whom, therefore, we do not need to name. '■'■Carrij (you) the child Aoj/jc." When anahfxhiij the sentence suppli/ the .subject. EXERCISE 27. Aiuily.so : — 1. Drink this water (juickly. 2. Htir tlio fire gently. 3. "Work harder. 4. Walk fa.sti'r. "). Creep alonj^ (juletly. ti. Look well everywhere. 7. Read that verse aj^ain. S. Learn cjlteilience. 1». Man the l)oats. 10. Save the man. 11. Come hack .soon. 12. Be always gentle. 1P>. Become a good scholar. 14. Help th'3 unfor- tunate. 'J4. Some sentences are put in the form of a question. This is the interrogative /or >u of the sentence. Here also some change is nuule in the usual or«lcr of words. The verb or some part of the verb often comes iiist. Thus the «leclarative .sentence " There five noble maidens sat " maybe put in theft)rm of a question thus : Sat //re noble maidens there? -day. 2. They will come t<«-morrow. ". Is the Amazon a large river? 4. Did that merchant keep many Imrses anil vans? '>. Has the hig i)arcel nnt ])een sent away ? (>. Those Ixioks were l)rought liere. 7. 1 honght them last week. S. You cannot see the castle. '.». Can you help me ? lo. He has Iteen very sick. 11. I must return at once. 12. Has she read her muther's letter? ^^-V. 'T' 60 m i ■ N y t ■: Mi h EAi- m all T4^-^.- W^l^^iji^,. m Ih 11 1 ; r,.> EAtSV KXKKCISKS I.\ KXOLISir ject of a transitivo verb, (r) as complement of a <-opula. tive verb, (<7) asau attributive adjunct of another noun. EXERCISE 34. State tlio use of eiirli iioua or personal proiiDun :— 1. Honoty is tlie best policy. 2. Fools .lesi-ise wis,lom and mstnution. 8. I wish to know yoi.r name. 4. Katsa.vfour-io..to.I amniala and they and I. 13. Have you seen Kover, my dog, anywhere'? 14. This man, William .loues, ijj he. 20. Tlie verb has only one use, namely to tcU sonie- fliiiio; about the subject. Verbs may say this somethi.ij,' 111 four dirt'erent forms, and it depends on tlie verb whether the form of tlie sentence is declarative, interro- (jutive, imperative or ejrhniiatori/. .'{0. An adjective has two chief uses, (a) as the attrib- utive adjunct of a noun, (i) as the complement of a copulative verl). EXERCISE 35. State the use of each adjective :— 1. Am..ngoiirf,mr-footed friends the cow holds a very high plari- 2. The cow has a heavy ljo.ly and short legs, while a horse has a liglit body and long legs. 3. Her ne<-k is short and l.er tail i> long, with a bunch of long coarse hair at the end of it 4. H..rhoofisnotr..undliketiiatofthe horse, but is split into two j.arts so as to make a cloven hoof 5. The cow has six front tcctli m her lower jaw, but iKme in the upper one. (i. Intheba.k part of her niotilli mIk; has six broad tiat teeth on each side of the lower jaw. 7. Cows arc* uifrerent in colour. Some are red, some are black, some are white, and some arc spotted or striped. S. A g^t^ ^^'MMmMsm^m^:^ '*:LSm' ^"iaJk/^ SUMMARY AND UHVIKW. 53 1 f cow eats various kin.Is of foo,'ra.s3 hest. This makes lier fat aiitl keeps lur healtliy. 31 . An adverb may be used as an adjunct to a verb, adjctiii-e or other adverb. EXERCISE 36. Pick out tho adverbs ami static towluit part of speech each is an adjunct: — 1. T'> ere was once a prince who sometimes visited tlie chief prison to SCO whetlier the prisoners were properly treated. 2. Spriui; camo upon us suddenly. 3. ]\Irs. Taylor waa cxtrcmelv uneasy. 4. She somewhat reluctaiitly accepted this service. 5. Do not speak so indistinctly, (1. Swiftly, swiftly Hew the shii). 7. It was a bitterly cold winter's nij,'ht. 3. How fast the time tlies! 9. I never saw him run so quickly. 02. The same word may do more tlian one sort of Avork in a sentence. The same word, theretbre,without any cluinge in spellinj;, may be one part of speech in one phice, and anotlier in another. EXERCISE 37. Say whether the words in italics are verbs or nouns, and give a reason : — I. These 7)?a))/.« have grown tall. 2. The gardener plants pota- toes. 3. Use goo.l .flit when you xalt meat. 4. Eu( h jjcrson shimld carry a vntrlt, for we must mitrh the time closely. 5. If any deserve /r<((.>t,' liiiu; Imt if he deserve ll tn-.!i-l,t, I!. Wc«h;ill require a ;/r;rj,.,no gtiinl these boxes. 12. }T'ilk the cow and sec? how much //(///.• .shi! ••an <:ive. 13. AVhen trees nlmth' the sun, they throw a shade on the ground. 14. Take a two-cent xtdinii to stKiii]) this hitter. r '..'j. . v-.-- :-:: -i'V. "'.-•■^e.: -'TOCij;. 64 H EAsv i;\'i;i{(Msrs IV KNci.jsir. EXERCISE 38. Say wlu'tlior tlu> vvor.ls ill italics arc a'ijcftivfs m- vctUs, and >.'ivi' a nMs.iii : — 1. A ln-avc man Mil! Innnh/, tiic j.roiiil ainl raise tiit-in lliat arc h'uii'ijr. 1'. The Sim i.s imw »•.()•(/( ciioii'^'li t > iritmi the i^'nniinl. ,">. It is )'•;•())),; til cni;/'/ aiiymic. 4. S,,iir thmiu'lits >■-;(//• the iiiiml. 5. Wit your fare witii a n'd towel. (1. An /-/A man will always //7/ the .lamp clothes in this hl,- by birtli. (i. Mountain air, if the nioiaitain is iiiudi, is verv cold. EXERCISE 40. Say whether the words in italics arc a^ Ijectives or adverbs, and give the reason: — 1. The ^(V^A boy can read lint /*7/A'. 2. If yon irivc him A'.w praise he will iinjirove /'>'.«. o. He speaks too loicl fir he has a loud Voice 4. Take an err/// train .so as to arrive nirb/. 5. Ho hit the horse /('(T'/ with a Aur'/ stick, ti. He has slept moiKjli and lias had Oioi/^/i rest. 7. He went o**/// once to see his on/i/ son. 8. I am )'■'■'/'• awake and see a >'■;,!,■ view licfore me. !>. This re- jKirt is irors,\ for he has behaved *'',r.«c than ever. Id. Yon mnst Jirsi work harder if you wish to L'et thi-jiM jilace. 11. (io Hvo'njht aX'tiv' tliis ."troi.iJit mad. EXERCISE 41. Make sentences nsim; each of the words below as two different parta of speech, aiii mark the two uses: — ^;^ ■;|3 1. Nail. :'. Kast. 4. I.oa.is. CAPITA 1. LLTTKKS. 5. l-'.uii. 0. Stone, (i. Sail. 10. Lmw. 7. Warm. 11. Uopc'. S. Hurt. 12. Flutk. 55 1.1. Sliade. 14. Wator. 1."). Still. K;. Wi'i'kly. CAPITAL LETTERS. 33. Capital letters arc ii.scd (1) for tlie fir.st word of eveiy soiiteiu'o, (2) for all proper names, (.')) for the letters ♦• I "' and "O " when staudinj; alone, (4) at the beginuiug of every liue of poetry. iS;^r Tj^m^^^^mm. 'Wt'^ 56 I1.\SY KXEi{CIs?i:s l\ i:.NGI.ls are used to enelose ndireef quotation and eaeh j>art of a broken quotation. ( See i V.e. ) VI. The apostrophe is used, , a ) to mark the omi^inion or a letter or letters, (i) to mark the;>o.v.«'.s«/rr ra>ie. EXERCISE 42. Fill in the blanks ami i>unftiiati' :— 1. Tho M„utrfal .laily papers an-. . .. 2. T l:ave r.a.l an.llike thfsol.n.,ks.... ;!. My favuurit.' potMiis a>v.... 4. Events in histnry, w,,rtl, rememl.ering, are. ... 5. Tlu- i>nii,lavs we keep m ( ana.ia are.... (i. 8ome iK)ems in tlie class r.a.ler are /. Ihe .lays uftluMveek are.... s. The nu-ntlis uf tlie v.ar are .... 9. I he hve oceans are.... 10. The great lakes uf North America are.... EXERCISE 43. Put in rapitrl letters an.l punetimtinu marks: 1. Tiie-reat Williams sai.l the professor are william the con- quemr William nforaiiLre an.l William Shakespeare. ■' Uh e,lthe.:irlwl,atmnst I ,io. .S. V/eli sam hupiire.l his ra..ther l.,.w ,Ii,i y„„ ,,„j„y vn„r ri.h-. 4. V,,,, are a line little fel- low repeate 1 the smili.iir stran-er will y,,„ f^.h me a little h..t water. I will -la llv replie (c^. Wo may jjive a ehoicr botwooii (wo statemonts, iisiiifT or [eiflier-or). '* 1 ow tnnut eonte at oner, or you will niixs the train.'''' EXERCISE 44. A(M a sivoiul statomout with a (litli'n'nt suhjort: — 1. Siviial fillips woro driven aslinrc, Imt.... '2. You must prop >ij> that tivi', or o. Tlu' sky was cU-ar iu the luorniiii:, but.... 4. TluMuoruinu iravt' proinisi' of a lovt'iy day, and 5. "We ha.l juit a net over the eherries, liut »i. Tlie train 6topi>ed at the station, and EXERCISE 45. The two statements may have the ••«(//(' ^t/''j"7, and this subject is theu often omitted from the seeond statement. '■ Th> lii'iii tri"l hi.* fiint, hut (lie) (/(■// uot mrrnif.'' Add a seiuiid predicate, but do nut rejieat the subject : — 1. They went to London and.... 2. Heexi)erteil a larire re- ward, but.. .. 3. Many a hill did Luey diml), but. . .. 4. The tree was oivere.! with blossom, but EXERCISE 46. Make oomixiund sentences alniut these thing's, tellint,' ( I j where or huw gut, <.>r what made of, and (2; what used for: — 1. An album. 2. Ivori-. 3. Saddles. 4. Straw. 5. Salt. M!iie part of tlie hecond statement. Tiie con- junction is t'l j.jiu the twv) >tat(-iiients. 1. Ant-— and— aunt. 2. road— but— r'Mle. ?,. bb-w— and— blue. 4. ]iai!— an 1— j.ale. 5. night— and— knigiit. 'i. boy— but— buoy. 7. ruses— and — rows. i-^^*'*.- r--J4! iwi I if .Ill ' 1} Ii ■^^^ftilAii ^Stti-^^-.-Tj^-^ll'^.lfl." =:i:iy:r^r.,^^N K 58 EASY EXERCISES I\ KNGLISII. 36. Ill writiu}? s«'V('riil sontciicos about any subject, renu'iulKT (<0 to write short st'nteucrs, (/;) to see that the stops and capitals are properly placed, (c) to vary the lonn, that is, to say some things hy means of a simple sentence, aiul some by means of a comp(mnd sentence. Avoid addinj,' statement to statement by repeating the conjunction and. Thus about a certain subject we might be able to tell «o<<)<' of these things : (1) Avhat it is; (li) Mhat it is made of; (;}) where or how it is got; (4) what it is used for; (5) where it is to be met with; ((J) what sort of work it does ; ( 7 ) some of its habits or ways of living About nests fur example wi> iiiiirlit way, (1), (2), (5) and (4):— ^X'St!^ iirr tlf hoiims hidlt fur tlinn>irih. Tluij nv often nunh of ntnnr atid fiutlii rs, ur . Lions. 6. Water. 7. Flowers. S. A oamel. l». A river. 10. The sea. Or again, we may name the (lipjrent parts of which something consists and tell what we know of the parts and of their unca. Thus about an orange we may say :— '•Tic onnige fy a r'nuid fruit irhit-lt c grmralli/ of ten pulpy partis I url<,», d in a b ntli, r;/ rind, called tin- Kkiu or })eel. The out- sidi(f the riiiil in ij.lloir, rough unil gbssi/, hnt the inxide is white and Kuioiitli. The orange is o dtlicions fruit with a cooling juice ^ The rind protects thi' frvit and is made into candied orange peel. Bridts near orange llussoms." :lmm£^;/^ mMm^M LKTTKUS, 59 EXERCISE 40. Writi> si'vcrul Mfiitt'iiccs tt-lliii'.,' similar thiii'-'s alMHif. — 1. A tivc. L>. A ship. !!. A ln.iisc. 4. A .lay. :.. Tlu* bo.ly. (i. A railway train. 7. .\ fann. s. A s.-li..c.]. '.t. A jH.tat.). LETTERS. .'57. For particulars about Icttcr-fornis sec Part I., p. 2r>. K.\auiin(^ this friendly letter. Mai>low(MMl Ciittav,'!', l.aihute, 1.") Mav, lOol. My dear .Mother, I arrivt'd hore safely last ni^'ht, althoii^rh my train was nearly an hour late, rutle Jack met me at tho statiun. The eountry alnint here is very lieautiful just now. The fruit trees in tho orchard are in full hloom and look one nui.ss of white and delicate i)ink. The s.inirrels seem (juite tame. Kate and I throw corn for them to eat. Harold saw a rahliit yesterday in tile wood, and lie tliinks it is one that has lieen eatin;; the let- tuce in the garden. A hird has built its nest in a liollow tree close to the house. Ainit Mary says she sliould like me to stay a month, ^tay I ? I should miss home very much, lint I love the country. Your loviniT dauirhter, Mal)el Blake. The paragraph. Notice that tliis letter contains three i)arts or j)(()-af/raj'/i.s. Tlie lirst piirastnias. r,. A letter deserihinj,' Canadian out-.loor sports on a winter tx nT '^""^,''""'"-. ♦ ^'^''"'i"^', H,-.. written to a frien.l m .New- Orleans, where there is iio snow or i.e. (K A letter -leserihin- a eoneert or other entertainment whi.h v.... have att<.n.le,l. Tell when an.l where it was. nan.e the..hief tilings an.l ])ers.)ns you saw an.l hear.I. 7. A letter ,les.Til,injry.,nr favourite j n.s, b,H,ks, .„• s.hool songs, aii.I whi.-h parts y.,u like best an.l why. 8. A letter .leserihin,' any railway jo,.rney or v..vage von have nia.le; the plaees an.l ohjeets of interest ..n the n.ute-'th,. tin.e an.l y.,nreon.panions;yourarrival at your .lestinati..n;l,„wvou 8i)enty..ur tune there. ' Alettcr.lescrihingawalk in spring; the pleasun.s si^M.ts an.l soun.ls; the hir.ls. flowers, trees, hedges, farnx w,.rk in the tiel.ls, sunshine an.l animal life. 10. A k-tter.les.Tibinglifein the eountrv in sununer ..r au- tumn ; the s.-enes. ..,.eupati..ns in the hay-tiel.l, harvesting, fruit- gathering, nutting, picnics. 11. A letter to your teacher, telling of .liHiculties vou meet in U-armng rules of arithn,eti...e.,mpositi,m,granuuar,.",r.li(li..nl.i..s caused by deafness or weak siu'ht. viMt. telhng her what has happened at home sin.-e she l..ft. KXKHCISKS IN COM I'DMITION. 61 .'{}>. Writ*' two paraj^iiiphs mi «»sM'li of tlu* f(»llo\v- 1. The flag, ('O How tlio rnioii Jack is niiulf ii|>, llic tlircc rrus.sfs ami tlifirrolniirs; Cm wliat tin- flau' n-pn'sciitH, w here it i^4 most uftt'ii sffii, wiiy wo slmiilil lionour it. 2. Tht cat, ('I } ^'OJ'r'if ihn'-rl/ttiiDi ; luiir, iiadsoii jiaws, claws, Hiirfacc.f t(.M;.'iic, t-yi-, wlii>k('rs, tail ; ( 'm Kiml-^: Tahhy/rortuisc- mIicII, Aii;rnra, I't-rsiaii, Manx. (I'sc pictures nf cat). 3. Daisy, ('I ) Tiitrnihirti'nt : uiinu^ nicaiis day's t'yc, bi'causo it opt'iis ill curly iiiciriiiiiK', a feature rrli>ti-,ii : wiiito riiii ..f petals arraiiire-I ]ik*> star, yeljuw centre, llnwerheM in i;reeii cup, stalk. (I'oein, " Tlie Kaisy.") 4. River, (>i) Smirn : flows down liillsiile to valley in little Htreaiiis wiiicli nnite. (Tennyson's " IJrook.") (/«; On t!ir vmi i<, ■"•ii: narrow, shallow an. I swift at first, joined l)v tril.ntaries, arrows in volume, sloj'e less, current slower, rapids, w.aterfalls. n. Moses in the bulrushes. ( Kxodns Tf.) (a) I„ir<>ifurli»„ .• Is- raelites captive in Iv-'y]it, I'haraoh'sorder, Moses horn. {h.Slnrii: little hoat of rushes, afloat in Nile, baby in it, hidden among the reeds, sister watching. 40. {(() Road thi(»iijrli two or tlireo times, noting' and oxplaininj,' stops and t-apitaJs. (/>) Copy, ohanj,nn;r the words in licavy typo to other Oijuivalont word.s (tr phra.sos. (r) Ro-writo from memory. EXERCISE 60. A smart eonjnrer was performing tricks before an audience of '■oUiers. He asked fir the loan of a halfpenny, wliich he appear- ed to chanj.'e rapidly into a sovereitrn. Then he placed the loin on a table beside the collier. '• Is that my lia'iiei v," asked the surprised collier. *' Ves, sir, it is," answered the conjurer. " Verv well then," exclaimeil the smili.i<.^ collier, " I will keej) it as it is; you won't have the chance of chans^ing it back again." 62 EASY KXKKCIsr.S I\ KXCMSH. EXERCISE 51. A lamb -was peacefully paddling in a I^kjU. A wolf came to the Bamospot, aii.l began to .Irink lii^'licr up tlio Htream. "Wishiiit,' t<> quarrel with tlie lainh, lie asked in a harsh tone whv she was disturbing tho water. Tlio laiiil), surprised at the unjust accusa- tion, replied humbly, " 8ir, ymi si'c that I am drinking lower .iown, and tiiat the water runs fnun vou to me." EXERCISE 52. One day in autumn, when the grapes Mere rii)e, a fox stole into a vineyard. Spread out on trellises above him, were great masses of luscious grapes, and he longed to liave some. He made many and many a jump, lint the grapes were high, and lie could nut reach them. Tired out at last, lie said to himself, " Bah ! I don't care. The grajtes are sour." EXERCISE 53. Tell a similar story of a girl who saw a ring of a i)eculiar kind in a jeweller's siiop; lier aclmiration for it; her vain etforts to buy it; lier remark when she found she could not succeed. EXERCISE 54. In his last tenible battle King Artiiur was wounded unto death. He called his kniglit. Sir Bedivere, and bade him take his sword ExcaHbur, throw it into a lake near by, and tiien come back and tell him what he saw. J'.edivere took t!ie sword and went fast ui> tiie hill. Swinging it overhead, h(( flung it from liim into the waters oflhi' lake. An arm clothed in wiiite samite ( velvet )came up froiii tlie lake and caught tiie swnn!. ]>edivere we'^t back and tol.l tiie king, who tlien knew that it was time for him to depart from this life. EXERCISE 55. Now the I'hilistines iia I a champion, (ioliath of ( iatli, a mighty man ''f gigantic stature, wliuMi >pl(' t(j kil". me, then will we l»e your wervaiits; but if I prevail over him aiKl kill him then shall ye serve us." But there was no man in Israel to match him in stature, nor in the strenj?th of his armour. EXERCISE 56. Fill the blanks with {n) is or are, {hj was or were :— 1. TherM.... nine men in the Iwiat. 2. There.... a handsome building,' o{)jK)site. 3. There. ...wounds on his body. 4. There ....a re<.'iment of cavalry apiiroachinti. 5 there a b(Mik for each person? 0. There a erow)■ o tiie rain ? (naix). (i. His wages Iteeii i>aid. 7 the boys an.l uirls been here? .S. The child lown to rest (/I,). 5>. He out his shoes ('(V((r). lo their new hats come? EXERCISE 58. («) Write in three columns the principal parts of the following verbs. (See Part I., ].. ;i(i). 0') Make sentences containing the three f>rms of each verb, e.g.. He (liijs a }nl. Hi 'hnj a j,lt. A pit vnx class n-.iniio. S(.nu> of tlio topics may Ik' treated ..rally ami somo in writing;; others may he omitti'd alto^'ether. 2. A teaelier shov.M not untlertake to correet every i.aper that his itnpils write. If he .loes. his Imr.len of work becomes t.M. lieavy to he home, or the pupils have much less practice in wri- ting than they need. 3. The moreeommon faults should he (•.•rrected, one ut a time, by having two or three sentences, containing the error in (pies- tion, as w^'ll as others iiuite free from it, copied uiwiu the lM)ard and' criticized by the class. Pupils sh.nild then correct their own papers and" may afterwards exchange them for mutual criticism. 4. Show till' best work rather than the poor work. AVhen work is put on the boanl for correcti.m, only so much should be written as is necessary to show the error, and it should be speedily erased. AVhen good work is put on the board for com- mendation, show as much as is convenient, and let it remain as a model. 5. D,. not .liscourage by criticism. The pupils' stan.lard of gfxMl work should not be raised so high as to seem unattainable, but bhould rise as the class progresses. f). In the beginning criticisms should be limited mainly to ar- ran'-'eiueiit, misspelled words, and violation.s (.f the fundamental rules of punctuation and capitalization. 7. Pupilsshouldbetrained to write freely ami rapifYf/-. In the lirst the subject hunter is re- presented as (Join;/ soinefhint/, which is expressed bj- tlie verb ,N//. In the scctnid the subject ttetir is not represented as dt>inj; anything- ; the verb n-as shot indi- cates, on the other hand, that mmethln / 1 'I/Ill' III I 1. IS sentence contains a simple subject and simple S predicate onlv 68 EASY KXEKCISES IN ENGLISH. ,..$1 {b). Thii> girl vas once frightnuiJ . We have now jkIcUmI one attributive adjunct this to the subject, and cue adverbial adjunct once to the pre- dicate. ((•). Thin little red-hooded girl ican once very gn&tly frightnud. We have now added two other attributive adjuncts, little and rvdlioodcil, to mark oil' " this girl," and an- other adverbial adjunct, vrrij greatly, to show how much she " was once frightened.'' ('/). Thh little girl, dressed in a red hood, uml carrying in her hand a basket filled with cakes and butter for her old grandmother, ('■((.n once nrij griathj frightnuij, in passing through the wood, by a fierce and hungry-looking wolf. We have now changed the former attributive ad- junct, rcdhuodcd, into drcuficd in a red hood, and have added a fourth attributive adjunct, camjiugin her hand a basket filled ivith calces and butter for her old grand- mother, to mark off the ''girl" more fully and clearly still ; we have next added two more adverbial adjuncts, in I'a.ssing through the wood, and bg a fierce and hungry looking u-olf, to tell exactly on what occasion and how she '* was frightened." 4. These enlarged sentences are all founded on the same simple subject and simple predicate and are built up by means of attributive and adverbial adjuncts. Each sentence makes only one eoniplete statement, and is therefore a simple sentence. /S///*^'7^ as applied to a sentence does not nu'an ;in ea,sg sentence, but rather a single sentence, one that as- .sirls oiilg one thing bg means of one subject and one predi- ratr. Many woi-ds (attributive adjuncts) may bo add<'d to make up the complete subject, and many words (ad- verbial adjuncts) may be added to make up the com- 'vBiy^^.'.'^::-:^i..:\gy x^^ jimu PHRASES — PREPOSITIONS. 69 I f -=; plete predicate ; but the mere addition of any number of adjuncts cannot make one sentence into tw<>. "What makes one ximjile aentenre h)nj;er than another therefore, is, ( 1 ) that one may liave more adjuncts than another, and (2) that the adjuncts in one may consist of more words than those in another. We have now to learn how these h»uger adjuncts are built up. PHRASES— PREPOSITIONS. 5. Instead of using a single word to describe a noun or modify a verb, we often use several words in a group to express the same idea with greater distinctness. Thus, instead of saying ''A long ride brought us/jc/t," we may say, "A ride of one hundred miles brought us to Ottawa.^* These groups of words, of one hundred miles and to Ottaica, — the one substituted for the ad- jective long and the other for the adverb here— are called phrases. A group of connected words doing the work of a single adjective or adverb, and not containing a subject or pre- dicate, is called a phrase. 6. The words of and to, put before the nouns in the above phrases, bring us to the seventh chiss of words, or Parts of Speech, called prepositions. Prepositiontt are words put be/ore nouns and pronouns to connect them icith something else in the sentence. In grammar they are said to govern the nouns or pronouns that follow them ; and the noun or pronoun so govern- ed is said to be the object of the preposition. In analysis prepositions go with nouns or pronouns to make phrases. The preposition takes possession of the noun and the two together make up a phrase. if m f: 70 EA.sY i:xi:Ktisi:.s ix English. II A preposition is a word which shows the relation of a noun or pronoun in a phrase to the word which the phrase modifies. EXERCISE 3. Point out the phrasos. Nuiir' ( 1 1 tlie j>rej>osition3 and {'2) the objects which they govern. 1. He hiiM i)asseil throni^ii numy danirers. 2. The noise is be- yond endurance. 3. Talit; a seat in tiiat ciiair. 4. He i.s not at home just now. 5. Take a seat by me. H. Tlie air is above us or around us. 7. Tiie bird fU-w over his head. 8. The eartii is under our feet. 9. The dog is behind you. l(t. A man is stand- ing before tlie door. 11. Tliis is to your creclit. 12. He gave twenty cents for tliat book. 13. Tlie boats were tied along the shore. 14. They (juarrelled among themselves. 1"). They work- ed from sunrise to sunset. Itl. To all appearances he is seriously ill. 17. He is eminent for his learning ami worthy of all confi- dence. 18. Do n(»t pry into other men's affairs. 19. The debtor l>lea led with his creditor f )r longer time. 20. He struggled man- fully against manv dithculties. 7. A phrase is equivalent to a Part of SjieecJi. («). A phrase may do the work of an inljictbr, and then it ia called an adjective phrase, as,. S/oj<.« of great size (large) (/re /arf of spce<-h a word or a phrase (a group of words) is, is not its/o/HJ, 1 ut the work that it does, — its use or function in the sentence. ADJECTIVE PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS. 8. Adject ire phrases (la the work of adjectives. They may therefore l)e i^a) tlie attributive adjuncts of nouns or i)i'onouns, or (/>) the c(»niplements of copuhitive verbs, [V-Avt II., p. ."2), as, A ijirilli' of gold I )ii'lrfliil tin' Siili(ni'.k M-ith pictures. 8. He rang the bell of jiolished brass. *il EXERCISE 5. (1) Do the same witli these sentences. (2) Change the verbs topassive voice, and see tliat all attributive adjuncts, whether words or phrases, go with the n(nms to which they belong. 1. A storm of great violence has upnxjted some trees in the park. 2. Three ships in full sail jiassed the lighthouse on Bell Rock. 3. He hath exalted them of low degree. 4. The crowd on the quay cheered the men in the life-lwat. 5. The fisherman in the blue jersey caught those fish in the basket. 6. I widen the rent in my wind-built tent. 7. I wield the flail of the lash- ing hail. 8. Something of sadness has wrapt the spot. 9. The cheering smile on the mother's face lightened the hanl -work of the weary children. 10. Shall not the .Judge of all the earth do right? 9. Many adjective phrases may be turned into single words and vice versa : 1. She is ar imprudent girl, or a girl without prudence. 2. Death's jmcers or the powers of death have done their worst. 3. These coins are per- fectly useless, or are of no use whatever, or are of not the slightest use. 4 . Th e sa iJor ca rried a n ivory-handled knife, or a knife with an ivory handle. 72 EASV KXKU. Do n..t Bpeak <",;/n/ w..r.l8. 3. The bou«h on th. ivTv <.r was hruken. 4. Tlie seat „t Ih, n,nur is the best. 5. Tliese oM iRw.ks are r-, naU. . (i. (Mir Holdiers are rmj ?mnrnien. 7. Italy is a wur.V-m.' country. 8. A boy gnm to thomjht is a better sehohir than one ijUen to talk. U. A I'^Oj steeple lit. The train t„ Qv.l..r. 11. A r. rif ixid l.H.k. IJ. The trunks of th. tnr>, were vntmialh, thU k. \\\. Beasts <-/ ijrmt Ji, m- n,KK 14. Men/»/yr.<(«(»f/. and "/y/"'« »"••"'"/". 1">- A girl ?'i. Tlie wrens .... seemed .."... ti. A storm .... prevente.l the sailing' 7. Some casks .... wre S. The cliairs .... were 9. The cheers were hearty. EXERCISE 9. Add a.ljective phrases and make omplete sentences:— 1. The sale. 2. Tiie >sui!. 3. The beal. 4 The pain. 5. The ti The beech. 7. The beach. 8. The hare. «.». The hair. 10.' The root. U. The route. 12. The rut. 13. The rout. 14. pane ^S^' ADVEKUIAI, 1'IIliAsr.S. 73 '^,ie Hh(M)trt. i:.. Till- shots. l»i. Th« tinkling'. 17. 'I he twir.k- Vma. IS. The ticking. 1!». Tlio tingling. I'o. Tiie tri.kling. L'l. The billows. L»-J. Tlie i-illowrt. ADVERBIAL PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS. 10. The work dono by an a>lrcrh (or byau mlvorb-f- anothor julverb) ii>iiy be done by lueaiis of iij'reiioaition -f- a noun (or promniu), that is by an adverbial phrase. Thus we may say, '" Write carefully or with care." ^'■HtnmlXYitxt or in tht place." ''Tlwy hehated very- cruelly or in a very cruel manner." EXERCISE 10. Change adverbs to equivalent phrases or rlct' nrm :— 1. They ran »•, rlue sky is seen 4. Sledges are used .. . 3. Ripe 5. Kivers over- M 11 i'A ■11 :fe 74 KAHV KXKKtI«ES IN KXCJMtSH. flnw tlii'ir liuiiks (i. Snow fulls 7. Tto melts 8 (urn is Miiwn !>. Lamps aro liji^liteil .... lU. W« v,*mt homo 11. Wf >ri't u lioUilay .... (/') Place, tliat is thi-y may tt'U where. EXERCISE 12. roiiit cult aiherhial i»liniM'S<)ure. These cups are of the best china. 7. lender cover of tnue he drew near. 8. Without a good deal of monev we cannot get on. 'rrfP' jm^i;g^WAy'^ ^iW^ ^ ^^- .-i^'* >% ■%' ( ^^■^7V»- ADYKKIUAI- I'lIKAHKS. 75 EXERCISE 16. M«kt> as many Mt'iiti'iiD's art you fiiii, mUIi iii!iii)lu may travel, <»rc_') tlill'iTi'iit ways in wliidi tliin;;s may bo lar- ri«'il. ('/) Reason— tliat is tlu'v may tell why, as ".S'/c ijrirmf at our misfortune." '-JIi nmt tif ri' for his health." "Tiif i'luj lij'tnl h'u htitd at the atrange and startling sound." Ill in:uiy iulv»"rl»i;il plira.si's of reanoti tlu^ preposition is iiiiuh* up of two or t'-ree words, a.s, "Jlelost hUsituor Hon because of, on account of, by reason of, owing to hi» lazy hahitH.^^ ^'S/iecp are reared for sake of (heir wool." EXERCISE 17. AiM au adverbial i)lirase of reasou: — 1. Ho comes t<> ww .... 2. Tho child laii;;hed .... 3. Tlio children cried 4. They jjave up tlu* race .... .">. Si»o lost the prize .... iild not H])eak 7. She ^^rew sick.,.. 8. Ostriches are reared .... 9. Ducks are kept .... 12. The adverbial i)hra.ses, which we have consider- ed so far, liave all been adjuncts of tlie predicate (or verb). But adverbial i)hrases, like adverbs, may be added to other words besides verbs. (Part II., p. 44.) ('/) Adverl)ial idirascs may be added to aiijirthm as, "Sick unto death (mortally sick)." "Wet to the 3k'n{th()rou;rhly wot)." ('<) Adver1)ial phrases may l>e added to (c/n r^s, as "(1(jsc be- side the fire." "Back from the street." In analysis the adjective and itsadveibial phrase ^o tojjether as one attributive ailjunct ; so also the a«l- verb and its adverbial phrase as one adverbial adjunct. (c) An adverl)ial phrase may bo the comi>lenu'nt of a copula- tive verb, as, " IT. ar. at home." "//. v.s- in a serious condition." Sometimes the ^'/ej^ost^ to ii iu an adverbial phrase is ( < ' Mi^:*riiiLi. 76 EASY KXKWISKS IN' KXliLISII. untie rnfoo. The roi)e is several fathoms too short. 7. My father is in a g<«Kl trade. 8.. The man was in prison, 9. Last ni«ht the mcjon liad a golden rinj?. 1/. Tliey took u\> twelve haskets full of fra;,'inent9. 11. The rocky le is afloat on the waves. 3.'}. Ad.jtu'tivo i)liras(\s and julverhiiil phrases may occur in the saints sentence : — The h(i)d-s beside the stream inn- cortrof with primroses. Fortiijiiujx with silvf r stars Jitmtcd in the breeze. EXERCISE 19. Point out the adjective and adverhial phrases:— 1. The key of that d<«»r was lost during the htilidays. 2. The quay at the harlxiur was .laiiia'_'cd hy a gn-at storm. 3. Kindle in our hearts tiie tiaiinMifni'ver-dying love. 4. Tlio child with the hare feet walked w ith great difliculty. T^. l?ring that hoy on tlie riMif to the master. <». The old wuuian in tlie attic slept on a straw heil. 7. The sliailows of {\n-. leaves are cast around tl ■ ush-tri'i's' stems. S. 1 bring fresh showers for the thirsty llowers from the seas and streams. EXERCISE 20. Add an adjective jihrase to the suhjeit and an ailverhial jihraso to the i>redicate : — 1, The ]«>n. i->>n'^ years aj,'(> a win- ter's sun shone over it at settiiiir. t). 'I'lie ehiiri-h hell's chime ll(.ats throu^'h their woods at mi>rn. 7. On tlies the st' ed, with llowin;^ mane, on his dark and desolate liack. S. Tlien it rush- i'd, like a monstiT, on cottau'e and farm. !». One midst the forests of the west hy a dark stream is laid. Id. It hlooms in coiise- crati'd ;;round in honour of the . The noble nature within him stirri-d to life at the woman's word tmd deed. rXERCISE 22. Add twi adverbial jihrases, time and place: — 1. A rainbow is seen 1'. lc(> is seen .... I!. M'e see swallows .... 4. We u'ather ilowers .... .">. Wo see- dew .... t). ilejiaticas ]>eep .... 7. hark clonds are seen .... S. Hoses >rrow.... ".*. The picnic was held .... In. We see bees .... EXERCISE 23. .\i!d two or mon» adverbial jihrases tellinirditrereMt tbin<_'s: — 1. 1" he boy ran .... -. They carried the sick child d. i 'Id Sjit : ; 5f I 78 EASY EXKKCISES IN ENtilJKH. I I He roul.l nol p> .... 4. Wo were Into .... 5. Tlie ship pailed .... (i. I'ri/es WITH j,'ivcu .... EXERCISE 24. A(1<1 an ailjoctive plirast* to ciich subjeot, and at least two ad- verbial i)iiraso8 t<» each pri'ilicute :— 1. The box was l.routrlit 2. Tlic spray was dashed 'A. Tiie liuanLs .... werestnjen .... 4. The larded wereJieaten hack r>. Tiio jieari was Ixnij^ht .... 6. Tlieju'ril .... was seen .... 7. The ewe was eiiu>. The i-resents. 7. Tliejin^jle. .s. The jungle. IT). Notice the jiosif ion of phni.se.s in sontcneo. {") An adj.rlin , ill whatever form, keeps as close as jxtssiMe to its noun, the simple adjective nsnaUy coiuini; immediately /-/«;>• and tiie adjective jiiinise imnu'diati'ly a/t, r. (h) An ailnrh nia;. he at soirc distance fioin its verh, and often eomesy/)-.«< in a sentence, especially wiu.n tliereaie two or more adverl.sor adverbial phrases, e.g., With his rough hand/// ///>///. a tiiir from his eye. EXERCISE 26. Tliese jilinx's are to be iisi'd in si'iitcnces as adjective iihrase.o. added to a subject ,,Y to an olijcct. 1. In the jrarret. '2. I'.e-i.le tii.' hedi.'e. :'.. On the bridire. 4. Above the wind-iw. .">. IJoun,! the j>.iii.i. li. ( iver the hill. 7. Through the wood. .s. Inside tlie hou>« . H. In the iilayground. EXERCISE 27. TJK'se jihrases are t'. be used as adverl)ial i.lirases added to tlu- jiredii ate, an/j mii>t I'oiiie tir^-t in the sentences. 1. Tlir/)ngii tile will.!.. w. '2. For f.ur weeks. :;. I'/zr 1 wentv .lol- f ADVKKHIAr, PlIKASES. 79 lars. 4. For liis father's sake. 5. Fnr fear of tho rain. tl. With a knife. 7. l.ccause if the hi;.'li ]trice. «. hy a lons.^ hidiier. EXERCISE 28. The foil-'Vtinj? trroiil's roiitain two or mort; advorhial jtlirases. Complete tiie sentences, ruri/iiiij tiie position of the phrases. 1. Over the hxke, in a small IxKit. 2. Witli a heavy lieart, for many days. 3. Witli a lunj^ p.ilc, tiiron^'li tiie deeii simw. 4. To a tree, -witli a strong; curd. T). In tlie arm, )>y a strav do. .'»;{. ) AVhat part of speceh a word or i)hra.se is (lepciKls upon ir/inf sort of work it dovH ill a sentence. Study tht'se simple direc- tions : — (li;-ase (//^ar/d.'t its,!/ to ,i vntm inrjiM- noun; is an adjective. (d) Whatever Wdr.l <>r jihrase (iftneh>!> its,!/ ts. Tliiis in tiie senleiue, '• Tlir f/raxn under the trees '/of.s- nut thrirc." the phrase pies with t]i<' notin '• jrrass" to tell irliirli };rass : it is tliereloie an (tiljerflrf. •• IIV rr.s.'ttl undei the trees,"" ilie jiluase pies with the verb '• icsted."" and is an otircrh. EXERCISE 29. Tiiese jihrases are to lie used in si'ntenees, (\ > a^ adjictive phrases, ("J) as a iverliial phrases. 1. iiriiii: the wiiitrr. 10. After the l»!irty. 11. liefore the holitliiys. TJ. Ahovi' the clninis. 13. On the feiire. 17. S«'nt«'iu'Os witli ii(l.j«'ftiv«' or adveihial phrases are analysed just asotlier seiilenees. All siieii plirases, lonj^ or short, are adjiiiicts. Be nirrfiiJ to numhvr the adjnnrts, irlnii tJiirc is more tlioa iilir. 1. Sunt, rilil, hiii/f: f'r"lll till Inirn cIlllXill tllr sjuijl fhlllt (U'l'DXA till' Jiill 1,1, Siitvi-'liiij. ■J. 'Ill, III' II ill iJii I', lilt in fi xiii/iiri frmii fill iiiir^lii/). '.',. Till- iiiiriil'i rs fnnii Xiii' Yurl.'iir, mit nj jn, -■m. ' i'l.r ('iiiii nf Aiiaivsis see I'lUt li.i'. 17.) 1. Subject. Boys. 1 MtM). liiirglars. 2. Attr. mlj. of 1. Some. 2. rude, 1. Tlio, 2. in tli'- 1. The, 2. from suhjei't. 3. from tlie town. boat. ' New York. .■?. I'reili'Mte. cliased were arc 4. Olij. or Comp. slH'e|) (o/y.) >ailc>rs ('. ow/,/.) i i»iit of pri'ion 3. Attr. aiij. ul' tlie from t li o war- (",iii/jI.) Ohj. or Coiii|p. .-ihii)-*. fi. Ailv. :olj. o!' I. ri«ht — liill pre'licate. (/''""■). 2. on Satiirdiiy (lino ) EXERCISE 30. {I) Analyse. (2) Chaiii.'e lius vi'ihs f, mu ai liv(! In i)a>sive \i>ii'e. 1. The ri'ew c.f the vvierUe.l siiii> was saved l>y;?latt'piiii canied inthcif hands lieanfifnl li"ni|nefs ofr^-es. -1. W'lm ti"ik tV.im the desk the twu liiM.ks w ith th(^ |Mi'er enveis ? ,">. Ills t'athef, a niaii "d' iniiidi <'x- |iei'ience, superintended till' arraiiLri'iiH'nts fuc tin- oiieiuiii; eeic- innnv. <>. Miie sons id' the inastrr, Ixtysl'ind ui llowefs, '.,'atheted in till! glen many tine speinmen- nf laic plants. EXERCISE 31. Analyse: 1. With a l"Ud n"i-e, ditwn thi' preripiee !'"'.led the hil_'>' av:'v- ADJJXTIVi: I'lIKAtSKS. 81 :iv:i- lanohe. 2. At .layl)reak, on tho hleuk Hca-In-ach, a fisliorman stuud a-^'liast. 3. Over eartli and oi-ean, witli p-ntli* inntiun, tiiis pilot i.s^ui.lins? me. 4. With winjrs ful.h-.l I rest ..a niint/airy nest. r>. Upon hh brow he felt tlieir hreafii. an.! in his wavin'i? hair. (i. Fmni tho woo.l-top caws tin- tiow thnmu'li all tiu' gloomy (lay, 7. Itighl ua our flank tiie crimson sun went down. ADJECTIVE PHRASES WITH PARTICIPLES. is. Many adjectiv.' plirasps aro fountlcd on tlie jtar- ti(ii»l«'. Vcihs have two part id pics, «»ih« aitive in «■«//, as Hinkinij^ the otlier passive, as Htrin-h. Tliive other foiias of the participle may be luaile up hy means of the (iii.rifidtlis, luivliKj, heiufi, and havhuj been, as having nfnn'k^ hctng sfnick, hating Inrn sfrtivk. The participle, as its name implies, is jiarf V('rh,]>art ailjertirr, and may be called tiie nrhadjectin'. The Avork tliat it does in Ji :.ontPnee is adjrctin- Moik. Therefore in analysis all participles or participle l)hiases are attributive adjuncts. (") A iiartiiMplf. when alone, j.'encra!ly follows the iioiui, as, '■Tli, ,in-l.< S'lt weeping."' " .Som,//,/,,*/ attempted, Nom-Y/z/z/y done, jids ,.ifiii(l II iiii/lit'^ ri}/<)nr." ('') A ]>artit'ijile may have one or more mhrrh.i or mhrrhiitl ;./(P/s..i altaciicl to it, as, '• Tin ') A trun.titir, j.iirlir;/,/,' niust he followed liy an ahjirf, as/T/ie lion, having eaten the antelope, A"/ iim'ii tu xlnp." EXERCISE 32. Pirk out (1) adjective phrases with iiartii-ii.ies, (!') otiier phrases. (3i Punctuate. 1. ('iiildtcn f.niin_' home fr.im school l«H.k in at the open d(H.r. L'. The child l.vimrin lis m. tin r's lap slept soundly all the time. "). 'I he Ltirls iiaviui^ hccu » aii^'lit in the shower soUi^dit slieltcr in a hain. 4. Waikiug to tiio duor I rang the hell. 5. Comfort m i 82 EASY KXEKCl.SKS IS ENGLISH. evcrv sufferer Iviny; in rain. 6. <^;nar.l the sailors tossing on the deep bhic oeu. 7. The trees growing l.y tlie river are ehns plant- e.1 hy niv fatlier. 8. Tlien shook the hill witli thnn.ler riven. 9. Iiito'the'street the piper stept smiling a little smile. 10. Well please.l with his reception the king .Irovo off. 11. From that room clutiie.1 in white tlie bri.le .'iinie forth on her weikhng night. EXERCISE 33. (l)l)u the same, (•J)ran.tnate,(3)C'liange the voioeof the verbs. 1. The poem so well rerite. The piirtioiplo is the real fonndation of the iid- ive phrase. 31(>st of the adjective phrases iii pre- . ('x< •ises. (which were made up of preposition .lui were so caUed because the participle had it. If the participle were supplied, these iild become aiJrcihH ad(b'd to the participh', vv iK.le phrase ri)articiplc + adverb) would be /(•«' j'hia.-^e irith a iHirtlciple. Take for example pill t> aiKi RUtl" these: - ••y/,,' irn,'} orrrtiinn'l >■.,„, ?)v ,<-( growing) '" thr j.arl:." "Tin /„o-(,vr (caught, found '", t'n. tr,t (worn, hanging/ mund l„ r nt'I: tm.^ ((;/»•'.«*/(/( got, re- ceived i frniii }i< r j'ltli, ,'. EXERCISE 34. Rupplv suitMl'le I'arti.'ii.ics bi'l-iv these n<1j,rll>r ;,/,,-'(.«, .s so as to make iIk'Iii "'Ij^'in; y,/, ,•-(>■■ .v' <"■//' j,'i rtn-^i,!, x : — ], The l.ird •■', t}„ I,:, is a spaiT.Av. "J. The bud",, thut hrawh is dead. ;;. The girl m th. 'd«. 'I,:s. is my lister. 4. Tiie light- ^M^m^^sko^yy^^ '^"'■y^'T. '^^^^^mT'trn'^^w^v^^omMss!^^ ADJECTIVi: I'HKASES. 83 houso on tlir rock ha.s MithHt. The ufliccr on tlir irJiitr liiii-K, viiXA woiiinlcil. 0. Tlio i)illar >>ii !),,■ fii/l-ta/i is a uionumeut III iiimiori/ <'/ 'I lirurr sd/ilifr. 7. PiVciiiii'^ is flic lime for .infill! f/ftthiriii'/s. S. The 1 nil).;'"/- lutrhhtg rntK was nf little use. 'J. The story //) lli< m irsjinjitrn was untrue. EXERCISE 35. Fse those Krs of wnr.ls as a^ljertivi! phrases goiu^' with sub- jects, ohje<-ts or iioim enmiilenients: — 1. StaiKlin^,' alone on tholiillside. 2. Calmly sitting' -<-<.vere.l hank. 3. Spent so uselessly. 4. I>eliverc.l hy the first i«ist. 5. So stupiilly sent to the wnm^ aiMresN. (i. Wandering aimlessly throu^'h the mmMy streets. 7. <'au;:lit in the at't of stealini,' cherries. 8. rnmiisiut,' to rail a.irain snon. 9. I'>rougl ' frnni China. 10. Hid aniun^ the bushes near tlie cd^e of the water. EXERCISE 36. Do the same with these: — 1. Very tastefully clad in liirht summer costume. 2. Lately living,' in the cnachniaii's old house. 3. I-cft in the parcel (.|iir(> at tht! railway station. 4. ['ndertakiiit,' t.> i^hice the ..ri.hans be- yond the reach of want. 5. Lately coiiio to our villuL'e for tli(^ sake of his health, (j. Printed in Londmi many vears ai'o and sold at a liiu'Ii price, 7. Painted by a famous artist and present- ed by many ailmirini,' friends. 8. Runnill',' with his best vjieed and holdiiiL,' his bicther by the liaml. ♦.). Stntchecl across the trround and fastened to a stout ]«ost. lo. Pelieved of his worst fears and now feeling comjiaratively hajipv. EXERCISE 37. Snj.ply suitable adjective phia-rs uiade u]. ..f a pariicipl(.rvv,;h object when necessarvj and at least one adverbial i.hrase: - 1. Thesreneral rode at their head. :.'. This nolib- sliii- , . .. was wnM'ke.l near t!(e harbour iii iuth. 'A. The iriiis .... m cro u'lad to r-st. 4. Tlu^ ver-e was easily beard by all. .">. Th,; timber was used fir business jcirpo^es. <;. The j.'iilis liff.rt' ni'_'htfall :i siiiall t .wii.... Ki. Tln'iiH'ii .... M-ciii.'a workiiuMi .... 11. Tills i.n-ttyall.um.... %Nas a liirtlulay ini-sriit .... THE COMPOUND SENTENCE. 'JO. "When two or mon' simple sentences are joined f<><;etiier, tlu'V make a Compound Sentence. Simple sentences, united in this way to make aCouipound Hentenc*', an; called clauses. A clause is a group of words which forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate. A clause ditVers fnmi Ji phrase in that it contains a sul.ject and predicate. In a compound sentence each statement is ii (la, iHC of equal rat,k.\\u\ is called a coordinate clause. A nnni'oioiil t«)ttruk' co- onliiiate clan,srH. These clauses may or may uol he joined by means of conjunctions. The chief »-(.njun<- tions used in formin-- compound sentences are and (^/>o//(- ontl)^ or (^eitlirr-or), nor ( ncitlin--iior ^, but, yet. 21. The clauses that make up a compound sentence may have dijf'nnt xuhjnts ami ilifrrcnf prxlirotrs, though the two statements sht>uld be connected in mcaninji. (.(> 'Ihcy may l>i' uniti-l l>y ana, a-, '•77,, ,/../(/>;,'///',. /-.'^ and ' cm',, /. Z/." ..r (/,) Thcv may In- ,■,.,,/,-,;>/,•' ,,v ' j>f -'''. as, •■}[, -'/x t';..' h'l.,! .././/, yet iK'ii' "'"■ ">■ /""■ '"'' *""." "' '/'•" (r, 'liify may I'C "//■ r ..//;-■, , as EXERCISE 38. (1 . S.-parat.' int.. rluu-,'-. ^ ; T-ii't -nt (•ui!Ju;i-ti..;is that v,,n. .„.,-t til.- .■lau--rs if V"!! \\\A a;;;. 1. Tlu- iiuustcr rlnck ha.l ■ i.-l stni.-k two a:i.l y .ilI.t is lui* a;^. Tin; «()MPor\D si:ntf.\ck. 85 moon. 2. TIu'ciiiM Mas in ra^'s n-.r was tin; lu. ti..>r ho-s.-lf m.irli].,.tU'rcla.l. 3. .^iimm.T was n.-w <-..minK ..i. with '.astv Btrhloaii.lmy.s.'V.-Mtefnfli l,irtl..iay was ni-iTna. liii.jr. 4 Th",, war-i-ipt's rea.sfl, l.iit lake aihl liill wn, hmv wi.h th.-ir ..H s still. 5. KilluT I.li.liK.t licar nr y.,ii .11,1 ',„ t .speak. (;. |-ai sci.Mi.'efr.,wi,e.lnMtoii l,is I.irtli, hut iu.'lan.'l...lv mark.-.l UUn forhcrown. 7. Thoiii-l.t ha.l l....-,, l.^avv an.f l.-Nvri...,' l.ut towar tli.; fliick in Mnnllv f,,i,l. O.) 22. Tlu' clausrs <»f;i compouml scntciic*' may liavn th.'.sam.vsuI.j.Mt. TlM'.suI,j,.,-t is often omittcil alter the liist clause. "Tli, fii.r ini.t,;i)l,■„, j;o/„." EXERCISE 30. Ill r.,int ..Mt rians.-s an-i .•,,njnn.-ti.>ns. ii', Snpi.Jv ..niitt.-.l sulijc.'ts. 1. TlK-y.,l„.yth,.irL'uM,. an.l fc'l safe. J. Tiie win.Uas.-ithcr t'". h-iit ..r M,-w fi-nni tl... wrnn- .lir.'ctinn. :!. Th,' hcarKruMl,.,l ticr.vly1.ut.li.ln..tt.mH,tlu. l„,y. 4. Tin- hjin.lin- mist .'ann' '■pan,! hi.l the lan.l. .-,. The .•at.Ti.illar j-ntlV.,! awav without Kl'cakn.;:, hut at last unf..Me.l its arms, t-.-.k tin- h.M.kaii fn.n. its ruMuth, an.I sai-I. .;. ( »Vr run-h an.l smooth she trips alon- an.l never Innks hehin.l, hut sin^rs a s,,Iitarv sc.n^'. 7. (iravely ho jrreetsea.-heity spiiv. .•Mmm.'n,l< earl, paL'eunfs .piaint atlin- ;.'ives tn the -laueers thanks al-.u.i, an,l smiles and nods upon tiie crowd, •" EXERCISE 40. Make rompound sentemvs from these skeletons:— I-Mower-:iid more. 1'. r.lew -and-Klue. :; sleet— and - slates. 1. I.:.ke-.|,nt-Ieak-and-. o. Weeks -and-weak - hut^-. .;. n,,.._l,„t -h„oy-und-. 7. Ilnle-or-whole-and-. o. <-.oth— an.l— eloihes— or— . '.ft 'I .SK EXERCISE 41. Make rimjiK.und s.-nU-uccs, nf tlirt-f .hmsos each, a1v>nf :- 1. Difr.Tfiit l)ir.lsan.l tlh'ir hal.its (mjo HontciifiMilxxit rach hinl HclfcU-d.) li. Ititrcrciit Uini nf fish aiul wlirn rau«lit. 3. DitlVri'iit kiii'U of sliiprt and ticir u->. s. 4. DilTi'icMl ways of iToHsiiig a rivtr. 5. DitftTi-iit Id. wits (sliurt di'Hcriptuins.) 2;{. Oth(M- parts Ix'sidcs tln' subject may be oiiiittt'd iu tlie clausi'S ol ii compouiul soiitt'iict? : — (»/) Theobject, as '•'/'/(./v../"i(/"'''(iifri«'i>d)n)(»^*'v/«n/)(. /'(/)■'<»'/." (h) An adverbial adjunct, as "On tin- ifnirs of tin Htnnn tin inur!: float, (I II ml (on tl>o wavfsof tlie nl,vu\)ti»iil{\ can) nnt j<>r>i,t." ('/) A copulative verb, n^,"Jl- is ,i ,jri ." {ij) Tilt! vi'ihsdo, did, does som«'tiint'sn'j>laft'aii oiiiittod vt-rli, a8, "/'/" ii"t < iiipliiii liiiii, Imt xlii' iliiix (vinploys liiiii)." EXERCISE 42. Fill ill what is omittfl in tln'so .si'iitcni-cs :— 1. Soiiio Willi to QiK'hfc.othiMs to Toronto. -. Tho hotter came in till' nioiuinj^ and tiu> iiarct'l in the I'vcninu. 3. .lames is active at i>lay, latiitir lazy at work. 4. Carry the tahlc to tlu' kiti-hm and the ciiair to the garden. 5. Fire is a notxl servant, Imt a hail master. (>. They did not hear tin- noise, Imt I did. 7. Hike liim mil h, and so do all his friends. S. I can trust you, but not him. <). We liad to i>ay the ransom, or remain prisoners. 10. I can trust you, Imt luM-annot. 11. He was armi-d with a sword, I with an old pistol. 1-. 1 »* to lloston lu-xt week and to New Yori; the we.k after. 13. I l-'o to the .st-aside on Satunlay, my sister tliieu days later. 14. I said six, not seven. 1">. There is no .sorrow iu thy song, no winter in thy year. 24. Tn analysing; acoiniHUiud.seuteiue we lii.st sopar- TIIK COMPOUND SKXTKXCK. HI ate the sentence into clauses, nutnl>erin,i; them. We tlu'U divide c;uh (liiusc into subject and predicate, put- ting Mitli «*ach all its adjuiuts. This is tlm (jvinrol aiKiIt/HiH. The I'tirflrnlar analysis of cadi clause, which isthesame as thatot'a siniph' scntcnct* (see p. sO^ need not he j;iven unless asked lor. Jitj'ove (Duihjsiiiij^ un>i imrtJn omitfciJ umsf he siijijilinl. Simple subjects and simph" pi-ct. CUKX'it*. rOMPLIiTK SlTBIKH <'n)l PLK I K TKr HIT ATKI. ('OW.irifC- I TIOXI. wai iiiiiy loctpted. 1. The Invitation— Tlif iaTitation «<'COIlll'll 3. An:*.^*ii:^. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) '■ is 11= 1^ i^ i" :!: 1^ III 20 1.8 A A PPLIED JIVMGE i S^m '653 East Main Street S"-g Rochester. New York 14609 USA ■^— (7t6) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^S ('''6) 288 - 5989 - Fox 88 EASY KXEKCI.Si:S IX E.\GLlt»H. (1) " The men, tn'klng vp thrir tools^ wt'iit off at once,'' or (2) " The men took up tin ir tooh and went ounil,an(IciinipMnnl sentences simple. {-} Analyse tlie sentences as tht'V now stand. 1. Ilcmovin<» his eap from his lieail, lie l)i)\veil low. 2. "We rode on at our ])est speed and soon overtook the fugitives. 3. They dism:ldly advanced into the dark wood. ,^. The lion, iriving a loud roar, and spring- ing uikiu liis i>rey, soon tore it to jiieces. (i. The man watched carefully for the right moment, jumped with all his force, and managed to seize the mpo. 7. Tin; men carried flags, shouted at the top of their voices, and nisiied hitlier and thither through the town. 8. The little ones, ea'_'er to join in the games, pressed for- ward in large numhers. i». The girls, wearied with walking and faint for want of f )od, were glad to rest. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE. {One jirhicipal and one dependent clause only.) 2(\. Compare these two sentences, "Z rose at day- break,'' and '•! rose when day dawned." Tliey express precisely the same idea but in different form. In the first tlie predicate is modified by an adverbial ])hrase, at daybreak. In tlie second the predicate is mlay. 7. You must wait till your father re- turns. 8. If he is allowed to do so, the Iniy will come. J». SIh' went to bed forshe wasfeeling tired. 10. "Will youclosethc lious(! after all are gone? II. However rich we may be, must we not die? 12. As sonii as the rain stoppec], he left the liouse. l:'.. He could not pass though he tried often. 14. How long is it since I last saw you? 15. Your horse is older than mine (is). Ifi. I v.!sh to kv.ow h"W tli'» si''k man is t'>-*iay. 17. Provide'l you sign your name, I will trust you. «: - ' - . ;t i ■^m. i ^^ t I 90 KASV KXKKMISKS I\ K.VCJLISII. NOUN CLAUSES. L'S. A noun clause is a claus«; tl,<- h, art, (nouii flausi ). A noiiM clause, like a noun, may be a subject, an oh- jerf or a noun couqilctnent. EXERCISE 46. (Ij Find noun dausi's. {•!) Tell the use of each. 1. That Kol. The sailors saw that the shi]) was smkin- 3. My opinion is that this story -s false 4. Do you think tiiat he will eome? 5. AVhen he wili'return is i.ot known. 0. AVhereheis I eannot tell. 7. I cannot under- stand why he should suller so nim-h. 8. I asked how old the Ixjy was. 9. The orders are that we shall sail at dawn. 10. That some mistake had oc-curred was evident. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES. !.'!>. An adjective clause is a clause doing the work of an adjective. -1 courageous u»in viH not (fc!oi„t out connectives and sav what they are. 1. Themauwiiom 1 met to-,lay was an old friend. 2. Tho tuwn where the Mhl.ery occurred was Xapanee. 3. The time w^jms^ ADJIXTIVi: CLAISKS. 91 when it hai)iK'nO'l wuh iihDUt six n'clock. 4. Tin- olIiciT si-lcctt'il VL'terans wluise cntira'^e IkuI hccii tcsti'il. 5. I know a hank wheroiiii tlie vvilil thyme ;,'i<)W.s. ti. Tlu' place where tin ive is a louir wav otl". EXERCISE 48. Who is nsfil for ;/»'cso/(.t, which for inji r'lor tnihnnJ.-! a.iu\ lliin(j!>, that for '(//. (") Insert c/c, *ilii(h or tlmt iii these si'iiteiices. ('<) Point out the ailjective clauses and the nouns ti "V heloiii: to. 1. "We nn-t tiie h(»atnian .... took us aiToss the river. 2. Tliis is the house lack built. :>. The dogs an- in the ken- nels helong to my uncle. 4. The hook you sent is very in- teresting. ."). Men .... wear their hair long are not always iHK'ts. <;. Lord Kitchener won the hattle . Those .... ilo well will be reward- ed. (>. I sought out my friends .... received me with great kind- ness. 7. The i)erson to .... he addresssd his remarks did not reply. S. We saw Clary's children .... wo thought very jiretty. EXERCISE 50. 3Iake('0 complex sentences by putting in relative pronouns, 0') simple sentences by changing the second sentence to an ad- jective phrase. 1. A man was drivim: a .lonkey. It was loaded witli salt. 2. We fouml the poor victim. He was dead on the road. 3. (iive these cop])ers to th<; boy. You will see iiim standing by the gate. 4. I spoke to the carter, llisiiorso was lame. 5. Wliere iiave you put the parcel ? It was sent to-day. ti. My friend has gone n.) KASV KXKiaiSKS JV KNca.lSH. ohvomLun.In,,. H. huilt y..n,l,.r hu„.so on tl.o hill 7 The bar,uo went .i„n n. A ,.rin..e .as on hoani. s. Tho nm [; .tw .,u..om.ovcMv.i. Yon l,..f,i.n,l...I l.in.. ,). The hri.l.e a" X r.ve haslKH.nn.hnilt. Th. riv.-r skirts th., town. 10 )iTv . iiH.rl.vueshavofalin.. Ii'. This is tl.,. n.ait. It lav in th,. Ws.^ ,a,.k KniH th.. hons... .::. Th. n.on i,avo li..,]. ' ^ e .x was stolen l.v tlicni. -"oeox ADVERBIAL CLAUSES. .'^>. (luuses ,loi,,u- th,' work ora(lv,Ml..sa.e (..lie.! ad- verbial causes. A//,, when you are ready. Co Place. I/,/t If where I found it. ('■) Manner. Tr„,nH.i >,;„■/: >,..„■ as I used to work ('0 Reason. ,SA, ,„./,/ „„t ,,„,„ because she was ill (' ) Condition. / ,rin h,n, th<- },..„1: if you pav half EXERCISE 61. ^_ Fm,l adverhial .-lansesan.! t.-il thei,- „.., ,..,,.t „„, ,„^„,^^^, L The tre,. lay where it fell. i>. J eonsent l,eeanse v. •Jl. ('om]>Iex senfenees d,, not make two or more separate i.ulepen.lent statements as componnd sen- tences do. A eoniplex sentence makes only one com- j^,'e stafr.>n>f ^nd is nally af\n,n uC (he simple sen- tence. The depeiKlent clause is mendy a j. art of. speech ADVKKHIAL CLAlSKS. US thiit lias talvMMi the form of ;i snit. I; and Part III., p.^O) may afteiwards be given separately. Mil J'lithn- in.il,,,! that this Irrr Khuiihl In ntl ,h„r„. Till ciixtl, , irhi i: li, inif! I.orii, flm !ii ruins. J!, fori' fli> Jininnt nrrinil^ //,,■ l,ii!f,ll„i/ f, //. Kind otCLAuaK. Co.mi"lj-:ti; Srii.iixi. ' My father 1. I'riiiciiial 'J. I'l'lU'Illli'llt iiioun clausi' ol>j. of wished! This tree • OIII'LKTK I'HEDICATK. wished that this — down should be cat down 1. Principal j 2. Dependent (adj.clausi'ofcastle) Tlio oastle wliere li.' lies in ruins was lioru He was born that where 1 Trincliial Tlie bnildiag 'J. Dcjiondi'iit I ndv. ciaiiHi' of fell) Tiie firemen fell before the— arrived arrived Before EXERCISE 52. < iive tlif ^'I'lioml analysis of: — 1. AVhcii May comes tlie apple trees will blossom. 2. Speak clearly if you speak at all. 3. All that f,'litter3 is not goM. 4. They who touch pitch will lu> tlefile.l. 5. As he approached' thiJ \ ilhi-e, Rip met a number of people. (S. My heart leaps up when I I>rhul,l a rainbow in the sky. 7. We have not heard h..w the atlair ended. 8. I know a bank whereon the wild thvme fi'rows. I'. AVhy he should suffer so much is beyond my concei)tion. 1(». .!ic t!-;!v>',:er 2i'-ticed tin- hu'ht sm.iko . luliiiLr up fitim a viilasre whose shining roofs gleamed amonji the trees. 11. This is the > 11 "<„ 94 i:a«y kxkkcisks is iisui.ii^n. man of whom I am spcukii.- V2. Kx.cpt vo rei-ent ve sl.all hkcwiso pi-risli. 1,!. [ iVar tliat lu- will not surici-.l. 14," 1 tlirice prosi-nti-.! him a kiM>;iy crown wiii.h thrico lie .li.l refuse, lo It Wiis an autumn .lay when tiie grapes were rij.e. STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES < Review). .'{2. Tlic i)iiits tliat makt' up a sciiteiue air (1) sub- ject, (L') predicate, (.{) object i.i- complement. Tlu-seaie the harklwnv of the senteiu-e. lint a sentence lias linihs as well. The limbs are (4) attributive adjuncts, and (5) adverbial adjuncts. 33. The xitbjccf or ohjevt must be a name ci- words that do naming work. These are U) houhh, (2) pronouns, (3) noun c/auaex^ (Part III., p. «»o,). Conv.huwntx may be ( J ) nouns or Mords that do the ^V()rk of nouns, ^ 2) adjectives or adjective phrases (p. 71), (3) adverbs or adverbial phrases (p. 75). 34. The predicate must be a verb or a rerh-form, that isrt rerb u-ith uuxUiarieH, (Part III., p. GO). 3"). Attributive adjuncts are adjectives or words that do the work of adject ives. Thev are ( 1 ) adject ires (•> ) adjective phrases (Part III., p. 7(»), (;{) adjective clauses (Part III., p. ;»()), (4) nouns in t be possessive case (Part II., p. 43), (5) nouns in apposition (Part II., p. 4;3). Attribuf •' adjuncts ^r,, with simple sul>jects, simple objects or .v pic noun com piemen f.s to make complete sub- jects, com), .te objects and complete noun complements. •Mi. Adverbial adjuncts are adverbs or words that do the work of adverbs. They ai e ( 1 ) adverbs, < 2 , adver- b,aJ phrases (Part III., p. 7;{), (.}, ad vcrI>iaJ clause . (lart III., p. j»2). They go m,»st frequently with the simjde jncdiraic to make a complete predicate. They iire also attached to adjectives or other adverbs (p. 7o).' c'Ai'iT.VL ij:tti:ic.s and ITNCTUATIOX MAUKS. !>5 37. Scuteiu'os muy he simple, compound or complex. A simple sentence consists (.fa .s//////rst:i(('infiit, ques- tion, eomiuiiiKl or exelamalioii, ( Vrnt II., )». tS). A compound sentence consists (»f two or mom .'timp/e coordinate c/(ii(.stn (Part III., p. SI j, A complex sentence consists of a prinriixd rhtum: -{- a dependent '■louse (Part ill,, p. S!»). A clause may have all the parts that form a sentenct' (see p. 04, sect ion ."{2 ). It must iiave .sultjrri and predi- cate (Part HI., p. S4 j. CAPITAL LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION MARKS. (Seo Part I., j.. '22 aii.l Tart II., i-. Tm.^ 38. The following rules for the comma should be uoted. (1) The comma is used to mark otF similar subjects, predicates, objects, complements, attributive adjuncts and adverbial adjuncts, when there are more than two, singly or in pairs. (2) The comma is used to break up a sentence into parts so that its meaning may b(^ clear to the reader, e.g. (a) Mointtinf/ Jiin horse, the bandit rode off. (Tliu c'oiuiiKi marks otftlu! ;i) I came, T sate, I conquered. (The ('(iiuuuis mark oli" the chuiseri df a cniupniuiil sentence.) (r') The sfanf/hfer, n-hich then took place, teas terribJe. (Commas mark off tiie U'ijective clausi-). {d) That he /s' dead, is true. (The e. -lima marks uU" the noun ehuise). (e) As ue climbed the hill, the clouds lifted. (The cumma marks otl'the adverbial clause). •'♦' ^-^•^V KXKUCIHKW ix i;n(;lisii. EX£RCISE 53. I'unctiiatt', ;,'iviii;,' n-asniis. liiilc l. I. \V( Icarii Iiistory drawinj? Hin^'iii!,' uii.l drill. L'. .Meat in ay l.c niastcl l).,ik.,I .st.'WtMl or l)r..ilo.l. 3. Tliu wervaiit i.s m-at ob- liu'iii^' skilful and li.,iK-st. 4. Tlie general acted i.romi)tiv pru- d.'iitly and (■..iirai,'e..iisiy. 5, Tlio old and yuung .strun>,'and weak rirl, and j.uor fell victims to the pla-ne. (i. Sink or swim liv.; or e my kluirdoiu l">r a iiorse cried king richard. 2. Tjm said his sister neiiie where is the baljvs new hat. 3. [Mif'T^lC LAt^< . .HI KXKKlIsr.S IN fOMPoaiTlON. 97 Aro alic-e and bertha tluTc a«ke.l tlieir inotht-r. 4. Hurrah lonx livothekin«. 5. What is Marys pt't .luj? lex or compound sentence is not necessaiily u hmy sentence. (3) Know exactly what you are going to say in eacli sentence before you write the first word of it. (4) Punctuate your sentences, paying particular at- tention at this stage to the cimima. Tlie safest guide for the correct use of tlir camma is (1) to read the sen- tence aloud several tinw-. J) tl'f'n to markotfby a ( t comma ainn/c worth or (jri >n .it' pause of the voice is nece^sar)* . 40. The paragraph. Th pn <■> group of connected .soi/eneen freo jeef. A new paragrapit is imu i. the margin to the left. The paiagraph treats of one j. ' must have unity. The open ifi;x>*i topic of the paragraph and is ca '-.. '^lu the daijx of good Kin;/ Artlv > vuU a lad named Jack.*' ('I'opic sen llie story of Jack the (Jiant-killer.) Ix, wliere a distinct i}di in(f H-tll urranyed '■ '■ one 2>aif of a nuit- i indentation in ' of a subject ; it !<••• iiitroduct s the <• tupic sentence. It I (iducing 98 EASY KXI'.KlISKS I\ lACJI.ISH. 9 ^'The Union Jack is the national hanmr af the United Kini/dam of (hrat Ihiiaiii and Ireland/^ ('Htpic sen- t«'iir«' iiitro\>'u' soiitt'iu'crt iiitro.liu-iiiii |iariii;rai>hs >m : 1. Little Kfd Hi.Iiiii;-lIi'o,i. 2. ('iinlcri'ila. :>. The Criisadcs. 4. (Jiliraltar. ."). (nral Iwlaiids. ti. Coal. 7. Steam. 41. Tlie «f'H^'H(T.s of u paragraph should follow one another in go(»d order and .should be connected bywords of ref erencCi Some words and means of reference are : ('0 Conjunctions. Tlie iiu)st iinpurtaiit coiijum'tions tiiat intro- duce sentences are, liktn-iy,-^ iwirionr, for, iKniivr, nnirthdn'K, thirijiin , nil, rijnri , hut, i/'t, xtlll. Do not confuse ntntturts with d'(i/«(.«. V) Adverbs and adverbial phrases, such as, ncir, tln)\ at hngth, on till ciuitranj, unci xijuin n tlim . etc. ('■) Pronouns: {!) I'lrfl'Diitl Proiiiiutii'. {'2) Ditiwtistr'itin.0, that is ii<,rf}f t),nt point out and anm-ir th, iphKtioii which, e.g., /A <.v, that, tin' Joruvr, tic lattir, the ,nV.'-7, //(( Kirfiilit, t'li ,«'?//(/. ('?} Repetition of the literal words, .Sometimes we make refer- ence emphatic by repeating tlie wonls themselves instead of substituting a i>ersoiuil or demonstrative i>rf)noun, e.g., "jT/itre nit'r V'l.^ ."tich a '/ixi-o,. Boh said he didn't Uliive tlure tnr vas such a goose (one like it .' A Paragraph. ''Than alirai/.i jinj' md i-Ik, rfnlm sn to mirth. The latter / con- .*id' r ax an ) Tiie Htory, (rj Couehision or result. Writi tin ronijioxitl'Dt. '3i The Heroine of "Castle Dangerous." (a) Castle Dangerous, its hlociidiouse. -Aladeleino Verclieres, a^'ed 14, left in char-e'. (/') Wallvs hy the river to meet exj-ecte.! visitors. .Sees Iro«iuois cominj,'. (Tains the fort shoutin-,', "An.,: Ar„„K." Iiunates stupe- tied witii fear. Talves command and inspires lier two HtUe bro- thers witJi same si>irit. Holds fort for a week. Sleeps little, with cun in her arms. (> ) Word takeu to Montreal l)y laixiurers wh<. had escaped Indians. Splashing of paihiles and voices heard. The rescue. (4) Sparrow (use pictures). (-0 Introtlwtlon. Common Kng- hbh biid. Prefers town and is very Ixjld in approaciung man. Found in most countries of Europe. Imported into Canada. ( /- 1 /'. srriptln,,. >>'ot beautiful, small, brownish-grey. No song, lively ^■hirp. Stays all year roun'wipffA^ :tYvxT iii ^^^^^^^^^^^^i^^mmm 100 KA8Y EXERCISES IN KXCiLISH. If (5) Volcanoes. (..) What they are. Openings in earth's crust through M'hich issiussteam, cinders, great stones and lava. Called " burning mountains," but they neither burn nor are mountains. They are merely pipes or funnels. So (tailed from Vulcan, sup- lM>sed l»y ancients to have his smithy in the interior of the eartii. (/') Jfowfoniiiif. Jlatcrials thrown out fall around the openiuir. Form a cone with cniter in centre. Active and extinct volcanoes. (r) Noted volcanoes, in Andes, in Europe, in Iceland. (Use pic- tures, etc.) ((!) The Frozen North. («) Extends from North ix)le for 23J" of latitude. Sea and land frozen. Sea covere*! with ice-fields, witii spaces of water sometimes between. A wild white waste. Ships frozen in ice all winter. {/») The ski/. — During arctic winter sun never seen. Only lights in the sky, the stars and northern lights. {<} Arctic Ejpliirirfi. Dressed in furs. Norwegian snow- shoes, sledges with Eskimo dogs. Exi)lorers seek to extend our knowledge. 4.'J. Many young writer.s find it difficult to say some- thing without first having something to sny. Others may kiu)\v much about a subject, but not know how to say it in an onlcrli/ and connevfed way. A good plan is to take some familiar object such as an umbrella^ or o watch, place it before you for examination, and cross- question it. The following will be found suitable questions : 1(1. How were you fitted toge- ther or prepareil for use'.' 11. What is your appearance now ? Your size, shape, colour ? 12. How are you used? By wIkjui are you needed'.' When are you ni'i'dc 1 V For wiiat jmrpose are you nsvd" v.). Wh(>rc arcyou kt'i)t? TldW are voutrcatcd hvotluTs? What are you ? How dill yi.>u get your name'.' Who uses you ? What were you once? Wiiat were you like then . Wlu'ie wore you oljtained or found? From wliat sources do you COIIU'? n :;;it ulu y p;l^t^ . Are you made, grown, or fitted together? X^-'cy-M-W^m-^^:^.!! >i:feM::^/« LKTTEKS. 101 (1) Write down answers to those questions which you are able to anwer, usin- the first person, e.j;., Tarn on umhreUa. I yet my name from a word that means a ^hade, etc. (2) Arran.v^e you answers in two or three groups, putting toj^ethcr those that will go well toge- ther in the same paragraph. (3) Write out the para- graphs, con.uvting the sentences, changing their order at pleasure, and using the third person, e.g., An umhreUa n a Hsejal ardcle, carried by most people, young and old. It yets tf, name, etc. The cross-questioning may be taken as a class exercise. The following are suitable subjects for treatment of this kind :— h Abinl-c-ap :i A ..nt. 8. A tea-pot. 4. A CLrisfuus- tree. o. A doll. 0. A loaf. 7. A cup of tea. LETTERS. 44. The heading and date. These are written at the top of the paper at the right ';.nd side. They may occupy two or more separate Maple Lodge, Valieytiel.l, 40 Fre.leri.-k Stre-t •'»'y 1"', li»0<1. Toronto, -^biy l(i, 1<)(»(). 4.-.. On a separate line towards the left of the page ^•0 address the person to whom the letter is writt,M. f 1,,. ^"<;'1<' . >f salutation varying ac(-ording to the relations <'Msting betweeu him and the Avritei-. (1) Near relatives. ".][,, ,l,„r Muth, ,-,- M^v ine.s l,.tters, "A„r Sh-r ^Ihnr M.,'j^ ,\ ^:y - . _. ,T , "S'-y'T- 102 EASY KXERCISES IN ENGLISH. 46. At the end of the letter comes the subscription, written towards the right of the page and varying in its terms as before. (1) IroiKiiii, Mil (h'lir MoUwr, Your iiffi'ctioiKitr Kon, Jaiiitu Morton. (3) Vrrii micircbj yovr.i. Waller White. (5) / hare the honour to be, Sir, Your oliedient servant, William Roe. (2) I remain, My dear Kate, Your lorinij friend. Surah Harper. (4) Yours respectfully, John Black. 47. In business and more or less formal correspond- ence the name and aildrefOiof the person to ichom the letter u aent are wiitten, sometimes at the beginning, some- times at the end of the letter, in either case towards the left. SPECIMEN LETTER. (Application for the post of Junior Clerk.) 12S Hill Street, Montreal, Jan. 20, 19(X). Mes.srs. Thompson ii to Mr. G. W. Smith, makuig iiKiiiiries al>out Arthur Kingstcjifs coruhict, acholarsiiip,' health aud family respectability, 2. An order fur the f )llowing g(x»rl to !„■ of the he.H quftliti/ (lUfl handles vylljiuiK/ud. One airriny knife and fork. Two doz. hraitft stair rods. One garden hose. 30 yards. (.icMids to be for- warded by express next Tliursday. and c-heque to be sent in pay- ment on receipt of invoice. 3. Letter acknowledging receipt of ciieipie for above, and en- closing receii)ted invoice. Make out receipted invoice. Make out cheque. 4. Letter applying to a local firm f^r a situation which you have seen advertised. Ciive an account of your scho(jling, reasons for niakini; ai.plication, and what you exi)ect to have tj do. Write the advertisement. 5. A note asking your late master for a testimonial as to char- acter. G. An order f .r books. Invoice of same. 7. A letter thanking a relative f)r a Birthday or Ciiristmas present. 8. A letter, in answer to an advertisement in Eeminfj Sun of March I'Utli, making eniiuiries ai)()ut a 1)icycle f.r sale. 49. Rule spaces about 4 inches by ,'{ inches, and direct euvelopes to the follo\viu Slierbrooke Street, Montreal. 5. Tlie Editor, '• Weekly Star," Vnung Street. Halifax. (y. Messrs. Aird Brotlu-rs, Trincess Mills, Winnipeg. 7. :Messrs. Heywood cS: Co., 97 High Street, London, Out. 8. J. H. Yoxall, Ks.i.. M.I'., The Hnuse nf C.mmniis, Ottawa. M. St .■^r.-,. Marniiilim iv (",)., LtM., l'ul)iishers, St. M; reet. Luuditu, W.C., Eu'^'laiid. irtm 8 i^ :s !: ^ -.jj.i \;^>''- ■ ■■■ Jj I - It*-"; Y~ INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS. 105 EASY EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. Part IV. — Inflexions of the Parts of Speech. — Parsing. 1. Inflexion is a change in the form (spelling) of a word to mark a change in its meaning, e.g., Lion, Horn, lioji'Sy lioness. The Parts of Speech may be divided into two groups according as they admit, or do not admit, of inflexion. The inflected parts of speech are Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs. Prepositions, Conjunc- tions and Interjections are not inflected. INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS. 2. Nouns are inflected (or change their form) to ex- press gender, number and case. GENDER. 3. Gender is an inflexion of nouns according to the sex they represent. There are two genders, the masculine and the femin- ine. Xanies of males, irhelher nun or aniinaJs, are voinis of the masculine gmder ; names of females are nouns of the feminine ytnder. Xames of things without animal life are neither riia.wuline nor Jtiiilninc and an: said to he of neuter (neither) gender, i^ome nouns may be used for >;5*^c^"«sf»sv:»' ■V I 106 EASY EXEBCISES IN ENGLISH. either sex, and are said to be of common gender, e.g., <'OM.>rin(r,j>rnplii-t. (h). By chiiii<;:n<^ the ending into tikk form the feminine of f on- ductor,-m. Girl, Sister, Cow, Hen, Filly. Duck, Counte33, Afim. Fern. Father. Mother, Friar, Nun, Gentleman, Lady, Horse, Mare, Husband, Wife, King, Queen. Lord, Jjady, Mm. Man, Monk, Nephew, Papa, Ram, Sir, Son, Fern. Woman, Nun, Niece, Mamma, Ewe, Madam, Daughter. EXERCISE 2. Clive the other form (iu;ihciiliiu» or ffininine) ami state how L'l-nilfr in eaoli case is expressed : — 1. Man. 2. Cow. .".. Kam. 4. Governor. .">. Actress, ti. Land- lord. 7. P.ride. 8. Widow. 9. Duck. Iti. Sister. 11. .Stiltan. KXiV-Jc^fM^;-. 12. Pea-cock, U. Lass. 17. Ogra. 18. Milk-maii. NUMBER. 14. La-iv. 1'). Mttvor. 107 16. Wizard. EXERCISE 3. Tell whether the followliij,' noinis are of masculine, feminine, common or neuter gender. Give a reason: — 1 Kiiii,'. 2. Throne. 3. Danger. 4. Bishop. ,">. Sovereign. 6. Peeress. 7. Lord. S. Brotlier. 9. MatiMa. 10. Admiral. 11. Ship. 12. Sailor. i;5. Stranger. 14. Officer, l."). William. Hi. Doctor. 17. Fisherman. 18. Peasant. 1!). Beast. 20. Weasel. NUMBER. 5. Number is a change of form to denote one or more than one. There are two iminber.s, the sinffular and the j^/«ra?. The singular denotes one, as girl, tree. Theyhiral denotes more than one, as girls, trees. 6. Most nouns form the plural number hi/ adding -s or ■es fo the singular, as cow, cows ; fox, foxes. -1 EXERCISE 4. Write in parallel columns the singular and i)lural of:— (a). Box, ). Leaf, loaf, wolf, knife, wife, life. (r). Lily, cry, fairy, canary, tly, poppy. ('/). Toy, holiday, bay, stairway, donkey, valley. Examine your four lists and make rules for the jthiral of:— ("). Nouns that end in -v, -sh, -rh, -x or -o. (/>). Nouns that end in -/, or -Jr. {<). Nouns that end in -// after a consonant. ('/)• Nouns that end in -ij after u vowel. ^^^^2Sl^SS£Mi£fflSfiH»S^ lOS F.ASY i:xi:h<"Is?:k in i.nci.ish. II 7. The following nouns are irregular: — Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. Man, Men, Foot, Feet, Child, Children, Goose, Oeese, Ox. Oxen, Tooth, Teeth, Woman, Women, Mouse, Mice. EXERCISE 5. Write (or spell) i\w jilnriii of: 1. Iliit. 2. Cherry. H. Mouse. 4. Fly. 5. Chunh. u. No^rro. 7. Wife. h. Match. V. Cnuntry. Ki. Fcx.t. 11. Vul<'aii'>. VJ. liahy. i;^. Knife. 14. Key. lo. AVish. Ki. Hero. 17. (JiM)se. 18. Child. 19. Bunch. 20. Box. L'l. Mass. l".'. Cuckoo. CASE. 8. Case shows the relation between a noun or pro- noun and some other Avord in the sentence. There are three cases, the nominative (or subject case), the objec- tive (or object cast') and the possessive. A noun (or pronoun) that is the subject of a verb is in the nominative case. (See sec. 2, p. ;>;>). A noun (or pronoun) that is the object of a transitive verb (Sec. ."». p. .{.")) or of a preposition (Sec. (!, p. (JD) is in the objective case. The noun that stands for a person or thing that owns something is in the possessive case. 9. The noniinativ<' and «)bjcctive cases are always alike, but nouns in the possessive case have a special sign. That siuii is the ajiostrophe ('). Ft)r the pos- sessiA-e case ol' singular nouns put the (*) after the noun and add -n. thus. WiUidiii's books, s not end in-.«(iuia fsj, as hinrx. Do not put ('; to neuter nouns. Inst.-a,! of " //,^ home's/, out, '^ it is better to say '• the front of the house/' EXERCISE 6. Write llif i-osscssivo cas..., .siiiirular iiii.l i.Iural.of;— Mfii, rJiil.l. iM.y, miller, hakers, ..xe... ladies, ti.ief Marv calves. He„ry, breti.ren, mason, ehiefs, ^^oose, fanners fux' parents, tlies. . "•■^. EXERCISE 7. In Exercise 1, j.. ;;-,, till iu suitable no.m.s as ol.jeets cf the transitive verl)s. EXERCISE 8. InKxerciseS ,,. 7l», name the j.reiKjsitions an.l the .,lm.,.t3 whieli they Koveni. EXERCISE 0. Write in) six sentences, each containing a noun in the nomin- ative .-ase, as suhje.-t ; (/,) six senten.-es, each .ontaininjr a noun m the ohje.-tivo case after a transitive verb; (,-, six sei.ten.es each ounta.nin- a nonn in the ui.j.M.tive case after a j.reMusition" • an.l (-0 SIX sentenees. eaeh euntaininj,' a noun in the ,.ussessive' case. EXERCISE 10. Tell the case of the nnuns iml . I>h.h,,-sfa..eh.ulflushe.l. 7. Kiehes -h. munv thin..s. ^. 1 he sheep bruwse.l quietly on the liill. 9. With fi.^s ami p'mus and dates they fed the animals. 10. No pcMNon .lined with tlu'- km- 11. The carpenter .Irew out the nail with a pair of pin<-ers. Example:— .IffH-v Imt tlir ."(lilor'xfa'j to Jolm. Mary, nom. case, luhject of lent. sailor's, /)<«». cane, }> T/ M.Ji^-7^'%' mPi-'i'^-fMi^^ 110 ]:\,) in flexions, viz., gender, huiuImm-, case ; (4 ) reason for case. EXERCISE 11. Tarsc the nouns: I. Lucy's friK-k is torn. "_'. Ann >,'iive Mary's doll to .lane. 3. Tho moil have HnisluMl thoir work. 4. Tlu' liouso .stands in the park. 5. Laura's watch was mad*; at Geneva. 6. Cliarhs rnh's hi:; untde's horse to L4jndon. 7. Down fell the ladies' thimhles and Bcis-sors into the hrook. ADJECTIVES AND THEIR INFLEXION. 11. Adjectives are of three kinds : (See sec. 2, p. :V.)). (a). Adjectives of quantity that tell hoic luany or how mnrhj either exactly or in a general w.xy. as fvc, many, Mveral, every, some, no. (h). Adjectives of quality that tell ichnt sort of things : as large, small, ugly, tall. (c). Demonstrative Adjectives that tell which things : as a, the, this, that, my, his, first, tenth. EXERCISE 12. Point out the adjectives in Exercise 8,p.39,an thing ; the comparative is used in comparing two thiii- and the superlative in comparing more M^h two thin . We must say ".SVie is the taller (not tallest) girloj Ihe ;.rc,'' because we are comparing iivo girls only. 15. Some adjectives are compared irregularly: Ponititf. Bad (or evil;. Good, Little, Many (or much). Far, Late, Old Comparative. Worse, Better, Less, More, Farther, Later (or latter). Older (or elder), Suptrlative. Worst, Best, Least, Mfisf, Farthest Latest (or last), Oldest (or eldest). 11.2 KASY KXKRCTHKH IN KNdLISH. SZEBCISE 14. („) Giv« thf coinpHri'tivo and Hiiiwrhitiv.' -h'^roes cf ; 1 falin 'J. I...»<1. 3. I..fty. 4. S^^.■..t. r,. Mie. H. Hoauti- ful. 7. Hrisht. s. ExcrlUnt. <». Yiiiov.. 10. Clever. (^). (tivtf all tlio iU'>:r»M'rt of:— 1 l,.srt "Late 3. Most Jiflunlt. 4. OM-r. r>. NVxt. 6. Mml.! 7'. More precious. S. Worne. M. I'retty. 10. Best. KJ Adjectives that admit of comparison are (n) most adjectives of «,iiality, and (Ma few adjectives of quan- tity, like./Vir, vunuf. Other uiljectives cannot he com- T^l 1*011 'in parsing an adjective stat" ( I ) Port of Si>eevh, (2) Clasff, (.-i) Jhwrr, if comparau^- v^ ' ^^"«" <"" ?'«"""» '^ in attached to. EXERCISE 15. I'arse the adjectives : ( See form on ].. 130.) 1 The hest apples. '->. The next house. 3. Ten hinh pillars. 4 Adarkr-Kjui. 5. Fifty s..Miers. .i. Her uorst example. ,. Three prettv white lilies. H. Many tall trees. (. ^.. wil.l aii^- raals 10. That most nii.serahle man. U. Yonder hi- house. 1.. Mv worst pen. 13. His own U^>k. 14. Those narrow streets. Example :—Oiir tulliH l>i>>i. Our, adjective, demomtrativt, atUichfd to "hoy." TaU4»t, adjective of qualitif, ,uperl„t ive, attached to " boy." EXERCISE 16. Parse noiuia and adjectives : . . « w 1 John has liou-ht a pretty doll for his youn-est sister. -. A\ e ^•uit.-d several hours in a cold room. 3. Mary wore a heavy MCK.UeueW . 4. At (Mehec our pilu-rim stopped for the hest partofadav. 5. Tl>e waves have i.ow a redder gl-w. <> The motherly care of the housekeeper provided an early hreakfast. INFLEXIONS OF PRONOUNS USED FOR NOUNS. !('». The chief pronouns used for nouns are PHrt?, Rehdlvf, Interrofjaticc ami Demonstrative pronouns. PERHOX. 113 Personal pronouns are nimply Hubntitutes for nouns. Th»*y are /, thou, he, she, if. Relative pronouns, besidi's hoin}; used for nouns, con- nect two clauses to^jether (See sec. '29, p. IMh. They are irlio, which and that. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask (luestions. They are trho, irhifhy vhaf. Demonstrative pronouns point out ]>articuhirly the objects to wlijcli tliey -efer. They are thin and that with their ]>liirals thcfie and those. This refers to an object near by and that to an object more remote. EXERCISE 17. Point out the pronouns and htati- whethtT tliey ure personal, relative, interrogative or '.' (J. The picture that he hovr.:ht is valuahle. 7. Time .steals them from us. S. She withdrew the hanil that had lu-en resting nixm me. *.». As I eume up the val- ley, wiiom think ye I should see? 10. (iive lue tiiat. 11. They rejoice to hear this. 1"-'. These are important i>ersons ; those are not. i:!. Whose hat is this? 17. Pronouns used for nouns liave tlie .same intlec- tions as nouns, vi/.., jjender, number and case. They liave also one more intlection called J'erfiott. PERSON. (See sec. 10. p. ;{S) There are three persons, the Finsf, the Sccowl, and the Thin' Prouoi is of the first person (Iwe) maik the jirrson Spcakimj, Pronouns of the second person .^tlioii-you) m;irk the yer^nn tipohm to. 114 EASY KXKKC'JSi:« IN ENGLISH. Pronouns of the third person (he, she, it-they) mark the jjcrsoji or ihhiy spoken of. Obi -All nouns are of the /Airrfp?r*oH, because they are the names of porsons •nd thinas spoUn of, A person, speaking about hiraielf, uses not his name, but gome form of the pronoun " / ; " and when we speak ll second persons (I and thou) are of common gender; tliat is, they may be used for eitlier males or females. In the pn^nonns of tlie tJiird person there is a change of form to express ^'ender in the singular (h,; Khc,it) ; but the BiUi^le form (haj serves for all three genders in tlie plural. The;)').. They aie ;-(*/, mine; our, owrs; th>i, thnu-, your, yonm ; hi», hr, Jars, it.'< ; thir, thnrf. The f >rms m>i, tlo, hl.\ h< r, our, your, tn- Ir, are used when the noun is expressed. The f .rnis tulnr, thhie, oiirx, yours, ook h mine. The jironoun vho chan-res its form to express m!'i\ but does not change to exi>ress rji ndtr, numlir or)icpils on tlie verh or jire]>ositi(j:i. EXERCISE 1 8 . iiivt' tilt! ;,'<'n(h'r, nuiniicr. ixTscn and ca.suof f,l„, tin./, iii,ii,,r, , Jiiiii. it, ?'.«, ;'■/('>, ulioiii^ thii, lliiiii. EXERCISE 10. The rehitive jtronoun who is usc(l r)r /i, isniis oi>]y, which for ■ill/, rif^r auiiiKiJK iiutl tlilii'is, that ft>r III/. In Kx. 4s, p. 1)1 insert th, ]). <»1, supi.ly who or whom. H». A relative pioiioiin iclates to a word goinj; be- fore called (lie (utlrct'iUnt, e.<;., in theseuteiiee/".! boy who /.s ((ffrutin is snir to cm/," ir/io is a i-elative and relates to the w<»rd boi/ ; hoi/ <;oes before it and is called the (intcceih'ut. A nJaiirr is always in the same yrj///rr, nnmhcr and [X'rxon as tlu; antev;. The ^rirl who hron;:ht tin; jmrcel was not paid. 4. .lolin lias a bird which lie canirht in a traj>. •"). lit" is a man whom I can trust. «>. I'lay the tniie that I like. 7. Those whom we trust often deceive us. S. You have tlie book that I want. EXERCISE 22. \^ hen ;/((.s and that are followed bv a noun, thev are(//'»)0().«^ra- '^sm 110 EASY EXERCISES IN ENGLISH. live adjective!*; when they stand alone they are dimov»tratire pro- nouns. Tell whether thin and that with their plurals thew and tho»6 are used as adjectives or pronouns :— 1. This pear is ripe. 2. Those apples are not ripe. 3. That paper is not g(H.d ; tiiis is better. 4. Do not mistake this for that. 5. Those books wore IxMight yesterday. «>. Virtue and vioe are before you; this leads to ruin, that to happiness. 20. In parsing; a pronoun, used for a noun, state (1) Part of speech, y2) class, (3) inttexious, viz., gender, number, person case, (4) reason for case, (5) antece- dent, if relati ^ Pronouns used as adjectives are parsed like other adjectives. EXERCISE 23. Parse the pronouns : (See form p. I'M.) 1. I know tlioo. '2. Tell us who is coining. 3. Who told you? 4. I sent tx> you for gold which you denied me. 5. We saw .lolin who was looking woU. (>. Here are your pens which are all broken. 7. What is the matter? 8. Tako this but leave those. 9. The girl that I left behind luo. EXERCISE 24. Parse the nouns, adjectives and pronouns :— 1. The beautiful flower which you picked is dead. 2. My ele- gant shawl is covered with mud. 3. We played a most amusing game. 4. Who are staying at vour friend's house? 5. These trees are taller than those in my garden. »>. A mail tlog has torn her new frock. 7. Which do you prefer ? S. Who can do that ? EXERCISE 25. Parse the nouns, adjectives and pronouns:— 1. :My father and I watched Mr. Wren as he made a nest ready for Mrs. Wren. 2. First he brought some pine needles ami . When the nest was iiinslied 31 1>. V\ rou sat uj'".) near her and sang a little song fur her. V\"i\u sat ur")ii it uii.i Mr. n re gl i i THE VERB AND ITS INFLEXIONS. THE VERB AND ITS INFLEXIONS. 117 21. The verb tells something about its subject. (See p. 34). A verb msiy tell {a) what the subject is (see j). 36, copulative verbs), (h) what the subject does (active verbs), (c) what is done to the subject (passive verbs). 22. Verbs are of two kinds Intransitive and Trannitive. A verb that makes complete sense without an object Is in- transitive^ as Stars twinkle, (sec p. 34). A verb that requires an object after it in order to make comjjlete sense is transitive, as The dog caught a rat. EXERCISE 26. 1-1 Exercises 1 and '_', }). 3o, tell which verbs are transitive and which intransitive. 23. Verbs have five inflexions, Voice, Mood, Tense, Person and Number. VOICE. (St^c pp. ()5 and (JO). 24. Voice is the inflexion of a verb which shoics whether the subject stands for the doer or the receiver of the action expressed inj the verb. Transitiv<» verbs have two voices, an Active and a Passive voice. A Verb is said to be in the Active voice when it repre- sents its subject as the doer of an act, as John broke a window. A verb is said to be in the Passive voice when it repre- sents its subject as receiving the action expressed by the verb, as A window was broken bij John. i-rm'ici- ..r^'ir ^ . -y :M^ 118 EAfciy EXKKCISKS IN ENGLISH. EXERCISE 27. Tell whether the verbs are in the Active or Passive voice: — 1. The fiiniier i)loulon'j;heil. 3. Me lM>we(l his liead. 4. The kiii. The jjrave was luoisteneil hy h>'r tears. (>. He chose the narrow i>ath. 7. A lijihl was ])rociue(l. 8. A victory has heeii won. i). Tiie servant fel tiio chickens. 10. The letter has been written. EXERCISE 28. When the active voice is ehaniieil into the i)assive, f lie object is chaii'^i'd into the subject. Tims ''Tlw i^hny gnlln r^'l ji>i^" l>e- t ics ''Fiijs inre gnthertd h;/ tin' sluvi" (Sec. 1, p. (i»i). \\\ the jjreeedinjjr Exercise chaiiije the sentences so as to ehant'e the voice of the verbs. EXERCISE 29. Review Exercise 1, j>. •>(). Many /HY/flfH.s'7/i'^ verbs expres.s action, e.g., Dor/srun. Such verbs are in the active voice. Other intransitive verbs do not express action, e.g.. Men live. Verbs of tliiskind hove no voice. In parsinj; an intransitive verb jjive its voice — active when it expresses action, but not otherwise. Copu- hitive verbs (sec. 6&7. p. ;><») have no voice. EXERCISE 30. Tell whether the intransitive verbs are active or have no voice; — 1. The lion roars in his den. 2. Many peojile i)erishe(l. 3. The man lalKju'-s. 4. Swallows skim nlmv^ tlie water. 5. Birds are aniuials. •>. l)uoks swini; binls tiy ; .lane dances. 7. (iroliath fell. S. P.abv sleeps, it. .lohn was here. 10. The apples look ripe. 11. Th.' graiies proved so ur. MOOD. Jlfl MOOD. 2r>. Verbs have four moods or diHereiit ways of ex- pressin;^ their action. They are eulled tht^ I ml leaf ire, the T inpc raf ire, the Snbj a net i re nud tlie InHnitire moods. -*<). We have seen that some sentences oaUed ^/rr/fz/vf- tire (Sec. 22, p. -iH) assert or declare that sonu'thin^ is or is not, and that other sentenct-s called intcrnnjdtire. (Sec. 24, p. 4!>) ask (questions. Such sentences contain verbs in the indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to make statements of fact and to ask questions, as Is the min Imf t The mi/ler grinds coni. The home was struck. 27. Other sentences are put in the form of a ret/iiesf or eommiunt. Such sentences contain veil»s in tlie itu- peratire mood. (See sec. 2;{, ]>. 4S. ) The imperative mood is used to give commands, as, Open the xcindotr. Obs.— The subject or a rerb In the imperative mooil— tlie proiirmn than or you—\i generull>- omitted, as, '-Read (you) that ler.ie ayain." {See See. 2.5, p. 4'.t.l EXERCISE 31. ('»). Name the sul)jefts. (6). Point out tlie vt'i-l»rf nn.l tt-ll vhether they are in the indicative or imperative luuod : — 1. Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. 2. Dost thou lovo life? 3. Plough deep. 4. (Joil bless our fatherlaiul. 5. P.e us*'- ful where thou livest. tJ. I met a little futtau'e;_'ii!. 7. Wiiy does a rolIiii<| stone gather no moss? 8. Shine like the sun. 9. The fanner picks the apples and piles them in rosy heaps; next he will assort them and put them into barrels. l(t. Take tliis daisy, break it apart and notice the little tubes. 11. .Shall I tell y .u a storv ? 28. The Subjunctive I.-ood is used to express a condi- tion or supposition, as. If he arrive to-day. he iriil '(»■ in time ; J trill come if he allow me. I ij lliO KAKY i:Xi:KCrSE« IS ENGLIRH. Obr — Thr aubjunrtiro mood has Kenerallr 1/ or eortip other conjiinrtion bfforp It, and is ulwayi relatrd to aiiothtT Tcrh. J/ lif arrirt it in the jiiil.juiuliie mitoti \ it Ihows there is doubt ai to whether he will arrive or not and it is conni-cti'd with the other clause, he inll he in time. // hf allow is in the fiit^jutu-tire mood ; it »liowg on wliat condition the action will take place, and it Is attended by anotlier clause, / tr i.'J cuine. EXERCISE 32. 00. I'Dint jiiiu-tiv(! niood; (li) j><)iiit out otlicr v('rl).s and toll tlifir iikxmI :— 1. If the ilay ho tine, wo will jro to-inurmw. '2. Tiionjili ho trv a},'ain, ]n> will not snccood. o. If Ik; livo virtuously, lie will die haj^py. 4. If y..u pi, I will follow, o. Tako rare lost you fall. tl. Spoak, thou-;h it bo of defeat. 7. If ho have anything' lie will give it. S. I will know more of thoe ore we jiart. LM>, TJie infinitive mood is a verb-form which consists of the verb in its simplest form, j^enerally preceded by the preposition io, wliich may be <'alled tlie xifpi of the injlnitire. It has no subject and, therefore, no person or number. The iufintfive in often equivalent to a noun. It may be used as the subject or object of a verb, c.jj., To err (subject) h hniDnn. Hi of, Ti d to pay ( uri to march (noun comiilemont). EXERCISE 33. Point out the iiitinitives ar.il state .if each whether it is used as subject, objo<'t or nnun coinpleinent: — 1. To <»])ey is our duty. 2. I fir<;ot to shut the d'M>r. 8. He likes to study. 4. To be v'<»'d is to be hajij.y. 5. To lioL'in im- plies to end. 0. My instructions were to fnljow. 7. The bear bo}:an to dance. 8. To see reciuires no small skill. EXERCISE 34. ^lake sentences containing the following infinitives: — 1. To help. 2. Totly. 3. To tlee. 4. To lie. 5. To lav. 6. To MOOD. 121 ask. 7. To f»ri;ive. K. To sow. 0. To sew. 10. T.» Iom- UTo injure. 12. To travel. 13. .o remember. 14. To persevere." 30. Besides tlie inood.s verb.s liave cerfaiii forms called Par/iriph's. ^«ec. 18, p. 81). TlKn.articipIe.as Us name implies, is junf verb, part adjfrfn-c. The work that it does iu a senteuee is (nljerfirc work. J»ai( ici j,i,.s must, therefore, be parsed like adject ive.s. Verbs have three participles— the Present, the l»ast and the Perfect. Tlie present participle always ends in -iny, as forhu/, siuyhuj, irritiiif/. The past participle ha.s variou.s ending's as /o^vW. .„n,f,, trriffcu. The perfect participle is made up of the j)ast parii- ciple and the auxiliary haviiiy, as haviny loccl. EXERCISE 35. Point out the i-artioiples: 1. Hearing you were unwell, T .-ame in see y.,u. 2. Tii.; story tolle belong to me. EXERCISE 36. In Kx. ."2, ].. M an.l Kx. :';.\, j,. Si', p,ji,it out the i)arti.'ij.!es. EXERCISE 37. Tei! the voice ainl mo'."! .f tin- veiiis : 1. Cover th" embers. 2. Having thus sj^.k.-n the mess.-i,-,.r retired. 3. ( '..me when- my love Ib-s .in-amiii- 4. Th<; i,i,.tute ' ' ■' ■■-' y-- ■■.•■■;;;'•. ;;;i- ;:!-i-;i ^;,;,i. .,. 1 ■> i.,ve Js to bf i.jsi-.]. 6. How is glass male? 7. The eliil.l is tau-.'hf to read. ,s. f shall be iii.s_'racei rj,. We had left our two servants heliind us. (i. All shvness liad vanished. 7. The surirt^on has set my arm skilfully, s. The news Iiad arrived before I returned. l». Mary will have tinislied her work bv six o'clock. EXERCISE 40. Tell the tenses of tlie verbs :— 1. Thecuacnha.s arrived. 2. The tlowers witherci. 3. The servant had opened the .loor. 4. The peacock screams and the cricket chirps. .'>. Mar> wiii rinjjj tiie hell. t>. The children will have tinished their lessons before you <,'o. 7. Tiie |»ostman called yesterday ; he comes daily. 8. We travelled thronu'li Canada. 124 KASY' KXKIUISIOH IS ENGLISH. EXERCISE 41. (. Tlie jras burns brightly. 4. The tninipet soumls. 5. Doj^s snarl. '». ile 0|>eu8 the car ciiinl.s a pole, (c). ("han>,'e tenses from past to past perfect : — I. The tire liurncil. -. John >j;aint'. The bird I'.nj.pe.l from hou<;ii to lioujrh. '•. The wind blew. {(l). Chantre tt-nses from future to future perfect :— 1. Papa will arrive. 2. Tht^ .soldiers will defend their kinir. '■'. The fleet will sail from Halifax. 4. We will walk in the valley. 5. Thev will return bv the hill. PERSON AND NUMBER. .'i;{. Verbs have xingnlar and plural forms and also form lor the thvee nersons. Singular. Plural. lutptr. I play. We j)lay. •2nd fur. Thou playest. You jilay. :]r<} jii r. He. she or it jilays. They play. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. To tell the person and iiuniber t»f a veil>, lind rlie subject. The verb will b*' in the .same ])erson and number. If the subject is a noun, the verb will always be in the third person. EXERCISE 42. Fill the blanks with suitable words and tell the ]>crson and number of the verbs : — 1. Tiiey .... letters. 'J. You .... tiiebell. :;. I (jnickly. 4. He to Montreal. 5. We geu'.'raphy. ti. ■bdin .... to riCUSOV AM> XL.MIIKR. 125 me. 7. M;iny wcrt- .slmt. S jdays fKothall. !». Kiiii< John .... ill tli» vt'jir r.'lti. ^4. Tuo Hingular noutm Jnhird hi/ and vcquirc a rtrh in t/ir ])fiira/, e.^r., John and .)furif ji/aif (not plays* in the yark. Two siuyiifar nounn Hvi>n rated hi/ or, nor, but, it'i/iiire a singular irrlt, e.j;., John or Mari/ jduifx ( not play) in the }>ark. Two Hingntar nounn Joined hi/ with, also, as well as, require a rerh in the s'mgxil&T niimlter, t\}^,, Mar)/, afno FAith, in (^lutt arc) here. Each, every, either, neither are ainf/nlarand require a singular verb, e.j;., Fark man and woman is here. EXERCISE 43. Fill in thelilank.s witli is or are, v'iviiiy rcasond: — 1. Hdtii hrothiT and sister laiiic. 2. NeitluT .lohn nor .Tames .... i)rt>sciit. :!. Kvory man Ihtc. 4. Kitlior his fatluT (.r motlicr .Icail. .">. Tiiisl k with four otlu'r volumes my -lift. (i. Nut the fath.-r hut the son punisht'il. 7. E%-t'ry picture uu tlio walls hcautiful. ,S. Kitlu-r y-.u or she wroiiff. it. The Itoy witii his father here. 1(». Tlie kiu<,' as well as the (jujeu comimr. 11. Each apple and pear .... marked. EXERCISE 44. Tell the {lersoii and nuiiilpcr of eacii verl): — 1. Albert has disapi)eared. i'. I have survived. ;;. My arm is stroniT. 4. Thou wilt smile, n. Kvery t-ee spring's from a seed. 0. Tiie rahhi listened with interest. 7. They jiassed each other. S. Tiiou knowest the life I luive led. It. A ship came in the autumn. l(i. Cry aloud. 11. Was the winter verv severe? IL'. \\' ill she return to-morrow '.' i:;. SiuiU we t,'o'.' 14. Will you answer if I call? 12G K.ASY KXi:iu'isr:s i\ i;N(;i.isn. :\rt. The rolU'tlioii olall Jitrms of.. mtW by wliirh w« murk its Voice, Muoil, Tinsr, /'«»«»« uimI A'«»«/'< / is)• Iliir, is a Tensc! auxiliary ami liclps \<> fuim tin- < niniioiiMd ..r r«'rffi't tfiisi'S. />'. is a Vuictf auxiliary ami hflps !■> fnin the rassivc vole*' 'if transitive vitIis. 3(». CoDJuj^iitioii ofuiixiliitiy v«'rl» Ikicc. HAVE. IsitlCATIVK Moiil). Pretrnt Ten^e. Singular. 1. I have. 'i. Tlioii halt. 3. Hi- hai. Sinnular, 1. I hail." " Thou hadBt. :{. He had. /'i(«t Tiiiof. fiititrr /V(i«t Si'i!/«/' he. BE. I.NDIt AlIVK Mool). I'n I' n ' Tfiitf. Slitujiiiar. 1 . I am. 2. Thou art. 3 He i«. Si'ifniliir. 1 I was." V Thou wast. :{, He was. Sl'. 1. I Ihall be. 2. Thou wilt hp. S. He will he. Piml Teruif. Future Tenne. rUiral. 1. We are. 2 Yo. are. I'. They are. Plural. 1 . W were. 2. You were. H. They were. ,",'.vr.l? 1. WeehalUM". 2 You will be. ;{. JliPv will be. VKliltS. 12; ^intfiititr. 'i. Thou liuit N-rn. 3 Hi' liaa Imtii. Hiniitiliir. 1. I llitll iltCII. ■^ Ttioii littrtdt l)*^. 3. ilu had Min. 1 I ihali liKvi' tii'i'ii. ir„t. 1. We huil b en. '.'. Tipi; ha-HU. SrnjiNi rivK M(Mii). .Siii'inlar. If I wcri'. If thou wert. If he were. Simiiiitir. If I Khali or will hi. If thou Hhall or will be. If he ihall or will bf. Simjular. If I have been. If thou have been. If he have been. Singular. If I had been. If tbou had been. If he had l.:'U. Singular. If 1 shall or will have lieen. If thou shall or will have bein. If he shall or will have lieen. Prmmt Tenir 1. /•lur.il. If we be. If vou be. If tbey Im. 1. 2 ;t. rinr.il. If We were. If you were. If they were. f'uturr Tenxe, Pliirnl 1. If we ihall or will »m>. •.'. If you Hhall or will be. :! If they Hhall or will be. Prtxeiil PirJfH Tetmr. I'liiriil. 1 If Wf have iM'en. i!. If you havi- Ihtii. ;i. If they have been. Pint p.r/.rt Tenie. I'liir.il. 1 . If we hail been. -. If you had been. ;!. If they had been. Future Pirfnt Ttnxe. Plural. 1 . If We Khali or will have been. 2. If you Hhall nr will hav.' bien. 3. If they Hhall or svill have lieen. ImI'EUATIVK ^^ooD. Prtteut Terue. Smgiilar. 2. Be, or he tbnu Plural. 2. Be, or !«■ you. I.VKI.SITIVK MtKiI). Praetit, To be. Prrfrct, To have been. i'ARTH'! !*!-F„"., Prt»tnt. Being. Pa>:t. Been. Perfect. Havlnif been. 128 KASY KXEKCISES IN ENGLISH. as. Coiijuj^iitioii of transit ivt' verb love. LOVE. ACTIV! \i'I; r. Indu'at! r: M"". 1. \C. inve, 3. You ..- "<■• 'A. They love. P sh.illor will love. PitKent Per/ict lenxc. l.lffhavefoVed. 1 . If we'haVe loved. Pant Pirfirt Ten»r. I'l'.r,,:. 1 If we had loved. Future Perfect Tenne, , . If na'o''r will have loved. 1 . If ^^'^^ or will have loved. T.Mi'r".u.vrivK Modd. I'reieut Ten^e. 2. Love'/Tiove thou. 'i- I ovelo/love you. TVIMN'ITIVK M(inl». rre.^e„l, To lovo. J'er/^rt, To Have loved. Paktu iri.f>. Syn'jiiUir. 1. I love. 2. Thou lovest. \i. lie love*. Sivqular. 1. I loved. •;. Thou lovedsU 3. He loved. SitifjnUir. 1. 1 8, all hive. '.'. Thou wilt love. i. He will love. SintjiiUtr. 1. I have loved. Sitiiiuliir. I. I hud ioved. ShuDilar. 1. 1 iMal'l have lo-ed. Siiimildr, 1. If I love. 2. If thou love. 3. If he love. Siiiniiiir. 1. If 1 lOved. 2. If thou loved :!. If he loved. Sunjnlar. 1. If 1 hail loved. VERns. 129 1 T am lovKl. 2 Tlioii art loved. ^^. Hetfi lovcfl. S'litiitjar, 1 I wa« Ifivcrl. '.'. Thou wsRt lovcil. ;<• Hfl wa§ IovimI. ) . I ihall lie loTPit. 1 I liave hfcn lovrrl. Smoitlnr . 1. I had hrpn level. 1. 1 Bhall have been loved. LOVE. PASSIVE VOTTE. ImUCATIVB ]MiM)I>. Pretent Tunte. riiirnl. 1 . Wo ari' lovpd. 2. You arp lovpd. ;{. They are loved. Pml Trnir. I'liirnl. 1 . We were lovi'd. ■_' You were loved. :i. They were loved. Fiiftirr Trnnt. I'liirnl, 1 . We shall he loved. /'ri'ritt Prrfrrt Triitf. Plural. 1 . We have lieen loved. I'o't Pirfrrt Tnuie. I'liirnl. 1 . We had been loved. Fiilnrr Prrfirt Triinr. I'liirnl. 1. We Bhall have been loved. Sivriiilnr. 1. If I beloved. ScHJIM TIVK M(M>I). Prr^rilt Ternir. Siiifjiilnr. 1. If ! were loved. I'lurot. 1. If we be loved. ' P'lut T'llH' . riurnl. 1. If we were loved. Fuiiirr Trni''. Sivqiilnr. riiirnl. 1. If I shall or will he loved. 1. If we Bhall or will he loTed. Preneiif Prrfrrt Tenir. .Viirii/lar. ■ I'liirnl. 1. If I have been loved. 1. If we have been loved. Pnit Prrfrrt Tenne. Sinrjiilnr. , i^ 1. If I had been loved. 1. If . a been loved. i'lilurr Prrfrrt TVnt. Singulnr. Pliirnl. 1. If I Bhall or will have been loved. 1. If we shall or will have been loved. lMrf:R.\TIVF Mr(.''< nt piii-;iri)>li and the auxiliary verb " Itc." (.'<). An emphatic form, as, f ila/orc. Tliis form is mailt^ up of tlu! .'^iiiipli- vli-Ii ami tlu! aiixiliarit's ili>, ',t). EXERCISE 45. Sup))lv stiitahlo nouns or pronouns as subjects of tin' vcrl's in Kx. '_'. i>. t)7. Then a'lVti the voice. jn/, played / lore, Jotr. Mmr — Hew, j,'rave, engrave, saw, sew, sow, show, shape, misshai)e, strew, laiht, unlade, shave. (>. Fiml—Whul, grind, rebind, unl>ind wind, shine, outshine. 7. Jilon—TUrov;, know, grow, out.'n-w, overthrow, draw, withdraw. 8. Chons, — Weave. \K IfrinL — Shrink, run, forerun, outrun, rin-r, spring, sting, sing, sink, sjiin, begin, swim. 10. .SV(— Foresee. 11. 7'.//— Sell, foretell. 12. ^'o> — Torgive. l.'J. .S'cvor— Tear, wear, forswear. 14. i/<'/( —Chide. 1'). r/((;/A— Retiiink, bring, buy.eateh, tight, seek, teadi, beseeiii. 1(J. /?«^(r— Forbear. 17. Il^a.— Awake. IS. /'.(//— liffull. 1'). r;<< -Beget, forget, tread, retread. :.'(». 7.N(/.— Stride, bestride, smite, strive, write, thrive, rise, arise, uprise. 21. 7>«/— < Mitdo, overdo, undo. L*"_'. .S7r/*/.7— Clint:, tiing, swing, wring, stick, strike, hang, overhang, dig. I'll. .SV-m**?— Withstand, \ind*'rstuiid. 1.'4. ^'o— Undergo. 'J.j. .S7e*«><— Feed, breed, bleed, tiee, shoe, feel, kneel, keej*. EXERCISE 47. Conjugate the verbs 'jo (1st jiers. sing.), .«/o/.-' ('Jnd pe-s. sing.), flij (:h-d pers. sing.); an. Every man who lives is Inirn l<»die. 10. Uouseil from his rest, he wuku shiverinj,' with horror. 11. The band be<,'an to l>lay. ADVERBS. (See pp. 43 and 44. ) 42. An adverb it a word which modifier a verb, an adjec- fire or another adverb. Adverb.s aie of four clas.ses : ((( ). Adverbs of time, as, to-daij, often, latf, ago. (h). Adverbs of place, as, idnjre,fitr, iiowltcrc, ynndir. ((■). Adverbs of manner, as, tlnm, tjvlrkli/, Klonhj. This is tlm largest ehuss anil iiu-lndes nearly all adverbs endinj,' in -/// deriv- ed from adjei'tives. (See \k 44). [d). Adverbs of degree, as, ulmoHt^ijultc, Ics*, uiosl. Tiiese ad- verbs jrenerallj modify adjectives and other adv«'r))S. 43. Some adverbs have, like adjeetives, dej^iees of comparison. They are compared thus : — ((/). By addinj^ -»t and fut to the injsitive, as, .somi, fuuiii r, l.•<, Imst (see irreg. adjectives, p. Ill ). EXERCISE 49. Classify the adverbs and lompari; tliem when yon can: — 1. Soon. 2. Loud. ;!. 111. 4. Much. .".. Often, tl. Hard. 7. Airain. S. Too. V>. Only. 10. Once. 11. Near. IL'. Far. l!!. llai»i.ily. 14. Seldom. 15. Early. 10. Late. 17, Delightfully. EXERCISE 50. Point ou* Mie adverbs in Ex. 22. \). 4.'), tell to which ila-ss each belongs and what part of speech it modilies. PREPOSITIONS. J 33 44. In ]»aisini^ an adverb jjivc ( I ) /"'*/ of sfneih. (_') vlass, (.'{ )t. (). Cuuiu hitluT iiuickly. 7. 1 tailed lit'iv Iwiit: yesterday. PREPOSITIONS. 4r». A preposition is a wonl pJa<-(ul }>,fore a noun or 'jirononn 1o .sIhhc ifs rclutioa to .sonir othtr nord in flit stn- tciirr. nui.- l'rei>o*ilioii.< ijo irilh iiouiin or }iroiioiiiis to iiuiIl iihrases. (Sec. . tlH ) I'n- jiositioiia may be kmnvii by iilisf rvinif th:it tiny cannot bo riiiiovod from a Bt'iitcnco excipt In cnnni'ctiou with tin' noiia or ijrouonn whloli tliey hovith. I'lrpositioiisliavt' no inflexion. In i»aisiiij; a ])i«'i>()- iiifitm "iive ( 1 ) I'orl of siicrr/i. ( •_* ) ohjcct if (jtuvruH. EXERCISE 52. I'arse tlitf jd'eiHisitioiis in Exeivist^ iJ, p. "0. CONJUNCTIONS. 40. Conjunctions yo//t words or clauses iof/ether^ as, An ajilile and a year ; M'v rxi>rrf that he will ijo. ("oiij unctions are of two Uiiiils/V)-<(/v////((////-/ and Siil>-(irr. S-l i. Sub-ordinating fonjtnu'tions intiiMlnco thjn mli nt iliiufxf, e.jr., (h) nords or chiuscs if joins. 1:51 i.Asv i:.\i:k'< isi;s i\ i:\(ii,]sH. EXERCISE 53. I'ilfM' till- l-rllljlllll-l iiillS ill \'.\ :',!». ]l. S.'). EXERCISE 54. I'ar--i' llir i-nli ju.irl iiilis in l'.\. 1.",, ],. M). ts. Cm TcspumliiiM ('(mi jmict ions art; tlntsc that art* Usnl ill jmii.N. 'riir\ limy l»c : .Allln.ll;,'ii, SliU, yd, As, Su, lifi'.ui-c, 'I'lioifCiire. I'-oll,, Al.,1, KUli.r, Or, XiilliiT, X,,r, M hfllur. Or. ('.) -4, /->,■/,, f'tHjIfUCttlllt. -As, As, \..t, lint. Silt only, Hut alsu. I'iiitlier, TLaii. .^0, As, .^0, Tliut, Tlieii, When. EXERCISE 55, Point out ('iirin'siiniiiliiiL' ciinjuiiclinii.--: — 1. Ilf >li(.iiir,i as !.,ii.i ;is he (diil.l. 2. Althoii<_'h lie lovcil Iniiit- iiiL' >(•; he dcvlineil tlic nlitr. ;!. lie was liy iKitiirc iicitln'r tiiniil liur cri'ilirnius. 4. He cared imt wlictlu'r tlif yoiiiii; fcMi w .sank or swam. .">. 'I'iiis luiiiLrs l.,,ili a cursf ami a sliaiiir <>ii ..u- couii- t?y. ti. The Wdikinaii u as su ililiv'fiit that lii^ task was liiiislu'd liy iKHiii. 7. I iovc not only tlic hills luit also tlio vak's. s. I wuiiul ratluT win than lose. 'J. Where he lists, there he t-'oes. INTERJECTION. 4!>. An interjection ist l'l'lh. PAIJSlNr;. !•>.» EXERCISE r)6. Pfirsoiill w'l.l-. ill tlu" iMllnwin.' i^ciiIi'h.ts :~- I. Thcrliild l.nriit liis tiii'-'rr. -J. s. I: l'ini>li yuiir wnik in ii<»"[ tini''. 7. II.. sraiv,-ly siM.kra WMi-.l. s. W.- .•rn>s llic Atlantic in ^ix ilavs. it. Yoii will L'u tn-iiimrcw. In. This carix'ntcr lives in tin' sc.'on.l hnus.-. 11. Tli.-y will a-k many .lu.'sti.uis. 12. iXhclwas killcl l>y <'ain. i::. Tli'- li"nsi> will 1»' put in •jnvA ri'i.air hy tli.' laiLlluni. 11. Hark: Tlu' hell is rin-iiiL:. L"). -Bali:" muttLTcl his frifiiil i>,. .11 ly aiM -..lat.'. ■_'. H-' an.l I have f.Mi-I,l f.,r.iur liv.'S. :•>. Thi-.'i: w.'fks ha.l clap^M r^in.i' that tiin.'. I. Wr have known it sine.' Tlmrs.lay. ",. llii him hanl ; h.Mia.s ik. fri.'iids. tl. Th«!shii> will Ix'la.l.Mi wiili timh.T. 7. IT.' lia.l hccii ^l,..t, Imtn.'V.Tf.'lt it. s. Th.'.lay wassprnl ill sa.lm'.s.s. <). Pi.'k ii]. tlH> books (in tin- ti'-nr. 10. Thri.v he will liave nnitcl all his f,)cs. 11. The men's Imats hav;- heeii .lestroycl. 12. Ala.-! yoiVivmemlxT nut the .liirerene'.- between us. Vl Oh, .kar me 1 i am very tire.l. EXERCISE 58. Parse all words in tin- followiii'^ sentences: - 1. Hew-as wiser than ymi. 2. Who said .so'.' 'A. Have ym rea.I the b.jo..i..r than y..n are, am content. •"). That i-ictn'r.' which j-leas.'.! ymi was iiaiiite.l l.y mv brother. <;. 1 wnn.ler whom they have invited. 7. Ilestoo-l fn>wnin-atliiscnn>in. S. Thus siMMki.c he left tlu- mnni. !l. I. 'Dbnt^vou remain. !<•. Your .s.>n bad L'um- b.'tnr.- I ••am.-. II. Yoti speak too rai-idly. 12. U.'im'mber I..ifs wife. i::. Miikr. luiv while the .sun shim's. 14. Hush I \ will say n.. mmv than tliat. !•">. ^tudy dib;:ently le.^t yuu incur the dispU-aoue of your teacher. 136 KASY KXF'.KCISKS I\ i:N«iI.ISII. E 61 Hi to? III -r= oi lit hi a o CQ ^ t" 3 -tr' ^ =- ■/ v: 3 >-■ '- b ? u .;: — s. -3" ■J3 /. . • t;-? t, * ** ^ '- v' •^ i c ^ 9 i "^ •^ "^ -c ^ ^ — -* 15 ^ ^ V * ■^" 'ti ^ ■^ •^ ■*i> i, •-r = * ? r I' ". - X "■ r ^ (m •^ f V o 7 ^ r. t; ■If -^ ■«— ' *T^ r. — .— ' •* " *' ' ^ ^f ' - r. 2, ■^ . *4 - -" T - 1. .-:. Ill X o 1' .'~ 7 £ *1 = _• • -• ~ 2 t; -•-' tr. . « ^ Ul c 1- - O M z 7 c o 1— ' IL - t z Z4 > Z. n ^ — -• ^ .i '- -if ^ 5 J 5