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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 BIOGF LIVE MOST BMINEl HIS Qjiiqw BT vrihhiA AMERICAN BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL DICTIONARY, C0NTAI2IIKO AN ACCOUNT OF THE LIVES, CHARACTERS, AND WRITINGS or THB '(..-:..•; ( MOST BMINENT PERSONS IK NORTH AMERICA, VROM ITS riRST DISCOVERY TO THE PRESENT TIME, ■.:t.ft. AND A tOMMARY OF THB HISTORY OF THE SEVERAL COLONIES AND or THE UNITED STATES, i BY WILLIAM ALLEN, a.m. ' . Q *' fits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and " ©ther prints." *" w « CHAW Cc/«"i 0^ *Ae , /.■ PREFACE. :.,4 THE following work presents itself to the public with no claims to attention, but such as are foimded upon the interest, which may be felt in the lives of Americans. Finding himself A few years ago in a literaiy retirement, with no important duties, which pressed immediately upon him, the author conceived the plan of this dictionary. He was desirous of bringing to the citizens of the United States more information, than was gener- ^ly possessed, respecting the illustrious men of former times, the benefactors and ornaments of this country, who have passed away. He persuaded himself, that if he could collect the fragments of biography, which were buried in the mass of A^ merican history, or scattered amidst a multitude of tracts of va* rious kinds, and could fashion these materials into a regular form, so as to place before the eye our great and good men, if not in their full dimensions, yet in their true shape, he should render an acceptable service to his countrymen. This work with no little labor he has now completed ; and the inexperienced artist, in his first essay, can hope only, that his deoien will be commended. He wishes chiefly, that as the images of departed excellence are surveyed, the spirit, which animated them, m^^ be caught by the beholder. As an apology however for the deficiences and errors of va- rious kinds, which may be found in' the work, a full exposition of his plan, and some representation of the difficulty of executing it seem to be necessary, It was proposed to give some account of the persons, who lirst discovered the new world ; of those, who had a principal agency in laying the foundations of the several colonies ; of those, who have neld important offices and discharged the duties of them with ability and integrity ; of those, who have been con- spicuous in the learned professions ; of those, who have been rfijinarkable for genius and knowledge, or who have written my ..■;■':(< ■i .' ,'.• i 'i :' » ! \ 4: «!■• Hi ' ^ ik r IV FfiEFACE. thing, deserving of remembrance ; of the distinguished friends of literature and science ; of the statesmen, the patriots, and lie- roes, Mho have contended for American liberty, or aided in the establishment of our civii institutions ; and ot all, whose lives, bright with Christian virtue, might furnish examples, which should be worthy of imitation, it was determined to enlarge this wide field by giving us complete a list, as could be made, of the writings of each person, and by introducing the first min- isters of the principal towns for the purpose of illustrating the history of this country. The design mcluded also a very com- pendious history of the United States, as well as of each sepa- rate colony and state, for the satisfaction of the reader, who might wish to view the subjects of the biographical sketches in connexion with the most prominent facts relatmg to the countiy, in which they lived. In addition to all this, it was intended to (rnnex such references, as would point out the sources, from which information should be derived, and as might direct to more copious intelligence, than could be contained in this work. Such were the objects, which the author had in view, when he commenced an enterprise, of whose magnitude and difficulty be was not sufficiently sensible before he had advanced too far to be able to retreat. The modem compilers of similar works in Europe have little else to do but to combine or abridge the labors of their predecessors, and employ the materials previpusly col- lected to their hands. But m the compilation of this work a new and untrodden field was to be explored. It became neces- sary not only to examine the whole of American history, io or- der to know who have taken a conspicuous part in die transac- tions of this country ; but to supply from other sources the im- perfect accounts of general historical writers. By a recurrence to the refeiences it will be seen, that much toil has been encoun- tered. But though the authorities may seem to be unnecessari- ly multiplied, yet there has been some moderation in introduc- ing them, for in many instances they do not by any means ex- hibit the extent of the rest^arches, which have been made. It could not be expected or wished, that newspapers, pamphlets, and other productions should be referred to for undisputed dates and single facts, which they have afforded, and which have been imbodied with regular accounts. The labor however of search- ing for information has frequently been less, than that of com- paring differeiit statements, endeavoring to reconcile thein when they disagreed, adjusting the chronology, combining the inde- pendent facts, and forming a consistent whole of what existed only in disjointed parts. Sometimes the mind has been over- PREFACE. whelmed by the variety and abundance of intelligence ; and sometimes the author has prosecuted his inquiries in every di- TCCtion, and found only a barren waste. While he represents these circumstances to the candid reader, he indulges the belief, that the necessary imperfections of this work will be somewhat shielded from the severity of criticism. In vurveying it he perceives, that a just proportion between the several articles has not always been preserved, that some names have been overlooked, and that some aic introduced, which might have given place to others, that have been intentionally omitted. Though a smaller tjrpe has been used, than was orig- inally designed, and one Inmdred and forty pages added to the .. proposed number, yet there han been such an unexpected accu- mulation of materials, as to render it necessary not only greatly to abridge many articles, but entirely to exclude accounts of about two hundred persons, which had been prepared. For the large space, which is sometimes occupied in describ- ^ ing the last hours of the persons, of whom a sketch is given, the following reasons are assigned. In the lives of our fellow men there is no period so important to them and so interesUng to us, as the period, which immediately precedes their dissolu- tion. To see one of our brethren at a point of his existence, beyond which the next step will either plunge him down a prec- ipice into an abyss, from which he will never rise, or will ele- vate him to everlasting glory, is a spectacle, which attracts us not merely by its sublimity, but because we know, that the flight of time is rapidly hastening us to the same crisis. We wish to see men in the terrible situation, which inevitably awaits us ; to learn what it is, that can support them, and can secure them. The gratification of this desire to behold what is great and awful, and tiie communication of the aids, which may be derived from the conduct of dying men, have accordingly been combined in the objects of this work. After recounting the vicissitudes, at- tending the affairs of men, the author was irresistibly inclined to turn from the fluctuations of human life, and to dwell, when his subject would give him. an opportunity, upon the calm and firm hopes of the i^hristian, and the sur;: prospects of eternity. While he thus soothed his ov/n mind, he also believed, that he should afford a resting place to the minds of others, fatigued MTith following their brethren amidst their transient occupations^ their successes, their disappointments, and their afflictions. „. Some terras ar& used, which relate to local circumstances, and which require those circumstances to be pointed out. In several of the New England states, when the annual election of m „ lyi|f !■■ m * I' '.i si" vi PREFACK. the several branches of the legislature is completed, and the goTernm^it is organized, it has been ap ancient practice to have a sermon preached in the audience of the newlv elected rulers, which is* called the election sermon. This phrase would not need an explanation to an inhabitant of New England. The names of pastor and teacher as distinct officers in the church fre- quently occur. Soon after the first setdement of this country, when some societies enjoyed the labors of two ministers, they bore the (ides of teacher and pastor, of which it was the duty of the former to attend particularly to doctrine, and of the lat- ter to exhortation ; the one was to instruct and the other to persuade. But the boundary between tiiese two offices was not well defined, and was in fact very little regarded. The dis- tinction of the name itself did not exist long. Great care has been taken to render the dates accurate, and to avoid the mistakes, which have been made from inattention to the former method of reckoning time, when 1V1 arch was the first month of the year. If any one, ignorant of this circum- stance, should look into Dr. Mather^s Magnalia, or ecclesiasti- cal history of New England, he would somtrtimes wonder at the absurdity of the writer. He would read for instance in die life of president ChauncV, that he died in February 1671, and will find it jfreviously said that he attended the commencement in the same year, which was in July. Thus too Peter Hobart is said to have died in January, and yet to have been infirm in the 8u\nmer of 1678. When it is remembered, that March was the first month, these accounts are easy to he reconciled. There seems not however to have been any uniformity in dis- posing of the days between the first and the twen^ fifth of Marcn, for sometimes they are considered as belonging to the antecedent and sometimes to the subsequent year. American writers, it is believed, have generally if not always applied them to the latter. When the figures for two years are written, as in dates before the adoption of the new style in 1752 is found frequently to be the case not only for the days above mentioned but for the dxys in January and February, it is the latter year, which corresponds with our present mode of reckoning. Thus March 1, 1689 was sometimes wri ten March 1, 1688,9, or with the figures placed one above the other. The months were designated usually by the names of the first, the second, &c. so that February was 'le twelfth month. No apology is i essary for the free use, which has been 'made Ok the labors of others, for the plan of this book is so es- tientially different from that of any, v/nich has preceded it, that the author h have had in ^ language, wh censed piling hands upon ] with adroitne which has be of method pi tides of Uien been an econo ness of reprti plan, somewh Priestley*s ch life, were left more than twt nishe<;l an oppi ional lines, an each man's lif seen, is detcrr mediate year i; the broad hori hand of the j from it; when mdicates two terminates witl terminates sino dicates four ye] hand perpendi J tenhousediedij Hamilton in isf berton in 1672A The author ments to those inquiries, whetl into his handsl opening to him] of his obligatioJ naeum in Bostd torical society. | He is aware,! other times, wh| are very strong filiate them ths mtoanyofthe Preface. VII the author has not encroached upon the objects, which others have had in view. He has had no hesitation in using their veiv lang^g^e, whenever it suited him. Compilers seem to be h« censed pillagers. Like the youth of S^rta, they may lay their hands upon plunder without a crime, if they will but seize it with adroitness. The list of American literary productions, which has been rendered as complete as possible, is for the sake of method placed at the close of each article, and in giving the titles of them it will be perceived, tliat there has trenuently been an economy of words as far as was consistent with distinct- ness of representation. The biographical chart prefixed is on a flan, somewhat improved. It was thought a defect in Dr. 'riestley's charts, that the lines, which denoted the length of life, were left so indeterminate. The short period of a litdc more than two centuries, within which this chart is confined, fur- nishe(|l an opportunity for expanding and multiplying the divis- ional lines, and thus of defining more precisely the length of each man's life The distance of eveiy five years, it will be seen, is determined by the perpendicular lines, and each inter- mediate year is distinguished in the following manner. When the broad horizontal line terminates singly a little to the right hand of the perpendicular, this indicates one year*s distance from it I when it terminates with a parallel stroke over it, this indicates two years* remove from tne perpendicular ; when it terminates with a parallel stroke under it, three years ; when it terminates singly near to the right hand perpendicular, this in- dicates four years' distance from the left or one from the right hand perpendicular. Thus it will be instantly seen, that Kit- tenhouse died in 1801, Minot in 1802, S. Adams in 1803, and Hamilton in 1804 ; and that Johnson was bom in 1696, Pem- berton in 1672, Edwards in 1703, and Belknap in 1744. The author cannot neglect here to express his acknowledg- ments to those gentlemen, who have afforded him any aid in his inquiries, whether by imparting to him information, or putting into his hands their collection of A.merican pamphlets, or opening to him their private libraries ; nor can he be insensible of his obligations for access to that noble institution, the Athe- naeum in Boston, and to the library of the Massachusetts his- torical society. I ' ", He is aware, that he lives in times, which perhaps are like all other times, when the S3mipathies of parties of different kinds are very strong ; and he believes, that he has sought less to con- ciliate them than to follow truth, though she might not lead him into any of the paths, along which the many arc pressing. With- ' A ^ ; i'Vii'W ''.">. I .:) : ' I (.. ^ )! >] lil'tll •ll ■ i- i V lit Viii riEFACE. out resolving to be impartial it would indicate no common des- titution of upright and honorable princudes to attempt a repre- sentation of the characters of men. He may have misappre- hended, and he may have dime what is worse. All are liaole to errors, and he knows enough of the windings of the heart as to remember, that errors muy^ proceed from prejudice, or indo- lence of attention, and be crimmal, while thev are cherished as honest and well founded convictions, the results of impartial in- quiry. He trusts however, that nothing will be found in this book to counteract the influence of genuine relinon, evincing it- self in pieQr and good works, or to weaken the attachment of Americans to their well balanced republic, which equally abhors the tyranny of irresponsible authority, the absurdi^ of heredi- tary wisdom, and the anarchy of lawless liberty. CamMdgff Augtut 3, 1809. 4 ,i*- »p- **•■ BIOG i%: --B1 town, Mass^tchi year 1720. Hi tinuing near 60 80. He publisl tion in Boston, 1 profane cursing ADAMS (Jo ams of Nova See He was settled i J 78 8, in opposit pastor. Mr. Cli was dismissed in 1740 in the 36th ance. His fiin< which he was he genius, and piei small volume of contains imitatio translations from roic verse, toget markably harmc ams* productions They prove hin of a good poet^ ^rtf. to hia poen ADAMS (El Connecticut, was ordained Feb. 9, {•Jsage. He pu Noyes of Stoning •Ui, ,. •^v •*■ *' . I AMERICAN BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL DICTIONARY. .BBOT (Hull), a respectable minister of Charles^ town, Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard college in the year 1720. His ordination took place Feb. 5, 1734. Alter con- tinuing near 60 years in the ministry, he died June 17, 1783, aged 80. He published the following sermons ; on the artillery elec- tion in Boston, 1735 ; on the rebellion in Scotland, 1746 ; against profane curung and swearing, 1747. ADAMS (John), a poet, was the only son of the Hon. John Ad« ams of Nova Scotia, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1721. He was settled in the ministry at Newport, Rhode Island, April 1 1, 1738, in opposition to the wishes of the Rev. Mr. Clap, who was pastor. Mr. Clap's friends formed a new society, and Mr. Adams was dismissed in about two years. He died at Cambridge in January 1740 in the 36th year of his age, deeply lamented by his acquaint- ance. His funeral was such, as indicates the high estimation, in which he was held. He was much distinguished for his learning, genius, and piety. As a preacher he was much esteemed. A small volume of his poems was published at Boston in 1745, which contains imitations and paraphrases of several portions of scripture, translations from Horace, and the whole book of Revelation in he- roic verse, together with original pieces. The versification is re- markably harmonious for the period and the country. Mr. Ad- ams' productions evince a lively fancy and breathe a pious strain. They prove him possessed of some of the important requisites of a good poet.-— iMb««a. Mag. /or ji/ir, 1789 ; Backtu* Mr. 158 { Prqf. to hia /loema, ADAMS (ELiPHALfnT), an eminent minister of New London, Connecticut, was graduated at Harvard college in 1 694. He was ordained Feb. 9, 1709, and died in April 1753 in the 77th year of his age. He published a sermon on the death of Rev. James Noyes of Stonington ; election sermon, 17 10 ; a discourse occa* 111' 2 ADA. V 1' Hioned by a distressing storm, preached March 3, 1717 ; a thanks' givini^ serino'ii, 1721 ; a summon on the death of gov. Laltonstull, 1724 ; at the oraiiiaiioii of Rev. William Eager, Lebanon, May 27, 1725; at the oraination of Rev. Thomas Clap, Windham, 1726 ; and a discourse belore a society oi young men, 1727. ADAMS (Amos), minister of Roxbury, Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard college in 1752. He was ordaim d as suc- cessor to Rev. Mr. Peabody Sep. 12, 1753, and died at Dor- chester Oct. 5, 1775, in the 48th year of his age. His son, Rev. Thomas Adams, was ordain( d in Boston as minister for CamdcHf South Carolina ; where, after a residence of 8 years, he died Aug. 16, 1797. Mr. Adams in early life devoted himself to the service of his Redeemer, and he continued his benevolent labors as a preacher of the gospel with uruJiating vigor till his death. He was I'ervent in devotion, and liis discourses, always animated by a lively and ex- pressive action, were remarkably calculated to warm the heart. He was steadfast in his principles and unwearied in imlustry. He published the following sermons ; on the death of Mrs. Lu- cy Dudley, 1756 ; at the artillery election, 1759 ; on the gener- al thanksgiving for the reduction of Quebec, 1759 ; at the ordina- tion of Mr. Samuel Kingsbury, Edgartown, Nov. 25, 1761 ; atihe ordination of Mr. John Wyeth, Gloucester Feb. 5, 1766 ; the only hope and refuge of sinners, 1767 ; two discourses on relig- ious liberty, 1767 ; a concise and historical view of New England in two discourses on the general fast April 6, 1769, which was re- published in London in 1770 ; a sermon at the ordination of Mr. Jonathan Moore, Rochester, Sep. 25, 1768 ; at the ordination of Mr. Caleb Prentice, Reading, Oct. 25, 1769. He preached a sermon at the Dudieian lecture of Harvard college in 1770, enti- titlcd, diocesan episcopacy, as founded on the supposed episcopacy of Timothy and Titus, subverted. This work is a specimen of the learnir.g of the writer. It is lodged in maniiscript in the library of the college. ADAMS (Joseph), a minister remarkable for longevity, was graduated at Harvard collej-^e in 1710, was settled at Newington, New Hampshire, in 1715, and died in 1783 aged 93. He preach- ed till just before his death. He published a sermon on the death of John Fabian Esq. 1757 ; and a sermon on the necessity of rulers civil and ecclesiastical exerting themselves against the growth of impiety, 1760. £el- knafi*s ,V. H. iii. 304. ADAMS (Zaddiel), minister of Lunenburg, Massachusetts, was born in Braintree, now Quincy, Nov. 5, 1739. His fither, was the uncle of John Adams, late president of the United States. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1759, having made, while in that seminary, great proficiency in learning, and much improved the vigorous ] was ordained J: year of his age Mr. Adams plaining the i tural manner, cy. His lanj formances he his addresses to nency ofthougl constitution he i in his bosom, others and his sy ter relief, when Tightness, who fl faith of the gosp He was frequ< did not disappoii a sermon on the ; *771 ; on Christ! the 19th of Apri pie, 1788 — Whit . ADAMS (SAji tmguished patriot ofa reputable fan vard college in 1 1743, he propose( it be lawful to res cannot otherwise and thus early sh< Early distinguii proofs of his filial his father, which in the land bank ing the administ. thought the unio: was dangerous, spoken of with th ry with him. At confidence and es In 1765 he wa Massachusetts in He was soon chosi legislature. Th sessed ^ courage, mayed by the proi ny. He was a m ADA. t tlie vigorous powers of mind, with which he was endued. He was ordained Sep. j, 1764, and died March 1, 1801, in the 62nd year of his age, and the 37th ot his ministry. Mr. Adams was entinent as a preacher of the gospel, often ex- plaining the most important doctrines in a rational and scrip- tural manner, and enlorcing tneni with pluinness and pungen- cy. His language was nervous, and whiiC in his public per- formances he gave instruction he also imparted pleasure. la his addresses to the throne of grace he was remarkable tor perti- nency of thought and readiness of utterance. Though by bodily- constitution he was liable to irritation, y6t he treasured no ill will in his bosom. His heart was easily touched by the afhictions of others and his sympathy and benevolence prompted him to adn«inis- ter relief, when in his power. He was considered as a man of up» rightness, who feared God, and who was a real partaker of the faith of the gospel. He was frequently called to preach on public occasions, and he did net disappoint the expectations of his hearers. He publislied a sermon on the nature, pleasures, and advantages of church music, 1771 ; on christian unity, 1772 ; the elect) o'i sermon 1782 ; on the 19th of April, 1783 ; at the ordination of Rev. Enoch Whip- ple, 17 8S.^ Whitney* a /un. aerm. ADAMS (Samukl), governor of Massachusetts, and a most dis- tinguished patriot in the American revolution, was born in Boston of a reputable family Sep. 27, 1722. He was graduated at Har- vard college in 1740. When he commenced master ol arts in 1743, he proposed the following question for discussion. Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme magistrate, if the commonwealth cannot otherwise be preser^'cd ? He maintained the affirmative, and thus early showed his attachment to the liberties of the people. Early distinguished by talents as a writer, his first attempts were proofs of his filial piety. By his efforts he preserved the estate of his father, which had been attached on account of an engagement in the land bank bubble. He was known as a political writer dur- ing the administration of Shirley, to which he was opposed, as he thought the union of so much civil and military power in one man was dangerous. His ingenuity, wit, and profound argument are spoken of with the highest respect by those, who were cotempora- ry with him. At this early period he laid the foundation of public confidence and esteem. In 1765 he was elected a member of the general assembly of Massachusetts in the place of Oxenbridge Thacher Esq. deceased. He was soon chosen clerk, and he gradually acquired influence in the legislature. This was an eventful time. But Mr. Adams posi sessed ^ courage, which no dangers could shake. He was undis- mayed by the prospect, which struck terror into the hearts of ma- ny. He was a member of the legislature near ten yearsj and he \h n ,: m ; ' I ADA. i I it vas the soul, which animated it to the most important resolutions. No man did so much. He pressed his measures with ardor ; yet he was prudent ; he kne\v how to bend the passions of others to his purpose. When the charter was dissolved, he was chosen a member of the provincial convention. In 1774 he was elected a member of tJic general congress. In this station, in which he remained a number of years, he rendered the most iinponaDt services to his country. His eloquence was adapted to the times, in which he lived. The energy of his language corresponded with the firm- ness and vigor of his mind. His heart glowed with the feelings of a patriot, and his eloquence was simple, majestic, and persua- sive. He was one of the most efficient members of congress. He possessed keen penetration, unsliaken fortitude, and permanent de- cision. Gordon speaks of him in 1774 as having for a long time whispered to his confidential friends, that this country must be independent. In the last act of state of the British government in Massachusetts he was proscribed with John Hancock, when a general pardon was offered to all, who had rebelled. This act was dated June 12, 1775, and it teaches Americans what they owe to the denounced patriot. In 1776 he united with Franklin, J. Adams, Hancock, Jefferson, and a host of worthies, in declaring the United States no longer an appendage to a monarchy, but free and independent. When the constitution of Massachusetts was adopted he was chosen a member of the senate, of which body he was elected pres- ident. He was soon sent to the western countries to quiet a dis- turbance, which was rising, and he was successful in his mission. He was a member of the convention ipr examining the constitution of the United States. He made objections to several of its provis- ions, but his principal objection was to that article, which rendered the several states amenable to the courts of the nation. He thought tliis reduced them to mere corporations ; that the sovereignty of each would be dissolved ; and that a consolidated government, sup- ported by an army, would be the consequence. The constitution was afterwards altered in tliis point and in most other respects ac- cording to his wishes. In 1789 he was chosen lieutenant governor, and was contin- ued in this offic" till 1794, when he was elected govenior, as suc- cessor to Mr. Hancock. He was annually replaced in the chair of the first magistrate of Massachusetts till 1797, when his age and infirmities induced him to retire from public life. He died Oct. 2, 1803, in the 82nd year of his age. The leading traits in the character of Mr. Adams were an un- conquerable love of liberty, integrity, firmness, and decision. Some acts of his administration as chief magistrate were censured, though all, allowed his motives were pure. A division in political sentiments at he differed fro At the close o less the northc Inirarheadv the leaders of opposed to the and he put his was censured f express his opi to the people v Mr. Adams were probably r in answer to thi his opposition h the obstinacy ai can be conciliat He was poor. and responsible the family at ho; very small ; yet that those, who ( coming his statii edhis life, perr wanting a few fr| orable poverty h had not a decent ting event of th« subsistence upoi public. To a majestic ed a suavity of quaintance. So ed and revered 1 relax from sever vate conversatioi yet with his friei chaste wit, and i charged the duti house was the se ^ Mr. Adams w piety, as well as table of the Lord cerity of his pro went to the temi family proved, th tirement from th favor of christian ADA. I sentiments at that linxe existed] and it has since increased. When he diH'ered from the majorit" ^e acted with great independence. At the close of the war he o 'Sed peace with Great Britain) un- less the northeim states reU^Li xl their full privileges in the fisheries. In 17 87 he advised the execution of the condign punishment, to which the leaders of the rebellion in 1786 had been sentenced. He was opposed to the treaty with Great Britain made by Mr. Juy in 1794, and he put his election to hazard by avowing his dislike of it. He was censured for his conduct ; but he undoubtedly had a right to express his opinion, and his situation made it his duty to point out to the people what he conceived to be causes of danger. Mr. Adams was a man of incorruptible integrity. Attempts were probably made by the British to bribe him. Gov. Hutchinson^ in answer to the inquiry, why M^. Adams was not taken off from his opposition by an office, writes to a friend in England, <' Such is the obstinacy and inflexible disposi ion of the man, that he never can be conciliated by any office or gift whatever." ,< ^ He was poor. While occupied abroad in the most important and responsible public duties, the partner of his cares supported the family at home by her industry. Though his resources were very smsdl ; yet such was the economy and dignity of his housey that thobe, who casually visited him, found nothing mean, or unbe- coming his station. His country, to whose interests he had devot- ed his life, permitted him to remain poor ; but there were not wanting a few friends, who showed him their regard. In this hon- orable poverty he continued to a very late period of his life ; and had not a decent competency fallen into his hands by the very afiUc- ting event of the death of an only son, he must have depended for subsistence upon the kindness of his friends, or the charity of th^ public. To a majestic countenance and dignified manners there was add« ed a suavity of temper, which conciliated the affection of his ViO quaintance. Some, who disapproved of his political conduct, lov? ed and revered him as a neighbor and friend. He could readily relax from severer cares and studies to enjoy the pleasures of pri- vate conversation. Though somewhat reserved among strangers, yet with his friends he was cheerful and companionable, a lover of chaste wit, and remarkably fond of anecdote. He faithfully dis- charged the duties arising from the relations of social life. His house was the seat of domestic peace, regularity, and method. Mr. Adams was a christian. His mind was early imbued with piety, as well as cultivated by science. He early approached the table of the Lord Jesus, and the purity of his life witnessed the sin- cerity of his profession. On the christian sabbath he constantly went to the temple, and the morning and evening devotions in his family proved, that his religion attended him in his seasons of re* Urement from the world. The last production of his pen was in- favor of christian truth. He died in the faith of the gospek ■^i ii 11 wf\\: ■ii'l ' 1 1 :i' ■ it's '• ill It I ■I 4 ALB. He was a sage and a patriot. The independence of the United States of America is pcrnups to be attributed as much to his exer- tions, as to the exertions ot any one man. Though he was called to struggle with adversity, he was never discouraged. He was consistent and firm under the cruel neg.ect of a friend and the ma- lignant rancor of an enemy ; comforting himself in the dai'kest sea- sons with reflections upon the wisdom and goodness of God. His writings exist only in the perishable columns of a newspaper or pamphlet. In his more advanced years, in the year 1790, a few letters passed between him and Mr. John Adams, then vice presi- dent of the United States, in which the principles of government are discussed, and there seems to have been some difference of sen- timent between those eminent patriots and statesmen, who had toil- ed together through the revolution. This correspondence, was published in 1 800. An oration, which Mr. Adams delivered at the state house in Philadelphia Aug. 1, 1776, was published. The ob- ject is to support American independence, the declaration of which by congress had been made a short time before. He opposes kingly government and hereditary succession with warmth and Energy. Not long- before his death he addressed a letter to Paine, express- ing his disaprobation of that unbeliever's attempts to injure the cause of Christianity .—7%acAer*« sermon ; SuUivan*a character of him in fiublic fiafiera i Bees* Cyclofiadia ; PolyanthoSf m. 73— -82 } Gordon^ i. 347, 410 ; Brissoty JVouv, Voy.x. 151. ALBERT (Pierre Antonie), rector of the French protest- ant episcopal church in New York, was the descendant of a highly respectable family in Lausanne, Switzerland. About the year 1796 he was invited to receive the charge of the church in the city of New York, which was founded by the persecuted Huguenots after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He died July 12, 1806, in the 41st year of his age. He was an accomplished gentleman, an erudite scholar, a pro- found theologian, and a most eloquent preacher. A stranger, of unobtrusive manners and invincible modesty, he led a very retired life, llis worth however could not be concealed He was esteem- ed and beloved by all, who had formed any acquaintance with him. —A*. Y, Herald ; Maasa. Miss. Mag. iv. 78. ALDEN (John), a magistrate of Plymouth colony, was one of the first company, which settled New England. He arrived in 1620, and his life was prolonged till Sep. 12, 1687, when he died aged about 89 years. He was a very worthy and useful man, of great humility, and eminent for the sanctity of his life. He was an assistant in the administration of every governor for 67 years. A professed disciple of Jesus Christ, he lived in accordance with his profession. In his last illness he was patient and resign- ed, fully believing that God, who had imparted to him the love of excellence, would perfect the work, which he had begun, and would render him completely holy in heaven.— i'nnce'* Ann. 85. ALEXANl York, and mai 1715. Hew Gov. Burnet w guished for his profession for j edge, he was a practice and un •state. He di Smith's JV. Y. 1 ALEXAND a major general of New York, 1 Jersey. He \ the title and esta father was a nati inpersuitofthis ment of his claii quaintances he He discovered ai astronomy, and a In the battle oi •ner, after having portiinity to esca] ccrp«i under lord i proved in the latt ofthedisafTectioi^ the letter he said,] think it my duty \ He died at All brave, discerningJ 358, 469 ; Marsff ALLEN (JoHfc bom in England i1 mg the persecutic years a faithful pr New England h< April 24, 1639. m the 75 th year ^ humility, and of speaks of him wit Apollonius. He published a ShepardofCambl pline ; and a defe| under the title o J664. Thiswori ALE. 7 ALEXANDER (James), secretary of the province of New York, and many yeurs one of the council, arrived in the colony in 1715. He was a Scotch gentleman, who was bred to the law. Gov. Burnet was particularly attached to him. Though not distiiv* guished for his talents as a public speaker, he was at the heud of his profession for sagacity and penetration. Eminent for his knowl- edge, he was also communicative and easy of access. By honest practice and unwearied application to business he acquired a great •state. He died in the beginning of 17 56.-^Smith*» J^.J. 436 ; Smith'gJV. r. 152. ALEXANDER (William), commonly called lord Stirling, a major general in the American army, was a native of the city of New York, but spent a considerable part of his life in New Jersey. He was considered by many as the rightful heir to the title and estate of an earldom in Scotland, of which country his father was a native ; and although, when he went to North Britain in persuit of this inheritance, he fsdled of obtaining an acknowledg- ment of his claim by government i yet among his friends and ac- quaintances he received by courtesy the title of lord Stirling. He discovered an early fondness for the study of mathematics and astronomy, and attained great eminence in these sciences. In the battle on Long Island Aug. 27, 1776, he was tak^iv pris- •ner, after having secured to a large part of the detachmeni; an op- poitiinity to escape by a bold attack with four hundred aien upon a ccrpo under lord Cornwallis. His attachment to Washington was proved in the latter part of 1777 by transmitting to him an account of the disaffection of gen. Conway to the commander in chief. In the letter he said, '' Such wicked duplicity of conduct I shall always think it my duty to detect." He died at Albany Jan. 15, 1783 aged 57 years. He was a brave, discerning, and intrepid officer.— i^Y/er, ii. 390 ; Holmety ii. 358, 469 ; Marahall iii. Mte ./Vb. v. ALLEN (John), first minister of Dedham, Massachusetts, was bom in England in 1596, and was driven from his native land dur- ing the persecution of the puritans. He had been for a humber of years a faithful preacher of the gospel. Soon after he arrived in New England he was settled pastor of the church in Dedham April 24, 1639. Here he continued till his death Aug. 26, 1671) in the 75th year of his age. He was a man of great meekness and humility, and of considerable distinction in his day. Mr. Cotton speaks of him with respect in his preface to Norton's answer to ApoUonius. He published a defence of the nine positions, in which, with Mr. Shepard of Cambridge, he discusses the points of church disci- pline ; and a defence of the Synod of 1662 against Mr. Chauncy under the title of Animadversions upon the Antisytiodalia, 4to, 1664. This work is preserved in the New England library. The yiipliii; 1 ALL. two last sermons, which he preached, were printed after his death. •mmMagnal. iii. 1 32 ; Frentisn'' fun. aerm. on Haven. ALLEN (Thomas), minister of Chariestown, Massachusetts, Iras bom at Norwich in England in 1 608, and was educated at Cambridge. He was afterwards minister of St. Edmond's in Nor- wich, but was silenced by bishop Wren about the year 1636 for refusing to read the book of sports, and conform to other imposi- tions. In 1638 he fled to New England, and was the same year installed in Chariestown, where he was a pious, faithful preachet of the gospel till about 1651, when he returned to Norwich, and continued the exercise of his ministry till 1662. He afterwards preached to his church on all occasions that ofiered till his death Sep. 21, 1673, aged 65. He was a very pious man, greatly belov- ed, and an able, practical preacher. He published an invitation to thirsty sinners to come to their Savior ; the way of the Spirit in bringing souls to Christ j the g^lory of Christ set forth, with the necessity of faith in several Sermons ; a chain of scripture chronology from the creation to the death of Christ in 7 periods. This was printed in 1 65 8, and was Considered as a very learned and useful work. It is preserved in the New England library, established by Mr. Prince, by whom the authors quoted in the book are written in the beginning of it in his own hand. Mr. Allen wrote also with Mr. Shepard in 1645 a preface to a treatise on liturgies, Sec. composed by the latter. He iDontends, that only visible saints and believers should be received to cbmmunion.-— Mijrna/. iii. 315; JVoncon. Mentor. i.^S 4, i iii, 11,12. ALLEN (James), minister in Boston, came to this country in 1662, recommended by Mr. Goodwin. He had been a fellow of New college, Oxford. -He was at this time a young man, and pos- sessed considerable talents. He was very pleasing to many of the church in Boston, and an attempt was made to settle him as assist- ant to Mr. Wilson and Mr. Norton. He was ordained teacher of the first church Dec. 9, 1668, as colleague with Mr. Davenport, vho was at the same time ordained pastor. After the death of Mr. Davenport he had for his colleague Mr. Oxenbridge, and after his decease Mr. Wadsworth. In 1669 seventeen ministers published tljf^'r testimony against the conduct of Mr. Allen and Mr. Davenport in relation to the set- iHement of the latter. They were charged with communicating parts only of letters from the church of Newhaven to the church of Boston, by which means it was SEud the church was deceived j but they in defence asserted, that the letters retained did not represent thin^^s differently from what had been stated. The whole colony was mterested in the controversy between the first and the new of fliird church. At length the general court in 1 670 declared the tonduct of those churches and elders, who assisted fo cstablishinf Jhe third church, however, as then court, the censur expressed in lang of churches and it to be among th« general, and it th that a number of timony against th the court, repress was in consequent In a new charter < though the plan w one of its fellows. He published he blessings, an elect ones; man's self- his apostasy from < »o«'j» history of Ma the historical societx ALLEN (Jame; was a native of Ro: 1710. Hewasord years died of a ling year of his age. His benevolent Iab< attestation to the r out the country, attended his owt person in his coi with the important more doubt, he s^ than he could that from peculiar circu who had appeared] revival "unadvised! among some of his [ which he would nJ He published a] providence, 1727;! recommended, 172! i727; a sermon tf the death of Samuj — /*«Vrc^al literature, for which many of her principal characte'^i i •' . < m distinguished. The ^)uvave virtu<;s of Dr. Allison conciliated the esteem of all« that km 1 . . and Ids public usefulness has erected a lasting mon* uiiicut to his piniise. For more than 40 years he supported th« iVilri lerial character with dignity and reputation. In his public services h^ 'vai plun, practical, and argumentative ; warm,animat* ed, and pathetic. He was greatly honored by the gracious Re* deemer in being made instrumental, as it is believed, in the salva* tion of many, who heard him. Indefatigable in study through the whole of his useful life, he acquired rji unusual fund of learnings which rendered his conversation remarkai>ly instructive, and qual- ified him for the superintendence of youth, and increased his use* fulness in the ministry. He was frank and ingenuous in his natural temper ; warm and zealous in his friendships ; catholic in his sentiments ; a friend to civil and religious liberty. His benevolence led him to spare no pains nor trouble in assisting the poor and distressed by his advice and influence, or by his own private liberality. It was he, who planned and was the means of establishing the widows' fund, which was remarkably useful. He often expressed his hopes in the mercy of God unto eternal life, and but a few days before his death said to Dr. Ewing, that he had no doubt, but that according to the gospel covenant he should obtain the pardon of his sins through the great Redeemer of man- kind, and enjoy an eternity of rest and glory in the presence ot God. He pubU^aed a sermon delivered before the synods of New York a . x'ennsylvania May 24, 1758, entitled, peace and unity recom- mended.— -./i««ww»i.221« PHnce, AMES (Ftsacsf V^eat orator, mob ho his fotber was « mp vard college in 1774, of the law in Boston. AME. 17 tientt the new world has revived Trom him the name of America. Hi* preteaeiona however to this first discovery do not seem to be fnV aupported agiuntt the ciaims of Columbus* to whom the hon- or is uniformly ascribed by the Spanish historians^ and who first ssw the contioem in 1498. Herrera» who compiled his general history of America from the most authentic records, says, that Americtu never made but two voyages, and those were with Qje- da ia 1499 and 110 i, and tliat his relation of his other voyages waa proved to be a mere impoution. This charge needs to be confirm^ ed by strong proof, for Vespucci's book was published within ten years of the period, assigned for his first voyage, when the facta must have been fresh in the memories of thousands. Qesides thy improhednlity of 4us being guilty of fidufying dates, as he wa« ac- cused, which arises from this circumstance ; it ia very possiblei that the Spanish writers might have felt a national resentment against him for havis^ deserted the service of Spain. 3ut thy evidence againot the honesty of Vespucci is very convincing. Nei^ ther Martyr nor Benconi, who were Italians, natives of the sam^a country, and the former of whom was a chw his pretensicma eonld he adraaced without the fear of refutation from that illustrif ous navigator. But however this controversy may be decided* it u well known* that the honor of firat discovering the coQtment belongs nntherip Columbus nor to VespuccU even admitting th« relation of the latter t but t» the C^ta, who aail^ed from England, A tifeof Vespucci was puUiahed at Florence by Bapdini* 1745, i/^ which an attempt ia naadeito support his pretensions. The iwlationiof his four voyages, wluch was first published about the yiear litOf, wjssvepiMc^d in the ^ovus Orbis, fol. ISSS.Tm Mtrerii diet. hi»t9Hfucj M^Bvt nni gen. biog, ^ctiQnary ; Ifar^e ; Ro6ertton*t,S.jdmfri9€th Mite xxii ; ihinff/a^naki l.?3 i fffri rem, i. 331$ Prinet^mtntd. aO*^83. AME15 {FtsttBiu Li.,.9.), a diadnguished staitesman, and an elo*" guent orator, was bom at Oedham, Massachusetts, in which town his folher was a neapeetsMe physician. He was graduated at Har.* Yard college in 1774, and alter a few years commenced the study of the law itx Bostunded upon a t most of the best his mind was satis temal evidences. bir mind could n tents without a cor lime and correct id connected with the superior to the Jcv mained in darkness in his view a cone Deuteronomy he e: in antiquities, coulc duction of human stamped upon it. ] erally Calvinistic. theology, he dislike term trinity howev( manner, which imp] ofthe divinity of CI truth seems to hav( subject, for he rema geUsts with t"he sole of himself. He was an admire said it was a specim( edged, that a few ph es might be obscui adoption of any nei mented the prevail thought thatchildre important truths, wh cipal instrument of guage in its purity, no man ever did or c a constant reader of sublimity of its lang He recommended not perhaps because sion, but because, as because it had bee ancestors taught it t( he was opposed to ini path for one new an( the use of Watts' spired man, in his _ uniting with the sent! AME. 19 He entertained a firm belief in Christianity, and his belief was ibunded upon a thorough investigation oi the subject. He read most of the best writings in defence of the christian religion, but liis mind was satisfied hy a view rather of its internal than its exr temal evidences. He thought it impossible, that any man of a fair mind could read the old testament and meditate on its con* tents without a conviction of its truth and inspiration. The sub* lime and correct ideas, which the Jewish scriptures convey of God, connected with the fact that all other nations, many of whom were superior to the Jews in civilization and general improvement, re- mained in darkness and error on this fundamental subject, formed in his view a conclusive argument. After reading the book of Deuteronomy he expressed his astonishment, that any man, versed in antiquities, could have the hardihood to say, that it was the pro- duction of human ingenuity. Murks of divinity, he said, were stamped upcm it. His views of the doctrines of religion were gen- erally Calvinistic. An enemy to metaphysical and controversial theology, he disliked the use of technical and sectarian phrases. The term trinity however he frequently used with reverence, and in a manner, which implied his belief of the doctrine. His persuasion of the divinity of Christ he often declared, and his belief of this truth seems to have resulted from a particular investigation of the subject, for he remarked to a friend, that he once read the evan- gelists with (he sole purpose of learning what the Savior had said of himself. He was an admirer of the common translation of the Bible. He said it was a specimen of pure English ; and though he acknowl- edged,- that a few phrases had grown obsolete, and that a few passagr es might be obscurely translated, yet he should consider the adopdon of any new translation as an incalculable evil. He la- mented the prevsdling disuse of the Bible in our schools. He thought that children should early be made acquainted with the important truths, which it contains, and he considered it as a prinr cipal instrument of making them acquainted with their own lan- guage in its purity. He said, <* t will hazard the assertion, that no man ever did or ever will become truly eloquent, without being a constant reader of the Bible, and an admirer of the pirrity and sublimity of its language.'* He recommended the teaching of the assembly's catechism ; not perhaps because he was perfectly satisfied with every expres- sion, but because, as he remarked, it was a good thing on the whole, because it had become venerable by age, because our pious ancestors taught it to their children with happy effect, and because he was opposed to innovation, unwilling to leave an old, experienced path for one new and uncertain. On the samo 3:roimdhe approved the use of Watts' version of the Psalms and Hymns. No unin- spired man, in his judgment, had succeeded so well as Watts in uniting with the sentiments of piety the embellishments of poctrv. 1 :' 1 % £D AMH. ' I I. 1: Mr. Ames made a public prof«B»ioii of religioa in the irst congregational church in Dedham. With this chuixh he regularly communed till precluded by indisposition from attending public worship. His practice corresponded with his profession. His life was regular and irreproachable. FeW) who have been placed in similar circumstances, have been less contaminated by intercourse with the world. It is doubted, whetlier any one ever heard him utter an expi*efiBion, calculated to excite an impious or impure idea. The most scrutinizing eye d^scovered in him no disguise or hypocrisy. His views of himself however were humble and Abased. He was often observed to shed tears, while speaking of bis closet devotions and experiences. He lamented the coldness of his heart and the waiKlerings of his thoughts while addresunj; iiimself to his Maker or meditating on the precious truths, which he had revealed. In his last sickness, when near his end, and when he had just expressed his belief of his approaching disaolutioii, he exhibited submission to the divine will and the hope of the divine favor. *' I have peace of mind," sud he. ^ JEt may arise from stupidity ; but I think it is founded on a belief of the gospel." At the same time he disclaimed every idea of meriting salvation. " My hope," said he, " is in the mercy of God, through Jesus Christ." Mr. Ames' speech in relation to the British treaty, which was delivered April 28, 1796, is considered aa a fine specimen of eloquence. He published an oration on the death of Washington •in 1800, and he wrote much for the newspapers. His political writings were published in 1809, in one volume, Svo^-^-FanofiUtt for July 1808,* Dexter* a fun, eulogy in the Repertory ^ July S ; MarthttWa l\fe qf Waahington^ v. 303. AMHERST (JEvrKRY, lord), comnkMider in chief of the Brit- ish army at the conquest of Canada in 1760, was bom in Kent, England, Jan. 29, 1717. Having early discovered a predilection for the military life, he received his first commissioii in the army in 1731, and was aid de camp to generaMJgonier in I741,ia which ctKiracter he was present at tlie battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, IMid Rocoux. He was afterward aid de camp to his royal highness, the duke of Cumberland, at the battle of Laffeldt. In 17S8 he received orders to return to England, being appointed fer the A- merican service. He sailed from Portsmouth March 16th as md- jor general, having the command of the troops destined for the siege of Louisburgh. On the 26th of July following he captured that place, and without farther difficulty took entire possessioii of the island of Cape Breton. After this event he succeeded Aber- crombie in the command of the army on North America. In 1 759 the vast design of the eutire conquest of Caoiada was formed. Three armies were to attack at near the same time all the strong Irolds of the French in that country. They were commanded by AND. 21 Wolfisf Amhersti and Prideaux. General Amherst in tlie apriog transferred his head quarters from New York to Albany ; hut it was not lill the 3Sd of Julyy that he reached Ticondcroga^ against which plac« he was to act. On the 37th this place fell into bi» bands, the enemy having deserted it. He next took Crown Pointy and put hit troops in winter quarters about the last of October. In the year 1760 he advanced against Canada* embarking (A lake Ontario, and proceeding down the St. Lawrence. On the 8th of September M. de Vaudreuil capitulated, surrendering Montreal and all other places within the government of Canada. He continued in the command in America till the latter end of J 7 63, when he returned to England. In 1771 he was mad« gov* emor of Guernsey, and in 1776 he was created baron Amherst of Holmsdale in the county of Kent. In 1778 he had the command of the army in England. In 1783 he received the gold stick from the king ; but on the change of tlie administration the command of the army tmd the lieutenant generalship of the ordnance were put into other hands. In 1787 he received another patent of pe^erage^ as baron Amherst of Montreal. On the 33d of January 1793 he was again appointed to the command of the army in Great Britain ; bat on the 10th of February 1795 this veteran and very deserving officer was superseded by his royal highness, the duke of Y*^, the second son of the king, who was only in the thirty first year of his age, and had never seen any actual service. The govemmeAt upon this occasion wkh a view to soothe the feelings of tlie old gen- eral offered him an earldom, uid the rank of field marshal, both of wluch he at that time rejected. The office of field marshal bow- ever he accepted on the 30th of Julyy 1796. He died at his seat ia Kent August 3, 1797, aged eighty years.-— ^a/Artnt; Hardies ffolmea" annalat \L 326—346, 498 ; Marthally i. 443^*470 ; MmU ii. 36. , ANDRE (John), ud de camp to sir Henry Clinton, and adju- tioit general of the British army in America ^ring the late war, was bom in England in 1741. He was in early life a mercliuit's clerk, but obtained a commission in the army at the age of seven- teen. Possesui^ an active and enterprisingi disposition and the most ami£^le and accomplished manners he soon conciliated the esteem uul friendship of his superior officers, and rose to the raok of major. After Arnold had intimated to the British in 1780 his intention of delivering up West Point to them, major Andr^ was selected aa the person, to whom the maturing of Arnold's treason and the ar- rangements for its execution should be committed. A correspon- dence was for some time carried on between them under a mer- cantile disguise and the feigned names of Gustavus and Anderson » and at length to facilitate their corowunications the VuUure sloop of war moved up the North river and took a station convenient for ,t ■. .; \ ■mF'! ■■ iii. i w '(, 1 il m f^ ■'1 ' \ I '\ .( ¥ %MMl\ '■Ml':'' ' 'I a AND, the purposef but not so ne&r as to excite suspicion. An interview was agreed on, and in the night of September the twenty first 1780 be was taken m a boat, wluch was dispatched for the purpose, and carried to the beach without the posts of both armies under a pass for John Anderson, lie met general Arnold at the house of a Mr. Smith. While the conference was yet unfinished, day light approached ; and to avoid the danger of discovery it was proposed, that he should remain concealed till the succeed- ing night. He is understood to h^ive refused to be carried within the American posts, but the promise made him by Arnold to respect this objection was not observed. He was carried within them contrary to his wishes and agdnst his knowledge. He con- tinued with Arnold the succeeding day, and when on the following night he prt)posed to return to the Vulture, the boatman refused to 4arryhim, because she had during the day shifted her station in consequence of a gun having been moved to the shore and brought to bear upon her. This embarrassing circumstance reduced him to the necessity of endeavouring to reach New York by land. Yielding with reluctance to the urgent representations of Arnold, he laid aside his regimentals, which he had hitherto worn under a sur> tout, and put on a plsdn suit of clothes ; and receiving a pass from the American general, authorizing him, under the feigried name of John Anderson, to proceed on the public service tO{the White Plains or low- er,if he thought proper, he set out on his return. He had passed all the guards and posts on the road without snspicion,and was proceed- Ing to New York in perfect security, when, on the twenty third of September, one of the three militia men, who were employed with others in scouting parties between the lines of the two armies, spring- ing suddenly from his covert into the roud, seized the reins of his bridle and stopped his horse. Instead of producing his pass, Andr6, with a want of self possession, which can be attributed only to a kind providence, asked the man hastily, where he belonged, and being answered, "to below," replied immediately, " and so do I." He then declared himself to be a British officer, on urgent business, and begged that he might not be detained. The other two militia men coming up at this moment, he discovered his mistake ; but it was too late to repair it. He offered a purse of gold and a val- uable watch, to which he added the most tempting promises of ample reward and permanent provision from the government, if they would permit him to escape ; but his offers were rejected -without hesitation. The militia men, whose names were John Paulding, David Wil- liams, and Isaac Vanwert, proceeded to search him. They fouqd concealed in his boots exact returns, in Arnold's hand writing, of the state of the forces, ordnance, and defences at West Point and its dependencies, critical remarks on the works, and an estimate of tlitt men ordjuarily employed in them, with other interesting papers. Andr6 was earn commanding the himself and only tained the charai •on to inlorm his An express was coming acquaintc A board of gen president, and the members, was cal who hrtd bckiiowh my, and to deter and to what punisi every mark of indi well as of delicacy, amination,thathev ry, which might en evasion^ and frankl to his condemnatia September, did no report entirely up within the descrip execution of this se •n which it was ren The greatest ej whom Andn6 was i It was first represej ofdflag; but Was] he stated, that And] terview was next pj and general Greene sidered, were madej a letter from Arnoll Andr6 was deeplif war had decreed tol a soldier and not as I tence in this respecl replete with all the f •ommanderin chic Andr^ unquestional ^bought, that the pu usual way. The d« not divulged. Hel with a composure, ( »^tion and interested hibited some emotij fltol spot, and inqi AND. 23 Mi\ \\ Andr£ was carried before lieutenant colonel Jainesdn, the officer coinmancUng the scouting parties on the tinesi and^ regaidlessof himseit and oniy anxious tor the safety ot Arnold, be still main- tained the chdritcter, which be had assumed, and requested Jurae- ton to iniorm his commanding officer, that Anderson was taken. An express was accordingly dispatched, and the traitor, thus be- coming acquainted with his danger, escaped. A board of general officers, of which major general Greene was president, and the two foreign generals, La Fayette and Steuben, were niembers, was called to report a precise state of the case of Andri, who had acknowledged himself adjutant general of the British ar- my, and to determine in what character he was to be considered, and to what punishment he was liable. He received from the board every mark of indulgent attention ; and from a sense of justice, as well as of delicacy, he was informed on the first opening of the ex- amination, that he was at perfect liberty not to answer any interrogato- ry, which might embarrass his own feelings. Buthe disdtdned every evasion> and frankly acknowledged every thing, which was materisJ to his condemnation. The board, which met on the twenty ninth of September, did not' examine a single witness, but, founding their report entirely upon his own confession, reported that he came within the description of a spy and ought to suffer death. The execution of this sentence was ordered on the day succeeding that, •n which it was rendered. The greatest exertions were made by sir Henry Clinton, to whom Andr£ was particularly dear, to rescue him from his fatc« It was first represented that he came on shore under the sanction of A flag ; but Washington returned an answer to Clinton, in which he stated, that Andr£ had himself disclaimed the pretext. An in- terview was next proposed between lieutenant general Robertson and general Greene ; but no facts> which had not before been con- sidered, were made known. When every other exerticm fuledf a letter, from Arnold, filled with threats, was presented. > vt: Andr6 was deeply aflected by the mode of dying, which the laws of war had decreed to persons in his situation. He wished to die as a soldier and not as a criminal. To obtain a mitigation of his sen- tence in this respect, he addressed a letter to general Washington, replete with all the feelings of a man of sentiment and honor. The commander in chief consulted his officers on the subject ; but as Andr£ unquestionably came under the description of a spy, it was thought, that the public good required his punishment to be in the usual way. The decision however, from tenderness to Audr^, wai not divulged. He encountered his fate on the second of October with a composure, dignity, and fortitude, which excited the admi- ration and interested the feelings of all, who were present. He ex- hibited some emotion, when he first beheld the preparations at the flltftl spot} and inquired, t< must I die in this manner I ** He soon H m::'-'-:m^'n '^'] '.-t' ifmm mn- ' bm \m iKi J-.>-'l ' !'Wi.tiir^|innJr« ,| S4 AND. u': i^. It' '^ ■ i ii afterwards added, << it will be but a momentary pong;** and being atked, if he had any request to make before he left the world, he answered, ** none, but that jrou will witneaa to the world, that I die like a brave man." . -^ While one weeps at the ignominiotts death of a man so much esteemed and beloved, it would have given some relief to the pain, cd 'mind, ii' he had died more like a christian and less like a soldier. The sympathy, excited among the American officers by his &te, -was as univeraal, as it is unusual on such occasions ; and proclaims alike the merit of him, who suffered, and the humanity of those, who inflicted the punishment. In a letter, written at the time by cok>net Hamihoii, the character of Andr6 is thus elegantly drawn. ** Thens was something singularly interesting in the character and fortunes of Andr6. To an excellent understanding, well improved by education and travel, he united a peculiar elegance of mind and manners, and the advantages of a pleasing person. It is aaid he possessed a pretty taste for the fine arts, and had himself attained •ome proficiency in poetry, munc, and painting. His knowledge Appeared without ostentation, and embellssbed by a diffidence, that rarely acoempanies so many talents and accompUshments, which left you to suppose more than appeared. His eeminenls were el* evatted and inspired esteem ; titey had a softness, that ooncUiated •flRsctaon. His elocution was handsome, his address easy, polite, and insinuating. By his merit he had acquired the unlimited e govemm^itof ITew Gagland^ He mode high prodSMtiont «f «Qgard to the jfvkl^k good, directed the custom of the plai rates and taxes to laws, not inconsist force. By these i had agitated the m monster stood fort] His administiati press was restraint gational ministers ^ for nonconformity. was making great i ry willing to keep It was pretended, t] farmers were obligt fees. Heprohibitec with sureties to be i to have been any \a.y one episcopal clerg] ed the hope of rece London, intimating be persuaded to cor should be deemed church of England. taxes he thought pro exorbitant height. The whole of his] perfectly disposed tc ures of his weak an( the spirit of the peo ing sought in the wi civil and religious lil ed in England, they wrested from them i with the love of libert defence. They had tyrannical administn which had been gath flame by the report guards. On the mc tants of Boston took try, and the governor tive, and other obnoxi ed and confined. TJ; month the joyful new country, and quieted had been done. After i)-: AND. 25 food) directed the judges to administer justice according t6 the * custom of the places ordered the established rules with respect to lates and taxes to be observed^ and declared) that all the colony UwB} not inconsistent with his commission, should remain in full force. By these professions he calmed the apprehensions, which had agitated the minds of many ; but it was not long before the monster stood forth in his proper shape. His administration was most oppressive and tyrannical. The press was restrained, exorbitant taxes were levied, and the congre^ gational ministers were threatened to be deprived of their support for nonconformity. Sir Edmund, knowing that his royal master was making great progress towards despotism in England, was ve* ry willing to keep equal pace in his less important government. It was pretended) that all titles to land were destroyed ; and the fanners were obliged to take new patents, for which they paid large fees. He prohibited marriage, except the parties enteredinto bonds with sureties to be forfeited in case there should afterwards appear to have been any lawful impediment. There was at this time but one episcopal clergyman in the country ; but sir Edmund indulg- ed the hope of receiving a supply, and he wrote to the bishop of London, intimating for the encouravrement of those, who might be persuaded to come to this country, that in future no marriage should be deemed lawful, unless celebrated by ministers of the church of England. With four or five of his council he laid what taxes he thought proper. The fees of office were raised to a most exorbitant height. The whole of his proceedings were such as to show, that he was perfectly disposed to follow all the capricious and arbitrary meas- ures of his weak and bigotted master, king James II. At length the spirit of the people could no longer brook submission. Hav- ing sought in the wilds of America the secure enjoyment of that civil and religious liberty, of which they had been unjustly depriv- ed in England, they were not disposed to see their dearest rights wrested from them without a struggle to retain them. Animated with the love of liberty, they were also resolute and courageous in its defence. They had for several years suffered the impositions of a tyrannical administration, and the dissatisfaction and indignation, which had been gathering during this period, were blown into a flame by the report of an intended massacre by the governor's guards. On the morning of the 18th of April 1689 the inhabi- tants of Boston took up arms, the people poured in from the coun- try, and the governor with such of the council, as had been most ac- tive, and other obnoxious persons about fifty in number, were seiz- ed and confined. The old magistrates were restored, and the next month the joyful news of the revolution in England reached this country, and quieted all apprehension of the consequences of what had been dope. After having been kept at the castle till Febmarjr 4 ''^ mi'i' I , "11 ;.'-''1^1: I ) t i \^' k,i i I'; 1? ■.nllJ* lei 11 ii : il'lt' J .<^ '• < I' A !i 06 APP. Cbllowiitgi %ir VAnumti wu lent to England for trkl. Th* gtmn^ court alx>ut tho tamo time dispatched a committee of aevcnl gcn« tiemeu to substantiate the charges against him. The government was reduced to a most perplexing dilemma. If they condemned sir Edmund's administration, the sentence might Ik; drawn into a precedent, and they might seem to encour* age ii)»urrcction and rebellion in future periods, when circumstan* cos did not render so desperate an expedient necessary. On the ether hand, if they should approve of the administration of Andros and conKure the proceedings of the colonists, it would imply a rep* cobation of the very measure, which had been pursued in bringing about the rovoludon in England. It was therefore considered pni* dent to dismiss the business without coming to a final decision. The people were accordingly left in the full enjoyment of their freedom } and sir Edmund, in public estimation guilty, escaped without censure. In 1 69? be was appointed governor of Virginia, as successor to lord Effingham. This even*, was very surprising^ and it was ac> counted for only on the supposition, that the English ministry v'as comiiosed of torics. He is not however represented as a bad gov> cmorof Virginia. He died in London Feb. L714, at a veiy ad- vanced age. His narrative of his proceedings in New England was published in 1691. — Nutchituon,\.3SS,UT— ^95 ;ii. 208; Douglaasf u. 3 i7^ 273, 369 ; HoRnet^x. 418,475 ; ii. 12, 89 ; Hardie. APPLETON (Nathaniel, d.o^, minister ol Cambridge, Massachusetts, waabom at Ipswich, December 9, 1693. His fa- ther was the honorable John Appleton, one of tv" king's council, and for twenty years judge of probate in the coui^ty of Essex, and his mother was the eldest daughter of president Rogers. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1712. After compledng his edu* cation, an opportunity presented of entering into commercial busi- ness on very advantageous terma with an uncle in Qostonywho was an opulent merchant ; but he resolved to forego every worldly ad* vantage, that he might promote the interest of the Redeemers kingdom. Soon after he began to preach he was invited to suc- ceed the reverend Mr. Brattle in the ministry at Cambridge, and was ordained October 9, 17 17. On this occasion Dr. Increase Mather preached the sermon and gave die charge, anu Dr. Cotton Mather gave the right hand of fellowship. He was the same year elected a fellow of Harvard college, which office he sustained above 60 years, faithfully consulting and essentially promoting the Interests of the institution. In 1771 the university conferred on him the degree of doctor of divinity, an honor, which had bc«n conferred upon but one person previously tathis, and that was the reverend (ncrease Mather, about eighty years befiwe.. Degrees have since become mure frequent and less honorable The usefttlness o£ APR 27 '1 Or. Aj^pteton was dtminiihed for a few of hU Utt jreart through the inftrmities of age^ but did not entirely cease except with his life. He received the reverend Mr. HilliMnI as his colleague in 1783. After a ministry of more than sixty six years, he died Feb. 9, 1784, in the ninety first year of his age. This country can fur- nish few instances of more useful talents, and more exemplary piety, exhibited for so long a time and with such great success. During his ministry two thousand one hundred and thirty eight persons were baptized, and seven hundred and eighty four admitted members of the church. Dr. Appleton wus as venerable for his piety as for his years. His wliole character was patriarchal. In his dress, in his manners, in his conversation, in his ministry, he resembled the puritan min- isters, who first settled New England. He lived from the close of one century to near the close of another, and he brought down with hltn the habits of former times. His natural temper was cheer- fal, but his habitual deportment was grave. Early consecrated to God, and having a fixed predilection for the ministry, by the imion of good sense with deep seriousness, of enlightened zeal with con- summate prudence, he was happily fitted for the pastoral office. He preached with great plainness and with primitive simplicity. In order to accommodate his discourses to the meanest capacity he frequently borrowed similitudes from familiar, sometimes from vulgar objects ; but his application of them was so pertinent and his utterance so solemn, as to suppress levity and silence criticisnl. Deeply senuble of the fallen state of man, he admired the wisdom, holiness, and mercy, wMch are displayed in the plan of rcdemp- don through .a gloiions Sa^rior. From the abondance of his heart, filled with the Idve of God, he spake with such fervor, as was fit> ted to inspire his hearers with pious sentiments and affections. He possessed the learning of his time. The scriptures he read irt the originals. His exposition, preached in course on the sab- bath, comprehended the wh«}e new testament, the pvophecy of Isaiah, and sotvke of the other piS>phets. It was diiefly designed to promote practical piety ; but on the prophetis since become the gieui souixe ot the opulence ol Carolina, was introduced. A captain o' a vessel from Madagascar on his way to Great Dritain anchored utV Suiiivan's island and made a present to the governor of a bag ot seed rice, which he had brought from the east. This rice the governor divided among some of his Iriends, who '\greed to make an experiment. The success equalled ti.eir expectation, und tron\ this small beginning arose the staple com- modity of Carolina. > •., ,. _. He continued, it is believed, but five or six years in his government. After his return to London, he published u work entitled, a new de« scription of that fertile and pleasant jirovincc of Carolina with a brief account of its discovery, settling, und the government there- of to this time, with several remarkable passages during my time> 1707. Holmea' annala^ ii. 25, 26 ; Hewatty i. 1 19, 139 — 131. ARGAL (Samuel), deputy governor of Virginia, came to that colony in 1609 to trade and to fish for sturgeon. The trade was in violation of the laws ; but as the wine and provisions, which he brought, were much wanted, his conduct was connived at, and he continued to make voyages for his own advantage and in the ser- vice of the colony. In 1613 he arrived at the island, now called Mount Desart, in the District of Maine, for the purpose of fishing, lind having discovered a settlement of the French, which was made two years before, he immediately attacked it and took most of the settlers prisoners. Gilbert de Thet, a Jesuit father, was killed in the engagement. This was the commencement of hostilities be- tween the French and English colonists in America. Captain Ar- gal soon afterwards sailed from Virginia to Acadie and destroyed the French settlements of St. Croix and Port Royal. The pretext for this hostile expedition in time of peace w«s the encroachment of the French on the rights of the English, which were founded on the prior discovery of the (Jabots. Argal on his return subdued the Dutch settlement at Hudson's river. In 1614 he went to Eng- land and returned in 1617 as deputy governor. On his anival he found the public buildings at James Town fallen to decay, the mar- ket place and streets planted with tobacco, and the people of the colony dispersed in places, which they thought best adapted for cultivating that pernicious weed. To restore prosperity to the colony captain Argal introduced some severe regulations. He prohibited all trade or familiarity with the Indians. Teaching 1 J* j 1 • 1 .11 tl i \ \ I, If: 30 ARN. them the u«e of arms wa» a crime to be punished by death. He ordered, that all goods should be sold at an advance of 25 pef cent, and fixed the prke of tobacco at three shillings per pound. None eould sell or buy it at a different price under the penalty of three years' imprisonment. No man was permitted to fire a gun, be- fore a new supply of ammunition, except in self defence, on pain of a year's slavery. Absence from church on simdays or holidays was punished by confinement for the night and one week's slavery to the colony, and on a repetition of the offence the punishment was increased. The rigorous execution of these laws rendered him odious in the colony, and the report of his tyranny and his depredations upon the revenues of the company reaching England, it was determined to recal him. Lord Delaware was directed to send him home to answer the charges brought against him ; but as his lordship did not reach Virginia, being summoned away from life while on his passage, the letter to him fell into the hands of Argal. Perceiving from it that the fine harvest, which now occupied him, would be soon ended, he redoubled his industry. He multiplied his acts of injustice, and before the arrival of a new governor in 1619 set sail in a vessel, loaded with his effects. He was the partner in trade of the earl a friend by an Indian, who betrayed him. A delay of several day* on account of the difficulty of passing the river was inevitable, and the critical moment was lost. On the i4th of November he crossed the St. Lawrence in the night ; and, asc^iding the precipice, which Wolfe had cKmbed beibi^ him, formed his small corps on the height near the memo- rable plains of Abraham. With only about seven hundred men, one third of whose muskets had been rendered useless in the march through the wilderness, success could not be expected. After pa- rading some days on the heights near the town, and sending tw» flags to summon the inhabitants, he retired to Point aux Trembles, twenty miles above Quebec, and there waited the arrival of Montr gomery, who joined him on the first of December. The city was immediately besieged^ but the best measures had been taken for its defence. On the morning of the last day of the year an assault was made on the one side of the city by Montgomery, who was kill- ed. At the same time colonel Arnold,, at the head of about three hundred and fifty men, made a desperate attack on the opposite side. Advancing with the utmost intrepidity along the St. Charles through a narrow path, exposed to an incessant fire of grape shot and mus- ketry, as he approached the first barrier he receiA'ed a musket ball in the leg, which shattered the bone ; and he was carried off to the- camp. Though the attack was unsuccessful, the blockade of Que- bec was continued till May 1776, when the army, which was in no- condition to risk an assault, was removed to a more defensible position.. Arnold was compelled to relinquish one post after another, till the 1 8th of June, when he quitted Canada. After this period he exhibited great bravery in the command of the Amcrica» flcel-oii lake Cbamplain. \ •' t A vi .) M 1 1 it A I ! ;.^i '■ i :!? P', I u t 1 ^!l.^ \ 1«lli'll' ' ' 1 , } J 1 ' #■': :' 1 I" ],\ :,^1 I " > i •■11 ss ARN. I In August 1777 he relieved fort Schuyler under the counumd of colonel Gansevoort, which was invested by colonel St. Leger with an army of from fifteen to eighteen hundred men. In the battle near Stillwater, September the nineteenth, he conducted him* self with his usual intrepidity, being engaged incessantly for four hours. In the .action of October the seventh, after the British had been driven into the lines, Arnold pressed forward and under a tremendous fire assaulted the works throughout their whole extent from right to left. The intrenchments were at length forced, and with a few men he actually entered the works ; but his horse be- ing killed, and he himselt badly wounded in the leg, he found it ne^ eessary to withdraw, and as it was now almost dark to desist from the attack. Being rendered unfit for active service in consequence of his wound, after the recovery of Philadelphia he was appointed to the command of the American garrison. When he entered the city, he made the house of governor Penn, the best house in the city, his head quarters. This he furnished in a very costly manner, and lived far beyond his income. He had wasted the plunder, which he had seized at Montreal in his retreat from Canada ; and at Phi- ladelphia he was determined to make new acquisidons. He laid his hands on every thing in the city, which could be considered as the property of those, who were unfriendly to the cause of his couo' try. He was charged with oppression, extortion, and enormous charges upon the public in his accounts, and with applying the pub- lie money and property to his own private use. Such was his con- duct, that he drew upon himself the odium of the inhabitants not only of the city, but of the province in general. He was engaged in trading speculations and had shares in several privateers, but was unsuccessful. From the judgment of the commissioners, who had been ap- pointed to inspect his accounts, and who had rejected above half the amount of his' demands, he appealed to congress ; {^nd they ap- pointed a committee of their own body to examine and settle the business. The committee confirmed the report of the commis- sioners, and thought they had allowed him more, than he had any right to expect or demand. By these disappointments he became irritated and he gave full scope to his resentment. His invectives against congress were not less violent, than those, which he had be- fore thrown out against the commissioners. He was however soon obliged to abide the judgment of a court martial upon the charges, exhibited agjainst him by the executive of Pennsylvania, and he was subjected to the mortification of receiving; a reprimand from Wash- ington. His trial commenced in June 1778, but such were the de- lays occasioned by the movements of the army, that it was not con- eluded until the 26th of January 1779. The sentence of a repri- mand was approved by congress, and v.'as soon afterwards carried into execution .> ! ! ARN. 33 Snch was the humiliation, to which general Arnold was reduc- ed in consequence of yielding to the temptations of pride and van- ity, and indulging himself in the pleasures of a snmptuous table and expensive equipage. From this time probably his proud spirit revolted from the cause of America. He turned his eyes to West Point as an acquisition^ which would give value to treason, while its loss would inflict a mortal wound on his former friends. He addressed himself to the delegation of New York, in which state his reputation was pecul- iarly high, and a member of congress from this state recommend- ed him to Washington for the service, which he desired. But this request could not be immediately complied with. The same ap- plication to the commander in chief was made not long afterwards through general Schuyler. Washington observed, that as there tras a prospect of an active campaign he should be gratified with the aid of general Arnold in the field, but intimated at the same time, that he should receive the appointment requested, if it should be more pleasing to him. Arnold without discovering much solicitude repaired to camp in the beginning of August, and renewed in person the solicitations, vfhich had been before indirectly made. He was now offered the command of the left wing of the army, which was advancing a- gainst New York, but he declined it under the pretext, that in con* sequence of his wounds, he was unable to perform the active duties of the field. Without a suspicion of his patriotism he was invest- ed with the command of West Point. Previously to his soliciting; this station, he had in a letter to colonel Robinson signified his change of principles and his wish to restore himself to the iavor of his prince by some signal proof of his repentance. This let- ter opened to him a correspondence with sir Henry Clinton, the object of which was to concert the means of putting the impor- tant post, which he commandedi into the possession of the Biitish general. His plan, it is believed, was to have drawn the greater part of his army without the works under the pretext of fighting the enemy in the defiles, and to have left unguarded a designated pass, through which the assidlants might securely approach and surprise the fortress. His troops he intended to place, so that they would be compelled to surrender, or be cut in pieces. But just as his scheme was ripe for execution the wise Disposer of events, who so often and so remarkably inteq)osed in favor of the American eause, blasted his designs. Major Andr^, after his detection, was permitted to send a mes- sage to Arnold to give him notice of his danger ; and the traitor found opportunity to escape on board the Vulture on the 25th of September, 1780, a few hours before the return of Washington, who had been absent on a joumej to Hartford, Connecticut. It isv 5 n i— He published a sermon on visible saints, vindicating Mr. Stoddard's sentiments respecting^ church membership ; a sermon at the ordination of reverend John Norton, Deerfield, 1741 ; the great duty of charity, a sermon, Boston, 1742; H letter to William Cooper, XJiS^f^Redem, cafittvct 6th ed, ^18. BACKUS (Ci Norwich, Conne hood, but, as he ( sisted him to a Ii lege in 1769. I Dr. Hart, of Pre charge of the ch his death, Dec. 3 yeurs. In the last yeai us was impressed been immoral he sight of God. E fjospel, particular dependence of mi to renew his hean was brought to an fied Redeemer. ] reconciled unto G Under the afflictic Father in heaven, preacher. He kr with the greatest c Redeemer, and en which no man can , blessed to the eve of peculiar attenti was eminent as a t nence as an instru for the christian m of his theological churches. In his h The last words, wl God in the highest In his short jour have looked round myself as among th to maintain a chant that amidst all my i my charge. Since sons clearer views pcndence on sovere I hope, that now I He published a c on regeneration.— ( BACKUS (IsAA chusetts, was born 1'; ,1 BAG. ^7 BAtlKUS (Chaelbs, d. t.% mi eminetit minister, was hotn in )}orwtch, ConnecUcut, in 1749. He lost his parents in hischild-* hood, but, as he early discovered a love of science, his friends as- sifltcd him to a liberal education. He was graduated at Yale col- lege in 1769. His theological education was under the reverend Dr. Hart' of Preston. In 1774 he was ordained to the pastoral charge of the church in Somers, and he remained in this town till his death, Dec. 30, 1803, af^er a faithful ministry of more than 29 years. In the last year of his residence at college the mind of Dr. Back* U9 was impressed by divine truth, and although his conduct had not been immoral he was deeply convinced of his sinfulness in the sight of God. He was for a time opposed-to the doctrines of thtf gospel, particularly to the doctrine of the atonement, and of the dependence of man upon the special influences of the Holy Spirit to renew his heart. But at length his pride Was humbled, and he was brought to an acquaintance with the way of salvation by a cruci-' Hed Redeemer. From this time he indulged the hope, that he was reconciled unto God. He was a humble and exemplary christian. Under the afflictions of life he quietly submitted to the will of his Father in heaven. He was a plain, evangelical, and impressive preacher. He knew the worth of immortal souls, and he taught with the greatest clearness the way of salvation through faith in thd Redeemer, and enforced upon his hearers that holiness, without which no man can jsee the Lord. During his ministry, which was blessed to the everlasting good of many, there were four seasons of peculiar attention to religion among his people. Dr. Backus was eminent as a theologian. His retired situation, and his emi- nence as an instructor drew around him many, who were designed' for the christian ministry. Near fifty young men were members of his theological school, most of whoni are now pastors in the' churches. In his last sickness he had much of the divine presence. The last words, which he was heard to whisper, were " gloiy ttf God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.** In his short journal, which he left behind him, he says, <* as t have looked round on my fellow christians, I have ever accounted myself as among the chief of sinners, and have found it much easier to maintain a charitable hope for them than for myself —I hope that amidst all my wickedness I have not forgotten the weight of my charge. Since I have been in the ministry, I have had at sea- sons clearer views of my own corruptions and of my absolute de- pendence on sovereign grace, than at any former period of my life. I hope, that now I know in whom I have believed." He published a century sermon, 1801, and a volume of sermons on regeneration^— Connec/£cM/ evang. magazine^ iv. BACKUS (Isaac), a distinguished baptist minister of Massa- chusetts, was born at Norwich in Connecticut, January the twenii- '« ' m. ■i! 1 I ft 1 i'.' ;'.! 1 "*♦! ■, V mm- ^'1 'lis nH' ^ew England. It conta'uis indeed a great many facts, for which ■ ! 1 i it i '1 f J I p l.^ 1 $\p '•? ^ i';. ''1^:^ ^r *S5 I >i i 40 BAC. th« public !• indebted to the patient industry of Ute writer, and it muit be a very valuable work to the baptists, as it presents a minute account of almost every church of that denomination in New Kng. land. But these facts are combined without much attention to the eonnexion, which ought to subsist between them, and the author shows himself too much under the influence of the seal of party. Yet he seems to have been a pious, good man. He adhered to the great religious principles of the fathers of New England, and con- tended earnestly for what are called the doctrines of the reformation. He embraced from his heart the calvinistic construction of the scriptures. A few months before his death he wrote to a friend, " when God first called me to preach the gospel, he said, my grace is sufficient for thee ; and I have ever found it so."— Afcr««a. ba/itUt mitaionary magazine^ i. 287, 388 ; Backut* church hiatorifym. 139.. 141 ; Baekua* abridgment ^ 309, 214. BACON (Nathaniel), an insurgent in Virginia, was educate*) at the Inns of court in England, and after lus arrival in this country was chosen a member of the council. He was a young man of fine accomplishments) of an interesting countenance, and of impressive eloquence. The trade with the Indians in 1676 being somewhat interrupted, the people complained, and were disposed to throw the blame upon the government. These murmurings were echoed by Bacon, and while he complimented the people, for their discernment of the causes of their troubles, he suggested that better measures might be adopted, and that he could open agwi the avenues to trade. He proposed to lead them against the Indians. The ears of the multitude were soothed by his promises and delighted with his oratory, and they unanimously elected him their general. He sent for a commission to governor Berkeley, but was ordered to dismiss his men with the threat of otherwise being declared a rebel. Intoxicated with the command given him. Bacon soon afterwards marched to Janves Town at the head of six hundred vohmteers, and presented himself at the door of the house, in which the assembly was sitting, and offered his cisums for the commission, which he de* sired. The governor refused to consent to any of his demands, and bared his breast to the insurgents, telling them to proceed to violence, if their courage would permit them. But the assembly, the members of which were less firm, prepared a commission, con* stituting Bacon general of the forces, and with much difficulty per* suaded the governor to sign it. As soon, however, as the new gen* eral had removed to such a distance, as to enable the assembly to deliberate in safety, the governor was directed to issue a proclama* tion against Bacon, declaring him a rebel, and requiring his follow* ers to surrender him, and disperse themselves. Instead of obeying this order they marched back to James Town, and obliged the gov- ernor to flee. Bacon soon called a convention, and it was agreed to i*equirc of the people a new oath of obedience to the general, and un- BAI. 41 dcr pretence of the f^overnor's abdication he issued wiits for a new ak place, ill which u minibcr of persons were killed. One of Bacon's captains burned James Town, und the country was threat- ened with the greatest evils ; when, in the midst ol' these incrc.Hing calamities, Hacon died suddenly in January 1677. Peace und order were soon afterwards restored. This rebellion cost the colony one hiiiidred thousand potuuls, and it gave the colonists an instructive lesson on tli'* advantages of obedience to law.— AV/4/i'« hitt. of Fiv pniuji 56 62; Holmea* annala^'i. 436; Chtilmrra^ i. 332— 335 j Beverly^ 105 ; Wynne, ii. 223, 223 ; Mar^fialU i. 198 — 201. BAILY (John), an excellent minister in Boston, was born Feb, 24, 1644 in Lancashire, England, l-'rom his earliest years his niind seems to have been impressed by the truths of religion. While he was yet very young, his mother one day persuaded him to lead the devotions of the family. When his father, who was a very dissolute man, heard of it, his heart was touched with a sense of his sin in the neglect of this duty, and he became afterwards an eminent christian. After having been carefully instructed in classical learning, he commenced preaching the gospel alx>ut the age of 22. He soon went to Ireland, where by frequent labors he much injured his health, which was never perfectly restored. He spent about 14 years of his life at Limerick, and was exceedingly blessed in his exertions to turn me:, from darkness to light. He was governed by the single desire of promoting the glory of his master ux ad- vancing the interests of holiness. Yet, while in this plac« as well as previously, he was persecuted by men, who were contending for form and ceremony in violation of the precepts and the spirit of the gospel. While he was a young man he often travelled far by night to enjoy the ordinances of the gospel, privately administered in dis- senting congregations, and for this presumptuous offence he was sometimes thrown into Lancashire jail. As soon as he began to preach, his fidelity was tried, and he suf- fered imprisonment because in his|conscience he could not conform to the established church. While at Limerick a deanery was offered him, if he would con- form, with the promise of a bishopric upon the first vacancy. But disdaining worldly things, when they came in competition with duty to his Savior and the purity of divine worship, he rejected the offer in true disinterestedness and elevation of spirit. But neither this proof, that he was intent on higher objects than this world pre- sents, nor the blamelessness of his life, nor the strong hold, which he had in the affections of his acquaintance, could preserve him fromagaip suffering the hardships of impii^onment, while the pa- \i 'I ..»' I ill- MitF'' J If 43 BAI. pitts in the ncif^hborhoocl enjoyed liberty ind countenance. When he wan before the judges, he said to them, ^ if I had been drinking, and gaming, and carousing at a Uvem with mjr company, my lords, I presume that would not have procured my being thus treated as an offender. Must praying to God, and preaching of Christ with a company of christiuns, who arc peaceable and inoffensive and an nerviceable to his majesty and the government as any of his sub* jects ; must this be a greater crime ?" The recorder answered, ** we will have you to know it is a greater crime." His flock of. ten fasted and prayed for his release ; but he was discharged on this condition only, that he should depart from the country within a limited time. ',>•' He came to New England about the year )6R3, and continued near 14 years his benevolent attempts to teach his fellow men the way to heaven. He died at Boston Dec. 16, 1697. He was a man eminent for piety, of great sensibility of cou* science, and very exemplary in his life. It was his constant desire to be patient and resigned under the calamities, which were ap. pointed him, and to fix his heart more upon things above. On a certain occasion he thus expressed himself ; *^ O that I might not be of the number of them, that live without love, speak without feeling, and act witho\it life ! O that God would make me his hum- ble, and upright, and faithful servant 1" The holy scriptures were very dear to him, as they are to every good man ; and as evidence of his regard to the word of God, we have the following passage in hk diary ; ** Jan. tl . I finished the reading of the bible in my family as formerly. O, 'tis a dear book ; 'tis always new. At the l)eginning of every- chapter, 'tis good to say, Lord, open my eyes, that I may see wonders out of thy law ! And when we shut it up, to say, I have seen an end of all perfection, but thy law is exceed* ing broad. O how terrible are the threateningS) how precious arc the promises, how serious are the precepts, how deep are the pro- phecies of this book 1" His ministry was very acceptable in different places, and he waft a warm and animated preacher. But with all his faithfulness and goodness, he saw many disconsolate hours. He was distressed with doubts respecting himself, but his apprehensions only attach- ed him the more closely to his Redeemer. In his diary not long before his death, he wrote thus ; " I see more into the great mys- tery of our justification by faith merely of gprace. There is no respect in it to this or that ; but Jesus Christ, having wrought out a redemption for us, and by his active and passive obe^ence procured a sufficient righteousness, and made a tender of it in his gospel, it becomes mine by my acceptance of it, and relying on it sdone for salvation. And shall I not accept of it ? God forbid. I see, there are two things^ wherein I cannot easily exceed, namely, in ascrib- lAg to the grace of God its freeness and richness in man's palvg* BAL. 4Z ion, and in asicribing to the righteouuiess of Chriit man's justitica- lion." In his last sickness he suffered under a complication of disorders ; but he did not compUiin. His mind was iioothcd in dwelling upon the sufferings of his Savior. At times he was agitated with fears, tho* they had not respect, at he said, so much to the end, as to what he might meet in the way. His last words were, speaking of Christ, »' 0, what shall I say ? He is altogether lovely. His glorious an- gels are come for me !" He then closed his eyes, and his spirit passed into eternity. He published man's chief end to glorify God, a sermon preached at Watertown, \ 689. — •Aliddleton'a biografihia evangelica, iy . 101—105 ; .A'bncon/brmi«/'« me-mona/, i. 33 1—335 ; ^father* 8 funeral termon ; MagnaUa^vi. 3'4i4— 338. BALDWIN (Ebenezbh), minister of Danbury, Connecticut, vras graduated at Yale college in 1763, and was tutor in that sem- inary from 1766 to 1770. He was ordained as successor of the reverend Mr. Warner and Mr. White, September 19, 1770, and died suddenly October 1, 1776, aged 31 years. He was a man of great talents and learning, a constant and unwearied student, grave in manners, and an able supporter of the sownd doctrines of the gos- pel. He left a legacy of about 300 pounds to his society, which is appropriated to the suppoit of religion. Eobbins* century sermon. BALDWIN (Abraham), president of the university of Georgia and a distinguished statesman, was graduated at Yale college in 1773, and was afterwards tutor in that seminary from 1775 to 1779. When the general system of education through the state of Geor- gia was adopted by the legislature in 1785, he was placed nt the head of it. He was a member of the grand convention, which held its session from May 25, to September 17, 1T87, and framed the constitution of the United States. To that instrument his name is affixed as one of the deputies fi ni Georgia. He was afterwards a senator from this state in the councils of the nation. He died at Washington in the beginning of March 1807. BANISTER (John), a botaotist of Virginia, was an English- man, whp settled in that province toward the latter end of the sev- enteenth century. He de>'oted himself to the investigation of the plants of that part of America. He collected and described plants, and drew the figures of the rare species. He become a victim to his favorite pursuit. In one of his excursions he fell from the rocks and perished. His botanical friends did honor to his menuay by calling a plant of the decsmdrous class Baiiisteria. — Miller''a rttros- }iecty'\.\A\. BARCLAY (Henry, d. d.), an episcopal clergyman in New York, was a native of Albany, and received a lil)eial education at Yale college, where he was graduated in 1734. Soon after leaving college he went to England, where he received orders in the church, I And was appointed missionary to the Mohawk Indisms. Having 1^'' 1 1 iu'l . 1, ;r i Ai BAR. H i I'j served in this capacity for some years with but little success he was culled to the city of New York, and appointed rectot of Trinity churclu In this respectable station he continued till his death, which took place in \7&S.r—Mller*H retrosfiect^ ii. 356. BARD (John), a learned physician, was bom in Burlington, New Jersey, Fe*!. 1, 1716. His father, Peter Bard Esq, who was a na- tive of France, came to Maryland in 1703 as a merchant, whence he soon after removed to New Jersey, in which colony he was for ma- ny years a member of the council and a judge of the supreme court. Mr. Bard received his early education under the care of Mr. An- nan of Philadelphia, one of the most eminent teachers on the con- tinent. Having evinced a predilection for the study of physic, he was at the age of seventeen or eighteen bound an apprentice to the celebrated Dr. Kearsely, with whom he continued till 1737. He now engaged in business, and soon acquired a large share of prac- tice, and became much respected. In 1743 he was induced by ur- gent applications from New York to remove to that city to supply ti»e loss of several eminent physicians. Here he continued till with- in a few months of his death. In the year 1795, when the yellow fever had put to flight a number of physicians, who were in the xneridian of life, the veteran Dr*. Bard, though verging towards his eightieth year, remained at his post. He did not relinquish his at- tendance upon his patients till May 1798, when he removed to his estate at Hyde Park, near Poughkeepsie. Here he continued in the enjoyment of perfect health, till he felt a paralytic stroke, which in n few days occasioned his death. He died March 30, 1799, in the eighty fourth year of his age. Dr. Bard wap eminent in his profession, and his practice was ve- ry extensive. Soon after the close of the war with Great Britain upon the reestablishment of the medical society ofthe state of New York, he was elected its president, and he was placed in the chair for six or seven successive years. He possessed a singular ingenuity and quickness in discriminating diseases ; yet he did not presump- tuously confide in his penetration, but was remarkably particular in "his inquiries into the circumstances of the sick. Ever desirous of removing the disorders, to which the human frame is subject, his anxiety and attention were not diminished, when called to visit the indi ;ent, from whom he could not expect compensation. His conduct through his whole life was marked by the strictest honor and integrity. In conversation he was polite, affable, cheerful, and entertaining. To his pupils he was not only an instructor, but a fa- ther, In the early part of his life he devoted much attention to polite learning, in which he made !;^reat proficiency. He possessed a correct and elegant taste, and wrote with uncommon accuracy and precision ; yet either the almost complete occupation of his time BAR. AS by active duties, or his modesty and diffidence of his talents pre- vented him from ever publishing any work — Hardie'a biograjilUcai iictionjry. BARNARD (John), minister of MarMehead, Massachusetts, was born in Boston November 6, 168 1. His parents were remark- able for their piety, and they took particular care of his education. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1700. In the former part of his coilegiul course the sudden death of two of his acquaintance impressed his mind and led him to think of his own departure from this world ; Ijut the impression was soon effaced. However, before heiettthat institution he was brought to repentance, and he resolved to yield himseU to the commands of God. In 1702 he united him- self to the north church in Boston under the pastoral care of the reverend Drs. Increase and Cotton Mather. The same year he be- gan to preach. In 1705 he was invited to settle at Yarmouth, hut he declined accepting the invitation. He was employed for some time as an assistant to Dr. Colman. * Being fond of active life, he was appointed by governor Dudley one of the chaplains, who accompanied the army to Port Royal in 1707 to reduce that fortress. In an attempt to take a plan of the fort a cannon ball was fired at him, that covered him with dirt with- out doing him any injury. It only diverted him from his purpose. In 1709 at the solicitation of captain John Wentworth, afterwards liutenant governor of New Hampshire, he sailed with him to Bar- badoes and London. While he was in this city the affair of Dr. Sacheverel took place, of which he would often speak. He became acquainted with some of the famous dissenting ministers, and re- ceived some advantageous offers of settlement, if he would remain in England. He might have accompanied lord Wharton to Ireland as his chaplain, but he refused to conform to the articles of the na- tional church. Soon after this he returned to seek a settlement in his own country. The new north church in Boston, was built for him and he preached the dedication sermon May 23, 1714, expecting soon to be ordained according to mutual agreement; but a more popular candidate, Mr. Webb, being invited at the request of Dr. Cotton Mather, the peo- ple chose him for their pastor. Of this transaction he could not speak with calmness to the day of his death. He was ordained minister of Marblehead July 18, 1 7 1 6, as colleague with the rever- end Mr. Cheever. In 1762 he received the reverend Mr. Whit- well as his assistant. The last sermon which he preached, was de- livered January 8, 1769. He died January 24, 1770, in the eighty ninth year of his age. Mr. Barnard was eminent for his learning and piety, and was fa- mous among the divines of America. During the latter part of his life, when he ret^ned a vigor of mind and zeal uncommon at so advanced an age, he was regarded as tlie father of the chuvchca. jif 'I f ''1 4 . . ■ : I.' I :i: It k A 46 BAR. His form was remarkably erect, and he never bent under the infir. roitics of eighty eight years. His countenance was grand, his mien majestic, and there was a dignity in his whole deportment. His presence restrained the imprudence and folly of youth, and when the aged saw him, they arose and stood up. He added a know- ledge ot the Hebrew to his other theological attainments ; he was v/cll acquaiiitrd with the mathematics ; and he excelled in a skill for naval architecture. Several draughts of his, the amusement of leisure hours, were commended by master ship builders. When he first went to Marblehead, and for some years aftei-ward, there was not one trading vessel belonging to the town. It was through his exertions, that a commercial improvement soon took place. Having taken great pains to leam " the mystery of the fish trade," he directed the people to the best use, which they could maiie of the advantages of their situation. A young man was first persuad. ed to send a small cargo to Barbadoes, and his success was so en* couraging, that the people were soon able in their own vessels to transport their fish to the West Indies and Europe. In 1767 there ■were thirty or forty vessels, belonging to the town, employed in the foreign trade. When Mr. Barnard first went to Marblehead, there was not in the place so much as one proper carpenter, nor mason, nor tailor, nor butcher. By prudence in the management of his affairs he acquired con- •diderable property, but he gave tythes of all he possessed. His charity was|of a kind, which is worthy of imitation. He was not dis- posed to give much encouragement to common beggars, but he sought out those objects of benevolent attention, who modest* ly hid their wants. The poor were often fed by him, and the widow's heart was gladdened, while they knew not where to return thanks, except to the merciful Father of the wretched. In one kind of charity he was somewhat peculiar. He generally support- ed at school two boys, whose parents were unable to meet this ex- pense. By his -last will he gave two hundred pounds to Harvard college. He left no children. In his sicknecs, which terminated in his death, he said with tears flowing from his eyes, *' my very soul bleeds, when I remember my sins j but I trust I have sincerely re- pented, and that God will accept me for Christ's sake. His right- eousness is my only dependance." The publications of Mr. Barnard are numerous and valuable. They show his theological knowledge, and his talents as a writer. His style Is plain, warm, and energetic. The doctrines, which he enforces, are the same, which were embraced by the fathers of New England. He published a sermon upon the death of the reverend Mr. Gurwin of Salem, 1717 ; upon the death of his colleague, the reverend Mr. Cheever, 1724; two discourses addressed to young persons, to which is added a sermon upon' the earthquake, 1727.J a volume of sermons on the confirmation of the BAR. 4t christian religion, on compelling men to come In, and on the saints' victory and rewards, 1727 ; judgment, mercy, and faith the weigh<- tier matters of the law, a sermon, 1729 ; on the certainty of the birth of Christ, 1731 ; election sermon, 1734; a zeal for good works excited and directed, a sermon, 1742 ; the imperfection of the creature and the excellency of the divine commandment illus- trated in nine sermons, 1747 ; januu coelestis, or the mystery of the iruspel in This self taught genius early discovered on ardent desire for the acquisition of knowledge, especially of botanical knowledge ; but the infant state of the colony placed great obstacles in his way He however surmounted them by intense application and the resources of his own mind. By the assistance of respectable characters he obtained the rudiments of the learned languages, which he stydied with extraordinary success. So earnest was he in the pursuit of learn- ing, that he could hardly spare time to eat ; and he rtiight often have been found with his victuals in one hand and his book in the other. He acquired so much knowledge of medicine and surgery, as to ad* minister great assistance to the indigent and distressed in his neigh- borhood. He cultivated the ground as the means of supporting a large family ; but while ploughing or sowing his fields, or mowin,; meadows, he was still pushing his inquiries into the operations of nature. He was the first American, who conceived and carried into effect the design of a botanic garden, for the cultivation of American plants, as well as of exotics. He purchased a fine situation on the banks of the Schuylkill about five miles from Philadelphia, where he lidd out with his own hands a large garden. He furnished it with d variety of the most curious and beautiful vegetables, collected in his excursions from Canada to Florida. These excursions were made principally in autumn, when his presence at home was least demanded by his agricultural avocations. His ardor in these pur< suits was such, that at the age of seventy he made a journey into East Florida to explore its natural productions. His travels among the Indians were frequently attended with danger and difficulty. By his means the gardens of Europe were enriched with elegant flowering shrubs, with plants and trees, collected in diflerent parts of our country from the shore of lake Ontario to the source of the river St. Juan. He made such proficiency in his favorite pursuit, that Linnaeus pronounced him " the greatest natural botanist in the world." His eminence in na!ural history attracted the esteem of the most distinguished men in America and Europe, and he corresponded with many of them. By means of the friendship of sir Hans 1. W BAS. 49 glofiue) Mr. Catesby, Dr. Hill) LinnasuS) and others he was furnish- ed with books and apparatus, which he murh needed* and which crreatly lessened the difficulties of his situation. He in return sent tbem what was new and curious in the productions of America. He was electedija member of several of the most eminent societies and academies abroad) and was at length appointed American bot- anist to his Britannic majesty, George III) in which appointment he continued till his death in September 1777) in the seventy sixth ^ear of his age. Mr. Bartram was an ingenious mechanic. The stone house, in which he lived) he built himself) and several monuments of hia s^ remain in it. He was often his own mason) carpenter, black- smith) 8cc. and generally made his own farming utenuls. His stature was rather above the middle size ; his body was erect and slender ; his complexion was sandy ; his countenance was cheerful) thoud^h there was a solemnity in his air. Hb gentle man- ners corresponded with his amiable disposition. He was modest) liberal, charitable; a friend to social order ; and an advocate for the abolition of slavery. He gave freedom to a young African) whom he had brought up ; but he in g^titudd to his master continued in bis service. Though temperate) he kept a plentiful table ; and an- nually on new year's day he made an entertainment, consecrated to friendship and philosophy. He was liom and educated in the society of ft iends. The follow- ing distich was engraved by himself on a stone in the wall over the front window of his own apartment. *Tis God sJonC) the almighty Lord, ha,,^^. ■¥*> ••'=« The holy One by me ador'd. ^ « fr i^-^.^im^nli. John Bartram^ 1770. He left several children. John) his youngest soU) succeeded him as proprietor of his botanic garden ; but it is now chiefly ynder the superintendence of another son, Mr. William Bartram, who I accompanied his father in many of his botanical tours, and who is well known by Ms book, entitled, travels through N. and S. Caroli- I na, E. and W. Florida, Sec. published in 179 1 . Several of Mr. Bartram's communications in zoology were pub- llished in the philosophical transactions between the years 1743 and ] 1749. He published observations on the inhabitants, climate) soil) iic. made in his travels from Pennsylvama to OnondagO) London) 1751 ; description of East Florida) 4tO) \77 A ^-^Reea* cydofuedia^ [American edition ; Monthly anthologyyV.iSl ', AGller*a retroafiectf li.5l5; ii. 367. ,^,, BASS (Edward, d. d.), first bishop of Massachusetts) was born lat Dorchester Nov. 23, 1726, and was graduated at Harvard col- llege in 1744. For several years afterwards he was the teacher of la school. From 1747 to 1751 he resided at Cambridge) pursuing Ibis theological studies, and occasionally preaching. In 1753 at the 7 ::l^l !^.V u lit S ! i 50 BAY. request of the epiiicopal society in Newburyport he went to Eto* land for orders* and was ordained May 34, by bishop Sherlock. In 1796 he was ummimously elected by the convention of the protct* tant episcopal churches of Massachusetts to the office of Mshop, and was consecrated May 7, 1797 by the bisho;;^ of Pennsylvania, New York, and Marykind. Sometime ufter, the e|HscopaI churches ia Rhode Island elected him their bishop, and in 1 803 a convention of the churches in New Hampshire put themsielves under his juriS' diction. He died Sep. 10, 1803, humble and resigned. He waas sound divine, a critical scholar, at) accom^shed gentleman, and an exempi- hrisUanv— Co//fc/fon« of the hittoricai tociety^ ix. 188. BA'l 1a> (John), a friend to his countfy, and an eminent clirUtiaii, Was bom Aug. 11, 1738, on Bohemia manor in CecU count/, Maryland. His father died Without a will, and bebg the ^Ide^ son he became entitled by the laws of Maryland to the wh<^ real estate. Such however was his affetition for his twin bix>ther, younger than himself, that no- sooner had be reached the age «[ manhood, than he ccmveyed to him half the estate, \fter receiv* ing an academical education under the reVerend Dr. Finley, b« was put into the cOmpting house bf Mr. John Rhea, a merchant of Philade^hia. It was here, that the seeds of grace began first to take root, and to give promise of those fruits of righteousneli, which afterwards abounded. He early became a communic^t havior. In this he opposed with much zeal some of the calvinistic doctrines, contained in the articles of the church, which he had joined. The reverend Jonathan Dickinson wrote remarks upon it the following year in his vindication of God's sovereign free grace, which called forth a reply from Mr. Beach, entitled, God's 8ove> reignty and his universal love to the souls ot men reconciled, in the form of a dialogue, 1747. He wrote also a reply to Mr. Dickin* son's second vindication. Mr. Beach was a bold and distinguished advocate of those doctrines, which are denominated arminian. What> ever may be said of his argument in his dispute with Mr. Dickin. son, he evidently yields to his antagoiust in gentleness and civility of manner. Another controversy, in which Ixir. Beach was engaged, was res- pecting episcopacy. He published in 1749, in answer to reverend Mr. Hobart's first address, a calm and dispassionate vindication of the professors of the church of England, to which Dr. Johnson wrote a preface and Mr. Caner an appendix. He seems to have hadihigh notions of the necessity of episcopal ordination. His other publica- tions are, the duty of loving our enemies, 17S8 ; an inquiry into the Slate of the dead, 1755 ; a sermon on the death of the reverend Dr. Johnson, 1772.— CAa»rf/er'« li/e of Johnson, 62, 126. BELCHER (Sami'el), first miniscer of that parish in Newbury, Massachusetts, which is called Newbury Newtown, was graduated at Harvard college in 1659. He was ordained November 30, 1698. The time \>i his death has not been ascert^ned ; but it was after the year~1712. He was a good scholar, a judicious divine, and a holy and humble man. He published an election sermon, 1707.P-* Coll. hist, soc.x. 168. BELCH] I (.Jonathan), governor of Massachusetts and New Jersey, was the son of the honorable Andrew Belcher of Cambridge, one of his majesty's council in the province of Massachusetts Bay, and was born about the year 1618. His father took peculiar care in regard to the education of this son, on whom the hopes of the family were fixed. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1699. While a member of tliis institution his open and pleasant conversa- tion, joined with his manly and generous conduct, conciliated the esteem of all his acquaintance. Nut long after the termination of his coUegial course, he visited Europe, that he might enrich his mind by his observations upon the various manners and < haracters ofmei^and might return, furnished with that useful knowledge* which is gained by intercourse with the world. •}-:', Ai ; BEL. 53 Darings an •bsence of six yean from his native country he was pitiervcd from those follies, into which inexperienced youth are (itquently drawU) and he eren maintained a constant regard to that holy religion, of which he had early made a profestton. He was efcry where treated with the greatest respect. The acquaintance* which he formed with the princess Sophia and her son, afterwards ^g George II, laid the foundation of his future honors. After his ntum from his travels he lived in Boston in the character of a mer- chant with great reputation. He was chosen a member of the coun- ol, and the general assembly sent him tm an agent of the province to the British court in the year 1739. After the death of governor Burnet, he was appointed by his majesty to the government of Massachusetts and New Hampshire in 1730. In this station he continued eleven years. His style of liring was elegant and splendid, and he was distinguished for hos- pitality. By the depreciation of the currency his salary was much diminished in value, but he disduined any unwarrantable means of enriching himself, though apparently just and sanctioned by his predecessors in office. He had been one of the principal merchants of New England, but he quitted his business on his accession to the chair of the first magistrate. Having a high sense of the dignity of his commission he was determined to .support it even at the ex- pense of his private fortune. Frank and sincere, he was extreme- ly liberal in his censures both in coitversation and letters. This imprudence in a public officer gained him enemies, who were deter- mined on revenge. He also assumed some authority, which had not been exercised before, though he did not exceed his commis- sion. These causes of complaint, together with a controversy respecting a fixed salary, which had been transmitted to him from his predecessors, and his opposition to the land bank company final- ly occasioned his retAoval. His enemies were so inveterate and so regardless of justice and truth, that as they were unable to find real grounds for impeaching his integrity, they forged letters for the purpose of his ruin. On being superseded, he repaired to court) where he vindicated his character and conduct, and exposed the base designs of his enemies. He was restored to the royal favor, and was promised the first vacant government in America. This racancy occurred in the province of New Jersey, where he arrived in 1747, and where he spent the remaining years of his life. In this province bis memory has been held in deserved respect. When he first arrived in this province, he found it in the utmost I confusion by tumults and riotous disorders, which had for some Itime prevailed. This circumstance, joined to the unhappy contro- Irersy between the two branches of the legislature, rendered the Ifirstpartof his administration peculiarly difficult ; but by his firm land prudent measures, he surmounted the difficulties of histaitua- Hion. He steadily pursued the interest of the province, endeavor- v;tif ■^l i'i i i 1'* : M' i *n ^ m 54, fi£L. flM ing to diitinguUh and promote men of worth without |Mrtiahiy. He enlarged the charter of Princeton college, and wm it» chief pJt! ron Mid benefiurtor. Even under the growing infirmities of uk he apBlied himself with his accustomed assiduity and diligence u> the high duties of hb office. He died at Elizabeth Town Autruit 31» !757» aged seventy six years. His body was brought to Can. bridge^ Massachusetts, where it was entombed. Governor Belcher possessed uncommon gracefulness of person •nd dignity of deportment. He obeyed the rovul instructions on the one band and exhibited a real regard to the bberties und hsppi- ness of the people on the other. He was distinguished by his un* shaken integrity, by his teal for justice, and care to have it equally distributed. Neither the claims of interest, nor the solicitations of friends could move him from what appeared to be his duty. He teems to have possessed, in addition to his other accomplishmenti, that piety, whose lustre is eternal. His religion was not a mere formal things which he received from tradition, or professed in con* fermity to the custom of the country, in which he lived ; it was re> •1 and eenuine, for it impressed his heart, and governed his life. He had such views of the majesty and holiness of God, of the strict- ness and purity of the divine law, and of his own unworthiness and iniquity^ as made him disclaim all dependence on his own righteous- ness, and led him to place his whole hope for salvation on the mer- its of the Lord Jesus Christ, who appeared to him an all SMflicient tnd glorious Savior. He expressed the humblest sense of his own character and the most exalted views of the rich, free, and glorious gr^ice) offered in the gospel to sinners. His faith worked by love, and produced the genuine fruits of obedience. It exhibited itself in a life of piety and devotion, of meekness and humili- ty, of jtUBtice, truth, and benevolence. He searched the holy «cripturei with the greatest diligence and delight. In his family he muntained the worship of God, himself rea(!ing the volume of truth, and addressing in prayer the Majesty of heaven and of earth as long as his health and strength would possibly admit. In the hours of retirement he held intercourse with heaven, carefully redeeming time from the business of this world to attend to the more important concerns of another. Though there was nothing ostentatious in his religion, yet he was not ashamed to avow his at- tachment to the gospel of Christ, even when he exposed himself to i ridicule and censure. When the reverend Mr. Whitefield was at j Boston in the year 1740, he treated that eloquent itinerant with the ^eatest respect. He even followed him as far as Worcester, and | requested him to continue his faithful instructions and pungent ad- dresses to the conscience, desiring him toafiare neither miniatertmrX rulera. He was indeed deeply interested in the progress of holi-l jnen and re!i(;ion. As he approached the termination of his life, he] often expressed his desires to depart, and to enter tlie worlil of glo-f rf/'^Burr^tJ^nen tHMis,.: 2'Ui s y^ret ii. 95, 96, i MgrthaUt i. 399 ; BELCHER (Jc son of governor Bi Harvard college in distinction at Uie b ant governor of N( chief. His last apj took place in Marc BELKNAP (Jbi as a writer, was boi rudiments of leami Mr. Lovel, and was Ijihited, at this eari such talents in writii ing hopes of his fut his mind deep impr himself to the study church in Dover, N passed near twenty ^ ofhis flock, and resj was persuaded by th which gained him a from his people. The Presbyterian movalofthereveren ment from the presb ed him to become its 4, 1787. Here he the duties ofhis pas tare, and giving his lent institution. Afte he was suddenly seii 1798, aged 54 years. Dr. Belknap in his presented his though might understand hii troversial subjects, dv gospel. Hissermom on human life and ma religious instruction eariy guided in the m death he was engaget In the various relai ^^ a member of man BEL. 55 fy^tmBurr^tJiMeral ttftnon t Nutchinton^ U. 367-— 397 ; Holmet* ipiM^, :: 31i4 i Smith'* A*. /rr«ey, 437, 438 ; Belknafi't A*, ffam/^' ^ret ii. 95, 9S, 126^ 165—180 i Whit^ld** JQUmal for 1743 ; ItttthaU^ i. 299 \ AUnot't Mu»s. i. 61. BELCHER (Jomathan), chief justice of Nova Scotia, waa the ion of governor Belcher of Maaaachusetta, and waa graduated at Harvard college in 1 738. He waa bred to the law and gained somo distinction at Uie bar in England. He was then appointed lieuten- ant governor of Nova ScoUa, where he was also commander in chief. His last appointment was that of chief justice. His death took place in March 1776. BELKNAP (Jbhemy, d. d.), minister in boston, and eminent as a writer, was bom in Boston June 4, 1744. He received the rudiments of learning in the grammar school of the celebrated Mr. Lovel, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1 763. He t%' b'Mted, at this early pv^riod, such marks of genius and taste, and such talents in writing aiid conversation, as to excite the most pleas- ing hopes of his future usefulness and distinction. Having upon his mind deep impressions of the truths of religion, he now applied himself to the study of theology, and he was ordained pastor of the church in Dover, New Hampshire, February 18, 1767. Here he passed near twenty years of his life witli the esteem and affection of his flock, and respected by the first characters of the state. He was persuaded by them to compile his history of New Hampshire, which gained him a high reputation. In 1786 he Was dumissed from his people. The presbyterian church in Boston, becomiog Vacant by the re* moval of the reverend Mr. Annan, and having changed its establish- ment from the presbyterian to the congregational form, soon invit- ed him to become its pastor. He was accordingly installed April 4, 1787. Here he passed the remainder of his days, discharging the duties of his pastoral ofRce, exploring various fields of litera- ture, and giving his efficient support to every useful and benevo- lent institution. After being subject to frequent returns of ill health, he was suddenly seised by a paralytic affection, and died June SO, 1798, aged 54 years. Dr. Belknap in his preaching did not aim at splendid diction, but presented his thoughts in plain and perspicuous language, thbt all might understand him. While he lived in Boston, he avoided con- troversial subjects, dwelling chiefly upon the practical views of the gospel. His sermons were filled with a rich variety of observations on human life and manners. He was peculiarly careful in giving religious instruction to young children, that their feet might be early guided in the way of life. In the afternoon preceding his death he was engaged in catechising the youth of his society. In the various relations of life his conduct was exemplary. He tras a member of many literary and humane societies, whose inter- •41 If n . :|U If '• !'i I ' (•, ' >■ A ii^ ^f K r'i-ik 56 BEL. etu he ettentUlly pfxnnotcd. Wherever he could be of any ler. Yice he freeljr devoted hit time and talenti. He wm one of tht founders of the MassachuMttH iiistorical society, the design of which he was induced to form in consequence of his frequent disappoint, nent from the loss of valuable papers in prosecuting his historical researches. He had been taught the value of an association, whoH duty it should be to collect and preserve manuscripts and bring to- gether the materials for illustrating the history of our country, and he had the happiness of seeing such an institution incorporated in 1794. As an author Dr. Belknap sustains a high reputation. Before the revolution he wrote much in favor of freedom and his country, and he afterwards gave to the public many fruits of his labors and researches. His last and most interesting work, his American bi« ography, he did not live to complete. For this work the public voice pronounced him peculiarly qualified, and it was hoped, that he would extend it through, the successive periods of his country's history. He was a decided advocate of our republican forms of government, and ever was a warm friend of the constitution of the United States, which he consi'lered the bulvrark of our national security and happiness. He was earnest in his wishes and prayers for the government of his country, and in critical periods took an open and unequivocal, and, as far as professional and private duties allowed, an active part. The following extract from some Ihies, found among his papers, expresses his choice with regard to the manner of his death, and the event corresponded with his wishes. When faith and patience, hope and love .^^: \-if >><' <^««> - - .'. Have made us meet for heaven above, n*- ^ii'A-tmtr liMm, • ' How blest the privilege to rise, v; i^o^.tirymh Snatch'd in a moment to the skies ! o. ..h.h-:.'i^v ♦mIv Unconscious to resign our breath, t'is,»}M»^*.!«i«^j.^:ft, Nor taste the bitterness of death. Dr. Belknap published a sermon on military duty, preached at Dover, 1773 ; a serious address to a parishioner upon the neglect of public worship ; a sermon on Jesus Christ, the only foundation, preached before an association of ministers in New Hampshire ; election sermon, preached at Portsmouth, 1784; history of New Hampshire, the first volume in 1784, the second in 1791, and the third in 1792 ; a sermon at the ordination of the reverend Jedidiah Morse, 1789 ; a discourse delivered at the request of the historical society, October, 1792, being the completion of the third century from Columbus' discovery of America ; dissertations upon the character and resurrection of Christ, 1 2mo ; collection of psalnns and hymns, 1795 ; convention sermon, 1796 ; a sermon on theQado/i/afi/Ao«, i.l— .13; HartUe't biografihy. BELLAMONT (Richaud, earl of), governor of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, was appointed to these ofltcee early in May 1695, but did notairive at New York until May 1698. He had to struggle with many difficulties, for the people were di- fided, the treasury was unbupplied, and the fortifications were out of repair. Notwithstanding the care of government, the pirates, who in time of peace made great depredations upon Spanish «h;os and settlements in America, were frequently in the sound, and w. re supplied with provisions by the inhabitants of Long Island. The belief, that large quantities of money were hid by these pirates along the coast, led to many a fruitless search ; and thur. the natural err. - dulity of the human mind and the desire of sudden wealth were suitably punished. The earl of Bellamont remained in the province of New York about a year. He arrived at Bostdn May 36, I699<, and in Massa- chusetts he was received with the greatest respect, as it was a new thing to see a nobleman at the head of the government. He in return took every method to ingratiate himself with the people. He was condescending, affable, and courteous upon all occasions. Though a churchman he attended the weekly lecture in Boston with the gen> eral court, who always adjourned for the purpose. For the preach- ers he professed the greatest regard. By his wise conduct he ob- tained a larger sum as a salary and as a gratuity, than any of his predecessors or successors. Though he remuned but fourteen months, the grants made him were one thousand eight hundred and seventy five pounds sterling. His time was much taken up in se* curing the pirates and their effects, to accomplish which wasaprin* cipal reason of his appmntment. During his administratioi>2 . -. p- tain Kidd was seized, and sent to England for trial. Soon alec i the session of the general court in May 1700, he returned to New York, where he died March 5, 1701. The eaii of Bellamont had made himself very popular in his gov- emments. He was a nobleman of polite manners, a iriend to the revolution, which excited so much joy in New England, and a fa- vorite of king William. Hutchinson seems to consider his regard to reli^on as pretend- ed, and represents him as preferring for hie associates m private ? • ' \ 11; 9 I ,'■■ ■ ■'! ill' Hi;: t;'!t|' 58 BEL. the less fireciae fiart of the country. As the carl was once going fiom the lecture to his house with a great crowd around him, he passed by one Bullivant, an apothecary, and a man of the liberal cast, who was standing at his shoo dour loitering. " Doctor," saij the earl with an audible voice, " you have lost a precious sermon to day." Dullivant whispered to one of his companions, who stood by him, " if I could have got as much by being there, as his lord, ship will, I would have been there too."— Hutchinaony ii. 87, log 112—116, 121 ; Belknaji'a M", Hampahirej i.30li30^y 309 i Doug, fass, ii. 248 ; Hardie. BELLAMY (Joseph, d.d.), an eminent minister, was bom at New Cheshii , Connecticut, in 1719, and was graduated at Yale college in 1735. It was net long after his removal from New Ha. ven, that he became the subject of those serious impressions, which it is believed, issued in renovation of heart. From this period he consecrated his talents to the evangelical ministry. At the age of eighteen he began to preach with acceptance and success. An un- common blessing attended his ministry at Bethlehem in the town of Woodbury ; a large pi'oportion of the society appeared to be awakened to a sense of religion ; and they were unwilling to part with the man, by whose ministry they had been conducted to a knowledge of the truth. He was ordained to the pastoral office over this church in 1740. In this retirement he devoted himself with uncommon ardor to his studies and the duties of his office till the memorable revival, which was most conspicuous in 1742. His spirit of piety was then blown into a flame ; he could not be con> tented to confine his labors to his small society. Taking care that his own pulpit should be vacant as little as possible, he devoted a considerable part of his time for several years to itinerating in dif- ferent parts of Connecticut and the neighboring colonies, preaching the gospel daily to multitudes, who flocked to hear him. He was instrumental in the conversion of many. When the awakening declined, he returned to a more constant attention to his own charge. He now began the task of writing an excellent treatise, entitled) true religion delineated, which was published in 1750. His abilities, his ardent piety, his tiieological knowledge, his acquaint- ance with persons under all kinds of reli(;ious impressions qualified him peculiarly for a work of this kind. From this time he became more conspicuous, and young men, who were preparing for the gospel ministry, applied to him as a teacher. In this branch of his work he was eminently useful till the decline of life, when he relinquished it. His method of instruction was the followinff. After ascertaining the abilities and genius of those, who applied to him, he gave them a number of questions on the leading and most essential subjects of religion in the form of a system, ^e then direc'ed them to such books as treat these subjects with the great- est pe/spicuity and force of argument, and usually spent his even- ilgs in inquiring into their improvements and solving difficulties, BEL. 5» lilt they had obtained a good degree of understanding in the gen« e»l system. Alter this, he directed them to write on each of the questions before ^iven them, reviewing those parts of the authors, tvhicii treated on the subject proposed. These dissertations were submitted to his examination. As they advanced in ability to tnake proper distinctions he led them to read the most learned and acute opposers of the truth, the deistical, arian, ^ind socinian writers, and laid open the falLcy of their most specious reason- ings. When the system was completed he directed them to write on several of the most important points systematically, in the form of sermons. He next led them to peruse the best ex- perimental and practical discourses, and to compose sermons on like subjectb. He^revised and corrected their compositions, incul- cating the necessity of a heart truly devoted to Christ, and a life of \7dtching and prayer, discoursing occasionally on the various duties^ trials, comforts, and motives of the evangelical work, that his pu« nils might be, as far as possible, '< scribes well instructed in the kingdom of God." In 1786 Dr. Bellamy was seized by a paralytic affection, from which he never recovered. He died March 6, 1790, in the fiftieth year of his ministry, and the seventy second year of his age. As a preacher, he had perhaps no superior, and very few equals. His voice was manly, his manner engaging and most impressive. He had a peculiar faculty of arresting the attention ; he was mas- ter of his subject and could adapt himself to the meanest capacity. ' When the law was his theme, he was awful and terrifying ; on the contrary, in the most melting strains would he describe the suffer- ings of Christ and his love to sinners, and with most persuasive eloquence invite them to be reconciled to God. As a pastor, he was diligent and faithful. He taught not only publicly but from house to house. He was particularly attentive to the rising gen« eration. Besides the stated labors of the Lord's day he frequently spent an hour in the intervals of public worship in catechising the children of the congregation. In a variety of respects Dr. Bellamy shone with distinguished lustre. Extensive science and ease of communicating his ideas rendered him one of the best of instructors. His writings pro- cured him the esteem of the pious and learned at home and abroad, with many of whom be maintained an epistolary correspondence . Iii his preaching a mind rich in thought, a great command of language, and a poweriful voice rendered his extemporary discourse^ jieculiar- ly acceptable. He was one of the most able divines of this country. In his sentiments he accorded with president Edwards, with whom he was intimately acqutdnted. He published a sermon entitled, early piety recommended ; true religion delineated, 1750 ; three sermons on the divinity of Christ, the millennium, and the wisdom of God in the permission of sin. ?}■■ i;fi : j :'v li,.iiil I ( 1^ >. 1 1 ml my 60 BEL. J 1]' '• f I I i !*« If., r.i ,1 ■ F I'' < :'^ 1758 ; dialogues on Theron and Aspasio by Paulinus ; essay on the glory of the gospel ; a vindication of his sermon on the wis. dom of God in tiie permission of sin ; the law a schoolmaster, « sermon ; the great evil of sin ; election sermon, 1762. Besides these he published several small pieces on creeds and confessions ; on the covenant of grace ; on chui-ch covenanting ; and in answer to objections made against his writings. The toilowing are the titles of some of these ; the halfway covenant, a dialogue, 1769 ; a second dialogue concerning the halfway covenant, 1769; the inconsistency of renouncing the half way covenant and retaining the hcilf way practice ; that there is but one covenant, against the reverend Moses Mather.— •^enrrftc/'« fwieral termon ; Brainerd'a /l/f,22, 41, 43, 55. BELLINGHAM (Richard), governor of Massachusetts, was tt native of England, where he was bred a lawyer. He came to this bountry in 1 634, and in the following year was chosen deputy governor. In 1641 he was elected governor in opposition to Mr. Winthrop by a majority of six votes ; but the election did not seem to be agreeable to the general court. He was rechosen to this of- fice in 1654,andafterthedeath of governor Endicot wasagain elect- ed in May 1665. He.contbued chief magistrate of Massachusetts during the remainder of his life. He died Dec. 7, 1672, aged eighty years. Governor Bellingham lived to be the only surviving patentee named in the charter. He was severe against those, who were call- ed sectaries ; but he was a man of incorruptible integrity, and it is mentioned as rather a remarkable circumstance, tliat he never took a bribe. In the ecclesiastical controversy, which was occasioned in Boston by the settlement of the reverend Mr. Davenport, he was an advocate of the first church. Though a lawyer, his will was drawn up in such a manner, that the general court were obliged to make a disposition of his property themselves.— /Tu/rAnMon's fiiat. Mataachuaettay i. 41, 43, 97, 353, 258. 269 ; MaVa Mat. J^ev) England^ i. 390-; Mather*s magnalia^ ii. 18 ; Holmes* annahy i. 414, BENEZET (Anthony), a philanthrophist of Philadelphia, was born at St. Quintins, a town in the province of Picardy, France, Jan. 31, 1713. About the time of his birth the persecution agunst the protestants was carried on with relentless severity, in consequence of which many thousands found it necessary to leave their native country, and seek a shelter in foreign lands. Among these were his parents, who removed to London in Feb. 1715, and after re* maining there up >vards of sixteen years came to Philadelphia inNov. 1731. During their residence in Great Britain they had imbibed the religious opinions of the society of friends, and they were re- ceived into that body immediately after their arrival in this country. In the early part of his life Benezet was put an apprentice to a merchant ; but soon after his marriage in 1722, when his affairs BEN. 61 'U ^ siere in a prosperous situation, he left the mercantile business^ that he might engage in some pursuit, which was not so adapted to excite or to promote a worldly spirit, and which would afl'ord him more leisure for the duties of religion and for the exercise of that benevolent spirit, for which during the course of a long life he iras BO conspicuous. But no employment, which accorded per' fectly with his inclination, presented itself till the year 1742, when be accepted the appointment of instructor in the friends' English school of Philadelphia. The duties of the honorable, though not very lucrative office of a teacher of youth, he from this period continued to fulfil with unremitting assiduity and delight and with very little intermbsion till his death. During the two last years of his life his zeal to do good induced him to resign the school, which he had long superintended, and to engage in the instruction of the blacks. In doing this he did not consult his worldly interest, but was influenced by a regard to the welfare of that miserable class of beuigs, whose minds had been debased by servitude.- He wished to contribute something towards rendering them fit for the enjoyment of that freedom, to wluch many of them had been res- tored. So great was his sympathy with every being capable of feeling pain, tliat he resolved towards the close of his life to eat no animal food. This change in his mode of living is supposed to have beeu the occasion of his death. His active mind did not yield to the debility of his body. He pe:^>evered in his attendance upon his school till within a few days of his decease. He died May 3, i 784, in the seventy second year of his age. Sucli was the general esteem, in which he was held, that his funeral was attended by persons of all religious denominations. Many hundred negroes followed their friend and benefactor to the grave, and by their tears they proved, that they possessed the^ sen- sibility of men. An officer, who had served in the army during the war with Great Britain, observed at this time " I would rather be Anthony Benezet in that coffin, than George Washington yrith all his fame." He exhibited uncommon activity and industry in every thing, which he undertook. He used to say that the highest act of char- ity was to bear with the unreasonableness of mankind. He gener- ally wore plush clothes, and gave as a reason for it, that after he had worn them for two or three years, they made comfortable and decent garments for the poor. So disposed was he to make him- self contented in every situation, that when his memory began to fail him, instead of lamenting the decay of his powers, he said to a young friend, " this gives me one great advantage over you, for you can find entertainment in reading a good book only once ; but I enjoy that pleasure as often as I read it, for it is ah.ays new to me." Few men, since the days of the apostles, ever lived :i more 'I, r .1 I t ; 5<: M • % M: u i\ ^ 4 60 BEN. ; ■'1 ii ,- disinterested life ; yet upon his death bed he expressed his desire to live a little longer, " that he iniurht bring down self." The last time he ever walked across his room was to take from his desk six dollars, which he gave to a poor widow, whom he had long assisted to maintain. In his conversation he was affable and unreserved • in his manners gentle and conciliating. For the acquisition of wealth he wanted neither abilities nor opportunity ; but he made himself contented with a little, and with a competency he was Ub< eral beyond most of those, whom a bountiful providence had en* cumbered with riches. By his will he devised his estate, after the decease of his wife, to ceitain trustees for the use of the African school. During the time the British army was in possession of PhiladeU phia he was indefatigable in his endeavors to render the situation of the persons, who sufferied fiom captivity, as easy as possible. He knew no fear in the presence of a fellow man, however dignified by titles or station ; and such was the propriety and gentleness of his manners in his intercourse with the gentlemen, who command- ed the British and German troops, that when he could not obtain the object of his requests) he never failed to secure their civilities and esteem. Though the life of Mr. Benezet was passed in the instruction of youth, yet his expansive benevolence extended itself to a vrider sphere of usefulness. Giving but a small portion of his time to sleep, he employed his pen both day and night in writing' books on religious subjects, composed chiefly with a view to inculcate the peaceablr temper and doctrines of the gospel in opposition to the spirit of war, and to expose the flagrant injust^ice of slavery, and fix the stamp of infamy on the traffic in human blood. His writ- ings contributed much towards meliorating the condition of slaves, and undoubtedly had influence on the public mind in effecting the complete prohibition of that trade, which until the year 1808 was a blot on the American national character. To disseminate his publications and increase his usefulness he held a corresponSence with such persons in various parts of Eu- rope and America, as united with him in the same benevolent design, or would be likely to promote the objects, which he was pursuing. No ambitious or covetous views impelled him to his exertions, regarding all mankind as children of one common Father and members of one great family, he was anxious that op- pression and tyranny should cease, and that men should live together in mutual kindness and affection. He himself respected and he ■wished others to respect the sacred injunction, " do unto others as you would t.iut they should do unto you." On the rt turn of peace in 1783, apprehending that the revival of commerce would be likely to renew the African slave trade, which during the war had been in some measure obstructed, he BER. ds uddressed a letter to the queen of Great Britain to solicit her in- fluence on tue side of humanity. At the close of this letter he gayS) ** i hope thou wilt kindly excuse the freedom used on this occasion by itn ancient man, whose mind for more than forty years past has been much separated from the common course of the world) and long painfully exercised in the consideration of the ipiserieS) under which so large a part of mankind, equally with us the objects of redeeming love, are sutferuig the most unjust and grievous oppression, and who sincerely desires the temporal and eternal felicity of the queen and her royal consort." He published, among other tracts, a caution to Great Britain and her colonies in a short representation of the calamitous statt of the enslaved negroes in the British dominions, 1767; some historical account of Guinea, with an inquiry into the rise and progress of the slave trade, 1771 ; observations on the Indian natives ot this continent, 1784.^ — Hardie'a biografihy ,• M-vf and general biog. dic- tionary ; jimerican museum^ ix. 192—194 ; Heea* cyclo/ierdia. BERKELEY (George), bishop of Cloyne in Ireland, and a dis- tinguished bcnefitctor of Yale college, was bom March 12, 1684 at Kilcrin in the county of Kilkenny, and was educated at Trinity college, Dublin. After publishing a number of his works, which gained him a high reputation, he travelled four or five years upon the continent. He returned in 1721, and a fortune was soon be- queathed him by a lady of Dublin, the " Vanessa" of Swift. In 1724 he was promoted to the deanery of Derry, worth eleven hun- dred pounds per annum. Having for some time conceived the benevolent project of convert- ing the savages of America to Christianity by means of a college to be erected in one of the isles of Bermuda, he published a propos- al for this purpose at London in 1725, and offered to resign his own opulent preferment, and to dedicate the remainder of his life to the instruction of youth in America on the subustence of a hun« dred pounds a year. He obtained a grant of 10,0001. from the government of Great Britain, and immediately set sail for the field of bis labors. He arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, in February 1729 with a view of settling a correspondence there for supplying his college with such provisions, as might be wanted from the northern colonies. Here he purchased a country seat and farm in the neighborhood of Newport, and resided about two years and a half. His residence in this country had some influence on the progress of hterature, paiticularly in Rhode Island and Connecticut. The presence and conversation of a man so illustrious for talents, learn- ing, virtue, and social attractions could not fail of giving a spring to the literary diligence and ambition of many, who enjoyed his ac- quaintanr.e. Finding at length, that the promised aid of the ministry towards hisnew college would fail him, dean Berkeley returned to England. ' » t' '•I > 'li t ''k\ A 12 [1.1^ I! i. > )] I •■■■'. i J m ml ^ m 64 ££R. i ii,N :•;:,! m ■'.;? At his dcj. M turc he distributed the books, trhich^ he liad brought with him, among the clei*gy of Rhode Island. He embarked fat Boston in Srptembrr i/M. In the following year he published his minute philosopher, u work of great ingenuity and merit, which he wrote, while at Newpo'i. It wws not long before he sent as a gift to Yak college a deed of the farm, which he held in Rhode Island ; the rents of which he directed to be appropriated to the maintenance of the three best classical scholars, who should reside at co' cgc at '.cast nine months in a year in each of the {hvtt ytavA between their first and sficond degrees. All surplusvges of n.oi>, cy,arising from accidental vacancies, were to be distributed a vlij^ek and Latin books to such undergraduates, as should njike lUv, best composition in the Latin tongue upon sucha moral thfiie, a« s» oulc be given them. He also made a iiresent to the library oi Yaie college of near one thousi^nd volumes. When it is considered, that he was warmlv attached (':i the epi&oopal church, and that hf>, «:ame to Americu for the eypri; 33 purpobK of founding an episcopal college, his munificence lo an institution, under the exclusive Y,-. rection of a different denomini -.ion, mxint be though?, worthy of i high praise. It was in the year J 733, that he was made bvihop of Ckyne, ai.ci from this j;crio(I he discharged with exemplary faithfulness the episcopal durks, ^ ud prosecuted his studies with unabating dili- gence. On v'c } 4ch of January 1753 he was suddenly seized by a disorder, caUexl the palsy of the heart, and insUntly expired, being neai' sixvj' pin»^ years ol age. Bisiiop Berkeley, while at Cloyne, constantly rose between three and four in the morning. His favorite author was Plato. His character, though marked by enthusiasm, was singulariy excellenf and amiable. He was held by his acquaintance in the highest esti- mation. Bishop Atterbury, after being introduced to him, exclaim- ed, " so much understanding, so much knowledge, so much in- nocence, and such humility I did not think had been the portion of any but angels,-till I saw this gentleman." It is well known, that bishop Berkeley rejected the commonly received notion of the ex- istence of matter, and contended, that what are called sensible ma- terial objects are not external but exist in the mind, and are merely impressions made upon our mind by the immediate act of God. These peculiar sentiments he supported in his work, entitled, the principles of human knowledge, 17 10, and in the dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, 1713. Besides these works, and the minute philosopher, in which he attacks the free thinker with great inge- nuity and effect, he published also, arithmetica absque algebra aut Euclide demonstrata, 1707 ; theory of vision, 1709 ; de motu, 1721 ; an essay towards preventing the ruin of Great Britun, 1721; the analyst, 1734 ; a defence of free thinking in mathe- matics, 1735 ; the querist, 1735 ; discourse addressed to magis- f t BEU. 65 \v frates, 1736 ; on the virtues of tftr wuter, 1744 ; maxims concern- ing patriotism, IJ SO.-^Chandler'a l^/e qfJohnaon^ AT-'^O ; Miller'g rctrotfieety ii, 349 ; Reet" cyclofimdia \ Holmes* annala^ ii. 193. BERKLEY (William), governor of Virginia, was bom of an incient family near London and was educated at Merton college, Oxford, of which he was afterwards a fellow. He was admitted master of arts in 1639. In 1630 he travelled in different parts of Europe. He succeeded sir John Harvey in the government of Virginia about the year 1639. This gentleman had conducted iji so arbitrary a manner, that the inhabitants of Virginia seized him ?:h1 sent him home a prisoner. King Charles restored him, but \e natives had massacred about 500 of the colonists, and were stil carrying on the work of destruction. But sir William with a party of horse surprised the aged Oppecancanough, and brought liim prisoner to James Town. The Indian emperor was a man of {Ugnified sentiments. One day, when there was a large crowd in his room gazing at lum, he called for the governor and said to him, t« if it had been my fortune to have taken sir William Berkley pris" oner, I should have disdained to have made a show of him to my people." About a fortnight after he was taken, a brutal soldier shot him through the back, of which wound the old man soon died. A firm peace was soon afterwards made with the Indians. During the civil war in England governor Berkley took the side of the king, and Virginia was the last of the possessions of England, which acknowledged the authority of Cromwell. Severe laws were made against the puritans, though there were none in the colony \ commerce was interrupted ; and the people were unable to supply themselves even with tools for agriculture . It w as not till 1651, that Virginia was subdued. The parliament had sent a fleet to reduce Barbadoes, and from this place a small squadron was detached un- der the command of captain Dennis. The Virginians by the help of some Dutch vessels, which were then in the port, made such resistance, that he was obliged to have recoin^se to other means besides force. He sent word to two of the members of the coimcil, that he had on board a valuable cargo belonging to them, which t^ must lose, if the protector's authority was not immediately acn.aowledged. Such dissensions now took place in the colony, that Sir William and his friends wove obliged to sxihmit on the terms of a general pardon. He Itowever remained in the country, passing his time in retirement at his own plantation, and observing vrith tatisfiiction, tltat the parliament 9iade a moderate use of its 9 Ii 'i \ \m. M'l ; I :. . ^^^1 i 66 B£R. i L '!i. ; success, and that none of the Virginia royalists were penccutcd tor their resisuincc. After the deuth of governor Matthews, who was appointed by Cromwell, the people applied to sir William to resume the gov. cmment ; but he declined complying with their request unless they would submit themselves again to the uuthcrity of the king. Upon their consenting to do this, he resumed his former authority in January 1659 ; and king CharUs II was proclaimed in Virgin. ia before his restoration to the throne of England. The death of Cromwell, in the mean time, dissipated from the minds of the col- onists the fear of the consequences of their boldness. After the restoration governor Berkley received a new commission and was permitted to go to England to pay his respects to his majet^ty. Dur- ing his absence the deputy governor, whom he had appointed, in obedience to his orders collected the laws into one body. The church of England was made the established religion, parishes were regulated, ami, besides a mansion house and glebe, a yearly stipend in tobacco, to the value of eighty pounds, was settled on the minister. In 1662 governor Berkley returned to Virginia, and in the following year the laws were enforced against the dissenters from the establishment, by which a number of them were driven from the colony. During Bacon's rebellion he exhibited a suitable regard to the dignity of his station, and a firm resolution to support his authority. Peace was afterwards preserved not so much by the removal of the grievances, which awakened discontent, as by the arrival of a regiment from England, which remained a long time in the country In 1677 sir William was induced, on account of his ill state of health, to return to England, leaving colonel Jeffereys deputy gov> ernoi-. He died soon after his arrival, and before he had seen the king, after an administration of near forty years. He was buried at Twickenham July 13, 1677, The assembly of Virginia declar- ed, that he had been an excellent and well deserving governor. Th^ following extract from his answer in June 1671 to inquiries of the committee for the colonies is a curious specimen of his loyalty. " We have forty eight parishes and our \ninisters are ^vell paid, and by my consent should be better if they would pray oftener and preach less ; but, as of all other commodities, so of this, the worst are sent us, and we have few, that we can boast of, since the perse- cution in Cromwell's tyranny drove divers worthy men hither. Yet I thank God, there are no free schools, nor printing ; and I hope -we shall not have these hundred years. For learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them and libels against the best government." He published the lost lady, a tragi-comedy, 1639 ; a discourse and view of Virginia, 1 663. -^Keith's hiaiory of Firginiay 1 44 — 162; Wynne, ii. 216 — 224 ; Holmes* annala^ i. 373 440 ; Chalmers, i. 336, n rt -r oo7 Wood's At hence Oxoniensesf ii. 586. BERKLEY (N crnorsof Virgin of Botetourt in 17 Virginia in the pi burg October 15, dcKth the governr honorable John Bl until the appr intn Horof New York. Lord Botetourt i ed in Virginia. I and Mary college annual contest am< of the value of five en subject, and the For a long time he prayers in the colh attendance on this characters. No oi pcct, was ever prei ment.— 'Miller's re, 1770, BERNARD (Fi the province from August 2, 1760, an years. His admin periods in Americi years in a manner part ofhisadminisi the general court, to Amherst. Muc but this prosperous There had long bet crown, aiid the defe Bernard was soon strengthening the r therefore stood fort cretion in appointiui that office to colone ised by Shirley, pr quence of this appoi and by yielding him hostility of James C became the leader o tion of trade, and th« first thing, which gr the stamp act increa nil U' BER. 67 BERKLEY (NoRBoaNE,harond( 3otctourt),oneof the Ia»t gov- ernon of Virginia, wliile a Briti ih colony, obtained the peerage of Botetourt in 1764. In July 1763 he was appointed governor of Virginia in the place of general Amherst. He died at Williams- burg October 15^ 1770, in the fifty third year of his age. At his deftth the government, in consequence of the i*csign»tion of the honorable John Blair, devolved upon the honorable \Villii.\m Nelson until the app» intment in December of lord Dunmore, then gover- nor of New York. Lord Botetourt seems to have been highly and deservedly respect- ed in Virginia. His exertions to promote the interests of William and Mary college were zealous and unremitted. He instituted an annual contest among the students for two elegant golden medals of the value of five guineas ; one for the best latin oration on a giv- en subject, and the ether for superiority in mathematical science. For a long time he sanctioned by his presence morning and evening prayers in the college. No company, nor avocation prevented his attendance on this service. He was extremely fond of literary characters. No one of this class, who had the least clums to res- pect, was ever presented to him without receiving his encourage- jaent.— 'Miller's rctroafitcf, ii. 378 i Boaton gazette, JVbvember M^ 1770. BERNARD (Francis), governor of Massachusetts, arrived in the province from New Jersey as successor to governor Pownall, August 2, 1760, and continued at the head of thfc government nine years. His administration was during one of the most interesting periods in American history. He had governed New Jersey two years in a manner very accepttible to that province, and the first part of his administration in Massachtisetls was very agreeable to the general court. Soon after his arrival Canada was surrendered to Amherst. Much harmony prevailed for two or three years, but this prosperous and happy commencement did not continue. There had long been two parties in the state, the advocates for the crown, aiid the defenders of the rights of the people. Governor Bernard was soon classed with those, who were desirous of strengthening the royal authority in America ; the sons of liberty therefore stood forth uniformly in opposition to him. His indis- cretion in appointing Mr. Hutchinson chief justice instead of giving that office to colonel Otis of Barnstable, to whom it had been prom- ised by Shirley, proved very injurious to his cause. In conse- quence of this appointment he lost the influence of colonel Otis, and by yielding himself to Mr. Hutchinson, he drew upon him the hostility of James Otis, the son, a man of great talents, who soon became the leader on the popular side. The laws for the regular tion of trade, and the severities of the officers of customs was the first thing, which greatly agitated the public mind ; and afterwards the stamp net increased the energy of resistance to the scheme* of m- ^ \k liM' I '■ 1 HV^\ ■t n nm\\ 68 BEV. > • if iiiiij If: tyranny. Governor Dernard poMCRscd no talent for conciliating; |,(, wan for accomplishing ministcriul puri)oscs by force ; anfl the spirit of freedom gathered Htrength from the open manner, in which he attempted to crush it. Mis speech to the general court after the repeal of the stamp act was by no means calculated to assuage the angry pas ions, which had lately been excited. He was the piin- cipal means of bringing the troops to Boston, that he might over- awe the people ; and it was owing to him, that they were contin- ued in the town. Tliis measure had been proposed by him and Mr. Hutchinson long before it was executed. While he professed himself a friend to the province, he was endeavoring to undermine its constitution, and to obtain an essential alteration in the charter by transferring from the general court to the crown the right of electing the council. His cbnduct, though it drew upon him the indignation of the province, was so pleasing to the ministry, that he was created a baronet March 20, 1769. Sir Francis had too little command of his temper. He could not conceal his resentments, and he could not restrtun his censures. One of his last public measures was to prorogue the general court in July, in conse- quence of their refusing to make provision for the support of tiie troops. The general court however, before they were prorog* ued, embraced the opportunity of drawing up a petition to his ma- jesty for the removal of the governor. It was found necessary tc recal him, and he embarked August 1, 1769, leaving Mr. Hutchin* son, the lieutenant governor, commander in chief. There were few, ^vho lamented his departure. He died in England June 1779. Ifamanof greater address and wisdom had occupied the place of sir Francis, it is very probable our revolution would not have taken place so soon. But his arbitrary principles, and his zeal for the authority of the crown enkindled the spirit of tjie people, while his representations to the ministry excited them to those measures, which hastened the separation of the colonies from the mother country. From the letters of governor Bernard, which were obtained and transmitted to this country by some secret friend, it appears that he had very little regard to the interests of liberty. His select letters on the trade and government of America, written in Boston from 1763 to 1768, were published in London in 1774. His other Setters, written home in conlidence, were published in 1768 and \7 69. -^A^not*8 history of Maaaachuaetta, i. 73 — 222; Gordon^ i. 139,272—274 ; Marahall^ ii. 96, 114 ; Holmea* annalaf ii. 283, 891 ; Mama* A*. England ^ 241. BEVERLY (R.), a native of Virginia, published a history of that colony at London in 1705 in four parts, embracing the first set- tlement of Virginia and the government thereof to the time, when ft v^ written ; the qatural productions and conveniences bf thi i i I I BLA. 69 country) Mtited to trade amlimprovement ; the native Indians* their i^ligiun) Uws, and custnniH ; and Uic state o^ the country as to the policy of the govcrment and the improvemi s of the land. An« other edition was published with Gribeim » cuts* 8vo, 17.23. This work in the historical narration is as concise and unsatisfacto- jy, as the history of Stith is prolix and tedious. ^ BLAIR (Jamks), first president of William and Mary college^ Virginia, and a learned divine, was born and educated in Scotland, where he obtained a benefice in the episcopal church. On account of the unsettled state of religion, which then existed in that kingdom f he quitted his preferments and went into England near the end of the reign of Charles II. The bishop of London prevailed on him to go to Virginia, as a missionary, about the year 1685 ; and in (hat colony by his exemplary conduct and unwearied lal^rs in the vork of the ministry he much promoted religion, and gained to himself esteem and reputation. In 1689 he was appointed by the bishop ecclesiastical commissary, the highest oflice in the church, which could be given him in the province. This appointment however did not induce him to relincjuish the pastoral office} for it was his delight to preach the gospel of salvation. t -^ v. Perceiving that the want of schools aud seminaries for literary and religious instruction would in a great degree defeat the exer-^ tions, which were making, in order to propagate the gospel, he formed the design of establishing a college at Williamsburg. For this purpose he solicited benefactions in this country, and by direction of the assembly made a voyage to England in 1691 to ob> tjun the patronage of the government. A charter was procured in this year with liberal endowments, and he was named in it as the first president ; but it does not appear, that he entered on )he du- ties of hisofHee before the year 1729, from which period till 1742 he discharged them with faithfulness. The college however did not flourish very greatly during his presidency, nor for many years af- terwards. The wealthy farmers were in the habit of sending their sons to Europe for their education. After a life of near sixty years in the ministry, he died in a good old age August 1, 1743, and went to enjoy the glory, for which he was destined. Mr. Blair was for some time president of the council of the col^ ony, and rector of Williamsburg. He was a faithful laborer in the vineyard of his Master, and an ornament to his profession and to the several offices, which he sustained. He published, our Savior's divine sermon on the mount explain- ed and the practice of it recommended in divers sermons and dis> courses, 4 vol. 8vo, London, 1742. This wotk is spoken of with high approbation by Dr. Doddridge, and by Dr. Williams in his christian preacher.— ^/wfrod. to the above noork ; Miller*a retrosfiecty ii. 335. 336, ; J^evo and gen. biQ,e^. diet. ; Biirnct*s hi^t, owti timen^ ii. 1 19, 120, folio ; Keith^ 168. * M I i('-i < ' I lb BLA. (1,1 u- , BLAIR (8.«MUin.)t a Icaniecl minister Ui Pennnylvinin, wis « rtftUve of Irel:uiw ^^ oiic of Mr. Tenticnt's pupih in his aciuiemy at Neshamir^v Ahont the year 1745 he him«eiro|K'ned an academy at Kojf'smarit;- f>*iicr cminty , with particular reference to the study of throlof;y as a itcience. He also took the pastoral charge of the church in thiH place ', Ijut such was his zeal to do ^ood, that he did not confine himself to hit own society, but often dispensed the precious truths of heaven to destitute congregations. He died, it is believed, in 1751, and his brother in a few years succeeded him in the care of the church. Mr. Blair was one of the most learned and able, as well as pious, Excellent, and venerable men of his day. He was a profound di« tine and a most solemn and impressive preacher. To his pupils he was himself an excellent model of pulpit eloquence. In his Ufe he gave them an admirable example of christian meekness, of aiinisterial diligence, of candor, and ratholicism, without a derelic* don of principle. He was eminently serviceable to the part of the tfouhtry, where he lived, not only as a minister of the gospel, but S8 a teacher of human knowledge. From his academy, that school of the prophets, as it was frequently called, there issued forth ma* ny excellent pupils, who did honor to their instructor both as schol- ftrs and christian ministers. Among the distinguished characters, who received their classical and theological education at this sf m> inary, were the reverend Samuel Davies, reverend Dr. Rodgert of New York, and the reverend Messrs. Alexander Cummings, James Finley, Hugh Henry, and a number of other respectable clergy. ftian. The former of these pupils, after being informed of his dickness, wrote respecting him to a friend the following lines. O, had you not the mournful news divulg'd. My mind had still the pleasing dream indulg'd ; Still fancied Blair with health and vigor bless'd^ With some grand purpose lab'ring in his breast j In studious thought pursuing truth divine, Till th^ full demonstration round him shine ; Or from the sacred desk proclaiming loud His master's message to the attentive crowds While heavenly truth witli bright conviction glaresi And coward error shrinks and dioappears, While quick riemorse the hardy sinner feels. And Calvary's balm the bleeding conscience heals. ^ It is not known that he published any thing excepting a narrative df a revival of religion in several parts of Pennsyl . ania, 1744.— Miller'a rciroafiecij ii. 343 ; Massa. missionary magazine, iii. 362 ; JOavifs* Hfe. BLAIR (John), an eminent minister in Pennsylvania, was or- dained to the pastoral charge of three congregations in Cumber- •t- 'M. I ! \ ULA. 71 Uiid county Maarty &» \7V2. TIichc were frontier settlement* • iipote^l todcprcdutiousin the Indian wart, und he was obliged to remove. He accepted a call fri)in Fo^^'s manor in Chester county Ib 175T. This congregation had bcuu favored with the ministry of his brother, the reverend Samuel iilair ; aud here he continued about nine years, besides dlHchar^iu»; the duties of the ministry, luperintenUing also a flourishing (jrammar school, and preparing many young men for the ministry. When the presidency of New Jersey college became vacant, he was chosen professor of divinity tndlwd for some lime the charge of tlut cicminury before the urriv- al of Dr. Withe rsi)oon. After this event he settled at Wallkill in tho state of New York. Here he Luored a while with his usual faithfulness, and finished his earthly course Dec. 8, 1771, aged gbout fifty one years. He was a judicious and persuasive preacher, and through hi» exertions sinners were converted und tlie children of God ed> ified. Fully convinced of the doctrines of grace, he addressed immortal souls with that warmth and power, which left a witness in every bosom* Though he sometimes wrote his sermons in full, yet his common mode of preaching was by short notes, comprising the general outlines. His labors were too abundant to admit of more ; and no more was necessary to a mind so richly stored, and 90 constantly impressed with the ^rcut truths of religion. For his large family he had amassed no fortune, but he lefit them , what is infinitely better, a religious education, a holy example, and prayers, which have been remarkably answered. His disposition was uncommonly patient, placid, benevolent, dis- interested, and cheerful. He was too mild to indulge bitterness or severity) and he thought tliat truth required little else thap to be Curly stated and properly imdcrstood. Those, who could not rel* ish the savor of his piety, loved him as an amiable and revered him as a great man. Though no bigot, he firmly believed that the prcsbyterian form of government is the most scriptural, and the mo3t favorable to religion and happiness. In his last sickness he imparted his advice to the congregation, and represented to his family the necessity of an interest in Christ. A few nights before he died he said, '' directly I am going to glory. My master calls me ; I must be gone." He published a few oc- casional sermons and tracts in defence of important truths.-^£van- [gelicalintelligencerf i. 241 — 244. BLAIR (John), one of tlie associate judges of tho supreroc leoart of the United States, died at Williamsburg in Virginia Au- jljust 31, 1800, in the sixty ninth year of his age. He was a judge of the court of appeals in Virginia in 1787, at I which time the legislature of that state, finding th^ judiciary sys- Item inconvenient, established circuit courts, the duties of wluch I they directed the judges of the court of appeals to performu , ■ :^ -l V .-I M I v\ r ■ 'A ^ ' ' * 1 ! It fc H 1 i ih :i \U 72 BLA. These judges, among whose names are those of BM'r, Pendleton, and Wythe, remonstrated and declared the act unconstitutiona) In the same year, 1787, he was a member of the general conven* tion, which formed the constitution of the United States. To that instrument the names of Blair and Madison are affixed as the deputies from Virginia. In September 1 789, when the govern- ment, which he had assisted in establishing, had commenced its operation, he was appointed by Washington an associate ]udge of the supreme court, of which John Jay was chief justice. Judge Blair was an amiable, accomplished, and truly virtuous man. He discharged with ability and integrity the duties of a number of the highest and most important public trusts ; and in these as well as in the several relations of private life his conduct was so upright and so blameless, that he seldom or never lost a friend or made him an enemy. Even calumny, which assailed Washington, shrunk from his friend, the unassuming and pious Blair. Through life he in a remarkable manner experienced the truth of our Savior'it declaration, " blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth ;" and at death he illustrated the force of the exclamation, " let me die the death of the righteous, and let jny last end be like his."— C/ay/wo/c*» daily advertisery Phiiadeljthia^ Sefi. 12, 1800 ; Marshall's life of Washington^ v. 216. BLAKE (James), a preacher, was a native of Dorchester, Mas< sachusetts, and was graduated at Harvard college in the year 1769 While a member of the university he was distinguished by the sweetness of his temper, the purity of his morals, and the cor- rectness of his conduct. He conciliated the love of his fellow istudcnts, and the high approbation of his instructors. After pur- suing for some time his theological studies under the care of the Teverend Mr. Smith of Weymouth, he began with reluctance at a very early period the important work of the ministry. He died November r7, 1771, being near twenty one years of age. A small volume of his sermons, which was published by his friends after lus death, displays a strength of mind and a knowledge t)f theoretical and practical divinity very uncommon in a person so young. His sermons also indicate a warmth of pious feeling hon- orable to his character. — Preface to his sermons ; Collections hist. toe. 1^ 189. BLAND (TlicHARD),apolitical writer of Virginia, was a principal member of the house of burgesses at the close of the year 1770. He published in 1766 an inquiry into the rights of the British col- onies, in answer to a pamphlet published in London in the pre- ceding year, entitled, regulations lately made concerning the colonies, and taxes imposed on them considered. This was one of the three productions of Virginia during the controversy with Great Britain ; the otlier writers were Arthur Lee^ and Jefferson, I —^eJprr^oi}*a notes, guerjf ■x\i\\. • ' ■" BLAND (T native of Virgii family in that st upon the comr practice, and too soon rose to tl regiment of draj himself by brilli command of the ginia, and contini he was elected to three years, the expiration of this chosen a member of the constitutio: his country, and v don. But when i voice of the majoi which he lived, h died at New York gress, in the forty When the subj debated in March 1 tion, differing in re In his speech he e? amended, though h Lis dread of silent concern. He was 1 in his intercourse y Though a legislatoi ■^Gazette of the Ui BLEECKER (A New York, was the t October 1752. Fix In 1769 she was m? I number of years in i beautiful solitary vil proach of the enem) treat and interruptec gloom over her mi Ithoughnot unacquai ble to support the w revisited New York ii jfeviving the impress! Ifriends, andthedesol I her sight, overwHelm m died November 2 BLA. BLAND (Thkodoric), a worthy patriot and statesman, was a native of Virginia, and descended from an ancient and respectable family in that state. He was bred to the science of physic, but upon the commencement of the American war he quitted the prdctice, and took an active part in the cause of his country. He soon rose to the rank of colonel, and had the command of a regiment of dragoons. While in the army he frequently signalized himself by brilliant actions. In 1779 he was appointed to the command of the convention troops at Albemarle barracks in Vir- ginia, and continued in that situation till some time in 1780, when he was elected to a seat in congress. He continued in that body three years, the time allowed by the confederation. After the expiration of this term he agsdn returned to Virginia, and was chosen a member of the state legislature. He opposed the adoption of the constitution, believing it to be repugnant to the interests of his country, and was in the minority, that voted against its ratifica- tion. But when it was at length adopted, he submitted to the voice of the majority. He was chosen to represent the district, in which he lived, in the first congress under the constitution. He died at New York June 1, 1790, while attending a session of con- gress, in the forty ninth year of his age. When the subject of the assumption of the state debts was debated in March 1790, he made a speech in favor of the assump- tion, differing in respect to this measure from all his colleagues. In his speech he expressed his attachment to the constitution as amended, though he wished for more amendments, and declared bis dread of silent majorities on questions of great and general concern. He was honest, open, candid ; and his conduct was such in his intercourse with mankind, as to secure universal respect. Though a legislator, he was not destitute of a genius for poetry. ^Gazette of the United States/or Jfiril 17, and June 5, 1790. BLEECKER (Ann Eliza), a lady of some literary celebrity in New York, was the daughter of Mr. Brandt Schuyler, and was bom ia October 1752. From early life she was passionately fond of Iiooks . In 1769 she was married to John I. Bleecker Esq, and she lived a number of years in great tranquillity and happiness atTomhanic, a beautiful solitary village eighteen miles above Albany. The ap- , proach of the enemy from Canada in 1777 drove her from her re- treat and interrupted her enjoyment ; domestic; afiUctions cast u gloom over her mind ; and possessing an excessive sensibility, though not unacquainted with religious consolations, she was una- ble to support the weight of her troubles. After the peace she revisited New York in the hope of seeing her old acquaintance and reviving the impressions of past days ; but the dispersion of her friends, and the desolation, which every where presented itself to her sight, overwhelmed her. She returned to her cottage, where (»!ie died Novembev S3, 1783. 10 I \ V, I li1 ) ^1 [■ '3 F ■'■ ' ' 1 r ■ r ■ Hi'! ,'i in ^ : ! I ' f I fe ■, ■' 'iM II w -J; (■ bJ III l: 74 BLI. She was the friend of the aged and infirm, and her kindness and benevolence to the poor of the village^ where she lived, caused her deatli to be deeply lamented. After her death, some of her writ- ings were collected and published in 1793 under the title of the posthumous works of Ann Eliza Bleecker in prose and vcise. To this work are prefixed memoirs of her life, written by her daugh- ter, Margaretta V. Faugercs. There is also added to the volume a collection of Mrs. Faugeres* essays.— /fcrJj/'* biogra/iMcal diction- ary. BLINMAN (RicHABo), first minister of New London, Con- necticut, was a native of Great Britain, and was minister at Cheps- tow in Monmouthshire. On his arrival in this country in 1642 it was his intention to settle with his friends, who accompanied him, at Green's harbor near Plymouth. But some difficulty arising in that place, he removed to cape Ann, which the general court in the year above mentioned established a plantation and called Gloucester. He removed to New London in 1648. Here he continued in the ministry about ten years, and was then succeeded by Mr. Gershom Bulkley. In 1658 he removed to New Haven, and after a short stay in that town returned to England. Havini,' lived to a good old age, he happily concluded at the city of Bristol a life spent in doing good. A short time before his death he published in answer to Mr. Daovers a book entitled, an essay tending to issue the controversy about infant baptism, 8vo, \&7 A-. —.Mather's magnalia, iii. 213; Minconformiat'a memorial^ iii. 177; Collections hiat. soc. ix. 31*; lltnthrofi'a journal^ 244 ; Trumbull's Connecticut^ i. 293, 310, 314, 522, . BLOWERS (Thomas), minister in Beverly, Massachusetts, was bom at Cambridge August 1 , 1 677. His mother was the sister of the honorable Andrew Belcher. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1695, and was ordained pastor of the first church in Beverly October 29, 1701. He died June 17, 1729, in the fifty second year of his age. He was a good scholar, and an excellent minister j of sincere and ardent piety ; of great meekness and sweetness of temper ; of uncommon stability in his principles and steadinc-.d in his conduct. He was a vigilant, prudent pastor, and j^ close, pathetic preacher. He published a sermon on the death of reverend Joseph Green of Salem village, 1715. — Aew England weekly journal June 23, 1729 ; Foxcroft'afun. sermon. BOGARDUS (EvERARDUs), the first minister of the reformed Dutch church in New York, came early to this country, though the exact time of his arrival is not known. The records of this church begin with tlie year 1 639. He was ordained and sent forth, it is believed, by the classis of Amsterdam, which had for a num- ber of years the superintendence of the Dutch church in New \ Netherlands, or the province of New York. The tradition. is, that \\\ I : f ■! i BOL. 75 Mr. Bogardus became blind and returned to Holland some time before the surrender of the colony to the British in 1664. Ho was succeeded by John ahd Samuel Megapolensis.— CAn«/ton'« ;»fl^czm<', JVew Yorky i. 368. BOLLAN (William), an agent for the province of Massachu- setts in Great Britain, was sent about the year 1746 to solicit a reimbursement of the expenses in the expedition against cape Breton in 1745. He was intimately acquainted with the public affairs of the province, and his address and assiduity were craispic- uous. He remained for many years in this station. In 1762 he tras dismissed, and Mr. Jasper Mauduitwas appointed in his place. The reasons for this dismission were dissatisfaction with his con- duct in making some deductions from the money, which was granted in 1759, as a reimbursement to the province, and in neg- lecting to correspond M'ith tlic general court. The desire of avoiding expense by appointing a person resident in England and the circumstance, that Mr. Bollan was attached to the episcopal church might also have conspired to introduce into bis phce a man less distinguished for talents and legal information. Mr. Bollan however was some years afterwards made agent of the council. He died in England in 177G. He published a number of political tracts, among which are the following ; coloniae Anglicanoe illustratfE, 1742 ; the ancient right of the English nation to the American fishery examined and stated, 1764; the mutual interests of Great Britain and the American colonies considered, 1765 ; freedom of speech and writing upon public affairs considered, 1766 ; the importance of the colonies in North America, and the interest of Great Britain with regard to them considered, 1766 ; epistle from Timoleon, 1768 ; continued corruption of standing armies, 1768 ; the free Briton's memorial^ in defence of the right of election, 1769 ; a supplemental memo- rial, on the origin of parliaments &c. 1770 ; a petition to the king in council January 26, 1774, with illustrations intended to promote the harmony of Great Britain and her colonies. This petit oa he offered as agent for the council of the province of Massachusetts, ,-Ifutchinson'a history of Massachusetts^ ii. 436 ; M:not'a cov-tinw .i I ; f! rsf ,r i- BOUQUET(Henrt), a brave officer, was appuinted lieutenant colonel in the British army in 1756. In the year 1763 he was sent by general Amherst from Canada with military stores and pro. visions for the relief of fort Pitt. While on his way he was attack- ed by a powerful body of Indians on the 5th and 6th of August, but by a skilful manoeuvre, supported by the determined bravery of his troops, he defeated them, and reached the fort in four days from the action. In the following year he was sent from Canada on an expedition against the Ohio Indians, and in October he reduced a body of the Shawanese, Delawares,and other Indians to the nccessi. ty of making terms of peace at Tuscarawas. He died at Pensacola in February 1766, being then a brigadier general. Thomas Hutchins published at Philadelphia in 1765 an historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1764, with a map and plate8.---^nniiff/ register /or 1763, 27 — 31 ; /br 1754 181 ;/or 1766, 62. ' BOURNE (Richard), a missionary among the Indians at Marshpee, was one of the first emigrants from England, who set- tled at Sandwich. Being a religious man, he officiated publicly on the Lord's day until a minister, Mr. Smith, ^vas settled ; he then turned his attention to the Indians at the southward and eastward, and resolved to bring them to an acquaintance with the gospel. He went to Marshpee, not many miles to the south. The first ac< count of him is in 1658, when he was in that town, assisting in the settlement of a boundary between the Indians and the proprietors of Barnstable. Having obtained a compcteni knowledge of the In. 4ian language he entered on the missionary service with activity and ardor. On the 1 7th of August 1 670 he was ordained pastor of an Indian church at Marshpee, constituted by his own disciples and converts ; which solemnity was performed by the famous Eliot and Cotton. He died at Sa^idwich about the year 1 685, leaving no suc- cessor in the ministry but an Indian, named Simon Popmonet. Mr. Bourne is deserving of honorable remembrance not only for his zealous exertions to raske known to the Indians the glad tidings of salvation ; but for his regard to their temporal interests. He wisely considered, that it would be in vain to attempt to propagate christian knowledge among them, unless they had a territory, where they might remain in peace, and have a fixed habitation. He therefore, at his own expense, not long after the year 1 660, obtained a deed of Marshpee from Quachatisset and others to the south sea Indians, as his people were called. This territory, in the opinion of Mr. Hawley, was perfectly adapted for an Indian town ; being situated on the sound, in sight of Martha's Vineyard, cut into necks of land, and well watered. After the death of Mr. Bourne, his son, Shearjashub Bourne Esq. succeeded him in the Marshpee inheritance, where he lived till his death about 1720. He procured from the court at Plymouth a ratifica- uon of the Indian by any white per Indian') nut even the son promote i>Dt9ofthe abori;: A letter of Mr. outh county an Mither'a magnali 218; iii. 188 — IE i. 166. BOURNE (Jo Ezra Bourne Esq Bourne Esq, and of the Indians. £ mon pleas, and di of his age. His son, Joseph 1722 and was orda net November 26, plai «.ng much of t of the neglect of He was succeeded still took an interes engaged, and mucl Mr. Hawley. Mr. 190—191. 1 BOURS (Peteb tlve of Newport, an After his settlemem the duties of his offi gospel with fervenc by his life. He d His dying words \ VindtweWa sermon o\ BOWDOIN (J^ a philosopher and sti and wwi the son of \ father was a native o ofNanteshefledam first to Ireland, and a ed at Falmouth, now there about two yean blc, that the day aftei were cut off by the Ii was small ; but by hi ! length acquired an in BOU. 79 tion of the Indian decUs, so that no parcel of the lands could be bought I gjjy white person or persons without the consent of all the said IndliinS) not even with the consent of the general court. Thus did the son promote the designs of the father, watching over the inter- ests of the aborigines. A letter of Mr. Bourne, giving an account of the Indians in Plym- outh county and upon the cape is preserved in Gookin.—- Hfgther't ma^alioy in. 199 ; Collection* hi»t. aoc.'x. 172, 196->I99, 218; iii. 188—190; viii. 170 ; Gookin ; Morton^ 192 ; Hulchiruon, I 166- BOURNE (Joseph), missiqnary to the Indians, was the son of Ezra Bourne Esq. of Murshpee, who was the son of Shearjashub Bourne Esq, and who succeeded his father in the superintendence of the Indians. Ezra Bourne was chief justice of the court of com- mon pleas, and died in September 1764 in the eighty eighth year of his age. His son, Joseph Bourne, was graduated at Harvard college in 1722 and was ordained at Marshpee as successor to Simon Popmo- net November 26, 1729. He resigned his mission in 1743, com- plai *ng much of the ill treatment, which the Indians received, and of the neglect of the commissioners with regard to his support. He was succeeded by an Indian, named Solomon Briant ; but he sUll took an interest in the cause, in which he was once particularly engaged, and much encouraged and assisted the late nussionary> Mr. Hawley. Mr. Bourne died in \7 67. •^Collectiona hist. aoc. iii. 190—191. BOURS (Peter), episcopal minister in Marblehead, was a mi- tive of Newport, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1747. After his settlement at Marblehead, he discharged with faithfulness the duties of his office nine years, enforcing the doctrines of the gospel with fervency, and illustrating the truth of what he taught by his life. He died February 24, 1762, aged thirty six years. His dying words were " O Lamb of God, receive my spirit."^ Whitv)eU*» sermon on the death (^f Barnard. BOWDOIN (James, ll. n.), governor of Massachusetts, and a philosopher and statesman, was born in Boston August 18, 1727, and wtts the son of William Bowdoin, an eminent merchant. His father was a native of France, and after the revocation of the edict of Nantes he fled among the persecuted protestants of that country lirsi to Ireland, and afterwards to New England in 1 688. He land- ed at Falmouth, now Portland, in Casco bay, and after continuing there about two years removed to Boston in 1690. It is remarka- ble, that the day after his removal all the inhabitants of Casco bay were cut off by the Indians. He was a stranger, and his property was small ; but by his enterprise and persevering industry he at length acquired an immense estate. \: i, ~i u 4. 1 "■H ^m^^ Tj ;,'1 !. ! H i I 80 BOW. Mr. Bowdoin was graduated at Harvard college in 1745. D^f. Ing hiB icsUlcnce ut the university he was distinguished by his i^J. niusand unwearied application to his studies, while his modesty, po. iitene8S,and benevolence gave his friends assurance, that his talents would not be prostituted, nor his future eminence employed foi ih,; promotion of unworthy ends. When he arrived at the age ol twenty one years, he came in possession of an ample fortune, ie^ him by his father, who died September 4, 1747. He was now ii; a situation the most threatening to his literary and moral improve- ment, for one great motive, which impels men to exertion, could have no iufluencc upon him, and his *great wealth put it completely in his power to gratify the giddy desires of youth. But his lifc had hitherto been regular, and he now with the maturity of wisdom adopted a system, which was most rational, pleasing, and useful He determined to combine with the enjoyments of domestic and social life a course of study, which should enlarge and perfect the powers of his mind. At the age of twenty two years he married a daughter of John Erving Esq, and commenced a system of literary and scientific research, to which he adhered through life. In the year 1753 the citizens of Boston elected him one of their representatives in the general court, where his learning and elo- quence soon rendered him conspicuous. He continued in this sta- tion until 1756, when he was chosen into the council, in which body he was long known and respected. ^A^ith uniform ability and pa. triotism he advocated the cause of Yii country. In the disputes, which lidd the foundation of the Amcriurui revolution, his writings and exertions were eminently useful. Governors Bernard and Hutchinson were constrained to confess, in their confidential letters to the British ministry, the weight of his opposition to their meas* ures. In 1769 Bernard negatived him, when he was chosen a member of the council, in consequence of which the inhabitants of Boston ag^n elected him their representative in 1770. Hutchin« son, who in this year succeeded to the governor's chair, permitted him to take a seat at the council board, because^ stud he in his official letters^ " his opposition to <^ur measures will be less injuri' ous in the council, than in the house of representatives." In the year 1775, a year most critical and important to America, he was chosen president of the council of Massachusetts, and he continued in that ofHce the greater part of the time till the adoption of the state constitution in 1780. He was president of the convention, which formed it ; and some of its impoitant articles are the result of his knowledge of government. In the year 1785, after the resignation of Hancock, he was chos* en governor of Massachusetts, and he was reelected the following year. In this office his wisdom, firmness, and inflexibly integrity were conspicuous. He was placed at the head of the government at the most unfortunate period after the revolution. The sudden in* BOW. 81 ':''i^ k «flX of foreign luxuries had exhausted the country of its specie, while ibe heavy taxes of the war yet burthened the people. This htate of .uffcring awakened discontent, and the spirit of tlisorder was cher- ubed by unlicensed conventions, who arranged lhein-.elves against the legislature. One great subject of complaint was the adniinis- u-atioH of justice. Agaiust lawyers and courts the strongest rc- y«tment» were manifested. In many instances the judges were reftiained by mobs from proceeding hi the execution of their duty. \iuni insurgents became more audacious from the lenient meas- iiieii of the government and were organizing themselves for the subversion of the constitution, it became necessary to suppress by force the spirit of insurrection. Governor Bowdoin accordingly ordered into service upwaixls of four thousand of the militia, who were placed under the command of the veterai^ general Lincoln. As the public treasury did not afford the means of putting the troops in motion, a number of the citizens of Boston with the gov- ernor at the head of the list subscribed in a few hours a sufficient sum to carry on the proposed expedition. This decisive step res- cued the government from the contempt, into which it was sink- ing* and was the means of saving the commonwealth. The dan- gerous insurrection of Shays was thus completely quelled. In the year 1787 governor Bowdoin was succeeded by HancoCk» in consequence probably of the exertions of the discontented, who might hope for greater clemency from another chief magistrate. He died in Boston, after a distressing sickness of three months, November 6, 1790, in the sixty fourth year of hig age. Governor Bowdoin was aleamed man, and a constant and gen- erous friend of literature. He subscribed liberally for the restor- ation of the library of Harvard college in the year 1764, when it was consumed by fire. He was chosen a fellow of the corporation in the year 1779, but the pressure of more important jduties induc- ed him to resign this office in 1784. He ever felt however an af- fectionate regard for the interests of the college, and bequeathed it four hundred pounds, the interest of which was to be applied to the distribution of premiums among the students for the encourage- ment of useful and polite literature. The American academy of arts and sciences, incoi'porated at Boston May 4, 1780, at a time when our country was in tlie deepest distress^, was formed under liis influence, and was an object of his constant attention. He was chosen its first president, and he continued in that office till his death. He was esteemed by its members as tlve pride and orna- ment of their institution. To this body he bequeathed one hun- dred pounds and his valuable library, consisting of upwards of twelve iiundred volumes upon every branch of science and in al'r.oftt every language. He was also one of the founders and the president of the Massachusetts bank, and of the humane society of Massachu- setts. The literary character of Governor Bowdoin gained him 11 I- i 1 ( .' n I 'rr '■: 82 BOY. It M :!' iii. I ;■ ( '•' those honors, which are usually conferred on n*;n (Urvinguished for their literary uttainments. He ^fU9 constituted doctor of luws br the univemity <)t' Edinburgh, and was elected a member or the roy. ul societies of London and Dul)lin. He was det ply convinced of the truth and excellence of chris. tianity, and it had a constant effect \i\wn his lile. He was for more than thirty years an exemplary member of the church in Brattle street > the poor of which congre)|^tion he bequeathed a hundred pou> His charities were abundant ]lc respected the injunctiouii of the gospel of Jesus Christ, wh'ch. he professed. He knew the pleasures and advantages of family devotion, and he tonscientiously observed the chrii^tian sabbath, presenting himseir habitually in the holy temple, that he might be instructed in relig. iout dutv, and might unite with the worshippers of God. In his dying addresses to his family and servants he recommended the christian religion to them as of transcendent importance, and as- sured them, that it was the only foundation of peace and happiness in life and death. As the hour of his departure approached, he expressed his satisfaction in the thought of going to the full enjoy, mcnt of God and his Redeemer. Governor Bowdoin published a philosophical discourse, publicly addressed to the American academy of arts and sciences in Boston November 8, 1780, when he was inducted into the office of presi* dent. This is prefixed to the first volume of the memoirs of the Mcadcmy. In this work he also published several other produc. tions, which manifest no common taste and talents in astronomical inquiries. The following are the titles of them ; observations up- on an hypothesis for solving the phenomena of light, with inciden. tal observations tending to shew the heterogeneousness of light, and of th*. electric fluid, by their union with each other ; observa* tions or Ti^^rht and the waste of matter in the sun and fixed stars occasin 'CiH by the constant efllux of light from them ; observations tending; bj prove by phenomena and scripture the existence of an orb, which i^urrounds the whole material system, and which may be necessary to preserve it from the ruin, to which, without such a counterbalance,it seems liable by that.universal principle in matter, gravitation. He supposes, that the blue expanse of the sky is a real concave body encompassing nil visible nature, that the milky way and the lucid spots in the heavens are gaps in this orb, through which the light of exterior orbs reaches us, and that thus an inti- mation may be given of orbs on orbs and systems on systems innu merable and inconceivably grand. — Thacher*a funeral aermon; LoweU*» eulogy ; Ma»sa. magazine^ iii. 5— «8, 304, 305, 372 ; Utd- veraala9ylumji.75~-'76', MiUer*8 retros/tecti ii, ffardie i Minora ftiat. inttirrection ; Marahally v. 121. BOYD (William), minister of Lamington in New Jersey, was descended from Scottish ancestors, who emigrated to Pennsylvania. BOY. ^; iJewas bom in Franklin county, 1758. Ai tW aK^of AAoMi he, ««s deprived of his father, but alwut the mm^O tjiroc it piffMCiLUie Kather of mercies to exprcHS to him his QoDif^^Mpn in iMnung^himL. ,V:ai darkness to ligtit. His collegium edwcHVPi) Wmh t}ompl»Ud «l! fiincetonin 1778 under the presidcuf-yiuf.lPt'i. >\'itJ)t:i'«pi4Qn>:.t Af- ;cr pursuing the study of tlieology uii4^r 41m} c^lT^pf.^UP• AlUst>n of Baltimore, he commenced preaf^ltingtthoigiwpeh:; iwdxiiruA hkn/ popularity, that invitations lo settjif icr<^iNdf;d lupoti luim. , Jtlis tatf but dostltute^ of ambitioi he was afraid of hiua.^f. )t iWMrbi»yiUpRen« Mw6i to live a lilc of piety, and to prcttQhm tb« ^lottoUc >fli»ai{ncrii a^ he was apprehensive, that in a,(:iAy he|>9j|»QuM bffeinftcted bjOtbfai corruption of those around himiClU^: lUwncJCife preXerpwlrt-Eetirir ed situation, and accepted the .«»U,fQ4 I^fv^vt^gtii^v ilirre h^ coat' tinued till his death, May 15, ,lQ03.,it||lH ,<«MtUik4i bacn^ renewed by the Spirit of God, »»ftv . uHUtta. hiiu, knowing that his own timu «Wl Wftjf wpbieW*,; Aii^n fiuthliar the Redeemer gave him hopo/eiedjlj|numt)h-c7. .noij . > i .ur. o m Mr. Uoyd was a man of unffigo^jJiMm^yM^l^aMe ali tbetaraw lious relations of life, and reiQArH^liU/^fprcj^udQifJra and ftiodeir&tioiK; in all his de[)ortmeQt. He MHMcAtitf'Qiicb^je^iptkftiUalivexoeUtinoeLt Deeply penetrated himself with {^,l90it»«n(ifl (hentQtul .^pnivity vSt the human heart and of the iiuUiiilitytrPfimajiltntiporfiMtinc •o^ 'f^^iia-it[ittiiB'edesindD ini order to justification, upon thodiphes j«fl(UvJk^ jgltoqKf^jtiOfLlther avf couragemcnts of the gospel toil[h#ihuitnMC|(i»t)dtuOQOtritBJ)upianJliiid> dangers of self deception and Kho^jfeb^j fofiilgeftiKif ftbe iri«ked|»0lJill^J)llld'^flc)i)a^u%,.tiSex{if0»f sion. For a few years he wrot€Sr^i»>dMriiwfttt^ and>f}Oinipiltfcd: to memory, but for the remaind«DiQf/;hhbIi&iJb«ri4o{ieBd|ed9ci(Aic(r' having digested his subject, uponcjAe^^R A^ktft^vwtei.>njAiinai«i etrating eye, natural gestures, a 9Mrie«tu«i|d:tOQit)it)aodinga^ce$)afMlb im irreproachable character gave tiv»lgbtja|n4Mlthotoit9i±B3hisiironiar/ But his labors, like those of manf «nyb!f|{i|^}Qd -nten/^w^ttrBitttndvi I irtth only a gradual increase of thc-thu)^iJe9mA>itiiBdotadbib:)qep!d^ He was formed no less for society^ itbimibv: the! plili(>tt,-!iurUngi^ Ifiiendly disposition, being animatesd/ if)>/(ion>«T»atidn9AocbnniiOJi dating himself to the tempers of othet^f/JkUd iqioftUsgixandeaiqen^ I sion with dign\ty.---Evang.utteiligeitc(it%Aia)/fjh909ii\ oilJ ■jv.jr.o'iq BOYLSTON (Zabdi£L, f. h. s;.)^ri4tnj4tninbotf'VhFBici»iivAv4M0l Ifirst introduced the inoculation of thej^iDjdiiipoxi ifk AfoSriclS, ^Sd I bom at Brookline, Massachusetts, intb^yiibftp li^ // «**.^ 1.0 I.I 1.*^ 1^ |L25||,.4 ,,.6 « 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WfST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5S0 (716)873-4S03 \ iV r$ •N? \\ :/. ^ 84 BOY. private education) he studied physic under the cnrc of Dr. Cutler, an eminent ])hysician and surgeon of Boston, and in a few years arrived at great distinction in his profession, and accumulated a handsome fortune. He was remarkable for his skill, his humanity, and his close attention to his patients. In the year 172 1 the small pox prevailed in Boston, and while it was fatal, like the plague, it carried with it the utmost terror. This calamity had not visited the town since the year 1703, in which year as well as in the year 1693 it had proved destructive to the lives of many, though it was much less mortal, than when it appeared in the year 1678. On its reappearance, the reverend Dr. Cotton Mather, who had read in a volume of the philosophical transactions,put into his hands by Dr.Douglass, two communications from the east, the one from Timonius at Constandnople and the other from Pylarinus, the Venetian consul at Smyrna, giving an account of the practice of inoculation for the small pox, conceived tlie idea of introducing this practice in Boston. He accordingly, on the sixth of June, addressed a letter to the physicians of Boston, enclosing an abridgment of the communications in the philosoph* ical transactions, and requesting them to meet and take the subject into consideration. As this request was treated with neglect, he wrote to Dr. Boylston separately oh the twenty fourth of June, and sent him all the information, which he had collected, in the hope that he would be persuaded to embrace a new and favorable means for the preservation of human life. Dr. Boylston happily was a man of benevolence and courage. When there was before him a promising opportunity for diminishing the evils of human life, he was not afraid to struggle with prejudice, nor unwilling to encoun* ter abuse. The practice would be entirely new in America, and it was not known, that it had been introduced into Europe. Yet he determined to venture upon it. He first inoculated, June the twenty sixth, his son Th«mas of the age of six years and two of his ser- vants. Encouraged by the success of this experiment he be^an to enlarge his practice. The other physicians gave their unanimous opinion against inoculation, as it would infuse a malignity into the blood) and the selectmen orf Boston forbid it in July. But these discouragements did not quench the zeal and benevolence, which were now excited. They might have done it, and prejudice might have triumphed over an enlightened practice, if the clergy had not stepped in to aid the project. Six venerable ministers of Boston gave their whole influence in its favor, and the weight of their char- acter, the confidence, which was reposed in their wisdom, and the deep reverence, inspired by their piety,' were hardly sufficient to preserve the growing light from extinction. They were abused, but they triumphed. During the year 1731 and the beginning of 1 733 Dr. Boylston inoculated two hundred ;md forty seven persons in Boston and the neighboring towns. Thirty nine were inoculated by BOY. 85 ether physicians, making in the whole two hundred and eighty six, of whom only six died. During the same period, of fire thousand seren hundred and fifty nine persons, who hisd the small pox in the natural way, eight hundred and forty four died. The utility of the practice was now established beyond dispute, and its success en- couraged its more general introduction in England, in which coun> try it had been tried upon but a few persons, most or all of whom were convicts. In the prosecution of his good work Or. Boylston was obliged to meet not only the most virulent, but the most dan- gerous opposition. Dr. Douglass, a Scotchman, violent in his prej- udices, and bitter and outrageous in his conduct, bent his whole force to annihilate the practice, which had been introduced. One argument, which he brought against it, was that it was a crime, wMch came under the description of poisoning and spreading in^ fection, which were made penal by the laws of Engkmd. In the pamphlets, which were published in 1721 and 1722, various kinds of reasoning are found. The following extracts will give some idea of the spirit of them. ** To spread abroad a mortal contagion, what is it but to cast abroad arrows and death ? If a man should wilfully throw a bomb into a town, bum a house, or kill a man, ought he not to die ?— -I do not see how wc can be excused from great impiety herein, when ministers and people, with loud and strong cries, made supplications to almighty God to avert the judg- ment of the small pox, and at the same time some iiave l)eeu carry- ing about instruments of inoculation and bottles of the* poisonous humor to infect all, who were willing to submit to it, whereby we might as naturally expect the infection to spread, as a man to break his bones by casting himself headlong from the highest pinna- cle. Can any man infect a family in the town in the morning, and pray to God in the evening, that the distemper may not spread V* It was contended, that, as the small pox was a judgment from God for the sins of the people, to endeavor to avert the stroke would but provoke him the more ; that inoculation was encroachment up- on the prerogatives of Jehovah, whose right it was to wound and to smite ; and that as there was an appcunted time to man upon earth, it would be useless to attempt to stay the approach of death. The people became so exasperated, that it wns unsafe for Dr. Boylston to travel in the evening. Biit his cool and determined spirit, supported by his trust in God, enabled hira to persevere* As he believed himself to be in the way of his duty, he did not tremble at the apprehension of the evils, which might come upon him. When his fiunily were alarmed for his safety, he expressed to them his resignation to the will of heaven. To such a height was the popular fury raised,t2ut a lighted granado was in the night thrown into the chamber of Mr. Walter, minister of Roxbury, who had been privately inoculated in the house of his unrle, Dr. Math- T A; fell (I i if, I \ ■ %v, ■t "»i 86 BOY. er of Boeton. The »l»eU however was not filled with powder, but with a noixtui-e of brimstone with bitumioous matter. Had Dr. Boylston gone at this time to England, he might have accamuiated an immense fortune bjr his skill in treating the small pox. He did not however visit that country till 1725, when inocu> lation was common. He was then received with the most flatter* ing attention. He was chosen a member of the royal society, and was admitted to the intimacy and friendship of some of the most dutiaguished characters of the nation. Of these he used to men- tion with great respect and affection the reverend Dr. Watts* with whom he corresponded. After his return to his native country he continued at the head of his profession, and engaged . in a number o£ literary pursuits. His communications to the royal society were ingenious and useful. . After a long period of eminence and skill in his profession, his age and infirmity induced him to retire to his patrim BO\LSTON (Nicholas), a l)ene&ctor of Harvard college, died in Boston August 18. i 771, in the fifty sixth year of his age. His portrait^ which is an admirable painting, is in the philosoi^y chamber of the college. He hsd been an eminent merchant, and was about to retire fcom business to enjov the fruit of bis industry, when he was removed from the earth. He was honest in his deiJ- ings, and remarkable for his sincerity, having a peculiar abhorrence of all dissimulation. He bequeathed to the university atCambridflrtt fifteen hundred pounds for laying the &undation of a professorship of rhetoric and oratory. This sum was paid into the college treas- ury by his executors February 1 1 ,1 772 ; and the fund became accu- ' BOY. m ifiuloted to tWMity three thousand and two hundred doUart beiore any appropriation was made. The honorable John Qumcy Adama, son of presideM Adams, and then a senator of the United States, was installed the first professor June 12, 1806, with the title of w tlie fioylston profiissor of rhetoric and oratory in Harvard col- lege."—- Ab/wtM* a«ia/«, ii. 301. BOYLSTON (JoHif), a merchant of Boston, was the second son of Dr. Zabdiel Boylston. He resided for the last years of his life in England, and died at Bath January 17, 1795, aged eighty years. He left a large estate, bequeathing much to his native town. BRACKETT (Joshua, m. n.), president of the New Hamp- shire medical society, was bom in Greenland, New Hampshire, in May 1733, and waa graduated at Harvard college in 1753. He afterwards pursued the studv of theology, and commenced a preach> er ; but a regard to his health induced him soon to engage in the 8t\idy of physic. After a life of patriotism and usefulness he died at Portsmouth July 17, 1803, in the sixty ninth year of his age, in foil belief of the restoration of all things. He was much distinguished for his activity and zeal in the cause of American independence. He was one of the committee of safe- ty during the revolutionary- war. A friend to medical science, he exerted himself to establish the medical society in New Hampshire, and gave about one hundred and fifty volumes as the foundation of its library. He made minutes of important cases occurring in hia practice. He was a man of integrity, mildness, and benevolence Such was his regard to the poor, that he never made a charge* where he supposed the payment would occasion the smallest incon- venience. His heart could sympathise in the distresses of others. ^^Medieal reftoritwnji eecond hexade^ i. 3 1 1—3 14. Bradbury (Theophilus), a judge of the superior court of MasiMchusetts, was graduated at Harvard college in 1757. His eariy days were devoted with diligence and success to the profes- donofthelaW. He resigned the emoluments, arising from his practice, for the appointment of a judge, in which station he was intelligent and faithfiil in executing the laws. A sudden attack of disease at length rendered him incapable of dischar^g the duties of his office. He died September 6, 1803, aged sixty three years. -^Columbian eentinel, September 1 1, 1803. BRADpOCK (Edward), major general and commander in chief of the British forces in America, arrived in Virginia with two regiments from Ireland in February 1755. The plan of military ope- rtktions having been settled in April by a convention of the several governors at Alexandria, he undertook to conduct in person the ex- pedition against fort du Quesne. Meeting with much delay from the necessity of opening roads, the general determined to advance with rapidity at the head t>f twelve hundred men, leaving the heavy 1|agg:age to the care of colonel Dunbar, who was to follow by slow 88 BRA. and easy marches. He reached the MonongaheU on the eighth ot July. The succeeding day he expected to invest the fort. He accordingly made his dispositions in the morning. He was advised to advance the provincial companies in the front for the purpose of scouring the woods, and discovering any ambuscade, which might be formed lor him. But he held both his enemy and the provincials in too much contempt to follow this salutary counsel. Three hun- dred British regulars composed his van, which was suddenly attacked, at the distance of about seven miles from the fort, by an inviuble enemy, concealed by the high grass. The whole army was soon thrown into confusion. The brave general exerted his utmost powers to form his broken troops under a galling fire upon the very ground, where they were first attacked ; but his efforts were fruitless. With such an enemy, in such a situation, it was necessary to have advanced or retreated. All his officers on horse- back, excepting his aid, the late general Washington, were killed, and after losing three horses he received a mortal wound. The de- feated army fled precipitately to the camp of Dunbar, near forty •miles distant, where Braddock, who was brought off the ground in a tumbril, expired of his wounds. Sixty four out of eighty five officers, and about half the privates were killed and wounoed, mak- ing in the whole a loss of about seven hundred men. This disas- ter resulted from the contempt of good advice.-— Mir«Aa//, i. 384, 390—393 ; ii. 14—19 ; Holmea* anna/«, ii. 307 ; Collection* hist, 90C. vii. 39—94 ; fVynnct ii. 37 — 43. BRADFORD (William), second governor of Plymouth colo- ny, arid one of the first settlers of New England, was bom ut An- sterfield, a village in the north of England, in 1588. He was educated in the practice of agriculture. His paternal inheritance was considerable ; but he baud no better education, than such as usually falls to the share of the cliildren of husbandmen. At the age of twelve years his mind was seriously impressed by divine truth in reading the scriptures, and an illness of long continuance conspired to preserve him from the follies of youth. His good impressions were confirmed by attending upon the ministry of Mr. Richard Clifton. As be advanced in years he was stigma- tized as a separatist ; but such was his firmness, that he cheerfiil- ly bore the frowns of his relatives and the scoffs of his neighbors, and connected himself ^ith the church, over which Mr. Clifton and Mr. Robinson presided, fearless of the persecution, which he fore- saw this act would draw upon him. Believing that many practices of the established church of England were repugnant to the direc- tions of the word of God, he was fully resolved to prefer the purity of christian worslup to any temporal advantages, which ^ight arise from bending his conscience to the opinions of others. In the autumn of 1607, when he was eighteen years of age, he Avas one of the company of dissenters, who made an attempt to ge / BRA. 89 orer to Holland) where a commercial tpirit had established a free toleration of religious opinious ; but the roster of the vessel be- tnyed them} and they were thrown jjfMt prison at Boston in Lin- colnshire. In the spring of the next year he made anrther unsuc- cessful attempt. At length he effected his favorite object and joined his brethren at Amsterdam. Here he put himself an ap- prentice to a French protestant* who taught him the art of silk dy- ing. When he reached the age of twenty one yearS) and came m possession of his estate in England, he converted it into moneyi and engaged in commerce, in which he was not successful. Mr. Bradford, after a residence of about ten years in Holland* engaged with zeal in the plan of removal to America, which was formed by the English church at Leyden under the care of Mr. Robinson. He accordingly embarked for England July 32, 1630, and on the sixth of September set sail from Plymouth with the first company. While the ship in November lay in the harbor of cape Cod, he was one of the foremost in the several hazardous at- tempts to find a proper place for the seat of the colony. Before a suitable spot was agreed upon, his wife fell into the sea, and was ^wned. Soon after the death of governor Carver at Plymouth) which took place April 5, 1621, Mr. Bradford was elected gover- nor in his place. He was at this time in the tliirty third year of Ids age, and was most conspicuous for wisdom, fortitude, piety, aiid benevolence. The people appointed Isaac AJlerton his assistant, not because they could repose less confidence in him, than in Carver, who had been idone in the command, but chiefly on account of his precarious health. One of the first acts of his administration was to send an embassy to Masassoit for the purpose of confirming the league with the Indian sachem, of procuring seed com for the next planting season, and of exploring the country. It was well for the colony, that the friendship of Masassoit was thus secured, for his influence was extensive. In consequence of his regard for the new settlers nine sachems in September went to Plymouth, and acknowledged themselves loyal subjects of king James. In the same month a party was sent out to explore the bay of Massachu- setts. They landed imder a cliff, supposed to be Copp's hill in Boston, where they were received with kindness by Obbadne- wa, who gave them a promise of his assistance against the squaw sachem. On their return they carried with them so good a report of the country, that the people lamented that they had established themselves at Plymouth i but it was not now in Uieir power to re- move. \ In the beginning of 1622 the cplony began to experience a dis- tressing fiimine, occauoned by t^e arrival of new settlers, who came unfurnished witlt provisions. In the height of their distress a threatening message was received from Canonicus, sachem of Narraganset, expressed by the present of a bundle of arrows^ bound 13 *: i -A %m tr-. ■• Si •■ m .- f ' ! ') I I ? ': \ I,. ^!l'\^'\\ If; y.' : A W • M I I I ■l :/t 90 BHA. I with the skin of a serpent. The ^t nor sent b«ek th« ildb Ill64 with powder and ball. ThU prompt and^genlout reply terminated the correBnnn'!;nce. The N«Mgansett were to terrifledy that they evr. returned the serpent** Ikin Without Intpeothig Ha contents. It was howeter judged necessary tb Ibrtify the town ( and tfils work was performed by the people) while they Were suflRirkig f ho ««« tremity of famine. Forsonie time they subiiMed entirely upon fish. In this exigency governor Bradford found the advantage of hia friendly intercourse with the Indians. He made sevtriA etc^. sions among themi and procured corn and beans^ making a &ir purchase by means of goodS) which Were brought by two shipa in August, and received by the planters in exchange for beaver. The whole quantity of dorn and beans, thus purchased, amounted to twenty eight hogsheads. But still more iniportant benefits feOen re« suited from the disposition of governor Bradford to preserve the friendship of the natives, during the iilhess of Masasaoit in the spHng of 1 693^ Mr. WittStoW was sent to him with cordials, whieh contributed to his recovery^ In return for this beneVoleitt atten- tion the grateful- sachem disclosed a dangerous conspitaey) then hi agiution amortg the Indiah», for the purpose of totally exdirpathi^ the English. This plot did not originate in taVage malignity^ but was occasioned by the injustko and indiscretion of some Mttlers in the bay of Massachusetts. As the most efTectual metuis of sup- pressing the conspiracy, MatessOit advised, that the chief conspihl* tors, whom he named) should be seized and piit td death. This melancholy Work waa accordingly performed by captain Standilh^ and the colony was relieved from apprehtsnbion. When the re^ port of this transaction Was: carried to Holland, Mr. RoMnson in his next letter to the governor expi'essed his deep concern at the event. " O that you had converted some," sud he^ ** btffere you had killed any !'* The scarcity, which had been experienced by the plantOM^ Was in part owihg to the impolicy of labbring in common and pttltittj^ the fruit of their labor into the public store. To stiMufate industry by the prospect of individual acquiution> and thus t6 prbitiote thfe general good by removing the restrunts upon selfishtMSA it WM ai^eed in the spring of 1623, thai every fkmily shotttd plaM for themselves on such ^undj as shoidd be assigned them by lot. Adter this agreement the governor was not agaiA Obfiged to tralRc with the Indians in ordor to procuro tiie means of subsietence for the colony. The original government of Plymouth was founded entirely tip- on miitual compact, entered into by the phuiter^ before they land- 6Ai and wa» intended to cominue no longer, than till they couKi ob- tain leg^l authority from their sovereign. The fitvt patent Was obt^ned for the colony ih the ndme of John Peirce ; but anotiier patent of larger extent was obtldned of the touncil for New Cng- •m,: BRA. 91 laad Jnuarjr 13| 1630f in the name of WUtiam Bradford, hit heir*, Maoci«tet» uid AMigns^ which confirmed the title of the colonists to A large tract of hind, and rave them power to make all 'laws, not repugnant to the law* of England. In the year 1640, when the number of people waa increaaed, and new townthipa were erected, the general court requested governor Bradford to aurrender the pa- tantlnto their luuida. With thia request he cheerfully complied, mserting for himself no more than his proportion, aa settled by a pmnoua agreement. After this surrender the patent was imme- diately delivered agun into his custody. For several of the first years after the firat settlement of Plymouth the legislative, execu> dre, and iudieial business .was performed by the whole body of freemen m assembly. In 1634 the governor and assistants, the number of whom at the request of Mr. Bradford had been increased to five in 1624 and to seven in 1633, were constituted a judicial court, and afterwards the supreme judicature. Petty offences were tried by the select naen of each town with liberty of appeal to the next court of aasistants. The first assembly of representatives was held in 1639, when two deputies were sent from each town, excepting Plymouth, which sent lour. In 1649 this inequality was done away. Such was the reputation of Mr. Bradiford, acquired by his piety, wisdom, and integrity, that he was annually chosen governor, as long as he lived, excepting in the years 1633, 1636, and 1644, when Mr. Winslow was appointed, and the years 1634 and 163t, when Mr. Prince was elected chief magistrate. At these times it was by his own request, that the people did not reelect him. Gov- eraor Winthrop mentions the election of Mr. Winslow in 163S, and adds, ** Mr. Bradford having been governor about ten years, and now 6y imfiortumty got off." What a lesson for the ambitious, who bend their whole influence to gain and secure the high offices of state ! Mr. Bradford strongly recomnoended a rotation in the election of governor. ** If this appcantment," he pleaded, " was any honor or benefit, others beside himself should partake of it ; if it was a burden, others beside himself should help to bear it." But the pec^le were so much attached to him, that for tairtv years they placed him at the head oi the government, and :v the five years, when others were cliosen, he was first in the list of Msistants, which gave him the rank of deputy governor. After an infirm and declining state of health for a number of months, he w^s sud- denly seised by an acute disease May 7, 1657. In the night hb mind was so enraptured by contemplations upon religious truth and the hopes of futurity, tliat he said to his friends in the morning, " the good Spirit of God has given me a pledge of my happiness in anotiier world, and the first fruits of eternal glory." The next day. May 9, 1657, he was removed from the present state of exist- ence, in the sixty ninth year -of his xui^e, greatly lamented by the people not only in Plymouth, but in the neighboring colonies. I - P 1 il'v *1 *' •• ■ i,; 1 / BRA. ;• Governor Braclfordt though not &yorcd with aleuned educatioii, poBtetied a strong mind, a sound judgment, and a good memory. In the office of chief magistrate he was prudent, temperate, and firm. He would suffer no person to trample on the laws, or to disturb the peace of the colony. Some young men, who were un> wilting to comply with the order for laboring on the public account, excused themselves on a Christmas day under pretence, that it was against their conscience to work. But not long afterwards finding them at play in the street, he commanded the instruments of their game to be taken from thcm,and told them,that it was against his con- science to suffer them to play, while others were at work, and that if they had any religious regani to the day they should show it in the exercise of devotion at home. This gentle reproof had the desired effect. On other occauons his conduct was equally moderate and determined. Suspecting John Lyford, who had imposed himself upon the colony as a minister, of factious designs, and observing that he had put a great number of letters on board a ship for Eng> land, the governor in a boat followed the ship to sea, and examined the letters. As satis&ctory evidence against Lyford was thus ob- tained, a convenient time was afterwards taken for bringing him to trial, and he was banished. Though he never enjoyed great literary advantages, governor Bradford was much inclined to Uterary pursuits. He was fitmiliar with the French and Dutch languages, and attained a considerable knowledge of the Latin and Greek ; but he more assiduously studied the Hebrew, because, as he said, " he would Hee with hb own eyes the ancient oracles of God in their native beauty ." He had read much of history and philosophy, but theology was his favorite study. Dr. Mather represents him as an irrefragable disputant, especially against the anal aptists. Yet he was by no means severe or intoler- ant. He wished rather to convince the erroneous, than to suppress their opinions by violence. His disposition was gentle and conde- scending. Though he was attached to the aisciplinc of the con- gregational churches ; yet he was not a rigid separatist. He per- ceived, that the reformed churches differed among themselves in the modes of discipline, and he did not look for a perfect uniform- ity. His life was exemplary and useful. He was watchiful agunst sin, a man of prayer, and conspicuous for holiness. His son Wil- liam, born in 1 624, was deputy governor of the colony after his father's death, and died at Plymouth at the age of eighty. Several of his descendants were members of the council of Massachusetts, and one of the not was deputy governor of Rhode Island and a sena- tor in the congress of the United States. I Governor Bradford wrote a history of Plymouth people i^nd col- ony, beginning with the first formation of tlie church in 1603 and ending with 1 646. It was conttdned in a folio volume of 270 pages. Morton's memorial is an abridgment of it. Piince and Hutchin- ♦ BRA. «9 ton hid the um of it* mA the mmuKript wu deported whh Mr. Prince's valtuible collection of pttpera in the librai^ of the old ■oiilh church in Boeton. Intlie yeiir 1775 it ehared the &te of miiny other manuecriptt in this plMce. It wm dettroyed or curried ewev by the berberiant of the briti»h armyt who converted the old eouth church into a riding ichool. He had also a large book of copies of letters> relative to ihe aifuirs of the colony, which is lost. A frag- nient of it however, found in a grocer's shop at Halifax, has been published by the Massachusetts historical society, to which is sub- joined a descriptive and historical account of New England in verse. If this producoon is somewhat deficient in the beauties of poetry, it has the more substantial graces of piety and truth. He publish- ed some pieces for the confutation of the errors of the times, par- dcularly of the anabaptists.— ^r/ibu0'« Amer, biog. ii. 317— iSSl ; Mather** magnoHat ii. S-i-S } Morton* » memorial^ 156—351 ; Har' tfrVt tiog. diet. ; J^eaCt M Engtand^ i. 99, 316 ; Prince* • annait, fer^. vi, ix, V:t ; Winthrofit 47 { JUotmet' annait^ i. 310, 370; Collect. hi»t toe. iii. 37, 77. BRADFORD (Wii.LiAM),an eminent printer, came to America about the year 1680, and landed where Philadelphia now stands, be- fore the city was laid out, or a house built. He lived the greater part of his life in New York, and was printer to the government of that province upwards of fifty years. He died at New York May 33, 1753, in the ninety fourth year of his age, having ever been a stranger to uckness. He fell intothe grave merely from the decay of the powers of life. While he was remarkable for industry he was also conspicuous for temperance. Though he attended with dili- gence to his own concerns, he \(as in a peculiar manner the friend of the poor./— /*enn«y/vpectable clergyman a few miles from the city. His father had formed the plan of bringing him up in the Insurance office, which he then conducted ; but so strongly was the love of learning implanted in the mind of his son, that neither persuasions, nor offers of pecuiuary advantage could prevtdl with him to abandon the hopes of a liberal education. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1773. During his residence at this seminary be waa greatiy beloved by his fellow students, while he ronfirmed the ex- ■,it ,' ( A '' 4'* I. i^' *< t ^ !••, mi ■ A ■ 1 ' ' H BRA. ptcttdoni of hit frieikU and Um Saenhf of the college bf ghriag re* peeled evidence of Mniiu aad taete. At the public coromencemeet BO had one of the mghett Iranors of the ch«s conferred upon him. After continuing at Princeton till the year following* during which time he had an opportunity of attencUng tlie excellent lectnretan theology of the reverend Or. Witherspoon, luid derived from this tneiul teacher much information and general knowledge) he return, ed to the acenes of his youth* and spent aeveral months under the instruction of his first preceptor, who strove to prepare him lor fq. ture usefulness in life. He now commenced the study of the law under the honorable Edward Shippen* esquire, one of the council of the supreme court of Pennsylvania and afterwards chief justice of the state, and he prosecuted his studies with unwearied application. In tlie spring of 1776 he was called upon by the pccutiar circumstances of the times to exert himself in defence i>f the dearest rights of human nature, and to join the standard of his country in oppositim to the oppressive exaaions of Great Britain. When the militia wer^call. ed out to form the flying camp, he waa chosen major of brigade to general Roberdeau, and on the expiration of his term eccepted a company in colonel Hampton's regiment of regular troops. He was soon promoted to the station of deputy muster master general, with the rank of lieutenant ctdonel, in which office he continued About two years till his want of health, being of a delicate constitu* tioD, obliged him to resign his commission and return home. He now recommenced the study of the law, and in September 1 770 was admitted to the bar of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, where his rising character soon procured him an unusual share of buainesi. In August 1 780, only one year after he was licensed, by the recon)> mendation of the bar and the particular regard of his excellency, Joseph Reed, esquiro, president of the state, he was appointed attor. Bey general of Pennsylvania. In 1784 he married the daughter of Elias Boudinot of New Jer- sey, counsellor at law, with whom he lived till his death in the ex* •rcise of every domestic virtue, that adorns human nature . On the re- formation of the courts of justice under the new constitution of Penp. sylvania,he was solicited to accept the office of a judge of the supreme court, which with much hesitation he accepted, and was commis* sioned by his excellency, governor Mifflin, August 33, 1791. In this station his inde&tigable industry, unshaken integrity, and cor- rect judgment enabled him to give general satisfaction. Here he had determined to spend a considerable part of his life ; but on die promotion of Mr. Edmund Randdph to the office. of secretary of state, as successor of Mr. Jefferson, he was urged by various public considerations to accept the office of attorney general of the United States, now left vacant. He accordingly received the appointment January 38, 1794. But be continued only a short time in this sta* f^ I BRA. 95 ^, to which Im wm elected by WMhingtmi. Ha died At^oil )S, 1795) in the fortieth year of his agOf and wm succeeded by Mr. Lee of Virginia. According to hit expresH desire he wee buried by the tide of his parents in the burial ground of tlie second presby • terian church in PhiUidclphk. Mr. Bradford possessed a mild and amiable tempertand hia gen* teel and unassuming manners were united with geiniust eloquence^ and taste. As a public speaker he waa persuasive and conYincingi He understood mankind well, and knew how to place his argumenta in the most stt iking pcrfnt of light. His language was pure and scn<< tentlous \ and he so managed mostof hisibrensic disputes, as scarcely ever to displease his opponents, while he gave the utmoat satiafac- tion to his ciientn. He possessed great firmness of opinion, yet wae itmarkable for his modesty and caution in delivering his sentiments. Coinbtoing a quick and retentive memory and an excellent judge- ment with great equanimity and steadiness in his conduct and a pleasing deportment, ho conciliated respect and affection. Toward! his country he felt the sincerest attachment, and her interests he pieferred to every selfish consideration. His charities were secret, biit extensive ) and none in distress were ever known to leave him with diikontent. It is mentioned as a proof of his benevolence, that he adopted ami educated as his own son an orphan child of his eit'> cellency, Joseph Reed, esquire. His friendships were few, but verv affbctionate ; and those, who aided him in his first setting out ut Ili^, were uever ungratefully forgotten. Though engaged cofk^^ sttntly in public business ; yet the concerns of this world did not laake him regardless of tlie more important concerns of religion. He firmly believed the christian system, for he had given it a thoroug^i examination. By its incomparable rules he regulated his whole conduct, and on its promises ne founded all his hopes of iUtare hap^ pinesa. In the earlier periods of his life he was not unacquainted vAA tilt Walks of poetry, and some of his poetical productions in imitation of the pastorals of Shcnstone were published in the Ptdhidelphia magazines. They were at the time held in high estima- ddn. He published in 1793 an inquiry how far. the punishment of death is necessary in Pennsylvania, with notes and illustrations ; to^ fhich ift added ah account of the gaol and penitentiary house of Philadelphia^ by €aleb Lownes. This work was written by Mr. Bradford at (he request of governor Mifflin, and was intended fbr the \M of the liegislature in the nature of a report, they having the lubject at large, under their consideration. Furnishing a proof of th« good senic and philanthropy of the author, it gained him great credit. It bad much influence in melioititlng the criminal lawa and hastenihg the almost entire abolition of capital punishment! not only ki Pennsylvania, but in several other states, where the iiderests of humanity have srt last previdlcd over ancient atid inveterate pi^ju^ 4 ' i'l i. t 96 fiRA. fi;; ;i!i ^11 dices^— /{«r«* cyclofiadia^ American edition / Hardie*a biograpMcat: dictionary ; Marahail, v. 489, 639 ; Gazette qf the United Statet^ jfugwt 24, 1795. BRADSTREET(Siiiom), governor of Massachusetts, was the son of a nonconformist minister in England, and was bom at Horblin in Lincolnshire in March 1603. His father died when he was at the age of fourteen. But he was soon afterwards taken into the religious family of the earl of Lincoln, in which he continued about eight years under the direction of Mr. Thomas Dudley, and among other offices sustained that of steward. He lived a year at Emanuel college, Cambridge, pursuing his studies amidst many interrup* tions. He then returned to the earl's ; but soon accepted the place of steward in the family of the countess of Warwick. Here he contin- ued till he married a daughter of Mr. Dudley, and was persuaded to engage in the project of making a settlement in Massachusetts. He was in March 1630 chosen assistant of the colony, which was about to be established, and arrived at Salem in the summer of the same year. He was at the first court, which was held at Charlestown on the twenty third of August. He was afterwards secretary and agent of Massachusetts, and comihissioner of the united colonies. He was sent with Mr. Norton in 1663 to congratulate king Charles up- on his restoration, and as agent of the colony to promote its interests. From 1673 to 1679 he was deputy governor. In this last year he succeeded Mr. Leveret as governor, and remuned in this office till May 1686, when the charter was dissolved, and Mr. Joseph Dudley comnii'nced his administration as president of New England. In May 1689, after the imprisonment of Andros, he was replaced in the office of governor, which station he held till the arrival of rir William Phips in May 1693 with a charter, which deprived the people of the right of electing their chief magistrate. He died at Salem March 27, 1 697, aged ninety four years. He had been fifty years an assistant of the colony. Governor Bradstreet, though he possessed no vigorous, nor splen- did talents, yet by his integrity, prudence, moderation, and piety, acquired the confidence of all classes of people. When king Charles demanded a surrender of the charter, he was in favor of complying ; and the event proved the correctness of his opinion. He thought it would be mOre pn*dent for the colonists to submit to a power, which they could not resist, than to have judgment given against the charter, and thus their privileges be entirely cut off If his moderation in regard to religious affairs, particularly towards the anabaptists and the quakers, was not so conspicuous, it was not a &ult 'peculiar to him. His first wife, the daughter of govemof ^homas Dudley, was a woman of distinguished genius and learning, and author of a volume of poems.— Mi^A«r'« magnalia^ ii. 19, 20 ; Hutchinaon^ i. 18, 319, 333; ii. 13, 105 ; Holmes* anna/«, ii.'38; JiTeaVa Miv England^'i.ZSO'y ii. 186; Prtnce, 301, 312 ; Collection* historical aociety^ i. 239 ; vi. 271, 288. BRA. 97 ttRADSTREET (Simon), minister of Charlestown, Massachtt- letU, was graduated at Harvard college in 1693, and was ordained, w successor of Mr. Morton, October 26, 1698. He received Mr. Abbot as his colleague in 1734. After a ministry of more than forty years, he died December 31, 1741, aged seventy two years. He was a very learned man, of a strong mind, tenacious memory, and lively imagination. Lieutenant governor Tailer introduced him to governor Burnet, who was himself a fine scholar, bv saying, bere is a man, who can whistle Greek ; and the governor afterwards spoke of him as one of the first literary characters and beat preach- ers, whom he had met with in America. Mr. Bradstreet was subject ta hypochondriacal complaints, which made him afrud to preach in the pulpit some years before he died. He delivered his sermons in the deacon's seat, without notes, and they were in gen- eral melancholy effusions upon the wretched state of mankind and the vanity of the world. He possessed such a catholic spirit, that some of the more zealous brethren accused him of arminianism ; but the only evidence of this \iras his fondness for Tillotson's ser- mons, and his being rather a practical, than a doctrinal preacher. He seldom appeared with a coat, but always wore a plud gown, •nd was generally seen with a pipe in his mouth. One of his sons was minister of Marblehead. A latin epitaph, written by Mr. Bradstreet upon his predecessor, Mr. Morton, has been preserved by the Massachusetts historical socitiy ^^CoUectiont Mat. aocietyj VUI, 75. BRADSTREET (Simom), minister of Marblehead, Massachu- setts, was the son of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1728. He was orduned successor of Mr. Holyoke Jan- uary 4, 1738. His death took place October 5, 1771, Mr. Isaac Stpry, who married his daughter, having been his colleague four or five months. He was an excellent scholar, a most worthy and pious christian, and fsdthful pastor ; laboring to bring his hearers to the love of God, the reception of the Savior, and* the practice of holiness^— Co//^crton« M^t. *oc. viii. 75, 76. BRADSTREET (John), a major general in America appealed by the king of Great Britain, was in 1746 lieutenant governor of St. John's, Newfoundland. He #as afterwards distin^ished for bis military services. It was thought of the highest importance in the year 1756 to keep open the communication with fort Oswego on lake Ontario. General Shirley accordingly enlisted forty com- panies of boat men, each consisting of fifty men, for transporting stores to the fort from Schenectady, and placed them under the command of Bradstreet, who was an active and vigilant officer, and inured to the hardships, to. which that service exposed him. In the beg^ning of the spring of this year a smidl blockaded post with twenty five men, at the carrying place* was cut off. It be- came neceisary to pass through the country with large squadron^; 13 H' ' ;i H h ,i ! \i\- 4 1-- ! I '\ ■'\ Ml ¥\ .lil 9HA. of boaU, OH ihe tutmj infested the passage through the Onondaga ~ ~ On his return from Oswego on the third of July 17S6 coU nver. •n«l Bradstreetf who was apprehensive of being ambushed) ordered the several divisions to proceed as near each oUier as posuble. He was at the head of about three hundred boatmen in the first divis. ion* when at the distance of about nine miles from the fort the ene- my roee from their ambuscade and attacked him. He instantly landed upon a small island and with but six men maintained bis position till he was reinforced. A general engagement ensued, in which Bradstreet with great gallantry rushed upon a more nume- rous enemy) and entirely routed them* killing and woundng about two hundred men. His own loss was about thirty. He arrived at Schenectady on the eleventh of July. In the yeap 1758 he was entrusted with the co.Timand of three thousand men on an expedi- tion against fort FrontenaC) which was planned by himself. He embarked at Oswego on lake Ontario and on the evening of the fwenty fifth of August landed within a mile of the fort. On the twenty seventh it was surrendered to him. Forty pieces of cannon and a vast quantity of provisions and merchandise, with one hundred and ten prisoners, fell into his hands. The'fivt and nine armed vessels- and such stores, as could not be removed, were destroyed. In August 1 764 he advanced with a considerable fi)rce toward the Indian country, and at Presque Isle compelled the Dej. awares, Shawanese, and other Indians to terms of peace.- He was appointed major general in May 1772. After rendering ImpoN tant services to his country, he died at New York October 21, 1 774^— fTynw, ii. 59 — 61, 86—88; Jnnual register for 1764, 181 ; HolmnlannaU^n, 229 ; Marshall^ i. 437,438^; Collections Hist. aoc. y\\. 150, 155. BRAINERD (David), an eminent preacher and missionary to the Indians, was bom at Haddam, Connecticut, April 30, 1718. He lost both his parents, while but a youth. As his mind was ear- ly impressed by the truths of religion, he took delight in reading those books, which communicated religious instrucUon ; he called upon the name of God in secret prayer ; he studied the scriptures with g^at diligence; and he associated with several young persons for mutual encouragement and assistance in the paths %i wisdom. But in alt this he afterwards considered himself as self righteous, as completely destitute of true piety, as governed by the fear of future puiushment and not by the love of Gqd, as depending for salvation upon his good feelings- and his strict Kfe, vrithout a per- ception of the necessity and the value of the mediation of Christ. At this time he would indeed acknowledge, that he desenred nothing for his best works, for the theory of salvation was familiar tp him ; but while he made the acknowledgment, he did not feetyrhxX it im- plied. He stillapcretly relied upon the warmth of his afrec.tions^ upon his sincerity, upon some quality in himself as the ground of BRA. •99 vcceptance with God* instead of relying upon tiie Lord Jesus, .through whom alone there is access to the Father. At length he was brought ur ^er a deep sense of his sinfulness, and he perceiv> «d, that the f .6 nothing good in him. This conviction w'as not a sudden peri oation of mind ; it was a permanent impression, made by the vierrof his own chantcter,-when compared ^th that My law of God, which he was bound to obey. But the discov- ery was unwelcome and irritating. He could not readily aban- don! the hope, which rested upon his religious exercises. He waa reluctant to admit, that the pnncipie, whence all lus actions pro^ needed, was entirely corrupt. He was opposedto the strictness of Ae divine law, which extended to the heart as well us to the life, fle murmured against the doctrines, that feith was indispensably necessary to salvation, and that faith-was completely the gift of God. fle was irritated in not lincHng any way pointed out, which would lead him to the Savior, in not finding any means prescribed, by which an unrenewed man could of his own strength obtain that, which the highest angel could not give. He was unwilling to be- lieve, that he was dead -in trespasses and in sins. But these un- pleasant truths were fastened upon his mind, and they could not be shaken off. It pleased God to disclose to him his true character and condition and to quell the tumult of his soul. He saw that his . schemes to save himself were entirely vain, and must forever be in- effectual ; he perceived, that it was self interest, which had before led him to pray, and that he had never once prayed from any respect to the glory of God ; he felt, that he was lost. In this state of mind, while he was walking in a solitary place in -the evening of July 12, 1739, meditating upon religious -subjects, hisiiiindwas /illuminated with completely new views of the divine perfections ; he perceived a glory in the character of God and in the way of sal- vation by the crucified Son of the Most High, which was never be- fore discerned ; and he was led to depend upon Jesus -Christ for righteousness, and to seek the glory of God as his principal object. In September 1739 he was admitted a member of Yale college, but he was expelled in February 1743. The circumstances, which led to this expulsion, were these. There had been great attention to religion in the college, and Mr. fimnerd, whose feelings were naturally warm, «nd whose whole soul was interested in the prog^ ress of the gospel, was misled by an intemperate zeal, and was guilty of indiscretions, which at that tim« were not nnfrequent. In a conversation with some of bis associates he expressed his belief^ that one' of the tutors was destitute of religion. Being in part overheard, his associates were compelled by the rector to declare, respecting whom he was- speaking-; and he was required to mdke a public confession in the half. Brainerd thought, that it was un- just to extort from his friends what he had uttered in conversation, and that the punishment was too severe. As he refused to malw 11 H I- ,1 '^■1: ■' *I A til i.; ii; * VI iii'-^'t'* !'■ 5 -^ifc-**l^, 100 BRA. the confession, nnd as he had been |^ty of gobg to a separate meeting after prohibition by the authority of college, he was ex. polled. The expulsion yras perhaps necessary, as things existed ; but in the circumstances, which led to it, there appears a strong dispositicui to hunt up offences i^inst the new Ughts,as those, who were attached to the preaching of Mr. Whitefield and Tenncnt, were then called. It was not so «trange, that a young man should have been indiscreet, as that he should confess himself to have been so. Mr. Brsdnerd afterwards perceived, that he had been un- charitable and had done wrong, and with sincerity and humility he acknowledged his error and exhibited a truly christian spirit ; but he was never restored and never obt^ed his degree. Though he felt no resentment, and ever lamented his own conduct, yet he al> ways considered himself as abused in the mam^ementof this affair. In the sprmg of 1742 he went to Ripton to pursue the study of divinity under the care of the reverend Mr. Mills, and at the end of July was licensed to preach by the association of ministers, Tjrhich met at Danbury, after they had made inquiries respecting his leammg, and his acquaintance with experimental religion. Soon after he began his theological studies, he was very desirous of preaching the gospel to the heathen and frequently prayed for them. In November, after he was licensed, he was invited to go to New York, and was examined by the correspondents of the socie< ty for propagating christian knowledge, and wasappmnted by them a mis»onary to the Indianf. He arrived on the first of April 1743 at Kannameek, an Indian village in the woods between Stockbridge, in the state of Massachu* setts, and Albany, at the distance of about twenty miles from the former place and fifteen miles from Kinderhook. He now began his labors at the age of twenty five, and continued in this place about a year. At first he lived in a wigwafn among the Indians } but he afterward built himself a cabin, that he might be alone, when not employ<|d in preaching and instructing the savages. He lodged upon a bundle of straw, and his food was principsdly boiled com, hasty pudding, and samp. With a feeble body, and fre- quent illness, and great depression of mind, he was obliged to en- counter many discouragements, and to submit to hardsUps, which would be almost insupportable by a much stronger constitution,, But he persisted in Ms benevolent labors, animated by the .hope, that he should prove the means of illuminating some darkened mind with the truth, as it is in Jesus. Besideshis exertions, vrhich had immediate reference to the instruction of the savages, he stud- led much, and employed much time in the delightful emploj^ment of cQ^mmuning in the wilderness v^ith that mercifiil Being, vi^ho is present in all places, and who is the^ support and the joy of all christians. When tiie Indians at Kaunameek had agreed to re- Haypye to Su>ck]>ridge and pl^ce th^mse^vea under the mstniction BRA. 101 «f the rererend Mr. Sergeant* Mr. Brainerd left them and be^t bis attention towards the Delaware Indians. He was ordained at Newark in New Jersey by a presbyteiy June 13, 1744) on which occasion the reverend Mr. Pemberton of New York preached a sermon. He soon afterwards went to the new field of his labors, near the forks of tho Delaware in Pennsylvaniai and continued there a year ; in the course of which he made two visits to the Indians on Susquehannah river. He again buiii him a cabin for retirement, but here he had the happiness to find some white people, with whom he maintained family prayer. After the hardships of a year's continuance in this place with but little en* couragement from the effect of his exertions, he visited the In* dians at Crosweeksung, near Freehold in New Jersey. In this village he was favored with remarkable success. The Spirit of God seemed to bring home effectually to the hearts of theignorant heathens the truths, which he delivered to them with affectum and zeal. His Indian interpreter, who had been converted by his preaching, cooperated cheerfully in the good work. It was not un* common for the whole congregation to be in tears, or to be crying out under a sense of sin. In less than a year Mr. Brainerd bi^ tiaed seventy seven persons, of whom thirty eight were aduItS| that gave satis&ctory evidence of having been renovated by the power of Gpd ; and he beheld with unspeakable pleasure between twenty and thirty of his converts seated round the table of the Lord. The IncUans were at the time entirely reformed in their lives. They were very humble and devout, and united in christ- ian affection. The sudden change, which was produced, was consid- ered by Mr. Brainerd as the unquestionable effect of divine influx (BDce. How far this opinion was justified by the holy and spotless lives of his Indian converts is not known. It is possible, that but few of them were truly religious, and that the grater part were acted upon by the power of sympathy. But whatever may be the fiactveith regard to his real success, his persevering benevolence clums the highest commendation, and without doubt will be rewarded at that great day, when every man will reap according as he has sowed* In the summer of 1746 Mr. Brainerd visited the Indians on the Susquehanna^, and on his return in September found himself worn out by the hardships of his journey. His health was so much impaired, that he was able to preach but little more. Being advis- ed in the spring of 1747'. to travel in New England, he went as fiu* as Boston, and returned in July to Northampton, where in the fam- ily of Jonathan Edwards he passed the remainder of his days. He gradually declined till October 9, 1747, when, after suffering inex- pressible agony, he entered upon that rest, which remainethfor the faithfiil servants of God, in the thirtieth year of his age. j^ Mr. Bnunerd was a man of vigorous powers of mind. While he wa^ favored with a quick discernment and ready inventign,with 102 BRA. I'' s'l a strong memory and natural eloquence, he also possessed in aa uncommon degree the penetration, the closeness and force of thought, and the soundness of judgment, which distinguish the man of talents from him, who subsists entirely upon the learning of others. His knowledge was extensive, and he added to his other attainments an intimate acquaintance vfith human nature, gainednot only by observing others, but by carefully noticing the operations ofhis own mind. As he was of a sociable disposition, and could adapt himself with great ease to the different capacities, tempers, and circumstances of men, he was remarkably fitted to communi* cate instracUon. He was very free, and entertaining, aftd useful in his ordinary discourse ; and he was also an able disputant. As a preacher he was perspicuous and instrucUve, forcible, close, and pathetic. He abhorred an affected boisterousness in the pulpit, and yet he could not tolerate a cold delivery, when the subject of discourse was such, as should warm the heart, and produce an eai-nestness of manner. His knowledge of theology was uncommonly extensive and ac- curate. President Edwards, whose opinion of Mr. Bmnerd was founded upon an intimate acquaintance with, him, says, that " he never knew his equal, of his age and standing, for clear, accurate notions^of the nature and essence of true religion, and its distinct- ions from its various false appearances." Mr. Brainerd had no charity for the religion of those, who indulging the hope, that they were mtcrested in the divine mercy, settled down in a state of se- curity and negligence. He believed, that the good man would be continually making progress towards perfection, and that conver- sion was not merely a great change in the views of the mind and the affections of the heart, produced by the Spirit of God ; but that It was the beginning of a course of holiness, which through the divine agency would be pursued through life. From the ar- dor, with which he engaged in missionary labors, some may be ted to conclude, that his mind was open to the influence of fanaticism. During his residence at college, his spirit was indeed somewhat ting- ed with the zeal of bitterness ; but it was not long before he was restored to true benevolence and the pure love of the truth. From this time he detested enthusiasm in all its forms. He reprobated all dependence upon impulses, or improssions on the imagination, or the sudden suggestion of texts of scripture. He withstood every doctrine, which seemed toTerge towards antinomianism, particularly the sentiments of those, who thought that faith consists in believ- ing, that Christ died ibr them in particular, and who founded their love of God, not upon the excellence of his diaracter, but upon the provious impression, that they were the objects of his favor, and should assuredly be saved. He rebuffed the pride and presump- don of laymen, wl^o thrust themselves forth as public teachers and decried human learning and a learned ministry ; he detested BRA. 103 tbespivit) which generally influenced the scparatUts through the country ; and.he was entirely opposed to tiiat religion^ which was fond of ne gospel. He spoke much of tilie prosperity of Zi> on, of the infinite importance of the work, which was committed io the ministers of Jesus Christ, and of the necessity, which was imposed upon them, to be constant and earnest in prayer to God for the success of their exertions. A little while before his death he raid to Mr. Edwards, ** my thoughts have been much employed on the old, dear theme, the prosperity of God's church on earth. As I waked out of sleep, I was led to cry for the pouring out df God's Spirit, and the advancement of Christ's kingdom^ which the dear Redeemer did and suflRered so much for ; it is this espec* ially, which makes me long for it." He lelt at this time a pecul- iar concern for hi^ own congregation of christian Indians. Eterni- ty was before him with all its tremendous interests. *< 'Tis sweet to me," said he, ** to think of eternity. But Oh, what shall I say to the fetemity of the wicked ! I cannot mention it, nor tjbink of it. The thought is to6 dreadful !" In answer to the inqidiy, how he did, he said, ** I am almost in eternity ; I long to be there. Mjr w6rk is done. I have done with all my friends. All the world is n6w nothing to me. Oh, to be in heaven, to praise and glorify God with his holy angels !" At length, after the trial of his patience by the most excruciating sufferings, his spirit was released from, its tabernacle of day, and entered those manuons, which the Lord Je* sua hath prepared for all his faithful disciples. The exertions of Mr. Brainerd^inthe christian cause vrpre of short continuance, but they were inlense, aiid incessant, and effect- ual. One must be either a very good or a very bad man, who can read his life without blushing for himself. If ardent i4ety and en- larged benevolence, if the supreme love of God and the inextin- guishable desire of promoting his glory in the salvation of im- jnortal souls, if j^rsevcring resolution in the midst of the most pressing discouragements, if cheerful self denial and unremitted labor, if hurrulity and zeal for godliness, united with conspicuoufi BRA. lOS • jlenttf render a ntm worthjr of rtmcrabranoe ; the name of Brai- fiDtd will not soon be forgotten. He publithed a narrative of his labors tt Kaunanieek) annexed to Mr. Pemberton's sermon at his ordination ; and his journal) or m account of the rise and progress of a remarkable work of grace amongst a number of Indians in New Jersey and Pennsylvaniat with some general remarks, 1746. This workt which is very interest* Hig) and which displays the piety and talents of the author, wus pub* lishcd by the commissioners of the society in Scotland, with a pref- ace by them, and an attestation by the reverend William Tennent and the reverend Mr. Mc'Knight. His life, written by president Edwards, is compiled chiefly from his own diary. Annexed to it Mre some of his letters and other writings. It is a bqok, which is well calculated to enkindle a flame of benevolence and piety in the \irediitj—Brainerd*» ttfe ; hit journal ; Edxoardu* funeral aermon j Middieton'a biogrufthia evangeiicoy iv. 263<«-364 ; jUaembly'a mis- tionary magazine ^ ii. 44 9 4 52. BRANDT colonel, a famous Indian chief, was educated under the care of tiie reverend Dr. Wheelock, first president of Dart- Biouth college. In the War of the American revolution he attached himself to the British cause. In 1778 he, with colonel John Butler, beaded a party of one thousand one hundred men, nine hundred of whom were Indiaits, and broke up the settlements on the Sus- quehannah. Wyonung, cm the eastern branch of that river, was de- stroyed with circumstanced of horrid treachery and cruelty. Near two hundred of the whites were killed in one engagement. In July I7r9 he attacked the Minisink settlement in New York, and did Atich misclrieC. After the war he resided in upper Canada. He was a half blooded Indian, chief of the Mohawk tribe, cruel and' fe- rocious. It is sad« that he was once under the necessity of killing Mie of his sous in order to preserve his own life. He died in up- per Canada in the year 1807. He translated into the Mohalvk language the gospel of St. Mark and the liturgy of the English church. This transla^n was pub- lidied for the benefit of the Indians. John Norton, chief of the six nations, has translated also into the Mohawk language the gospel of John, and intends to proceed with Matthew and Luke.— of bis age. He was the brother of the reverend William Brattle. Se^ieral of his communications on astronomical subjects were pobUshed in the philosophical txvetmxXwM^^^H^lme^ anwiUf H, 79 i GfflMan\i lifef 4S.. 14 ifi m m y'l ■. f. H ' :tr >. '' .1 !,» w ■ 106 BRA. BRATTLE (William), minister of Cambridge, Masnchuftetlk was born in Boston about the year 1672, and was graduated at Hu* vard coUei;e in 1680. He was afterwards for several years u tutor and a fellow of that seminary. He exerted himself to form hit pupils to virtue and the fear of God, punishing vice with the au. thority of a master, and cherishing every virtuous disposition with parental goodness. When the small pox prevailed in the college he was not driven away in terror ; but with benevolent courage remained at his post, and visited the sick« both that he might ad* minister to them relief, and might impress upon them those truths, which were necessary to their salvation. As he had never expe* rienced the disease, he now took it in the natural way ; for the practice of inoculation had not been introduced into America. But the course of the disorder was mild and he was soon restored to his usual health. » . He was ordained pastor of the church in Cambridge, as succes* .sorofthc reverend Mr. Gookin, November 35, 1696, and afters useful ministry of twenty years died February 15, 1717, in the fifty fifth year of his age. He Wds succeeded by the reverend Dr. Appleton. His funeral was attended on the twentieth of February, a day memorable for the great snow, which then commenced, and which detained for several days av. Cambridge the magistrates and ministers, who were assembled on the occasion. The snow was six feet deep in some parts of the streets of Boston. Mr. Brattle was a very religious, good man, an able divine, an4 an excellent scholar. Such was his reputation for science, that he was elected a fellow of the royal society. He was polite and affable, compassionate and charitable. Having a large estate, he distributed of his abundance with a liberal hand ; but his charities were secret and silent. His pacific spirit and his moderation were so conspicuous, ^s to secure to him the respect of all denominations. So remark- able was his patience under injuries, and such a use did he make of the troubles of life, that he was heard to observe, that he knew not how he could have spared any of his trials. Uniting courage with his humility, he was neither bribed by the favor, nor overawed by the displeasure of any man. He was a man of great learning and abilities, and at once a philosopher and a divine. But he placed neither learning nor relij^ion in unprofitable specula- tions, but in such solid and substantial truth, as improves the mind and is beneficial to the world. The promotion of religion, learning, virtue, and peace every where within his reach was the great ob- ject, in which he was constantly employed. As he possessed great penetration and a sound judgment, his counsel was often sought and highly respected. Such was his regard to the interests of litera- ture, that he bequeathed to Harvard college two hundred and fifty pounds, besides a much greater sum in other charitable and pious te'gacies. With regard to his manner of presiching) Dr. Cqlm&u^ BRA. 107 eomptring Kim and the reterend Mr. Pembertont who died about the Mune umei obiervea } " they performed the public exercisea in the houae of God with a great deal of aolemnityi tiiough in a manner aomewhat different ; fur Mr. Brattle waa all calin» and softi and melting ; but Mr. Pemberton waa all flumei and Mal> and earoeatneaa." The death of this good man* after a langwahing diseaae* was peaceful and serene. He published a system of logiC) entitled) " compendium logics secundum principia D. Renati Cartesii plerumque effonnatum et catechisttce propositum." It waa held in liigh estimation, and lon^;^ recited at Harvard college. Ai> edition ot it waa publiahed in the year \7S^^—mHotme»* hitt. Cambridge i Collections hitt. toe. Tii. 33, 55—59 } x. 168 ; Holmet* annalti ii. 94 ; Motion nevft letter^ yo.67l. BRATTLE (William), a man of extraordinary talenta and character, was the son of the reverend William Brattle, and waa graduated at Harvard college in 1733. He was a representative of Cambridge in the general court, and waa long a member of the council. He studied theology and preached with acceptance. Hia eminence as a lawyer drew around him an abundance of clienta. As a physician his practice was extensive and celebrated. He Waa also a military man, and obtained the appointment of major general of the militia. While he secured tlve favor of the gover- nor of the state, he also ingratiated himself with the people. In his conduct there were many eccentricities. At the commence- ment of the American revolution mi unhappy sympathy in the plans of general Gage induced him to retire into Boston, from which place he accompanied the troops to Halifax, where he died in October 1776. His son, the late Thomas Brattle, esquire, of Cambridge, died Feb. 7, \%0\.-^Collection9 hist. aoc. vii. 58. BREARLEY (David), chief justice of the state of New Jersey, was graduated at Princeton college in 1781. He was a member •f the convention in 1787 for framing the constitution of the United States, and his name is affixed to that charter of our libetr ties. In 1789 he was appointed by Washington a judge of the federal court for the district of New Jersey. His death took place in August 1 790 at his seat near Trenton. Robert Morris was ap- pointed to succeed him as district judge. BRECK (Robert), minister of Marlborough, Massachusetts, was bom in Dorchester in 1682, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1700. He waa ordained October 25, 1704. After. a ministry of twenty six years, he departed this life January 6, if 31, in the forty ninth year of his age. He was eminent for his ac> quaintance with the Hebrew language. He published an election ser- mon, 1728 ; the danger of falling away, after a profession made, 1738 ; and a sermon on a sacramental occasion, 1738.— >Co//rc/z9nv fiistorical society f'm. 184 j %. 17Q, . „, M ^^ Wl i ' • II 11: :'«f ' u ,,;ll i I* r 1 II \ 1 ■ il 1 rH fl 1 i 1 Ml' 1 j : l;| 1 liil i f'l If 'm ' |h Kl ' 'H II 1 ;■ 1 i 1 'R 1 1 iL 'j^n ffn' ■ ! 1 'im W *:l 108 BRK. BRECK (^obkiit)» minister of Spnn|iffle1d» Mttimchuaetto, wu the noil o( tiic rcveremt Mr. Dreck ot Murlboroupfht and wia fritduuted at Harvard colle^u in 1730. He was ordained January 7 1736. After a niiniiitry ol forty ciglit years he died April 33, 1784, in the boventy first year ol his u^e. ' > His superior intellectual |K>wers were enlarged by mi extensive •cquaintaiicu with men and iHioks. Ho accustomed himself to a close manner of tiiinking and rc.»sonin)(. By diligent sifpplication he acquired a rich fund of the most useful knuwleci^e. His dis> position was remarkably cheerful and pleasant, and his cnnversuiion was entertaining and instructive, sometimes enlivened by humor, but always consistent with the sobriety of the christian and the dig. nity of the minister. He was eusy of access, hospitable, compss. sionjte and benevolent. His sense of human weakness and de* pravity led him to admire the gracious provision of the gospel,- ' he deiighted to dwell upon it in his public discourses. His religious sentiments he formed on a careful examiiWiiun oi the scriptures. Steady to his own principles, he was yi i caiitild : wards those* who diffiered from him. In his las- illn^ vs ha spoke ia the humblest terms af himself, but professed an £iUAt\i reliance on divine mercy through the Mediator, and \\z resigned hinis(.!f to death with the dignity of a christian. He publised a century sermon, preached at Springfield, which contains an historical ac> count of the town.r^Lathrofi,*§ funeral termon, BRECKENRIDGE (John), attorney general of the United States, died at Lexington, Kentucky, December 14, 1806. He was elected a member of the senate in the plac;e of Mr. Humphrey Marshall, and took his seat in 1801. In January 1803 he submit* ted in the senate a resolution to repeal an act of tho preceding Bes< sbn respecting the judiciary establishment of the United States, hy which slxteeri new circuit judges had been created.. It was this tesolution, which called forth the most astonishing powers of ai^u* ment and eloquence. In 1803 Mr. Breckenridge distinguished himself by supiraiting resolutions in relation to Spanish affairs of I a milder complexion, than those advocated by Mr. Ross. After the reugnation of Mr. Lincoln of Massachusetts, he was appomted | j^ttomey general in his place. BREWSTER (William), one of the first settlers of Plymouth eolony, and a ruling elder of the church, was born in Engkuid in Ihe year 1560, and was educated r tVn university of Cambridge,] where his mind was impressed bw ■■■'.. ens truth, nnd he Tva^ re- newed by the Spirit of God. Al ■ : vting hi. education, he I entered into the service of Wiluani Davison, ambassador of queen I Elizabeth in Holland. This gentleman, who was friendly to relig4 ion, possessed the highest regard for Mr. Brewster, and reposed! in him the utmost confidence. He esteemed him as a son.* Mr.| Brewster in return proved himsetfoot unworthy «f th^ friendsbid BRE. 10» "j" ■9i #hich he bad experienced i Cm when DeTiteai who hed been ap- poiated Mcreury of sutct incurred the affected ditpkasure of Um queen for dniwingt in compliance with her orders, the warrant for the execution of Mar)-, he did not ibrwke lut patron. He reraain- td with hinit and gaye iiiin what ataistance it waa in hia power to aflordt under the troubU**, with which it waa the policy of Elisabeth to overwhelm the inuo< .' secmtury m the year 1587. When he could no longer serve him, he retired to the north of England, among hit old friends. His attention was now chiefly occupied by the interests of re)i> gion* His life was exemplary, und it seemed to be his great object to promote the highest good of those around him. He endeavored to excite their zeal for holiness, and to encourage them in the prac* tic e of the christian virtues. As he possessed considerable property, he readily and abundantly contributed towards the support of the i^ospel. He exerted himself to procure futhful preachers ibr the parishes in the neighborhood. By degrees he became di»gutted I with the impositions of the prelatical party, and their severity t<^ wards men of a moderate and peaceable disposition. As he discover- ed much corruption in the constitution, forms, ceremonies, and dio> cipline of the established church, he thought it his duty to with- draw from its communion, and to establish with others a separate society. This new church, under the pastoral care of the a^d Mr. Clifton and Mr. Robinson, met on the Lord's days at Mr. Brew- ster's house, where they were entertained at his expense, as lonfr as they could assemble without interruption. When at length the resentment of the hierarchy obliged them to seek refuge in a for^ eign country, he was the most forward to assist in the removaL He was seized with Mr. Bradford in the attempt to go over to HoUand in 1607, and was imprisoned at Boston, in Lincolnshire. He wan the greatest sufferer of the company, because he had the moat prop- erty. Having with much difficulty and expense obtained his Hber* ty, he first assisted the poor of the society in their embarkation, and then followed them to Holland. He had a large family and numerous dependents ; and his estate was exhausted^ As his education had not fitted him for inecfaa»> ical or mercantile employments, he was now pressed with hanl- ships. In this exigency he found a resource in his learning and obiUties. He openeda school at Leyden for instructing the ycmth of the city and of the university in the Englbh tongue ; and being fiamiiiar with the Latin, witb wbicli they were also acquainted, he fcund no impediment from the want of alanguage comaoon to ^tl. By means of a grammar, which he formed himaelfjhesoon assisted them to a correct knowledge of the English. By the help of some fiiends he also set up a printing press, and published several booiks against the hierarchy, which could not obUun a license for pi^iiioa- titn i9 England. *l ii' : i4 i\ 110 fiRE. w '«l Such was his reputadon Id the church at Leyden» tliat he was chosen a raling elder, and he accompanied the members of it, who came to New England in 1 620. He suffered with them all the hardships, attending their settlement in the wilderness. He partook with them of labor, hunger, and watching ; and his bible and his eword were equally familiar to him. As the church at Plymouth was for several years destitute of a minister, Mr. Brewster, who was venerable for his character and years, frequently officiated as a preacher, though he could never be persuaded to administer the sa- craments. According to the principles of the church, the ruling elder, in the absence of the teaching elder or pastor, was permitted to dispense the word. No regular minister was procured before the year 1639, when Mr. Ralph Smith was settled. Previously to this period, the principal care of the church rested upon Mr. Brewster, who preached twice every Lord's day ; and afterwards he occasion- ally exercised for the good of the church his talents in teaching. He died in the peace and hope of the christian April 1 6,. 1 644, in the eighty fourth year of his age. Through his whole life he was remarkably temperate. He drank nothing but watei> until within the last five or six years* During the famine, which was experienced in the colony, he was resigned and cheerful. When nothing but oysters and clams were set on his table, he would give thanks with his family, that they were per^ mitted " to suck of the abundance of the seas, and of the treasures hid in the sand." He was social and' pleasant in conversation, of a humble and modest spirit, yet when occasion required, coura- geous in administering reproof, though with such tenderness, as usually to give no offence. He was conspicuous for his compas- sion towards the distressed ; and if they were suffering for con- science sake, he judged them, of all others, most deserving of pity and relief. He had a peculiar abhorrence of pride. In the government of the church he was careful to preserve order and the purity of doctrine and communion, and to suppress contention. He was eminent for piety. In his public prayers he was full and comprehensive, making confession of sin with deep humility, and supplicating with fervor the divine mercy through the merits of Jesus Christ. Yet he avoided a tedious prolixity, lest he should damp the spirit of devotion. In his discourses he was clear and distinguishing, as well as pathetic ; and it pleased God to give him uncommon success, so that many were converted by his min- istry. At his dcAth he left what was called an excellent library. It was valued at forty three pounds in silver, and a catalogue of the books is preserved in the colony records. The church at Plymouth, of which Mr. Brewster was ruling elder, was peculiar for the liberty of" prophesying," or preaching, which was allowed even to such private menribers, as were " gift- ed." Whpn governor Winthrop visited Plymouth in 1633, in the V \^. BRI. Ill afternoon's exercise of the Lord's day a question, according to custom, vras propounded, upon which a number of the congrega- tion expressed their opinions, and the governor of Massachusetts, ))eing requested, '* spoke to it" with the rest. '* The preachment* of the gifted brethren," says Dr. Mather, " produced those dis- couragements to the ministers, that almost all left the colony, ap- prehending themselves driven away by the neglect and contemptf with which the people on this occasion treated them." This church admitted none to its communion without either a written or oral declaration of their faith and religious experiences. The scriptures were not read in public, nor was the psalm before sing- ing till in compassion to a brother, who could not read, one of the elders or deacons was permitted to read it line by line, after it had been previously expounded by the minister. No children were baptized, unless one of the parents was in full communion, and baptized children were considered as subjects of ecclesiastical discipline. While in Holland the Lord's supper was administered every sabbath ; but it was omitted in America till a minister was obtained, and then it was administered only once in a monthiP— Belknaji*a Jmer. biog. ii. 252 — 266 ; dllect. Mat. »oc. iv. 108, 1 13 —117; Morton^ 153; JWa/*# Mv> England^ i. 231 ; Wmthrofif 44 ; Magnolia^ i. 14 ; Prince^ 89. BRIANT (Solomon), minister of the church at^Marshpee in Barnstable, Massachusetts, was ordained not long after the re- signation of Mr. Bourne in 1742. He was an Indian, and he preach* ed to his brethren in the Indian dialect. He was a sensible man and good minister. After his death, which took place May 8, 1775» when he was about eighty years of age, he was succeeded by the reverend Mr. Hawley.— Co/<'ec/ion« hiat, aocietijy iii, 191. BRIDGE (Thomas), minister of the first church in Boston, was graduated at Harvard college in 1675, and was ordained col- league with the reverend Mr. Wadsworth May 10, 1705. He died suddenly of an apoplexy September 26, 17 15, aged fifty eight years. He was eminent for his christian viitues. Wliilc he was upright in his dealings, and incapable of fraud and deceit, he was also meek and mild; his heart was kind ; and he was humble and devout. He was habitually serious. Though his talents were not conspicuous, yet his thoughts were always expressed in suitable and manly lan- guage. In prayer he was eminent. His intimate acquaintance with the scriptures, and the devotional frame of his mind rendered his supplications to the throne of grace very solemn and interesting. While he was himself exceedingly desirousof doing g-ood, free from every particle of envy, he sincerely rejoiced in the usefulness and respectability of others. He was not desirous of honor, and so iiumblc was the opinion, which he had formed of himself, that the I expression of his humility sometimes put to the blush those, who were younger and more desirous of distinction. He was diligent I. h J a •'} it 112 BRL ■ mi't si m ).! in study) bnt his bible was hb library. To this book he deToted his attentioiit and he became well acquainted with its importwt truths. Such was his moderation, so greatly was he desirous of peace, that it was thought he was sometimes silent when he ought to have spoken, and that he yielded too much to others. He published an artillery election sermon, 1705, and a sermon OD choosing good town officers, \7 \Of^Colman*9 fimeral termoti} CoUectiont hiatorical tociety^ iii. 257. BRIGHT (Francis), first minister in Charlestown, Massachu* detts, was a pupil of the famous Mr. Davenport. He arrived at Naumkeag, or Salem, in June 1629, in company with Mr. Skelton and Mr. Higginson. Disagreeing in judgment with his two breth- ren, he removed to Charlestown. Aner tarrying here a little more lAian a year and finding, that the people were disposed to carry the reformation to a greater length, than he thought was necessary, he returned to England in 1630. He was succeeded by Mr. Wil« won^-^Morat and Pafiah*a JV. England^ 74 ; Morton., 82 ; Prince, 184, 188. BRIMSMEAD (William), first minister of Marlborough, Massachusetts, was educated at Harvard college, but never receiv* ed a degree. He with others of his class, being displeased with a vote of the corporation, requiring the students to reside four years at Cambridge instead of three, left the institution in 1647. He was first employed as a preacher at Plymouth, and afterwards went to Marlboro^h, where he preached so early as September 20, 1660, though he was not orduned till October 3, 1666. He died July 3, 1701, and was succeeded by the reverend Mr. Breck. He was nev- er married. He is represented as a well accomplished servant of Christ. Tradition says, that he uniformly refused baptism to chil* dren, who were bom on the sabbath. He published the election sermon^ 166:1.— Co//erft'on» Mat, aociety^ iv. 47, 133; ix. 179; X. 80. BROCK (John), minister of Reading, Massachusetts, was bom in Elngland in 1 630, and was distinguished for early piety. He came to this country about the year 1637. He was graduated at Harvard college' in 1646, and after residing there two years lon(;er, engaged in preaching the gospel, first at Rowley, and then at the isle o( Shoals. He continued at this last place till 1 662, when he removed to Reading, as successor of the reverend* Mr. Hough, though he was not u.dained before November 13, 1668. Here he ministered in holy things till his death June 1 8, 1 688, in the sixty eighth year of his age. He was succeeded by the rev* erend Mr. Pierpont. Mr. Brock was an eminent christian, and a la1)orious, faithful minister, preaching not only on tlie sabbath, hut frequently on oth* er days. He established lectures for young persons, and for the loembers of the church. He often made pastoral visits, and they were rendered very i io remarkable I [he celebrated IN upon earth." h remarkable stoi trhich he frequ ingp heard. Wt people to enter i besides the sabbs one of these day ed him to put ofl for a number of i emplojrment. H( priety of their req opportunity form their worldly ths thus ; " if you ai I go away, I say un will tarry and won I Tou, that you may only five remaine the meeting, with four fishes ; while vent out and caug I readily attended ^ A poor man, wl I persons, who attei I a storm, and lamei ]iim,«/y, vii. 251 — 25 \Kmon at the ordin BROMFIELD I MS bom in Novel Iterof thereveren( Instructions and th< Ithe reverend Mr. V jiinpressed by relif bright, and boly.*^ liacorruptiWc intcg BRO. 113 vendered very useful by his happy talents in conversation. He was io remarkable for holiness and devotioU} that it was said of him by ibe celebrated Mr. Mitchel, " he dwells as near heaven, as any imn upon earth." He was full of faith and of the Holy Ghost. Several ttniarkable stories are related of the efficacy of his prayer*) in which he frequently had a particular faith, or an assurance of be- ing heard. When he lived at the isle of Shoals, he persuaded the people to enter into an agreement to spend one day in every month, besides the sabbaths, in the worship of the Lord Jesus Christ. On one of these days the fishermen, who composed his society, desir- ed iiim to put off the meeting^, as the roughness of the weather had for a number of days prevented them from attending to their usual employment. He endeavored in vain to convince them of the impro- priety of their request. As most of them were determined to seize the opportunity for making up their lost time, and were more interested iif their worldly than in their spiritual concerns, he addressed them thus ; " if you are resolved to neglect your duty to God, and will go away, I say unto you, catch fish if you can ; but as for you, Who vill tarry and worship the Lord Jesus Christ, 1 will pray unto him for Tou, that you may catch fish till you are weary." Of thirty five men onijr five remained with the minister. The thirty, who went from the meeting, with all their skill caught through the whole day but I four fishes ; while the five, who attended divine service, afterwards I vent out and caught five hundred. From this time the fishermen readily attended ^1 the meetings, which Mr. Brock appointed. A poor man, who had been very useful with his boat in carrying j persons, who attended public worship, over a river, lost his boat in a storm, and lamented lus loss to his minister. Mr. Brock said to him, ''go home, honest man, I will mention the matter to the Lord; you will have your boat agtun tomorrow." The next day, in an- sver to earnest prayer, the poor man recovered his boat, which vas brought up from the bottom by the anchor of a vessel, cast up- on it without design. A number of such remarkable correspon- jdences between the events of providence and the prayers of Mr. Brock caused Mr. John Allen of Dedham to say of him, <* I scarce ever knew any man so fiimiliar with the great God, as his dear ser- Ivant Brock.*'--'Mather*» magnalia^iy. 141—143; Collect, Mst. «o- nf^, vii. 25 1—254 ; Stont^a funeral sermon on Prentiss ; Fitch's \iermon at the ordination of Tucke. BROMFIELD (Edward), an eminent merchant in Boston, I vas bom in November 1695. His mother was the eldest daugh- Iterof the reverend Mr. Danforth of Roxbury. By means of her linstructions and the instructions of his grandmother, a daughter of lihe reverend Mr. Wilson of Boston, his mind in early life was deeply jinpressed by religious truth. His whole life was conscientious, upright, and holy. He filled several important trusts, and with jkorruptibte integrity sought the public good. He was a rep- m^k 'If h- }y >■ \ fif ;I '«• i ^♦l m ^ iri ; ,<■ , Hi II. .' .n 114 BRO. 5 ■) rcsentative of his native town in the general court from the yew 1739 to 1743 ; and he would have been continued, as colleague with his brother in law, the honorable Thomas Custhin^t buthepre. ferred the humbler station of overseer of the poor, in which office he remained twenty one years successively. He died April lo, 1766) in the sixty first year of his age. He was eminent for hia christian virtues. In his intercourse with others he was open, friendly, pleasant, and remarkable for candor. Attached to the an< cient pt'inciples of New En^lund, he loved the most zealous and awakening ministers ; he worshii)ped the Most High in his fami* ly ; he partook of the supper of his Lord und Master with the humblest reverence and the most ardent gratitude and love. In his last sickness so deep was the sense of his unworthiness and guilt, that he enjoyed little composure till just before his death, when hi^ apprehensions were in a great measure removed. In his most des> ponding moments he ever justified the ways of Godw— J°rince'«/tt« neral sermon ; Boston gazette., Afiril 19, 1756. BRO MFIELD ( Bd ward), a young man of uncommon genius, wu the son of the preceding, and was born in Boston in 1723. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1742. He lived but a short time to display his virtues and his talents, for he died August 18, 1746, aged twenty three years. From his childhood he was T'ery amia- ble and modest. As he grew up, the powers of his mind were uiit folded, and he discovered remarkable ingenuity and penetration* which were strengthened and increased, as he became acquainted with mathematical science. • His genius first appeared in the use of the pen, by which with admirable exactness he sketched the ob. jects of nature. He made himself so familiar with Weston's short hand, that he was able to take down every word of the professor's lectures at the college, and the sermons, which were delivered from the pulpit.. He was skilful in projecting maps. As he was well skilled in music, he for exercise and recreation made with his own hands an excellent organ, with two rows of keys and several hundred pipes. The workmanship exceeucd any thing of the kind^ which had been imported from England. He took peculiar pleas- ure in pursuits, which related to natural philosophy, for he wished to behold the wisdom of God in his works. He made great im- provement in the microscopes, which were then used, most accu. lately grinding the finest glasses, and multiplying to an astonishing j degree the powers of optical instruments. He met with no me- chanism, which he did not readily improve. But these were only | the amusements of Mr. Bromfieid. He was engaged in the pur< suit of higher and more interesting objects, than those, which had I reference only to this earth and could occupy the mind but a few days. Though from childhood he possessed the virtues, which en- deared him to his acqu^ntance ; yet it was not before he reached the a^e of seventeen, tliat he was converted by the influence of the BRa 115 (iivine Spirit from his natural state of selfishness and iniquity to the luprenie love of his Maker, h rum this period the truths ot reve- lation claimed his intense study, and it was his constant aim to con* form his liie to the requisitions ot the gospel. Nothing interested him so much, as the character of Jesus Christ and the wonders of redemption, which he hoped would excite his aumiration in the fu- ture world, and constitute his everlasting blessedness. He left be- hind him anumberof munuscripts, which contained his pious med- iutions, and marked his progress towards perfection. Though his body was feeble, his soul was indefatigable. In his eyes there was an expression of intellect, which could not be mistaken. Had his lii'c been spared, his name might have been an honor to his coun- try, and philosophy might have been dignified by a connexion with genuine religion.— /*nnce'« account oj Bronifield ; Panoplitty ii. 193—197. BROOKS (Eleazar), a brigadier general in the. lat^ war, was born in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1726. "Without the advantages of education he acquired a valuable fund of knowledge. It was his practice in early life to read the most approved books, and then to converse with the most intelligent men respecting them. In 1774 he was chosen a representative to the general court and con- tinued twenty seven years in public life, being successively a rep- resentative, a member of the senate, and of the council. He took a decided part in the American revolution. At the head of a regi- ment he was engaged in the battle at White Plains in 1776, and in the second action near Stillwater October 7, 1777, and dis- tinguished himself by his cool, determined bravery. From the year 1801 he secluded himself in the tranquil scenes of domestic life j( He died at Lincoln, Massachusetts, November 9, 1806, aged eighty years. General Brooks possessed an uncommonly strong and penetra- ting mind, and his judgment as a statesman was treated with re- spect. He was diligent and industrious, slow in concerting, but expeditious in performing his plans. He was a firm believer in the doctrines of Christianity and in his advanced years accepted the of- fice of deacon in the church at Lincoln. This office he ranked above all others, which he had sustained in life.— S/eorw«* fun. ser- mon ; Columbian centinel, Mtvember 22 y 1806; iWarsAc//, iii. 384. BROWN (Nicholas), an erninent merchant of Rhode Island^ died at Providence May 29, 179 1, in the sixty second year his age. From early youth his attention had been directed to mercantile pursuits, and by the divine blessing upon his diligence and upright- ness he acquired a very ample fortune. But although he was rich he did not make an idol of his wealth. His heart was liberal, and he listened to every call of humanity or science. The interests of government, of learning, of religion were clear to him. He loved his country, and rejoiced in her freedom. The public buildings in riff Mil m\ i i m 116 liRO. ■ii iliU !1 : i >■■ '.? ■! n: Providence) sacred to religion and science, are monuments of his liberality. He was an early and constant patron of the college. In his religious principles he was a baptist, and he was a lover of good men of all denominations. He was not ashamed of the gos- pel, nor of the poorest of the true disciples of the Redeemer. His general knowledge and the fruitfulness of his invention furnished him with inexhaustible funds of entertaining conversation.-.6/{V/. ■malign funeral sermon j Providence gazette. BROWN (Andrew), editor of the Philadelphia gazette, was bom in Ireland about the year 1744. He came to America in 1773 as a soldier in a British regiment ; but he quitted the service and settled in Massachusetts. He engaged in the American cause at tlie commencement of the war, and displayed great courage in the battles of Lexington and Bunker's hill. He was also a useful offi- cer in the northern army under general Gates. At the close of the war he established an academy for young ladies in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on a very liberal and extensive plan. He afterwards removed to Philadelphia, where he pursued the same object ; but as hb employment did not well accord with a very irritable temper, he relinquished it. He now established the Federal gazette, the first number of which was published October 1, 178S. The prebent gov- ernment of the United States had not then commenced, and his paper was the channel, through which some of the most intelligent friends of the constitution addressed the public. He pursued his task with inde- fatigable industry ; but difficulties pressed upon him,and he seemed to have little prospect of deriving much pecuniary advantage from his paper, before the city was visited with the yellow fever in 179S. As he remained in Philadelphia during the ravages of the pesti- lence, and continued his gazette, when the other daily papers were suspended, he derived from this circumstance an increase of pat- ronage, which at length rewarded his labors. His exertions were not relaxed through his success ; but, changing the name of his paper to that of the Philadelphia gazette, and resolving, that it should not be devoted exclusively to any political sect, but should be open to discussions from every side, he made it a correct vehi- cle of important intelligence. The profits of his establishment were now great, and he was in the midst of prosperity, when it pleased God to overwhelm him with ruin. His house took fire by means of his office, which was in one part of it, January 27, 1797, and in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue his family from the flames, he was so much burned that he survived but a few days. His wife and three children were the next day committed to a common grave, and the next Saturday, February 4, 1797, his spirit followed tSiem into , another world. The only survivor of the family was a son, bom in Ireland of a former wife, who became one of the pro- prietors of the gazette, after the death of his father.-^/^rcf/eV biq- graphical dictionary ; Monthly magazine for 1797, 71, 72. BRO. 117 BROWN (MosKs), a braye officer in the navy of the United States, died in December 1803, aged sixty two years. During the last forty eigiit years of his life he followed the profession of a mar- iner. In the revolutionary war his reputation gained him the com* mand of several ol the largest private armed ships frbm New Eng- land. In these stations he was zealous, brave, and successful. He was engaged in several severe battles with the enemy, and distin- guished himseli particularly in one with a ship of superior force. When the small American navy was establishing a number of years after the war, the merchants of Newburyport built a ship by subscription for the government, and obtained the command of her for captain Brown. His advanced age had not impaired his skill, nor deprived him of his zeal and activity. While he commanded the Merrimac he was as enterprising and successful as formerly. When the reduction of the navy took place, he was dismissed from office ; but his finances did not allow him to retire from business, and he followed till his death his accustomed diyocAtionf—JVitwEng' land repertory, Jan. 14, 1804. BROWNE (Arthur), an episcopal clergyman at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, was a native of Drogheda in Ireland, and was th» son of the reverend John Browne. He was educated at Trinity tol" lege in Dublin, and received the degree of master of arts July 39, 1729. Being ordained by the bishop of London for a society in Providence, Rhode Island, he went to that place, and remuned there till the year 1736, when he removed to Portsmouth. He was the first encumbent of the church, which was consecrated in 1734, and \a now called saint John's church. He received a salary as missionary from the society for propagating the gospel in foreign parts, and continued in this station till his death in 1773, having just entered the seventy fourth year of his age. He is represented as havint>; been conspicuous for a benevolent disposition, good ora> tory, and excellent preaching. His son, Marmaduke Browne, was bom in Providence, and after being educated at Trinity college, Dub- lin, and ordained by the bishop of London, settled at Newport, Rhode Island, where he died about the year 1771. ■' 'o '"i '• Mr. Browne of Portsmouth published a sermon on the day ap- pointed for the execution of Penelope Kenny, 1739 ; a sermon on the rebellion in Scotland, 1746 ; a sermon to the free masons, 1748 ; a fast sermon, 1757 ; a sermon on the doctrine of election, 1757. He is supposed to have written also remarks on Dr. Mayhew's in- cidental reflections, \763.-—jilden*a account of religious societies in Portsmouth ; Coll. hist. aoc. x. 57, 58, 70. BROWNE (Arthur, l l. d.), king's professor of Greek in Trinity college, Dublin, and an eminent political character in Ire« land, was the son of the reverend Mar^naduke Browne, rector of Trinity church, Newport, Rhode Island. He enjoyed in early life the advantages of a school, established in Newport by dean Bevkc • .. ii Ii Hi.. ■ w iVj ! 111'!. '! ' mi nM;.| 3'! ii 118 BRY. ' 1 lejr» and itas distinguished by his talents, industry, and strong de«ire oi' improving his education in some European university. To gratify this desire nis fattier went to Ireland to make provision lor entering his son at Trinity college ; but after having eflected his object, he died soon after his return, in consequence ot his suffer- ings during a tedious voyage of three months. This melancholy event frustrated the hopes of young Urowne, who, despairing of the advantagesof an £urope ■MM fl 1 fk! I- :■ M ' I if! . d A *% i 111 ■ 'i i 12^ BUE. ' ii'j Immortal souls in his own congrtgationor in the neighborhood wttt destitute of instruction and were ready to hear the words of eterwd life. He frequently preached two or three times in the course of the week in addition to his stated labors on the sabbath For a num* her of the first years of his ministry, he seemed to labor without ef< feet. His people paid but little attention to the concerns of relif^ ion. But in 1764 he witnessed an astonishing change. Almoit every individual in the town was deeply impressed, and the inter- csts of eternity received that attention, which their transcendent im« portance demands. He had the happiness at one time of admit* ting into his church ninety nine persons, who, he believed, had been renewed, and enlightened with correct views of the gospel, and inspired with benevolent principles of conduct. In the yean 1785 and 179 1 also he was favored, through the influence of the Ho< ly Spirit on the hearts of his hearers, with great success. After a life of eminent usefulness he died July 19} 1798, in the eighty second year of his age. Dr. Buell presents a remarkable instance of disinterested exer. tion for the good of others. When Long Island fell into the hanch of the British in 1776, he remained with his people, anddidmi*'!) towaids relieving their distresses. As there was at tliis period m one minister within forty miles able to preach, the care of all the churches fell upon him. His natural disposition inclined him to do with his might whatever his h&nd found to do. He was an ex* ample of all the christian virtues. He was attached to literature 'tod science, and was the father and patron of Clinton academy in Ebst Hampton. His house was the mansion of hospitality. Pos* "sessihg a large fund of instructive and entertaining anecdote, M: conipany was pleasing to persons of every age. In no respect wai he more distinguished, than for a spirit of devotibn. He was fully convinced of the necessity and efficacy of prayer, and amid the pros* perOiiB and afflictive scenes, through which he passed, it was his de* Tight io hold intercourse with his Father in heaven. He followed t#o'#ive8 uid eight children to the grave. On these solemn and affecting occasions, sudh was the resignation and support imparted to him, that he iisuklly preached himself. To his uncdmmon and long continued health, the strict rules of I temperance, which he ' observed, vithout doubt much contributed. The day he Was eighty years old he rode fourteen miles to preach the gospel and returned in the evening. In his last hours his midd ivas in perfect peace. He had no desire to remain longer absent from his Savior. He observed,'as the hour of his departure ap* |)roached, that he Mi all his earthly^ connexions to be dissolved. The world, into which he was just entering, absorbed allhiij thoughts ; so that he was unwilling to suffer any interruption of his I incM. cheering contemj^ations from the last attention of his friends.! While they were endeavoring to prolong the dying fiame, he wouldl BUL. U^. put them Mide with oq/t hand) while the other was raised towards hesven, where hi/i eyes and his soul were fixed. In this huppjr state of mind be expired. He published a narrative of the revival of religion among hispco> pie ill 176'^ and fourteen occasional tliscourscst which evince the figorot his mind and the ardor of his piety. Among them are iune> ral sermons on his daughter, Mrs. Conklingt 1782, and on an only ion, named Samuel* who died of the small pox in 1787.— "Con. cv<^w. mg. ii. I *7— ^ 1 5 1 » 179—1 82 ; Dqgfi^ett'tjuneral sermon. fiULKLEY (Pxtkr), first minister of Concord, MoasAchu* ^ttsi was bora at VVoodhill in Bedfordshire, England, January 31, 1J83. He was educated at St. John's in Cambridge and was I'elloV of the college. He had a gentleman's estate left him by his father, the reverend Dr. I^ulkley of Woodhill, whom he succeeded in the miuistry. For twenty one years he continued his faithful lubor^ without interruption ; but at length, being silenced for nonconform* ity to some of the ceremonies uf the English church, he came to New England in 1635, that he might enjoy liberty of conscience. Alter residing some time at Cambrid^^e, he began the settlement^ of Concord in 1636 with anumberofplanters, who hud accompanied him from England. He formed the twelfth church, which had been established in the colony, and in 1637 was constituted its teachr er and Mr. Jones its pabtor. He died in this town March 9, 16S9, in the seventy seventh year of his age. ^e was succeeded by his ion Edward. Mr. Bulkley was remark^le for his benevolence. He expcnde4 a Isrg^ estate by giving farms to his ^prvunts, whom he employed in husbandry. It was his custom, when a servant had lived with hiift a certain number qf yeai;>s, to dismiss him, giving him a piece of laniji for a farm, and to take another in his place. He was (amiii^ ap(l pleasant in his manners, though wliilc subject to bodily pw^^ he was somewhat irrital^ie, and in preaching was at time9 coc^^er- |,ed as severe. So strict was his own virtue, tliat he could not s^p^vre some follies, which were thought too .inconsiderable to be nptice^ In consequence of his pressing importunately some charitably fprk, contrary to the wishes of ^e ruling elder, an unhappy divi^,- ion was produced in the church ; but it was healed by tlie advice of g council and the abdication of the elder. By means of this troub- lesome affair, Mr. Bulkley would say, that he kn^w more of Gq|d) more of hiniself, and more of luen. He was an excellent achola^;, and was distinguished for the holiness of his life and his diUgec(t attention to the duties of the ministry. He gave a considerably part of his library to Hanrard college. He was v^ry contentious in his observation of the sabbath. He was averse to novelty pr \i n < ■.'it 1 i 1 : 1^ ■ ' .f :■ 124 BUL. firmity he was iinable to teach from house to house, he added to his usuai labor on the Lord's day that of catechising and exhorting the youth in the presence of the whole assembly. Such was his rep- utation among the ministers of New England, that he was appoint* ed one of the moderators of the synod o£ 1637. Mr Hooker was the other. 13y two wives the number of his children was fifteen ; and three of his sons were educated for the ministry. He published a work entitled, the gospel covenant or the covenant of grace opened, Scci London, 1646, 4to, pp. 383. This book was so much esteemed, thtit it passed through several editions. It is composed of sermons preached at Concord upon Zechariah ix. 11, " the blood of the covenant." Speaking of this work, Mr. Shep. ard of Cambridge says, " the church of God is bound to bless God for the holy, judicious, and learned labors of this aged, and experi. enced, and precious servant of Jesus Christ." Mr. Bulkley also wrote Latin poetry, some specimens of which are preserved by Dr. Mather in his history of New England ^—A/a/Aer'« ma.pialia, iii. 96— 98 ; J\/eal*» M-w England, i. 321 ; M)nconformiat*a memorial, last ed. ii. 200 ; Holmes* annala^i. 375 ; Colkctiona hist. aoc. x. 168; Rifiley*a dedication aennon, BULKLEY (John), one of the first graduates of Harvard col- lege, was the son of the preceding. He took his degree of A.M. in 1.642. He afterwards went to England, and settled at Foi-d- ham, where he continued for several years with good acceptance and usefiilness. After his ejectment in 1662 he went to Wapping in the suburbs of London, where he practised physic several years with success. He was eminent in learning and equally so in piety. Though he was not often in his pulpit after his ejectment, he might tVuly be sud to preach every day in the week. His whole life was a continued sermon. He seldom visited his patients without read* ing a lecture of divinity to them, and praying with them. He was remarkable for the sweetness of his temper, and his great integrity and charitableness ; but what gave a lustre to all his other virtues was his deep humility. He died near the tower in London in 1 689 in the seventieth year of his age, with unusual tranquillity and resig- nation ii—JV&«con/bj-7«/«^'« memorial^ hat edition^ ii. 200 ; Jamea* fu- neral aermov. BULKLEV (Grrshom), an eminent minister in Connecticut, was the son of the reverend Pieter Bulkley of Concord, Massachu- setts, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1655. Aliout the year 1658 he succeeded Mr. Blinman as minister of New Lon- don. Here he continued till about the year 1666, when he became pastor of the church in Wethersiield in the place of Mr. Russell, who had removed to Hadlcy. He was succeeded at New London by Mr. Bradstreet. Many years before his death he resigned the ministry at Wethersfield on account of his infirmities, and Mr. Rowlandson of Lancaster, Massachusetts, was received as minister. Mr. Bulkley died in 1713 aged seventy eight years. fiUL. 125 He watt a man of distinciion in his day^ and vras particularly em- inent tor hi& skill in chemistry. 1< rom an inscription upon hia grave stonC) it appears that he was regarded as a man of rare abiU ities and extraordinary industry, excellent in leai'ning, master of many languages, exquisite in his skill in divinity, physic, and law, and of a most exemplary and christian life. — IrumbullU Connect. i. 310, 324, 483, 519; Collection* hi»t. tocietyj x. 155. fiULKLEY (John), first minister of Colchester, Connecticut, was the son of the reverend Gershom fiuikley. His mother was the daughter of president Chauncy. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1699, and was ordained December 20, 1703. His death took place in June 1731. Mr. Bulkley was very distinguished as a scholar. While a member of college he and Mr. Dummer, who was a member of the same class, were considered as preeminent in genius and talents. The palm was given to the latter for quickness, brilliancy, and wit ; but Mr. Bulkley was regarded as his superior in solidity of judg» ment and strength of argument. He carried his researches into the various departments of the law, of medicine, and theology. His son, John Bulkley, who was also eminent for his learning, possessed a high reputation as a physician and lawyer, and when very young was appointed a judge of the superior court of Connecticut. Mr. Bulkley was classed by the reverend Dr. Chauncy in 1768 among the three, most eminent for strength of genius and powers of mind, which New England had produced. The lother two were Mr. Jeremiah Dummer and Mr. Thomas Walter. He published an election sermon in 1713, entitled, the necessity of religion in soci- eties. In 1724 he published an inquiry into the right of the abo- riginal natives to the lands in America. Tliis curious treatise has within a few years been reprinted in the collections of the historical society of Massachusetts. The author contends, that the Indians had no just claims to any lands, but such as they had subdued and improved by their own labor, and that the English had a perfect right to occupy all other lands without compensation to the natives. He published one other tract, entitled, an impartial account of a late de- bate at Lyme upon the following points ; whether it be the will of God, that the infants of visible believers should be baptised ; wheth* er sprinkling be lawful and sufficient ; and whether the present way of maintaining ministers by a public rate or tax be lawful, 1 729. In this he gives some account of the rise of the antipedobaptist persua- sion.— 7VMni3«//*« Connecticut^ i. 520; Collections hiat. socAv. 159 j X. 155 ; General liiat. qf Connecticut^ 173. '* ' BULL (William, m. d.), a physician, eminent for literature and medical science, was the son of the honorable William Bull, who was appointed lieutenant governor of South Carolina in 1738 and died in March 1755, aged seventy two years. Mr. Bull, the son, was the first native of South Carolina, and probably the first American^ who obtained a t'egree in medicine. He was a pupil of i J! .» liT^^^^ \ ■ ; 1- r m I 1 I Ul k in l-' ? 1 ^11 'f. II ; If/ 126 BUR. Mi ml S ! Mm ' I'll ■- Boerhcuiv«» aid in 1724 defended a thesis de colica piptoniua before tiie university of Leyden. He. is quoted by Van Swieten as hia lellaw atttdentvith. the title of the leainied Dr. BuUf Aiter his re* turn tot this country, his services in civil life were required by hi^ fellow citizens. In 175 1 he was a member of the. council ; in 176^ he was speaker of the house of representatives? and in 1764 he wa^ lieutenant governor of South Carolina. He was many years in this office) and conmiandsr in chief. When, the British troops left South Carolina in 1782 he accompanied^ them to England^ where he resided the remainder of his life. He died in tiondon July 4, 1791, in the eighty secood year of his age.— •/^a;ra«a^'« review of medicine, 42, 43 ; MUer'a retroa/iect, i. 317 ; ii. 363 ; Qentlemm'^ am^ttziW, XXV. 236. BURGOYNE (John), aBritiah Ueuteiutnt general in America, was the natural son of lord Bingley. He entered early into the army, ^dia 1762 had the command of a body of troops sent to. Portugal ffur the defence of that kingdon against the Spaniards. After bis jretumto England he became a po'ivy counsellor, and was chosen a member of parliament. In the American war he was sent to Cana- da in 1775. In the year 1777 he was entrusted with the command pf the northern army, which should rather have been given to sir Guy Carleton, who was much better acquainted with the situation of the country. It was the object of the campaign of 1777 to open • communication between New York and Cana^, and thus to sever New England from the other states. Burgoyne first proposed to poa> ■esA himself of the fi>rtress of Ticonderoga. With an army of about fiaur thousand chosen British troops and three thousand Germans he lefit St. John's on the sixteei^th of June, and proceeded up lake Champlsdn, and landed near Crown Point, where he met the Indians «D/A gave them a war feast. He made a speech to them, calculated to secure their friendly cooperation, but designed also to mitigate Hheir native ferocity. He endeavored to impress on them the dis- tinction between enemies in the field and helpless, unarmed ioht^b- Hants, and promised rewards for prisoners, but noixe for scalps. The attempt to lay some restraint upon the mode of warfare adopted by the savages is honorable to the humanity of Burgoyne ; but it may not be easy to justify the connexion with an ally, upon whom it was well known no effectual restraints could be laid. He also pub- lished on the twenty ninth of June a manifesto, intended to alarm the people of the country, through which he was to march, and con- cluded it with saying, ^ I trust I shall stand acquitted in the eyes of God and man in denouncing and executing the vengeance of the dtate against the wilful outcasts. The messengers of justice and of wrath await them in the field, and devastation, famine, and every concomitant horror, that a reluctant but indispensable prosecution of military duty must occasion, will bar the way to their return." On the first of July he proceeded to invest Ticonderoga, whert BUR. 127 gi^ncfral 8t. Clair was stationed with about three thbuaand effcctire rank and file) many o whom were without bayonets. The Works irere extensive Mid incomplete, and required ten thousand men for their defence. The British army was larger, than had been ex> pected. When the investment was almost complete, general St. Clair called a council of war, and the immediate evacuation of the fort was unanimously advised. Preparations for the retreat wene accordingly made in the night of the fifth of July. Burgoyne the next morning enjgaged in the pursuit, and with the grand division of the army in gun boats and two frigates proceeded to the falls of Skeensborough ; but meeting with opposiuon in this place from the works, which had been constructed, he rietumed to South Bay, where he landed. He followed the Americans however from Skeensborough to fort Edward on the Hudson river, where, after cwiducting Ins-army with incredible labor and fatigue through the wilderness, he arrived on the thirtieth of July. Had he returned to Tieonderoga, and embarked on lake George, he might easily have proceeded to fort George, whence there was ^ Waggon Toad to fort Edward. But he disliked the appearance of a retrograde m^tioBBi though it would have brought him to the place of his destination much sooner and with much less difficulty. On his approach gen* eral Schuyler, who had been joined by St. Cfaur, passed over to the west bank of the Hudson, and retreated to Saratoga. Colonel St. Leger had been destined to reach Albany from Canada by a differ- ent route. He was to ascend the St. Lawrence to lake Ontario, add thence to proceed down the Mohawk, He had accordingly reachdl the head of this river, and was investing fort Schuylertfarmerly call- ed fort Stanwix,when intelligence of his operations was brought to Burgoyne, who perceived theimportanceof a rapid movement down the Hudson in order to aid him in his project, and to effect the junc- tion of the troops. But this intention could not be executed whhout the aid of ox teams, carriages, and provisions. To, procure tL "m he detached lieutenant colonel Baum with about «ix hundred men to Bennington, a place about twenty four miles to the eastward of Hud- son's river, where large supplies were deposited for the northeiti Amc rican army . But Baum was defeated^ bX W^loon creek, about seven miles from Bennington, on the sixteenth of August, and col- onel Breyman, who had advanced to his assistance vrith about five hundred men, was obliged to retreat. This was the first check, which the northern army received. This disaster was followed in a few days by another ; for St. Leger, being deserted by his Indiaa allies, who were alarmed by the approach of general Arnold and by a repdrtof the defeat of Burgoyne, was obliged to raise the siege of fort Schuyler in such haste, that the artillery with great part of the baggage, ammunition, and provisions fell into the hands of the Americans. As he returned immediately to Csoiada, Burgoyne was cut off from the hope of being strengthened by a junctbnj.and Jilt! t I- .i ,■ /' I I C!:* 1 :''^? !l'! hi! fl ■ 1^ Mr 1^ ! i I (1! • IJ :mi 123 BUR. the American forces were enabled to concentrate themselves in or> der to oppose him. General Gates arrived to supersede Schuyler and to take the command of the northern American army on the nineteenth of August) and his presenee^ with the recent events, pro- cured a vast accession of militia, and inspired them with the hope of capturing the whole British army. Burgoyne was prevented from commencing his march by the necessity of transporting pro- visions from fort George, and every moment's delay increased tho difficulty of proceeding. Having thrown a bridge of boats over the Hudson, he crossed that river on the thirteenth and fourteenth of September, and encamped on the heights and plains of Saratoga. Gates immediately advanced towards him, and encamped three miles above Stillwater. Burgoyne was not averse to a battle. He accordingly approached, and on the nineteenth a severe engage- menttook place. The action commenced at about three o'clock and lasted till night, when the Americans under the command of Arnold retired to their camp. The loss on the part of the Americans in killed and wounded was between three and four hundred. The loss of the British was about six hundred. Burgoyne now found, that the ene- my, which he had to meet, was able to sustain an attack in open plains with the intrepidity and the spirit of veterans. As he had given up all communication with the lakes, he now felt the necessity of a diversion in his favor by the British army at New York. He accord" ingly wrote upon this subject in the most pressing manner to sir William Howe and general Clinton ; but no effectual aid was af' forded. He was also at this time deserted by his Indian allies, who had been disappointed in their hopes of plunder, and whose enthu- siasm was chilled. These hordes of the wilderness, of whom in his proclamation he boasted, that '* he had but to lift his arm and beck- on by a stretch thereof," and they would execute his vengeance, were now " deaf t& every consideration of honor, and unmoved by any representation made to them of the distress, in which their se- cession would involve him." Difficulties thickened around him. His army was reduced to about live thousand men, and they were limited to half the usual allowance of provisions. As the stock of forage was entirely exhausted, his horses were perishing in great numbers. The American army was so much augmented, as to render him diffident of making good his retreat. In this exigency he resolved to examine the possibility of advanc- ing, or of dislodging the Americans, and removing them to a great- er distance, so as to favor his retreat, if he should be under the necessity of resorting to that melancholy expedient. For this pur- pose he detached a body of fifteen hundred men, which he headed (himself, attended by generals Philips, Reidesel, and Frazer. This detachment, on the seventh of October, had scarcely formed with- in less than half a mile of the American intrenchments, when, a fu- rious attack was made on its left, by the- direction of Gates, who bad H. BUR. 129 perceived the movements of the British. Ai^old sooti premised hard ^n the right under Burgoyne, which with the loss of the field pieces and ^^reat pail of the artillery corps retreated to the camp. The Americans followed and assaulted the works throughout their ffhole extent from right to left. The works were actually forced towards the close of the day, and colonel Brooks^ who had dislodged the German reserve, occupied the ground, which he had gained. In this action Burgoyne lost a number of his best officers, among irhoirt were general Frazcr and colonel Breyman, many private^ killed, and two hundred taken priionei's, with nine pieces of brass artillery and the encampment and equipage of the German brigade. After the disasters of the day he took advantage of the night to change his position, and to secure himself in the strong camp on the liei^hts. Apprehensive however of being enclosed on all sides, he the next evening commenced his retreat to Saratoga, where he arrived on the morning of the tenth. In his' march alLthe dwelling houses on his route were reduced to ashes. This movement had been foreseen, and a force was already stationed in his rear to be ready to cutoffhis retreat. No means of extricating himself from difficulty was notr left him, but to abandon his baggage and artillery, and by ford-* lag the Hudson to escape to fort George through roads impassable \jj waggons. Of this last resource he was deprived by the precau- tion of Gates, who had posted strong parties at the foi-ds, so that tbey could not be passed without aitillery. In tkis dilemma, when his army was reduced to about three thousand five hundred fighting I men, and there was no means of procuring a supply of provisions, I which were almost exhausted, he called a council of war, and it was luDanimouBly agreed to enter into a convention with general Gates. ■The troops of Burgoyne were at first required to ground their arms 1 their encampments and yield themselves prisoners of war ; but [this demand was immediately rejected, and th& American general I not think it necessary to insist upon the rigorous terms propos* Id. Th6 convention was signed on the seventeenth of October, and Itlie British army on the same day marched out of their encamp* Inent with all the honors of war. It was stipulated, that they should |be permitted to embark for England, and should not serve against ; United States during the war. The whole number ot prisoners I live thousand seven hundred and fifty two. Burgoync's army 1 July consisted of upwards of nine thousand men. The army of Gates, including twenty^ five hundred sick, amounted to thirteen lliousand and two hundred. m.' s<:,w*>f;i;.vjui:.»^ The army of Burgoyne was reign. He was even ordered immediately to repair to America as a prisoner ; but the ill state of his health prevented his compli* ancc. At length he was permitted to vindicate his character ; aooik after which he reigned his emoluments from government to the amount of upwards of fifteen thousand dollars per annum. Towards the close of the year 1781, when a majority of parUa. raent seemed resolved to persist in the war, he joined the opposition, and advocated a motion for the discontinuance of the fruitless contest. He knew that it was impossible to conquer America. " Passion, prejudice, and interest," said he, '^ may operate suddenly and partially ; but when we see one principle pervading the whole continent, the Americans resolutely encountering difficulty and death for a course of years, it must be a strong vanity and presump. tion in our own minds, which can only lead us to imagine, that they are not in the right." From the peace till his death he lived as a private gentleman, devoted to pleasure and the muses. His death was occasioned by a fit of the gout August 4, 1792. He published the maid of the oaks, an entertainment ; bon ton } and the heiress, a comedy, which wei'e once very popular, and are considered as res- pectable dramatic compositions.— Grfn^/enum** magazine ; Stedmaiif i. 318-~357 ; MarshallyUi. 231— 291, 393 ; airdie*9and,Wat. kina* biog. diet ; WarrerCa hiat. Amer. wary ii. 1— «58 ; Holme** an- naU, ii. 383—391 ; Ramsayy ii. 27—56 ; Gordon, ii. 476—490,538 — 578 ; Annual regiater for 1777, 141 — 176; /w 1778,195— 200; C;oU./dat.aoc,i\. 104 — 124. BURNET (William), governor of several of the American colonies, was the eldest son of the celebrated bishop Burnet, and was bom at the Hague in March 1688. He was named William after the Prince of Orange, who stood his godfather. Previously to his coming to this country, he possessed a considerable fortune ; but it had been wrecked in the south sea scheme, which reduced ma* ny opulent families to indigence. In the year 1720 he was appointed governor of New York and New Jersey m the place of Robert Hunter, esquire, who succeeded Mr. Burnet as comptroller gene- ral of the accounts of the customs, a place worth twelve hundred pounds per annum. He arrived at New York and took upon him the government of that province September 17, 1720. He continued in this station till his removal in 1728. None of his predecessors had such extensive and just views of the Indian affairs, and of the dan- gerous neighborhood of the French, whose advances he was fully determined to check. He penetrated into their policy, being con- vinced from their possessing the main passes, from their care to con- ciliate the natives, and from the increase of their settiements in Louisiana, that the British colonies had much to fear from their arts and power. In his first speech to the assembly he expressed hh BUR. 131 ipprehemions and«ndeaTored to awaken the suspicion of the mem- ben. Agreeably to his desire an act was passed at the first session, prohibiting the sale oi such goods to the French, as were suitable {gr the Indian trade. This was a wise and necessary measure ; jor by means of goods, procured from Albany and transported to Canada by the Mohawk and lake Ontario, the French were enabled to divert the fur trade from the Hudson to the St. Lawrence, and to seduce the fidelity of the Indian allies. But wise and necessary, as this measure was, a clamor was raised agahist it by those, whose interests were affected. The governor however was not prevented {'rom pursuing his plans for the public welfare. He perceived the im- portiioce of obtaining the command of lake Ontario in order to frus* trate the project of Uie French for establishing a chain of forts from Canada to Louisiana, so as to confine the English colonies to narrow limits along the sea coast. For this purpose he began theenecticm of itrading house atOswegoin the country of theSeneca Indians in 1739. In this year there was a congroas at Albany of the seveitd governors and commissionei's on the renewal of the ancient friendship with the Indians ; and governor Burnet persuaded them to send a mes' sage to the eastern Indians, threatening them with war, unless they concluded a peace with the English, who had been much harassed hj their frequent irruptions. Another circumstance, in additian to the act above mentioned, in- creased the disaffection of the people to the governor. As he sus* tained the office .of chancellor, he paid great attention to its duties. Though he was not a lawyer, he in general transacted the business wluch was brought before him, with correctness and ability. He had however one (idling, which disqualified him for a station, which sometimes required a paUent application of mind. His decisions were precipitate. He used to say of himself, " I act first, and think afterward." As some cases were brought before him, >in which die path of justice was not so plain as to be i7istantly seen, and asthe establishmentof the court itself without the coitsent of the assemMy tras considered as a grievance, Mr. Burnet saw a strong party rise I agunst lum. His services were overlooked'and Ms removal became necessarj . Such was ids diunterested zeal'in prosecuting his plan 1 of opposition to the French, that after they had built a large storc- hoose and repaired the fort ?.t Niagara in 1726, he in the followhig year, at his own expense, buik a fort at Oswego for the protection of the post and trade. This was a measure of the highest impcnv tance to the colonies. "^ In the government of New Jersey, which he enjoyed atthe-satne I lime vnth that of New York, no events of magnitude or interest I took place. In the session of the assembly, in the year 1731, a Ml! was introduced, which waa supposed to have originated with the governor, entitled, " an act against denying the divinity of om* Savior Jesus Christ, the doctrine of the blessed Trinity, the truth rV i ■ \ x4 t '11 M;il i . I %. ^ ^M .A ^4i 132 BUR. i t J' «' I ■{ y of the holy scripturC) and spreading atheistical books }" but it was rejected. Mr. Burnet was succeeded in his governments by John Mont- gomcriet esquire, to whom he delivered the great seal of the prov. ince of New York April 1 5, 1738. He left New York with reluc- tance, for by his marriage with the daughter of Mr. Vanhorne he had become connected with a numerous family, and he had formed a strict intimacy and friendship with several gentlemen of learning and worth. Being appointed governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, he reached Boston July 13, 1723, and was received with unusiuii pomp. In his speech to the assembly July 34, he made kno^n his instructions to insist upon a fixed salary, and expressed his inten- tion firmly to adhere to them. Thus the controversy, which hadbeen agitated duriqg the administration of his predecessor Shutc, was revived, On the one hand it was contended,' that if the support of the governor depended upon an annual grant, he would be laid under constraint, and would not act with the necessary independ. ence and regard to the rights of tlie king. On the other hand it was asserted, that the charter gave the assembly a full right to raise and appropriate all monies for tUe support of government, and that an honorable support would always be afforded to a worthy chief magistrate, without rendering him completely independent of tho people, whose interests he is bound to promote, The governor pursued the cbntroversy with spirit, but without success ; and the opposition had an evident effect upon his spirits. A violent cold, occasioned by the oversetting of his carriage upon the causeway »; Cambridge, when the tide was high, was followed by a fever, which terminated his life September 7, 1739. |le )vas succeeded by Mr, Belcher, Governor Burnet was |i man of superior talents, and in many re- spects of an amiable claaracter. His acquaintance with books and Hs free and easy ms^nner of communicating his sentiments made bim the delight of men of letters. His library was one of the richest private collections in America. His right of precedence in a|l tympanies rei^dered him the more excusable in itidulging his natu* ral disposition by occupying a large share in the conversation. To the ladies he made himself peculiarly agreeable. In bis conduct as governor he discovered nothing of an avaricious spirit, though in order to procure supplies for his family h? exceeded the bounds of the law in demanding fees of masters of vessels. JSis controversy with the assembly respected not the amount of his salary, but only the manner, in which it should be secured to him. In his disposal of public offices he was sometimes generous, though he usually preferred those, who would favor his cause, and displao §d some, ^ho opposed him. He removed from his posts Mr. Lynde, {( fpemh^r of the hoi^^ whose integrity 9iad talents were unque^t- BUK. 133 iooedi merely because he would not vote for a compliance with the iostructions given to the governor. By this measure he lost many of his friends. It is however highly to the honor of Mr. Burnet) that an immoral or unfair character was in his view a complete ex- clusion from office ; and upon this principle only he once gave his negative to the election of a member of the council. With regard to his religion, he firmly believed the truth of Christ- ianity, but he seems ... to have possessed all the seriousness, which would have been honorable to his chai'octcr, nor that constant sense of obligation to the Giver of all good, which the christian should feel. Being invited to dine with an aged gentleman, who had been a senator under the old charter, and who retained the custom of say- ing grace sitting, he was asked, whether it would be more agreeable to his excellency, that grace should be said sitting or standing. The governor replied, '' standing or sitting, any way or no way, just as you please." Another anecdote is the following. One of the com- mittee, who went from Boston to meet him on the borders of Rhode Island, was the facetious colonel Taller. Burnet complained of the long graces, which were said bv clergymen on the road, and asked when they would shorten. Tailer answered, << the graces will in- crease in length till you come to Boston ; after that they will short- en till you come to your government of New Hampstiire, where vour excellency will find no grace at all," The governor, though the son of a bishop, was not remarkable for his exact attendance upon public worhip. Mr. Hutchinson, one of his successors, who had a keener sense of what was discreet, if not of what was right* thinks that he should have conformed more to the customs and prej- udices of New England. But he had no talent at dissimulation, and his character presented itself fully to view. He did not appear better thm he really was. He sometimes wore a cloth coat, lined with velvet ; it was said to be expressive of his character. By a clause in his last will he ordered his body to be buried in the nearest church yard or burying ground, as he had no attachment to partic- ular modes and forms* He published some astronomical observations in the transactions of the royal society, and an essay on scripture prophecy, wherein it is endeavored to explain the three periods contained in the twelftli chapter of Daniel, w^th arguments to prove, that the first period ex- pired in iri^. This was published in 1734, 4to, pp. 167./— ^Smith*8 fdst.M". Yorkt 151~-173, ed. in 4to; Hutchinson^ ii. S.*}^ — 366; Belkna/i'g JV. ffamfiahirey li. 93--p95 ; Manhalty i. 390—299, 306 ; Bardie* 8 bio^, diet.; Caiman's H/e, J 96; Johnson's ti/cy 41, 43 ; ypnoty\. 61, BURR (JoNATPAN^, minister of Dorchester, Massachusetts, was bom at Redgrave m Suffolk, England, about the year 1604. He gave early indications of an inquisitive, studious, and pious mind, While h^ was much attached to books, the bible waspe- 134 BUR. mi; ¥ < |l ft'! 'M culUrljr his delight, and by means of its instructions, which were d. miliar to him from childhood, he was made wise to salvation. Hence he was conscientious in secret prayer ; his whole deportment was guarded and serious ; and his sabbaths were entirely occupied in the exercises becoming a day of holy rest. His pious parents observed >with satisfaction the promising disposition of their son ; and being desirous to consecrate him to the service of God and his church determined to bestow upon him a learned education. He was accord- ingly sent to the univertrity, where he conUnued three or four years, when the course of his academical studies was interrupted by tlr death of his &ther. Being compelled by this melancholy event to retire into the country, he undertook the instruction of a school ; but he still pursued, with unabated ardor, his dcidgn of accompUsMng himself in the various branches of knowledge. The awful provi. deuce of God, he would remark, by which he was precluded from those employments and honors in the university, of which he was very fond, produced an effect, for which he had reason to admire the divine wisdbm. It promoted in him a humility and seriousness, which rendered him more fit for the great work of turning many to righteousness. After haWng preached for some time at Hominger, near Bury in Suffolk, he was called to take the charge of a congregation at Reck- ingshal in the same county. Here he approved himself a fai^hfnl minister of the gospel. By an explicit and solemn covenant he obligated himself to the most conscientious discharge of the bigb fcsted, that he was a christian indeed. It was his custom on the sabbath, aiiter his public labors, to retire to bis closet, where he sup- plicated forgiveness of the sins, which hadattended his performanc- es, and implored the divine blessing upon them. He then spent some hours in praying with his &mily and instructing them in the great truths and duties of religion. When he was deured to re- lax his excessive exertions to do good, lest he should be exhausted, he replied, '^ it is better to be worn out with the work, than to be eaten out witb;rust." He began each day with secret prayer. He then carefully meditated on a chapter of the bible, which he afterwards, at the time of d(»nestic worsfdp, expounded to liis family ami such neighbors, as wished to be present, A similar course l:e pursued *lll ■ 5,'. ■ h .1 1 ) I.. . i^ S(' M: 1 1': fl-i ■ 1 1 « i I IM BUH. I; at evening. He genenUly ipent some time after diimer in pra) in/ with hii wife. Immediately before retiring to restt he umployed half an hour in recollecting and confeniug the tins of the day, in grateful acknowledgments of divine merciest and in tupplications to be prepared for sudden death. Previously to each celebration of the Lord's supper, he kept with his-wife a day of fasting and prayer, not merely as a preparative for that sacred ordinance, but as a sea- son for imploring the blessing of God on his family and neighbor- hood. Absence Irom iiome was irksome to him, particularly as it deprived him of those opportunities of holding intercourse with heaven, on which he placed so great a value. But when he jour- neyed with his friends, he did not fall to edify them by profitable conversation ; especially by instructive remarks on such objects and occurrences, as presented themselves to his attention. In the re- collection of these scenes he was accustomed to inquire, what good had been done or gained, what useful examples seen, and what val- uable instructions heard. While he was indefatigable in his ministerial work, he was not anxious for any other reward, than what he found in the service it- self. If any, who hoped that they had received spiritual benefit through his exertions, sent him expressions of their gratitude, he would pray that he might not have his portion in these things. Nor was he backward to remind his grateful friends, that whatever good they had received through him, the glory should be ascribed to God alone. It was in preaching the gospel, that he found his highest enjoyment in life. In proportion to the ardor of his piety was the extent of his charity. He sincerely loved his fellow men, and while their eternal interests pressed with weight on his heart, he entered with lively sympathy into their temporal afflictions. Rarely did he viut the poor without communicating what was com- fortable to the body, as well as what was instructive and salutary to the soul. When he was reminded of the importance of having a greater regard to his own interest, he replied, I often think of those words, ** he that soweth sparingly shall reap sparingly." For the ^neral interests of religion in the world he felt so lively a concern, that his personal joys and sorrows seemed inconsiderable in comparison. He was bold and zealous in withstanding every thing, which brought dishonor on the name of God ; but under per- sonal injuries he was exemplarily meek and patient. When inform- ed, that any thought meanly of him, his reply was, "I think meanly of myself, and therefore may well be content, that others think meanly of me." When charged with what was faulty, he remarked, " if men see so much evil in me, what does God see ?" In his last sickness he exhibited uncommon patience and submis- sion. He was perfectly resigned to the will of God. Just before his death, as his faith w^s greatly tried, and he endured a sharp ,con- lict, a person, who was standing by, remarked, " this is one of Sa- BUR. 137 .^>« last assaults ; ho is a subtle enemy, and would, If it were poa* uble, deceive the very elect." Mr. Burr rcpeuted the expresaion* » \i it were possible," and added, ** but blessed be God, there is no poisibility." He then requc9ted to be left alone for prayer. Dtit seeing the company reluctant to depart, he prayed in l^tin as long as he had strength. He then called for his wifef and steadfastly fixing his eyes upon her s«ad, ** cast thy care upon (iod, for he curcth ior thee." He soon afterwards expired. He left four children. His eldest son wus educated at Harvard college. [[is widow married the honorable Richurd Dummer, esquire, with >vhom she lived happily near iorty yctin^-— Mather'* magnalia^ iii. 78 ^l; Panofiliaty Sefitembert 1609 i Winthro/i't journaly 216 i Har^ rii' hitt. kitiB, to animate the penitent, to recleim the relapsmg, to ccflaflrm the irresolute^ and to establish the futhful. He wished to t«8t6rd to inan the beautifdl image of God disfigured by the a- postasy . His llfb aiid example^ were a comment on his sermons, and by his engaging deportment he rendered the amiable character of a christian still more attracdye and lovely. Hfe Wl^'dist^igtiished for his public spirit. Amidst his other Ciai'ea hb ^tudiedf and planned, and toiled for the good of his coun- try, tie had a high sense of English liberty and detested despotic pbWetw the baoie of human Iiappiness. He conud^red the heresy of AriUs a» not more Satal fb the purity of the gospel, than the po- utiohs bf Filmer were to the dignity of man and the repose of states. But though he had much of that patriotic spirit, which is oma- tttftttil even to a christian minister, he very cautiously intermet!- BUR, 139 ^ with any matters olt^ political nature* being aware of the invidi- ous constructions, which are commonly put upon the most une^ ceptionable attempts, made by men of his profesuon to promote the public wel&re. He was a correspondent of the Scotch society for propagating the gospel.; and he thought no labor too great in the prosecution of an enterprise, which promised to illununate the gloomy wilderness with the beams of evangelical truth. He preuded over the college with dignity and reputaUon. Hfe liad the most engaging method of instruction and a singular talent ia communicating his sentiments. While he stripped learning <^ its mysteries, and presented the most intricate subjects in the clear- est light, and thus enriched bis pupils with the treasures of learning, be wished also tu implant in their minds the seeds of virtue and rer ligion. He took indetUtiguble pains in regard to their religiou^^- struction, and with zeal, solicitude, and parental affection pressed upon them the care of their souls, and^wiUi melting tenderness urg- ed the importance of their becoming the true disciples of the ho- ly Jesus. In some instances his pious exertions were attended with success. In the government of the college he exhibited th^ greatest impartiality and wisdom. Though in judgment and tem- per inclined to mild measures, when these failed* he would resort to a necessary severity, and no connexions could prevent the equiU ^stributbn of justice. In no college were the studeiHs more nar- rowly inspected dnd prudently guarded, or vice of every kind more effectually searched out, and discountenanced or suppressed. He secured with the same ease the obedience and love of his pupils. The year after he took his first degree he resided at New Haven, and this is the period, when his mind was first enlightened with the knowledge of the way of salvation. In his private papers he wrote M follows i " this year God saw fit to open my eyes, and shew me what a miserable creature I was. Till then I had spent my life in a dream ; and as to the great design of my being had lived in vain. Though before I had been under frequent convictions, and was driven to a form of religion, yet I knew nothing as I ought to know. But then I was brought to the footstool of sovereign grace ; saw myself polluted by nature and practice ; had affecting views of the divine wrath I deserved ; was made to despair of help in myself, and almost concluded, that my day of grace was past. It pleased God, at length, to reveal his §c.. ^o me m the gospel, an all suifficient and willing Savior, and I hope inclined me to receive him on the terms of the gospel. I received some consolation, and found a great change in myself. 'Before this Ivwas strongly attached to the Arminian scheme,but then I was made to see those things in a dif- ferent light, and seemiingly.ielt the truth of the Calvinian doctrines." He was unfluctuating.an principle and ardent in devotion, raising his heart continually to the Father of mercies in adoration and prtdse. ile kept his eye fixed upon the high destiny ..of man, and lived M I 'liiMr t \ ■'H :r \l (: > ;, Jh i '1 }*'t Wh of \r\ 140 BUR. £ f t . il! it. life i r<|:'' •piritual life. The efficacy of his religious principles was evinced by hu benevolence and charity. From the grace of God he receiv ed a liberal and generous disposition, and from his bounty the pow- er of gratifying the desire of doing good. At the approach pf death that gospel, which he had praached to others, and which discloses a crucified Redeemer, gave him sup> Sort. He was patient and resigned, and was cheered with the !r,-e- est hope. The king of terrors was disarmed of his sting. Mr. Burr married in 1752 a daughter of Jonathan Edwards, his successor Ip the presidency of tlie college. She died in 1758, the year after the death of her husband, in the twenty seventh year of her age: leaving two children, one of whom was Aaron Burr, late ^ce president of the United States, and the other a daughter, who vas married to judge Reeve of Connecticut. She died a number of years ago. Mrs. Burr was in every respect an ornament to her sex, being equally distinguished fpr the suavity of her temper, the gracefulness of her manners, her literary accomplishments, and her unfeigned regard to religiop. She combined a lively imagination, a penetrating mind, an4 a correct judgment. When only seven or eight years of age she was brought to the knowledge of the truth, as it is in Jesus, and her conduct through life was becoming the gos- pel. Her religion did not cast a gloom over her mind, but made her cheerful and happy, and rendered the thought of death trans- porting. She left a number of manuscripts upon interesting sub- jeer', and it was hoped tliey would have been made public ; but they are now lost. Mr. Burr published a valuable treatise, which displays his talents in controversial theology, entitled, the supreme deity of our Lord Jesus Christ maintained in a letter to the dedicator of Mr. Emlyn's inquiry ; reprinted at Boston in 1791. He published also a fast sermon on account of the encroachments of the French and their designs agdnst the British colonies in America, delivered at New- ark January 1, 1755 ; the watchman's answer^o the question, what of the night ? a sermon before the synod of New York, convened at Newark September SO, 1756 j a funeral sermqi^ at the interment of governor Belcher, September 4, 1757. This was preached but a few days before his own death, and his exertions in a very feeble state of health to honor the memory of a highly respected friend, it is thought, accelerated that event.'-— Livinggton^a Juneral elo^ gium i Smithes funeral aermon^ and preface to Burr*a aermon on the death of Belcher ; ,Miller*a retroafiect, ii. 345 ; Hardie^a bhg. die- tionary ^ Edwardit* lifcy afifiendix. BURRILL (John), speaker of the house of representatives of Massachusetts, sustdned this office for many years during the ad- ininistration of governor Shute, and acquitted himself m it with jjreat reputation. He was distinguished for his great integrity, his fic^uaiQtance with %hp forins of parliamentarjr proceedings, the dig> m li ^: BUR. 141 pitjr and authority, with which he filled the chair, and for tlie order and decorum, which he maintained in the debates of the house. In (he year 1720 he was chosen a member of the council. He might have received this honor for a number of the preceding yeai's ; but he made himself contented with the station, which he occupied. He died of the small pox at Lynn December 10, 172 1, in the sixty fourth year of his age. ^ Besides sustaining the offices above men- tioned, he was also one of the judges of the county of Essex. To his other accomplishments there was added an exemplary piety. The morning and evening incense of prayer to God ascended from Iiis family ^Xtxt.'— Henchman* s funeral sermon ; HvtchinaQn*a kistory (jf Maaaachtuetta ii. 334. BURROUGHS (Georor), one of the victims of the witch- craft delusion in 1693, was graduated at Harvard college in 1670, and succeeded Mr. Bayley as a pireacher at Salem village in 1681. After reinaining here a few years he left his family, and went *o Falmouth, now Portland, in the district of Mi:ine in 1685, where he preached till the town was sacked by the Indians in 1690. He then returned to Salem village, or Danvers. In 1 693 he was accus- ed of witchcraft, and was brought to trial on the fifth of August. In his indictment it was stated, that by his wicked arts one Mary Wol* cott was '^ tortured, afHicted, pined, consumed, wasted, and torment- ed." The evidence against him was derived principally from the 'estimony of the afRicted persons, as those were called^who were ipposed to be bewitched, and from that of the confessing witches. 1 he spectre of a little black haired man, it was testified, had in- flicted cruel pains, and appeared as a head conjuror. Two of his vives had appeared to the witnesses, saying, that he^was the cause of their death, and threatening, if he denied it, that they would ap- pear in court. Accordingly during his trial the afflicted pers(His were thrown into a paroxism of horror by the spectres of his wives, vho were mindful of their engagement. The confessing witches affirmed, that he had attended witch meetings with them, and com- pelled them to the snares of witchcraft. He was also accused of performing such feats of extraordinary strength, as could not be performed without diabolical assistance, such as carrying a barrel of jDioIasses through a difficult place from a canoe to the shore, and putting his fore finger into the muzzle of a large gun, and holding it out straight. He pleaded his innocence ; but it was in vain. He had excited prejudices against him, while he lived in Salem, and he was now doomed to suffer with many others through the infatu- ation, which prevailed. He was executed on the nineteenth of Au- gust. At his execution he made a speech asserting his innocence, and concluded his dying prayer with the Lord's prayer, probably to vindicate his character, as it was a received opinion, that a witch could not repeat the Loi'd's prayer without mistake. This last ad- dress to heayen was uttered with sych composure and fervency Ii lii I ii ! : I J ^Iii;i » it I . ! r :. ii > ^'T. Ii »r ' ! I I H 15, \M 142 BUH. s ?'!■ of spirit, ai draw tears from the spectators.-«Aea/'« Al JKngland, iu 130— '134, 144; //u/eA/n«on,ii. 37, 56; CoUec(ionahi»t.'«oc.vi.265, 268; Sullivan** hitt. Maine, 209 — 313 ; Cal^t more ivondert ^ the invUible world, fire/aecj and \03j \04i. ;i ijij ( j.j BURT (John), minister of Bristol, Rhode Island, was graduate «d at Harvard college in 1736, and was ordained about the year 1 74 1 . He died October 7, 1 775, aged fifty eight years. His death was very singular. C4ptsdn James Wallace, a British commander, had commenced a heavy cannonade upon the town at a time, when an epidemical sickness was prevailing. Those, who were able, fled from the town. Mr. Burt, though weak and sick, endeavored to escape the impending destruction. He was afterwards found dead in an adjacent field, supposed to have been overcome by fatigue. No other person was injured in the attack. He was a sound divine and a venerable servant of Jesus Christ, preaching the true doctrines of grace*-- ^/iccoun/ of Bristol; Warren* s hint, war, i. 244. BUSS (John), remarkable for longevity, died at Durham in New Hampshire in 1 736 aged one hundred and eight years. Though never ordai sd, he had been a preacher -cf the gospel for thirty three years ; he had also been a practitioner of physic. He was remarkabiy active and vigorous at a very advanced age. — Belknap's JVew Hamfiahire, m. 250. . ^ , ,^^^^ .i*ji «i»k ^» | BUTLER (Richard,) a brave officer durmg the war of the American revolution, sustained the office of colonel at the close of the struggle with great Great Britain. On more than one occasion hit had distinguished himself in a remarkable manner. In the battle with the Indians near the Miamis villages November 4, 1791, which\ terminated in the defeat of St. Clair, he commanded the Tight wing of the army with the rank of general. In this engage- ment he was killed. — Marshall's life of Washington, v. 329, 333, 334. BUTLER (Thomas,) a brave officer during the war with Great Britain, was a brother of the preceding. Three other brothers ibught in the service of their country. In the year 1776 he was a «tudent at law with the eminent judge Wilson of Philadelphia ; liut early in that year he quitted his studies, and joined the army as 41 subaltern. He soon obtained the command of a company, in which grade he continued till the close of the revolutionary contest. He was in almost every action, that was fought in the middle states ^during the war. At the battle of Brandy^nc, September 11, 4777, he received the thanks of Washington on the field of battle, through his aid de camp, general Hamilton, for his intrepid con* duct in rallying a detachment of retreating troops, and giving the enemy a severe fire. At the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, he received the thanks of general Wayne for defending a defile in the face of a heavy fire from the e^ smy, while colonel Richard JJutler's regiment made good their retreat. At the close of the war he retired into private life as a fiirmer, lit BYF. 143 4]d continued in the enjoftnent of rural and domestic happiness till the year 1791, when he agidn took the field to meet a savage (oe, that menaced our western frontier. He commanded a battal- ion in the disastrous battle of November 4, in which his brother fell. Orders were given by general St. Clair to charge with the bayonet, and major Butler, though his leg had been broken by a ball) yet on horse back led his battalion to the charge. It was with difficulty, that his surviving brother, captun Edward Butler, re- moved him from the field. In 1792 he was continued on the establishment as a major, and in 1794 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel commandant of the fourth sublegion. He commanded in this year fort Fayette at Pittsburgh, and prevented the deluded insurgents from taking it more by his name, than by his forces, for he had but few troops. In 1797 he was named by president Washington as the officer best calculated to command in the state of Tennessee, when it was necessary to dispossess some citizens, who had imprudently settled on the Indian lands. Ac- cordingly in May he marched with his regiment from the Miami on the Ohio, and by that prudence and good sense, which marked his- character through life, he in a short lime removed all difficulties. While in Tennessee he made several treaties with the Indians. In 1802, at the reduction of the army, he was continued as colonel of a regiment on the peace establishment. The close of his life was embittered by trouble. In 1803 he was arrested by the commanding general at fort Adams on the Mississippi, and sent to Maryland, where he was tried by a court martial, and acquitted of all the charges, except that of wearing his hair. He was then ordered to New Orleans, where he arrived to take the command of the troops October 20. He was again arrested the next month, but the court did not meet till July of the next year, and their decision is not known. Colonel Butler died September 7, 1805, aged fifty one years.— Z.otti«tana Gazette; Polyanthoty i. 13—17; Marshall, \. 333. BYFIELD (Nathaniel), judge of the vice admiralty, and member of the council of Massachusetts, was the son of the rev" erend Richard Byfield, pastor of Long Ditton in Sussex, F.ngland, who was one of the divines in the Westminster assembly. He was bom in the year 1653, and was the youngest of twenty one children, sixteen of whom sometimes accompanied at the same lime their pious father to the house of worship. He arrived at Boston in the year 1674. Being an eminent merchant, whose property was very considerable, soon after Philip's war he was one of the four proprietors and the principal set>.ler of the town of Bristol in Rhode Island. He lived in this place till the year 1724, when on account of his advanced age he returned to Boston, where he died June 6, 1733, in the eightieth year of his age. Colonel Byfield possessed very considerable abilities^ which fit- n t J ' i^'% 144 BYL. ted him for the stations, which he occupied. He held a variety of offices both civil and military. He was speaker of the house ot representatives) was for thirty eight years chief justice of the court of common picas for Bristol county, and two years ior Suf- folk, was many years a member of the council, and was judge of the vice admiralty from the year 1703. His spirit was active and vigorous, his courage unshaken by any danger, and his constancy such as was not easily discouraged by difficulties. He was well formed for the exercise of authority, lus very looks inspiring respect. He possessed a happy elocution. He loved order, and in his hm\r ly the nicest economy was visible. He was conspicuous for piety, having a liberal, catholic spirit, and loving all good men, however they diffisred from him in matters of small impoitance. For foity years he constantly devoted a cet cain proportion of his estate to charitable purposes. In one year he was known to give away sev< eral hundreds of pounds. He had a steady and unshaken faith in the truths of the gospel, and he died in tlic lively hope of the mercy of God through a glorious Redeemer. He published a tract, entitled, an account of the late revolution in New England, with the declaration of the gentlemen, merchants, and inhabitants of Boston, &c. l689.--'Cftauncy*s fun. sermon j Weekly newa letter^ number 1533 ; Ilutchinsonf ii. 2 II . BYLES (Mathbr, o. d.), minister of Boston, was descended from a respectable family and was born in that town March 2 5, 1706. iiis father was a native of England and died within a year after the birth of his son. By his mother's side he descended from the rev- erend Richard Mather of Dorchester and the reverend .fohn Cotton of Boston. In early life he discovered a taste for literature, and he was graduated at Harvard college in 1 725. After pursuing his lit- erary and theological studies for some time he commenced preach- ing. He was ordained the first pastor of the church in HoUis streety Boston, December 20, 1733. It was not long before he attained considerable eminence in his profession, and he became known by his publication of several pieces in prose and verse. His poetical talents he considered only as instruments of innocent amusement^ and never permitted them to withdraw his attention from more serious and profitable objects. He never attempted any great pro* duction in verse ; but sounded his lyre only in compliance with occasional inclination. Dr. Byles continued to live happily with his parish in the useful discharge of ministerial duties until the late revolution began to create distrust and animosity bet^veen the different parties, that existed in the country prior to the war. Falling under the impu- tation of being a tory, he was in 1776 separated from hb people by the jealousy and violence of the times, and he was never afterwards reunited to them. He was accused of attachment to Great Brit- nin. The substance of the charges against him was, that he con- BYL. 145 (jnued in Boston with his familjr during the siege ; that he prayed (or the king and the safety of the town ; and that he received the vis* iuof the BFitish officers. In May 1777 he was denounced in town meeting as a person inimical to*Amenca ; after which he was obliged to enter into bonds for his appearance at a public trial beioro a special court on the second of June following. He was pronounced guilty and sentenced to confinement on board a guard ship) and in forty days to be sent with his family to England. When brought before the board of war, by whom he was treated respectfully, ^is sentence seems to have been altered, and it was directed, that he should be confined to his own house, and a guard placed over him there. This was accordingly done for a few weeks, and then the guard was removed. A short time afterwards a guard was again placed over him, and again dismissed. Upon this occasion he ob- served in his own manner, that he was guarded, reguarded, and dis- regarded. He was not again connected with any parish. In the year 1783 he was seized with a paralytic disorder, and he died July 5, 1788, aged eighty two years. Dr. Byles was in person tall and well proportioned. He possess- ed a commanding presence, and was a graceful speaker. His voice was strong, clear, harmonious, and susceptible of various modula- tions, adapted to the subject of his discourse. He was remark- able for the abundance of his wit in common conversation, and for the smartness of his repartees. He possessed an uncommon talent in making puns, some of which are at the present day fre- <]uently repeated in ial circles. His imagination was fertile, and bis satire keen. H ^ wi . was a dangerous instrument, in the use of which he was not always prudent, and it is thought, that he was not sufficiently regardful of the consequences of the severe remarks, in which he sometimes indulged himself. ;,i : . t v«T ' r His literary merit introduced him to the acquuntance of many men oi genius in England ; and the names of Pope, Lansdowne* and Watts are found among his correspondents. From the former, he received a copy of an elegant edition of the Odyssey in quarto. Dr. Watts sent him copies of his works as he published them. In his 'preaching he was generally solemn and interesting, though sometimes his sermons gave indications of the peculiar turn of his mind. On being asked, why he did not preach politics, he replied; *M have thrown up four breast works, belund which I have intrenched myself, neither of which can be forced. In the first place I do not understand politics ; in the second place, you all do, every man and motlier's son of you ; in the third place, you have politics all the week, pray let one day in seven be devoted to religion ; in the fourth place I am engaged in a work of infinitely greater importance. Give me any subject to preach on of >more consequence than the truths I brin$i: to you. and I will preach on it file next sabbath." .If 'lii HI ii I ! IP r) 3 %li\^h i'/: 3 :;, 146 BYL. .'. ■' , The following extracts from one of his sermons will show wftat were the religious sentiments^ which he embraced and enforced up* on his hearers. *' We perceire/' said he, " that conversion is out of our own power. It is impossible for us to convert ourselves, or for all the angels in heaven to do it for us. To convince you of this, let the naturtd man make the experiment. Try this moment. Try and see whether you con bring your hearts to this, t? renounce all hap. piness in every thing but the favor of God ; to let God order for you ; to have no will of your own ; to be swallowed up and ravinh- ed with his will, whatever it is. Can you renounce every mortal idol ? ' Can you leave this world and all the low delights of it, and go to afwt>rtd, where you will have none of them; but the love of God vdll swallow you up ? These things are so far distant from an unrenewed heart, that they look like wild paradoxes to it."— >« The enmity between God and us is irreconcilable, but by Christ. Out of him God » a consuming fire. False notions of the divine ju8> ticeand mercy -could never bring us truly to him ; and true ones would only drive cis farther from him. So that set Christ aside, and there can be no conversion. We learn also the honors of the Ho- ly Ghost. He is the agent, who performs this work. One reason, that men fall short of this saving change, is the not acknowledging him, as they ought. Did men regard the operation of the Hoiy Spirit more, there would be more frequent converts. Men are apt to trust to their own strength, when they set about the work of convenuon. They rob the Spirit of God of his glory, and so it all comes to nothing. He it is, who makes this great change in men. lie must be the almighty God then ; and we should honor him as *> so. Dr. Byles wa» twice married. His first wife was the niece of governor Belcher, and his second the daughter of lieutenant gov* criiof Twler. His son, the reverend Mather Byles, is now rector of Trinity churchy St. John's, New Brunswick. He published a number of essays in the New England weekly journal, which are marked by one of the letters composing the woi^ CEI.OISA ; a poem on the death of George I, and the accessing of G6orge II, 1737 ; a poetical ejustle to his excellency, governor idelcher, on the death of his lady, 1736. A number of his miscel' lanepus ^oeins were collected and printed in a volume. Among the sermons, which he published, are tl>e following ; the character of the upright man, 1729 ; on the nature and necessity of conversion, 1732, the third edition in 1771 ; the flourish of the annual spring, 1739 ; artillery election sermon, 1740 ; on setting our affections on things above, 1740 ; funeral sermon on Mrs. DummOr, 1753 ; on William Dummer, esquire, 1761 ; on .John Gould, esquire, 1773 ^ a sermon at the Thursday lecture, 175 1 ; ontheeatthquake, J755 ; a thanksgiving sermon for the success of the British arms, 1760 ; on the present vilencss of the body and its future glorious, change* second edition, 1771.— Po/yanrAo | tol. He received a pension from king Edward VI, and was appoint^ cd governor of a company of merchants, associated for the purpose of making discoveries of unknown countries. He had a strong persuasion, that a passage might be found to China by the north east. By his means a trade was commenced with Russia, whicti I gave rise to the Russian company. The last account, which is found of him, b that in 1556, when the Company were sending out I a vessel for discovery, he made a visit on board. '< The good old j gentleman, master Cabota," says the journal of the voyage in Hak< luyt, " gave to the poor most liberal alms, wishing them to pray ] for the good fortune and prosperous success of our pinnace. And then at the sign of St. Christopher, he and his friends banquetted, and for very joy, that he had to see the towardness of our intended discovery, he entered into the dance himself among the rest of the young and lusty company ; which being ended, he and his I friends departed, most gently commending us to the governance o(| almighty God.** He died it is believed in 1557, aged eighty years. He was one] •f the most extraordinary men of the age, in which he lived. There I is preserved in Hakluyt a complete set of instructions drawn and! sjgned by Cabot for the direction of the voyage to Cathay in ChinaJ CAD. 149 which aFbrtIt the cle«i««t proof of hit up;acity. It it tuppoted, that he was the firttt who noticed the variation of the magnetic nee- dle* and hepubiithed,navigatione nelle parte tettentrionale, Venice, 1583» folio. He published also a large mapt which was engraved by Clement Adams, and hung up in the privy gallery at Whitehall ; and on this map was inscribed a Latin account of the discovery of fieyrioxmdlanA—Betknafi'a jtmer. biog. i. U9— 158 ; Maaaa. fHogazineyU. 467—47 1 ; Hakluyt^ i. 336, 368, 374 ; CamfibelPa lirvet admiraUy i. 419 ; Heea* cychfutdia. CADWALLADER ( ),an eminent physician of Philadel- Ehia, published about the year 1740 a treatise on the iliac passion, I which he explodes the then common practice of giving quicksil- ver and drastic purges, and recommends in their place mild cathar- tics with the occasional use of opiates. Before this there were but few publications on medical subjects in America. Dr. Boylston had written on the small pox, and his treatise was perhaps the ear- liest one, which was published.^— /?am4ay'« rn/iew qf medicine^ 36. CALEF (Robe&t), a merchant of Boston, was distinguished about the time of the witchcraft delusion by his withstanding the credulity of the times. After the reverend Dr. Cotton Mather bad published a work, entitled, the wonders of the invisible world, from which it appears, that he was by no meatis incredulous with regard to the stories then in circulation, Mr. Calef published a book on the opposite side, entitled, more wciders of the invisible world, London, 1700. As he censured the proceedings of the courts respecting the vritches at a time, when the people of the country in general did not see their error, he gave great offence. But he is thought to be faithful in his narration of facts. He died in 1720.— mHutcMruon, ii. 54 ; CoHectiona Mat. aoc. iii. 300. CALLENDER (Elisha), minister of the first baptist church in Boston, was the son of the reverend Ellis Callender, who was min- ister of the same church from 1708 till 1726. In early life the blessings of divine grace were imparted to him. He was graduated at Harvard college in the year 1710. At his ordination, which took place May 21, 1718, the reverend Drs. Increase and Cotton Math- er, and the reverend Mr.WeU>, though of a different denominationi gave their assistance. He was very faithful, and successful in the pastoral office till his death March 31, 1738. He was succeeded by the reverend Mr. Condv. A few days before his death he said ; " when I look on one hand, I see nothing but sin, guilt, and dis- couragement i but when I look on the other, I see my glorious Savior, and the merits of his precious blood, which cleanseth from all sin. I cannot sayj that I have such transports of joy, as some have had ; but through grace I can say, I have gotten the victory over death and the grave." The last words, which fell from his lips, were, << I shall sleep in Jesus.'* His life was unspotted ; his. conversation was always affable, religious, and dignified ; and his \ i ■ 1 i I' \ ' f ■! ■ < 1 t ! i ■ 1' ' : il' fiii ■ * ,' ) 1 ".1 1:1 M ■1< i I'jl f> '■ I 150 CAL. •od wa» pcacedil and ttrtncj-^Backu*' church hi$tory %f Mw Eti^n fundi ili. 134 i Backun* abridgment ^ 157 ; Boston evening /^om 4firU 3, 1738. CALLENDER (John)) an eminent baptist miniatci* and writer In Rhode Island, was a nephew of the reverend Elisha Callender of Boston and was graduated at Harvard college in 1733. He was ordained colleague with elder Pcckom as pastor of tlie church m INTewport October 13, 1731. This was the second baptist church in America. It was founded in the year 1644. Mr. Callender died JonuanF 36, 1748, in the forty second year of his age. He was a man of very considerable powers of mind, and was distinguished for his candior and piety. He collected many papers relating to the history of the baptists in this country, which were used by Mr. Back« us. He published in 1739 a historical discourse on the civil and religious affairs of the colony of Rhode Island &c. from the settle* ment in 1638 to the end of the first century. This is but a small "Work i yet it is the only history of Rhode Island, which has been written, and it is honorable to its author. He published also a scr* mon at the ordination of the reverend Jeremiah Condy, Boston, Ipebruary 14, 1739, and a sermon on the death of the reverend Mr, Clap of Newport, \7^^f-~BqckuH* church Aiatory qf Aew MngUt^d^ iii. 839. .,.,^ „.:<..,' ^,..,_^,i .^ ..?, „ \: CALVERT (Geohok), baron of Baltimore, founder ol the prov- ince of Maryland, was descended from a noble fiimily in Flanders, and was bom at Kipling in Yorkshire, England, in 1583. After taking his bachelor's degree at Trinity college, Oxford, in 1597, he travelled over the continent of Europe. At his return to Eng* land in the beginning of the reign of James I, he was taken into the office of sir Robert Cecil, secretary of state, by whose favor he was made clerk of the privy council, and received the honor of knight- hood. In 1619 he was appointed one of the principal secretaries of state in the room of sir Thomas Lake. His great knowledge of public business and his diligence and fidelity conciliated the regard of the king, who gave him a pension of a thousand pounds out of the customs. In 1624 he became a Roman catholic^ and having disclosed his new principles to the king resigned his office. He utas continued, however, a member of the privy council, and was created baron of Baltimore in the kingdom of Ireland in 162^, at wluch time he represented the university of Oxford in parliament. While he was secretary of the state he was constituted by patent |)roprietor of the southeastern peninsula of Newfoundland, which he named the province of Avalon. He spent twenty five thousand ]K)unds in advancing his plantation, and visited it twice in person ; but it was so annoyed by the French, that, though he once repulsed and pursued their ships and took sixty prisoners, he was obliged to abandon it. Being still inclined- to form a settlement in Aroericsi whither he might retire witb his family and friends of the sfone re- CAL. 15t ligious principles, he made a Tisit to Vfrj^maf the fertlHtjr and ad- vantages of which province had been highly celebrated} and its which he had been interested as one ol the adventurers. But meeting with an unwelcome reception on account of his religion^ and observing) that the Virginians had not extended their planta- tions beyond the Patowmac, he fixed his attention upon the territory northward of this river, and as soon as he netumcd to England, ob« tiined a grant of it from Charles I. But owing to the tcdlout forms of public business, before i^ patent was completed he died at London April 15, 1632, in the fifty first year of his age. Af^er his death the patent was again drawn in the name of his eldest son Cecil, who succeeded to his honors, and it passed the seals Ju.a 30, 1633. The country was called Maryland in honor of Heir] ua Maria, the queen consort of Charles I. From the great precision of this charter, the powers, which it confers upon the proprietor^ and the privileges and exemptions, which ;'v grants to the people, it is evident, that it was written by sir George himself. The liberal code of rel^;ious toleration, which it established, is very honorable to him, and was respected by his son, who carried hiii design into execution. Sir George was conspicuous for his good sense and modcr « :on. All parties were pleased with him. Not being obstinatv h, hia opinions he took as much pleasure in hearing the sc *iments of oth- ers, as in delivering his o^vn. In his views of esta.jiiji ing foreign plantations he thought, that the original inhabitants, instead of be- ing exterminated, should be civilized and converted ; that the gov- ernors should not be interested merchants, but gentlemen not con- cerned in trade ; and that every one should be left to provide for himself by his own industry without dependence on a common interest. He published carmen fimebre inD. Hen. Untonum, 1596 ; par- (amentary speeches ; various letters of state ; the answer of Tom Tell Troth, the practice of princes and the lamentation of the kirk, 1643. He also wrote something respecting Maryland, but it is thought it was never printed.— />e/A:na/i'» jimer. fnog. ii. ses-.^- 368 ; Biog. Brit. ; Hardie'a biog. did . , Reea ; TVood*a Mhenm Oxon.i. 566; iir«7A, 143. ' ■" r' CALVERT (Leonard), the first governor of Maryland, wa» the brother of Cecilius Calvert, the proprietor, who sent him to America as the head of the colony in 1633. After a circuitous Toyagc he arrived, accompanied b) his brother George Calvert, ^d about two hundred persons of good families and of the Roman catholic persuasion, at point Comfort in Virginia February 34, 1 634. On the third of March he proceeded in the bay of Chesapeak to the northward, and entered the Patowmac, up which he sailed twelve leagues, and came to an anchor under an island, which he named St. Clement's. Here he fired his cannon, erected a cros% !?! .' .'.*'l r ■ ti' l.'i! iv-* \v\ \%, 152 CAL. m " ■*• ii ''^ M * Ki. ^nd took posses visa " in the name of the Savior of the world and of the king of England." Thence he went fifteen leagues higher to the Indian town of Patowraac on the Virg^iaside of the river, now called New Marlborough, where he was received in a friendly man- ner by the guardian regent, the prince of the country being a minor. Thence he sailed twelve leagues higher to the town of Piscataway on the Maryland side, where he found Henry Fleet, an Englishman, who had resided several years among the natives, and was held by them in great esteem. This man was very sernceable as an interpreter. An interview having been procured with the Were- wance, or prince, Calvert asked him, whether he was willing, that a settlement should be made in his country. He replied, ** I will not bid you go, neither will I bid you stay ; but you may use your ovm discretion." Having convinced the natives, that Ids deugns were honorable and pacific, the governor now sought a more suit- able station for commencing his colony. He visited a creek on the northern side of the Patowmac 'About tour leagues from its mouth, where was an Indian village. Here he acqusdnted the prince of the place with his intentions, and by presents to him and his principal men conciliated his friendship so much, as to obudn permissibn to reside in one part of the town until the next harvest, when, it was stipulated, the natives should entirely quit the place. Both pahiss entered into a contract to live together in a fiiendly manner. After Calvert had given a satisfactory consideration, the Indians readily yielded a number of their houses, and retired to the others. As the season for planting com had now arrived, both parties went to work. Thus on the twenty seventh of March 1634 the governor took peaceable possession of the country of Maryland, and gave to the town the name of St. Mary's, and to the creek, on which it was situated, the name of St. George's. The desire of rendering jus- tice to the natives by giving them a reasonable compensation for their lands is a trait in the character of the first planters, which will always do honor to their memory. The colony had brought with them meal from England ; but they found Indian corn in great plenty both at Barbadoes and Vir- ginia, and by the next spring they were able to export a thousand bushels to New England and Newfoundland, for which they receir* ed in return dried fish and other provisions. The Indians also killed many deer and turkies, which they sold to the English for knives, beads, and other small articles of traffic. Cattle, swine, and poultry were procured from Virginia. The province was estab- lished on the broad foundation of security to property, and of free- dom in religion. Fifty acres of land were granted in absolute fee to every emigrant, and Christianity was established without allowing preeminence to any particular sect. This liberal policy rendered a Roman catholic colony an asylum for those, who were driven from New England by the persecutions, which were there experi- c^nced from protestants. I • t CAM. 153 f The governor built a house at St. Mary's for himself and his successors) and superintended the affairs of the country^ till thel civil war in England, when the name of a papist became so obnox- ious, that the parliament assumed the government of the province) and appointed a new governor. Of Leonard Calvert no further ac- count has been pirocured. Cecilius Calvert, the proprietor, recovered hi& right to the prov- ince upon the restoration of king Charles II in 1660, and within a ear or two appointed his son Charles the governor. He died in 1676 covered with age and rieputation, and was succeeded by his ^n—Belkha/i** jlmer. biog. ii. 372—380 ; Holmea* annalaj ii. 274 ; Univ. hist. xl. 468 ; Europ. aettlefnentaii ii. 228 ; Brit. emji. in Mfrica, i. 324—330 ; Morae*a geog. CAMPBELL (JoiiM), first minister of Oxford, Massachusetts, sanative of Scotland, and was educated at Edinburgh. Ho came to this country in 1717. He was ordained pastor of Oxford, a town settled by French protestants, March 1 1, 172 1. He contin- ued faithfully to discharge the duties of his sacred office, until hid death, March 25, 1761, iti the seventy first year of his age, and the forty second of his ministry. He was succeeded by the reverend Joseph Bowman, who had bieeii a missionary amotig the Mohawk Indians.— W7ftV«ey'« Awforj/ ^ ^TorcM^er, 84. . CANER (Henhy, D.D.), minister of king's chapel in Boston, was graduated at Yale college in 1724. In the following year he began to read prayers in an episcopal church at Fairfield in Con* necticut. In 1727 ho went to England for ordination, and was ap- pointed missidiiary for that town. His occasional serviced at Kor- walk promoted the interest of the thurch ; and it was not long be- fore he had a respectable congregation there as well as at Fairfield. Having been chosien rector of the first episcopal church in Boston, he was inducted into this office April 1 1 , 1 7 47 . Here he continued, till the commencement of the American revolution obliged him to redre froni Boston. He left the church March 17,1775. From this period he resided, it is believed, in England till his death, which took place at the close of the year 1792, when in the.niniety third yearof his age. He published a sermon on Matthew vii. 28, 29, entitled, the true nature and method of christian preaching. He supposes the ser- mon on the mount was addressed to the disciples, and concludes from this circumstance, that " when we preach to bhristians, we Hre liot to spend time in exhorting theni to believe, for that their rery profession supik>ses they do already ; but to press and persuade (hem to live as beconies christians, to be found in the practice of all moral duties." Mr. Jonathan Dickinson, in his vindication of God*H sovereign, free grace, answers this sermon, and endeavors to show, that Christ and Iiis apostles, even when in their preaching they ad- ''i. ,' ■ X. ■ H im^hi i ■ V 'r ■ ■'\i A fV ■^ I j 1 ■' 11 > 154 CAR. \i> ^ I! ' I - Crested theftitfelVes to ptrofessfng chrifttiantf, dvrelt much upon re. pehtaiicc aind faith, as well as moral duties. Mr. Caher published also funeral sermons on the dciath of Charles Apthorp, esquire, 1758 j on the death of Frederic, prince of Wales 1751 ; on the death of the reverend Dr. Cutler, 1765.— C/ionrf/(rr'» ^fe of Johnaortf 62 ; Collections Mat. hoc. iii. 260 ; Cotumbiim centi. neliFeb, 13,1793. CARLETON (Guy), lord Dorchester, a distinguished British officer in America, was appointed a brigadier general in this coun- try in 1766. He was made major general in 1772. At the close 6f the year 1774 a commission passed the seals, constituting hint captain general and governor of Quebec. When Canada w^s in. vaded by Montgomery in 1775, Carleton was in the most imminent danger of being taken prisoner upon the St. Lawrence after the capture of Montreal ; but he escaped in a boat with muffled pad' dies, and arrived safely at Quebec, which he found threatened by an unexpected enemy. Arnold, though he had been repuls. ed by colonel Maclean, was yet in the neighborhood of the city, waiting for the arrival of Montgomery previously to another attack. General Carleton with the skill of an experienced officer took the necessary measures for the security of the city. His Irst act was to oblige all to leave Quebec, who would not take up arms in its defence. When Montgomery approached, his summons was treated with contempt by the governor, whose intrepidity was not to be shaken. By ids industry and bravery Carleton saved the city. After the unsuccessful assault of the last of December, in which Montgomery was killed, he had nothing more immediately to ap. prehehd. In may 1776 he obliged the Americans to raise the siege, and it was not long before he compelled them to withdraw ^ndrely ^rom Canada. In October he recaptured Crown Point ; but as ^he winter was advancing, he did hot attempt the reduction of Ticonderoga, but returned to St. John's. In the beginning of the ^ext year he was superseded in his command by Burgoyne, who Svas entrusted with the riOrthern British army. Carleton's expeii* ence, and abilities, and services were such, as rendered him worthy of the command, which was given to another. Though he imme- cBately asked leave to resign his government, he yet contributed all his pow'er to secure the success of the camp^ugn. In the year 1783 he was appointed, as successor of sir Henry Clinton, commander in chief of all his majesty's forces in America. He arrived at New York with his commission in the beginning of May. After the treaty was signed he delayed for some time the evacuation of the city from regard to the safety of the loyalists; buti>n the twenty hfth of November 1783 he embarked and with- drew the British ships from the shores of America. He died in England at the close of the year 1808 in the eighty fourth year of | his age. CAR. 155 general Carleton was a brave aad 4n able officer, and he. r<^dered {niportant services to his country. Though he was not conciUating; jn his manners, and possessed tlie severity of the soldier, yet his hu- gianity tp the American prisoners, whom he took in Canada, ha^ been much paused. In excuse for the litttle attention, which hQ paid to the honorable burial of Montgomery, it can only be ssud, that he regarded him as a rebel.— "Srednwrt, i. 133 — 142, 253, 318 ; jinnml regittevj ^vii. 189 ; xix. 2 — 16 ; 151— I55i xx. 2—^, I4l_l44 ; Warren'a hint, revolutitm, ii. 2', 3 ; ii\. 217, 352, 311. CA.RRIER (Thomas), remarkable for longevity, di^d at Colches- ter, Connecticut, May 1 6, 1 735, aged one hundred and nine years. He yas bom in the west of England and removed thence to Andov^i^ Massachusetts. His wife suffered at Salem in the witchcraft de)xy> aoo. He had lived at Colcliestev about twenty years, and was a jpet^ber of the church in that town . His head in his last years was pot bald, nor his huir gray. Not many days before his death he travel- led on foot to see a sick man six miles, and the very day before h^ died he was visiting h|s neighbors^.— Acw England weekly joumatt June 9, 1735. CA.RTIER (James), a Frenph navigator, who made important discoveries in Canada, was a native of St. Malo. After the voya^^p of the Cabptsthe French learned the value of their discoveries, afid io a few years began the cod fishery upon the bariks of Newfoundland, In 1524 Joh-i Verazzani, a Florentine, in the service of France, rang- ed the coast of the new continent from Florida to Nviwfoundlana. From a subsequent voyage in 1 525 he never returned, and it is sup- posed, that he was cut to pieces and devoured by the savages. H,is fate discouraged other attempts to discover the new world till the importwce of having a colpny in the neighborhood of the fishing banks induced Francis I to send out Cartier in 1534. He sailed from St. Malo on the twentieth of April in this year with two ships of sixty tons and a hundred and twenty two men. On the tenth of May he caq^e in sight of Bcmavista on the Island of Newfoundland ; but the ice obliged him to go to the south, and he entered a harbor It the distance of five 1 leagues, to wliich he gave the naineofSt. Catherine. As ^oon as the season would permit he sailed north- ward, and entered the straits of Bellisle. In this voyage he vis- ited the greater part of the coast, which surrounds the gulph of St. Lawrei)ce, and. took possession of the country in the name of th^ king ; he discovered a bay, which he called baye des CbaleurS) on account of the sultry weather, which he experienced in it ; h^ sailed sc far into the great river, afterwards caljied the St. Law- rence, as to discover land on the opposite side, On the fifteenth of August he set sail on his return, and arrived at S^. Malo on t3ip fifth of September. When his discoveries were known in France, it was determinedl to make a settleraent in that part of America, v/hich he had visite . . inission, and vrati equipped with three vessels. Wlieii he \|ras ready to depart, he went to the cathedral church with his whole company, imd the bishop gave them his benediction. He sailed May 19, IsSj. He experienced a severe storm on his passage, but in July hie reach- ed the destined port. He entered the gulph as m the preceding year, bemg accompanied by a number of young men of distinc- tion. He sailed up the St. Lawrence and discovered an island, "which he named Bacchus^ but which is how called Orleans, in the neighborhood of Quebec. This island was full of inhabitants, who sub j' ted by fishing. He went on shore and the natives brought him In'JAan corn for his refreshment. With hb pinnace and two bor.ts hi proceeded up the river as far as Hochelaga, a settlement up; a an island, which lie called Mont-royal, but which is now called Montreal. In this Indian town were about fifty long huts, built with stakes, and covered with bark. The people lived mostly by- iishing and tillage. They had corn, beans, squashes, and pumpkins. In two or three days he set out on his return, and arrived at port do St. Croix, not far from Quebec, on the fourth of October. Here he passed the winter. In December the scurvy began to make its appearance among the natives, and in a short time Cartier's conipa- ny were seized by the disorder. By the middle of February, of one hundred and ten persons fifty were sick at once, and eight or ten had died. In this extremity he appointed a cny of h^umil^ation. A crucifix was placed on a tree, a procession of thos6j Who were able to walk, was formed, and at the close of the devotional exer- cises, Cartier made a vow, that " if it should please God to permit him to return to France, he woidd go in pilgrimage to our lady of Roquemado." The sick were all healed by using a medicine, which was employed with success by the natives. This was a de- coction of the leaves and bark of a tree. The liquor was dnmk every other day, and an external application was made to the legs. Charlevoix say?, the tree was that, which yielded turpentine, and Dr. Belknap thinks it was the spruce pine. In May he set sail on his return to France, and arrived at ht. Malo July 6, 1536. At the end of four years another expedition was projected. Fran- cois de la Roque, lord of Roberval, was commissioned by the king as his lieutenant governor in Canada ; and Cartier was appointed his pilot with the command of five ships. Cartier sail.1d in 1540 or 1541, and a few leagues above St. Croix in the river St. Lawrence, he built a fort, which he called Charlcbourg. In the spring of 1542, he determined to return to France, and accordingly in June arrived at St. John's in Newfoimdland on his way home. Here he met Roberval, who did not accompany him in his voyage, and who had been detained till this time. He was ordered to return to Canada, hut he chose to pursue his voyage to France, and sailed out of the harbor privately in the night. Roberval attempted to establish a /:olony, but it was soon broken up, and the French did not establisli H CAR. 157 themselves pci-maiicntly in Canada till after the expiration of half acentury. ^ ; •,.;*.;^,'",|' ,;". .:: . . .■,.;■■...;■■*::" ;■ Cartier published memoirs of Canada after his second voyage. The names, which he gave to islands, rivers, Sec. are now entirely changed. In this work he shows, that he possessed a good share of the credulity or the exaggeration of travellers. !)eing one day in the chase he says, that he pursued a bcast^ which had but two legs, ^d which ran witli astonishing rapidity. This strange ani- mal was probably an Indian, clothed with the skin of some wild beast. He speaks also of human monsters of different kinds, of vhich accounts had been given him. Some of them lived without ti'an%^-~'Iielknafi*8^mer. bioffra/i/iyyi. 159—184; Char levoix^ hist, dela nouveile France, introd. xx ; i. S — 22. edit. 4to ; Hakluyt, iii. 186, 201 — 240 ; Holmea* annah^i. 84—86, 89, 93 ; Princey introd. 89, 90, 93 J Purchaa, i. 931,932; v. 1605 j For8ter*a voy. 4,i7-^ 448; Univer. hiat. xxxix. 407. ' ' " ' '/ .-' ^ > , . CARVER (John), first governor of Plymouth colony, was a native of* England, and was among the emigrants to Lcyden, who composed Mr. Robinson's church in that place. When a removal to America was contemplated, he was appointed one of the agents to negotiate with the Virginia company in England for a suitable territory. He obtained a patent in 1 G 19, and in the following year came to New England with the first company. Two vessels had been procured, the one called the Speedwell and the other the May- flower, which sailed from Southampton, carrying one hundred and twenty passengers, on the fifth of August 1620. As one of the vessels proved leaky, they both put into Dartmouth for repairs. They put to sea again August 21, but the same cause, after they had sailed about a hundred leagues, obliged them to put back to Plymouth. The Speedwell was there pronounced unfit for thte voyage. About twenty of the passengers went on shore. The others were received on board the Mayflower, which sailed with- on6 hundred and one passengers besides the ship's officers and crew, on the sixth of September. During the voyage the weather was nn&vorable, and the ship being leaky the people were almost con- tinually vret. One young man died at sea, and a child was bom, the ison of Stephen Hopkins, which was called Oceanus« On the ninth of November, they discovered the white, sandy shores of cape Cod. As this land was northward of Hudson's river, to which they were destined, the 9hip was immediately put about to the southward ; but the appearance of breakers and the danger from shoals, together with the eagerness of the women and children to be set on shore induced them to shift their course again to the north. The next day the northern extremity of the cape was doubled, and the ship was safely anchored in the harbor of cape Cod. As they were with- out the territory of the south Virginia company, from whom they had received the charter, which was thus rendered useless; aiM te thej' wM m m; i'^^5 'm f "X*-* ^iliilj! ■. n r dr il 1 *|'-> i 1' I'i ;i "1 i i f'['l i, II nmih 158 CAR. ptsrctV'ed the absolute necessity of government} it was thought proper '>ehre they landed, that a pohtical association should be Ibiineii^ entrusting all powers in the hands of the majority. Ac- cordiiigiy after solemn prayers and thanksgiving a written instru* ment was subscribed on the eleventh of November 16^0 by forty one persons out of one hundred and one, the whole number of pag. vengers of all descriptions on boartl. ^Iv. C::trver's name stood first, uriii he was unanimously electcct goveuior tbroi.c ye.ar. Gov* cmmiMt being thus regularly et>tobU iWid on a tvulv republican principle, sixteen armed men were seni en shore tltc ime day to procure wood and make di';< over^c ' . Th/ < r«'' ;rned &t .dght, hav* ing seen no hous.; nor ahurrmn bemjir. The next rL;/ ^(^g Sunday, and it was observed as a day of rest. While they lay in this har- bor, during- the spaec ^f five weeks, a number of excursions were n^kde by the direction of the governor. In one of them Mr. Brad- ford's foot was caught in a deer tr'.p, which '?»« ir ide I / bending a yowng tree to the earth, with a noos« under gro: n>i, covered with acorns. But his companions (Uscnga<^cd b' from his unpleasant •iDoation. An Indian buryiug ground *vas uIjCOver,;d, and in one ©f the grave a were found amor tar, aii eurthcm pot, a bow and ar- i»W!i, a;iii other implements, all of which were carefully replaced. A more important discovery was a cellar, filled wi^th seed co^u ia -ears, of which they took as much as they could carry away, after teas>:>nmg for some time upon the moralii:y of the action, and resolv- ing to satisfy the owners, when they should find them. In other expeditions a number of busheU of com were obtuned, the acquis- tion of which at a time, when it was much needed, tbey regarded IIS a peculiar favor of divine providence. In six montlia the own- ers were remunerated to their entice satisfaction. (!>n Wednesday, the sixth of Decomber, governor Carver him* ^«elf, with nine of the principal men, yrell armed, and the same number of seamen, set sail in the shallop to make further discove- ne9* The weather was so cold, that the spray of the sea lEitize on th^ir poats, till they were cased with ice, like coats of iron. They coasted along the cape, and occasionally a {»rty was set on shore. At the dawn of day on Friday, December the eighth, those, who w;ere r^ th^ land, were surprised by the sudden wav cry of the na- tives, and a i^ight of arrows. They immediately sexz"'^ their arms, at^d on the first discharge of musq^uetry the Indiana I fei^hteen arrows were taken up, headed eithei^ with brass, deer*s Iporns, or birds' claws, whiph they sent as a present to their friends in Eng- land. As they saUed aloi,ig the shorei they were overtaken by a storm, wid the ruddeir being broken and the shallop di:iven into a cove f^li of breaker^, they 9II expected to perish. &y much exer- tion, however, they came to anchor in a fair sound under a- point of land. Whil^ th^y 'twere diviided in opinion with respect to landing «t thif 1^0} the severity of the weather compjelled them to go on CAR. 1^# ^ore. Iti the moftilng of Saturday they (bund themselves on k small uninhabited island, which has ever shice borne the name of Clarke's island from the mate of the ship, the first man, who stepped upon it. As the ne.,it day was the christian sabbath, they appro- priated it to those religious purposes, for which it was set apart. On Monday, December the eleventh, they surveyed the bay, and went ashore upon the main land at the place, which they called Plymouth, and a part of the Very rock, on which they first set their feet, is now in the public square of the tovm, and is distinguished by the name of the forefathers' rock. The day of their landing, the twenty second of December in the new style, is at the present age regarded as an annual festival. As they marched into the country they found com fields, and brooks, and an excellent situation for building. With the news of their saccess they returned to their company, and on the sixteenth of December the ship came to anchor in the harbor. The high ground on the southwest 6ide of the bay was pitched upon as the site of the contemplated town, and a street and house lots were immediately laid out. It was also resolved to plant their ordnance upon a commanding eminence, whicli overlooked the plain. Be- fore the end of December they had erected a storehouse with a thatched roof, in which their goods were deposited under a guard. Two rows of houses were begun, and as fast as they could be cov- ered, the people, who Averc classed into nineteen families, came ashore, and lodged in them. On the last of Deoember the public services of religion were attended for the first time on the shore> and the place was named Plymouth, both because it was so called in captain Smith's i7:iap, published a few years before, and in re- membrance of the kind treatment, which they had received from the inliabitants of Plymouth, the last port of their native country > from which they sailed. The severe hardships, to which this com- pany were exposed in so rigorous a climate, and the scorbutic habits contracted by living so long on board the ship caused a great mortality among them, so that before the month of April near one half of them died. Governor Carver was himself dangerously ill in Jitnuary. On the fourteenth of that month, as he lay sick at the storehouse^ the buiUUng took fire by means of the thatched roo^ andit w&s with difficulty, ihat the stock of ammunition was preserved. By the beginning of March he was so far recovered of his first ill- ness, that he was able to walk three miles to visit a large pond, which had been discovered from the top of a tree by Francis Billington, whose name it has since borne. None of the natives were seen be- fore the tdckness among the planters had abated. The pestilence, which n^ed in the country four years before, had almost depopulate ed it. On the sixteenth of March a savage came boldly into the town alone, and to the astonishment of the emigrants addressed thcn\ In these words, " welcome, Englishmen ! Welcome Eng- I I < 1 . 1 ' li^ ^M'-l ^Jl ■i'^'iil. m -I.' 1 1 -r K a. j ij I ill! V fm 1 160 CAR. *' i lislimcn !" His nume was Samosct, and lie was sagamore of Mo. ratiggon, distant five days' journey to the eastward. He had learned broken English of the fishermen in his country. By him the gov. emor v^s informed, that the plucc, where they now were* was called ll^atuxet, and though it was formerly populous that every human being had died of the late pestilence. This account was con* firmed by the extent of the deserted fields, the number of graves, and the remnants of skiile'tohs, lying on the ground. Being dismissed with a present, he returned the next day with five of the Indians, who lived in the neighborhood, and who brought a few skins for trade. He was sent out again in a few diys and on the twenty sec. ond of March returned with Squanto, the only native of Patuxet then living. Having been carried off by Hunt In 1614 he escaped the pestilence, which desolulcd his country. I|e had learned the English language at London, and came back to ,his native country with the fishermen. They informed the planters, that Masassoit, the sachem of the neighboring Indiantf, was near with his brother, and a number of his people ; and within an iKiur he appeared on the top of a hill over against the Engjlish town with a train of hhty men. Mutual distrust prevented for some time any advances upon either side ; but Mr. Winslo-.v bein^ sent to the Indian king wi^h a copper chain .and two knives, with a friendly message from the gov- ernor, the sachem Avas pleased to descend from the hill, accompa. pied by twenty men unarmed. Captain Standish met him at the brook at the head of six men with musquets, and escorted him to one of the best houses, where three or four cushions were placed on a green rug, spreud over the floor. The governor came in, preceded by a drum and trumpet, the sound of which greatly dc lighted the Indians. After mutual su]titatiuns,the governor kissing liis majesty's hand, refreshments were ordered A league of friendship was then agreed on, which was inviolably observed for above fifty years. I'he articles of the treaty were the following, " that neither he nor his should injure any of oiirs ; that if they did lie should sei>d the ofTender, that we nilght punish hini ; that if our toolb were taken away, he should restore theni, and if ours did any harm to any of his, we would do the like to them ; that if any unr justly warred against him, we would aid him, and if any warred against us he should aid us ; that he should certify his neighbor confederates of this, that they might not wrong us, but be compris- ed in the conditions of peace } that when their men came to us they fihould leave their bows and arrows behind the'n, as we shoiild leave our pieces, when we came to them ; that in doing thus king James would esteem him as his friend and ally." After the treaty, the governor conducted Masasspit to the brook; where they 6mbraced each other and parted. .- .< , The next day, March the twenty Ihird, a few laws were enacted, and 'Mr. Cat-ver was confirmed as governor for the following year. r i^r CAR. 161 It the begiiiiurM^ of April twenty acres of land were prepared for the reception ot Indian conif and SamoHct and Sk]uanto tpvo^ht the emigrants how to plant, and dress it with herrings, of whicn an im« • mense quantity came into tlie brooks. Six acres were sowed with barley and peas. While they were engaged in this labor on the / fifth of April, the governor came out of the field at noon, complaining of a pain in his head, caused by the heat of the sun. In a few hours * ic deprived him of his senses, and in u lew days put an end to his life to the great grief of the infant plantation. He was buried with ' all the honors, which could be paid to his memory. The men were under arms, and fired sevend voUies over his grave. His wife) overcome by her loss, survived him but six weeks. ' Governor Carver was distinguished for his prudence, integrity, and firmness. He had a good estate in England, which he spent in the emigration to Holland and America. He exeited himself to promote the interests of the colony, he bore a large share of its suiferini^s, and the people confided in him as their friend and fa- ther. Piety, humility, and benevolence were eminent tsaits in his character. In the time of the general sickness, which befel the colony, after he had himself recovered, he was assiduous in attend«if ing the sick and performing the most humiliating services for them without ahy distinction of persons or characters. He was succeed- ed in the office of governor by Mr. Bradford. One of his grand- sons, who lived in Marshfield, reached the age of one hundred and two years. The broad sword of governor Carver is deposited in the cabinet of the Massachusetts historical society in Boston.-— -Sf/- . kmfi'i r^ , -,ifv ..j} ■;. it CARVER (Jonathan), an enterprising traveller, was a native of Connecticut, and was bom in 1 732. He lost his father, who was 1 justice of the peace, when he was only five years of age. He was iotepded for the profession of medicine, which he quitted for a mil#y , itary life. In the French war he commanded an independent com- pany of provincials in the expedition carried on across the lakes ac;ainst Canada. He served with reputation till the peace of 1763. After this he formed the resolution of exploring the most interior parts of North America and of even penetrating to the Pacific ocean I over that broad part of the continent, which lies between the forty . I third and the forty sixth degrees of north latitude. As the English j had come in possession of a vast territory by the conquest of Cana» da, he wished to render this acquisition profitable to his country, while he gratified his taste for adventures. He believed, that the I French had intentionally kept other nations ignorant of the interior parts of North America. He hoped to facilitate the discovery of a I north west passage, or of a communication between Hudsou's .b^y .< " 21' T y\ i I r(fi mmh M CAR. ';i ' H.I. 1 It ) 1 !t liili !, jli; !'= J and tllD PKidc ooeut. ff he couM •Sad cta» ettalitUteMal oft post, on the stnuu of. AnnUuit he tuppoted he should thue opei « channel for conveyinfi; intelligence to China and the Engllah lettle- ments in the East Indies with gpreater expedition^ than by e tediom voyaf^ by the cape of Good Hope, or the straits- of Magellan* With these views he set out from Boston in I700y and in 8c|^ tsmber of that year arriTedi at MiehHIimidunaCf the most interior English post. He applied to the governor, Mr.Rogers^ to fumiih hxtn with ft proper assortment of goods, as a present for the Indians living in the tracker which he intended to pursue. Receiving asup* ply in part, it wfts> promised thatthe remainder should be sent to him, when he reached the &Us of St. Anthony in. thO' river Miiii^ sippL In con:iequence of the failure of the goods he found it ne* cessary to return to la Praiii la Chien in the spring of 17 6lf. Being thus retarded b ht» progress westwerd^he determined to^rect his course norUiward, that by finding!' a com mui^cation between the Mississippi and lake Superior, he might meet- the traders at the grand portage on the northwest side of the lake. Of them he in* fended to purchase the goodS) which he needed, and then to parsat Ms journey by the way oithO' lakes la Pluye, Dubois* and Ouini- pique to the heads of the river of the west. He reached lake ^u^ rior. before the traders had returded to Miehittimakinac, but they cotild not furnish him with goods. Thus disappointed a second timsr he continued some months on the north and east bordOiS' of lake Superior, exploring the bays and rivers, whioh empty themselves into that large body of water, and carefully observing the< nstani productions, of the cotmtry, and the-customs and mamiers of the h« luibitan' •. He arrived at Boston in October 1 768, havidg been ab- sent on tills expedition two years and ftve months, and diUHing-thit time travelled near seven tliousand miles* As soon as he had pro^rly digested his journal and cherts, \t Went to England to publish them. On his arriiral he presented a petition' to his majesty in council for a reimbursement of the sums, which, he had exi>ended in the service of government. This was referred to the lords commissioners of tvadeand pknlations, by whom he was examined in regard to his cfiseoveries. Hatilig obtun* ed pefmissioa to pubUsh faispapers, he ditspostd of them to a bot^iel- ler. When they were almostready for the press, an-order- waaissued from the council boerd, requiring him to deliver into the phntatiob office all his chart» and journals) witb every paper rekiting to the discoveries, which he hadnaede* In order t» obey this command he was obltpfed to repurchase' them from the bookseller. It was not until ten years aflter, that he {mblished an account of his travels. Being disappointed in his hopes of preferment, he became cleriiof the lottery. As he sold his name to a historical compilation, which was published in 1779 in folio, entitled, the new uni^rsal traveller) toat^aimflD4u:«oant ofalltheem^iretykingdofia^atfditfttiesiiithS' i^: CAR. ftftS ^Btnm woiMt be WM tA uWloned by thote, whoae dubf it wu to Mip- peft him) and h« died . rant of the common neceuaitet of lifiD in tfdOffgtd turtf eight veert. CafMa^Canrer publMied a tract on the culture of tobacco ; and traveU through the intetior parts of North America in the yeartt 1766* 1747, and 1768, LondoDf Svo, 1778. An edition of this work mM piddished at Boeton ih 1797 ^—mlntroductfon to hU uteveh ; Ae« §Hd general diog. diet. ; Watkitu. GARY (Thomas), minister in Newburyportf MaasachitaettSf wal the ton of Hamuel Cary, esquire, of Charlestowm, and was bom Oc- tober 16^ 1745. He vras graduated ait Hvrrard coUege in 1761. After leading the university, he Was employed as an instructor of ysMth. While preparing more immediately for the sacred office of a miniatel: of the gospel, he resided in Haverhill, where he enjoy* «d (be counsels and instructions of the reverend Mr. Barnard, a Aan ef disidnctiun, whom he highly respected and afibctkmately loved. He wasonluiiied as successor ef the reverend Mi*. iaowelK |Mitor of the first church in Newbury port, May 11, 1768. One Ihirdofthc church and congregation, being dissatisfied with the choice of Mr. Cary, were formed into a separate society ; but such «^as the prudence and integrity t>f his condubt, that they acknowl- «|i>^d his life and conversation to be in accordance mth the gospel, w^jich he preached. For near twenty years he was enabled to per- form all the- duties ef the ministerial office, but in the forty third year of hts age, it pleased God by a paralytic stroke to remove hint from his public labors. Aftter this event, the reverend Mr. An- drews was ordained as his oollea^e December 10, 1788. From tkia period tmtil about two years before his death Mr. Cary was so &r restored to health, as to be able occasionally to perform the pub^ tic offices of religion. He ^ed November $4^ 1808, hi the siit* tjr fe^irth year of his age. Mr.C»7 possesfeed a strong and comj^t'ehfensive mind, which wa8 highly cultivated by reading, observatibh, reflection^ and prayer^ His 8ormoi>s wete plain, forcU^e, sententious, and altogether practi- cal. He was not ashamed to be called a ratiMiat Christian. ThougN be read writers on all ndes^if theologioal questions ; ^ti those were Irs fevorite authors, who tredted the doctrines Mtd ddties bi chriM-r iMtity in a rational manner. Cah^ towards t)M>!!ie, who (tiffer^ from him in opinion, he sincerely respet(6d tb6 fiee and honest ini* tpmtt after truth. His feeliffgs Were ke^n and bin passions strong } knt it was the great business Off his Kfe^ aMd the subjett of his earfk* fit prayers, to reduce them to tfhe g0rv6rnmfent of realMn aftd tfa£ gospel. In the various relations of life he conciliated respeoi task fitteim. "to his brethren In th6 ministry he was af generous friend, a winr counsellor, aind a mo^t pleasant and imfprovhffg askitiat^, lift excelled in the chairmar of converdatioA. H^ iKf^ esteemed 4«ry %bty in tov« fo» hiis pub^ M>or» ; for sound abd £^^( ^ 1 < i.'f I -'< ■t \r»:H Hi. ' , I.: ■! i i: a t riMj 164 CAS. lUt ^m 'IE 'I' ' hii volion, foriudicioiis, impresftivc, patlKitto, and cUifyitig diiirour»e]. Between him and his people there suL it d uuuncoaimon harmony and afferiion. During; his lonp^ dcbiiiiy the religion, which he preached, wan hii support und Holacc. In the leisure, which was now afforded him, he took a peculiar intr rest in attendini^ to the ecclesiastical history of his country ; ar.d the fruits of his studies wore conspicuous in his conversation. As his disorder increa&cd upon him, he sunk into a state of insensibility, and without a strug* gle of nature his spirit returned to God, who gave it. He published two sermons on the importance of salvation ; a ser* mon preached at Charlcstown from Matthew xii. 20 ; a sermon at the funeral of the reverend Dr. Webster of Salisbury, 1796; the right hand of fellowship at the ordination of the reverend Jamei Beattie in Salisbury ; the charge at the ordination of the reverend Abraham Moore \n Newbury ; a sermon on the last day of assein* bling in the old meeting house in Newburyport, September 37, ISOl j-'-^ndrewa* /uneral «er mon i Pano/ilhtj Dec. 1808. CASWELL (Richard), governor of North Carolina, received an education suitable for the bar, and was uniformy distinguished as a friend to the rights of mankind. He possessed a sensibility, which impelled him to relieve the distress, which he witnessed. Whenever oppressed indigence called for his professional assist* ance, he afforded it without the hope of any other reward, than the consciousness of having exerted himself to promote the happiness of a fellow man. Warmly attached to the liberties of his country, he was appointed a member of the first congress in 1774, and he early took arms in resistance to the arbitrary clsims of Great Britain. He was at the head of a regiment in 1776, when it became necessary to oppose a body of loyalists composed of a number of the ignorant and disor> derly inhabitants of the frontiers, styling themselves regulators, and of emigrants from the highlands of Sc< tland. This paity of about ^fteen hundred men was collected in the middle of February under general M*Donald, He was pursued by general Moore, and on the twenty seyenth he found himself under the Decessity of engaging colonel Caswell, who was intrenched with about a thousand minute men and militia directly in his front, at a place called Moore's creek bridge. This was ^bout sixteen miles distimt from Wilmington, where McDonald hoped to join general Clinton. But he was de< feated and taken prisoner by Ca8v~<^ll with the loss of seventy men in killed and wounded, and fifteen hundred excellent rifles. This victory was of eminent service to the American cause in North Carolina. Mr. Caswell was preudent of the t:onvention, which formed the constitution of North Carolina in December 1776, under' which constitution he was governor from April 1777 to the year 1780, and irQm 1/85 to 17^7, At the time of .hb death be was preudentof il *.i ! CAT. 165 ihe MMte, and for a number of years he had held the commiMioo of major (j;eneral. He died at Fayetteville November 30, 1789. In his character the public and domestic virtues were united. Erer honored with some marks of the approbation of his fellow cit- izens, he watched with unremitted attention over the welfare of the community, and anxiously endeavored also to promote the felicity of its members in their separate interests. While the complacency of his disposition and his equal temper peculiarly endeared him to his friends, they commanded respect even from his enemies. Of the ancient and honorable society of freemasons in North Carolina he had for a number of years been grand mvAitr,— -Mar tin' ti funeral oralion ; Gazette qf the United Statety i. 307, 340 ; Nardie'a biog. did. i MarthalCt ^fe qf Wathingtorty i. 380 ; Gordon^ ii. 309 i Bam- ttti/f i. 354. ijrwt- nr-fz CATESBY (Mark, f. r. s.), an eminent naturalist, was bom in England at the close of the year 1679. Having an early and a strong propensity to the study of nature, he determined to gratify his taste by exploring a part of the new world. As some of his relations lived in Virginia, he was induced first to visit that prov> ince, where he ariived April 23, 1712. Here he remained seven years, observing and admiring the various productions of the country, and occasionally sending dried specimens of plants to his correspondents in Great Uiitain, and particularly to Dr. William Sherard. His collections, however, as yet had no reference to the work, which he afterwards published. On his return to England in 1719 he was encouraged by the assistance of several of the nobility, and of some distinguished naturalists to revisit America with the professed design of describing, delineating, and painting the most curious objects of nature. He arrived at South Carolina, which was selected as the place of his residence. May 23, 1723 ; and having first examined the lower parts of the country in occasional excur- sions from Charleston, he afterwards went into the interior and re- sided for some time at fort Moore upon Savannah river, three hundred miles from the sea. From this place he made several vluts to the Indians, who lived still higher up the river in the more mountainous regions ; and he also extended his researches through Georgia and Florida. In his travels he g'^nerally engaged one of the savages to be his companion, who carried for him his box, con- taining conveniences for painting, and the specimens of plants, which he collected. Having spent near three years upon the con- unent, he visited the Bahama islands at the invitation of the gover- nor, and residing in the isle of Providence he prosecuted his plan, and made various collections of fishes and submarine productions. Returning to England in 1736, he was well received by his patrons ; but the great expense of procuring engmvings induced liim to learn from Joseph Goupy the art of etching. He then re- ured to Hoxton, where he devoted his time to the completion of m 1 1 H TUji ^i« ! ( . .»'; I i I'K 900 CHA. .:."ff fV: !• Wr lii(, f::!f l(i! )■ !?'"'■' t*': 'M h ;'i i! !i 5 his l^ttat woi^if vladi he puUitbed in sramfaers vf twcnly |4ahts eack. TJie figuim iwere etched hy himself foom his own pamtingi, SdMiithe oolorod .c«^es wen done under his own inspectiwi. Al. tfaouglilib attentiBO vas svindpaUj devoted to -pfcrnts, yet most of Jhb pUfees exhibit some subject of the aulmal iiingdom. The Unt 9unfaer i^peared lo wards the cloae of the year If 90) and tlie fint volwBe) oonsisdn; of one hondred plates, was finished in 17^3 j tlic •eoeod in 1743 ; and the appendix of twenty plates hi 1748. 01' Mch number a regular aooounitt written by DrXromwell Mortbwr) secfetarjr of ithe liofal Bocietf* was laid befi>re the society as it ap* pearedt and printed in the philosophical transactions. The whoii x|N»rk is eotided, fht natural history of Carolina, FlM«da, and tht Sajsama islands, in French and English, coota^ng the figures ef Inr^s, beasts, fishes, &c. colored a&cr the life, andama^of tht countries. Xt conkaias descriptions of many curious and impotiant articfes ot food» mftdicine, domestic economy, and omamenUd cul« tiUM; and was allowed to be one of the most splendid works of the kind, which had ever been published. The principal defect of the work is the waitf of a separate delineation of all the parts of the flow* er. For the Latin names Mr.Cateaby was indebted to Or. Shersni. He did not live to see a second impression, for he died in Ltodon December 34, 1749, aged sevoity years, leaving a widow and two children, whose diipendence for support was entirely upon the pn)f' its of his work. He was esteemed by tbe most respectable meni' hers of the royal society* of which he was a fellow, for his modesty, jogemuw, and upright behavior. His name has been perpetuated by Dr. Gronovius in the plant, called Catesbaea. The second ediiaon of Catesby's natural history was published in 1754, and the third in 1 77 1, to which a Linnsean index has been annexed. The colorings however of this edition are wretchedly executed ; tliose of the preceding are better ; but tliose, which pas* sed under the inspection of Catcsby himself have most of life and jbeauty, though even these cannot vie with the splendid figures, vhich are now presented to the lovers of natural history. He was the author of a paper, printed in the forty fourth volume of the phi* lesophical transactions, en birds of passage ; in which he prores the reality of their emigrating in search of proper food from a van* ety ef observations, which he had an opportunity of making during ibis voyi^es across the Atlantic. In 1767 there was puUished un* ider his name, hortus Americanus, a collection of eighty fivecurkxis trees and shrubs from North America, adapted to the soil of Great 9ritiVn, colored, fotio^'^Pre/ace to hit natural fiUtory \ Resa* cyck- fittdtOy Amer, edit. ; Mller^ ii. 365 ; Puiteney*» biat. and biog. aketch' S0^the/irogresa qfbotany in Englandi a. ch. 44. CHALKLEY (Thomas), a preacher among the quakers of Perni* sylvania, removed from Sngland tc that colony about the year 1701, UxUived there upwards 9i fefty yewn, eacepting if hen the neces. CHAr M7 0ff Mkf ^^t«tdiit0^ Mk diitleft a» a preachet eaHed Iifav amif » In 1705 he visited the Indians at Oonestoga near the river Su^Ue* liaiuudit in company widi some of hb brethren) to secure their gtMHiship and impart to them religious uAtrucden. Ifc died at the )^«>d'^Tortota i» 17>4P, #hite> on a viiit there for the purpose oTpminotiHg: what ho believed to b« the truth. He was a man pos* seMedol mattjr viitUes} and was endeared to^ his acquaihtanee hy the gentkmesa of his manners. Though he had not Hie adVanta^ of a liberal eduoaticKi) yet he ptdslished a number of ivorks on reKg^ ions subjects^ and a ji^mal of his life) written in a ampler and en^ nging stylb^-'-P^owrfi i. 463; CH^^MERS (LioNfei, Mk ».)> a physiciRii of South CaraKM^ imioent for mc^al science and for Ins vtsrious and extcnrirli knowledge) came from Glvat Britain ih the former pait of the tost century* He wrote in 1754 useful remarks on oj^sthotonos andtfctiaius^ whicb were published in the first volume of the observation»andin- qairies of the medical societ)r of London. His most rospectlMtt irark is an essay on fevers, published at Charlieston) 1767, in wMoH he gave the outlines of the spasmodic theory^ wliich had beett taught by Hofibiasif and wMch was afterwards m«re fuHy illustrated by CuUen. Besides several smaller prodiictions he dso published a viduable work on the weather and diseases of South Carolina^ liondon 1775v— MZ/wj i; 319 ; ii; 364 ; Ranaay^t rtvino qf werfi ifwe, 42) 44. GHAMPLAIN TSamusl os)) the founder and govetrtor of Que<« tuec, wasof a noble family of Brouage in the province df Saintongii ih France. He commanded a vessel, in wltrch he made a voyage to the EiBSt Indies about the year 1600, and acquired a high reput»* tion as an able Mid experienced officer. After an absence of tw« years end a half he returned to France at a time, when it was rcsolT- ed to prosecute the discoveries, which had been commenced in Canada by Cartier. The mat>quis de la Roche and Chautin, gov* eroors of Ganadfl) had endeavored to establish a colony, and the iMter was SQCceed^d by de Chatte, who engaged Champlion in his service in 1 603. On the sixteenth of March in this year Cham- pkdhsuled, accompanied by Pontgra\i, who had made many voy- ages to T»ldussae) at the entrance of the Saguenay into the St. Lawrence. After their arrival at this place May twenty fifth, he lift his vessel) and in a light battcau ascended the St. Lawrence to the falls of St. Louis, which bounded the discoveries 6f Cartier in 1S3S. This was in the neighborhood of Hochelaga,but that In- ifian settlement was not now in existence. After makint^ many in- quiries of the natives and exploring much of the country along the St. Lawrence, he suled for France in Augut>i. On Ms arrival in September, he found that de Chatte was dead, ard his commission as lieiftenant general of C'anada givdt to the sicur de Motets. \ Hi >i^ '\ ' 'i \ i m m ^ 168 CHA. 1 , ( tMU i m This gentleman engaged him as his pilot in another voyage to the new world. Champlain sailed on his second voyage March 7, 1604, and ar- rived at Acadie on the sixth of May. After being employed about a month in the. long boat, visiting the coast in order to find a prop* er situation for a settlement, he. pitched upon a small island about twenty leagues to the westward of St. John's river and about half a league in circumference. To this island de Monts, after his ar- rival at the place, gave the name of St. Croix. It lies in the river of the same name, which divides the United States from the British province of New Brunswick. During the winter Champlain was occupied in exploring the country, and he went as far as cape Cod, where he gave the name of Malebarre to a point of land on account of the imminent danger of running aground near it with his bark. In the next year he pursued his discoveries, though he did not pass more than ten or twelve leagues beyond Malebarre. In 1607 he was sent out on another voyage, to Tadoussac, accom- panied by Pontgrav^. In the year 1 608 he laid the foundation of Quebec. He was a man, who did not embarrass himself with com- merce, and who felt no interest in the traffic with the Indians, which proved so profitable to many, that were engaged in it. Being en- trusted with the charge of establishing a permanent colony, he ex- amined the most eligible places for settlement, and selected a spot upon the St. Lawrence, at the confluence of this river and the sma\l river of St. Charles, about three hundred and twenty miles from the sea. The river in this place was very much contracted, and it was on this account, that the natives called it Quebec. Here he arrived on the third of July. He erected barracks, cleared the ground, sowed wheat and rye, and laid the foundation of the capital of Canada. The toil of subduing the wilderness, it seems, was not very acceptable to all his company, for some of them conspired to put their leader to death, and to embark at Tadoussac for France. The attempt to destroy him was to be made by poison and by a train of gunpowder ; but the apothecary having discovered the scheme, one of the conspirators was hanged, and others condemned to the gallies. During the winter his people were afflicted with the scur- vy. Champlain sought after the medicine, which had been so suc- cessfully used by Cartier, but the tree, which was called Anncdda, was not now to be found. From this circumstance it was concluded, that the tribe of Indians, with which Cartier was acquainted, had been exterminated by their enemies. In the spring of the year 1609, when the Hurons, Algonquins, and others were about to march against their common enemy, the Iroquois, Champlain very readily joined them, for he had a keen taste for adventures, and he hoped by a conquest to impress all the Indian tribes with the power of the French, and to secure an alli- ance with them. He did not foresee, that he should force the Iro- 1 j'in CHA. 169 quoisi who lived in what is now the state of New York, to seek the protection of the English and Dutch. He embarked on the river Sorelt which was then called the Iroquois, because these savage* usually descended by this stream into Canada. At the falls of Cham* bir he was stopped) and was obliged to send back his boat. Only two Frenchmen remained with him. He ascended with his allies in the Indian canoes to the lake, to which he gave his own name, vhich it retains at the present day. The savages, whom he ac- companied, hoped to surprise the Iroquois in their villages, but they met them unexpectedly upon the lake. After gaining the land, it was agreed to defer the buttle till the next day, as the night was now approaching. In the morning Champlain placed a party with his two Frenchmen in a neighboring wood, so as to come up- on the enemy in flank. The Iroquois, who were about two hundred in number, seeing but a handful of men, were sure of victory. But as soon as the battle began, Champlain killed twoof their chiefs» who were conspicuous by their plumes, by the first discharge of his firelock. The report and execution of fire arms filled the IroquoiS" with inexpressible consternation. They were quickly put to flight, and the victorious allies returned to Quebec with fifty scalps. In September 1609 Champlain embarked with Pontgrave for France, leaving the colony under the cure of a brave man, named Peter Chavin. But he was soon sent out again to the new world. He sailed from Honfleur on the eighth of April 1610 and arrived at Tadoussac on the twenty sixth. He encouraged the MMitagnez Indians, who lived at this place, to engage in a second expedition against the Iroquois. Accordingly soon after his arrival at Quebec, tliey sent to him about sixty warriors. At the head of these aad others of the allies he proceeded up the river Sorel. The enemy were soon met, and after a severe engagement, in wliich Cuara* plain was wounded by an arrow, were ent>r?^ly defeated. Aiter the death of Henry IV, the interest of de 'jnts, in whose sei-vice Champlain had been engaged, was entirel;' ruined, and the laMer was obliged to leave a settlement, which he was commencing at Montreal, and to go agiiin to France in i6i 1. Charles de Bourbon. being commissioned by the queer ■^egent governor of New France, appointed Champlain his lieutenant with very extensive powers. He returned to Canada, was engaged again in war with the Iroquois, and made new discoveries. His voyages across the Atlantic were frequent. In 1615 his zeal for the spiritual interests of the Indians induced him to bring with him a number of Jesuit fathers, some of whom assisted him in his warfare. He penetrated to lake On- tario, and being wounded while assisting the Hurons against their enemies he was obliged to pass a whole winter amoni^ them. When he returned to Quebec in July 1616, he was received as ohe risen from the dead. In July 1629 he was obliged to capitulate to an English annament under sir David Kertk. He was cin^^M to ^'^m 'i1 1 i|l ■ ^P^Hjfl fP I .. t^ ! 1 i ! I •1 « ' 1/ , ,' I ii «t Ml il 't : i(i' 170 CHA. Frtoce intui English ship ; and there he foun4 thib public aentimeiit much divided with regard to Canada ; some thinking it not worth regaining) as it had cost the government vast sums without bringii» tatv returm, others deeming the fishery and fur trade great national objects, especially as a nursery for seamen. Champlain elcerted himself to effect the recovery of this .country, and Canada was re. stored by the treaty of St. Germain's in 1632, with Acadie and ape Breton. In 1633 the company of New France resumed all their rights, and appointed Champlain the governor. In a short time he was at the head of a new armament, furnished with a fresh recruit of Jesuits, inhabitants, and all kinds of necessaries fi>r the wel&re of the revived colony. His attention was now engrossed by the spirit, ual interests of the savages, whom it was lus principal object to bring to the knowledge of the christian reti^on. The number of ecclssiastical missionaries, exclusive of lay brothers, waA now fif. teen, the chief whom wiere le Jeune, de Noue, Masse, and Brebeuf. A mission was established among the Hurons, the colony \(a$ gaining an accesuon of numbers and strength, and an attempt was ^ust commencing to establish a college in Quebec, when in De> cember 1635 the governor died, and was sxicceeded the next year by de Montmagny. Champlain merited the title of the father of New France. Though he was credulous, he possessed an uncommon share of penetration. His views were upright, and in circumstances of difficulty no man could make a better choice of measures. Ut prosecuted his enterprises with constancy, and no deoigers could shake his firnmess. His zeal for the interests of his country was ardent and disinterested, his heart vras tender and compassionate towards the unhappy, and he was more attentive to the concerns of his friends, than to his own. He was a fiuthful historian, a voyager, who observed every thing with attention, skilful in geometry, and an experienced seaman. He appears to have been fond of good cheer, for in the early period of his residence in Canada he estab' lished with his associates an order " de bon temps," which con- tributed not a little to the gratification of the palate. By this order every one of the same table was in his turn to be both stew- ard and cater for a day. He was careful by hunting to make tt suitable provision, aiid at supper, when the cook had made eveiy thingf ready, he marched at the head of the company with a napkin over his shouJder, ha^ng also the staff of office, and wearing the collar of his order, and was followed by his associates, each of whom bore a dish. At the close of the banquet, he pledged his successor in a bumper of wine and resigned to him the coliar and staff. It may not be easy to justify Champlain in tJtking an active jjart in the war against the Iroquois. It is even supposed by some tbatJiis It)reof adventures led him to arouse the spirit of the ^v if' GHA. m Ijurons an4 to excite them to war. His zeal for the propagation of religion among the savages was so great, that he used to say, u that the salvation of one soul was of more value than the con- quest of an empire, and that kings ought not to tlunk of extending their authority over idolatrous nations, except for the purpose of Mibjecting them to Jesus Christ." He published an account of his first /oy^es :n 1613 in 4to, and a continuation in 1 620 in 8vo. He published an edition of these in 1633 in one volume, entitled, ies voyages de la Nouvelle France occidentale, ditte Canada, 4to. This work comprises a history of Kew France from the first discoveries of Vcrazzani to the year 1631> There is added to it a treatise on navigation and the duty of i good mariner, and an abridgment of the christian doctrine in Huron an4 T^renchj-^-^Chamfilain'a voyages j ChcHevoix^ hiat, de fa nouvelle France^ faatea chronol. xxviii-^xxx ; i. Ill, Ul— 198 ; Htlkmfi'a Amer. biog. i. 322—345 ; Univeradl hitt. xxxix. 410-^ 426 ; Purchat' /lilgrimaj i. 933 ; v. 1605 — 1645 ; HarHtt* voyaget, i.8ll — 815 ; Churchill^ iii. 798—815 ; Holmes* annaUy i. 147— ISO, 163, 175, 251, 285 ; Chalmersy i. 586. CHANDLER (Thomas Braobuhy, d. d.), an eminent episr copalian minister and writer, was a native of Woodstock in Con* Decticut, and was graduated at Yale college in 1745. There was with many ifi the year 1748 an expectation of an episcopal estab- lishment in this country, when men of talents| could indulge th^ hope of becoming dignitaries in the church. The bait of prefers ment was at this time offered to Dr. Stiles. Whether th^ circumstances of the times had a^n insensible influence over th^ mind of Mr. Chandler or not^ it^us in the year 1748, that he w;a^ proselyted to episcopacy. He Stoon wen( to England, and took orders in the established church. On his return to this country,, he became rector of St. John's church at Elizabethto^vn in New Jersey, where he long maintained a high character both for erudi- i tion and talents. He was honored with the degree of doctor qf I divinity by the university of Oxford. During the last ten years^ of liis life he was aiHicted with a disorder, which made trial of all )}\f pat dnce. But he was resigned to the will of God. His hop^ of I &])al deliverance from sin, and from the evils connected with itj, tested upon thp incarnation and Siufierings of the et,ernal Soq of [jhe Father. He was even cheerful under the heavy troubles, which were laid upon hio^^ His respectable and useful life termi- nated about the middle of July 1790, when he was sixty five year^ I of age. Dr. Chandler was a zealous friend of the episcopal chinch, and I he wrote much in favor of it. He was engaged in a controversy on tlic subject vii;ith the reverend Dr. Chauncy of Boston. He published an appeal to the public in behalf of U.e church of |£og]«nd in America, 1767 f a defence o^^ his appeal, 1769 } ^ I ■ 1 ' ". ' i mi. ,.u . . I -'HI it ■ 172 CHA. n ) ,»i ■I I llil lii-m; i' l!i| further defence of his appeal, 1 77 1 ; a sermon, preached before th« corporation for the relief of the widows and children of epis. copal clergymen, 17/1 ; an examination of the critical commcnta. ry on Seeker's letter to Walpole concerning bishops in Anierira 1774. He also prepared for the press a life of the reverend Dr, Johnson -, but the revolution arrested its publication. It wa<; printed at New York in the year 1805, fifteen years after hisrlcath. -— Miller' a retrosfiect^ ii. 356 ; Beach* i^ funeral sermon ; General fiw. itf Connecticut^ 158 ; Memoirs qf Thomas Hollisy i. 435, 436. CHANLER (Isaac), a baptist minister, was born in Bristol, England, in 17ul, and came to South Carolina in 1733. He set- tled as pastor of a baptist church on Ashley, river in 1736, where be continued till his death in 1749. He was succeeded by the reverend Oliver Hart, who remained till 1780, when he removed to New Jersey. Mr. Chanler published a sermon on establish- ment in gimce, preached 9t Charleston in 1740 by thr desire of Mr. Whitefield at the coniviiencement of a course of lectures by ministers of different denominations. Besides several smaller works, he published also the doctrh)cs of glorious grace unfolded, and practically improved, 4to, 17 44.— MY/^r, ii. 365 ; Backus' abridgment i 248. • CHARDON (Peter), a Jesuit missionary, was employed for many years among the Indians upon lake Michigan. He began his labors as early as 1697, and continued them for twenty five or thirty years. He presided over the mission at the village of Pouteautamis upon the river St. Joseph, and he labored also among the Sakis at the iouthem extremity of green Bay, or bayc des Puans, as it was called by the French. He was acquainted with almost all the lan- guages of the Indians, who inhabited the lakes. — Charlevoix, hitt. de la nouv. FraTtcCy iii. 292, 295 ; Lettres edif. et curieuses, xi, 372 —378. CHARLEVOIX (Peter Francis Xavier de), a historical writer, who lived a number of years in Canada, was bom at St. Quin- tin in France in 1684, and entering into the society of Jesuits taught the languages and philosophy with great reputation. Before the year 1720 he had resided some time in Quebec, and was connected, It is believed, with the college in that place. By order of the king- he made a voyage to Canada in 1720, where he arrived in Septem- 1 ber. From Quebec he passed up the St. Lawrence, and through the lakes to Mii .illimakinac ; thence down lake Michigan, and the Illinois and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, from which place he returned, touching at St. Domingo, to France in 1722. During this period he collected facts for his history of Canada, and kept ; journal, which he afterwards published, annexed to his history. Af- 1 ter his arrival in his native country, he had a principal concern for j twenty four years in the jomnal des Trcvoux. He died in 1761, aged seventy eight years. He published in French the history of AU !|;il' CHA. 173 I' ! r* Christianity in Japan, 3 vol. 1715, 8vo ; the life of Mary, 1734,13nio ; the history of St. Domingo, 2 vol. 1731, 4to ; the history and gen- eral description of Japan, 2 vol. 1736, 4to, and9 vol. 12 mo, compris- ing all that is valuable in Kcempier's history of that country ; a gen- eral history of New France, 3 vol. 1744, 4to, and 6 vol. 12 mo ; and a history of Paraguay, 3 vol. 1756, 4to. His works were well re- ceived, but the history of New France, or Canada, is considered as peculiarly valuable, as he himself visited the country, which he de- scribed, and paid particular attention to the manners and customs of the Indians. He has added something upon botany and other parts of natural history ; but en these subjects a perfect confidence is not placed in his accuracy. His style is deficient in precision. He was diffuse both in conversation and writing.— iVouvrau diet,- hiatorique^ edit. 1804 ; Aikin*a and JVicholaon** gen. biog. CHAUMONOT (Joseph), a Jesuit missionary among the In- dians of North America, was an Italian. He labored with indefati- gable zeal for more than half a century among the natives of Cana- da. He was among the Hurons, who lived north of lake Erie, as early as 1642, and in the following year spent some time with a tribe to the south east, which was called the neutral nation, because they did not then engage in the war between the Iroquois and the Hurons. From the latter they derived their origin. In the year 1635, when he was the oldest missionary in New France, he visited the Onondagas at their request, and made a number of converts, some of whom -were the principal men of the tribe. This mission however was soon abandoned, though it was afterwards resumed. A - bouttlieyear 1 670 he established the mission of Loretto three leagues north east from Quebec, where he collected a nunjl)cr of Indians of the Huron tribe. The Hurons resided originally northward ot lake Erie, and it was in consequence of the wars, in which they were engaged with other tribes, that they were induced to go down the St. Lawrence. The name of Hurons was given them on ac- count of the manner, in which they dressed their hair. As they cut it for the most part very short, and tunied it up in a fantastical way, so as to give themselves a frightful appearance, the French cried out, when they first saw them, " quelles hures !" What wild boars' heads ! They were afterwards called Hurons. Champlain calls them Ochasteguins ; but their true name is Yendats,with the French pronunciation. Their descendants, the W yandots, who live on the south western side of lake Erie, are now under the care of the reverend Joseph Badger, a missionary from New England, who has been with them two or three years with the most lliUtering nrospects of rescuing them from barbarism. Chaun^onot compos- ed a grammar of the Huron language.— CAar/rvo.x, hht.ntj^iv. France, i. 183, 243,320 — 329, 334, 42S ; Univ. hist, \xxix. 44^ ; /x^rrwrrfi/*. e; fwrfe^vrs, xxiii. 213— 315. . i , <• i J ■ i V ■ r M 1 ' \) (' ■♦' ''i ,tl i M ■ii H 4f ■ : .1 ■'II fit ii; i\ , , ; 'IVill H B \ 1 - i? *S r ' ■ i ; f h i ; 1 i^ 1 i kK^'L^ r- iitT- m ^ i ilri 174 Ci|A, i r ' i. J I I CHAVNCK (Chablbs), the second president of Hanru-d cqI- kgf, WM bqrn in Hqrtfordshire, England, in 1589. He WMat. Westfliinster school) which adjoined to the parliament house, at the very timC) when the gun powder plot was to have taken effect, £«d must have perished, If the schema had been executed. After leavbg Westminster, he was admitted a student of Trinity college, Cambridge, and in proper time was honored with the degree of bachelor of divinity. He was soon chosen professor of Hebrew ; but the vice chancellor, Dr. Williams, wishing to bestow this office upon a kinsman, Mr. Chauncy was chosen professor of Greek. He went from the university an eminent preacher of the gospel. He WcLS first settled in the ministry at Marstow, but afterwards be< came vicar of Ware in the i)cginning of 1627, in which place his success in the conversion and edification of souls was remarkably great. He had at this time serious objections to the discipline and to some of the articles of the established church, and in about two years he began to suffer for his nonconformity to the inventions of man in the worship of God. In 1 629 be was charged with asserting in a sermon, that idolatry was admitted into the church, that the preaching of the gospel would be suppressed, and that much athe* ism, popery, arminianiiim, and heresy had crept into the chutch ; and after being questic led in the high commission court his cause was referred to Dr. Wilbam Laud, the bishop of London, his ordi- nary, who required him to make a submission in Latin. He was again brought before the same court in 1635, when Laud was arch- bishop of Canterbury. The crime, of which he was now accused, was opposing the making of.a rail round the communion table of hU church as an innovation and a snare to men's consciences. He wa^ pronounced guilty of contempt of ecclesiastical government and of raising a seism, and was suspended from his ministi7 till he should make in open court a recantation, acknowledging his great offence, and protesting that he was persuaded in his conscience, that kneel* ing at the sacrament was lawful and commendable, and that the rai| set up in the chancel, with the bench for kneeling, was a decent and convenient ornament, and promising never to oppose eitlier that, or any other laudable rite or ceremony prescribed in the church of England. He was sentenced to pay the costs of suit, which were great, and to imprisonment till he complied with tliQ order of court. His fortitude failed him in the midst of his suffer- ings, und contrary to his conscience he made the recantation on t|ie eleventh of February . For his weakness and folly he ever reproach* «d. himself. He soon repented of lus submission, and before he came to New England made a solen;ri retractation, which was after- wards printed in London. In the preface of his last will he partic- ularly laments, as << still freuh before him^ his many unful compli- ances with and conformity unto vile human inventions, will worship, superstition, and patchcries, stitched into the service of the Lord, -b Jliu^ lli' f CHA. 175 ^rhich tile English mass book, the book of cbttlnon prayer, and die erdinationofprietttt fcc. ere fiilly fraught withal." He proceeds to charge his posterity with the greatest warmth of zeal and scleni' nity of language^ as they would answer for their conduct at the tri- builftl of Jesus Christ, " not to conform, as he had done, to rites and ceremonies in religious worship of man's devising and not of God's, appointment." Being silenced for refusing to read the book of sports, he deter- mined to seek the peaceable enjoyment of the rights of conscience in New England. He accordingly came to this country, and tkfthf «d at Plymouth a few days before the great earthquake, which was > felt June 1, 1638. He continued in this town about three years, assisting the reverend Mr. Reyner in his public labors ; but beinjg invited to take the pastoral charge of the church ut Scituate, he was agsdn ordained, and continued in that place about twelve years, faith-^ fiilly performing the duties of the sacred office. The ecclesiastic- al state of England had now assumed a new appearance, and as his muntenance at Scituate was so disproportionate to the necessities of his family, that he was sometimes unable to procure bread, he resolved to accept the invitation, which he received from his people in Ware to return to them. He accordingly went to Boston to em- bark for Great Britain ; but the presidentship of Harvard college being at this time Vacant by the resignation of Mr. Dunster, he was requested November 2, 1654, to accept that office. As he was of opinion, that the baptism of infants and adults should be by immer- sion, and that the Lord's supper should be celebrated in the evening^,^ the overseers of the college desired him to forbear disseminatit^ his peculiar sentiments. He had no difficulty in yielding to their wishes. He was inducted into the office of president November 27,1654, and continued in this station till his death February 19, 1672, in the eighty sbcond year of his age. He left behind him six sons, all of whom were graduated at Harvard college. President Chauncy was a distinguished scholar, being intimiitely acquainted with the flebrew, Greek, and Latin langau$)^s. He en- joyed an opportunity of perfiecting his knowledge of the former by living one year in the same house with a Jctt. He was well versed also in the sciences, especially in theologyt which was his favorite study. To his other acquisitions he added some skill in physic, and thus he was enabled to prescribe for bodily diseases, as well as to cure those of the mind. He presided over the collet^e with dignity and reputation, and some of the m ^st eminent men in the country ,^ such as Increase Mather, Willard, Stoddard, and judge Sewall, were educated under his care. To those students, who were des.- lined for^the ministry, he addressed these words ; " when you ' re yourselves interested in the Lord Jesus Christ and his righteous- ness, you will be fit to teach others." When he attended prayeis b the college hall in the morning, he usually expounded a chapter •?> rif ? !f , t i; >■: (■! ' 1>'>1 176 CHA. a'J ;i.| k. li ' .' >i^ I ■ ;» of the old testair cntt which was first read from the U-.-iaitw by one of hit pupUif and in the evening a chapter of the i*ew lestament, read from the Greek. On the mornings of the LordV ^ay, intteadof un exposition) he preached u sermon of about three quarters of ad hour in length. Once a fortnight in the forenoon his labon were enjoyed by the congregation of '^^mbridge. As a preacher he was animated and learned, yet rum.irkably plain^ being mindful of the importance of accommodutmg himself to the understandii .;s of all his hearerf. In a letter to a brother in the ministry ht advised him not to use any dark, Latin words, or any deriv- ed from Ladn) lest he should not be understood, and enjoined it upon him to be much in prayer to God, as the surest way to success in his labors. The subjects, which he thought import- ant to be preached, are the misery of the natural state of man, the necessity of union with Christ, and the fruits of jusUfy tig faith in love and good works. He believed, that Jesus Christ, by suffer- ing the full punishment due to the sins of the elect, marie satisfac- tion to divine justice, and that faith justifies by receiving the right- eousness of the Savior, which is imputed to believers. He was exceedingly solicitous to exclude good works from any share in the antecedent condition of justification, yet few insisted more \i\>ox^ their necessity in all the justified. He was an indefatigable student, making it his constant practice to rise at four o'clock in the morning ; but his studies did not inter* rupt his intercourse with heaven, for he usually devoted several hours in the course of the day to secret prayer. Immediately after he rose from bed, at eleven o'clock, at four in the afternoon, and at nine he retired from the world to commune with the Father of mer- cies. He kept a diary, in which, under the heads of sins and mer- cies, he recorded his imperfections, and the blessings, which were imparted to him. His temper was passionate, but he endeavored to subdue it, and such was his conscientiousness and self inspection, that when his better resolutions were overcome by the warmth of his feelings, he would immediately retire to humble himself before God and to se^^k hh uiercy. He kept many days of fasting and prayer, sometimes alone, and sometimes with his family and a few of his pious neighbors. Such was his attention to those, whose religious instruction was more peculiarly his duty, that every morning and evening, after he had expounded a chapter of the bible in his family, he would endeavor by smtable questions to impress the truths presented upon the minds of his children and servants. This venerable man, when he had travelled beyond the bounda- ries of fourscore, was yet able to preach and to superintend the concerns of the college. His friends at this period observed to him, as he was going to preach on a winter's day, that^h'e would certainly die in the pulpit ; but he pressed more vigorously through the snowdrift, rcplyint^, << how glad should I be, if this should prove w CHA. 177 (fue ?*' He was induced on account of the iniirmities of age to ad- dress to his friends a farewell oration on the day of commencement in 1671) after which he sent for his children and blessed them. He now waited for his departure. When he was stretched on the bed of death, and the flame of life was almost esiinctjic was desired by , the i<. . erend Mr. Oakes to give a sign of his hope and assurance of future glory. The speechless old man accordingly lifted up his hands towards heaven, and his spirit soon rushed forth, and entered eternity. He published u sermon on Amos ii. \ 1, preached in the college hall the day after the commencement in 165.1, entitled, God's mer- cy shewed Iiis people in givin^^ them a faithful ministry, and schools of learning lor the coiitinuanrc thricof. In this sermon he speaks of the wearing of long hair, par by students and ministers, with the utmost detestation, and : '*" as a heathenish practice, and OS one of the crying sin d. In this sentiment ho was supported by some of th mguishcd men of that day. He takes occasion at the same unic u reprehend the criminal neg- lect of the people with regard to the suitable maintenance of min- isters, lie published also the election sermon, 1656 ; and a vol- ume of twenty six sermons on justification, 1659, 4to. President Cliauncy^s manuscripts fell into the hands of the widow of his son^ the reverend Mr. Chauncy of Hatfield, and she afterwards marry- ing a Northampton deacon, who subsisted principally by making and selling pies, these learned and pious writings were not suffered to decay. Being put to the bottom of the pies, they rendered good service by shielding them from the scorching of the oven \—Math' er'a magnalia^ iit ISS"— 141 ; iv. 1S8 ; Coll. hiat.soc. iv. Ill; x. 31, 171_180; Ruahtor)rth*» hiat. collections^ u. Z4,y 316; JVeat'a J^ew Englandy i. 387—390; Hutchiiuorii i. 259 ; Holmea* anvalay i. 415. CHAUNCY (Charlks, o. d.), minister in Boston, was born in that town January 1, 1705, and was a descendant of president Chauncy, as are all of this name in America. Entering Harvard college at twelve years of age, he received his first degree in 172 1 . He was ordained pastor of the first church in Boston, as colleague with the reverend Mr. Foxcroft, October 25, 1727. Alter enjoy- ing for a few years the assistance of the reverend Dr. Clarke, he died Fehniary 10, 1787, in the eighty third year of his age, and the sixtieth of his ministry. Dr. Chauncy was eminent for his learning, and for the spirit of independence, which marked his inquiries. Bein^ placed by di- vine providence in a lutuation, which afforded him much leisure, he was diligent in his search after truth. He formed the resolution to see for himself, to understand, if possible, all the articles of hia creed, and not to teach for the doctrines of Christ the command- ments of men. The results of his inquiries in some instances did not correspond with the opinions, embraced generally by his breth-< ■ f^ t 1 ■ 'i hi 1 ' ' ' t I'f i i II IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 ^\<^ V] Vl ^ '^ 1.0 I.I l^|2| 125 ■so "^^ IliBH Mi m I 2.2 1.25 III 1.4 1.6 • ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)S72-4S03 171^ CHA. Pit I'Hili 1 1 •i i. li^ ! I Yen in the ministry ; but he adopted them after (MtSent inretti^ tton, and he believed them himself to be founded on the so^urtSg Soon after Mr. Whitetield came to this country^ when his preacb* ikig was attended with very remarkable effects, and monjr disorders accompanied the reformation produced, Dr. Ohauncy stood forth is opposition to him. He could not easily admit, that anyigood couU be done by an itinerant preacher, " who played the bishop in anotb* tr man's parish," as he rendered I. Peter, iv. 16, " and who went out of his proper line of things." Believing, that the welfare of the churches was endangered, he travelled several hundred miles to collect facts, and published in 1743 his seasonable thoughts oa the state of religion in New England, in which he gives a feithftd jpicture of the unchantabloncss, enthusiasm, and confusion, which previuled in different paits of the country. He attacked what was worthy of reprehension, but IIko most men of strong passions, bf dwelling constantly upon the picture, which he was drawing, he al* most forgot) that different and more pleasant objects might be pre< •ented to the eye. Such men as Colman, SewaU, Prince, Coopei^ Foxcroft, and Eliot agreed with him in reprebtnding and opposing the extravagancies, which had been witnessed ; but they had differ* ent views of the general religious state of the country, and thoui^ht It their duty to express " their full persuasion, that there had |)een a happy and remarkaUe revival of religion in many parts of the land thrbiigh an uncommon divine influence.'* Dr. Chauncy in his Irork endeavors to distinguish the nature of true religion. He risp* teaents the new creation as wrought in the minds of sinhers by tte Spirit of Ood in different ways, sometimes as accompanied by tef POVt and Sdmeumes as Exciting little agitation ; but as always evince ing itself by the fruits of holiness. As a remedy ' for the evils, Which he recorded, he enforces it upon his brethren as their most sacred duty to discourage and oppose all itinerant pt-eaching in plac* es, where ministers were settled. He recommends also a more strict examination of candidates for the ministry, and the revival of discipline in the chunihes. In regard to Mr. Whitefield, than tvhom there was never a more disinterested man, it was suggested that vanity might h&ve been the cause of his incessant travels in GreU Britain and America, and that in soliciting subscriptions he might have had ** a fellow feeling with the orphans in Geot^." Dr. Chauncy was ardently attached to the civil and religious lib* ibrtl 's of his countiy. After the death of Dr. Mayhew he followed in his stoi s in withstanding the schemes of episcopalians. He pub* lis led in 1767 remarks upon a sermon of the bishop of Laodaff, in Whi ii pamphlet he ex^yresses his fears, that the Appointment of Inshops for America, as was projected, would be followed by at* tempts to promote episcopacy by force. He then adds, ** it may be i'elied on, our people would not be easy, if restndned in the 6:^!'r* else of Uiiat liberty, whetrewith Christ hatli niJide them free ; y^ •U CHA. n$ ilMjr would kuud every thing dear to them, their estetest their verf lifei, rather than suffer their necks to be put under that yoke of boMbgC} which was so sadly galling to their lathers, and occasioned their retreat into this distant land, tliat they might enjoy the frec- ^m of men and christians.'* A controversy on the subject with tiie reverend Or. Chandler succeeded, and in his reply to him he oh* •erres, *' it is with me past all doubt, that the religion of Jesus will nerer he restored to its primitive purity, simplicity, and glory, tmtil religious establishments are so brought do^vn as to be no more.'* In 1771 he published his complete view of episcopacy from the fath- ers, a work, which, does him great honor, and which in the opinion of many has settled the controversy. He was an honest patriot, and at the commencement of the revor Itttion he entered warmly into those measures, which were consid- ered as necessary to vindicate our rights, and which were founded in justice and dictated by wisdom. During the war he was a most in- curable whig. So firmly was he convinced of the justice of o\ir ause, that he used to say, he had no doubt, if humanexertions weise ineffectual, that a host of angels would be sent to assist tis. Whw a smile was excited, and some doubts were expressed respecting the possibility of such an idly, he persisted in his assertion, addingi that he knew it. His mind was indeed of a peculiar stamp. In conversatitHi he was apt to be vehement and extravagant ; a little eppoaition would easily kindle a flame { but in his writings he ap- pears more calm and collected. He was respected for the excellence of his character, being hoQ- est and sincere in his intercourse with his fellow men, kind, artd charitable, and pious. Dissimulation, which was of all things most foreign to his nature, was the object of his severest invective. His language was remarii^ly plain and pointed, when he spoke against fraud either in public bodies, or individuals. Paper money, tender acts, and every species of knavery met his severest reprehenuon l»th in his public discourses and in private convcrsadon. No com- pany could restrain him from the honest expression of his sen^- mems. In the latter part of his life he appeared to those, who me^te lear him* to be almost wholly engaged in devotional excercises. Dr. Chauncy*s publications are numerous. The following is tk list of them. Funeral sermons on Mrs. Sarah Byfiekl,.Mrs. Elisa^ beth Price, the honorable Nathaniel fiyfield, deacon Jonathan Will- hms, Mrs. Lucy Waldo, Mr. Cornelius Thayer* Mrs. Anna jRojt- ooft, Mr. Edward Gray, the reverend Dr. Mayhew, the revereqd Mr. Foxcrolt, and the reverend Dr. Sewall ; sermons at the onii- iiation of the reverend Messrs. Thomas Frink, Joseph Bawman* Penud Bowen,and Simeon Howard ; a sermon before the ortillery company ; on religious compulsion ; on the new creature } on fkn wbridkd tongue ; (Hi the gifts of the Spirit to ministers, 1749 ; on the outpouring of t3»e Holy Ghost ; agflonst enthusiaam) 1>T43 f yhoha8 perused Clark's summer morning's conversation ; a Dudleian lecture on the validity of presbyterian ordination, 1763 ; twelve sermons on seasonable and important subjects, particularly referring to the Sandemanian doctrines, 8vo, 1765; a thanksgiving sermon on the repeal ot the stamp act, 1766 ; on trust in God the duty of a people. Sec. ; on all things in common ; on the accursed thing ; an account of the French prophets in a letter to a friend ; remarks on the bishop of Landaff's sermon, 1767 ; answer to Dr. Chand< ler's appeal, 1768 ; reply to Dr. Chandler's appeal defended, 1770; a complete view of episcopacy from the fethers, Bvo, 1771 ; five sermons on the Lord's supper, 1772 ; ajust representation of the sufTe rings and hardships ofthe town of Boston, 1774 ; the mystery hid from ages, or the salvation of all men, Bvo, 1784 ; this kas been answered by the reverend Dr. Edwards ; the benevolence of the Deity considered, 8vo, 1785 ; five dissertations on the fall and its consequences, 8vo, 1785 ; a sermon on the return of his society to their house of worship, after it had undergone repairs.'—C/ar^-e't funeral sermon ; Hardie's biog. diet. ; Miller* » retroafiectf ii. 368. CHECKLEY (Samuel), minister in Boston, was graduated at Harvard college in 1715. He was ordained the first minister of the new south church in summer street November 22, 1719, and died December 1, 1769, in the seventy fourth year of his age, and the fifty first of his ministry. His colleague, ' ' everend Mr. Bowen, who was settled in 1766, survived him ; ivas dismissed in 1772. In the following year, the reverend Mr. Howe was or- dained his successor. Mr, Checkley's son, the reverend Samud Checkley, junior, was minister ofthe old north church from 1747 V to 1768. Mr. Checkley in his preachh)g was plain -and evangelical. The I great subject of his discourses was Jesus Christ, as a divine person, and as the end ofthe law for righteousness to all, that believe. He j frequently dwelt upon'the 1^1 of man,the necessity of the influeno es of the Spirit of God, the freeness and richness of divine grace, the necessity of regeneration, justification by feith, and faith as the I gift of God, He was careful also to insist upon the importance of | the christian virtues. These he exhibited in his own -life. Divf countenancing all parade in religion, it gave him pleasure to en- - eourage the humble and diffident. As he did not condder it of lit* ers were i CHE. 181 tie impiortahce, what principles were embraced, he was tenacious of his sentiments. During his last sickness he enjoyed the supports of religion, and anticipated the blessedness of dwelling with his Savior, and with his pious friends, who had been called before him into etemitf . * Renouncing his own righteousness, he trusted only in the merits of Christ. He published a sermon on the death of king George I, 1727 ; on the death of the reverend William Waldron, 1737 ; on the death of Mrs. Lydia Hutchinson, 1748 ; the election sermon, 1755.— Boioen*9 funeral aermon g Cottect. hist. aoc. iii. 26 1 . CHEEVER (EzBKiEL),an eminent instructer, was bom in Lon- don January 25, 1615, and came to this country in June 1637 for the sake of the peaceable enjoyment of christian worship in its pu- rity. He was first employed as a schoolmaster at New Haven for twelve years ; then at Ipswich, Massachusetts, eleven years ; and afterwards at Charlcstown nine years. He removed to Boston Jan- uary 6, 1671, where he continued his labors during the remunder of his life. He died August 21, 1708, in the ninety fourth year of his age. Most of the principal gentlemen in Boston at that time had been his pupils, and took pleasure in acknowledging their obliga- tions and honoring their old master. He waft not only an excellent teacher, but a pious christian. He constantly prayed with his pu- pils every day, and catechised them every week. He also took fre- quent occasions to address them upon religious subjects. Be- ing well acquunted vrith divinity, he was an able defender of the faith and order of the gospel. In his old age his intellectual pow- ers were very little impaired. The following extracts from an el- egy upon him by Dr. Cotton Mather, one of his pupils, will show the esteem, in which he was held, and may serve also as a specimen of the poetry of the age. "A mighty tribe of well instructed youth ' ', Tell what they owe to him, and tell with truth. •^ ' All the eight parts of speech, he taught to them, ' ' • They now employ to trumpet his esteem.— •^ Magister pleas*d them well because 'twas he ; They say, that bonus did with it agree. - * '; While they said amo, they the hint improve ;•?'-; Him for to make the object of their love. •^* i No concord so inviolate they knew, -■ *.. As to pay honors to their master due. With interjections they break off at last, "■. V But, ah is all they use, wo, and alas !'* > •.,,-?: .v He published an essay on the millennium, and a Latin accidence) which has passed through twenty editions, and has not lost its rep- utation to the present day .-^Mather*»Jun,9erm, and elegy ,• Huteh^ •vtoTiy u. 175 ; Collect, Mat. aoc. viii. 65. ' ' V ' >i-'r''i' 'f i.- i^* V* -V?iV^ ..* ■•i? *• .f;-'^.. it.f-'M.',. !.;v vi«,au Governor Chittenden, though an illiterate man, powessed great t^ts. His discernment was keen, and no person knew better j hiw to effect great dengns, than himself. Though his open frank- ness was aometimes abused, yet when secresy was required in or- der td-accomplish his purposes, no misplaced confidence made them liable to be defeated. His negotiations during the war were master strokes of policy. He possessed a peculiar talent in reconciling the iirring interests among the people. The important services, which wnndered to bis country, and especially to Vermont, make luft- \ i ':! « ' , ;*' I I \ ' i'u h ! ! ^ I J .^ '■' ill hi Ji; I .i iS^' 1 1 ? .' t •»' i 'I (F i li w> Mil i ilU 184 CHU. name worthf of honorable remembrance. He lived to see aiton. ishing changes in the district* which was almost a wilderness, when he first removed to li. Instead of his little band of associates he could enumeiate u hundred thousand persons, whose interests were entrusted to his care. He saw them rising superior to oppression, braving the horrors of a foreign war, and finally obtaining a recog- nition of their independence, and an admission into the United States of America. Governor Chittenden was conspicuous for his privatii virtues. In times of scarcity and distress, which are not unfrequent in new set> tlements, he displayed a noble liberality of spirit. His granary was open to all the needy. He was ajprofessor of religion, a worshipper of God, believing in the Son to the glory of the Father. A num* ber of his letters to congress and to general Washington were pub* lished.— 'Mo/tr/i/y anthology^ i. 490—493 ; WiUiama* Vermont^ 233 —377 ; Oraham*a deacrifitive tketch of Vermont^ 135—137. CHURCH (Benjamin), distinguished by his exploits in the In. diau wars of New England, was bom at Duxbury, Massachusetts, in 1 639. He was the first Englishman, who commenced the settle- ment at Sekonit,since called Little Compton. His life, which was fre- quently exposed to the greatest dangers, was by divine providence remarkably preserved. In the year 1676, when in pursuit of king Philip, he was engaged with tlie Indians in a swamp. With two men by his side, who were his guard, he met three of the ene* my. Each of his men took a prisoner, but the other Indian, who was a stout fellow with his two locks tied up with red and a great jrattle snake's skin hanging from his hair behind, ran into the swamp. Church pursued, and as he approached him presented his gun, but it missed fire. The Indian being equally unsuccessful in his at> tempt to discharge his gun turned himself to continue his flight ; but his foot was caught in a small grape vine and he fell on his face. Church instantly struck him with the muzzle of his gtin and dis- patched him. Looking about he saw another Indian rushing to- wards him with inexpressible fury ; but the fire of his guards pre- served him from the danger. After the skirmish his party ^und they had killed and taken one hundred and seventy three men. At iii!j;ht they drove their prisoners into Bridgewater pound, where, hav. ing a plenty of provisions, they passed a merry night. Colonel Church commanded the party, which killed Philip in August 1 676. When it was knoMm, that the savage monarch was shot, the whole compat j ny gave three loud huzzas. Church ordered him to be beheaded and quartered, and gave one of his hands to the friendly Indian, whs shot him. The government at Plymouth paid thirty shillings a head for the enemies killed or taken and Philip's head went at the | same price. In 1704 colonel Church went on an expedition against the east- tern shore of New England 4^nd did much damage to the Frenckl CLA, 185 )iid Indians. It was the burning of Deerfield, which awakened the spirit of this veteran warrior ; and he took, his horse and rode seventy miles to ynlt on governor Dudley and offer his service in behalf of his country. He died January 17, 1718, in the seventy eighth yearof hisage. He was aman of integrity and piety. At the gathering of the church at Bristol by the reverend Mr. Lee he was a member of it, and his life was exemplary. The rupture of a blood vessel by a fall {torn bis horse was the cause of his death. He was buried with military honors. He published a narrative of Philip's war, n\6.f-^Church*a narrative i jfccount of Church annexed to it; Holmet* annattt ii. 97. CLAP (Rooeb), one of the first settlers of Dorchester, Massa- chusetts, was bom in England April 6^ 1609, and came to this coun- try with the reverend Mr. Warham and Mr. Maverick in 1630. At this time there were only a few settlers at Plymouth, Salem, and Charlestown. The place, where Mr. Clap with others of the com- pany began a plantation, was Dorchester. The hardships endured at first were very considerable, as there was a great want of the nec- essaries of life ; the Indians however, who brought baskets of corn for trailic, afforded great assistance. The people were glad to pro- cure clams, and muscles, and fish, and often they had nothing but samp, or hominy. Mr. Clap sustained several civil and military offices. He was a representative of the town, and in August 1665 he was appointed by the general court the captsun of castle Will- iam. This trust he discharged with great fidelity, and continued in command dll 1686, when he resigned. During his residence at the castle he of&ciated as chaplun, always calling in the soldiers to fiimily prayer. He constantly attended the lectures in Boston. While he was remarkably pious, very meek and humble, and of a qmet and peaceable spirit, there was a dignity in his deportment, which commanded respect. He possessed also a pleasant and cheerful dispoution. In 1686 he removed from the castle into Boston, where he died February 2, 169 1, in the eighty second year uf his age. Among his sons are the names of Preserved, Hope- still, and Desire, and one of his daughters was named Wut.' Mr. Preserved Clap was one of the early settlers of Northampton, and died September 20, 1720» aged about seventy seven years. Captadn Clap wrote memoirs of himself, in which he gives a (ketch of the early history of New England, and leaves some excel- lent advice to his descendants. These memoirs were published in asmall pamphlet by the reverend Mr. Prince in 1731, and they were republished in 1807, with an appendix by Mr. James Blake,' ]moTj--Clafi.*a memoira ; Collect. Mat.eoc, ix. 149 , ISO. CLAP (Nathaniel), minister of Newport, Rhode Island, w'^s I the son of Nathaniel Clap of Dorchester, Massachusetts, and was I bom in January 1668. He was graduated at Harvard college in. 1690. In 1695 he began to preach at Newport, and he continued 25 - • ■ •) ,■1 ' < t 1 ; P||!!1 :i' { m in: 186 CLA. > .«: II' m 'r ,; i-ii'j !N (I '.l .■■1 W '1* Ids labors undei' inany discouragements till a church was formcd,of which he was ordained pastor Novembers, 1 730. Here he passed the remainder of his days, and was preacher in this place near 6fty years. In the year 1740, when Mr. Whitefield arrived at Newport from Charleston, he called upon Mr. Clap, and he speaks of him «$ the most venerable man he ever saw in his life. ** He looked like a good Old puritan," says Mr. Whitefield, " and gave me an idea of what stamp those men were, who first settled New England. His countenance was very heavenly, and he prayed most affectionately for a blessing on my coming to Rhode Island. I could not but think, that I was sitting with one of the patriarchs. He is full of days, a bachelor, and haa been a minister of a congregadon in Rhode Island up^^ards of forty years." Mr. Clap died October 3o 1745, in the seventy eighth year of his age. His colleague, the reverend Jonathan Helyer, who was ordmed June 30, 1744, died r.few months before him. May 37, 1745. Mr. Clap was eminent for sanctity, piety, and an ardent deiire to promote true godliness in others. The powers of his mind and his learning were above the common level, but he made no attempt to display himself and attract attention. Though he had some singularities ; yet his zeal to promote the knowledge of Jesus Christ and the interests of his gospel cast a lustra ove^ all his character. He was zealously attached to what he considered the true doctrines of grace, and to the forms of worship, which he belier- ed to be of divine institution ; but his charity embraced good men of all denominations. He had little value for merely speculative, local, nominal Christianity, and a form of godliness without the power. He insisted chiefly upon that fiuth, by wliich we are jus* tified and have peace with God through our Lord Jesus, and that repentance toward God and new obedience, which are the necessa- ry efTect and evidence of our regeneration, and the proper exercise of Christianity . In his preaching he dwelt much upon the evil of sin and the worth of the souI,the influence of the divine Spirit in restoring us to the image of God,and the necessity of constant piety and devodon, He addressed his brethren with the affectionate earnestness, which a regard to their welfare and a full conviction of the great truths of the gosp6l could not but inspire. He abounded in acts of charity and beneficence, being the father and guardian of the poor and necessitous, and giving away all his living. He scattered niany little books of piety and virtue, and put himself to very considerabie expense, that he mjght in this way awaken the careless, instruct the ignorant, encourage the servants ot Christ, and save the sinner from death. He was remarkable for his care with regard to the education of children, and his concern for the ii 'ruction of servants. He knew by experience the advan tages of I. pious education, and fully aware of the consequences ol suffering the youthful mind to be undirected to what is good, he ■\*i CLA. 187 »ire much of his attention to the lambs of his flock. His benevo- lent labors also extended to the humble and numerous cluss of sertants and slaves, to whom he endeavored vrith unwearied care to impart the knowledge of the gospel. Thus evincing the reality of bis religion by the purity and benevolence uf his lifei he was ait boDor to the cause of th« Redeemer, in which he was engaged. He departed this life in peace, without those raptures, which some express, but with perfect resignation to the will of God, and with bumble confidence in Jesus Christ, who was the sum of his doc- trine and the end of his conversation. He published a sermon on tbe Lord's voice crying to the people in some extraordinary dispen- sations, \1\S*—'CaUender*»ftmeraltermon ; CoUectiona fust. Mcietyy U. 183, 183 ; Backut* abridgment^ 157, 158 ; IVhit^dd* a journal of 1740,39 — 45. CLAP (Thomas), president of Yale college, was born at Scitu* ate, Massachusetts, June 26, 1703, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1733. The early impressions, made upon his mind by divine grace, inclined him to the study of divinity. He was settled in the ministry at Windham in Connecticut August 3, 1726. From this place he was removed in 1739 to the presidentship of Yale college, as successor of the reverend Elisha Williams. This office he reugned September 10, 1766, and he died January 7, 1767, in the sixty fourth year of his age. He was succeeded by the rev- erend Dr. Daggett. Mr. Clap was one of the most profound waA. accurate scholars, of which Connecticut can boast. He possessed strong powers of mind, a clear perception, and solid judgment. Though not vei^ emi- nent for classical learning, he had a competent knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. In the higher branches of mathematics, in astronomy, and in the various departments of natural philosophy he had probably no equal in America, excepting professor Win- throp of Cambridge. Ho appears to have been extensively and profoundly acquainted with lustory, tlieology, moral philosophy, the canon and civil law, and with most of the objects of study in his time. The labors of his office left a most contemplative mind only a few hours for reading ; but he employed vhat time he could devote to study in a most advantageous method. He always pursued his re- searches systematically, with an arrangement, which had respect to some whole. A large library before him he treated as a collec- tion of reports, books delivering the knowledge and reasonings of the learned world on all subjects of literature. He seldom read a Tolume through in course. Having previously settled in his mind the particular subjects to be examined, he had recourse directly to tbe book, or the parts of a book, which would give him the desired information, generally passing by what did not relate to the object of his inquiry, however attracting and interesting. He thus amass* ed and digested a valuable treasure of erudition, having prosecuted ( V ]■ ''M. >k '( : < hi I ' J •' i .H/ H.; I ■ H '^W ^<^.'.i ^ii 18a CLA. nimost ill the princiiMl subjects in the whole circle of literature. He WM indenitigablo in labom both secular and scientific for the institution, over which he presided. He was the means of building a college edifice and chapel { and he gave frequent public disaerta- lions in the various departments of learning. As a preacher he was solidi grave, and powerful } not so much clclighting by a florid manner, as impressing by the weight of ht> matter. His religious sentiments accorded with the Calvinism of the Westminster assembly. He had thoroughly studied the scrip, tures, and had read the moat eminent divines of the last two hun- dred years. Though in his person he was not tall, he yet appeared rither bulky. His aspect was light, placid, and contemplative, and he was a calm and judicious man, who had the entire command of his passions. Intent on being useful, he was economical and lived by rule, and was a rare pattern of industry. He had no fondness for parade. As he was exemplary for piety in life, so he was resigned and peaceful at the hour of death. When some one in his last ill. neas observed to him, that he was dangerously (sick, he replied, that a person was not in a dangerous situation, who was approach* ing the end of his toils. By some means he acquired a prejudice against Mr. WhitpCeld. He was apprehensive, that it was the design of that eloquent preach- er to brtik down our churches, and to introduce ministers from Scotland and Ireland. He therefore opposed him, though it is be- lieved, that they did not differ much in their religious sentiments. He had a controversy with the reverend Mr. Edwards of North- ampton respecting a conversation, which passed between them in reference to Mr. Whitefield. He seems to have misapprehended Mr. Edwards. Mr. Clap constructed the first orrery, or planetari- um, made in America. His manusciipts were plundered in the expedition against New Haven under general Tryon. He had made collections of materials for a history of Connecticut. He published a sermon at the ordination of the reverend Ephraim Little, Colchester, September SO, 1732 ; the religious constitution of colleges, 1754 ; a brief history and vindication of the doctrines received and established in the churches of New England, with a specimen of the new scheme of religion, beginning to prevail, 1755; this scheme he collects from the writings of Chubb, Taylor, Foster, Hutcheson, Campbell, and Ramsay, and in opposing it he vindi- cates the use of creeds, and contends for the doctrines of the divin- ity and satis&ction of Christ, original sin, the necessity of special grace in regeneration, and justification by faith. He published also a historv of Yale college, 1766 ; and conjectures upon the nature and motion of meteors, which are above the atmosphere, 1781.— Holmet* life qfStilea^ 263, 393 — 396 ; andannalsf ii. 281 \ Milkr't retro$fiectf ii. 360 ; DaggettU fun, sermon. .' ll 189 CLA. CLARK (Pbtbk)) minuter of Danven, MuuchiiMttti graduated at Harvard college in 17l2»und was ui'daiiicd paatorof the first church in Oanvcrs, or as it was then called Salem viUage» June 7» 1 7 1 7. Here he continued more than half a century. He di- ed about the middle of June 1768, in the seventy sixth year of hu age. He was highly respected as a minister of the gospel, and there were few, who were more universally venerated. He was very plain and faithful in his admonitions, and he applied himself diligently to sacred studies. Possessing an inquisitive genius, be read all the modem books of any note, which came in his way. By conversing much with some of the best and most celebrated, he hid formed a style somewhat superior to that of roost of his contempo- raries. He was warmly attached to the sentiments, generally cm- braced in the New England churches. He published a sermon at the ordination of the reverend William Jennison, Salem, 1798 ; the necessity and efficacy of the i^race of God in the conversion of the sinner, 1734 ; artillery election ser- mon, 1736 ; election sermon, 1739 ; a fast sermra, occasioned by the war, February 36, 1 74 1 ; a sermon before the annual convention of ministers, 1745 ; a defence of the divine right of infant bapUsm, Svo, 1753 i spiritual fortitude recommended to young men, 1757 ; ihe scripture doctrine of original sin stated and defended in a sum* mer morning's conversation between a minister and a neighbor, rec- ommended by several ministers of Boston, 1758 ; a defence of the principles of the summer morning's conversation, 1760 ; a Dudlei- an lecture, \76S ^'•mBarnartPaJitneral aermon. CLARK (JoMAi), minister of Lexington, Massachusetts, was bom at Newton December 35, 1730, was graduated at Harvard col- lege in 1753, and ordained as successor of the reverend Mr. Han- cock November 5,1755. Having through the course of half a cen- tury approved himself an able and faithful minister of the gospel, he died in much peace November 15, 1805, in the seventy nfUi jtuv of his age. He was wholly devoted to the duties of his sacred calling. His public discourses consisted not of learned discusuons on speculative or metaphysical subjects, nor yet of dry lectures on heaUien morality ; but of the most interesting truths of the gospel» delivered with uncommon energy and zeal. In the times preced- ing the American revolution he was not behind any of his brethren in giving his influence on the side of bis country in opposition to its oppressors. It was but a few rods from his own door, that the first blood was shed in the late war. On the morning of April 19, 1775, he saw his paiishioners most wantonly murdered. During the struggU, wluch then commenced, the anniversary of this outrage vas religiously observed by him and his people. He published a sermon and narrative on Lexington battle ; and the election sermon, \7 81 ^-m^Cotumbian ccntinely December 31, 1805; PfinofiHaty i. 334, 325. . . 'ij *\ .! . I .) I !i ,« m ,A I i. 1 1 I (• ic r tl 190. CLA, E^ .1. «. I 'ilf 'CLARKE (JoBv^) one of the first founders of Rhode Island, was a phfsician in London before he came to this country. - Soon aRer the first settlement of Massachusetts, he was driveh from that colony with a number of others ; and on the seventh of March 1638 they formed themselres into a body polidc and |;>urchased Aquetneck) or Rhode Island, of the Indian sachems. Mr. Clarke was soon employed as a preacher, and in 1644 he formed a church at Newport and became its pastor. This was the second baptist church, which was established in America. In 1649 we find him an assistant and treasurer of Rhode Island colony. .In 1651 he w6nt to visit one of Ids brethren at Lynn, n^ Boston, and he preached on Sunday, July 30 ; but before he had completed the niervices.of the forenoon was seized widi his fiiends by an officer of the government. In the afternoon he was compelled to attend the parish meeting, at the close of which he spoke a few words. On the tMsty first he was tried before the court of assistants and fined twenty pounds, in case of fulure in the payment of which ^um he was to be whipped. In passing the sentence judge Endicot ob* served, ** you secretly insinuate thing sinto those, who are weak, which you cannot maintain before our muiisters ; you may try and dispute with them." Mr. Clarke accordingly wrote from the ^ris> on, proposing a dispute upon the principles, which he professed. He represented his principles to be, that Jesus Christ haid the sole right of prescribing nny laws respecting the worship of God, which it Was necessary to obey ; that baptism, or dip(>in^ in water, was an ordinance to be administered only to those, w6o gave some evidence of repentance towards God and fiuth in Jesus Christ; that such riuble believers only constituted the church ; that each of them had aright to speak in the congregation according as the Lord had given him talents, either to make inquiries for his own instruc- tion, or to prophesy for the edification of others, and that at all times and in all places they ought to reprove foUy and open thSr lips to justify itrisdom ; and that no servant of Jesus Christ had any autho^ ity to restndn any fellow servant in his worship, where injury was not offered to others. No dispute however took place, and Mr. CUrke, after paying his fine, was soon released from prison, and directed to leave the colony. His companion, Mr. Obadiah Holmes, shared a severer fate ; for on declining to pay his fine of thirty pounds, which his friends offered to do for him, he was publicly whipped in Boston. In 1651 Mr. Clarke was sent to England \rith Mr. Williams to promote the interests of Rhode Island, and particularly to procure a revocation of Mr. Coddingt(Hi*8 commisnon as governor! Soon af- ter his arrival he published a book, giving an account of the perse- cutions in New England. In October 1652 the commission of Mr. Codcli»j;ton was annulled. After the return of Mr. Williams, Mr. <21arke was left behind, and continued in England as agent for th« CLA. 191 colony till he obtamed the Becond charter Julj 8, 1663, to procure which he mortgaged his estate in Newport. He returned in 1664| and continued the pastor of his church till his death. It was a num- ber of years before he obtained from the assembly a repayment of his expenses during his absence, though a conuderable reward was voted him. The quakers about this time occasioned much trouble in New England, and Mr. Clarke and his church were obliged in October 1673 to exclude five persons from their communion for as- serting, ** that the man Christ Jesus was not now in heaven, nor on earth, nor any where else ; but that his body was entirely lost." Mr. Clarke died at Newport April 20, 1676, aged abou< fifty six years* His life was so pure, that he was never accused of any vice, which has left a blot on his memory. His sentiments respecting religious toleration did not indeed accord with the sentiments of the i^, in which he lived, and exposed him to some trouble ; but at the pres- ent time they are almost universally embraced. His exertions to promote the civil prosperity of Rhode Island must endear his name to those, who are now enjoying the fruits of his labors. He possess^ es ^he singular honor of contributing much towards establishing the first government upon the earth, since thr rise of antichrist, which gave equal liberty, civil and religious, to a!.! inen living under it. He died resigning his soul to his merciful Redeemer, through faith in whose name he enjoyed the joyful hope of a resurrection to eternal lite. He left behind him a writing, wMch expressed his religious opin- ions. He belteved, that all things, with their causes, effects, cir- cumstances, and manner of bemg, are decreed by God ; that this decree is the determination from eternity of what shall come to pass in time; that it is most wise, just, necessary, and unchangeable, the cause of all good, but not of any sin ; that election is the decree of God, choosing, of Itis free love, grace, and mercy, some men to fidth, holiness, and eternal life ; that sin is the effect of man's free will, and condemnation an effect of justice, inflicted upon tnan for un and disobedience. It was not in these opinions, but in hb sen- timents respecting baptism, that he differed from llie ministers of Massachusetts. In his last will he left his farm in Newport to charitable purpos- es ; the income of it to be given to the poor and to be employed for the support of learning and reli^on. It has produced about two hundred dollars a year, and has thus been promoting the public in- terests ever since his death. The title of the book, which he published in London in 1652t is, ill news from New England, or a narrative of New England's perse- cution ; wherein it is declared, that while Old England is becoming New, New England is becoming Old ; also four proposals to parlia- ment, and four conclusions, touching the fidth and order of the gos- pel of Christ out of his last will and testament, 4to, pp. 76. This hi m ' I M M ';), I, i ':' i V 19:^ CLA. r m ' ■! ''» work was answered by the reverend Thomas Cobbet of L3mn.-i« Backut* church hut, qf M England^ iii. 327, 338 ; Backut* abridg. •menty 84,86, 109—116. / ; ^ ' CLARKE ( Richard), an elegant cbsslcal scholar, came to this comitry from England before the middle of the last century. He was for some time rector of St. Philip's church in Charleston, South Carolina. He returned to England about the year 1758, and in 1768 was curate of Cheshunt in Hertfordshire. He published several pieces on the prophecies, and on universal redemption. The following are the titles of some of them. An essay on the number 7, wherein the duration of the church of Rome and of the Mahometan imposture, the time of the converuon of the Jews, and the year of the world foi* the millennium, and for the first resurrec' tion are attempted to be settled, 1759 ; a warning to the world, or the prophettcad numbers of Daniel and John calculated ; a second warning to the worlds 1762 ; glad Udings to the Jews and gentiles, 1763 ; the gospel of the dsdly service of the law preached to the Jew and gentile, 1768. He seems to have been tinctured with the mystical doctrines of William Law and Jacob Behmen^— Mffrr*! retrotficct, ii. S65. CLARKE(JoHN,D.D.),minister in Boston, was bom atPortsniouth, New Hampshire, April 13, 1755. He was graduated at Harvard coI> lege in 1 774, and wlule a member of the university was distinguished by his improvements in literature and science, by a strict obedience to the laws, and by irreproachable morals. After he received his first degree, he engaged in the instruction of youth ; but in his leisure hours he pursued with assiduity his theological studies. In the office of preceptor he was gentle and persuasive, beloved by his pupils, and esteemed by their friends. He was ordained pastor of the first church in Boston, as colleague with the reverend Dr. Chauncy, July 8, 1788. With him he lived in the most intimate and respectful friendship about nine years, and afterwards labored alone in the service of the church until the Lord's day April 1, 1798, when, as he was addressing his hearers, he was seized by an apo* plexy and fell down in his pulpit. He expired the next morning, Apnl second, in the forty third year of his age, and the twentieth of his ministry. He was succeeded by the reverend William Em* erson, the present pastor of the church. Dr. Clarke was of a mild and cheerful temper, easy and polite io his mann..rs, and endeared to all his acquaintance. Though fond of literary and philosophical researches, he yet considered theology as the proper science of a minister of the gospel. To this object lie principally devoted his time and studies, and was earnestly desirous of investigating every branch of it, not merely to gratify curiosity, but that he might be able to impart instruction. He was habitu^- ly a close student, and it is not improbable, that his close application contributed f o bring upon him the calamity, which was the occasion CLA. 193 (^ his death. His public discourses bore the marks of penetration^ judgment) perspicuitj, and c^-^gance. In the private offices of l>a>torai friendship he was t^«^ ;xemplary and engaging. In the Tarious relations of life his d: > rtment was marked with careful- ness, fidelity* and affection. He published a sermon^ preached before the humane society ; a sermon on the death of the reverend Dr. Cooper ; on the death of the reverend Dr. Chauncy ; on the death of Dr. N. W. Apple- ton ; an answer to the question, why arc you a christian ? an excel- lent work, which has passed through several editions in this coun- try and England ; and letters to a student at the university of Cam- bridge. This is a valuable work to the members of the college. Since his death a volume of his sermons in 8 vo, and a volume of discourses to young persons, 12mo, have been pub\hhed.-^Thacher*8 /unn-al itrmon i Collect. hi»t, «oc. vi. i-^ix ; Hardie*8 biog, diet, j Colum'' Han centineli jifiril 7, 1798. CLARKSON (Gerardus), a very respectable physician of Philadelphia, died in that city in October 1790, aged fifty three years. CLAYTON (John), an eminent botanist and physician of Vir- ginia, was bom at Fulham in the county of Kent in Great Britain. He came to Virginia with his father in 1705, and was then most probably in his twentieth year. His father was an eminent lawyer, and was appointed attorney general of Virginia. Young Clayton vas put into the office of Mr. Peter Beverly, who was clerk or prothonotary for Gloucester county, and succeeding him in this office he filled it fifty one years. He died December 15, 1773, in the eighty eighth year of his age. During the year preceding his decease, such was tlie vigor of his constitution even at this advanc-' ed period, and such his zeal in botanical researches, that he made a botanical tour through Orange county ; and it is believed, that he had visited most of the settled parts of Virginia. His residence was about twenty miles from the city of Williamsburg. His character stands very high as a man of integrity, and as a good citizen. He was a strict, though not ostentatious observer of thepractice of the church of England, and he seemed constantly piously disposed. He was heard to say, whilst examining a-flower» |that he could not look into one without seeing the display of infi- ite power and contrivance, and that he thought it impossible for a ' itanist to be an atheist. He was a member of some of the most learned literary societies of Europe, and corresponded with Gro- ivius, Linnaeus, and others of the ablest botanists of that portion of be world. As a practical botanist he was perhaps inferior to fio anist of his time. His descriptions of plants are in general so ect, that it is scarcely possible to remain in doubt concerning le precise species, which he describes. This is' especially the ne in the latter numbers, which he transmitted to Grono\in4; 26 : i ■ X i r . iM \ ^■' v.f r ; v< 4'! m ^,? : t X . i ', t ■\ |,r ! \V ' ■!■ f! i ¥ 'H' i!-.n I.' i '. If ■) 194 CLE. fpr he had then become better acquointed with the system of Uq. naeuSf beudes enjoying that increasing facility in iccurate descrip. tion, of which none but the progressive naturalist can form a cor* rect idea. He left behind him two volumes of manuscripts» neatly prepared ftr the press* and a hortus siccus of folio sizej with marginal notes and directions for the engraver in preparing the plates for hb pro* posed work. This work* which was in the possession of his son, when the revolutionary war commenced, was sent to Mr. Williun Clayton, clerk of New Kent, as toii place of security from the io* vading enemy. It was lodged in the office with the records of the county. An incendiary put a torch to the building ; and thus per* ished not only the records of the county, but the labors of Clayton. Several of his communications, treating of the culture and different tq>ecies of tobacco, were published in numbers 90 1,304, 305, and 30( of the philosophical transactions; and in number 454 is an ample ac* count of medicinal plants, which he had discovered growing in Vir^. ia. He is chiefly known to the learned, especially in Europe, by his flo* ra Virginica, a work published by Gronovius at Leyden in 8 vo, 1 739-. 1743, and again in 4to, in 1763. This is frequently referred to by I^innaeus, and by all the succeeding botanists, who have had occa* uon to treat of the plants of North America. It is to be regretted however, that they so frequently refer to the flora as the work of Gronovius, though its greatest value is derived from the masterly descriptions, communicated to the Leyden professor by Mr. Clay* tonr^Barton'a med.and fihya. journal^ ii. 139 ; Reea* cyclofig^ jitner. edit, ; \MiUer, i. 142 ; ii. 368. CLEVELAND (John), minister of Ipswich, MassachuseUs, vasbom in Canterbury, Connecticut, April 33, 1733. He wai graduated at Yale college in 1745, and while a member of that in* stitution he exhibited that independence and courage in the cause ol truth, for which he was ever distinguished. He followed the convictions of his own mind^ fearless of reproach. Though of i mild spirit, he was decided in his opinions. After being a preacher about two years, he was ordained at Chebacco in Ipswich in 1747, Here he ccntinued more than half a century, and during his minifr tiry two separate churches and congregations were formed into one. He cUed April S3, 1799, aged seventy seven years. He was an active and enterprising man. During four years he was. chaplaia in the army, and was called to lake Champlain, cape Breton, Cam* hfidge, and the banks of the Hudson. As a minister he was labori^ ' otts and successful. At one period, in the space of about sixroonthi I oi^e hundred persons were added to his church. He zealously contended for the faith, once delivered to the saints. Though for a ^eat part of his life he was frequently engaged in religious con* troYersy, yet his temper was not soured. Being unfeignedlyjuoui) while he constantly held intercourse with heaven, he consecrated I COB. 195 ytrticukr dajt to pritite fiMting and prayer. He died at last in fliucb peace, relying securely upon the merits of his Redeemer. He published a narrative of the work of God at Chebacco ia If 63 and 1764 ; an essay to defend some of the most important principles in the protestant reformed system of Christianity) more especially Christ's sacrifice and atonement, against the injuriout aspersions cast on the same by the itiverend Dr. Mayhew in a thanksgiving sermon, 1763 ; a reply to Dr. Mayhew's letter of icproof, 1765 ; a treatise on infant baptism, 1784.— /'amA'«ykfi. lermon ; Matta. miaa. mag. ii. 129—- 133 ; Baekutj iii. 341. COBB (Ebenbzkr), remarkable for longevity, was bom in Plymouth, Massachusetts, March 33, 1694, and was ten years con- temporary with Peregrine White of Marshfield, the first son of Kew England, who was bom on board the Mayflower in cupe Cod harbor in November 1630. Mr. Cobb died at Kingston, Decern ber 8, 1801, aged one hundred and seven years, eight months, and six days. He lived in three centuries, and his days were passed in culUvating the earth. His mode of living was simple, never va- rying from the plainness and frugality, which marked the habits of the husbandman at the beginning of the lust century. Only twice in his life, and then it was to gratify his tffethren on a jury, did he sabstitut^ an enervating cup of tea in place of the invigorating bowl of broth, or the nutritive porringer of milk. He never used glasses, but for several years could not see to read. He was of a moderate stature, stooping in attitude, having an expaiuled chest, and of a fair and florid countenance. He enjoyed life in his old ^, and in his last year declared, that he had the same attachment to life as ever. He was a professed christian. As he approached the close of his days, he shrewdly replied to some one, who made a remark upon his expected dissolution, '* it is very rare, that per- sons of my age die." His posterity were not numerous, being only a hundred and eighty &vc.-— Columbian cetitinelf Dec. 16, 1801 ; A". Y, afiectatoTj Dec. 33. COBB£T (Thomas), an eminent minister and writer, was bom at Newbury in England in 1608. He entered the university of Oxford and was for some time a student there ; but in the time of the plague he was induced to remove and to become a pupil of the celebrated Dr. Twiss of Newbui*y. Under his care he pursued his theological studies, and was afterwards a preacher at a small place in Lincolnshire. In consequence of his nonconformity te the es- tablished church he experienced a storm of persecution, which drove him to this country in 1 637. He came in the same vessel inth Mr. Davenport. He was soon chosen as a colleague to his old friend, the reverend Mr. Whiting of Linn, with whom he la- bored in his benevolent work near twenty years. But after the removal of the reverend Mr. Norton of Ipswich to Boston and the death of the reverend Mr. Rogers, he became the pastoff of the ^^ ^!' • I. ? .i ■( : ;h ■1 •.: > :i^ \ < tl, ! 'I If. s ■mr-' liJ 11 I. .ill ■';\V 196 COD. li ^i 1^;.. .1 li. \i :' I firat church in Ipswich. Here he continued in the faithful dis. charge of the duties of the sacred ofTice till his death in the begin. ning of the year 1686, in the seventy eighth yetir of his age. ^ Mr. Cobbet was remarkable not only for a constant spirit of ' devotion and for the frequency of his addresses to heaven, but for a particular faith, or assurance in prayer. During the wars with the Indians one of his sons was taken prisoner by the savages. The aged parent called together a number of his neighbors, and they mingled their prayers for the deliverance of the captive. He Was impressed with the belief, that the Father of mercies had heard the supplications, addressed to him, and his heart was no more sad. In a few days his son, who had been redeemed of a sachem at Pe. nobscot for a red coat, actually relumed. He published a treatise upon the fifth commandment ; the civil magistrate's power in matters of religion modestly debated, Sec. with un answer to a pamphlet, called, ill news from New England, by John Clarke ot Rhode Island, 1653; a practical discourse of prayer, 8vo, 1654 ; and an elaborate work in favor of infant bap. tism, which is much commended by Mr. Cotton in his preface to Norton's answer to the inquiries of ApoUonius.— .MijTta/ia, iii. les —167 ; SuUivan*a diat. of Maine, 216. - CODDING TON (William), the father of Rhode Islahd, was a native of Lincolnshire, England. He came to this country as an assistant, or one of the magistrates of Massachusetts, in the year 1630. He was several times rechosen to that ofRce ; but in 1637, wften governor Vane, to whose interests he was attached, was su- perseded by Mr. Winthrop, he also was left out of the magistracy, The freemen of Boston however the next day chose him and Mr. Vane their deputies to the court. Mr. Coddington expressed Ms dissatisfaction in losing the office, which he had sustained, by sit- ting with the deacons at public worship, instead of placing himself as usual in the magistrates' seat, and by going to mount Wollaston on the day of the general fast to hear Mr. Wheelwright. When the religious contentions ran high in Massachusetts in 1637, he defended Mrs. Hutchinson at her trial in opposition to governor Winthrop and the ministers ; he opposed the proceedings of the court agjunst Mr. Wheelwright and others ; and when he found that his exertions were unavailing, he relinquished his advantageous situation as a merchant at Boston, and his large property and im- provements in Braintree, and accompanied the emigrants, who at ' that time left the colony. He removed to Rhode Island April 36, ■ 1638, and was the prmcipal instrument in effecting the original settlement of that place. His name stands first in the covenant signed by eighteen persons at Aquetneck, or Rhode Island, March 7, 1638, forming themselves into a body politic to be governed by the laws of the Lord Jesus Christ, the King of kings. It was SPon found necessary to have something more definite. Mr. mi hful (lis* \c begin. spirit of > bur for k'ars with •avages. boTs, and ave. He had heard more sad. em at Pe< i the civil >ated, &c. 9 England, iscuurse of infant bap- preface to lioy iii. 16S [slakid, \m antry as an in the year It in 1637, £' t. was su* nagistracy. im and Mr. tressed lus ed, by ut- ing himself WoUaston When 1637, he governor ings of the he found vantageous ty and im- its, wheat 1 April 26, le original ^e covenant knd, March |>vemed by It ym ite. Mr. COD. 197 Coddington was appointed judge* and three eldert W^re joined with him. These were directed by a vote of the freemen January S> 1639, to be governed by the general rules of the word of Godf when no particular rule was known. But this plan W4s changed March 13) 1640, when agovcmor) lieutenant governor, and four assistants were appointed. Mr. Coddington was chosen governor seven years successively, unUl the charter was obtained, and the island was incorporated with Providence plantations. In 1 647 he assisted in forming the body of laws, which has been the basis of the government of Rhode Island ever since. The next year, May 16, 1648, he was elected governor, but he declined the office on account of a controversy, in which he was engaged, respecting some lands. In September he made an unsuccessful attempt to procure the reception of Rhode Island into the confederacy of the united colonies. In 1651 he went to England and was commissioned governor of Aquetneck island, separate from the rest of the colony ; but as the people were jealous lest his commission should affect their laws and liberties, he resigned it. He now retired from public business ; but towards the close of his life he was prevailed on to accept the chief magis- tracy. He was goveftior in the years 1674 and 1675. He died November 1, 1678, in the seventy eighth year of his age. He appears to have been prudent in his administration, and ac- tive in promoting the welfare of the little commonwealth, which he had assisted in founding. While he lived in Rhode Island, he embraced the sentiments of the friends. He was a warm advocate for liberty of conscience. A letter, which he wrote in 1674 to the governor of New England, is preserved in Besse's sufTcvugs of the quakers, ii. 265— 270.— ^Dedication of Callcnder*s hist, diacouraei kolmes* annahf i. 301, 444 ; Monthly anthology, v. 168, 169 ; Backus* abridgm, 43, 69 ; Adams* K, £.61 ; Winthrop, 136,. 128, 154; HutchinsoUyX. 18. . nv^ln- CODMAN (John), a member of the senate of Massachusetts, died in Boston May 17, 1803, in the forty ninth year of his age. He filled the public stations, in which he was placed by the confi- dence of his fellow citizens, with integrity and honor. As a mer- chant, he sustained a character of the first respectability. En- deared to his friends by a natural disposition, which rendered him warm in his attachments, he also possessed, by the gift of divine grace, a principle of benevolence, which drew upon him the bless- ings of the poor. In his last moments, more anxious for the safety of others than for his own, he resigned himself to death mth the fortitude, calmness, and triumph, becoming the blessed religion, which he professed.— Aew York herald. May 25, 1803. COGSWELL (James, d. ».), minister of Windham, in Con- necticut, was born in Saybrook January 6, 1 720. In his childhood his parents removed to Lebanon, where they remained till their old w .,' i\\% : •. ,1 i i' ■r '■ .{ \ X 1 (J iP8 COL. I I \r f.; ige, when with filial affecUon 1m took them to liis own liouie. He was graduated at Yale college in 1743» and while a member of that institution, at the time of the general revival ef religioQ through America, he became experiiuentalljr acquainted with the tmthy as it is in Jesus. Forming th^ resolution to devote his life to the service of the Redeemer, he was ordained in 1T44 pastor of the first church in Canterbury. In 177 1 he was removed from this charge. But early in the following year he was installed minister of Scotland, a parish in the town of Windham, where he contiiui. ed until December 1804. The infirmities of age now rendering him incapable of public service, he found a retreat fi>r the remain* der of his life in the family of his son, Dr. Mason Fitch Cogs* well of Hartford. His own filial piety was now repaid him. He died Januai*y 3, 1807, aged eighty seven years. He was in early life distinguished for his learning, and he retuned it in his old age, His temper was cheerful, and sociid, and benevolence shone in his countenance. Under heavy afUictions he was submissive, adorbig the sovereignty of God. His preaching was generally plain and practical, addressed to the understandings and consciences of his hearers. On the great doctrines of the gospel, which he inculcat* ed, he built his own hope of a blessed imftortality.»«Pan(;j/k&' lithed under the title of the cause of gnvitation ; wl^, beite mucli enlarged) Mppeered in 17s 1 under the title of the jniiicipUi of tctioD in matteri to which it added a treatise on fluxicms. He di< ed in the firm persuasion* that* Iwwever he might have erred b the deductions* the grand* fundamental principles of his syiteni were true ; and that they would at length be received as fuch in the world. This book cost him many years of close and icvcr« studjr. He prepared a new edition of it with elucidations of «och kU ^rts, M hBd been subjected to objections* and with large additioni. ^^ At the time it was prepared for the press* he was so br advance^ in years* that he despaired of living to see it puiilifihed. He there* fore transmitted the manuscript to his frien^ alia corresptmdcn^, Dr. Whittle* of the royal college of physicians* and professor of medicine in thie university of Edinburgh. iThe fate of the work dnce that time is not linown. Of his other manuscHpt papers* dm. hy of them* through the variety of hands* into which Uiey have &]• len* have become mutilatedi and a ^reat part of soj^ie of them ^ entirely lost. Among these are an mquiry into the operation oVu^ tellect in animals* a piece of great originality ; anotlier on the t%. sehtial ptvpcrties of ttjl^lit* interspersed with observatjbos on dec tricity* heat* matter* 8cc ; an ^troduction to tlie study of physic, in t^p form of instructions to one of his grandsons, and dated in tbe mghty first year of his' age ; an inquiry into the causes* prodi^jig the phenomenon of metal medley* sif imming in water ; an euay on vital motion ; and* lastly* observations oh Mr. S^mijth's history of l^lew Tork* comprehending memoirs of the public transactions, in which he was conversant. He complains of the partiality of Mr, Smith* and supposet^* that he is incocnept in many particulars^ ^ee9* qfclo/nediof Amer. edition j Hordirt biqg. diet,; American mw- seum^ iU. 53<— 59. COLMAN (Benjamin), first minister of the chtirch in Brattle iitreet* Boston* was bom in that town October i9* 16T3. He wu distinguished by early piety and zeal in literary pursuits* and in 1 692 was graduated at Harvard college. Beginnmg to.preacb noq afterwards* his benevolent labors Were enjoyed for h^f a year bj the town of Medford. In July 1695 he emb^rtued for umiaa. DuriiBg the vyage the ship* in which he jailed,, wa;i attacked byi French privafeer* and Mn Colman* thotigh he mt^ r^on? of the pn* ftumpttlousfearlessiiess of some df his coimpanionb, y »i . ^ niuqed up* on the quarter deck* and fought bravely with the ' : :•■ » ^ taken prisoner* he was dressed in ran* and put into li.v^ i;uid aiucnig the sailors. When he arrived in J^ronce* by means of a lUtle mooef, which he** had preserved** he was et^abled to make some improTe* mevt in hh appearance. In a few Weeks he wias exchanged* and he 'a»ai',i ^i^bed London. Among ihe efn^ent ministers, vitii | iV ifnconfflu* COL. 903 ftem htlhsrabtcKiiM Mqul^llted( were Meurt. HowCfCalaaijri and girkitt. Bting called to preach in diffV-'-ent placet, he supplied ■ tnall congregation at Cambridge for a fe«« weekt* and waaauccced- ^ bj the learned James Pierce, who by his mathematical hlwwU fdge attracted the nodce of Mr. Whiston. ^nd bccoiniw his friend ijobibMi his Arian sentiments. He afterv ai di preachM about two Jetrt at ^atht where he became intiinttrcly acqui>^ted witk Mrs. [owe, then Miss Singer, and admired hci sublime devotion as well at ugenuity ond wit, and afterwards corresponded with hisr. A new society having been formed in Brattle h.reet, Boston, the principal gentlemen, who composed it, sent him an invitation im re- mm to hia native country, and to he their minister. The peculiar comdtution jf this c:hurch, diflTering from that of th« other churches nNew En k.u.b, rendered the founders desirous, that he should bf ord>in«u un i oi ] jn. They approved of the ^onfesuon of ftdth CQ^n.iO led by the Westminster assembly ; but they were averse to the ; .b!' relation of experiences, then practised prevbusly to ;Hniuioi|:ato the churches, and they wished ^e scriptures to be :ad on tlM sabbath, and the Iacy, which it was imagined, were to be discerned in it. In the various duties of the pastoral office Dr. Colman was dili- gent and faithful. He catechised the cliildren of his congregation, addressed them upon the concemsof their souls, and as they advanc- ed in years was urgent in his persuasions to induce them to ap. proach the table of the Loid. His church had entrusted him with authuritv to judge oi the qualifications of communicants, and it was thought by many, that he was too free in his admissions to the sup- per. But he was far from thinking, that a competent knowledge of Christianity and a moral life were sufficient qualificadons. He thought) that there should be a credible profession of repentance and faith, with seiious purposes and promises of new obedience through the influence of the divine Spirit ; and he believed, that the purity ot the churches would be corrupted, if there was an indisct'imiriato and general admission to the sacrament. While he entertained the highest veneration for the fathers of New England, and was very friendly to confessions of fiuth, and to the publication of them on particular occasions, he used to say, that the bible wus his platform. In his sentiments upon church govern- ment he inclined towards the presbyterians. He was opposed to the practice adopted by the churches of sending for counsel where- ever they pleased, .believing the neighboring churches to be the proper counsellors. As he he conceived, that all baptized per- sons, who piad^ 9 credible profession of the religion of Christ, were members of the church, he thought vhat they should not be prohib- ited from voting in the choice of a minister. At the same time, he considered them as very reprehensible, if they neglected to approach the tabic of the Lord. Such was the estimation, in which Dr. Colman was held, that af- ter the death of Mr. Leverett in 1 734, he was chosen his successor as president of Harvard college ; but he declined the appointment. He however rendered great service to the institution. He procur- ed benefactors for it, and took indefatigable pains, in forming rules and orders relating to the settlement of the Ho|}isian professor of I diviiiity in Cambridge. His care also extended to Yale college,for which he procured many valuable books. In 1 738 he addressed a letter to Mr. Adams of New London, one of its trustees, desiring him to vindicate that college from the charge of Armimanism. By] l^is acquaintance in England his usefulness was much increased j^^. ^^w COL. 205 He received from Mr. Samuel Holden of London thirty nine sets of the practical works of Mr. Baxter in four massy volumes, folio, to distribute among our churches. He procured also benefactions for the Indians at Houssatonnoc, and engaged vith earnestness in promoting the objects of that mission, which was entrusted to the care of the reverend Mr. Sergeant. But his labors were not con- fined to what particularly related to his profession. He was em- ployed, in his younger as well as in his later years, on weighty af- fairs by the general court, and was sometimes called upon to draught letters and addresses. No minister has since possessed so great influence. His attention to civil concerns drew upon him cen- sure and at times insult ; but he thought himself justified in em- bracing every opportunity for doing good. He knew the interest of his country and was able to promote it ; and he could not admit, that the circumstance of his beinga minister ought to prevent his exer- tions. Still there were few men, more zealous and unwearied in the la- 1)ors of his sacred office. His character was singularly excellent. Hav- ing imbibed the true spirit of the gospel he was catholic, moderate, benevolent, ever anxious to promote the gospel of salvation. He vas willing to sacrifice every thing, but truth, to peace. Once a seventh day baptist from Rhode Island visited him to dispute con- cerning the sabbath. Having heard his arguments patiently and answered him mildly, and perceiving that the disputatious humor of his opponent was in no degree softened, he declined a continu- ance of the controversy by oflTering to direct him to a person, who would be a prdper antagonist in his own way. "^ After a life con- spicuous for sanctity and usefulness, he met the king of terrors with- out fear. In the early part of his life his health was very in- firm ; sicknes frequently reminded him of his mortality ; and he made it his constant care to live in readiness for death, and ever kept his will made, that he might not be obliged to attend to worldly concerns op his dying bed. With a feeble constitution, he yet was able to preach on the very sabbath before he died. His life was vrrit- ten by the reverend Mr. Turell, who married his daughter, and published in 8vo, in 1749. He published an artillery sermon in 1702 ; the government ahd improvement of mirth in three sermons, 1 707 ; imprecation against the enemies of God lawful ; practical discourses on the parable of the ten virgins, 8vo, 1707 ; a poem on the death of the reverend Mr. Willard ; the ruler's piety and duty ; a sermon on the union of Spgland apd Scotland, 1708 ; on seeking God early, 1713 ; the heinous nature of the sin of murder ; on the incomprehensibleness of God in four sermons, 1715 ; the precious gifts of the ascended Savior ; the blessing and honor of fruitful mothers ; divine com- passions magnified ; funeral sermons on madam Abigail Foster, 1711 ; Mrs. Elizabeth Wainwright, 1714 ; honorable Isaac Adding^ ton, and reverend Thomas Bridge, 1714; Mrs. Elizabeth Hirst, I i ■ M, UH: 'il !.il:t- i!;.f is" H. ; it n r-l \%' lit- 1 ' '■ t. I " ' .i;il!^l- ♦ 206' GOL. !.) I V* : '!Ni: f( ' ^ I 1716 ; reverend Messrs. Brattle and Pembertoii, and Grove Hint, esquire) 1717 ; governor Dudleyr 1^30 } William Harris, esquire lf31 ; madam SteeU Mr. David Stoddard) uid Dr. Increase Math. cr, 1723 ; president Leverett, 1724 ; Dr. Cotton Matherj 1728- reverend Solomon Stoddard and William Welsted, esquire^ 1729 • honorable Simeon Stoddard* 1730 ; Thomas Hollis, esqUire, l7S| • on his eldest daughter, 1735; Thomas Steel, esquire, 1736; rev* ercnd Peter Thacher^ 1739 ; honorable Samuel Holden) 1740 • reverend William Cooper, 1743 ; Mrs. Frances Shirly, 1746 ; tlte 'warnings of God unto young people, l7l6 ; a sermoti for the refor. matioD of manners ; our fathers' sins confessed with our own ; a thanksgiving sermon for the suppression of the rebellion in Great Britain ; at the ordination of the reverend William Cooper, 1717 i the rending of the vail of the temple ; five sermoris on the strong man armed ; the pleasure of religidus worship in our public assem> blies ; an election sermon, 1718 ; the blessing of iSebulun and Ii. saohar ; reasons for a market in Boston, 1719; early piety incuU cated, 17220 ; early piety towards men, 1^21 ; some observations on inoculation ; Jacob's vow, i72Si ; Moses a witness to Christ, a sermon at the baptisitn 6f Mr. Monis, 1722 ; an elepUon sermon, 1 723 ; God deals with us as rational creatures ; the dutj^ o^ parents to pray f6r their children ; the doctrine and law of the hdly stobbath, 1725 ; a sermon preached to pirates, 17^6 ; a sacramental dis< course, 1727 ; a sermon at the ordinadon of Mr. Pemberton of New York ; on the acesuon of king George II ; five sermons on the great earthquake ; twenty sacramental sermons on the glories of Christ, 8vo, 172& ; the duty of young people to give their hearts to God, four sermons ; death and the grave without any order ; a treatise on family worship ; on governor Belcher's accession, 1730; the graee given us in the preached gospel, 1732 ; Cod is a great king, 1733 ; the fast, which God hath chosen, 1734 ; a dissertation on die three first chapters of Genesis, 1735 ; a dissertation on the image of God wherein man was created, 1736; merchandise and hire holiness to the Lord ; righteousness and compassion the ruler's duty and character; the divine compassions new every morning, 1737 ; waiting on God in our struts and difficulties, 1737 ; an ar* tillery election sermon) 1738; the unspeakable gift, 1739; the withered hand restored ; pleasant to see souls flying to Christ, 1740; on govenlor Shirley's accession, 1741 ; the word of Gorl magnified by him,' 1743 ; the glory of Cod's power in the firmament; satan's fiery darts in hellish suggestions in several sermons, 1744 ; at the ordination of the reverend Samuel Cooper, l74i6.-^'turelPs life and character of Colman ; 7/iacher*a century aermon ; Hofikiru? hiatory f>f Hotusatonnoe Indians.. COLUMBUS (Christopher)) the first discoverer of the nev world, was born in Genoa in the ycat* 1447, and at the age of four* f cen entered on a seafaring lire. He was educated in the sciencea CQU 207 f)l9¥>mt^ W^ 43lXQliottyi which farm th« batk of natigation, and yn» veli veraed in coamography) hutory* and philoaophyt having studied some-time at Pavia. To equip tumaelt' more comiiilietely for mafciog.diacQveraea he learned to draw, during one of hia voy* ag^ the shJip) in whkh he aukd) took fire in an engagement with a Venetian galley* and hy the help of an oar he swam two league* tQ tlie coaa^ of Portugal near Lbbon. • ■ ; He married at Uisbon the daughter of Perestrello* an old seaman^ ^])0 had been concerned in the discovery of Porto Santo and Ma<« de^rS} from whose journals and charts ho received the highest en*- t^ttsinment. The Portuguese were at this time endeavoring t» find a way to. India round Africa ; they had been pursuing this ob- ject for half ft century without attaining it* and had advanced no far- ther along the cioast of Africa than juat to cross the equator, when Columbus conceived hia great deugn, of finding India in the west. He knew from observing lunar eclipses, that the earth was a sphere^ ;^ concluded) that it might be travelled over from east to wtest, or Trom west to east. He^so hoped, that between Spain and India some islands would be found, which would be resting places in hia vP7«ge> Some learned writers had asserted, tliat it was possible to effect what he was now resolved to accomplish. So early as the y^r 1474 he had communicated hia ideas in writing to Paul Fosi^ canelli, a learned physician of Florence, who encouraged hia design, sending him a chart, in which he had lud down the supposed capi- tal of Qltfna but little more, than two thousand leagues westwrnt. frpm. LisboR' The stories of mariners, that carved wood, a covered csaoej and human bodies of a singular complexion had been found after westerly winds,, also contributed to settle hia judgment. Hav<* iQg estabUshed lus theory and formed liis design, he now began to thioK of the means of carrying it into execution. Deeming the en- terprise too great to be undertaken by any but a sovereign state, he applied first, according to Herrera, to the republic of Genoa, by whom his project was treated as visionary. Ferdinando Columbus in lus life of Ids fatlier says nothing of this application, but repre- sents, that the plan, was first proposed to John II, king of Portugal, because his father lived under him. This, king had encountered such vast expense in fruitless attempts to find away to India around thje African conUnent, that he was entirely indisposed to give to Columbus the encouragement, which he wished to obtain. By the advice however of a favorite courtier he privately gave orders to a ship, bound to the island of cape de V«rd, to attempt a discovery in the west ; but the navigators, through ignorance and want of enter- pns!?, effected nothing, and on reaching their destined port turned the project of Columbus into ridicule. When he became acquaints ed with this ^shonorable conduct of the king, he quitted Portugal in disgust, and repaired to Ferdinand, king of Spain. He had pre- viously sent his brother Bartholomew to England to solicit the pat- .<%! ! '1 ! ! JOQ COL. ¥'V m 1. ■'': ft; *i (.' .? ronage of Henry VII, but on his passage he was taken by pirates^ and he was detained a number of years in captivity. The proposal of Columbus was referred to the consideration of the most learned men in Spain, who rejected it for variocit .easons^one of which was that if a ship should sail westward on e globe, she would necessarily go down on the opposite side, and then it would be impossible to re> turn, for it would be like climbing up a hill, which no ship could do with the strongest wind. But by the influence of Juan Perez, a Spanish priest, and Lewis Santangel, an ofiicer of the king's house- hold, ^een Isabella was persuaded to listen to his request, and af> ter he had been twice repulsed recalled him to court. She offered to pawn her jewels to defray the expenseof the equipment, amount* ingtonomore than two thousand five hundred crowns; but the money was advanced by Santangel. Thus after seven years' pain* ful solicitation he obtained the patronage, which he thought of the highest importance in executing his plan, u^--"^ By an agreement with their catholic majesticis of April 17, 1492, he was to be viceroy and admiral of all countries, which he should discover, and was to receive one tenth part of the profits, accruing from their productions and commerce. He sailed from Palos in Spain August 3, U>92,with three vessels, two of which were called caravels, being without decks, having on board in the wholelninety men. He himself commanded the largest vessel, called Santa Ma- ria. He left the Canaries on the sixth of September, and when he was about two hundred leagues to the west the magnetic needle was observvu, September fourteenth, to vary from the pole star. This phenomenom filled the seamen with terror, but his fertile genius hj suggesting a plausible reason in some degree quieted their appre- hensions. After being twenty days at sea without the sight of land, the sailors became impatient ; they insisted upon his return ; and some of them talked of throwing their commander into the ocean. All his talents were required to dispel their fears and stimulate their hopes. At length, when he was almost reduced to the neces- sity of abandoning the enterprise, at ten o*clock in the night of Oc- tober eleventh, he saw a light, which was supposed to be on shore, and early the next morning, Friday, October twelfth, land was dis- tincUy seen, which proved to be Guanahana, one of the the Bahama islands. Thus in the foity fifth year of his age he effected an ob- ject, which he had been twenty years in projecting and executing. At sunrise the boats were manned and the adventurers rowed to- ward the shore with music and in martial pomp. The coast was covered with people, who were overwhelmed with astonishment. Columbus went first on shore, and was followed by his men. They all kneeling down; kissed the ground with tears joy of and returned thanks for their successful voyage. This island, which, is in the twenty fifth degree of north latitude and is sometimes called Cat ii?land, \ym named by CoIunU>us San Salvador. Having discovered COL. 209 a namber of other islands, and among them Cuba on the twenty seventh of October, and Hispaniola on the sixth of December, he began to think of returning. IJis large ship having been wrecked on the shoals of Hispaniola, he built a fort with her timber, and left behind him a colony of thirty nine men at the port, which he called Navidad [the nadvity], because he entered it on Christmas day. From this place he sailed January 4, 1493. During his passage, when threatened with destruction by a violent storm, he wrote an account of his discoveries on parchment, which he wrapped in a piece of oiled cloth and enclosed in a cake of wax. This he put in- to a tight cask and threw it into the sea with the hope, that it might be driven ashore, and that his discoveries might not be lost, if the vessel should sink. But he was providentially saved from destruc- tion, and arrived safe at Lisbon on the fourth ol^ March. On the fifteenth he reached Palos, and was received with the highest to> kens of honor by the king and queen, who now made him admiral of Spun. He sailed on his second voyage to the new world September 35, 1493, having a fleet of three ships of war and fourteen caravels, and about one thousand five hundred people, some of whom were of the first families in Spain. The pope had granted in full right to Ferdi- nand and Isabella all the countries from pole to pole beyond a line drami one hundred leagues west of the Azores ; and their catholic majesties had confirmed to Columbus his privileges, making the office of viceroy and governor of the Indies hereditary in his fam- ily. On the Lord's day, November 3, he discovered an island, which in honor of the day he called Dominica. Aher discovering Mari- I, galante, so called in honor of his ship, Guadaloupe, Montserrat, Antigua) and other islands, he entered the port of Navidad, on the north side of Hispaniola, where he had left his colony ; but not a Spaniard was to be seen, and the fort was entirely demolished. The men, whom he had left in this place, had seized the provisions of the natives and their women, and exhibited such rapacity, r.n to excite the indignation of the Indians, who had in consequence bume4 the fort and cut them off. On the eighth of December he landed at another part of the same island near a rock, which was a convenient situation for a fort ; and here he built a town, which he called Isabella, and which was the first town, founded by Europeans in the new world. He discovered Jamaica May 5, 1494, where he found water and other refreshments for his men, of which they were in the greatest want. On his return to Hispaniola September 29, he met his brother Bartholomew, from whom he had been separated thirteen years, and whom he supposed to be dead. His brother had brought supplies from Spsun in three ships, which he commanded, and arrived at a time, when his prudence, experience, and bravery were peculiarly needed ; for Columbus on his return found the colony in the utmost confusion. Their licentiousness 28 111*) ::|t!fi!.,;: 1 n [ i ' ' '•■i 'i ' ' Wm f 1 ) . i ■'; il ' ■ 210 COL. f:>. ' i: M. had proToked the nativesi who had united against their invaders, and had actually killed a number of the Spaniards. He collected his people, and prevented the destruclion, which threatened them. In the spring of 1495 he carried oh a war against the natives, and with two hundred men, twenty horses and as many dogs, he defeat> ed Ml array of Indians, which has been estimated at one hundred thousand. In about a year he reduced the natives to submission. But while Columbus was faithfully employing his talents to pro. mote the interests of his sovereign, his enemies were endeavoring to ruin his character. He was a foreigner, and the proud Spaniards could not patiently see him elevated to such honors. He did not require so enormous a tribute of the Indians, as some of his ra- pacious fellow adventurers would impose, and complaints again&t him were entered with the king's ministers. The discipline, which he maintained, was represented as severity, and the punish, ments, which he inflicted, as cruelty ; and it was suggested, that he was ^ming to make himself independent. These whispers excited suspicion in the jealous mind of Ferdinand, and Columbus was re* duced to the necessity of returning to the Spanish court, that he might vindicate himself from these false charges. After placing the affairs of the colony in the best possible condition, and leavbg the supreme power in the hands of his brother Bartholomew, he sailed from Isabella on the tenth of March 1496, having with him thirty Indians. He first visited several islands, and leaving the West Indies April 20, he arrived at Cadiz, after a dangerous and te* dious voyage, on the eleventh of June. His presence at court, with the influence of the gold and other valuable articles, which he carried with him, removed in some de* gree the suspicions, which had been gathering in the mind of the king. But his enemies, though silent were not idle. They threw such obstructions in his way, that it was near two years before he could ^;ain set sail to continue his discoveries. Fonseca, bishop of Badajos, who in September 1497 was reinstated in the direction of Indian affairs, was his principal enemy. It was he, who patronized Amerigo. On the thirtieth of May 1498 he suled from Spain on his third Toyage with six ships. At the Canary islands he dispatched three of his ships with provisions to Hispaniola, and with the other three he kept a course more to the south. He discovered Trinidad July 31, and the continent at Terra Firma on the first of August. Hav- ing made many other discoveries he entered the port of St. Do- mingo in Hispaniola August 30. By the direction of Columbus his brother had begun a settlement in this place, and it was now made the capital. Its name was given to it in honor of Dominic, the fath* er of Columbus. He found the colony in a state, which awakened his most serious apprehensions. Francis Roldan, whom he had left chief justice, had excited a considerable number of the Spaniards j ;l . •• * COL. fill to mutiny. He had attempted to seize the magazine and fort* but filling of success) retired to a distant part of the island. Columbus bad not a force sufficient to subdue him, and he dreaded the effects of a civil war, which might put it in the power of the Indians to de- stroy the whole colony. He had recourse therefore to address. By promising pardon to such as should submit, by offering the lib- erty of return to Spain, and by offering to reestablish Roldan in his office he in November dissolved this dangerous combination. Some of the refractory were tried and put to death. As soon as his affairs would permit, he sent some of his ships to Spun with a journal of his voyage, a chart of the coast which he had discovered, specimens of the gold and pearls, and an account of the insurrection. Roldan at the same time sent home his accusa- tions against Columbus. The suspicions of Ferdinand were reviv- ed, and they were fomented by Fonseca and others. It was resolv- ed to send to Hispaniola a judge, who should examine facts upon the spot. Francis de Bovadilla was appointed for this purpose, with full powers to supersede Columbus, if he found him guilty. When he arrived at St. Domingo, all dissensions were composed m the island, effectual provision was made for working the mines, and the authority of Columbus over the Spaniards and Indians was well established. But Bovadilla was determined to treat him as a crim- inal. He accordingly took possession of his house and seized his effects, «md assuming the government ordered Columbus to be ar- rested in October 1500, and loaded with irons. He was thus sent home as a prisoner. The captain of the vessel, as soon as he was clear of the island, offered to release him from his fetters. " No," said Columbus, ** I wear these irons in consequence of an order of my sovereigns, and their command alone shall set me at liberty." He arrived at Cadiz November fifth, and on the seventeenth of De- cember was set at liberty by the command of Ferdinand and invited to court. He vindicated his conduct and brought the most satisfy- ing proofs of the malevolence of his enemies. But though his sove- reigns promised to recal Bovadilla, they did not restore Columbus to his government. Their jealousy was not yet entirely removed. In the beginning of 1502 Ovando was sent out governor of Hispan- iola, and thus a iiew proof was given of the suspicion and injustice of the Spanish king. But Columbus was still intent on discovering a passage to India. He sailed again from Cadiz in the beginning of May 1503 with four small vessels, the largest of which was but of seventy tons. He arrived off St. Domingo June 29, but Ovan- do refused him admisuon into the port. A fleet of eighteen sul vas at this time about setting ssul for Spain. Columbus advised Ovando to stop them for a few days, as he perceived the pi-ognos- dc8 of an approaching storm, but his salutary Warning was disre- garded. The fleet swled, and of the eigh^ > vessels, but two or three escaped the hurricane. In this genep| :%ck perished Bo- m ]■ i. i \ i ii i\ ■:l ■• J h :! I H Ml I mm mv- . ;:■! m I • m> i .f ■ Ti::!' Hi r Wik ii 1' ,v I -iV: ■■•• !i: • ' 1! It 212 COL. !« I' t I •k :, m ■'.:r^^ vadilU) Roldaii) and the other enemies of Columbu*-) together «Ult the immense wealth, which they had unjustly acquired. Columbus under the lee of the shore rode out the tempest with great difficulty. He soon left Hispaniola, and discovered the bay of Honduras. He then proceeded to cape Gracias a Dios and thence along the coast to the isthmus of Darien, where he hoped but in vain to find a pas. sage to the great sea beyond the continent, which he believed would conduct him to India. On the second of November he found a har- bor, which on account of its beauty he called Porto Bello. He after- wards met with such violent storms, as threatened his leaky vessels with destruction. One of them he lost and the other he was oblig. cd to abandon. With the two remaining ships he with the utmost difficulty reached the island of Jamiaca in 1503, being obliged to run them a^^round to prevent them from sinking. His ships were ruin- ed beyond the possibility of being repaired, and to convey an ac- count of his situatioli to Hispaniola seemed impracticable. But his fertile genius discovered the only expedient, which was left him. He obtained from the natives two of their canoes, each form- ed out of a single tree. In these two of his most futhful friends offered to set out on a voyage of above thirty leagues. They reach- ed Hispaniola in ten days, but they solicited relief for their com- panions eight months in vain. Ovando was governed by a mean jealousy of Columbus, and he was willing, that he should | perish. In the mean time Columbus had to struggle with the greatest diffi- culties. His seamen threatened his life for bringing them into such trouble ; they mutinied, seized a number of boats, and went to a dis" tant part of the island ; the natives murmured at the long residence of the Spaniards among them and began to bring in their provisions with reluctance. But the ingenuity of Columbus again relieved him from his difficulties. He knew that a total eclipse of the moon was near. On the day before it took place he assembled the prin- cipal Indians, and told them the Great Spirit in heaven was angrj with them for withdrawing their assistance from his servants, the Spaniards ; that he wais about to punish them ; and that as a sign of his wrath the moon would be obscured that very night. As the eclipse came on, they ran to Columbus, loaded with provisions, and entreated his intercession with the great Spirit to avert thedestruc* tion, which threatened them. From tliis time the natives were very ready to bring their provisions, and they treated the Spaniards -with the greatest respect. At the end of eight months Ovando sent a small vessel to Janiai< ca to spy out the condition of Columbus. Its approach in< spired the greatest joy } )3ut the officer, after delivering a cask of wine, two flitches ot bacon, and a letter of compliment, iin< mediately set sail op his return. To quiet the murmurs, which iverc rising, Cohii^bi^s told his companions, that ,he himself i jbad refused to reti^rQ in the caravel, because it was too ^mall to COL. 213 •like Uie whole of them i but that another vessel would 1000 arriTe to ^ke them oIT. The mutineers from a distant part of the island were ap> proacbing, and it was necessary to oppose them with force. ColumbuSf being afflicted with the gout, sent his brother Bartholomew agidnst them^who on their refusing to submit attacked them, and took their leader prisoner. At length a vessel, which waspurchased by one of his friends, who went to Hispaniola for his relief, came to Jamuca and released him from his unpleasant situation. On his arrival at St. Domingo August 13, 1504, Ovando received him with the most siudied respect, but as he soon gave new proofs of his malevolence, Columbus prepared for his return to Spain. In September he set sail, accompanied by his brother and son, and after a long voyage, in which he encountered violent storms, and after suling seven hun- dred leagues with jury masts he reached the port of St. Lucar in De- cember. He now was informed of the death of his patroness, Isa- t)ella. He soon repured to court, and after spending about a year in fruitless solicitations for his violated rights, and after calling in vain upon a sovereign to respect his engagements, he died at Valla- dolid May 20, 1 506, in the fifty ninth year of his age. He was bu- ried mi^nificcntly in the cathedral of Seville with thu inscription on his tomb ; A Castilla y a Leon \ Nuevo mundo dio Colon. . « ' : Thatis, ' ■ , ,; To Castile and Leon . s Columbus gave a new world. In the diaracter of Columbus were combined the qualities, which constitute greatness. He possessed a strong and penetrating mind. He knew the sciences, as they were taught at the period, in which he lived. He was fond of great enterprises, and capable of prose- cuting them with the most unwearied patience. He surmounted (lifficuliies, which Avould have entirely discouraged persons of less firmness and constancy of spirit. His invention extricated him from many perplexities, and his prudence enabled him to conceal or subdue his own infirmities, whilst he took advantage of the pas- sions of others, adjusting his behavior to his circumstances, tem- porizing, or acting with vigor, as the occasion required. He was a man of undaunted courage and high Uioughts. The following instance of the ingenuity of Columbus in vindicat- ing his claim to respect for his discoveries is related by Peter Mar* tyr. Not long before his death, at a public dinner, the nobility in- sinuated^ that his discoveries were rather the result of accident, than of well concerted measures. Columbus heard them decry his ser- vices for some time, but at length called for an egg, and asked them to set it upright on on its smaller end. When they confessed it to be impossible, he flatted its shell by striking it gently upon the table till it stood upright. The company immediately exclaimed with a r*-^ .%' ■i! ' i-'\ •J i ■I; I I : i M ■ uu iilili ' * :>l \\ t ;l : .t n «' '111 '■^ if .1: ^\^ !i' H' ',» Sli CON. H ! i'j anaer, " any body might have done it.»* " Yet," said Cohimbus, " but none of you thought of it. So I discovered the Indies, and now every pilot can steer the same course. Remember the scoff's, which were thrown at me before I put my design in execution. Then it was a dream, a chimera, a delusion ; now it is what any body might have done as well as I.** Columbus was tall of stature, long visaged, of a majestic aspect Us nose hooked, his eyes grey, of a clear complexion, and some- what ruddy. He was witty and pleasant, well spoken and cle(rant. His conversation was discreet, which gained him the affections of those with whom he had to deal, and his presence attracted respect having an air of authority and grandeur. He was always temperate in eating and drinking and modest in his dress. He understood Latin and composed verses. In reli(>ion he was very zealous and devout. ' '!■ Columbus was ever faithful to his prince. How tar the artifices, to which he had recourse in the dangerous circumstances, in which he was placed, can be justified, it might not be easy to decide. He is represented as a person, who always entertamed a reverence for the deity, and confidence in his protection. His last words were, <^ into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit." His ^'i.e was written by his son Ferdinand.— /?odtfrr«on*# history ofAmtr-^^ book ii ; Belknafi*8 biografihyy i. 86—148 ; Holme»* anttaUffi. t— 24 ; Herrera*s fust, of America^ i ; life of Columbut. CONNECTICUT, one of the United States of America, at the time of the first arrival of the English, was possessed by the Pequot, the Mohegan, the Podunk, and many other smaller tribes of Indians. The Pequots, who were numerous and warlike, and who occupied the territory along the sea covst from Paukatuck to Connecticut river, about the year 1630 exi^uded their conquest over a considerable portion of Connecticut, over Lotig Island, and a part of Narraganset. Sassacus was the grand sachem, whose seat -was at New London, the ancient Indian name of which was Pequot. He had under him twepty six petty sachems. One of these was Uncas, chief of the Mohegans, whose territory comprehended most <^ New London county, almost the whole county of Windham, and a part of the counties of Tolland and Hailford. ThePodunks inhabited East Hartford and the circumjacent country. The first grant of Connecticut was made by the Plymouth coun* cil in England to the earl of Warwick in 1 630 ; and in the following year he assigned this grant to lord Say and Seal, lord Brook, and others. Attracted by the trade with the Indians, some of the set* tiers of Plymouth had explored Connecticut river in the years 1631 and 163S, and fixed upon a place in Windsor, as suitable for the es> tablishment of a trading house. Whether the Dutch of New Neth- erlands or New York had before this discovered the riveV is uncer* tain, though it is probable, that they had. By their own accounts they A • ♦ ■ ^.; CON. 2U II liad built u fort upon it as c.irly as 1623. Without aquMtioOi how- evert the first settlement wu» niado by them. In October 1633 a company from Plymouth) with materials for a house* Muled for Con- necticut to execute the plun, which had been formed by the tradert. On their arrival at the place, where Hartford now standSfthey fiound a light tort, which had just been built by the Dutch, and two (Mecet of cannon planted. IMicy were ordered to strike their coloi-a, but iliey resolutely proceeded, and landing on the west side of the river set up their house about a mile above the fortification of the Dutch. This was the first house erected in Connecticut. Th« Indian trade had become too important to be neglected. Otter and beaver akina to the amount in value of a thousand pounds sterling had been sent in a single ship to England, and tlie Dutch purchaseid not leas than len thousand beavers annually. In the summer of 1635 some of the people of Massachusetts made preparations for a settlement on Connecticut river near the Plymouth trading house. On the fifteenth of October about aixty men, women, and children commenced their journey through the wilderness, and in fourteen days arrived at the place of their destina- tion. The reverend Mr. Wnrham, with a company from Dorches- ter, settled at Mattancang, which they called Windsor ; several people from Watertown commenced a plantation at Pauquiaugf which they called Wethersfield ; and others from Newtown estab- lished themselves at Suckiang, or Hartford. Of these emigrants, those, who settled at Windsor, had purchased the right of settling there of the old Plymouth company in England, and the soil of the Indians. About the same time lord Say and Seal, and his associ- ates sent over John Winthrop, son of the governor of Massachu- setts, with a commission as governor of Connecticut for one year, with instructions to erect a fort at the mouth of Connecticut river. He arrived at Boston in October 1635 and the next monUi sent a bark with twenty men to begin the fortification, which they called Saybrook fort. A few days after their arrival a Dutch vessel, sent from New Netherlands to take possession of the country, appeared off the harbor ; but the English, having two pieces of cannon mounted, prevented their landing. The commission of Mr. Win- throp interfered with the planters of Massachusetts, but the latter were permitted quietly to enjoy their possessions. In the winter^ as the vessels with provisions, which had been expected, had not ar- rived, a severe famine was experienced. Most of the emigrants wereoblii^ed to descend the river, and set sail on their return to Boston. Those, who kept their station, subsisted on acoms» malt, and grains ; and many of their cattle perished. The planters in Connecticut at first settled under the general government of Massachusetts, but the administration of their affairs was entirely in their own hands. The first couit, which exersised all the pow- ers of government, was held April 36, 1636 at Hartford, the planta- 1 ( i : ! i. 4 , . • t 1 ' ! '• \' 1; '* ' , ■ I •< I 1 1 \ f ," 1 I 1 r i 1 t ' 1 • 1 .\ S16 CON. M j5 J. F tioo between Windsor and VVethersfield. It consiited of two dele g«tet from each of three towni, and several orders were passed for the benefit of the infant settlements. The courts were afterwanU held in each town in rotation. In the year 1636 a large accession was made to the inhabitants on Connecticut river. The reverqid Messrs. Hooker and Stone, the ministers of Newtown near Boston^ with their whole church and congregation travelled In June through a trackless wilderncs, driv. ing one hundred and sixty cattle and subsisting during the journey on the milk of the cows. They settled at Hartford, having purchas. od the land of an Indian sachem. At the close of the year there were about eight hundred persons in the colony. The year 1637 is distinguished by the war with the Pequots. This powerful tribe had looked with jealousy upon the settlements made in their neigh- borhood) and had murdered a number of the English. The dangers which threatened the colony, rendering vigorous measures necessa^ ry, it was determined to invade the Pequots, and carry the war in. to their territory. A body of troops was sent out in May under the command of John Mason, and on the twenty sixth of the month they attacked the enemy in one of their forts near New London, and killed five or six hundred of the Indians. Only two of the Eng- lish were killed, and sixteen wounded. The Pequots were entire- ly subdued, and the other Indians of New England were inspired with such terror, as restrained them from open hostilities for near forty years. The astonishing success of this war, which could be attributed only to the providence of God, called forth the most de* vout acknowledgments. In 1637 anew colony, was commencc^l in Connecticut. The reverend John Uavcnport, accompanied by Thcophilus Eaton and Edward Hopkins, and other respectable persons from London, arriv. cd in the summer at Boston, seeking the unmolested enjoyment of civil and religious liberty. Not finding a convenient place in Mas- sachusetts, and being informed of a large bay to the southwest of Connecticut river, commodious for trade, they applied to their friends in Connecticut to purchase for them of tlie native proprie. tors all the lands, lying between the rivers Connecticut and Hudson. This purchase was in part effected. In the autumn Mr. Eaton and some others of the company made a journey to Connecticut to ex- plore the lands and harbors on the sea coast, and pitched upon Quinnipiack, afterwards called New Haven for the place of tlieir settlement. Here they erected a hut and remsuned through the winter. In the next spring, March 30, 1638, the rest of the com- pany went from Boston, and arrived at Quinnipiack in about a fort- night. On the eic:hteenth of April they kept the first sabbath in the place, and Mr. Davenport preached to them under a large spreading oak. They soon after entered into what they called a plantation covenant, by which they solemnly engaged to be governed ! ;, . I CON. an m their civil at well as religious concern* by the rules of scripture. Od the twenty fourth of Novembc the lands of Quinnipiack were mirchused of the sachem ot that part of the country by a few prea* ents and an engagement to protect him and his Indians* he rescnr- inK a sufRcient quanty of land to plant on the east side of the har- bor. In December another purchase was made for thirteen coatft of a large tract, lying principally north of the other, extending eight miles east of the river Quinnipiack and five miles west, and being ten miles in breadth from t.he north to the south. Near the bay m Quinnipiack they laid out their town in squares on the plan of a spacious city, and called it New Haven. ^ The foundation of two colonies was now laid, which were called the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven. The original consti- tution of the former was establibhed by a convention of all the free planters of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, which met at Hartford January 14, 1639, and it has cohtinued with little altera- tion to the present time. It was ordained, that there should be aii* nuall7 two general courts, or assemblies, in April and September) the first to be the court of election, in which six magutrate8,atleasty and all other public officers were to be chosen ; that a governor should be elected for one year, and uiitil another should be appoint- ed ; that no one c luld be chosen to this office unless he had been a magistrate, and was a member of some church, nor more than once in two years ; that the choice of these officers should be made by ballot and py the whole bbdy of freemen, convened in general elec- tion, every man to be considered as a freeman, who had been re- ceived as a member of any of the towns, and who had taken th6 oath of fidelity to the commonwealth ; that each of the three towns should send four deputies to the general court ; and that when there was an equal division, the governor should have a casting voteJ Agreeably to this constitution the freemen convened at Hartford in April and established their officers for the ensiling year. John Haynes was chosen governor, and the general assembly proceeded I gradually to enact a system of laws. The planters of Quinnipiack had continued more than a year with- cot any other constitution than their plantation covenant. But on the fourth of June 1639 they convened to lay the foundation of their ciyil and religious polity i It was resolved, that the scripturei' afford a perfect rule for the discharge of all duties, and that they nrould be governed by them ; that church members only should be free burgesses, and that they only should choose magistrates amoiig; themselves to manage their affairs ; and that twelve men should be chosen, who should el6ct seven to begin the church. Seven hienr were accordingly chosen in August, who were called the seven pil- I Ian. They met in court, October 25, and admitted into their body lallthe member^ of the churches. To this succeeded the electiott [of officers. Theophilut Eaton was chosen goyemor, and with hiitt 39 t ^ K I '' ( ." ^i ;!: . 1 ^ \r »' , 1 ] " k '■ 1 i 1 • t \ ll ' IT' t^ii'i'it . fil8 CON. - «:l»l yflliuj m Were joined four magistrates. It was at the same time decrtel that there should be a general couit annually in October, at which 1^1 the officers of the colony should be chosen, and that the word of <&od should be the sole rule for reguluting the affaurs of the com- jmonwealth. As the plantation enlargedt the general court receiy. ed a new form, and the civil polity of this |tirisdiction gradually approached to a near resemblance of the government of Connecticut. The greatest dissimilarity subsisted in respect to juries, which were never used on trials in the colony of New Haven. These two colonies remained distinct until the ytw t665, when they were united into one ; but though distinct kv government, yet a union, rendered necessary by common danger, subsisted betwf^n them. The apprehension of hostilities from the Indians, and the actual encroachments and violence of the Dutch induced the colo' hies of New Haven, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Plymouth tu adopt articles of confederation, which were signed at Boston May 19, 1643. By these articles it was agreed, that two commissioQer& Jirom eaoh of the united colonies of New England should meet an- nually ; tbat they should be vested with full powers for making war and peace, and establishing laws of a general concern, the agree- ment of six, however, being always necessary to render any meas- ixre binding upon the whole ;■ ami tliat fugitives from justice, and servwts, who escaped from their masters, should on prope^* evidence of their character be delivered up to the colony* which they had left This union was of the highest importance to the colonies, particu. jarly to Connecticut and New Haven, which were pecuU^ly expos- ed to hostilities from the Dutch. It subsisted more than forty years until the abrogation of the charters of the New England cdoniei hy king James II. In the year 1643 it was directed in the colony of New Haven, that each town should choose their own judges, whose powers were restricted, and a court of magistrates was ap- pointed, which was to meet twice annually at New Haven, and tobe Composed of all the magistrates in the jurisdiction. To this court ippeals were made from the plantation coUits, and here the decision Was final. It wras decreed also, that there should be two general courts, or assemblies, consisting of the governor, deputy govetnor, lnac:istrates, and two deputies from each town, and that the election of officers should be annual. . In consideration of the success and increase of the New England colonies the English parliament gt*anted them, March 10, 1643, an exemption from all customs^ subsidies, and other duties until fur* ther orders. In 1 644 the CoTtnecticut adventurers purchased of tl^^ ^gent of lord Say and Seal, and lord Brook their right to the colony ^fConnecticut for sixteen hundred pounds. In 1647 an unhappy controversy commenced between Massachusetts and Connecticut respecting an impost of two pence per bushel for com, and a penny on the pound for beaver, or twenty shillings upon every hogshead, iiisiii CON. 21^ to be paid by the inhabitants of Springfield at the mouth of Connect- icut river for the support of the fort at Saybrook. The subject iras referred to the commis^ionei's of the united colonies, and when they had decided in favor of it in 1 649, Massachusetts immediateljr in retaliaUnies of New Haven and Connecticut condnued to increas<6) and new towns, purchased of the Indians, were constantly settled. In 1661 major John Mason, as agent for Connecticut) bought of the natives all lands, which had not before been purchas- ed by particular towns, and made a public surrender of them to the colony in the presence of the general assembly. A petition was now prepared to king Charles II for a charter, and Jolm Win? throp) who had been chosen governor of Connecticut, was ena(- plofedto present it. His majesty issued his letters under the great seal, April 33, 1662, ordaining that there should be annually two general assemblies, consisting of the governor, the deputv governor, and twelve assistants, with two deputies from every town or city. This charter has ever since remained the basis of the government of Connecticut. It included the colony of New Ha- ven i but that colony did not accept it. The boundaries were fixed* and on the west it extended across the continent to the south seat or pacific ocean. In the year 1 665, when apprehensions were en^ tertained respecting the New England charters, the union of Con- necticut and New Haven was completed, and they have remained ynder one government ever since. At the time of the union they consisted of nineteen towns. This event had been delayed by ift difference of views respecting the propositions of the synod of Cambridge in 1662. It was recommended, that the childreii of parents, not in full communion in the churches, should be baptized' To this measure New Haven was utterly opposed f and as in this colony no person could be a freeman, unless \ie was a member of the church, which was not a requisite qualification in Connecticut, it was feared that a uniop wpuld corrupt the purity of fhe eccleri* astical body and have no good effect upon their civil a^airs. At the Q;eneral assembly in May li56S counties were first made and county courts were first instituted by that name. In 16T0 an alter- ation was made in the mode of election) which had hitherto been t)y H' •t^ ^ If >.i •( • , ■*■ , :| ! ■ f i ! 1 i t I'j I' •I 1- ), .t } V. 'WwHIii !, , 23ib CON. ii.. 't U -m :■ 4 m§lM I' ■!! F:l the whole body of freemen. The freemen had now become i>« numerous thut they were allowed to complete the election ot civil bfiicers at Harttord by proxy, and a law Wiis enacted, regulating ielectionsi which U in substance very similar to the law, which now exists. The number of men in Connecticut in 1 6.7 1 , from sixteen to sixty years of age, was two thousand and fifty. In 1673 the union of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Plymouth was renewed, and the first code of Connecticut laws was published. The book was ^printed at Cambridge, having been compiled by tloger Ludlow, . esquire. Every family was required to possfsss one. The Indian : wars in 1675 and 1676 occasioned much suffering in the colony. In 1687, when Andros was governor of Kew England, an attempt Vas made to wrest the charter from Connecticut. A quo warranto i^gainst the governor and company had been issued two years be. [fore, and in October of this year, when the assembly was sitting, .Andros went to Hartford with sixty regular troops^ demanded the .charter, and declared the government to be dissolved^ The sub. ject was debated in the assembly undl evening,; when the charter was brought and lud upon.the table ; but the lights being instantly ^extinguished, captain Wadsworth of Hartford seized it, and secreted it in the cavity of a large osik tree in front of the house of the 'honorable Samuel Wyllys, esquire. This treiB, measuring twenty .one feet in circumterence, is now standing. Sir Edmund Andrps assumed the government, and the records of the colony Were closed He appointed all officers, civil and military. Notwithstanding the professions of regard to the public good, made by thp tyrant, hs soon ^gan to infringe the rights of the people. The laws for the support of the clergy were suspended. Liberty, property, every ,thmg dear to man becoming insecure, the progress of improve* ment was arrested, and as authority was in the hands of the wicked, the people mourned. After the seizure pf Andros by the daring friends of liberty in Massachusetts, the old magistrates of Connect. ^ icut were induced again to accept the government, at the request of the freemen, May 9, 1689. In 1691 the old charter was re* sumed, being acknowledged to be valid, as no judgment had been entered against it. The clergy were exempted from taxation in 1706, and the Saybrook platform was adopted in 1708. In 1711 a superior court, to be held annually in the several counties, was established. The college, which had been incorporated at Say. brook in l'701, was in 1717 removed to New Haven, and in the fol* lowing year namipd Yale college. In 1750 the laws of Connecu. cut were again revised and published in a small folio volume. The charter of this colony being supposed to extend the western bpundary to the south sea, purchases were accordingly made in 1754 of the Indians of the Six Nations by a number of the in- habitants of Connecticut, called the Susquehannah and Delaware f::Qm|>auies, of a large traqt of land lying w^st of the Delaware I ' , 'I coo. 221 -yi^ Avttt and thence spreading^ over the east and west branches of Susquehannah river, on which considerable settlements were 9lK>rtly after made. The settlers were incorporated afterwards by the general assembly and annexed to the county of Litchfield. As the charter of Pennsylvania covered these settlemeiUs, a dispute arose, which was maintained with warmth for some time, and was at length submitted to gentlemen, chosen for the purpose, whose decision was in favor of Pennsylvania. At the close of the revo- ludon Connecticut ceded all her charter claims west of Pennsylva- nia to congress, reserving only a tract of the widt^\ of the state of Connecticut, and one hundred and twenty miles in length, bounded north by lake Erie, containing n^ar four millions of acres. This cession was accepted by congress, which establishes to Connecti- cut her title to these lands. The legislature of this state in 1793 granted to the sufferers in the several towns, that were burned du- ring the war, a tract of half a million of acres on the west end of jthis reservation. The American revolution, which so essentially affected the governments of most of the colonies, produced no very perceptible alteration in the government pf Connecticut. While under the jurisdiction of Great Britain they elected their 0wn governors, and all subordinate civil officers in the same manner, and with as little control, as at the present time. Connecticut has always been a republic, and perhaps as perfect and as happy a republic, as ever existed. Its system of laws, digested by Zephaniah Swift, and published in 1796, is contained in an octavo volume. The Connecticut academy of arts and sciences was incorporated in 1801. — TrupibuU'a hi't. of Connecticut ; Morae*^ geog. ; H. Mams* JV. England ; Morse and Parish's JV. England s Bees* cycloficediay Atner. edit. ; Holmes* annals ; Gordon, i. COOKE (Elish A,) a respectable physician of Boston, was grad- uated at Harvard college in 1657. After having been an assistant under the old government, he was sent to England in 1 689 as an agent of Massachusetts to procure the restoration of the charter. He was decided in his opinion, that if the old charter could not be ob- tained, it would be better to meet the consequences, than to submit to a charter, which abridged the liberties of the people. When the new charter was procured in 169 1, he refused to accept it, and did ]irha|: he could to prevent its acceptance in Massachusetts. The rev- erend Dr. Increase Mather, who was agent at the same time, pur- sued a different coprse, thinking it wise to submit to a necessary evil. Though he was not placed in the list of counsellors, nomina- ted by D-. Mather in 1692, from apprehensions that he would op- pose the new charter ; yet in the following year he was elected in Massachusetts. He was, however, rejected by governor Phips, be- cause he had opposed his appointment in England. In 1 694 he was reelected, and continued in the council till 1703, when governor Dudley negativpd his election, as he did for a nuinber of years sug» i' (■ iV'^^M. m M t*' ■■, 'I ff ■'■ H I i li I'-' iii^ :m I , .' iz]\- 5222 COO. cessirely. In 1 7 1 5 his choice was approved He died in this ycai* on thu thirt7 first ot October, aged seventy eight years. Though esteemed as a physician, he was most remarkable in his pohtical character, having been more tha^n forty years in places ot public trust, and bemg always firm and steady to his principles. He mar- ried a daughter of governor Leverett.— /^u^cA sion a different person was elected, not because the pretension of Shute was admitted, but that there might be no obstruction to the progress of the regular business of the court. In 1723 he was ap< pointed agent for Massachusetts and sailed for London in Januai-y, Soon after his return he was chosen in May 1726 a member of the council. On the accession of governoi^ Belcher, he was appointed in 1 730 a justice of the common pleas for Suffolk. He had hitherto retained the attachment of the people by endeavoring to support their liberties, but being desirous of securing bis interest both ivith the governor and the town of Boston, a jealousy was excited, and he was in danger of losing the regard of both parties. In 1733 or 1734 he was elected representative by a majority of only one or two votes in six or seven hundred. He died in August 1737, worn out with his labors, having been many years the head of the popular party. He published political tracts.?^//MfcA wson, ii. 22 1, 233, 30^ 348, 391 ; Collect, biat.aoc. iii. 300, COOKE (Samuel), first minister of the second parish in Cam* bridge, was graduated at Harvard college in 1735, and was prdjdned September 12, 1739. He died June 4, 1783, in the seventy fifth year of his age, and the forty fourth of his ministry, and was suc- ceeded by the reverend Mr. Fiske. He was a man ot science, of a social dispositiot!, distinguished by his good sense and prudence,and e *'"'H! Jul servant of the Lord Jesus. He published a sermon at the ordination of the reverend Cotton Brown, 1748 ; at the ordinadon coa 2^a af tUc reverend William Symmes, 1759 ; the election sermon, 1770 ; a sermon for a memorial of the battle at Lexington, 1777. ^Colkctiona qf the historical society^ vii. 33. COOP£tl (William), minister in Boston, was a native of that town, and being early impressed by the truths of religion and delighting in the study of the scriptures, he passed through the temptations of youth without a blemish upon his character. He was grave, but not gloomy nor austere ; discreet, but not precise ; and cheerful, with innocence. While a member of Harvard col- lege, where he was graduated in 1712, he ardently cultivated those branches of science, which were most useful and important. Every literary pursuit was sanctified by prayer, and every human acquisi- tion rendered subservient to the knowledge of God and religion. Soon »fter he began to preach, the eminence ot his qualifications as a minister attracted tlie attention of the church in Brattle street, Boston, and he was invited to be colleague pastor with the reverend I^r. Colman. At his own request his ordination was delayed for a year, until May 1^3, 1716, when he was inducted into the sacred of- bee. From this period to that of his death his ministerial gifts, graces, and usefulness seemed constantly to increase, and the more he was knovi^n, the more he was esteemed, loved, and honored. In the year 1737 he was chosen president of Harvard college, but he declined the honorable trust. He died December 13, 1743, in the fiftieth yeai' of his age. He was an eminent preacher, being an able and zealous advocate of the distinguishing doctrines of the gospel. Jesus Christ was ever the prominent object in his discourses. He insisted much on the doctrines of grace ^ conndering them as not only constituting the sole foundation of a sinner's hope, but as exhibiting the capital uds and incentives to holiness of heartand life. Hence his preach* ing was practical as well as evangelical. He inculcated obedience upon christian principles and by christian arguments. His sermons were easy and natural in method ; rich in important tnith ; plain, but not grovelling in style ; solid and argumentative, yet animated with the spirit of devotion ; calculated at once to enlighten the mind, to impress the conscience, and to warm the heart. In ex- pluning the profound and sublime truths of the gospel he had the singular felicity to be intelligible to the ignorant, instructive to the well informed, and edifying to the serious. In prayer he remarka- bly excelled. He had a voice at once strong and pleasant, an elo- cution grave and dignified ; while a deep impression of God, whose mercy he implored, and whose messages he delivered, was visible in his countenance and demeanor, and added an indescribable so- lemnity to all his performances. His benevolent labors were not in vain. He was an eminent instrument and promoter of the great revival of religion, which took place toward the close of his life. With a heart overflowing with joy he declared, that ** since the V] ili^l :^'U' :'i ' ■•;ir 4 i A S ( , »: w ; ■( i . ,1, H .u [i'l .. ■ lii <{■' ¥-^- ;'i m a !'■: ',■ i I I ^. :4\t ■1 . ' , J: * II 1^ 1 L 224 COO. year 1740 more people had sometimes come to him in concern about their souls in one week, than in the preceding twenty four years of his ministry." To these applicants he was a most judi- cious amd affectionate counsellor and guide. Though the general attention to the things of another world was pronounced by many to be enthusiasm and fanaticism, yet Mr. Cooper, while he withstood the irregularities, which prevailed, was persuaded, that there was a remarkable work of divine grace. The numerous instances b his own parish of persons affected either with pungent and distressing convictions of sin, with deep humiliation and sdf abhorrence, with ardent love to God and man, or with inexpressible consolation in religion perfectly satisfied him, that the presence and power of the divine Reprover, Sanctifier, and Comforter was among them. Iq the private walks of life he displayed the combined excellencies of the gentleman and christian. He had but little warning of the ap. proach of death, but in the lucid intervals of his disease, he was enabled to declare, that he rejoiced in God his Savior. He published a sermon on the incomprehensibleness of God, 17 14 ; how and why young people should cleanse their way, 1716 ; a sermon to young people, 1723 ; a funeral sermon on John Corey, 1726 ; a discourse on early piety, 1728-; a discourse on the reality, extremity, and absolute certainty of hell torments, 1/32 ; on the death of lieutenant governor Tailer, 1732 ; a sermon at the or(|ina. tion of Robert Breck, 1736 i concio hyemalis, or a winter sermon, 1.737 ; on the death of the reverend Peter Thacher, 1739 ; the doc- trine of predestination unto life explained and vindicated in four sermons, 1740, which were republished in 1804 ; a preface to Ed- ward's serriion on the trial of the spirits, 1741 ; two seimons preach- ed at Portsmouth in the time of the revival, l74\.—'Colman'a fune- ral sermon ; Panoptist^ ii. 537—540 ; Collect, hist. soc. xv 157. COOPER (Samuel), minister in Boston, was the son of the rev- erend William Cooper, and was born March 28, 1725. He exhib- ited early marks of a masterly genius. As his mind was deeply impressed by religious truth, soon after he was graduated at Har* vatd college in 1743, he devoted himself to the study of divinity, preferring the office of a minister of the gospel to the temporal ad- Vantages, which his talents might have procured him. When he first appeared in the pulpit, his performances were so acceptable, and raised such expectations that at the age of twenty years he was invited by the congregation in Brattle street, Boston, to succeed his father as colleague with the reverend Dr. Colman. In this office he was ordained May 21, 1 746, just thirty years after the ordination of his father. He did not disappoint the hopes of his friends. His reputation increased, and he soon became one of the most popular preachers in the country. After a ministry of near thirty seven years, he died December 39, 1783, in the fiftv ninth' year of his coo. 225 Or. Cooper was very distinguished in the sacred ofikc, which he sustained. His sermons were evangelical und perspicuous^ and un- equalled in America for elegance and taste. Delivering tliem with energy and pathos, his eloquence arrested attention and warmed the heart. In his prayers, which were uttered with humility and rev- erence, there was a grateiul variety, and as they were pertinent, scriptural, and animated with the spirit of devotion, they were ad* mirably calculated to raise the souls of his fellow worshippers to God. His presence in the chambers of the sick was peculiarly ac- ceptable, for he knew how to address the conscience without ofTence^ to impart instruction, to soothe, and to comfort. His religious sen- timents were rational and catholic. His attention was not confined to theology ; but he made himself acquainted with other branches of science, and was one ot the most finished classical scholars of his day. His friendship to literature induced him, after the destruction of the library of Harvard college by fire, to exert himself to procure subscriptions to repair the loss. In 1767 he was elected a member . of the corporation, in which office he continued until his death. He was an active member of the society for propagating the gospel among the aborigines of America. To his other acquisitions he added a just knowledge of the nature and design of government, and the rights r^ mankind. Most sincerely attached to the cause of civil and religious liberty, he was among the first of those patriots, who took a decided part in opposition to the arbitrary exacUons of Great Britain. In his intercourse with his iellow citizens, and by his pen he endeavored to arouse and strengthen the spirit of resistance. Such were his abilities and firmness, that he was esteemed and con- sulted by some of the principal men, who were the means of effect- ing our revolution. He did much towards procuring foreign alli- ances. His letters were read with great satisfaction in the court of Vers^Ues, while men of the most distinguished characters in Eu- jrope became his correspondents. The friendship, which he main- led with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Adams, was the means of intro- lucing to his acquaintance many gentlemen from France* to whom le rendered himself peculiarly agreeable by his literary attainmentSf y an engaging address, and by the ease and politeness of his man- lers. When his country had asserted her right to independence^ ilieving that knowledge is necessary to the support of a free govem- entjhe was anxious to render our tiberties perpetual bypromot- ig literary establishments. He was therefore one of the foremost laying the foundation of the American academy of arts and scienc- s, and was chosen its first vice president in the year 1780. In last illness he expressed his great satisfaction in seeing his luntry in peace, and in the possession of freedom and independ- ice, and his hopes, that the virtue and public spirit of his country* len would prove to the world, that they were not unworthy of these estimable blessings. In the intervals of reason, he informed hh^ 30 ' ft) l»»f; 22d COO. I' y I! h friendS) that he was perfectly rengned to the will of heaven ; thdt his hopes and consolations sprang from a belief of those iruths which he had preached to others ; and that he wished not to be d^ tained any longer from that state of perfection and felicity, which the gospel had opened to his view. /-I'-r Besides his political writings, which appeared in the journals of the day* he published the following discoarseft ; on the artillery election) 175 1 ; before the society for encotiraging industry, 1753 ■ at the general. election, 1756 ; on the reduction of Quebec, I759 . at the ordination of the reverend Joseph Jackson, 1760 ; on the deatli of George II, 1761 ; at the Dudleian lecture in Harvard col< legti» 1775 ; on the commencement of the new constitution of Mas. sachusetts, October 25, 1780. This last diaconrse, with others of his productions, have been published in several langcfages,and bmv written in a polished and elegant manner were well calculated for the lips of an eloquent speaker, such as he himself v/M.'-^Clttrke't fun, acrmon ;. jtmerican heraldy January I S', 1 784 ; Continental jour, naly Jan. 22 ; Hoimea* annaU, ii. 469 ; Thacher*a century discourte. COOP£R (MtLBs,, D. o.), president Of King's college, New York, was educated in the university of Oxford, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1760. He arrived at Ne#: York in the autumn of 1762, being recommended by the archbishop of Canter* bury as a person well qualified to assist in the management of the college, and in a &w years to succeed the president. He Was re* ceiyed by the reverend Dr. Johnson with the affection of a father, and was immediately appoimed professor of moral philosophy. Af« ter the resignation of Dr. .Johnson in February 1763, he waschoseD president previously to the commenceKnent in May. It was not long before Dr. Clossey, a gentleman, who had been educated m Trinity college, Dublin, and had taken the degree of doctor of phys* ic, was appointed professor of natural philosophy. A grammar school irva also established and connected with the college, under the care of Mr. Gushing from Boston. The classes were nDw taught by Mr. Cooper, Mr. Harper, and I)r. Clossey ; and under such, able instructers they had peculiar advantages. In Uie year j 1775 Dr. Cooper, as his politics leaned towards the BritiiA, was re^ 1 duced to the necessity of withdrawing from the coUege^-and return* | ing to England. He was afterward one of the ministeiiB of the I episcopal chapel of Edinburgh, in whidi city he died. May l,178jJ Bged about fifty years. After the revolution William Samuel I Johnson, son of Dr. Johnson, was president of the college. Dr. Cooper, though he had long expected death, waiting patiently i foe its approach, yet died in rather a sudden manner. The £}Uow- 1 ing epitaph was written by himself. % r. '. *t rv? .. t . Here lies a priest of English blood*. <' ' Who, living, lik'd whate'er was good,; " , Good companj^ good, winev good namC) > COR, 227 .': ( ' ¥'et never hunted after fame ; , , • But fts the first he flftill preferr'd, ; i. So here he choee to be interr'd, .< And, unobscur'd) from crowds withdrew To rest among a chosen few, ^ ,:, h^ humble hopes, that sovereign love Will raise him to be biess'd i^ve. He published a volume of poems in 17 S8, and a sermon on civil gMemmontt preached before tho university of Oxford on a fast, 1777. While in this country he maintained a litemry character of conuderaUe eminence. He wrote on the subject of an American emscopate, and sometimes used his pen on political subjects. It a said, he narrowly escaped the fury of the whigs.^— JVVw and gen, ttog.dkt.i jM^leVf ii. 369 ; Permtylvania packet^ July 39, 1785 ; Chandler** Ufe qf Johnson, lQ6f— 109. CORLET (Elijah), an eminent instructer, commenced his la- bors at Cambridge not long after the first settlement of the town. He was master of the grammar school between forty and fifty yearsy «nd many of the most worthy men in the country enjoyed the ben- efit of lus instructions previously to their entrance into college. The society for propagating the gospel compensated him for his at- ttntion to the Indian scholars, who were deugned for the university. He died in 1687 in the seventy seventh year of his age. He was a jaan of learning, piety, and respectability. Mr. Wtdter published an elegy on his death in blank verse. He wrote a Latin epitaph on the reverend Mr. Hooker, which is inserted in Mother's maghalia. ^Collegt. hitt. ^c. i. 243 ; vii. 22 ; Hfe of Walter ; Mathet** magmUat iii. 68. CORNBURY( lord), governor of New York, was the B ber 4, 1585. At the age of thirteen he was admitted a member of Trinity college, Cambridge, and afterwards removed to Emanuel college, where he obtained a fellowship. Previously to this ap. pointment, he passed an examin^ition, and his knowledge of He* brew was tested by the third chapter of Isaiah, wnich is a very difficult passage ; but he was master of it. He was soon chosen the head lecturer in the college, being also employed as tutor to many scholars, who afterwards became distinguished. For thii office he "was peculiarly well qualified, as his knowledge was exten- sive, his manners gentle and accommodating, and he possessed an uncommon ease and facility in communicating his ideas. His oc* casional orations and discourses were so accurate and elegant, and displayed sucn invention and taste, that he acquired a high reputa- tion in the university. Hitherto he had been seeking the gratification of a literary taste, or yielding to the claims of ambition ; but at length a complete change in his character, which he attril)uted to the grace of God, induced him to engage with earnestness in the pursuit of new and more exalted objects. While a member of the college his conscience had been impressed by the futhful preaching of Mr. William Perkins ; but hj resisted the convictions, which had been fastened upon him, and such was his enmity to the truths, which had disturbed his peace, that when he heard the bell toll for the funeral of that eminent servant of God, it was a joyful sound to him. It announced his release from a ministry, hostile to his self I righteous and unhumbled spirit. It was not long however before he was again awakened from his security by a sermon of Dr. Sibs on the misery of those, who had no righteousness ex.cept the moral virtues. After a distressing anxiety of three years it pleased God f the mid. ihem, uui gentleman. ars of ihe his stead. *r him into Bath of hi) eded to the New Yort Hisbehav- common for ' patrol the x)n himself justice, and le^— Smtt/i'i i. 372. of the early ndf Decem* li member of to Emanuel to this ap< ed^e of He. ch is a very i soon chosen id as tutor to I. For thit ;e was cxtcn- possessed an sas. His oc* |elegai\t, and I high reputa> gratification ition ; but at attributed to istness in the lemberofthe |iul preaching ;tions, vrhich to the truths, le bell toll for )y ful sound to le to his self iwever before m of Dr. Sibs I ,ept the moral I it pleased God COT. 229 to give him jo^ in believing. He was soon called upon to preach again in his turn before the universitjTi and more anxious to do good than to attract applauaC) he did not array his discourse in the orna- ments of language, but preached with plainness and pungency upon the duty of repentance. The vain wits of the university, disap- pointed in their expectations of a splendid harangue, and reproved by the fidelity of him, who was now a christian minister, did not hum their applauses us usual, and one of them, Mr. Preston, who afterwards became famous in the religious world, received such deep impressions upon his mind as were never effaced. Such waa the colU ^ial life of Mr. Cotton. About the year 1613, when in the twenty eighth year of his age, he became the minister of Boston in Lincolnshire. Soon after hia establishment in this place, the zeal of a physician in the town in promoting 'Arminian sentiments induced him to dwell much and principally for some time upon what he believed to be the truths of ' scripture, upon the doctrine of God's eternal election before all fore- sight of good or evil, and the redemption only of the elect ; upon the effectual influence of the Holy Spirit in the conversion of the unner, without any regard to the previous exerUons of free will ; and upon the certain perseverance of every true believer. Such was his success, that he soon silenced his antagonist, and afterwards the doctrine ot predestination was not brought into controversy. He soon entertained doubts respecting the lawfulness of complying with some of the ceremonies of the church, and was subjected to inconveniences on this account ; but as his people coincided with him in his sentini ^^nts he kept his place for twenty years, and was during this time remarkably useful not only by the effect of his faithfiil preaching, but as an instructer of young men. Who were de- signed for the ministry, some of whom were from Germany and Holland. His labors were immense, for in addition to his other avocadons he generally preached four lectures in the course of a week. His benevolent exertions were not in vain. It pleased God) that a general reformation should take place ih the towm. The voice of profaneness was no longer heard, and the infinitely import- ant truths of the gospel arrested the attention of almost all the in- habitants. He was much admired, and much applauded, but he ev- er remained humble. At length, after the government of the Eng- lish church fell into the hands of bishop Laud, divisions arose among the parishioners of Mr. Cotton ; a dissolute fellow, who had been punished for his immoralities, informed agtdnst the magistrates and the minister for not kneeling at tlie sacrament ; and Mr. Cot- ton, being cited before the high commission court, was obliged to flpie. After being concealed for some time in London, he embarked for this country, anxious to secure to himself the peaceable enjoy- ment of the rights of conscience, though in a wilderness. He suled in the same vessel with Mr. Hooker and Mr. Stone, and the drcum- ^^'•m !■ I it'!! r.i ! .1 ill iift ■ ii '>'■, M' r t 230 COT. 3;;- It! '' . *i^ ■ rr-: %tanc9 of tlMir namot onised the people to ifijr on their arrival, Sep. tember 4, 1 633, that titeir three great neceaaities would be now aupplied, for they had Cotton Cor tlieir clothing, Hooker for their fiahlngj and Stone for their building. This wua an age of conceits, During the voyage three scrmonit or expositions were delivered a|. fnost every day>and Mr. Cotton was blessed in the birth of his eki* est iQn» whom, at his baptism in Boalon» he culled Seaborn. On the tenth of October 1 633 he was eHtabUshcd teaoher of the church in Boaton, as colleague with the reverend Mr. Wilson, who waa paator. He was set apart to this office^ on a day ot fcisting, by imposition of the hands pf Mr. Wilson, and his two ciders. He remained in this town, connected with this cliufch, more than nine* teen yearst and such waa his influence in <>stabli8ning tite order of our churches, and so extensive was his usefulness, that he hus beeu called the patriarch of New England. The prcvidence of thooe •rroneoua doctrines^ which occasioned the synod of 1637, so much .disturbed his peace, that he was almost induced to remove to New Haven* Mrs. Hutchinson endeavored to pvomcte her wild senti< menta by shielding them under the name of Mr. Cotton ; but though he was imposed upon for some time by the artifices ot those of her partyi yet when he discovered their real opiniqnS) he was bold and decided in hia opposition to them. Though he did not sign the result of the synod of 1637, on account of his differing fitem it in one or two points ; he vet approved of it in general* and his peace* able intercourse with his brethren ^n the ministry was not afterwards interrupted on account of tus supposed errors. In 1 742 he wat in* vited to England witii Mr. Hooker and Mr. Davenport to assist in the assembly of divines at Weatminater, a|id.he was in favor oi ac* cikpting the invitation) but Mr. Hooker was opposed to it, as he was ,|it that time forming a system of church government for New Eng* •land. His death, which was occasioned by an inflammation of the lungs, brought on by exposure in crossing the ferry to Cambridge, where he went to piyach, took place December 33, 1652, v^hen he was sixty seven years of age. So universally was he venerated, that -Saany aermons were preached on his decease in different parts of the country* Mr. Cotton sustained a high reputation for learning. He was a cri[dc in Greek, and with Hebrew he was so well acquainted, that he could ^acQurse in it. He also wrote Latin with elegmce, as a specimen of which bis preface to Norton's answer to the inquiries of ApoUonius has often been mentioned. In the pulpit he impress* ed hU hearers with admiration. Uniting to conspicuous talents and a profound judgment the candor and mildness, enjoined in the gospel, and the warmth of pious feeling, his instrucuons did not iQ«et the reustance, which is often experienced, but fell with the gentleness of the dew» a^d insinuated them!>elves imperceptibly in* to the mind. His labors, soon after he came to Boston^ were more :.( ^4j. I COT. 2J1 effettualf than tbose of any of tho tninlttera in the country ; lie wm tiie mewu of exciting great attention to religious subject! ; and loiue of the moat profligate were brought to rcnounoQ their inkpii* (let, and to engage in a course of conduct more honorable and more satisfactory t and which would terminate in everlaating felicity. His discourses were generally written with the greatest attention* though he sometimes preached without any preparation. His in- timate and accurate knowledge of the scriptures, and the extent of jiii learning enabled him to do this without difllculty. His written sermons, which he had composed with care, were yet remarkabia lor their simplicity and plainness, for he was desirous, that all should understand him, and less anxious to acquire fame, than to do good. Hit voice was not loud, but it was so clear and distinct, that it was heard with ease by the largest auditory ; and his utterance was ac- companied by a natural and liecoming motion of his right hand. The Lord was in the still, small voice. He preached with such life, dignity, and majesty, that Mr. Wilson said, one almost thinks, that he hears the vety prophet speak, upon whose words he is dwelling. His library was large, and he had well studied the fathers and school- men, but he preferred Calvin to them all. Being asked in the Utter part of his life, why he indulged In nocturnal studies, he an- swered, that he loved to sweeten his muuth with a piece of Calvin before he went to sleep. Twelve hours in a day were generally oc- cupied by his studies, and such was his zeal in dieological pursuitiy that he frequently lamented the useless visits, with which he was op- pressed, though he was incapable of incinlity to persons, who thus obtruded upon him. He gave himself chiefly to reading and prepar- ation for the duties of public instruction, depending much on the rul- ing elders for intelligence Respecting his flock. He was an excel- lent casuist, and besides resolving many cases, which were brought him) he was also deeply though not violently engaged in controver- ues respecting church government In his controversy with Mr. Williams he found an antagoaUt, whose weapons were powerful and whose cause was good, and he unhappily advocated a cause, which h« had once opposed, when suffering persecution in England. He contended for the interference of the civil power in support of the truth, and to the objection of Mr. Williams, that this was infringing; the rights of conscience, the only reply, that could be made, was, that when a person, after repeated admonitions, persisted in reject- ing and oppoung fundamental points of doctrine or worship, it could not be from conscience, but against conscience, and therefore, that it was not persecution for cause of conscience for the civ 1 power ta drive such persons away,1}ut it was a wise regard to the good of the church, it was putting avray evil from the people. To his intellectual powers and improvements, he added the virtues, vhich render the christian character amiable and interesting. Even Mr. WilHams, his great antt^onist, with very extraordinary • II i I I '•I,' f « f It . i.i IL •' C 1 4 I, I t ? i!;!;' M,. ■r 1^ ) .\ m , . ,) II ■ ll '!' : 1 ■'; ' ' ' ( , ■t • ' ■ 1 '' ' ' *, , ■ , " 1 I ; . , 1 ; 1. 1 1 i (' V i\ m fei ^i Jul i lj:'.i 1 ' li 1 ' 1 i 1 232 COT. candor speaks of him with esteem and respect, commending niib for his goodness and for his attachment to so many of the truths of the gospel. He was modei^) humble, gentle, peaceable, patient, and forbearing. Sometimes he almost lamented, that he carried his meekness to such an extent. '^ Angry men,*' said he, *> have an advantage over me ; the people will not oppose them, for they will rage ; but some are encouraged to do me injury, because they know I shall not be angry with them again." It will not be quest* ioned however, that his temper contributed more to his peace, and enjoyment, and usefulness, than a temper of a different descrip. tion would have done. When he was once told, that his preaching was very dark and comfortless, he replied, " let me have your prayers, brother, that it may be otherwise." Having observed to a person, who boasted of his knovledge of the book of revelation, that he wanted light in those mystenes, the man went home and sent him a pound of candles ; which insolence only excited a smile. ** Mr< Cotton," says Dr. Mather, " would not set the beacon of his great soul on fire at the landing of such a little cock boat." A drunken fellow, to make merriment for his companions, approached him in the street, and whispered in his ear, " thou art an old fool." Mr. Cotton replied, *^ I confess I am so ; the Lord make both me and thee wiser than we are, even wise to salvation." Though he asserted the right of the civil power to punish heretics, h^ yet had a great aversion to engaging in any civil affair^, and with reluctance yielded his attention to any concern, not immediately connected with his holy calling. In his family he was very careful to impart instruction, and wisely and calmly to exercise his authority in re« straining vice. He read a chapter in the bible, with an exposition, before and after which he made a prayer, remembering however to avoid a tedious prolixity. He observed the sabbath from evenbg to evening, and by him this practice was rendered general in New England. On Saturday evening, after expounding the scriptures, he catechised his children and servants, prayed with them, and sung a psalm. On the sabbath evening the sermons of the day were repeated, and after singing, with uplifted hands and eyes he uttered the doxology, " blessed be God in Christ our Savior." In his study he prayed much. He would rarely engage in any theo* logical research, or sit down to prosecute his studies without first imploring the divine blessing. He kept many days of private fasting and thanksgiving. While he was thus distinguished for his piety, he was also kind and benevolent. He knew, that the efficacy of religious principles must be evinced by good works, and he was therefore hospitable and charitable. The stranger and the needy were ever welcomed to his table. Such was his beneficence, that when Mr. White was driven with his church from Bermuda into the American wilderness, he collected seven hundred pounds for their relief, towards which he himself contributed very liberally. Two hundred pounds were given by the church in Boston. cor ^33 j(flai^'« tifk bfcttiiiiMtsanctitf arid usefidi^s^- lie Wak not t<6)^ jtltitfltfe 6f support m hiB' djriiig moments. In' his sidkness pfesi- d^t Diitf^l"«^ettt ib sed hith, arid'iHtlh tbars begged hik blessbg, jjjyihg," I'KriOW in ihy liiiart; ilHttf IMl, WiiOm yoii bld^s, shall be bleiised'-" ftfi siih't foi^'tHb elders of th^ dUiirch^ and exhoried them fo gbiit^ a^n^t' d^dlensioiis, expi^ssihg^ td them the pleasure, vAicb brH^ foatid'ih the ^«^Vibe of the Lord JWsus Christ. Afte^ He had addreli6'6d his ehildiren; hii deliiried to be left aUiief that his (hbii^htit ie imposed upon them ilhout their consents lie asserts the neceksaty coikimunion of iKiirches in synods, who haVe' authority to enjoin such things, as ay rectify disorders, dissehsiohs, and confusions Of congrieefttions, id upon an obstinate refusal to comply may withdraw communion. [he following'is a catalogue of his writings ; God's promise to his iantaUori, a sermon, 1634 ; a letter in answer to objections made unst the New England churches, with the questions proposed to ch; as are admitted to church fellowship, 1641 ; the way of life, 31 :" !■ 3 ' EPwBUr' f ', 3 I ! in ; ! ' II if-' 2^ CO'l'. in I ii 'Ji b ' . ( 4to ; God's mercy mixed with his justice ; an abstract of the la\|£ of New England) 1641, and a second edition in 1655 ; this abstract of such laws ot the Jews, as were supposed to be of perpetual obij. gation, was drawn up in 1636, when Vane was govenior, though it was never accepted, and is preserved in the fifth volume of the his* toiical collections ; the church's resurrection, on the fifth and sixth verses of Revelation xx, 1 643 ; a modest and clear answer to Mr. Ball's discourse on set forms of prayer, 4to ; exposition of Revelai tion xvi ; the true constitution of a paiticular, visible church, 1^43 . the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and power thereof, 4to, I644 ■ th6 doctrine of the church, to which is committed the keys ot the kingdom of heaven ; the covenant of God's free grace atost sweet* ly unfolded, to wiiich \z added a profession of iaith by the reverend Mr. Davenport, 1645 ; the way of the churches of Christ in New England, or the way of churches walking in brotherly equality &c. 4to i this was published from an imperfect copy, and represents Mr. Cotton as less friendly to the authority of the elders, than he really was ; the pouring out of the seven vials, 4to ; the controver. sy concerning liberty of conscience truly stated, 1646 ; a treatise shewing, that singing of psalms is a j^ospel ordinance, 1647 ; the grounds and ends of the baptism of the children of the f£uthful,l647 a letter to Mr. Williams 4to ; the bloody tenet washed and made 1 white in the blood of the lamb, being discussed and dikcharged of blood guiltiness by just defence, in answer to Mr. Williams, to I which is added a reply to Mr. Williams' answer to Mr. Cotton's letter, 1647 ; questions propounded to him by the teaching elders, with his answer to each question; the way of congregational church- es cleared in two treatises, against Mr. Baylie and Mr. Rutherford, 1 64a ; of the holiness of church members, proving, that ^sible ssunts are the matter of the church, 1 650 ; a brief exposition of ec* clesiastes, 1654 ; his censure upon the way of Mr. Henden of KenU 1656 ; sermons on the first epistle of John, folio ; a discourse odI things indilFerent, proving, that no church governors have power to impose indifferent things upon the consciences of men ; exposiiioa of Canticles, 8vo ; milk for babes, a catechism ; meat far strongl men.— ^or?on*« and Mather* a life of Cotton ; Mather'a magnalia^M 14—31 ; Map9 Jv.Eng. i. 305—307 ; Coll.hiat. aoc. v. 171 ; ix.4ll — 44 ; HutcMnaony i. 34, 55—75, 115, 179 ; Winthrofi^ 52— I5J. COTTON (Seabohn), minister of Hampton, New Hampshire,! ^vas the son of the preceding, and was boni at sea in August 1633,1 while his parents were on their voyage to New England. His namel is ^)ut Marigena in the catalogue of Harvard college, where he vatl gn>duatedin 1651. He was ordained at Hampton in 1660 as suol cessor of Mr. Wheelwright, and died in 1686 aged fifty three yean,! He was succeeded by his son. During governor Cranfield's adl ministration the reverend Mr. Moody was imprisoned for refiisi!)?! to administer the sacrament to him. The next week the govcmoi n • * i ., H COT. 235 ^t word to Mr Cottoojthat. " when he had prepared his soul) he ^ould coitie and demand the sacrament of him, as he had done at Portsmouth.** This threat induced Mr. Cotton to withdraw for some time to Boston. He was esteemed a thorough scholar, and an able preacher. The heresies of his name sake Pelagius, which bad been revived in the world, he regarded vnih abhorrence.— Mijr- 35i^,iil, 20, 31 ; Belknafi*a A*. Hamfiahiref i. 208 ; iii. 302. COi "i'ON (John), minister of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and of Charleston, South Carolina, was the son of the reverend John Cot- ton of Boston, and was bom about the year 1638. He was educat- ed at Harvard college, where he received the degree of bachelor of artsin 1657. From the year 1664 to 1667 he preached on Mar- tha's Vineyard to a congregation of white people, and also to the Indians, having acquired a good knowledge of their language ; and thus he affoi^dcd great assistance to Thomas Mayhew, esquire, who was laboring to make the heathen acquainted with the glad tidings of salvation. In November 1667 he removed to Plymouth on the invitation of the people in that town, but was not ordained until June 30, 1669. He continued here about thirty years. He was a very iaithful minister, and his exertions were extensively useful. He was completely occupied in doing good by visiting the families in his parish with the ruling elders, catechising the children, and at- tending church meetings, and by his public preaching on the sab-' j)atb. Befor*^ the admission of any person into the church he requir- ed a relatiou; - • ' public or private, of the experience of a work of dime grace. asually expounded the psalm, which was sung, and the psalms were sung in course. In 1 68 1 the practice of read* ing the psalm line by line was introduced from regard to a brother, who was unable to read. Some difference of opinion between him und his church respecting the settlement of a neighboring minister having arisen, and there being no prospect of a reconciliation, he was induced to ask a dismission, which was granted October 5, 1697. Being soon invited to South Carolina, he set sail for Charles- ton November 15, 1698. After his arrival he gathered a churchy and labored with great diligence and much success till his death, September 18, 1699, aged about sixty years. In the short space of time, that he lived here, twenty five were added to the number, of which the church consisted, when it was first organized ; and many were baptized. His church erected a handsome monument over his grave. Mr. Cotton was eminent, while in MassacTiusetts, for his acquaint- ance with the Indian language. When he bep;an to learn it, he hir- ed an Indian for his instructer at the rate of twelve pence a day for fifty days ; but his knavish tutor, having received his whole pay in advance, ran away before twenty days had expired. Mr. Cotton however found means to perfect his acquaintance with the barbarous dialect. While at Plymouth he frequently pieachcd to the Indians^ * '■I 1 1 ^ r 1 1' ■ ' . f ' ^ ■^.i' ; , . ^t. ' w ' - ■ r ■ji I >\\ nM !" I !, m^ ' fi 236 COT. t 1 '. ji i ruri' t 1 ■ ■' I : ' 'n ' J c$ire 9^ revisini^ «4 at Cainbri4g;|B -TT*128, 137 ; Matheft magnfUhy iii. 19^,, JSS, 200 ; A^J^c^,*, ^". dtq^c^nverta i flQltflea* unnaifttUiA?' CpTTON (Jo." J')* minUter pf ^fefewtofl, Ms^s^dw^fctt^ wagj descendant of jthe qe^brated My. Cpttjin o^ Qoston. ^e wa^ grad- uated at H^ard college in 1710. Havj^^ been ,qrd|ULQed f>» auc. cesser of the reverend Mr. Hobart Noveii^ber ^^17 l^t hfi coptinu' ^d in this place till his death, May ,17, 1757, in ^he sixty fQ^rt|, y^jar of his age. He was faithful, feryeot, and su^c^esi^iAl ik)^ la. l}ors $4 T&s P^urticularly happy in j^eeing tlie atlj^ntion of l^s {)eo. pie J ,reUgious truths ip i729 and 1740. He published, with oUier djiscourj^e?, a i^ermon o^n the death of the reverend Natnuiiel Cotton pf Bristol, 1729 ; ^ sermon at the privation pf jus l^ptJier, W^ Cottoi), 17.^4 ; >4id fpur sermpns, addressed to yputj^; 173.9 at tjie. present day. \ Cj^PIX (John Baptut ok la), SjBcpnd bishop'pf Quebec, ym of a noble &jmily in Grenoble, «md was ai^o^te^ first almoner to t^uis X^y. He came to Capada aiiput the year 1685, a& suc- cessor to L^val, the first bishop. JHte dijpd Deceml)er 28, 1727, in the seVicnty fifth year of his age, having bc^en forty two yeara jj) Quebec* Su^ch was his benevolence^ that he foundi^d three hospi. tals, and distributed among the poor more than a millipn.of livres,-. IVynne*a Brit, emfiire in .America^ ii. 138r— 141. > CI103 WELL ( Andbew), minister in Boston, was graduated at Harvard college in 1728. After having been settled for some ttnu: in Grotrni, Connecticut, he was inatalled over a society in Boston, vhich was formed- by persons from other churches, October 6, 1738. The church, which was occupied, was forme^y ppssessed hy Mr. Le Mercier*s society^ and after Mr. Croswell's death it was converted into a Roman Cathplic chapel. He died April 12, 1785, |n the seventy seventh year of his age. It w^s his fate to be en- gaged much in controversy. He published a narrative pf the new congregadonal church ; what U Christ to me, if he U not mine, or a reasonable defence of the old protestant doctrine of justifying £^ith) ^740 ; an answer to Gileifi Firmin's eight arguments in rela- tion to this subject ; several sermp^s against Arminians ^ cpnjTOTer- sial writings with Turell, Cumming, and others ; par|^ of ai^ expo- sition of Paul's journey to Damascus, shewing, t' at , giving more th^i forty stripes is breaking the moral law, l76^ ; remarks dh CUM. 237 ^a^ WfwbmtQn's sermon befpre ^he society Sjor .pvopagi^Ung the eQsp^^7.68; ren)?trk^ on coQiffneiiceineiH drollery } 17,7)#— •C9^ jtci./iut.«oc.m.%64. CUMING (John), a benefactor of Harvard college, tvra» on »m- ^p^t^by»ipiAn of Concord, Maisacbusetts, and died at Chelmftford ^uly 3, 1)798, Vfithfi sixty .^isat y^ar of hi^ age. He was.a christiaii« irho early devoted t^maelf to the Aerrice of Ms Maker, and be died ID peace. J^ wa^ a friiend tp leapning, charitable to thp poor^ and coD^taAtly ^yertipg himself to pro^iote the good of society. His ge^e^MS dp^aUonsi.'^r tbie benj^fitof the poor, jfor the msdnteoance of ^hQ(4^> for a libi;ary jfi Concord, iMWijl to the college in Cambridge tpwaiids ^e siiipportpf a medical prol^ssor, ane -evidences of .hi^ en- ]|gbt(;ned be.aevple9ce.F-./»i/Q^mden/ cbrorUcUi Juiy 24, ^788. .jCyMMIjbfG (^LK^ANDEpi)^ minjlsterin JBoston, vaa educated ^i New Jerspy qollege.. Hp was installed as colleague with the rpv<- enend JD^. Sewall Feb^i^ary ^Sj 1761, and he died in Uiie jveacc c^ax^risti^n 4^£us!t 25, 1763, in the U^rty seventh year lof Jus ^e. Hjis n^d readily co|n];whPi¥led points, which to others werp intripate and abstruse, and ^is {Mjiblip discourses w«re fre%uP9tly fA ^uch sub^Ctte. He was jspalous against the errors of the day. The 9«rmoo, wliich he prieaphed ^ his own iinstalment, was puhlMhed, fOid it is a specin^n of his ^lents, s^ of hi^ regard tp thp trutlw of tlie mQspth—^SevHiWafim.iierm.' iCySHINQ (T^i>,M4s, ^L. p.), Jiputenant governor of Massachu* setts, was born in the year 17.25, and was graduated at Harvard pol- lege in 1744. Jn early life he was called to respectable public offic- er. Having beiep chpsf^ r'Ppresentat^ve of Bostoyti in the general cpi^rt, his patriotism and talents soon procured him the app(Mnt« mentof ^ipaHer, a place, which his fether, who died April 11, 1746, had occupied with great reputauon. Whye in the chair, it was resplvpd in the contn>vejrsy with England to make an appeal to arms, and he bent al) Ms exertions to promote Kibe pauae of his cojUQtry. He was a judicious and active member iof ^he first and second congress. 0^ his return to his own s^te he was elpcted in- to the council, which then constituted the supreme execuitive. Hp was also appointed pdge of the courts of common pleiasiind pf prp- bate v^ Suffplki which stations he held till tlie adoption of the state con»(,iti|ytipp. Being then appointed lieutenant governor, he re- mained in that ollice tiil his death. Hp d>pd Febnttary 28, 1788, in the sixty third year of his ^ge, having had the sati^i^tioo., a few days bejforp, of seeing the new federal constitution nttified in Mas- sachusetts. He was from youth a professor of religion i the iik>- tives of the gospel governed him through life ; and at the hour of his departure from the world its suil>l^me doctrines and its pro.nises gsuve him support. He was a man of abilities ; a distinguished pa- triot ; a friend of Iparnsng ; charitable to the poor ; and amiable In <'. ■•'I A X*i ft.!!;!'? ii ■5* ■ ( \\ t ii (ii r.V. i' m 238 cus. 3)r?.J \m mm 'nil '8';1' f all the relations oF life. His days were passed in constant exertion lor the public good. — American mtueumf vii. 163, 164; CentineL March 1, 1788 ; Hardie'a biog, diet. GUSHING (Jacob, D.D.)> minister of Walthain, Massachu- setts, was the son of the reverend Job Cushing of Shrewsbury, and was bom February 28, 1730. Having passed his collegial studies with reputation, he was graduated at Harvard college in 1748. He was ordained November 22, 1752. After continuing fifty six years in the ministry, he died suddenly January 18, 1809, in the seventy ninth year of his age. He was mild and benevolent in his temper, and in the discharge of the duties of the pastoral office was con- spicuous for discretion and prudence. He professed neither attach- ment to J' 'ogical systems, nor abhorrence of them, grounding his opin. i directly on the scriptures. In hvj preaching however he was not so fond of dwelling upon those doctrines of the sacred volume, which are controverted, as upon the practical views of the gospel. It was remarkable, that as he travelled into years, he in- creased in the fervor and animation of his delivery ; so that on the borders of fourscore he was more zealous and acceptable than when in the meridian of life. He published the tbllowing sermons ; at the ordination of the reverend Samuel Williams, 1766 ; at the or- dination of the reverend Elisha Biowne, 1771 ; at the ordination of the reverend Jacob Biglow, 1773 ; a sermon preacher at li^xington April 20, 1778; on the death of the reverend Joseph Jackson, 1776. — Columbian centinel^ February 8, 1809. CUSHMAN (ROBERT), distinguished in the history of Plym- outh colony, was one of those worthies, who quitted England for the sake of liberty of conscience, and settled at Ley den. In 1617 he was sent to England with Mr. Carver to procure a grant of lands in America, and in 1619 he was sent again with Mr. Bradford, and obtained a patent. He set sail with the first company in 1620, but the vessel proving leaky he was obliged to relinquish the voyage. He did not arrive at Plymouth till November 10, 162 1, and tarried only a month, being under the necessity of returning to give an ac- count of the plantation to the merchant adventurers, by whose assist- ance the first settlers were transported. While preparing to rejoin his ftiends in Americ<'\. he was removed to another and better coun- try in 1626. He was a man of activity and enterprise, respectable for his talents and virtues, well acquainted Vi^ith the scriptures, and a professed disciple of Jesus Christ. After his death his family came to New England, and his son, Thomas Cushman, succeeded Mr. Brewster, as ruling elder of the church of Plymouth. He died Jn 1691, in the eighty fourth year of his age. Mr. Cushman, dur- ing his short residence at Plyr.iouth, though not a minister, deliver- ed a discourse on the sin and danger of self love, which was printed at Lomlon in 1622, at Boston in 1724, and at Plymouth in 1785, with an appendix by John Davis, esquire, containing an account ol 1 -I t i CUT. S39 >Ir. Cushroan. The design of the discourse was to repress the de- tiie of personal property, which was beginning to exhibit itself, and to persuade our fathers to continue that entire community of inter- ests, which they at first established. Extracts from this valuable and curious relic of antiquity are preserved in Belknap.— s^/i/irn- dix to thia diacourae ; Belkna/i'a Atner, biografihy^ ii. 367^280. CUTLER (John), long an eminent physician and surgeon in Boston, died September 23, 1761, in the eighty sixth year of his age. CUTLER (Timothy, d. d.), president of Yale college, was the son of major John Cutler of Charlestown, Massachusetts, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1701. He was ordained Jan- uary 11) 1709 minister of Stratford, Connecticut, where he contin- ued ten years in high esteem, being the most celebrated preacher in the colony. In 1719 he was chosen president of Yale college, and entered upon the duties of the ofRce in the same year. His predecessor was Mr. Pierson, in the interval between whose death and his accession the college had been removed to New Haven. The appointment of Mr. Cutler was considered as an auspicious event to the institution, for he was a man of profound and general learn- ing, particularly distinguished for his acquaintance with oriental literature, and he presided over the college with dignity and repu- tation. In 1722 he was induced in consequence of reading the vrorks of a number of late writers in England to renounce the com- munion of the congregational churches, and the trustees therefore passed a note " excusing him from all further service, as rector of Yale college," and requiring o*" future rectors satisfactory evi- dence of *' the soundness of the /aitb in opposition to Anninian and prelatical corruptions." He was succeeded by Mr. Williams. He went to Boston in October, where a new church was offered to him, and embarked with Mr. Johnson for England November fifth. In the latter end of March 1723 he was ordained first a deacon and then a priest. From Oxford he received his degree of doctor in divinity. He set sail on his return to America July twenty sixth, and soon after became rector of Christ church in Boston, where he con- tinued till his death August 17, 1765, aged eighty two years. He was a man of strong powers of mind. He spoke Latin with great fluency and dignity, and he was one of the best oriental schol- ars, ever educated in this country. President Stiles represents him, as having more knowledge of tlie Arabic than any man in New England before him, except president Chauncy, and his disciple, Mr. Thacher. He was also well skilled in logic, metaphysics, moral philosophy, theology, and ecclesiastical history. He was a man of commanding presence. At the head of the college he was highly respected. He published a sermon before the general court at New Haven, 1717 ; and ia sermon on the death of the honori\ble Thomas Greaves, \7 57 .—'Cmter's funeral sermon ; Miltery'iH, S59 ; .5 iflj xL D' T If i Ii l * \. *<■! \^u t i ' :ii \ 4h t I.. -1 ' i iii '- 1., ' m. 5 ; I i .■'■■ vA l:i .' ^46 DAO. i it It :1 il Gfa^« M«fOfy «/^ Tate coUegey 31 ; ir/IM^(^V JounUt in /IT. Ji, \f40j 49'; Chandler** Hfr qf JohntoHi If, 37U»S9-i Sbthiee i(/i qfSHUv^ 3B7 ; andanrtaU^ ii. 337. DAGGETT (Natbtalx, d. o.^t^residbfit of Tale cdllege; MTiis a native of Attleboroogh, Massdchusetts; He ivM Ifi 1749 graduated at the institution, which wati afterwards enti^sted tb hts care. IH° the year Ifsi he was' settled in the mir^stry' at Smith Towri on Long Island^ from whence he was removed in « If 56 t6 New Haven, and accepted the appointment of professor of divinity in the college. Thra oftce he filled the remainder of his life. At- tfcr thedeftth df Mr. Clap in 1766 he officiated as president tUl Aw pril 1, 17ff, when he resigned the chair*. The reterotfd Dr. Stilek was appointed his< buccessor: In' 1779 he distinguished hittself by his bravery, when the British attacked New Haven. He died No< vember 25^ 1780, and was succeeded in his professorship by th^ rieVerend Samuel Wales. Hb was a good classical sdvotar, and a liefamed divine. He published a sermon at the ordination of the reverend Ebenezer Baldwin, 1770; at the' ordination of the rever- end Joseph Howe, 1 77*6. -M//o/mtf«* life <{f SiUetf 393, 396; Oen. nhr. qf Connecticut., 413. DANFORTH (Thomas), president of the district of Mahie, was born in England in 1 62 3 . After his arrival in this' c6untry , he lived' at' Cambridge, and had great influence in the mana'gement of public afifairs in difficult times. He wto an ataistant in 1^59: In \&f9 he ^V"as elected deputy governor: In the" same yeajf the ih- habitants uf the district of Maine, being no longer attached to ]VfaS)> sachubetts us a countyj elected him president of the province. Itt actiordihgly ppetied his court at York, and grtoted several parcels of limd'. He continued in thl« office, ahd in that of deputy"' governor till tihe arrival of Andrbs'at the end of the year \6ttei ahd diiriA|; this time resided chiefly in Cambridge. In 16^1 he united with Obokin, Cooke, and others in opposing the acts of trade; and vihdi- eating the chartered rights of his country. He ded in 1699 aged seventy seven years. He wasra man of great ihtegiity ahd wii^m. In the time of the witchcraft delusionin 1 693 he evinced the' cor> recme&s of is judgnienfand his firmness by cottdemkdng the pro- ceedings of the courts. His two brothers were miidsters of Rox- bury and of Billerica. — Hutchirisdn^ i. 189^. 323^ 339^, 331, 380, 404; StilHvtin*3 district of Main&y 385, 386; C6Hetttf>M hiatbricdl society:, v. 75. DANFORTH (Samuel), minister of Roxbdry, Massachusetts, wai'bom in England in 1626, and came tb this country with his fa- ther in r6S4. After he Was graduated at Harvard cbttege in 1 643 be AVas a tutor and fellow. When Mr. Welde retUtlied to England, Mr. Danfbrth was invited to become the colleague oif the reverend Mr. Eliot of Roxbury, and he was accordingly ordained September 3 i, 1650. He died November 19, 1674, aged fiirty eight years. i:? DAN. 241 t{is sermons were elaborate, judicious^ and methodical ; he Wrote them twice over in a fair, large hand, and in each discourse usually quoted forty or fifty passages of scripture. Notwithstanding this caN and labor he was m> i^ectionate and pathetic, that he rarely finished the delivery of a sermoo without weeping. In the forenoon he usually expounded the old testament, and in the afternoon dis- coursed on the body of divinity. His wife, whom he married in 1551, was the daughter of the reverend Mr. Wilson, and when he was contracted to her before his marriage, a sermon was preached by Mr. Cotton, according to the old usage of New England. Such was his peace in his last moments, that Mr. Eliot used to say, " my brother Danforth made the most glorious end, that I ever saw." Mr. Welde wrote a poem on his death, in which, in allusion to this event and the erection of a new house, he says in the spirit of the times, Our new built church now suffers too by this, ib - Larger its windows, but its light are less. Mr. Danforth was not unacquainied with astronomy. He published a number of almanacs, and an astronomical description of the com- et, which appeared in 1 664, with a brief theological application. He contends, that a comet is a heavenly body, moving according to defin- ed laws, and that its appearance is portentous. He published also the cry of Sodom inquired into, or a testimony against the sin of un- cleanness ; and the election sermon, it is believed in 1670, entitled a recognition of New England's errand into the wilderness.— tMbrA- o-'» magnalia^ iv. 1 53— 157. DANFORTH (John), minister of Dorchester, Massachusetts, was the son of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1677. He was ordained as successor of the reverend Mr. Flint* June 28, 1682. From this period he continued in the ministry till his death May 26, 1730, aged seventy eight years. The reverend Jonathan Bowman, who survived him, was orduned his colleague on the fifth of November preceding. Mr. Danforth was a man of great learning, and while he possessed an uncommon acquaintance irith mathematics, had also a taste for poetry. He wrote many epitaphs upon the good christians ot his flock. He was an eminent servant of Jeras Christ, being 8oui)d in his principles, zealous to promote the salvation of his brethren, upright, holy, and devout. The fol- lowing lines, which are a version of Mr. Eliot's hints on the prop- er method of teaching the Indians the christian religion^ may serve tfs a specimen of his poetry. Till agriculture and cohabitation - '* ■ J ^ Come under full restraint and regulation, Much you would do you'll find impracticable) And much you do will prove unprofitable. The common lands, that lie unfenc'd, you know, The husbandman in vain doth plough and sow $ 32 r 1. 1 . 1 -■M 1 i . ; !|i-M'^ ' 1 ! r M ■■ ■ 1 1 ,■ • ' 'II ii .\ \ I L '\\ )•!* lv5| » I ■■ li i/ifBi 11 \\X\ ! ■V\ f I. 142 dan; if i ' VVc hope in vuin the plant of grace will tbrire iXn, ■ In Ibrciits, where civility cun't live, lie published a sermon at the departvre of the reverend Mr. Lor4 iind his church for Carolina) 1697 ; the blacknestot ftinning aguinu the light, 1710^ funeral sermon on Edward Bromfield, esquire- jndf;mcnt beg;un at the house of God, 1716; two sermons on the carthquiikc, to which is added a poem on the death of the revert nd Pe.er Thachcr of Milton, and Samuel Danlbrth of Taunton, 1727 • a fast sermon ; a poem on the death of Mrs. Ann Eliot, and \ene9 to the memory of her husband, the reverend John Eliot.— •Co//«c^ hist. »oc. ix. 176, 177 ; JVeitf England %veekly journal^ June I, 1730 DANFCJRTH (Samuel), minister of Tuunton> Massachusetts was ihe son of the reverend Mr. DunfortJi of Roxbury, and W4s bom December la, 1660. He was graduated at Harvard collei;c in 1683. His death took place November 14, 1727. He vnxa one of the most learned and eminent ministers of his day. In the be. ginning of the year 1705 by means of his benevolent labors a deep impression was made upon the minds ot his people, and a most pleasing reformation took place. The youth, who formerly assem- bled for amtrscment and folly, now met for the exalted purpose of imjDroving in christian knowledge and virtue, and of becoming fit. ted for the joys of the heavenly and eternal world, in the presence «rf Jelsua, the Savior. Several letters of Mr. Danforth> giving an aecount of this reformation, are preserved in Mr. PrinceS christian history. He published an eulogy on Thomas Leonard, 1713, and the election sermon, 1714. He left behind him a manuscript In- dian dictionary, a part of which is now in the library of the Massa- chusetts historical society. It seems to have been formed iwn Eliot's In isfactory evidence, that he was truly penitent, and believing. He did not think it possible to render the church perfectly pure, an tnen couid not search into the heart, but he was persuadecl, that there •iiould be a dittcrimination. After the death of Mr. Wilson, pastor of the first church inBoi. ton, in 1667, Mr. Davenport was invited to succeed him ; and at the close of tht^ year he accordingly removed to that town. He was now almost seventy years of age, and his church and people were un- willing to be separated from him ; but his colony of New Haven hud been blended with Connecticut, and he hoped to be more useful ill Boston, where the strictness of former times in relation to cede* aiustical discipline had been somewhat relaxed. He was onioned pastor December 9, 1 668, and the reverend James Allen at the same time teacher. But his labors in this place were of short con* tinuance, fisr he died of an apoplexy March 1 5, 1670, in the seven* ty third year of his age. He was a distinguished scholar, an admir- able preacher, and a man of exemplary piety and virtue. Such wu his reputation, that he was invited with Mr. Cotton and Mr. Hooker to take a seat among the Westminster divines. Knowing the effi* cacy of prayer, he recommended with earnestness ejtculatory addresses to heaven. His intrepidity saved Whalley and GofTe, the judges of king Charles, who fled to New Haven in 1 66 1 . He con* cealed them in his own house, and when the pursuers were coming to New Haven preached publicly from Isaiah xvi. 3, 4, believing it to be a duty to afford them protection. His portrait is in the muse* um of Yale college. He published a sermon on 3 Samuel, i. 18, 1629 I a letter to the Dutch classis, wherein is declaredlthe misera- ble slavery and bondage, that the English church at Amsterdam is now in by reason of the tyrannical government and corrupt doctrines of Mr. John Paget, 1634 ; instructions to the elders of the English church, to be propoimded to the pastors of the Dutch church ; a re* port of some proceedings about his calling to the English church, against John Paget ; allegations of scripture against the baptizing of some kind of infants ; protestation about the publication of his writings, all in 1 634 ; an apologetical reply to the answer of W. Best 1 636 ; a discourse about civil govemment^in a new plantation, who^e design is religion ; a profession of his £aith made at his ad* mission into one of the churches of New England, 1642 ; the knowledge of Christ, wherein the types, prophecies^ be. relating to him are opened ; the Messiah is already come, a sermon, 1653 ; saint's anchor hold in all storms and tempests, 1661 ; election ser* mon, 1 669 ; God's call to his people to turn unto him in two fast sermons, 1670 ; the power of congregational churches asserted and vindicated) in answer to a treatise of Mr. Paget, 1672. He al* DAV. MS 10 frrote In Latin » letter to John Duiy* which was tubicribed bf the rest of the minister* of Neir Haven colony t and he gave his aid lo Hr. Norton in his life of Cotton. He left behind tiim an expositioo on the Canticles in a hundred sheets of small hand writing, but it vts never published .^^ffood** Jtthenm Ox! ! \; h r t I I h f ■ if 1 / I I I, ,\ C ": ■ 1) f ■ VJ A ul i til 'I'r^ \ ii '»; ;1 ^ H H . ,.. J II !' i' i' . . ^ f I ■' V ■ ■!(<■•' M' i;, I . i SM6 DAV. a& unfailing source of consolation. His comforts ho^'evcr ^vcre long intermingled with douhts ; but after repeuted and impartial self examination he attained a confidence respecting his state, which continued to the close of life. From this period his mind seemed almost entirely absorbed by heavenly things, and it was his great concern, that every thought, word, and action should correspond with the divine law. Having tasted the joys of religion, he became eagerly desirous of impairing to his fellow sinners the knowledge of the trtuh. With this object before him he engaged with new ardor in .l:erary and theological pursuits. Every obstacle was sur- mounted ; and after the previous trials, which he passed with (lis> tinguished approbation, he was licensed to p cacji the gospel. He now applied himself to unfold and enforce those precious truths, whose power he had experienced on his own heart. His fer* vent zeal and undissembled piety, tiis popular talents and engaging methods of address soon excited general admiration. At this time an uncommon regard to religion existed in Hanover county, Vir- ginia, produced by the benevolent exertioni of Mr. Morris, a lay- man. The event was so remarkable, and the Virginians in general were so ignorant of the true doctrines of the gospel, that the pres- bytery of Newcastle thought it incumbent upon them to send thith- er a faithful preacher. Mr. Davies was accordingly chosen. He went to Hanover in April 1747, and soon obtained of tfee general court a license to officiate in four meeting houses. After preach- ing assiduously for some time, and not without effect, he returned "from Virginia, though earnestly invited to continue his labors. A call for him to settle at Hanover was immediately sent to the pros- fcytery ; but he was about this time seized by complaints, which ap peared consumptive, and which brought him to the borders of the (grave. In this enfeebled state he determined to spend the remain- ider of his life in unremitting endeavors to advance the interests of I religion. Being among a people, who were destitute of a minister, his indisposition did not repress his exertions. He still preached in the day, while by night his hectic was so severe, as sometimes to render him delirious. In the spring of 1748 a messenger from ' JHanover ^dsited him, and he thought it his duty to accept the iini- * tation of the people in that place. He hoped, that he might live to organize the congregation. His iiealth, however, gradually improv- •■^d. In October 1748 three more meeting houses were licensed, • end among his seven assemblies, which were in different counties, jRt a considerable distance from each other, he divided his labors, His preaching encountered all the obstacles, which could arise from blindness, prejudice, and bigotry, from profaneness and immorafity. 7ie and those, who attended upon his preaching, were denominated ji^w lights by>the more zealous episcopalians. But by his patience find perseverance, his magn?nimity and piety, in conjunction with j |us evangelical and powerful ministry, he triumphed over opposi- DAV. 247 tton. Contempt and aversion were gradually turned into rever- ence. Many were attracted by cuiiosity to hear a man of such dis- tinguished talents, and he proclaimed to them the most solemn and impressive truths with an energy, vrhich they could not resist. It pleased God to accompany these exertions with the efficacy of his Spirit. In about three years Mr. Davies beheld three hundred communicants in his congregation, whom he considered as real christians. He had also in this period baptized about forty adult ne- groes, who made such a profession of saving faith, as he judged credible. From this scene of toil and of christian enjoyment he was in the providence of God called away for a short time. In 1753 the synod of New York, at the instance of the trustees of New Jersey college* chose him to accompany the reverend Gilbert Tennent to Gieat Britain to solicit benefactiuns for the college. This service he cheerfully undertook, and he executed it with singular spirit and suc- cess. The liberal benefactions obtained from the patrons of relig- ion and learning placed the college in a rebpectable condition. Af- ter his return to America he entered anew on his beloved task of preaching the gospel in Hanover. Here he continued till 1759, when he was chosen president of the college, as successor of pres- ident Edwards. He hesitated in his acceptance of the appointment, for his people were endeared to him, and he loved to be occupied in the various duties of the ministerial ofRce. But repeated applica- tions, and the unanimous opinion of the synod of New York and Philadelphia at length determined him. He was inducted into his new office in July 1759. Here th vigor and versatility of his ge- nius were strikingly displayed. The ample opportunities and de- mands, which he found for the exercise of his talents, gave a new spring to his diligence ; and while his active labors were multiplied and arduous, his studies were intense. He left the college at his death in as high a state of literary excellence, as it had ever known since its institution. In the short space of eighteen months he made some considerable improvements in the seminary, and was pardcularly happy in inspiring his pupils with a taste for writing and oratory, in which he himself so much excelled. In January 1761 he was seized by an inflammatory fever, which terminated his life on the fourth of February, w^hcn he was but little more than thirty six years of age. During most of his sickness his disorder deprived him of the exercise of reason, but even his bewildered mind was continu- ally imagining some expedient for promoting the Redeemer's king- dom, and the good of mankind. Jie was succeeded in the office of president by the reverend Dr. Finley. The Father of spirits had endued Mr. Davies with the richest in- tellectual gifts ; with a vigorous understanding, a glowing imagin- ation, a fertile invention, united with a correct judgment, and a re- i"ntivc memory. He was bold and enterprising, and destined to ,i! lii ;:■; 'i'^ Ilk . 4' i- i:;i \l.U i:- -I fl t: !• I ffif M M ;,!' » M i • lii I 24^ DAV. I ii lu •xcel in irhatever lie undertook. Yet was he divested of the pride of talents and of science, and being moulded into the temper of the gospel he consecrated all his powers to the promotion of religum. " O, my dear brother," says he in a letter to his friend. Dr. Gibbons, *i could we sp«nd our lives in pwiful, disinterested, inde&tigable service for God and the world, how serene and bright would it ren* der the swift approaching eve of life ! I am laboring to do a litU» to save my country, and, which is of much more consequence, to save souls from death, from that tremendous kind of death, which a soul can die. I have but little success of late ; but, blessed be God, it surpasses my expectation, and much more my desert." His re« ligion was purely evangelical. It brought him to the foot of the cross to receive salvation as a free gift. It rendered him humble and dissatisfied Vith himself amidst his highest attidnments. While he contended earnestly for the great and distinguishing doctrines of the gospel, he did not attach an undue importance to points, res* pecting which chdsdans may differ. It was the power of religion, and not any particular form, that he was desirous of promoting, and real worth ever engaged his esteem and effection. Having sought the truth with diligence, he avowed his sentiments with the greatest simplicity and courage. Though decided in his conduct, he was yet remarkable for the gentieness and suavity of his disposition. A friend, who was very intimate with him for a number of years, nev- er observed him once angry duiing that period. His ardeiit benev- olence rendered him the delight of his friends and the admiration of all, who knew him. In his generous eagerness to supply the wants of the poor he often exceeded his ability. As a parent he felt all the solicitude, which nature and grace could inspire. *f There is nothing,*' he writes, ^* that can wound a parent's heart so deeply, as the thought, that he should bring up children to dishonor his God here, and be miserable hereafter. I beg your prayers for mine, and you may expect a return in thfe same kind.— We have now three sons and two daughters. My dear little creatures sob and drbp a tear now and then under my instructions ; but I am not so happy as to see them under deep and lasting impressions of relig- ion ; and this is the greatest grief they afford me.'* As president of the college he possessed an admirable mode of government and instruction. He watched over his pupils with the tender solicitude of a father, and secured equally their reverence and love. He seized every opportunity to inculcate on them the worth of their souls, and the pressing necessity of securing immediately the bless* ing^ of salvati' ■ '■r ,^:r 'k\ ! -i i ^ .-:' t '> ;i \ii\ •|=' V (■ • * 1 ■' Vi ■A ' t ' •■] t ^Ut' ii ; H- ■ ■!'» '3* ( ^l! !*; « r l'ii''"lt m ■ .'J^ ' il ■ N 1 • !a ( '' u ' ' dkU i m l •'■■ 5>« •imi^. SI u II ■'] i ^'1 " < M "1 i! M ^50 DEL. K »' !■ I hSdiy , V ! >;l ■i' in'i-'^i- ' •m rtii! i ;':]' ■■|- ii which mtit in 1774. jfn 1776 he was dqmtcid to FruMte m a poijt. leal and commercial agent, and he arrived at Pari* in June with ia* •tractions to sound the disposition of the cabinet on the controvert With Great Britiun, and to endeavor to obtain supplies of niilitarr stores. In September it was agreed to appoint ministers to nego- tiate treaties with foreign powers, and Dr. Franklin and Mr. Jeffer. son were elected to join Mr. t)eane in France. But Mr. Jefferson declining the appointment, Mr. Arthur Lee, then in London, wu chosen in his place. It is remarkable, that the delegates of Coop necticut did not vote for Mr. Deane. In December the three com- missioners met at Paris. Though Mr. Deane assisted in negotiat* ing the treaty with ids most christian majesty, yet he had very little to recommend hi-n to the high station, in which he was placed. He was instructed to ^ngage not exceeding four eng^eers, and he was most profuse in his promise of offices of rank to induce Frrnch gentlemen to come to America. Congress being embarrassed by his contracts was under the necessity of recalling him November 31, 1777, and Mr. John Adams was appointed in his place. He left Paris April 1, 1778. After his arrival in this country, he was desired to give an account of his transactions on the floor of con. gress, but he did not remove all suspicions of having misapplied the public monies He evaded the scrutiny by plead&ng, that his papers were in Europe. To divert the public attentiw ^tom him* selif he in December published a manifesto, in which he arraign^ before the bar of the public the conduct not only of those concerned in foreign negotiations, but of the members of congress themselves. In 1784 he puUished an address to the citizens of the United States, complaining of the manner, in which he bad been treated. He went soon afterwards to Europe, and at last, reduced to extreme poverty, died in a miserable condition at Deal in England Augutt 28, 1 789 d—Warrtfn'» hist. jimer.revohiHoni'u. 130—1^7 ; MarthnOf ill. 155, 41 1 ; iv. 5 ; Hdrdie*s Hog. dictionary ; Gordon^ iii. 216. DELAWARE, one of the United States of America, was «t Ai^st settled at cape Henlopen by a colony of Swedes and Finns b 1627. They laid out a small town near Wilmington in I631,butit was destroyed by the Dutch. They were at first subject to a gov* ernor under a commission from the king of Sweden. In 165^5 they we**^ subdued by the Dutch from New York, and they con* tinued under this government until the Dutch were subdued by the JBnglish in 1664, when they passed under the authority of the English governor of New York. In 1682 this colony was united to Pennsylvania under sir Will- iam r >nn, and the inhabitants enjoyed all the benefit of the laws of "the province. They were from this time to be considered as the same people. The freemen were summoned to attend the assem- bly in person, but they chose to elect representatives. In the set- tlement of this country under the government of Mr> Peon the • \ 'ih^ DEL. 251 jilldl wem pntchued and not forcibly taken from the natives. The Dutch had pretioualy adopted a uimilar practice. In 1693 the mTernment of Pennsylvania and Delaware was assumed by the ^it)wn, and was entrusted to colonel Fletcher) governor of New Yoi^. But in the latter end of 1693 the government was restored (oMr. Penh) Who appointed William Markham lieutenant governor. During his administration in 1696 another frame of government waa adopted, Which continued to be the constitution of Pennsylva- nia and Delaware during the whole dme of their union in legisla- tion. When the next charter was accepted by the province of Penn- {ilvania in October 1701 it was totally rejected by the members of die three lower counties of Delaware. This rejection and conse- quent separation did not originate in caprice. By the new charter the principles of the first constituidon were essentially altered. The people had no longer the election of the council, who were to lie nominated foy the governor. He, instead ot having but three votes in seventy two, was left single in the executive, and had the power of restraining the legislature by reiVinng his assent to their bills, whenever he thought fit. •?,m'' »rr -».:j For many years after the separation the repose of the lower counties remained almost undisturbed. At last the contests be- tween the two proprietaries, William Penn and lord Baltimore, revived, and when the claimants were satisfied with the portion of expense, anxiety, and trouble, which fell to their share in conse- quence of their dispute, they entered into articles of agreement oh the tenth of May 1732, ascertaining the mode of settlement and appointing commissioners to complete the contract. Those ard- ctes made a particular provision for adjusting the controversy foy drawing part of a circle about the town of New Castle and by de« termining the boundary line between Maryland and the Delaware colony. But the execution of those articles and of the decree thereon was delayed until they were superseded by another agree- ment between Frederic, lord Baltimore, son and heir of Charles, lord Baltimore, and the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, which WiEfs made July 4, 1760, and was confirmed by decree on March 6, 1763. The lines wene designated from actual survey. But from several causes there never was a complete chimge of jurisdiction until Mr, feini's proclamation for that purpose, April 8, 1775. By an a^ of the Delaware legislature of the second of September the change was effected and the boundaries of the coimties and hundreds es- tablished. The tranquil state of this colony was not much intei'ruptedt e::cept by the wars, in which it was obliged to participate frCm its connection with Great Britain. In the war, which commenced in IfSS Delavi'are was inferior to none of the colonies in furnishing; supplies in propor^oh tp its wealth and ability. In the year 1^6,9 \ ■ fj ( t n . \f' \n j ■^ , ii. l«l 1,. -t \hi' ' ■ 1 ■J : 1 'i 1 .4 '/ ■ ] I' I ^ i \ '^ 1 if '1 1 , :' :|ri 1 ilvince exhibited a becoming q>irit. So eariy as October 1765 representativ^tf were deputed to attend the first congresS) which wau held at New York) for the purpose of obtaioing a repeal of some of the moat obnoxious of the British s^stutcs. Tn the yew 1773 the legislature appointed a stijaulnig corns ai;i:«e of 4.ve members to ccrrespond with the other coloj^iea ^r^X to procure the most authentic political intelligence respecting f'^'sresoiction; of parliament and the proceedings of the admin^itraiMt* In relntbt to America. When the town of Bo^tOiH by tht.; ojiero Jop ai tbc port bill W(» reduced to great uistre^is, supplies frc»m different paru of this colony were forwarded for iits relief. During the war thrre was no relaxation in the spirit wad <^^ rcertions Oi this state. Thdr •upplies of every kind rav4ui^ite to the pul;>lic servicr- were \^vnc■^ of a sincere attachment to the common cause The Deiawarc fegiment wui^onsidered ar one of the finest and inost efPxieni si^ the continental alpmy. Its brave commander, coionel Job:, ^^'ioilet, was kiReu at the battle of Princeton. Ta& pecaliar <;xposure of this ;i^:«^«.<: to the ravage^ of war put a stop to its growth and prosper- ity, ihe ii»; .rests of literature, i^ a, particular manner^ suffered. The floiT rushing academies of Newark and Wilmington lost their students? at a by depicciadon of the continental currency lost their funds. Fi-evioudy to the late revolution this district of country was denominated the three lower counties on Delawa^'e. In September 1776 a constitution was established by a convenvion of representa- tires, chosen for that express purpose, and at that time the name of the iitate of Delaware was assumed. The present constitution was ado|>ted on the twelfth of June 1793. It establishes a gener^ assembly, conusting of a senate and a house of representatives; the members of the former are chosen every three years and of the latter annually ; the governor, who has no share in enacting the laws, is elected every three years, apd cannot remain in office two terms in immediate succesuon ; the judges aflp liable to be removed on address to the governor of two thirds of all the mem* bers of both branches of the legislature.— £ncyc/o/k«flba, Jmer. edit, DICKINSON (JoNATBAv), first president of New Jersey col* lege, was graduated at Yale college in 1706, and within one or twp years afterwards he was settied minister of the first presbyterian church in Eliiabeth Town, New Jersey. Of this church he vas ibr near forty years the joy and glory. As a friend of literature h^ was also eminently useful. The charter of the college of fj^ev Je^ sey, which had never yet been carried into ope|ration, was enlarged by governor Belcher» October 23, 1746 ; and Mr, Ditki^son wa$ #■■ ioniet and So early Ml the first fobtaioing ^ s.^atutes. fwmttte of fo procure reHo'vcUont in relntjior 'JOO iil the Bifent part)t I war thftre ke. Thdr ere proc'". Delaware efFxicni \i; >h: „''i<«lct, xposure of id prosper* PA suffe^. iiost their •.y lost their mntry was September epresenta* be name of Uution-vras a genera} sentatives) ars ancl of lactingthc n in oiBce [able to be the mem- 4mer. edit. ersey col* ne or twp abyterian ch be was rature b^ fJew Je^ enlarged son wa$ Die. 25S ippointed present. The institutkm commenced at EUiabetli Town* bttt it did not kmg enjoy the advantagea of hia auperintrnd- encet for It pleaaed God to call him away from life October 7, 17iT« in the uxtieth year of hia age. He waa the friend of Dand Crai« oefd) and died tmly two daya before :tiim. Mr. Diekinaon.waa himself a man of le&niing, of diatinguiahed talentS} and much celebrated as a preacher ', and he was succeedt ed in the college by meni who hold a high reputation in our country ; by Burr, Edwards, Davies, Finley, and Witberapoon. He Juid a mind formed for inquiry ; he poaaesaed a quick per- ception and an accurate judgment i and to a keen penetration ho united a disinterested attachment to truth. With a natural turn for Gontroversy he had a happy government of lus pasuons, and abhor- led the perverse disputingpi) so common to men of corrupt minds. The eagerness of contention did not ejctinguiah in him the fervors of devotion and brotherly love. By his good works and exemplary life he adiHtied the doctrines of grace, which he advocated with zeal. He boldly appeared in defence of the great truths of our moat holy religion, confronting what be conudered as error, and resisting ev- ery attack on the christian feith. He wished to promote the inter- ests of practical godliness, of holy living, and dierefore he with* stood error in every shape, knowmg that it poisons the heart and thus destroys the very principles of virtue. He was an enemy to that blind charity, that politic silence, that temporizing moderation, which sacrifices the truths of God to hu- man friendships, and under color of peace and candor gives up im- portant points of gospel doctrine to every opposer. He knew, thpt thii temper was inconsistent with the love of truth, and was usually connected with the hatred of those, who engaged warmly in its sup- port. He expected to be opposed ana ridiculed, if he followed his Sarior, and preached with plainnesf, and earoestness the doctrines, irhich are so obnoxioua to the corrupt heart and perverted under- standing. Still under pretence of zeal for truth he concealed no party animosity, no bigotry, bo malevolence. He had generous sentiments with regard to freedom of inquiry and the rigbta of |Hi- fate judgment in matters of conscience, not approving aubcription to humsp tests of orthodoxy. As he lived a devout and useful life md wa9 a bright omgment to his profos&ioii} he died universally l«r jqiented, His wrings possess veiy coMuderable merit. They are design- ed to unfold the wonderful method of i>edemption, and to excite men to that cheerful consecraUon of all their talents to their Mak- er, to that careful avoidance of iki and practice of godliness, which vUl exalt them to gloi^. He published the reasonableness of Christianity in four sermons, Boston, 1732 ; the true scripture doc- trine concerning some important points of christian futh, particular- ly eternal electi(»s origioid sin, gn'tce in conversion, jiifstifiqatlon i i t 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 ;' i (' \ * t H h\ h H' I P IS 1 ( , 1 1 .! i i • ■ i 1.,' V' ■ k-' 254 Die. F i 1 \ I i,h 'm:. hf fidth, and the saint's perteTeronce, in five diccouraet, lf4l, in alMwer to Mr. Whitby ; a sermon on the witness oi' the S|xrit, Maf 1^41) ; on ttie nature and necessity- of regeneration, with re. marks nn Or. Wat«rland's regeneration stated and explained, I74j^ against baptismal regeneration ; a display of God's sp4tcial grace hi i ilttniliar dialogue^ 1742 ; reflections upon Mr. Wetmore'k letter in defence of Dr. Waterlund's discourse on regenerath)li, IT45. The above works were handsomely published in an octavo voiume at Ed- inburgh in \*f9S. President Dickinson published also a defence of pretbyterian ordinadon in answer to a pamphlet, entitled a modest proof ficc, I7Q4 ; the vanity of human institutions in the worship of God, a sermon preached at Newark June 3, 1736 ; a defence of it afterwards ; a second defence of it against the exceptions of Mr. Jbhn B^ch in bis appeal to the unprejudiced, 1738; this t?orkib entitled, the reasonabletiess of nonconformity to the church of Eng- lafnd in point of worship ; familiar letters upon various important subi' jiBCtB in religimi, 1745; a pamphlet in favor of infant baptism, 1746; a vindication of God's sovereign, free grace ^ a second vindication ice. agakist Mr. John Beach, to which are added brief reflections ah Dr. Johnson's defence of Aristocles' letter to Authades, 1748 ; oo account of the delivterence of Robert Barrow, shipwrecked among the canaibals of Florida.— Pz>r«on'« sermon on Ms death ; preface iq hia aermonsy £din. edit. ; MilleryU. 345 ; Backus* abr. 19fi ; Doug. haayW. 384 ; Brainerd^a Itfe, 139, I6t ; Boaton GazettejOctober^ 1747 ; Chandler's life of Johnson^ 69. ♦ DICKINSON (John), a distinguished political writer and fHend 6f his country, was the son of Samuel Dickihsoti, esquire, of DeU iWare. Ho was a member of the * assembly of Pennsylvania in 1764, and of the general congress in 1 7^5. In November 1767 he begah to publish his celebrated letters against the acts of the British parliament, laying duties on paper, glass, 8cc. They supported the liberties of his country, and contribut6d much to the Atnerican rev< bludon. He was a member of the firsit confess in 17)^4, ahd the petiidon to the king, which was addfytcd at this time* and is consid- «red ins an elegant composition, was written by him. In June 1776 he opposed openly and upon princi|»Ie the declaration of independ- ence, when the motion was considered by congress. His arguments were answerfcd by John Adam^, who advocated a separation from -Great Britain. The part, which Mr. Dipkinson took in this debate, Bccasioned his recal from congresS) as his constituents did not coin' t;ide itith him m hii political vie^, and he was absent several years. Perceiving at length, that his countrymen were unalterably fiicd in their system of independence, he fSll in with it, and was -uv zealous in supporting it in cbngress about t^e year 1 780, as ahy of the membported, as far as bis voice could have influence, those men and those measures, which he believed most friendly to republican principles. He was esteemed for his uprightness and the purity of his morals. From 9 letter, which he wrote to the honorable James Warren, esquire, dated the twenty fifth of the first month, 1805, it would seem, that he was a member of the society of friends. He published a speech deU^-ered in the liouse of assembly of Pennsylvania, 1764 ; a reply to a speech of Joseph Galloway, 1765 ; late regulations respecting the colonies coBsidered, 1765 ; letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania to the in- jiabitants of the British colonies, 1767—1768. Mr. Dickinson's political writings were collected and published in two volumes 8vo. 1 80 1. ~-Gorifon, i. 230 ; Bamaay^ ii. 319 ; WarrcUf i. 413 ; Adartut* dxtfi letter to Dr. Calkuen ; Monthly anthology^ v. 336 ; Motional intdHgencery February 33, 1808 ; Mars/tall, iv. note at end; v. 97. PICI^INSON (Philemon), a brave officer in the revolutionary war, died at his seat near Trenton, New Jersey, February 4, 1809, in the sixty ninth year of his age. He took an early and an active part in the struggle with great Britain, and hazarded his ample for- tune and hu life in establishing our independence. In the memovf- Ue battle of Monmouth at the head of the Jersey milida he exhib- ited tlte spirit and gallantry of a soldier of liberty. After the estab- lishment of the present national government he was a member of congress. In the various stations, civil and military, with which ht; was honored, general Dickinson discharged them with zeal, upright- ness, and ability. The last twelve or fifteen years of his life were spentin retirement from public concerns.— «P^Ya(/e'(fMia GazettCt Febrmry 7, 1809. DOUGHERTY (Michael), remarkable for longevity, died at hit plantation on Horse Creek, in Scriven county, Georgia, May 39, 1808, aged one hundred and thirty five years. He was one of the first settlers of that state. The day before he died he walked two miles.— Cftaf/M/on courier^ June 1 1, 1808 ; Amer. register, iii. 563. DOUGLASS (William, h. d.), a physician in Boston, was a ntiye of Scotland, and came to this country as early as the year r» • h „ jj n ■iff i(- /:||3j ,i ik' '■lit: i If. 1/ -I' ! ■> i¥' it . Ii:ii-I'^ W^ H. ' I'' hu \ !- H \ >. 1 m 1 , '! ! DHA. il'' i '^' ^'f'; ■ If iniarlflo. IntlMjrtar 1 7911m pot Into the httdi of Dr. Cd(' ton Matlitr a nrfimw of thepUkMopmcal tmuMcdont) ooQtidii^ m acoount of the pracdce of inoeukdnf for the •niAll pen «t Con« fltentinople} and that beneToleiit mfaibter hnmedfattelf hitradneed the pracidce fai Boeton bjr the aadatance of Dr. Boylttim^. Or. Dottg*MS at firat liolently oppoaed the inocolatieiH and pubHUied aeverai tracta agkdntt It* in which he attKked the clef|^meii, who aupportedthe practice. He died October 31) 1759. lie wat i akilkd pbjaician. Ma prejudicea were venr atrong, and In hU hm. (uage he wa» frequently intemperate. Hia notiona of religion were very loose. In hia history of the American coloi^et, he is often incorrect in point of factt and it waa hie foible to meseure the worth of men by hia personal fiiendahip for them. A town of MaasachUsetta) of which he was a proprietor and benebetor, bean hb name. He published the inocula^n of the small pox, aa pnc* tised in Boston, 1739 ; the abuaes and acandab of some late pam- phlets in &vor of inocalaition, 1733 ; a practical essay eonetsming the email pox, containmg the Instory, 8ec. 1730 ; pnieticat history of a new eruptive, miliary fever, with an angina nlcnaculosst which prevailed in Boston in. 1735 and 1739, 19mo9 1736 ; a summary, his- torical and political, of the first planting, progreashre improvements^ and present stste of the British settlements in North America, the first volume, 1739, the secondj 1753.>->^ttmMsry, il. 409 }\/fii/cAAt> «on, ii. 80 ; CoU.Utt. toe. ix. 40 ; fVhitney*§ fiitt. fVoreetfety 303 ; Jtmer. nnueum, iii. 53 ; Holmet* annaUy n. 199. '-■' DRAYTON (William Hewnv), apolitical writer of consider* able eminence, was a native of Sonth Carolina. He waa ene of his majesty's justices in that prorince, when they made their lastckcuit intnesprii^of 1775,andtheonly one bomin America.r Inluscharge to the grand jury he inculcated the same aentimenta in fiivor of fibertjr, which were patronised by the popular leaders. Soon afterwards he was elected president of the prorindal congrcaa, and devoted his great abilities with uncommon zeal for the aupport of the measures adopted by hia native country. Before the next drcuitl^s eeUei^es were advertised as inintical to the liberdea of America, and he vn» not long after appointed chief justice by the voice of hia country. He died in Hiiladelphia in 1779, while attending Ma duty hi coo* gross, in the thirty seventh year of his age. In 1774 he wrote a pamphlet, addressed to the American congress, midertheugnature of a freeman, in which he stated tiie grievanoea of Ameruat, atd drew up ii bill of American rights. He published 1^ charge to the grand jury in April 1770^, which breal^es all the apirit and energy ik the miadi which knows the value of freedom and ia determiiMd to support it. Rainsay in his history has published" this chai^ eiw tire. His speech hi the genend assembly of South Carolina ''^vefd other pro^UK^ons of „hif pen agyeared, «. xplalninjg the : injoc^ %b^ ^ > ';i ,.,,, DRA. S57 liii country, and encouraging his fellow citizen* to vindicate them, He also wrote a history of the American revolution, brought dowil to the year 1779, in three large volumes, «rhich he intended to cor- rect and publiah, but was prevented by h death.**-iliZ//cr, ii. 380 } Bamioy'* revolution qf S. CaroUnot i. 57, 6 1, 103. DRAYTON (William, ll. d.) judge of the federal court for the district of ^outh Carolina, was a native of that province, and mt bom in the year 1733. About the year 1747 he was placed under Thomas Corbclt, esquire, an eminent lawyer. In 1750 h« accompanied that gentleman to London, and entered into the middl* temple, where he continued till 1754, at which time he returned to hit native countiy. Though his abilities were confessedly great, be icon quitted the bar from disinclination to the practice of the law ; but about the year 1 768 he was appointed chief justice in the province of East Florida. When the revolution commenced in 1775 he fell under the suspicion of the governor, and was su8« pended by him. He however went to England, and was reinstated ; but on his return to St. Augustine was again suspended bv governor Tonyn. In consequence of this he took his family with him to England in 1778 or 1779 in the hope of obtaining redress, but the distracted situation of affairs in America prevented him from ef* iecting his purpose. Soon after his return to America he was ap- pointed judge of the admiralty court of South Carolina. In March 1789 he was appoint^^d associate justice of the state, but he resigned this office in October following, when he was made a judge under the federal government. He died in the beginning of June 1790, in the fifty eighth year of his age.— « Aar(/tV*« biog. diet ; American nuteum, viii. 83. DRINKER (Edward), remarkable for longevity, was born De* cember 34, 1 680 in a cabin near the present comer of Walnut and second streets in Philadelphia. His parents had removed to this place from Beverly in Massachusetts. The banks of the Delaware were inhabited at the time of his birth by Indians, and a few Swedes and Hollanders. At the age of twelve years he went to. Boston, where he served an apprenticesliip to a cabinet maker. In thit year 1745 he returned to Philadelphia, where he lived till the time of his death. He was four times married and had eighteen children, ill of whom were by his first wife. He died November 17, 1783, aged one hundred and two years. In his old age the powers of his mind were very little impairedt He remembered not onh' the incidents of his childhood, but the events of later years, and nevev told the same story twice, but to different persons. His eye sight failed him many years before his death, but his hearing was unim- pidred ; and though his teeth had forsaken him for thirty years, his hardened gums well supplied their place. He enjoyed so uncom- mon a share of health, that he was never confined more than three (liys to his bed. He was sober and temperate. For the last twenty 1-4 ir^** ^ I 1^1 I ' I'M ..,? mwr ,. ! ■ It -S»| '*i ^J$ 1 i t 1 i 1!^. ?!l ^1: I ■ . i 268 DUA. live years ho drank twice cvary dty a draug^ht of weak toddy, made of two table spoonfuls of spirits in half a pint of v. iter ; bm he was never known to be intoxicated. He was a nun -ji un umiabie character) und as old age had not curdled his blood, oc. cut « need u the last uniformly cheerful and kind to every body. His ^eli^io^} principles were as steady as his morals were pure. He Mf^uded public worship about thirty years in the presbyteriun ch ur .h uniki the reverend Dr. Sproat, and died in the fullest as* urunce of a happy immortality. Mr. Drinker witnessed the must astutiishing changes. He lived to see the spot, where he had picked black berries, and hunted rabbits, become the scat of a great city, the first in wealth in America. He saw ships of every size in those streams, where he had been used to see nothing larger than an In< dian canoe. He saw the first treaty between France and the inde« pendent States of America ratified upon the very spot, where he had se«n William Penn ratify his first and last treaties with the In- dians. He had been the subject of seven crowned heads. At the commencement of the American revolution, he bought the uncon- stitutional acts of Great Britain, and gave them to his grandsons as proper materials for their kites.-— JVew and general biog. dictionary; Hardie ; Umveraalatylumy ii. 88 \ American muaeunty ii. 73—75. DUANE (James), judge of the district court for New York, ^as a member of the first congress from this state in 1774, and received his appointment of judge in October 1789. He was the first mayor of New Yom after its recovery from the British. His death took place at Albany in February 1797. He published a law case. DUDLEY (Thomas), governor of Massachusetts, was bom in Northampton, England, in 1574. After having been for some time in the army, his mind was impressed by religious truth, and he attached himself to the nonconformists. He came to Massachu- setts in 1630, as deputy governor, and was one of the founders and pillars of the colony. He was chosen governor in thfe years 1634, 1640, and 1645. His zeal against heretics did not content itself with arguments, addressed to the understanding? and reproofs, aim* ed at the conscience ; but his intolerance was not singular in an a|^e, when the principles of religious liberty were not understood. He died at Roxbury July 31, 1653, in the seventy seventh year of his age. He was a.man of sound judgment, of inflexible integrity, of public spirit, and of strict and exemplary piety.— il/or^on, 150 ; Mather** nmgnalia^ ii. 15—17 ; MaT* JV. E. i. 308; Collect, hitt. «oc. vU.l 1 ; X.39 iHutcMruonf i. 183 ; Winthrofi,Se, 65yj!03 ; Holmet' annalsi i. 360. DUDLEY (Joskph), governor of Massachusetts, was the son of ihe preceding, and was born September 33, 1647. In his childhood, after his father's death, he was under the care of the reverend Mr. Alien of Dedham, who married his mother. He was graduated at W DUD. 250 girrard coIUge in 1665. He afterwards entered into the tervic* ol Ills country in the Indian war of 1675. In 1683 lie went to England as an agent for the province. When the government was changed in 1686 he was appointed president of Massachusetts and }jew Hampshire. His commission was received in May 1686. Hit autiiority was of short continuance, for Andros arrived at the close of the same year. Hei however, was continued in the councili igd was appointed chief justice. In 1 689 he went again to Eng- land, and in 1690 returned with a commission of chief justice of *% ^few York, and continued in this country three years. He was then eight years lieutenant governor of the isle of Wight. He was appoint- ed governor of Massachusetts by queen Ann, and arriving at Boston June 11, 1702, continued in the government till November 1715. He died at Koxbury April 3, 1730, in the seventy third year of his age. He possessed rare endowments, and was a singular honor to his counti y, being a man of learning and an accomplished gentle- man. He was a scholar, a divine, a philosopher, and a lawyer. As governor of Massachusetts, he was instructed to procure an act rendering his salary and that of the lieutenant governor permanent. These instructions occasioned a controversy with the legislature) which lasted during the administration of Shute and others of his successors. He loved much ceremony in the govemmenti and but little in the church, being attached to the congregational order. He was a sincere christian, whose virtues attracted general esteemy though in the conflict of political parties his character was fre- quently assailed. While in his family he devoutly addressed him- self to the supreme Being, he also frequently prayed with his chil- dren separately for their everlasting welfare, and did not think it humbling to* impart religious instruction to his servants. He was economical and dignified, and he applied himself with great diligence to the duties of his station.— Co/man'« fun. aermon ; Boaton netoa letter, Jfirit 4, 1730 ; Hutchimon, i. 387, 340—345 } ii. 313 ; Bel- knafi*» M H.'i. 36\ ; Holmea* atmala, i. 465 ; ii. 101 ; ARnot*$ jron- tinuation, i. 59. DUDLEY (Paul), chief justice of Massachusetts, was gradu- ated at Harvard college in 1690, and was afterwards tutor in that seminary. He died at Roxbury January 31, 1751. He was a learned and pious man. From his regard to the interests of relig- ion and as a proof of his attachment to the institution, in which he was educated, he in his iasft will bequeathed to Harvard college oiie hundred pounds sterling, the interest of which was to be applied, to the support of an annual lecture to be preached in tfaiat college ; the first lecture to be for proving and explaining, and for the proper use and improvement of the principles of natural religion ; the second for the confirmation, illustration, and improvement of; t^i? great articles of the christian religion i the third for detecting; convicting) and exposing the idolatry and tyranny^ tlie 556 ; American mu«fum, vii. 66 — 68. DULANEY (Danjel), an eminent counsellor of Maryland, resided at Annapolis and died at an early stage of the revolutionary war. He was considered as one of the most learned and accom- plished men in his profession, that our country ever produced. He made some publications on the controversy between America and Great Britain. The title of one of them is, considerations on the propriety of imposing taxes in the Bridsh colonies in North Amer- ica, 1766. — Miller's retrospect, ii. 379. DUMMER (Jeremiah), an agent of Massachusetts in England, and a distinguished scholar, was a native of Boston, and was the grand- son of Richard Dummer, esquire, one of the principal settlers of Massachusetts, who died at Newbury. He was graduated at Har- vard college in 1699. While a member of this seminary, he was preeminent for the brilliancy of his genius. His only competitor was Mr. John Bulkley, who surpassed him in solidity of judgment, but not in sprightliness of thought and wit. He soon afterwards went to Europe and spent a number of years in the university of Utrecht, where he received a doctor's degree. He then returned to New England, but finding no prospect of employnrent in this country, that would be agreeable to him, he went to England, where he arrived a little before the change of queen Ann's ministry. In 1710 he was appointed agent of Massachusetts, and his services Avere important. Contrary to the expectation of his countrymen he devoted himself to the persons in power, and was an advocate of their measures. He was employed by lord Bolingbroke in some secret negotiations, and nad assurances of promotion to a place of honor and profit ; but the death of the queen blasted all his hopes. Jf he had espoused a different side, it is thought, that his great talents might have elevated him to some of the highest offices. He died in 1739. Though upon the change of times he deserted his patron, lord Bolingbroke, in regard to politics ; it is said, that he adhered to his sentiments upon religion to the close of life. Few men exceeded him in quickness of thought, and in ease, delica- cy, and fluency in speaking and writing. He published disputatio theologica de Christi ad inferos descensu, quam, indulgente Tiiuno Nuraine, sub prsesidio clar. & celeber. viri, ». d. Herm. Wiisii, Sec. 4to, 1703 ; de jure JudaeorUm sabbati brevis disquisitio, 4to, 1703 ; disseitatlo theologico— -philologica, 4to, 1703 ; disputatio ^hilosophica inaug-. 4to, 1703 ; a defence of the New England chHi>' 1 • ■ I j!^ f 1 <' ii. ' J- 1 '. r I, 1 1 I : i; ' 1 A \ * •S (■ . 1 *^l m ill;- 1.: : ^i! 1 ryi t m It lii ' if \'\. Al ■Yi^ Va '■ ' A • .1 ■" i i.i !j lii I '4 \ ■ '1 ■ *i ■ ' if. I 1 IW i 1 1 \. 1* '■ 'I iwi^i 262 DUM. ters, 1721 ; a letter to a noble lord concerning the expedition to Canada.^ — Collect, hist. aoc. x. 155 ; Hutchinaoriy ii. 187, 355. DUMMER (William), lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, received a commission for this office at the time that Shute was appoint* ed governor in 1716. At the departure of Shute January 1, 1723,hc was left at the head of the province, and he continued commander in chief till the arrival ot Burnet in 1728. He was also commander in chief in the interval between his death and the arrival of Belcher. His administration is spoken of with great respect, and he is rep. resented as governed by a pure regard to the public good. The war with the Indians was conducted with great skill, the Norridge- wocks being cut off in 1724. From the year 1730 Mr. Dummer lived chiefly in retirement for the remainder of his life, selecting for his acquaintance and friends men of sense, virtue, and religion, and receiving the blessings and applauses of hU country. He died ^t Boston October 10, 1761, aged eighty two years. He preserved an unspotted character through life. Though he enjoyed fame, he did not place his happiness in the distinctions of this world. He was sincerely and firmly attached to the religion of Jesus, and in the midst cf human grandeur he was preparing for death. In health and sickness he often declared, that his hope of the divine acceptance was built upon the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ, wliom he adored as the true God and the only Savior of men. He attended with reverence upon the institutions of the gospel ; he was constant in his family devotions ; he applied him»elf to the perusal ol pious books ; and at stated times he retired to his closet for prayer. During his life his alms were a memorial of his be- nevolence, and at death he left a great part of his estate to pious and charitable uses. He laid the foundation of Dummer academy at Newbury.— 5y/e«' ,/an. sermon ; Boston Gazette^ October 26, 1761 ; Hutchinson^ ii. 291, 322, 368 ; Holmes* annals^ ii. 255. DUNSTER (Henry), first president of Harvard college, was inducted into this office August 27, 1640. He succeeded Mr. Na- thaniel Eaton, who was the first master of the seminary, being chosen in 1637 or 1638, and who had been removed on account of the severity of his discipline. He was highly respected for his learning, piety, and spirit of government ; but having at length imbibed the principles of antipedobaptism, and publicly advo- cated them, he was induced to resign the pretidentship October 24, 1654, and v/as succeeded by the reverend Mr. Chauncy. He now retired to Scituate, where he spent the remainder of his days in peace. He died in 1659. He was a modest, humble, charitable man. By bis last will he ordered his body to be buried at Cam- bridge, and bequeathed legacies to the very persons, who had occa- sioned his removal from the colleg«s. He was a great master of the oriental languages, and when a new version of the psalms had been made by Eliot, Wclde, and Mather, and printed in 1640, i- DYE. 263 \ras piit into his hands to be revised. He accoi'dingly, with the as* sistance of Mr. Richard Lyon, improved the version, and brought it into that state, in which the churches of New Lngland used it for many subsequent years. — Mather* a magnalia^ iii. 99 — 101 ; iv. 128 ; Mal''a JV. E. i. 308 j H. Adams* W. JL, 73 ; Hutchinton^ i. 174; Qolkct. Mft. aociety^ vii. 20, 48, 49 ; Hnlme^ annaisy i. 375 ; Mor* totif 170. PYER (Eliphalbt), chief justice of the supremo court of Connecticut, was a member of the first congress in 1774, and con- tributed his efforts with other patriots in promoting and supporting the independence of his country. He died at Windham May 13, 1807, in the eighty seventh year of his age.— Aew York herald. May 23, 1807. EATON (Theophilus), first govenior of New Haven colony was bom at Stony Stratlord in Oxfordshire, his father being the minister of the place. He was bred a merchant and was for several years agent of the king of England at the court of Denmark ; and after his return prosecuted his business in London with high repu' tation. He accompanied Mr. Davenport to New England in 1 637, and soon after his arrival was chosen one of the magistrates of Massachusetts. He was one of the founders of New Haven in 1638, and was annually elected governor till his death, January 7, 1657, in the sixty seventh year of his age. The wisdom and integ- rity of his administration attracted universal respect. As a magis- trate, he was impartial in the distribution of justice, and was in- vested with an indescribable dignity and majesty. He was amiable in all the relations of life. In conversation he was affable, courteous, and pleasant, but always cautious, and grave on proper occasions. Though his family was sometimes very numerous, it was under the most perfect government. All the members of it were assem- bled morning and evening, and the governor, after reading the scriptures, and making useful observations upon them, addressed himself to heaven with the greatest reverence and pertinency. On the sabbath and on other days of public devotio\i he ■' nt an hour or two with his family, giving them instruction in re.igious truth and duty, recommending to them the study of the scriptures, and the practice of secret prayer. He was beloved by his domestics, and ever preserved the esteem of the commonwealth. His monu- ment, erected at the public expense, and which rcinains to the pres- ent day, has upon it the following lines. Eaton, so meek, so fam'd, so just. The phenix of our world, here hides his dust i This name forget, New England never must. — JVeara JVC England^ i. 318; Trumbull* a Connecticut y i. 90, 240 ; Holmcn* an- nals^ i. 371 ; Douglass, ii. 160. EDWARDS (Timothy) first minister of East Windsor, Con- nccticut, was graduated at Harvrtrd college in 1694, and wasordained ^i,;iv 1 , ' '■ I '. .1 , I I' I- m h H i f- ' ;?■! v ■■» 1 ■ ■ I y ' 'llil •i i^ pfi ■t ■ '? 1 ' i| 'jf. 1 s ' i- , M ■ % !• , 1 '• if'" I \ ■ m u V i I !■ ) H i tiij i' I , 264 EDW. in the following year. In 1655 he received the reverend Joseph Perry as his colleague. After a ministry of sixty three years, he died January 27, 1758, in the eighty ninth year of his age. He married a daughter of the reverend Mr. Stoddard of Northampton And he lived to see his son, the famous Jonathan Edwards, the roost distinguished divine in America. He was universally esteemed and was an upright, pious, and exemplary man, and a faithful and successful preacher of the gospel. He published an election ser- mon, 1732.— Lj/J? qf Jonathan Edwards ; Collect, hiat. aoc. v. 169. KDWARDS (Jonathan), president of the college in Nevr Jersey, and a most acute metaphysician, and distinguished divine was the son of the preceding, and was bom at Windsor, Connecti- cut, October 5, 1703. He was educated at Yale college, and took the det^rce of bachelor of arts in 1 720 before he was seventeen years ot age. His uncommon genius discovered itself early, and vrhile yet a boy he read Locke on the human understanding with a keen relish. Though he took much pleasure in examining the kingdom of nature ; yet moral and theological researches yielded him the highest satisfaction. He lived at college near two years after taking his first degree, preparing himself for the office of a minister of the gospel. In 1722 he went to New York, at the request of a small society of English presbyterians, and preached a number of months. In 1724 he was appointed a tutor in Yale college^ and he continued in that office, till he was invited in 1726 to preach at Northampton, Massachusetts. Here he was ordained as colleague with his grandfather, the reverend Mr. Stoddard* February 15, 1727. In 1735 his benevolent labors were attended with very un- common success ; a general impression was made upon the minds of his people by the truths, which he proclaimed i and the church was much enlarged. He continued in this place more than twenty three years till he was dismissed in 1750. The circumstances, which led to his dismission, were the following. Mr. Edwards, being informed of immoralities, in which some young persons, who were connected with the church, indulged themselves, thought that an inquiry should be made into their conduct. The church readily acknowledged tho importance of strict discipline, and entered into the plan ; but when the nar-es of the persons ac« cused were known, and it was found, that members of the principal families in the town were implicated, it was impossible to proceed- There were few in his church, who continued their zeal for disci* plinc, when they perceived, that it would enter their own houses ; and the hands of the immoral were strengthened by this defeat of an attempt to correct their errors and to bring them to repentance. After this event, which took place in 1 744, Mr. Edwards* useful- ness in Northampton was almost destroyed. A secret dislike was excited in the minds of many, and it was soon blown into a flame. When he was settled in this town, he was not perfectly convinced EDW. 265 ef the correctness of the principlet which was supported by his col- league) the reverend Mr. Stoddard, that unconverted persons had a right in the sight of God to the sacrament of the Lord's supper. After diligent inquiry he was convinced, that the principle was erro- neous, and dangerous. His investigations led him to believe, that the supper was instituted for the true disciples of Jesus Christ ; that none but such could have a right to it ; and that none but those* who were considered as such, should be permitted to partake of it. Adopting these sentiments, he had the courage to avow them. He considered it as an inviolable duty ever to vindicate the truth. He knew the zeal of his people for their loose principles, and expected to see that zeal bursting upon him, if he should dare to stand for- ward in opposition to their long continued practice. He anticipated a dismission from Northampton, and a deprivation of the means of support. But in the full view of these consequences, he openly avowed his change of sentiment, cheerfully sacrificing every world- ly interest to promote the purity of the church and the glory of the Redeemer. The evils, which he anticipated, came upon him. Hd was driven away in disgrace from a people, who once would almost have plucked out their eyes, and given them to him. They would not even hear him in his vindication. Mr. Edwards had been instrumental in cheering many hearts with the joys of religion, and not a few had regarded him with all that affectionate attachment, which is excited by the love of excellence and the sense of obligations, which can never be repaid. But a spirit of detraction had gone forth, and a few leading men of outrageous zeal pushed forv^ard men of less de- termined hostility ; and in the hopeless prospect of conciliation he was dismissed by an ecclesiastical coimcil June 22, 1750. In this scene of trouble and abuse, when the mistakes and the bigotry of the multitude had stopped their ears, and their passions were without control, Mr. Edwards exhibited the truly christian spirit. His calmness, and meekness, and humility, and yetfiiTnuess and resolution were the subjects of admiration to his friends. More anxious for his people, than for himself, he preached a most solemn and affecting farewell discourse. He afterwards occasionally suppli- ed the pulpit at times, when no preacher had been procured ; but this proof of his superiority to resentment or pride, and this readi- ness to do goc d to those, who had injured him, met with no return, txcept a vote of the inhabitants, prohibiting him from ever again preaching for them. Still he was not left without excellent friends in Northampton, and his correspondents in Scotland, having been in- formed of his dismission, contributed a considerable sum for th» maintenance of his family. In August 1751 he succeeded the reverend Mr. Sergeant as mis- sionary to the Houssatonnoc Indians at Stockbridge in Berkshire county, Massachusetts. Here he continued six years, preaching to the Indians and the white people ; and as he found much leisure he 35 t^t iliP-^i^ ^i! f\f>: ?S '^1 ,(.■ \ '''V -i I U^'-^rWi 1 .: J. ( \ i!il ?y K'iflji;:'] W ',' 266 EDW. prosecuted his theological and metaphysical studies* and prodaceii works, which rendered bis name famous throughout Europe. Thus was his calamitous removal from Northampton the occasion, undei- the wise providence of God, of his imparting to the world the most, important instructions, whose influence has becfn extending, and Whose good effects jfiAy still be felt forages. In January 17S8 he reluctantly accepted the office of president of the college in New Jersey, as successor of his son in lavir, the reverend Mr. Burr ; bia he had not entered fully upon the duties of this station, before the prevalence of the small pox induced him to be inoculated, and this disease was the cause of his death March 32, 1758, in the fifty fifth year of his age. A short time before he died, as some of hisfriends> who surrounded his bed to see him breathe his last» were lamenting the loss, which the college would sustain, he said, to their astonish- ment, " trust in God, and ye need not fear." These were his last words. He afterwards expired with as much composure, as if he had only fallen asleep. He was succeeded by the reverend Mr. Da- vies. President Edwards was distinguised not onlv for the astonishing^ vigor and penetration of his mind, but for his christian virtues. At a very early period of his life he was. much affected by the truths of religion, and used several times in a day to address him.iclf to heav- cm in secret prayer, and to assemble for religious conversation and devotion with boys of his own age. But at length he returned to a state of negligence and forgetfulness of God. He no longer ad- dressed his prayer to the Lord, his Maker. The pleasure,, which he had enjoyed in religious duties, he afterwards believed to have originated in selfish views and hopes, and not to have been founded in a correct knowledge of the truth. Soon after he left collev^e, however, a deep sense of his sin was imparted to him ; he beheld a new glory in the character of God and in the doctrines of the gos- pel ; and a view of the way of salvation by a crucified Redeemer fill- ed him with inexpressible joy. Those doctrines, which he had formerly opposed, and reg-arded with horror, now inspired him with delight. Such were his conceptions of the wisdom and excellence of the Most High, that he foimd a real pleasure in ascribing to him an absolute sovereignty in the disposal of his creatures, in choosing whom he would to eternal life, and rejecting whom he pleased, for the display of his glory. Of the certainty of this doctrine he felt as much assured, as of the existence of any object, which was present- ed to his sight. The character of Jesus Christ now yielded him sat- isfaction, which he had never before nown. The excellence, upon which he fixed his thoughts, was communicated to him ; and he was moulded into the glorious image, which was so constantly in his eye. His life of integrity, of humility, of meekness, of benevolence, of pi- ety, of christian oourage, and of zeal directed by the meekness of wisdom, gives full evidence, thfit ius religion was the religion oi .V vM ifl'' EDW. 267 Christ. Ilia highest and sweetest joys, he remarked, did not spring from the hope, that he was in a state of salvation, nor from the con* gciousness of any excellence in himself, but from a direct view of the precious truths of the gospel. No one could be more deeply biiinbieci under a sense of the iniquity of his heart, and of his impo- tence to what is good. This conviction led him to distrust himself, to rtrly only upon the grace oi Gotl, and to ascnbe every thing to in- finite Dercy. In the Vcn-ions relations of life his character was unimpeached. The benevolent principles, which he had embraced, taught him to do good, and while he inculcated charity upon others, he himself guve nnich to the poor. He seldom risited his people, except in sickness' or affliction, Ttot having remarkable talents in conversation, an'i believing that he should be more useful in his study. V-et he was not austere and unsociable, but easy of access, kind, and •conde- scending. To his friends he opened himself without reserve. He gave no encouragement in his conversation to evil si)eaking and foliy, nor was he fond of disputes^ though, when called upon, he would express his opinion, itnd calmly vindicate his sentiments. He preferred managing a controversy with his pen in fiis hand. Though litis constitution was delicate, he commonly spent thirteen hours every day in his study. He usually rose between four and live in the morning, and was abstemious, living completelv by rule . For exercise, he would in the winter take an axe and chop wood, for half an hour ; and in the summer would walk or ride on horseback two or three miles to some retired grove. Here his ever active mind was still occupied in religious meditation and devotion, or in study. Having his pen and ink with him, he recorded every strik- ing thought, that occurred. All his researches indeed were pur- Diied with his pen in his hand, and the miml^er of liis miscellaneous writings, which he left behind him, was above fourteen hundred. They were all numbered and paged, and an index was formed for the whole. He was peculiarly happy in his domestic connexions) for Mrs. Edwards by taking the entire care of his temporal concerns gave him an opportunity of consecrating all his powers, without in- terruption, to the labors and studies of the sacred office. As a preacher he was not oratojical in his manner, and his voice was rather feeble, though he spoke with distinctness ; but his dis- courses were rich in thought, and being deeply impressed himself with the truths, which he uttered, his preJM:hing came home to the hearts of his hearers. Though he usually wrote his sermons with great care and read his notes, yet when in the delivery a new thought struck Inm, he was not so shackled, but that he would ex- press it, and his extemporary effusions were frequenly tlic tnost in- teresting and useful parts of his discourses. Towards th« close of life he was inchned to think, that it would have been better, if he had never used his notes at all. He advised the young preacher to cow- mit his sermons to memory. 'If ■ 1 if'' M] t :4 Ij5 S| i- 1^ Pf ■; '' 1 '\' f :j •^■' ■ I * 1 • I 'iM '^ 1 ' ■ i ,,i-. ■ ; ;l ^8 EDW. (• i\ m ■I'Z'f ■:M -'•'' .' 1 » ' Miiii t' ^ HW r •!'■ 1 9^n '''•£ 'J ' ' ii Mr. Edwards was unoonniionly zealous and pcriievering in hi^ search after truth. He spared no pains in procuring tJic necessary aids, and he read all tlie books, which he could procure, that pioui- ised to afford him assistance in his inquiries. He contined hiniseli to no particular sect or denomination, but studied the writings of men, whose sentiments were the most opposite to his own. But the bible claimed his peculiar attention. From that book he derived his religious principles, and not Irom any human system. The doctrines, which he supported, were Calvinistic, and wlien these doctrines were in any degree relintjuished, or were not embraced in their whole length and breadth, he did not see where a man could set his foot down, with consistency and safety, short of deism or athekm itself. Yet with all his strict adherence to what he believed to be the truths of heaven, his heart was kind and tender. When Mr. Whitefield preached for him on the sabbath, the acute divine, whose mighty intellect has seldom been equalled^ wept as a child during tlie whole sermon. His essay on the freedom of the will is considered as one of the greatest efforts of the human mind. Those, who embrace the Cal- vinistic sentiments, think that he has forever settled the controver- sy with the Arminians by demonstrating the falsity and absurdity of their principles. His other works, which are most celebrated, are his book on original sin in answer to Tay lor, his treatise on the affec* tions, his dissertation on the nature of tr i e virtue, and that on the end, for which God created the world. A spifcndid edition of his works is now publishing in England, and an edition in 8 volumes, Svo, which is intended to be a complete collection of his writings, is in the press at Worcester, Massachusetts, under (the rare of the reverend Dr. Austin, and will be published in the course of the year 1809. The following is a catalogue of his publications ; a sermon preached at Boston on 1 Corinth, i. 29,30, 1731 ; a sermon preach> ed at Northampton on Matt. xvi. 17, 1734 ; a narrative of the work of Qod in the conversion of many hundred of souls in Nonhampton, 1736; five discourses on justification by faith alone, ptessinginto the kingdom of God) Ruth's resolution, the justice of God in the damnation of sinners, and the excellency of Jesus Christ," 1738; sin* ners in the hands of an angry God) a sermon preached at Enfield, 1741 J a sermon on the distinguishing marks of a work of the Spirit of God, 1741 ; thoughts on the revival of religion, 1742 ; a sermon at the ordination of the reverend Robert Abercrombie, 1744 ; at the instalment of the reverend Samuel Buell, 1746 ; a treatise on relig- ious affections, 1746 ; an attempt to promote agreement in prayer for the revival of religion, 1 746 ; life of the reverend David Brai- nerd, 1749; an inquiry into the qualifications for full communion in the church, 1 749 ; a reply to the reverend SoUoniun Williams' answer to the inquiry, 1752 ; a sermon preached at Newark, 1752; an inquiry into the modem prevailing notioiis of that freedom of EDW. 2C9 ^ill, which is supposed to be essential to moral agency) k.c.f 1754 | the great doctrine of original sin defended, 1738. Since his death tlie following works have been published from his manusciipta } eighteen sermons, with lus life, written by the reverend Dr. Hop- kins, 1765 ; the history of redemption, 1774 ; on the nature of truo virtue, 1788 ; God's last end in the creation ; thirty three sermons} krenty sermons, 1789; miscellaneous observations, 1793; misceU laneous remarks, 1796. — Ifojikins' ii/e q/ Jidivarda ; U/e fir^xed f9 }iis works; Middleton*» biogra/i/iia evanffelicoy iv. 294 — 317. j- '.Aa EDWARDS (Jonathan, D. D.), president of Union college at Schenectady, in the state of New York, was the son of the preced- ing. He was born at Northampton, Massachusetts, June 6, 1745. In childhood an inflammation in his eyes prevented him from learn- ing to read till an uncommonly lute period. He was but six years old, when he was removed to Stockbridge, and here there was no school, but one, which was common to the Indian children and the children of white parents. Of the latter there were so few, that he vas in danger of forgetting the English tongue. Here, whilst at school, he learned the language of the Mohekaneew or Stockbridge Indians so perfectly, that the natives frequently observed, that *' he spoke exactly like an Indian." This language he retained in a good degree through life, and he published some interesting remarks upon it a number of years before his death. His father intended him for a missionary among the aborigines, and in accordance with this plan sent him in October 1755, when he was ten years of age, with thi0 reverend Gideon Hawley to Oughquauga on the Susquehannah riv- er, to learn the language of the Oneida Indians. This place was in the wilderness about a hundred miles from any English settle- ment. He remained at Oughquauga but four months in conse- quence of the war between England and France, which now extend- ed itself to the colonies. During this short time he made rap- id progress in acquiring the language of the natives, and in en» gaging their affections. They were so much attached to him, that* when they thought their settlement was exposed to inroads from the French, they took him upon their shoulders, and 'carried him many miles through the wilderness to a place of security. He was graduated at the college in New Jersey in 1765. Two years before this event, at a time when the students of the coUeg* were generally impressed by the truths of religion, he was blessed with the hope of his reconciliation to God through Christ. This was during the presidentship and under the impressive preaching of the reverend Dr. Finley. He afterwards pursued the study of divinity under the instruction of the reverend Dr, Bellamy, and in October 1766 was licensed to preach the gospel by t ac association of ministers in the county of Litchfield in Connecticut. In 1767 he was appointed tutor of Princeton college, and in this office he re- mmti two years. He was ordained pastor of the church at While * » >: I, i'Vii 1 ; » I '^* J270 KDW. Haven in the town of New Haven January 5, 1769, and continued there till May 1795, when he was dismissed by an ecclesiastical council at his own request and th( request ot his society. Seine of the leading men of his parish had embraced reli^^ious sentiments of » different stamp from those, wliich were formerly professed, bnd which Dr. Edwa-ls believed to be true ; and this circumstance wuh the principal cat. of his dismission, though an inability on the part •f the society t< give him support was the most p.^roiiient reason assigned for this event. In January 1796 he was ^)iii .tiled pastor of the church at Colcbrook in Litchfield county. In this retired situa« tion, where he was enabled to pursue his theological studies with little interruption, he hoped to spend the remitinder of his days. But in June 1799 he was elected president of the college, which had been recently established at Schenectady, as successor of the reve* ' rend Mr. Smith. In July he commenced the duties of the ofiice. From this time his attention and talents were devoted to the cun* cems of the seminary, of which he was entrusted with the charge. He died August 1, 1801, in the fifty seventh year of his age. There was a number of remarkable coincidencies in the lives of Dr. Edwards and hts father. Aoth were tutors in the seminaries, in which they were educated, were dismissed on account ol their relig. ious opinions, were settled again in retired situations, were elected to the presidentship of a college, and in a short time after they were inaugurated, died at near the same age. They were also remark* bly similar in person and character. Dr. Edwards was a man of uncommon powers of mind. He has «eldom been surpassed in acuteness and penetration. His answer to Dr. Chanricy,his dissertation on the liberty of the will in reply to Dr. West^ -Mid his sermons on the atonement of Christ are consid- ered as ■•■■■crkh )f great and peculiar merit. As a preacher, in his mannev ,:i ticH/ery he was bold and animated ; but he addressed the understandmi.^ and conscience rather, than the passions of his audi< «nce. A mind like his could not in the progress of discussion lose flight of its subject. His thoughts were well arranged and his ar< f uments strone and convincing. He was by nature pf an irritable disposition i but, conscious of his infirmity, he made it the business of his life to subdue it, and he was successful. Under many trying circumstances his equanimity was conspicuous. In prosperity and adversity he was the same, always sensible of his dependence upon God, always acquiescing in his will, and confiding in his mercy. In his habits he was very regular. His exercise, his studies, and all his concerns were as systematic as possible. He generally rose earlf und his first thoughts were directed towards his almighty Creator and Friend, to whom in early life he had consecrated the powers of his mind, his improvements, his possessions, his time, his infltiencc) and all the means of doing good, which should be' put into his hands. At the age of eighteen he began a diary of his religioiif; ELI. 271 tit'e. Tl^i* he continued ibr a few month* tnd then abruptlf relin- quished it, but for what reason it is not known. In the earlyl^tage* of his lust illness, when he retained his reaaon and the power of speech, he expressed his entire resignation to the pleasure of God. In his death an extensive acquaintance lamented the fall of one of the firmest pillars of the church. He published a work entitled,the salvation of aU men strictly exam- ined Sec. in answer to Dr . Chauncy ; a dissertation onliberty and neces* sity ; observations on the language of the Mohekaneewor Stockbridge Indian^, communicated lotUe Connecticut society of arts and sciences^ and published at the request of the society ; brief observations on the doctrine of universal salvation ; three sermons on the atonement ; sermons at the ordination of the reverend Timothy Dwight of Greeniield, 17&S ; at the ordination of the reverv.nd Dan Bradley^ Hamden, 1792 ; at the ordination of the re\ ^ V. Brown, Glas- tonbury, 1792; at the ordination of the ^.dward Dorr tiiffin. New Hartford, 1795 ; a sermon on and impoli- cy uf the slave trade, 1791 ; human depravii ^e of infidel- ity, a sermon in the American preacher, ii ; ni.., i ^.^gi. oi a wife's sis- ter considered in the anniversary concio ad clerum in the chapel of Yale college, 1792; a sermon on the death ot Roger Sherman» 1793 ; election sermon, 1794 ; a sermon on a future state of exist- ence and the immortality of the soul, printed in a volume, entitled) sermons collected Sec. ; a farewell sermon to the people of Cole- brook ; and a number of excellent pieces, signed I and O, in the New York theological magazine. He also edited from the manu- scripts of his father, the history oS the work of redemption, two volumes of sermons, and two volumes of observations on important theological subjects.— Conn^r/tcur evangelical magazine^ ii. 377-— 383; Edwards* workty EngUah edition^ i. 103—119; Miller^ ii. 453. ELIOT (John), minister of Roxbury, Massachusetts, usually called the apostle of the Indians, was bom in England in 160<4. Hitf pious parents early imparted to him religious instruction, and itwaa not withovit effect. After receiving his education at the university. of Cambrige, he waa for some time the instructer of youth. In 1 63 1 he came to this country, and arriving at Boston harbor November third, immed!?.tely joined the church in that town, and preached to them, as Mr. Wilson, their minister, was then in England. Here he was earnestly requested to remain, but he was settled as teacher of the church in Roxbury November 5, 1632. In the following year Mr. Welde was ordamed as his colleague, with the title of pas- tor. These two ministers lived together in much harmony. In 1737 they both opposed the wild notions of Mrs. Hutchinson, and were both witnesses agsunst her at her trial. In 1 639 they were ap- pointed with Mr. Richard Mather of Dorchester to make a new ver^ sion of th» psalms, which waa printed in the foUewing y^ar. Fotr \ I «• 111!- (H Hill m \ i 4 J ^.v. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I biUl 125 ■SO ■^~ IM^H ■^ Uii 12.2 lU u ■Wbu 1.25 |||,.4 |,.6 < 6" ► '1 (^ r ^> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRIET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5S0 (716) S72-4S03 >'! i I o ^ ^ t 272 ELI. tuneful poetiy it would not perhaps yield the palm eten to that of Sternhold and Hopkins ; but it did not give perfect satisfaction. The reverend Mr. Shepard of Cambridge thus addressed the tnns- Itttors. Ye Roxbury poets, keep clear of the crime '***'*' ' * r Of missing to give us very good rhyme ; '^ *•' ' '*' " * -■ ■ And you of Dorchester, your verses lengthen) But with the text's own words you will them strengthen. The New England psalms were afterwards revised and improved by president Dunster, and they have passed through twenty editions. In 1641 Mr. Welde returned to England. Mr. Eliot's other col. leagues in the ministry were the reverend Mr. Danforth and Mr. 'Walter. ' r:n'^'n.\ i-fir^'""""'^ s^';.» '"' tjf.f ■•■v>t9h 'mm in - His benevolent labors were not confined to his own people. Hav- ing imbibed the true spirit of the gospel, his heart was touched with the wretched condition of the Indians, and he became eagerly desirous of making them acquainted with the glad tidings of salva- tion. There were at the time, when he began his missionary ex> ertions, near twenty tribes of Indians within the limits of the Eng- lish planters. But they were very similar in manners, language, and religion. Having learned the barbarous dialect he first preach- ed to an assembly of Indians at Nonantum, in the preseikt town of Newton, October 38, 1646. After a short prayer he explained the commandments, described the character and sufferings of Christ, the judgment day and its consequences, and exhorted them to receive Christ as their Savior, and to pray to God. After the sermon was finished, he desired them to ask any questions, which might have occurred. One immediately inquired, whether Jesus Christ could understand prayen in the Indian language ? Another asked, how all the worid became full of people, if they were all once drowned ? A third question was, how there could be the image of God, since it was forbidden in the commandment ? He preached to them a second time November eleventh, and some of them wept while he was ad- dressing them. An old man asked, with tears in his eyes, whether it was not too late for him to repent and turn unto God f Among the ether inquiries were these, how it came to pass, that sea water was salt and river water fresh ; how the English came to differ so much from the Indians in the knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, since they all at first had but one father ; an^ why, if the water is larger than the earth, it does not overflow the earth ? He was violently op- posed by the sachems and pawaws, or priests, who were apprehen- sive of losing their authority, if a new religion wos introduced. When he -was alone with them in the wilderness, they threatened him with every evil, if he did not desist from his labors ; but he was a man not to be shaken in his purpose by the fear of danger. He said to them, " I am about the work of the great God, and my God is with me ; so that I neither fear you, nor all the sachems in the \ ,» ELI. 273 ONintrjr ; I will go on, and do jrou touch me, if you dare.** With a body capable of enduriny; fatigue, and a mind firm as the mountain oaks, which surrounded his path, he went from place to place, rely- ing for protection upon the great Head of the church, and declaring the salvation of the gospel to the children of darkness. His be- nevolent seal prompted him to encounter with cheerfulness the most terrifying dangers, and to submit to the most incredible hard- ships. He says in a letter, " I have not been dry, night or dajr, from the third day of the week unto the sixth ; but so travelled, and at night pull off my boots, wring my stockings, and on with them again, and so continue. But God steps in and helps. I have consid- ered the word of God, 1 Tim. ii. 3, endure hardship as a good sold- ier of Jesus Christ." He made a missionary tour every fortni(;ht, planted a number of churches, and visited all the Indians in Mas- sachusetts and Plymouth colonies, pursuing his way as far as cape Cod. In 1651 an Indian town was built on a pleasant spot on Charles* river^ and called Natick. A house of worship was erect- ed, and a form of government was established similar to that, which is mentioned in £xo he transmitted a resignation er3l, 173 1. For near half a centurv he continued his benevolent kjjon Without being detained from his pulpit but two sabbaths. He died suddenly July 13, 1767, In the uxty eighth year of his age. He left seven sons, several of whom were ministers. He was pious in early life, and hia parents witnessed the eifect of their inttruc> tions and prayers. As a preacher of the gospel he searched the scriptures ixdth ^gence, that he might draw his doctrines from tlie ptire fountidns of truth. He preaclud with earnestness the real dirinity of the Lord Jesus Christ, the special agency of the Holy Spirit in the conversion of rinners, the sovereignty of God, the depravity and guilt of man rince the apostasy, the necesuty of rt- ceiving the righteousness of Christ in order to justification, the perseverance of sunts, and the indispensable importance of holi< ness in heart and life. In the various relations, which he susttdnedt he was just, amiable, kind, and benevolent. One tenth of his in< come was devoted to charitable uses. He at stated times every day addressed himself to heaven, and never engaged in any im- portant alTair without first seeking the divine blessing. Such ym ids humility, that when unguarded words fell from his lips, he would ask forgiveness of his children and servants. He published the importance and duty of a titjnely seeking of God, 1737 ; meat out of the eater, and sweetneu out of the strong, 17 3 5 .^-mFuiferal temum by tut ton. I ENDICOT (John), governor of Massachusetts, was sent to this country by a company in England as their agent to carry on the plantation at Naumkeag, or Salem, in the summer of 1638. It ^ras here, that he liud the foundation of the first permanent town ^thin the limits of the Massachusetts patent. He was a suitable person to be entrusted vn ith the care of a new settlement in the wilderness; for he was bold, undaunted, sociable, and cheerful, fiuniliar, or aus- tere and distant, as occasion required. The company in April 1629 chose him the governor of ^ London's plantation;'* but in August it was determined to transfer the charter and the gove;nment of the colony to New, England, and John Winthrop, who ai'rived in the fol* lowing year, was apjpointed governor. In 1636 Mr. Endicotwas sent out on an expedition against the Indians on Block island) an^ ERV. 1281 in the Pc(|Uot country, lie coniiiuied At Salem till 1644, vlicn h« y(M elected governor of MasMchusettSt and removed to Doiton. He was a\w governor from 1649 to I654| and from 16S5 to 1665. He (lied March I S* 166S, in the aeventy seventh year of hit age, and was succeeded by Bellingham. He wai a sincere and lealous pu« Htan, rigid in his principleH, and severe in the execution of the laws ■gainst sectaries, or tliose, who differed from the religion of Massa- chusetts. Two episcopalians, who accused the members of the church of Salem of being separatists, were sent back to England by his orders. He was determined to establish a reformed and a pure church. The quakers and the baptists tiad no occasion to remem- ber him with affection. So opposed was he to every thingt ^fdich looked like popery, that, through the influence of Roger Williams, he cut out the cross from the military standard. Heln- ^ite'd at Salem, that the women should wear veils at chtirch. In 1^49, when he was governor, he entered into an association with the other magistrates against long hair. As the pracUce of wearing it, ** after the manner of ruflians and barbarous Indians, had begun to uivade New England," they declared their detestation of the cus- toTn« ** as a thing uncivil and unmanly, whereby men do deform diemselves, and offend sober and modest men, and do corrupt good manners." In 1 659, during his administration, four quakers were pot to death in Boston.— Ara/'* M England^ i. 139, 364 ; Hutchiti' nn^ i. 8— ir, 38, 58, 134, 151, 17S, 189, 335 ; Winthrop, 105 ; Col* leet. Mtt. toe. vi. 345, 361 ; ix. 5 ; H, Admn%* A*. £nglandy 37, 100 ; Holmes* annaU, i. 343, 345, 389, 396 ; MortoiifSlf 188 ; Magnolia, ii. 18. ERVING (William), a benefactor of Harvard college, was graduated at that institution in 1753, and quitted the British army, in which he was an officer, at the commencement of the American revoludon. He died at Roxbury in June 179 1, bequeathing to the university, in which he was educated, one thousand pounds towards establishmg a professorship of chemistry and materia medica. This professor takes the name of the founder. EUSTACE (John Sket), a brave officer in the American war, entered into the service of his country not long after the com- mencement of the revolntion, and continued one 6if her active de* fenders till the conclusion of the contest. He served for some time as an aid de camp to general Lee, and afterwards as an aid do camp to general Greene* When the war was ended, he retired to Georg- ia, and was there admitted to the bar as an advocate. In that state he received the appointment of adjutant general. In the year 1794, as he was fond of a militiary life, he went to France, and there received the appointment of a brigadier general, and was afterwards promoted and made a major general. In that capacity he served the French nation for some time. He commanded in 1797 a di- vision of the French army in Flanders. In 1800 he returned a^aiA 37 i ■r-.i. ! ' ' o >!* 1, ,' ) : H j: ■ '■ / i VI 1 ' m I It 1 flii'' i J J t iJ 36:2 EVA. to hi* native country uul took up hit rciidenca in Ortnn coontw Now York* where he led a retiredi ttudiout life* till hi* death. !(« devoted to literature tdl the timet which the tute oi hit hcsilib would permit. Hedied at Ncwburgh Aufpitt 31, ItOSftgcdiorty five jreart.— Vrw York sftettator^ Sr/ttemder 4, 180S. £v ANS (Nathamikl), a minitter in New Jertef , and a poeL Wai bom in Philudelphia June 8, 1743, and wat graduated at th« college in that city in 1765, having guined a high reputation for hit genius. He immediately afterwurtit embarked for England, rec- ommended to the society for propagating the gospel* and wai on dained by the bishop of London. He arrived at Philadelphia oa his return December 36, 1765, and entered soon upon the butineii of his mission at Gloucester county, in New Jersey. His season of labor was short, for it pleased God to remove him ironi this preieot life October 39, 1767, in the twenty sixth year of his age. He was remarkable for the excellence of his temper, the correctneu of his morals, and the soundness of his doctrines. He published a short account of Thomas Godfrey, prefixed to Godfrey's poems, and an elegy to his memory. After his death a selection of hit writings was published, entitled, poems on several occasions, with some other compositions, Philttdelphia, 1773. Annexed to this volume is one of his sermons —^mffrtcan mtueum^ vii. 405 } l*r(;f^ ace to the above fioema ; Hardie*M biog, dictionary, CVANS (Lewis), eminent for his acqutdntance vrith American geography, was a surveyor in Pennsylvania. He made many jour* neys into the neighboring colonies, and had been frequently em* ployed in surveying lands, purchased of the natives. He also trav* ersed considerable tracts of the country, which they had not sold to the whites. He had collected a great store of materials from other sources. From these he compiled a map of the middle colonies, and of the adjacent country of the Indians, lying northward and westward. The first edition of it was published at Philadelphia in 1749, and a second in 1755, accompanied with an explanatory pam* phlet. Some expressions, countenancing the title of France to fort Frontenac, brought him into a controversy with a writer in Game's New York mercury in 1756. In the course of the same year he wrote a full and elaborate reply to this and other charges against him* and caused the pamphlet to be published in London. They are both offered to^the public under the title of geographical, his- torical, political, philosophical, and mechanical essays ; number I, and II. The first edition of this celebrated map was chiefly limited tQ New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. The second edition was much enlarged by the author, being made a general map of the mid* die British colonies, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Islandj and the coun- try of the confederate Indians. It was inscribed to Mr. Pownall. Afterwards in 1776, on the breaking out of the war between Great EVE. 383 Sritito wnA her coloniet* Mr. Pownull himielf gtr* • new edition of Etraiw' map with large addiiioii»« entitleu ti luap of the iiriii»h colooie* ill North America, it comprehended all New England ind the bordering parii ol Canttdu.— >/r(/ira/ refioritory^ hejiade iiy li. 78t Ul ; Monthly ontMofy, vi. 'J05. EVEi ^TT (Olivbr)) mini»ier in Bottoot was graduated at Harverd cc'lege in 1779t and was ordained paatoroi the church in lumnier strectf as succetvor of the reverend Mr. Howe^ January 3y 1783. Altera ministry ot ten years, and alter .>aving acquired s high MDUtation lor the very extruordinary powers ol his niijid« the state ol hit health induced him to ask a dismission from his peo- ple in 1793. He was succeeded in 1794 by the present minister of this church, the reverend Dr. Kirkland. After he resigned the Mcred office, Mr. Everett was appointed a judge of the court of com- mon pleas for the county of Norlolk. He died at Dorchester No- umber 19, 1803, in tike fifty first year ol his a^^e. EWING (John, p. o.), minister in Philadelphia, and provost of the college in that city, was born in EUist Nottingham in Maryland June 33, 1733. His classical studies were begun under the rever- end Dr. Allison, with whom, after finishing the usual studies, he lemained three years as a tutor. During thut time he made some progress in the science of mathematics, in which he afterward-, lie- came so eminent Such was his ardor in his scientific pursuiu, and luch were the difficulties, with which he had to struggle, that he frequently rode thirty or lorty miles to obtain books, which would give him assistance in his favorite speculations. He removed in 1754 to the college of New Jersey, and cnttering the senior class was the favorite pupU of president Burr. He was graduated in 1755, and afterwards accepted the appointment of tutor. Having resolved by divine permission to become a minister of the gospelt be pursued bis theological studies under the direction of the rever- end Dr. Allison. At the age of twenty six he was employed as the instructer of the phiiosuphicul classes in the college of Phila- delphia during the absence of the reverend Dr. Smith, who was then the provost. In 1759 he accepted an unanimous call from the first presbyterian church in Philadelphia, of which he continued a minister till his death. In 1773 he was sent to Great Britain to so- licit benefactions for the academy of Newark in Delaware. He was every where received with respect. Among his acquaintance and friends were Dr. Robertson, Dr. Webster, Mr. Balfour, and Dr. Black- lock. In 1775 he returned to America, as the revolution was com- mencing, notwithstanding the most tempting oifers, which were made to induce him io remain in England. In 1779 he wa9 elected provost of the university of Pennsylvania. To this stationi which he beldUU his death, he brought large stores of information and a pater- nal tenderness toward the youth, who were committed to his care. He died in 1803 in the seventy first year of his age, having been a h : ; \ ( 1 ■ i >'j i ■ 1 ■I I .,1 4: 1 ■^' vived him. In all the branches of science and literature, usually taught in eolleges, Dr. Ewing was uncommonly accurate, and in his mode oi communicating information on the most abstruse and intricate sub> j^cts he was seldom surpassed. In mathematics, astronomy, and every branch of" natural philosophy ; in the Latin, Greek, and He* brew languages ; and in logic, metaphysics, and moral philosophv ho was one of the most accurate and profound scholars, which his country can boast of having reared. Such was his attachment to the original language, in which the Old Testament was written, that in ^he latter part of his life one could seldom enter his room with« out seeing his Hebrew bible on the couch beside him. He was a distin^^uished member of the American philosophical society. His qualifications as a minister of the gospel were many and eminent. Science was with him a handmaid to religion. He was mighty in the scriptures. To the fountains of all religious knowledge he went for instruction, and from them he drew his religious opinions. He examined and decided for himself. With the works of com* mentators and systematical writers he was familiar, vievling them as indispensable assistants to the student, though not to be implicitly confided in. His own investigation confirmed him in his belief of the doctrines of grace, which he endeavoured to impress upon the hearts of his people. His sermops were written with great accu* racy and care, in a styfe always perspicuous, and generally sober and temperate, though sometimes ornamented. Mere declamation was never heard from his lips. His deportment was easy and affa. ble. He had a freeness of salutation, which sometimes surprised the stranger ; but which was admired by those, who knew him, as it proceeded from an open and honest heart. His talents in con. versation were remarkably entertsdning. He could unbend from severer studies and become the companion of innocent mirth, and of happy gaiety. Perfectly free from pedantry, he could accommodate himself to the most unlettered. His talent of narration was uni* versally admired. An extract of his sermon on the death of the reverend Dr. Allison is preserved in the assembly's magazine. He jiublished also a sermon on the death of George Bryan, 179 1 ; the design of Christ's coming into the world, in the American preacher, ii ; and several communications in theitransactions of the^ American philosophical society .•>.£tnn*« funeral aermon } ^a»embly*9 miu, mag. i. 409—414, 458 ; Miller* 9 retrosfieety ii. 372 ; Jlolmea* annaltf ii. 505. FAIRFAX (Brian), minister of the episcopal church in Alexan- dria, Virginia, died at mount Eagle, near Cameron, August 7, 1802, m the seventy sixth year of his age. He was a man of upright \ < I FAN. 285 principle*) of unfeigned piety* and of simple manners. His long illness he bore with firmness and resignation. He published a ser* mon oD the forgetfulness of our sins in the American preacher* fol. i> FANEUIL (Pbtsa)) founder of Faneuil hall in Boston* died Msrch 3) 1743. He possessed a large estate and he employed it in doing good. While his charities vrere extensive* his liberal spirit induced him to present to the town of Boston a stately edifice for the accommodation of the inhabitants at their public meetings. %:' FAUGERES (Maroarbtta V.)* distinguished for her literary accomplishments* was the daughter of Ann Eliza Bleecker* and was bom about the year 1771. The first years of her life were spent with her parents in the retired village of Tomhanic* about eighteen miles above Albany. Here through the instructions of her mother her mind was much cultivated, but the loss of this excellent parent at an age* when her counsels were of the utmost importance* was irreparable. Mr. Bleecker* who was in affluent circumstances* after the termination of the war removed to New York* and as his daugh- ter grew up* saw her engaging in her manners* lively and witty* of an equal and sweet temper* and diffusing cheerfulness around heri Of her admirers she placed her affections upon one of a disupated charalcter* and notwitiistar.ding the most earnest remonstrances of her nther she in 1792 married Mr. Peter Faugeres, a physician in New York. It was not long, befoi*e she perceived the folly of hav- ing been governed l^ passion rather than by reason* and her disre- gard of paternal advice and preference of external accomplishments to correct morals and the virtues of the heart overwhelmed her with trouble. In three or four years the ample fortune* which she had brought to her husband* was entirely expended. Before the death of her &ther in 1795 his affection shielded her from many evils ; but in the summer of 1796 she was glad to procure a reu- dence in a garret with the author of her woes and one child. Mr. Faugeres fell a victim to the yellow fever in the fatal autumn of 1798, and she soon afterwards engaged as an assistant in an cxad- emy for young ladies at New Brunswick. For this station she was peculiarly qualified by the variety of her talents and the sweetness of her temper. In about a year she removed to Brooklyn* where she undertook the education of the children of several families. Her declining health having rendered her incapable of this employ- ment* she was received by a friend in New York* whose attentions were peculiarly grateful* as she was sinking into the grave. She was resigned to the will of God, and* cheered by the truths ofsrelig- ion, she died in peace January 9, 1801, in the thirtieth year of her age. Mrs. Faugeres had a taste for poetry, and many of the produc- tions of her pen, which were much admired* were published in the New York magazine and the Ameriran museum. In 1793 she iU I tffi ! fi I if ! .'■■^k ■ii? ■? 'n f.( • .f r'd ' '..-' m ' Hm4 J ! \m i i ;i a^', , ■ !'|l I ■ ■! : ■ 1 ■. Ill 1 ■ ' . ' u f 1 y , ] il f'l :, ' 1 ■ i i 286 FIN. I i published, prefixed to the works of Mrs. BIeecker,her mother* rat* moirs of her life? and several of her own essays were annexed to the volunae. Thouj^h she had never once entered a theatre, site gave the world in 1795 or 1796 Belisarius, a tragedy. Her most valuable manuscripts are in the hands of Mr. Hardie of New York, who has declared his intention of committing them to^the press.-. Hardie*a biog. dictionary. FINLEY (Samuel, d.d.), president of the college of New Jer« sey, was bom of pious parents in the county of Armagh in Ireland in the year 1715, and was one of seven sons, who were all esteem- ed pious. Very early in life it pleased God to awaken and convert him. He first heard a sermon, when he was six years old, and from that time resolved to be a minister. He left his native country at the age of eighteen, and arrived at Philadelphia September 28,1734, After his arrival in America he spent several years in completing his studies, and was particularly attentive to theology. Having been licensed to preach in August 1740, he was ordained on the thirteenth of October by the presbytery of New Brunswick. The first part of his ministry was spent in fatiguing itinerant labors. He contributed his efforts with the reverend Gilbert Tennent and Mr. Whitefield in promoting the revival of religion, which was at this period so remarkable throughout this country. His benevolent zeal sometimes brought him into unpleasant circumstances. The legislature of Connecticut had made a law, prohibiting itinerants from entering parishes, in which a minister was settled, unless by his consent. For preaching to a presbyterian congregation in New Haven Mr. Finley was in consequence of this law seized by the civil authority, and carried as a vagrant out of the colony. But per* secution could not shake him from his purpose of being occupied in preaching the everlasting gospel. His exertions were greatly blessed in a number of towns in New Jersey, and he preached for six months with great acceptance in Philadelphia. In June 1744 he accepted an invitation from Nottingham in Maryland on the bor> der of Pennsylvania, where he continued near seventeen years, faithfully and successfully discharging the duties of his office. Here he established an academy, which acquired great reputation. Under his instruction many youths received the rudiments of learn- ing, and correct moral sentiments, which have since contributed much towards rendering them the most useful members of society, ypon the death of president Davies Mr. Finley was chosen his suc- cessor. It was with reluctance, that he left a people, so much en- deared to him, and with whom he had so long lived in friendship. He removed to Princeton in July 1761 and entered upon the duties of his new office. The college flourished under his care ; but it enjoyed the benefit of his superintendence for but a few years. He died at Philadelphia, whither he had gone for medical assistance, July 17, 1766, in the fifty first year of his age, and was buried by the side of his friend, the reverend Gilbert Tennent. FIN. 287 In bis religious opinions Dr. Finley was a Calvihist. His ser- mons were not hasty productions, but the result of study, and filled wit'ii good S7rise and well digested sentiment, expressed in a style pleasin!!!? (' -^ i^^^n of science, yet perfectly intelligible by the illiterate. ~^i was remarkable for sweetness of temper and polite behavior, iiu^pitabie, charitable, and diligent in the performance of the various duties of life. During his last sickness he was perfect- ly resigned to the divine will ; he had a strong faith in his Savior i and he frequently expressed an earnest desire of departing, that he might dwell with the Lord Jesus. A short time before his death be sat up, and prayed earnestly, that God would enable him to en- dure patiently to the end, and keep him from dishonoring the min* istry. He then said, <' blessed be God, eternal rest is at hand. Eternity is but long enough to enjoy my God. This, this has ani- mated me in my severest studies ; I was ashamed to take rest here. 0, that I might be filled with the fulness of God !" He then ad- dressed himself to all his friends in the room, *'> O, that each of you may experience what, blessed be God, I do, when you come to die ; may you have the pleasure in a dying hour to reflect, that with ftdth and patience, zeul and sincerity, you have endeavored to serve the Lord ; and may each of you be impressed, as I have been, with God's word, looking upon it as substantial, and not only fearing, but being unwilling to ofiend against it.'* To a member of the second presbyterian church in Philadelphia he observed, ** I have often preached and prayed among you, my dear sir, and the doctrines I preached to you are now my support ; and, blessed be God, they are without a flaw." To a person from Princeton he said, << give my love to the people at Princeton, and tell them, that I am g tered Harvard college in 1744. In the month of July of the foN lowing year he was demanded as a soldier, and he cheerfully shoul- dered his musket and marched more than a hundred miles to op. pose the French and Indians. Having been released by the inter- position of his friends, he returned to his studies with a sharpened appetite, and was graduated in 175 1 . He was ordsdned minister of the second parish in Brookfield June 3, 1752. In the years 1758 and 1759 he was a chaplain in one of the regiments. In 1762 he Went as a missionary to the Oneidas, one of the six nations of In- dians, and planted the first christian church at Onaquagie, on the river Susquehannah, about one hundred and seventy miles from lake Otsego, which is its source. Having established in this place a sthool for children and another for adults, he returned, bringing with him four Indian children, whom he sent back again in a few years, after furnishing them with such knowledge, as would be use* fiiil to them. He also brought with hini a white lad, who had be- come a complete savage ; but he was civilized, and being educated at Dartmouth college, where he received a degree, was the agent of (tongress during the revolutionary war, and was very useful. Dr. ^rm FOS. 29a ^orbesi falling under the groundless suspicion of being a tory, re- quested a dismission from his people in March 1776, and on the fifth of June was installed at Gloucester. Here he died December 15, 1604, in the seventy eighth year of his age. He published a small octavo volume, entitled, a family book, and a number of single aermonst among which are a thanksgiving sermon on the conquest of Cuwda, 1761 ; an artillery election sermon, 1771 ; an account of the reverend Joshua Eaton of Spencer, prefixed to seven ser- mons of Mr. Elaton, and a funeral sermon on his death, 1772 ; a sermon on the repair of his meeting house, \7 92^^-' Monthly anthoi* $^y'u 669 ; Whitney' a Mat. Worceater^ IS ; Chauncy'a terjn. at or- dittation qfj' Bowman ; Piacataqua evang. mag. ii. 169—173 i Aw fembly*a miaa. mag. i. 53, 54. FOSTEH (Jbqidiah), a justice of the superior court of Massa- chusetts, was born in Andover October 10, 1726, and was graduat- ed at Harvard <^llege in 1 744. He soon established himself in the town of Brookfield, . and married a daughter of brigadier general .Dwigbt. His character for integrity and talents procured him a number of civil and military oSices. He received bis appointment of judge in 1776. He was one of the principal members of the convention, which framed the constitution of Massa- chusetts, but died betiM'e this work was finished. His death took place October 17, 1779, when he wus fifty three years of age. He was early and firmly attached to the interest and freedom of his country, in opposition to the despotic measures of Great Britain^ and never once, in the most gloomy periods, was heard to express a doubt of the ultimate success of America. In early life he made a profession of Christianity, and his conduct was uniformly exem- plary d—i''M^f*»7^w.«cn»onv Indefiendmt chronicle^October 2Byl779. FOSTER (Bbnj AMiw, D. d.), minister in New York, was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, June 12, 1*750. Although he was in ear- ly life created anew by the influence of the Spirit ^f God, and in- spired with tHe love of excellence ; yet it was not until after many conflicts, that he obtained that peace, which the world can neither give nor take away. He was graduated at Yale college m 1774. While a member of this Institution a controversy respecting bap- tism occupied much of the public attention, and this being thought a proper subject of discussion, Mr. Foster was appointed to defend inlant baptism by sprinkling. In preparing himself for this disput- ation he beci.me convinced, that his former sentiments were erro- neous, and he was ever afterwards a conscientious baptist. After pursuing for some time the study of divinity under the care of the reverend Dr. Stillman of Boston, he was ordained minister of » bap- tist church in Leicester October 23^ 1776. The want of a suitable maintenance induced him in 1782 to ask a dismission from his peo- ple, after which he preached about two years in Danvers. In Jan- uary 1785 he was called to the first church in Newport ; imd intlvc ( ' ^ I IJIUi'Nf'^ ^^ i'lil 111 I m 1*. V' ''III ' ■ ' 1 V <^ Mil '. 'm' !:!' ■ ■ m 1 1 J * I'lH ! ^n^i * II ffl if ^^BBmBI **t ' 1 m his duties as a fuithful minister of JesUs Christ. He visited the sick and dying, and endeavored to impart to them the hopes of reli^on. tte fell a victim to his benevolence August 26, 1798, aged forty eight years. He wus distinguished for his acquaintance with the Greek, Hebrew, itad Chaldean languages. As a divine he advocated with zeal the doctrine of salvation by free grace, and as a preacher was indefati< gable. His life was pure and amiable, upright and benevolent. He published, while he lived at Leicester, the washing of regeneration, or the divine right of immersion, in answer to a treatise of the rev« ercnd Mr. Fish, and primitive baptism defended, in a letter to the Reverend John Cleveland. He also published a dissertation on the seventy weeks of Daniel, the particular and exact fulfilment of which prophecy is considered and proved,— Abrdi>'« biog, dictiona' 'ry ; Meuaa. mm. niag. i. 30 ; Backus, iii. 174, 230. FOXCROFT (Thomas), minister in Boston, was the son of Francis Foxcroft, esquire, of Cambridge, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1714. His father, who was a meniber of the church of England, was desirous, that his son should be an episco* |>al clergyman. This was also his intention till by diligent study and free conversadon with the reverend NehemiaH Walter of Rox. buryt a great rcasoner and an eminently pious man, he became con> vinced, that the congregational mode of worship and government ivas most agreeable to the scriptures. He was ordained pastor of the first church in Boston, as colleague with the reverend Mr. Wadsworth, November 20, 1 7 1 7. No minister was more univer* 'sally admired. None was accounted either a more polite and ele* gant, or a more devout and edifying preacher. His high reputation continued till in his later years the vigor of his constitution and of his mind was impaired by repeated sickness. The reverend Dr. ' Chauncy was settled as his colleague in 1727. After a ministry of mortf than half a century he died June 18, 1769, in the seventy 'third yeai' of his age. He was a learned divine. His powers of "reasoning were strong, and few had a greater command of words. His reli^ous sentiments, founded, as he believed, upon the scrip. tureS) were strictly Galvinistic, and- they were the chief subjects of 'liis preaching. He never conceited or yielded th^m from the fear of man, as he always sought the approbation of God . His addresses to the consciences of his hearers were pungent. He was, says Dr. Chauncy, a real, good christian ; a partaker of the Holy Ghost ; unifortn in his walk with God in the way of his commandments; thoUg;h, instead of trusting that he was righteous in the eye of strict law, he accounted himself an unprofitable servant;* fixing his d^ pendencc,not on hih own worthiness, not on any works of righteous' iness) which he had done} but on the mercy of God and the atoning fHa. S9S bloofl ahil perfect righteousness of Jesus Christf iht ^^r. Hit writings evince a clearness of perception, copiousness of inventioot Uveliness of imagination, ioul soundness of judgment. They bear testimbliged to seek employment as a journeyman printer. He lived so economically^ that he saved a great part of his wages. Instead of .r s'lefft of Canada, uad he formed that elegant Instrument, whirb he <-allod the Fc*"nonicit. He returned in 1762, and resumed I - • -i the asstoiblv; but in 1764 was agun sent to London as an agent for the province to procure a change of the proprietary government. In 1766 he was examined at the bar of the house of commons respecting the repeal of the stamp act ; and here he evinced the utmost self possession mdm Ikstonishing accuracy loid «3|;t<;nt oC inf9rnif^Uc|ii* P^ring the FRA. 297 Mine and the following yeiir, bjr tisitinK Holland, Germany, and France he became iic<|uuinti-.tt with mont of the literary churacters of Europe. About th*- < ear 1773 some letters of Hutchinson, Ol- iver, andcrthers in MasHui Inisetts fulling into hiBhundi,he sent them to the legislature of thut Htace ; but he ever rclused to tell how he procured them. He returned lu America in 1 775 and the day after his arrival Was elected a ac. iHimde the citixens to join iii the common cause. In this mission however he was not ^ucceHsiul. He wus in 1776appointed a committee with John Adams and hd ward Rutled^o to inquire into the powers, with which lord H^we was invested in regard to the adjustment of our diflerences with Great Britain. When his lordship expressed his concern at being obliged to dis- fU those, whom he so much regarded. Dr. Franklin asMtured him tilt the Americans, out of reciprocal regard, would endeavor to Ibbsen, as much as possible, the pain, which he might tecl on their account, by taking the utmost care of themselves. In the discus- sion of the great question of independence he was decidedly in fa- vor of the measure. He was in the same year chosen president of the convention, which met in Philadelphia to form a new constitu- tion for Pennay^vania. The single legislature and the plui-ul execu- tive seem to have been his favorite principles, in th latter end of year 1776 he was sent 'to France to assist in negotiuuon with Mr. Arthur Lee and Silas Deane. He had much influence an forming the treaty of alliance and commerce, which was signed J'cbruary 6, 1778, and he afterwards completed a treaty of amity and commerce with Sweden. In conjunction with Mr. Adams, Mr. Jay, and Mr. Laurens, he signed the provsional articles of peace November 30, 1782, and the definitive treaty September 30, 1 783. Wh ile he was in France he was appointed one of the commissioners to examine Mesmer's animal magnetism in 1784. Being desirous of returning to his native country he requested, that an ambassador mif;! t be ap- pointed in his place, and on the arrival of his successor, Mi . Jeffer- son, be immediately sailed for Philadelphia, where he an ived in September 1785. He was received with universal applause, and was soon appointed president of the supreme executive council. In 1787 he was a delegate to the grand convention, which formed the constitu^aon of the United States. Some of the articles, which com- posed it, did not altogether please him, but for the sake of union he ijgned it. In the same year he was appointed the first president of two excellent societies, which were established in Philadelphia for alleviating the miseries of public prisons, and for promoting the ab- olition of slavery . A memorial of the latter society to congress gave occasion toa debate, in which an attempt was made to justify the slave trade. In consequence of this Dr. Franklin published in the fede- ral gazette March 25, 1789 an essay, sis^ed historicus, communt- ;t jfii FRA. 'i' eadng • pretended speech, delivered in the dinnof A^ltct b 168T against the petition of a sect, called Erika or Purists, for the aboli> tion of piracy and slavery. The arguments, urged in favwr of the African trade by Mr. Jackson of Georgia, are here appli'^d with equal force to justify the plundering and enslaving oi Eluropeans. Iq 1788 he retired wholly from public life, and he now approached the end of his days. He had been afflicted lor a number of years with a complication of disorders. For the last twelve months he was confined almost entirely to his bed. In the severity of his pains he would observe, that he was afraid he did not bear them as he ought, and he expressed a grateful sense of the many blessings, received from the Supreme Being, who had rsused him from his humble f.ri* gin to such consideration am . ,j '< And stript of its lettering and gildingi • u '; ' ' Lies here food for worms ; ?|; /?*.■. • ■ '« ■ Yet the work itself shall not be losf,:' \ f , For it will, (as he believed), appear once more In a new • ,u. ^. ...\ . And more beantiful edition^ >'■• .^ i.L Corrected and amended ir ;•: ■:,•,,•' vipr The Author. But although he thus expressed his hope of future happiness; jtt from his memoirs it does not appear, whether this hope was found- ed upon the mediation of Jesus Christ. Some have even considered him as not unfriendly to infidelity ; but the following anecdote seemi to prove, that in his old age he did not absolutely reject the scrip* tares. As a young gentleman was one day ridiculing reli^on as a vulgar prejudiice, he appealed to Dr. Franklin, expecting his appro- bation. ** Young man,*' said the philosopher emphatically, " it is best to believe." President Stiles addressed a letter to him, dated Jan* uary 38, 1790, in which he expressed a denre to be made acquunt- ed with his sentiments on Christianity. The following is an extract At>m it. ** You know. Sir, I am a Christian ; and would to heaven all others were as I am except my imperfections. As much as I know of Dr. Franklin, I have not an idea of his religious sentiments. I wish to know the opinion of my venerable friend concerning Jesus of Nazareth. He will not impute this to impertinence, or improper curiosity in one, who for many years has continued to love, esti- mate, and reverence his abilities and literary character with an ardor tif affection. If I have said too mucby let the request be blotted ou( i.m ■•>■ 1 1 f* ■ M. ii . Hi li * :' \ ■I ' I ■' X a ■ (*,! 1 '4 I I t m 'h Ml 300 FRE* FRELINGHUVSEN (Tubodorus Jacobus), minister of the reformed Dutch church at Raritan, New Jersey, came from Holland in the year 1730. His zealous labors in preaching the puredoctrinei of the gospel, especially in inculcating the necessity of an entire renovation of the corrupt heart, were eminently useful in « number of towns. He was a member of the assembly of Dutch ministers in 1738, which formed the plan of a cGetus, or assembly of ministers and elders to meet in this country, though subordinate to the classis of Amsterdam. This proposition convulsed the Dutch churches in America, for it was apprehended, and the apprehension was ver. ified, that these churches would be led in time to throw off entirely their subjection to a distant ecclesiastical body. Mr. Frelinghuysen was an able, evangelical, and eminently successful preacher. He left five sons, all ministers, and two daughters married to ministers. •^Christian's magazine^ ii. 4, 5 ; Prince's Christian history for I744 292,399. FRISBIE (Levi), minister of Ipswich, Massachusetts, was bom at Branford, Connecticut, in April 1748, anO at the age of sixteen or seventeen) having the character of a pious youth of promising talents, was placed under the patronage of the reverend Dr. Wheel- ock, with a special view to the missionary service. In 1767 he en- tered Yale college, where he continued more than thre^ years ; but his coUegial studies were completed at Dartmouth college, where he was graduated, in the first class, in 1 77 1 . He was ordsdn- ed in 1775, and then commenced his missionary career. After extending his labors to different parts of the country and into Can- ada, the convulsed state of America obstructed his progress. He was settled the minister of the first church in Ipswich, as successor of the reverend Nathaniel Rogers, February 7, 1776, and after a ministry of thirty years he died February 25, 1806, in the fifty eighth year of his age. He was a faithful, evangelical preacher, whose labors at different periods it pleased God to render eminently useful. His discerning mind was strengthened by a close applica- tion to study, and furnished with the most useful knowledge ; and all his acquisitions were consecrated to moral and religious purpos- es. His life displayed the humility, meekness, and benevolence of the Christian. Interesting and instructive in conversation, remark- ably tender of the character of others, upright, sincere, and affec- tionate in all the r^ations of life, he was respected and beloved. ■His distrust of himself led him to place his entire dependence up- on C^Uxl, and to ascribe all hope to the riches of divine mercy in Je- sus, the Redeemer. He published an oration on the peace, 1783 ; an oration at the interment of the reverend Moses Parsons, 1784 ; tvro sermons on a day of public fasting ; a thanksgiving sermon ; a eulogy on Washington, 1800 ; a sermon before the* society for propagating the gospel among the American Indians, 1804.— i^unN :fngton*9 Juneral sermon I /*cno/i/w/, i. 471, 472. Bi. ijj i FRO. 301 FRONTENAC (Loutt) count), governor general of Canada» succeeded Courcelles in 1673) and in the spring of the following year built upon laAe Ontario the fort, which bore his name. He was recalled in 1683, but was reinstated in his office in 1689. He died November 38, 1698, in the seventy eighth year of his age. His exertions conduced in a great degree to the protection and pros- perity of Canada ; but he was a man of haughty feelings, suspicious, revengeful, aud outrageous. Notwithstanding his professions of re- gard to religion, it was very evident, that he was almost completely under the influence of ambition.*— CAar/rvoix, hiat. nouv. Jtrance^ i. 444 — 469, 543—570 ; ii. 43, 237 ; Bolmea* annaU, ii. 46. GADSDEN (Christopher), lieutenant governor of South Carolina, and a distinguished friend of his country, was bom about the year 1724. So high was his reputation in the colony, in which he lived) that he was appointed one of the delegates to the congress, which met at New York in October 1765 to petition against the stamp act. He was also chosen a member of the congress, which met in 1774, and on his return early in 1 7 7 6 received the thanks of the provincial as> sembly for his services. He was among the first, who openly advo- cated republican principles, and wished to make his country inde- pendent of the monarchical government of Great Britain. ^^ The decisive genius,*' says Ramsay, <^ of Christopher Gadsden in the south and of John Adams in the north at a much earlier day might hare desired a complete separation of America from Great Britain ; but till the year 1776, the rejection of the second petition of congress, and the appearance of Paine's pamphlet, cominon sense, a reconcilia- tion with the mother country was the unanimous wish of almost every other American." During the siege of Charleston in 1 780 he remained within the lines with five of the council, while governor Rutledge, with the other three, left the city at the earnest request of general Lincoln. Several months after the capitulation be was taken out of his bed on the twenty seventh of August, and with most of the civil and military officers transported in a guard ship to St. Augustine. This was done by the order of lord Com- wallis, and it was in violation of the rights of prisoners on parole. Guards were left at their houses, and the private papers of some of them were examined. A parole was offered at St. Augustine ; but such was the indignation of lieutenant governor Gadsden at the un- generous treatment, which he had received, that he refused to ac- cept it, and bore a close confinement in the castle for forty two weeks with the greatest fortitude. In 1 782, when it became neces- sary, by the rotation established, to choose a new governor, he was elected to this office ; but he declined it in a short speech to the fol- lowing effect. " I have served you in a variety of stations for thirty years, and I would now cheerfully make one of a forlorn hope in an assault on the lines of Charleston, if it was probable, that with the loss of my life you would be reinstated in the possession of your t' I: 5 \l ii ii^ Li. - 1). ' , ! I- I J I;.. if' «t ' .If \ ' '%V M ' ^i'4 3C3 GAG, m I capital. What I «an do for my country I am willing to do. My •entiments of the American cause from the stamp act downwards have never changed. I am still of opinion, thiit it is the cause of liberty and of human nature.— The present times require the vigor and activity of the prime of life ; but I feel the increasing infirmities oi old age to such a degree, that i am conscious I cannot serve you to advantage. I therefore beg for your sakes and for the sake of the public, that you would indulge me with the liberty of declining the arduous trust." He continued, however, his exertions for the good of his country both in the assembly and council, and notwith- standing the injuries he bad suffered and the immense'loss of his prop' erty he xealously opposed the law for confiscating the estates of the adherents to the British government, and contended that sound pol- icy required to forgive and forget. He died in September 1805, aged eighty one years.p— *^Ofi;en'« /iin. aermon ; Hamaay'a CuroUnaf 1. 35, 55, 61, 164 ; ii. 125, 161, 167, 349 ; Warreuy ii. 348—350 ; Gordon^ iv. 256. GAGE (Thomas), the last governor of Massachusetts appointed by the king, after the conquest of Canada in 1760 was appointed governor of Montreal. At the departure of general Amherst in 1763, he succeeded him as commander in chief of his majesty's forces in America. Being considered as the most proper person to execute the parliamentary laws, intended to suodue the rebell- ious spirit, which had manifested itself in Massachusetts, he was appointed governor of that province, and arrived at Boston May 13, 1774. He was a suitoble instrument for executing the purposes of a tyrannical ministry and parliament. Several regiments soon followed him, and he began to repair the fortifications upon Boston neck. The powder in the arsenal in Charlestown was seized ; de- tachments iVera sent out to take possession of the stores in Salem and Concord ; and the battle of Lexington became the signal of war. In May 1775 the provincial congress of Massachusetts declared genersd Gage to be an inveterate enemy of the country, disqualified from serving the cok>ny as governor^ and unworthy of obedience. From this time the excercise of his functions was confined to Bos- ton. In June he issued a proclamation, offering pardon to all the rebels, excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock, and ordered the use of the martial law. But the affidr of Bunker's hill a few days afterwards proved to him, that he had mistaken the character of the Americans. In October he embarked for England, and was succeeded in the command by sir William Howe. His conduct to- wards the inhabitants of Boston in promiung them liberty to leave the town on the delivery of their arms, and then detaining many of them, has been reprobated for its treachery. He died in England in April \7%7^~^Stedmany i, 95—1 10 ; GordoriyX. 360, 487 ; ii. 35, 53, 136 ; Hofmea* armaU^ ii. 246, 308, 480 ; MarahaUy i. 391, 446 ; it 1«3, 1«5,2764 iik21; Warren, i, 127—132,241. GAL. SOS GALLOWAY (Joseph)i an eminent lawyer of Pennsylvania,^ tras a member of the assembly of that province in May 1764, whea the subject of a petition in favor of a change of the government from that of a proprietary to a royal government was discussed. John Dick- inson was opposed to the petition and Mr. Galloway answered his speech with much warmth. Both speeches were printed, and Mr, Diclunson,after an ineffectual challenge, wrote his^ answer toapiecC} called the speech of Joseph Galloway, esquire." After having been for some time speaker of the house of assembly, he was ap- pointed a member of the first congress in 1774. He afterwards deserted the American cause, joining the British at New York in December 1776, and remaining with the army till June 1778. Hi» counsels and exertions were of little aviui agidnst the resolute spirit of millions, determined to be free. By his own account he abandon- ed an estate of the value of forty thousand pounds sterling. In 1 779 he was examined before the house of commons on the transactions in America, and his representaUon did not do much credit to the Biitish commanders. He died in England in September 1 803, in the seventy fourth year of his age. The preface to his speech, which was published in 1 7 64, was written by Dr.Franklin, who supported the same cause. It presents a history of the proprietary government. Mr. Galloway published also observations on the conduct of sir William Howe, in which, notwithstanding his attachments, he dis- closes and reprehends the shocking brut^ty of the British troops, especially in New Jersey. The following work, it is believed, is the production of his pen ; brief commentaries upon such parts of the revelation and other prophecies, as immediately refer to the present times, London, 1 802. «—Co//tfcf. hiit. soc. ii. 93 ; IVarren i. S76, 440 } Monthly rev. xxxii. 67 ; Ixi. 71 ; Franklin*9 vforksiili. 163. GANO (John), minister in New York, collected the first baptist society in that city, and was ordained its pastor in 1762. Early es- pousing the cause of his country in the late contest with Great Brit- ain, at the commencement of the war he joined the standard of free- dom in the capacity of chaplain. His preacling contributed to im- part a determined spirit to the soldiers, and he continued in the army dll the conclusion of the war. He left his society in New York in 1788, and removed to Kentuckv. He died at Frankfort August 10, 1804, in the seventy eighth year of his age, resigned to the divine will, and in the hope of everlasting blessedness in the presence of his Redeemer. Memoirs of his life, written principal- ly by himself, were published in 12 mo, 1806.— Gano*« mtrmoir*; Monthly anthology, i. 525 ; Backus* abridg. 258. GARDEN (Alexander, M.D.), a scientific physician of South Carolina, was a member of the royal society at Upsal. He in- troduced into medical use the Vir^nia pink root, and published in the year 1764 an account of its medical properties, and gave Sk botanical description of the plant. An edition of this work was' / r,i «• it ■ i'».n it' ^ ,] m !*ll{| i| 11*1; K » « in % f-'H 304 GAR. also published in 1 7f2. He was much devoted to the study of nat« ural history, particularly of botany, and made a number of commu' nications on those subjects to Itis philosophical friends in Europe. In compliment to him the greatest botanist of the age gave the name of Gardenia to one of the most beautiful flowering shrubs in the world. He died, it is believed, in the year 1771 .-^Hanuuy'a re- view of medicine^ 43, 44 ; MiUer*» retrotfieet^ i. 319, GARDEN (Alexanobr), minister in Charleston, about the middle of the last century made several publications on theological subjects.— iWrV/rr, ii. 365. GATES (Horatio), a major general in the army of the United States, was a native of England. In early life he entered the Brit- ish army, and laid the foundation of his future military excellence. Without purchase he obtained the rank of major. He was idd to general Monkton at the capture of Martinico, and after the peace of Aix la Chapelle he was among the First troops, which landed at HaU ifax under general Cornwallis. He was with Braddock at the time of his defeat in 1755, and was shot through the body. When peace was concluded, he purchased an estate in Virginia, where he resided until the commencement of the American war in 1775» when he was appointed by congress adjutant general, with the rank of brig* adier general. He accompanied Washington to Cambridg^, when he went to take the command of the army in that place. In June 1776 Gates was appointed to the command of the arjjny of Canada. He was superseded by general Schuyler in May 1777, but in Au- gust following he took the place of this officer in the northern de- partment. The success, which attended his arms in the capture of Burgoyne in October, filled America with joy. Congress passed a vote of thanks, and ordered a medal of gold to be pre^nted by the president. His conduct towards his conquered enemy was marked by a delicacy, which does him the highest hohor. He did not permit his own troops to witness the mortification of the British in depositing their arms. After general Lincoln was taken prison- er, he was appointed on the thirteenth of June 1780 to the com- mand of the southern department. On the sixteenth of August he was defeated by Cornwallis at Camden. He was superseded oK the third of December by general Greene ; but was in 1782 re- stored to his command. ' \':^h After the peace he retired to his farm in Berkley county, Vir» ginia, where he remained until the year 1790, when he went to reside at New York, having first emancipated his slaves, and made a pecuniary provision for such, as were not able to provide for themselves. Some of them would not leave him, but continued in his family. On his arrival at New York the freedom of the city was presented to him. In 1800 he accepted a seat in the legis- lature, hut he retained it no longer, than he conceived his services might be useful to the cause of liberty, which he never abandoned. « GAY. 305 Hit political opinions did not separate him from many respectable cidzensi whose views differed widely from his own. He died April 10, 1806, in the seventy eighth year ot his age. A few weeks before hitt death he wrote to his friend, Or. Mitchill, then at Washington, on some business, and closed his letter, dated February 37, 1806, irith the following words. " I am very we:^ and have evident ^gns of an approaching dissolution. But I have Ihted long enough, lince 1 have lived to see a mighty people animated vHth a spirit to be free, and governed by transcendent abilities and hohor." He retained his faculties to the last. He took pleasure in professing bis attachment to religion and his firm belief in the . From 1752 to the peace of Paris in 1763 Georgia straggled with many difficulties, arising from the want of credit, and the frequent molestations of enemies. The good effects of ihe peace were soon perceived. From this time It flourished under the care of governor Wright. This'colony united with the other colonies in opposition to Great Britain in the summer of 1775, and appointed delegates to attend the continental congress. During the war ij ' !/ m • ' " 1' • i^ a .- • Ir' ] 308 GIS. WM oTcmin by the British troops, and the inhabitants were obliged to flee into the neighboring states lor safety. Since the war popu* latioU) agriculturet and commerce have increased with great ra- judityt though the frontiers have suffered much from the frequent attacks of the Creek Indians. A treaty w{w concluded with them by the United States on the thirteenth of August 1790, since which time immigrations have been numerous. Georgia by an act of the legislujLure, passed January 7, 1795, sold to four different companies about twenty two million acres of its western territory^ and the purchase money, amounting to live hun- dred thousand dollarSf was paid into the state treasury. By an act of the next legislature* passed February 13, 1796, the law relating to the sale of the said lands was declared, on the ground of bribery and corruption, unconstitutional ar.d void, and the records were or- dered to be burned. By these proceedings the purchasers, under the original companies, were placed in a most unpleasant situation. The constitution of Georgia was revised and adopted in its present form by a convention of the state May 30, 1798. By the articles of this constitution the governor is to be elected by the general as- ■embly, for the term of two years ; the jud/^es of the superior court to be chosen for the term of three yeaib, and to he liable to removal by the governor on the address of two thirds of both houses of the legislature^ In other respects the constitution of this state differs but little from that of Massachusetts.— A.or«f'« geog.; Hewatt't Idat, account qf S. Carolina and Georgia ; Wynne j ii. 301— 315 ; EncycloftediOi Phil. edit. ; British empire in .America^ i. 525-. 541 ; Holme%* annaUi'n. 131, 183. • GIST (MoRBECAi), a brigaQ;>.r general in the American war, cbmmanded one of the Maryland brigades in the battle of Camden August 16, 1780. He died at Charleston, South Carolina, in Sep- tember, 1793.— Mxr^Aa//, iv. 178 ; Holmev* annaU^ii. ^Z\. GODFREY (Thomas), the inventor of Hadley's quadrant, was by trade a glazier in the cit^y of Philadelphia. The extent of his education was only to read, and write, and apply the common rules of arithmetic. Having met with a mathematical book, he was so delighted with the study* that without an instructer, by the mere strength of his genius he soon made himself master of it, and of every book of the kind, which he could procure in English. Find- ing that the kivowledge of the Latin would open to him new treas- ures of mathematical science, he applied himself to the study oi that language till he was enabled to read a Latin author on his fa- vorite subject. He then borrowed Newton's principia of Mr. Lo- gan, to whom about the year 1730 he communicated his invention oif the quadrant. The royal society of London, being fnade acquaint- ed with it by means of Mr. Logan, sent Mr. Godfrey as a reward household furniture to the value of two hundred pounds. Tiie iDoney was not sent on account of a halnt of intemperance, to which IF GOD. Of the artist was subject. The manner, in which thi ventor ¥> de- prived of the honor of having the iitstrument cuiicii by hU \.o^-~Account firem fired to poems ; American muaeum^ vi. 47 1, 472. ^ JMii< H>0 GOERING (Jacob), many years minister of the German Lu- theran church in York, Pennsylvania, commenced the labors of the sacred office, when only twenty years of age, and it pleased God to g^ve such success to bis faithful exertions at this early period of life, that a revival of religion took place wherever he ])reached. He died in 1807 in the fifty third year of his ajye. He was presi- dent of the synod of the German Lutheran church in the states of m ' ! J* M" in ! n 1. I tr % 301 OOF. §>.A PenniylTania, Maryland, and Virginia. In his character were connbined the Christian, the gentleman, and the scholar. He was « man of profound erudition ; and among the languages, with which he waa acquainted, the Hebrew and -Arabic were his favoritcn. Though warmly interested in his country's welfare, he yet declined a civil station, in which his fellow citizens would gladly have placed him, dedicating himself wholly to the ministry. He died in the full assurance of obtaining und enjoying a perpetual happiness through the merits of his Kedeemer.— i^rofv/<'« American rrgiater^ ii. 84, 85. GOFFE (William), one of the judges of king Charles T, and a major general under Cromwell, Iclt London before Charles H was proclaimed, und arrived at Boston with yyeiieral Whalley in Ju> ly 1660. Governor Endicot gave tl>em a friendly reception. But when the act of inderauity arrived in November, and their names were not found among those, to whom pardon was offered, the gov- ernment of Massachusetts was alarmed. Perceiving their danger, they left Cambridge, where they had resided, February 26, 1661, and arrived at New Haven on the seventh of March. They were here concealed by deputy governor Leet, and the reverend Mr. Dav« «nport. From New Haven they went to West Rock, a mountain three hundred feet in height at the distance of two or three miles from the town, where they were hid in a cave. They afterward lived in con< cealment at Milford, Derby, und Branford, and in October 1664 re- aioved to Hadley in Massachusetts, and were concealed for fifteen «r sixteen years in the house of Mr. Russel, the minister. On the first of September 1675 the town of Hadley was alarmed by the In- dians in the time of public worship, and the pe(^le were thrown in- to the utmost confusion. But suddenly an aged, venerable man in an uncommon dress appeared in the midst of them, revived their courage, and, putting himself at their head, led them to the attack and repulsed the enemy. The deliverer of Hadley immediately disappeared, and the inhabitants, overwhelmed with astonishment, supposed that an angel had been sent for their protection. He died in Hadley, it is thought, about the year 1 679. Under the oppres- sion of constant fear during his residence in this country, his mind seems to have found some relief in the consolations of religion.-— Stiles* hiat. of the judges ; HutcMtuorit i. 2 1 S-— 3 \ 9, SS2 ; Holmet* annaUy i. 377, 424, 425. !<> - /j, .< - ' • .;r4|> ,p v it GOODRICH (Elizur, d. d.), minister of Durham in Connect- icut, was born in Wethersfield November 6, 1734, and was gradua- ted at Yale college in 1752. He was ordained to the work of the ministry November 24, 1756. After his character as an excellent minister and a friend of literature was established, he w^s chosen in 1776 a member of the corporation oi Yale college. He died at Norfolk in November 1797, in the sixty fourth year of his age, and the forty second of his ministry. Dr. Goodrich conciliated the es- * GOO. Sll teem of hi» acquaintance^ and was faithful in ull the relations of Ufe. He Wtis (liHiiitguished for his literary und HciuntiBc acquire* nientH, as well as fur his piety and patriotism. W hilo he was uc« quuintcd wiiii the Latin^ Greeks and Hebrew languagea* he was not deficient in inathcniutical and philusophicul knowledge. As a preacher, he followed the exumplus of the apostles, preaching re- pentance und faith. }Ie taught his hearers that man was depraved, and guilty, and lost, condemned by the law, and having no hope but in < hrist, and that salvation was of grace and not of works. mm,Dvfight*B funeral termon. GDOKIN (Damikl), author of the historical collections of the Indians in New England, und major general of Massachusetts, waa t)orn in the county of Kent in England. He came to Virginia io 162 1 with his father, who brought cuttle to the colony from Ireland^ and who established himself at a plantation, called Newport's News. Ill the year 1643 Mr. Thomson and other ministers from Massu- •husetts were sent to Virginia to preach the gospel to a people, but little acquainted with the truth. When they were forced to with- draw from this colony, because they would not conform to the church of England, such was the attachment of Mr. Gookin to their preaching, that he soon followed them. In 1644 he removed with his family to New England, and settled in Cambridge, that he might enjoy the ordinances of the gospel in their purity. Soon after his arrival he was appointed captain oi the military company in Cam- bridge, and a member of the house of deputies. In 1652 he was elected assistant or magistrate, and four years after was appointed by the general court superintendent of all the Indians, who had sub- mitted to the government of Massachusetts. He executed this of- fice with such fidelity, that he was continued in it till his death. In 1656 he visited England, and had an interview with Cromwell, who commissioned him to invite the people of Massachusetts to trans- port themselves to Jamaica, which had been conquered from the Spaniards. In 1662 he was appointed, with the reverend Mr. MitcheK one of the licensers of the printing press in Cambridge. When Philip's war commenced in 1675, several severe laws were passed against the friendly Indians, to whom religious instruction had been imparted, through apprehension, that they would join the enemy, and the rage of the people against their red colored breth- ren was violent and alarming. Mr. Eliot stood forth as the friend and protector of the Indians, and Mr. Gookin, who had zealously co- operated with Mr. Eliot in his benevolent exertions, and who fre- quently accompanied him in his missionary tours, was equally their friend. He was the only magistrate, who endeavored to prevent the outrages of the populace. He was in consequence much abus- ed, and even insulted as he passed the streets ; but he had too much of the elevation of Christian virtue to feel any resentment, and the effects of licentiousness did not inspire him with the desire of abridgf> Hi w ill U <' • •'ill u B 1 •» , ii 1 ■ ^l^ ,1 h i! : ' ' 1 P 1, J"l; f .''Wi ' ^ ^\ ii IP ; 1. 1 ■ 1 i! ,1 A ^ 'ii'Vim 312 GOO. a 1 1 hm M; ,i ■ ing the liberties of the people. He soon, however, recovered.the es* teem and confidence, which he had lost, by tirmljr resisting the at- tempts, which were made to destroy the charter of Massachusetts. In 1681 he was appointed major general of the colony, and he con- tinued in the magistracy till the dissolution of the charter in 1 686. He died March 19, 1687, aged seventy five years. In the inscrip. tion upon his monument in the burying ground in Cambridge, which is yet legible, his name is written Gookings. Such was his pover- ty, that Mr. Eliot in a letter to Mr. Boyle, not long after his decease, solicits that charitable gentleman to uestow ten pounds upon his widow. He was u man of good understanding, rigid in his relig- ious and political opinions, zealous and active, of inflexible integrity and exemplary piety, disinterested and benevolent, a firm patriot, and uniformly and peculiarly the friend of the Indians, who lament* ed his death with unfeigned sorrow. His two sons, Daniel and Na- thaniel, were ministers, the former of Sherburne, whose care ex- tended also to the Indians at Natick, and the latter of Cambridge, who was ordsuned November 15, 1682, and died August 7, 1692 in the thirty fourth year of his age. He was succeeded by Mr. Brattle. Mr. Gookiu wrote in 1674 historical collections of the Indians in New England, which remained in manuscript till it was published in the first volume of the collections of the Massachusetts historical society in 1792. In this work he gives many interesting particu- lars of the various tribes of Indians in Massachusetts, of their cus- toms, manners, religion, and government, and of the exertions, which were made to civilize them, and to bring them to an ac- quaintance with the Christian religion. He also wrote a history of New England ; but it is not known, that the manuscript is now in existence. — Collect. Mat. aoc i. 228, 329; vii. 23 ; Holmea* Mat. of Cambridge'^ and annala^'x. 418; Hutchinaon, i. 136, 191,257,296, 322— "332 ; Mugnalia^ ii. 2 1 ; Johnaon*a wonder work. firovidencCf 109, 192 ; Stith, 205. GOOKIN (Nathanibl), minister of Hampton, New Hamp- shire, was the son of the reverend Mr. Gookin of Cambridge, and < was graduated at Harvard college in 1703. He was ordained in 17 10 as successor of Mr. John Cotton. After a prudent and faith- ful ministry of about twenty four years, he died in 1734, in the for- ty seventh year of^his age. His son Nathaniel was settled in North Hampton, New Hampshire, in 1739 and died in 1766. Mr. Gookin published three sermons occasioned by the earthquake in October 1727, to which is added an account of the eariiiquake, and something remarkable of thunder and lightning in Hampton.— Co/- iectiona hiat. «ooe/y,vii. 55 ; Shurtleff'aaerm. at the ordination of Mr, Gookin, 1739. GORDON (William, d. d.), minister of Roxbury, Massachu- •etts, and a historian of the American war, was a native of Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England, and had his academical education io Lon- * GOR. Sid doB under Dr. Marryatt. He was early settled as pastor of a largo independent church at Ipswich, where he continued in good esteem many years. He removed from this situation in consequence of some uneasiness, occasioned by his reprehension of the conduct of one of his principal hearers in employing his workmen on public business on the Lord's day. After the death of Dr. David Jennings he was chosen to be his successor in the church at old gravel lane, Wapping. Here he might have continued much respected, but in the year 1770 his partiality to America induced him to force him- self away, in order to settle in this country. After having preached about a year to the third church in Roxbury, he was ordained its minister July 6, 1773. He took an active part in public measures during the war with Great Britain, and was chosen chaplain tof'the provincial congress of Massachusetts. While in this office he preached a fast sermon on Isaiah i. 36, which strongly expressed his political sentiments. In the beginning of the year 1776 he formed the design of writing a history of the great events, which had of late taken place in America, and which would yet be present- ed to the observation of mankind. Besides other sources of in- formation, he had recourse to the records of congress, and to those of New England, and was indulged with the perusal of the^pers of Washington, Gates, Greene, Lincoln, and Otho Williams. Af- ter the conclusion of the war he returned to his native country in 1786, and in 1788 published the work, which had for a number of years occupied his attention. After spending some time in Lon- don, where he had many friends, he obtained a settlement at St. Neots in Huntingdonshire, the place where Mr. David Edwards, who succeeded him in Ipswich, had been minister. This situation was much inferior to either of the former settlements, which he had enjoyed. The congregation gradually declined in consequence of his want of that popular address, to which they had been accustom- ed, and of the failure of his mental powers. The infirmity of his mind was at length so visible, that his friends advised his reagna- tion, and raised a subscription for him. He afterwards returned to Ipswich, where he had some agreeable connexions left. Here he preached a few occasional sermons ; but his memory soon failed him to such a degree, as to render him unfit for all public service. Though his sight continued so good, that he could read without glasses, and though his attachment to books was undiminished to the last ; yet he appeared to know little, and to retain nothing of what he read. He even lost all recollection of his most intimate friends. After living to^^experience this melancholy extinction of the powers of his mind, he died at Ipswich October 19, 1807, in the seventy eighth year of his age. In his religious sentiments Dr. Gordon was a strict Calvinist ; yet he possessed a liberal mind, and a very sociable disposition. JHe was even sometimes facetious. His abilities, which were nat- 41 m 0m m 314 GOR. B H '[" ;!> r; ( s*ii iirally good^ were improved by diligent studf. Dr. Owen wa»one of his favorite authors. Though his temper was warni} he was yet friendly and benevolent. His sermons were composed with care ; but as they were written in a very systematical form, and were read with slavish adherence to his notes, he was not interesting as a preacher. His fluency mit^ht have rendered him popular, if he had adopted a different manner oi preaching. He published a plan of a society for making provision for Mridows, by annuities for life, 1772; a fast sermon on Isaiah i. 6; two thanksgiving discourses, 1775 ; a sermon before the house of rep- resentauves, 1775; election sermon, 1775 ; a sermon before the general court on the anniversary of the declaration of independence^ 1777 ; doctrine of universal salvation examined and shown to be un« scriptural, 1783. His history of the rise, progress, and establishment of the independence of the United States of America in 4 vol. 8vo, 1788, though not written with elegance, is allowed to have con> siderable merit as a minute and in general a faithful narrative of facts. While he was minister of Ipswich, betbre he came to this country, he published a judicious abridgment of president £d< wards* treatise on the affect\ons.F--PreJ'ace to hi* history of the A. mericati v>ar j Monthly refiository, London^ for M/vember 1807. GORTON (Samuel), the first settler of Warwick, Rhode Isl- and, came to this country in 1636, and in a few years occasioned much disturbance in the church of Boston by the vidid sentiments on religion, which he advanced. He soon went to Plymouth, in which colcmy he was subjected to corporal punishment for his er> rors, and whence he removed in June 1638 to Rhode Island. At Newport he received the same discipline on account of his con* tempt of the civil authority. He purchased some land near Paw- tuxet river, in the south part of Providence, in January 1641. Un- der the cover of this purchase he encroached upon the lands of others, and complaints having been entered against him in the court of Massachusetts, he was required to submit himself to the juris* diction of that colony, and to answer for his conduct. This sum* mons he treated with contempt ; but being apprehensive, that he was not in a place of safety, he crossed the river at the close of 1 642, and with eleven others purchased of Miantonimoh, the Nar* raganset sachem,^ tract of land at Mishawomet, for which he paid one hundred and forty four fathoms of Wampum. The deed was signed January 17, 1643. The town, of which he now laid the foundation, was afterwards called Warwick. In May following he and his party were seized by order of the general court of Massa- chusetts, and carried to Boston, where he was required to answer to the charge of being a blasphemous enemy of the gospel and its ordinances, and of all civil government. His ingenuity embarrass- ed the judges, for while he adhered to his own expressions, which plainly contradicted the opinions^ which were embraced in Massa- • GOR. 315 <^sett8f he yet) when examined by the ministers, professed a coin* cidence with them g tmraliy in their religious sentiments. The letter, wliich he wrote to the governor bctore his seizure, was ad- dressed ^^ to the great, honored, idol gentleman of Massachusetts," and was filled with reproaches of the magistrates and ministers ; but in his examination he declured, that he had reference only to tne corrupt state of mankind in general. He had asserted, that Christ suffered actually before he suffered under Pontius Pilate ; but his meaning was, as he said to the court, that the death of Christ was actual to the faith of the fathers. The ordinances, he thought, were abolished after the revelation was written, and thus he could admit, that they were the ordinances of Christ, because they were established for a stiort time by him. But this equivocation did not avsul him. His opinions were undoubtedly erroneous, and if errors are to be punished by the civil magistrate, his punishment was not unjust. All the magistrates but three were of opinion, that he should be put to death, but the deputies were in favor of milder measures, Gorton, with a number of his companions, was sentenced to impris- onment and hard labor, and prohibited from passing the limits of the town, to which he was sem, and from propagating his heresies un- der pain of death. After a lew months, dissatisfaction of many people with his imprisonment and other causes induced the court to sub- stitute banishment in its place. In i 644 he went to England with a deed from the Narraganset Indians transferring their territory to the king ; and he obtained an order from parliament, securing to him the peaceable possession of his lands. He arrived at Boston in 1648, and thence proceeded to Shawomet, which he called War- wick in honor of the earl of Warwick, who had given him much assistance in effecting his object. Here he officiated as a minister, and disseminated his doctrines, in consequence of which a large part of the descendants of his followers have neglected all religion to the present day. He died after the year 1676 at an uivanced age. Without the advantages of education, he made himself ac- quainted with the Hebrew and Greek languages, that he might bet- ter understand the scriptures, though he had affected to despise hu- man learning. He violently opposed the quakers, as their princi- ples were hostile to his antimouian senUments. He believed, that the sufferings of Christ were within his children, and that he was as much in this world at one time as at another ; that all, which is re- lated of him, is to be taken in a spiritual sense ; that he was in- carnate in Adam, and was the image of God, wherein he was creat- ed. Jble was zealous for a pure church, and represented those as Pharisaical interpreters, who could establish churches, that admit- ted of falling from God in whole or in any part, as the true church- es of Christ. He published simplicity's defence aj^'ainst the seven headed policy, which was answered by Mr. Winslow; antidote Against Pharisaical teachers; saltmarsh returned from the dead, I ii« ; ^\ a t- mit «» :'*! m M M !, ?^f '. * t i . ■ ■ 1 i ; , m ) ) : 1 ■ j ij 1 i 1 if J 1' ^ i''M^ • fl 1:131 1(1 316 GOS. l!!*^ 1655; a glass for the people of New England.— M^nrAro^, 309 —318,325; MortoTtjllT — 120; Hutchinaon,i.72j\l7 — 124,549. Backiu* abr. 50—55 ; Collect, hiat. soc. ix. 35—38 ; Holmes* annaU^ i. 298, 323 ; JVeaCa JV. E. i. 196 ; Callendery 36, 37 ; Magnalia^ vii. 1 1 ; Joaaelyriy 259 ; H. Adamtt* JV*. E. 64—66. GOSNOLD (Bartholomew), an intrepid mariner of the west of England, sailed from Falmouth for the coast of America March 26, 1602. Instead of approaching this country by the way of the West Indies, he was the first Englishman, who directly crossed the ocean. He discovered land on the fourteenth of May, and a capo on the fifteenth, near which he caught a great number of cod, from which circumstance he named the land cape Cod. The Indians, which he met at different places, wore ornaments of copper, and used the pipe and tobacco. He passed Sandy Point, and in a few days caqie to an island, which he named Martha's Vineyard, as there were many vines upon it. This is supposed to have been, not the island, which now bears that name, but the small island, which is called No man's land. He resided three weeks on the most west- em of the Elizabeth islands, on which he built a fort and store house. But finding, that he had not a supply of provisions, he gave up the dedgpi of making a settlement. The cellar of his store house was discovered by Dr. Belknap in 1797. After his return to England, he embarked in an expedition to Virginia, where he was a member of the council. But he died, soon after his arrival, August 22, 1607. Belknafi*8 Amer. biog. ii. 100—122 ; Holmes* annals, i. 142—144; Purchas^xv, 1690; v. 1646— 1653; 5ftVA, 30,35,45 ; Brit.emfiircy i. 353 ; Harris* voy, i. 816 ; Utiiv. hist, xxxix. 269, 270. GRAYSON (William), a senator of the United States, was a native of Virginia, and was appointed a representative to congress from that state in 1784, and continued a number of years. In June 1788 he was a member of the Virginia convention, which was call- ed' for the purpose of considering the present constitution of the United States. In that assembly, rendered illustrious by men of the first talents, he was very conspicuous. His genius united with the eloquence of Henry in opposing the adoption of {the constitution. While he acknowledged the evils of the old government, he was afraid that the proposed government would destroy the liberty of the states. His principal objections to it were, that it took from the states the sole right of direct taxation, which was the highest act of sovereignty ; that the limits between the national and state authorities were not sufficiently defined ; that they might clash, in which case the general government would prevail; that there was no provision against raising such a navy, as was more than sufficient to protect our trade, and thus would excite the jeaU ousy of European powers and lead to war ; and that there were no adequate checks against the abuse of power, especially by the pres- ident, who was responsible only to his counsellors and partners in #!* ORE. 317 erime^ the members of the senate. After the constitution was udoptedf Mr. Grayson was appointed one ot the senators from Vir- ginia in 1789. His colleague was Richard Henry Lee. He died at Dumfries, whither he had come on his way to the congresS) March 12, 1790, and his remains were deposited in the family vault at the reverend Mr. Spencc Grayson's. His great abitiiies were united with unimpeached integrity.— Gorrffe o/* U. S. i. 395 ; Dc' bates in Virginia convent, sec. edit, 198, 304, 309, 348, 438. GREEN (Samukl), the first printer in North America, was an inhabitant oi Cambridge, Massachusetts, so early as 1639. hi this year a press was set up in that town by a Mr. Daye, at the charge oi the reverend Joseph Glover, who died on his passage to this country. Nothing of Daye's printing is to be iound. The press was very soon in the hands of Mr. Green. The first thing, which was printed, was the freeman's oath ; the next an almanac, made for New England by Mr. Pierce, a mariner ; the next was the ver- sion of the psalms made by Mr. Eliot and others, published in 1 640; Mr. Green printed Eliot's Indian bible in 1663 ; the body of the laws of Massachusetts, and of Connecticut in 1672; and the laws of Plymouth, and the second edition of the Indian bible in 1685. The time of his death has not been ascertsdned. His descendants in every succession to the present day have supported the honor of the typographic art. Mr. Benjamin Green, who, it is believed, was his son, published the first number of the Boston newsletter, the first newspaper in America, April 1 7, 1 704. Another of his descendants Mr. Timothy Green, went to New London in 1714 at the request of the government of Connecticut as a printer to the colony, and a number of his descendants were printers.— Co/Zec/. hist. aoc. v. 209 ; vii. 19 ; Holmes* annalsy i. 3f2 ; Winthrop, 171 ; Trumbull* a Con» nehticut, i. 478. '* GREENE (Nathaniel), a major general of the army of the United States, was bom in Warwick, Rhode Island, about the year 1740. ' His parents were quakers. His father was an anchor smith* who was concerned in some valuable iron works, and transacted much business. While he was a boy, he learned the Latin lan- guage chiefly by his own unassisted industry. Having procured a small library, his mind was much improved, though the perusal of military history occupied a considerable share of his attention. Such was the estimation, in which his character was held, that he was at an early period of his life chosen a member of the assembly of Rhode Island. After the battle of Lexington had enkindled at once the spirit of Americans throughout the whole continent, Mr. Greene, though educated in the peaceful principles of the f'iends, could not extinguish the martial ardor, which had been excited in his own breast. Receiving the command of three regiments with the title of brigadier general, he led them to Cambritige ; in con- isquence of which the quakers renounced all connexion with him ill Nff: V i' , !■■ fl :■} ■'j 1 !) f-i 'I h-t' K m 318 GRE. fM In I: ft' , i. ii as a member of their religious body. On the arrival of Washing. ton at Cambridge, he was ttie hrst, who expressed to the commander in chief his saiisiactiou in his appointment, and he soon gained his entire confidence. He was appointed by congress major general in August 1776. In the buttlesi ol Trenton on tiie twenty sixth of December following, anO of Princ,«.on on the third of January 1777 he was much distinguished. He commanded the left wing ot the American army at tae battle of Germantown on the fouith of Oc- tober. In March 1778 he was appohited quarter master general, Hrliich office he accepted on condition, that his rank in the army should not be affected, ana that he should retain his command in the time of action. This right he exercised oh the twenty eighth of June at the battle of Monmouth. His courage and skill were again displayed on the twenty ninth of August in Rhode Island. He re- signed in this year the office of quarter master general^ and was succeeded by colonel Pickering. After the disasters, which attend- ed the American arms in South Carolina, he was appointed to su- persede Gates, and he took the command in the southern depart- ment December 3, 1780. Having recruited the army, which had been exceedingly reduced by defeat and desertion, he sent out a detachment wider tlie brave general Morgan, who gained the im- portant victory at the Cowpens January 17, 1781. Greekic effect- ed a junction with him on the seventh of February, but on account of the superior numbers of Comwallis he retreated with great skill fio Virginia. Having received an accession to his forces, he return- ed to North Carolina, and in the battle of Guilford on the fifteenth of March was defeated. The victory however was dearly bought by the British, for their loss was greater than that of the Americans, and no advantages were derived fron#it. In a few days Comwallis began to march towards Wilmington, ieavingOmany of his woutid- ed behind him, which had the appearance of a retreat, and Greene followed him for some time. But altering his plan, he resolved to recommence offensive operations in South Carolina. He accord- ingly marched ^directly to Camden, where on the twenty fifth of April he was engaged with lord Rawdon. Victory inclined for some time to the Americans, but the retreat of two companies oc- casioned the defeat of the whole army. Greene retreated in good order, and took such measures as effectually prevented lord Raw- don from improving his success, and obliged him in the beginning of May to retire beyond the Santee. While he was in the neigh- borhood of Santee, Greene hung in one day eight soldiers, who had deserted from his army. For three months afterwards no instance of desertion took place. A number of forts and garrisons in South Carolina now fell into his hands. He commenced the siege of Ninety six on the twenty second of May, but h6 was obliged on the approach of lord Rawdon in June to raise the siege. The army, which had been highly encouraged by the late success, wasnov n \' GRE. 319 ^educed to the ibelancholy necessity of retreating to the extremitjr of the state. The American commander was advised to retire t<» Virginia ; but to suggestions of this kind, he replied, ** I will recov- er South Carolina, or die in the attempt." Waiting til) the British forces were divided, he faced about, and lord Ruwdon was pursued in his turn, and was offered battle after he reached his encampment at Orangeburgh, but he declined it. On the eighth of September Greene covered himself with glory by the victory at the Eutaw springs, in which the British, who fought with the utmost bravery, lost eleven hundred men, and the Americans about half that num- ber. For his good conduct in this action congress presented him with a British standard and a golden medal. This engagement may be considered as closing the revolutionary war in South Caro- lina. During the remainder of his command be had to struggle with the greatest difiiculties from the want of supplies for his troops. Strong symptoms of mutiny appeared, but his firmness and decisioa completely quelled it. , '; '• "' '- ' After the conclusion of the war he returned to Rhode Island, where the greatest dissensions prevailed, and his endeavors to re- store harmony were attended with success. In October 1785 he suled to Georgia, where he had a considerable estate not far distant from Savannah. Here he passed his time as a private citizen, occu« pied by domestic concerns. While walking without an umbrella« the intense rays of the sun overpowered him, and occasioned an in- flammation of the brain, of which he died June 19, 1786, in the forty seventh year of his age. In August following congress ordered a monument to be erected to his memory at the seat of the federal government. jj r >. .; - General Greene possessed a humane and benevolent disposition, and abhorring the cruelties and excesses, of which p..rdzans on both sides were guilty, he uniformly inculcated a spirit of modera- tion. Yet he was resolutely severe, when the preservation of dis- cipline rendered severity necessary. In the campaign of 1781 he displayed the prudence, the military skill, the unshaken firmness^ and tlK daring courage, which are seldom combined, and which place him in the first rank of American officers. His judgment was correct, and his self possession never once forsook him. In one of his letters he says, that he was seven months in the field without taking off his clothes for a single night. It is thought, that he was the most endeared to the commander in chief of all ■ his as- sociates in arms. Washington often lamented his death with the keenest sorrow.— ^HtUhouae*a oration on his death ; American muse Mm,ii. 337—343; iii 23; vii.39 — 41, 107—109,210,311 ; Mi««o. magazine., iv. 616, 671 j Gordon^ ii. 65 ; iii. 473; iv. 168, 406 ; Marshall., iii. 219 ; iv. 263, 335, 540, 556 ; v. 116 ; Pamtay*s S, Carolina^ ii. 190 — 193, 204 — 225, 245 — 251 ; Rardie f Holme** an- mis, ii. 440-- 449 ; Stedman, it. 376 ; Warren^ iii. 56^—59. i- , '1 1 '" . ■ 1 ' i •! Ii ' i,| • f * !»' r , Ii -f ''* : ; 1 'il^' vv- i* ,1* - mr J. ii:*"'! «^ " >i ■■ • ■ '" ; 'ill J f: 1 t\ If ; mi S'J' vm U: *k f. 'riii't !:|.:'|i 320 GRI. i; • r ■' ; I i n i\\i GRIDLEY (Jkekmy), attorney general of the province of Mas* •achusetts, was graduuicd at Harvard college in 1725. He was ed- itor oi the weekly rehcai-iiul, a newspaper^ which commenced in BoaioT) September 27, 1781, and continued only for one year. He toon became prcenuticnt as a lawyer, and was appointed lein^^'s at- torney. In this capacity he in 1761 defended the writs of assist, ance, which the custom nouse officers had applied for to the superior court, and by which they would be authorized to enter at their dis- creiiou suspected houses. He was opposed with great force of ar- gument by his former pupil, Mr. Otis. He died September lo 1767, being colonel of the first regiment of militia, and grand mas- ter of the free musons. His streuj^h of understanding, and his extensive knowledge, particularly his intimate acquaintance with classical literature (;ave hiin the first rank among men of intellect and learning, while his thoropgii knowledge of the canon and civil law placed him at the head of his profession. He possessed at the same time a sensibility of heart, wl.ich endeared him to those, who were connected with him in social and domestic lite. His fortitude in his last moments resulted from tiie principles of religion.^. Collect. hi»t. soc. iii. 301 ; v. 3 12 ; Boston fioat boy^ Sefit. 14, 1767 ■ ^Minoty ii. 88—90 ; Gordon, i. 141 ; Memoirs qf T. HolUsy 29o', -400. , . HAMILTON (Andrkw), an eminent lawyer of Philadelphia, ^ied in the summer of 1 74 1 . He had been speaker of the house of assembly, but he resigned this office in 1739 on account of his «ge and infirmities. He filled several stations with honor, integrity, iand ability. In Zenger's trial at New York he acquired much rep- utation as a lawyer. His son, James Hamilton, was repeatedly governor of Pennsylvania between the years 1748 and 1771.-.. rProuVs Mat. Pennsylvania, ii. 316»319 ; Holmes* annals, ii. 141. HAMILTON (Alexander), first secretary of the treasury of ■the United States, was a native of the island of St. Croix, and was bom in 1757. His father was the younger son of an English fami- ly, and his mother was an American. At the of age sixteen he ac- companied his mother to New York, and entered a student of Co- tumbia college, in which he continued about three years. While » member of this institution the first buddings of his intellect gave !presages of his future eminence. The contest with Gi*eat Britain called forth the first ^talents on each side, and his juvenile pen as- serted the claims of the colonies against very respectable writers. His papers exhibited such evidence of intellect and wisdom, that they were ascribed to Mr. Jay, and when the truth was discovered, America saw with astonishment a lad of seventeen in the list of her able advocates. At the af;e of eic;hteen he entered the American army as an officer of artillery. The first sound of war awakened bis martial spirit, and as a soldier he soon conciliated the regard of his brethren in arms. It was not long before he attracted the II !V 1 HAM. 321 ttDtic* of Wa&hiu^toDt who in 1777 selected him as an aid with tli« rank of lieutenant colonel. His sound understanding, comprehen- sive views, application, and promptitude soon gained him the entire confidence of his patron. la such a school, it was impossible but that bis genius should be nourished. By intercourse with Wash* ington, by surveying his plans, observing his consummate prudence^ and by a minute inspection of the springs of national operadons he became 0tted tor comr^' d. Throughout the campaign, which terminated in the capture of lord ComwalUs, colonel Hamilton commanded a battalion of light infantry. At the siege of York in 1781, when the second parallel was opened, two redoubts, which flanked it and were advanced three hundred yards in front of the British works, very much annoyed the men in the trenches. It was resolved to possess them, and to prevent jealousies the attack of the one was committed to the Americans and of the other tp the French' The detachment of the Americans was commanded by the marquis de la Fayette, and colonel Hamilton, at his own camest request) led the advanced corps, consisting of two battalions. Towards the close of the day on the fourteenth of October the troops rushed to the charge without firing a single gun. The works were assaulted with irresistible impetuosity, and carried with but little lossk Eight of the enemy fell in the action ; but notwith- ftandin? the irritation lately produced by the infamous slaughter in fort Griswold, not a man was killed, who ceased to resist. Soon after the capture of ComwalUs, Hamilton sheathed his sword) and being encumbered with a family and destitute of funds, at the age of twenty five applied to the study of the Uw. In this profession he soon rose to disdncdon. But Ids private pursuits oould not detach him from regard to the public welfare. The vio- lence, which was meditated against the property and persons of all, who remained in the city during the war, called forth his generous exertions, and by the ud of governor Clinton the fsuthless and re- vengeful scheme was defeated. In a few years a more important afiur demanded his talents. After witnessing the debility of the confederation he was fully impressed with the necessity of an effi- cient general government, and he was appointed in 1787 a member of the federal convendon for New York. He assisted in forming the constitution of our country. It did not indeed completely meet his wishes. He was afraid, that it did not contain sufficient means of strength for its own preservation, and that in consequence we should share the fate of many other republics and pass through anarchy to despotism. He was in favor of a more permanent ex- ecutive and senate. He wished for a strong government, which would not be shaken by the conflict of different interests through an extensive territory, and which should be adequate to all ^e forms of nadnnal exigency. He was apprehensive, that the in. cfeftsed wealth and population of the states would \e%d to enccfach- 42 * V ./? ' ' (I \i mm I •'r , » h 1 • ?7..^ ■ )<1 ( Wt. , ' 1 ,i!';H' , , , '' "1 • i- 1 ; ^ ., pii ■ 1 • t H ■■ I I I if i 322 HAM. ;(.■.«* ■t ; ; tl ments on the anions and he anticipated the day* when the general goTernment, unable to support itself, would fail. These were hi» views and feelings, and he freeljr expressed them. But the patri- otism of Hamilton was not of that kind, which yields every thmg, because it cannot accomplish all, that it desires. Believing the con> stitution to be incomparably superior to the old confederation, |\c exerted all his talents in its support^ though it did not rise to his conception of a perfect system. By his pen in the papers signed Publius, and by his voice in the convention of New York he con- tributed much to its adoption. When the government was organ- ized in 1789, Washington placed him at the head of the treasury. In the new demands, which were now made upon his talents, the resources of his mind did not fail him. In his reports he proposed plans for funding the debt of the union and for assuming the debts of the respective states, for establishing a bank and mint, and for procuring a revenue. He wished to redeem the reputation of his country by satisfying her creditors, and to combine with the govern- ment such a monied interest, as might facilitate its operations. But while he opened sources of wealth to thousands by establishing public credit, and thus restoring the public paper to its original value, he did not enrich liimself. He did not take advantage of his situation, nor improve the opportunity he enjoyed for fcqniruig a fortune* Though accused of amassing wealth, he did liot vest a dollar in the public funds. He was exquisitely delicate in regard to his official character, being determined if possible to prevent the impeachment of his motives, and preserve his integrity and good name unimpaired. In the early stage of the administration a disagreement existed between Mr. Hamilton and the secretary of state, Mr. Jefferson, which increased till it issued in such open hostility, and introduced such confusion in the cabinet, that Washington found it necessary to address a letter to each, recommending forbearance and moderation. Mr. Hamilton was apprehensive of duiger from the enbroachment of the states and wished to add new strength to the general govern- inent ; while Mr. Jefferson entertained little jealousy of the state sovereignties, and was rather desirous of checking and limitmg the exercise of the national authorities, particularly the power of the executive. Other pointa of difference existed, and a reconciliation could not be effected. In the beginning of 1793, after intelligence of the rupture between France and Great Britain had been received, Hamilton, as one of the cabinet of the president, supported tlie opinion, that the treaty with France was no longer binding, and that a nation might absolve itself from the obligations of real treaties, when such a change takes place in the internal situation of the other contracting party, as renders the continuance of the connexion dis- advantageous or dangerons. He advised therefore,' that the ex- pected French minister should not be received in an unqualified HAM. 323 jnamier. The secretary of state on the other hand waa of opinion that the revolution in France had pnuluccd no change in the rela- tions between the two countries, and could not weaken the oblitca- uon of treatien ; and this opinion was embraced by Washington. The fldyice of Hamilton was folk>wed in regard to the insurrection in Pennsylvania in 1794, and such a detachment was sent out under Ins own command, that it was suppressed without effusion of blood. He remained but a short time afterwards in oSVce. As his property had .been wasted in the public service, the care of a rising family made it his duty to retire^ that by renewed exertions in his profes- sion he might provide for their support. He accordingly resigned his office on the last of January 1795, and was succeeded by Mr. Wolcott. Not long after this period, aa he was accused of pecula- tion) he was induced to repel the charge, and in doing this he thought it necessary to disclose a circumstance, which it would Jiave been more honorable to lus character to have left in oblivion. This was an rdulterous connexion with a Mrs. Reynolds, while he was secretary of the treasury. When a provisional army was rsdsed in 1798 in consequence of the injuries and demands of France, Washington suspended his acceptance of the command of it on the condition, that Hamilton should be his associate and the second in command. This arrangement was accordingly made. After the adjustment of our dispute with the French republic, and the discharge of the army, he returned agsun to his profession in the city. of New York. In this place he passed the remamderof his days. 7n June 1804 colonel Burr, vice president of the United States, addressed a letter to general Hamilton, requiring his acknowl- edgment or denial of the< use of any expression derogatory to the honor of the former. This demand was deemed inadmissible, and a duel was the consequence. After the close of the circuit court, the parties met at Hobc^en on the morning of Wednesday, July the eleventh, and Hamilton fell on the same spot, where his son a few years before had fallen, in obedience to the same princi- ple of honor, and in .the same violation of the laws of God and of man. He was carried into the city, and being desirous of receiving the sacnunent of the Lord's supper, he immediately sent for the reverend Hr. Mason. As the principles of his church prohibited him from administering the ordinance in private, this minister of the gospel informed general Hamilton, that the sacrament was an exhibition and pledge .of the mercies, which the Son of God has purchased, and that the absence of the sign did not exclude from the mercies signified, which were accessible to him by faith in their gracious Author: He replied, " I am aware of that. It is only as a sign that I wanted it.'* In the conversation, which ensued, he disa- vowed all intention of taking the life of colonel Burr, and declared his abhorrence of the whole transaction. Whon the sin, of which he hoA been guilty, was intimated to him, he assented with strong i' f ^1 I ,\ ■ t r i .1 1 •( I. :'. il r'^ t i' jif ,1 I -Mi' rJi II » • *i lofi 1*H I I ' t i? 1 924 HAM. emotion ; tnd wheh the infinite merit of the Redeemer, as the pro. pitiMtion for tin, the aole ground of our ncceptance with God,wM 8ugKested» he said with emphatis, ** 1 have a tender reliance on the mercy of the Almightjr through the merits of the Lord Jeaun Christ." The reverend bishop Moore was afterwards sent for, tmd titer maldng suitable inquiries of the penitence and faith of gene. ral Hamilton) and receiving his assurance, that he would never iigain, if restored to health, be engaged in a similar transaction, but xitrould employ all his influence in society to discountenance the bar* barous custom, administered to him the communion. After this hit mind was composed. He expired about two o'clock on Thursday July 13, 1804t aged about forty seven years. General Hamilton possessed very uncommon powers of mind. To whatever subject he directed his attention, he was able to grasp it, and in whatever he engaged, in that he excelled. So stupend* ouB were his talentsand so patient was his industry, that no investiga- tion presented difHculties, which he could not conquer. In the class tkf men of intellect he held the first rank. His eloquence was of the most interesting kind, and when new exertions were required, he rose in new strength, and touching at his pleasure every string of pity or terror, of indignation or grief, he bent the passions of oth« ers to his purpose. At the bar he guned the first eminence. With regard to his political designs the most contradictory opin- ions were entertained. While one party believed his object to be the pretervation of the present constitution, the other party imput- ed to him the intention of subverting it ; his friends regarded him ^ an impartial statesman, while his enemies perceived in his con> duct only hostility to France and attachment to her rival. What- ever may be the decision with regard to the correctness of his prin* ciples, his preference of his country's interest to hb own cannot be questioned by those, who Are acquainted with his character. He took no measures to secure a transient popularity, but, like evei7 true friend of his country, was willing to rest his reputation upon the integrity of his conduct. So far was he from flattering the people, that he more than once dared to throw himself into the torrent, that he might present some obstruction to \x% course. He was an honest politician ; ■ and his frankness has been com- mended even by those, who considered his political principles as hostile to the American confederated republic. His views of the necessity of a firm general government rendered him a dc> tided friend of the union of the American states. His feelings and language were indignant towards every thing, which pointed at its dissolution. His hostility to every influence, which leaned to- wards the project, was stem and steady, and in every shape it en- countered his reprobation. No man, of those, who were not friend- ly to the late administration, possessed so wide and command- log an mftuence \ and he seems not tq have been ignorant of the {.'■■ HAM. 325 •levated height, on which he stood. In assigning the reasoos for accepting the challenge of coloitel Burr, while tic seems to intimate his cpprehensions, that the dvbility of the general govcmroent would be followed by convulsions, he also alludes to the demandf which, in suchTan event, might be made upon liis military talents. His words are, ** the ability to l)e in future useful, whetlier in re« sisting mischief or effecting good, in those crises of our public af- f;*irs, which seem likely to happen, would probably be inseparablo from a conformity with public prejudice in this particular." With all his preeminence of talents, and amiable ns he was in private life, general Hamilton is yet a melancholy proof of the influ> ence, which intercourse with « depraved world has in perverting the judgment. In principle he was opposed to duelling, his con> science was not hardencti, and he was not indifTercnt to the happiness of his wife and children ; but uo consideration was strong cno\igh to prevent him from ex|X)sing his life in ningle combat. His own tiors of usefulness were followed in contrariety to the injunctions of his Maker and Judge. He had been for some time convinced of the truth of Christianity, and it was liis intention, if his life hod been spared, to have written a work upon its evidences. General Hamilton possessed many friends, apd he was endeaivd to them, for he wa» gentle, tender, and l)cnevoient. While he v as great in the eyes of tlie world, familiarity with him only increased the regard, in which he was held. In his person hu was small, and short in stature. He married a daughter of general Schuyler, and loft an afllicted widow and a number of children to mourn his loss. He published the letters of Phocion, which were in favor of the loyalists after the peace. The federalist, a series of essays, which tppearedin the public papers in the interval between the publication and the adoption of the constitution of the United Stales, or soon af- ter, and which was designed to elucidate and support its principles, was written by him in conjunction with Mr. Jay and Mr. Madison. He wrote all the numbcra, excepting numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, and 54, which were written by Mr. Jay ; numbers 10, 14, and 37 to 48 inchtsive by Mr. MadSson ; and numbers IS, 19, and 20, which he and Mr. Madison wrote conjointly. This work has been published in two volumes, and is held in the highest estimation. His reports while secretary of the treasury are very long, and display great powers oi mind. Some of them are preserved in the American museum. In the report upon manufactures he c< u^roverts the principles ol Adam Smith. In the papers signed Pacificus, written in 1793, while he justified the proclamation of neutrality, he also supported his opimon, that we were absolved from the obligation of our treat- ies writh France, and that justice was on the side of the coalition of the European powers for the reestablishment of the French monarchy. He published also observations on ceitain docu- ments kc. being a defence of himself against the- charge of pecnla- l;|'-'t!>y" : { u ;t :.m: ( 1 U • 1 ;fi N 1 i 1 I 1 , « 1 1 1 1 •' 1 . ■ •: m 326 HAN. fj: I'M 'fi i! ■. ■• lion, 1797 ; and a letter concerning the public conduct and cliai*actcr •of his excellency John AdamS) president of the United States, 1800. In this letter he endeavors to show, that the venerable pa- triot) who was more disposed than himself to msuntain peace with France, was unworthy of being replaced in the high station, which he occupied.— iTia«on'« oration on hia death; JVbtt'a diacourae ; Mbrria* Jun. oration ; Otia* eulogy ; Amea" aketch ; Marahally v. 131, 212, 234, 350—360,405, 607—611; Briaaot^nouv.voy.i. 243, 244 ; Public Jiaficra for July and August 1804 ; American mu- Jteum,xi. 1—5.1 :62— 78 ; Hardie \ Public characterafor 1806, 363; Monthly anthology, iv. 601. HANCOCK (John), minister of Lexington, Massachusetts, was JpoYXi in 1670, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1689. He was ordained November 2, 1698. After a ministry of more than half a century, he died very suddenly December 6, 1752, in the eighty second year of his age. About a fortmght before his death he officiated at then the good work of grace, 1743 ; an expostulatory and pacific let- ter in reply to Mr, Ccc, 1743. — Gai/s sermon en hia death. HAN. 327 HANCOCK (Thomas), a benefactor of Plarvard college* was the son of the reverend Mr. Hancock of Lexington^ and died in Boston August 1, 1764. His portrait at full length ialnrthe phiios* ophy chamber of the college. His nephew, the late governor Hancock, inherited most of his property ; but he bequeathed one thousand pounds sterling for foundutg a prol'essorship of the He- brew and other oriental languages in Hanrard college ; one thou- sand pounds lawful money to the society for propagating the gospel among the Indians in North America ; and six hundred pounds to the town of Boston towards erecting a hospital for the reception of such persons, as are deprived of their reason. Stephen Sewall,^ the first Hancock professor of Hebrew in the university of Cam- bridge, was inducted into his office in 176 5 .r'-^/innuai register for 1764, 116; Hohneu* tmnala, ii. 277. HANCOCK (JoHK, LL. D.), governor of Massachusetts, wa% the son of the reverend Mr. Hancock of Braintree, and was bom about the year 1737. He was^ graduated at Harvard college in 1754. On the death of his uncle, Thoinas Hancock, esquire, he received a very cx}nsiderable fortune, and sotm became an eminent merchant. In 1766 he was chosen a member of the house of representatives for Boston with James Otis, Thomas Cushing, and Samuel Adams. The seizure of his sloop Liberty in 1768 for evading the laws of trade occasioned a riot, and several of the commissioners of the customs narrowly escaped with their lives. As the controversy with Great Britain assumed a more serious shape, and affairs were hastening to a crisis, Mr. Hancock evinced his attachment to the rights of his country. He was president of the provincial congress in 1774. On the twelfth of June of the following year general Gage issued lus proclamation, offering pardon to all the rebels, ex- cepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock, "whose offences,*' it is declared, ^< are of too flagitious a nature to admit of any other con- ^deration, than that of condign punishment." Mr. Hancock was at this time a member of the continental congress, of which he was chosen president on the twenty fourth of May in the place of Peyton Randolph, who was under the necessity of returning home. In this office, as the head of the illiistiious congress of 1776, he signed the declaration of independence. In consequence of the ill state of his health he tc'>k his leave of congress in October i777, and received their thanks for his unremitted attention and steady impartiality in discharging the duties of his office. Henry Laurens was his successor. On the adoption of the present constitution of Massachusetts, he was chosen the first governor in October 1780, and was annually re-- elected and continued in that office till February 1785, when he resigned. In 1787 he was again chosen in the place of Mr. Bow- doin and remained in the chair till his death, October 8, 1793, aged fifty six years. His administration was very popular. It was ap^ "M '1. :' I I • t 1 ■ '•! * t ' . \n^ 1 ■'IT ' '•* % 1 ' ■ * * si * 1 ill Hi ■ ii M:._. 'im I ! U 328 MAR. prehended by some, that on his accession the dtgnltjr ot gorerih ment would not be sufficiently maintained ; but his language on assuming the chair was manly and decisiTev and by his moderation and lenity the civil convulsion was completely quieted without the shedding of blood by the hand of the civil magistrate. Fourteen persons, wlio received sentence of death) were pardoned^ In his public speeches to the legislature he acquitted himself with a de* gree of popular eloquence, which is seldom equalled. In one of his last acts as governor he supported in a dignified manner the sovereignty of the individual states. By a process commenced agunst Massachusetts in favor of William Vassal, esquirci he way summoned by a writ to answer to the prosecution in the court of the United Stetc:;. But he declined the smallest concession, which might lessen the independence of the state, whose interests were entrusted to his care, and he supported his opinion with firm- ness and dignity. Litigations of this nature were soon afterwards precluded by an amendment of the constitution of the United Staten. Mr. Hancock is represented as not favored with extraordinary powers of mind, and as not honoring tlie sciences very much by liis personal attentions. But he was easy in his address, polished in manners, affable, and liberal ; and as president of congress he exhibited a dignky, impartiality, quickness of conception, and constant attention to business, which secured him respect. As the chairman of a deliberative body, few could preside with such repu* tation. In the early periods of his public career, it has been said, that he was somewhat inconstant in his attachment to the cause of his country. Though this representation should be true ; yet from the commencement of the war the part, which he took, was decided and uniform, and his patriotic exertions are worthy of honorable remembrance. By the suavity of his manners and his insinuating address, he secured an almost unequalled popularity. He could speak with ease and propriety on every subject. Being contudered as A republican in principle and a finn supporter of the cause of free* dom, whenever be consented to be a candidate for governor, he was chosen to that office by an undisputed majority. In private life he was charitable and generous. With a large fortune he had also « disposition to employ it for useful and benevolent purposes. The poor shared liberally in his bounty. He was also a generous bene- factor of Harvard college. He published an oration, which he de* livcrcd on the Boston massacre, l774,.—mT,hacfier'* sermon on fax death ; Gordon^ i. 208, 23 1 ; ii. 31 ; iii. 18 — 2 1, 498 ; fVarreriy I 312 — 2 15, 430 ; Minot*a liist. imurrect. 179, 184 ; Maata. mercurth October 1 1, 1793 ; ffolmea* annala^t ii. S^IS ; Brfaaot notiv. voy. i. 152. HARDENBERGH (Jacobcb R. d. d.)> first president of Queen's college in New Jersey, was a native of this country "• He nottv. voy. i. HAH. 329 Xfti n6t fairored with the same advantages in the early part of his education) which some of his contemporaries enjoyed ; yet with a powerful mind) and habits of perseverini; application he made such progress in knowledge, that he was justly esteemed a great divine. He was» ordained by that party in the Dutch churches, which was denominated the Ccetus, and was its most distinguished and able supporter. He cheerfully exerted himself with the reverend Dr. livingston in 1771, when he was minister of Raritan, to heal the division of the Dutch churches, and a union was completed in the following year. After the charter of Queen's college at New Brunswick was obtained in 1770 he was the first president, and di- ed in that office in November 1790. This institution was designed for educating young men for the ministry. Dr. Hardenbergh's piety was ardent ; his labors indefatigable ; and his ministry great* ly blessed wCArM/tan*« magazine, ii. 13, 270. HART (Oliveh), minister of Charleston, South Carolina, w<»8 bom at Warminster, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, July 5, 1723. At the age of eighteen he was impressed with the importance of re- ligion and was baptized. He was ordained at Southampton Octo- ber 18, 1749, and in the same year went to Charleston, where he succeeded the reverend Mr. Chanler, and was minister of the bap- tist church in that city for thirty years. In such estimation was his character for patriotism and talents held by the council of safety ''Carolina, that at the beginning of the revolution he was appointed . them, with the honorable William Henry Drayton and the rev- ..end William Tennent, to visit the frontiers in order to reconcile some of the disaffected inhabitants to the change, which had taken place in public affairs. In February 1780 the warm interest, which he took in promoting the American revolution, induced him to leave Charleston, lest he should fall into the hands of the British, who were about to besiege the city. In December following he was settled at Hopewell in New Jersey, where he remdned till his death December 31, 1795, in the seventy third year of his age. Mr. Hart possessed strong powers of mind. His imagination was lively and his judgment sound. Though not favored with a liberal education, by diligent study and habitual reflection he became very respectable for his knowledge of Chrisdan truth. He was a uniform advocate of the doctrines of free and sovereign grace. As a preacher his manner was pleasing and his delivery animated. As a citizen he was a firm and decided patriot. He possessed a liberal spirit and exhibited the beneficence, which he recommended. In his last moments he enjoyed the consolations of the gospel, resting his hopes upon the righteousness of Christ. He published several sermons and tracts, namely, dancing exploded ; a discourse on the death of the reverend William Tennent ; the Christian temple ; a circular letter on Christ's mediatorial character ; American's "pmembrancer : a gospel church portrayed ; and a thanksgiving ' hi £iO llAR. termoQ} 1789. He had a turn for poetryt and wrote much) thou^ none of hu productions were published. A variety of his papers •n different subjects, which he highly valued) and many of his best books were destroyed by the Brititth army) when they overrun the southern states.-^/?ojr^'« ttnd FurmcaC* ducour»e» on his death \ Hardie'a biog. diet. HART (LkvI) o. d.)) minister of Preston) Connecticut) was the 'ion of Thomas Hart, esquire, of Southington) and was graduated at Yale college in 1 r60. While a member of college he made a pub. Uc profession of that religion) which regulated his whole Ufe. Having pursued the study of divinity for some dme with the rev- erend Dr. Bellamy) he on the fourth of November 1763 was settled {IB the minister of the second church in Preston. Here he contin- ued to perfornt the various duties of the sacred office until a short time before his death) which took place October 27) 1808) in the sevendeth year of liis age. Receiving from the gift of God « sound and vigorous mind) k was much improved by his scientific and literary acouisiiions. Many young men were trained up by him for the ministry. As he unrted a keen discernment of charac- ter to a social and communicative turn of mind) and was shvays governed by the desire of promoting the interests of reSi^on, he was very useful in his private intercourse with hi» ^people, as well as in his public labors. He sought out the abodes of affliction) of poverty) and of distress ;. loid while he soothed the poor by his conversaUoU) he was enabled also by an exact economy to contribute something from a small salary for the relief of their wants. His disposition wa» placid ; his manners amiable and unassuming ; and in the various- relations of life he was faithful and affectionate. He engaged zealously in the support of missionary institutions) and the progress of the gospel was the theme of his correspondence with a number of respectable friends of religion in Europe. He publish- ed a sermon preached to the corporation of freemen in Farmington September 20) 1 774 i election sermon)1786; a sermon on the death of the reverend Dr. HopkinS) 1803«— /'ano/t^ and mitt, mag. united^ i. 287, 388. HARVARD (John)) the founder of Harvard college) died in Charlestown, Massachusetts) in 1638) soon after his arrival intlus country. He had been a minister in England and he preached a short time in ChaVlestown. He left a legacy of seven hundred and seventy nine pounds, seventeen shillings) and two pence to the school at Newtown, or Cambridge. The next year the general court constituted it a college. The first president was the reverend IKr. Dunster.-— Mt^TwA'a) iv. 136 ; Collect, hist. aoc. i. 342 ; Hutth- huWf I. 90 ; J\real*a JV. E. i. 199 ; Holwa* annalsy I. 303. HAVEN (Samuel, d.d.), minister ot Portsmouth, New Hamp. shire) was bom in Frdmin-!:ham) Massachusetts) August 15, 1727, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1749. During the revi^'^l HAV. SSI of i«fig^on» which took place about the time of his residence at col- lege* tus mind was impressed by the truths of God) and he was a great admirer of the preachers, whose labors appeared to be blessed by the Holy Sjurit. Though he censured the irregularities, which existed, yet he ever retuned the persuasion, that in this period there was a remarkable exhibition of divine power and grace. Soon after he began to preach, he was invited to settle at Brookline ; but the unanimity of the invitation, which he at the same time received from the south church in Portsmouth, determined him to settle in a place more remote from the university, to which he wus much at* tached. He was ordidned May 6, 1753, and continued here till his death, which took place March 3, 1806, in the seventy ninth year of his age, and the fifty fourth of his ministry. His first wile was the daughter of the reverend Or. Apptetou of Cambridge. It is re- markable that his second wife, who attended him in his sickness, and closed his eyes, died herself in a few hours afterwards. They were both buried at the same time, and twelve children followed them to the grave. Dr. Haven possessed respectable talents, and was acquainted with various departments of science. Having paid considerable attention to the study of physic, his usefulness was thus increased among his people. His mind was r<&ther of the sprightly cast, than inclined to abstruse researches and deep investigation. In bis the- ological sentiments he was moderately Calvinistic, though in the latter part of his life he possessed a spirit of cutholicism and charity so excessive, as led him privately to speculate with Dr. Chauncy ob the sentiment of imiversal restitution. But- he never proclaimed this seatiment from the pulpit, and he declared, that he never meant to risk his salvation on that ground. His common sermons were plain, serious, and practical. His delivery was manly and in- teresting. He had a happy talent for all CKtempoi'ary services. He excelled in the tender and sympathetic. In scenes of affliction and sorrow he was a son of consolation. On funeral occauons, for variety, copiousness, tenderness, and pertinency of address he was rarely equalled, and he was often instrumental in awakening the careless and convincing the imconvinced. He pubtished.thp, following Bei*mons ; a sermon at the request of the congregational ministers of New Hampshire^ 1760 ; on the death of George II ai)^ the accession of George III, 1761 j on the conclusion of the war and the declaration of peace, 1763 ; at tlie or- dination of Jeremy Belknap at Dover, 1767 ; on the death of the honorable Henry Sherburne, 1767; a sermon preached at Cambridge and published at the request of the students, 1.768 ; one preached at Medfield, 1771 ; election sermon in New Hampshire, 1786 ; on the death of the reverend Benjanlin Stevens, 1791; on the rea- «onablene8S and importance of practical religion, 1794{ the Dud- Man lecture at Cambridge, 1798 ; a sermon soon after the ordina^ tii'^i- ^' '^ r 'm M'^^ i '' U I ..i '. i it fJ I I il!il'''i ■ ifl; fii i. a*- '*;' vi :.m \ ■ II VJ i Nt 1^ . ;, I ^t. 35^ HAV. txon of the reverend T. Aiden jun. as hU colleague, 1 t)00.>.^i-. Buckminater*$ termon on hit death f Mden*t account of relig. aocietiet in Portsmouth . HAVEN (Jason), minister of Dedhamy Massachusetts, was born at FrumiAgham March 13, 1733, and was graduated at Harvard coU lege in 1754. He was ordained pastor of the first church in Ded< ham February 5, 1756. In 1779 he was chosen a member of the convention, which formed the constitution of the state, in which he lived. In his old age his impaired health rendering a colleague necessary, the reverend Joshua Bates was ordained March 16, 1803. l^r. Haven died May 17, 1803, in the seventy first year of his age, rA nd the forty eighth of his ministry. He was furnished with tal< rats for the acceptable discharge cf the various duties of the sacred ofiice. His discourses were very evangelical ; he was eminent in prayer ; and his appearance and manners uniformly dignified his station. Besides several smaller works, he published the following sermons; on the anniversary thanksgiving November 21, 1758; Ht the artillery election, 1761; at a private meeting in Frammg- ham, 1761 i at the ordination of the reverend Edward Brooks, July 4, 1764; election sermon, 1769 ; on the death of Mrs. Hannah Richards, 1770 ; at the ordination of the reverend Ephraim Ward, October 23, 1771 ; at the ordination of the reverend A^oses Eve- rett, September 28, 1774 ; at the funeral of the reverend Samuel Duiil ar, 1783; at the ordination of the reverend Stephen Palmer, November 7, 1792 ; a sermon to his own people forty years lifter his or^nation, February 7, 1796.— PrmriW sermon on hit death. H AWLEY (Josbph), distinguished as a statesman and patriot, vras born in Northampton, Massachusetts^ and was graduated at Yale college in 1742. Soon after finishing his collegia! education he engaged in the study and the practice of the law in his nadve town. In this science he became a great proficient and was one of the most distinguished counsellors in the province. Among his other studies he attained to^such an eminence of knowledge }n po* litical history and the principles of free government, that during the disputes between Great Britain and the colonies he was regard* ed as one of the ablest advocates of American liberty. His integri- ty both in public and in private life was inflexible, and wa^ not even <|uestioned by hisv political opponents. He was repeatedly elected a member of the council, but refused in every instanee to accept the office, as he preferred a seat in the hoiise of representadves, where his character for disinterested patriotism and his bold and manly eloquence gave him an ascendency, which has seldom been equalled. He was first elected a member of the legislature in 1764. In the latter part of 1776 major Hawiey wa^ afflicted with hypochondriacal disorders, to which he had been frequently subject in former periods of his life ; and after this he declined public HAW. 335 business. He died March 10, 1788, aged tkxij four vears. A letter, which he wrote in 1760, preserved in the life of Edwards, does him the highest honor, for it proves him not incapable of hum* blin^ himself for his fdilin^. He had been active in effecting the removal of Mr. Edwards irom Northampton, and he deplores the part, which he took in that affair. HAWLEY (Gidbom), many years a missionary to the Indians, was a native of Connecticut and was graduated at Yale college in 1749. He commenced his missionary labors in February 175S at Stockbridge, in the western part of Massachusetts. Thence in September he made an excuruon to Schoharie in the country of the Mohawk Indians, and after his return to Stockbridg^e he opened bis school again at the beginning of winter under the patronage of the reverend Mr. Edwards. Here he was the instructer of the children of a number of Mohawk, Oneida, and Tuscarora fiimilies, and preached to them on the sabbath. It being determined by the commisuoners for Indian affairs in Boston to establish a mission in the country of the Iroquois, or Indians of the six nations, Mr. Haw* ley engaged in the plan. In May 1753 he commenced his journey towards the wilderness, accompanied by the honorable Timothy Woodbridge, a gentleman of abilities, and of great influence among the Indians. Haviilg visited sir William Johnson at h^s seat upon the Mohawk river and secured his patronage, they proceeded to- vrards the head of the Susquehannah, adoring every night and morning that kind providence, which attended and preserved them in the recesses of s forest. On the fourth of June- they reached the place of their ^estitiation, Onohoghgwage, or as it is sometimes called Oughquauga,upon?the Susquehannah river. Here an inter- view was held with the Indians, who gave them a good reception. On the thirty first of July 1754 Mr. Hawley wasordained at Boston, that his usefulness might be increased by being authorized to ad- minister the ordinances of the gospel. He soon returned to Onb- hoghgii4ge, and was there till May 1756, when the French war obUged hun to withdraw from that country. He went to Boston in June, and entering as chapldn in the regiment of colonel Gridley, he soon join quence of Henry, and the constitution was adopted, though by a small majority. Mr. Henry's bill of rights and Ids amendments were then accepted, and directed to be transmitted to the several states. Some of these amendments have been ingrafted into the federal constitution, on which account as well as on account of the les- sons of experience Mr. Henry in a few years lost in a degree his repugnance to it. After the resignatbn of Mr. Randolph in August 1795 he was nominated by president Washington as secre- tary of state, but considerations of a private nature induced him ts decline the honorable trust. In November 1796 he was again elected governor of Virginia, and this office also he alnwst imme- diately resigned. In the beginning of the year 1799 he was appointed by president Adams as an envoy to France with Messrs. Ellsworth and MuiTay. His letter in reply to the secretary of state is dated in Cfaiariotte county April the sixteenth, and in it he speaks of a severe indisposition, to which he was then subject, and of his advanced ^e and increasing debility, and adds, " nothing short of absolute necessity could induce me to withhold, my little aid from an administration, whose abilities, patriotism, and virtue deserve the gratitude and reverence of all their fellow citizens." Governor Davie of North Carolina was in ronsequence appointed in his place. He lived but a short time aftei^^his testimony of the respect, in which liis talents and patriotism were held, for he ^ed at Red Hill in Charlotte county June 6, 1799. ;, Mr. Henry was a man of eminent talents, of ardent attachment to liberty, and of most commanding eloquence.- The Virginians boast of him as an orator of nature. His general appearance and Imanners were those of a plun farmer. In this character he always entered on the exordium of an oration. His unassuming looks and expressions of humilit^r induced his hearers to listen to him with the same easy opennesS} with which they would converse with an HEN. 337 bonctt Migkbor. After he hatl thus disarmed prejudice and pride and opened » way to the heart, the intpiralioa of hia eloquencet vrhen little expected^ would invest him with the authority ot a prophet. With a mind of great powers and a heart of keen sensi* liilitft he would sometimes rise in the majesty of his genius, and) while he filled the audience with admiration, would with almost ir- resistible influence bear along the passions of others with him. % In private 'ife he was as amiable and virtuous, as he was coospic* uoas in his public career. His principles of liberty and regard to Christianity led him to deplore the practice of slavery. On this subject, in a letter written in 1773, he inquires, ** is it not amaaing, that at a time, when the rights of humanity are defined and under^ stood with precision, in a country above all others fond of liberty ; that in such an age and such a country we find men, professing n religion, ths most kumano, mild, gentle, and generous, adopting a prini'iple, a^ repugnant to humanity, as it is inconsistent with the bi- ble, aiid destructive to liberty ?— Would any one believe, that I am master of slaves of my own purchase ? I am drawn along by the general inconvenience of being here without them. Iwillnot— I cannot juatify it/— I believe a time will come, whein an opportunity will be offered to abolish this lamentable evil. Every thing we can do istoimprove it, if it happens in our day ; if not, let us transmit to our descendants, togeth- er with our slaves, a pity for their unhappy lot, and an abhorrence of slavery." In another letter to Archibtdd Blair, esquire, written but a few months before his death, after lamenting the violence of parties in Virginia, and reprobating French infidelity, and manners, and politics, he adds, ** I am too old and infirm ever again to under- take public concerns. I hve much retired amidst a muldplicity of blessings from that gracious Ruler of all things, to whom I owe unceasing acknowledgments for his unremitted goodness to me.— And if I were permitted to add to the catalogue one other blessing, it should be, that my countrymen should team wisdom and virtue^ and in this their day to know the things, that pertain to their peace." The following afTectionate tribute to the memory of Hen- ry, which appeared in the Virginia papers immediately after liis death, though not a specimen of perfect taste, will yet further illus- trate his character by showing the estimation, in which he was held by those, who knew him. <* Mourn, Virginia, mourn ; your Henry is gone. Ye friends to liberty in every clime, drop a tear. No more will his social feelings spread delight through his happy house. No more will his edifying example dictate to his nume- rous offspring the sweetness of virtue, and the majesty of patriot- ism. No more will his sage advice, guilded by zeal fojr the com- mon happiness, impart light and utility to his caressing neighbors. No n»ore will he illuminate the public councils with sentiments drawn from the cabinet of his own mind, ever directed to his coun- tty's goody and clothed in eloquence sublime, delightful, and com- 44 iiC , I' : i 1 r n i. ' if III » ;' t / i' i 1 ^1 "" 1 ^, ■1 ji. 338 HER. manding. Farewell, tint rate patriot, (iMvweU. Aa long aa en* rivera flow, or mountaina atand, ao long wUk four excellence and worth be the theme of ouv homage and endearment } and Virginia, bearing in mind* her loaa* will any to lieing generationa, imitate m* lienry."^/Mbn/A/y antholofyy k AS^ 489, 543 ;. MafkaU^ ii. 88, 1*80,309,210; a/k^nu/. 35— 37 ; iii. o/^rni/. 13, 15 { y.afiftend. SI, 33 ; Virginia debatety tec. edit. 37, 43, 309, 316t 337, 336, 3S7, 416, 430 ; Stedtnariy i. 33 ; Gordon^ ii. 85, 86 ; ^Annual regitterfor 1.776, 19, 30 ; Oayfioole'a udvertiter^ June 3 1, 1799 } Coiumk. cm. tinel, Mtvember 5, 1800 ; Hoimet* annai^t ii. 499. HERSEY (Ebkkibl), an eminent physician of Hingham, Mas> aachuaetta, and- a benefactor of Harvard college, waa eraduated at that aeminary in 1738, and died December 9, 1770. He bequeath- ed to the college,- in which he waa educated, one thouaand poundi sterling towards founding a professorship of anatomy and surgery. His widow also gave the same aum for the same purpose. Dr. Warren, the present professor, was the first) who waa established on thia foundation.— /ToAn^** annuity ii. 397. HERSEY (Abner), an eminent physician of Barnstable, Mas- sachusetts, was the brother ef the preceding and died not manv years after him. He bequeathed to Harvard college five hundred pounds towards the establishment of a professorship of the theory and practice of physic. The first professor in this depdrcment was the present one. Dr. Waterhouse. Dr. Hersey also bequeathed about five hundred pounds, the interest of which he directed to be applied annually to the purchase of religious publications, which should be distnbuted in all the towns on cape Cod. He directed what books should be selected for a hundred years ; after the expi- ration of which time the ministers and deacons of the several towns, to whose care his donation is entrusted, are authorized to select any religious books at their pleasure, excepting on every fourth year, when the books, which he designated, among which, are some of Doddridge's works, are to be distributed forever. MI ACOOMES, the first Indian in New England, who was con« verted to Christianity and a minister at Martha's Vineyard, lived upon thia island, when a few English families first settled here is 1'64^. Under the instruction of the reverend Thomas Mayhew he eagerly received the truths of the gospel. Having learned to read» Jie in 1 645 begun< to teach his copper colored brethren the Christ* ian doctrines, and he did not labor in vain. A number of them were soon impressed wiUi a< sense of their guilt in living, as they had done, and sought for pardon fi*em him, who- is the propitiation for the sina of the world. The saohems>and pawaws, or priests, did not observe this progress of Christianftjr ^th indifference. While the latter threatened to destroy all the praying Indians with witch- craft, their menaces were particularly directed agaihst Hiacoomes ; but he said to them, " I believe in God and pjut my trust in him, anal Hia 239 Uierefbre aU the ptwiw* can do me no hurt/' In 1650, when ho |o«t • xoung child* the iunenl wm performed in the English man^ ■er. The mourners did not discolor their faces, nor deposit anjr utenaiJs or goods in tlie grave, nor bowl over the dead. After tho death of Mr. Mayhewin 1657, he continued his benevolent laborat though he greatly Umented the loss of that good man, hy whom he had been enlightened in tlie knowledge of the truth, and whose in- sUMCtiont gave him the power of instructing others. In August 1670 an Indian church was regularly formed on MarthVs Vineyard, sod Hiacoomes and Tackanash were ordained its pastor and teach- er by the reverend Messrs. Eliot and Cotton. Hiacoomes survived bis colleague, and died aboutthe year 1690, aged near eighty years. He was a faithful and successful minister, slow in speech, grp"^ in manners, and blameless in his life. While he taught tlte kdibia the doctrine of the Trinity, the fall ot Adam, the wretched state of h]» descendants, and the way of redemption by Jesus Christ, he was also courageous in reprehendinf; them for vorahipping the'r false gods and adhering to their pawaws. He was 'not elnted by the high office, 'Which he sustained, but ever continued humble. At the ordination of Mr. Japbet, who succeeded T&ckanaih as his col- league, he prayed, imposed hands, and gave ihe cliu'/;^e with r uch propriety. In his last sickness he expressed the hopes of a C. Hst> ian, and gave good exhortations to those around him ; vflx t his death he -without doubt entered into that rest, from which many of the learned and refined, who love not the Lord Jesu C •cis^., will be txcbidtdf—Afayhew** Indian convert* i Mat^er^a mi jnaiiat lii' 199 ; XeaPtJV. £.i. 363— 371. HIGGINSON (Francis), first nuiuster of Salem, Maseachu- setts, after receiving his education at Kmouuel college in Cam- bridge, became the minister of a church at Lt7.l Having sought adv curacy from cause to effect, knowing that iniquity is generally foU lowed by its punishment, and he lived in an age, when it was usual for mihister^ to speak with more confidence, and authority, and effi< cacy, than at present. He sailed from Gravesend April 25, 1629, accompanied by the revet^end Mr. Skelton, whose principles accord< ed with his own. When he came to the land's end, he called his children and the other pa^engers on deck to take the last view of their native country ; and he now exclaimed, *< farewell England, farewell the church of God in England, and ^1 the Christian:friends there. We do not go to America as separatists from the church of England, though we csiiinot but separate from its corruptions.":He theh concluded with a fervent prayer for the kin^, church, and State in England. He arrived at cape Anh, June 87, 1629, and having spent the next day here, which 'v^^s Sunday, on the twenty ninth he entered the harbor of Salem. July the twentieth was ob- served as a day of fasting by the appointment of governor Endicot, luid the church then made choice of Mr. Higginson to be their ti^Bcheri an4 Mr, Skeltm their p::istor. £)ach with the assistance of HIO. Ui some 6f the grayest mehiben of the church laid his hands at this time on the other with prayer. A more solemn investiture took place on the sixth of August, when about thirty persons accepted a confession of faith and church covenant, which had been drawn up by Mr. Higginson, and the two ministers were again ordained by the iihpoution of hands. Governor Bradford and others from the church of Plymouth gave them the right hand of fellowship. As both these ministers had been ordained by bishops in Engluid, and as Mr. Higginson professed not to be a separate from the establish- ed church, this ordination cannot be considered as investing them with the sacred office, but only as introducing them to the pastoral care of a particular flock. Thus auspicious was the commence-^ ment of thfe settlement of Naumkeak, or Salem ; but the scene was 9oon changed. During the first winter about one hundred persons ^ed, and Mr. Higginson was soon seized with a hectic, which ter- minated his d&ys in August 1 6S0, in the forty third year of lus age. In his last sickness he was reminded of his benevolent exertions in the service of the Lord Jesus Christ. To consoling suggestions of this kind he replied, " I have been an unprofitable servant, and all my desire is to win Christ, and be found in him, not having my own righteousness." His famiiy, consisting of his wife and eight chil- dren, whom he was about to leave without a suitable provision for their tanaintenance, he cheerfully commended to the care of God, being fully persuaded, that his favor would attend them. '*^< vr HiB was a zealous and useful preacher, mild in his doctrines, but strict in discipline. He admitted nohe into the church without sat- isfactory evidence, that they were truly religious^ and excluded the ignorant and immoral from the table of the Lord. In his de- portment he was grave, and pure in morals, and though not rash in his decisions, he was not easily shaken from his purposes. In his person he was slender and not tall. His son, Francis Hig|^son> went to Europie, and after residing some tim^e as a student at L<^y- den, and visiting other universities upon the continent, was settled a8& miinisterat Kerby Steven in Westmoreland, England, where he di^d about the year 1670, in the fifty fifth year of his age. He was the first, who wrote against the quakers, and he published also a latin treatise concerning the five principal lights, uncreated and created light, and the light of nature, grace, and iglory. Mr. Higginson of Salem wrote an account of his voyage, which is preserved in Hutchinson's collection of papers. He wrote also a short accdUnt of that part of Massachusetts, which was now set- tling, ahd of the Indians, entitled, New England's plantation, or a short and true description of the commodities and discommodities of that ccuntiy. It was published in 4to in 16S0, and has been lately reprinted in the collections of the historical society. This curious account is generally correct, though the isle of slates, and the marble, and the lions existed only in report and imacjl nation .—i ^ I m ■' • 1 34a HIG. Wh J( '-Jit- ij Mather's magnaOay i. 1 8, 19 j iii. 70—75 ; Collect, hut. aoc. i. 117^ 134 ; vi. 231, 242 — 244 ; ix. 2 — 3 ; J^eaPa M E. i. 145 ; Morte and ParinhU JV. JB. 96—101 ; Prineey 348 ; Ilutchtmon^ i. 10, U ; hit collection, 32-— 50 ; Holmea* annals, i. 350. HIGGINSON (John), minister of Salem, Massachusetts, was the son of tlie preceding, and was born in Elngland August 6, 1616. Some time after the death of his £ither, with whom he came to this country in 1639, he was the instructer of a school at Hartford, CojmecUcut, his mother with six of her children being somewhat dependent upon his exertions for her support. Having become a preacher^ he was chaplain at Saybrook fort a number of years. In 1 64 1 he went to Guilford, and preached about two years as an as« sistant to Mr. Whitfield, whose daughter he married. In 1643 he was chosen one of the seven pillars of Guilford. The practice of chooung from among the brethren seven persons, who were called pillars, to whom the other church members were gathered, had be'. fore been adopted m N^w Haven and Milford. After the church was completely organized in Guilford in 1643, Mr. Higginson was elected teacher to assist Mr. Whitfield ; but he was not ordained. About the year 1 650 Mr. Whitfield returned to England, and Mr. Higginson remained as teacher of the chtuxh. But in 1659 he left that town with the intention of revisiting his native cou^itry. On his arrival at Salem he was persuaded to preach one year in the church, where his father had been settled, and was ordained in Au* gust 1660. Here he continued near half a century till his death December 9, 1708, in Ibe ninety third year of his age. He had been seventy two years in the ministerial office. His colleague, Mr. Nicholas Noyes, survived him. The ordination of Mr< Higginson, it seems, took place in a man- ner somewhat peculiar. The hands of the deacons and of one of the brethren were imposed in the presence of the neighboring churches and elders. Whether they united in this ceremony is not known ; but Mr. Norton of Boston gave the right hand of fellow- ship. Mr. Higginson was at first zealous ag^nst the quakers, and he lived to lament, that his zeal was so warm. As a preacher he was Inghly respected. Judge Sewall calls him, " that aged and venerable divine ;" and Dr. Mather speaks of him, in the eighty eighth year of bis age, as then performing the duties of his oHicq with cuch manly; pertinent, judicious vigor, and with so little decay of his intellectual abilities, as excited admiration. In hia worldly aifairs he was often embairrassed, being supported during part o^ his ministry by voluntary contribution. It is con8ide)*able evidence of his good sense and of his benevolence, that he took no part in the proceedings relating to witchcraft in 1693. He published aa election sermon, entitled, the cause of God and his .people in New England, 1663 j our dying Savior's legacy of peace to hisdisci- plct ifi a troublesome world, with a discourse on the duty of CIvist' \^ HIL. 343 £aD» to be witnesses unto Christ) unto which is added some help to self examination, 1686 ; an attestation to Dr. Mather's magnalia, or church history of NewEngland) prefixed to that work, and dated, 1697 ; a testimony to the order of the gospel in the churches of •New England with Mr. Hubbard, 1701 } an epistle to the reader, prefixed to Hale's inquiry into the nature of witchcrait, 1702 ; a preface to Thomas Allen's invitation to thirsty sinners ; the de- plorable state of New England, 170B j-^Magnatiaj iii.6&, 76 ; Collect, hut. «oc.iv. 187 ; vi. 343, 344, 359 — 364, 271, 272 ; Hutctdnmn^ i.425; ii. 176; IVumbuir* Connect, i. 293, 398,310; Mye»* elegy ; Holme»* annal*^ ii. 74. HILLIARD (Timothy), minister of Cambridge, Messachu- setts, was bom in Kensington, New Hampshire, in 1746, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1764. When he entered the pul- pit as a preacher of the gospel, his labors were very acceptable, and he was thought not only to have just views of the Christian doctrines, but to have experienced their efRcacy on his own heart. In 1768 he was appointed chaplain of castle William, and after offi- ciating a few months was elected a tutor of the college, in which be was educated. He was ordained the minister of Barnstable April 10, 1771, as the successor of the reverend Mr. Green ; but after continuing his benevolent exertions in this place for twelve years, respected and beloved by his people, he was induced in con- sequence cf his impured health, occasioned by the dampness of the sea air, to request a dismission, which was given him April 30, 1783. He was succeeded by the reverend John MeDen. On the twenty seventh of October following he was installed at Cambridge, as colleague with the venerable Dr. Appleton. He was peculiarly well qualified for the conspicuous station, in which by divine provi- dence he was now placed ; for he possessed an easy and pleasing elocution and a devotional manner, and his discourses were pure in language, replete with judicious sentiments, well arranged, instruc- tive, and truly evangelical. But the powresident, there was a conlriljution through the colony for erecting a new building for the college, and eighteen hundred and ninety five pounds were collected. A valuable letter of Dr. Hoar to Josiah Flynt, jijiving him direction in his studies, is published in the collections of theodVIassarhusctts historical society .—Ma.^nn- Uuy iv. 129 ; Collect, hist. aoc. vi. 100 — 108 ; MaPa JV. E. i. 390 ; HutchinaoTtn i. 174 ; Nonconform, memorial^ ii. 222.. HOBART (Peter), first minister of Hingham, MassachuseUs, was bom in the town of the same name, in England in 1604, and HOB. 345 w»l educated at the univenity of Cambridge. After he began to preach, the impositions of the prelatical party induced him to come to this country. He arrived June 8, 1635, and in September fol- lowing he began, with a number of his friends, a new plantation at Hingham. Here he continued till his death, January 20, 1679. Four oi his sons were respectable ministers, of whom JosliUa was settled at Southold on Long Island, Jeremiah at Uadd^m, and Ger- shom at Groton, Connecticut.-— Mc^stio/io, lii. 15J— 135; Brain* rfh-m:i'»pi^ ■;;? Mr. Hobart had few equals in this country for acuteness of ge* 45 ■■.,]..;.;: Mi, i. ' r :y Fir fy'l ■4.1 tm m I \m .'i46 HOB^ #:* rj w 'V^ ! f. M r n tans and learning. A sound judgpnent* a retentive memory, aae an uno<:ninonly social and communicative temper> joined to r knowled,.*f; of book^i and an extenuve acquuntance with most branches of science, especially with history and divinity, which vrere his iavorite studies, rendered Mr conversation very interest- ing and useful. In the public offices of religion he acquitted him- ijclf with graceful dignity» and with a solemnity, which indicated a deep impression of the majesty t^ that B&«.»g-> «a whose presence he appero'&d. In his preaching he avJrcsued lum v»lf i;v< the under* standmg rather than to the imaginaaon mil fpati^donts inculcating the great doctrines oS regeneration, of i\o ;aan will be admitted tu heaven. He published a * ermon at the oidination of the reverem! IS^h- Wt; Ues> f74T ^ a serious address to the mem* hers of- die ep«.>»copal iic^^aration in New England, 1748 ■; election sermon, ! 750 ; a second addr(>ss &n !:he members, ol the episcopal ^paration in N;;w Eugl'Jiid, i75l ^ a vindication o!f tbepiece, en- titieiU the principles of congregational church he. &pptiedto the case of the late ordination at Waliingfoi ci. occ»Aiy religious truth and having embraced the principles of the baptists, he was baptized in 1679. About the year 1700 he ifss chosen a deacon of ihe reverend Mr. Palmer's church in Lon- don, and he ilied in February 1731, aged about seventy two years. Jie was for many years an eminent merchant, and while success at- tended his exertions, it pleased God to incline him also to charita- 4)le and benevolent deeds in proportion to his wealth. He founded tvo professorships in Harvard college, the professorship of divinity and of mathematics. He also presented a valuable apparatus for mathematical and philosophical experiments, and at different times augmented the library with many valuable books. In 1727 the net j>roduce of his donations, exclusive of gifts not vendible, amounted to four thousand and nine hundred pounds, New England currency, the in^terest of which he directed to be appropriated to the support of the two professors, to the treasurer of the college, ai^d to ten poor students in divinity. The liberality of Mr. HoUis seemed to proceed from a pious heart. He says in a letter, after speaking of some of his efforts ^to do good,; " I think not hereby to be justifi- ed. My rejoicing is in Jesus Christ, my God and Savior." He also ascribes all, that he was, "to lich, free, and sovereign, clectii^ love." Being a Calvinist in his sentiments, he required his pro- fessor of divinity to be " of sound or orthodox .principles.'* Still he was not governed by a sectarian spirit; he did not require the preference of his own baptist denonunation ; but. the professorship was open to every one, who, in his view,/embraced the impoitani and fundamental doctrines of the gotifpel. ^His first professor was fthe reverend Dr. Wigglesworth. His nephew, Thomas Hollis. who died in 1774, had a most ardent attachment to liberty, and.en- <]cavored to promote it by the publication and distribulion of books, which vindicate the rights of man. His benefactions to the library of Harvard college amounted to about fourteen hundi'ed pounds sterling.— Co/jii««'« and PVigglea^orth*» aermont. Greenwood's dis- couraCf and Iiudd*s fioem on hi» death ; Menwira qf Th^maa Hollisy i. 1; ii.59d— 601; M<^rae*a true reaaona^ isfc. ; Hilmea* ayniiiU^ it. 130. HOLYOKE (EnwAHi)), president of Marvard college, wa^s graduated in that seminary in 1705, and after being a tutor for u few years w«a ordained the minister of a new society in Marble- head April 85, 1716. He continued in this place until 1737, when he was elected president of the college, in which he was educated. He was inducted into this office as the successor of president Wads- vprtb «\ the twenty eighth of September. He died June 1, 1769. ! 1 'I ./ 'I- I !t:i!l V ; 1 ,iii i .11 1, * 1 1 ; i: i \\ y\ it .♦ Mft I; y. m ■ m 348 HOO. im ' i\ii ki the ciifhtieth year of his age, retaining the vigor of his mind and considerable strength of body, and discharging the duties oi his station until u few months before. He was succeeded by tlu reverend Mr. Locke. As a minister of the gospel, while Mr. Hul. yoke contended lor the free and sovereign grace of God in our sal* ration, he was also zealous for good works, and by his benevolence, uprightness, and tlie uniform integrity of his conduct he exempli. fied the lessons, which he inculcated upon others. His excelleii e. as a preacher was such, as gained him a high reputation. At the head of the university he pussessed a dignity peculiar to himself His majestic appearance, his speech, and demeanor were calculated to impress with awe ; out notwithstandinp; his air of dignity and authority he was humble in heart. He sought not praise from men, but endeavored to secure the approbation of God. Having a vigorous constitution, and knowing the value of time, his hours were appropriated to particular duties, and he was remarkable Toi liis punctuality, exactness, and order. He was eminent in the vu- rious walks of literature, but he principally excelled in his acquaint* ance with mathematics and natural philosophy. He published an election sermon, 1736; a sermon at the ordination of James Diman, 1737 } at a convention of ministers, 174 1 .-—^/ipleton^a sermons on hk death; Sevfall*8 oratio funehria j Collect, hint. aoc. viiij 70—75 } x. •158; Hofmea* annahy ii. 294. HOOKER (Thomas), the first minister of Cambridge, Mas* sachusetts, pnd one of the founders of the colony of Connecticut, was bom in Leicei^tershire, England, !in 1586, and was educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. In his youth he had such a deep sense of his guilt, as filled his mind with anguish ; but at length he found peace through the blood of the Redeemer, and an exemplary life of piety and goodness proved, that his hope would not make |iim ashamed. After preaching for some time in London he was chosen lecturer and assistant to Mr. Mitchel at Chelmsford in 1639. He was remarkably successfut in his labors j but being ftilenced in about four years for his nonconformity, he established a grammar school, and continued to exert i;iis whole influence for the Chrifi- an cause. Forty seven conforming clergymen in his neigh- |x)rhood petitioned the bishop of London on his behalf ; but Laud was of too imperious and determined a spirit to suffer any circum- stance to shake -him from his purpose, when he had an opportunity to lay his hands upon a puritan. Mr. Hooker was obliged to flee to HoUand about the year 1630, and he preached sometimes at Delft, andf sometimes at Rotterdam, being an assistai.>; to the celebrated Dr. Ames. In 1633 he came to New England in company with Mr. Cotton and Mr. Stone, and was settled with the latter at Npwtown or Cam- bridge on the eleventh of October, being ordained by the imposi- tion of the hands of the brethren of the chyrch. In J\me 1636 he HCX). 349 icmovcd witi) u. iiundred others to a fertile spot on the banks of the Connecticut river, wliich tkiey called Harttord, having travelled through the wlMemesH with no other guide than a compass. In this new colony he had great influence in establishing ..e order of the churches. He died of an epidemical fever July 7, 1647, in the bixty second year of nis age. As he was dying, he said, ** I am going to receive mercy ;" and then closed his own eyes, and ex- pired with a smile on his countenance. He was a remarkably ani< mated and interesting preacher. With a loud voice, an expressive countenance, and a most commanding presence he delivered the truths of God with a zeal and energy seldom equalled. He ap- peared with such majesty in the pulpit, that it was pleasantly said of him, that ^ he could put a king into his pocket." He has been called the Luther, and Mr. Cotton the Melancthon of New £ng- land. It was his custom, it seems, to preach without his notes. On a visit to Massachusetts in May 1639, he preached on the Sabbath at Cambridge, and governor Winihrop went from Boston to hear him. Having named his text in the afternoon, he proceeded about a quarter of an hour with great loudness of voice and vehemence of manner, wlien suddenly he found himself entirely at a loss what to say. After several ineffectual attempts to proceed, he observed to the assembly, that what he intended to have spoken was taken from him, and requesting them to sing a psalm withdrew for half an hour. He then returned and preached about two hours with wonderful pertinency and vivacity. After the sermon, he said to gome of his friends, *<" we daily confess, that we can do nothing without Christ, and what if Christ should prove this to be the fact before the whole congregation ?" Dr. Ames declared, that he never met with Mr. Hooker's equal either in preaching or disputation. While he lived in his native country he was invited to preach in the great church of Leicester, and one of the chief burgesses set a fiddler in the church yard tb disturb the worship. Mr. Hook- er elevated his voice to such a pitch and spoke with such animation, as to rouse the curiosity of the man and attract him ; the church door. There he listened, and such solemn truths reached his ears, as by the blessing of God were the moans of his salvation. Though his own preaching was generally very practical and experimental, he advised yotmg ministers to preach the whole system of divinity both for their own benefit and that of their people. In the gov- ernnicnt of the church he would propound nothing for decision tiU it had been previously considered by some of the principal breth- len, and would say, " the elders must have a church in a church, if they would preserve the peace of the church." Though na^ turally irascible in his temper, he acquired a remarkable command of his passions. He was condescending;, benevolent, and charitable. It was no uncommon act of beneficence with him to give five or ten ppunds to the necessitous. At a time, \7hcn there was a Rveal, ' 'I" t.\ m \*m ii . I * '■ V ■ .ji' J6U Hoa f ■»3i il; ,<» • ;hi tcarcitj at Southampton upon Long laland, he wiih Mme CrisiHit ^t the inhabitants a small vessel*, freighted with corn. Ui» be- ncvolenee was united with pietjr. One day in every month he de* voted to private prayer and fattingt and he used to say* that prayer was the principal part of a minister*s work. In lus banilf he ex- hibited a lively devotion, and all, who resided under his roof, were instructed and edified by him. His most celebrated work, enUtled,* survey of the sum of churck discipline, was published in England in 4to, 1648, under the inspec* tion of the famous Dr. Thomas Goodwin, who says, " as touch* ing this treatise and the worthy author of it, to pretace any thint by commendation of either were to lay paint upon burnished mar- bloror add Ught wsto the sun." In this work Mr. Hooker contends, that each church hay in itself lull power to excercise all church discipline, but that there is a necesuty for consociations, which may proceed against a church, perdnaciouslv oJBending, with a sentence .of non communion. J4r. John Higginson transcribed from hit manuscripts about two .hundred sermons and sent them to Eng* land ; and near one half of them were published. The titles of some of hU discourses and treatises are the following ; the soul's preparation for Christ ; the souf s humiliation ; exaltation ; voca- tion; implantation; the unbeliever preparing; of self4eniai; du- ty and dignity of aunts ; on the Lord's prayer « on church disci- pline ; four treatises on the carnal hypocrite, the church's deliver- ance, the deoeitfulneps of sin, the benefits of afHictions, 1638 ; the «oul's possession ; pattern to perCection i sunc*s guide ; the ap- plica^on of redemption ,; and the poor, doubting Christian drawn to Christ* The seventV '^ition of this last and excellent work was puUished at Boston in 17 A3 i^-Mather* a magnalia^ iii. 58—68 ; Col- iect. hUt. 90C, vii. 9B—-41 ; TrumbulPt Connect. 4. 10, 48, 55, 3Q6 ; JVeaVaJ^. £.i..289— .390; Morton^ 135 — 140; Winthrofi^ 181; ffutcAinsony i. 34, 43, 45 ; Am coltectiont,5A ; Jl^orte and ^firish** JV. JE. i43->U9 ; Holme** annfil»i i* 344. HOOKER (JoHw), minister of Northampton, Massachusetts, •was a descendant of the preceding, being his great grandson, and vvras a native of Farmington, Connecticut. He >ras graduated at Yale college in 1751, and was ordiuned at Northampton in 1754. After a ministity of about twenty three years he died February «, 4777, in the forty ninth year of his age, deeply regretted by tiic f)eople of his charge, who in testimony of their affection and his virtues erected a iiandsome monument to his m«eroory. Having yearly imbibed the genuine spirit of Christianity, he unifbmily ex- hibited the evidence of it in his life. He was na able and ffuthful minister, of distinguished learning, penetration, and prudence, of uncommon suavity of temper and the most engaging;manners. He published a sermon ut the ordination of the reverend Thomas Al- len of Pittsfield, 1 764, and a sermon on the death of the reverend John Hunt of Boston, 1776, both of which sei'mons furnish honor- ^Wq testimony of his piety and talents. HOP, 351 HOPKINS (Edwaid)* goremor of Connecticutt and abencuc- tor of Harvard college^ ^"t* an eminent merchant in London* and ar- rived at Boston with th< vcrcnd Mr. Davenport in the aumraer ol 163f . He soon removed to Coimecticutf choosing rather to eatab- lith himielf at Hartibnl»than to join Mr. Davenport and Mr. Euton, whose daughter in law he married, at New Haven. He was chos' en a magistrate in 1639, and governor of Connecticut repeatedly between the yeara 1640 and 1654. He afterwards went to Eng* Uuid, where he was chosen warden of the English fleet, commission* •r of the admiralty and navy, and a member of parliament. He ^ed in London in March 1657, in the fifty eightli year of his age. He was a wise and upright magistrate, and a man of exemplary pi- ety and extensive charity. He bequeathed most of his estate in New England, estimated at about a thousand pounds sterling, to trustees in Connecticut for the support of g^mmar sclraols in New Haven and Hartford ; and five hundred pounds out of his estate in England for promoting the kingdom of the Lord Jesus, which do- nation was considered as made to Harvard college and the gram- mar school in Cambridge, and by virtue of a decree in chancery was paid in 1710. With this money real estate was purchased in a township of Massachusetts, named Hoplcinton, in honor of the do- nor^ and the legislature of the state has made such ad^tion to the (\r\^i that six bachelors may now reude at Harvard college, and seven boys at the grammar school.— Mi j7>a/'a, ii. 33—35 ; Hutch- in«ora, i. 83, 101 ; Trumbu^ a Connect, i. 341; Holmet* annuity i. 371 ; Douglatty it. 160. HOPKINS (Samuei.), minister of West Springfield, Massa- chusetts, was graduated at Yale college in in 8, and was orduned in 1720. He died in 1755, much beloved and esteemed. He pub- tished historical memoirs relating to the Housatunnuk Indians, or an account of the methods used for the propagation of the gospel anumg that heathenish tribe under the ministry of tbe reverend John Sergeant, with the character of that worthy missionary, and sn address to the people of this country &c. 4to, 17 SS^-^BrecIf* century »ermon. HOPKINS (Samuel, d.d.), an eminent divine, from whom the Chrisdans, called Hopkinsians, derive their name, was bom in Water* bury, Connecticut, September 17, 1731. He lived with his parents^ employed in the labors of agriculture, until ht ;',!itered his fifteenth year ; and such was the pu^'ity of manners among the youth of this place, that he never heard from any of them a profane expression. After having been placed for a short time under the tuition of the reverend John Graham of Woodbury, he entered Yale college in September 1737, and was graduated in 1741. While a member of this institution he made a public profession of religion. He diligent- ly studied the scriptures and was constant in his secret devotions ; htithe was afterwards c(mvinccd,that he did nil this without any tme I ' .1 1 i' * 1 4 M :: lit? ' I I , ■»r M: J' r /. 35f2 HOP. i;, 1 t 1 love to the clwracter of Oodt and thiU u yot *i« WMlg;ttoMit ofritai religion^ which hits iti seat in the heart. It vim* during tbc remark* able attention to the things of a better wo. :«', •s*',A'jtt\ Ui the college and town of New HaTen by the praachhig of Mr. Whitefleld mm! Gilbert Tennent in the year 1741, that his securiry was shaken. Such was the extraordinary senl for religioot ^ hich was at thst time called into action, that a number of the memi- ers of the college were impelled to visit their fellow students without regard to the distinc* tion of classes, and to speak to them of the important concerns oi' eternity. At this period David Btunerd, then a student, entered the room of Mr. Hopkins, and though he could draw nothing from him and found him completely reserved, yet he made a remark, which sunk into his heart. He observed, that it was impossi' ble for any man to be a real Christian, who was not aometimes deep« ly affected in contemplating the character of Christ. Mr. Hop- kins could not but admit, that a warm afiection for the Redeemer would exist in those, who had been saved by him from their sins, and aa he was conscious of no such love to the Son of God, he be- came convinced, that he was destitute of the spirit of the gospel. The sense of his ignorance and of his sin impelled him to seek in- BtrucUon and supplicate mercy. At length he was enlightened with the knowledge of the way of solvation. The chancer of Je- sus Christ, as mediator between God and man, filled htm with joy, to which he had before been a stranger. Still he did not indulge the hope, that he was a Christian. His mind was for some time principally occupied by the consideration of his unworthiness, help* lessness, and guilt. Many whole days he spent in fasting and prayer. After he was graduated in September 1741, he retired to his fa- ther's house, and lived a recluse for a number of months, except when he could hold intercourse with persons zealous in religion. In December he went to Northampton, Massachusetts, to pursue the study of divinity with Mr. Edwards, and while with him was led toconskler the proper effects and evidences of tliat renovation of soul, which lie believed to be necessary in order to receive the blessings of the gospel, and for the first time became satisfied that he was s Christian. After he was licensed to preach in May 1743, he still continued at Northampton, engaged in his theological studies, preaching occasidnally, without any pecuniary compensation, in the neighboring towns. From December of this year till May 1743 he preached to a new society in Sym&Uury, Connecticut. In July he went to Houssatonnoc, now Great Harrington, Massachusetts, where he was ordained December 38, 1743. At this time there were only thirty families in the place. Here he continued till Jan* uary 18, 1769, when he was dismissed by an ecclesiastical council. This event was occasioned by the diminution of his society and the want of support. An episcopal church had been established in the HOP. 3SJ town in ordbr to escape the tax fur the maintenance of a ministrr ut' thu go»pel. Mr. Hopktnt was aguin settled in the ministry at Newport, Rhode Itlandi Apiil 1 1, 1770. There were some circumstances attend- ing his cstabliiihincnt in this plucc, which were remHrkable, and which prore« that the hearts of all mun are in the hands oC God, and niay be turned as tne rivers of water arc turned. Ai\er he had been with this people some time, a meeting was called, and it was voted not to give him on invitation to settle among them. Many were dissatisfied with hiti sentiments, lie accordin(;ly made his preparations to leave thern, und on the sabbath preaclied a farewell discourse. This sermon was so interesting and impressive, thut u different vote was immediately and almii&t unanimously passed, und he consented to remain. For ulxiiit four years he was unwearied in the discharge of his pastoral duties, preaching a lecture every week in addition to the services of the sabbath, and seizing every op- portunity to impart religious instruction. The war of the revolu- don interrupted his benevolent labors. In December 1776, when the British took possession of Ncwiiort, he left the town, and retir- ed to his family) which he had before sent to Great Barrington. During the summer of 1777 he preached at Newburyport in a con- gregation, which was thought to be the largest v^ America. Its pastor, the reverend Mr. Parsons, died a short time before. He aRerwards labored in the gospel of Jesus Christ in Canterbury and Stamford, Connecticut. In the spring of 1730 he returned to New- port, which had been evacuated by the British in the fall of the pre- ceding year. He found his church and congregation much dimin- ished. The town had been so long in tiie hands of the enemy, that many, who had removed, had become established in other places, «nd were thus prevented from i*ctumlng. The meeting house had been made a barrack for soldiers, and had been much injured, and the bell had been carried aWay. That portion of his former socie- ty, which had remtuned in the town, had become so impoverished, that he had no prospect of a maintenance. Yet such was his be- nevolence, tliat he preached to them a year supported entirely by a few generous friends, and when he received a pressing invitation to setde at Middleborough, the request of his people induced him to decline it. From this time till liis death his maintenance was de- rived entirely ' from a weekly contribution and the donations of hiii friends. But he was contented with his humble circumstances, and in a situation, which would have filled most minds with the great- est anxiety, he cast himself upon the providence of God, and expe- rienced through a course of years many remarkable interpositions in his favor. Hu wants were always supplied. On the tenth of January 1799 a paralytic affection deprived him of the use of his limbs, although his mental powei-s were luunjurcd. But he after- 46 'H' * 1 ■■' ^1 1 * ij • !, ' ' ?i . 1 > fl 1 1 1- _i ■ 1 :«' H -t' fg ♦ V i ik& <, !i. M 1 '^ w\ V'l 1 1 1 -u » 1 1 ' **f i.j . i ! IM' 11 If i) 354 HCff: ■Kr (:■' vv» iitrards recovered from this attack, so as to be able to preach. He died December 20, 1803, in the eighty third year of his age. Or. Hopkins was a very humble, pious, and beneVolent maa. His views of his own character were always very abasing. He cherished no proud conceptions of his owii excellence, but ever considered hiMself as a very guilty sinner, meriting everlasting punishment> and subsisting entirely upon mercy. He therefore walked humbly with God> Knowing his own helplessness and sin, and thti& being impressed by a just view of the state of a depraved \rorld, he admired the plan of redemption, which brought pardon to the guilty, and salvation to the lost. His only hope was ih the infinite merit and worthiness of Jesus Christ. It was his constant prayer, " God be merciful to me, a sinner !"' This humility per- vaded his whole conduct. It preserved him from that overbearing zeal, which is the offspring of self confidence and pride. In his intercourse with persons of sentiments different from his own, he exhibited the greatest mildness and candor. As truth Mras his ob> ject,and he never disputed for victory, he sometime/s carried con^c- tion to an opponent by the force of his arguments: While he made it his constant care to watch against the intrusion ofsinful thoughts, and wiiile he found his highest pleasures in the moments of retire- metit from the world, when he could meditate upon the sublime and cheering truths of heaven and could express the desired of his soul to God, he also was careful to bring forth in his life the fruits of righteousness. He sympathised in the distresses of others. He took delight in relieving the wants of the poor. Though he had but little to bestow, yet many were gladdened by his liberality. On one occasion he contributed a hundred dollars for promoting the gospel among the Africans. After a useful and holy life, at the approacn of death he enjoyed the peace of the upright. Dr. Hopkins was a distinguished divine. His mind was discern* ing, and his application was almost unequalled. He sometimes do* voted to his studies eighteen, hours in a d^y. With respect to his views of divine truth, he embraced the Calvinistlc doctrines ; and it is principally by the consequences, which he drew from these doc- trines, that his name has been rendered famous. He fully admit- ted the Calvinistic doctrine of the entire depravity of the human heart and^he sinfulness of all the doings of the unregenerate ; but his discerning^ mind perceived' the discordance between this doc- trine and the preaching of some of the Ciatvinistic divines, vrho exhorted the unregenerate as such to perform certain acts as the appointed way to obtsdn that grace, which should renew their heaits and make them holy. If men before conversion could do nothing, that was pleasing to God, he concluded they could do nothing to procure the influences of the Holy Spirit. Instead therefore of ex- horting sinners to use the means of grace in order to obtain the di- vine assistance to enable them to repent, when it was acknowledged HOP. 355 'that in the use of the means of grace they would be-^ntirely sinful, he thought it a sacred duty, encumbent on the ministers oftUe gos- pel, to imitate the preaching of the Lord Jesus, their Master, and to call upon men immediately to repent and yield themselves to tlie love of God. He thought that religious advantages, if in the use of them the unregenerate were not converted, would but increase guilt, as in this case there would be a gi>cater reustance to the truth. Another- sentiment, which is considered as one of the peculiar sen- timents of Dr., Hopkins, is that the inability of sinners is moral and not natural ; but this is only saying,' that their inability consists in disinclination of heart or opposition of will > to what is good. Combining the Calvinistic doctrine, that God has foreordtdned what- soever cumes.to pass, with his views of the nature of sin as consist- ing entirely in the intention or disposition of the mind, he inferred, that it was no impeachment upon the character of the most right- ' «ous Disposer of all events to say, not merely that he decreed the existence of sin, but that he exerted his own power to produce it. The design being benevolent, he contended that no more iniquity could be attached to this act, than to the bare permission of sin. -This is another of his peculiarities. From his views of the nature of holiness, as consisting in disinterested benevolence, he also in- ferred, that a Christian should be willing to perish forever, to be forever miserable, if it should be necessary for the glory of God and the good of the universe, that he should encounter this destruc- tion. 'Instead of the Calvinistic doctrine of the strict imputation of Adani's sin and of the righteousness of Christ, he chose rather to «dopt the language of «cripture in saying, that on account of the first transgression men were made ur constituted sinners, and that men are justified on account of the righteousness of Christ, or •tlirough the redemption, which there is in him. .Dr. Hopkins published three sermons, entitled, sin through div ine interposition an advantage to the universe, and yet this no excuse for sin or encouragement to it, 1759, the second edition of which was published in Boston in 1773, and another edition about the same time in Edinburgh; an inquiry concerning the promises of •the gospel, whether, any of them are made to the exercises and do- ings oi persons in an unregencrate state, containing remarks on two «ermonsby Dr. May hew, 1765-; a sermon on the divinity of Chrlit, preached in Boston, 1768 ; two sermons on Romanes vii. 7, and John i. 13, 1768, republished, L793 ; the true state «nd charac- j^rof the unregenerate, stripped of all misrepresentation, and dis- guise, being an answer to'therevereiid Mr. Mills, 176>9 ; animad- versions on Mr. Hart's late dialogue, 1770 ; an inquiry into the na- ture of true holiness, with an appendix in answer to Drs. Hemmen- way and Mather, 1773 ; of this inquiry a second edition war pub- iwhed in 1791 ; a dialogue, shewing it to Ui the duty and interest rofthe American states to emancipate all their African slaves. 1776 ; , }l , I li li u;m ,1 m ,if 1 ; .11 ii I , ^ h\ % I . ! i r I 356 HOP. an inquiry concerning the future state of those, who die in thmr sinn, 1783; a system of doctrines, contained in divine revelation, cx> plained and defended, to whicli m added a treatise on the miUenni. uvcif 2 vols. 8vo, 1793 ; it is on this system of divinity, that the rep- utation of the author principally rests } the life of Miss Susannah Anthony, 1796; the life of Mr.er of months the licentiousness of the press. His specimen of modem learning in an examination of the properties of a salt \-.o\ is a piece of exquisite humor. His opinions on education were bomewhat peculiar. He often ridiculed in conversation the prac- tice of teaching children the English language by means of gram- mar. He considered most of the yearS) which were spent in learn- ing Greek and Latin? as lost, and he held several of the arts and sci- ences, which are taught in colleges, in great contempt. To hi& poetical talents he united uncommon excellence in music, and some knowledge of painting. Besides the above worksy he published sci- ence, a poem, 1762. After his death his miscellaneous essays and occasional writings were published in three vols. 8vo,I792.— .3ica«c. magazine, iii. 750 — 753 ; ^nierican imtscum,\\\, 165 ; ix. 39 ; Mur^ die's biog. diet. ^ /' f- . . :.' HOVEY (Ivory), minister of Plymouth, Massachusetts, was l)orn at Topsfield July 14, 1714. In the sixteenth year of his age he became a member of the church of Christ. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1735, and was ordained minister of Mctapois- ct, the second parish of Rochester, October 29, 1 740. Having de- voted much attention to the study of physic in consequence of liis impaired health, he in 1744 commenced the practice, and was thet principal physician of Mctapoiset till his dismission in 1765. He was afterwards installed, April 18, 1770, at Monumct ponds in Plymouth, where he passed the remainder of his life. He died No- vember 4, 1803, in the ninetieth year of his age, having beeu able to continue his public labors till a few days before his death. He had preached about sixty five years, and during that time kept a journal, designed to promote his improvement in Christian excel- lence, which he left behind him in about seven thousand octavo pag- es of short hand. Extracts from it arc p < sv rved in the PiscataqiM magazine. He was one of the be;;t of mci., being distinguished lior meekness, humility, and piety. A great part of his time was spent in his study, and few men ever wrote so many sermons, though in the latter periods of his life he usually preached without notes. He published a valedictory sermon wu leaving Mctapoiset, and one or two sermons on the subject of mortality. — Phcataqua ex-ang. mg. i. 88, 89 ; iii. 144, 185, 229 ; Maasa. jnias. wag. iii. 20 ; iv. 302 ; Prince's Chr. hist, i 190. HOWARD (Simeon, d.o.), minister in Boston, was born at Bridgewatcr, Massachusetts, May 10, 1733, and was graduated at iIar^'ard college in 1758. He was afterwards an instiucier of yout!i for several years, during which time he was preparing himself for tiic ministry. Soon after he began to prcacli, he wms Invited to the jnovincc of Nov:^ Scotiji, where he officiuteil about a year. In 1766 : I i ^f f: i I : ^ H iiif ■^ 1 4' " "^i ■fMm i f! h i 058 IIOW. ' a I' w I ' I' IB 1 he was elected a tutor of Harvard college ; and on the sixth ofMty 1TQ7 was ordained pastor of the west church in Boston^ as succes. sor to Dr. Mayhew. He continued in this station till his death, Au- gust 13) 1804, in the seventy second year of his age and thirty eighth of his ministry. He was succeeded by the reverend Mr. i.owell.' •Dr. Howard took an early part in vindicating the liberties of his country. When our rights were invaded, he vas strenuously op- posed to yielding them. He heartily engaged in promoting the American revolution, and participated in the joy, experienced on the acknowledgment of our independence. In the^various relations of life he was faithful and exemplary. He steadily exerted himself to advance the interests of humanity and literature, and was for many years one of the governors of the university. As a preacher, though he was not eloquent and popular, he yet was free from those laults, which adhere to many public speakers. There was nothing offensive in his delivery, nothmg artificial or disgusting in his tones. In his theological sentiments he differed from the first fathers of the New England churches, tor he rejected the system of Calvin. The creed, which he early embraced, he retained till his death. Towards those who differed from him, he was -indulgent in his thoughts, and tolerant in his conduct. He never could* approve of a sarcastic and irreverent way of speaking of objects, which any sin- cere believer might deem sacred. He was indeed so mild and gen- tle> that he could not express severity, which he never felt. There was a serenity upon his countenance, which indicated the peace, ^hat constantly dwelt in his heart. He was remarkable for humility. While he never mentioned either his virtues or his faults, it was evident to ull, who were intimately acquainted with him, that he had a humble sense of his own talents and moral attainments. One cause of that taciturnity, which was regretted by his friends, wras an unwillingness to engage in the usual topics of conversation. Sle did not choose to speak of himself ; he had no ambition to wound S'»':l 1 , ii h Mil' ..i '■■Ar i 'i . W 5iB ""' IS I::!: fir: ill, ! 1^ Kll m '.V =i 360 HUN. ship for discovery. He twiled March 35) 1609, and aflerpisMng along the coast of Laphmd, he crossed the Atlantic, and dbcovercd cape Cod, at which place he landed. He then pursued his course to the Chesapes^ke, and on his return along the coast entered the river in the state of New York, which bears his name, and ascended in September as far as where the city of Albany now stands. A set- tlement was soon after made upon thia river by the Dutch. In 1 6 lo;be Was again fitted out by some gentleman to discover a passage to the south sea, and in this voyage he discovered the extensive bay to the north, which bears his name. He drew his ship into a small creek on the third of November, and it was frozen up during the winter, Uncommon flights of wild fowl furnished provision, without whiclt supply the crew must have perished. In the spring of 1611 lie made several efforts to complete his discoveries, but was obliged to abandon his enterprize and make the best of his Way home. He distributed to his men with tears in his eyes all the bread, he had left, which was only a pound to each ; though it is said, that other provisbns were after\v,ird found in the ship. In h 3 un* easiness and despair, he let fall threatening words of setting some of his men on shore ; upon which a few of the sturdiest, who had been very mutinous, entered his cabin iu ihe night, tied his arms behind him, and set him adrift in the shallop at the west end of the straits with his son and seven of the most sick and innrm of his men. He never was heard of again. The crew proceeded with the shipjfor England. Four of tliem were killed by the savages, as they went on ^ore near the strait's mouth, and the rest, feady to ddie for want, arrived at Plymouth in September 1611. He publish- ed divers voyages and northern discoveries, 1607 ; a second voyage for finding a passage to the East Indies by the north east, 1608. Ac- counts of his other voyages were published ; but they were not written by himself. Some of them are preserved in the third volume of Pur- chas* pilgrims. — 3elknafi*a .American biografihy^ i. 394-- 407; J^evt and gen. biog. diet. ; Hardie } , JSpttnes* annals^ i. 167 ; Forsier'f voyagea^ 332i 42\. ' " T HUNTINGTON (Joseph, d.d.), minister of Coventry, Con- necticut, was graduated at Yale college in 1762, and died in the year 1795. He is well known as the author of a work, entitled, Calvin- ism improved, or the gospel illustrated as a system of real grace, issuing in the salvation of all men, which was published after his death, in 1796. In it the author contends, that our sins are trans- ferred to Christ, and h*5 righteousness to us, that he was a true and proper substitute for sai mai^kind, and has procured unconditional salvation for everv individual. It was answered in the same year by the reverend Dr. Strong in a work, which bears the title of the doctrine of eternal misery reconcileablc with the ii)finite benevo- lence of God. Dr. Huntington published a sermon on the vanity a:id mischief of presuming on things beyond our measure, 17'74 ; HUN. 361 d after pasbing and discovered ued his course ist entered the I, and ascended itands. A set- tch.Inl610;he passage to the sive bay to the » a small creek ing the winter, without which pring of 1611 sries, but was i best of his his eyes all the lOUgh it is said, p. In h 3 un* »f setting some 'diest, who had , tied his arms TCst end of the I innrm of his proceeded with the savages, as B rest, feady to . He publish* second voyage a«t,1608. Ac* rere not written rolume of Pur- 14 — 407; JVevf 57 ; Forster's Coventry, Con- ied in the year )titled, Calvin- of real grace, shed after his sins are trans- was a true and unconditional the same year he title of the finite benevo- on the vanity leasure, 1774 , a plea before the ecclesiastical council at Stockbtidge in the cause of Mrs. Fisk) who was excommunicated for marrying a profane and immoral man, delived October 1779 ; an address to his anabap* tist brethren^ 1783. HUNTINGTON (Samuel), governor of Connecticut, was oom in Windham and descended from an ancient family. In his youth he gave indications of an excellent understanding. With* out the advantages of a collegia! education he acquired a cotnpe* tent knowledge of the law, and was early admitted to the bar j soon after which he settled in Norwich, and in a few years became emi- nent in his profession. In 1764 he was a representative in th« general assembly, and the following year was appointed king's attorney, which oflice he filled with reputation, imtil more import- ant services induced him to relinquish it. In 1774 he was made an assistant judge of the superior couit. In 177.S he was elected into the council, and in the same )ear chosen a delcj^atc to congress. In 1779 he was president of that honorable body, and Avas rcchosen the following year. After this year he resumed his €cat in the council of Connecticut and on the bench. In 1783 he was again a member of congress. In 1784 he was chosen lieutenant governor and appointed chief justice. lie was placed in the chair of the chief magistrate in 1786, and was annually reelected till his death. He died at Norwich January 8, 1796 in the sixty fourth year of his age.— Co/MWtWan centinel^ Jan. 20, 1796 ; Strongs fun. sermon. HUTCHINS (Thomas), geography general of the United States, was bom in Monmouth county, New Jersey. His parents died when he was young, and possessing an unconquerable diffi- dence and modesty, he neglected to seek the assistance of some friends, which he had in New York. Before he was sixteen years of age he went to the western country, and was soon appointed ensign in the army and then paymaster. He distinguished himself at fort Pitt, the plan of which he laid out, and which was executed by him under general Bouquet. He afterwards lived several years in Louisiana) and was engaged in a variety of battles with the In- dians while with the army in West Florida. He here obtained a captain's commission in the British army ; but being much attached to America, he found it necessary to relinquish it. He was in Lon- don at the commencement of the war in 1775 and his zeal in the cause of his country induced him to refuse some excellent offers* which were made him in England. Being suspected in 1779 of holding a correspondence v/ith Franklin, then in France, he was throvm into a dungeon, and lost twelve thousand pounds in one day. In this dark and loathsome place he was kept six weeks. He was then examined and liberated. After this he went to France an 13 ■' ; • I' 1 ill " 4 if ' If ■ '■ i! M iiiJ X-."w~7-' :'tS • ! .iir\ 'ii ^ ii J62 HUT. 1789. He was esteemed and l>elovcd) being remarkable (or pietv, charity, and benevolence. Under the vicissitudes of lite he was patient and rcsi(;ncd to the divine will. The reverend Dr. Morse was much indebted to him in the compilation of hi» American gaz* eitecr. - . ^ He published an historical accwmf of Bouqoet*s expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1764, vtrith military papers, a map and plates, 1765 ; a topographical description of Virginia, Pennsylva- nia, Maryland, North Carolina, &c. with maps, London 1778 ; and un historical narrative and topographical description of Louisiana and West Florida, Philadelphia 1784. — 4mer. museum, vii. 212, 313 J Gazette of U. S. May 23, 1789 ; Hardie'a biog. diet. ; Matta. 7/tajr. iii. 422. HUTCHINSON (An?«}, an artful woman, who occasioned much difficulty in New England soon after its first settlement, came front Lincolnshire to Boston in 1636. She was an admirer of Mr. Cot- ton. The members of his church used to meet every week to repeat his sermons, and discourse on doctrines. Mrs. Hutchinson set up meetings for women, and she soon had a numerous audi- ence. Afler repealing the sermons of Mr. Cotton, she added reflections of her own ; she advocated erroneous sentiments, and warped the discourses o^ her minister to coincide with her own opinions. She asserted that believers are personally united with the Spirit of God ; thac commands to work out salvation belong only to such as arc under a covenant of works ; that sanctification is not a sufficient evidence of a good state ; and she pretended to im- mediate revelation respecting future cventSk. She soon threw the whole colony into a ilanie. Those, who opposed her, were said to be in favor of a covenant of works, and those, who supported her, were sud to be vindicating a covenant of grace. The progress of her sentiments occasioned the synod of 1637, the firat synod in America. Thl» convention of ministers condemned eighty two erroneous opitvions, then propagated in tVe country. Mrs. Hutch- inson, after this sentence of her opinions, was herself called before the court in November of tl^ same year, and being convicted of traducing the ministers, and advancing errors, was banished the col- ony. Her trial is published in the appendix of the secoml volume of Hutchinson. She discovers art, spirit, and talents. The church in Boston excommunicated her for many evils in her conversation as well as for corrupt opinions. She went with her husband to Rhode Island. In the year 1642 after her husband^'s death she re- moved into the Dutch country beyond New Haven, and the next year she and all her family, consisting of sixteen persons, were killed by the Indians, excepting one dixughter, whom they carried into captivity.— Co/i^fc^. hiat.soc. vii. 16, 17 ; ix, 28, 29 ; Morton, II J ; Hutchinson^ i. 55—57, 06, 70 — 73 ; JVealj i. 183, 192—194 ; MagnaliOi vii. IT— 20 ; Winthrop, 137— >140 ; Holmes* annalgt u -:98 ; T. Weld's aliorL storu. 1 HUT. S63 HUTCHINSON (Thomas), i^overnor of Massachusetts, was a native of Boston, and wus graduated at Harvard college in 1727. His abilities were not great, yet by exact temperance and indcfati- gable industry, united with thut discretion, which cun accommodate itself to circumstances, he rose to the highest offices. Though bred a merchant, he acquired a knowledge of the common iaw of England, and studied the principles of the British constitittion. H-e succeeded Mr. Se wall as chief justice of Massachusetts in 1761, and was lieutenant governor from 1758 to 1770. He held at the same time these two offices, and that of counsellor and judge of probatf for the county oi Suffolk. Paying a profound respect to the religious institutions of his country, and preserving a gravity of deportment, while he condescended to all classes of citizens, he acquired a high degree of public confidence. He was the slave of ambition, and his discernment pointed out to him the way of pre- ferment among a religious and sober people. Still however there were some, who knew his character, and he hud lost some of his popularity by promoting the writs of assistance, which Mr. Otis opposed with such force of argument, and by advocating rather the prerogatives of the crown, than the rights of the peoj^. H€ was also suspected of having forwarded the stam]) act by letters written upon the occasion. After the arrival of the stamps, a mob in Bos- ton assaulted his house August 26, 1765, and having forced him to retire, out of regard to his personal safety, either destroyed or car- ried off his plate, his family pictures, most of the furniture, the wearing apparel, about nine hundred pounds sterling in money, and the manuscripts and books, which he had been thirty years collect- inj. This outrage was discountenanced the next day by the town ot Boston ; but the suspicions against the Heutenant governor were never eradicated. When Bernard returned to England in August 1769, Hutchinson became commander in chief, and at the close of the year was appointed governor. He now began to unmask, ex- plicitly avowed his independence of the people, and informed the legislature, that his majesty had made ample provision for his sup- port withoxit their aid. They immediately called upon him to re- linquish the unconstitutional stipend, and to accept such a salary, as should be given him -by the general assembly. He replied, that this wotild be a breach of his instructions from the king. The com- mand of his sovereign was his constant apology for every arbitrary step. He had been the means of bringing the regular troops to Boston in 1768 to overawe the people and to enforce the tyrannical laws of parliament, and he was indexible in his determination to retain them, notwithstanding every ar^vii^ci^i which was used for their removal. He said in one of his letters to England, *' five or six men of war, and three or four regiments disturb no'jody, ')ut some of our grave people, who do not love assemblies and concerts, ^ cannot bear the tioise of drums 'ipon a Sunday." He also -dB- lrl:4 m i 364 lUV. ^,^' '.i,i; ■H II , I .-.'■ i claredi that he slept in mure tranquillity after tlie arrival of the troops. In the year 1773 a nutnber of his letters, writ* n to the members of the British cabinet, were obtained by Dr. rvtuuklln and sent to Massachusetts. They dinclosed hiy whole charac v at once, and proved him the secret enemy of his country, who stimulated th<- ministry to enforce their plans, and who even declared to them, thtt ' there must be an abridgment of tsnglish liberties in colonial adi.imistration." Immediately after Ui; i Ictection of his treachery, the general court passed some seve.e resolves, voted an impeach- ment, and requested, that his majesty would remove him from of. fice forever. But as soon as he was informed of the delecmined measures, which they were adopting, he dissolved the usscmbl)\ lie became at length so very obnoxious to the province, that he was superseded by governor Gage in May 1774. He sailed for £ng> land on the first of Junct and before his departure a few partizans sent him «n address, thanking him for his services. I'tiesc nen .were long distinguished by the appellation of Hutchinson's ad- dressers. His impeachment was without effect; and the lords of the privy council made a report highly in his favur. But he soon experienced the neglect of those, to the promotion of whose plunt he had sacrificed his reputation for integrity, and to whom he had been ready to yield the rights of his country. Becoming an object of disgust with all parties he lived many months in a state of cha« grin and despondence, and died at Brampton in the beginning of June 1780, aged sixty nine years. Governor Hutchinson published a brief state of the claim of the colonies, 8cc. 1 764 } the history of the colony of Massachusetts B?.y from the first settlement thereof in 1638 until the year 1750, in 2 vol. Svo, the first in 1760, and the second in 1767 ; and a eol- ith tion of original papers relative to the history of the colony of ]iiassaclmsetts Bay, Svo, 1769. These works are held in high esti- mation by those, who are searching into the history of our coun* try. The late judge Minot has brought down the history of Mas« sachusetts to the year 1765. — tWan-etif i. 79—83, 11 1—126 ; Gor- Jon,i. 181 ; ii. 38 — 31 ; M'no/ ii. 70, 104, 133, 166, 187, 198-. 516 ; .Hb/m(r«*anna&, it. 372, 440. . ,^ . IRVINE (WiLLiAii), a brave officer in the American war, was a native of Ireland, and was educated for the medical profession, which he relinquished at the commencement of the revolution. He had an early command in the army, and in the expedition to Canada in 1775 was conspicuous for his talents and bravery. In the operations in the middle atates during the remainder of the war he was consulted by thexommander in chief, and was particularly ob« noxious to the enemj^ After the war he was a member of congress {rom Pennsylvania. He died at Philadelphia July '30, 1804, aged sixty thrpe years. Major general Irvine held for some time before his death the ofBce of miUtary int^pdant. He was also president JOH. 365 af the Cincinnati of Penntylrania. Frank and sincere, he paid respect to none but to those, whom he deemed worthy, and thoact for whom he had no regard, he shunned in silence^— Aew York ifiectatory ^ugutt 1, 1804 ; Freeman** journal. JOHNSON (Edward), an inhabitant of Woburn, Mas^chu- aettS) was one of the military officers, who were sent to seize Gor- ton in 1643. He published the wonder working providence of Sion's Savior in New England, containing a history of New En- gland from 1638 to 1652, London, 4to, 1654. In ihis work he gives a description of the country, an account of the civil and ecclesiasti- cal affairs, with the names of the magistrates and ministers.— Princ^t annalty ii ; Backus* abr. 5 5 ; Winthrofi^ 309. JOHNSON (Samuel, D. p.), frst president of king's college, New York, was bom in Giii' ' ' Connecticut, October 14, 1696. He early felt an unconquci edge, and was graduated at ing year the ignorance aiv seminary at Saybrook induce ^f for the acquisition of knowU in 1714. In the succeed- / of the instructcrs of the dents to abandon it.. Some of thorn went to Wethersfield, where a school was established under the care of Messrs. Williams and Smith ; and some of them put themselves under the tuition of Mr. Johnson at Guilford. In Oc- tober 1716 the trustees and general court directed the college to be removed to New Haven, and Mr. Johnson was chosen one of the tutors. The first commencement in New Haven was held in Sep- tember 1717, and Mr. Andrew of Milford officiated as rector, and on the same day degrees were conferred at Wethersfield. There was a party, who wished to have the college established in this last place ; but the general assembly rcijuired all the scholars to repair to New Haven. They complied at Brst, but soon returned. The affair was settled by an agreement on the part of the assembly to confirm the degrees, which had been conferred at Wethersfield, and to build a state house in the neighboring town of Hartford at the public expense. Mr. Johnson continued as tutor at the college till March 30, 1730, when he was ordained the minister of West Ha- ven. Having an aversion to extemporary performances, it was hit practice to use forms of prayer, and to write only one sermon in a month. He usually preached the discourses of others, minuting down only the heads, and expressing himself, when his remem- brance of the words of the author failed him, in language of his own. Having embraced the Arminian doctrines, and by close examination having become a convert to the episcopalian worship and church government, he resigned his charge at West Haven, and embarked at Boston with president Cutler for England Novembers, 1722. Having received ordination as a missionary for Stratford, Connecti- cut, he arrived at that place in November 1723. His predecessor and friend, Mr. Pigot, was immediately removed to Providence. Mr. Johnson was now the only episcopalian minister in Connecticut^ if Tf.'li; ^ ,%.^'V, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4r .♦«, 1.0 £f>^ 1^ I.I 11.25 2.2 111^ IIUU m i V 7^ •^ #^ ^5^ Photographic Sdaices Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716)872-4303 -1 y 4% ^iBli 1 .Hi ' 'Mm H MB 1 III V tl iflifl t HHU !|'l ijll: 386 JdH. snd there were but a few families of the English church in tht col- ony. Thejr were not increased in Stratford by means of hislaborS) but in the neighboring towns, where he sometimes officiated, many families conformed. The desire of escaping the congregational tax bv joining a church, whose minister received a salary from a for- eign society, and the petty quarrels, which exist in most congrega. lions, were causes, according to Mr. Hobart, of no inconsiderable influence in multiplying the episcopalians in Connecticut. Be- tween the years 1735 and 1736 Mr. Johnson was engaged in a con- troversy on the subject of episcopacy with Mr. Dickinson, Mr. Fox* aroft, and Mr. Graham. Entering on a new course of studies, h« procured the works of Mr. John Hutchinson, and embraced many of his sentiments. He regarded him as a person of a stupendous geitius, Utde inferior «ven to that of sir Isaac Newton, whose prin- ciples he opposed ; and he thought, that in his writings he had dis- covered many important, ancient truths, had effectually confuted the Jews, infidels, Arians, and heretics of other denominations, and proved, that the method of redemption by Jesus Christ was better understood in the patriarchal and Mosaic ages, than was generally imagined. In 1754 he was elected president of the college, which had been lately instituted at New York. He went to that place in April and soon commenced his labors. The charter was procured October 31, 1754. In March 1763 he resigned, and was succeed- ed byHhe reverend Myles Cooper. He passed the remsundcr of his days in the peaceful retreat of Stratford, resuming his former charge, and continuing in the ministry ti'I his death January 6, 1772, in the seventy sixth year ot his age. Dr. Johnson was in his person rather tall, and in the latter part ef his Kfe considerably corpulent. While his countenance was majestic, there was also something in it, which was pleasing and familiar. He was happy in a calmness of temper, which was sel- dom discomposed. Those, who knew him, generally loved and re- vered him. The same good disposition, which rendered him amia- ble in private life, marked all his proceedings of a public nature, and may be discovered in his controversial writings. Benevolence was a conspicuous trait in his character. He seldom sufPereda day to pass without doing to fOthers some good offices relating to their temporal or spiritual ^ifiairs. Hisconversation was enlivened by the natural cheeriulness of his ^sposlition, yet in his freest dis* course he retained a respect to hts character as a clergyman. He possessed a quick perception, and «ound judgment, and by inces- sant study through a long life he became one of the best scholars and most accomplished divines, of which Connecticut cw boast. By his acquaintance with dean Berkeley, he became, a convert to the peculiar metaphysical opinions of that great man. liiis piety was unmingled with gloom pr melancholy, and he contemplated with admiration and gratitude' the wonclerful plan of redemption 1^ the JOH. 367 incarnation and sufferings or the eternal Son of God. An account of his life) written by the reverend Dr. Chandler, was given to the public in 1805. He published plain reasons for conforming to the church) 1733 ; two tracts in the controversy with Mr. Graham ; a letter from Ar- istocies to Authades ; a defence of it in a letter to Mr. Dickinson i. a system uf morality, 1746, designed to check the progress of en- thusiasm ; a compendium of logic, 1752 ', a demonstration of the reasonablenes, usefulness, and great duty of prayer, 1761 ; a ser- mon on the beauties of holiness in the worship of the church of England ; a short vindication of the society for propagating the gos- pel; an English grammar and a catechism, 1765 ; a Hebrew gram- mar, 1767 ; this evinced an accurate acqutuntance with that Ian- gtiage, and it was reprinted with improvements in 1771^— CA^itk/- Ur*» Ufe'qfJohntoti; Miller, ii. 356 ; Literary miKdlanyy ii. S95-* 304 ; Beach*9/un. sermon ; Nolmea*^ annals, ii. 302 ; Monthly an- thology, iii. 92. JOHNSON (Sir William), a major general of the militia of New York, and remarkable for the ascendency, which he gained over the Indians, was bom in Ireland about the year 1714, and was a nephew of sir Peter Warren^ the naval hero, who distinguished himself especially at the siege oi Louisbourgin 1745. Sir Peter, having married a lady in New York, was induced to purchase large tracts of land upon the Mohawk river and the more interior parts of the country, and he sent for his nephew about the year 1734 to come to America and take the charge of his affurs. Young John- son accordingly took up his residence upon a certain tract on the Mohawk, and cultivated an acquaintance with the Indians. He learned their language ; he studied their manners, that he might be able to conciliate their regard ; his utuation upon the river be- tween Albany and Oswego presented a fine oppoctunity for trade^ and he carried on a large traffic with them, supplying them with such goods, a» they needed, and receiving in return beaver and oth-^ er skins; at length he acquired an influence over them, which no- other man ever possessed. In 1 75 5 he was entrusted with the com- mand of the provincial troops of New York, and marched to invest Crown Point, while Shirley proceeded tovrardsOntntio agreeably to the plan of the camptdgn. General Johnson, after the defeat of a detachment under colonel Williams, which he had sent out, was at- tacked himself in his camp on lake George on the eighth of Sep- tember. But as soon as his artillery began to play, the Canadian militia and the Indians fled with precipitation to the swamps. The French troops were repulsed, and baron Dieskau, their general, wa& taken prisoner. The advantage, however, which was thus gained^ was not pursued, and his conduct in not proceeding agidnst Crown Point has been the subject of reprehension. Even the success of the battle has been attributed to the exertions of the brave general IK' i i Iti^. l-'^ •'?" i ' n ii - ; mr ti •' '11 368 JOH. •M'J Lyman. But Johnsqutwho was ifounded in the engag;ement, reap* ed the benefits of the repulse of Dieskau, which was magnified into a splended victory. The house of commons bestowed on him five thousand pounds sterling, and the king conferred on him the title of baronet. About this time also he was appointed superintend wt of Indian affairs in New York. In the year 1759 he commanded the provincial troops under brigadier general Prideaux, in the expe> dition against Niagara. While directing the operations of the siege, Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a cohom on the twentieth of July ; but Johnson prosecuted the plan, which had been formed, "with judgment and idgor. On tlie twenty fourth the enemy made an attempt to ndse the siege, but were defeated through the excel- lent dispositions and the courage of Johnson, and the next day the fort was taken, and about six hundred men made prisoners of war. This event broke off the communication, which the French intended to establish between Canada and Louisiana. When Amherst em- barked at Oswego in June 1760 to proceed on the expedition to Canadai sir William brought to him at that place a thousand Indians of the Iroquois or five nations, which was the largest number, that had ever been seen in arms at one time in the cause of England. He died at his seat at Johnson hall, about twenty four miles * from Schenectady, on the Mohawk river, July 1 1, 1774yaged sixty years. He left a large sum of money to be employed in presents to the In- dians of the Mohawk castles, all of whom^ men, women, and chil- dren had mourning presented them on the death of their patron. Sir William Johnson possessed very considerable talents as an orator, and his influence over the Indians was not a little owing to the impl^ssion made upon them by means of his elocution. His discemlhent and address were such, as enabled him to accommodate himself to men of very different dispositions. ^ *^as been repre- sented, that he was envious towards Shirley, i endeavored to thwart him in his plans by discouraging the Inax^t.s from joining him ; and that in his private conduct he paid little respect to those laws, the observation of which only can insure domestic peace and virtue. He had wives and concubines, sons and daughters of differ- ent colors. He was zealous in supporUng the clsdms of Great Brit- ain, which excited such agitation in the colonies a few years before his death, and he exerted himself to promote the interest of the church of England. ^ The following anecdote seems to evince, that in his dealings with the Indians, who have a good reputation for cunning, he was not outwitted by them. Having sent to England ' for clothes finely laced, on their arrival Hendrick, the chief of the Mohawks, was dazzled with their splendor, and he beg^n to think how finely he should look, dressed in a similar manner. 'His vani- ty could not be resisted, and to gratify it he hit upon the following expedient. He went to sir William one morning, and told him very demurely, that in the preceding night he had dreamed, that m JON. 369 the baronet had generously presented him with a suit of hit laced clotheil. The solemn hint could not be mistaken or avoided, and the Indian monarch went away, pleased with his successful ingenu- ity. In a few daysi however, sir William accosted his raujesty and made known his dream* which was, that Hendrick had given him a tract of land} containing several thousand acres. " The land is yours/' said Hendrick, " but now, sir William, I never dream with you again ; you dream too hard for m^" ,y^. Sir John Johnson succeeded his father in his title, and was ap« pointed major general in his pUce in November 1774. At the commencement of the war he joined the British, and about the year 1776 persuaded the Mohawks to retire into Canada, from whence he repeatedly ravaged different parts of New York, and in one ex- pedition, in which he destroyed the very settlement, where he for- merly lived, ho proved himself not very dissimilar in character to his savage companions. In 1796 he was appointed governor of Upper Canada.~'^ccoun//ro7n the reverend Dr. Eliot ; j/nnuai reg- itterfor 1758, 54 ; for 1759, 30—34, \22 \Jor 1760, 58 ; /or 1766, 91 ; for 1774, 195; .^m^n'ran 7nu«rum, vi. 483 ; Mar»haUy\, 385, 395, 446 ; Wynne^ ii. 44—53, 99—101 ; Collect. hi»t. aoc. ii. 197 } iv. 58 ; vU. 90—99, 106—115, 150 — 153 ; Mnoty i. 353, 387.} Holmea* oiimi^f, ii. 313,334 ; Smithf 154 ; Morae*9 gazetteer^ article Johnatoxm. JONES(JoaN, M. o.), one of the most eminent physicians and sur- geon^ of whom our country can boast, was chosen in 1767 first pro* fessor of surgery in King's college, New York. He published about the year 1775 a work entitled, plain remarks on wounds and frac- tures, addressed to the stude.itsand young practitioners in America. This was particularly designed for the benefit of the surgeons in the, army and navy of the United States, and is a monument of the pro- fessional skill and patriotism of its worthy author. He died at Phil- adelphia June 33, 179 1. After his death, his pupiU James Mease^ published his surgical works, with an account of his life, 8vo, 1795. —•Ramsay** review of medicine, 36 ; Miller*« retronfiect, i. 319. JOSSELYN (Jo HI?), author cf New England's rarities, arrived in Boston in 1663, and resided in New England a number of years. He was brother to Henry Josselyn, a counsellor under the govern- ment of Gorges. He does not deserve much credit as a historian. The following is the title of his principal work ; New England's rarides discovered in birds, fishes, serpents, and plants of that coun* try ; together with the physical and chyrurgical remedies, where- with the natives constantly use to cure their distempers, wounds, and sores ; also a perfect description of an Indian squaw in all her bravery, with a poem not improperly conferred upon her ; lastly a chronological table of the most remarkable passages in that country- amongst the English; illustrated with cuts, 1673. He publbhed also an account of two voyages to New England, wherein you have 48 P^ Ii i 5 .1, '111 i'jfi ■ ^ I. ■■' '^ r' *■■!> ft ¥ m' l='l'iP Ii' I -^^ • ■ :' :- \'i ' ' \ 1 ' ' ' \n, '<■ i if ft , ' l!f£i rs> ''m' ■ 1 '' 1 h\\ 1 a 1 1 A \- 14 a 370 KAL. fhe setting out of a ship with the charges, a description of the coon- try, See. 1674.— Su//ivan'« €Utt, Maincy 382 ; Jlutchintont'i. 367,368 } Dougia9»f ii. 71. KALB (Baron dk), a major general in the army of the United States, was a German by birth, and had long been in the French service. In the battle near Camden, August 16, 1780, he fell after receiving eleven wounds in his vigorous exertions to prevent the defeat of the Americans. He died on the nineteenth in the forty eighth year of his age, having served three years with high reputa- tion. His last moments were spent in dictating a letter, which ex- pressed his warm affection for the men and officers of his divisbn, and his admiration of their firmness and courage in withstandbg a superior force. An ornamental tree was planted at the head of his grave in the neighborhood of Camden, and congress resolved, that a monument should be erected to his memory at Annapolis with a very honorable inscription.— Goron the iburtb of lune. The constisution was amended and established, asit now exists, by a convention at Fi'ank- ibrt August 17, 1799. The general assembly consists of a house of representatives and of a senate, the members of the former to be chosen for one year, and of the latter for four years. The gov- ernor also is elected for four years, and is ineligible for the seven succeeding years. The judges are liable to removal on an address to the governor, for a reasonable cause, of two thirds of each house of the assembly. In 1 800 the number of the inhabitants in Ken- tucky amounted to more than two hundred and twenty thousand.-— Eneyctofiediai Phil, edit.; Morse's geog. third edition^ 126 n HolmeD* annahi «i. S06, 483, 486. ' > ; '■/*: KILLEN (William), chancellor of the state of Delaware, was a native of Ireland. Early in Ufe, before he had attuned the age of manhood, he arrived in America possessed of a -decent property, and having an excellent education in the English .language. After pasung through a varaety of scenes, incidental to strangers, he set- tled himself in the family of Samuel EHcktnson, esquire, the father of John Dickinson, ^esquioe, of Wilmington. There he devoted himself most assiduously to the acquisition of a competent knowl- edge of thie Greek and Latin languages under the direction of Jacob Orr, who was engaged in teaching the sons of Mr. Dickinson, and some«ther young gentlemen. The diligence and modesty .of Mr. Killen made him a favorite of ^he whole family, and pan^ularly of his instructer. His unwearieii attention was rewarded by a rapid proficiency in lus studies. Having thus become acquainted with the learned languages, and being qualified to be useful to his adopted country, his talents were soon called into action. After holding the office of county surveyor for some years, he commenced the study of the law. In the courts of Delaware his knowledge, and espe- cially his skill in surveying, and in .various branches of the mathe- inadcs rendered him an able assistant in suits for land, and in such trials the most eminent men of his day were always pleased to as- sociate with him as their colleague. His practice soon became extensive. His moderation, his modesty, aud his punctuality in buuness, uded by his abilities, led him to wealth and to all the hoa- ^v: •^' > 1 ^ ,. '"■'..Li .:: H < ■:') ^:. : M/r 1 ' ■ ; ■ t ■ ■i ■ , ■ •. t - ^f } ' ll 9^;lM 372 KIN. ors of his country. For many ye&rs before the revolution he was selected by his .ellow ciazens to represent them in the assembly of Delaware. At the commencement of tlie contest with Great Brit> ain he took a decided and active part in fuv inon before the provincial congress, 1775 ; a sermon at the ordina- tion of the reverend Edward Sprague, Dublin, 1.777 j a sermon on the death of professor Winthrop, 1779 ; New Hampshire election sermon, 1738 j obsjorvations on the revelations of Jesus Christ to saint Johiv 1791 ; thieefiicacy of the^spel above all earthjy wisdom, the b^uuness of life and hope in death, two sermons in American preacher, iv ; a discourse bofore the Piscataqua association 1793 ; corrections of some great mistakes committed by the reverend John Cosens Ogden ; remarks on the leading sentiments of Dr. Hopkins' system of doctrines, 1794.— .^/f |iancoc;k, he was appointed peeudent of that iN lustrious assembly in iNav^m' ler 1777. In 1780 he was deputed to solicit a loan from Holland i^d to negotiate a treaty wi^h the United Netherlands. But on his passage he was captured by a British ves« eel on th' banks of Newfoundland. He threw his papers over- .board, bu 'hey were recovered by a sailor. Being sent* to Eng- land, he >v us committed to the tower on th6 sixth of October as a Qtate prisoner upon a charge of high treason. Here he was confin- ed JXMffi than a year and was treated with great severity, being de- LAU. 375 ■I i filed for the most part all Intercoune with hit friendtiand forbidden the use of pen, ink, and paper. His capture occaaionid no amall embarrassment to the ministry. They dared not to condemn him n a rebel through fear of retaliation, and they wera unwilling to re- lease him, lest he should accomplish the object of his mission. The (liHCOveries found in his papers led to a war with Great Britain and Holland, and Mr. Adams was appointed in his place to carry on the negotiation with the united provinces. During hii imprisonmcntt it was intimated to Mr. Laurens, that it might be of advantage to him, if he could induce his son, then on a mission to France, to with draw from that country. He replied, that ** such was the filial re« gard of his son, that he knew he would not hesitate to forfeit his life for his father ; but that no consideration would induce colonel Laurens to relinquish his honor, even were it possible for any cir- cumstance to prevail on his father to make the improper request.'* At length, in December 1781, enfeebled in health, and apparently sinking into the grave if continued in confinement, he sent a peti- tion to the house of commons for release, stating that he had labor- ed to preserve the friendship between Great Britain and the colonies, and had extended acts oi kindness to British prisoners of war. At the close of the year he was accordingly released. He returned to this country, and he died in South Carolina December 8, 1793, in the seventieth year of his age. He directed his son to bum hi^ body on the third day as the sole condition of inheriting an estate of sixty thousand pounds sterling.-— Gorc/on, iii. 31, S3, 303, 383, 333 ; iv. 5, 3 19, 330 ; RanuayU Amer, rev. ii. 313; hU S. CaroKncy i. 33, 38, 93 ; Warren^ i. 304 ; ii. 377—379, 394 — 300 ; Marthall, iii. 339 ; iv. 5, 573 ; Annual rfgiaterfor 1781, 333. LAURENS (John), a brave officer in the American war, wa» the son of the preceding, and was sent to England for his education. He joined the army in the beginning of 1777, from which time he was foremost in danger. He was present and distinguished him- self in every action of the army under general Washington, and was among the first, who entered the British lines at York Town. Eariy in 178 1, while he held the rank of lieutenant colonel, he was selected as the most suitable person to depute on a special mission to France to solicit a loan of monu/ and to procure military stores. He airived in March and returned in August, having been so suc- cessful in the execution of his commission, that congress passed a vote of thanks for his services. Such was his dispatch, that in three days after he repaired to Philadelphia he finished his business with congress, and immediately afterward rejoined the American army. On the twenty seventh of Aug^^t 1783, in opposing a foraging party of the British, near Combahee river in South Carolina, he was mortally wounded, and he died at the age of twenty six years. His father, just released from imprisonment, and happy in a son of such distinction and virtues, now witnessed the desolation of all his « ii r "1 \ f(,i VI m' :[' ^lll 'ik ^ ., t .. ! If ;(»■ I'm r I 376 LAW. hoptf. CoUmmI Lm w ii UDitiag the ulenu o( a great ol^er with thjB hoowledgs of the schoUr aod the engaging nuuuMrs of the mtlpman* wm the Klorjr of the arm/ and the idol of his country. WaihiogtoD» who sdect#d |dm aa hU aid* and reposed in him the liighett confidenpei declared that he could discover no fault in him unless it. was intr«|Mtyi bordering upon rashness. His abiiitiea were a xhibUed in the legislatm'e wad in the cablneti aa well as in the field. He was sealous for the righu of humanity^ and* living in a country of fluvesi. contended that personal liberty was the hirt^ Hght of evf rr human bein^t however diversified by country, colort or powers of fnind. |Iis insumating address won the hearts of all 14s acquaintance, whilo his sincerity and virtue secured their lasting esteem^— /Iam«ay'« £, CuroUnot i^ 31, 305, 306, 306, 374; Gordon, iv. 23, ^7, 163, 363 } Warren, U. 465 ; iii. 54, 55 ; Hoimct* antfaU,ii, 46^ ; Mdrdiall, iii. 486, 508 ; iv. 407, 485, 575 : J^Mtongatettef Deetmter9f 1783. ' LA wS0N (John), surveyor general of North Carolina at the beginnlnlg of the last century, published ft valufble work on that coloi^y;i 9ntitU4, a voyagp tp Carolina, containing the description and natural history of that country, iMid ^ journal of a thousand mil^s travel among several ni^tions pf Indians, &c. London^ 4to, 1709. A second edition w«|i pul)li^edin 1714r— A£^r'« retrttfitcty ii. 364. LAY (Bftx^^iir), a benevolent quaker of great singiUarities, was a (laj^ve of Eng/uid and brought up to the se^. About the year 17 10 he settled in Barbadoes. Bearing his open testimony in all con\pi(niQs agains( the cjaodupt of the owners of slaves, he be* came so obnoxiouf to the inhabitants, that he left the island in dii- gutt, fmd settled in Pennsylvl^lia, He fixed his i*e^dence at Abing* ton, ten miles from PhUadelphia> On his arrival he found many quak^rs, who kept llaves. He renionstrated against t^e practice with indiscreet zeal both in public and private, "to express bis indi^gp^ion at the. practice of slave keeping, he once carried a bladdqr filled yrith bipod, in^ a pubU9 meedng, and. in the presence of the whole conil^regatipn thrv>i|t a swo'd in^o it, which he had concealed under his coat, ej^claiming, *' thus shall God shed the blood of tho^e ppraons, yrhp enslave their fellow creatures." Call- ing upon a friend in Philfu^Iphia, he was asked toait dpwnto break* fast. He first inqi^ced, ,'< dQ.»( thou keep iilayes in thjr house V* On beipg answered in the a^ri)[^atiye, he said, ** then I will not partake ,^ with thee of the fruits of thy mnrigbtepusuess." After an ineffec* tual attempt to convince a. farmer and his M^ife,io C|^qs^er county of the iniquity of keeping ftUvj^^, he sei^d their only child) a little girj^ of three years of age«, under the pretence of qarrymg her away,, and when the cries of t^)eqhild,,. and his singular, expedient alarmed them,, he said,"yov see and feel pow a little, of the c^stress, which ypu ocquiipnby t^Q ipjkui?afin practice of slave, keeping." In !*. LAY. 377 I7if 1m wrote • trc»tlie, entitled* all slave keepert, that keep the in* nocent in bondtgCt apoifaiteii. It was printetl by Dr. Franklin, who told the author, wlien the niaiuiacript waa brought to him, that it was dcfi* cientin arrangement.*' It is no matter," said Mr. Lay,*«printanypart thoupleasest first.*' This worthy quaker died at his house in Abing- toil in iTdO, in the eightieth year of his age. He was temi)erate in his diet, living chiefly upon vegetables, and his drink was pure water. He was opposed to every species of extravagance. When tea was introduced into Pennsylvania, his wife brou(;ht home a smuU quan- tity with a set of cups and saucers. In his zeal he seized them, and canning them back to the city, he scattered the tea from the balco* ny of the court house, in the presence of a multitude of spectators, and broke to pieces the instruments of luxury, delivering at the •ame time a striking lecture upon the folly of introducing a perni- cious herb in the place of the v/holcsome diet of the country. He often visited schools, carrying a basket of religious books with him, and distributing them as prizes among the scholars, imparting also frequently somi advice and instruction. So much was he the en- emy of Idleness, that when the inclemency of the weather confin- ed him to his house, or his mind was wearied with reading, he used to spend his time in spinning. All his clothes were manufactured by himself. Though kind to the poor, he had no pity on common beggars, who* he said, if able to go abroad to beg, were able to cam four pence a day, and this sum wis sufficient to keep any person above want or dependence in this country. So fond was he of re- tirement for reading and meditation, that in a print of him he is rep- resented as reading in the mouth of a cave. He once attempted to imitate our Savior by fasting forty days ; but he was obliged to de- sist from the attempt. Such was Benjamin Lay. His weakness- es and eccentricities disappear before the splendor of his human- ity and benevolence. His bold, determined, and uniform repre- hension of the practice of slavery, in defiance of public opinion, does him the highest honor. The turbulence and severity of his temper were necessary at the time, in which he lived ; and the work, which he began, was completed by the meek and gentle Anthony Benezet.— Mif(it>'« biografthical diet, j Maata. mag. iv. 28—30. LEAMING (Jb&bmiah, o.d.), an episcopal minister, was bom in Middletown, Connecticut, in 1719, and was graduated at Yale college in 1745. He preached in Newport, Rhode Island, eight years ; at Norwalk, Connecticut, twenty one years ; and at Stratford ei|^ht or nine years. His death took place at New Haven in Sep- tember 1804, in the eighty seventh year of his age. In the epis- copal controversy, which for many years agitated New England, and in which he took a part, he wrote with great ability upon the subject. He published a defence of the episcopal government of the church, containing remarks on some noted sermons on prcsby- tcrian errlmation, 1766 j a second defence of the episcopal govem- 49 n. ■\iM I., '•> '■ '.», PI I m iilr n^rH M i^M 11 Ir »■! W'Ui 'ii^ v' '' J4. 37a L£0. mentof the church in answer to Noah Welles^ 1770|. evidonces of the truth of Christianity, 1785; dissertations on various sub- jects* which may be well worth the attention of every Christian^ 1789. LEDYARIX (JoBw), a distinguished traveller* was a native of Groton in Connecticut. His father died, while he was yet a child, and he was left under the care of a relative in Hartford. Here he enjoyed the advantages of a grammar school. After the death of his patron, when he was eighteen years of age, he was left to foliuw his own inclinations. With a view to the study of divinity he now passed a short tin^ e in Dartmouth college in New Hampshire, wbere he had an opportunity of learning the manners, of the Indians, as there was a number of Indian pv^ils in the sieminary . His acquaint* ance with the savage character, g^sdned in- this place, was of no little advantage to him in the future |i«$riods of lus life. His poveity oblig^g him to withdraw from thei eoUege before he had completed hia education, and not having a shilij||pg: in his pocket to defray the exfpense of a journey to; HarUbrd, h necticut, and going down that river, i^ili^h is in many places rapid, and- with which he was totally unacfi^nted, he arrived safely at Hartford at the distance of one hundrf^' lipid forty miles» He soon went to New Vork, and sailed for iM^i^in 1771 as a commpa sailor. When ctptain Cook sailed ofl fff* third voyage df diacov* ery, Ledyard, who felt an irresistiblf desire to explore those re- gions of the globe, which were yet ifi^discovered, or imperfectif known, accepted the humble station fjjf corporal of marines, rather Ihan foregO' an opportunity so inviting to his inquisitive and adven- turous spirit. He was a favorite of the illustrious navigator, and was one of the witnesses 4>f his tragici^ f nd in 1 7 78 . He surprised his friends in America, who had heard pothing of him for ten years, by a visit in 178 1 . Having offered hn services to several merchantt to conduct a trading voyage to the north west coast, and meedn^; with no encouragement, he agidn embarked for England in 1782. He now resolved to traverse the continent of America from the north west coast*, which Cook had partly explored, to the eastern coast, with which he was already perfectiy femiliar. Disappointed in his intention of sailing on a vpyag^ of commercial^ adventure to Nbotka sound, he crossed the British channel to Ostend with onljr .ten guineas in hb purse ; determinitd ta travel over land to Kam* .schatkaj whence the passage is short to the western coast of A- merica. When he came to the gul^^ Bothnia, he attempted to cross the ice, that he might redch Kamschatka by the shortest way; but finding that the water was not frozen in the middle, he return* ed to Stockholm. He then travelled northward into the arctic cir* cle* and passing round the head of the gulf, descended on its east* LEE. 381 dflingOTOUs p«rt of the continent of Africa. Despising the acci- dental distinctions of societjT) he seemed to regard no man as hit superior ; but his manners, though unpolished, were not disagreea* ble. His uncultivated genius was peculiar and capacious. The hardships, to which he submitted in the prosecution of his enter- prines and in the indulgence of his curiosity, arc almost incredible. He was sometimes glaa to receive food as in charity to a madman, for ^at character he had been obliged to assume in order to avoid a heavier calamity. His judgment of the female character is very honorable to the sex. " I have always remarked," said be, ** that women in all countries are civil and obliging, tender and humane ; that they are ever inclined to be gay and cheerful, tfmorous and modest ; and that they do not hesitate, like men, to perform a gen- erous action. Not haughty, not arrogant, not supercilious, they are full of courtesy, and fond of society ; more liable in general to err than man, but' in general also more virtuous, and performing more good actions, than he. To a woman, whether civilized or savage^ I never addressed myself in the language of decency and friend- ship, without receiving a decent and friendly answer. With man it has often been otherwise. In wr.nclering over the barren plains of inhospitable Denmark, through honest Sweden and frozen Lap- land, rude and churlish Finland, iinprincipled Russia, and the wide spread regions of the wandering Tartar ; if hungry, dry, cold, W^, or sick, the women have ever been friendly to me, and uniforn^y so. And to add to this virtue, so worthy the appellation of benev- olence, their actions have been performed in so free and kind a man- ner, that if I was dry, I drank the sweetest draught, and if hungry, I eat the coarsest morsel with a double relish.'* j^ Besides his communications to the African association, Mr. Led- yard published an account of Cook's voyage in 1 78 1 . A number oi his manuscripts were a few years ago in the hands of his brother, Dr. Isaac Ledyard, health officer of the city of New York.-i.jBdltn- burgh encydofi. edit. 1808, 196, 197; Proceed, of African asaoc.for 1790, 40; Briaaot, nouv. voy, ii. 405—410 ; Hardie*8 hiog. dictiona" ry ; Encydofi. tufifilement^ Phil. edit. ; Universal asylum^ i. 393— 395 : MaMa. mag. iv. 94, 95 ; Gazette U. S. October 9, 1790. ^3 LEE (Samuel), first minister of Bristol, Khode Island, vras' bom in London in 162 5, and receiving his education at Oxford was. admitted to the degree of master of arts in 1648. He was soon settled in a fellowship, and in 1651 was appointed a proctor of the university. He was afterwards preferred by Cromwell to a church near Bishopsgate in London, but was ejected by the rump parlia- ment, and an anabaptist was placed in his room. He was then a lecturer of great St. Helen's church in London. After the restor- ation he was not silenced for nonconformity, for he had no prefer- ment to lose ; but he lived for some time in Oxfordshire, occasion- ally preaching. In 1678 he removed to Newbgton green near ' ■•11 N ' '1 ' iv . li .. , J ■M^ fel ■ 1 ■ ' L ■^jS^^j^ f- ''(l [i!|ll!.:Mr^ r.j Ml ¥'H q:1 ^»2* LEE. LondoD) where he mtos for several years minister of on independ- ent church. His learned tutor, bishop Wilkins, advised him to en> ter the establislied church ; but his views of truth and duty would not suffer him to do it. Being apprehensive^ that the rights of conscience would soon be further invaded by the return of popery, he in June 1686 removed to New England, and preached in the town of Bristol. When a church was forllMd May 8, 1 687, he was chosen mmister. After the revolution in his native country, he was eagerly, desirous of returning. Just before he sailed in 1691, he told his wife that he had viewed a star, which, according to the rules of astrology, presaged captivity. He was accordingly captured by a Frencb'^rivateer, and carried into St. MaIoe,in France, where he died about the time of Christmas in 1'694 in the sixty fourth year of his age, and was buried without the city as a heretic. He was a very learned man, who spoke Latin with elegance, was a mas- ter of physic and chemistry, and well versed in all the liberal arts and sciences. He had studied the astrological art, but disapproving lof it, he burned a hundred books, which ndated to the subject. Though a conscientious nonconformist, he possessed a catholic, liberal spir- it. His learning was united with charity, and the poor were often relieved by his bounty. He published ichronicon Ocstrenae, tin ex- act chronology of aU the rulers of Cheshire and Chester in church anl state from the foundation of the city, 1 666 ; orbia miraculum, orjhe temple of Solomon portrayed by scripture light, folio, 1659 ; this was printed at the charge of the university ; de excidio anti- christ!, folio, 1659 ; a sermon on the means to be used for the con- version of carnal relations, 1 66 1 ; contemplations on moitality, Bvo, 1669; a sermon on secret prayer, 1674; the visibility oif the trtie church, 1675 ; the triumph of mercy in the chariot of praise ; a discourse of secret and preventing mercies, 1677 ; two discourses on the mournful state of the church with a pros- pect of her dawning glory, 1679 ; a dissertation on the ancient and successive state of the Jews, with scripture evidence of their iOitnre conversion and establishment in their own land, 1679 ; this is printed with Fletcher^s Israel redux ; the joy of &ith, 1689 ; an* -swer to many queries relative to America, to its natural produc- tions, diseases, &c. 1690 ; the great day of judgment, preached be- fore a court at Bristol, 1695. He also wrote a number of Latin prefaces to books for Henry Hall, printer at Oxford, and a preface to John Rowe's ImmanueU with his life and chara6ter.<^iro(Mf '« jithenee Oxonienaesi ii. ■682, 883 ; CalamyU account^ ii^ 36 ; hU ton* ftnttat, i. 53—56 ; Nonconform, memorial^ i. 104 ; Mather't magna- Hay iii. 223 ; '.Account of origin qfBrittol, LEE (Charlks), a major general in the army of the United States, was bom in Wales and was the son of John Lee, a colonel in the British service. He entered the army at a very early age ; 3>ut thou|;h he x>ossessed a military spirit, he was ardent in the put- 4 LED. 37^ •rn ude to Peteraburgh. There his extraordinary appearance at- tracted general notice. Without stockings or shoes, and too poor to proride himself nJ'^l' her, he was inutcd to dine with the Por- tuguese ambassador, v; -> supplied him with twenty guineas on th« credit of sir Joseph BankH. Through his interest he also obtained permission to accompany a detachment of stores, which was to be sent to Yakutz for the use of Mr. Billings, an Englishman, who was entrusted with the schemes of noithern discoTery,.in which the em- press was then engaged. From Yakutz, wliich is situated in Sibe- ria, six thoasand miles east of Petersburgb, tie proceeded to Ocza- kow, orOchotskjonthe Kamschatkan sea ; but as the navigation was completely obstructed by the ice, he returned to Yakutz, intending to wait for Uie conclusion -of the winter. Here in consequence of some unaccountable suspicion he was seized in the name of the em- press by two Russian soldiers, who conveyed him, in the depth of \«inter, through the north of Tartary to the frontier of the Polish dominions ; assuring him at their departure, that if he returned to Russia, be should certainly be hanged, but if he chose to return to England, they wished him a. pleasant journey. Poor, forlorn, and friendless, covered with rags^ and exhausted by fatigue, disease, and misery, he pixiceeded to Koningsberg, where the interest of sir Joseph Banks enabled him to procure the sum ojf five guineas, by means of which he arrived in England. He immediutely waited on sir .Joseph, who recommended him to an adventure as perilous as that, from which he had just returned. He now was informed of the views of the association, which had been lately formed ibr promoting the discovery of the interior parts of Afnca, which wer€ then little known. Sparrman, Pater- son, and Vaillant had travelled into Caffraiia, and Norden and Bruce bad enlarged the acquaintance of Europeans with Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. In regard to other parts of this .<|uarter of the globe, its geography, excepting in relation to its coasts, ^vas involved indariinesB. l.edy.ard engaged with enthusiasm in an .enterprise, which he hafl already projected for himself?; and rjBceiving from sir Joseph a letter .of introduction to one of the members of the committee appointed to direct the business and promote the object of the association, he went to him without delay. The de8cription« which that gentleman has given of bis first interview, Mrongly marks the character of this hardy traveller. ** Before I llad learned/' says he, '^ from tiie note the name and business of my visitor, I was struck with the manliness of his person, the breadth of hie chest, the openness of his countenance, and the inquietude of bis eye. I sppead the n»ap of Africn ^lefoK him, r nd tracing a line fromCsdro to Sennaar, and from thence westward in the latitude und supposed direction of the Niger, I told him that was the route, by which I was anxious* that Africa might, if possible, be explored, lie mAy he shonld think himself singularly fortunate to be entrusted %, ■ s 1 ('. ". f\ -i ;f n ,■ ft i H^ 'i :h '^ 1 ' ^' « !j :#^ , # 380 LED. 1^ BOS m i [B^^^B ■ 1 ^li *"» H wht on H 1* 11 ' * MiSnBl' ; bH ■ ' 'f ^ifffl ' . nliii'' '^D El .iw snM'' iwM B « UUi] HIB! ' ' jIH 11 ifjWi^' U;P f Inll '■ «l , Wmm' i ^9H 1 Imll K 9H with the adrenture. I asked him when he would set out ? To- morrow morning was his answer.'* From such zeaU decision^ and intrepidity the locietf naturally formed the most sanguine expectAions. He sailed from London June SO, 1788) and in thirty six days, seven of which were spent in Paris, and two at Marseilles, arrived in the city of Alexandria ; and having there assumed the dress of an Egyptian traveller pro* ceeded to Cairo, which he reached on the nineteenth of August. He travelled with peculiar advantages. Endowed with an original and comprehensive genius he beheld with interest, and described with energy the scenes and objects around him ; and by comparing them with what he had seen in other regions of the globe he was enabled to give his narrative all the varied effect of contrast and resemblance. His remarks on Lower Egypt, had that country been less generally known, might have ranked with the most valu- able of geographical records. They greatly heightened the opin* ion, which his employers already entertained of his singular quali> fications for the task, which he had undertaken. Nor was his resi- dence at Cairo altogether useless to the association. By visiting the slave markets, and by conversing with the Jelabs, or travelling merchants of the caravans, he obtained without any expense abetter idea of the people of Africa, of its trade, of the position of places, the nature of the country, and the manner of travelling, than he could by any other means have acquired ; and the communications on these subjects, which he transmitted to England, interesting and instructive as they were, afforded the society the most gratifying jproofs of the ardent spirit of inquiry, the unwearied attention, the persevering research, and the laborious, indefatigable, anxious zeal, with which their author pursued the object of his mission. He had announced to his employers, that he had received letters of » earnest recommendation from the Aga ; that the day of his de- parture was appointed ; that his next despatch would be dated from Sennaar ; and the committee expected with impatience the result of his journey. But that journey was never to be performed. The vexation, occasioned by repeated delays in the departure of the caravan, brought on a bilious complaint, which, being increased at first by incautious treatment, bafHed the skill of the most approved Fhysicians of Cairo, and terminated liis earthly existence January 7,1789. * The society heaiyl with deep concern of the death of a man, whose high sense of honor, magnanimous contempt of.danger, and ibamest zeal for the extension pf knowledge had been so conspicu- ously displayed in their service ; whose ardor, tempered by calm deliberation, whose daring spirit, seconded by the most -prudent caution, and whose impatience of control, united with the power of eupporting any&tigue, seemed to have qualified him above all other men for tihe yery arduous task of traversing the widest and most LEE. ('!■ S8S Id set out ? To- suit ef knowledge. He acquired a competent skill in Greek and Latin) while his fondness for travelling made him acqutdnted with the Italian^ Spanish} German, and French languages. In 1756 he came to America, and was engaged in the avtack iipon Ticonde- roga in July 1758, when Abercrombie was defeated. In 1763 he bore a colonel's commission, and served under Burgoyne in Por- tugal, where he much distinguished himself. Not long afterwards he entered into the PoUsh service. Though he was absent when the stamp act passed^ he yet by his letters zealously supported the cauM of America. In the years 177 1, 1773, and 1 773- he vambled over all Europe, for he could never stay long in one place. Dur> ing this excursion he Mras engaged with an officer in Italy in an a& £gdr of honor, and he murdered his antagonist, escaping himself with the loss of two fingers. Having lost the favor of the ministry and the hopes of promotion in consequence of his political senti- ments, he came to America in Novemtier 1773. He travelled through the country, animating the colonies to resistance. In 1774 he was induced by the persuasion of his ftiend, general Gates, to purchase a valuable tract of land of two or three thousand acres in Berkley county, Virginia. Here he resided tUl the following year, when he resigned a commission, which he held in the British ser- vice, and accepted a commission from congress, appointing him ma- jor general. He accompanied Washington to the camp at Cam- bridge, where he arrived July 3, 1775, and was received with eyery mark of respect. In the beginning of the following year he was despatched to New York to prevent the British from obtaining pos- session of the city and thie Hudson. This trust he executed with Cat wisdom and energy. He disarmed all suspicious perscms on ig Island, and dreW up a test to be offered to every one, whose attachment to the American cause was doubted. Ifisbold measures carried terror wherever he appeared. He seems to have been very- fond of this application of a test ; for in a letter to the president of congress he informs him, that he had taken the liberty at Newport to administer to a number of the toriesavery strong oatK,one article of which was, that they should take arms in defence of their country, if called upon by congress, and he recommends, that this measure should be adopted in reference to all the tories in America. Those fanatics, who. might refuse to take it,- he thought should be carried into the interior. Being sent into- the southern colonies, as com- mander of all the forces, which' should there be raised, he diffused an ardor ammig the soldiers, which was attended with the most sal- utarf consequences. He was very active in giving directions and making preparations previously to the unsuccessful attack of the British on Sullivan'^ island June 28, 1776. In October by the direc- tionof congress he repaired to the northern army. As he was march- int; from the Hudson through New Jersey to form a junction with Wasiungton in Pennsylvania,.he quitted his camp in Morris, county l' < ■I'rl ' ■ a ♦: V 1 .:| ^■^ |i^ii(|-'Hj ■A t f 384 LEK. ?(■■ i I ?* ' I :;.■: to reconnoitre. In this employment he went to the distance of three miles from the camp and entered a house for breakfast A British colonel became acquainted with his situation by intercepting a countryman) charged with a letter from him) and was enabled to take him prisoner. He was instantly mounted on a horse without his cloak and hat) and carried safely to New York. He was detain- ed till April or May 1778) when he was exchanged for general Prescott) taken at Newport. He was very soon engaged in the battle of Monmouth. Being detached by the commander in chief to make an attack upon the rear of the enemy) general Washington was pressing forwutl to support him on the twenty eighth of JunC) when to his astonishment he found him retreating without having made a single effort to msdotain his ground. Meeting him in these circumstances) without any previous notice of his plans, Wash- ingtcm addressed him in terms of some warmth. Lee, being or- dered to check the enemy, conducted himself with his usual brave- rytand when forced from the ground, on which he had been placed, brought off his troops in good order. But his haughty temper could not brook the indignity, which he believed to have been offer- ed him on the field of battlC) and he addressed a letter to Washing* ton, requiring reparation for the injury. He was on the thirtieth arrested for disobedience of orders, for misbehavior before the en- emy, and for disrespect to the commander in chief. Of these charges he was found guiltjr by a court martial, at which lord Stir- ling presided, and he was sentenced to be suspended for one year. He defended himself with his accustomed ability, and his retreat seems to be justified from the circumstance of his having advanced upon an enemy, whose strength was much greater, than was ap- prehended, and from his being in a situation, with a morass in his rear, which would preclude him from a retreat, if the British should have proved victorious. But his disrespectful letters to the com- mander in chief it is not easy to justify^ His suspension gave gen- eral satisfaction to the army, for he was suspected of aiming him- self at the supreme command. After the result of his trial was confirmed by congress in January 1780 he retired to his estate in Berkley county, Virginia, where he lived in a style peculiar to him- self. Glass windows and plaster would have been extravagances in his house. Though he had for his companions a few select authors and his dogs, yet as he found his situation too solitary and irksome, he sold his farm in the fall of 1782, that in a different abode he niight'^cnjoy the conversation of mankind. He went to Philadel- phia and took lodgings in an inn. After being three or four days in the city he was seized by a fever, which terminated his life Oc- tober 2, 1782. The last words, which he uttered, werO) ".stand by me, my brave grenadiers." In his person general Lee was rather above the middle size, ami his remarkable aquiline nose refidered his face somewhat disagree* LEE. SU able* Mr Was master of* moat i^nteel address^ but wurudo IflF his maiiMrt and mccesaivelf Mgligent in his appearance and be^ havior* His appetite was ae whimsical* that he was eveiy wheM « niesttiwiUesomevgttest< Two or three dojj^ usually followed Mm whereiref he went. As an officer he was brtive and abte, and did much towards diseipliainr the American army. With vigevolHi IKMrers of mind and a bvUliant fiuicy he was a corr^t and Alegiuit classical scholar^ and he both wrote and spoke his nalivc lan^^uago Tfith propriety} forces and beauty. His temper waa aoTer^. TlHi hlHory ot his life is little else than the history of ^ptrtesi qtturreto» and duels in every part of the world. He was vindictiTei arari^ ciouSf imilloralt impiouS) and pro&ne. His pfinciples, as wouM b* expected from his > lished a church history of Geneva, 13 mo, 1733 ; and a treatise on detractien«»C«//ec/. Utt. toe. iii. 364, 301. LEVERETT (John), governor of Massachusetts, signalised liim- eelf by his bravery in the early periods of his life. He was long employed in public affairs and places of great trust. He was in England at the restoration, and appeared an advocate foi the colony. Upon his return to this country he was chosen a member of the general court for Boston. In 1664 he was chosen major general, aadin 1665 an assistant. He was elected governor in 1673 as suc- cessor to Bellingham, and was continued in that office till his death, March 16, 1678. His administration is spoken of with respect. He Mras succeeded by governor Bradstreet.F--il/ajr'Mr/ia, ii. 19 j Mali ii. 33 ; Hutchinton^ i. 169, 370, 333. LEVERETT (Johk), president of Harvanl college, was jgrand- son of governor Levcrett, and was graduated at the college, wliich v^ afterwards entrusted to his care, in 1680. He was first ap- pcunted a tutor in this seminary. He next was chosen a member of the house of representatives, and then, speaker. He was succes- sively a member of his majesty's council, a justice of the superiiHr court, and a judge of the probate of wills. After the death of the vice president Willai^, he was chosen president of Harvard col- lege, and was inducted into this office Januai7 14, 1708. In this stadon he continued till his death, which .took place suddenly May S, 1794. He was succeeded by Wadsworth. President Leyerett received from thte gift of God great powers of mind, which he dil- igently cultivated. He was conspicuous for his learning ; and he was an eminent divine as well as statesman. In an early period of bis life he occaaioi^Uy preached. So extensive was his knowledge and so correct was his judgment, that in almost every difficult case the people resorted to him for information and advice. He was a man of courage, and resolution, and firmness, as well as learning. No difficulties discouraged him, when he once engaged in any tS- fair of impcitance ; he encountered them with cheerfulness j and by his perseverance and diligence frequently effected what >v njr in January 1808, in the fifty sixth year of his age. Before disease broke down his strength, he was distinguished and useful. His eloquence was for the must part natural, impressive, and com- manding, tlK>ugh at times he hud too much vehemence in his iBsinner. Ue married a daughter of the reverend John Bhw. The following are his publications; a miliury discourse, delivered in Carlisle, 1776 ; the spiritual death and life of t! . c'''.vf r, and the character and misery of the wicked, two serr.o. ;• >mericapi preacher, i ; asermon on the anniversary of Am> ;.^ lendencci i791 i sermons hi^storical and characteristlcal, 1 2 mo,' 1 791; a fune- ral eulogy on Washington, 1 800.— 'Pn of the preceding, and was bom in Shippensburgh, Pennr i^>U\uuH, Mut .:]) 14, i/77. He early, evinced a strong attachment LIN. 391 to books. When he was nine years old his father remoTed to New York* and here he enjoyed new op^wrtunitics ol improvement imder respectable teachcrk. At the ai^c of thirteen he returned home from a seminary in Flatbush on Lon^ Utttiid, where he had paased two or three years in the full enjoyment of heakh, aiul delighted with the beauties of nature. He ,/ \v cmeic«( "ulumbiu coUege, and engaged in anew scenct being Hubjert to new discipline and interested by new associates. ''tiiiing i.ii; four years, which he passed in the college^ his taste, like the tustc ot others tt that peri- gdf became fixed* and a permanent dircctir ii whs given to his incli- nations. He evinced a powerful tendency to poetry uimI rnticiiiai. The fine writers of the ugct particularly the poets, uccame. hia dar- ling «i.udvt end the glow of admiration was followed by a xeal to iQiit ti . Admiring the great works of the dramatic writers^ it w%» n I'. '•^ riro, when unrestrained by deep Bcriousness, and in a cit) t where there i% an established theatre, to hasten where he might b( H M these works invested with the charms of life and action on the s'age. But though the theatre became his chief posnion, he wa*^ net seduced into vicious pleasures. When his academical caTf r was ended* he was eighteen years of age, and his choice of u profession fell upon the law. He was placed under the direction of Alexander Hamilton, who was the friend of his father ; but he did not apply himself with much assiduity to his new pursuit. I'hc splendid visions of Shakcspeara and Tusso were more uttracuve, than the nuked abstractions.and tormenting subtleties of Blackstone and Coke. He regarded the legal science everyday with new indifferencei and at the close of the first year relimiuished the pre- iession altogether. Before this event he hud ventured to produce a dramatic composition, called Bourville castle, on the stage. Itn success was encouraging ; but other objects now claimed his atten- don, and his dramatic career was entirely renounced. His passion for theatrical amusements yielded to affections of a more serious and beneficial nature, and those religious impressions, which from his earliest infancy he had occauonally felt, now sunk permanently into his heart. After much deliberation, he determined to devote lus future life to the service of the church. Such adeciuon, in hh circumstani:es and with his prospects, could flow only from deep convictions of duty. Perceiving the necessity of relinquishing with his former habits ■rnd pursuits many of his former companions, and of abandoning tho scenes, to which he had been accustomed to resort, he retired to Schenectady, and put himself under the care of Dr. Romeyn* a professor of theology in the reformed Dutch church. Experience daily presented new difficulties, but his zeal was not diminished. A license to preach was obtained from the'classis of Albany in the year 1798, when he had just entered his twenty second year. Amidst some exuberances of style and sentiment the excellence of his pet- ■f ,.,.!*( ir.i 'I ( ^ .1 3S2 LIN. m lormances excited lively expectations of his futdre disUnctioh. Ke Mceived calls from the presbjrterian church at ElizabcthtowiTi New Jersey) and from the first presbyterian church at Philadelphia. He finally decided, though not without much hesitation, in Ssvor of the latter rituation. In this decision he was influenced by a diffidence of his own powers, which he believed would have to encounter less antluous trials as an assistant minister, than where the whole charge sfiould devolve 'upon himself. He was ordained June 13, 1799, as colleague with the reverend Dr. Ewing. The two sncceding years of his life were passed in diligent and successful application to the duties of the pastoral office, which were rendered more arduous by the increasing infirmities of his venerable colleague. But during this interval, amidst the faithful labors of his office, he found time to write two poems, the first on the death of Washington, and the sec- end the powers of genius, a poem of considerable length, which was very acceptable to the public, and has been published in a ^lendid manner in England. '^ Mr. Linn's temperament was sanguine and his health at all times extremely variable. From his earliest infancy he was liable to fits of severe indisposition. As there was a powerful sympathy between hh body and mind, all disorders in the former produced confbsion and despondency in the latter. He was always prone to portcibd an unfavorable issue to his disease. In the sunrmer of 1 803 his c(mi* stitution suffered irreparable mischief from a fever, induced by ex« posure to the rays of a burning sun. His brain aftenyards was fre- quwitly seized with a dizziness, which was followed by a heavy de- pression of mind. He struggled manfully with his infirmity, but his strength was wasting, and he was sinking into the earth. That his powers of reasbning and reflection, however, were not impair- ed by his disease he very soon furnished an incontestable proof in the spirit, with which he carried on a short controversy, during this year, with Dr. Priestley. That pertinacious Socinian had published a short treatise, in which he drew a comparison be* tween Jesus Christ and Socrates. Mr. Linn stepped forward against She veteran controversialist, subjected the character of Socrates toa ri(»td scrutiny, and while he endeavored to reduce it to its proper point in thfe scale, the transcendent merits of Christ were urged with unusual eloquence. A second reply to a second publication of Mr. Linn was the dying effort of Priestley in favor of the Socinian doctrines. Mr. Linn was zealous and impetuous ; some of his friends thought the importance of the subject in cohtroversy justifi- ed the asperity, with which the youth treated his adversary, venera- ble fok> age and science ; but he did not justify himself, and he was known to spelik of his vehemence with tears of regret. He even wrote a letter of apology to Dr. Priestley, but the death of the lattei' prevented his receiving it. During this period he put together the materials of a poem, to which h,e intendedto entrust his future ame LIN. 393 u a poet. This fragment of a plan, copious and comprehensive* iras left in a state thought to be sufticiently perfected for the press, and it was published after his death under the title of Valerian. To the proofs of literary excellence, which he had exhibited, was he in- debted for a degree of doctor in divinity from the university of Penn- sylvania, conferred without the previous knowledge of himself or his familiar friends. This honor probably was never before conferred on so young a man. He was now approaching the hour of his dissolution. The gloom, which hovered over his mind, became deeper and more settled. He could look beyond the grave without fear, but the terrors of death were almost insupportable. In the summer of 1804 he was induced to take a journey to the eastern states. The images of melancholy, the gloom, the despondence, theterror, which he had before felt, still however attended him. He returned to Philadelphia in July. On the thirtieth of August he arose with less indisposition, than usual. He contemplated resiigning his sacred office, and engaging in some employment, corresponding more to his strength, in which he could be useful. On the evening of that day he had scarcely laid his head upon the pillow, when he said to his wife, ^' I feel something burst within me. Call the family together ; I am dy- ing." A stream of blood now choaked his utterance. But after a short interval he recovered strength to exclaim with fervency, clasping his hands and lifting his eyes, " Lord Jesus, pardon my transgressions, and receive my soul !" Such was the termination of his life August 30, 1804, in the twenty eighth year of his age. As a preacher, few persons ever attained so great a popularity as he acquired before his twenty third year. Time pruned away his juvenile luxuriances and gave greater solidity to his discourses, without rendering them less engaging. As a poet he possesses considerable merit. His talents were of the first order. He was capable of deep research, but the indulgence of his imagination and his taste had more charms for him. His temper was quick ; his sensibility exquisite. Though sometimes rash, yet he was generous. He was accustomed to dwell more on the dark, than on the bright side of the picture of life. He was often a prey to mel* ancholy, sitting for days silent, sad, and gloomy. He felt even to madness the slightest disrespect, and as sensibly enjoyed attention paid to him. With years however his sensibility was corrected. The frame of his mind in relation to spiritual things was a perfect contrast to what it was in the common concerns of life. He uni' formly trusted in the Savior of sinners, and the apprehensions of future life, however humble were the views he entert£uned of him- self, did not interrupt the composure of his mind. He prepared for the press and published soon after he left col- lej^c without his name two volumes of miscellanies in prose and f: i\ ■»! ' '*m & verse, 12mo. His poem on the death of Washington, 5! which has '■ ■ ijii y t 394 uv. ^■: a i ''! !]»' 'I : ''ii I '■iM 'ill been menticmed, was written in limitation of the manner of Ossiaoy and published in 1800, and his powers of genius in 1801 ; a funeral sermon on Dr. Ewing, 1802; his two tracts in the controversy Mrith Dr. Priestley, 1802. After his death there was published from his manuscripts Valerian, a narrative poem, intended in part to describe the early persecutions of Christi. 1804 ; Hardie'^ biog. diet, afifiend. 1—7. LIVINGSTON, (William, ll. d.), governor of New Jersey, descended from a family in New York, which emigrated from North Britain, and which was distinguished for its numbers, opu- lence, talents, Christian virtue, and attachment to liberty. He was born about the year 1723, and was graduated at Yale college m 1741. He afterwards pursued the study of the law. Possessing from the gift of God a strong and comprehensive mind, a brilliant imagination, and a retentive memory, and improving with unweari* cd diligence the literary advantages, whkh he enjoyed, he s9on rose , to eminence in his profession. He early embraced the cause of civil and religious liberty. AVhen Great Britain advanced her arbitrary claims, he employed his pen in opposing them and in vindicating the rights of his countrymen. After sustaining some important offices in New York he removed to New Jersey, and as a representative of this state was one of the principal members of the first congress in 1774. After the inhabitants of New Jersey had sent their governor, Mr. William Franklin, under a strong guard to Connecticut, and had formed a new constitution, in July 1 796, Mr. Livingston was elected the first chief magistrate, and such was his integrity and republican virtue, that he was annually reelected till his death. During the war he bent his exertions to support the independence of his country. By the keenness and severity of his political writing^ he exasperated the British, who distinguished hiin as an object of their peculiar hatred. His pen had no inconsiderable influence in exciting that indignation and zeal, which rendered the militia of New Jersey so remarkable for the alacrity, with which on any alarm they arrayed themselves against the common enemy. He was in 1 787 a delegate to the grand convention, which formed the constitution of the United States. After having sustained the office of governor for fourteen years with great honor to himself and nsefulness to the state, he died at his seat near Elizabethtown Julf 3^, 1790, aged sixty seven years-. He was succeeded by William Patterson. Governor Livingston was from his youth remarkably plain and simple in his dress and maniiers. Always the enemy of parade^ LOC. 395 1804 : Hardie*^' lie never exhibited himself in splendor. He was convivial, easy, mild) witty, and fond of anecdote. Fixed and unshaken in Christian priiicipies, his life presented an example of incorruptible integrity, strict honor, and warm benevolence. He obeyed the precepts of the gospel, and in the opinion of his Chribtian friends wtts sincerely pious. He relied for salvation solely upon the merits of Christy In his political principles he was purely republican, having an an abhorrence of the monarchical form of government. He was an excellent classical scholar. His writingii evince a vigorous mind and a refined taste. Intimately acquainted with the celebrated writers of his day andth of gov* ^rnor Qordon in October 17^6 the government of course devolved upon him, as he was president of the council ; and during his ud- niinistration of two years the utmost harmony prevailed throughout the province. Several years previously to his death he retired from public affairs and spent the latter part of his life principally atStan* ton, his country seat, near Germantown, where he enjoyed among his books that leisure, which he much relished, and was much em< ployed in corresponding with learned men in different parts of Eu- rope. He died October 31, 1751, aged about seventy seven years. lie was well versed in both ancient and mcxlem learning ; he had made considerable proficiency in oriental literature ; he was mas> ter of the Greek, Latin, French, and German languages ; and he was well acquainted with mathematics, natural and moral philoso- phy, and natural history. . In his religious sentiments he was a quaker. He had collected with great care a library of more than three thousand volumes, which at that time .was by far the | largest in Pennsylvania, and particularly rich in works in the Latin and Greek languages, and in the most curious, rare, and excellent sci- entific publications. This valuable collection of books, usually called the Loganian library, was bequeathed by its possessor to the citizens of Philadelphia, and has since been deposited in one of the apartments belonging to the library company of tliat city. The two libraries in connexion contain near twenty thousand volumes, the largest collection of books in the United States. Mr. Logan published in the philosophical transactions for 1735 an account of his experiments on maize with a particular view to the investigation of the sexual system of plapts. The experiments were considered as decisive. The work was afterwards published in Latin, entitled, experimenta et meletemata de plantarum genera* tione< Sec. Leyden, 1 739 ; and in London by Dr. Fothergill with a:v English version on the opposite page, 1747. He also published cano< Hum pro inyeniendis refractionum,tumsimpIicium, tum in lentibus duplicium fQcis,demon8trationesgeometricoe,&c. Leyden, 1739 ; and H translation of Cicero'streatise de senectute with explanatory notes, and with a commendatory preface by Dr. Franklin, 1744. This was the first translation of a classical author, made in America.— ProuiVs hUt. Pennsylvania^ i. 478. 479 ; Hardie'a Hog. diet.; Mi!: (er*a retroafiecty i. 1 34 ; ii. 340. LOGAN, an eloquent Indian chief, was the second son of Shik. elleinus, a celebrated chief of the Cayuga nation, whose residence was at Shamokin. Logan was the friend of the white people, he adipircd their ingenuity, and' wished tp be a neighbor to them. Mr LOR. 397 Hcckeweldcr, a Moravian missionary, saw Logan in 1773, and by a conversation with him was impressed with the belief, that his talents were of a higher grade, than those usually possessed by Indians. In April or May 1 774, when Logan's residence was on the Ohio, his family was murdered by a party of whites under the command of captsun Michael Cresap. The occasion of this outrage was a report, that the Indians had killed a number of white persons, who were looking out for new settlements. A war immediatety com- menced, and during the summer great numbers of innocent men, women, and children fell victims to the tomahawk and scalping knife of the Indians. In the autumn of the same year a decisive battle was fought at the mouth of the great Kanhaway between the collected forces of th« Shawanese, Mingoes, and Delawares, and a detachment of the Virginia militia. The Indians were defeated and sued for peace. Logan however disdained to be seen among the suppliants. But lest the sincerity of a treaty, from which so dis- tinguished a chief absented himself, should be mistrusted, he sent by a messenger the following speech to be delivered to lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia. " I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen pointed, as they passed, and said, Logan is the friend of white men. I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it ; I have killed many ; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his )ifc. Who is there to mourn for Logan ? Not one." After this peace Logan sunk into a deep melancholy, and declared that life was a torment to him. He became in some measure de- lirious. He went to Detroit, where he yielded himself to the habit of intoxication. On his return, between that place and Miami, he was murdered In October 1781 Mr. Heckewelder was shown the spot by some Indians, where this event was said to have taken place.-— /c^irson'a notea on Virginia^ query vi, and apfiendix. LORD (Joseph), first minister of Dorchester, South Carolina, was a native of Charlestown, Massachusetts, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1691. In the fall of 1695 he was ordained pasc tor of the church, which was gathered in Dorchester, Massachu- bctts, with the design of removing to South Carolina. They ai'- rivcd on the twentieth of December, and began a sotllemfnt o» - i ,1 'I . 7 . x(^:W^, \ !' 3^ LOR. H ■m" r li ' |i| 1 ; ' '1! ' * ' > ' It If I Ashley tiver about eighteen miles from Charleston. The sacu*. snent of the Loru*s supper was first administered in Carolina Feb- ruary 2t 1696. Mr. Hugh Fisher succeeded Mr. Lord and died October 6} 17 34,i-^/Ioitne»* annaUj ii. ,34 ; Collect, hut. aoc. ix. 156, 137 ; Dan/brth*9 term, on depart. Mr, Lord ; GwUdertleeve't cent. 9ermon, . • ■■; LORD (BENJAmiT) D. ».), minister of Norwich, Connecticut, vas graduated at Yale college in 1714, and was afterwards a tutor in that seminary two years. He was ordained in October 1717 at successor of Mr. Woodward, who was the next minister after Mr. Fitch, and continuing lus pubfic labors about sixty years, he lived to see eight religious societies, which had grown out of the one, of which he had taken the charge. Two other parishes were formed at the time of his settlement. During the half century of his mia> istry, ending in 1767, about a thousand persons had died, of whom the proportion in respect to their ages was as follows ; 113 above the age of 70 ; 140 between 50 and 70 ; 154 between 30 and 50 ; J 40 between 20 and .30 ; 70 between 14 and 20 ; and 390 from in* fancy to 14. Of persons admitted to the church there were 330. The covenant was owned by 410, of whom 90 joined the church ; And 3050 were baptuzed. He died in April 1784, aged ninetyyears, having been a man of distinction and a faithful, evangelical preacher. He published a discourse ton the parable of the merchant man seek- ing goodly pearls, ITS 2 ,; true Christianity explcuned, and enforced, 4737 ; on the character, birth, and privileges of God'^children, i742 ; an account of the extraordinary recovery of Mercy Wheel* * r \ "I . t ■ s: '< ? ,: il I- VtJin ,'M ., ! r 'A ■J ■M'^ ■■ ■ .iter I H . ^ '( ! ,;!< ^«l; •■ * V f r V 400 MAC. ' (fl 'W " I " ''} §■4' ^"' ■ congregations to seek an asylum in America. He arrived at Bos* ton with about one hundred fiimilies October 14) 17 18. In the fol- lowing year sixteen families settled on a tract of good land near Haverhill) which was called Nutfield, and which they named Lon- donderry. Mr. Macgregore, who since his arrival had preached at Dracut, was called to be their minister. He died March 5^ 1729, aged fifty two years. His memory is still precious in Londonderry. He was a wisC) affectionate) and faithful guide to his people both in civil and religious concerns. They brought with them every thing necessary for the manufacture of linen. They also introduced the culture of potatoes, which were first planted in the garden of Nathaniel Walker of Andover. Mr. Macgregore's son, David Macgregore, was minister of the second presbyterian church in Londonderry) and died May 30, 1777, in the sixty seventh year of his age and the forty second of his muxhlry ,-^Beiknafi* a JVev> Hampahircy ii. 35-— 37, 41. MACKLIN (Robert,) remarkable for longevity, was a native of Scotland) and died in Wakefield, New Hampshire, in 1787 at the age of one hundred and fifteen. He lived several years in Ports- mouth and followed the occupation of a baker. He frequently walked from Portsmouth to Boston, sixty six miles, in on^ day, and returned in another. This journey he performed the last time at the age of eighty —flt/*«a/i'ff Mew Hamfishircy iii. 258. MACWHORTER (Alexander) d.d.), minister of Newark, New Jersey, was of Scotch extraction, and was born in the county of Newcastle, Delaware, July 26, 1734. His pious parents often ad* dressed him in private on religious subjects, and with tears of anxie- ty and affection entreated him to be reconciled unto God. In 1748 his tnother removed to North Carolina, and here the labors of a faithful minister were the means of impressing him with the concerns of religion. Overwhelmed with a sense of his guilt and with the ter- rors of eternal judgment, he suffered indescribable distress for near three years ; but while a member of the school at West Notting- ham, Maryland, under the care of the reverend Mr. Finley, he found that consolation, which is imparted by the gospel to the penitent. He was graduated in the college at Princeton, New Jersey, in 1757. Having pursued the study of divinity under the instruction •f the reverend William Tennent, he was ordained July 4) 1759 with a view of being employed upon a mission in North Carolina ; but he was installed in a few weeks at Newark, as the successor of Mr. Burr. In 1764 a mission, which he undertook to Carolina, gave him an opportunity to revisit his friends, but being seized with a fever incident to that climate, his health was very much impaired for two years. A journey to Boston however in 176p was the means of its restoration. Being an active friend of his country in the time of the revolution, he was induced in the summer of 1778 5y the persuasion of his friencf, general Knox, to become the chap- MAC. 401 luin of his bngade, which w« then at White Plains. As the siiffer* ings of Newark by the war had so much reduced his salarv) that it was inadequate for his support, he obtained a dismission front the church in that town in October 1779, and was settled in Charlotte^ North Carolina. Here in a short time he again experienced tht calamities of war. By the army of Cornwallis he lost his library and almost every thing, that he possessed. In April 178 1 he was reinstated in his church at Newark, where he continued during the remainder of his life. At two seasons, In the years 1765 and 1773, he had seen with pleasure the deep interest in relil^ious truth, which had been excited among his people ; but in 1784 his exer- lions were attended with a more remarkable revival of religion, and one hundred persons were added to his church. At this time, so much was he occupied in his sacred work, that a part of every day was employed in imparting instruction, or enforcing Christian duty. In 1788 he assisted in settling the confession of faith and flaming the Constitution of the presbyterian church in the United States. In the years 1796 and 1802 he was permitted again to rejoice intheeiH- cacy of his benevolent labors, in the progress of holiness and virtue, and the increase of his church. After the destruction of the college of New Jersey by fire, he was requested to solicit benefactions in New England, and he procured more than seven thousand dollars. He died July 20, 1807, aged seventy three years, having been for near half a century a faithful servant of God in the gospel of his Son. His colleague, the reverend Mr. Griffin, survived him. His last hours were brightened with the hope of immortality. When re- minded, that the God, whom he had faithfully served, would not forsake him in his old age, he replied with apparent uneasiness, that " he had no faithfulness of his own to rely on ; that a review of his life afforded him little satisfaction ; that it had been miserably pol- luted ; and that his only hope rested on the atonement of Christ.*' His prospect of futurity was never clouded. At length, when the moment of his departure arrived, as one of his friends was praying by his bed side, he extended both his arms towards heaven at full length in the transports of faith and desire. His hands fell, and moved no more ; the difficulty of his respiration ceased, and in five minutes he breathed no more. Dr. Macwhorter was more remarkable for the penetration and vigor of his mind and the soundness of his judgment, than for a lively imagination. He was cool, deliberate, and cautious to a de* gree, that approached even to timidity. In nothing was he an enthusiast, and he was incapable of being rash. His learning was very considerable, for while he was critically acquainted with the Greek and Latin, he had made considerable progress in the Hebrew, and had acquired some knowledge of the Syriac. He published a funeral sermon on governor Livingston, 1790 ; a sermon on the opening of a new presbyterian church in Newark, 1791 } three 1',-^ '■ I '^] ft. im ! 'm 402 MAK. '. h> .'I! U >': i ii sermons in the American preacher, i. entitled, the lalvation of sIq. ners only by the blood of Jesus ; the influences of God as a sun the great consolation of his people ; the evil and dangers of security in sin; sermons on true religion, on the barren fig tree, and on honesty in American preacher, iii ; and a volume of sermons, 8vo. m^Griffin** funeral aermon s Fanojfiiiat iii. 48 1—489. M AKIN (Thomas), a poet, was one of the most early settlers of Pennsylvania. In the year 1689 he was usher to George Keith in the friend's public grammar school in Pennsylvania, and in the fol- lowing vear succeeded him as master. He was for some time clerk of the provincial assembly, which was held in the friend's meeting house. He published two Latin poems in 1738 and 1729 inscribed to James Logan, and entitled, encomium Pennsylvaniaci andinlaudes Pennsylvanise poema, scipdescriptio Psnnsylvaniae ; extracts from which are preserved in Proud's history of thai prov> ince.^-— ProucT, i. 345, 469 ; ii. 360 — 373. MALBONE (Edward G.), an eminent portnut painter, was a native of Newport, Rhode Island. At an early period oi life he discovered a propensity for painting, which became at Iember of congress, till his death July 39, 179), in the fifty third year of his age. Dr. M'inning was of a kind and benevolent disposition, social and com- municative, ai>d fitted rather for active life than for retirement, Thoi^t^h he possessed good abilities* he was prevented from in* tense study by the peculiarity of his constitution. His life was a scene of labor for the benefit of others. His piety and his fervent zeal in preaching the gospel evinced his love to God and man. With a dignified and majestic appearance, his address was manly, familiar, and engaging. In the j^ovemment of the college he ^vus h-i, MAR. 405 mild yet energetic.— Afojrfy'« fun. termon ; Hardie** iiof. diet, t Backut^iu 47 — 49, 319—233 ; Miller, ii. 375. MAKION (1 RANcis), ^ bi-uve officer in the revolutionarf watf wtiH an inhabitunt ui South Carulinuf and ^licr cumnmnUing a regi' ntent wab promoted by governor Huiletlge to the rank of brigadier general in 1780. On the advance ot Gates, he placed himttelf at the head of sixteen men, and cuptursd a small British guard) rescu- ing a hundred and day continental prisoners. As the militia vras in no subordination, bomedmea he had not more than a dozen men with him. On the lourth of September he inarched with fifty three men to attack a body of two hundred tones. He first surprised « party of forty five, killing and wounding all but fifteen, and then put the main body of two hundred to fiight. His conduct was most generous as well as brave. Not one house was burned by his or- ders, for he detested making wur upon poor women and children. At one time he was obliged to convert the saws of sawmills into horsemen's swords for his defence. For months he and his party slept in the open air, and sheltered themselves in the tliick recesses of swampS} whence they sallied out und harrasscd the enemy. Af- ter having rendered important services to his country, he died in South Carolina in 1795. — Kamnay** S. C. ii. 176, 229 ; Gordon^ iii. 454— -457 ; iv. 46, 81 ; Holmes* annaUy ii. 494. MARSH (Ebknezbr Grant), professor of languages and ec- clesiastical history in Yale college, was the son of the reverend John Marsh of Wethersfield, and was graduated ut New Haven in 1795. Residing at the college in that town to prosecute his stiidies, he was in 1798 elected an instructer in the Hebrew language^ and in 1799 one of the tutors. In 1802 he was elected aprofesaoi-; but the hopes, which had been excited by his talents and unequalled indus- try, were blasted, ai)d his increasing usefulness was terminated by his death November 16, 1803, in the twenty seventh year of his age. He was a man of amiable manners, pure morals, and unquestioned piety. As a preacher of the gosppl h^ was uncommonly acceptable. His literary acquisitions were great. Besides an accurate acquaint- ance with the Latin and Greek he yidA familiar with the Hebrew. Theology, history, and orientjal literature had occ^ipi^d much of hi^ attention. It was his practice to piake copious extracts from the books, which he read. He had made considerable progress in collecting materials for an American biography' He published a catalogue of the historical writers of (his country, entitled, a series of American historians from the first discovery of this country to the present time, 1801 ; and an elaborate oration, delivered before the American academy of arts ^4 sciences in 1802, desigi^ed to confirm the truth of scripture history by the testimony of o astern writers. This, it is believed, with improvements, was a posthu- mous publication .-r--0ttii^A<'« and Dana's aermonay and Fowler's ora» Hon onhis death ; Collect, hist. aoc. ix. 108—1 \ 1 ; Muaaa. miat. rjcg. ii. 209— 211. I) w 1 1? li-^flf?!^!.;' ^ 1 m 1 'f , i It , fii :j 406 MAR. MARYLAND, OReof the United States of America, waS'ptttned by king Charles I to Cecilius Calvert, iord Baltimore) June 2o, 1632. It received its name in honor of the queen Henrietta Ma> ■ria, daughter of Henry tiie great, king of France. It was the first colony, which was erected into a province of the British empire, and governed by laws enacted in a prorincial legislature. The prc^fietor arrived in February 1634, and in March at the head of About two hundred Roman catholics he took possession of the terri- tory, which had been granted him. Lord Baltimore, himself a Ro- man catholic, established his province on the basis of perfect free. 4om in religion and security to property^ The land was purchased f the Indians for a consideration, which seemed to be satislactory. Fitly acres of land were given to every emigrant in absolute fee. A collection of regulations was prepared by the assembly in I638» The province was divided into baronies and muiors, and tAih wete passed for settling the glebe, and for securing the liber- tics of the people. A house of assembly, composed of represen- tatives, was established in 1639, and a code of laws was passed. AH the inhabitants were required to take the oath of allegiance to the king, and the rights of the proprietary were acknowledged. At this period the colony was very inconsiderable in numbers an^ wealth, for a general contribution was thought necessary to erect « vfitter mill for the use of the colony. Slavery seems to have existed at the time of its original settlement. The encroachments of the English awakened the apprehensions of the natives, that they should -be annihilitfed as a people, and an Indian war commenced in 1 643, which lasted several years, and which brought with it the usual suf- ferings. After a peace was made, salutary regulations were adopted, securing to the Indians their rights. A rebellion in « Maryland in 1645, produced by a few restless men, obliged the governor to flee into Virginia; but it was suppressed in the following year. The cen* ^utiemm«it of Maryland in 1653, and within a few years afler this event an act was passed, declaring, that none, who professed the popish religion, should be protected in the province. The contrast ^tween this act and the previous one of the Roman catholics re> ^fleets the highest honor on the liberality of the latter. The author* itjy.of the proprietary was reestabUshed at the restoration, and l.o appointed a governor. In 1662 the .prosperity of the province was cwisiderably checked by the 'incursions of the Janadoa Indians ; but :by the aid of tlie Susquehannahs they were repelled. The gov- ernment experienced a variety of changes, being sometinjes in the possession of the crown, and sometimes in the hands of the propri' etary. In 1716 it was restored to the proprietary, and it was not again taken away until the late 'revolution. Maryland was not be* Imtid her uster states in her efforts to support the violated rights of '■■> ill MAS. 40T thb country in the struggle* which termin»ted in the separation of the colonies from Great Britain. A convention, which met at An* napolis in July 1775, drew up a form of association to be signed by all the freemen of the province. This state did not adopt the arti* cles of the confederation till March 1, 1781. The present consti- tiAion of Maryland was formed in August 1776. It establishes a general assembly, consisting of a house of delegates, whaare chosen annually, and of a senate, the members of which are elected every five years by electors, appointed by the people for that purpose. The governor is elected annually by a joint vote of both houses, and is incapable of continuing in office more than three years succes- sively, and not eligible again until the expiration of four years after he has left the office. -m~ Morse's t^eog. ; Wynne's Brit, emfiire-, i. 236 —241 ; Hohties* annalSf i. 265, 274, 351, 358 ; Chalmers. MASASSOIT, sachem of the Wompaneags, lived at Pokanokct on Narragansct bay, when the first settlers of New England arrived at Plymouth in 1620. He was their early and their constant friend. In the spring of 1621 he made a treaty with governor Carver, the articles of which he always regarded. He died about the year 1 655, and was succeeded by liis son Alexanilcr. A short time before hia deatli, while the English we we treating with him respecting^ some of his lands at Swansey, he at first insisted upon the condition, that no attempts should ever be made to convert his people to Christian* ily. Belhia/i*s Avier. biog, ii. 3 12, 229, 290 ; Hutchinsoiiy i. 276 j Prince, 101, 102 ; Holmes* annals, i. 208— 21 1 ; Morten, 26. MASON (John), a brave soldier, and author of the history of the Pequotwar, was bom in England about the year 1600. He was bred to arms In the Netherlands under sir Thomas Fairfax*, whose good opinion he so much conciliated, tKat after his arrival in this country, when the struggle arose in England between king Charles I and the parliament, sir Thomas addressed a letter to Mason, requesting him to join his standard and give his assistance to those, who were contending for the liberties of the people. The invitation however was declined. Captsun Mason was one of the first settlers of Dorchester, Massachusetts, being one of the compa- ny of Mr. Warham in 1630. From this place he removed to Windsor in Connecticut about the year 1635, and assisted in laying- the foundation of a new colony. The Pequot war, in which he was 80 distinguished, was in the year 1 637. The Pequot Indians were a spirited and warlike nation, who lived near New London. In 1634 a tribe, which was in confederacy with them, murdered a captain Stone and a captain Norton with their crew of eight men, and then sunk the vessel. A part of the plunder was received by Sassacus^ the Pequot sachem. In 1636 the Pequots killed a number of men at Saybrook, where there was a garrison of about twenty men ; in consequence of which captsdn Mason was sent down the river by Con- leedcttt eolony in March 1637 for the relief of tho fort. Here^ '■ L,. : ! It Vi .11. If'tiB 'i)> i f um hn ' : ■?■! I K "u: h ' 408 MAS. mained there a month, but not an Indian was to be seen. In A|>ril the Pequots killed nine of the English at Wethersfield, and destroyed much property. The colony was now reduced to a most lamentable condition. The inhabitants were in number but about two hundred and fifty, and most of the men were needed for the labor of the plantations. Many of the cattle had been lost from the want of hay or com ; there were perhaps not five ploughs in the colony ; and the people were suffering for want of provisions. They were at the same time so harrassed by a powerful enemy, that they could nei' ther hunt, fish, nor cultivate their fields, but at the peril of their lives. They were obliged to keep a constant watch. At this cri- sis a court was summoned at Hartford on the first of May. Besides the six magistrates, there were also committees from the few towns in the colony to compose the court. As the Pequots Jjad killed about thirty and were endeavoring to effect a union of all the In- dians in a plan for the extirpation of the English, it was determined, that an olTensive war should be carried on against them, and that ninety men should immediately be raised, forty two from Hartford, thirty from Windsor, and eighteen from Wethersfield. The little army under the command of captain Mason, with the reverend Mr. Stone for their chaplain, fell down the river on the tenth, and arrived at Saybrook on the seventeenth. They had united with them about seventy Indians under the command of Uncas, sachem of the Moheagans, who had lately revolted from Sassacus. At Say. brook captun Mason and his officers were entirely divided in opin> ion respecting the manner of prosecuting their enterprise. The court had directed the landing of the men at Pequot harbor, from whence they were to advance upon the enemy ; but captain Mason was of opinion^ that they should sail past the Pequot country to Narraganset, and then return and take the enemy by surprise. This opinion was a proof of his discernment and military skill. The Pequots were expecting them at the harbor, where they kept a watch day and night ; and the place was encompassed by rocks and thickets, affording the Indians, who were the more numerous, every advantage. It would be difficult to land, and if a landing was effect* ed it would be difficult to approach the enemy's forts without being much harrassed, and giving an opportunity for all of them to escape If they were unwilling to fight. Besides by going first to Narragan- set the hope was indulged, that some accession to their force might be procured. These reasons weighed much with captain Mason* but not with the other officers, who were afraid to exceed their commission. In this perplexity the reverend Mr. Stone was desir- ed to seek wisdom from above. Having spent most of Thursday night in prayer on board the pink, in the morning he went on shore aqd told captain Mason he was entirely satisfied with his plan. The council was again called, and the plan was adopted. On Saturday the twentieth they arrivfrd at Narraganset ; but the wind was so MAS. 409 unfavorable, that they could not land until Tuesday at sun set. He immediately marched to the residence of the sachem, Miuntonimoh) and disclosed to him the object, which he had in view. Two hun- dred of the Narragansets joined him, and on Wednesday they marched about eighteen or twenty miles to the eastern Nihantick, which was a frontier to the Pequots. Here was the seat of one of the Narraganset sachems, who was so unfriendly, that he would not suffer any of the English to enter the fort. A strong guard was in consequence placed round it, that none of the Indians should come out, and alarm the Pequots. The little army continued its march on Thursday, having in its train about five hundred Indians. In the evening they reached the neighborhood of the Pequot fort at Mistic. Th« army encamped, being exceedingly fatigued in con- sequence of the heat and the want of necessaries. The guards, who were advanced considerably in front, heard the enemy singing until midnight. It was a time of rejoicing with them, as they hud seen the vessels pass a few days before and concluded that the English had not courage to attack them. About two hours beforeday on the morning of Friday, the twenty sixth of May, the captain assembled his men, and prepared himself for determining the fate of Connecti- cut. The blessing of God was briefly and devoutly implored. With less than eighty brave men he marched forward, the Indians^ who were much afraid, having fallen in the rear. He told them to stay behind atwhat distance they pleased, and to see whether Englishmen would not fight. As captain Mason approached within a rod of the fort, a dog barked, and an Indian roared out, Owanux t Owanux 1 [Englishmen ! Englishmen !] The troops pressed on, and having fired upon the Indians through the pallisadoes, entered the fort at the principal entrance, sword in hand. After a severe conflict, in which a number of the enemy were killed, victory was still doubtful, for the Indians concealed themselves in and about their wigwams, and from their retreats made good use of their arrows. At this crisis the cap- tain cried out to his men, " we must bum them" ; and seizing a fire brand in one of the wigwams set fire to the mats, with which they were covered. In a short time all the wigwams were wrapped in flames. Captain Mason drew his men without the fort, encompass- ing it completely ; and the sachem, Uncas, with his Indians and such of the Narragansets as remained, took courage and formed another circle in the rear. The enemy were now tJiroMm into the utmojt terror. Some climbed the pallisadoes and were brought down by the fire of the muskets ; others were so bewildered, that they rushed into the very flames. A number collected to the wind- ward and endeavored to defend themselves with their arrows, and about forty of the boldest issued forth and were cut down by the swords of the English. In a little more than an hour the whole work of destruction was completed. Seventy wigwams were bum- (^d and six hundred Indians perished. Seven escaped, and seven 55 iffc ';•)) mm: 410 MAS. II 1 1? Ilii i ^' « II r' !l \y were tak«n prisoners. Two only of the English were killed, and sixteen wounded. The victory was complete) but the army was in great danger and distress. So many were wounded and worn down by fatigue, that only about forty could be spared to contend with the remaining enemy. In about an hour three hundred Indians came on from the other fort ; but caption Mason led out a chosen party and checked their onset. It was determmed to march immediately for Pequot harbor, into which a few minutes before, to their unut> terable joy, they had seen their vessels enter, guided by the hand of providence. When the march commenced the Indians advanc- ed to the hill, on which the foit had stood. The desolation, which here presented itself to their view, filled them with rage ; they stamped and tore their hair in the transports of passion ; and rush* ing down the hill with great fury seemed determined to avenge themselves on the destroyers of their brethren. But the superior- ity of fire arms to their bows and arrows kept them at a distance. Captain Mason reached the harbor in safety; and putting his wounded aboard, the next day inarched by land to Saybrook with about twenty men. His safe return, and the success, which attend* cd the expedition, filled the whole colony with joy and thanksgiving. Several providential events were particularly noticed. It was thought remarkable, that the vessels should come into the harbor at the very moment, when they were so much needed. As captain Mason entered a wigwam for fire to bum the fort, an Indian was drawing an arrow to the very head, and would have killed him in- stantly, had not one Davis at this critical moment cut the bowstring with his sword. So completely was the object of the expedition effected, that the remaining Pequots were filled with such terror, that they burned their wigwams and fled from their abode. The greatest part of them went towards New York. Captsdn Mason was sent out to pursue them, and he took one hundred prisoners of the old men, women, and children. The rest, about two hundred in number, soofi submitted themselves, engaging never to live in their country ajgain, and becoming subject to the sachem of Mohe* agans and Narragansets with the disgraceful necessity of never agtun being called Pequots. Soon after this war captain Mason was appointed by the govern- raent of Connecticut major general of all their forces, and contin* ued in this office till his death. He rem^dned a magistrate, to which station he was first chosen in 1642, till May 1660, when he was elected deputy g-ovemor. In this office he continued ten years, til! May 1670, when his infirmities induced him to retire from public life. After the Pequot war, at the request of the inhabitants of Saybrook and for the defence of the colony he removed from Wind* sor to that place in 1 647. Thence in 1 659 he removed to Norwich, where he died in 1672 or 1673 in the seventy third year of his age Major Mason held the same reputation for iiMlitary talents in Coit' MAS. 411 uecticuty which captain Standish held in Plymouth colony. Both rendered the most important services to their country. Both were bred to arms in the Dutch Netherlands. Captain Standish was of short stature, but major Mason was tall and portly, and equally dis- tinguished for his courage and vigor. He was also a gentleman of prudence and correct morals. At the request of the general court he drew up and published a brief history of the Pequot war. It is reprinted in Dr. Increase Mather's relation of troubles by the In- dians, 16r 7. It was also republished more correctly, with an in- troduction and some explanatory notes, by the reverend Thomas Prince in 1736.— -Introduction to Maaon*» hittory ; Trumbull* » hist, of Connecticut^ i. 68 — 87, 337 ; Holmea* annalty i. 292-.-394. MASON (George), an eminent statesman of Virginia, was a member of the general convention, which in 1787 framed the con- stitution of the United States, but refused to sign liis name, as one of that body, to the instrument^ which they had produced. In the following year he was a member of the Virginia convention* which considered the proposed plan of federal government. He united with Henry, and opposed its adoption with great energy. He thought, that the confederation was about to be converted into a consolidated government, for which, he said, many of the members of the gcnei*al convention avowed an attachment ; and he was desirous of introduce ing amendments. He contended for the necessity of an article^ reserving to the states, all powers not delegated. This article is now among the amendments of the constitution. He wished also, that there should be a limitation to the continuance of the presi- dent in ofRce. So averse was he to that section, which allowed the slave trade for twenty years, that, attached as he was to the union of all the States, he declared that he would not admit the south- em states into the union unless they would agree to discontinue the traffic. He died at his seat at Gunston Hall, Virginia in the autumn of 1792, aged sixty seven yeArs.-— Virginia debates^ sec. edit. 13, 32, 302, 306, 313, 343, 350, 361, 370, 372. MASSACHUSETTS, one of the United States of America, was formerly divided into the two colonies of Plymouth and of Massachusetts bay, which were distinct for many years. Plymouth was first settled in December 1630 by persons, who intended to commence a plantation in the territory of the south Virginia com- pany, but who on account of the advanced season of the year were induced to establish themselves, where they first landed. They formed a government for themselves, and chose Mr. Carver for their governor. In 1 620 all the land from sea to sea between the fortieth and forty eighth degrees of north latitude was granted to the council at Plymouth in England. From this company a patent was obtained in 1 62 1 . For several years the whole property of the colony was in common. The governor, who was chosen annual- ly, had at first but one assistant ; in 1624 he had five ; and in 1635 ^1 'i^ * i. ilt!fl,'P \* !| ;^ m K ;1: i of ii, fi ^i y ■■ ■ J ■ i si , .li n f ■ i; flii '• h '(■ ' n \m fi i rHiliii 412 MAS. the number was increased to seven. The last patent was obtainctl in 1630, by which the colonists were allowed to establish their own government. The first house of representatives was formed in 1639, being rendered necessary by the increase of the inhabitants and the extension of the settlements. The patent of Massachu- setts bay was obtained in 1628. This colony was bounded on the south by a line three miles distant from Charles* river, which pass- es between Cambridge and Boston. In the same year a few pco> pie under the government of John Endicot began a settlement at Naumkeak, now Salem. In 1629 a form of government was set- tled, and thirteen persons, resident on the plantation, were entrust- ed with the sole management of the affairs of the colony. Of these persons one was the governor and twelve were counsellors. All these were but deputy officers, as they were appointed by the gov- ernor and company in England. This state of things however last- ed but a short time. It was soon determined to transfer the gov- ernment entirely to New England. Governor Winthrop accord- ingly came over in 1630 with about fifteen hundred persons, bring- ing the charter with him. This instrument vested the whole exec- utive power in the governor, deputy governor, and eighteen assist- ants, and the legislative power in a general court, composed of the above and of the freemen of the colony. This assembly was auf thorized to elect their governor and all necessary officers. But the provisions of the charter were not very carefully observed. The emigrants, considering themselves as subject to no laws excepting those of reason, and equity, and scripture, modelled their govern- ment according to their own pleasure. Early in 1631 the general court ordained, that the governor, deputy governor, and assistants should be chosen by the freemen alone ; they directed that there should be two courts instead of four in a year ; in May 1634 they created a representative body ; they established judicatories of va- rious kinds ; and in 1 644 the general court was divided into the two houses of deputies and of magistrates, each of which was to send its acts to the other for approbation. The assistants and the general court for four years often judged and punished in a sum- mary way without a jury, and within three years after it was enact- ed, that there should be no trial, which should affect life or residence in the country, without a jury of freemen, the general court violated this law in passing sentence of banishment in 1637. Massachusetts continued to increase till the Indian war of 1675 and 1676, which occasioned great distress. About six hundred of the inhabitants of New England were killed, and twelve or thirteen towns were en- tirely destroyed ; and this colony was the greatest sufferer. In 1684 the charter of Massachusetts was declared to be forfeited by the high court of chancery in England in consequence of well founded charges of disrespect to the laws of England, and of ten* depci^s towards exercising the rights of a free state. In 1686 Jd* MAS. 41S seph Dudley received his commission of president of New Eng- land though Plymouth ^vas not included i but at the close gf the year Andros arrived with a commission, which included that colony. In 1689 this tyrHnnical governor was deposed and impris- oned by an indignant people, and Massachusetts and Plymouth reestablished their old government. In 1692 a charter vtras obtain- ed, which constituted Massachusetts a province, and added to it the colony of Plymouth, the province of Maine, the province of Nova Scotia, and the Elisabeth islands, and Nantucket and Mar- tha's Vineyard. From this period Massachusetts and Plym- outh virere blended, and under one government. This npw char- ter greatly abridged the liberties ot the people. Formerly they had chosen their governor ; but now the appointment of the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary, and all the officers of admirdUty was vested in the crown. Othe? Important changes were made. This charter continued till the late revolution. Di»> ring the attempts of Shute, Burnet, and other governors to pro- cure a fixed sal ry, which should make them iqdepen4ent of tlie people, the general court showed a determinatpn to prevent the removs^l of any barrier against tyranny. Whilp the claims of British taxation were discussed from the year 1765 till the coin- mencement of the war, Massachusetts was conspicuous for the unshaken and persevering spirit, with which the cause of lib- etty was supported. In October 1774 a provincial congress as- sumed the government, and in July 1775 elected councilors, as as under the old charter. The present constitution was formed by a convention in March 1780. By this instrument the legislative powers arc vested in a general court, consisting of a senate and a house of representatives, annually chosen, which have a negative upon each other ; and no act can he passed without the approbation of the governor, unless after a revisal two thirds of both branches are in favor of it. 'the governor is chosen every year by the peo- ple, and he has a council composed of the lieutenant governor, and nine others, choser by the general court, without whose advice he can exercise none of his powers, except such as are incident to his ofRce of commander in chief. In 1786 there was an insurrection in Massachusetts, occasioned by the scarcity of money and the pressure of taxes and of debts to individuals. A convention from fifty towns in Hampshire county met at HatBcId in August and drew up a catalogue of grievances. In the same month a body of insurgents took possession of the court house in Northampton ; and in a short timp the flame of open opposition to government was enkindled in other counties. But the rebellion was suppressed in 1787 with the loss of but few lives. Since then internal peace has existed,— ^/or/OM ,• Prince ; Winthrofi ; Hutchinson ; Minot ; Gorr dm } M:al*ef jidam8% aiid Morse and f^erinh'e .V. JS. ; Holmot* o .1 ^f 1, iV ' ■ 'Aw 'iF .:|! i -m i 1;^ a ^ 'm i (■ ■> i ■4 ) m Jv n If 414 MAT. MATHER (RiCMABD),ininister of Dorchester, Massachubetu. was bom in Lancashire, England, in 1 596. At the age of fifteen he VTM invited to take the instruction of a school at Toxteth, near Liv- erpool. After suffering for some time that anxiety and distress, vrhich the knowledge of his own character as a sinner produced, he in his eighteenth year found peace and joy in the gospel of the Re- deemer. In May 1618 he was admitted a student of Oxford ; but in a few months afterwards he became the minister of Toxteth, be- ing ordained by the bishop of Chester. Here he continued about fifteen years without any interruption of his benevolent labors. He preached every Tuesday at Prescot, and he always seized the op- portunity, which his attendance upon funerals afforded, for impart- ing instruction to the living. He was silenced for nonconformity to the established church in 1 633, but through the influence of his friends was soon restored. He was again suspended in 1634, as he had never worn the surplice, and could not adopt the ceremonies, vhich were enjoined. Having resolved to seek the peaceable en- joyment of the rights of conscience and the puiity of Christian ordinances in New England, he escaped the pursuivants, who were endeavoring to apprehend him, and embarked at Bristol in May 1635. On the seventeenth of August he amved in Boston harbor. He was in a few months invited to Dorchester ; and, as the first church had removed with Mr. Warham to Windsor, a new church was formed, of which he was constituted the teacher August 23, 1636. fie assisted Mr. Eliot and Mr. Welde in 1640 in making the New England version of the psalms. The model of church discipline, which he presented to the synod of 1648, was the one, which was chiefly adopted in preference to those, prepared by Mr. Cotton and Mr. Partridge. He died in the peace of the Christian, April 32, 1 669, aged seventy three years. Though in his old age he experienced many infirmities, ytt such had been his health, that for half a century he was not detained by sickness so much as one Sunday from his public labors. He was a pious Christian, a good scholar, and a plsdn, and useful preacher. He was careful to avoid foreign and obscure words, and unnecessary citation of Latin sen- tences, that all might understand him. While his voice was loud and distinct, there was also a vehentency and dignity in his manner. By his first wife he had a number of sons, who were distinguished ministers. His second wife was the widow of the famous John Cotton. He wrote the discourse about the church covenant, and the answer to thirty two questions, published in 1639, which pass under the name of the elders of New England. He wrote al- so a modest aad-hrotherly answer to Mr. Charles Herle's book against theindepen^nmcy of churches, 1644 ; a reply to Mr. "Ruth- erford, or a defence of the answer to Mr. Herle's book, 1646 ; an heart meting exhortation, &c. in aietter to his countrymen of Lan- cashire, 1650 ; a catechism ; a treatise of justification) 1652 ; a ;, was the one^ MAT. 415 letter to Mr. Hooker to prove* that it was lawful for a minister to administer the sacrament to a congregation, not particularly under his care; election sermon about 1660; an answer to Mr. Daven- port's work against the propositions of the synod of 1662. He also prepared for the press sermons on the second epistle of Peter, and an elaborate defence of the churcr s of New England.— ffoec/** Athene Oxonieiuetj ii. 427, 428 ; itfo^nc/i'a, iii. 122—130 ; Collect, fdat. aoc. viii. 10 ; ix. 170—^172 ; JVeaPa M E. i. 385 ; Hutchin»on^ i. 259 ; Clmrke*» Uvea; I. Mather*» account qfhia life and death. MATHER (Samuel)) minister of Dublin, Ireland, was the son of the preceding, and was born in Lancashire May 13, 1626. Ac- companying his father to this countryi he was graduated at Har- vard college in 1 643. He was appointed the first fellow ol the col- lege and he was held in such estimation by the students, whom he instructed, that when he left them they put on badges of mourning. When he began to preach, he spent some time in Rowley as an as- sistant to Mr. Rogers. A church having been gathered in the north part of Boston, he was invited to take the charge of it ; but after preaching there one winter, several circumstances induced him to go to England in 1650. The church, which he left, was afterwards under the pastoral care of his brother, Dr. Increase Mather. In England he was appointed chaplsdn of Magdalen col-- lege, Oxford. He then preached two years at Leith in Scotland. Thencehe went to Ireland in 1655 and was made a senior fellow of Trinity college, Dublin. Here also he was settled the minister of the church of St. Nicholas, as colleague with Dr. Winter. Though he was a most liberal nonconformist, and refused several benefices^ that were offered by the lord deputy, because he did not wish to have the episcopalian ministers displaced ; yet soon after the res- toration he was suspended on a charge of sedition. Returning to England, he ras minister at Burton wood till he was ejected by the Bartholomew act in 1 662. He afterwards gathered a church at his own house in Dublin, where he died in peace October 39, 1671, in the forty taxXV year of his age. He was succeeded by his brother* Mr. Nathaniel Mather. As a preacher he held the first rank, and his name was known throughout the kingdom . His discourses were remarkable for'cleamess of method. It was his constant desire to ex- alt the Lord Jesus Christ, and to proniote the objects, for which he died. He published a wholesome caveat for a time of liberty, 1652 ; a defence of the protestant religion against popery, 1671 ; an ireni- cum, or an essay for union among the presbyterians, independents, and anabaptists ; a treatise against stinted 4^rgies ; a piece agunst Valentine Greatarick, who pretended to cure diseases by stroking ; a course of sermons on the types of the old testament) with some discourses against popish wx^exsXxHons.'—WoQd^a Jthente Oxonien- «M, ii. 489, 490 ; Mather* a magnalia^ iv. 143— -153 ; JVoncor\form.. memorial^ ii. 355—357 ; J^eaPa JSI". E, i. 385 ; Collect, hist. aoc. ix. 178, 179 ; Colamy*a account, ii. 415—417. li 1 ' 416 Mat. 'i ii-i, 1 1 '8; MATilEH (Nathaniel), minister b LoTidunt was the son of the reverend Richard Mather, and was born in Lancaster March SO, 163a. After his arrival in this countrjF with his father, he was educated at Harvard college^ where he was graduated in 1647. He ifterwards went to England, and was presented to the living at Barnstaple by Oliver Cromwell in 1656. Upon his ejectment in 1662 he went into Holland and was a minister at Rotterdam. A- bout the year 1671 or 1673 he succeeded his brother, Samuel Math* er,at Dublin. Thence he removed to London, where he was pastor of a congregational church, and one of the lecturers at Pinner's hall. He died July 26, 1697, aged sixty seven years. He was buried in the burying ground near Bunhill fields, and there is upon his tomb> stone a long Latin inscription, written by Dr. Watts, which ascribes to him a high character for genius, learning, piety, and ministerial fidelity. He published the righteousness of God by faith upon all, who believe, 1694 ; a discussion of the lawfulness of a pastor's ofii> ciating in another's church ; twenty three sermons, preached at Pinner's hall, and Lime street, taken in short hand as they were delivered, but most of them corrected by himself, 1701 { a fast ser- mon.— Cfl/ainy'a continuation, i. 257 — 259 ; IVatttt* lyric fioemsy book iii ; JVoncoi\form. memorial, ii. 4 ; Holmes* annals, ii. 39. \ MATHER (Eleazer), first minister of Northampton, Massa* chusetts, was the son of the reverend Richard Mather, and was bom May 13, 1637. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1656. Having preached about two years at Northampton, when a church was gathered there in 1661 he was ordained its minister on the twenty third of June. He died July 24, 1669, aged thirty two years, having been admired as a man of talents and exalted piety^ and as a zealous and eminently useful preacher. After his death there was published from his manuscripts a serious exhortation to the succeeding and present generation in New England, being the substance of his last sermons, 1 67 1 .-—Magnalia, iii. 1 30 ; Collect, hist. soc. ix. 181, 192; Edwards* narrative ; life of I. Mather, 66. MATHER (Increase, D. d.) president of Harvard college, was the son of the reverend Richard Mather, and was bora at Dorches-^ ter Jane 2 1, 1639. He was graduated at the college, which was afterwards entrusted to his care, in 1656. Beginning to preach in the next year, and being invited by his brother to Dublin, he em- barked for England July 3, 1657, and after an absence of four years returned in August 1661. In the next month he was invited to preach at the north church in Boston, though he was not ordained there till May 27, 1664'?'^'*Two years before this, when the contro- versy respecting the subjects of baptism was agitated, he opposed the results of the synod, but being convinced by the arguments of Mr. Mitchel, he afterwards defended the synodical propositions. He was a member of the synod of 1679, and drew up the resuU and the preface to it, which were then agreed on. When king MAT. 417 Charles 11 expressed his wish that the charter of Massachusetts might be resigned into his hands in 1683, Dr. Mather zealously op- posed a compliance with his majesty 'k pleasure. In 1688 he sailed for England as agent of the province to procure redress of griev- ances. After several years of important services he returned with anew charter, and arrived at Bostsn May 14, 1692. He had the sole nomination of the first governor. After his arrival the gene- ral court appointed a day of public thanksgiving for his safe return, and foi the settlement of the government. During the witchcraft delusion he opposed the violent measures, which were adopted. He wrote a book to prove, that the devil might appear in the shape of an innocent man, by means of which a number of persons, con- victed of witchcraft, escaped the execution of the sentence. After the death of Mr. Oakes in 1681 the care of Harvard college de- volved upon him. But as his church refused to relinquish him, he only made weekly visits to Cambridge until the appointment of president Rogers in the following year. After his death he was again called to the presidency of the college June 1 1, 1685, and he continued in this station till September 6, 1701, when he resigned in consequence of an act of the general court, requiring the presi- dent to reside at Cambridge. He was unwilling to leave his churchy though his son, Dr. Cotton Mather, had been settled as his colleague for a number <^ years. Mr. Willard succeeded him. After a long life of benevoknt exertion, he died in Boston August 23, 1723, in the eighty fifth year of his age, having been a preacher sixty six years, sixty two of which were passed in the ministry in Boston. He was a man of great learning and of extensive influence and usefulness. Soon after his return from England he procured an act, authorizing the college to create bachelors and doctors of the- ology, which power was not given by its former charter. As pres- ident he was careful not only to give the students direction in their literary pursuits, but also to impart to them religious instuction. He frequently called them one by one into the library, and there with the affection of a parent and the fidelity of a minister of the gospel he would confer with them respecting the salvation of their souls, and solemnly charge them to rciKHince their sins, to embrace the gospel, and to devote themselves to the service of God. He usually preached to them every week, and his sermons, both at Cambridge and in Boston, were designed to imprest* the conscience as well as to enlighten the mind. He considered him as the best preacher, who taught with the greatest simplicity. His delivery- was somewhat peculiar. He usually spoke with deliberation, but at times, when uttering an impressive sentence, his voice became the voice of thunder. Always committing his sermons to memory, he never used his notes in the pulpit. Sixteen hours in every day were commonly spent in lus study, and in his retirement he repeatedly addressed himself to the Lord his Maker. He always kept a diaryi 54 ^f* L- ■I 1 >' P^ ' L ' T 1 •' ! %■ ■ .' %■ til* rti mt m • t S: i '( K ^1 i'i ,1 ' i-' I yf 1 > i ' ■ t sk i-; ■ * Mm^ M w ' ■'} U i I w u^ f' j 1^* ■ ^k- ■ ^ J ..! L'i.i 418 MAT. u ? designed for his impiovemcnt in religion. Such was his benev^ Icnce, that he devoted a tenth pait of ail his income to charitable purposes. He married the youngest daiighter of Mr. Cotton. His portrait is in the library of the Massachusetts histuricai society. The following is a list of his publications. The mystery of Isracl't ttalvation, 1669; the life and death oi Mr. Richard Mather, 1670; wo to drunkards^ 1673 ; the day of trouble near ; important truths about conversion, 1 674 ; the first principles of New England ; a dis* course concerning the subject of baptism, and consociation of church- es ; the wicked man's portion i the times of men in the hands of God, 1675 ; history of the war with the Indians from June 24,1675, to August 12,1 67*6, Mrith an exhortation to the inhabitants, 1676 ; a relation of troubles of New England from the Indians from the be- gianing ; an historical discourse on the prevalency of prayer ; re< ncwal of covenant the duty of decaying and distiessed churches, 1677 ; pray for the rising generation, 167&; a call to the rising generation, 1679; the divine right of infant baptism; the great concernment of a covenant people ; heayen^'s alarm to the world, 1660 ; animadversions upon a narrative of the bapUsts, 1681 ; dia* triba de signo filii hominis^ practical truths ; the church a subject of persecution, 1682; cometogrophia, oi* a discourse conce^nihg comets, 1683; remarkable providences; the doctrine of divine providence, 1684 ; an arrow against profane and promiscuous danc* es, 1685; the mystery of Christ ; the greatest of sinners exhorted; a sermon on the execution of a poor man for murder, 1686 ; a testi- mony against superstitions, 1687 ; dc successu evangelii apud Indos epistola, 1688; the unlawfulness of using common prayer, and of swearing on the book, 1 689 ; several ptapers relating to the state of New England ; the revolution justified, 1690 -^ the blessing of prim- itive counsellors ; cases of conscience concerning witchcraft ; an essay on the power of a pastor for the administration of sacraments, 1693; whether a man may marry his wife's own sister; solemn advice to young men, 1695 ; angelographia, a treatise of angels, 1696 ; a discourse on man's not knowing his time ; the case of con- science concerning the eating of blood, 1697 ; David serving his generation, a funeral sermon, 1698 ; the surest way to the highest honor ; on hardness of heart ; the folly of sinning, 1 699 ; the order of the gospel vindicated, 1700; the blessed hope, 1701; remarks on a sermon of George Keith ; Ichabod, or the glory departing, an election sermon ; the Christian religion the only true religion ; the excellency of public spirit, 1702 ; the duty of parents to pray for their children ; soul saving gospel truths, 170S; the voice of God in stormy winds ; practical truths to promote holiness, 1704 ; med- itations on the glofy of Christ, 1705 ; a discourse concerning earth* quakes ; a testimony against sacrilege ; a dissertation concerning; right to sacraments, 1706; meditations on death; a disquisition 'grange doctrine of Mr. Stoddard it refuted, 1708 ; on the future conversion oi the Jews, contuting Dr. Lightloot and Mr. Baxter, 1709 ; concerning faiili and prayer for the kingdom of Christ ; artiilery election sermon on being very courageous i awakening truths tending to conversion, 1710 ; meditations on the glory of the heavenly world; a discourse concerning the death of the righteous ; the duty of the children ot go'tly liuri-ntii, 17 1 1 ; burnings bewailed ; remarks upon an answer to a book against the common prayer ; mtditations on the sanctifi cation of the Lord*s day, 1713 ; a plain discourse showing who shall and who shall not enter into heaven ; a funeral sermon for his daughter in law, 1 7 1 3 1 resignation to the will of God, on the death of his conaotti 17 14 ; Jesus Christ a mighty Savior, and other subjects, 1715; a disquisition concerning eccle- siastical councils ; there is a God in heaven ; the duty and dignity of aged servants of God, 1716 ; a sermon at the ordination of his grand son; sermons on the beatitudes ; practical truths plainly delivered with an ordination sermon, 1718 ; five sermons or several subjects, one of them on the author's birth day, 1719; a testimony to the or- der of the churches, 1720; advice to children of godly ancestors, a sermon concluding the Boston lectures on early piety ; several sheets in favor of inoculation for the small pox, 172 1 ; a dying pas- tor's legacy; Elijah's mantle, \7 22. ^-Remarkablea of Dr. I. Math- er; M)neoriform. memorial^ ii. 245—249 ; Afagnaliay iv. 130, 131 ; V. 77 — 84; vi. 2 ; Collect, hist, aoc.'ux. 126; ix. 181; x. 156,167; Wood^g jithenx Oxonienaea^ ii. 428, 429 ; Calamy*a continuat. i. 494 ^500 ; Mal'a .A^. JS. ii. 1 14, 1 15 ; Hutchinaon^ i. 366 ; ii. 305 ; C. Mather'a sermon on hia death ; Trumbull^ i 325 ; J/olmea*s annals j ii. 111. MATHER (CoTTOK, d. d. f.r. s.), minister in Boston, was the 3on of the preceding, and gratidson of Mr. John Cotton. Pie was born in Boston February 12. 1663. Distinguished for early piety, when he was a school boy he endeavored to persuade his youthful companions frequently to litrt up their hearts to their Maker and heavenly Friend, and he ev«n wrote for them some forms of devo« tion. He had also the courage to reprove their vices. At the age of fourteen he began to observe days of secret fasting and prayer, reading commonly fifteen chapters in the bible every day. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1678, having made uncommon proficiency in his studies. At this early period of his IHc he drew up systems of the sciences, and wrote remarks upon the hooks, which he read, and thus matured his understanding. At the ai;;c of seventeen he approached the Lord's table with affectionate reliance upon Jesus Christ for salvation. Having been occupied for some time in the study of theology, he was ordained minister of the north church in Boston as colleague with his father May 13, 1684. Here he passed his days unwearied and unceasing in his exertions to pro- mote the glory of his Makcr^ and the highest welfare of his brgtb- ',•> ^t,A f: >' K r 1 ■ 1 » 1 ii ll f ■i ' ' r[i i? ' /: !i^ 420 MAT. ren. He dieU In the assurance of Christian futh February 13, 1728) aged sixty five years. He was a man of unequalled Indus- try, of vast leuming, of unfeigned piety) and of most disinter- csted and expansive benevolence. He was also distinguished for his credulity, for his pedantry, and for his want of judgment tod. taste. No person in America had so large a library, or had read so many books, or retained so much of what he read. So pre- cious did he consider time, that to prevent visits of unnecessary length he wrote over his study door in capital letters, " be short." Still his manners were never morose, but easy and obliging. His social talents and his various knowledge rendered his conversation interesting and instructive. Every morning he usually read a chap- ter of the Old Testament in Hebrew and another in the French, and a chapter of the New Testament in Greek. Besides the French he understood also the Spanish and Iroquois, and in these languages he published treatises. There were two books, in which he every day wrote something. In the one, which he called his quotidiana, he transcribed passages from the authors, which he read. In the other, which was his diary, he noted the events of the day, his im- perfections and sins, and every thing, which might subserve his religious improvement. By this diary it appears, that in on^ year he kept sixty fasts, and twenty vigils, and published fourteen books* besides discharging the duties of his pastoral office. As a minister of the gospel he was most exemplary. Always proposing in his sermons to make some particular impression upon the minds of his hearers, the whole discourse had relation to this object, and he endeavored to make his sentences short, that those, who took notes, might do it with the more ease. His discourses without doubt were equal in length to those of his brethren, which he himself informs us usually went a good way into the second hour. He kept a list of th« members of his church, and frequently prayed for each separately. Those especially, whose cases had been mentioned on the Sabbath in the house of public worship, were remembered by him in his secret addresses to the throne of grace. He usually allotted one or two afternoons in a week to visiting the families of his congregation, and in these visits he addressed both the parents and the children, exhorting the former to faithfulness, and endeavoring to instruct the latter by asking them questions, and recommending to them secret prayer and the reading of the scriptures. When he left them he recommended to their consideration a particular text of scripture. As he published many pious books, he was continually putting' them into the hands of persons, to whom he thought they "Would be useful. His success seemed to correspond with his fidel- ity. In the first year of his ministry about thirty were added to his church ; and he received the benedictions of many dying be* lievers, who spoke of his labors as the means of their salvation. He promoted the establishment of several useful societies, particu- MAT. 421 larly a society for suppressing disorders and for the reformation of manners, and a society of peace makers, whose object was to pre- vent lawsuits and to compose differences. He arranged the busi- ness of every day in the morning, always inquiring by what means he could be useful to his fellow men, and endeavoring to devise new methods of doing good. He did not content himself with contriv- ing plans, but vigorously executed them. When he travelled, he commonly had for a companion some young gentleman, to whom he might impart instruction, and he used to pray witli him in pri- vate, when they lodged together. Notwithstanding his benevolent labors and unwearied industry, he expressed the greatest humility, and spoke of his days as passed in sloth and sin. Dr. Mather took some interest in the political concerns of his country, and on this account as well as on account of his faithful reproof of iniquity he had many enemies. Many abusive letters were sent him, all of which he tied up in a packet and wrote upon the cover, " libels ; Father, forgive them." Though he denved much satisfaction from his theological and literary pursuits ; yet he declared, that in per- forming an act of benevolence to some poor and suffering Christian he found much higher pleasure. In his diary he says, " as for the delights of the world, I know of none comparable to those, which I take in communion with my Savior. As for the riches of this world, I use no labor for them. In my Savior I have unsearchable riches ; and in my fruition of him I have a full supply of all my wants. As for the honors of this world, I do nothing to gain honors for myself. To be cinployed in the Lord's work, for the advancement of his kingdom, is all the honor, that I wish for." Dr. Mather*s publications amounted to three hundred and eighty two. Many of them indeed were small, such as single sermons, but others were of considerable magnitude. His essays to do good, 12mo, 1710, is a volume peculiarly excellent. It has lately been reprinted in England. Dr. Franklin ascribed all his usefulness in the world to liis reading it in early life. His Christian philosopher, 8vo, 172 1, was admired in England. His directions for a candidate of the ministry, 12mo, 1725, gained him a va^t number of letters thanks. Others of his larger works are the life of his father, and ratio discipline fratrum Nov-Anglorum, or an account of the discipline professed and practised in the churches of New England. But his largest and most celebrated work is his magnalia Christi Americana, or the ecclesiastical history of New England from its first planting in 1625 to the year 1698, in seven books, folio, 1702. His style abounds with puerilities, puns, and strange con- ceits, and he makes a great display of learning ; but no man was so thoroughly acquainted with the history of New England, and he has saved numerous and important facts from oblivion. In the work arc contained biographical accounts of many of the first settlers, both governors and ministers. It appears, that he gave full credit to th6 1 1 4 ■\t' ' 4 "If; ■■'., ■' 1.4 -I '' ■%■ ■ r ; 1' , lil T; 4^ MAT. mm ^1 1 stories of witchcraft; but he was not singular in his credulity, Even Dr. Watts wrote to him, " I am persuaded, that there was much immediate agency of the devil in those affairs^ and perhaps there were some real witches too." The catalouge of his publica- tions in his life, written by his son, occupies eighteen pages ; and the whole therefore could not with convenience be here inserted. He published funeral sermons on John Baily, 1697 ; Mary Brown, 1703; Sarah Leverett, 1704 ; Michael Wigglesworth, 1705 ; J. Winthrop, 1707 ; Ezekial Cheever and John Higginson, 1708 ; Je- rushaOliver, 1709 ; Eliz. Hutchinson, 1713; Mary Rock, and Eliz- abeth Mather, 1713; Sarah Ting, and Maria Mather, 1714; Thom- as Bridge, and Mehitabel G^msh, 1715 ; Katharine Mather, 1716 ; Robert Kitchen, Hannah Sewall, and Wait Winthrop, ^717; Thomas Barnard, 1718 ; James Keith, and Joseph Gerrish, 1719 ; Abigail Sewall, 1720 ; Frances V^^ebb, and Abigail Willard, 172 1 ; Joseph Belcher, and Increase Mather, 1723 ; governor Saltonstall,. andThomas Walter, 1724; Abigail Browne, 1725; Elizabeth Cot- ton, and Elizabeth Cooper, 1726 ; William Waldron, and Peter Thacher, 1737. Among his other works, which are principally occasional sermons or pious tracts, is the wonders of the invisible world, 4to, 1 692 ; and Psalterium Americanum, or the book of Psalms in blank verse, with illustrations, 1718. Besides his nume- rous publications, he left behind him in manuscript the angel of Bethesda, in which he placed under every disease not only suitable religious instructions, but the most simple and easy medicines ; a large treatise, designed to promote union among protestants ; Goli- athus detruncatus, agsunst Mr. Whiston, to prove that most of the Antenicene fathers were orthodox and not Ariau ; and Biblia Amer- icana, or the sacred scriptures of the Old and Nety Testament illus- trated. This learned work, which it was once proposed to publish In three folio volumes, is now in the library of the Massachusetts historical society .-^Life by S. JiJather ; Middl€ton*a biografiluaevang. iv. 233—240 ; Preface to Burder'a edition of essays to do good; Collect, hist, soc.-x.. 15Q, 168 ; Hardie. MATHER (Samuel, o.n.), minister in Boston, was the son of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1723. He was ordained in the same church, in which his father was settled, as colleague vith the reverend Mr. Gee June 21, 1732. In about ten years a separation took place by mutual agreement in consequence, it is believed, of a diiference of views in regard to the revival of re- ligion, which took place at that period. A church was built for him in Bennet street by persons, who withdrew with him from the old north church. He was their pastor till his death June 27, 1785, at the age of seventy nine years. He was hurried, by his own direc- tion, without any ceremony. A society of universalists purchased his church and still occupy it. Dr. Mather published a sermon on the death of William Waldron, 1737; of his father, 1728 ; life qf MAY. 423 HiB father, 8yo, 1739; essay on gratitude, I7S3 ; on the death of queen Caroline, 1738 ; an apology for the liberties of the churches in New England, 8vo, 1738 ; artillery election sermon, 1739 ; on the death of T. Hutchinson, esquire, 1740 ; of the prince of Wules> 17*: I; of William Welsteed and Ellis Gray, 1753; dissertation on thb Mame of Jehovah, 1760; convention sermon, 1762 ; essay on the Lord's prayer, 1766 ; all men will not be saved forever, 178 1.— < Collect. hUt. aoc. iii. 258, 263 ; Holmes' annals, ii. 471. MAYHEW (Thomas), governor of Martha's Vineyard and the neighboring islands, resided at Watertown, Massachusetts, in Octo- ber 1 64 1 , when he obtained of the i^nt of lord Stirling a grant of the above lands. In the following year he began a settlement at Edgar- ton. In about thirty years these islands were attached to New York, and in 1692 they were annexed to Massachusetts. He gave his son much assistance in the benevolent work of converting the heathen. The Indian sachems were afraid that the i%ceP|ion of the Christian religion would deprive them of their powei' ; but governor Mayhew convinced thern, that religion and government were distinct, and by his prudent conduct removed their prejudices against the truth. Having persuaded them to adopt the English administration of jus- tice, and huving proved himself their father and friend, they became exceed^v t tached to him and at length submitted themselves to the crow > :A England. Afler the death of his son, as he was ac- quainted wi ■ > , : i: ■ 1 4-- * ' ■ K ■* " ' ■ : •I '■ ■ ■ *i vt- ^ 11 m M fi(! ■Mi ■e; 'tf •■ 1 i ^ ^ '!! ! \mk .. iiii k I I * '-ii'Jl i .1; ill //U ■' T f 'I W 424 MAY. •?? -I h f^ Kjiy ;, i- A i' 1 MAYHEW (Thomas), the first minister of Martha's Vmeyar^, vas the only son of the preceding, and in 1642 accompanied him to that island, where he became the minister of the English. He be- held with Christian compassion the miserable Indians, who were ignorant of the true God ; he studied their language ; he conciliate ed their affection ; and he taught them the truths of the gospel. The first convert was Hiacoomes,who embraced the Christian relig- ion in 1643. Mr. Mayhew commenced his public instructions to the Indians in i4^-, the same year, in which Mr. Eliot began his mis- sionary e<^ertions in a different part of the country. Many obstacles were thrown in his way ; but he persevered in his benevolent la- bors, visiting the natives in their different abodes, lodging in their smoky wigwams, and usually spending part of the night in relating to them portions of the scripture history. Before the close of the year 1650 a hundred Indians entered intoasolenm covenent to obey the Most High Gc^l imploring his mercy thraugh the blood of Christ. In 1652 there were 'vo hundred and eighty two of the heathens, who had embraced Christianity^ and among these were eight pawaws, or priests, who were so much interested to support the credit of their craft. He sailed for England in November 1657 to communicate intelligence respecting these Indians to the society for propagating the gospel, and to procure the means of more ex- tensive usefulness ; but the vessel was lost at sea, and he perished in the thirty seventh year of his age. He had received a liberal education, and was a man of considerable learning. His talents Inight have procured him a settlement in places, where his mainte- nance would have been generous ; but he chose to preach the gos- pel to the heathen, and cheerfully consented to live in poverty and to labor with his own hands to procure the means of subsistence for his family. Four of his letters respecting the progress of the gospel were published in London.— /ne of salvation through the merits of Christ.— /ncftcn convertty afiftendix* MAYHEW (ExPBKiBircE)y minister on Martha's Vineyard^ was th« eldest son of the preceding,and was bom January 37, 1673. Id March 1 694, about fire years after the death of his &ther, ho beg^ to preach to the Indians, taking the oversight of five or six of their assemblies. The Indian language had been familiar to him fr f i.: \il' ■ employed, or was governed more hj a regurd to episcopacj than tu charity. He was an untthaken friend of civil and religious liberty^ and the spirit, which breathed in his writings, transfused itself into the minds of many of his fellow citizens, and had no little influence in producing those great events, which took place after his death. He was the associate of Otis, and other patriots in resisting the arbitrary claims of Great Britain. He believed it to be his duty to promote the happiness of his brethren in every possible way, and he therefore took a deep interest in political concerns. He possessed singular fr h'ide and elevation of mind. Unshackled by education he thou jl /. himself, and what he believed he was not afraid to avow. Ii. nis natural temper he was warm, and he had not always a full command of himself. He was however amiable in the sev> eral relations of life, endeared to his friends, ready to perform the offices of kindness, liberal and charitable. Some of his contem- poraries considered him as not perfectly evangelical in his senti- ments. Whether he was correct or not in the result of his inquir- ies, he was independent in making them. But although he thus thought for himself, and wished-others to enjoy the same liberty ; yet he did not degrade his intellectual dignity by confounding the differ- ence between truth and falselHX)d, right and wrong, and sayingythat it is of little consequence what a man believes. Though he was called liberal in his sentiments, his charity would not admit of attenuation and expansion to such a degree, as to embrace everyone. His discourses were practical and persuasive, calculated to inform the mind, and to reach the heart. He depended less on the manner of delivery to captivate his audience, than on the truth of his in- structions and the motives, by which he enforced them. In his extemporary performances he was not remarkable for fluency or ease. As a preacher he was most interesting to the judicious and enlightened. He published seven sermons, 8vo, 1749, which for perspicuous and forcible reasoning have seldom been equalled ; a discourse concerning unlimited submission, and nonresistance to the higher powers., preached on the thirtieth of January, 1750, in which he did not speak of the royal martyr in the strain of the episcopalians ; on the death of the prince of Wales, 175 1 ; election sermon, 1754 ; on the earthquakes ; sermons on justificaUon, 1755 ; two thanksgiving sermons for the success of his majesty's arms, 1758, and two on the reduction of Quebec, 1759 ; a thanksgiving sermon on the entire reduction of Canada ; on the death of Stephen Sewall ; on the great fire in Boston, 1760 ; on the death of George II ; striving to enter in at the strut gate explained and inculcated, 1761 ; Christian sobriety in eight sermons to young men, with two thanksgiving sermons ; observations on the charter and conduct of the society for propagating the gospel in foreign parts, 1763 ; de- fenre of the preceding, 1764; second defence, 1765 ; Dudleian lectnre, 1765 ; thanksgiving scTrmon for the repeal of the stamp MEL 427 act) \766.'—Sermona on his death by Chauncy and Gay ; Literary miscelianyyi. 62—70 ; 157—164 ; Menmruof T. Hollitiy 108 ; Minot*9 contin.u. 135,136} Collect, hiat, aoc. x. 169; Warren^ i. 415; Gordon, i. 178. MELLEN (John), minister of Lancaster, Massachusetts, was bom at Hopkinton March 25, 1722, and was gradtutea at Harvard college in 1 74 1 . He was ordained pastor ot the cimrch in Lancaster, now Sterling, December 19, 1774. After remaining in this town about thirty five years, his connexion with his society was dissolved in consequence of disputes, occasioned principally by his endeav- ors to maintain what He considered the order of the churches. In 1784 he became the minister of Hanover, where he continued to dis- charge the duties of the sacred office until February 1805, when his increasing infirmities induced him to relinquish it He soon remov- ed to Reading, and closed a long and useful life in the houscr of his daughter, the relict of the reverend Caleb Prentiss, July 4, 1807, in the eighty sixth year of his age. By the diligent and successful cultivation of talents, with which he was liberally endowed, he be- came respectable in his profession. Many have an affectionate re» membrance of his faithful labors as a minister of the gospel. H/e was amiable and happy in the relations of domestic life, and he liv- ed to see a large family holding a reputable rank in the world. He published a sermon at the ordination ofthe reverend Joseph Pal- mer at Norton, 1753 ; on occa;' ^ of a general muster and inspec- tion of arms, 1756; on the mort iic\ness among his people, 1756; a thanksgiving sermon on the conquest of Canada, 1760 ; religion productive of music, a sermon preached at Marlborough ; a ser- mon at the ordination of reverend Levi Whitman, Wellfleet, li'85 ; on the national thanksgiving, 1795 ; a sermon before the old colo- ny lodge of free masons at Hanover, 1793 ; on the duty of making a profession of Christianity, preached at Scituate ; fifteen discours- es on doctrinal subjects with practical improvements, 8vo, 1765.— Columbian centinely July 1 1, 1807. MERCER (Hugh), a brigadier general in the late war, was a native of Scotland, and after his arrival in America he serv- ed with Washington in the war against the French and Indians, which terminated in 1763, and was greatly esteemed by him. He engaged zealously in support of the liberties of his adopted coun- try. In the battle near Princeton January 3, 1 777 he commanded the van of the Americans, composed principally of southern militia, and while gallantly exerting himself to rally them received three wounds from a bayonet, of which he died Jamiary nineteenth. It is said, that he was stabbed after he had surrendered. He was a valu- able officer and his character in private life was amiable. Provision was made by congress in 1793 for the education of his youngest son, Hugh Mercer. — MarahallyW. 552, 553 ; Holmea* annala^W. 372 ; Gordon^ ii. 404 ; Bamaay^ i. 325 ; Collect, hiat. aoc. ii. 90 ; War" mM' 1' ffiBi )»?' \% ^m n '. 428 MEY. Li,-I m u ten, i. 350 ; JndefiewUnt chronicle^ Feb. IS, 1777 ; Joumql qf^enfUt U. S. Marchy 1793. MEYER (HbrmammuS) d. d.)* aministiBr Qf this rcfiannQ^ Dutch church, was invited to come irom Holland and take the charge o^' the church at Kingston or Esopus in the state of New York. Upon his arrival in 1763, he was received with that respect apd affection, which were due to his character. But his preaching apon excited opposition. He was too evangelical, practical, and pointed to sfiit the taste of jnaay of his principal hearers. He searched the con* science so closely, and applied the doctrine^ of the gospel so pow* erfully to the heart, that while they professed to revere tl>^ man, they openly declared, that it was impossible for them patiently to sit under his ministry. No plausible ground of opposition bowev- er could be found until the murriage of Dr. Meyer.- Thp Dutch phurches in this country were at this time divided into twp parties, palled the ccetus and the conferentie parties, of which the former wished to establish judicatories with full powers in America, and the latter was desirous of retaining the churches in subjeption to the clai^sis pf Amsterdam. The marriage of Dr. Meyer into 4 leading family of the ccetus party and an intimate friendship, which soon succeeded, witii other families and distinguished characters of ^he same party furnished his enemies with an occasion of standing forth against him. A number of the neigh)>oring ministers were invited to attend and decide in the dispute, and they proceeded, "without any competent authority) to suspend him from his ministry in that place, and discharge the congregation from their relatiop to him. He was afterwards called to the church at Pompton in New- Jersey, where he continued to labor with much diligence, faithful- ness, and success till his death. He died in 179 1, without ever be- ing able to effect a reconciliation with the church at Kingston, but greatly beloved and respected in all the other Dutch churches. He Tyas a man of great erudition, of a mild and humble temper, polite and unaffecte'^ in his manners, and ^eminently pious. A number of years before his death he was appointed by the general synod of the Dutch church a professor of the oriental languages and a lector or assistant to the professor of theology ; and as such he rendered very important services in preparing candidates for tlie piinistry. •mm.Ma8on*a chri9tian*a magazine^ ii, 10—12. MIFFLIN (Thomas), a major general in the American anpy, and governor ot Pennsylvania, was bom about the year 1 744 of pa- rents who were quakers, and his education was entrusted to the care of the reverend Dr. Smith, with whom he was connected in habits 0* cordial intimacy and friendship for more than forty years. Ac- ^ve and zealous, he engaged early in opposition to the meas.ures of the British parliament. He was a member of the first congress in 1774. He took arms, and was among the first officers copiDission- ed 01^ the organization of the continental army, being appointed MIL. 4S0 I rcfiDnn«4 Dutch le the charge of evVork. Upon ect Hpd ttfCecUonf ingaopn excited id pointed to sfiit earched the coit' le gospel so pow* revere tli^ mant them patently to ippoution howev- rev.' Thp Dutch 1 into twP parties, vhich the former in America) and in subjection tq >r. Meyer into a friendshipi which shed characters of casion of standing g ministers were they proceeded, from his ministry their relation to Pompton in New- liligence, faithful- , without ever be- at Kingston, but [ch churches. H( le temper, polite s. A number of [general synod of ;uages and a lector such he rendered Ifor the ministry. American anny, year 1744 of pa> trusted to the care Lnnectedin habits [forty years. Ac- lo the measures of first congress in ^cers copn)ission- being appointed ^VU)H»maiUr general in August 1765. For this offence he was re^ out of the society of quivkers. In 1777 he was very useful in animating the miliiiui and enkindling the spirit, which seemed to have beep ditmped ; but he was also suspected intliisyear of being unlriend* ly to the coipnaundcr in chief, and of wishing to have some other person appointed in his pku:e. His sanguine disposition and his ac> tivity might have rendered him insensible to the value of that cool> ness a^d caution, which were essential to the preservation of such an arfny) ^ was then under the command of Wasiungton. In 1787 i>e wt^f a men^ber of the convention, which framed the constitution of ^e United States, and his name is affixed to that instrument. In Octpber 1788 he succeeded Franklin as president of the supreme c;(ecutlve council of Pennsylvania, in which statbn he continued till Qctpber 1790. In September a constitution for this state was form- ed by a convention, in which he presided, and he was chosen the firs( governor. In 1794) during the insurrection in Pennsyl- vania he employed to the advantage of his country the extraordinary poiyer^ q{ elocution, with which he w^as endowed. The imperfec- tion of the militia laws was compensated by his eloquence. He made a circuit through the lower counties, and at different places publicly addressed the n>ilitia on the crisis in the affairs of their country, and through his animating exhortations the state furnished the quota re^jui^red. He was succeeded in the office of governor by Mr. M'Kean at the close of the year 1799, and he died at Lancaster January 20, 1 800, In the fifty seventh year of his age. He was an i^:tive 9nd zealous patriot, who had devoted much of his life to the public service .n — Smith* a sermon on ,'iia death ; Marshall^ ii. 557 ; iii. q/^/icn. 15 ; v. 587 ; Clayjioole's advertiser, Jan. 24, 1800 ; Briaaot^ noHv. vqy. i. 354 ; ChaateUtix*a travels i. 181; Warren, i. 339, 394. MILES (JoHw), minister of the first baptist church in Massachu- setts, was settled at Ilston near Swansea in South Wales from 1 649 till his ejectment in 1662. He soon came to tliis country and form- ed ^ church at Rehoboth in Bristol county in 1 6 6 3 . The legislature of Plymouth colony granted to these baptists in 1667 the toMm of Swansey, to which place they removed. Mr. Miles died February 3, 1683.— ^acitw*' abridgment, 9 S,\ZQ ; Nonconform, ntemorialy edit, 1802, iii. 500 ; Magnalia, iii. 7 ; Massa. bafitiat mias. mag. i. 193, MINOT (George Ric BAR Ds),a historian, was born in Boston De- cember 28, 1758. Distinguished in early life by the love of learning, graceful modesty, and amiable manners, he was peculiarly endeared, while at school, to his excellent instructor, Mr. Lovell, and in college he secured the esteem of the governors of the institution and the warmest attachment of his companions. He was graduated in 1778. Having pursued the study of the law under the care of the honora- ble William Tudor, he began its practice with a hif^h reputation and with fixed principles and habits. But his attention was imme- diately diverted somewhat from his profession by his appointmenit 'fi |:vf',; . ^ r^^ % \ » ! 450 MIN. as clerk of the house of representatives of Massachufetts in 1781, soon after the new constitution had commenced its operation. Wnile in this station, the duties of which he discharged with the greatest fidelity and impaitiality, the causes, which pnxluced the insurrec- iion, were operating, and he had an opportunity ot being well ac« quainted r?ith the proceedings of the house. Of these transactions he wrote a sketch, which was published in the Boston magazine for 1784 and 1785. After the msurrection was suppressed, he wrote a history of it, which was praised equally for its truth, moderation, perspicuity, and elegance. Ot the convention in Massachusetts, which considered the constitution of the United States, he was chos- en the secretary. In January 1792 he was appointed judge of pro« bate for the county of SrifTolk, and several years afterwards judge of the nmnicipal court in Boston. He died January 2, 1802, m the forty fourth year of his age. Amidst the violence of parties ^^is mildness, candor, and moderation gained him the respect t)f all. h % conversation was interesting, for his mind was enriched with vari- ous knowledge, and there was a modesty and benignity in his char- acter, which attracted and delighted. Humble and devout, he com- plied with the ordinances of Christiunity, and trusted entirely to the mercy of God for salvation. He pulilished an oration on the Boston massacre of the fifth of March, 1782 ; history of the insurrection in Massachusetts, 8vo, 1788 ; an address to the charitable fire society, 1795 ; eulogy on Washington, 1800 ; a continuation of the history of Massachusetts bay fi'om 1746 to 1765, with an introductory sketch of events from its original settlement. The first volume of this work, which is a continuation of Hutchinson, was published in tvo, 1798 ; the second volume was almost completed at the time of his death, and it has since been published. The narrative is per- spicuous, and the style simple and pure, and a model of historical eloquence.— Co//^r/. htat. soc. viii. 89—109 ; Adama* address to the charitable Jlre society ; Boatonnewafiafiers^Jan. 1802. MINTO (Walter, ll. d.), professor of mathematical and natu- ral philosophy in the college of New Jersey, was born in Scotland December 3, 1753. After being educated at the college of Edin- burgh, he was requested to superintend the education of the sons of governor Johnstone, and accompanied them in their travels abroad. At Pisa he pursued with great diligence his mathematical and as- tronomical studies, and established a correspondence with men em- inent for their science. It was while he was residing at Edinburgh in 1782, after his return from his travels, that he became acquaint- ed with the earl of Buchan, who on visiting him found him in a room not much larger than the tub of Diogenes, smoking a cigarr, and reading the principia of Newton. By the persuasion and the assist- ance of the earl he wrote a book to prove, that the original discove- ry of logarithms was to be attributed to Napier, the laird of Merchis- ton, which was published under the superintendence of Dr.Playfair MIT. 431 and the reverend Mr. Scott. The earl sent him to America in I78&, heLlX desirous of l<*yinK ^^ tuundation of muthemulical science uiuioC virtuous sentiment in the land of Columl>us and of Washington. Soon after his arrival he was ctMsen niutlieniutical professor in Princeton college. In this situation he wus respected and useful. He married at Princeton a worthy woman of the name of Christie, but he had no children. He died October 31, 1796, in the forty third year of his age. He left behind him the reputation of a sincere Christian and a truly learned man. He was too sensible of the lit- tic comparative value and short duration of fame to be at much trouble in acquiring it. Besides the book on Nupier he publish' ed a demonstration of the path of the new planet ; researches into some parts of the theory of the planets, &c. 8vo, 1783 ; and an ora- tion on the profi^ress and importance of the mathematical sciences, 8cfl l78S.-^Skfirh f^f his l{/'e by the earl qf Buchan in Edinburgh pltgaziney ^/irii, 1801; JVeup York ajiectatort May 15, 1803; Jfiller. , , L -J,, MITCHEL (Jonathan), minister of Cambridge, Massachusetts, was bom in England in 1634. He was brought to this country in 1635 by his parents, who sought a refuge from ecclesiastical tyran- ny in the wilderness. They first settled at Concord ; afterwards they lived at Saybrook, Wethersfield, and Stamford, Connecticut. Mr. Mitchel was graduated at Harvard college in 1647, having made great acquisitions in knowledge and impri3vements in virtue. Under the ministry of the reverend Mr. Shepard his mind was im- pressed by the truths of religion. While at college he kept u diary in Latin. When he began to preach he was invited to settle at Hartford, but he was ordaired at Cambridge, as the successor of Mr. Shepard, August 31, 1650. Soon after his settlement presi- dent Dunster embraced the principles of antipedobaptism. This was a peculiar trial to him ; but though he felt it to be his duty to combat the principles of his former tutor, yet he did it with such meekness of wisdom, as not to lose his friendship, though the con- troversy occasioned his removal from the college. In 1 663 he was a member of the synod, which met in Boston to discuss and settle a question concerning church memoership and church discipline, and the result was chiefly written by him. The determination of the question relating to the baptism of the children of those, who did not approach the Lord's table, and the support thus given to what is called the half way covenant, was more owing to him than to any other man. Considering baptized persons as members of the church and liable to its discipline, he thought, that their children should be admitted to baptism ; but as this covenant is now practis- ed in some places, the persons, who take it, may neglect through life to receive the Lord's supper without any admonition from the church. Mr. Mitchel died in the hope of glory July 9,, 1668, in the forty third year of his age. He was eminent for piety, wisdom, hu- T If r' 'II': ' ^ 'I P 4 'if J :r. n !|H Hi !U >. !'■ -HI ff i ' 'k « 5f 5i M I' M a^ MIT. mifitf , tnd love. Hh vigorcut powers of mind were diligently tultivated ; hit memory was very retentive ; and he had acquired much learning. He wrote hit sermoni with cure, and yet preached without notes, speaking with great majesty, and attuning towards the closo of his discourses a fervency* which was most energetic and impressive. Hiit deKvery was inimitable. He was frequently call- ed to ecclesiastici^l councils) and possessing singular acuteness, prudence, and moderation, he was well qualified to heal differences. Attached to the institutions of the founders of New Elngland, he fre- <|uently said, that if it should become a general opinion* that all persons, orthodox in judgment as to matters of faith, and not scan- dalous in life, should be admitted to partake of the Lord's sapper without any examination concerning the work of saving gruce in their hearts, it would be a real apostasy from former principles, and a degeneracy from the reformation already attained. He was iLith- liil and aealous in the discharge of the duties of the sacred office. Besides his stated labors on the sabbath, he prcuched a monthly lec- ture upon man's misery by sin,.salTation by Christ, and holy obedi- ence, which was much attended by persons from the neighboring towns. He published a letter of counsel to his brother, written while he resided at the univcrsitv, 1664 ; an election sermon, en- Ikkd, Nehenuah upon the wall m troublesome times, 1667 ; a let- ter concerning the subject of baptism, 1675; adiscourseof the glo- ry, to which God hath called believers by Jesus Christ, printed Lonw don, reprinted Boston, ISmo, 173 1.— •//!« life by C. Mather:/ ma^a" Ikti'iv. 158 — 185 ; CoZ/fc/. A^».«)c.vii. 3 3, 2 7, 47— 51 j Morfon,900 .—304 ; HutcMnaony i. 360 ; MaPa JV. £. i. 370, 371 ; Holmea* an- TUtlSf i. 40S ; IrumbulPa Connecticut f i. 482. MITCHELL rToHN, m.d. f.r.s.)* a botanist and physician, came from England to Virginia in the former part of the last century. His residence was chiefly at Urbamifa, » small town on the Rappa- hannock, about seventy three miles from Richmond. He appears to have been a in|iiA of observation, aeuteness, and enterprise, as well as learning.' He was a great botanistt and seems to have paid particular attention to the Hybrid productions. He wrote in 174-S un essay on the causes of the different colors of people in different climates, which was published in the philosophical transactions, vol. xliii. He attributes the difference of the human complexion to the same causes^ which have been assigned by the reverend Dr. Smith, to the influence of climate and modes of life ; and he thinks that the whites have degenerated more from the original complexion in Noah and his family, than the Indians or even ne^groes. The color of the descendants of Ham he considers a blessing rather than a curse, as without it they could not well inhabit Africa. He publish- ed also an essay on the preparations and uses of the various kinds of potash in philosophical transactions vol. xlV ; a letter concerning; the force of electrical cohesion in vol. li ; and a uscftil work on il ; Morton^ 90O i7l : Holme** an' M'KK. 433 the general prliiciplet of botany, coDtaininp; dcscri|)tionf November captured St. Johns. On the twelfth he took Montreal. In December he joined colonel Arnold and marched to Quebec. The city was beueged and on the last day of the. year it was determined to make an assault. The several divisions were accordingly put in motion in the midst of a heavy fall of snow, which concealed them from the enemy. 'Montgomery advanced at the MOO. 435 head of the New York troops along the St. Lawrence^ and having asusted with his own hands in pulting up the pickets, which ob- structed his approach to one of the barriers, that he was determined to force, he was pushing forwards, when one of the guns of the bat- tery was discharged, and he was killed with his two aids. This was the only gun, that was fired, for the enemy had been struck with consternation, and ail but one or two had fled. But this event prob- ably prevented the capture of Quebec. When he fell, Montgome- ry was in a narrow passage, and his body rolled upon the ice, which formed by the side of the river. After it was found the next morn- ing among the slain, it was buried by a few soldiers without any mrrks of distinction. He was thirty eight years of age. He was a man of great military talents, whose measures were taken with judgment and executed with idgor. With undisciplined troops, who were jealous of him in the extreme, he yet inspired them with his own enthusiasm. He shared with them in all their hard- ships, and thus prevented their complaints. His industry could not be wearied, nor his vigilance imposed upon, nor his courage in- timidated. Above the pride of opinion, when a measure was adopt- ed by the majority, though contrary to his oMm judgment, he gave it his full support. By the direction of congress a monument of white marble of the most beautiful simplicity, with emblematical devices, was executed by Mr. Cassiers at Paris, and it is erected to his memory in front of St. Paul's church. New York.— Smith's orw Hon on /da death ; Marshall., ii. 302—2 1 1 ; 324«>344 ; Warren^ i. 259 — 268, 43 1 1 Collect, hist. aoc. i. Ill; ii. 60 ; Monthly antholo' gy^i. 544—546; 591 ; Stedmany i. 142 ; Holmes* annals^ ii. 344. MOODY (Joshua), minister of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, was bom in England, and his father was one of the early settlers of Newbury; He was graduated at Harvard college in 1653. He be- gan to preach at Portsmouth about the year 1658, but was not or- dained till 1671. In the year 1683, when Cranfield was governor, one of the members of Mr. Moody's church was guilty of perjury in relation to a vessel sent out of the harbor ; but he found means to settle the affair with the governor and collector. The faithful minister of the gospel however believed, that a regard to the purity and reputation of the church rendered it necessary, that a notorious offence should be the subject of ecclesiastical discipline. The gov- ernor, when called upon, refused to furnish the evidence of the man's perjury, and even threatened Mr. Moody, if he proceeded. But the servant of Jesus Christ was not to be intimidated. He preached against false swearing, he called the oflfenderto an account, and even obliged him to make a p'lblic confession. Cranfield in re- venge issued an order, requiring the ministers to admit all persons of suitable years and not vicious to the Lord's supper from the first of January 1684, under the penalty of the statutes of uniformity. He at the same time agnified to Mr. Moody his intention of partak- rrr . i ■ ■!# ^ ( i •' I ■ '- i- r, ■ > *< ■ 1 ■ '< s ? tiff. 436 MOO. .r ' I'f • .!:».^ ■ 1 1 ;,|!l '■' ing the supper on the next Sunday, and requiring him to adminitt. ter It (tccordii))^ tuthc liturgy. As Mi*. Moody refused to administer tne ordinance to an unworthy applicant, a prosecution was immedi- ately contmenced against him, and he was sentenced to six months imprisonment without bail or uiainprize. Two ot the judges^ who dissented irom this sentence, were removed from their offices. At length by the interposition of friends he obtained a release, though under a strict charge to preach no more within the province. He then accepted of an invitation from the first church in Boston to be an assistant mmistcr, and was so highly esteemed, that upon the death of president Rogers he was invited to take the oversight of the college ; but he declined. In the days of the witchcraft delusion in 1692 the opposition, which he made to the violent measures adopted, occasioned his dismission from the church, where he was preachirig. In the following year he returned to Portsmouth, where he spent the rest of his life in usefulness and peace. On the ap- proach of his last sickness he went for advice to Boston, where he died July 4, 1697, in the sixty fifth year of his age. He was suc- ceeded by the reverend Mr. Rogers. Though he was deeply im- pressed with his unworthiness of the divine mercy, yet he indulged the hope of glory, and was desirous of entering into the presence of the dear Redeemer, whom he had served in his gospel. He wrote upwards of four thousand sermons. He published a practi- cal discourse concerning the choice benetit of communion with God in his house, being the sum of several sermons, 12mo, 1685, re- printed 1746 ; and election sermon, 1692.-:-C. Mat/ier'a fun. ser. ; Magnolia, IV. 192 — 199; Collect, hist. soc. vi. 270; x. 40 — 46; Belknafi*s J^", H. \. 204—210 ; iii. 305 ; Holmes' annals^ ii. 39. MOODY (Samuel), minister of York in the district of Maine, ■was graduated at Harvard college in 1697. He was ordained in 1700 as successor of Mr. Shubael Dummer, who was killed by the Indians, and died November 13, 1747, in the seventy second year of his age. He was succeeded by the reverepd Mr. Lyman. His son, the excellent Mr. Joseph Moody, was the first minister of the noith church in York« and died in about five years after the death of his father. Mr. Moody had many eccentricities in his conduct ; but he was eminent for piety and w as a remarkably useful minister of the gos- pel. In his youngi (■ years he often preached beyond the limits of his own parish, and wherever he went, the people hung upon his lips. In one of his excursions he went as far as Providencp, where his exertions were the means of laying the foundation of a church. Though a zealous friend to the revival of religion, which took place throughout this country a short lime before his death ; yet he gave no countenance to separations. His spirit was p;tcific. He was bold and resolute in the cause of Christ. Such was the sanctity of his character, that it impressed the irreligious with awe. To piety n to adminiii' to administer vras immedi* to six months B judges^ who r offices. At slease, though (rovince. He \ Boston to be that upon the versightof the craft delusion lent measures where he was imouth, where On the ap- ,ton, where he He was suc- wras deeply im- ^et he indulged B the presence is gospel. He lished a practi- union with God »mo, 1685, re- hcr*s fun. aer. ; ) ; X. 40 — 46 ; ifi/s, ii. 39. itrict of Maine, ras ordained in ras killed by the y second year of yman. His son, iter of the north le death of his ct; but he was ster of the gos- md the limits of hung upon his ovidencp* where ion of a church. viUch took place th ; yet he fjave icific. He was s the sanctity of awe. To piety MOO. 437 he united uncommon benevolence. While with importunate ear- nestness he pleaded the cause of the poor, he was very charitable himself. It was by his own choice, that he derived his support from a free contribution, rather than a fixed salary in the usual way. In one of his sermons he mentions, that he had been supported twen- ty years in a way most pleasing to him, and had been under no ne- cessity of spending one hour in a week in care for the world. Yet he was sometimes reduced almost to want, though his confidence in the kind providence of God never failed him. Some remarkable instances of answers to his prayers, and of correspondences be- tween the event and his faith are not yet forgotten in York. The hour for dinner once came, and his table was unsupplied with pro- visions ; but he insisted upon having the cloth laid, saying to his wife, he was confident that they should be furnished by the bounty of God. At this moment some one rapped at the dcor, and pre- sented a ready cooked dinner. It was sent by persons, who on that day had made an entertainment, and who knew the poverty of Mr. Moody. He was an irritable man, though he was constantly watch- ful against this infirmity. He once went into a tavern and among a number of gamblers found a member of his church. In his in- dignation he seized hold of him, and cast him out at the door. In one of his sermons the doctrne, which he drew from his text, and which was the foundation of his discourse, was this, " when you know not what to do, you must not do you know not what." He preached so much, and he was so convinced of the duty of being familiar, that he could spare but little time for selecting words of a suitable length for elegance, or, for giving them the arrangement, which should please the ear. He published the doleful state of the damned, especially of such, as go to hell from under the gospel, 1710 ; election sermon, 1721 ; a summary account of the life and death of Joseph Quasson, an IndXixn.—Suiiivan'a district of Maine y 238 ; a funeral sermon on Moody. MOORHEaD (John), minister in Boston; was bom near Belfast in Ireland about the year 1703, and completed his education at one of the "universities of Scotland. He arrived at Boston in 1729 or 1730, being invited to become the minister of some emigrants from the north of Ireland, who had sought in that town the peaceable en- joyment of civil and religious liberty. The first meeting for the election of elders was held July 14, 1730, and the church was form- ed according to the model of the presbyierian church of Scotland. The first place of worship was a barn, in which these persecuted Christians worshipped him, who for the salvation of mankind con- descended to be born in a stable. Mr. Moorheud devoted himself entirely to his benevolent work, and si^h was the success of his labors, and the accession of foreign protestants, tiiat the communi- cants in 1736 were about two hundred and fifty. He died December '3,1773, at the age of seventy years. His successor was the reverend '^:f. ¥ it i fi % ''\ "V • K h-' wf mwi I'i iif ' 'f i I! 438 MOK. Dr. Belknap. He mited once or twice in the year ali the fiunilies of his congregation for the purpose of imparting religious instruc- tion, and he concluded his visit with prayerj which he always per- formed upon his knees. Keeping the great object of the miristry continually in view, he was unwearied in his endeavors to promote the edification and salvation of his people. There were some> who could not bear the severity of his reproofs ; but he was universally respected by the good, lb while he fiadthfuUy rebuked the offender, he did it also with meekrsess and affection. The ornaments of style claimed but little of h<«> attention. Relying upon the efficacy of troth plainly addresited io ihe conscience, he preached with earn- estness what he believed to be the peculiar doctrines of the gospel ; tlie deep depravity of human nature, the divinity of Jesus Christ and the efficacy of the atonement, the special agency of the Holy Spirit in regeneration, the necessity of repentance, of faith in Christ, and of good works. His mind was not destitute of strength, his imag- ination was hvely, and his manner was solemn, affectionate, and pa- theticw— Pano/i/Mf, ii. 393—396 ; M^Gregore*a sermon on his death. MORGAN (John, m. d. v.r.s.), a learned physician, was born m Philadelphia in 1735, and after passing some time in Dr. Finley's academy in Nottingham, finished his education in the college i of Philadelphia under Dr. Allison. In 1757 he was admitted to the first literary honors. When he had completed the study of physic under the care of' Dr. Redman, he entered into the service of his country as a surgeon and lieutenant with the provincial troops in the last war, which was carried on against the French in America. In- defatigable in his attentions to the sick and wounded, he acquired both skill and reputation as a surgeon in the army. In the year 1760 he went to Europe to prosecute his studies iw medicine. Af- ter attending the lectures of William Hunter, he spent two years at Edinburgh, where he received the instructions of Munroe, CuUen, Rutherford, Whyt, and Hope. He then publislied an elaborate thesis upon the formation of pus, and was admitted to the degree of doctor of rr edicine. From Edinburgh he went to Paris and passed a winter in attendance upon the anatomical lectures of Mr. Sue. He also visited Holland and Italy. On his return to London he was elected a fellow of the royal society. During his absence he concerted with Dr. Shippen the plan of a medical school in Phila- delphia, ik^id on his arrival in 1765 was immediately elected profes- sor of tht theory and practice of medicine in the college of that city. He soon delivered his plan for connecting a medical school with the college. In 1769 he saw the fruits of his labors, for in that year five young gentlemen received the first honors in medicine, that were conferred in America. He was active in establishing the American philosophical society in 1769. In 1773 he went to Ja< inaica to solicit benefactions for the advancement of general litera* ture in the college. In October 1 775 he was appointed by congress MOR. 439 ious iJMttuc^ e alway* pet- [ the iniiii»tty rs to promote sre acme, who ras univertaWy d the offender, amenwot style the efficacy ol hed with eam- k of the gospel; esuaChriatand the Holy Spirit h in Chnat, and Bngth,ltt»i»*5' ctionate,andpa- .jjton on hU death. rttcian, was borji .cinDr.Finleys in the college^ of . admitted to the ,e study of phy«c the service of h» mcial troops m the ^ in America. In- ,ded, he acquired „,y. in the year iumediane. Af- spent two years at /Munroe,CuUen» shed an elaborate ed to the degree of to Paris and passed ^ures of Mr. Sue. turn to London he „» Vm absence he ra?sS>olinPt- eW elected profes- cWofthatc^. ical school with the i^ for in that year s^n me«ficine, that in "Istablishing the ^773 he we»t to i^' „t of general Vitera. 'Rotated by congress director general and physician in chief to the general hospitals of the American army in the place of Dr. Church, who was imprison- ed on suspicbn of having a predilection tor the cause of the enem/. He immediately repured to Cambridge ; but in 1777 he was re- mored from his office without an opportunity to vindicate himself. The dissensions between the surgeons of the general hospital and of the regiments and other circumstances gave rise to calumniee against him. After his removal he presented himself before a com- mittee of congress, appmnted by his request, and was honorably ac- quitted. He died October 15, 1789, in the fifty fourth year of his age. He was intimately acquainted with the Latin and Greek clas- sics, and had read much in medicine. In all his pursuits he was persevering and inde&tigable. He discovered in his intercourse with his patients the most amiable tenderness. His successor in the professor's chur was Dr. Rush. He published tentamen med- icum de puris confectione, Edinburgh, 1763 ; a discourse upon the institution of medical schools in America, 1765 ; four dissertadons on the reciprocal advantages of a perpetual union between Great Britain and her American colonies, 1766; a recommendation of inoculation according to baron Dimsdale's method, 1776 ; a vindica- tion of his public character in the station of director general.^- Ru8h*a addreat iSfc. ; Jlmerican tniueum, vi. 353-i^55 ; Mataa, mag., iii. 689, 690 ; Miller ^ i. 320 ; Jndepend. chronicley Sefit. 9, 1779, and January 14, 1790. MORRIS (Lrwis), governor of New Jersey, was left an orphan, when a child, and was adopted by his uncle. Once through fear of his resentment he strolled into Virginia, and thence to the West Indies. On his return however he was received with joy. He was for several years chief justice of New York. He was the sec?: . Ins^ > .in;^^, upon strict adherence to the forms a the coui ^4, he reduced ilie pleadings to preciuon and mttthod. Hud he beta attrar.ed by no other office, hi& character woukl have cxir bited mote ot light, than »jf shade. His address was cu^y, and there was a comnmunding in> flucnce in his manners. Ue was free from avarice ; ^^enerous r.!id mnily, though someiimes inconsiderate iu tho lelaticns of life; olten singular, sometimes whimsical, always opinio lated, and ir> :. iy iufioxibJi, Inheriting his father's disposition he was ?Rady uc starting difi>^ riltic^, which rcither himself nor others^ could easily solves-— Stw/V/A' .Y.Jersey^ 133,439. ■ v )-:a MORRIS (1 IV srt), superintendant of the finances of the Unit- ed States, Wti?. ;v native >f Manchester in England, and after his establlshtnent iu this country became a very eminent merchant in Philudelphia. His enterprise and credit have seldom been equalled. In 1776 he was a member of congress from Pennsylvania, and his name \% affixed to the declaration of independence. In the begin- ning of i 78 1 he was entrusted with the management of the finances, and the services, which in this station he rendered to his country were of incalculable value, being assisted by his brother, Gouver* neur Morrtis. He pledged himself personally and extensively for articles of the most absolute necessity to the army. It was owing ■in a great degree to him, that the decisive operadons of the cam- paign of 1781 were not impeded, or completely defeated from the want of supplies. Hd proposed the plan of a national bank, the capital to be formed by individual subscription, and it was incorpo- rated on the last day of 1 78 1 . The army depended principally upon Pennsylvania for fiour, and he himself raised the whole supplies of tliis state on the engagement of being reimbursed by the taxes, which had been imposed by law. In 1782 he had to struggle with the greatest difficulties, for with the most judicious and rigid econ- omy, the public resources failed, and against him were the corn* plaints of unsatisfied claimants directed. He resigned his oiBce after holding it about three years. He died at Philadelphia May S, 1806, in the seventy second year of his age.— Mzr»Aa/(, iv.457— 460, 557, 565 ; Eamaay*a S. C. u. 99 ; ChaateHux*a travela/i: 199 ■—203 ; Political register^ May 10^ 1B06, «'. *m ,F349 ; Collect, hiat. aoc. viii. 76. MORTON (Natkaniel), secretary of Plymouth colony, was one of its early planters, and for many years employed in the public service. He wrote in 1680 u brief ecclesiastical history of the church at Plymouth in the records of the church, which is preserv* ed by Hazard ; and New England's memorial, or a brief relation of the most memorable and remarkable passages of the providence of God, manifested to the planters of New England, 4to, 1669. This work, which is confined very much to Plymouth colony, was compile ed principally from manuscripts of his uncle,' William Bradford, ex- tending from 1630 to 1646, and he had access also to the journals of Edward Winslow. This work has been of great service to succeed- ing historians.-— Co//erf. hiat. aoc. iv. 136 ; Jv. England*a memorial } Hazard a collect, i. 349—873. MOULTRIE (John), an eminent physician of South Carolina, was a native of Europe, and came to Charleston about the year 1733. For forty years he was at the head of his profession. He died about the year 1 773, universally lamented. He was the idol of his pa- tients. So great was the confidence reposed in his judgment, that those, who were usually attended bv him, preferred his advice and assistance, even on the Festive evemng of St. Andrew's di.y, to the advice of any other professional man in his most collected moments. He possessed excellent talents for observation, and was very saga* cious in finding out the hidden causes of diseases and in adapting remedies for their removal. On account of his death a number of the ladies of Charleston went into mourning.— Jf?am«ay'« review qf mcJHncy 41. MOULTRIE (John, M.O.), son of the preceding, and eminent for literature and medical science, was the first Carolinian, who obtained a medical degree from the university of Edinburgh, where in 1749 he defended a thesis de febre flava. He was afterward lieutenant governor of East Florida.— jRam«ay'« revievf ofmedicinet 43 ; MUer's retroa^ect, ii. 364. MOU. 44S MOULTRIE (William), ^vernor of South Carolina, and a major general in the American war, was devoted to the service of his country from an early period of his life. In the Cherokee wai- in 1 7 60 ho was a volunteer with many of his respectable countrymen under the command of governor Lyttleton. He was afterwards in another ex pedition under colonel Montgomery. He then command- ed a company in a third expedition in 1761, which humbled the Cher> okeeS) and brought them to terms of peace. He wds among the fore- most at the commencement of the late revolution to assert the liber- ties of his country, and braved every danger to redress ner wrongs. His manly firmness, intrepid zeal, and cheerful exposure of every thing, which he possessed,added weight to his counsels, and induced others to join him. Ini the beginning of the war he was colonel of the second regiment of South Carolina. His defence of Sullivan's island with three hundred and forty four regulars and a few militia, and his repulse of the British in their attack upon the fort June 28) 1776 covered him with honor. In consequence of his good con- duct he received the unanimous thanks of congress, and in compli- ment to him the fort was from that time called fort Moultrie. In 1779 he gained avictory over the British in the battle near Beaufort. In 1780 he was second in command in Charleston during the siege. After the city surrendered he was sent to Philadelphia. In 1783 he returned with his countrymen and was repeatedly chosen governor of tho state till the infirmities of age induced him to withdraw to the peaceful retreat of domestic life. He died at Charleston September 27, 1805, in the seventy sixth year of his age. The glory of his honorable services was surpassed by his disinterestedness and in- tegrity. An attempt was once made on the part of the British to bribe him, and he was thought to be more open to corruption, as he had suffered much in his private fortune. But resolving to share the fate of his country, he spurned the offers of indemnification and preferment, which were made him. He was an unassuming^ jpasy, affable companion, cheerful and sincere in his friendships. He pub- lished memoirs of the American revolution, 'so far as it related to North and South Carolina, and Georgia, 2 vols. 8vo, 1803. This work is principally a collection of letters, written by civil and mili- tary officers in the time of the vraTj-^HoiUngahead^aiiiacourse ; U. S. gazette f October 14, 1805 ; Ranuay*s S. C, i. 146; Holmea* annals^ ii, 352 ; Marshall^ ii. 389. MURRAY (Joseph), a friend of literature, was a native it is be- lieved of Great Britain, and educated in that country. He was one of his majesty's council and attorney general for the province o5 New York. He left the whole of his estate, consisting of books, lands, and other property, in value to the amount of about twenty five thousand dollars, to king^s college.— M//er, ii. 357. MURRAY (William Vaks), minister of the United States to the Batavian republicj was bom" in Maryland in the year 1761 op : ; ■ 1 ' ■: •rt 444 MUK. :. i ill! 1 769. Having received an education prrpafatofy to tKe prac^ce or the law, immediately after the peace of 1783 he went to Loniionand resided three years as a student in the temple. At an age when the passions are ge'^erutly unrestrained ; with a constitution of exquisite sensibility ; and in the midst of u splendid and luxurious metropO' lis, he retained the resolution and the firmness to devote his time and attention to tliose objectSf which were to mark the usefulness of liis future life. The observations of Dr. Pricot of Mr. Turgot* and of the abbe de Mably on the constitutions and laws ot the United States bein^; published during his residence in England he studied them with persevering and honest research, and gave the public the result of his reflections in a pamphlet, which was favorably received. |n the summer of 1784, during a vacation, he made an excursion of about six weeks to Holland ; and during this short time, in which he travelled over that country, he was most assiduous in the use of his pen. The minutes, which he then took, he afterwards digested and methodized into a regular work. The intelligence of the death of his father, to whom he was most affectionately attached, reaching him at a time, when his health was precarious, he sunk under the affliction, and he did not lise from his sick bed for six weeks. After a tedious convalescence of several months he returned to his native country. He immediately engaged in the practice of the law ; but the voice of his country soon called him to her councils. He was first elected a member of the legislature of Maryland, and at three successive elections from 1791 to 1797 to a seat in the house of representatives of the United States. This station he filled with distinguished honor. His eloquence in debate placed him in the same rank with Madison and Ames, Giles and Dexter. A re- gard to his fortune, which was not affluent,- and which was suffering from his devotion to the public service, at length induced him in 1797 to decline being a candidate for reelection to congress. But his xneiit and talents had not escaped the discerning eye of Wash- ington, who in one of the last acts of his administration appointed Mr. Murray as minister of the United States to the Batavian re- public. This station had been occupied about three years by the honorable John Quincy Adams, who now received a commission as minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon. Mr. Murray arrived at the Hague at a very critical period of affairs, for the misunderstanding between the United States and France was approaching to a rupture) and the influence of the latter over the Batavian councils was uncon- trolled. But by a judicious mixture of firmness, of address, and of conciliation he succeeded in preserviiv^ uninterrupted harmony be* 'tween the American and Bataviun nations ; and the first advances towards a restoration of the harmony between this counti^ and France were made between Mr. Murray and Mr. Pichon, then charg6 des affaires at the Hague. These led to certain propositions from the French government for a renewal of direct negotiation, » tht practice of t to Loniion and nn age when the ton of exquisite irious metropo* devote his time tie usefulness of Ar. Turgot, and s ot the United land he studied /e the public the ^orably received. I an excursion of me, in which he in the use of his krds digested and e of the death of tached, reaching 3 sunk under the ix weeks. After rned to his native i of the law ; but ancils. He was land, and at three in the house of Ln he filled with )laced him in the Dexter. A re- lich was suffering h induced him in ) congress. But ng eye of Wash- itration appointed o the Batavian re- iree years by the d a commission as 'ay arrived at the misunderstanding ching to a rupture, )uncils was uncon- of address, and of ipted harmony be* the first advances this counti^ and Mr. Pichon, then ertain propositions direct negotiation, NEU 445 which the American minister transmitt< *o his government. When the despatches were received by Mr. Adams, then prcVident of the United States, he thought that a regard to tiie honor and interest of his country obliged him to improve this opportunity for making an attempt to divert from the American people the calamities of war. Such was his confidence in Mr. Murray, that he nominated him as sole envoy extraordinary to the French republic to prosecute the negotiation. In compliance with the wish of the senate, Mr. £lls« worth and Mr. Davie were afterwards associated with him as col- leagues. He assisted in making the treaty, which was signed at Paris September 30, 1800, and which has contributed in a great de- gree to the prosperity of America. Immediately after signing that instrument he returned to his station as minister resident at the Hague, where he remained till his return to the United States in December 1801, it having been judged unnecessary to continue the expense of supporting that mission. From this period he lived in retirement at his seat in Cambridge on the eastern shore of Ma- ryland. His health, which had always been infirm, soon began to decline, and he died December 11, 1803, in the forty second year of his age. In private life he was remarkably pleasing in his manners and at once amusir.^ and instructive in his conversation. With a mind of incessant activity he united the fancy of a poet. He had a strong and genuine relish for the fine arts, a refined and delicate tastefor literature, and a persevering fondness for the pursuits of science. The keenness of his sensibility and the rapidity of his conceptions gave him a sense of decorum, which seemed almost in- tuitive. He perceived instantaneously and felt deeply every depar- ture from it ; but his wit and temper always led him to consider with good humor the improprieties of conduct, which presented themselves to his observation. Though both from principle and disposition he kept his powerful talent ut ridicule under a well disci- plined control, yet it could not always avoid those resentments, which are the only defence of dulness and folly against it. His fa- cility in writing was proportioned to the vivacity of his mind. His letters by their elegance, their simplicity, their poignant wit, and unbounded variety of style, might serve as models of epistolary cor- respondence .-i—Gaze^f of the U.S. January 17, 1804; JV. Y. hemldy December 21, 1803 ; Mr. Adama* letter of Jfiril 26, 1809, in 'he Bos» ton fiatriot. NELSON (Thomas), governor of Virginia, was a distinguished patriot in the revolution, and uniformly ardent in his attachment to liberty. When Virginia was threatened to be made the theatre of war, he was appointed general by the legislature, and he took the field at the head of his countrymen. He was chosen governor in 1781. The officers at the siege of York witnessed his merit, and his at- tachment to civil and religious liberty. He died in February 1789, w^ American museum, vii. 2 1 9. 1 utm L" } 1 1 1 ii *i is HI \ »' i V'> \i tt \^A t 446 KEW. Ijr'l t ... U NEW HAMPSHIRE,one of the United Sutes of Amenca, ^m firat letUed in I63S by pcrtoni itent out by Gorget and Muaon Under authority of • grant from the council of Plymouth. Th'i council had been eatablithed in 1630 by king Jamet and he gavr u) it the territory extending from the fortieth to the forty e:|$hth degree of north latitude. Tlie lettlemenu went on but alowly for aeveral yean. In 1638 three aasociationa for government were formed at Portemouth, Dover, and £xeter. In 1641 and 1648 the inhabitant* of these towns voluntarily submitted thciuselves to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts) securing to themselves the same privileges with the rest of the colony* and being exempted from all public charges, except such as . arose among themselves. New Hampshire was separated from Massachusetts and a royal govern- ment established in 1 680, consisting of a president and council appointed by the king, and representatives chosen by the people. A change took place in 1686 and all New England was entrusted to a president and council. After the imprisonment of Andros the union with Massachusetts was revived in 1689, but in 1693 the old, separate g^ovemment was reestablished. From 1699 to 1703 it was united with New York and Matsachusetts, and from 1703 to 1741 with Massachusetts. A separate government subsisted from this perioid till the revolution in 1775, when a provincial convention was formed. A temporary constitution was formed in 1776 ; a new constitution was established in 1784, and this, being altered and amended in 1793, is the permanent constitution of the state. New Hampshire suffered much in the Indian wars, and in all military enterprises it took an active part. During the war in opposition to the encrotehments of the Britbh parliament its troops were distinguished. The constitution of this state establishes a general court, consisting of a house of representatives, and a senate, the members of which are annually chosen. The governor also is annually elected by the people, and has a council to advise him.— Belknafi*8 ^f, Ham/ufdre ; Hutchinaon ; Holmeu* annals ; Douglats^ U. 33— .51; FTj/nnr, i. 303— 318. . NEW JERSEY, one of the United States of America, was first settled by the SwediBS,and was formerly a part of New Netherlands, -which was divided into Nova Caesarea, or New Jersey and New York, in 1664, when it was conquered by the English. It has its name from the island of Jersey, the residence of the family of sir George Carteret, to whom this territory was granted. Philip Car- teret was appointed governor in 1 665, and took possession of Eliza* bethtown, the capital, then consisting of four families, just settled in the wilderness. In 1673 he was driven from his govemment'by insurgents, who refused the payment of qtiit rents under pretence, that l^ey held their possesuons by Indian grants and not from the proprietors. In 1673 the Dutch retook New Netherlands, but in the following year it was restored by treaty to the English. In NEW. U1 1C7« New JirMjr wm dlfided into East and Watt Jeraav. Th« government of the latter waa retained aa a dependencv of New Yorkf And a confuaion of juiiadiction commenced, which long distracted the people, and which at length terminated in the annihilation off the nuthoritjr of the proprietors. West Jersey waa reinstated in ita former privileges in 1680. Sir George Carteret in 1682 tranafer- red his rights m East Jersey to William Penn. At this time there were supposed to be in the province about seven hundred families. In 1688 the Jersies were added to the jurisdicUon of New England. They were united under one government in 1703, and received the single name of New Jersey. Combury, governor of New York, was appointed also to the chief command of New Jeraey, and the union continued till 1738, when this colony received a separate governor. During the late war with Great Britain this state auffer- ed much. Her losses in proportion to populatbn and wealth were greater than those of any other of the thirteen states. Her soldiers gained great distinction, and she can boast of placea rendered famous by exploits ; places, which cannot be mentioned without bringing to the recollection the name of Washington, who earned in them the laurels, with which his head haa been encircled by American historians. The present constitution of New Jersey was adopted by a provincial congress July 3, 1776. Bv this instrument the power of enacting laws is vested in a legislative council and a general assembly, the members of which are annually chosen. The governor is appointed by a joint vote of these two bodies every year. He has a casting vote in the council, and with them is a court of appeals In the last resort. The judges of the supreme court con- tinue in office for seven years, and other justices for five years, and all are appointed by the council and assembly .^—^mtVA'* M Jertey ; Douglaaet ii, 366—396 ; WynneyX. 303—318 ; Mod. univeraal hiat. xxxix. 361— 368; Holmea* annaU, NEWMAN (Samubl), first minister of Rehoboth, Massachu- setts, was bom at Banbury, England, in 1600, and was educated at Oxford. He came to this country in 1636. After his arrival he spent a year and a half at Dorchester, and then becoming pastor of the church at Weymouth continued there about five years. In 1644 he removed with a part of liis church and settled Rehoboth. He died July jT, 1663, aged sixty three years. Wlulc he was inde- fetigable in his study of the scriptures, and animated and zealous in his preaching, he was also hospitable, charitable, and pious. In his last illness he sent for one of his deacons, and after requesting hira to make a prayer, said, ^ and now, ye angels of the Lord, come and do your duty.** He then immediately expired. He compiled a concordance of the scriptures, which was published in London in a thick folio, 1643. While he was at Rehoboth he revised it, using pine knots in the night instead of candles. It passes under the name of the Cambridge concordanceip— ^ootT^ Athena Oxonieneea, \ •». i ' 'I . u I i: 448 NEW. i i: i ii. 330; MagJialia^ iii. 113— >116; Holmea* annaltj i. 332, 333^ JiTeafa JV. E. i. 359 ; Morton^ 176 ; Collect. Mat. aoc. ix. 191. NEW YORK) one of the United States of Ainerica,was discovered in 1608 by Henry Hudson, who passed up the river, which bears his name. His right to the country, which he had discovered unier a commission from king James I, he sold to the Dutch. In 1614 the states general granted a patent for an exclusive trade on Hudson's river to a number of merchants, who built a fort near Albany. In the sume year the Dutch were visited by captain Argal from Virginia, and being unable to resist him they submitted for the time to the king of England. The country was granted by the states general to the West India company in 1621. In June 1629 Wouter Van Twiller arrived at fort Am.'jterdam, now New York, and took upon himself the government. The extension of the English settlements naturally occasioned som<3 disputes respecting the boundaries of the Dutch possessions. The last Dutch governor was Peter Stuy vesant, who began his administration in 1 647. The inroads upon his ter- ritory kept him constantly employed. In 1655 he subdued the few Swedes on the west side of Delaware bay, and placed the country un- der the command of a lieutenant governor. But he was himself oblig- ed at last to submit to the English. The country in the possession of the Dutch was given by the king of England to the duke of York and Albany. An expedition was fitted out, and on the twenty sev- enth of August 1664 governor Stuy vesant was reduced to the necessity of capitulating to colonel Nicclls, and the whole of the New Netherlands soon became subject to the English crown. The coun- try was retaken by the Dutch in 1 673, but it was restored in the fol- lowing year. In 1683 the inhabitants of New York first participat- ed in the legislative power. Previously to this period they had been completely subjected to the governor ; but in this year they were summoned to choose representatives to meet in an assembly. In 1688 New York was annexed to the jurisdiction of New England. In 1691 a governor arrived from England and the first assembly af- ter the revolution was held. From the influence of the French over the Indians and from its proximity to Canada New York suffered many inconveniences ; but the war against the French was frequently carried on with vigor, and the friendship of the Indians was generally secured. While this colony was subject to England the government was vested in a governor and council, appointed by the king, and twenty seven rep- resentatives elected by the people. Vacancies in the council were filled up by the governor. The present constitution of New York wwi established by the convention, appointed for the purpose, April 20, 1777. The members of the assembly are chosen annually, and those of the senate every four years. The governor is elected for three years. The legislature every^ year chooses four senators, who with the governor for their president form the council of ap- NIC. 449 pointmcnt. This council appoints all ulHccrs civil and militxiryi cxceptin;^ the chaiicullor, the jud^^es of the supreme court, and the iirtit judges of the count/ courts, who hold their ofiices during ^ooA behavior, or till they have reached the age of sixty years. The governors since the revolution have been Clinton, Jay, Lewis, and Tompkins.— SOTi7A*» hist. JV*. York ; Mud. univem. hint, xxxix. 346 — 361; Wynne^i. 170—196; Dougtass^u. 2'iO — 266; Holmett' annals ; Brit, emftire in America^ i. 236—280. t NICOLL (John, m. d.), an eminent physician in New York, was a native of Scotland and was educated at Edinburgh, receiving in the college of that city the hii^hcst honors, that belong to his profes- sion. Retaining the highest attachment to the doctrine, constitution, and discipline of the church of Scotland, after his arrival in this coun- try he was one of the principal founders and beneiactors of the first presbyterian church in New York, which was established in 1719. He spent a considerable part of his estate in erecting a house of worship. As a physician he was unwearied in his attention to his patients. The poor he cheerfully visited without the prospect of reward. After a life distinguished for benevolence ana piety he died October 2, 1743, aged sixty three yedrs.—Pemberton'd funeral sermon ; Smith's JV. Yorkj 191. NILES (Samuel), minister of Brainfree, Massachusetts, was born May 1, I67''i and was graduated at Harvard college in 1699. He afterwards pteached for some time in Rhode Island in a district called ministerial lands. In 1710 he removed from Kingston to Braintree, where he was ordained minister of the second church May 23, 1711. In 1759, sixty years after he received the first honors of college, he took the degree of master of arts. He died May 1, 1762, aged eighty eight years. He published a brief and sorrowful account of the present state of the churches in New Eng- land, 1745; vindication of divers important doctrines, 8vo, 1752 ; scripture doctrine of original sin, in answer to Tavlor, Svo, 1757. NISBET (Charles, d. d.), first president of Dickinson college, Pennsylvania, was born in Scotland in 1737, and was for many years minister of Montrose. During the struggle between Great Britain and her colonies, such was his attachment to liberty, that he dared to lift up his voice in favor of America. When Dickinson college was founded at Carlisle in 1783 he was chosen its principal, thoUi>;h he did not arrive in this country and enter upon the duties of this office till 1785. He died January 17, 1804, in the sixty sev- enth year of his age. His imagination was lively and fertile, and his understanding equally acute and vigorous. He possessed a memory teitacious almost beyond belief, a solid judgment, and a correct taste. By unwearied study his mind was stored with gen- eral erudition and miscellaneous knowledge in a very \inconnpon deijree. He could repeat with great facility all the beautiful and striking passages of the classic authors. He was acquv^inted both 58 *'■;.■ r " I. I T'% ' ^■ #;; 1 . l. '1 1 4 45b NOR. 4 tvith the ancient learned languages, and with the modern languagca of Europe. His attention was directed to almost every subject. While he embraced the circle of the sciences, he also descended to every topic relative to public and private affairs, and thus he was qualiBed for leading the conversation in every company. His lec- tures in the college, which were designed to communicate the elements of knowledge, were plain and simple, but rich in solid learning. In private lite he was a most entertaining companion, fop hiii humor was excellent and exhaustless. His penetrating mind perceived relations and connexions among things, which escaped almost every other, and he was constantly enlivening conversation with flashes of wit. He was master of the lively anecdote, the smart repartee, the keen irony, and the delicate rebuke. His re- marks on men were often severe and cutting, for being himself upright, he had a rooted abhorrence of deceit and chicanery in oth- ers. His independent mind scorned the idea of procuring favor or ensuring popularity by any means inconsistent with the most digni- fied and virtuous sentiments^ and he had no respect for the man, who to obtain the ony or the other would cringe to the multitude. His manners were gentle, unassuming, simple, and in the common affairs and traffic of this world he was a very child. His temper was cheerful, his morals unimpeached, and his piety unquestioned. As the principal of a collej^e, as a minister of the gospel, as a true patriot, as a good man he has not often been surpassed. — dssembly'a miss, magazine^ iii. 286—288 ; Carlisle herald ; Gazette U. S. Feb- ruary 7, 1 804. NORRIS (John), one of the founders of the theological sem- inary ill Andover, was for many years a respectable merchant in Salem, Massachusetts. On the twenty first of March 1 808 he gave ten thousand dollars towards establishing the institution at Andover. This was a day of unequalled munificence, for on the same day Messrs. Brown and Bartlet, merchants of Newhuryport, gave tow- ards the same object the former ten thousand and the latter twenty thousand dolla'"j. Mr. Norris lived to see the seminary opened on the twenty eighth of September. He died December 22, 1808, in the fifty eighth year of his age. In such esteem was he held by his fellow citizens, that he was for several years elected a member of the senate of Massachusetts. Obtaining, through the divine blessing upon his industry, an ample fortune, he considered himself as the steward of God, and his abundant liberality flowed in various channeh. Thoup:h his extreme self diffidence, and perhaps erroneous views of the qualifications for approaching the Lord's table prevented him from makinp:a public profession of reliji;ion ; yet when convers. ingon the subject he ^vas often known to tremble. His house w" 11 . ' '•' ■ .>i imti 452 NOR. was himself a prcuchcr, though like many others ignorant of hit. own character and unacqitaintcd with the truth as it is in Jesus, was impressed M-iih u sense of his sin, and hy the agency of the Holy Spirit was broughl to repentance. The view of his own heart and life, compared with the holy law of God, almost overwhelmed him with despair ; but at length the promises of the gospel administered to him inexpressible joy. His attention had been hitherto occupied in literary and scicntihc pursuits, but he now devoted himself ex< clusively to the study of theology, and being by his own experience acquainted with repentance, and fctith, and holiness, he preached up- on those subjc;:t8 with zeal and effect. He soon became ennncnt. His talents and learning would have insured to him preferments ui the church, if his regard to the purity of Christian worship could have allowed him to submit to the impositions of the establishment. He embarked for New England in 1634, but a violent storm obliged hiin r.o return. In the following year he sailed again for this coun- try, and arrived at Plymouth in company with Mr. Winslow in Oc- tober. He preached in this town during most of the winter, and was earnestly invited to take the charge of the church ; but the state of things in the colony did not please him. Early in 1636 he removed to Boston, where he was highly respected, being consulted by the magistrates in some of their most difficult affairs. Before the close ot the year he accepted an invitation to settle in Ipswich, where a church had been gaihered in 1634. In 1639 Mr. Rogers was es- tablished as his colleague. While Mr. Norton was minister of Ipswich he wrote a number of books, which procured him a high reputation. He assisted in forming the Cambridge platform, which was adopted in 1648. After the death of Mr. Cotton at the close of 1652. the church in Boston applied to Mr. Norton to become their minister. He accordingly preached in that town for some time with the consent of his people ; but after the death of Mr. Rogers in 1655 they reclaimed him. Though a number of coun- cils, called upon the occasion, advised his removal to Boston, the inhabitants of Ipswich declined giving him a dismission. At length the governor and magistrates were under the necessity of summon- ing a council, whose advice or result was followed, as it was consid- ered as partaking more of the nuture of authority. From this pe- riod he was the minister of Boston, and was eminently useful. After the restoration of Charles II it was thought necessary to ad- dress him Mr, Norton and Simon Bradstreet were accordingly appointed the agents of Massachusetts for the purpose. They sailed for England in February 1662 and returned in September, bringing with them a letter f n m the king, in which he promised to confirm the charter, but required that the administration of justice should be in his name, and that all persons of good and honest lives should be admitted to the sacrament 6f the Lord's supper, and their children to baptism. The agents, who had Ituth fully endeavored to NOR. 453 serve the colony, on their return met with a cold reception} and the sntothered griet of Mr. Norton on account of the ill treatment, which he received, it is thought hastened his end. He died sud- denly April 5, 1663, aged near tii'ty seven years. He left no children. Mr. Davenport succeeded him in the ministry. Mr. Norton Wcts an eminent scholar and divine. In controversy he was very acute, for his powerful talents had been cultivated by an excellent education, and he was familiar with the subtleties of the scnoolmen. In his religious sentiments he accorded with the lirst fathers of New England. The doctrines, for wliich he contended, were the following; that there is one God subsisting in three persons ; that the will of God is the cause of all causes, and second causes the effects of the first cause ; thai the will of man is an instrument disposed and determined unto its action according unto the decree of God, being as much subordinate to it as the axe is to the hand of the hewer ; that man even in violating God's com- mand fulhls God's decree ; that the infallible ordering of the exist- ence of sin for a better end, and tlie forbidding of sin are not at all inconsistent, but fall under the compass of the same one volition of God, which cannot be resisted or defeated ; that God is not the author of sin, and yet that he does not merely permit it, since he has decreed it ; that the reprobates freely commit such a measure of sin as fits them for the intended measure of wrath ; that man is a free agent, having a real efficiency, though subordinate to the first cause, which deteinnines the second in its operation ; that all man- kind participated in Adam's sin and also have it imputed to them ; that original sin is the hereditary and habitual contrariety and en- mity of the nature of man against the whole will of God ; that God has elected whom in his wisdom and mercy he pleased to eternal life ; that the conversion of these is the effect of God's Spirit ; that good works are necessary as the way to salvation, but not as the cause ; that the only meritorious cavise of salvation is the active and passive obedi- ence of Jesus Christ, which is imputed unto those, who believe, and is received by faith p'one ; that only the elect believe in the Re- deemer ; that their belief or faith is the effect of special, absolute, irresistible grace ; and thatthe will is passive, not having the nature of a free agent, in the first reception of grace. His sermons were written with great care, and in his extemporary devotional perform- ances there was a variety and fulness and fervor seldom equalled. A good man of Ipswich used frequently to walk to Boston, a dis- tance of about thirty miles, to attend the Thursday lecture, and would say, that it was worth a great journey to unite in one of Mr. Norton's prayers. His example, according to Dr. Mather, was so much follov^ed, that some young ministers were able to continue their addresses to God for more than an hour with great propriety ; and without wearying those, who joined with them. In his natural temper Mr. Norton was somewhat irascible, but being taught by Viiih . I 1 h . f' .i; 1 &■ ■|!l . ®* ; 'ft III* ■■1«i ' m 'M. 1 Ijk ■J i. 1 ■L' } 1 i w '' "f f '/[ ir li 3' ! 1 454 NOY. the grace of God to govern his passions, his renewed heart rendered him meek, couiteou^, and amiable. Still a mistaken zeal tor the truth made him, asi. made his contemporaries, trieiidly to persecu- tion. Hu was convinced, tnat some diiiference of sentiment must be permiLicd, and wisUed that an erroneous conscience should be treated with tenderness ; but when the lundamental doctrines of Christianity were denied, or errors were supported by a contuma- cious will, especially if they produced disturbance in the state, then he thoa^ht it indispensably necessary to be acquainted, to use his o\?n words, " with the holy tactics oi the civil sword." The disuse of this instrument, in his opinion, gave opportunity for the rise of the :nan of sin ; the abuse of it maintained him ; but the good use of it would tend to destroy him. With these sentiments he prob* ii!)ly encouraged the magistrates in their persecution of the quakers, who in return represented to the king and parliament, that " John Norton, chief priest in Boston, by the immediate power of the Lord was smitten, and died." Mr.Norton wrote in Latin a letter to the famous John Dury, which was signed by forty three other ministers. A translation oi it may be found in S. Mather's apology. In 1645 he drew up at the re- ; -est of the ministers of New England an answer to a number of questions relatin;^ to church government) wliich were sent over by William Apollonius under the direction of the divines of Zealand. This was the first LaUn book ever written in this country. It was published with the title of i'e[ionsio ad totum quaestionum sylloj^en ,a clariss. viro dom. Gul- ApoUonio propositam, ad componendas controversias in Anglia, Loud. 8vo, 1648. He published also a discussion of the sufferings of Christ, and the questions about his righteousness active and passive, and the imputation thereof in an« swerto a dialogue of Mr. Pinchin, 12mo, 1653; this was written by tbe.direction.of the general court ; the orthodox evangelist, or a -tceatise wherein many great evangelical truths are briefly discussed, 4to, 1654; election sermon, 1657; the life of Mr. Cotton, 1658; the heart of New England rent by the blasphemies of the present :generation, a treatise concerning the doctrine of the quakers, by the desire of the general court, 8vo, 1660; election sermon, 1661 ; a catechism ; three choice and profitable sermons on several texts, being the last sermons, which he preached at the election, at the Thursday lecture, and on the sabbath, 1' j4.-'—Mat/ier*a life of Mr- ton ; ma^na/m, iii. 32— «4l ; Morton, 177 ; Mal'a JV. E.'i.357-,358; Hutchinsorty i. 41, 188, 219-^224 ; Winthrofij 91 ; Besac's auff. quakcrsy ii. 270 ; Holntea* cnnalsy i. 278, 388 ; Hubbard'a MS. M". E. eh. Ixxiv; Collect hist, aoc. iv. ! 10. NOYES (James), one of the first ministers of Newbury., Massa- chusetts, was born in Wiltshire, England, in 1608, and was foi rsome time a stuflent in the university of Oxford. His niind was ^first impressed by tl^e truths of religion through the preaching of heart rendered en zeal tor lh« idly to persecu- seiitiment must ence should be tul doctrines of 1 by a contuma- n the state, then inied, to use his J." The disuse y for the rise of liut the good use timents he prob» ,n of the quakers, nent, that " John owcr of the Lord John Dury, which Dslation oi it may rew up at the r^- ■r to a immber of ff ere sent over by ivines of Zealand. i country. It was estionum syllogen ad componendas published also a lestions about his ion thereof in an- ; this was written ox evangelist, or a briefly discussed, Ir. Cotton, 1658; les of the present he{iuakers,by the sermon, 1661 ; a on several texts, he election, at tne at/ier'a life of Mr. JV. £.1.337,358; 91; Bessc's auff. bbard'sMS.N.E. ■ Newbury. Massa- 608, and was foi ;\. His mind was h the preaching ot NOY. 455 Dr. Twiss. After he began to preach, as he could not conscien- tiously comply with the ceremonies of the establisned church, he accompanied his friend, the reverend Mr. Parker, to New Lngland in 1634. They arrived in the montii of May. Mr. Noyes preach- ed about a year at Mystic, now Medford, when he was invked t» become the minister of VV)itertown ; but as he preferred a settle- ment with Mr. Parker, who had removed from Aggawam to Now- bury« he was established as his colleague in 1635, having the title of teacher. He continued to discharge with faithfulness the duties of his office more than twenty years. Alter a long sickness, which he bore with patience and cheerfulness, he died October S2, 1656, in the forty eighth year of his age. Mr. Noyes and Mr. Parker were the most cordial and intimate friends. In England they in- structed in the same school ; they came to this country in the same ship ; they were ministers in the same church ; and as Mr. Parker had ^o family, they lived in the same house Mr. Noyes was very much beloved by his people, for he was humble, gentle, and con- stantly desiroits of doing them good. He was the implacable ene- my of heresy and schism. Though he could never submit to the ceremonies of the English church, he was not so averse to episco- pacy itself. He did not approve of a governing vote in the frater- nity, and he thought that ecclesiastical councils should have the power of inflicting censures upon particular churches He was eminently skilled in Greek, and he had read the fathers and the schoolmen. His memory was tenacious, his invention rich, and his judgment profound. While his manners were so amiable and his disposition so truly benevolent and affectionate, that no one was ever acquainted with him, who did not desire his friendship and so- ciety, he yet was resolute and determined in his defence of the truth. He was considered as one of the most eminent men in his day. He published the temple measured, or a brief survey of the temple mystical, which is the instituted church of Christ, 4to, 1647; a catechism, which was reprinted in 1797 ; Moses and Aaron, or the rights of church and state, contained in two disputations, the former concerning the church, the lat*ei' asserting the sacredness of the persons of kings against king killing. This was published by Mr. Woodbridge of England in 1661. — Mathcr^a ma^nalia^ iii. 145 — 148 ; Morac and Paiish*a A*. JE. 92, 93 ; Collect, hist. aoc. vii. 242 ; Pofikins* dedicate aermon. NOYES (James), the first minister of Stonington, Connecticut, WIS the second son of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1659, being educated at the expense of lus uncle, the reverend Mr. Parker. In the year 1 664 he began to preach at Stonington, where he was ordsdned September 10, 167+ After imparting religious instruction to this people fiftv five years and a half he died December 30, 1719. as^ed near eiii^hty one years. His brother, Moses Noyes, was the first minister of Lyme, and died ■: .\ "»1 I r-^m -I: » *•, _,l j- ( '('q 1 • ■m ili! E f 456 NOY. I till Noveniljer JO, 1729, at the age of ei,;hty five yearn, sixty of whicli he spent with his people. Mr. Noycs of Stonin,^on was a distin' guished preacher, carrying an uncommon fervor and heavenly zeal into all his public performances. His ordinary conversation breath- ed the spirit of the world, to which he was endeavoring to guide his fellow men. In ecclesiastical controversies he was emiiienily useful. Being a friend ot literature he was one of the first trustees of Yale college. He was also a counsellor in civil affairs at some critical periods. As a physician he was much consulted, and he gave away anuuully the amount of his salary in medicines. But he most delighted in his ministerial work, for his tenderness and faithfulness in which he was highly esteemed and beloved.-~^os/on newaletteVj January 4, 1720 ; Trumbull* a Connecticut^ i. 522. NO YES (Nicholas), minister of Salem, Massachusetts, was the nephew of the reverend Mr. Noyes of Newbury, and was born in that town December 22, 1647. He was educated at the expense of his uncle, the reverend Mr. Parker, receiving the first honors of Harvard college in 1667. After having preached thirteen years in Haddam, Connecticut, he removed to Salem, where he was ordain* ed as colleague with the reverend Mr. Higginson November U, 1683. Mr. George Curwin was settled v.*^h him in 1714, but he died in 1717. Mr. Noyes himself, after a ministry of thirty four years, died December 13, 1717, being almost seventy years of age. He was never«married. Acquainted with all the literature of the times, and having uncomthon talents for his sacred work, his death was deeply and generally lamented. He was entertaining and use* ful in conversation, of eminent sanctity and virtue, and always so* licitous for the welfare of his people. But with all his good quali- ties he unhappily believed the reality of witchcraft and had some influence in promoting those legal inquiries in 1692, which reflect so much disgrace upon the age. He afterwards however publicly confessed his error without offering any excuse fo;* himself, or con- cealing any circumstance ; and he visited and blessed the survivors, whom he had injured, asking always their forgiveness. Such con- duct reflects the highest honor upon his character. A letter of his containing an account of Mr James Noyes is preserved in Mather's magnalia. He published the election sermon, 1698 ; and a poem on the death of the reverend Joseph Green of Salem village, 1715, —Collect, his: moc. vi. 264, 267, 273, 286 ; Trumbull's Connecticut, i. 520; Masrialia/iu. 145 — 148. OAKES Uriah), president of Harvard college, was born in England aboai the year 1631, and was brought to America in his childhood. A sweetness of disposition exhibited itself early and rcfnained with him through life. He was graduated at Harvard CGulege in 1649. While very young and small he published at Cambridge a set of astronomical' calculations with this apposite motto ; Parvum parva decent, sed inest sua gratia parvis. occ. A57 He isoon went to Kngland, an;] was settled in the ministry at riichficld iivH-i ikpi>liiic. IKiug silenced in 1662 with the other ivM.coiiroraiinij ministers, lie fuun*.! an asvlum in a respectal)le iani- ily, and afterwards preached in another congregation. Such was liis cclebriiy for learning anil piety, that the church and society of Cambii(!n;e on the decease of Mr. Miichel in 1678 sent a messen- ger to England to invite him to become their minister. He accept- ed the invitation, but througli various circumstances did not coin- jncnce his labors in Cambridge till November 8, 1671. Being placed at the head of Harvard college after the death of Dr. Hoai, he commenced the duties of this office April 7, 1675, still however retaining the charge of his Hock. But on the second ol Ftbruary 1680 the corporation appointed him president, and persuaded him to be inaugurated, and to devote himself exclusively to this object. He died July 25, 1681, in the fiitieth year of his age, and was suc- rccded by Mr. Rogers in the college, and by Mr. Gookin in the church of Cambriilge. He was a man of extensive erudition and distinguished usefulness. He excelled equally as a scholar, as a divine, and as a Christian. By his contemporaries he was considered as one of the most resplendent lights, that ever shone in this part of the world. He was very humble with all his great- ness, like the full ear of corn, which hangs near the ground. In the opinion of Dr. Mather America never had a greater mas- ter of the true, pure, Ciceronian Latin, of his skill in which lan- guage an extract from one of his commencement orations is pre- served as a specimen in the magnalia. He published an artil- lery election sermon, entitled, the unconquerable, all conquering, and more than conquering Christian soldier, 1672 ; election sermon 1673 ; a sermon at Cambridge on the choice of their military offi- cers ; a fast sermon ; and an elegy in poetry on the death of the reverend Mr. Shepard of Chariestown, 1678. This is pathetic and replete with imagery. — Holmes* hist. Cambridge ; and annals, ii. 452 ; Collect, fust. aoc. vii. 31, 51 — 54 ; Mather's magnalia, \v. 129, 186 — 188, 190 ; JVeal's M". E.'ii. 41, 42 ; .Yoncovform. rnetnon'al, ii. 280—282. OCCUM (Sampson), an Indian minister of the Moheagan tribe, was a heathen till the age of eighteen, when he embraced Christ- ianity. He was for three years tlie pupil of the reverend Dr. Whcelock. He was for eleven years a schoolmaster on long Isl- and, officiating at the same time as the pu!>lic teacher of the Indian tribe at Montauk till his ordination by the Sutfolk pres'uytv y Aug- ust 29, 1759. He was afterwards employed on several missions to various tribes of Indians, particularly to the six nations. In 1765 or 1766 he accompanied the reverend Mr. Whitaker to London to solicit beneiactions for Dr. Wheelock's school. About the year 1786 he with the scanty remnant of the MuhhcakancoK Indians, who lived on the sea coast in Connecticut, removed to the neighbor-. 59 ,1 I it ^'1 ■;| ' ' % ■ n i Hi- I n k^ V > ■ y i:; ll i '''ji ''i-i ' ■ '-H ] -4t i 1 ,/ 458 OGD. '. 1 i . i. V ! hi i 1 liood of OnciUu in the state of New York. He was at first the minister of Brothcrton ; but for the last years of his life he resided >vith the Indians at New Stockbridge. He died in July 1793, aged hi xty nine years. I vards of three hundred Indians attended his funeral. At his fir;;' itrance on the ministry and for a "onsidera* b^e time after he was respected in his Christian and c. w isterial character. He preached with acceptance to the polishc J mhabitants of Boston and New York. An account of the Montauk Indians, written by him, ib preserved in the historical collections. He says, that they had a multitude of gods.— /?Me//'« ordinat. term, and letter to Doattvick ; Collect, hist. aoc. iv. 68 ; v. 13 ; ix. 89, 90 ; x. 105— 111. OGDEN (Jacob), a physician of New York, published about the year 1764 observations on a species of the sore throat, then preva* lent and mortal.— ^awisaj/** review of medicine^ 36 ; Miller^ i 3 19. OGDEN (Matthias), brigaclicr general in the army of the United States, took an early and u decided part in the late contest with Great Britain. He joined the army at Cambridge, and such was his zeal and resolution, that he accompanied Arnold in pcnetratin)i; through the wilderness to Canada. He was engaged in the attack upon Quebec and was carried wounded from the place of engage. ment. On his return from this expedition he was appointed to the command of a regiment, in which station he continued until the conclusion of the war. When peace took place he was honored by congress with a commission of brigadier general. He died at EIiz« abethtown, Ne> Jsjvsey, March 31, 1791. He was distinguished lor his libenhi'- and philanthropy. He was generous, amiable, and endear' !> h.\s friends. — Gazette of the U. S. Jfiril 13, 1791. OGLETif >RP£ (James), the founder of Georgia, was bom in England about thcj year 1688. Entering the army at an early age, he served under prince Eugene, to whom he became secretary and aid de camp. On the restoration of peace he was returned a mem* ber of parliament, and distinguished himself as a useful senator by proposing several regulations for the benefit of trade, and a reform in the prisons. His philanthrophy is commemorated in Thompson's seasons. His benevolence led him in 1732 to become one of the trustees of Georgia, a colony, the design of whose settlement was principally to rescue many of the inhabitants of Great Britain from the miseries of poverty, to open an asylum for the persecuted protestants of Europe, and to carry to the natives the blessings of Christianity. In the prosecution of this design Mr. Oglethorpe embarked in November with a number of emigrants, and arriving at Carolina in the middle of January 1733, he proceeded immedi* ately to Savannah river, and laid the foundation of the town of Sa- vannah. He made treaties with the Indians, and crossed the At- lantic several times to promote the interests of the colony. Being appointed general and commander in chief of his majesty's forces OGL. 459 •t> 1742 to drive '•ceded up the ''as obliged 9—- 388. s not settled till inia) the legisla- west of the Ohio vreral portions of irst by which the Ohio was com« perintendence of re no inhabitants ians> and trespass idcr the jurisdic- years, a secreta- e was also a leg- wras to be admit- sand free inhab- constitution was lent was organiz- sen annually and tour. )f Massachusetts, ; was distinguish- He always rose heart unto God. his attention, yet in his neighbor, limes mjdntained, of their children, hundred pounds, instruction of the notion of the gos- t. sermon. assachusetts, was eing secretary* he 70 till 1774, dur- lutchinson. No f the British min- Franklin in 1773, disclosed his true character) and the disclosure embittered his re- maining days. He died at Boston March 3, 1774, in the sixty eighth year of his age.— HVirrf^ji. 69, 84, 113, llS; Gordon, i. 328. OLIVER (PxTER, LL. d), chief justice of Massachusetts, was the bi other of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1730. He was appointed a judge of the superior court Septem- ber 15, 1756, in the place of Mr. Saltonstall, who had resigned. His place of residence was Middleborough, and he had not been educated to the )aw. In the year 1774, when the general court called upon him, as they called upon the other judges, to receive the grant for his services, as usual, from the treasury of the prov- ince, and to engage to receive no pay or emolument except from the assembly, he peremptorily refused. In consequence of this refusal the house of representatives immediately voted articles of impeach- ment in February ; accusing him of high crimes and misdemeanors. He died at Birmingham, England, in October 1791, aged seventy nine years. He published a speech on the death of Isaac Lathrop, esquire, 1 7 50. ^-^'arrtn, i. 119 ; Gordon, i. 345;' Boston gaz, March 7, 1774. ORONO, chief of the Penobscot tribe of Indians, died at Old town, an island in Penobscot river, Massachusetts, February 5, 180 1 , aged one hundred and thirteen years. He cultivated among his subjects the principles of peace, temperance, and religion. In the time of the late war with Great Britain he formed a treaty with the American government, and faithfully adhered to it. His people profess the Roman catholic religion, and have a church. He re- tained his mental faculties to an unusual degree in his old age. His hair had long been of a milky white, and this venerable chief had lived to'hunt in three different centuries. His wife, madam Orono, di^d in January 1809, aged one hundred and fifteen.— Pitfca^. evang. mag. i. 20P ; JV. Y. spectator 4firil 4, 1801. OSBORN (John), a poet, was bom at Sandwich, Massachusetts, in 1713. His father was afterwards minister of Eafitham on cape Cod. Young Osborn was graduated at Harvard colle}r^c in 1735. Uncertsun for a time what profession to pursue he directed his thoughts towards theology, and proceeded so fur as to read before the association of ministers, with the design of being licensed to preach, a sermon, which was not perfectly orthodox. Having after- wards resolved upon the study of medicine, he removed to Middle- town in Connecticut. But little is known concerning him after this period. In 1753 he wrote to a sister, that he had lingered almost two years a life not worth having. He died soon after at the age of forty years, leaving six children. Since his death one of his sons was a physician in Middletown. His manners were open, plain, and agreeable, and his temper cheerful and mild. His poetical produc- tions, written about the year 1735, possess much merit, cspccudly * ;'" !i 3^^ ■• , "J( 1 ?i'' i V 'i !■ , N^. 462 OTI. in description, and previousif to that period we find little American poetry equal to his. A beautiful cleg^y on the death of a young sister is preserved in the Boston mirror. His whaling song has been much celebrated.— ./^/nrr/can muteum, v. 587—590 ; Ma»»a. mag. r. 1 l~.n, 55 1 Boston mirror^ January T, 1809 ; Collect, hitt, toe. viu. 195. OTIS (James), a distinguished patriot and statesman, was the son of the honorable James Otis of Barnstable, Massachusetts, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1743. After pursuing the study of the law under Mr. Gridley, the first lawyer and civilian of his time, at the age of twenty one he began the practice at Plymouth. In sibout two year^ he removed from this town to Boston, where he soon gained so high a reputation ibr integrity and talents, that his services were required in the most important causes. In 1761 he distinguished himself by pleading against the writs of assistance, which the officers of the customs had applied for to the judges of the supreme court. His antagonist was Mr. Gridley. He was in this or the following year chosen a member of the legislature of Massachusetts, in which body the powers of his eloquence, the keenness of his wit, the force of his arguments, and the resource|s of his intellect gave him a most commanding influence. When the arbitrary claims of Great Britain were advanced, he warmly en« gaged in defence of the colonies, and was the first champion of A* merican freedom, who had the courage to affix his name to a pro- duction, that stpod' forth against the pretensions of the parent state. He was a member of the congress, which was held at New York in 1765, in which year his rights of the colonies vindicated, a pan>- phlet, occasioned by the stamp act, and which was considered as a masterpiece both of good writing and of argument, was published in London. For the boldness of his opinions he w: catencd with an arrest ; yet he condnued to support the rights t . fellow citizens. He resigned the office of judge advocate in 1767 and renounced all employment under an administration, which had encroached upon the liberties of his country. His warm passions sometimes betrayed him into unguarded epithets, that ^j^ve his enemies an advantage, without benefit to the cause, which lay nearest his heart. Being vilified in the public papers he in return published some severe strictures on the conduct of the commissioners of the customs, and others of the ministerial party. A short time afterwards, on the etening of the fifth of Scsptember 1769, he met Mr. John Robinson, one of the commissioners, in a public room, and an affray followed, * in which he was assaulted by a number of ruffians, who left him and a young gentleman, who interposed in his defence, covered, with wounds. The wounds were not mortal, but his usefulness was de* stroyed, for his reason was shaken from its throne, and the great man in ruins lived several years the grief of his friends. In an interval of reason he forgave the men, who had done him an irreparable in* OXE. 463 jury» and relinquished the sum of five thousand pounds sterling, \fhich Mr. Robinson had been by a civil process aidjudged to pay, on bis signing a humble acknowledgment. He lived to see but not fully to enjoy the independence of America, an event, towards which bis efforts had greatly contributed. At length oh the twenty third '^f May 1 783, as he was leaning on his cane at the door of Mr. Osgood's , Tse in Andover, he was struck by u flash of lightning ; his soul was instantly liberated from its shattered tenement, and sent into eterni- ty. President Adams, then minister in Fnmce, wrote respecting him, ** it Wiis with very afflicting sentiments I learned the death of Mr. Otis, my worthy master. Extraordinary in death as in life, be has left a character, that will never die, while the mei^ory of the A- merican revolution remains ; whose foundation he laid with an en- ergy, and virit'h those masterly abilities, which no other man possess- ed." He was highly distinguished by genius, eloquence, and learning, and no American perhaps had possessed more extensive informa- tion. Besides his legal and political knowledge, he was a complete master of classical llte'^ture. He published rudiments of Latin prosody, with a dissertation on letters, and the power of harmony in poetic and prosaic composition, 12mo, 1760, which has been con- sidered the most clear and masterly treatise on the subject ; vindi- cation of the conduct of the house of representatives of Massachu- setts, 1762; the rights of the British colonies asserted, 1764; considerations onbehalf of the colonists, 1765.— 'Warren, i. 47, 85-- 89 ; Mbnthly anthology, v. 222— 226 ; Minot's continuat.u. 91 — 99, 105, 132, 143, 196 ; Gordon, \. 141, 228, 271. OXENBRIDGE (Johk), minister in Boston, was born in En- gland January 30, 1609, ?nd was educated at Oxford, where he was for some .time. a tutor. Becoming a preacher, soon after the year 1634 he went to Bermuda, and took the charge of a church. In 1641 or 1642, he returned to England, and was fellow of Eaton col- lege. In 1662 he was induced in consequence of the act of unifor- mity to go to Surrinam and thence to Barbadoes. He came to New England in 1669, and was settled pastor of the first church as colleague with Mr. Allen April 10, 1670. He died December 28, 1674, aged uxty five years. He was a celebrated divine and one of the most popular preachers of his time. He published a double watch word, or the duty of watching and watching in duty, 1661 ; a proposition of propagating the gospel by Christian colonies in the continent of Guiana ; election sermon, 1671 ; seasonable seeking of God — Wood*a Athentt Oxonienses, ii. 536, 537 ; Mather*a mag- nalia, iii. 32 r<; Collect, hiat.aoc. viii. 277 ; J^onconform. memor.u 299, 300. PAGE (John), governor of Virginia, died at Richmond October 1 1, 1808, in the sixty fifth year of his age. From his youth he was a man of pure and unblemished life. He was a patriot, a statesman, a philosopher, and a Christian. From the first commencement of I " I •■ rj; ,' i' ^ ? u^r 464 PAR. the American revolution to the last hour of his life he exhibited a firm, inflexible, unremitting, and ardent attachment to his country, and he rendered her very important services. He was one of the first representatives from Virginia under the present constitution ot the United States. In 1800 he vras chosen one of the electors of president. In December 1803 he was chosen governor of Virginia in the place, it is believed, of Mr. Munroe. His residence was at Rosewell. His conduct was marked hf uprightness in all the vicis- situdes of life, in the prosperous and calamitous times, through which he had passed, in seasons of gladness and of affliction.—. JVationalihtelligencerf October 19 and2A, 1808; Aurora. PARKER (Thomas), first minister of Newbury, Massachusetts, was the only son of the reverend Robert Parker, who was driven out of England for puritanism in the i^eign of Queen Elizabeth. He was bom in 1595. After having been for some tinie a student at Oxford, he pursued his studies in Ireland under Dr. Usher. Thence he went to Holland, where he enjoyed the assistance of Dr. Ames, and gained the particular esteeih of Maccovius. After re- ceiving the degree of mastei* of arts at the age of twenty two, he returned to Newbufy in England, where he preached and was the instruCter of a schooK He came to this country with a number of Christian friends in May 1634, and immediately went to Aggawam, or Ipswich, where he cohtinued about a year as an assistant to Mr. Ward. In 1635 he commenced the settlement of Newbury, and was chosen pastor and Mr. N6yes teacher of the church. He died in April 1677 in the eighty second year of his age, leaving behind him the character of an eminent scholar, and of a most pious and benevolent Christian. His whole life was Employed in prayer, study, preaching, and teaching school . Th rough his incessant application he became blind several years before his death. Under this heavy ca- lamity he was patient and cheerful, and used to say in reference to his darkened eyes, " they will be restored shortly in the resurrec- tion." Having never been married, he yet with parental affection gave a number of young gentlemen the advantages of a public ed- ucation. In- his vie\ys of church government he was inclined to presbyte^ianism. He devoted himself much in the latter part of his life to the study of the scripture prophecies, and wrote several volumes upon the subject in Latin. Some theses de traductione pec- catoris ad vitam, written by him at an early age, were pilhted with some works of Dr. Ames. He also published a letter to a member of the Westminster assembly, declaring his judgment touching the government in the churches of England, 1644; the visions and prophecies of Daniel expounded, 4to, 1 646 ; a letter to his sister, Mrs. Avery, touching sundry opinions by her maintained, 1049. ■—'Mat her* 8 magnolia j iii. 143 — 145, 147; Morae and Pariah* a JV. E. 87, 90—93 ; Collect, hist. aoc. ix. 48 ; Pofikin*a dedicat. aerm. PAR. 465 PARKER (Samuel, o.D.)) bishop of the cpiscopol church in Massachusetts, wus boru at Portsmouth in New Hampshire in 1745 and was graduated ut Harvard college in 1763. He was ui'terwards nine years an instructor of youth in Newbury Port and other towns. In 1773 he went to England for orders, and having been ordained by the bishop of London returned to Bustoti, and May 19, 1774 was established as assistant minister ut trinity church, ot wiiich he be- gime the rector in 1779. During the revolutionary war the other episcopal clergymen quitted the country, but he rentained ut his post, and his church was saved from dispersion. After the death of bishop Hass he was elected his successor, but he was at the head of the episcopal churcnes in Massachusetts but a few months. He died suddenly at Boston December 6, 1 804, in the sixtieth year of his age. Distinguished for his benevolence he was in a peculiar manner the friend of the poor, who in his death niourned the loss of a father. He published the election sermon, 1793, and some other occasional discourses.— Gart//nfr'« serm. on hia death ; Monthlij an- thology, i. 670. PARKMAN (Ebenezer), first minister of Westborough, Mas- sachusetts, was icraduated at Harvard college in 1721, and was or- dained October 28, 1724, the day, on which the church was gathered. After continuing his ministerial labors near sixty years, he died December 9, 1782, in the eightieth year of his age. He married a daughter of the reverend Mr. Brcck of Marlborough. A short account of Westborough written by him is printed in the historical collections. He published reformers and intercessors sought for by God, 1752 ; a convention sermon, \76l.— IVMlney*a hiat. Worceatery 130, 123; CoUect.hiat.aoc.x.84 — 86. PARSONS (Jonathan), minister in Newbury Port, Massachu- setts, was graduated at Yale college in 1729, having given indica- tions of an uncommon genius. Soon after he began to preach, he was ordained minister of Lyme in Connecticut, where he continued several years. The last thirty years of his life were spent at New- bury Port in one of the largest congregations in America. His labors were incessant and he sometimes sunk under his exertions. Dur- ing his last sicknes i he enjoyed the peace of a Christian. He ex- pressed his unwaven ng assurance of an interest in the favor of God through the Redeemer, and his desire of meeting death. He died July 19, 1776. Mr. Parsons was a presbyterian minister, and he maintained a correspondence with a number of learned ministers of the church of Scotland. As a preacher he was eminently useful. During some of the first years of his ministry his style was remark- ably correct and elegant ; but after a course of years, when his at- tention was occupied by things of greater importance, his manner of writing was less polished, though perhaps it lost nothing of its pathos and energy. Iji his preaching he dwelt much and with earnestness upon the doctrines of grace, knowing it to be the design of the 60^ If 'u 1 l I ■H ^ *' 1 I '',m' \i i \*i ma-n Wh ;i 4S6 PAR. ; Christian religion to humble the pride of man and to exalt the grace ot God. He labored to guard his people both against the giddy wildness of enthusiasm, and the licentious tenets ot antinomian de« lusion. His invention was truitfuU his imagination rich, his voice clear and commanding, varying with every varying passion, now forcible, majestic, terrifying, and now soft, and persuasive, and melting. His zealous and indefatigable exertions were not in vain. During his niinistry at Lyme, at a period of uncommon effusion of Gud's Spirit of gracr,, he indulged the belief, that near two hundred of his people were renewed in the dispositions of their minds, and enlightened by the truth as it is in Jesus ; and his labors at Newbury Port were atterded by a happy revival of religion. He was en>iuent as a scholar, for he was familiar with the classics, and he was skilled in the J^atin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. He was accounted a dexter* ous and masterly reasoner. He published a sermon preached at Boston lecture, 1 742 ; good news from a far country in seven dis> courses, 1756; manna gathered in the morning, 1761 ; infant bap- tism from heaven, in two discourses, 1765 ; a sermon on the death of the reverend George Whitefield, 1770; freedom from civil and ccclesi istical tyranny the purchase of Christ, 1774; sixty sermons on various subjects in two volumes, 8vo, l7B0.'-^Searl'a aermon on hia death. - PARSONS (MosBs), minister of Byfield, Massachusetts, was l)orn June 30, 1716, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1736. He devoted a number of years to the benevolent labors of a gram< mar school, and vf^Wc the respect and the affection of his pupils were preserved by mingled dignity and mildness, he endeavored to impress them with religious truth, and to give them that instruction, which might save their souls from death. He was ordained pastor of the church in Byfield June 30, 1744, and died December 14, 1783, in the sixty eighth year of his age and the fortieth of his min* istry. The Maker of the human frame gave him a most graceful and commanding presence, a quick conception, a fertile invention, an easy flow of thoughtand expression, acorrect judgment, a resolute temper, and a large share of the kind and tender sensibilities. These, expanded by a liberal education, polished by a large acquaintance with mankind, and sanctified by divine grace, made him eminent as the gentleman and Christian, the divine and the preacher. When he had once deliberately fixed his opinion or his purpose, no oppo* Bition could shake him. He always carried the dignity and decorum of the Christian minister into his most cheerful hours, and though he often indulged his pleasant humor among his friends, yet he never degraded himself by the puerile jest, the boisterous laugh, or by vain, indelicate mirth. He usually mingled with his sprightly sal- lies some useful lesson of a moral nature. He knew how to be fa- miliar without meanness, sociable without loquacity, cheerful with- out levity, grave without moroaenjesS} pioiis without enthusiasm) PAR. 467 superstition) or ottentation, zealous against error and vice without ill natured bitterness ; aflable to uU without the least sacrifice ot nis miuisterial dignity. There was a generous opennessin his lan^uugc and behavior) and one could almost discern his heart in his IVank) honest countenance. Ue was iafluenced by enlarged benevolence. He was a zealous advocate of the civil and religious interests oi his beloved America. Eminent as a preacher he yet greatly excelled in the gift ot prayer. His lasi hours were brightened wiih the hopes of the gospel. Ue anticipated the joy ol dwelling in the presence of that divine Savior, whom h^ had served in his church below. He pubiiiilud the election sermon, \772 .~-'J'a/i/ian*g aermon on hit death ; FriBbie*8 oration at hit interment ; Fano/iliaty iii. 389 -.293. Partridge (Ralph), first minister of Duxborough, Massa- chusetts, was born in England and became a minister of the estali* lished church ; but by the severity of the bishops he was hunied, like a partridge upon the mountains, till at lust he resolved to get out of their reach by taking his flight into New England. He ar- rived at Boston November 14, 1636, and was was soon settled at Duxborough. In such esteem was he held, that he was appointed with Mr. Mather and Mr Cotton to prepare a model of church gov- ernment for the consideration of the synod of Cambridge in 1 648. He died in 1658, having been a preacher forty yeara. He was suc- ceeded by Mr. Holmes. Such was his humility and self denial, that when most of the ministers of Plymouth colony left their pla- ces for want of a suitable maintenance, he was one of the few, who remained with their people.— •Mx/Aer'« magnaliay iii. 99 ; J^eafn JV. JB. i. 320; Morton^ iii. 99; fT/n/Aro//, i 14 ; Collect. Mat. aoc. ii, 7 ; iv. 111. PATTERSON (William), governor of New Jersey, and one of the associate judges of the supreme court of the United States, was a native of New Jersey and was graduated at the coUci^e in that state hi 1763. He was a member of the convention v *787, which framed the constitution of the United States, and his Lxme is affixed to that instrument. When the new government com" menced its operations in 1789 he was a member of the senate iVoin New Jersey. He was chosen governor in 1 790 as successor of Mr. Livingston, the firsfgovemor after the revolution. While a judge of the supreme court of the United States he died at Albany Sep- tember 9, 1806. In this office he was succeeded by Mr. Brockbolst Livingston. He was an able statesman, an upright judge, and a disinterested friend of his country. He endured the sufferings of a lingering and distressing disease with exemplary patience. When he saw that death was at band, he sent for a minister to receive from him the sacrament. The judge observed, ihut it had been for some time past his intention to receive that sacred rite, but that some casualty or other had always prevented him. He did not wish ,"* ' 468 PAY. however to leave the world before he had rulfiUed his dutjr. When the minister mentioned the quulihcutions, which are required of th'ise, who partake of that holy ordinance, he acquiesced in them all, and remarked at tl.c sume time, thut he had always been a be- liever in the truths of Christianity ; that the only point, on which he luul ever entertained any douht, was the divinity of our blessed baviur ; but that he had long since examined that hut)je<:t, and satis- fied his mind upon it ; that he had now no hesitation m professing his belief in all the doctrines of our religion. He then received the communion with the utmost devotion. When the minister, as he retired, expressed his apprehension, that they should not meet again, he replied ** yea, I trust we shall ; we shall meet again in heaven *'—Ciarke*a fun. aermon ; J^. York evening fioaty and JV. Y, herald Hiiit cm her 2^^ 1806; Mbany centinel ; Panofilitt/u. 191. PAYSON (Phillips, d. D.),ministerof Chelsea, Massachusetts, was the son ol the reverend P.iillips Payson of Walpole, and was born January 18, 1736. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1754. From the time of his ordination, October 26, 1757, he con- tinued to discharge the duties of the sacred cilice with zeal and fidelity till his death January 11, 1801, in the sixty fifth year of his age. He was succeeded by the reverend Mr. Tuckerman. During the struggle, which terminated in the independence of America, Dr. Payson boldly advocated the cause of his country. As a clas- sical scholar he rose to distinction, and many young men received the rudiments of their education under him. His acquaintance with astronomy and natural philosophy is evinced by a number of his tracts in the transactions of the American academy of arts and sciences. As a minister he was the friend and father of his people, and he preached with energy of diction and pathos of delivery. He published an election sermon, 1778 ; at the ordination of his brother, the 'everend Seth Payson of Rindge, 1782 ; on the death of Wash- ington, MOO,^' Barnard* 6 fun. sermon; Columbian centinel^ January 21, 1801 ; Thacher*» aerm.at ordinal, of Tuckerman. P.KMBERTON (Ebenezer), minister in Boston, was graduated at Harvard college in 1691 and was afterwards tutor in that seminaiy. He was ordained colleague with the reverend Mr. Willard in the old south «hurch August 28, 1700 After the death of Mr. Wil- lard he received for his colleague Dr. Sewall. He died himself February 13, 1717, in the forty fifth year of his age. Mr, Pem- berton was a very eminent preacher. He wrote in a style strong, argumentative, and eloquent. With great powers of mind and ex- tensive learning he united a zeaU which flamed. His passions, when excited, ere impetuous and violent ; but when free from the ex- citement f any unpleasant circumstance, he was mild and soft, as one could wish. While he was diligent in acquiring the treasures of learning, he was not negligent in his observations upon man. He knew how to connect his thoughts f the talent of reasoning he pos- sessed in a high degree, and he was a master of speech. He was a PEM. 469 £uthful scn-ant of Jesut Christ, preaching tho truths of the gospol with seal, and exiiibiung in his lite the Christian virtues. In prayer he was copious and fervent. His sermons were illuminating! prac- tical, and pathetic, and delivered with very uncommon fervor. Towards the close of his life he was afflicted with much pain, but under his weakness and infirmity he was enabled to do much fortlie honor of his master and the good of his brethren. His election sermon, preached in 1710, entitled, the divine original and dignity of government asserted, and an advantageous prospect of the ruler's mortality recommended, is much and justly celebrated. It is re- printed in a volume of his »ermons, which was published in 1737. Besides this volume, he published a discourse, previously to the ordination of Mr. Sewall, on the validity of presbyterian ordinationt 1718 ; a sermon on the death of the reverend Mr. Willard ; and a sermon at a public lecture, 1705. ^SenvaU'a fun. sermon ; Colman*9 term, on hia death ; Ilolmea* annala, ii. 94 ; Collect. Mat. toe. x. 169. PEMBERTON (Ebenezeu, d.d.), minister in Boston, was the son of the preceding, and wus graduated at Harvard college in 173 1. After he began to preach he was invited in April 1737 by the pres- byterian church in New York to succeed Mr. Anderson, the first minister, with the request, that he would be ordained in Boston. This ceremony was accordingly performed on the ninth of August. Through his benevolent exertions the congregation was greatly in- creased, so as to be able to build an edifice of stone in 1748. In 1750 Mr. Alexander Cumming, afterwards minister in Boston, was settled as his colleague ; but both were dismissed about the year 1753, the former on account of indisposition, and Mr. Pembcrton through trifling contentions, kindled by ignorance and bigotry. He was succeeded by Mr. Bostwick. Being installed minister of the new brick church in Boston March 6, 1754, as successor of Mr. Welstced, he continued in that place till his death September 9, 1777, in the seventy third year of his age. The reverend Dr. Lathrop's society, whose meeting house had been destroyed by the British, united with Mr. Pemberton's in 1779. He was a man of a devotional spirit, who was zealous, and respect- able, and faithful in his ministcih'i work. He published a sermon before the synod, 1731 ; before the commissioners of the synody 1735 ; sermons on several subjects, Bvo, 1738 ; practical discourses on- various texts, 12mo, Boston, 1741 ; on the death of Dr. Nicoll, 1743; at the ordination of Mr. Brainerd, 1744; artillery election sermon, 1756; election sermon, 1757; on the death of Mr. Whitefield, 1770; at the oi*dination of Mr. Isaac Story, 1771 ; salvation by grace through faith illustrated and con- firmed in eight sermons, Bvo, 1774 Smit/i*a JV. Y. 192, 193; Col- lect. Mat. aoc. iii. 26 1 . PEMBERTON (Thomas), eminent for his acqua^^ance with American history, was bom in Boston in 1728 and for many years pursued the mercantile employment. He died July 5, 1807, a^cd t. 1.1 f; .'!»' 470 PEN. y. fN ' mi iiif! Mventjr nine yearsi hvrrng lired a bachelor, detotlngregularljra part of eiich day to hit Mudies and to visiting his friends. He contributed almost a ninth part to the collections of the historical society of MtMsachusetts. Of this institution he was a member, and he be- queathed to it all his manuscripts. He wrote a Massachusetts chronology of the ei){hteenth century, containing the remarkable events of every year, biographical notices of eminent men, he. in ftve MS. volumes. This work was used by Dr. Holmes in compil- ing his annals. His MS. memoranda, historical and biographical, muke about fifteen volumes.*— Co//ecf. Mat. toe. x. 190, 191 ; jtmer. regi»tery ii. 76. PENDLblTON (Edmund), n distinguished statesman of Virginia, was a member of the first congress in 1774^ and was again appointed at the next choice, but in August 1775 he declined a third election on account of his ill health. He was for many years one of the judges of the court of appeals of Virginia with Blair and Wythe, and was its president at the time of his death. In 1787 he was ap* pointed president of the convention of Virginia, which met to con- sider the constitution of the United States, and all the weight of his character and talents aided its adoption. Af^er the government was organized he was in 1789 appointed by Washington district judge' for Virginia, but as he declined this office Mr. Cyras Griffin was appointed in his place. In 1798, when the difficulties between this country and Prance approached almost to a rupture, the venerable patriarch, as the late president Adams calls him, published a pam- phlet protesting against a war with a sister republic. He died at Richmond October 36, 1803, in the eighty third year of his age.-« Virginia dehatea in convent. 13, 17, 37, 312, 367, 388. PEN HALLOW (Samuel), a member of the council of New Hampshire and treasurer, died at Portsmouth November 37, 1736. He wrote a history of the wars of New England with the eastern Indians from 1703 to 1726, which was printed at Boston in 1736. • PENN (William), the founder of Pennsylvania, was bom in London, October 14, 1644, and in the fifteenth year of his age en- tered as a gentleman commoner of a college in Oxford. His ge- nius was bright and his imagination lively. Being impressed by the preaching of an itinerant quaker, he, with a number of other students, withdrew from the established worship, and held meetings by themselves. He was fined for the sin of nonconformity, but this only confirmed him in his principles. He was then expelled in the sixteenth year of his age. Next followed the discipline of his father, which was also ineffectual to reclaim him. Being sent to France for the refinement of his manners, he passed two years in that country, learned its language, and acquired its politeness. He then studied law in Lincoln's Inn till the plague broke out in 1665. He was sent to Ireland in 1666 to manage an estate of his father, but he there associated himself with the quakers, and in .consc- PEN. 471 qucBce he wiuk recalled. He could not be pertutded to take off hU bat in the pretence of the king, or hii lather. For this inflexi- bility he was turned out of doors i upon which he commenc- ed an itinerant preacher, and gained many proselytes. Thuu^h sometimes imprisoned he was pumeveringt and such was hi» integ- rity and patience, that his tutlier became reconciled to him. In 1668 he published a book emitted " the sandy foundation slutkcii,** for which he was imprisoned seven months. In vindicaiiun of the principles of this book, he wrote during his confinement his '' in- nocency with her open face," and also his famous work, *^ nu ciosii no crown." In 1670 he was apprehended for preaching in the street, and was tried at the old Bailey, where he pleaded his own cause with the magnanimity of a hero. The jury returned their verdict " not guilty." On the death of his father he received a plentiful estate, but he continued to preach, to write, and to travel us before. He was shut up in the tower and in Newgate. On his re- lease he preached in Holland and Germany. It was owing to his exertions, in conjunction with Barclay and Keith, that the fraternity was formed into order. His controversial writings are modest, can- did, and persuasive. His book, entitled, <* the Christian (juaker," is a sensible vindication of the doctrine of universal saving light. Some debts being due to Penn's father, at the time of his death, from the crown, and as there was no prospect of pavment very soon in any other mode, Penn solicited a grant of lands in America, and in 1681 obtained a charter of Pennsylvania. The colony was planted in the same year, though before this time some Dutch and bwedes had settled in the province. In 1 682 Penn himself arrived, and established a government, allowing perfect liberty of conscience. He made honest purchases of the Indians, and treated them with great tenderness. He formed a plan of a capital city and called it Philadelphia. Two years after it was founded it contained two thousand inhabitants. In 1684 Mr. Penn returned to England. One great motive for his return was to exert his influence in favor of his suffering brethren in Great Britain. He exerted it with success, and one thousand three hundred quakers, who had been confined in prisons, were set at liberty. While he remained in England he was suspected of being a papist, and an enemy to his country, and was a number of times arrested. But be continued his preaching and increased his controversial writings. In 1699, after fifteen years' absence the American Lycurgus revisited Lis province. Having made some alteration in the government he sailed ag{un for England in 1701. He resumed his favorite em- ployment, and continued it for a number of years. In 1713 he was seized by a paralytic disorder and died July 30, 17 18, in the seventy fourth year of his age. Notwithstanding his large paternal inher- itance he was continually subject to the importunity of' his crecil- torS) and obliged to mortgage his estate. His death prevented his .*"' : 1 1 : 71 4 ' 1^'' 1, 1)1 1 4 It 472 PEN. ,i^: :V P Wood'a Ath. oxon.xx. 1050->i , HolmcH* annala, i. 455— -463 ; ii. 24, surrendering his province to the crown. His posterity held it till the revolution, his last surviving son, Thomas Penn, dying in 1775. Mr. Penn was a man of great abilities, of quick thought and ready utterance, of mildness of disposition and extensive charity. He was learned without vanity, facetious in couversation, yet weighty and serious, of an extraordinary greatness of mind, yet void of the stain of ambition. He published a multitude of tracts large and small. The following is the title of his principal works ; no cross no crown, or several sober reasons against hat honor, titular re« spects, you to a sir^gle person, &c. 4to, 1669 ; serious apology for the people, called iiuakers, against Or. Jeremy Taylor, 4to, 1 669 ; the spirit of truth vindicated in answer to a Socinian, 4to, 1672 ; quakerism a new nickname for old Christianity, 8vo, 1672 ; reason against railing, and truth against fiction, 8vo, 1673 ; the Christian quaker and his divine testimony vindicated, folio, 1674. His select works have lately been published in 5 vols. 8\'o.-^Beiknafi*s Amer, biog.\\.Z8\ — 450; Biog. Britan. ; 1054 ; Proudy ii. 105; 106 96 ; Psnn*9 life firefiv. t'j his loorka ; Marahally i. 222-i-229. PENNSYLVANIA, one of the United States of America, was granted by king Charles H to William Penn March 4, 1681, an4 in this year a colony commenced a settlement above the confluence of the Schuylkill with the Delaware. In the following year the proprietary published a frame of government and a body of laws. All legislative powers were vested in the governor and freemen of the province in the provincial council, and a general Assembly. The governor had a treble vote in the council, which consisted of seventy two members, chosen by the people, and the assembly at first embraced all the freemen, but as the colony increased it was limited to five hundred. Liberty of conscience was extended to all. A treaty was immediately held with the natives, and the purchase of the soil was commenced. The friendly intercourse with the Indians, which was now begun, was not interrupted for more than seventy years. The first settlers of Pennsylvania were chiefly quakers, who had suffered persecution on account of their religion. In 1683 the first assembly was held at Philadelphia, and a new frame of govern- ment was adopted, by which the council was reduced, and the gov- ernor vested with a negative upon all bills, passed in the assembly. Mr. Penn being soon called to Enp:land, he entrusted the govern- ment to five commissioners. In 1788 he appointed a deputy, and in 1701 gave the people the last charter of privileges. From this period the government was chiefly administered by deputies, ap- pointed by the proprietaries, who usually resided in England. Jeal- ousies arose between the people and their governors, and dispqtes and dissensions existed till the revolution. At the commencement of the late struggle with Great Britain the proprietary government was abolished. The constitution then adopted recognized a legisla- PEP. 473 ture of but one branch. Parties were formed, thosei who disap- proved of It, being styled republicans, and its friends constitutional- Ists. The government of tue state was alternately in the hands of these parties, till at length the republicans triumphed, and the present constitution was established by a convention on the second of September 1790. It vests the legislative power in a general assembly, consisting of a senate and a house of representatives, tho members of the former to be chosen for four years, and of the latter annually. The governor is elected for three years, and no bill can pass without his assent, unless two thirds of both houses are in fa- vor of it. The judges of the courts are liable to removal for any reasonable cause on an address of two thirds of each branch of tho legislature to the governor. In 1794 an alarming insurrection took place in the western counties of this state, through discontent with an excise upon whiskey } but by tne decisive measures of the gen- eral government it was quelled almost without bloodshed. In 1809 a part of the militia of Philadelphia was by the order of the gover- nor arrayed against the United States by obstructing a process of the supreme court ; but the federal authority in a short time quietl/ prevailed.— Proud'* A/»/. Penn»y/vo«»a ; Franklin' a reviews Wynnes i. 219-^235 ; Douglaasy ii. 297— J4 J ; British emfi. in ^nericof I. 296—322 ; Morse'sgeog ; Holmes* annals ; Findley*s inaurrect. P£PPER£LL(SiR William), lieutenant general in his majes- ty's service, was bom in the district of Maine, Massachusetts, and was bred a merchant. About the year 1727 he was chosen one of his majesty's council, and was annually reelected thirty two years till his death. Living in a country exposed to a ferocious enemy, he was well fitted for the situation, in which he was placed, for it pleased God to give him a vigorous frame, and a mind of a firm texture, and of great calmness in danger. He rose to the highest military honors, which his country could bestow upon him. When the expedition agfdnst Louisbourg was contemplated, he was commis- sioned by the governors of New England to command the troops. He invested the city in the beginning of May 1745. Articles of ca- pitulation were soon afterwards signed. Theie was a remarkable se« ries of providences in the whole affair, and Mr. Pepperell ascribed his unparalleled success to the God of armies. The king in reward of his services conferred upon him the dignity of a baronet of Great Britain, an honor never before nor since conferred on a native of New England. He died at his seat in Kittery in the district of Maine July 6, 1759, aged sixty three years. He had a high relish for the pleasures of society and was the life and spirit of every com- pany. Though not without his faults, he yet respected the Christian character. During his last sickness he spoke with gratitude of the goodness of God, which he had experienced, and of his own imper- fections and sins ; he admired the plan of salvation, made known in the gospel ; knowing his dependence upon the grace of God he 61 ri i ii ^ :■ i'M i ii 474 PER. li I sought the influences of the Holy Spirit ; and as he ever professed a belief of the transcendent dignity and glory of the great Savior of mankindi of the fulness of his meritS} and the atoning virtue of his obedience and sufferings^ when he was just entering the eternal world he commended his soul into the tuoids ofthb Redeemer.^^* Stevens* fun. aertnon ; Belknafi*a JV. H. ii. 2-13) 223 ; Gordon^ i. 1 12. PERKINS (William), remarkable for longevity, was bom in the west of England, and died at New Market, liew Hampshire, in 1732, aged one hundred and sixteenyears^— ■0f/A'na/r'« A*.^.iu.252. PERREIN (Jean), eminent for his- acquuntanee with natural history, was a native of France, and a member of the society of sciences and belles lettres^ of Bordeaux. Possessing an excellent genius, highly cultivated by a liberal education, he had for many years devoted the greatest part of his time to the study of nature. With a view to the acquisition and diffusion of knowledge in botany and other departments of natural history he travelled through Afri- ca and most of the West India islands. To complete his collec- tion of birds, plants, Sec. he came to New York, where he spent several months ; but he was cut down in the midst of his> labors. He died at New York March 31, 1^05, in the fifty fifth year of his age. In Sonninni's elegant edition of Buffon's natural history credit is given to Perrein as the author of mSny of the most valuable com- munications, contained in that work. By his acquaintance he was uniformly esteemed as a man of the most benevolent heart, refined taste, and cultivated understanding.— A^ew York gfiectator, ^pril 3, 1805. PETERS (Hugh), minister of Salem, Massachusetts, was bom at Fowey in Cornwall in 1599, and was educated at trinity coUegej Cambridge, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1622. He was licensed by the bishop of London, and preached in the city with great popularity and success. Meeting with some trouble on account of his nonconforniity, he went into Holland, where he re- msdned five or six years. He arrived in America with Richard Mather in August r635. He took the charge of the church at Sa- lem December 21, 1636, disclaiihing the errors of Mr. Williams, who had'been minister before him, and excommunicating his ad- herents. During his five years ministry, one hundred and sixty persons- joined his^ communion. He did not confine his attention to religious concerns, but took an interest in mercantile and civil affairs. He as^rsted in reforming the police of the town ; he suggested the plan of the fishery and of the coasting and foreign voyages ; he procured carpenters, and engaged in trade with great success. His zeal in worldly concerns was probably the cause of his suppressing in Salem the weekly and occasional lectures, by which the good men of that day were nourished up unto eternal life. Being considered as a suitable person to send to England to procure an alteration in the laws of excise and trade, he ws^s appointed for thb purpose^ will) PET. 475 Mr. Welde Had Mr. Hibbins by the general court) and sailed Au- gust 3, 1641. He ^ 'sr returned to America. During the civil wars in England he aported the cause of the parliament, and con- tributed much ud !>j it by his preaching. Burnet says, that he pressed the king's condemnation with the rudeness of an inquisitor, but Mr. Peters in his legacy declares, that he opposed it. Ue was appointed by Cromwell one of the licensers of ministers, and also a commissioner for amending the laws, though utterly disqualified for the business. After the restoration he was tried for conspiring with Cromwell and compassing the king's death, and was executed October 16, 1660, aged sixty one years. He was charged by his enemies with great vices ; but it is not probable, that the charges were well founded. He was however weak, ignorant, and carried away by his zeal. If he had confined himself to the proper duties of a minister of the gospel, and had not engaged in parties, nor be- come the tool of the ambitious, nor exerted himself to stimulate the furious passions of men, he would have been useful and respect- ed, and might have died in peace. Though he was ignorant, he possessed a native and peculiar vigor of mind. He had the power of associating his thoughts in such a manner, as to prevent them from being easily forgotten. His coarse and familiar images never failed to answer his purposes, and his vulgar yet striking eloquence gained him thousands of hearers of London. Specimens of his curious sermons are to be found: in the trials of the regicides. In a life of him, written by .W. Young soon after his death, he is said to have been ei^pelled from college, though perhaps the representation cannot be credited, as he reguliirlyitook his degrees. He is s^d also to have been a stage player, and represented as a buffoon. In an en- graving prefixed he is placed in the pulpit with a. multitude before him ; his hour glass is turned, and he says, ** come, my good feU lows, I know you like another glass." The manuscripts of the three last books of Hooker's ecclesiastical polity fell into the hands, to use the words of Mr. Wood, of " that most notorious villain, Hugh Peters," and were altered so as to favor the popular cause against the divine right of the authority of kings. Mr. Baxter however, who did notAhink it an impeachment of good sense or Jeaming to lean towards the side of the people, thought that Mr. Hooker's writings were not altered. Mr. Peters published a ser- mon, preached before both houses of parliament in 1646 ; last re- port of the English wars ; a word totlie army, rl647 ; good work for a good magistrate, or a short way to great quiet, 1 65 1 ; in this work he proposed the extirpation of the whole system of laws, and recommended that the old records in the tower should be burned as records of tyranny, and that they should begin anew j brief aen den Vader la Chaize ; a dying father's legacy to his only child, 8vo, 1660 and 1717. This has been spoken of with respect. It is pre- secved .in the New England library established by Mr. Prince of f ; t» ' ' i ) !^ 1] 1' if '^'S %! ■■■^ ! 1 • ■ •* f * 1 l\ t {! i i 476 PHI. TBioniQn.'-^Young'a l(fe qf Peter* ; Anonym, aceountf fir. \7 51 ', Co/- iect. fu»t. toe vi. 349 — 254, 285 ; Magnaliuy iii,2 14 ; Wood** Ath. Oxqnfentety i. 303, 304 ; Iielkna/i*» J^. H. i. 48, 76 ; Hutchintony i. 93, 165; ii. 490i Annual regiiter for 1769,55; General hiat. Con. necticuty 48. PHILIP, sachem of Pokanoket, well known by the name of k4ng Philip, was the youn^^est ton of Masassoit, and succeeded his brother Alexander in 1657. In 1662 he renewed tr.e friendship, which had subsisted with tne English, and engaged not to dispose of any lands without their knowledge or appointment. In 1675 he commenced the war, which desolated New England. It is said, that he was pressed into the war by the importunity of his young warriors. As he foresaw the loss of his territory and the extinction of his tribe, if the English settlements were permitted to extend and increase without interruption, he was determined to make one mighty effort to prevent these calamities. He in consequence lighted up the flame of 'war in vufious parts of the country. After doing hmch mischief, as he w^s endeavoring to escape from captain Church, who had pursued him into a swamp, he was killed August 12, 1676. Thus, after def;ds of heroism, feii king Philip of mount Hope in Rhode Island. Mr. Eliot once preached before him, when he took, hold of a button of the good man*s coat, and said to him, *' I do not value the gospel any more than that."— C'o//fc^ /»'«^ «oc. iii. 159, 171 ; MagnaliOy vi. SO ; Church's hiat. ; Hutchinson,, i. 279<^-307 ; Adama* JV. E. 126, 127; NeaCa JV. E. i. 352, 387; ii. 1—23; i/o/mM* an7u/«, i. 434, 435 ; Ca/Zenc/er, 73— 81 ; Minot^x 67—69. PHILLIPb (Geohge), first minister of Watertown, Massachu- setts, was bom in the county of Norfolk, England, and was educated at the university of Cambridge, where he gained a high repi^tation for learning. Having, as he believed, been made a partaker of the di- vine nature through the renewing agency of the Holy Spirit, he devoted himself to the ministry of the gospel, and was settled at Boxford in Essex. But becoming a nonconformist to the cciemo- nies of the established church, he came to New England with gov> ernor Winthrop in the Arabella, and arrived at Salem in June 1630. lie immediately with sir Richard Saltopstail and others commenced a plantation at Watertown A church was formed on the thirtieth of July«when about forty members signed a covenant, binding them* selves to cleave unto the word of God, and *^ the true sense and meaning thereof." A confession of faith was afterwards added. The salary, settled upon the minister, was thirty pounds a year. Mr. Phillips died July 1, 1664, and was succeeded by Mr. Sherman. He was much lamented by his church, who expressed their respect to his memory by educating his eldest son, Mr. Samuel Phillips, who was afterwards minister of Rowley, and eminently useiul. Mr. Phillips was well skilled in the original languages, in which the bible was written) and such was his attachment to the word of ^^ PHI. 477 God, that he used to read it through six times in every year, and he always found in it some thing new. As a preacher he wus very faithiul and many were converted by means oi his labors. Though very humule and modent he was an able disputant. He published a judicious work, entitled, a reply to a confutation of some grounds lor infants* baptism, as also concerning tne form of a church put forth against me by one Tnomas Lamb, to which is added a discourse of the verity and validity of infants' baptism, 1 6^5. •^Mather's mag" naltay iii. 82 — 84, 1 62 ; Prince^ 205, 208, 3 12, 244, 247 ; Winthrofif 31, 256, 337 ; Collect. Mat. aoc. ix. 46. PHILLIPS (Samv el), minister of Andover, Massachusetts, was the grandson of the preceding. His father was an inhabitant of Salem. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1708, and began to preach in the sou:h and new parish of Andover April 30, 1710. His ordination took place, it is believed, in the following year. He contin- ued faithfully to discharge the duties of the sacred ofiice for sixty years till his death June 5, 1771, in the eighty second year of his age. Being sincerely attached to those views of religious truth, which were embraced by the first fathers of New England, he could not quietly see the efforts, that were made, to pervert the faith, which he was persuaded was once delivered to the saints. He ex- erted himself both by his preaching and his writings to guard his people against the intrusion of error. He contended, that all man- kind come into the world depraved in consequence of Adam's sin, and liable to punishment ; that men could as easily create themselves anew, as believe in Christ by a power inherent in themselves ; that God from eternity had elected those, whom he would save, and on whom he would bestow his efhc^ious grace to prepare them for salvation ; that men were justified on account of the righteousness of Christ, received by faith, and immediately upon believing ; and that none, who were once in a state of justification would finally be lost. He published a word in season, or the duty of a people to take the oath of allegiance to a glorious God, 1727 ; advice to a child, 1729 ; the history of the Savior ; the orthodox Christian, or a child well instructed, 1738; artillery election sermon, 1741; living wa- ter to be had for asking ; election sermon, 1 750 ; the sinner's refusal to come unto Christ examined and reproved ; the necessity of God's drawing in order to men's coming unto Christ ; convention sermon, 1753; at ordination ot N. Holt ; at the instalment of S. Chandler, 1759 ; seasonable advice to a young neighbor relating to five impor- tant points, 1761; serious address to young people in a dialogue; a sermon to young people, 1763; on gospel justification, 1766. PHILLIPS (John, LL.D.), founder of the academy in Cxcter, New Hampshire, was the son of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1735. He was for several years a member of the council of New Hampshire. On the twenty first of April 1778 he with his brother, the honorable Samuel Phillips of Andover 'm '.■ i. B i mm I HI i m i \- 1 478 PHI. ili Massachusetts, fpunded and lh>erally endowed the academy in that towii) which was incorporated in 1780. In 1789 he farther gave to :^is institution twenty thousand dollars. The academy, called Phil- lips Exeter academy, of which he was the sole founder, was incorpo- rated in 1781 with a fund of fifteen thousand pounds. He died in April 1795, aged seventy six years, bequeathing to this academy two thirds of all his estate, and one third of the residue to the sem- inary at Andover, particularly for the benefit of pious yoyyth. To this object his brother, the late honorable William Phillips of Bos- ton, also bequeathed four thousand dollars.— -3/or.), lieutenant governor of Massachu- setts, was the grandson of the reverend Mr. Phillips of Andover. His father, the nonorable Samuel Phillips, one of the counsellors of Massachusetts, died at Andover August SI, 1790, aged seventy six years. Mr. Phillips was graduated at Harvard college in 1771. He was a member of the provincial congress in 1775, and of the house of representatives till the year 1780, when he assisted in framing the constitution of Massachusetts. On its adoption he was elect- ed a member of the senate, and was its president from 1785 to 1801. Being appointed justice of the court of common pleas f^r Essex in 1781, he held this office till 1797, when his declining health induced his resignation. He was chosen lieutenant governor in 1801, and died February 10, 1802, aged fifty years. While he possessed a sound judgment and an ardent, persevering spirit, his integrity and patriotism gsdned him the confidence of his fellow cit- izens. Such was his superiority to the pride of wealth and of power, and such his benevolence and humility, that when honored with pub- lic applause and raised to eminence he would frequently spend the Interval between the morning and evening services of the sabbath in the house of God for the purpose of reading some pious book to those, whose distant habitations prevented them from returning home. He was careful to impart religious instruction to his fatnily, and he led its daily devotions with humility, fervor, and eloquence. He appeared to bie continually governed by love to the Supreme Being, and by the desire of imitating his benevolence and doing good. His deep views of evangelical doctrine and duty, of human his daughter the savage king spared his life. In 1609, when but fourteen years of age, she went to James Town in a dreary night and unfolded to capuun Smith a plot, which the Indians had formed for the extermination of the English, and thus at the hazard of her life saved them from destruction. In 16 13, after captain Smith left the colony, she was for a bribe of a copper krettle betrayed into the hands 6f captain Argal, and detained a prisoner, that better terms of peace might be made with her father. He offered five hundred bushels of corn for his daughter, but before this negotiation was completed^ a different and more interesting one had commenced. A mutual attachment had sprung up between her and Mr. Thomas Rolfe, an Englishman of good character, and with the consdltt of Powhatan they were married. This event restored peace, and se« cured it for many years. Pocahontas soon made a profession of Christianity arid was baptized. In 1616 she accompanied her hus- band to England, where she was received with distinction at court. It is said, that king James expressed great indignaUon, that one of his subjects should dare to marry into a royal family. As she was about to embark for Virginia in 1617, she died at Gravesend, aged about twenty v. "o years. She is represented as a pious Christian. She left one son, Thomas Rolfe ; and from his daughter descended some respectable families in Virginia.— ^AnVA, 70, 98, 105, 125— 139 ; Stithf 136, 146 } Smithes Virginiai 46—49, 1 13, 122 } Holme** anmlsy i. 158, 165, 181, 191 ; Marahally i. 36, 52. PORTER (John), minister of Bridgewater, Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard college in 1736, and t>rdained October 1740. He died in the hope of the Christian March 12, 1802, in the eighty seventh yeat of his age, and the sixty second of his ministry, having been enabled to preach till near the close of his liiie. He was a man of respectable talents, of great prudence^ and of a blameless life. As a preacher he was highly and generally respected, for being sensible of the ruined condition of fallen man, and having ex^ periencedthe power of divine grace in his own heart, he dwelt with earnestness upon the great doctrines of the gospel. A crucified Redeemer was his frequent theme. Avoiding dry and barren spec- ulations he aimed to impart instruction, and to render men holy. His faithful labors were not in vain, for at different periods it pleased God by the influences of his Spirit to render them the means of converting many, who were chosen in Jesus Christ. He published a sermon at the ordination of Silas Brett, Freetown ; the absurdity and blasphemy of substituting the personal righteousness of men in the room of the surety righteousness of Christ in the article of justification before God, preached at Braintrce, 1749 ; reply to Mr. Bryant's remarks on the above sermon, 1751. , POWHATAN, emperor of the Indians in Virginia, at the time of the settlement of that colony in 1607 was the most powerful of 62 h K ^ 1^ fll^J • ! ■ f.a M: J 482 POW. the Indian kings. He was deeply versed in all the aarage arts of government and policy, and was insidious, craity, and cruel. After the marriage of his daughter to Mr. Rolfe lie remained faithful to the Engiish. He died in April 1618— /Tff'M, 69 — 1 10, 12(>-.t33 ; Stithy 154; Smith** Firginiat 125 i Alarahallf i. 53^ 65 ', JHottne^ MTinattyi. 194; Belkna/i'a 6iog. ii. 63. POWNALL (Thomas), governor of Massachusetts, was appoint- ed to this ofilce in 1757 in the place of Mr. bhiriey removed. His measures were accommodated with great address to the state of the people and he had the pleasure of seeing the British arms tiiumph- ant in Canada ; but as he did not give his confidence to Mr. Hutch- inson and his party, and as many slanders were propagated respect- ing Mm among the people, he solicited to be recalled. In 17bO, when sir Francis Bernard was removed to Matisachusctts, he suc- ceeded him in New Jersey, as lieuienunt governor. He was soon appointed governor ot South Carolina* tiiough from this station he was in about a year recalled at his own request. In 1768 he was chosen a member of parliament, and he strenuously opposed tiie measures of the administration against the colonies. He declared, that the people of America were universally, unitedly, and unalter- ably resolved never to submit to any internal tax, imposed by any leg- islature, in which they were not represented. He retired from parlia- ment in 1780, and died at Bath February 25, 1805, in the eighty fourth year of his age, retaining his faculties in perfect vigor in his last days. His speeches in parliament were uU published in Al- mon's parliamentary register, and he assisted Mr. Almon consider- ably in his American remembrancer in twenty volumes. He pub- lished principles of polity, 1752 ; administration of the colonies, 1764, of which there were afterwards several editions with improve- ments, and part ii. 1774 ; the interest and duty of the state in East India affairs, 1773; memoir on drainage, 1775; topographical de- scription of North America, with Evans' map improved ; letter to Adam Smith on his inquiry into the wealth of nations, 1776 ; a me- morial addressed to the sovereigns of Europe on the state of affairs between the (dd and new world, 1780; two memorials, not origi- nally intended for publication, 1782 ; a memorial addressed to the sovereigns of America ; on the study of antiquities, 1783; notices and descriptions of antiquides of the provincia Romana of Gaul ; intellectual physics ; an essay concerning the nature of be- in r; ; a treatise on old age.— «M>n/A/y anthology^ ii. 612—614; vi. 205; Monthly mag.; Minoty ii. 18 — 20, 60~-65, 78 ; Medical re- pository ^ hexade ii. vi. 78, 163 ; Watkins. PRATT (Benjamin), chief justice of New York, was graduat- ed at Harvard college in 1737, and was afterwards a representative of Boston. Having been a counsellor of New York, he was in 1761 appointed chief justice. He died January 5, 1763, aged fifty four years. He wrote some poetical and political essays.— -Co//«c/{on» Auir. «oc. iiii 301. », 78 ; Medical re- PRA. 483 PRATT (Cphraim), remarkable for lon^evitf, wat the grand* gon of Jotin Pratt, who settled at Plymouth in 1620, and wat bom at East Sudbury in Massachusetts November I, 1687. At the age of twenty one he was married to Martha Wheclock, and beto*e his death he could number among his descendants about fiitecn hun* drcd persons. In the year 1 80 1 four of his sons were living, the eldest of whom was ninety years of age and the youngest eighty two. He died at Shutesbury, Massachusetts, at the close of May 1804, aged one hundred and sixteen years. He was always remark- able for temperance. For the last sixty years he had tasted nowinCf nor any distilled spirits, and he was never intoxicated in his life. His drink was water, small beer, and cider. Living mostly on bread and milk, for forty years before his death he did not eat any animal food. Such was his unifunn health, that before 1801 he bad never consulted a physician, and it is not known, that he did afterwards.-* A*. Y. afiectator^ July 39, 1801 ; Windsor gazettcy August ^ 1801. PREBLE (Edward), commodore in the American navy, was born in Falmouth, now Portland, Massachusetts, in August 1761. His father was a brigadier general. In his youth he became a mar- iner on board a merchant vessel. About the year 1779 he entered as a midshipman on board a vessel commanded by captain Williamt) and in a short time was promoted to a lieutenancy on board the sloop of war commanded by captain Little, with whom he contlnu* ed till the peace in 1783. In this station he performed a brilliant action. He boarded and captured with a few men a vessel of more than equal force lying in the harbor of Penobscot, under a furious cannonade from the battery apd an incessant fire of the troops. In 1801 he had the command of the fti^ute Essex, in which he per- formed a voyage to the east Indies for the protection of our trade. In 1803 he was appointed commodore with a squadron of seven sail, and he soon made his passage to the Mediterranean with the de- sign of humbling the Tripolitan barbarians. He first took such measures with regard to the emperor of Morocco, as led to a peace. He next, after the Joss of the frigate Philadelphia, procur- ed a number of gun boats of the king of Naples and proceeded to the attack of Tripoli. The Philadelphia was burned through the valor of lieutenant Decatur, but the place was not taken. The bravery exhibited had however its effect, for a peace was afterwards obtain- ed on honorable terms Such was the good conduct of commodore Preble, that it extorted praise from the bashaw of Tripoli, and even the pope of Rome declared, that he had done more towards humbling the antichristian barbarians on that coast, than all the Christian states of Europe had ever done. He died August 35} 1807, in the forty sixth year of his age.— /.iVfrary magazine^ viii. 92 ; Pol'janthoaA. 145—149; American register, ii. 89, 90; Columbian centinei, August 39, 1807« k f ■'^^K- ii 1' 1 '^1 . \^f :|i[ '14' ll. 1 ■% 1 i' ' ttrS 1 i \ ■ -i 'i 1 'i '>i'i w 1'' -f' 1 :% f K 1 i'B* '^ \ 11 11 .« ?-' ' B' '"^tnyj- •■ ■ ( m • I: .\ A m i i \m 1 ,' J 484 PRI. ( .' ! I Jf,- PRIESTLEY (JotxrH, d.o.)* an eminent philosophert and volu- niinoua writer} wms bom at Ficldheadt in Yorkahirei England, March 34, 1733. Hill lather wus a cloth drcHser. At the age of nineteen he had acquired in the schools, to which he had been sent, and by the aid of private instruction a good knowledge of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, French, Italian, and German ; he had also begun to read Arabic, and learned Chaldce and Syriuc. With these attunments and others in mathematics, natural philosophy, and morals, hn en< tered the academy of Oaventry under Dr. Ashworth in 17S2 with a view to the Christian ministry. Here he spent three years. The students were referred to books on both sides of every question, and required to abridge the most important works. The tutors, Mr. Ashworth and Mr. Clark, being of diifei*ent opinions, and the stu. dents being divided, subjects of dispute were continually discussed. He had been educated in Calvinism, and in early life he suffered great distress from not finding satisfactory evidence of the renovatioo uf his mind by the Spirit of God. He had great aversion to plays and romances. He attended a weekly meeting of young men for conversation and prayer. But before he went to the academy he lie* came an Arminian, though he retained the doctrine of the trinity and of the atonement. At the academy he embraced Arianisr^. Perusing Hartley's observations on man, he was fixed in the belief of the doctrine of necessity. In 1755 he became assistant minister to the independent congregation of Needham Market in Suffolk up- on a salary of forty pounds a year. Falling under a suspicion of Arianism, he became pastor of a congregation at Nantwich in Chesh* ire in 17.58, where he remained three years, being not only minis* ter but schoolmaster. In 17^1 he removed to Warrington as tutor in the belles lettres in the academy there. In 1767 he accepted the pastoral office at Leeds. Here by reading Lardner's letter on the Log^s he became a Socinian. In 1 773 he went to live with the inarquis of Lansdown« as librarian, or literary companion, with a salary of two hundred and fifty pounds a year. During a connexion of seven years with his lordship he visited in his company France, Holland, and some parts of Germany. He then became minister of Birmingham. At length, when several of his friends celebrated the French revolution July 14, 1791, a mob collected and set fire to the dissenting meeting houses, and several dwelling houses of dissent* ers, and among others to that of Dr. Priestley. H ' ^'it t\jsi'.brary,ap* paratus, and papers, and was forced to take refu^" i ' ^ !3tropoli& He was chosen to succeed Dr. Price at Hacknt ' ««. , a lecturer in the dbsenting college of that place. But the public aversion to him being strong, and his sons emigrating to the United States, he followed thum in April 1794. He settled at Northumberland, a ■ towii of Pennsylvania about one hundred and thirty miles north west of Ph')i.>.lphia. In this city for two or three winters after his ar* ri^-^i »'<' de!)'. «.i'ed lectures on the evidences of Christianity. In hh :W' PR!. 485 last tickneu he expressed his coincidence with Simpson on the du- ration of future punishment. He died in calmness, and in the full vigor of his mind February 6, i ^04, in the seventy first year of his age. He dictated some alterutioits in his manuscripts half an hour before his death. Dr. Priestley was amiable aiui aflectionate in the intercourse of private and domestic life. Frw men in "odem times have written so muchf or with such facility. His readincfis with the pen he at- tributed in a great degree to the hubit of writing down in early life the sermonst which he heard at public v orship. To superiot- abilities he joined industry, activity, despatch, and method ; yet his applica- tion to study was not so great, as from the multitude of his woikft om \n>iild imagine, for he seldom spent more than sixer eight )K>urs ;r. p Ja-. in any labor, which required much mental exertion. A lio*)!!, /. .egularity extended itself to all his studies. He never read a book >;'ithout determining in his own mind when he would finish «t ; and at the beginning of every year he arranged the plan of his Utei'ary pursuits and scientific researches. He labored under a great defect, which however was not a very considerable impediment to his progress. He sometimes lost all ideas both of persons and thing's, with which ho had been conversant. Once he had occasion to write a piece respecting the Jewish passover, in doing which he was oblig- ed to consult and compare several writers. Having finished it, he threw it aside. In about a fortnight he performed this same li^bor again, having forgotten that he had a lew days before done it. Ap* prized of this defect, he used to write down what he did not wis h to forget, and by a variety of mechanical expedients he secured and arranged his thoughts, and derived the greatest assistance in writing large and complex works. By simple and mechanical methods he did that in a month, which men of equal ability could hardly execute in a year. He always did immediately what he had to perform. Though he rose early and despatched his more serious pursuits in the morning, yet he was as well qualified for mental exertion at one time of the day as at another. All seasons were equal to him, early or later before dinner or after. He could also write without incon- venience by the parlour fire with his wife and children about him^ and occasionally talking to them. In his diary he recorded the progress of his studies, the occurrences of the day, &c. As a preach- er Dr. Priestley was not distinguished. He had no powers of ora- tory. He was however laborious and attentive as a minister. He bestowed great pains upon the young by lectures and catechetical instructions. In his family he ever maintained the worship of God. As a schoolmaster and professor he was indefatigable. With respect to his religious sentiments his mind underwent a number of revolu- tions, but he died in the Socinian fauth, which he had many years supported. He possesses a high reputation as a philosopher, partic- ularly as a chemist. Cpmmencing his chemical career in 1772 he # 48e PRI. ^''lili'l i\ '* n' f {; did more for chemistry in two years, than had been done by any of his predecessors. He discovered the existence ot vital or dephlo- gisticated air, the oxygen gus of the French nomenclature, and other kinds of aeriform fluids, and many methods of procuring them. He always adhered to the old doctrine of Stahl respecting phlogis- ton, though the whole scientific world had rejected it, and embraced the theory of Lavoisier. But his versatile mind could not be con- fined to one subject. He was not only a chemist, but an eminent metaphysician. He was a materialist and necessarian. He main- tained, that all volitions are the necessary result of previous circum- stances, the will being always governed by motives, and yet he op- posed the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination. The basis of his necessarian theory was Hartley's observations on man. In order to ciicape the difficulty, which he supposed would arise from ascribing the existence of sin to the will of God, he embraced the system of op- timism ; he considered all evil as resulting in the good of the whole and of each part ; he thought, that all intelligent beings would be con- ducted through various degrees of discipline to happiness. He wrote ftlso upon politics, and it was in consequence of his advocating repub- lican sentiments as well as of his religious opinions,that his situation vrsiS rendered so unpleasant in England. He found it a convenient way, of learning a science to undertake to teach it, or to make a book or treatise upon the paiticular subject of his studies. The chart of his- tory used in France was much improved by him, and he invented the chart of biography, which is very useful. Of his numerous publi- cations the following are the principal ; a treatise on English gram- mar, 1761; on the doctrine of remission; history of electricity, 1767; history of vision, li^ht, and colors; introduction to perspec- tive, 1770; harmony of the evangelists; catechisms; address to masters of families on prayer ; experiments on air, 4 vols ; obser- vations un education ; lectures on oratory and criticism ; institutes of natural and revealed religion ; a reply to the Scotch metaphysi- cians, Reid, Oswald, and Beattie ; disquisitions on matter and spirit, 1777; history of the corruptions of Christianity ; letters to bishop Newcome on the duration of Christ's ministry ; correspondence with Dr. Horseley ; historyof early opinions concerning Jesus Christ, 4 vols, 1786 ; lectures on history and general policy ; answers to Paine and Volney ; several pieces on the doctrine of philosophical necessity in a controversy with Dr. Price ; discourses on the evi- dences of revealed religion, 3 vols. ; letters to a philosophical unbe- liever ; discourses on various subjects. He also wrote many de- fences of unitarianism and contributed largely to the theological repository, which was published many years ago in England. After his arrival in this country he published a comparison of the institu* tions of the Mosaic religion with those of the Hindoos ; Jesus and Socrates compared; several tracts against Dr. Limi, who wrote PRI. 487 iQ;iaD9t tbe preceding pamphlet ; notes on the scriptures, 4 vols, i history of the Christian church, 6 vols. ; several pamphlets on phi- losophical subjects, and in defence of the doctrine of phlogiston. Dr. Priestley's life was published in 1806 in two volumes. The memoirs were written by himself to the year 1787, and a short con- tinuation by his own hiind orings them to \79 5. -^Memoirs of Dr, Priestley i Monthly magazine j May y 1804; Monthly anthology y iv. 259, 330, 389, 506. P^.INCE (Thomas), governor of Plymouth colony, was a native of England, and arrived at Plymouth in 162 1. He was first chosen governor in 1634. Being appointed an assistant the next year, he continued in this office^ except in the year 1638, when he was chosen governor, till the death of Mr. Bradford in 1657. At this time, as a disposition prevailed in the colony to discountenance regular min- isters by giving the preference to the gifts of the private brethren, it was thought, that his reelection to the office of governor would prevent the church from being overwhelmed with ignorance, and \t proved highly beneficial to tne interests of religion. He had been living at Nauset or Eastham, of which town he was one of the first planters in 1644; but after being chosen governor he removed to Plymouth, where he died March 29, 1673, in the seventy third year of his age. He was succeeded by Mr. Winslow. He was a man of great wo'th and piety, and eminently qualified for his station. Strict in his religious opinions, he zealously opposed those, whom he believed to be heretics, particularly the quakers. As a magis»^ trate, such was his care to be impartial, that if any person, who had a cause in court, sent a present to his family during his absence, he immediately on being informed of it returned its value in money* Though his abilities had not beeo much improved by education, he was the friend of learning. In opposition to the clamors of the ig- norant he procured revenues for the support of grammar schools in the colon y.F~M(^na/m, ii. 6, 7 ; Morton^ au/ifilem. 206 ; CoUect, hist. soc. viii. 166 ; Mal*8 JV. £. i. 392. PRINCE (Thomas), minister in Boston, was a descendant of the preceding and was graduated at Harvard college in 1707. Hav- ing determined to visit Europe he sailed for England April 1, 1709. For some years he preached at Combs in Suffolk, where he was earnestly invited to continue, but his attachment to his native coun- try was too strong to be resisted. He arrived at Boston July 20, 1717, and was ordained pastor of the old south church, as colleague with the reverend Dr. Sewall, his classmate, October I, 1718. In this station his fine genius, improved by diligent study, polished by an extensive acquaintance with mankind, and employed to the no- blest purposes of life, rendered him an ornament to his profession, and a rich blessing to the church. He died October 22, 1758, in the seventy second year of ^is age. In his last sickness he ex- piessed a deep sense of his sinfulness, and a desire of better evi- i ll \ W\i \ i; 'n h ■,t. / ■ ■ ' >'. ,.-■ ■-1, -} ■ Jv 3 '* H^: J 1 4 a '.'■H'lfl!! ■H] 1 '*•) %/- Add PM. dence, that he was fit to dwell in heaven. When his speech fiuled him, as he was asked whether he was submissive to the divine will, and could commit his soul to the care of Jesus» he lifted up his hand to express his resignation* and his confidence in the Savior; From his youth he had been inflnenced by the fear of God. He was an eminent preacher, for his sermons were rich in thought, perspicuous and devotional, and he inculcated the doctrines and du- ties of religion, as one, who felt their importance. The 6riginal languages, in which the scriptures were vrritten, wete familiar to him. In the opinion of Dr. Chauncy no one in New England had more learning, except Or. Cotton Mather. It Was extensive like his genius. Firmly attached to the ftdth once delivered to the saints, he was zealous for the honor of his divine Master. He Was anxious to preserve suitable discipline in the church, that those^ who had been guilty of open sins, might be reclaimed, and that the namf of Christian might be preserved from reproach. He ndoiimed over the degeneracy of the New England churches both in doctrine and practice. When Mr. Whitefield visited this country in 1740, Mr. Prince^ received him with open arms, and was always his friend ; he always respected that Christian benevolence, which animated the eloquent itinerant ; and he was grateful for those labors, which were so eminently useful to his people and the town of Boston.' In private life he was amiable and exemplary. It was his constant en- deavor to imitate the perfect example of his Master and Lord. He was ready to forgive injuries, and to return good for evil. By the grace of God he was enabled to preserve a calmness of mind under very trying events. When heavy afilictions were laid upon him he displayed exemplary submission to the will of God. Though he was a learned man, and was uncommonly diligent in'study, yet he relished the comforts and faithfully discharged the duties of domes- tic life. It was no small part of his labor to impress on his chil- dren a sense of religion, and he had the happiness of seeixig;tall his offspring walking in the truth. His son, Thomas Prince,^iunior, who edited the Christian History in 1743 and 1744, died in Octo- ber 1748i and the family was in a few years extinct. Mr. Prince began in 1703, while at college, and continued more than fifty years a collection of public and private papers relating to the civil and religious history of New England. His inestimable collection of manuscripts he left to the care of the old south church, and they were deposited in an apartment of the meeting house with a valuable library of books, which he had established under the name of the New England library. But the majiuscripts were principally destroyed by the British during the late war, and thus many important facts relating to the history of this country are ir- recoverably lost. The books yet remain ; but they are in a states which does no honor to those, who have been entrusted with the care of them. v;;4^st» ^jvcl . PRL 489 .«//unroci(:'«/ttn. «rr- mon ; Hutchinson, ii. 387. QUINCY (Josiah), a distinguished patriot, was graduated at Harvard college in 1763, and afterwards became an eminent coun- sellor at law in Boston. He distinguished himself in 1770 by his defence with Mr. John Adams of captain Prebton, who commanded the British troops at the Boston massacre, and who was brought to trial in October. He opposed with firmness and zeal the arbitrary proceedings and claims of the British parliament. In September 1774 he sailed for England at the request of several of his fellow patriots to promote the interests of America. Some interesting extracts from his journal are preserved by Gordon. He set sail oa his return in the following year, but he died on board the vessel on the very day of its arrival at cape Ann April 34, 1775, aged thirty one years. He fell a victim to his zeal for his country's :?;ood. Learned and eloquent as a lawyer, he was also an able polit- ical writer. He published observations on the act of parliament* commonly called the Boston port bill, with thoughts on civil society and standing armies, 1774. This pamphlet evinces a bold and de- cided spirit. The author was apprehensive that a terrible struggle was about to take place, and he had made up his mind for it. He closes his tract with saying, " America has her Bruti and Cassii, her Hambdens and Sidneys, patriots and heroes, who will form a band of brothers ; men, who will have memories and feelings, courage and swords ; courage, that shall inflame their ardent bosoms till their hands cleave to their swords, and their swords to their enemies* hearts." — Holmea* annals^ ii. 346 ; Gordon, i. 291, 393, 433—449, 491 ; Marahall. ii. 146, 155 j Adama' K, E. 261 ; MiUcr^ ii. 381. QUINCY (Edmund), author of a treatise upon hemp husbandry, which was published in 4to, 1765, was a citizen of Boston and was graduated at Harvard college in 1722. He died July 4, 1788, aged eighty five years.— Co//ecr. hht. aoc. iii. 301. RANDOLPH (Peyton), first pre&ident of congress, was a native of Virginia, of which colony he was attorney general as early as 1756. In this year he formed a company of a hundred gentlemen, who engaged as volunteers against the Indians. He was afterwards speaker of the house of burgesses. Being appointed one of the deputies to the first congress in 1774, he was on the fifth of Septem- ber elected its president. He was also chosen president of the sec- ond congress May 10,. 1775, but on the twenty fouith, as he was obliged to return to Virginia, Mr. Hancock was placed in the chair. .»•'■ 494 RAS. It 1 ij Mr. Randolph afterwards took his seat again in eong^ss. He diM tt Philadelphia of an apoplectic stroke October 22, 1775} aged fifty two years.— MirxAa//, ii. 29^ 168; JournaU cf congrett ; Hoimet* mnnatsf ii. 346. , RASLES, or R ALLE (Sbbastiex), a missionary among the In« dians of North America^ was a French Jesuit^ and arrived at Que- bec in October 1689. After travelling in the interior several years he went to Norridgcwog on the Kennebec river, where he tarried twenty six years till his death. Being considered as the in> Teterate enemy of the .English, and as stimulating the Indians to their frequent depredations, captains Hurman and Moulton were Bent out from New Hampshire in 1724 against the village, in which iie lived. They surprised it on the twenty third of August, and killed Rasles and about eighty Indians. The Jesuit was found in a wigwam, and he defended himself with intrepid courage ; but his chwacter was stained by an act of barbarous cruelty. He had with him an English boy of fourteen years, who had been a prisoner about six months, and resolving not to fall alone he shot kim through the thigh, and stabbed him through the body. He was himself in the ^ixty seventh year of his age. By his condescending deportment ^d address he acquired an astonishing influence over the Indians. Such was his faithfulness to the political interests of France, that he «ven made the offices of devotion serve as an incentive to savage fe< rocity ; for he kept a flag, on which was depicted a cross surrounded ^ith^ows and arrows, and he raised it at the door of his little church, when he gave absoiutioh previously to the commencement of any warlike enterprise. He was a man of good sense and -learning, and "was particularly skilful in Latin, which he wrote with great purity. He spoke the Abankis language, which was the language of the Norridgewogs, and was acquainted with the Huron, Outawis, and Illinois. In his p^-eaching he was vehement and pathetic. For the last nineteen years his health was feeble, as his limbs had been broken by a fall. An ineffectual attempt was made to seize him in 1722, but some of his papers were secured, and among them a die- Nonary of the Abankis language, which is now in the library of Harvard college. It is a quarto volume of five hundred pages. Two of his letters of considerable length are preserved in this let- tres edifiuntes, and they give some account of the Indian languages and manners. — Hutchinson^ ii. 241, 262—264, 295, 305, 309 — 313 ; Belknati*8 JV. H. ii. 48 — 50, 57, 60 ; Holmes* annals^ ji. 1 12, 113 ; Charlevoix^ nouv. France, ii. 375 — 385 ; Lettrea itdijiantea et curl' €U«ff*, xvii. 285 — 343; xxiii. 198 — 308 ; Douglaaa, i. 199. RAWSON (Grindall), minister of Mendon, Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard college in 1678, and was ordained succes- sor of Mr. Emerson about the year 1680, when there were but about twenty families in the town. Sych was his benevolence, that he studied the Indian language, that he might bo able to preach the RED. 495 J, I gospel of salvation to the Indians in Mendon. He usually preached to them in their own tongue every Sunday evening. His discour- ageroents were great} for he had but little success ; but ho persf'ver- ed in his humane exertions. He died February 6, 1715 in tht \y seventh year of his age and the thirty fifth of his ministry, being highly respected for his talents, |»ety, and benevolence. He was sucr ceeded by Mr. Oorr. When on his sick bed, as he was reminded of his faithfulness in the service of God, he replied, " O, the great imperlection I have been guilty of ? How little have I done for God ?" He continued, " if it were not for the imperfection of the saints, there would be no need of a Savbr. In the Lord Jehovah I have righteousness and strength." The last words, which he utter" ed, were, *^ come. Lord Jesus, come quickly." He published the election sermon, 1709.^C. Muther't death qfgood men 4 WfUtney*a Mat. IVorceater^ 57. REDMAN (John, m.d.), first president of the college of phy^i^ cians of Philadelphia, was born in that city February 27, 1723. Af- ter finishing his preparatory education in the reverend Mr. Ten- nent's academy, he entered upon the study of physic with Dr. John Kearsely, then one of the most respectable physicians of Philadel- phia. When he commenced the practice of his profession he went to Bermuda, where he continued for several years. Thence he proceeded to Europe for the purpose of perfecting his acquaintance with medicine. He lived one year in Edinburgh } he attended lec- tures, dissections, and the hospitals in Paris ', he was graduated at Leyden in July 1748 ; and after passing some time at Gray^s hospi- tal he returned to America, and settled in his native city, where h<» soon gained great and deserved celebrity. When^ he was about forty years of age he was afflicted with an abscess in his liver, the contents of which were expectorated, and he was frequently confined by acute diseases ; yet he lived to a great age. In the evening of hia life he withdrew from the labors of his profession ; but it was only (D engage in business of another kind. In the year 1 784 he was elected an elder of the second presbyterian church, and the benevo- lent duties of this office employed him and gave him delight. The death of his younger daughter in 1 806 was soon succeeded by the death of his wife, with whom he had lived with uninterrupted har- mony near sixty years. He himself died of an apoplexy March 19, 1808, in the eighty seventh year of his age. Dr. Redman was somewhat below the middle stature ; his com- plexion was dark and his eyes uncommonly animated. In the for- mer part of his life he possessed an irritable temper, but his anger was transient, and he was known to make acknowledgments to his pupils and servants for a hasty expression. As a physician his principles were derived from the writings of Boerhaave,buthis prac- tice was formed by the rules of Sydenham. He considered a greater ftrce of medicine necessary to cure modern Am&rican, thiui mo4em- ri ! i» m illlf 1 1\ -Ml 1 ■";«; 496 UED. 11 ',L- \ M f \ - 1! ^;!:} British diseases, and hence he was a derided friend to depletion in ull the violent diseases of our country. He bled freely in the yellow fever of 1762, and threw the weight of his venerable name into the scale of the same remedy in the year 1793. In the diseases of old dge he considered smnll and frequent bleedings as the first of rem- edies. He entertained a high opinion of mercury in all chronic dis- eases, and he gave it in the natural small pux with the view of touch- ing the salivary glands about the turn of the pock. He introduced the use of turbith mineral as an emetic in the gangrenous sore throat of 1761. Towards the close of his life he read the latter medical writers and embraced with avidity some of the modem opinions and modes of practice. In a sick room his talents were peculiar. He suspended pain by hia sooihing manner, or chased it away by his conversation, which was occasionally facetious and full of anecdotes, or serious and instructing. He was remarkr\bly at- tached to all the members of his family. At the funeral of his brother, Joseph Redman, in 1 779, after the company were assembled he rose from his seat, and grasping the lifeless hand of hi& brother, he turned round to his children, and other relations in the room, and addressed them in the following wowls ; *' I declare in the presence of God and of this company, that in the whole course of our lives no angry word nor look has ever passed between this dear brother and me." He then kneeled down by the side of his coffin, and in the most fervent manner implored the protection and favor of God to his widow and children. He was an eminent Christian. While he was not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, he thought humbly of himself, and lamented his slender attainments in religion. His piety was accompanied by benevolence and i arity. He gave lib- erally to the poor. Such was the cheerfulness of his temper, that upon serious subjects he was never gloomy. He spoke often of death, and of the scenes, which await the soul after its separation from the body, with perfect composure. He published an inaugu- ral dissertation on abortion, 1748, and a defence of inoculation, 1759. — Medical and fihilosofih. register ; Evang. intelligencer^ Aprils 1 808 ; Philadel. med. inu^eum^ v. 49—56 ; Broivn* a American register y iiL 549—554. REDWOOD (Abraham), a friend of learning, died at Newport, Rhode Island, in March 1788. He was the founder of the Red- wood library, to which he gave five hundred pornds sterling. REED (Joseph), president of the state of Pennsylvania, was graduated at the college of New Jersey in 1757. He was appointed in 1774 one of the committee of correspondence of Philadelphia, and was afterwards president of the convention. Engaging with zeal in the cause of his country at the commencement of the war, he repaired to the camp at Cambridge in July 1775 and was' ap- pointed an aid de camp of Washington. In the following year he was made adjutant general; but under the disasters of 1776 his (I to d«pledon ift ely in Ihe yellow le name into the ic diseases of old the first of rem- n all chronic dis- he view of touch- He introduced gangrenous sore B read the latter B of the modern i his talents were mer, or chased it racetious and full as remarkr\bly at- ihe funeral of his ly were assembled nd of his brother, s in the room, and re in the presenc ourse of our lives this dear brother his coffin, and in 1 and favor of God Christian. While liought humbly of in reliG;ion. His ty. He gave lib- »*■ his temper, that He spoke often of liter its separation blished an inaugu- inoculation, 1759. e«cer, ^/inV, 1808; erican registerf iii. , died at Newport, mnder of the Red- ds sterling. Pennsylvania, was He was appointed ce of Philadelphia, Ens^aging with emsnt of the war, 1775 and was' ap- following year he idsters of 1776 his REE. irmiMis fidled him, and he was on the point of relinquishing; ih« eause, which he had engaged to support. His private letters were full cif gloom, and he even censured the commander in chief for want of cteci»k>n. The affur of Trenton however and subsequent succesMS revived his fortitude and courage. His firmness after- wards on trying occasions and his incorrupUble integrity threw a veil over Ms momentary weakness. In May 1778, when he was o member of congress, the three commissioners from England arrived in America. Governor Johnstone, one of them, addressed private letters to Francis Dana, Robert Morris, and Mr. Reed to secure their influence towards the restoration of harmony, giving to the two latter intimadons of honors and emoluments. But he address- ed himself to men, who were firm in their attachment to America. Mr. Reed had a yet severer trial, for as his former despondence was kno#b, direct propositions were made to him in June by a lady, supposed to be Mrs. Ferguson, wife of Dr. Adam Ferguson, sec- retary of the commissioners, who assured him as from governor Johnstone, that ten thousand pounds sterling, and the best office in die gift of the crown in America should be at his disposal, if he could effect a reunion of the two countries. He replied, that he was not worth purchasing; but such as he was, the king of Great Brit- ain was not rich enough to do it. In October 1 778 he was chosen preudent of Pennsylvania, and he continued in this office till Oc- tober 1781. He died March 5, 1785, in the forty third year of his age. He published remarks on governor Johnstone's speech in par- liament, with authendc papers reladve to his proposition, 8cc. 1779 ; remarks on a publication in the independent gazetteer, with a short address to the people of Pennsylvania, 1783.— Mir«Aa/f, iil. 539, 544 ; Wurreftj i. 393 ; ii. 78—81 ; Stedman, ii. 51 ; CAaatellux*» traveUy i. 188-^194 ; Gordortf ii. 378 ; iii. 173 ; Cadwallader*a letters to Reed. REESE (Thomas, d. d.), minister in South Carolina, was grad- uated at the college of New Jersey in 1 768, and was for several years setded over the presbyterian church at Salem in South Carolina. He died at Charleston in August 1796. He published an essay on the influence of religion in civil society, 1768 ; death of Christ- ians is gain, in American preacher, I ; and the character of Haman, in Amierican preacher, ii. PHODE ISLAND, one of the United States of America, was first settled from Massachusetts, and its settlement was owing to religious persecution. Roger Williams in 1 636 lud the foundation of the tovm of Providence. In 1638 John Clarke and others pur- chased of the Indian sachems Aquetneck, or the principal island, which was called Rhode Island, and ificorporated themselves into a body polidc, making choice of William Coddington as their chief magistrate. Jh 1644 Roger Williams, who had been sent to Eng- land as agent obtained a patent for the Providence plantations. They 64 I I >1 I r}!' iii 1 = ii !i > i \^ " . t III ' It' ^} I'; ,■ 1 i' It if ;|. s\v i' mt: % I l1 496 KIT. •/ 1 111 i .1 were hciwevv incorpotated with Rhode IiUnd under one govern- niMit in 1647, in which year the first general aaaembly was held. The Mwcutire power wai placed in the hands of a pre^dont and four assistants. A charter was given by king Charles II in 1663, which vested the legislative power in an assembly, of which the governor and assistants were mrmbera. Nothing but allegiance was reserved to the king. Since this period the form of government has suffered very little alteration. An act was passed in 1663, de- claring that all men of competent estates and good conduct, who professed Christianity, with the exception of Roman catholics, should be admitted freemen. In 1665 the government passed an order to outlaw (Juakers and seise their estates, because they would not bear arms ; but the people would not suffer it to be carried into effect The toleration, which was practised in this colony from the begin- ning, does much honor to its founders. A quo warranto was issued against the colony in 1685. At the close of the following year An- dros assumed the government ; but after his imprisonment in 1689 the charter was resumed. During the late war with Great Britain the inhabitants of Rhode Island manifested a becoming spirit. This state was admitted into the union in \7 99 .^^Cattender** hitt. dU* courte\ /ro/mf«'onna/«,i. 301,343, 386, 395 ; ii. 483 ; Gordotiyi, 37, 38 ; Morae*a geog. ; Jldam%* J\r. £. 61—67, 91, 1 13 ; Coilecf. hUt. aoc. v. 3 16— 320 ; Hutchinaon. RITTENHOUSE (David, ll. d. v. b. s.^, an eminent philoso- pher, was descended from ancestors, who emigrated from Holland, and was bom in Germantown, Pennsylvania, April 8, 1733. Theearly part of his life was spent in agricultural employments ; and his plough, the fences, aiid even the stones of the field were marked]with figures, which denoted a talent for mathematical studies. A delicate constitution rendering him unfit for theUabors of husbandry, he de- voted himself to learning the trade of a clock and mathematical instrument maker. In these arts he was his own instructor. Dur- ing his residence with his father in the country he made himself master of Newton's principia, which he read in the English transla- tion of Mr. Mott. Here also he became acquainted with fluxions, of which sublime invention he believed himself for some time the first author. He did not know for some years afterwards, that a con- test had been carried on between Newton and Leibnitz jfor the honor of that great discovery. At the age of twenty three, without educa- tion and without advantages, he became the rival of the two greatest mathematicians of Europe. In this retired situation, while working at his trade, he planned and executed an orrery, by which he repre- sented the revolutions of the heavenly bodies more completely, than ever before had been done. This masterpiece of tnechamsm was purchased by the college of New Jersey. A second was made by him, after the same model, for the use of the college of Philadelphia, where it has commanded for many years the admiration of the inge<» KIT. 499 inouft md the leamed. In 1770 he wu induced by the urgent re- quest of itoroe friendly who knew hit merit) to exchange liis beloved retirement for « residence in Phii«delphia. In this city he continu- ed hit employment for tevend yeart; and hiscloclis hada high rep- utationf and hit m»thcmatical instrumenfa were thought luperiur to thoM imported from Europe. His first communication to the phi- losophical society of Philadelphia, of which he was elected a mem- ber, was a calculatioji of the transit of Venus, as it was to happen June 3, 1769. He was one of those appointed to observe it in the township of Norriton. This phenomenon had never been seen but twice before by any inhabitant of our earth, and would never be seen agtiin by any ptraon then living. The day arrived, and there was no cloud in the horizon ; the observers, in silence and trembling anxiety, waited for the predicted moment of observation ; it came, and in the instant of contact between the planet and sun, an emotion of joy so powerful was excited in the breast of Mr. Rittenhouse, that he fainted. On the ninth of November following he observed the transit of Mercury. An account of these observations was published in the transactions of the society. In 1775 he was appointed one of the commissioners for settling a territorial dispute between Penn- sylvania and Virginia, and to his talents, moderation, and firmness was ascribed in a great degree its satisfactory adjustment in 1785. He assisted in determining the western limits of Pennsylvania in 1784, and the northern line of the same state in 1786. He was also called upon to assist in fixing the boimdary line between Mossachu- setts and New York in 1787. In his excursions through the wil- derness he carried with him his habits of inquiry and observation. Nothing in our mountains, soils, rivers, and springs escai>ed his no- tice. But the only records of what he collected are private letters, and the memories of his friends. In 1 79 1 , he was chosen president of the philosophical society as successor to Dr. Franklin, and was annually reelected till his death. His unassuming dignity secured to him respect. Soon after he accepted the president's chair he made to the society a donation of three hundred pounds. He held the office of treasurer of Pennsylvania by an annual and unanimous vote of the legislature from 1777 to 1789. In this period he declined purchanng the smallest portion of the public debt of the state, lest bis integrity sliould be impeached. In 1792 he accepted the oflike of director of the mint of the United States, but his ill state of health induced him to resign it in 1795. When the solitude of his study was rendered less agreeable by his indisposition than in foi*mer years, he passed his evenings in reading or conversing with his wife and daughters. In his last illness, which was acute and short, he retained the usual patience and benevolence of his temper. He died June 26, 1796, in the sixty fifth year of his age in the full belief of tile Christian religion, and in the anticipation of clearer discoveries «f the perfections of God in the eternal world. He was a man of ■'fl '; ''« l> ' K '; the sim- plicity of a republican, and the temper of a Christian. He possess- ed rare modesty. His researches into natural philosophy gave him just ideas of the divine perfections, for his mind was not preoc- cupied in early life with the fictions of ancient poets and the vices of the heathen gods. But he did not confine himself to the instructions of nature ; he believed the Christian revelation. He observed as an argument in favor of its truth, that the miracles of our Savior differed jfrom all pretended miracles in being entirely of a benevolent nature. The testimony of a man possessed of so exalted an under- standing outweighs the declamations of thousands. He died believ- ing in a life to come, and hi^ body was interred beneath his observatory near his house. He published an oration, delivered before the fhi* losophical society, 1775, the subject of which is the history of astron- omy, and a few memoirs on mathematical and astronomical subjects in the first four volumes of the transactions of the society >-^u9A'« eulogium; Americannefios ; Aff/Zer, ii. 373. ROBBINS (Chandler, D. d.), minister of Plymouth, Massachu- setts, was born at Branford, Connecticut, August 24, 173d, and was the son of the reverend Philemon Robbins of that town. He was graduated at Yole college in I756j being distinguished as a correct classical scholar. On the thirtieth of January 1760 he was ordained at Plymouth as successor of Mr. Leonard. Here he continued till his death June 30, 1799, in the sixty first year of his age, and the fortieth of his ministry. He was succeeded by the reverend James Kendall. Dr.Robbins was a man of eminent talents, and he discharg- ed the duties 'of a minister of the gospel with unabating zeal and fidelity. Searching the scriptures for religious truth and coinciding in the result of his investigations with the Sentiments of the found- ers of the first church |n New England, h^ inculcated the doctrines of the gospel with energy and fervor. He was unwearied in his pndeavors to impress the thoughtless, and to render sinful men holy. ROB. 501 ♦ ' with the French, m the discoveries ' of s^l ages and t a public educa* jr interrupted in jects mimtfe and mblican ; fee was sentaUve govem- 9 of talentft and icanmind by ouv blessed effects of )f things in other 18 moral evil to be limited circles of His housiB and ssopher* the sim- ian. He possesa- i philosophy gave irid was not preoc- ts and the vices of to the instructions He observed as icles of our Savior ely of a benevolent I exalted an under- i. Hediedbeliev- ath his observatory red before the phi* e history of astron- rbnomicai subjects e society >*-J2"»A*« mouth, Massachu- 24, 173d, and was at town. He was lished as a correct 50 he was ordained •e he continued dU )f his age, and the le reverend James :s,andhedisGharg- inabating zeal and uth and coinciding ents of the found- ited the doctrines unwearied in his ir sinful men holy. In private and social life he was amiable and exemplary. He pub- lished a sermon on the death of Mrs. Elizabeth Watson, 1767 ; a reply to John Cotton, esquire ; some brief remarks on a piece by J. Cotton in ahswer to the preceding, Iff 4; election sermon, 179 1 ; convention sermon, 1794. —Shaio's aermon on hit death, ROBERTS (Charles), remarkable for longevity, died in Berk- ley County, Virginia, February 17, 1796, aged one hundred and six- teen years. He was a native of Oxfoi*dshire, England, hut had re- uded in America about eighty years. During his long life he never knew sickn6ss.*^-Co/ttm6zan centinel^ July 16, 1796. Robinson (John), minister of the English church at Leyden, a part of which first settled New England in 162D, was born in Great firitain in 1575, and educated at Cambridge. After holding for tome time a benefice near Yarmouth in Norfolk, when a society of dissenters was formed in the north of England about the year 160^, he was chosen their pastor with the reverend Mr. Clifton. Persecution drove his congregation into Holland in 1608, and he soon followed them. At Amsterdam, where they found emigrants of the same religious sentiments, they remained about a year ; but as the minister, Mr. jTohn Smith) was unsteady in his opinions, Mr. Robinson proposed a removal to Leyden. Here tliey continued eleven years, and their numbers so increased, that they had in the church three hundred communicants. They were distinguished for perfect harmony among themselves and for friendly intercourse with the Dutch. Mr. Robinson, when he first went into Holland, was a most rigid separatist from the church of England ; but by conversation with Dr. Ames and Mr. Robert Parker he was con- vinced of his error and became more moderate, though he condemn- ed the use of the liturgy and the indiscriminate admission to the sacraments. In 1613 Episcopius, one of the professors of the uni- versity of Leyden, the successor of Arminius, and of the same doc- trine with him, published some theses, which he engaged to defend agunst ail opposers. Mr. Robinson being earnestly requested to accept the challenge by Polyander, the other professor, who was a Calvinist, he held the disputation in the presence of a kiumetous assembly, and completely foiled Episcopius, his antagonist. In 161ir,when another removal was contemplated, Mr. Robinson enter- ed zealously into the plan of making a settlement in America. His church was liable to be corrupted by the loose habits of the Dutch, and he wished it to be planted in a country, where it might subdst in purity. The first settlers of Plymouth in 1620^ who took with them Mr. Rrewster, the ruling elder, were the members of his church, and it was his intention to follow them with the majority, that remained ; but various disappointments prevented. He died March 1, 1625, in the fiftieth year of his age, and in the height of his usefulness. A part of his churcli and his widow and children sffterwards came to New England. He whs a roan of good genius. x liU m 502- ROCi. quick penetration^ ready wit, great modesty, integrity, and candor. His classical learning and acuteness in disputation were acknowl- edged by his opponents. He was also discerning and prudent in civil affairs. Such was his liberality, that he esteen\ed all men, that seemed to'be truly pious, of whatever denomination. In his princi- ples of church government he was himself an independent or congre- gationalist, being of opinion, that every chui<:h is to consist only of such as appear to believe in and obey Christ ; that the members have a right to choose their own officers, which are pastors, or teaching elders, ruling elders, and deacons ; that elders, being or- dained, have no power but by consent of the brethren ; that all el- ders and churches are equal; and that only the children of commu- nicants are to be admitted to baptism. He celebrated the supper every Lord's day. In his farewell address to the first emigrants to New England, he reminded them, that neither Luther nor Calvin could have penetrated into the whole counsel of God, and being con- fident that the Lord had more truth to break forth from his holy word exhorted them to be ready to receive it without attachment to party. But he enjoined it upon them to take heed what they re- ceived as truth, to examine, to consider, and to compare it with other parts of scripture. He published a defence of the Brownists ; jus-^ tificatlon of the separation from the church of England ; people's plea for the excercise of prophesying, 1618; essays moral and di- vine, 1628— 5/?/itn«/i'« Jmer. 6iog.ii. 151—178 ; Mara JV. E.l 7€— 85, 122, 123 ; Morse and Parish'a JST. E. 63—67 ; Mama* JST. £. 20 ; Princcy 4, 20—29, 36 — 38, 66— 7 1, 9 1 — 93 ; Morton^ 2, 5 —10, 70 ; Holtnea* annata^ i. 196—199, 240, 484 ; Collect^ hiat. aoc. iv. 140; vii. 268 — 270; Mal'a fiurttans, u. 49 ; /Tazart/ji. 96, 354, 372. ROGERS (Nathaniel), minister of Ipswich, Massachusetts, was the son of the reverend John Rogers of Dedham, in England, and was a descendant of John Rogers, the martyr. He was bom about the year 1598. After being educated at Emanuel college, Cam- bridge, he preached in different places with high reputation. The evils, to which his puritan drinciples exposed him, induced him to come to New England. He sailed June 1, 1636, but did not cast anchor in Massachusetts bay till the sixteenth of November. In the following year lie was a member of the synod together with Mr. Partridge, who came in the same vessel. He was settled in the place of Mr. Ward as colleague with Mr. Norton at Ipswich Febru- ary 20, 1639. He died July 3, 1655, having been infirm for some time. As a preacher he possessed a lively eloquence, which charm- ed his hearers. Though one of the greatest men among the first settlers of New England, he was very humble, modest, and reserv- ed. He published a letter to a member of the house of commons in 1643, in which he pleads a reformation of church affairs, and he left in manuscript a vindication of the congregational church gov* tyt and candor, were acknowl- and prudent in ed all men, that In his prind- identorcoiigre- ) consist only of t the members are pastors, or ilders, being or- en; that all el- dren of commu- •ated the supper irst emigrants to ithernor Calvin d, and being con- •th from Ins holy mt attachment to ed what they re- pare it with other Brownists; jU8-\ .ngland; people's lays moral and di- Mal*a JV. E.\. L-67 ; Adams* A*. }3 ; Morton^ 2, 5 Collect^ hiat. aoc. Hazarrf,i.96,3S4, flassachusett8,was , in England, and le was bom about lel college. Cam- reputation. The 1, induced him to i, but did not cast "November. In the together with Mr. was settled in the at Ipswich Febru- sn infirm for some ice, which charm- .n among the first jdest, and reserv- louse of commons j-ch afiairs, and he [onal church govt ROG. 503 emment in lA^,^~Magnalia, iii.104 — 108 ; Mmeon/orm.memoriai, m. 359 ; JofmaoTii 88, 89 ; Winthrofit 1 14, 291. ROGERS (Ezekiel), first minister of Rowley, Massachusetts, was bom in England in 1590, and was the son of the reverend Rich* ard Rogers of Wethersfield. After being educated at Cambridge, he became the chaplun of sir Francis Barrington. His preaching was in a strain of oratory, which delighted his hearers. He after- wards received the benefice of Rowley, where his benevolent la- bors were attended with great success. At length his nonconform- ity obliged him to seek a refuge from persecution in New Eng- land, where he arrived in 1638, bringing with him a number of re- spectable families. He commenced the plantation at Rowley in April 1639, and on the third of December was ordiuned. He died after a lingering sickness January 23, lu61> aged seventy years. His library he bequeathed to Harvard college, and his house and lands to the town for the support of the ministry. In the latter part of his life it pleased God to overwhelm him with calamities. A fall from his horse deprived him of the use of his right hand ; much of his property was consumed by fire ; and he buried two wives and all his cl^ldren. He was pious, zealous, and persevering. His fee- ble health induced him when in England to study the science of medicine. Though his strong passions sometimes misled liim i yet he was so humble as readily to acknowledge his error. He preached the election sermon in 1643, in which he vehemently ex- horted his hearers never to choose the same man governor for twa successive years ; but his exhortation was disregarded, for Mr. Win- throp was reelected.-^Mz£7ta/ia, iii. 101—104 ; Morse and Pari»h*a J\r.E. 196—204 ; Winthrofiy 17 5 ^ 196,274,275 ; Johnson, 129, 130; Holmea* anriala, i. 3 1 1 . ROGERS (John), president of Harvard college, was graduated in this seminary in 1 649. He was the son of the reverend Nslthan- iel Rogers, with whom he preached some time as an assistant at Ipswich, but at length his inclination to the study of physic withdrew his attention from theology. After the death of president Oakes he was elected his successor in April 1682, and was installed Au- gust 12, 1683. He died suddenly July 2, 1684, the day after com- mencement, in the fifty fourth year of his age* He was succeeded by Dr. Increase Mather. Mr. Rogers was remarkable for the sweetness of his temper, and he united to unfeigned piety the ac- oomplishments of the gentleman.— *ilfafAer'« magnalia, iv. 130 ; Hutchinson, i. 175. RUSSELL (James), a member of the council of Massachusetts, was bora in Charlestown August 16, 1715, and died April 24, 1798, in the eighty third year of his age. He discharged the duties of a counsellor and a judge, and of other public offices, which he sus- tained, with the greatest fidelity. To the poor he was a steady and liberal friend. He respected the institutions of the gospel, aqd M ,1^ !.. K f IS- -mi f if MB i 1 11 ! ' '' f 'I I 504 RUT. h '■ fi i-Hil liil while liis fatnily and hib eloset witnessed his constant devotionsy his lifis adorned the religion, which he professed. In his last illness he was supported and consoled by the truths of the gospel. His son, the hon- orable Thomas Russell, esquire, one of the first merchants in the United States, and distinguished for his beneficenee to the poor, died in Poston April H, 1796, in the fifty sixth year of his age.— M>r«e*4 tertnon on hia death ; Warren^ i. 143. RUTLEDGE (John), governor of South Carolina, tooli an early and distinguished part in support of the liberties of his country at the commencement of the late revolution. He was a member of the first congress in 1774. When the temporary constitution of South Carplina was established in March 1776 he was appointed its president, and commander in chief of the colony. He continued in this station till the adoption of the new constitution in March 1778, to which he refused to give his assent. He was opposed to it, because it annihilated the council,reducing the legislative author- ity from three to two branches, and was too democratic in its fea- tures. In 1779 however he was chosen governor, with the author- ity in conjunction with the council to do whatever the public safety required. He soon took the field at the head of the militia. All the energies of the state were called forth. During the siege of Charleston at the request of general Lincoln he left the city, that the executive authority might be preserved, though the capital should tkll. Having called a general assembly in January 1782 he addressed them in a speech, in which he depicted the perfidy, ra- pine, and cruelty, which had stained the British arms. An election of a new governor being then rendered necessary by the rotation established, Mr. John Mathews was apmiinted his successor. Mr. Rutledge died January 33, 1800. He was a man of eminent talents, patriotism, decision, and firmness.—- i?am«ay'« 5. C. i. 55, 61, 93— > 9^8 ; ii. 19, 23, 125, 332—349 ; Marshally ii. 383 ; iv. 38. SALTONSTALL (Gurdon), governor of Connec'acut, was bom in Haverhill, Massachusetts, March 27, 1666, and was gradu- ated at Harvard college in 1684. He was ordained November 35, 1 69 1 minister of New London, where he continued for several years, being highly esteemed. In 1707 by the advice of the clergy he was persuaded totmdertalce the chief direction of the civil affairs of the colony, and he was annually chosen governor till bis death Septem- ber 24, 1724, in the fifty ninth year of his age. He was both a pro- found divine ami a consummate statesman. The complexion of the Saybrook platform was owing to his desire of bringing the mode of church government somewhat nearer to the presbyterian form. To a quick perception and a glowing imagination he united correct- ness of judgment. The majesty of his eye and deportment was softened by the features of benevblence. As an orator the music of his voice, the force of his argument, the beauty of his allusions, the ease of Ilia transitions, and the fulness of his diction gave him a SAN. 505 li.i-. high rank. His temper was warm* but he had been tau}»ht the avt of self command, for he was a C\\vhdM\.-^.'idai>is*J'un. .lerTnou ; Hoa- ton newHlctter^ October 1, 1724. SANDEM AN (Robert), the founder of the sect of SandemanJ- ans, was born at Perth in Scotland about the year 17 18, and educated at St. Andrew's. Having married a daughter of Mr. Glass he be- came one of his followers. In his preaching he represented faith as the mere operation of intellect, and maintained, that men were justified without holiness, merely on speculative belief. This faith however, he contended, would always, whevevcr it existed, produce the Christian virtues, so that his system cannot be charged with opening a door to licentiousness. In 1762 he went to London and established a congregation. Hecame to Ameiicain October 1764, and from lioston he went to Danbury in Connecticut. In that town he gathered a church in July 1765. Having established several socie- ties in New England, he died at Danbury April 2, 1771, aged fifty- three years. He published an answer to Hervey's TherSn and Aspa- sio in 2 vols, 8vo, 1757. This work is ingenious, though it exhibits a great deal of asperity. Mr. Hervey himself acknowledged, that the author had pointed out some errors in his writings, and had the most exalted views of divine grace.— .A^to* and gen. biog. diet. ; Robbins* cent, aerm. at Danbury ; Collect, hist. soc. x. 6 1 , 7 1 ; SARGEANT (Nathaniel Peaslee), chief justice of the su- preme court of Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard college in 1750. He received the above appointment in December 1789, and died at Haverhill in October 1791, aged sixty years. SCHAICK (GoNSKN Van), a brigadier general in the army of the United States, died at Albany in July 1789, aged fifty three years. He distinguished himself in April 1779 by proceeding from fort Schuyler and burning the Onondaga Indian settlements, killing* twelve Indians, and making thirty four prisoners without the loss of a single man. His party consisted of five hundred.— CoZ/ec/. Met, soc. ii. 164 ; Gordon, iii. 264 ; Marshalty iv. 54 ; Holmes,, ii. 422. SCHUYLER (Peter), mayor of the city of Albany, was much distinguished for his patriotism, and for the influence, which he possessed over the Indians. In the year 1691 he headed a party of three hundred Mohawks and with about the same number of En- glish made a bold attack upon the French settlements at the north end of lake Champlain. He slew three hundred of the enemy. Such was the authority of colonel Schuyler with ther five nations^ that whatever Quider (for so they called him, as they could not pro- nounce Peter) recommended had the force of law. In 1710 he went to England at his own expense, taking with him five Indian chiefs, for the purpose of exciting the government to vigorous measures against the French in Canada. The chief command in New York devolved upon him as the eldest member of the council 111 1719 J but in the following year governor Burnet arrived. He 65 t n 'I "ii ■* 506 SCH. ' M "4 !! often warned the New England colonies of expeditions meditated against them by the French and Iiidians.— Sm/VA*« JV. Y. 66—152 ; Charlevoix^ nouv. Fr. ii. 225, 292, 340 i Hutchinson^ ii. 142, 163, 172 ; Ilolmea* annalsfi. AS\ ; M{r«^//, i. 276. SCHUYLER (Philip), a major genetal intlie revolutionary war, received this appointment from congress June 19, 1775. He was directed to proceed immediately Irom New York to Ticonderpga, to secure the lakes, and to make preparations lor entering Canada. Being taken sick in September the command devolved upon Mont- gomery. On his recovery he devoted himself zealously to the man- agement of the affairs in the northern department. The superin« tendence of the Indian concerns claimed much of his attention. On the approach of Burgoyne in 1777 hemade every exertion to obstruct his progress ; but the evacuation of Ticonderoga by St. Ci^r occa« stoning unreasonable jealousies in regard to Schuyler in New England he was superseded by Gates in August, and congress directed an in- quiry to be made into his conduct. It was a matter of extreme chagrin to him to be recalled at the moment, when he was about to take ground and to face the enemy. He afterwards, though not in the regular service, rendered important services to his country in the military transactions of New York! He was a member of the old congress, and when the present government of the United States commenced its operation in 1789, he was appointed with Rufus King a senator from his native state. In 1797 he was again ap- pointed a senator in the place of Aaron Burr. He died at Albany November Irit, 1804, in the seventy third year of his age. Distin- guished by strength of intellect and upright intentions he was wise in the contrivance and enterprising and persevering in the execu- tion of plans of public utility. In private life he was dignified, but courteous, a pleasing and instructive companion, affectionate in his domestic relations, and just in all his dealings. General Ham- ilton married his daughter.— Mzr«Aa//, ii. 237, 301—- 306 ; iii. 3, 4, 226—258, 273 ; iv. 449 ; Gordon^ ii. 176, 426,474, 488 j JV. Y, aftectator, JVov. 28, 1804 ; Monthly anthology^ i. 669. SCREVEN ( — ), a brigadier general in Georgia during the late war, commanded the militia, when that state was invaded from East Florida in November 1778. While a party of the enemy was marching from Sunbury towards Savannah he had repeated skir- mishes with them at the head of a hundred militia. In an engage- ment at Midway, the place of his residence, he was wounded by a musket ball, and fell from his horse. Several of the British imme- diately came up and upbraiding him with the manner, in which a captain Moore had been killed, discharged their pieces at him. He died soon afterwards of his wounds. Few officers had done, more for their country, and few men were more esteemed and beloved fof their virtues in private life.-~i?am«at/'« i'f !■ ^ SEA. 50f SEABURY (SamubL) d. d.)> Brst bishop of the episcopal church in the United States, was the son of the reverend Mr. Seabury, con- gregational minister at Groton und afterwards episcopal n)inis- ter at New London, and was bom in 1728. After being grad- uated at Yale college in 1751, he went to Scotland for the pur- pose of studying medicine ; but his attention being soon direct- ed to theology he took orders in London in 1753. On his re- turn to this country he was settled in the ministry at Brunswick in New Jersey. In the beginning of 1757 he removed to Jamaica on Long Island ; and thence in December 1766 to West Chester. In ttus place he reinaincd till the commencement of the war, whefi he went into the city of New York. At the return of peace he settled in New London in Connecticut. In 1784 he went to En- gland to obtain consecration as bishop of the episcopal church of this state, but meetinjr with some obstruction to the accomplish- ment of his wishes, he went to Scotland, where on the fourteenth of November he was consecrated by three nonjuring bishops. Af- ter this period he discharged for a number of years at New London the duties of his office in an exemplary manner. He died Feb- ruary 35, 1796, aged sixty eight years. He published the duty of considering our ways, 1789; a discourse delivered at Portsmouth at the ordination of Robert Fowle, 1791 ; and two volumes of ser- mons, which evince a vigorous and well informed mind. After his death a supplementary volume was published in 1798.-— Miller's retroafiect, ii. 369, 491 ; Chandler's life q/' Johnson j 64 ; Backus, iii.22. SERGEANT (John), missionary among the Indians, was bom at Newark, New Jersey, in 1710, and was graduated in 1729 at Yale college, where he was afterwards a tutor for four years. In October 1734 he went to Houssatonnoc, an Indian village in the wes- tern part of Massachusetts, and began to preach to the Indians. That he might be enabled to administer to them the Christian ordinances he was ordained at Deerfield August 31, 1735. He died at Stock- bridge July 27, 1749, in the forty ninth year of his age. The rev- erend Jonathan Edwards succeeded him. He was supported in part by the commissioners of the society for propagating the gospel, and in part by individuals in England, whose munificence reached him through the liands of the reverend Dr. Colman of Boston. He had baptized one hundred and twenty nine Indians, and forty two were communicants at the time of his death. With great labor he translated the whole of the new testament excepting the revelatioh into the Indian language, and several parts of the old testament. In his life he was just, kind, and benevolent. The Houssatonnoc or Stockbridge Indians, of which he once had the care, now live at New Stockbridge in the state of New York, and have been for many years under the care of his son, the reverend John Sergeant. He published a letter to Dr. Colnoicai on the education of the children -■%. IS p; i'l)' ' i':« :iS-, V. .: 1. f h IM.!'! ■: 'hm 508 SEW. ■' (« 1 1 of tlic Indians, and a sermon on the causes and danger of delusions ill religion, 1743.— ^/o/iXv/ja' luHt, mi-moirs of HounHatonnoc Indiana ; Funojilint^ ii. 352—355, 396 — 400, 446 — 450 ; Jhhnca* life of aUicn, 20. SEW ALL (Samuel), chief justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, was born in Englanu March 2^, 1652. His futher, had before this time been in Ainericu and in 1634 began the settle* Tiicnt of Newbury. He tinally established himself in tnis country in 1661, when his son was nine years old. In his childhood judge ^wall was undtjr the mstruction of Mr. Parker of Newbury. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1671. Having been appointed ^ mugibtratc or assistant of Massachusetts, in 1688 he went to Eng. land. In 1692 he was appointed in the new cnavter one of the coun* cil, in which st.ition he continued till 1725. He was made one of the judges in 1692, and chief justice of the superior couit in 1718. This office as well us that of judge of probate for Suflbik he resign- ed in 1728 on account of infirmities. He died January 1, 1730, in the seventy eighth year of his age. Eminent for piety, wisdom, and learning, in all the relations of life he exhibited the Christian virtues, and secured universal respect. For a Ion,,- course of years he was a member of the old south church, and one of its greatest ornaments. He was constant in his attendance upon public worship keeping his bible before him to try every doctrine. He read the sacred volume every morning and evening in his family, and his prayers with his household ascended to heaven. A friend to eveVy follower of Christ, he was liberal, hospitabte, and benevolent. He was critically acquainted with the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Ian* ^ages. In his last sickness he was resigned, patient, and compos* cd, placing his whole dependence for salvation upon the Redeemer. He left behind him a diary in three volumes, which embraces about forty years. From this it appears, that as one of the judges at the trial of the Salem witches in 1692 he concurred in the sentence of condenmation ; but he afterwards of his own accord made a confes- sion of his error. It was read by his minister, Mr. Willard, on a day of public fast, and is preserved in his dUuy. He published an answer to queries respecting America, 1690; proposals, touching the accomplishment of the prophecies, 4to, 1713 ; Phoenomena qusdam Apocalyptica, See or a description of the new heavens and earth, 4lo, 2d edit. 1727. — Prince's Jun. serm. ; Boston neivsletter, January 8,, 1730; Holmes* annals^ ii. 8, 9 ; Hutchinson^ ii. 61. SEWALL (Joseph, d. d.), minister in Boston, was the son of the preceding, and was bom August 26, 1688. He was graduated at Harvar(l college in 1707. Having evinced a serious disposition from his earliest days, he now directed his attention to the study of theology. Though a member of one of the first families in the tpountry, he sought no worldly object, it being his supreme desire tQ serve God in the gospel of his Son. He was ordained minister of SEW. 509 the old south church in Boston, as colleague with the reverend Mr. Peinberton, beptember 1 6, 1 7 1 3. Alter surviving three colleagues, Pemberton, Prince, and Cumniing, he died June 27, 1769, in the eighty first year of his age, and the fifty sixth ot his ministry. His colleague, the reverend Samuel Blair, was dismissed in October of the same year, and in 1771 the "everend John Bacon and the rever- end John Hunt were ordainec tiunisters of this church. Dr. Sewall possessed respectable abilities, and was well acquainted with classical learning. In 1724 he was chosen president of Harvard college, but such was his humility and the elevation of his views, that he declined the appointment, wishing rather to continue in the office of a minis- ter of the gospel. His chief glory was the love of God and the zeal to do good, for which he was conspicuous among his brethren. Few ministers have ever lived with such uniform reference to the great end of their office. Deeply interested himself in the truths of re- ligion, he reached the hearts of his hearers ; and sometimes his voice was so modulated by his feelings, and elevated with zeal, as irresistibly to seize the attention. Though he was deliberate and cautious, he was courageous in withstanding error. He could sac- rifice every thing for peace but duty, and truth, and holiness. Dur- ing his last illness, which continued for a number of months, he was remarkable for his submission and patience. While he acknowl- edged himself to be an unprofitable servant, he looked to the atoning sacrifice of Christ for pardon. He spoke of dying with cheerfulness. iSometimes he was heard to say with great pathos, *' come, Lord Je- sus, come quickly." At length he died as one, who was assured of a happy inimortality. He published a sermon on family religion, 1716; on the death of Wait Winthrop, 1717; king George I, Thomas Lewis and Samuel Hirst, 1727 ; a sermon on the death of his father, 1730; Benjamin Wadsworth, 1737; Josiah Willard, 1756 ; Thomas Prmce, 1758 ; Alexander Gumming, 1763 ; acaveat against covetousness,1718; election sermon, 1724; on a day of prayer for the rising generation, 1728 ; at the ordination of three mission- aries, 1733 ; fast sermon before the general court, 1740 ; sermon at Thursday lecture ; the Holy Spirit convincing the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment, four sermons, 1741; on a day of prayer ; on the love of our neighbor, 1742 ; sermon on Revelation v. 11, 12, 1745; on the reduction of Havannah, 1762. — Chauncy*s fun. sermon; Boston evening fiost^ July 3, 1769. SEWALL (Stephen), chief justice of the superior court of Massachusetts, was the nephew of the honorable Samuel Sewall, and the son of major Stephen Sewall of Salem. His mother was a daughter of the i-everend Jonathan Mitchel of Cambridge. He was born in December 1702, and was graduated at Harvard college in 172 1. Having instructed a school in Marblehead for several years he began to preach with great acceptance. In 1728 he was chosen a tutor in the college, and he filled this office till 1739, when he \Yasi X ■! (i Ii f f Hi. ' ■;, ^^^ 4 I 510 SEW. 'H i called to take a scat on the bench of the superior court. On the death of ciucf juhtice Dudley in 1752 he was appointed to succeed him, tltough he was not the senior of the sunriving judges. He was also aoon elected a luember of the council and continued such till his death, though it was with difficulty, that he could be prevailed upon to accept the appointment, as he questioned the propriety of sus- taining at the same time the two offices. After a useful and honor* able life he died September 10, 1760, in the fitty eighth year of his age. lie was distinguished for genius and learning. He united in an uncommon degree quickness of apprehension with a deeply pen- etrating and capacious mind. As a tutor, he proved, that there wag a perfect consistency between the most vigorous and resolute exer- tion of authority and the most gentle and complacent manners. Though he was a very humble and modest man he supported the dignity of u judge. He was an exemplary Christian, and while he constantly attended upon the institutions of the gospel, he offered up sacrifices to the Lord in his own house, though as he was never married bis fliniily cannot be supposed to have had the deepest in- terest in his affiictions. His charity to those in want was so great, that it has been thought excessive. He had a deep reverence of the Supreme Being, and often spoke with approbation of the cir- cumstance in the character of sir Matthew Hale, that he never mentioned the name of God without making a pause in his discourse. ^—Mayhem* 8 fun, aermon s Collect, /list. aoc. x. 158, 159. SEWALL (Stephen), first Hancock professor of Hebrew in Harvard college, was born at York, in the district of Maine, Massa- chusetts! in April 1734, and was graduated at the above seminary Id 1761. When the office of Hebrew instructer became vacant by the resignation of Mr. Monis, he was appointed his successor in 1762. Flebrew had sunk into contempt in the hands of Mr. Monis, but it was now brought into honor. When Mr. Hancock founded the professorship of Hebrew, Mr. Sewall was the unrivalled candi- date. He was inaugurated June 17, 1765, and continued in office above twenty years. He took an early part in the late revolution. After he lost his professorship he led a very retired life till his death July 23, 1804, in the seventy first y^ar of his age. His lectures proved him to have possessed an elegant taste. He published a Hebrew grammar, 8vo, 1763 ; oratio funebris in obitum D.Edvardi Holyoke, 1769; an oration on the death of professor Winthrop, 1779 ; the scripture account of the Schechinah, 1794 ; the scripture history, relating to the oveithrow of Sodom and Gomorrha, and to the origin of the salt sea, or lake of Sodom, 1796 ; translation of the first book of Young's night thoughts in Latin ; carmina sacra, quae Latine Graeceque condidit America, 1789. He wrote an admi- rable Chaklee and English dictionary, which is in manuscript in-the library of Harvard college.— iV/o«^A/y anthology y i. 430 ; Lit. mitcet- lany, ii. 231. SHE. 511 SHEPARD (Thomas), minister of Cambridge, Massachusetts, "was born ncur Northuiupton in llnglund November 5, I605,uik) was educiited at Emanuel college, Cambridge. Wiiile in thio semiuury it pleased God in infinite mercy to uwaken him from his natural stale of thoughtlessness and sin, to convince him, that he had been entirely selfish in his desires and conduct, to(ins[)irc him with huly principles, and tu render him a humble disciple of Jesus Christ. He met afterwards with many kinds of temptations ; but, as he said, h" was never tempted to Arminianism, his own experience so per- fectly confuting the freedom of the will. After ne left the univer- sity he was eminently useful as a preacher His puritan principles at length exposing him to persecution, he narrowly escaped tha pursuivants, and arrived at Boston in this cotuitry October 3, 1635. After the removal of Mr. Hooker and Mr. Stone to Connecticut he formed a church at Cambridge and too\^ the charge of it February 1, 1636. Here he continued till his death August 25, 1649, aged forty four years. He was succeeded by Mr. Mitchel. As a preacher of evangelical truth, and as a writer on experimental religion he was one of the most distinguished men of his time. It was on ac- count of the energy of his preaching and his vigilance in detecting and zeal in opposing the errors of the day, that when the foundation of a college was to be laid, Cambridge rather than any other place was pitched upon as the seat of the seminary. He was the patron of learning and essentially promoted its interests. He was distinguish- ed for his humility and piety. Under heavy afAictions he acknowl- edged that he deserved nothing but misery, and bowed submissive fyftthe divine will. He usually wrote his sermons so early for the sabbath, that he could devote a part of Saturday to prepare his heart for the solemn and affectionate discharge of the duties of the following day. He published theses sabbaticx ; a letter, entitled, New England's lamentation for old England's ertx)rs, 1 645 ; cau- tions against spiritual drunkenness, a sermon ; subjection to Christ in all his ordinances the best means to preserve our liberty, to which is added another treatise on ineffectual hearing of the word ; the sincere convert ; the sound believer, which is a discriminating trea- tise on evangelical conversion ; singing of psalms a gospel ordi- nance ; the clear sunshine of the gospel upon the Indians, 4to, 1648 ; a treatise of liturgies, power of the keys, and matter of the visible church, in answer to Mr. Ball, 4to, 1653 ; the evangelical call ; select cases resolved and first principles of the oracles of God ; these were republished together with meditations and spiritual ex- periences, extracted from his private diary, by Mr. Prince of Bos- ton, 1747 ; of the right use of liberty ; the parable of the ten vir- gins, a posthumous work in folio transcribed from his sermons, preached from June 1636 to May 1640 ; the church membership of children and their right to baptism, 1663 ; the saint's jewel and the seal's imitation of Jesus Christ, two sermons ; the four last J w. I ' fi .1' w I I i.-H 512 SHE. thingOf 4to.—A/urA^*« ma^no/ia, Ui. 84— 93 i Collect, hiat.toc, vh. 17, 43—47 ; Mul*» JV. E. i. 396 ; Morton^ 143 ; Holme*" annaUj i. 349 ; IVinthro/iy 87, 95 ; Johnton'a wondtr work.firovid. 77. SHEPAUD (Thomas), minister of Charlcstown, Mnitsachusctts, was tlie son of the preceding* and was graduated at Harvard col> lege io 1653. He was ordained April 13, 1659, as colleague to Mr. Zcchariah Symmes. After a ministry of eighteen years he died of the small pox December 22, 1677, in the forty third year of his age. President Oakes in a Latin oration delivered at commence- mtnt represents Mr. Shepard as distinguished for his erudition, prudence, modesty, and integrity, as a strenuous defender of the orthodox faith, and as holding the first rank among the ministers of his day. He published the election sermon, 1672. In Mather's magnalia there is preserved a paper of excellent instructions to his 8on« a student at college, who afterwards succeeded him at Charles- town in 16B0, but died in 1685.— >A/ajrna//a, iv. 189~.19 1,202 ; Oakea* elegy. SHERMAN (John), minister of Watertown, Massachusetts, was bom in England in 1613, and educated at Cambridge. His pu- ritan principles induced him to come to this country in 1634. Af- ter being a short time an assistant to Mr. Phillips at Watertown« he removed to Connecticut, where he preached occasionally audi was elected a magistrate of the colony.. But after the death of Mr. Phillips in 1664 he returned to Watertown, and was minister in that place till his death Auj^ust 8, 1685, in the seventy second year of his age. He was succeeded by the reverend Henry Gibbs. Be- sides being a distinguished divine Mr. Sherman was an eminent mathematician, and he published a number of almanacs, to which pious reflections were added. ThouR;h he was a very humble man* in his preaching there was an unaffected loftiness of style, and his discourses were enriched with fi- ty for the Htutc ot Cunnecticut. After titu adoption of the consti* tution of tliu United States, of the convention tor framing which he was a conttpicuous nicmlicr, he was elected a reprcitentutive to con* ^rcss. Ucin^ chosen u senator in 179 1 he continued in this station till his death July S3, 1793, aged seventy two yeais. His talents were solid and useful. While otiiers would yield to difiicultiea, or content themselves with a superficial view of a subject, he was ca- pable of long and deep investigution. He was discerning, pnulent, and indefutigublc. Having made a public profession of religion at the age of twenty one, he was never ashamed to advocate the peculiar doctrines ot the gospel, which are generally so unwelcome to men of cultivated minds. His sentiments were derived from the word of (iod and not from tlie exertions of his own reason. In the rela- tions of private life he secured esteem and iiXicc\\oi\.'^Ed «on,ii. 315^217,331,238; Minotji.61. SHUTE (Daniel, D.D.)« minister of Hingham, Massachusetts, was l)om July 19, 1722, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1 743. He was ordained pastor of the second church in Hingham December 10, 1746 By the failure of his sight bciiig under the necessity ol quilting his public labors in March 1799, the reverend Mr. Whitney was or- dained his colleague January 1, 1800. Under the infirmities of age he was serene and patient. He died August 30, 1802, in the eighty first year of his age, and fifty sixtli of his ministry. He possessed a strong mind, and his discourses exhibit extent of thought and cor- rectness of diction. He was cheerful and pleasant in the intercourse of social life. He was a member of the convention, which formed the constitution of Massachusetts and of that, which adopted the con- stitution of the United States. He published artillery election ser- mon, 1767 ; election sermon, 1768 ; a sermon on the death of rev- erend Dr. Gay, 17 &7.i—1Vare*a sermon on hia death} JVev) England fi(Uladium Sefitember' lOf 1802 ; Columbian centinelf Se/it. 9. SITGREAVES (John), district judge of North Carolina, was an officer in the revolutionary war, and a member of congress after the peace. He died at Halifax, North Carolina, in March 1802. SKELTON (Samuel), one of the first ministers of Salem, Mas- sachusetts, was a preacher in Lincolnshire, England, and being per- secuted for his nonconformity came to this country in June 1639, and was ordained with Mr. Higginson at Salem on the sixth of Au- gust. After the death of his colleague he had for his assistant the famous Roger Williams. Mr. Skelton cUed August 2, 16S4. Though stiict in discipline he was a friend to the utmost equality of privileges in church and state. His fears of the assumption of au- thority by the clergy made hira je.'^lous of the ministers, who used to hold a meeting once a fortnight f^i mutual improvement Johnaony S2 ; Morton, 82, 83, 86; Prince, 183 — 189, 191 ; Ma,^na- Ua, i. 16 ; iii. 74, 76 ; Winthrop, 57, 68 ; Mal*a JV. E. i. 140, 157 i Collect. fu9t. 99C, vi. 244,247, 248 ; ix. 2 j Morse and Parish's ME. 74, 100 ; Holmes* annals, i. 350. SMIBERT (John), a portrait painter, was for many years very eminent in his profession in Boston, in which town it is believed he died after the middle of the last century. SMITH (John), the father of the colony of Virginia, was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1579. He early discovered a romantic genius, and delighted in daring; and extravagant actions. At the i .■ I ■;! ifc. M.i hn ■ 1 yu, 1 ' 'ij. i.f , i ir ill' 516 SMI. age of thirteen he sold his books and satchel to raise money in order to convey himself privately to sea, but was prevented. Being an apprentice to a merchant he quitted his master at the age of fifteen, and went into France and the low countries. After his return he studied military history and tactics, and having recovered a part of the estate, which his father left him, he was enabled to set out again on his travels at the age of seventeen in a better condition than be- fore. Having embarked at Marseilles for Italy with some pilgrims, a tempest obliged them to anchor near a small island oif Nice. As his companions attributed their unfavorable voyage to the presence of Smith, they threw tlic heretic into the sea ; but by swimming he was enabled to reach the shore. After going to Alexandria, he en- tered into the service of the emperor of Austria against the Turks. By ills exploits he soon obtained the command of two hundred and fifty horsemen. At the siege of Regal the Ottomans sent a chal- lenge^ purporting that the lord Turbisha to divert the ladies would fight any captain of the Christian troops. Smith accepted it, and meeting his antagonist on horse back in view of the ladies on the battlements killed him and bore away his head. A second antago- nist met the same fate. Smith then requested, that if the ladies wished for more diversion another champion might appear. His head was added to the number of the others, though Smith narrowly escaped losing his own. He was afterwards taken prisoner ; but by killing his tyrannical master he escaped into Russia. When he re- turned to England, he formed the resolution to seek adventures in North America. Having persuaded a number of gentlemen in 1 606 to obtain a patent of South Virginia, he engaged in the expedition, which was fitted out under the command of Christopher Newport, and arrived with the first emigrants, who made a permanent settle- ment, in the Chesapeak April 26, 1607. A colony was begun at James Town, and the government was in the hands of a council, of which Smith was a member. When Newport returned more than a hundred persons were left in Virginia. They would have perish- ed with hunger but for the exertions of Smith in procuring com of the Indians. When he could not effect his object by purchase, he would resort to force. He once seized the Indian idol Okee, made of ^kins stufl'ed with moss, for the redemption of which as much corn was brought him, as he required. Whilejexploring the Chick- ahominy river he was taken prisoner, alter having killed with his own hand three of the enemy. He was carried to the emperor Powhatan, who received him, clothed in o robe of racoon skins, and seated ort a kind of throne, with two beautiful girls, his daughters, near him. After a long consultation two large stones were brought in, and his head was laid upon one of them. At this moment, when the war clubs were lifted to despatch him, Pocahontas, the king's favorite daughter, shielded him from the blows, and by her entrea- ties saved his life. He was sent to James Town, where by his res- ; money in order nted. Being an le age of fifteen, ir his return he covered a part of 1 to set out again )ndition than be- h some pilgrims, id off Nice. As e to the presence by swimming he .lexandvia, he en- gainst the Turks, two hundred and imaiis sent a chal- the ladies would h accepted it, and the ladies on the A second antago- that if the ladies ght appear. His gh Smith narrowly [1 prisoner ; but by sia. When he re- 3ek adventures in gentlemen in 1606 in the expedition, istopher Newport, permanent settle- )lony was begun at ids of a council, of •eturncd more than would have perish- proGuring com of BCt by purchase, he in idol Okee, made of which as much sploring the Chick- ring killed with his ied to the emperor )f racoon skins, and iris, his daughters, tones were brought this moment, when ahontas, the king's and by her entrea- I, where by his res- SMI. 517 oluto devote himself to the service of his Redeemer, he pursued his 'tlassical and theological studies for several years under thi instruc- tion of the reverend Samuel Blair. In 1751 he was settled in the presbyterian church at Pequea in Pennsylvania, in which station he his life, but it »8the first na- Ue was born Uego in IT25. July 11, iT36, irchinCharles- bleUfcin 1781 uring the revo- his ministry a on the right of »wn ordination ; rents to instruct ilomon's caution ed unscriptural ; Fisher ; the di- a sermon on the in his disciples ; ume of sermons, mbstance of five r'a retroafiect, ii. , Massachusetts, of Boston, and Harvard college •tland, as chapiwn inhabitants. He church was gath- le reverend Mr. lose of 1784, and [half of his death. ,hisage,renounc- he mercy of God ■aching he always a sermon at the sermon to sea far- In his death. Ivania, was bom of ,e year 1723, and At the age of . of that divine in- ised the preachin? . Having resolved •, he pursued his under thfe instruc- i was settled in the m which station he SMI. 519 continued to officiate with reputation and ustfukicss till his df ath about the year 1785 in the sixty third year of his age. Dr. bnuth was one of the most able tlieologians, the most profound casuists, and the most successful preachers of his age. Soon after his set- tlement he founded a school at Pequea, designed chiefly for the in- struction of youth in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. lu this school, which he always sui)erintcnded himself, he employed the most respc':iable teachers. Many young men, who have since filled very honorable stations in church and state, received in it their classical education. It was his care to instil with the elements of literature the principles of a pure and ardeirt piety. Though he was remarkably modest, yet in the pulpit he knew not the fear of man ; his mind was filled with the divine presence, and all earthly distinctions and feelings were lost in the majesty of God. His preaching w^as most solemn and fervent. During his whole minis- try he was for only one sabbath prevented by sickness from enter- ing his pulpit ; and on that day, though confined to his chamber by a fever, he sent for the principal members of his church, and ^mke to them with his usual energy on the comforts, the joys, and the duties of religion. His labors were not confined to his own people* for lus benevolent zeal frequently carried him to the various parts of an extensive district among churches and societies destitute of the stated ordinances of religion. Knowing the value of time, he suffered not a moment to be lost. He combined numerous duties in iperfect order. He slept but little, and after spending the morn- ing in his closet and his study, he was to be found during the re- mainder of the day either in his pulpit or his school, or among the people of his charge, imparting piuus advice and instructing their children in the principles of the gospel. His wife, the sister of the reverend Mr. Blair, was a woman of an excellent underatandingand of unaffected piety. In his absence she always conducted the de- votions of the family with dignity and fervor. Of his children two embraced the profession of medicine, and three entered at an early age on the sacred ministry, and have since filled some of the most respectable stations in the church as well as in the literary institu* tions of this country. In the fourth volume of the American preacher there are published three of his sermons, entitled, the na- ture of saving faith ; the excellency of saving faith ; practice uses from the nature and excellency of saving ia\th.-^ji8sembly*s miss, mag. ii. 1— «6 ; Maaaachuaetta miaa. mag. \\\. 361—366. SMITH (John Blair), first president of Union college at Schenectady in the state of New Yor^, was the son of the preced- ing, and was born June 12, 1756. In early life h« exhibited marks of uncommon energy of mind, and Was distinguished by an ingenu- ous habit of speech and behavior. He received much parental at- tention, and was the subject of many pious prayers.; and those firayerjii were heard in heaven* When he was about'fourtcen years 'ifn 520 SMI. ■1 ' h 'il f i« ;!!,; I^fllif 'ii ■' ^-H"; of age, it pleased God to excite among the fouth in the academy at Pequea a serious attention to religion. His mind was at this period deeply impressed by the truths of the gospel j he was renewed by the agency of the Holy Spirit ; and in a short time he avowed himself a disciple of Jesus. From the year 1773, when he was graduated at the college of New Jersey, he devoted himself al- most entirely to theological studies under the direction of his broth- er, the reverend Samuel S. Smith, at that time president of Hamp- den Sidney college in Virginia, and since president of the college of New * 'P 'y. He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Hano^ c< i T78. In 1779 he was settled over a church in Virgin- ia, and bi the same dme he succeeded his brotner as principal of the seminary of Hampden Sidney. Here he was eminently honored by the great head of the church in being made instrumental in promot- ing a general religious solicitude and reformation among the people of his charge and of the neighborhood. As he was now called to ex- traordinary exertions, he generally preached once at least every day, and in the evenings he was commonly engaged in religious conver- sation. His engagements interfering with the attention due to the college, he resigned this part of his charge, that he might give him- self wholly to the work of the Christian ministry. His z \al w?k rewarded by the success, which attended his labors, but as his health was enfeebled, he was persuaded to accept an invitation frc n the third presbyterian church in Philadelphia, where he was installed in December 1791. When Union college at Schenectady was found- ed in 1795 he was placed at the head of it, and he presided over the seminary for three years with high reputation. But amidst his literary occupations the duties of the sacred office most warmly in- terested hill. He improved every opportunity for preaching the gospel of his Redeemer. Being again invited to his former charge in Philadelphia he returned to that city in May 1799. His succes- sor in the care of the college was Dr. Edwards. In a short time he was seized with the yellow fever, of which he died August 22, 1799 in resignation and joyful hope. — 4s8embly*8 miss. mag. i. 267-- 2'72 ; Blair's sermon on his death; JV. Y. miss. mag. i. 128 ; Month- ly mag. and jimeTi rruiew, ii. 145 ; Edwards* ivorksy Eng, edit. i. 118. SMITH (Robert, d. d.), first bishop of the episcopal churches in South Carolina, died at Charleston in November 1801 in the sev- enty third year of his age. He had for forty seven years discharged the duties of a minister of St. Philip's church. SMITH (William, d. d.), first provost of the college in Phila- delphia, was a native of Scotland, and received his education at the university of Aberdeen, where he was graduated in 1747. The three following years he spent in teaching in a parochial school and in 1750 was sent up to London in pursuance of some plan for the better endowment of such schools. In London he was induced to SXM. ^ki relinquish the cmploymeut, in which he was engaged, nnd to em- hM'k ibr AMicrica, where he soon aftenvardb arrived. Alter being employed upwards of two years as a private tutor in the family of governor Murtin on Long Island in the province of New York, he was invited to take the charge of the collci^c in Philadelphia, and he acccined the invitation. After rcvlsitin;^ England, and receiving regular ordination in the episcopal church in December 1753, he he returned to America, and in May 1754 was placed at the hfead of th^ infant seminary. His popular talents and taste in polite litcru- turc contributed gi*eatly to raise the character of the college. He was principally assisted by the reverend Dr. Allison. After being for many years a distinguished preacher and writer, and rendering important service to the literary interests of America, he died at Phil- adeiphiuMay 14, 1803, aged seventy six years. He published a sermon delivered before freemasons, 1755 ; discourses on several public occa- sions during the war in America, 1759,and a second edition with seve- ralsermons added, 1763; a discourse concerning the conversion of the heathen in America, 1760 ; an account of the charitable corporation for the widows of clergymen of the church of England, 1769; an oration before the American philosophical society, 1773 ; a sermon on the present crisis of American affairs, preached June 23, 1775 ; in this he says that no one- had advanced the idea of independence, and he disclaimed it, and yet he would support the chartered rights of the colonies; an oration in memory of Montgomery, 1776; on temporal and spiritual sal', *'>n, 1790. His works were publish- ed in two vols. 8vo, 1803. — .Me '« retrosfiectt'u. 352,353 ; Chand- kr*« life ofjohnaon^ 87. SMITH (Elihu Hubbard), an eminent physician of New York, wa&bornat Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1771, and was graduated at Yale College in 1786. After pursuing a regular course of medical studies under the direction of his father, he commenced the practice of physiciat Wethersfield in 1792, but removed to New York in 1793. In 1797 he commenced the medical repository in conjunction with Drs. Mitchill and Miller. He fell a victim to the yellow fever in 1798. At his eariy age he had explored a vast extent of medical learning. His diligence, and ardor, and perseverance knew n6 common bounds. His writings display singular acutcness, great force of reasonibg, and the talents of accurate and extensive obser- vation. Besides his medical productions in the repository, he pub- lished Edwin and Angelina, or the banditti, an opera in three acts, 1797.— 7lf///er,i. 395, 326 ; Medical refiositoryf sec. edit, hexade ii. v. 2 14, 2 15 ; Monthly mag. 1798, 402. SMITH (Isaac), a judge of the supreme court of New Jersey, was graduated at the college in that state in 1755, and afterwards commenced the practice of physic. From the beginning of the troubles with Great Britain he was distinguished for his patriotic services in the cause of his country. In 1776 he commanded a 6Y Fi-.i ' , I ' ' ^ i ■ •, * 1^ ■■f; 522 SOU. Mi m regiment, and during the periods of gloom and dismay he was firm and persevering. He associated valor with discretion, the discipline ed spirit of the soldier with the sagacity of the Aatesman. Soon Ufter the termination of the struggle, he received his appointment as judge, and for eighteen years discharged the ardous duties of that F^atiou. After the present constitution of the United States was formed, he was a member of the house of representatives, and was esteemed by Washington and Adams. Endowed with fine talents, 3>id having enjoyed a classical education, he united the character of a Christian, scholar, soldier, and gentleman. He died August 29, 1 807, in the sixty eighth year of his age, in hope of mercy through the Redeemer.— Por/yb/io, nevtaeriea^ i. 135, 136. SOUTH CAROLINA, one of the United States of America, was first granted with North Carolina and Georgia to the earl of Clarendon and others in 1663. A small plantation had for a nam- ber of years been established within the boundaries of the patent. A more ample charter was obtained in 1 664, and the government was placed in the hands of the proprietors. This proprietary gov- ernment continued about fifty years. In 1719 a change was effected in it by the inhabitants. They refused to do any business with the proprietary governor, but at the same time offered to obey him, if he would hold his authority in the name- of the king of Englan^. This being refused they chose a different governor, and bound them- selves by an association to stand by each other in the defence of their rights. From this period the government was regal. The governor was appointed by the crown, and he had a negative on all the bills passed by the assemblies. The English constitution was the model. During the proprietary government the colony was involved in perpetual quarrels. Uarrassed by the Indians, infested by pirates, invaded by the French and Spanish fleets, agitated with internal dissensions, it did not much flourish. But after the change in the government it increased rapidly. In 1729 the province of Carolina was divide-'l into the two distinct governments of North and South Car ma. This state took an early and decided part in the struggle with Great Britain. It was the first of the United States, that formed an independent constitution ; but as this was done on temporary principles it was new modelled after the declaration of independence by the continental congress. The present constitu- tion of South Carolina was adopted in 1790. It establishes a legis- lature of two branches, a house of representatives and a senate, the members of the former to be chosen every second and of the lattec every fourth year ; and they by a joint vote elect the governor for two years. The judges hold their commbsions during good be- havior, being appointed by the legislature.— /?ainsoj/** hitt. revolu- tion in S. Carolina ; Henuatt'a histor, acct. of 5. Car, and Georgia ; Holmea* annals i Morse's geog. ■i , .,.'' V '■'■/■ SPR. 523 6PROAT (James, d. d.)) minister in PhiladelpAiia, was bom at Scituate in Massachusetts April 11, 1732, and was graduated at Yale college in 1741. While a member oi this seminary he heard a sermon by the reverend Gilbert Tcnnent, which made the most permanent impressions upon his mind. He was ordained August S3, 1743, a minister in Guiltord, where he was highly popular and very useful. His exertions were directed to extend the revival of religion, which prevailed in this country at the time of his settle- ment. From Guilford he removed to Philadelphia, and succeeded Mr. Tcnnent at the close of the year 1768. Here he continued till his death, October 18, 1793, in the seventy second year of his age. The reverend Dr. Green, his colleague, survived him. The ma|)- ner of his funeral showed the high esteem, in which he was held. It was at tlie time, when the yellow fever made such ravages in the city, and when even two or three mourning friends were seldom seen attending a corpse to the grave. About fifty persons followed him, and some religious negroes voluntarily offered themselves to carry the bier. These grateful, generous Africans proved themselves worthy of the highest commendation. Dr. Sproat was a respectable divine, and in his preaching he Joved to dwell on the peculiar doc- trines of the gospel. His life exhibited a most amiable view of the influence of religion. Tlie copious extracts from his diary in the assembly's magazine evince his piety and submission to the will of God under the heaviest afflictions, and give an affecting account of the distress, occasioned by the ravages of the yellow fever.— ./f«- 9emb. miaa. mag. i. 315 — 321, 361 — 366, 414 — 418, 461—470; Masfta. rniaa. mag. v. 81 — 85 ; Coiled, hist. soc. x. 95. STANDISH (Miles), the hero of New England, was bom in Lancashire about the year 1584. After having been for some time in the army in the Netherlands, h6 settled \yiih Mr. Robinson^s con- gregation dt Leyden. Though not a member of the church be em- barked with the first company, that came to New England in 1 620, and was chosen captain or chief military commander at Plymouth. In every hazardous enterprise he was foremost ; he was resolute and daring ; and often wl^n in great danger was guarded by the providence of God. In 1623 he was sent to W,essae!:us5et or Wey- mouth to protect the settlers there from a conspiiracy of the Indians, which Masassoit had disclosed. Having chosen eight men he weti^ to the plantation tinder 4;he pretence of trade, and he found it in a most perilous condition. The people by their unjust and disorderly conduct had made themselves coEtem]*iible in the eyes of tiic In- dians. To give the savages satisfaction on account of com, which had been stolen, they pretended to hang the thief, but nung in his stead a poor, decrepid, old man. After Standish arrived at Wey- mouth, he was insulted and threatened by the Indians, who had been named as cons[Hrators. Taking an opportunity, when a number of them were together he killed five w:* ivt lQ»sing any of his Ji 5S?4 STE. men. He hittulf seized Pecknuot, a bold chief, snatched his knii'e from his neck, and killed him with it. The terror, with wiiich this enterprise filled the savages, was of great advantage to the colonists. When the repott of this transaction was carrieu to Holland, Mr. Robinson in his next letter to the governor exclaimed, ** O ^hat you had converted some before you had killed any." Cap> tain Standish was one of the magistrates or assistants, as long as he lived. He died in 1656 at Duxliorough, where he had a tract of land now known by the name of captain's hill. Mr. Hubbard says of himt" a little chimney is soon fired ; so was the Plymouth cap> tain, a man of a very smaJl stature* yet of a very hot and angry tem- per—He had been bred n soldier in the low countries, and never entered into the school of Christ, or of John the baptist." It does not appear however, that in his military expeditions he exceeded his orders. Morton says, that he felt asleep in the hovii.f—'Belkna/i\ jimer. hiog. i. 310— 336; Morton^ 155 ; Prince^ 136— <132 ; Holntfn' fmnaUf i. 207, 225, 369 j Hutchinson, ii. 46 1 ; Morac and Paria/i'ti JV. E. 240—249 ; Mal'a JV. E. i. 101, 310. STluUBEN (FasD^mcK Wuliam, baron de), a major gen* eral in the American army, was a Prussian oflicer, who served many years in the armies of the great Frederick, was one of his aids, and had held the rank of lieutenant general. He arrived in New Hamp* 9hire from Marseilles in November 1777 with strong recommendu- tions to congress. He claimed no rank, and only requested permis- sion to render as a volunteer what services he could to the American army. He was soon appointed to the ofiice of wspector general with the rank of major general. He established a uniform system pf manoeuvres, and by his skill and per^^evering industiy eflectcd during the continuance of the troops at Volley Forge a most impor- tant improvement in all ranks pf the army. He was a volunteer in the action at Monmouth, and commanded in the trenches of York Town on the day, which concluded the struggle with Great Britain. He died at Steubenville, New York* November 28) 1794, aged sixty one years. He was an accomplished gentleman apd a virtuous pitizen, of extensive knowledge and sound judgment. An abstract of his system of discipline was published in 1779, and in 1784 he published a letter on the subject of an established militia and military arrangements — Marahalii iii. 381 — 384 ; Gordon, iii. 67, 68 ; CoUrct. hiat. aoc. ii. 130; Gazette U. .$. December^ 26, 1794. STEVENS (Joscph), minister of Charlestovn, Massachusetts, ^as graduated at Harvard college in 1703, and was ordained col- league with Mr. Brad^treet October 13, 1713. He died Novem- oer 16, 1721, aged forty years. He was a fervent and eloquent preacher, cheerful thcugh serious in conversation, gentle as a father, and beloved by all his congregation. There was published from his manuscripts his last sermon, entitled, another and a better coun« iry ip re^rve for all true believers, and annexed to it a discourse on STE. 525 the death of the reTerenU Mr. Brattle of Cun)bridge.«-Co/man'« /"•^. to the above. STEVEN -> (BKNjAMiir, o. D.)t minister of Kitteryt Matsachu- settih WM Uie sun ol the preceding* und wns gruduutcd at Harvard college in 1740. His ordination took place May 1, 1751. He died May 18, 179 If having been respected in life as an able minister of the gospel, an exemplary Christian, and a modest and humble man. He possessed a penetrating mind and sound judgment. While he searched the sacred scriptures for the doctrines, which he preached* he paid all suitable attention to the manner, in which he delivered them ; and his discourses were well studied and well written. He published a sermon on the death of A. Peppcrell, esquire, 1752 ; on the death of sir William Pepperell, 1759; election sermon, 1761. wmHaven*9 termon on hi» death. STILES (Ezra, d. d.), president of Yale college, was the son of the reverend Isaac Stiles of North Haven, Connecticut* and was born December 15, 1737. He was graduated at the seminary, over which he was destined to preside, in 1746, and in 1749 was chosen tutor, in which station he remained six years. Alter having preached oceiisionaily his impaired health and some doubt respecting the truth ot Christianity induced him to pur* sue the study of the law. In 1753 he took the attorney's oath at New Haven, and practised at the bar till 1 755. But having resumed preaching, on the twenty second of October in this latter year he was ordained minister of the second congregational church in New< port, Rhode Island. In March 1776 the events of the war dispersed his congregation, and induced him to remove to Dighton. He after- wards preached for some time at Portsmouth. In 177/ he was chosen president of Yale college, as successor of Mr. Clap. He was .not desirous of this honor, for he loved retirement ; but he was per- suaded to accept it. He was installed July 8,1778, and be continued in this station till his death May 13, 1795, in the sixty eighth year of his age. Dr. Stiles was one of the most learned men, of whom this country can boast. He had a thoroUk:;h knowledge of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages, the former of which he learn- ed when he was about forty years of age ; he hud made considerable progress in the Samaritan, Chaklee, Syriac, and Arabic; on the Persic -and Coptic he had bestowed some attention; and the French he read with great facility. He was also well versed in most branches ot mathematical knowledge. Next to sacred literature astronomy was his favorite science. He had read the works of di- vines in various languages, and very few have had so thorough an acquaintance with the fathers of the Christian church. He possess- ed an intimate acquaintance with the Rabbinical writings. He was a most impressive and eloquent preacher, for he spoke with that zeal and energy, which the deepest interest in the most impor- tant subjects cannot fail to inspire. His early discourses were •y: % h I ' I 'Ml 996 sn. philoiopmcal tad moral } but he gredualljr became a terioua powerful preacker of the momentous truths of the gospel. In the room of latiored disquisitions addressed rather to the reason than to the oottscience and heart, he employed his time in preaching re- pentance and fiiith, the great truths respecting our disease and cure* the physician of souls and our remedy in him, the manner in 'which the sinner is brought home to God in regeneration! justification* ffwctification) ai:d eternal glory, the terrors and blessings of the world to come, the influence of the Holy Spirit and the efficacy of the truth in the great change of the character, preparatory for heaven. The doctrines of the trinity in unity, of the divinity and atonement of Christ, with the capital principles of the great theological system of the doctrines of grace he believed to have been the uninterrupted faith of eight tenths of Christendom from the ascension of Jesus Christ to the present day. This system, he observed to his flock, 1 have received from God in the scriptures of truth, and on the re- view of my ministry I hope you will find, that I hfve preached the unsearchable riches of Christ. He delighted in preaching the gos- pel to the poor. Among the members of his church at Newport were seven negroes. These occasionally met in his study, when he instructed them, and falling on their knees together he implored for them and for himself the blessing of that God, with whom all distinction excepting that of Christian excellence is as nothing. In the cause of civil and religious liberty Dr. Stiles was an enthusiast. He contended, that the right of conscience and private judgment was unalienable ; and that no exigencies of the Christian church could render it lawful to erect any body of men into a standing ju- dicatory over the churches. He engaged with zeal in the cause of his country. He thought, that the thirtieth of January, which was observed 1;^ the episcopalians in commemoration of the martyrdom of Charles I, ** ought to be celebrated as an anniversary thansgiv- ing, that one nation on earth had so much fortitude and public jus- tice, as to make a royal tyrant bow to the sovereignty of the peo- ple.'* He was catholic in his sentiments, for hi^ heart was open to receive all, who loved the Lord Jesus in sincerity. He was conspicu- ous for his benevolence, as well as for his learning and piety. The following extracts from his diary furnish evidence of his Christian goodness. ** The review of my life astonishes me with a sense of my sins. May I be washed in the blood of Jesus, which cleanseth from all sin. Purify and sanctify me, O blessed Spirit ! — I hope I love my Savior for his divine excellencies, as well as for his love to sinners ; I glory in his divine righteousness ; and earnestly be- seech the God of all grace to endue me with true und real holiness, and to make me like himself.-*! have earnestly importuned the youth of thia university to devote themselves to that divine Jdsus, who hath loved them to the death. And praised be God, I have reason to hope the lilessed Spirit hath wrought effectually on the STL 5S7 I* B • teriotis uiA ;otp«l. In the rcMon than to n preaching re- Lieate and cur«t kttiir.er in 'which m, juitification, tletsinga of the 1 the efficacy of itory for heaven, and atonement Bologtcal system le uninterrupted tension of Jesus •ved to hit flock, s, and on the re- re preached the caching the gos- urch at Newport is study, when he Lher he implored , with whom all is as nothing. In vas an enthusiast, private judgment Christian church ito a standing ju- al in the cause ot mary, which was "the martyrdom Tersary thansgiv- de and public jus- ignty of the peo- heart was open to ie was conspicu- and piety. The J of his Christian le with a sense of , which cleanseth Spirit !— I hope I as for his love to ind earnestly he- and real holiness, , importuned the that divine Jesus, be God, I have effeclually on the hearts of sundry, who have, I think, been brought homt to God* and experienced what flesh and blood cannot impart to the human mind. Whether I shall ever get to heaven, and through many trib- ulations enter into rest, God only knows. This 1 know, that 1 am one of the moat unworthy of all the works of God." Though in the first stage of his last sickness he expressed awful apprehen- sion of standing at the divine tribunal ; yet his hopes of heaven brightened as he approached the grave, and he departed in great calmness and peace. He was a man of low stature, and of a small though well propor- tioned form. His voice was clear and energetic. His counttnanco especially in conversation was expressive of benignity and mildness ; but if occasion required, it became the index of majesty and au» thority. He published a funei'al oration in Latin on governor Law^ 1751 ; a discourse on the Christian union, preached before the con* gregational ministers of Rhode Island, 1760 ; in ^ :is work he re- commends harmony among differing Christians, and showa an ^nti* mate acquaintance with the ecclesiastical affairs o f this country ; n ser- mon at the installation of reverend Samuel Hopkins, 1 77' > ; a Lat'n era* tion on his induction into his office of president, 1778; the United States elevated to glory and honor, an election sermon, preached May 8, 1783, which exhibits the eloquence, and patriotism, and glowing sentiments of liberty, with which the august occasion coul^ it full to inspire him ; a sermon at the ordination of the reverend Heory Channing at New London, 1787 ; history of the three judges of kin^; Charles I, Whalley, Goffe, and Dixwell, 12mo, 1795 j in this work he discloses very fully his sentiments on civil liberty, and pre* diets a << republican renovation" in England. He left an unfinished ecclesiastical liistory of New England, and more than forty volumca ot manuscripts. An interesting account of his life was published by his son in law, the reverend Dr. Holmes, in 1798.— ffo/mM* i(fc of Stilea ; Meiga* oration, and Trumbull\ Dana's, and Patten*a aer* mona on hia death ; jiaaemb. tniaa. mag. i. 163—169. STILLM AN (Samuel, d. d.), minister in Boston, was bom in Philadelphia February 27, 1737. When lie was but eleven years of age his parents removed to Charleston, Sour- ' .'arolina, and in an academy in that city he received the rudimenis of his education. The {Hvaching of the reverend Mr. Hart was the means of teach- ing him, that he was a sinner, and of converting him. Being or- diuned at Charleston February 36, 1759, he immediately afterwards settled at James' island ; but his impaired health induced him in 1760 to remove to Bordentown, New Jersey, where he preached two years, and then went to Boston. After being an assistant for about a year in the second baptist church, he was installed the min- ister of the first, as successor of Mr. Condy, who now resigned his office, January 9, 1765. In this church he continued his benevo- Tent labors, oniversally respected and beloved, till his death by a It! iM ii Mr •Ii' I -A- w 528 STL ^! i, V J ■ ■'« 'ii i ¥ : . I paralytic shock March 13, 180/, In the seventieth year of his age. As an eloquent preacher of the gospe' Dr. Stillman held the first rank. Embracing the peculiar doctrines of the Christian religion, he explained and enforced them with clearness and with apostolic in- trepidity and zeal. He possessed a pleasant and most commanding voice, and as he felt what he s[Kike he w&» enabled to transfuse his own feelings into the hearts of his auditors. The total moral de- pravity of ;nan was a principle, on which in his preaching he much insisted, anu he believed, that the Christian was dependent on God's immediate agency for the origin and continuance of every gracious exercise. From his clear apprehension of tlie eternal personal election of a certain number of the human race to salvation, he was led to believe the perseverance unto eternal glory of all those, who are regenerated by the Spirit of God. The godhead and atonement of the Lord Jesus Christ were his frequent themes. He was a preacher of righteousness, and his own life was holy. In the cham- ber of sickness and aflliction, he was always among different de- nominations a welcome visitor. His uncommon vivacity and energy ef feeling were united with a perfect sense of propriety, and with affability, ease, and politeness. He published a sermon on the re- peal of the stamp act, 1766 ; atth-^ artillery election, 1770 ; at the ordination of Samuel Shepard at Stratham, 1771 ; on the death of Samuel Ward, 1776 ; election sermon, 1779 ; before a society of freemasons, 1789 ; apostolic preaching in three discourses, 1790 ; en the death of Nicholas Brown, 1791 ; a thanksgiving sermon on the French revolution, 1794 ; at the ordination of Stephen Smith Nelson, 1797 ; on the national fast, 1799 ; on the death of George Washington, 1 800 ; on openmg the baptist meeting house in Charles- town ; at the ordination of Thomas Waterman, 1 80 1 ; on the first anniversary of the female asylum, 1802 ; on the first anniversary of the Massachusetts baptist missionary society, 1 803 ; at the funeral of Hezekiah Smith, 1805. A volume of his sermons was published from his manuscripts, 8vo, 180S,— -Sketch fire/ixed to tda select eer- mona ; Baldwin's fun. sermon ; Panofilisty ii. 533— -535 ; Masaa, bafit, tnfsa.mag.i, 317—320; Folyanthoa, v. 3^-9; Emerald^ ii, 159 — 162. STIRLING (Eaul of), see William Alexander. STITH (William), president of William and Mary college, Virginia, was a native of that colony, and for a number of years a respectable clergyman. He withdrew from the laborious office, which he sustained in the college, soon after the year 1740. He puHUshed a history of the first discovery and settlement of Vir- gin)), Williamsburg, 8vo, 1747. It brings down the history only to li)24. An appendix contains a collection of chatters relating to the period, comprised in the volume. Besides the copious materi- als of Smith the author derived assistance from the manuscripts of his uncle, sir Joui\ Randolph, and from the records of the London jrear of his age. in held the first iristian religion, ivith apostolic in- Mt commanding to transfuse his I total moral de- aclung he much lendent on God's >f every gracious eternal personal salvation) he was }f all those, who id and atonement mes. He was a ly. In the cham- ong different de- kracity and energy jpriety, and with ermon on the re- ion, 1770 ; at the ; on the death of efore a society of iiscourses, 1790 ; Lgiving sermon on ,f Siephen Smith ! death of George r house in Charles- 1801 ; on the first irst anniversary of )3 } at the funeral ons was published d to hia select « STODDARD (John), a member of the council of Massadiusett^, was the son of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1701. He dischar(;ed the duties of several important stations with great ability and uprightness. He was many years in the coun- cil, was chief justice in the court of common pleas, and colonel of a regiment. With a vigorous mind and keen penetration he united an accurate acquaintance with the concerns of the colonies and of the neighboring tribes of Indians. Thoroughly established in the principles and doctrines of the first fathers of New England, he greatly detested what he considered the opposite errors of more modenv divinity. He died at Boston June 19, 1748^ in the sixty seventh year of his ?i%t j-— Edward' a aermon on hia death. STONE (Samuel), one of the first ministers of Hartford, Con- necticut, was a native of England, and was educated at the university of Cambridge. To escape persecution he came to this country with Mr. Cotton and Mr. Hooker, and was settled as an assistant of the latter at Cambridge October 1 1, 1633. He removed with him in 1636 to Ha' 'ford, where he died July 20, 1663. While he was re- garded as one of the most accurate and acute disputants of his day, he was also celebrated for his wit, pleasantry, and good humor. Be- ing eminently pious, he abounded in fastings and prayer, and was a most strict observer of the Christian sabbath. He published a con- gregational church is a catholic visible church, &c. London, 1652. In this work, which is a curious specimen of logic, he endeavors to <1emolish the system of a national, political church. He left in STO. 5^1 manuscript a confutation of the antimonianst and a body of divinity. •The latter was so much esteemed as to be often trnM/y anthology, i. 573. STOUGHTON (William), lieutenant governor of Massachu- setts, was the «on of colonel Israel Stoughton, early an assistant in the colony, who commanded the Massachusetts troops in the Pequot war. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1650, and becoming a preacher was appointed to preach the election sermon in 1668, ■though he was not a settled minister. This sermon has been rank- ed among the best delivered upon the occasion. After the death of Mr. Mitchel he declined an invitation to become his su(:cessor in the care of the church at Cambridge. In 1671 he was chosen a magistrate, and in 1 677 wient to England as an agent for the prov- ince* He was a member of the council, and chief justice of the superior court. Being appointed liei\tenant governor in 1692, he was commander in chief from 1691 to 1699 and again in 1700. He died at Dorchester July 7, 1701, aged seventy years. He was a man of great learning, integrity, prudence, patriotism, and piety. He was a generous benefactor of Harvard college, giving to that institution about one thousand pounds. 'Stoughton hall was erected at his expense in 1698. He left a tract of land for the support of students, natives of Dorchester, at the college, and another tract for the benefit of schools. He was never married.— lVillard*a serm.^ on bis death; Collect, hist. aoc. ii. 10 ; vii. 30, 31 ; ix 180 ; Hutch- inaon, ii. 53, 81, 131, 135, 127, 128 ; Mara M E. ii. 174 ; Holmea* annala^ ii. 56 ; Nonconform, memor. i. 254. STUYVESANT (Peter), the last Dutch governor of ^e^^fr York, began his administration in 1647. He was conrinuatly em- |>leyed in resisting the encroachments of the English and Swedes i r^ >ii 532 SUL. 1 It ■ £ < I :li !^ i ,: tt* I ! upon the territory entrusted to him. In 1664 an expedition from England was sent out against the Dutch possessions. Three or four frigates under the command ot colonel Nicolis appeared belore New Amsterdam or New York) and governor Stuy vesant was sum- moned to surrender ; but as be was a good soldier and had lost a leg in the service of the States he was by no means disposed to comply. He returned a long letter vindicating the claims of the Dutch, and declaring his resolution to defend the place. He was however obliged to capitulate on the twenty seventh of August. The whole of th? New Netherlands soon became subject to the English. He rerciained in this country, and at his death was buried in a chapel on hJs owr farm a few miles from New York.f— i'mzV/t'a J\r. Y. 5—33. StJLLlV'AN (John, ll. d), major general in the American army, and president of New Hampshire, was appointed by congress a hrigadier general in 1775, and in the following year* it is believed, a major general. He superseded Arnold in the command of the army in Canada June 4, 1776, but was soon driven out of that prov- ince. He afterwards on the illness of Greene took the command of his division on Long Island. In the buttle of August the twenty seventh he was taken prisoner with lord Stirling. In a few months however he was exchanged* for when Lee was carried off, he took the command of his division in New Jersey on the twentieth of De- cember. On the twenty second of August 1777 he planned and exc- cuiw:d an expedition against Staten Island, for which on an inquiry in- to his conduct he received the' approbation of the court. In September he was engaged in the battle of Brandy wine, and on the fourth of October in that of Germantown. In the winter he was detached to command the troops in Rhode Island. In August 1778 he laid siege to Newport, then in the hands of the British, with the fullest confidence of success ; but being abandoned by the French fleet under D'Estaing, who sailed to Boston, he was obliged to his un- utterable chagrin to raise the siege On the tw^cnty ninth an action took place with the pursuing enemy, who were repulsed. On the thirtieth with great military skill he passed over to the continent, without the loss of a single article, and without the slightest suspi- cion on the part of the British of his movements. In the summer of 1779 he cuminandedan expedition against the six nations of Indians in New York. Being joined by general Clinton on the twenty sec- ond of August, he marched towards the enemy under the command of P"andt, the Butlers, and others at Newtown between the south end ^^f Seneka lake and Tioga river, attacked them in their works, and completely dispersed them. He then laid waste the country, destroyed all their villages, and left not a single vestige of hutnan industry. This severity was necessary to prevent their ravages. General Sullivan had made such hi|>h demands for military stores, apd h^d so freely complained of tlic government i'ov inattention to SUL. 533 1 expedition from iions. Tiirce or i uppcared be I ore yvesant was »um- ier and had lost a leans disposed to the claims ot the B place. He was venth of August, me subject to the } death was buried iw York.'^— 6'»nz7/i'« le American army, ted by congress a rcar^ it is believed, e command of the sn out of that prov- took the command August the twenty . In a few months carried off, he took ^c twentieth of De- le planned and exc- ch on an inquiry in- bourt. In September nd on the fourth of le was detached to Uj^ust 1778 he laid sh, with the fullest )y the French fleet obliged to his un- nty ninth an action epulsed. On the cr to the continent, the slightest suspi- In the summer of X nations of Indians on the twenty sec- mder the command between the south »em in their works, waste the country, e vestige of human ;vent their ravages. for military stores, u iov inattention to those demands, as to give much offence to some merobefs of con- gress and to the board of war. He in consequence resigned his command on the ninth of November. He was afterwards a member of congress. In the years 1786, 1787, and 1789 he was president of New Hampshire, in which station by his vigorous exertions he quelled the spirit of insurrection, which exhibited itself at th *: time of the troubles in Massachusetts. In Octolier 1789 he was ap- pointed district judge of New Hampshire. He died at his seat in Durham January 23, 1795, aged fitty tour years.— Mar«/j«t//, ii. 362» 367,430,458,535; iii. 135 — 137,179,488-^520; iv.l04— 113; V. Ill; Harren, ii. 100-— 119; Gordoriy ii. 503; lii. 159— 168* 307^312. ,.,. . ijiai.. ' .' ••» SULLIVAN (James, LL.n.), governor of Massachuietts, was the brother of the preceding, and was bom at Berwick in the district of Maine April 23, 1744. His father, a man of liberal education, came to this country about the year 1723. He took the sole charge of the education of his son James and lived to see him distinguished in the world, dying in July 1795, in the one hundred and sixth year of his age. Governor Sullivan was destined for the military life, but the fracture of a limb in his car! y years induced him to bend the vigorous powers of his mind to ttie investigation of the law. After pursuing the study of this science under his brother, general Sullivan, he soon rose to celebrity, and was appointed king's attor- ney for the county, in which he .resided. On the approach of the revolution he took an early and active part on the side of his country. Being a member of the provincial congress of Massachusetts in 1775, he was entrusted together with two otlier gentlemen with a difficult commission to Ticonderoga, which was executed in a very satisfactory manner. Early in the following year he was appointed a judge of the superior court. He was a member of the convention, which framed the constitution of the state in 1779 and 1780. In February 1782 he resigned his office of judge and returned to the practice of the bar. He was appointed a delegate to congress in 1783 ; and in the ensuing year was one of the commissioners in the settlement of the controversy between Massachusetts and New York respecting their claims to the western lands. He was repeat* cdly chosen to represent the town of Boston in the legislature, in 1787 %vasa member of the executive council and judge of probate for Suffislk, and in 1 790 was appointed attorney general, in which office he continued till June 1807, when he was called to the chief magistracy of the commonwealth, as successor of governor Strong. He was appointed by president Washington agent under the fifth article of the British treaty for settling the boundaries between the United States and the British provinces. Of the American acade- my of arts and sciences he was one of the members from its first institution ; a principal founder and many years president of the IVIa^sachusetts historical society ; president of the Massachusetts :'■ ■* ' i. i.\ ,.■. :! 534 SUL. i ' n aim . .^wW.f ■ 1^1 ^*'K' I. ;■'' I i' con^ref^lional, charitable society ; and a member of the humane society. He w&^ 'hi. ,)rojectcr of the Middlesex canal, to which object he devoted a gutat portion of time and labor. Soon after his second election to the office of governor his health became enfee- bled, ati J he suffered a ion^ and distressing confinement, which ter- minated in his death December 10, 1808, in the sixty fifth year of his age. "he van.-jus public offices, which governor SuUivvn euatainpd du- ring a period of forty years, were conferred upt n hisp. by the irec and unbiassed suff'rageiof his countrymen. As l.c ^a -iot aesistcfl in his progress to distivt<:tion by the advantages of opulenc«=! or fam- ily connexions, the stations, which he heh!, were % )>roo!.' uf hi^ tai ents, of his iiidefatigabtc industry, e^d of thi^> confidence, which wus reposed in his integrity- If in the. course of a long political career, in times of turbulence and party biu ^tness, he did not always es- cape the common tributt ol' reproach, which accomp' ;iies all ill'ts- trious talents, his strongest opponents could never deny, thai t^is execution of every public trust was distinguished by that ^leculiar quality, which was most appropriate to itf na.u re. As a ^ tJge he was u^ijversally acknowledged to have displayed the M>ost perfect .impart .)ljiy. As the lablic prosecutor of the state he tempered the sternncJiu oi ofRclai severity with the rarer tenderness of hu- manity. K'> 3Vyle of eloquence was original, and adapted, with ju- dicious dbcM>, and was graduated at Harvard col- lege in 1767. After enterini;- upon t!ie profession of the law he was chosen a representative of his native town in the legislature, andtnen a senator. In 1782 governor Hancock placed him on the bench of the supreme court. As a judge he was dispassionate, im- partial, and discerning. In 1797 he was chosen governor as suc- cessor of Samviel Adams, and he was reelected in the succeeding years till his death June 7, 1799, in the fifty third year of his age. He possessed a strons? and well balanced mind. His judgment ■was correct, atiid though he maintained an unusual degree of self 1 '■ I « If'' m I' iVA .|. 1! •.••ilr I 536 SWI. *3 command, yet his coolness of temper was to be ascribed rather to the influence of religious discipline) than to constitutional tempera- ment. He was mild, candid, and moderate, being remarkably free from everv appearance of party spirit. In the intercourse of do- mestic and private life he was affectionate and faithful. Soon after he commenced the practice of the law, he made a public profession of his belief in Christianity, and his life was exemplary. His social hours were not passed in idle anecdote. Few persons were more in the habit of introducing in their familiar conversation reflections of a moral and religious nature. In his last sickness be observed to a friend, *' a dying bed is not the place for one to begin to attend to his religion, and prepare for another world. But I have not been unmindful of these conceins. I have thoufjHt muchof tfietn. The more I have rcflrxted on the subject o* relin;ion, the nioie has my mind been settled and confirmed in its reality and importance. I am sensible that many infirmities and errors have attended me ; but I trust I have the testimony of my conscience to tlic general recti- tude of my views and conduct in life."'— Porter'a and Thachcr'a npr- motta on his dtath." ' '^ ^' ' ' ^' SWIFT (Job, d. n.), minister of Bennington, Vermont, was born in Sandwich, Massachusetts, in 1743, and was graduated at Yale coUego in 1765. About the year 1766 he was ordained at Richmond, Massachusetts, where he continued seven years, making every ex- ertion to instruct his people in the peculiar doctrines of the gospel. At length some difference of opinion between himself and the church proved the occasion of his dismission. He then removed to a place, called the Nine Partners in the state of New York. Here he met with no opposition, and his labors were attend id with no success. His hearers remainiui^ in the greatest stupidity not- withstanding all his exertions to awaken their attention to reliqious truth, at the close of seven or eight years he thought it his duty to leave them. He went to Manchester in Vermont, where he con- tinued about two years, and rejoiced in perceiving, that the precioUo truths of the gospel, which he proclaimed, were rendered by the divine Spirit subservient to the everlasting good of a number of persons. He then had an invitation to settle in Bennington, where he spent about sixteen years. Again he was dismissed, but the causes of his dismission had no reference to his moral and ministe- rial character. Removing to Addison, he was the means of organ- ?zing a church, and of bringing to the people of this town the richest blessings. While he was on a mission in the northern part of Vermont, undertaken at his own expense, he died at Enoshurgh October 20, 1 804, aged about sixty one years. He rejoiced, that his life was to terminate at a distance from his friends, without wit- nessing the distresses of his family. The patience, with which he endured thepainsof his last sickness, and the composure, with which he met the king of terrors, excited tlie greatest ustouishmeat in an SYM. 537 ibed rather to ional tempcra- sinarkably free rcourse of do- iil. Soon after iblic profession iry. HU social ons were more Lion reflections ;8s ne observed begiii to attend 1 have not been loftliem. The ,e nioie has my importance. I tended mc; but ic general recti- id Thacher'a hii- trmont, was born riuKuited ut Yule ned at Richmond, naking every ex- es of the gospel, himself and the le then removed fe of New York. :re attends d with St stupidity not- ition to religious ^ht it his duty to |t, where he con- |th jt the precioUo rendered by the of a number of jnnington, where israissed, but the lond and ministe- means of organ- Is town the richest northern part of ^d at Enoshurgh ffle rejoiced, that ;nds, without wit- ;e, with which he Insure, with which iionishment in at; unbeliever, who was prt 'ent. While suffering a great variety of evils in life he never uttered a cumplaining word, and when he discovert ' uneasiness or discontent in any of tlie members of hi» tumily he inculcated upon them the duty of submission, and reminded them of the undeserved blessings, which they were yv^t permitted to enjoy, lie possessed a vigorous and comprehensive mind, which was ca< pabic ol investigating the abstrusest subjects. In his preaching he dwelt much upon the doctrine of human depravity, the necessity of regeneration, faith, repentance, and good works. His zeal for the promotion of the Redeemer's kingdom was ardent and constant, and in the death of no other man could the churches of V^ermont in hu- man estimation have sustained a greater loss. After the death of Dr. Swift a volume of his sermons was published in 12 mo, 1805. But they arc in an imperfect state, as they were not intended for the press, and as the author was not in the habit of fully writing his sermons^— 'Sketch firefixed to hia discourses. SYiVlMCS (Thomas), minister of Bradford, Massachusetts, was the sun of the reverend Zechariah Symmes, the first minister of that town, who died Marcli 27, 1707. His grandfather, the rever- end Zechariah Symmes, was for more than forty years the minister of Charlestown. He was born at Bradford February 1, 1678, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1698. He was ordained the first minister of Boxford December SO, 1702, but was dismissed from that town in 1708, and succeeded his father at Bradford in the same year. In this town he died October 6, 1725, in the forty- eighth year of his age. He was a man of strong powers of mind and of very considerable learning. Sometimes in his family he would read the scriptures from the Hebrew. In early life his prin- ciples were not very strict, but he afterwards embraced the doc- trines of original sin, grace, and predestination, justification by fdth through the imputed righteousness of Christ, and the perseverance of the saints. He was an animated, popular, faithful, and successful preacher. His exertions to do good in private and public were re- warded by large accessions to his church of such, as he hoped would be saved. He was remarkable for the sanctity of his life, for his constancy in secret devotion, for his self examination and his regard to days of fasting and prayer. He published monitor to delaying sinners } artillery election sermon, 1720 ; discourse against preiu- dice ; a sermon at the ordination of Joseph Emerson, 1721 ; joco* serious dialogue on singing, 1723 ; the people's interest relating to the support of ministers, 1724 ; historical memoirs of the fight at Piggwacket May 9, 172 5, with a sermon on the fall of capunn Love- well. After the death of Mr. Symmes an account of his life was published by the reverend John Brown of Haverhill, to which is annexed from his manuscripts his advice to his children and to tlie church,— i/row«*» sermon on his deaths and memorative mccount. 69 V Iv -< ■s ■, \ 538 SYM. :l tl n i'-i SYMAIES (William, O.D.), minister of Andover, Massachu* ifctts, was graduated at Harvard college in 1750, and from 175S to 1758 was a tutor in that seminary. His ordination took place on the first of November of this latter year. He died May 3, 1807, ill the seventy eighth year of his age, and the forty ninth of his ininistr/. To his profession he devoted himself exclusively, and he was occupied through life in theological pursuits. His sermons were written with great care and in a style remarkably neat and correct. He was distinguished for his prudence, hospitable, dig- nified in his manners, and pure in his principles and conduct. He published election sermon, 1735, and two other occasional dis> courses.'— Jie/iertory, May 15, 1807. TACKAN ASH (John), Indian minister on Martha's Vineyard, was ordained colleague with Hiacoomes August 22, 1670, the day, on which the first Indian church was gathered on the island. He possessed very considerable talents, and was exemplary in his life. Allowing himself in few diversions, he studied much, and seemed to advance in piety, as he became more acquainted with the truths of the gospel. He was the most distinguished of Indian preachers. In prayer he was devout and fervent, faithful in his instructions and reproofs, strict in the discipline of his church, excluding the immoral from the ordiniuices till they repented. So much was he respected, that a number of the English, when deprived of their own minister, attended the meeting of Mr. Tackanach and received the Lord's sup- per from his hands. All would probably have attended, if they had understood the Indian language, in which he preached. He died in the peace and hope of the Christian January 23, 1684. His place of residence was at Nunpang at the east end of Martha's Vineyard.— Mayheia'a Indian converts, 14—16. - TAPPAN (David, D.D.), professor of divinity in Harvard col- lege, was the son of the reverend Benjamin Tappan of Manchester, Massachusetts, and was bom April 21, 1752. He was graduated at the university of Cambridge in 1771. After pursuing the study of divinity for two or three years he comnfienced preaching, and was ordained minister of the third churh in Newbury in April 1774. In this place he continued about eighteen years. His successor was the reverend Mr. Woods. In June 1792 he was elected professor of divinity in Harvard college in the place of Dr. Wigglesworth, who had resigned, and after anxious deliberation and the advice of an ecclesiastical council he was inaugurated December 26, 1793. When he was introcKiced into this office, the students of the univer- sity were uncommonly dissolute. For some time they had received no regular instruction in theology, and the tide of opinion began to run in the channel of inlidelity. But the lectures of Dr. Tappan, which combined entertainment with information, which were pro- found and yet pathetic, elegant in style and conclusive in argtiment, and which came warm from a pious heart, soon checked the prog- I ] lover, ^las&achii« and from 1755 to ion took place on led May 3, 1807, "orty ninth of his If exclusively, and its. His sermons narkabl^ neat and ;e, hospitable, dig- md conduct. He er occasional dis- Iarthtt*8 Vineyard, 23, 1670, the day, n the island. He :mplary in his life, much, and seemed Led with the truths f Indian preachers, tiis instructions and iluding the immoral h was he respected, their own minister, ived the Lord*3 sup- ttended, if they had pached. He died in 1684. His place of artha's Vineyard.— ity in Harvard col- )pan of Manchester, He was graduated pursuing the study preaching, and was ,ury in April 1774. . His successor was as elected professor Dr. Wigglesworth, jn and the advice of December 26, 1793. idents of the univer- tie they had received 3 of opinion began to ures of Dr. Tappan, on, which were pro- elusive in argMment, n checked the prog. TAP. 539 ressof profanity and dissipation, a^ ^ put^open irreligion to shame. It has been thought however, th^ nis usefulness to the cause of divine truth might have been increased, if he hud dwelt upon the dis- tinguishing doctrines of the gospel, which he believed, with more frequency and with greater perspicuity and fulness, and if in some instances he had been less careful to accommudalc hiuiself to opin- ions, which he disapproved, and to prejudices, which he thouijjht pernicious. His remarkable humility, meekness, and modesty, the keen sensibility of his nature, and his caution nut to otfcnd, lest the mind should be shut to the truth, might at times have given a di- rection to the benevolent spirit, which animated him, that would nut have been taken by a man of greater hardihood of temper ; but he was always anxious to do good and always interesting and energetic in his preaching. After a short sickness he died August 37, 1803, aged fifty one years. He was succeeded in the professorship by tlie reverend Dr. Ware. Dr. Tappan possessed much activity and vigor of mind, fertility of invention, and force of imagination. He had a facility in fixing his attention, and in discriminating and arranging his thoughts. His readiness of conception and command of language enabled him both in speaking and writing to express what he thought and felt with propriety, per.picuity, and force. The religious principles, which he embraced, were the doctrines of the eternal counsels of Jehovah, man's fallen, ruined state, the electing love of God, the atonement of Christ, justification by grace, and the efficacy of the divine Spirit in renewing; sinners and preparing them for glory. The doctrine of redemption by a crucified Savior constituted in his view the basis of the gospel. In such a light did he regard the proper divinity of Jesus Christ, that he declared it to be " the rock of his eternal hopes." To benevolence and candor, sincerity in speech, and up- rightness in conduct he joined the careful cultivation and practice of the personal virtues. He was superior to all fretful and anxious thoughts about his temporal affaiib, and to all vanity of extcrnar appearance. When tried by the ignorance and stupidity, or by the perverseness and injustice of men, he was calm and collected. For the conduct of those, who had treated him with the most puinful unkindness, he invented the most charitable excuses, 'iOd even sought opportunities of dohig them good. His religion as well as his nature disposed him to sympathy, tenderness, and love. Kind aflfeciions lighted up liis countenance, gave a j^low to his coiivcrsa- tion, and cheerfulness to his active benevolence. When arrested by his last sickness, and warned of his approaching dissolution, he was not discomposed. With many expressions of humility and self abasement intermingled, he declared liis hope in the infinite mercy of God through the atonement of Christ. When his wife expressed some of the i'eelin;:;s, which were excited by t'u; thoui:;ht of parting with him, he said," if Gocl is glorified, I am made forever. i'l r, V. |i. , »• ' 1 540 TAW. \i 1 i:il Can't you lay hold of that I Can't you Uy hold of th^ <" To hi» sons he said, '^ 1 charge you to love God 8upremely}p.r.;i to love yoiu* neighbor as yourselves ; for without these there is no V wc religion." lie had such u sense of the evil of sin and of his own ill desert thai nothing could afford him consolation, but the all sufiicient gruce of the Redeemer. In Jesus Christ his soul found rest. Dr. Tappan published two discourses, preached ^n the sabbath after his ordination, 1774; a discourse on the character aiid best exercises of unrcgenerate sinners, 1782 ; a sermon on the fast, 1783 ; on the peace, 1783 ; on the death of Moses Parsons, 1784 ; two friendly letters to Philalethcs, 1785 ; a sermon at the ordina- tion of J. Dickinson) 1789 ; address to the students of Andover academy, 179 1 ; sermon at the election, 1792 ; before an association at Portsmouth, 1792; farewell sermon at Newbury; on the fast, 1 793 ; at the ordination of J. T. Kirkland ; a discourse to graduates; address to students at Andover ; discourse on eight persons drewn« ed in the Merrimack ; to the class, which entered college, 1794 ; on the thanksgiving, 1795 ; on the death of J. Russell, a student ; to the class, which entered college, 1796 ; sermon before the conven- tion, 1797 ; on the fast, 1798 ; at the ordination of James Kendall ; on the death of Washington ; at the ordination of N. H. Fletcher, 1800 ; on the death of lieutenant governor Phillips ; at the instalU- lion ot H. Packard, 1802 ; on the death of Dr. Hitchcock ; on the death of Mary Dana, 1803. Since the death of Dr. Tappan two volumes have been published from his manuscripts, the one con- sisting of sermons on important subjects, and the other entitled, lectures on Jewish antiquities, 8vo, IS07 ^-^Pano/iliatj i. 1—5, 45— 51, 137 — 142, 185 — 193 ; Monthly anthology,n. 120 — 124 ; Holmes' and Kendall*8 aermom on hia death ; Columbian centinel, September 14, 1803. TAWANQU ATUCK, the first Indian sachem, who was con- verted to Christianity on Martha's Vineyard, lived on that island, when the English first settled there in 1643. His conversion through the labors of Mr. Mayhew was a circumstance very irri- tating to his copper colored brethren, who were indignant, that he should turn away from the religion of their fathers. One night, after an assembly of the Indians, as Tawanquatuck lay asleep upon a mat by a little fire, an Indian approached him and let fly a broad beaded arrow, intending to drench it in his heart's blood ; but it struck his eyebrow, and being turned in its direction by the solid bone, glanced and slit his nose from the top to the bottom. The next morning Mr. Mayhew visited the sagamore, and found him praising God for his great deliverance. He afterwards became a Christian magistrate to his people, and discharged faithfully the trust reposed in him as long as he lived. He died about the year 1670.— Afay- lif"ii>*a Indian converts^ 80—82 ; Whilfield *a light appearing^ is^c. TAY. 541 TAYLOR (William), remarkable (or longevity, died in Pitt county, Nurth Curoiinu, in October 1794, a|;ed one hundred and fouriuen years. He was a nuiivc of Virginia. On the morning of his death he had set out to walk two miles.-— Gazcrrc U. H, A*ov defence. He found also at Trenton his brother Gilbert from i'hiladelphia with Mr. Kinsey, one of the first counsellors in the city. Mr. Tennent was asked who were his witnesses ; he replied, that he had none, as the persons, who accompanied hini, wei*e also indicted. He was pressed to delay the trial, as he would most certainly be convicted ; but he insisted, that it should proceed, as he trusted in God to vindicate his innocence. Mr. Coxe was charging Mr. Tennent .with acting the part of an enthusiast, when the bell sum- moned them to court. The latter had not walked far in the street before he was accosted by a man and his wife, who asked him if his name was not Tennent. The man said, that he lived in a certain place in Pennsylvania or Maryland; that Mr. Ten- nent and Mr. Rowland had lodged at his house, or at a house where he and his wife had been servants, at a purtirnlur titrtn, and on the next day preached ; t!ia* some nights before he left home, 70 If »'.i i> , l^. rl :i ( am r'\ri f 't '1' r 1',^ I ; h I Mjij,! 54a TEN. he and his wife both dreamed repeatedly, that Mr. Tennent was in distress at Trenton, and they only could relieve him ; and that they in consequence had come to that town, and wished to know what they had to do. Mr. Tennent led them to the court house, and their testimony induced the jury to bring in a verdict of not guilty to the astonishment of hisenemies. After a life of great usefulness, Mr. Tennent died at Freehold March B, 1777, aged seventy one years. He was well read in divinity, and ptolessed himself a mod- erate Calvinist. The doctrines of man's depravity, the atonement of Christ, the necessity of tne all powerful influence of the Holy Spirit to renew the heart, in consistence with the free agency of the sinner, were among the leading articles of his faith. With his frienus he was at all times cheerful and pleasant. He once dined in company with governor Livingston and Mr. Whitefield, when the latter expressed the consolation he found in believing amidst the fatigues of the day that his work would soon be done, and that he should depart and be with Christ. He appealed to Mr. Tennent, whether that was not his conifort. Mr. Tennent replied, " what do you think I should say, if I was to send my man Tom into the field to plough, and at noon should find tiim lounging under a tree, complainin;^ of the heat, and of his difficult work, and begging to be discharged of his hard service ? What should I say ? Why, that he was an idle, lazy fellow, and that it was his business to do the work, that I had appointed him.'* He was the friend of tlie poor. The public lost in him a firm assertor of the civil and religious rights of his country. Few men have ever been more holy in life, more submissive to the will of God under heavy afilictions, or more peaceful in death. An accoimt, which he wrote o£ the revival of religion in Freehold and other places, is published in Prince's Christian history. — Asaembh/a miaa. ma^. ii. 97 — 103, 146— >166, 202 — 207, 333 — 335 ; Panofiiiat, ii. I — 5, 49 — 67, 97 — 100 ; Maa- aachusetts miss. mag. iv. I, 41, 81, 121 ; Christian hiatory for 1744, 298— -310. TENNESSEE, one of the United States of America, was for- inerly a part of Carolina, and in 1754 contained not more than fifty families, who were either destroyed or driven away by tlie Indians before the close of the following year. In 1765 the settlement of this territory again commenced, and the ravages of the Indians af- terwards occasioned much suffering. This country was ceded to the United States in 1789, and in 1790 congress established a terri- torial government. It was erected into a separate state in 1796, and adniitted into the union. By the constitution of this state, which was adopted February 6, 1796, a general assembly is established, consisting of a senate and house of representatives, the members of which are chosen for two years. The governor is chosen by the people for two years, and is eligible only for six years out of 'eight. -^Morse's gcog. ; Holm.es* annala) ii. 494. Tcnncnt was in n ; and that they id to know what ;ourt house) and lictofnot guilty great usefulness, iged seventy one id himself a mod- y, the atonement ence of the Holy le free agency of k faith. With his He once dined Whitefi«ld, when slieving amidst the done, and that he I to Mr. Tennent, It replied, « what man Tom into the iging under a tree, and begging to be ; say ? Why, that business to do the friend of the poor, civil and religious I more holy in life, afflictions, or more e o£ the revival of jlished in Prince's 7—103, 146—166, r, 97 — 100 ; Maa- m history for 1744, America, was for- not more than fifty iway by tlie Indians 5 the settlement of iS of the Indians af- intry was ceded to established a terri- e state in 1796, and f this state, which ibly is established, ^es, the members of ar is chosen by the n years out of "eight. THA. 54: THACHER (Thomas), first minister of the old south church in Boston, was born in England May 1, 1620, and arrived in this coun- try in June 1635. He pursued his studies under the direction of Mr. Chauncy, afterwarus president of the college. On the second of January 1644 he was ordained minister ot Weymouth, where he remained more than twenty years ; but after the death of his first wife in 1664 a number of circumstances induced him to remove to Boston. When a new church was formed out of the first by pcr« sons, displeased with the settlement of Mr. Davenport, Mr. Thuch- er was installed its pastor February 1 6, 1 670. He died October 1 5, 1678, aged fifty eight years. His colleague, Mr. Wiilard, surviv- ed him. Being well skilled in the Hebrew, Mr. Thacher composed a lexicon of the principal words in that language. President btiles speaks of him as the best Arabic scholar in the country. As a preacher he was very popular, being remarkably fervent and copious in prayer. He was zealous against the quakers, for he be- lieved that their doctrines subverted the gospel, and led men into the pit of darkness under the pretence of giving them light. Be- sides being an excellent minister and Christian, he was also a phy- sician. He published a fast sermon, 1674 ; a brief rule to guide the common people in the small pox and measles, \ 677,"^ Magna- lia^ lii. 148— •ISS ; Collect, biat. soc. viii. 278 ; Emeraori'a aermon on the death of Dr. Thacher. THACHER (Petek), first minister of Milton, was the son of the preceding, and was born at Salem 'in 1651. After he was graduated at Harvard college in 1671, he was chosen a tutor and fellow. In a few years he iwent to England, where he became acquainted with a number of eminent divines. On his return he was or- dained at Milton June 1, 1681. He died December 17, 1727, in the seventy seventh year of his age. His successor was Mr. John Taylor. In his natural temper there was a great deal of vivacity, which gave an interest to his conversation and to his public perform- ances. While he was cheerful and affable, he was envinent for sanctity and benevolence. Besides the ordinary laborsof the Lord's day he preached a monthly lecture, and encouraged the private meetings of his neighbors for religious purposes. He sometimes preached to a society of young men. Having studied the Indian language he also at a monthly lecture imparted to the Indians of a neighboring village the gospel of salvation. Being a physician, his benevolence prompted him to expend a great part of his yearly sal- ary in the purchase of medicines and other necessaries for the sick and indigent. His death was somewhat sudden. The last words, which he uttered, weie, " I am going to Christ in glory." He pub- lished vmbelief detected and condemned, to which is added the treas* ures of the fathers inheritable by their posterity, 1708; election sermon, 1711 ; Christ's forgiveness a pattcm, 1712 ; a sermon on Y" ^ !• !' I)i U l! , J -r I .: 543 THA. i « Ir' « ' ,^'^', I'll im the death of Samuel Man, 1719 ; a divine riddle, he that is weak is strong, 1723 ; the perpetual covenant, a sermon to a society of youus^ men— Mi^/i(T'« aermon on hit death ; Collect, htat. »oc. viii. 377 i ix. 195 ; Emiraon'a aermon on Dr. Thacher i JV. E.wtekly journal, Detemher 25, 1727. TH -YCHl'lR (Peter), minister in Boston, was bom in that town and wus graduated at Harvard college in 1696. While a member of this institution it pleased a sovereign God to give him a deep sense of his sin, and at length to inspire him with a cheerful iaith ill the Savior of the lost. After living for some time at HatBeld as a schoolmaster, he was settled in the ministry at Weymouth, where he remained eleven or twelve years. He was installed pastor of the new north church in Boston, as colleague with Mr. Webb, Jan- uary 28, 1723. In consequence of some divisions in the society, and some irregularity in the measures, which were adopted to ob- tain Mr, Thacher, the association retused to assist in his settlement. He died Febmary 26, 1739, in the sixty second year of his age. He possessed a strong and masterly genius. Mr. Cooper calls him the evangelical reasoner. While he was remarkably skilled in theology, his judgment was penetrating, his style in liily, and his reasoning close attd accurate. He was always zealous in defending the Calvinistic doctrines, which after indefatigable & cnccs. As a preacher his discourses were not elaborate, but they were recommended by vivacity of thought and by a graceful dehvcry. During his residence in Boston he relaxed somewhat from his former strictness and became more liberal in hi» senti- ments. In the chamber of sickness he was remarkably acceptable. By the couch of those, who were dismayed by the terrors of death, he administered consolation by dwelling upon the mercy oi tnat Savior, who died to redeem a guilty and suffering world. To the distressed and afflicted his voice was that of an angel of com- fort. In prayer he was uncommonly eloquent, uttering in i upres- sive and pathetic language the devout feelings of his own heart, and exciting deep emotions in the hearts of his hearers. He pub- lished an oration against st.inding armies, delivered March 5, 1776 ; a sermon on the death of Andrew Eliot, 1773 ; three sermons in proof of the eternity of future puniiihment, 1782 ; observations on the state of the clergy in New E> ^land, with strictures upon the power of dismissing them, usurped uy some churches, 1783; a a reply to strictures upon the preceding ; a sermon on the death of Joshua Paine ; at the ord'.nation of Elijah Kellogg, 1788 ; memoirs of Dr. Boylston, published in Massachusetts magazine, 1789 ; a sermon at the ordination of William F. Rowland, 1790 ; on the death of governor Bowdoin, 1791 ; ser- mon at the ai'tillery election ; on the death of governor Hancock, 1793 ; on the death of Samuel Stillman, junior ; at the ordination of his son, Thomas Cushing Thacher, 1794 ; a sermon before the Massachusetts congregational charitable society, 1795 ; on the death of Thomas Russell ; on the death of Nathaniel Gorham, 1795 ; a sermon before a society of freemasons, 1797 j at the in- terment of Dr. Clarke ; on the death of Rebecca Gill, 1798 ; on the death of governor Sumner ; a sermon to the society in Brattle street on the completion of a century from its establishment, 1799; a discourse on the death of Washington, 1800. — Emeraon'a sermon on his death ; Collect, hiat. aoc. viii. 277 — 284 ; Stillman* a aermonsy 256 ; Polyantko/t.^ iii. 2— *12 ; Columbian centinel^ January 1, 1803. THOMAS (John), an Indian remarkable for longevity, died at Naticat, Massachusetts, in 1727, aged one hundred and ten years. He «as among the first of the praying Indians. He joined the church, when it was first gathered at Naiick by Mr. Eliot, and was exemplary through life.— CoZ/ec/. hiat. aoc. v. 206. THOMAS (John), a major general in the American army, served in the wars a.c;ainst the French and Indians with reputation. In 1775 he was appointed by congress a brigadier general, and during hrist." The last Savior." ommissioners for orth America, of ral chaiitablc and y of artR and sci- lot elaborate, but and by a graceful elaxed samewhat iberal in hi* senti- irkably acceptable, le terrors of death, the mercy oi tnat ering world. To an angel of com- itteringin i nprea- of his own heart, hearers. He pub- ed March 5, 1776; ( three sermons in 2 ; observations on strictures upon the churches, 1783 ; a a sermon on the kf Elijah Kellogg, in Massachusetts In of William F. (wdoin, 1791 ; ser- govemor Hancock, ; at the ordination sermon before the Ity, 1795 ; on the INathaniel Gorham, 18, 1797 i at the m- eccaGill, 1798; on fe society in Brattle (Stablishment, 1799; .Emeraon'a sermon Stillman'a aertnonsi [e/, January I, 1803. ir longevity, died at idred and ten years, lans. He joined the Mr. Eliot, and was |06. ■ ierican army, served [with reputation. In general, and during THO. 551 the 'siege of Boston he commanded a ilivisiun of the provincial troops at Roxbury. In the followin;^ year he was uppuintci! inojor general, and after the death of Montgomery was cntnist(?d with ilic command in Canada, lie joined the army before Quebec on ihc first of May, but soon found it necessary to raise the siege and com- mence his retreat. He died of the small pox ut Chamblce May 30, 1776. On his death the command devolved for a few days on Arnold, and then on general Sullivan. He was a man ol sound judgment and tixed courage, who was beloved by his soldiers and amiable in th« relations of private life. — Marahall^ ii. 34U, 354~. J58 ; Gordon^ ii. 251—254 ; Collect, hint.aoc.'ix. 66; liarrcn^ i, 344, 345 ; Boaton Gazette^ June 24, 1776. THOMPSON (William), first minister of Braintrec, Massa- chusetts, was a native of England, and was first settled in Lanca- shire. After his arrival in this country, when a church was . ■ athered at mount Wollaston, or Braintree, he was chosen Its pastor, and was installed September 24, 1639. Mr. Flynt was settled as his colleague March 17, 1640. In the year 1642 Mr. Thompson accompanied two other ministers to Virginia in order to carry the gospel to the ignorant, but was soon obliged to leave that colony for his nonconformity to the episcopalian worship. He died at Brain- tree December 10, 1666, aged sixty »;ight years.— ilforron, 192, 193 ; Win/Aro/i, 188, 256, 271 ; Ilancock'a century sermons Hclmea* annalafi. 311 ; MagnaliOi iu. 119—120 ; Collect, /list, aoc.ix. 191 ; Johnson^ 161, 162. TORREY (Samuel), minister of Weymouth, Massachusetts, died April 21, 1707, aged about seventy six years. He had been in the ministry fifty years, and was an able and faithful preacher. He published the election sermon in the years 1674, 1683, and 1695.-~ Collect. Mat. aoc ix. 105 ; Chriatian hiatQry,i. 98. TRACY (Uriah), an eminent statesman, was graduated at Yale college in 1778, and afterwards directing his attention to the law he soon rose to eminence in that profession. The last fourteen years of his life were devoted to the service of his country in the national councils, where he was admired by his friends, and respected by his opponents. After having been a member of the house of representatives for some time he was chosen a senator in the place of Mr. Hillhouse, who resigned, in October 1796, and he continued in this high station till his death. In the beginning of March 1807, while in a feeble state of health, he exposed himself by attending the funeral of Mr. Baldwin, his former fellow student, and late colleague in the senate. From this pe^-iod ' c declined ; and he died at Washington July 19, 1807, in the hlty fourth year of his age. His devotion to the public service precluded him from that attention to his private interests, which claim the principal re- ga'd of most men. His speeches displayed a vigorous and well informed mind. In wit and humor he was uurivalied, in delivery ♦. '■■ I i ff Cl '■ T !■• ■ liii w ] ■ \ «y^R li i^ !,' 1 Vm ■fi 1 ^ 552 TRE. / 'M m Phmi .i.^i mm ^';! fit lii'; . »t ! 't graceful, and lucid in argument He was sometimes severe ; but the ardor uf debate, the mpidity of his ideas, and tiie impetuohity oi his elo(|uence constituted an apology. He was an instructive and agreeable comuunion. While his observations were frequently profound, his lughts seemed to come without premeditation, and they alarmed i one's pride. His humor wax -nyand natural. Like the lighming of a summer evening, whn tv itashes without thunder, it would nhow the object without wounding the person. As his temper was uniformly kinJ, he never wantonly attacked any one. For the last six years of his life, Mr. Tracy scarcely for a moment knew the perfect cheerfulness of health. The following is an extract from a letter, which he wrote a short time betore his death. " Infinite power is the same here, and infinite goodness the same, that they are any where and every where else; why then should I prefer location, in which to draw my last breath ? Place is nothing, and circumstances nothing; eternity is all to man. This eternity is the proper.y of God himself, and his goodness, in- finite and unbounded as it i&, should fix the steady eye of faith and regulate that of reason, and certainly silence every complaint."— -Z.tN erary mag. viii. 40 ; Marahally v. 520, 52 1 ; ^mer. reg. ii. 79-— 8 1 . TREAT (Robert), governor of Connecticut, was the son, it is believed, of Mr. Robert Treat, one of the settlers of Milford in 1639. He was chosen one of the magistrates in 1673. After Phil- ip's war commenced, he was sent to Westfield at the head of the Connecticut troops, and when the enemy attacked Springfield, he inarched to its relief, and drove them from the town. He also at- tacked t'tic li.dians in their assault upon Hadley on the nineteenth of Octoh* i ifiul J, 't them completely to flight. In 1676 he was chosen dein?v sovc 'noi» 'xnd in 1683 governor, to which office he was an- nuaUy cSecicd for lifteen years. From 1698 to 1708 he was again deputy go\ srnor. He died July 12, 1710, in the eighty ninth year of his age. His character was very respectable, and he had render- ed the most important services to his country. As a military offi- cer he united firmness and courage with caution and prudence He was venerated and beloved by the inhabitants of Milford, where he resided. — TrumbulCs Connecticut ^ \. Z^O^ 350 — 3fc3, 455. TREAT (Samuel), first minister of Eastham,* Massachusetts, was the son of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard col- lege in 1669. He was o.^dained in 1672, a church hiving been es- tablished for more than twenty years. Soon after his settlement he studied the Indian language, and devoted to the Indians in his neigh- borhood much of his time and attention. Through his zeal and labors many of the savages were brought into a state of civilization and order, and not a few of them were converted to the Christian faith. In 1693 he wrote a letter to Dr. Increase Mather, in .which be states, that there were within the limits of Eastham five hundred adult Indians, to whom he had for many years imparted the gospel TRU. 555 les severe ; but ! impeiuohity oi 1 insiruclivc and irere frequently cmeditation, and ^^y and natural, ilashes without ling the person. »nly attacked any cy scarcely for a The following is time before his nite goodness the else; why then t breath ? Place f is all to man. 1 his goodness, in- f eye of faith and compltdnt." — Lit- reg.ii. 79—^1. , was the son, it is ers of Milford in 1673. After Phil- at the head of the ed Springfield, he own. He also at- n the nineteenth of 676 he was chosen 1 office he was an- 1708 he was again i eighty ninth year [and he had render- As a military offi- and prudence He Milford, where he •3,455. Ti,. Massachusetts, [edat Harvard col- :h bwing been es- x his settlement he idians in his neigh- augh his zeal and |jtate of civilization [ed to the Christian "Mather, in .which |istham five hundred [mparted the gospel iiere was such u place *' the Lord against icctions. He was .1 was pleasant and iiis second wife was the wt ilieir own langua^^c. He had under him four Indian tcachcrsi who read in separate villages on every sal)b.itU, cxceptin>; on every fourth w.icn lie hi mse It preached, the surmuns, which he wrote lor them. He procuie Photograidiic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRUT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 172-4503 \ -Q^ 4 o^ I. •i 6^ / ■'■»*■■" 554 TUC. ' M piness hereafter." A long letter of governor Trumbull upon the war is printed in the historical collectionsii— iUbrtAo/l, li. ttfiftend. 3 ; V. 58 { ffoimea* iife qf Stilet^ 383 ; CAaateUux*» traveUj i. 33 ; JV. Y. aftectator^ January 8, 1800 } Collect. Mtt. 90c. vi. 154—185 ; A' merican mtueum^ ii. 33—36. TUCKER (JoHir, o. o.)) minister of Newbury, Massachusetts, was born in Amesbui y, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1 74 1 . He was ordained colleague with the reverend Christopher Tappan November 30, 1745. As there was not a perfect union in the invitation, which was given him, he hesitated l<»ig ; but as the opposition arose from contrariety of sentiment, which probably would continue to exist, he was induced to accept the call. Those, who dissented, formed with others the presbyterian society, of which the reverend Jonathan Parsons was :he first minister. Dr. Tucker died March 33, 1793, in the seventy third year of his age, and the forty seventh of his ministry. The reverend Mr. Moor succeeded him, and the reverend Mr. Popkin is now the minister of the same church. He possessed a strong and well furnished mind, and in ar- gumentation exhibited peculiar ingenuity and talents. In his ex- amination of the sacred scriptures he formed conclusions respecting some doctrines different from those, which were adopted by many of his brethren, but his life displayed the Christian virtues. Hfe was habitually meek and placid, but when called to engage in con- troversy he defended himself with courage and with the keenness of satire. He published a sermon, preached at the ordination pf Ed- mund Noyes, Salisbury, 1751 ; four sermons, on iche danger of un- ners hardening their hearts under the sparing mercy of an offended God, on God*s special care over the righteous under public calami- ties occasioned by the earthquakes, on the scripture doctrine of the reconciliation of sinners to God, and on being bom of God, 1756 ; a thanksgiving discourse, 1756; observations on the doctrines and uncharitableness of the reverend Jonathan Parsons, as exhibited more especially in his late discourses on 1 Timothy i. 15, 1757; a sermon at the ordination of Amos Moody, Pelham, N. H. 1765 ; a brief account of an ecclesiastical council, so called, convened in the first parish in Newbury, to which is annexed a discourse, being a minister's appeal to his hearers, as to his life and doctrines, 1767 ; two discourses occasioned by the death of reverend John Lowell, Newburyport, 1767 ; remarks on a sermon of reverend Aaron Hutchinson, preached April 33, 1767 ; the reply of reverend Aa- ron Hutchinson considered, 1768 ; a letter lo reverend James Chand- ler, Rowley, relative to a marginal note or two in his sermon, preached at Newburyport June 35, 1767, preparatory to the set* tlingof a minister; a reply to Mr. Chandler's answer, 1766 ; re- marks on Mr. Chandler's serious address to a society at Newbury- port, 1768 ; a sermon at the convention of ministers, May 36, 1768 ; two sermons, on the gospel condition of salvation, and on the nature TUR. 555 and aecessitjr of the Father's drawing such as come to Christ* 1769 ; the election sermon) 1771 ; remarks on a discourse of reverend Jonathan Parsons, delivered March 5, 177-4 ; the Dudleian lecture at Cambridge entitled, the validity of presbyterian ordintttion ar- gued ^m Jesus Christ's being the founder, the sole legislator, and supreme head and ruler of the Christian church, 1778 ; and a ser- mon at Newbury Port August 14, 1788, on a day for seeking the di- vine direction in the choice of a colleague pastor with reverend Thomas Cwy. ^-^JKamet* Jim, term s Pofikin*a *ermon» on guiuing the oldf and entering the new meeting houte^ .Newbury, ' TURELL (EBBKBZKa), minister of Medford, Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard college in 1721, and was ordained No- vember 35, 1734, as successor of ttte reverend Aaron Porter. He died December 5, 1778, in the seventy seventh year of his age, and the fiity fourth of his ministry. He was an eminent preacher, of a ready invention, a correct judgment,and fervent devodon, who deliv- ered divine truth with animation, and maintained discipline in bis church with boldness tempered with prudence. His doctrine was Caivinistic, and alvrays improved to promote practical godliness. To his country he was a zealous friend in all its interests. After Allowing to the grave three wives of the first families, one of whom wa» the daughter of the reverend Dr. Colman, he himself died in the lively hope of a blessed immortality through the merits of his divine Master. He published the life and character of the reverend Dr. Colman, 8vo, 17 49 ,?— Independent chronicle^ FebntaryfiSt 1779. TYTLER (Jambs), eminent for learning, was a native of Scot- land, and emigrated to this country about the year 1796. He died at Salem, Massachusetts, in January 1804 in the fifty ninth year of his age* He was poor and lived on a point of )and at a little dis- tance from the town. Returning to his house in a dark night he fell into a clay pit and was drowned. His conduct in life was mark- ed with almost perpetual imprudence ; yet he was a man of no common science and genius. He was one of the editors of the Ed- inburgh edition of the encyclopedia Britannica, published &. uuniber of years ago, and compiled the articles aerology, aerost;^uon, chem- istry, electricity, ginnery, hydrostatics, mechanics, meteorology, a part of the article motion, and most of the separate articles in the va- rious branches of natural history. He published in great Britain an answer tothe first part of Paine's age of reason, and at Salem in 1796 an answer to his second part. He also published a treatise on the plague and yellow fever, 8vo. Ai the time of his death he was engaged in compiling a universal geography.-— £nryr/o/k. Philadel- fihiaedit.fire/aceiXiu. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, the last naUon, which has arisen in the world, existed formerly as disconnected colonies of Great Britain. After the settlement of America the first appear- ance of a union among the distinct colonies is presented in the artl- mn ■ ill wt 556 UNI. clcs of confederation entered into at Boston May 19) 1643 by com* inissionertt Irom New flavent Connecticut! Massachusetts) and Plymimth. It was agreed^ that t ro deputies irom each of these colonies should meet annually) aud have power to make war and pcdcc with the Dutch) i'rench) and IndianS) and to establish all laws oi a general concern. All common uftdirs were to be transacted uud^r the name of the United Colonies of New England. Rhode Island applied for admission in 1 648) but was refused. This union continu^ niore than forty years till the abrogation of the New Eng- land charters by James 11. A more extensive plan of union was proposed in 1 754 in consequence of the apprehension of an approach- ing war with the French* A conyentioU) consisting of delegates from New Hampshire) Massachusetts) Rhpde Island) Connecticut) Pennsylvania, and Maryland) with the lieutenant governor and coun- cil oi New York) met at Albany on the fourteenth of June* and after making a treaty with the Indians of the six nationS)took up the sub- ject of union. A plan, which was drawn up by Dr. Franklin) was signed on the fourth of July by all the delegate!) excepting those of Connecticut. It proposed a general government) to be' administered by a president general appointed by the crown) and by ^ grand coun- cil) consistini; of members chosen by the colonial assemblies. No colony was to have more than seven) nor less than two represents atives. The consent of the president was to be necessary to the passing of a bill into a law, and all laws were to be sent to England for the approbation of the king. Among other powers to be vested in the president and council was that of laying such dutieS) imposts, oi taxes as should be necessary for the general defence. A copy of this plan was transmitted to each of the colonial assemblies and to the king's council, and it was rejected by both ; by the first) because it was supposed to give too much power to the representative of the king, and Liy the last because it was supposed to gr *oq much power to the representatives^ of the people. It is ies.i irising that the confederation should be rejected in England, tha^i ihat the conven* tion should have been permitted to take place, or that when pssem-* bled the delegate-^ should have been suffered to direct their thoughts to the' subject of union. The proposal oi a union first came from Sliirley, the royal governor of Massachusetts. After the passing of the stamp act by the firitish parliament for the purpose of raising a revenue in America, the assembly of Massachusetts proposed a congress of deputies from each colony to consult on the common interest. Deputies from the assemblies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey) Pennsylvania) the Delaware coimtieS) Maryland) and South Carolina accordingly met at New York in October 1765, and immediately made a declaration of rights and grievances. They claimed for the colonies the ex- clusive power of taxing themselves, and agreed upon a petition to ^he king) and a memorial to eacli house of parliament. From thie "tr- ' UNI. 557 period the pretensions of Great Britun were examined with the greatest freedom ; the assemblies of different colonies adopted spir- ited resolutions, asserting their rights; a general noniraportatioa. agreement was entered into; committees of correspondence were appointed ; and affairs were hastening to a crisis. The bill) which s:)Ut the port of Boston in 1774) excited tmiversal indignation.' Through sympathy in the sufferings of Massachusetts the i^ouse o£ burgesses of Virginia appointed a day of tasting and prayer, and signed an agreement, declaring, that an attack upon a sister colony to compel submission to arbitrary taxes was an attack on all firitisii Amenca. They also directed the committee of correspondence to propose a general congress. On the fifth oi September 1774 the- first congress, composed of delegates from eleven colonies, was held at Philadelphia. During a session of eight weeks a declaration of rights was adopted; a nop importation, non consumption, and non exportation agreement was made ; an address to the people of Gre^ Britun, a memorial to the inhabitants of Britbh America, and a loyal address to his majesty were prepared ; and letters were written to the people of Canada, and to the colonies of St. John's, Nova ScoUa, Georgia, and the Floridas, inviting them to unite in the common cause. The battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775^ was the signal of war and the royal troops in Boston soon found them- selves besieged by an airmy of twenty thousand men. The second congress assembled at Philadelphia on the tenth of May, and imme- diately resolved upon taking up arms, and emitted bills of credit to the amount of three millions of dollars to deiray the expenses oi the war, for the redemption of which bills the twelve confederate cole^ nies were pledged. Tb-^^y however prepared a second petition to the king, a second address to the iuhubitants of Great Britain, and addresses to the people of Canada, and to the assembly of Jamaica, all of which were written in a masterly manner. In the mean time Ticonderoga and Crown Point were taken by troops under the com* mand of colonel Allen, and the hard fought battle of Bimker*s hill in the neighborhood of Boston on the seventeenth of June taught the Americans, that they were able to contend with the disciplined troops oi Great Britain. General Washington arrived at Cambridge as the commander in chief in July. In the autumn Canada was invaded by Montgomery, who took Montreal, and Arnold penetrat- ed through the wilderness of the district of Maine and presented himself before Quebec. The assault upon the city at the close of the year was however unsuccessful. The British were reduced to the necessity of evacuating Boston March 17, 1776, and in June the A- mericans were obliged to withdraw themselves from Canada. On the fourth of July, after an animated debate, the declaration of inde- pendence was adopted by congress. The members of that illustri- ous body solemnly declared the united colonies to be *^ free and in- (Jependent states," and in support of this declaration, with a firm ' i mm ■fell ^'l} 558 UNL ! i! retiancc on tli» pratection of divine provideiic«,tht]r RiutiwUjr pledg- ed to titct^ other tiieir lives* their £Mtuiies» anid their lacred Aonor. In August the British drove the Americans finom Long JUUnd ; in Se|itember they took possession of New York ; and in a short time they captured u>rts Washington and Lee^and obliged the pommand- er in chief to retire beyond the Delaware. The congress removed to Baltimore in December. On the twenty sixth of this month the battle ot' Trenton res^ved the expiring cause of America. Dur- ing tne year 1777 there was a number of warm engagements. In September after the battle of Brandy wine the enemy took pos- session of Philadelphia. The Americans were again defeated in the battle ttf Germantown October the fourth. The northern cam- paign was more encouraging, for on the seventeenth of October Burgoyne was captured with his whole army of upwards, of frve thousand feven hundred men. In the beginning cSf 1778 a treaty was i^ado with France, and a powerful ally obtained. This event induced the British to abandon Philadelphia in June in order to concentrate the royal forces at New York. They were pursued and attacked at Monmouth. At the close of the year Savannah fell in- to the hands of the enemy. In 1779 an expedition was undertaken from New York against Connecticut, and New Haven was plunder- ed, and Furfield and I^orwalk burned. Stony poiot on the othcir band was taken by general Wayne by assault. The country of the Indians of the ux nations was desolated by general Sullivan in Au- gust and September. In October an unsuccessful attempt tore- cover Savannah was made by count D 'Estaing and general Lincoln. On the twenty fifth of the same month Newport in Rhode Island, which had been held by the enemy from December 1776, was evac- uated. In the year 1780 sir Henry Clinton suled to Charles- ton) and on~ the twclfkh of May made general Lincoln and the whole g^anison prisoners. On the axteenth of August Gates was defeated in the battle of Camden. In September the treach- ery (^Arnold was detected. The year 1781 was distinguished by the most important eraits. Greene, who had superseded Gates in the southern department, brought the highest honor to the Amer- ican arms. The splendp victory of Eutaw on the eighth of Septem- ber closed the revolutimary war in South Carolina. CornwaUis was beuege4 in Yovktownny the united American and French armies, and on the nineteenth of October he was obliged to capitulate with about six thouscmd men. The capture of this army may be consid« ered as the termination of the war, for the events, which took place afterwards, were of little comparative magnitude. r. Till the year 178 1 the powers of congress seem to have been de- fined by no formal agreement between the'several states, but in this year articles of confederation were adopted. The aiticles had' been made by congress November 15, 1777, and submitted to the indi- vidual states, but Maryland did not sign them till March 1, 1781. UNI. 559 On their reception by this state the act of union wm completed. There were perhaps some advantageM in the delay of this event ; for as seven states were a majority, whenever that number met it was considered as the represOntatire body of the thirteen, and if a measure was adopted by four out of the seven, it was considered as the act of the whole, even in those cases, which by the confeder* ation required the concurrence of nine states. The following are the principal features of the confederation, which was the iowda- tion of the American government until the establishment of the present constitution. The style of the confederacy was, the XJtAt- ed States of America, each state retaining all powers not expressly delegated No state was to be represented in congress by less than two, nor by more than seven members. The delegates were chosen annually, and while they were incapable of being chosen for more than three years in any term of six years, they were liable at any time to be recalled. Nc one could be a member of congress, who held an office of profit under the United States. Each state was to have one vote. Affairs of common concern were for the most part intrusted to congress. There was to be a common treasury, and a rev- enue was to be raised by taxes, apportioned among the states ac- cording to the value of surveyed lands and buildings, but to be levi- ed by the legislatures of the respective states. In all disputes re- specting the boundary or jurisdiction of states, an appeal could be made to congress in the last resort. Measures were decided by a majority of the United States assembled. Congress could not ad- journ for a longer time than six months, and during a recess *< ia committee of the states," consisting of one delegate from each, might execute such powers, as nine of the states should confer upon them. No alteration could be made in the articles of tinion, unless agreed to in congress, and confirmed by the legislatures of every state. On the thirtieth of November 1782 provisional articles of peace between Great Britain and the United States were signed, and the de- finitive treaty September 3, 1783. New York was evacuated on the twenty fifth of November, and Washington soon afterwards repaired to congress and resigned his military commission. In 1 786 there was an insurrection in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, occasioned principally by the burdens of the necessary taxes, but it was suppress- ed in the following year. In May 1787 the convention, which framed the present constitution of the United Stales assembled at Philadel- phia. A new government had been rendered necessary byithe imbe- tliity of the confederation. An enormous debt had been contracted by the war, and to discharge it a system of revenue had been devised, an essential part of which was a general impost. But as the states were no longer bound together by common danger and common in- terest, the ordinances of congress were disregarded. CommerciiCl Teg:ulations, adopted by some states, only operated to divert the course of business to the advantage of the other states. In the midst t i t! * ' 560 UNL i\ 'Hi of the calamides, which were felt* and of greater calamitiet) which were apprehended* Mr. Madiion in the legislature of Virginia pro- posed a general convention. Commissioners accordingly met at Annapolis in September 1786,»but adjourned to May 3S, 1787, when delegates with more ample powers assembled { and they agreed upon the present cohstitution on the seventeenth of Septem- ber. It was ratified first by Delaware December 3, 1787* and by the twenty fifth of June 1788 it was accepted by nine other states, which more than completed the number necessary for rendering it valid. It was afterwards abopted by New York July 36, 1788, by North Carolina November 27, 1789, by Rhode Island May 39, 1790, and by Vermont January 10, 1791. The constitution of the Unit- ed States, as it now exists, for some amendments have been made, vr.sts all legislative powers in a congress, consisting of a senate tuid a house of representatives, the members of the former to be chosen for six years Iiy the legislatures of the respective states, and the members of the latter to be chosen for two years by the people of the several states. Two senators are chosen from each state, and one representative is allowed for every thirty three thous- and of estimated persons in a state, the following rule being adopted in making the estimation, tbat to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, there be added three fifths of all other persoiis. No persen, holding any office under the United States, can be a mem- ber of either house. The executive power is vested in a president of the United States of America. He is chosen every four years by elec- tors, appointed by each of the states, in number oqnal to the whole number of senators and representatives, to which a state may be en- titled. These electors meet in their separate states on the same day, and give in written votes for a president and vice president. A list of these votes is transmitted to the seat of government, where they are counted in the presence of the senate and the house of repre- sentatives. The person, who has a majority of the whole number of votes for president is elevated to that office. In the event of his decease, the vice president, who presides in the senate, takes his place. The president is so far concerned in legislation, that every bill, which has passed the two houses of congress, must be presented to him for his si;^ature, and if he objects to it must be reconsidered and approved by two thirds of each house before it can become a law. With the advice and consent of the senate he has power to make treaties, and appoint ambassadors, and the principal public officers. The judges of the supreme and inferior coiirts hold their offices during good behavior. No religious test is re- quired as a qualification to any office or pqblic trust under the United States, and no law can be made respecting an establishment of re- ligion. All powers not delegated are reserved to the states re- spectively or to the people. ■* m^ t_%*-^^-~ -^jr/Jf^ -. "-«..>* iT*-^' Van. 551 calamitiet, which i of Virginia pro- cordingly met at o May 35, 1787, mbled ; and they teenth of Septem- r 3, 1787, and by nine other atates, py for rendering it July 26, 1788, by land May 39, 1790, tution of the Unit- A have been made, listing of a senate of the former to ; respective states, • two years by the B chosen from each thirty three thous- rule being adopted berof free persons, ears, and excluding • all other peraoiii&. tates, can be a mem- rted in a president of y four years by elec- r «qual to the whole 1 a state may be en- states on the same .. vice president. A irnment, where they Lhe house of repre- the whole number e. In the event of [n the senate, takes in legislation, that congress, must be ibjects to it must be . house before it can jf the senate he has [rs, and the principal and inferior courts religious test is rc- ist under the United jstablishment of re- ed to the sUtes ro^ On the sixth of April 1789 a quorum of senators and representative! assembled at New York, and on counting the votes declured George Washingtontobeelectedpresideiitand John Adams vice president of the United States. On the thlrtitth Washington was inaugurated into his high ofiice. His administraiibn lasted eight years, as hh was reelected after the expiration of the first term. A treaty with Great Britahi was signed at London Noveihber 19, 1794, and treat* ies with Spain and the dey of Algiers were made in 1795. During the continuance of president Washington in office the foundations of thfe prosperity of America were laid. In 1797 John Adams was chosen president of the United S«Ates and Thomas Jefferson vice president. During this adminiitration a treaty was made with Prus^a July 11, 1799, and after repeated injuries from revolution- ary France a convention was concluded at Paris with the French republic September 30, 1 800. This event contributed much to tho growing prosperity of America. In 1801 Thomas Jefferson was elected president and Aaron Burr vice president of the United States. In 1803 Louisiana was purchased of France for fifteen millions of dollars. In 1805 Thomas Jefferson was reelected pres- ident and George Clinton was chosen vice president of the United States. In this year general Eaton distinguished himself by his exploits against the barbarians of Tripoli. In December 1 806 ft negotiation for the settlement of differehces with England termin- ated in a treaty, which was sent to this country^ It was rejected by the president because it contained no engagement against the im- presamtint of seamen from merchant vessels, and on account of a note annexed, that England retauned the right of retaliating on the prin- ciples of the Berlhi decree, if the United States submitted to it. In December 1807 an act, laying an embargo on all vessels in the ports of the United States, was passed in consequence of the decree of Berlin by the French emperor, declaring the British islands in a state of blockade^ and of " increasing dangers," which threatened our commerce^ This act continued in force until the non inter* course act was substituted in its place at tlise close of the ^.^^Loinis- tration of Mr. Jefferson. In 1809 Jahies M»dison was chosen pres- ident of the United States and George Clinton was chosen vice president. On the nineteenth of April the prv*sident issued d proc* lamadon restoring the intercourse with Great Britain on the tenth of Jiyie, as the government of that country had declared, that the orders in council in retaliation of the French decree would at that time be vrithdrawn, as far as they respected the United States.^-u.Mzr- thall ; Ramsay ; Gordon ; Warren ; Minot ; Morae*ft geog, / Holmett* annah ; AdanCt A*. E. ; Belknafi*a A. H. n. 384-^287. VANE (Sir Henry), governor of Massachusetts,- was bom in England and educated at Oxford. He then went to Geneva, where he became arepublican, and found arguments against the established church. On his return to London, as his nonconformity displeased 73 t|> i>Al 562 VAR. 'fi the bifthop, he came to New England in the beginning of 1635. la the next year, though he was only twenty four year* of agef he waa chosen governor ; but attaching himself to the party of Mrs. Hutchinson) he was in 1637 superseded by governor Winthrop. He soon returned to England, where he joined the party against the kingt though he waa opposed to the usurpation of Cromwell. After the restoration he was tried for high treason, and beheaded June 1 4, 1662, aged fifty years. Hume in his history of England represents his conduct at his execution in a manner, which renders him an object of admiration. He published a number of speeches ; the retired man's meditations, or the mystery and power of godii* ncss, showing forth the living word, &c. 4to, 1655 ; a needful cor- rective or balance in popular government ; of the love of God and union with God ; an epistle general to the mystical body of Christ, Sec. 1 662 ; the face of the times, or the enmitv between the seed of the woman and of the serpent, \ 662 ; meditations concerning man's life ; nieditations on death ; and a number of political tracts, and pieces relating to his trial.— Fane'a iife ; WoodUAth, Oxon. ii. 391 — 297; ftutchinaoriy i. 41, 53 — 57, 61—67; J^eal*a A*. £. i. 161, 162 ; Belknati*a biog.n. 346; Wintkro/i^ 88, 93, 100, 128; Collect . hiat. aoc. v. 172; Bardie. VARNUM (James M.), a major general in the late American army, died at Marietta in December 1789. A letter, addressed to his wife a few days before his death, in which he speaks of the val- ue of the gospel, is in the Massachusetts magazine for November, 1790. He was a representative of congress from Rhode Island be- fore the adoption of the present constitution. VAUDREUIL (Marquis de), governor of Canada, received the government of Montreal in 1689 and in 1703 he succeeded to the government of the whole province of Canada. He continued in this office till his death October 10, 1725. His administration was distinguished by vigilance, firmness, and success. He was suc- ceeded by the chevalier de Beauharnds, who sent one of his officers to penetrate to the south sea. This object was effected^— CAar/«- votJCj nouv. France, ii. 77—409. VERMONT, one of the United States of America, was not set- tled in any part until 1724, when fort Dummer on Connecticut river was built by Massachusetts. The French from Canada built a fort at Crown Point in 173 1. When the boundary line between Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire was drawn in 1741, the latter colony concluded, that its jurisclicJon extended as far west, as that of the former, and under this impression granted many townships of i^nds. The government of New York, which claimed the territory, which is nov 'Vermont, required the settlers to t^^ke out new grants, which were a nded with great expense. The settlers generally refused and the controversy rose to such a height about the year 1765, that some of the officers of New York were resisted and wounded in Vllt 563 MtempUog to execute the judgments of the courts of tUat province. The people were determined not quietly to submit to oppression. Colonels Allen and Warner were the leaders in the opposition^ and they were cool, firm» and resolute. At len^tli the govemment'of New York passed a law in 1774 requiring all oflenders to surrender themselves under the severest penalties) and fifty pounds a head were offered for the apprehension of eight of the most olmoxious of the settlers. Preparations were now making for civil war, when provincial disputes were lost in the grandeur of the contest, which commenced with Great Britain. A convention in 1777 adopted the bold measure of declaring the New Hampshire grunts, as Vermont was then called, a free and independent state. They then petitioned congress for admission into the union, but the petition was dismissed. New York called for the interference of congress in suj^rt of their claims, but it was thought dangerous to irritate a brave people, who were in the neighborhood of the enemy. Vermont at the same time had the policy to enter into a negotiation with the British in Canada, and thus alarmed congress, and prevented an invasion by the royal troops. After the peace admission into the union ceased to be an object of desire, and the circumstances of this state be- came most easy and prosperous. The long continued controversy with New York was terminated in 1790 by an agreement on the pait of Vermont to pay the former thirty thousand dollars. On the renewal of the request to be admitted into the federal union, an act of congress completed the business February 18, 1791. A consti- tution of government was formed by Vermont in 1778, and it was revised in 1786 and 1792. The present constitution of this state was adopted in July 1793. It vests the legislative powers in a gen- eral assembly, consisting of representatives from the several towns, annually chosen. The governor is elected every year, and with the consent of a council, appointed by the people, he may propose amendments to all bills, originating in the assembly, and if the amendments are not agreeed to, he may suspend the passing of such bills until the next session of the legislature. His authority however is very limited, for he has only a casting vote in the coun- cil. The judges of the state are chosen annually by the assembly. A council of censors is chosen every seven years, whose authority continues for but one year. They are empowered to inquire whether the constitution has been preserved inviolate, to call a con* vention, and to pass censures.— ^zV/iama' hist, qf Vermont. VIRGINIA, one of the United States of America, was given by patent to the London company in 1606. For twenty years previously to this dme attempts had been made to establish a colony in Virginia under the patronage of sir Walter Raleigh, but the settlements were broken up and the attempts were unsuccessful. The first permanent colony, sent out by the company already mentioned, arrived in 1607. The adventurci*s took possession of a peninsula i III ■.■" r 1164 VIR. i »!■ ■.' M •n Powhatan or Jainc»' river May the thirteenth, and immcdiatelf commenced building a town, which they called Jamea Town. Thia waa the firat permanent habiution of the Engliah In America. Da- fore the cloke of the year the number of the colony amounted to tMo hundred. In 1608 captain Smith in an open barge with four- teen penona explored the watera from cape Henry to the Suaque- hannuh. On his return he waa made pre^dent ol the colony. A accond charter with more ample privilegea waa granted in 1609, and as tKe number of proprietors was increased, the augmented wealth and reputation enabled them *o proceed with greater spirit. 8cven ships were Btted out with five hundred people for the colony. Soon after their arrival a plot was formed by the Indians for exter- minating them, but it being disclosed by Pocahontas, ihey were proviMeiitially saved from destruction. In 1610 the stifTenngs of the colony were extreme both on account of the hostility of the Indians, and the wam of provisions. Of near five hundred persona left at the departure of captain Smith sixty only remained at the expiration of aix months. The small remains of the colony )iad embarked with the intention of returning to England, when the ar- rival of lord Delaware prevented them from abandoning the country. Ho came with three ships and an abundant supply of proyisipns. He appointed a council to aasist him in the admini^^tration., Un^er his care the affairs of the colony were soon reestablished. A third churter, granted in 1613, annexed to Virginia all the islands within three hundred miles of that coast. A provincial legislature,in which the colonists were represented, was established in 1619. In the followi.ig year the settlement was increased and strengthened by the accession of more than twelve hundred persons. As many of the settlers were destitute of wives, the company was politic enough to send over one hundred and fifty girls, young and handsome. The price of a wife at first was one hundred pounds of tobacco, but as the bumber was diminished, the price was increased to one hundred and fifty pounds, the value pf which in money was three shillings per pound. The first negroes were imported into Virginia in 1630. In the following year sir Francis Wyat arrived as governor with seven hundred people. Some changes took place in the government favorable to freedom . The constitution at this period became fixed. The assembly was composed of two burgesses from every planta- tion, and all matters were to be decided by the majority of voices, reserving a negative to the governor. A glebe of a hundred acres of land was ordered in every borough, and the stipend of the minis- ter was fixed at about two hundred pounds sterling. There were at this time only five ministers in the colony. The year 1 633 is memorable for the massacre of the English. On the twenty seventh of March the Indians earned into effect a preconcerted conspiracy, and massacred with indiscriminate barbarity three hundred and forty feven of .the English, who were unresisting and defenceless. A and immcdiatelf net Town. This n America. B«- lony amounted to barge with four- f to the Suaque' )t the colony. A granted in 1609, I, the augmented ith greater apirit. ?le for the colony, ndiana for exter- lontaa, the^ were the auffermga of lie hoatility of the e hundred persona [y remained at the of the colony liad land, when the ar- doning the country, pply of proyiaipna. ni!>tration., Un^ef ablished. A thira 1 the islands within egislature,in which in 1619. In the ktrengthened by the As many of the 8 politic enough to handsome. The f tobacco, but as the to one hundred and three shillings per Virginia in 1620. as governor with in the government eriod became fixed, from every planta- majority of voices, of a hundred acres ipend of the minis- ling. There were The year 1633 is .the twenty seventh tncerted conspiracy, 'e hundred and forty nd defenceless. A WAD. 56$ war immediately commenced, and to ita evils were added the mis* cries of (amine. A new aupply from the parent country soon how- ever counterbalanced the lostea, which had been austained. In 1634 the charter of Virginia woa vacated, and the company, which had expended more than one hundred thousand pounda in pUnting the colony, was dusolved. King Charlea I in 1635 made Virginia dependent on the crown. In 1633 severe lawawere enacted to sup- presa sectaries and preserve uniformity in religion. Sir William Berklay was appointed governor in 1639, and a reguhkr administra- tion ol justice took place. Virginia waa the last of the king'a do* minions, which submitted to Cromwel/s usurpation, and the firat that threw it off. After the restoration, in the year 1668 the church •f England waa regularly established by the assembly, and all min- isters not ordained by some bishop in England were prohibited from preaching on pain of'^suspension or banishment. The year 1 676 it memorable for Bacon's rebellion. Several causes contributed t» produce it, among which causes were the clashing; of different grants of lands, the impositions on the trade of the plantations, and the dim* inution of the traffic with the Indians. Mr. Bacon fomented the discontent, which existed, and at length usurped the government. His sudden death extinguished the flames of civil war. This rebell- ion cost the colony one hundred thousand pounds. The colonf from this period increased, and no very important events took place for a number of years. At the commencement of the controversf Mdth Great Britam, which terminated in American independence^ Virginia passed the first resolutions a|;ainst the stamp act, asserdng the colonial rights, and denying the claim of parliamentary taxation. This state was uniformly distinguished for intelligence and decision. The present constitution of Virginia was adopted July 5, 1776. It vests the legislative powers in a general assembly, consisting of a house of delegates and a senate, the members of which Are chosen annually. No person can be a senator more than four years out of uny five. The governor is chosen by the assembly. With the ad- vice of a council he exercises the executive powers of government. The judges, who hold their offices during good behavior, are ap- pointed by the assembly; the justices of the peace are appointed by the governor .^—iS^mtM ; Keit^; Stitht Burks Wynne i Brit, em* Jiirey ii. 3 13— 339 ; Jeffervm*^ notes ; Morale geog, ; Holmes an* naU ; Z)otff/aM,ii. 385-^393, 4 14-n*436| Purc/uu* fiilgrimatX. WADDELL (James, d^d.), a presbyterian minister in the coun- ty of Orange, Virginia, died in Albemarle county in the summer of 1805. But little is known of him, as his retired habits and situation have involved him in obscurity. He is however represented as a preacher of very uncommon eloquence. A traveller speaks of en- tering his old, decayed house of worship in the forest. He was struck with the preternatural appearance of a tall and very spare old man, whose head, covered with a white linen cap, whose shxir^ in w 1 1 M' f i ■! 1 I i! n ^ i-'i i III %m 566 WAD elled bandt and voice were all shaking under the influence of a pal- spTi and vrho was perfectly blind. It was a day of the administra- tion of the sacrament) and his subject was the passion of the Savior. As he descended from the pulpit to distribute the mystic symbols, there was more than a human sohmnity in his air and manner. He drew a picture of the sufferings of our Saviori of his trial before Pi- late, of his ascent to Calvary, of his crucifixion and death. His voice trembled on every syllable, and every heart trembled in unison. He presented the original scene to the eyes of the assembly, and all were indignant. He touched the patience and the forgiving meek- ness of the Redeemer,and as he represented his blessed eyes stream- ing in tears to h< aven, and his voice breathing a gentle prayer of pardon for his murderers, the voice of the preacher, which had all idong faltered, grew fainter and fainter, until his utterance being completely broken, he raised his handkerchief to his eyes, and burst into a loud and irresisdble flood of grief. The groans and sobs of the congregation mingled in sympathy. When he was enabled to proceed, he broke the awful silence in a manner, which did not im- pair the dignity and solemnity of the subject. Removing his white handkerchief from his aged face, wet with tears-, and slowly stretch- ing forth the palsied hand,'which held it, he said, adopting the words of Rousseau, << Soci-ates died like a philosopher ;" then pauung, raising his other hand, pressing them clasped together with warmth and energy to his breast, lifting his sightless eyeballs to heaven, and pouring his soul into his tremulous voice, he added, *f his income he devoted to charitable uses. He published artillery ejection ser- mon 1700; exhortations to early piety, 1702 ; three sermons, enti- tled, men worse in their carriage to God than to one another, psalms sung with grace in the heart, a pious tongue an enriching treasure, 1706; discourses on the day of judgment, 1709; a sermon on as- ifluence of a pal- [the administra- on of the Savior. mystic symbols, and manner. He is trial before Pi- aeaih. His voice mbled in unison, assembly, and all B forgiving meek- ssed eyes stream- gentle prayer of ler, which had all 8 utterance being his eyes, and burst groans and sobs of he was enabled to which did not im- emoving his white and slowly stretch- adopting the words ■ri'* then pausing, ed together with ghtless eyeballs to IS voice, he added, 1 sfiy in Virginia i rctatort October 19, [arvard college, was rdained minister of . Allen, September president of Har- Into this office he league, rems&iing March 16, 1 rsr in essor was president h the truths of the cem for the highest Ityofmaldngrelig- ipacity. His learn- imble, prudent, and li part ^f his income lillery ejection ser- Lhree seqnons, enti- [one another, psalms enriching uetoure, : a sermon on as* WAL. 567 sembling at the house of God, 17 10 ; the well ordered family, 1713 ; Christian advice to the sick and well ; explanation of assembly's catechism, or an help to get knowledge, 1714; invitation to th« gospel feast in eleven sermons, 13mo; paints' prayer to escape temptation; a discourse on the death of Isaac Addington, 1715 ; election sermon, 1716 ; twelve single sermons on various subjects, 1717; zeal against flagrant wickedness; essay for spreading the gospel into ignorant places, 8 vo, 1718; Christ's fan is in his hand ; imitation of Christ a Christian duty, 1723 ; a dialogue between « minister and his neighbor on the Lord's supper, 1724 ; it is honor- able not shameful to suffer, 1725 ; the benefits of a good and mis- chiefs of an evil conscience in fourteen sermons ; none but the righteous saved. — Sev)aU*8 and Wigglenoorth*a diacourtea onhia death $ ^lynt*a oratiofunebria i Collect. Mai. aoc.x, 169. WALES (Samuel, d. d.), professor of divinity in Yale coUeget was graduated at that seminary in 1767, and was afterwards the min- ister of Milford. He was inducted into his office as successor of professor Daggett, June 13, 1783. He died February 18, 1794. For two years previously to this event he was afflicted with an ep- ilepsy. His mighty mind was broken, and the great man was in rums. He brought to the theoicgical chair great abilities, a pure and energetic style, exemplary piety, and dignity and solemnity of manner. The following anecdote is a specimen of his wit. Being once asked by a lawyer how it happened, that while many persons descended fiom the pulpit, and entered the bar, so few lawyers should renounce their profession and become ministers ; he replied) Facilis descensus Averni ;— Sed revocare gradum, superasque evadere ad auras, >' Hoc opus, hlc labor est.— i7o/me«* life qf Stileat 39, 380, 396, 338, 339. WALLEY (Thomas), minister df Barnstable, Massachusetts, was ejected from a parish in London by the act of uniformity in 1663, and in the following year sought a refuge from ecclesiastical oppression in America, and was settled at Barnstable. The church in this town had been broken with disputes ; but the prudent and holy Walley was the means of restoring the harmony, which had been interrupted. He died March 24, 1679, aged sixty one years. He was an accomplished scholar and an eminent Christian. His remarkable humility rendered him quiet in himself, and promoted peace, wherever he went. He made the Lord Jesus Christ the mun subject of his preaching. In the discharge of the sacred of- fice he was mindful, that the souls of persons in the humblest sta- tions were infinitely precious, as well as the souls of persons in the highest. In his visits to his people he imparted religious instruc- tion and advice, and also relieved the wants of the poor. He seems to have possessed uncommonly correct notions of toleration for the time, in which he lived. On a public occasion he observed, that it n W 11 .tl!fc-i : t it: m M l!li ■f/ I* I \ mm m if'' ■!' ^< i) !'■ i « i ii i'."' !■ ,', .SI .[> 568 WAL. ■ « 1 I :i'. would not consist with the profession of IdTe to Christ to ti^Qble those, that differ from the i^nerality of God's pciople in lesser things, and that those, who are like to live together in heaven at last* should endeavor to live peaceably together here. He published balm in Gilead to heal Zion's wounds, an election sermon preached in Plymouth colony June 1, 1669.— MzMer'« magnaliai iii. 222,223; Mmconform. memorial^ i. 149. WALLEY (John), a judge of the superior court of Massachu- setts, and a member of the council, died at Boston January 11, 1712, in the sixty ninth year of his age. In the year 1690 he accompani- ed sir William Phips in his unsuccessful expedition against Canada, being entrusted with the com nand of the land forces. He was one of the principal founders of the town and church of Bristol, now in Rhode Island. He discharged the high trusts reposed in him by his country with ability and fidelity. To his wisdom as a counsellor and his impartiality as a judge, he added an uncommon sweetness and candor of spirit, and the various virtues of the Christian. His faith was justified by his integrity and his works of piety and char*>^ ity. He died in calmness and humble reliance upon the great Me- diator for mercy. His journal of the expedition to Canada is pre- served in Hutchinson.— Pfrnd^r/on'tf sermon on Ida death ; Hutchin* •" f-' \:i r I > til I ,;■ 570 WAR. and died towards the close of the last eentory. He published a work of a respectable characteri entitled^ flora Carolinianai 1788^— M/- lcr*4 retro^eetf i. 143. WARD (Nathaiiikl)» first minister of Ipswich, Massachusetts^ was bom in Haverhill, England, in 1570, and was the son of John Ward, a minister of the established church. He was educated at the uniTersity of Cambridge and was admitted to the degree of mas- ter of arts in 1595. After having been for some time a student and practitioner of the law, he travelled into Holland, Germany, Prussia, and Denmark. At the univeruty of Heidelberg he became ac- quainted with the celebrated scholar and divine, David Parens, and by conversing with him was induced to abandon the profession) upon which he had entered, and to commence the study of divinity. Aner being occupied for some time in theological pursuits at Heidelberg, he returned to England, and was settled in the ministry at Standon in Hertfordshire. He was ordered before the bishop December 13, 163 l,to answer for his nonconformity ; and refusing to comply with the requisitions of the church, he was at length forbidden to conUnue in the exeruse of his clerical office. In April 1 634 he left his native country, and arrived in New England in June. He was soon settled as pastor of the church at Aggawam, or Ipswich. In 1635 he re- ceived Mr. Norton as his colleague ; but in the following /ear Ihe was by his own request released from his engagement as a minister, and Mr. Nathaniel Rogers was settled in his place. The cause of his dismisuon was som^ natural infirmity, best known to himself, which rendered iiim deuroua of not being called upon to preach so frequently, as while he retained his office of pastor. In 1641 he was chosen by the freemen without thq consent of the magistrates to preach the election sermon. In December of the same year the general court established one hundred laws, called *V the body of liberties," which were drawn up by Mr. Ward in 1639, and Ifadbcen committed to the governor and others for consideration. In 1 647 he returned to England, and soon after his arrival published a work en* itled, " the simple cobler of Aggawam in America,*' which was writ- ten during the civil wars of Charles I, and designed to encourage the opposers of the king, and the enemies of the established church. He resumed his profession, and in 1648 was settled at Shenfield in Essex, where he remained till his death in 1653, being about eighty thifantasket May 30, 1630, and in June began a set- tlement at Oorchettter near Qoston. In 1 635 this church removed to Connecticut river and settled at Windsor. Mr. Maverick, while preparing to follow them, died Febnury 3, 1636 ; but Mr. Warham joined them in September. Here he continued about thirty four years till his dca^h April 1» 1670. Though he was distinguished for piety and the strictest morals, yet he was sometimes the prey of religious melancholy. He was known to administer the Lord's supper to his brethren, while he did not participate with them through apprehension, that the seals of the new covenant did not belong to him. It is supposed, that he was the first minister in New England, who used notes in preaching ; yet he was animated and energetic in his manner .p—MifAer'* ma jrna//(z,iii. 131 ; Trum- bull*a Connect, i. 55, 492 ; Collect, Mat. »oc. i. 99 ; iii. 74 ; v. 166 —168 ; ix. 148, 154 ; Holrnea* annul; \. 408. WARREN (Josbpr), a major general in the American army, was bom in Roxbury in 1740, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1759. Directing his attention to medical studies, he in a few years became one of the most eminent physicians in Boston. But he lived at a period, when greater objects claimed his attention, than those, which related particularly to his profession. His country needed his efforts, and his zeal and courage would not permit him to shrink from any labors or dangers. His eloquence and his talents as a writer wer« displayed on many occasions from the year, in which the stamp act was passed, to the commencement of the war. He was a bold politician. ' Wnile many were wavering with regard to the measures, which should be adopted,^ he contended, that every kind of taxation, whether external or internal, was tyranny, and ought immediately to be resisted ; and he believed that America was able to withstand any force, that could be sent against her. From the year 1768 he was a principal member of a secret meeting or caucus in Boston, vrhich had great influence on the concerns of the coumry. With all his boldness^ and decision, and zeal, he was cir> cumspect and ^ise. In this assembly the plans of defence were matured. After the destruction of the tea, it was no longe.r kept secret. He was twice chosen the public orator of the town on the anniversary of the massacre, and his orations breathe the energy of fi great and daring mind. It was hey who on the evening before, the sm i- f ■ WAR. S73 iom« aBcribed to hrittian^— Ma«ttt* i ii. 66j JoumaU , CimnecUcut) was he came to this hichVaa gathered [)>igrato to Ameri- iverick a» paator. June began a set- B church removed r. Maverick, whUe ibulMr.Warham i about thirty four was distinguished letimes the prey of linister the Lord's ticipate with them r covenant did not le first minister in et he was animated iiciii. 131 ; Trum- 99 } iii. 74 } V. 166 ic American army, d at Harvard college itudies, he in a few ws in Boston. But sd his attention, than ision. His country ould not permit him uence and his talents I from the year, in incement of the war. wavering with regard :ontended, that every il, was tyranny, and lieved that America mtagiunst her. From a secret meeting or the concerns of the and ze«J, he was cir- ;lans of defence were it was no longer kept T of the town on the jreathc the energy of he evening befpre the battle of Lexington obtained information of the intended cxpedi- tion against Concord, and at ten o'clock at night despatched an ex- press to Messrs. Hancock and Adams, who were at Lexington, to warn them of their danger. He himself on the next day, the mem* orabie nineteenth of April, was very active. It is said in general Heath's memoirs, that a ball took off part of liis ear lock. In the confused state of the army, which soon assembled at Cambridge, hm had vast influence in preserving order among the troops. After tb« departure of Hancock to congress he was chosen president of th« provincial congress in his place. Four days previously to the battle of Bunker's or Breed's hill he received his commission of major general. When the intrenchments were made upon the fatal spot, to encourage the men within the lines he went down from Cam- bridge and joined them as a voluntoer on the eventful day of the battle, June the seventeenth. Just as the retreat commenced, a ball struck him on the head and he died in the trenches, aged thirty five yearsk He was the first victim of rank, that fell in the struggle with Great Britain. In the spring of 1776 his bones were taken up and entombed in Boston, on which occasion, as he had been grand master of the free masons in America, a brother mason and an elo* quent orator pronounced a funeral eulogy. With zeal in the cause of liberty, which blazed, Dr. Warren was yet judicious in counsel, and candid and generous towards those, who had different senti- ments respecting thccontroversy. His mind was vigorous, his dis- position humane, and his manners affable and engaging. In his in- tegrity and patriotism entire confidence was placed. To the most undaunted bravery he added the virtues of domestic life, the elo- quence of an accomplished orator, and the wisdom of an able states- man. He published an oration in 1772 and another in 1775 com- memorative of the fifth of March 1770.— Gort/on, i. 489 ; ii. 46— » 49, 314 ; Ramaayy i. 205 ; Ru$h*a eulogium ; Warren*» hitt. qfthc war,i. 232, 323 ; Polyanthot, iii. 217 — 224 ; iv. 173 ; Morton** eulogy ; Holtnea* annalsf ii. 335 ; Collect, hist. toe. v. 107 ; Poetical eulogium ; Hardie. WARREN (James), a distinguished friend of his country, was descended from Richard Warren, one of the first settlers of Plym» outh in 1620, and was bom in the year 1726. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1745. Directing his attention to commercial affairs, he was for many years a respectable merchant. About the year 1757 his father died and left him a handsome patrimonial estate, which had descended from Richard Warren. He was at this time appointed high sheriff as successor of his father, and he retained this office till the commencement of the war, notwithstanding the active part, which he took in opposing the measures of the Brit- ish ministry. In May 1766 he was chosen a member of the general court from Plymouth, and he uniformly supported the rights of his country. The govemipent, who knew his abilities and feared his S; ;, 574 WAS. ''■'"• ;, \ \^ opposition} tried the influence of promises and of tiireats upon liim ; but his intetpitj was not to be corrupted. In 1T7S his proposal for establishing committees of correspondence was generally adopted. When solicited to take a seat in the first congress he declined* not then having had the small pox. After the death of his friend, gen- eral Warren, he was appointed president of the provincial congress. While the army lay at Cambridge in 1775 he was made paymaster fencral, but in the following year, when the troops went to New ork and three departments were constituted, he resigned. In 1776 he was appointed major general of the militia, though he never acted in that capacity. After the formatbn of the constitution of Massa- chusetts he was for many years speaker of the house of representa- tives. Preferring an activti station, in which he could serve his country, he refused the office of lieutenant governor, and that of Judge of the supreme court, but accepted a seat at the navy board, the duties of which were very arduous. At the close of the war he retired from public employments to enjoy domestic ease and leisure. He afterwards however accepted a seat in the council, and the last act of his long labors for the benefit of his country was the discharge of the duty of an elector of president and vice president in 1804. He died at Plymouth November 37, 18Q8, aged eighty two years. Amidst his public cares, which demanded his abilities, and much oc- cupied him, he never neglected the more humble dudes of domes- tic life, or the more «xalted claims of religion: While his conduct was uniformly upright, his piety was retired, unassuming, and con- stant.— ^arrfn'« hiat. qf the nratr, i. 58, 109, 135, 181, 236, 335 ; Gordon^ i. 308 ; Marthallt i. afiftendiXi 4\ ; ii. 278. WASHBURN (Joseph), minister of Farmington, Connecticut, was graduated at Yale college in 1793, and was ordained in 1794 or 1795. His declining health induced him in 1805 to seek a more southern climate. While on his passage fW)m Norfolk to Charles- ton, he died in the arms of Mrs. Washburn on the twenty fifth of Dece^mber, and his body was deposited in the ocean. He was one of the editors of the Connecticut evangelical magazine. A vol- ume of his sermons has been published since his death in 13mo. It is esteemed for the plain and important instructions, which it contains.— ^ffMm6/y*« mz««. mag. ii. 143. WASHINGTON (George), commander in chief of the Amer- ican army during: the war with Great Britain, and first president of the United States, was the third son of Mr. Augustine Washington, and was bom at Bridj^es creek in the county of Westmoreland, Vir- ginia, February 33, 1732. His great grandfather had emigrated to that place from the north of Englapd ahoat the year 1657. At the 1^ of ten years he lost his father, and the patrimonial estate de- scended to his elder brother, Mr. Lawrence Washington, who in the year 1740 had been engaged in the expedition against Cartha- gena. In honor of the British admiral, who commanded the fleet, WAS. 575 exD'i'ivjyed in that enterprise, the estate was called Mount Vernon. At the age of fifteen, agreeably to the wisUes oi his brother «• well at to his own urgent request to enter into the British navy, the place of a midshipman in a vessel of war, then sutioned on tlie coast of Virginia, was obtained for him. Every thing was in readiness for his departure, when the fears of a timid and afiTectiouate mother prevailed upon him to abandon his pro^sed career on the ocean, and were the means of retaining him upon the land to be the future ▼indicator of his country's rights. All the advantages of education* which he enjoyed, were derived from a private tutor, who instructed iiim in English literature and the general principles of science, as well as in morality and religion. After his disappointment with regard to entering the navy, he devoted much of his time to the study of the mathematics ; and in the practice of his profession as a, surveyor he had an opportunity of acquiring that information re- specting the value of vacant lands, which afterwards greatly contrib- uted to the increase of his private fortune. At (he age of nine- teen, when the militia of Virginia were to be trained for actual ser« vice, he was appointed an adjutant general with the rank of major. It was for a very short time, that he discharged the duties of this office. In the year 1753 the plan, formed by France for connecting Canada with Louisiana by a line of posts, and thus of encloung the British colonies and of establishing her influence over the nume- rous tribes of Indians on the frontiers, began to be developed. In the prosecudon of this design possession had been taken of a tract of land, then believed to be within the province of Virginb. Mr. Dinwiddle, the lieutenant governor, being determined to remonstrate against the supposed encroachment, and violaUon of the treaties be- tween the two countries, despatched major Washing^n through the wilderness to the Ohio to deliver a letter to the commanding officer of the French, and also to explore the country. This trust of £mger and fatigue he executed with great ability. He left Williamsburg Oc- tober 31, 1753, the very day, on which he received his commission, and at the frontier settlement of the English engaged guides to con- duct him over the Alleghany mountains. After pasung them he pursued his route to the Mononi^ahela, examining the coimtry with a military eye, and taking the most judicious means for securing the friendship of the Indians. He selected the forks of the Monon- gahela and Alleghany rive'^ as a position^ which ought to be imme- diately possessed and fortified. At this place the French very soon erected fort du Quesne, which fell into the hands of the English in 1758 and was called by them fort Pitt. Pursuing his way up the Alleghany to French creek, he found at a fort upon this stream the commanding officer, to whom he delivered the letter from Mr. Din- widdle. On his return he encountered great difficulties and dan- gers. As the snow was deep and the horses weak from fatigue, he left his attendants at the mouth of French creek, and set out on foot, '•A'k'. •4 Mi: r: ■M Mi' all m, i 11 1 1 ? 576 WAS. with hia papers and provisions in his pack, accompanied only by hia pilot* Mr. Gist. At a pl^ce upon the Alleghany, called Murdering town, they fell in with a hostile Indian, who was one of a party then lying in wait, and Who fired upon them not ten steps distant. They took him into custody and kept him until nine o'clock, and then let him go. To avoid the pursuit, which they presumed would be commenced in the morning, they travelled all night. On reacliing the MonongaheU, they had a hard day's work to make a raft with a hatchet. In attempting to cross the river to reach a trader's house, the^ were enclosed by masses of ice. In order to stop the raft major Washington put down his setting pole ; but the ice came with such force against it, as to jerk him into the water. He saved himself by seizin^^ one of the raft logs. With difficulty they landed on an ikland, where they passed the night. The cold was so severe, that the pilot's hands and feet were frozen. The next dav they crossed the river upon the ice. Washington arrived at Williams- burg January f6, 1754. His journal, which evinced the solidity of his judgment and his fortitude, was published. As the French seemed disposed to remain upon the Ohio, it was determined to raise a regiment of three hundred men to maintain the claims of the British crown. The command was given to Mr. Fry, and major Washington, who was appointed lieutenant cokmel, marched with two companies early in April 1754 in advance of the other troops. A few miles west of the Great Meadows he surprised a French encampment in a dark, rainy night, and only one man es- caped. Before the arrival of the two remaining companies Mr. Fry died, and tlie command devolved on colonel Washington. Being joined by two other companies of regular troops from South Caro- lina and New York, after erecting a small stockade at the Great Meadows, he proceeded towards fort du Quesne, which had been built but a shoit time, with the intention of dislodging the Franch. He had marched only thirteen miles totUe westernmost foot of the Laurel hill, before he received information of the approach of the enemy with superior numbers, and was induced to return to his stockade. He began a ditch around it, and called it fort Neces- sity ; but the next day, July the third, he was attacked by fifteen hundred men. His own troops were onlv about four hundred in number. The action commenced at ten m the morning and lasted until dark. A part of the Americans fought within the fort, and a part in the ditch filled with mud and water. Colonel Washington was himself on the outside of the fort during the whole day. The enemy fought under cover of the trees and high grass. In the course of the night articles of capitulation were agreed upon. The garrison were allowed to retain their arms and baggage, and to march unmolested to the inhabited parts of Virginia. The loss of the Americans in killed and wounded was supposed to be about a hundred, and that of the enemy about two hundred. In a few I'' HI WAS. 577 aM>ntht aftermtrd* orden were received for settling the rank of the oflScerS) and thoM} who were conamiiftionod by the kin(i;« being di' rected to take rank of the provincial officers^ colonel Waihington Indignantif reiigned hi* committion. He now retired to Mount Vernon, that estate by the death of his brother having devolved up- on him. But in the spring of 1753 he accepted an invitation from genenU Braddock to enter hb family as a volunteer aid de camp in hia expedition to the Ohio. He .proceeded with him to Wills* creek, afterwards called fort Cumberland! in April. After the troops had marched a few milea from this place, he was seized with a raging fever ; but refusing to remain behind he was conveyed in a covered waggon. By his advice twelve hundred men were detached in or- der by a rapid movement to reach fort du Quesne before an expected reenforcement should be received at that place. These disencum- bered troops were commanded by Braddock himself, and colonel Washington, though still extremely ill, insisted upon proceeding With them. After they arrived upon the Monongahcla he advised the general to employ the ranging companies of Virginia to scour the woods and to prevent ambuscades ; but his advice was not fol- lowed. On the ninth of July, when the army was within seven miles of fort du Quesne, the enemy commenced a sudden and fu- rious attack, being concealed by the wood and high grass. In a shdrt time colonel Washington was the only ud, that was unwound- ed, and on him devolved the whole duty of carrying the orders of the comrtVinder in chief. He was cool and fearless. Though he had two horses killed under him, and four balls through his coat, he escaped unhort, while every other officer on horseback was ei- ther killed or wounded. Doctor Craik, the physiciam who at- tended him in his last sickness, was present in this battle, and says, " I expected every moment to see him fall.-— Nothing but the su- perintending care of Providence could have saved him from the fate of all around him." After an action of three hours the troops gaye way in all directions, and colonel Washington and two others brought off Braddock, who had been mortally wounded. He attempt- ed to rally the retreadng troops ; but, as he B:iys himself, it was like endeavoring " to stop the wild bears of the mountains." The con- duct of the regular troops was most cowardly. The enemy wero few in numbers and had no expectation of victory. In a sermon occauonedlnr this expedition the reverend Dr. Davies of Hanover county thus prophetically expressed himself ; ** as a remarkable in- stance of patrioUsm I may point out to the public that heroic youth, colonel Washington, whom I cannot but hope Providence has hith- erto preserved in so signal a manner for some important service to his country." For this purpose he was indeed preserved, and at the end of twenty years he began to render to his country more im- portant services, than the minister of Jesua could have anticipated. From 1755 to 1758 he commanded a regiment, which was nosed P 74 (J.!! 578 WAS. Cor the protection of the frontiera, nnd during this period he mtm JiDcc»Mntly occupied in efforts to tiiield the exposed tettlement* from the incursionit of the savages. His exertions were in » great degree ineffectual in consequence of the errors and the pride of govemnicntt and of the impossibility of guarding with a few troops Ml extended territory from an enemy, which was averse to open warfare. He in the most earnest manner recommended offensivr, measures as the only method of giving complete protectiua to the scattered settlements. lu the year 1758 to his great joy it wa« de- termined to undertake another expedition against fort du Quesne, and he engaged in it with zeul. Early in July the troops were as- Mmbled at fort Cuml)erland ; and here ngainstall the remonstrances and arguments of colonel Washington general Forbes resolved to open a new road to the Ohio instead of taking the old route. Such was the predicted delay, occasioned by this measure, that in No- vember It was resolved not to proceed further during that cam- I>aign. But intelligence of the weakness of the garrison induced un alteration of tiie plan of passing the winter in the wilde vnesv By slow marches the army was enabled on the twenty fifth of ?« • vember to reach fort du Quesne, of which peaceable piossefl^^ion was taken, as the enemy on the preceding night after setting it on fire had abantloned it, and proceeded down the Ohio. The works in this place were repaired, and its name was changed to that of fort Pitt. Thft success of the expedition was to be attributed to the British fleet, which intercepted reenforcements, destined for Cana- da, and to events in the northern colonies. The great object, which he had been anxious to effect, being now accomplished, and his health being enfeebled, colonel Washington resigned his commission as commander in chief of ail the troops raised in Virginia. Soon after his resignuiion he was married to the widow of Mr. Custis, a young lady, to wham he had been for some time strongly attached, and who to a large fortune and a fine person added those amiable accomplishments, which fill with silent felicity the scenes of domestic life. His attention for several years was principally directed to the management of his estate, which had now become considerable. He had nine thousand acres under his own manage- ment. So great a part was cultivated, that in one year he raised aeven the isand bushels of wheat, and ten thousand of Indian com. His slaves and other persons, employed by hir• tain Manly captured an ordnance brig, which furnished the Ameri- can army with the precise articles, of which it was in the greatest want. In September general Washington despatched Arnold on an expedition against Quebec. In February 1 776 he proposed to a council of his officers to cross the ice and attack the enemy in Boston, but they unanimously disapproved of the daring measure. It was however soon resolved to take possession of the heights of Dorches- ter. This was done without discovery on the night of the fourth of March, and on the seventeenth the enemy found it necessary to evacuate the town. The recovery of Boston induced congress to pass a vote of thanks to general Washington and his brave army. In the belief, that the efforts of the British would be directed to«< wards the Hudson, he hastened the armyito New York, where he himself arrived on the fourteenth of April. He made every exer- tion to fortify the city, and attention was paid to the forts in the highlands. While he met the most embarrassing difficulUes, a plan was formed to assist the enemy in seizing his person, and some of his own guards engaged in the conspiracy ; but it was discovered, and some, who were concerned in it, were executed. In the be- ginning of July general Howe landed his troops at Staten Island. His brother, lord Howe, who commanded ti.c fleet, soon arrived; and as both were commissioners for restoring- peace to the colonies, I the latter addressed a letter upon the subject to " George Washing* 580 WAS. i ■« i-)i ', I ) •I I m I. \} h i ton, eiquice^'' but (he general refused to receive it, m it did not acknowledge the public character, with which he was invested by con» gress, in which character only he could have any intercourse with his lordship. Another letter was sent to " George WaahingUMK ^« Sec. &c.'* This for the same reuiion was rejected. Alter the disas- trous battle of Brooklyn on the twenty seventh of August, in^which Stirling and Sullivan were taken prisoners, and of which he was only a spectator, he withdrew the troops from Long Island, and in a few days he resolved to withdraw from New York. At K-ipp's bay, about three miles from the city, some works had been thrown up to oppose the eneaiy ; but on tlieir approach the American troops fled with precipitation. Washington rode towards the lines, and made every exertion to prevent the disgraceful flight. He drew bis sword, and threatened to run the cowards through ; he cocked and snapped his pistols ; but it was all in v£un. Such was the state of his mind at this moment, that he turned his horse towards the advancing enemy apparently with the intention of rushing upon death. His aids now seized the bridle of his horse and rescued him from destruction. New York was on the same day, September the fifteenth, evacuated. In October he retreated to the White Plains , where on the twenty eighth a considerable action took, place, in which the Americans were overpowered. After the loss of forts Washington and Lee he passed into New Jersey in November, and was pursued by a triumphant and numerous enemy. His army did not amount to three thousand, and it was daily diminishing ; his men as the winter commenced were barefooted and almost. naJied, destitute of tents and of utensils, with which to dress their scanty provisions ; and every circumstance tended to fill the mind with despondence. But general Washington was undismayed; and firm. He showed himself to his enfeebled army with a serene and unem* barrassed countenance, and they were inspired with the resolution of their commander. On the eighth) of December he was obliged to cross the Delaware ; but he had the precaution to secure th( boats for seventy miles upon the river. While the British were waiting for the ice to afford them a passage, as his own army had been reenforced by several thousand men, he formed the resolution of carrying the cantonments of the enemy by surprise. On the night of the twenty fifth of December he crossed the river nine miles above Trenton, in a storm of snow mingled with hail and rain, with about two thousand and four hundred men. Two other detach* ments were unable to effect a passage. In the morning precisely at eight o'clock he surprised Trenton and took a thousand Hessians prisoners, a thousand stand of arms, and six field piqces. Twenty of of the enemy were killed. Of the Americans two privates were killed, and two frozen to death ; and one officer and' three or four privates were wounded. On the same day he recrossed the Delaware with the fruits of his enterprise ; but in two or three WAS. 581 days pftBsed again into New Jersey, and eoncenttated his forc- eSf amounting to five tihousand, at Trenton. On the approach o£a superior enemy under Comwaliis January 2, 1777, he drew up his mea behind Assumpinck creek. He expected an attack in the morning;, which would probably result in a ruinous defeat. At this moment, when it was hazardous if not impracticable to return into PennsylTania, he formed the resolution of getting into the rear of the enemy and thus slop them in their progress towards Philadel- pliia. in the night he silently decamped, taking a circuitous route through Allen's town to Princeton. A sudden change of the weath> ev to seveoe cold rendered the roads favorable for his inarch. About sunrise his van met a British detachment on its way to join Comr wallia, and was defeated by it ; but as he came up he exposed him* self to every danger and gtuned a victory. With three hundred prisoners he then entered Princeton. During this march many of- bis soldiers were without shoes^ and their feet left the marks of blood upon the frozen ground. This hardship and their want of repose induced him; to lead his army to a place of security on the road to Morristown. Comwaliis in the morning broke up his camp and alarmed for his stores at Brunswick urged the pursuit. Thus the military genius of the American commander, under the bless- ing of divine Providence, rescued Philadelphia from the threatened danger, (^liged tlie enemy, which had overspread New Jersey, to^ return to the neighborhood of New York, and revived the despond- ing spirit of his country. Having accomplished these objects, he retired to Morristown, where he caused his whole army to be inoc> ulated with the small pox, and thus was freed from the apprehen- sion of a calamity, which might impede his operations during the next campfugn. On the last of May he removed his army to Middlebrook, about ten miles from Brunswick, where he fortified himself very strongly. An ineffectual attempt was made by sir William Howe to draw him* from his position by marching towards Philadelphia ; but after Howe's return to New York he moved towards the Hudson in or- der to defend the passes in the mountains in the expectation that a junction with Burgoyne, who was then upon the lakes, would be at- tempted. After the British general sailed from New York and en* tered the Chesapeak in August, general Washington marched im- mediately for the defence of Philadelphia. On the eleventh of September he was defeated at Brandywine with the loss of nine hundred in killed and wounded. A few days afterward, as he was pursued, he turned upon the enemy, determined upon another en- gagement; but a heavy rain so damaged the arms and ammunition^ that he was under the absolute necessity of again retreating. Phila- delphia was entered by Comwaliis on the twenty sixth of Septem- ber. On the fourth of October the American commander made a well planned attack upon the British camp at Germantown ; but in III! !l 582 WAS. hi 1,.^ ■li . .i consequence of the darkness of the mornings and the impetfect dis- cipline of liis troops, it terminated in the loss of twelve hundred men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. In December he went into winter quarters at Valley Forge on the west side of the Schuylkill, between twenty and thirty miles from Philadelphia. Here his ar- my was in the greatest distress for want of provisions, and he was reduced to the necessity of sending out parties to seize what they could find. About the same time a combination, in which some members of congress were engaged, was formed to remove the commander in chief and to appoint in his place Gates, whose successes of late had given him a high reputation. But the name of Washington was too dear to the great body of Americans to admit of such a change. Notwithstanding the discordant materials, of which his army was composed, there was something in his charac- ter, which enabled him to attach both his officers and soldiers so strongly to him, that no distress could weaken their affection, nor impair the veneration, in which he was generally held. Without, this attachment to tiim the army must have been dissolved. Gen- eral Conway, who was concerned in this faction, being wounded in a duel with general Cadwallader, and thinking his wound mortal^ wrote to general Washington, " you are, in my eyes, the great and good man." On the first of February 1778 there were about four thousand men in camp unfit for duty for want of clothes. Of these scarcely a man had a pair of shoes. The hospitals also were filled with the sick. At this time the enemy, if they had marched out of their winter quarters, would easily have dispersed the American ar- my. The apprehension of the approach of a French fleet inducing the British to concentrate their forces, when they evacuated Phila- delphia on the seventeenth of June and marched towards New York, general Washington followed them. Contrary to the advice of a council he engaged in the battle of Monmouth on the twenty eighth, the result of which made an impression favorable to the cause of America. He slept in his cloak on the field of battle, intending to renew the attack the next morning, but at midnight the British marched off in such silence, as not to be discovered. Their loss in killed was about three hundred, and that of the Americans sixty nine. As the campaign now closed in the middle states, the Ameri- can army went into winter quarters in the neighborhood of the high- lands upon the Hudson. Thus after the vicissitudes of two years both armies were brought back to the point, from which they set out. During the year 1779 general Washington remained in the neighborhood of New York. In January 1780, in a winter mem- orable for its severity* his utmost exertions were necessary to save the army from dissolution. The soldiers in general submitted with heroic patience to the want of provisions and clothes. At one time they cat every kind of horse food but hay. Their sufferings at length were so great, that in March two of the Connecticut regi- WAS. 585 the imperfect dis- >f twelve hundred mber he went into of the Schuylkill, hia. Here his ar- sions, and he was lies to seize what >inaUon, in which formed to remove lace Gates, whose 1. But the name of imericans to admit rdant materials, of hing in his charac- ers and soldiers so their affection, nor . llyheld. Without n dissolved. Gen- being wounded in a his wound mortal eyes, the great and ;re were about four ' clothes. Of these lals also were filled [had marched out of d the American ar- ench fleet inducing :y evacuated Phila- towards New York, [y to the advice of a . the twenty eighth, ible to the cause of battle, intending to idnight the British red. Their loss in |e Americans sixty states, the Ameri- .jrhood of the high- itudes of two years fom which they set [ton remained in the I, in a winter mem- 3 necessary to save eral submitted with jthcs. At one time [Their sufferings at Connecticut regi- ments mutinied, but the mutiny was suppressed and the ringleaders secured. In September the treachery of Arnold was detected. In the winter of 1781, such were again the privations of the army, that a part of the Pennsylvania line revolted, and marched home. Such however was still their patriotism, that they delivered up some British emissaries to general Wayne, who hanged them as spies* Committing the defence of the posts on the Hudson to general Heath, general Washington in August marched with count Rocham- beau for the Chesapeak to cooperate with the French fleet there. The siege of Yorktown commenced on the twenty eighth of Sep- tember, and on the nineteenth of October he reduced Comwallis to the necesuty of surrendering with upwards of seven thousand men to the combined armies of America and France. The day after the capitulation he ordered, that those, who were under arrest, should be pardoned, and that divine service in acknowledgment of the in- terposition of Providence should be performed in all the brigades and 'divisions. This event filled America with joy and was the means of terminating the war. Few events of importance took place in 1782. In March 178S he exhibited his characteristic firmness and decision in opposing an attempt to produce a mutiny by anonymous letters. His address to his officers on the occasion displays in a remarkable degree his pru- dence and the correctness of his judgment. When he began to read it he found himself in some degree embarrassed by the im- perfection of his sight. Taking out his spectacles he said, *' these eyes, my friends, have grown dim, and these locks white in the ser- vice of my country ; yet I have never doubted her justice." He only could have repressed the spirit, which was breaking forth. On the nineteenth of April a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the A- roerican camp. In June he addressed a letter to the governors of the several states, congratulating them on the result of the contest in the establishment of independence, and recommending an indissoluble union of the states under one federal head, a sacred regard to public justice, the adoption of a proper peace establishment, and the prev- alence of a friendly disposition among the people of the several states. It was with keen distress, as well as with pride and admi- ration, that he saw his brave and veteran soldiers, who had suffered so much, and who had borne the heat and burden of the war, re- turning peaceably to their homes without a settlement of their ac- counts, or a farthing of money in their pockets. On the twenty filth of November New York was evacuated, and he entered it ac- companied by governor Clinton and many respectable cidzens. On the fourth of December he took his farewell of his brave comrades in arms. At noon the principal officers of the army assembled at Frances* tavern, and their beloved commander soon entered the room. His emotions were too strong to be concealed. Filling a glass with wine, he turned to them r.nd said, " Aviih ti licait full of f ' "\ * i i [\U: ,1 .1 f \i ( ', I::! i. 584 WAS. love and gratitude^ I mow take leave of ywk ; I most devoutly irishy that your latter days may be as prosperons and happy, as your Ibr- ner ones have been glorious and honorable." Having dmnfc, he lidded, " I caoBotoome to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged to you, if each of you will come and take me by the hand." . General Unox, being nearest, turned toUm. IrcapaUe of utter- ance, general Washington gra^d bis hand, and embraced him. In the aame affectionate manner he toolk his leave of each succeeding ofl&cer. In eveiy eye was the tear of dignified sensibility, and not a word was articulated to interrupt the siknce and the tenderness of the aceae. Ye men, who delight in blood, slaves of ambition i When your work of carnage was finished, could ye thus part with your companions in crime ? Leaving the room, general Washing- ton passed through the corps of light infantry, and walked to White hall, where a barge waited to carry him to Powles' hook. The whole company followed in mute procession with dejected counte^ nances. When he entered the barge, he turned to them, and waving his hat bade them a silent adieu, receiving from them the aame last, affectionate compliment. On the twenty third of De- cember he resigned his commission to congress, then assembled at . Anni^lis. He delivered a short address im the occasion, in which he said, ** I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those, who have the superin- tendence of them, to his holy keeping.*' He then retired to Mount Vernon to enjoy again the pleasures of domestic life. Here the expressions of the gratitude of his countrymen in affectionate ad- dresses poured in upon him, and he received every testimon y of respect and veneration. In his retirement however he could not overiook the public inter- ests. He was desirous of opening by water carriage a communica- tion between the Atlantic and the western portions of our country in order to prevent the diversion of trade down the Mississippi, and to Canada, from which he predicted consequences injurious to the union. Through his influence two companies were formed for pro- moting inland navigation. The legislature of Virginia presented him with three hundred shares in them, which he appropriated to public uses. In the year 1786 he was convinced, with other states- men, of the necessity of substituting a more vigorous general gov- ernment in the place of the impotent articles of confederation. Still Jic was aware of the danger of running from one extreme to another. He exclaims in a letter to Mr. Jay, " what astonishing changes a few years are capable of producing ! I am told, that even respect- able characters speak of a monarchical form of government without horror. From thinking proceeds speaking ; thence to acting is of- ten but a single step. But how irrevocable, and tremendous I What a triumph for our enemies to verify their predictions I What WAS. 585 a triumph for the advocates of despotism to find, that wc are inca- pable of governing ourselves, and that systems, founded on the ba- sis of equal liberty, are merely ideal and fallacious !" In the follow- ing year he was persuaded to take a seat in the convention, which formed the present constitution of the United States, and he pre- sided in that body. • In 1 789 he was unanimously elected the first president of the United States. It was with great reluctance, that he accepted this office. His feelings, as he said himself, were like those of a culprit, going to the place of execution. But the voice of a whole continent, the pressing recommendation of his particular friends, and the apprehension, that he should otherwise be consider- ed as unwilling to hazard his reputation in executing a system, which he had assisted in forming, determined him to accept the appointment. In April he left Mount Vernon to proceed to New York, and to enter on the duties of his high office. He every where received testimonies of respect and love. At Trenton the gentler sex rewarded him for his successful enterprise and the protection, which he afforded them twelve years before. On the bridge over the creek, which passes through the town, was erected a triumphal arch, ornamented with laurels and flowers, and supported by thir- teen pillars, each encircled with wreaths of evergreen. On the iiront of the arch was inscribed in large, gilt letters THE DEFENDER OF THE MOTHERS "^ WILL BE THE PROTECTOR OF THE DAUGHTERS. At this place he was met by a party of matrons, leading their daugh- ters, who were dressed in white, and who with baskets of flowers in their hands sung with exquisite sweetness the following ode, writ- ten for the occasion. Welcome, mighty chief, once more ^ " ' ' Welcome to this grateful shore ; Now no mercenary foe Aims again the fatal blow, . * , ,. J '' Aims at thee the fatal blow. • i.o ' iv Virgins fair and matrons grave, Those thy conquering arms did save, Build for thee triumphal bowers ; "i ' ^ Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers, Strew your hero's way with flowers. At the last line the flowers were strewed before him. After re- ceiving such proofs of affectionate attachment he arrived at New York, and was inaugurated first president of the United States on the thirtieth of April. In making the necessary arrangements of his household he publicly announced, that neither visits of business norof ceremony would be expected on Sunday, as he wished to reserve that day sacredly tp himself. At the close of his first term of four 75 %\ ilis " 586 WAS. ' ! f II , (• i years be prepared a valedictory address to the Amerlcaa people) anxious to return again to the scenes of domestic life ; but the earnest entreaties of his friends and the pecuhar situation of his country induced him to be a candidate for a second election. Dur- ing his administration of eight years the labor of establishing the different departments of a new government was accomplished ; and he exhibited the greatest firmness, wisdom, and independence. He was an American, and he chose not to involve his country in the contests of Europe. He accordingly with the unanimous ad- vice of his cabinet^ consisting of Messrs. Jefferson, Hamilton* Knox, and Randolph, issued a proclamation of neutrality April 22, 1793, a few days after he heard of the commencement of the war 1)ctween England and France. This measure contributed in a great degree to the prosperity— of America. Its adoption was the more honorable to the president, as the general sympathy was in favor of the sister republic, against whom it was said Great Britain had com- menced the ^var for the sole put-pose of imposing upon her a mo- luirchical form of government. He preferred the peace and welfare of his country to the breath of popular applause. Another act, in which he proved himself to be less regardful of the public partialities and prejudices, than of what he conceived to be the public good, was the ratification of the British treaty. The English government had neglected to surrender tlie western postS) and by commercial re- strictions and in other ways had evinced a hostile spirit towards this country. To avert the calamhy of another war Mr. Jay was nom- inated as envoy extraordinary in April 1794. In June 1795 the treaty, which Mr. Jay had made, was submitted to the senate, and was ratified by that body on the condition, that one article should be altered. While the president was deliberating upon it, an incor- rect copy of the instrument was made public by a senator, and the whole country was thrown into a state of extreme irritation. At this period, he in August conditionally ratified it, and in February 1795, when It was returned from his Britannic majesty with the proposed alteration, he declared it to be the law of the land. After this transaction the house of representatives requested him to lay before them the papers relating to the treaty, but he with great in- dependence refused to comply with their request, as they could have no claim to an inspection of thcni except upon a vote of im- peachment, and as a compliance would establish a dangerous prec- edent. He had before this shown a disposition to maintain the authority, vested in his ofHce, by declining to affix his signature to a bill, which hdti passed both houses. As the period for a new election of a president of the United States approached, and after plain indications that the public voice would be in his favor, and when he probably would be chosen for the third time unanimously, he determined irrevocably to withdraw to the 3l\ades of private life. He iHiblished in September 1796 his fare* WAS. 58: well address to the people of the United States, which ought to be engraven upon the hearts of his countrymen. In the most curncst and affectionate manner he called upon them to cherish an immove- able attachment to the national union, to wutch for its preservation with jealous anxiety, to discountenance even the suggestion, that it could in any event be abandoned, and indij^nantly to frown upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion oi our coun- try from the rest. Overgrown military establishments he repre- sented as particularly hostile to republican liberty. While he rec- ommended the most implicit obedience to the acts of the establish- ed government, and reprobated all obstructiuns to the execution of the laws, all combinations and associations, under whatever plausi- * ble character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe tlie regular deliberation and action of the constituted authori- ties ; he wished also to guard against the spirit of innovation upon the principles of the constitution. Aware that the energy of the system might be enfeebled by alterations, he thought that no change should be made without an evident necessity, and that in so exten- sive a country as much vigor as is consistent with liberty is indis- pensable. On the other hand he pointed out the danger of a real despotism by breaking down the partitions between the several de- partments of government^ by destroying the reciprocal checks, and consolidating the different powers. Against the spirit of p»rty, so peculiarly baneful in an elective government, he uttered his most solemn remonstrances, as well as against inveterate antipatlues or passionate attachments in respect to foreign nations. While he thought that the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly and impartially awake against the insidious wiles of foreign influence, he wished that good faith and justice should be observed towards all nations, and peace and harmony cultivated. In his opinion, honesty no less in public than in private affaii-s is always the best policy. Providence, he believed, had connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue. Other subjects, to which he allufled, were the importance of credit, of economy, of a reduction of the public debt, and of literary institutions ; above all he recommended religion and morality as indispensably necessary to political prospeiity. " In vain," says he, " would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens^" Bequeath- ing these counsels to bis countrymen he contmued in office till tho fourth of March 1797, when he attended the inauguration of his successor, Mr. Adams, and with complacency saw Irim invested with the powers, which had for so long a lime be^n exercised by himself. He then retired to Mount Vernon, giving to the world an example, most humiliating to its emperors and kings ; the example of a maji, voluntarily disrobing himself of the highest authority, and returning to private life with a character, having upon it no stain of ; h w I r^ i 111 IW ^1 M \ ■I u ' ' ! ■: Ml ..: I 588 WAS. \ ambition, of covetour h i* h! =:,! ii ^1 i; n 590 WAS, ; .. hi iMaiv without prejudice, whatever could be said iii relation (o Ox, subject ; he suspended his judgment till it was necessary to decide ; ibiit ufter his decision had been thus deliberately oiitde, it was seldom shaken, and he was as active and persevering in executing, as he had been cool in forming it. He possessed an innate and unassum- ing modesty, which adulation would have offended, which the plau- dits of milUons could not betray into indiscretion, and which was blended with a high sense of personal dignity, and a just conscious- nessof the respect, which is due to station. With regard to the religious character of general Washington there have been different opinions. In the extracts from some of his private letters, which have been published by the historian of his life, the name of the Supreme Bemg Is once or twice introduced in a manner, which in common conversation is deemed irreverent. It is also understood, that in a few instances during the war, particular- ly when he met general Lee retreadng in the battle of Monmouth, his language was unguarded in this respect It may not be impos- sible, that a good man in a moment of extreme irritation should ut- ter a profane expression ; but perhaps it is less possible) that such a man, wiien his passion has passed away, and his sober recollections have returned, should not repent bitterly of his irrev&rence to the name of God. On the other hand, general Washingicon, y/hep at the head of the army, issued public orders, calling upon his officers to discountenance the habit of profanity ; he speaks in his writings of" the pure and benign light of revelation," and of the necessity of imitating '* the charity, humility, and pacific temper of mind, which were the characteristics of the Divine Author of our blessed relig- ion ;'* he gratefully acknowledged the int< i ^iosions of Providence in favor of this country ; his life was upright and virtuous; he princi- |>ally supported an episcopal church in the neighborhood of Mount Vernon, where he constantly attended public worsliip ; during the war he not unfrequently rode ten or twelve miles from camp foi- the benefit of the institutions of religion ; and it is believed, that he every day had his hour of retirement from the world for the pur- 2>ose of private devotion. General Wasfiington was blessed with abundant wealth, and he was not ignorant of the pleasure of employing it for generous pur- poses. His style of living was dignified, though he maintained the strictest economy. While he was in ths army he wrote to the superintendent of his estate in the following terms. " Let the hos- pitality ot the house be kept up with regard to the poor. Let no one go hungry away. If any of this sort of people should be in want of corn^ supply their necessities, provided it does not encour- age them in idleness. I have no objection to your giving my money in charity, when you think it will be well bestowed ; I mean, that it is my desire, that it should be done. You are to consider, that nei< ther myself nor my wife are in the way to do these good offices." ddiii relation (o Ukt DeceKsary to decide ; made, it ww seldom in executing, as he inDate and unassum- ded, which the plau- 5tion, and which wa» and a just conscious« general Washington Uracttt from some of i>y the historian of his >r twice introduced in Denied irreverent. It »g the war, particular- battle of Monmouth, It may not be impos- e irritation should ut- is possible, that such a us sober v«coUections his irreverence to the Washington, wheti at kllingupon his officers speaks in hia writings and of the necessity of temper of mind, which ,r of our blessed relig- )sions of Providence in d"irtuoua; he princi- eighborhood of Mount ic worsliip ; during the 1 miles from camp fof d it is believed, that he the world for the pur- undant wealth, and he )g it for generous pur- though he msdntained 3 army he wrote to the terms. " Let the hos- I to the poor. Let no of people should be in ed it does not encoui- your giving my money towed; I mean, that it re to consider, that nci- do these good offices." WAS. bH Thns was he btneflcent, while at the same time he rwitiirctJ an ex- act compliance with engagements. A pleasing proof of the gener* ous spirit, which governed him, is exhibited in his conduct towards the son of his friend, the marquis de La Fayette. The marquis* after fighting in this country for American liberty, hud returned to France ; but in the convwlHions of the French revolution he was ex- ited and imprisoned in Germany. General Washington gave ev- idence of sincere attachment to the unhappy nobleman not only bj exerting all his infiuence to procure his release from confinement* but by extending his patronage to his son, who made his escape from France, and arrived with his tutor at Boston in 1795. As soon as he was informed of his arrival, he wrote to a friend, requesting him to visit the young gentleman and make him acquainted with the re- lations between this country and France, which would prevent the president of the United States from publicly espousing his interestf ^ut to assure him of his protection and support. He also directed this friend to draw upon him for monies to defray all the expenses which young La Fayette might incur. Towards his slaves general Washington manifested the greatest care and kindness. Their servitude lay with weight upon his mrnd, and he directed in his will). that they should be emancipated on the decease of his wife. There were insuper.able difficulties in the way of their receiving freedom previously to this event. On the death of Mrs. Washington May 32, 1 803, the estate of general Washington, as he had no children* was divided according to his will among his and her relations. It amounted by his own esthnate to more than five hundred thousand dollars. The pul)lic addresses and other productions of general Washing- ton's pen are written in a style of dignified simplicity. Some have seen so much excellence in his writings, that they have been readj- to transfer the honor to his secretaries ; but nothing has appeared under his name, to which his own powers were inadequate. A volume of epistles, confidential and domestic, attributed to him» was published in 1777, and republished about the year 1796. Of these general Washington, in a letter to the secretary of state in 1797, declared the following to be forgeries; a letter to Lund Washington, dated June 13, 1776; a letter to John Parke Custis, dated June 18, 1776; letters to Lund Washington, dated July 8r July 16, July 15, and July 92, 1776 ; and a letter to Mrs. Washing- ton, dated June 34, 1776. His official letters to the American con- gress, written during the war, were published in two volumes Svot 1795. Since his death his letters to Arthur Young and sir John Sinclair on agriculture and the rural economy of the United States have been published. — MarshaWs life of Washington ; Hia Hfe htf Ramaayyand Bancrojt ; Gordon*a history of the revolution; Hardit^s biog^dict. i Dimght^s and Tafifxari's diacojirsea on his death. i M ii it<' 3t fll.» ^t li; 1 IH ftiji^ li ■ ii„i ■kn: BQ2 WAY. i . I Vii WAYNE (Amthoxt), major general in the army of the United Stutcd, wat born in ClieHtcr count/} Fenntylvania, in 1743. In 1773 he wat appointed a representative to the general ataembljr, where in conjunction with John Dicldnaon, Thomas Mifflin, Charles Thom- son, and other gentlemen he took an active part in opposition to the claims of Great Britain. In 1775 he quitted the councils of hit country for the field. He entered the army as a colonel, and at the close of the year accompanied general Thomson to Canada. When this officer was defeated in his enterprise against the Thiee Rivers in June 1776, and taken prisoner, he himself received a flesh wound in the leg. His exertions were useful in the retreat. In the same year he served at Ticonderoga under general Gates, by whom he was esteemed both for his courage and military talents, and for his knowledge as an engineer. At the close of the campaign he was made a brigadier general. In the campaign of 1777 in the middle states he took a very active part. In the battle of Brandy wine he distinguished himself, though he was in a few days afterward sur- pribcd and defeated by major general Grey. He fought also in the battle of Germantown, as well as in the battle of Monmouth in June 1778. In his most daring and successful assault upon Stony Point in July 1779, while he was rushing forward with his men under a tre- mendous fire of musketry and grape shot, determined to carry the works ut the point of the bayonet, he was struck by a musket ball upon his head. He was for a moment stunned ; but as soon as he was able to rise so as to rest on one knee, believing that his wound was mortal, he cried to one of his aids, " carry me forward, and let me die in the fort.*' When he entered* it he gave orders to stop the effusion of blood. In 1781 he was ordered to march with the Pennsylvania line from the northward, and form a junction with La Fayette in Virginia. On the sixth of July, after receiving informa- tion, that the main body of the enemy under Comwallis had crossed James' river, he pressed forward at the head of eight hundred men to attack the rear guard. But to his utter astonishment, when he reached the place, he found the whole British army, consisting of four thousand men, drawn up ready to receive him. At this mo- ment he conceived of but one way to escape. He rushed towards the enemy till he came within twenty five yards, when he com- menced a gallant attack, which he supported for a few minutes, and then retreated with the utmost expedition. The British general was confounded by this movement, and apprehensive of an ambus- cade from La Fayette would not allow of a pursuit. After the cap- ture of Comwallis, he was sent to conduct the war in Georgia, where with equal success he contended with British soldiers, Indian sav- ages, and American traitors. As a reward for his services the leg- islature of Georgia presented him with a valuable farm. At the conclusion of the war he retired to private life. In 1787 he was a member Qf ^he Pennsylvania convention, which radfled the consti- WEA. 593 tution of the United States. In 179S he succeeded St. Clair in the command of the army to be employed against the Indians. In th« battle of the Miamis August 30, 1794 he gained a complete victory over the enemy ; and afterwards desolated their country. On the third of August 1795 he concluded a treaty with the hostile Indiunn northwest of the Ohio. While in the service of his country he died in a hut at Prcsque Isle, aged about Bfty one years, and was buried on the shore of lake Erie. — Afonthty mag. for 1797, 73, 73 ; Polyanthoa^ iU3 17 ; Emerald^ ii. 87-^89 ; Hardie ; Marthally iii. lAl ; iv. 75^43 ; V. 375, 461, 567, 570^574, 639 ; Gordon^ iil. 368; iv. 117, 300. WEARE (MEsiiBCH),\>residentof the state of New Hampshire^ was graduated at Harvard college in 1735. Having been for some time in the legislature, he was in 1754 appointed a commissioner to the congress at Albany, afterwards one of the justices of the su- perior court, and in 1777 chief justice. When this country was declared independent of great Britain in 1776, the people of Ne^ Hampshire established a frame of government^ and he was chosen the president. Such was the imperfection of this svstem) and such also was the confidence reposed in him, that he was mvest- ed at the same time with the highest offices^ legislative, judicial, and exccutiVe,in which he wias continued by annual elections during the whole war. When a new constitution was adopted in 1784, he was again elected president ; but he resigned before the close of the year. He died, worn out with public services, January 15, 1786, in the seventy third year of his age. He was not a person of an orig- inal and inventive genius ; but he had extensive knowledge, a clear perceptidn, an accurate judgment, a calm temper, a modest deport- ment, an upright and benevolent heart, and a habit of prudence and diligence in discharging the various duties of public and private life. ^»Betknafi*s A*. H. ii. 401, 485 ; Macclintock*t aermon at commence^ ment of conatitutiofi, WEBB (John), minister in Boston, was graduated at Harvanl college in 1708. White a member of this seminary he was in- spired with that love of God, of which he was before destitute, and determined to deVote himself to that Being, who had imparted to him the blessings of the gospel. After having been chaplain at the c&stle, and afler preaching for some time in one of the parishes of Newbury, he was ordained the first minister of the new north church in Bostbh Octdb^f- 30, 1714. After surviving one colleague, Mr. Thacher, and enjoying the assistance of another. Dr. feliot, for eight yearii, he died in peace and joy April 16, 1750, in the sixty third year of his age. His colleague pronounced him " one of the best of Christians and one of the best of ministers." It was his constant desire to dispense the gospel of Christ in its purity and simplicity, and not to sooth the ears of his hearers with well turned periods. The doctrines, which he almost always introduced into his discount ; i < ;i.' 1, : r. 1:^ ' I r'l •.I ■ 5U WEB. n fiM Ml eSf were those of the universal depravity of man^ of the necessity oi divine influence to renew the heart, of juttiScation by faith alone* und of the perseverance of all, who have been brought to repentance ^ but in handling these subjects he always showed a concern to pro- mote the interests of practical godliness. He was faithful in the discharge of all the duties of the sacred ofBce, and his fervent labors were attended with great success. He was humble^ temperatei and upright. While a tenth part of his income was consecrated to charitable uses, his table was always accessible to the necessitous. Some were disposed to think him illiberal on account of his zeal for what he considered as the peculiar doctrines of Christianity ; but thoui3[h he abhorred an indiflTerence or an affected candor where the cause of truth was concerned, and was ever steady to his principles;, yet he loved the image oi the divine holiness wherever it was pre* sented. His temper was naturally warm ; but'he bore with patience the reproaches, which were cast upon him. He published the fol- lowing sermons; to a society of yoimg men, 1718 ; on the peculiar advantages of early piety, 1731 ; a sermon before the general as- sembly, 1722 ; a seasonable warning against bad company keeping, 1726 ; on the death of William Waldron, 1727 ; the beuever's re- dempuon by the precious blood of Christ; on the payment of vows, 1728 ; dircciionsto obtain eternal salvation in seven sermons, 1729 ;. the great concern of New England ; a discourse at the ordination of a deacon 1731 ; the duty of a degenerate people to pray for the reviving of God's work ; a sermon in the hearing of two condemned ]naIefactor&i 1734; the government of Christ, an election sermon, 1738; on the death of Peter Thacher, 1739; Christ's suit to the sinner while he stands and knocks at the door^— ^. EUot*afun. term, i J, EUot*a dedicat. termon. WEBSTER (Samubl, d.d.), minister of Salisbury, Massachu- setts, was born in 1718 and was graduated at Hanran] coUe,, . in 1737. His ordination took place August'12, 1741. After a min- istry otnear fifty five years, he died July 18, 1796, in the seventy eighth year of his age. At the time, when he entered the sacred office, his mind was so oppressed by the importance of the work, in which he was about to engage, that he was ready to abandon all thoughts of the calling. In his preaching he was remarkably clear and plain. He did not study for ornament, or elegance oS style, but it was his chief tdm to preach with distinctness, that he might do good to his hearers. He first endeavored to enllg^hten iheir under- standings, and then to warm their hearts. There was an earnestness in his manner, which convinced his hearers, that he himself felt what he delivered. As he did not think himself obliged to adopt any hu- man system, but derived his doctrines from the word of God ; so he freely taught what he believed to btf the truth. He did not preach the things, which he considered as of doubtful disputation. He possessed a happy talent in visiting his people, and could adapt / i> of the necessity oi Ation by faith alone* )ught to repentance ; ed a concern to pro* I was faithful in the ind his fervent labors nblct temperate, and was consecrated to i to the necessitous, ccount of his zeal for of Christianity ; but ed candor where the idy to his principles;^ Hrherever it was pre- le bore with patience He published the fbl- riS; on the peculiar fore the general as- id company keeping, 7 ; the beUever*s re- :he payment of vows, keven sermons, 1739 i. « at the ordination of ople to pray for the ngof two condemned an election sermon, Christ's suit to the .ji. EUot*a/un. aerm. i Salisbury, Massachu- t Harvard coUe^, ^ in 1741. Afteramin- 1796, in the seventy B entered the sacred ortance of the work, ready to abandon all vas remarkably clear ilegance of style, but is, that he might do nlighten iheir under» re was an earnestness t he himself felt what ged to adopt any hu- he word of God ; so truth. He did not doubtful disputation, pie, and could adapt WEL. 595 lumself to their circumstances, and in a pleasing manner ^ve them instruction. The beauties of Christian virtue were exhibited iu his whole life. He published a fast sermon, entitled, the misery and duty of an oppressed and enslaved people, 1 774 ; a sermon to two companies of minute men, 1775 ; election sermon, 1777 ; two discourses on infant baptism, third ed. 1760^-Caiy*s aermon on hia death, WELDE (Thomas), first minister of Roxbury, Massachusetts, was a native of England and was a minister in Essex before he came to this country. Refusing to comply witli the impositions of the established church, he determined to seek the quiet enjoyment of the rights of conscience in America. He arrived at Boston June 5, 1633, jind in July was invested with the pastoral care of the church in Roxbury. In November following he received Mr. John Eliot as his colleague. In 1639 he assisted Mr. Mather and Mr, Eliot in making the tuneful New England version of the Psalms, In 1641 he was sent with Mr. Hugh Peters to England as an agent for the province, and he never returned. He was settled at Gates- head, but lost his living with the other ejected ministers in 1663. He published a short story of the rise, reign, and ruin of the anii« nomians, familists, and libertines, that infected the churches of New England, 4to, 1644, and a second edition, 1692 ; an answer to W. R.'s narration of the opinions and practices of the New England churches, vindicating those godly and orthodoxal dmrches from more than a hundred imputations, &c. 1 644. With three other ministers he wrote the perfect pharisee under monkish holiness, ag'unst the quakers, \6i^j-^Collect. Mat. aoc. viii. 7—10 ; ix. 33 ; Hutchinaon^ i. 98 ; ii. 504,507 ; J{on(onfonn. memorial^ ii. 181, 183 ; Adama* aermona on relig, liberty, VviilLLES (Noah, d. d.), minister of Stamford in Connecticut, was graduated at Yale college in 1741, and was ordained December 31, 1746. His death took place, it is believed, in the yeai 1776. He was a theologian of great distinction, and he took an active part in the controversy respecting an American episcopate. He pub- lished a discourse in favor of presbyterian ordination ; a vindication of the validity and divine right of presbytericin ordination, as set forth in Mr. Chauncy's Dudleian lecture and Mr. Welles' discourse, in answer to. the exceptions of Mr. Jeremiah Learning, 1767 ; a funeral sermon on the reverend Mr. Hobart, 1773. WENTWORTH (Benning), governor of Now Hampshire, was the son of lieutenant governor Wcntworth, and was p^rctduated at Harvard college in 1715. After having been a member of the assembly and of the council, his mercantile business called him to liOndon, where he solicited and obtained the commission nf gover- nor. He began his administration in 1 74 1 and continued in tliis office near twenty years. He was superseded in 1 767 by his nej^he w, John Wcntworth, and died October 14, 1770, in the seventy fifth year of I ^ J, : i' i ' H IT" 1 m V I ■ f ,'/ WES. his age . He possessed strong passions and hi^ resentments were last^ ing. Closely attached to the interest of the church of England) in his grants of lands, by which he enriched himseU,he reserved a right in every township for the society for propagating the gospel, of yrhich he was a member. Bennington in Vermont has its name from him, and he granted many other towns in that state. Though during his administration he declined giving a charter for a college in New Hampshire, unless it was put under the direction of the bishop of London ; yet he afterwards gave a lot of five hundred acr«s of land to Dartmouth college, and on this land the college edifice was erected. He cooperated with the assembly in giving to Harvard college three hundred pounds towards repairing the library, which had been de- stroyed by fire. In his appointment of civil and military officers lie was frequently governed by motives of favor ; but his adminis- tration in other respects was beneficial. He was frequently visited by the gout, and from these visits he did not acquire much patience. ~~Belknafi*a JV. H. ii. 181—187,303, 312, 330,338^7-342,352, 355. WEST (Samuel, d,. d.), minister of New Bedford, Massachu- setts, was born in Yarmouth March 4, 1730, and was occupied in the labors of husbandry till he passed the twentieth year of his age. As he discovered such traits of genius and such an extensive ac- quaintance with the scriptures^ and other books, which fell in h^s "Way, as awakeded the attention of a few intelligent and good men, they resolved to give him a liberal education. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1754, having gained a rank among the mostdis-. tinguished of bis class. About the year 1764 he was ordained at New Bedford. The year 177il awakened his attention to politics, and he became a whig partisan. He wrote many forcible pieces in the newspapers, which roused the spirits of the timid, and animated the courageous. He decyphered the letter of doctor Church, whiclj^ exposed to the enemy the particular state of the American army. He was a member of the convention for forming the constitution of Massachusetts and of the United States ; and was chosen honorary member of the academy of arts and sciences, instituted at Philadel- phia, and a member of the American academy at Boston. In th^i latter part of his life liis memory almost entirely fidled him. The vast treasure of his ideas began to vanish at the age of seventy, an4 during the seven succeeding years the great man disappeared. He died at Tiverton, Rhode Island, September 24, 1807, aged seventy seven years, and was buried at New Bedford. He possessed an original mind of vigorous powers. During the last thirty years of his life he . tised no notes in preaching. So deep had been his researches into almost every theological subject, that he could preach an hour upon any text without premeditation, and yet, with coherence and unity of design. It was his practice, when he was not in his own pulpit^ to ^scourse upon any text, whicli was pointed out to him ; and "^W^ ientments were la^str urcn of England) in ,he reserved a right the gospel) of yrhich » its name from him) Though during his ir a college in New ion of the bishop of andred acres of land i edifice was erected, [arvard college three which had been de- ind military officers or ; but his adminis* as frequently visited quire much patience. ,338---342,352, 355. Bedford) Massachu- and was occupied in itieth year of his age. mch an extensive ac- >kS) which fell in h^ igent and good men, He was graduated at among the most dis-. he was ordained at attention to politics) any forcible pieces in i dmid) and animated jioctor Church) which le American army, ng the constitution of was choscin honorary instituted at Philadel- ly at Boston. In the. sly failed him. The e age of seventy) and, lan disappeared. He , 1807) aged seventy possessed an original rty years of his life he I his researches into preach an hour upon coherence and unity not in his own pulpit^ nted out to him ; and WES. 597 sometimes the most difficult and obscure passages would be given him for the purpose of trying his strength. He was not however « popular preacher. There were defects in tlie tone and inflexion o( his vmce) and there was a angularity and uncoutbness in his man^ ner) for which the ingenuity and strength of his arguments could not compensate. In his metaphysical opinions he was opposed to the system) supported by president Edwards in his inquiry into the freedom of the will) and contended that men possess a self deter- mining power. Yet of all men he seemed to have the least power of controlling his own feelings or of determining his own volitions. At times be exhibited the greatest abstraction of thought. A new book absorbed his whole attention and made him neglect the com* mon rules of decorum. He paid no attention to domestic matters ^11 compelled by imperious necessity. He could not readily for- give those) who doubted the truth of certain favorite opinions) or reminded him of any instances of credulity) with which he might be charged. In some respects he seemed to be completely under the control of prejudice. His manners were unpolished ; his fig- ure &nd deportment were not very attracting ; nor was his temper very mild and amiable. Notwithstanding his siiigularities no man could accuse him of the wilful violation of any principle of moral rectitude. He published a sermon at the ordination of Samuel West of Needham) 1764 ; election sermon, before the provincial convention) 1776 ; at the anniversary of the landing of the forefa- thers at Plymouth) 1777 ; at the ordination of John AUyn, 1788 ;, a small tract on infant bapUsm ; essays on liberty and necessity) in whic^ the arguments of president Edwards and others for necessity are considered, the first part in 1793) the second in 1795. To these essays Dr. Edwards, the son of the president, wrote an answer, air* Dr. West left behind him a reply almost completed.— M>n;/i/|/ an-^ thologyy V. 133—137 ; Panopliaty iii. 537—541. WEST (Samuel, d. d.)) minister in Boston, was born at Mar-n tha*s Vineyard November 19, 1738. His father, the reverend Thomas West, was the colleague of the reverend Experience May- hew, but afterwards removed to Rochester. He w&s graduated at Harvard college in 1761, and soon afterwards was appointed chap-^ lain at fort Pownall in Penobscot, where he had a good opportunity for pursuing his theological studies. He was ordained minister of Needham April 25, 1764. In this place he continued till 1788,, '^hen his relation with his people wa not twenty years of age, should produce the following lines. They are extracted from the poem on imagination. Though winter frowns, to Fancy's raptured eyes The fields may flourish, and gay scenes arise ; The frozen deeps may break their iron bands, And bid their waters murmur o'er the sands ; Fair Flora may resume her fragrant reign. And with her flowery riches deck the plain ; Sylvanus may diffuse his honors round. And all the forest may with leaves be crown'd ; Show'rs may descend, and dews their gems disclose. And nectar sparkle on the blooming rose. She afterwards was married to a Mr. Peters. She died at Boston December 5, 1784, aged thirty one years. She published, besides other separate pieces, poems on various subjects, religious and moral, 8vo, London, 1773,— -Preface to that work. WHEELOCK (Eleazea, s.d.), first president of Dartmouth college, was bom about the year 1710, and was graduated at Yale college, in 1733. While he was the minister of Lebanon in Con- necticut, he revived the design of an Indian school, which was first formed by Mr. Sergeant. Desirous of bringing the savages to an acquaintance with the truths of the gospel, he conceived, that if he could educate Indian youth for missionaries, there would be more prospect of success from their labors, than from the exertions of the whites. With these views he undertook himself the care and ex- pense of educating two Indian lads in 1754 ; but the design was so benevolent, that a number of gentlemen soon united with him. His pupils increased, and after receiving; numerous benefactions, the largest of which was the donation of Mr. Joshua Moor of Mansfield, .*! s ill' 1 iflhi I. 1^ ,' I' Ill' If i H . ■i„ 4 600 WHE. he called his institution " Moor's school." tn 1763 he had more than twenty youth under his care. To enlarge the power of doings good contributions were solicited not only in variolus parts of this country, but also in England and Scotland. The money, collected in England, was put Into the hands of a board of trustees, of whom the earl of Dartmouth was at the head. From this circumstance, when Dr. Wheelock was invited by the government of New Hamp- shire to remove to Hanover and establish a college in that place, it was called Dartmouth college. This seminary was incorporated in 1769, and Dr. Wheelock was declared its founder and president with the right of appointing his successor. He lived for sottte time at Hanover in a log hut. In 1770 he removed his school; Tht number of his scholars, destined for missionaries, was at this time twenty four, of whom eighteen were whites and only six Indians. This alteration of his plan was the result of experiente. He had found, that of forty Indian youth, who had been imder his care, twenty had returned to the vices of savage life.The first commencement was held in 1771, when the degree of bachelor of arts was conferred on four students, one of whom was John Wheelock, the son and successor ol the founder, and who is now at the head of the institution. Dr. Wheelock died April 34, 1779 in the sixty ninth year of his age. He published a narrative of the Indian charity school at Lebanon, 176S ; narratives in several numbers from 1763 to 1771; continuation of the narrative, 1773, to which is added an abstract of a mission to the Delaware Indians west of the Ohio by David Macclureand Levi Frisbie; a sermon on liberty of conscience, \77S.—'Belknafi*a M H. ii. 349-^353 ; iii. 398 ; Holmea* annaUy ii. 293, 293 ; Backtu, iii. 289 ; Wheelock's narrativea. WHEELWRIGHT (JcHN),the founder of Exeter, New Hamp- shire, after being a minister in England, was induced in consequence of the impositions of the established church to come to Massachusetts soon after its first settlement. He was a brother in lait to the iamous Mrs. Hutchinson,.and partook of her antinomian zeal. He preached in Boston on a fast day in 1636, and his sermon was filled with ihvec- tives against the magistrates and ministers. The coukt df magis- trates in return adjudged him guilty of sedition. As all endeavors to convince him of his error were in vain, sentente of banishment was passed upon him in November 1637. In 1638, accompanied by a number of persons from Braintree, where he had been apreach- er, and which was a part of Boston, he went to New Hampshire, and laid the foundation of the church and town of Exeter. The next year, thinking themselves out of the jurisdiction of Massachu- setts, they combined into a separate body politic ; but in 1642, when Exeter was annexed to Essex county, Mr. Wheelwright, being still imder the sentence of banishment, removed with a part of his church \:q Wells in the district of Maine. In 1644 he was restored to the •( 1763 he had more ;he power of doing iriOuB parts of this le money, collected trustees, of whom this circumstance, lent of N«w Hamp- Bge in that place, it was incorporated in nder and president lived for aotUt time i his school; Th« l6s, was at this time id only ^x Indians, f experience. He lad been imder his avagc life.Thc first degree of bachelor of whom was John del", and who is now lock died April 24, published a narrative narratives in several the narrative, 1773, he Delaware Indians ri Frisbie ; a sermon H. ii. 349—353 ; iii. ui. 289 ; Wheelock's Exeter, New Hamp- luced in consequence atat to Massachusetts ir in lait to the femous ht^\' Hepri^ached was filled with ihvec- The court of magis- )n. As all endeavors itente of banishment h 1638, accompanied he had been apreach- to New Hampshire, wn of Exeter. The sdiction of Massachu- ic; but in 1 642, when heelwright, being still ith a part of his church • le was restored to the. WHI. 601 ireedom of the colony upon his making an acknowledgment. In 1647 he removed to Hampton, where he was minister several years. In 1658 he was in Enj^land and in favor with Cromwell. After the restoration he returned to America, and settled at Salisbury, New Hampshire, where he died in 1680 at a very advanced a^;e. He was the oldest minister in the colony, and was a man of learning, piety, and zeal.— Ar •'*'' His only answer was a blameless life, - ' V . And he, that forg*d, and he, that threw the dart, ^ i Had each a brother's interest in his heart. WHI. 603 PauPs love of Christ and steadiness unbribM ,. Were copied close in Itim, und well transcrib'd; ' y He foUow'd Paul) his zeal a kindred flame* His apostolic charity the same* - I Like him croBs'd cheerfully tempestuous seas, , Forsaking country I kindred, friends* and ea&e ; Like him he labor'd d like him, content ' .' * To bear it, suffer'd shame whcre'ei* he went. '*' Blush, calumny ! and write upon his tomb, ■ ^* If honest eulogy can spare thee room, ' Thy deep reiientance of thy thousand lies, ' i; Which, aim'd at him, have pierc'd th' offended skies. And say, blot out my sin, confess'd, deplor'd, • "* Against thine image in tliy saint, O Lord ! Mr. Whiteficld's letters, sermons, and controversial and other tracts, with an account of his life, were published in seven volumes, 8vo, 177 \ .'—Gilliea' account qfhia life; Middleton*a biogra/ihiaevan- ^c/ica, iv. 418— 448 ; Paraona\ Pemberton*Syand Wesley'a aermona on hia death ; Chriatian hiatoryfor 1743, 282 ; for 1744, 379—386 ; Chauncy'a thoughta ; Cow/ier*a hofie. WHITFIELD (Hbnrv), Hrst minister of Guilford, Connecticut, was born in England in 1597, and was settled in Surry before he came to tliis country in 1 639. He continued at Guilford until 1750, when he returned to his native country, and finished his life in the ministry at Winchester. He was a good scholar, a distinguished divine, and an excellent preacher. He published the light appear- ing more and more &c., giving an account of the progress of the gospel among the Indians, 1 65 1 . — Magnalia^ iii. 3 1 7, 2 i 8 ; TVum- bulPa Connect, i. 292, 298, 309 ; Collect, hiat. aoc. iv. 186. WHITING (Samubl), first minister of Lynn, Massachusetts, was bom in England in 1 597, and was educated at Cambridge. He arrived at Boston May 36, 1636. In about a month he went ta Lynn, where a church was gathered on the eighth of Nt>vember. Mr. Cobbet was his colleague for a number of years, and after his i^moval one of bis own sons was his assistant. He died December U, 1 679, in the eighty third year of his age. He possessed an ac- curate knowledge of Hebrew and wrote Latin with elegance. His disposition was peculiarly amiable, und the Sanctity of his life im- pressed all men with respect for him. From his writings Norton's life of Cotton was partly composed. He published a treatise upon the last judgment, 1 664 ; Abridiam interceding for Sodom,a volume ofsermons,1666.— Mi/Affr*« magnaliai'm. 156—161 ; Joknaon^ 89 ; Winthrofiy 113. WHITTELSEY (Samuel), minister of Wallingford, Connecti- cut, was graduated at Yale college in 1705, and was ordained as the colleague of the reverend Mr. Street in May 1710. He died A- prU 15, )752, in ()ie sixty seventh year of his age. He was one of N r. '4 (.« ,i t!i ii \\ m i, f i . Jit I 604 WIG. the moiit distinguished preachers and faithful ministers of the colo- ny) in which he lived. Such was the vigor and penetration of his mind, that he easily comprehended subjects, which presented great didiculiies to others. His son, Chauncy Whittelsey, an emment scholar, was minister of New Haven from 1758 till his death in 1787. He published a sermon upon the death of John Hall, 1730 ; an election sermon ; a sermon on the awful condition of impen- itent souls in their separate state, 1731; a sermon at the oixR- ation of his son, Samuel Whittelsey, at Milford, 1737.<^^ana*« ceti" tury diacourae at WuUingford; Collect. Mat. toe. x. 159. WIGGLESWORTH (Michael), a poet, was graduated at Harvard college in 1651) and was afterwards ordained minister of Maiden, Massachusetts, where he continued till his death in 1705 at the age of seventy four years. He was useful not only as a min- ister but as a physician. During an illness, which occasionally in- terrupted his exertions as a preacher for several years, he still sought to do good by his labors as a poet. He published the day of doom, or a poetical description of the great and last judgment, with a short discourse about eternity, fifth edition, 1 70 1 ; meat out of the eater, or a meditation concerning the necessity, end, and usefulness of afflictions unto God's children, fifth edition, 1718.— Jfolmea* annaUj ii. 66 ; Hutehinaon^ i. 173. WIGGLESWORTH (Edward, d. d.), first Hollis professor of divinity in Harvard college, was the son oi' the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1 7 1 0. A fter he commenced preach- ing, his services were enjoyed in difterent places. So conspicuous were his talents,; and so exemplary was he for every Christian virtue, that when the professorship of divinity in Harvard college was found- ed by Mr. Thomas Hollis, he was unut.imously appointed first profes- sor and was inducted into this office October 24, 1722. In this station he continued more than forty two years. He died conscious of the failings of his life, yet hoping for pardon through Jesus Christ, Jan- uary 16, 1765, in the seventy third year of his age. His son of the same name succeeded him in this year, and remained in office till his resignadon in 1791. The next professor was the reverend Dr. Tappan. Dr. • Wigglesworth wrs an eminent theologian, and was distinguished for learning, humiliiy, and piety. He discussed the various points of contmversy with candor, and explained and vindi- cated the grand doctrines of religion with perspicuity and solid ar* gument. He possessed great strength and comprehension of mind, and a peculiar talent at reasoning. With regard to his own senti- ments, in the examination, which took place at the time of his election in order to fulfil the statutes of the founder, requiring the professor to be " of sound or orthodox principles," he declared his assent to the doctrine of the Holy Trinity, of the eternal Godhead of our blessed Savior, of predestintUion, of special, efficacious grace) sod of the divioe right of infant bapUsm' Sut though h^ was steady ' nisten of the colo- penetration of his ich presented p;reat tteUey> an eminent (8 till his death in >f John Hall, 1730; condition of impen- srmon at the oi*d!- X. 169. was graduated at rdained minister of 1 his death in 1705 il not only as a niin- lich occasionally in- eral years, he still : published the day ;and last judgment, 311,1701; meat out necessity, end, and fth edition, 1718.— it HolUs professor of preceding, and was commenced prcach- :es. So conspicuous rery Christian virtue, rd college was found- kppoiHted first profes- 1722. In this station died conscious of the gh Jesus Christ, Jan* age. His son of the emained in office till vas the reverend Dr. it theologian, and was He discussed the explained and vindi- spicuity and solid ar* nprehension of mind, ;ard to his own senti- i at the time of his under, requiring the les," he declared his the eternal Godhead lal, efficacious grace, though he was steady ^VIL. 605 to his own principles, he was charitable towards others, who wideljr differed from him. Dr. Chauncy pronounces him to have been lar removed from bigotry, and a truly great and excellent man. In private life, though a delect in hearing cut him off in a great degree from the pleasures of social intercourse, yet he was affable, cuude- scending, and obliging. He published sober remarks, 1724; on the duration of the future punishment of the wicked, 1739; trial of the spirits, 1735 ; a sermon on the death oi president Wadsworth, 1737 ; inquiry into the truth of the imputation of the guilt of Ad- am's sin to his posterity, 1738 ; a letter to Mr. VVhitefield, 1745 } on the inspiration of the old testament, 1753 ; two lectures on the ordinary and extraordinary ministers of Christ, 1 754 ; Dudleian lecture on the infallibility of the church of Rome, 1757; doctrine of reprobation briefly considered, \7 63. "•^/ifiieton'a diacourae on Ma death; Taylor* a oratiofunebria ; Boaton evening /loatf number 1533 i Monthly anthology^ ii. 309 ; Collect, hiat. aoc. x. 160. WH^LARD (Samuel), minister in Boston and vice president of Harvard college, was the son of Mr. Simon Willurd, who sustained some important offices in Massachusetts both civil and military. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1659. He was afterwards the minister of Groton ; but the ravages of the Indian war drove him from that place about the year 1676. He was settled colleague with Mr. Thacher, the first minister of the old south church in Boston, April 10, 1678. In 1700 he received Mr. Pcmberton as an assistant minister. After the resignation of president Mather, he as vice president took the superintendence of Harvard college September 6,1701, and presided over that seminary till his death September 12, 1707, at the age of sixty eight years. President Leverett succeeded him. Mr. Willard possessed very superior powers of mind. His imagination was rich though not luxuiiunt, his perception was rapid and correct, and in argument he was pro- found and clear. His learning also was very considerable. To his other accomplishments he added remarkable and unaffected modes- ty. In controversy he was a chanipion, defending the cause of truth with courage, and with enlightened and affectionate zeal. All his talents and acquisitions were devoted to God, who had created him anew in Christ Jesus, and implanted in his heart all the pure, and humble, and lovely viiiues of Christianity. In the time of the witchcraft delusion he distinguished himself by opposing the rash proceedings of the courts. He published a sermon to the second church after they had received the covenant ; a discourse on the death of John Leverett, 1679 ; animadversions on the bap- tists, 1681 ; covenant keeping the way to blessedness ; on the fiery trial ; a fast sermon ; election sermon, 1682 ; the child's portionf or the unseen glory of the children of God, 1684 ; a discourse upo on justification ; heavenly merchandise, 1686 ; on laying hands on the bible in swearing, 1689 ; the barren fig tree's doom ; against m V \ I 606 WIL. exccuive torrow ; the danger oT uking the uame of Gecl in vain ■, on promise kecpingt 1 69 1 ; on woraltippuig God ; on diKcerning the times ; on the doctrine of the covenant of redemption^ 1693 i election sermon ; a fust sermon ; the law established by the gospel, 1694 I spiritual desertions discovered and remedied, 1699 ; a rem- edy uguinst despair ; love's pedigree ; the perils of the times dis- played, the substance of several sermons ; on the calling of the Jews, 1700 ; the Christian's exercises by satan's temptations ■ caution about swearing ; a sermon on the death of William Stough- ton, 1701 ; fast sermon ; Israel's true safety, 1704; fountain open- ed, or blessings to be dispensed at the national conversion of the Jews, second edition, 1733 and third, 1737 with an appendix by jtidge Sewall i sacramental meditations. Mr. Willard's largest work, and the first folio volume on divinity printed in this country, was published in 1736, entitled a body of divinity in two hundred and fifty expository lectu'es on the assembly's shorter catechism. It is considered as a work of grcal>merit.—«/'em6cr/on'« »ermon»y 130 — 144 ; Pano/iliatf iii. 97 — IQI ; Collect. hUt, aoc, viii. 183 ; ix. 193 ; X. 168. WILLARD (Josiah), secretary of Massachusetts, was the SQn of the preceding and was graduated at Harvard college in 1698. After being for some time a tutor in that seminary he visited the West Indies and England, retaining every where the purity of his moral character, and the correctness of his religious views. In June 1717 the king appointed him secretary of his native province, and he was continued in that station thirty nine years till his death. He was also a judge of the probate of wills and a member of the council. ?Ie died December 6, 1756, in the seventy sixth year of his age. While he commanded the highest respect in the public offices, which he sustained, his heart was the abode of all the Christ- ian virtues. His zeal for religion was united with the deepest hu- mility. He ever wus consciousof his illdesert, and this consciousness miade him admire the love and condescension of a divine Savior, pn whose righteousness he rested his whole hope of salvation.— Sewall't and Prince*a sermons^ and judge Oliver's poem on his death ; Mnoty i. 304. WILLARD (Joseph, d. d. ll. d.), president of Harvard college, was bom at Biddeford, Massachusetts, December 39, 1738, and was the son of the reverend Samuel Willard, grandson of vice president Willard. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1765, and was afterwards a tutor in that seminary about six years. He was or- dained November 35, 1772, us colleague with the reverend Mr. Champney, minister of the first church in Beverly, where he con- tinued in the hii^h esteem of the people of his charge till he was elected in the place of Dr. Langdou to the presidentship of Harvard college. Into this office he was inducted December 19y 1781. During the last six years of his life his usual health was unsettled. iHi ne of God in vain ■, iod i on discerning redemption) 1693 ; ifthcd by the gospel, died, 1699 i a rem- ilft of the times dis- u the calling of the latan's temptations • I of William Stough- 704 ; fountain open- A conversion of the in appendix by judge lard's largest work, 1 in this country, was in two hundred and )rter catechism. It n of the precepts of the first table. Before the close of the summer he was obliged to retire to Plymouth, where he preached as an assistant to Mr. Smith about two years. In 1633 he returned to Salem, and after the death of Mr. Skelton in 1634 was the sole minister of the church. His peculiar sentiments and conduct soon brought him before the court, whecc he was accused of assetting, that offences against the first table of the law ought not to be punished, unless they disturbed the public peace, that nn oath ought not to be ten- \ t4 :, ■rff 1 i. II f W 608 VVIL. ft! ! dered to an uwregenerate man, that a Christian should not pray with the unregenerate, and that thanks ought not to be given after the sacrament, nor after meat. He asserted, that the Massachusetts patent was invalid and unjust, because a fair purchase had not been made of the Indians. He even refused to commune with the mem- bers of his own church, unless thejr would separate from the pol- luted and antichristian churches of New England. As he could not be induced to retract any of his opinions sentence of banish- ment was passed upon him in 1635. He obtained permission to remain till spring ; but as he persisted in preaching in his own house,ordei'8 were sent in January 1 636 to seize him and send him to England. He escaped, and went with four of his friends to Seekhonck, now Rehoboth, and crossing the river laid the founda- tion of a town, which in acknowledgpnent of God's goodness to him he called Providence. He purchased the land honestly of the Indians, and while he enjoyed liberty of conscience himself he granted it to others. Having embraced the sentiments of the bap- tists, he was baptized in March 1639 by one of his brethren, and he then baptized about ten others. But he soon entertained doubts respecting the correctness of his principles ; the church, which he had formed, was dissolved ; and he came to the conclusion, that baptism ought not to be administered in any mode without an im- mediate revelation from heaven. %t this period he studied the In- dian language and used his endeavors to impart to the savages the blessings of the gospel. In 1643 he went to England, as agent for the colonists to procure an act confirming their voluntary govern- ment. He obtuned a charter, and returning with it landed at Bos- ton in September 1644. Though he was still under sentence of banishment, a letter of recommendation from some of the princi- pal members of parliament secured him from any interruption on his way to Providence. In 1651 he went again as an agent for the colony to England, and continued there till 1654. On his return he was chosen president of the government, in which station he was continued till 1657, when Mr. Benedict Arnold was appointed. Being zealous against the quakers, he in 1 672 held a public dispute with three of their most eminent preachers, which occupied three days at Newport and one day at Providence. Of this dispute he afterwards published an account. He died in April 1683 at the age of eighty four years. He seems in the early part of his residence in this country to have been governed in some respects by a blind zeal ; but his memory is deserving of lasting honor for the cor- rectness of his opinions respecting liberty of conscience, and for the generous toleration, which he established. So superior was he to the meanness of revenge, and such was his magnanimity, that he exerted all his influence with the Indians in favor of Massachu- setts, and ever evinced the greatest friendship for the colony, from which he had been driven. F6r some of its principal men he pre- 1 / lould not pray with be given after the the Massachusetts chase had not been une with the mem- arate from the poi- nd. As he could entence of banish- dned permission to aching in his own B Wm and send him ar of his friends to ver laid the founda- God's goodness to land honestly of the tscience himself he Dtiments of the bap- )f his brethren, and )n entertained doubts ;he church, which he the conclusion, that node without an ira- lod he studied the In- krt to the savages the England, as agent for leir voluntary govem- with it landed at Bos- 11 under sentence of some of the princi- . any interruption on lin as an agent for the 54. On his return in which station he .mold was appointed, held a public dispute which occupied three !. Of this dispute he April 1683 at the age part of his residence ne respects by a blind ing honor for the cor- if conscience, and for i. So superior was he lis magnanimity, that in favor of MaSsachu- [p for the colony, from principal men he pre- WIL. 609 jterved the highest uflection, and maintained a correspondence With them. In his controversial writings especially with Mr. Cotton respecting toleration he shows himself a master of argument. His talents were of a superior order. In the religious doctrines, which he embraced, he seems to have been remarkably consistent. The scriptures he read in the originals. Though his writings and his con- duct in the latter periods of his life evince, thut he was under the in- fluence uf the Christian spirit ; yet his mind was so shrouded in doubt and uncertainty, that he lived in the neglect of the ordinances ot the gospel. He did not contend, like the quakers, that they weic superseded ; but found himself incapable of determining to what church it was his duty to unite himself. He would pray and preach with all, who would^tear him, of whatever denomination. If his conscience had been enlightened, one would suppose, it must have reproved him for not partaking of the sacrament also with different sects. His first baptism he appears to have renounced, not so much because he was dihsatisfied with the time or the mode of its admin- istration, as because it was received in the church of England, which he deemed antichristian. He published a key to the language of America or a help to the tongue of the New England Indians, 8vo, 1643, which has been lately reprinted in the collections of the Mas- sachusetts historical society ; an answer to Mr. Cotton's letter con- cerning the power of the magistrate in matters of ireligion ; the bloody tenet of persecution for the cause of conscience, 1 644 ; the bloody tenet yiet more^iblaody by Mr. Cotton's endeavor to wash it white in the blood of tht Lamb, Sec. to which id added a letter to Mr. Endicot, 4to, 1632 ; the hireling ministry none of Christ's, or a discourse on the propagation of the gospel of Christ Jesus ; ex- periments of spiritual life and health, and their preservatives, Lon- don, 1652; George Fojt digged out of his burrows, 1676, which was written against Fox and Burrowes, and gives an account of his dispute with the quakers. An answeir to it was phblished in 1678, entitled, a New England fire brand quenched. An interesting letter of Mr. Williams to major Mason is preserved in the collections of the historical society.-*- W7nfAro/i, 23, 25, 57, 60, 84 — 92, 103 — 105, 373, 356 ; CaUender ; JVeal*s JST. E. i. 158—160 ; Morton, 86—90 ; Hutchimonf i. 37--39, 118, 138 ; J-rJun' abridg. 27—109, 130 ; Mather'a magvatia, vii. 7—9 ; Jdama' jY. E. 54 — 61 ; Morse and Parish's JV. E. 163— »169 ; Collect, hist. soc. i. 275 ; iii. 203 — 239 ; V. 80 — 106 J vi. 144,231,245—250; vii. iii — iv ; viii. 1 — 4; ix. 20—26; X. .5 — 23. WILLIAMS (John), first minister of Deerfield, Massachusetts, was bom in Roxbury December 10, 1664, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1683. In May 1686 he was ordained at Deer- field, a frontier town, much exposed to the incursions of the savages. In the beginning of 1704 information was received from colonel 3cr:iin'=;t Dccrficld* 78 Schuvler of Albany of the dcs'gns of the enen-iv it ii i< «i 11 i l! I I .1 Ij K 610 WIL. and the government at the solicitation of Mr. Williams^ ordered twenty soldiers as a guard. In the night of February the twenty eighth the watch putroled the streets, but before morning they went to sleep. Three hundred French and Indians, who had been hovering about the town, when they perceived all to be quiet, sur- priseu the garrison house. A party of them then broke into the house of Mr. Williams, who, as soon as he was awakened, snatched his pistol from the tester, and put it to the breast of the first Indian» who approached. It missed fire, and it was well thut it did ; other- wise his scalp would have instantly been taken off by other savages, who now surrounded his bed. They seized and bound him. Two of his children and a negro woman of his family were taken to the door and murdered. Ihs wife, who was the only daughter of Mr. Mather of Northampton, and all his surviving children, excepting liis eldest son, who was absent, with himself were compelled imme- diately to begin their march towards Canada. In wading through a small river on the second day Mrs. Williams, who had hardly recov- ered from a late confinement, and was much fatigued, fell down ; and soon afterwards the Indian, who took her, killed her with his hatchet. About twenty other prisoners were murdered, because their strength began to fail them in travelling through the wilderness. At length after witnessing the most agonizing scenes during a joumer of three hundred miles- Mr. Williams arrived in Canada. Here new trials awaited hhn, tor every exertion was made to convert this heretic to popery. His Indian master, after seeing the ineflicacy of other methods, lifted his hatchet over the bead of his prisoner, and threat- ened to bury it fn his brains, if he did not instantly cross himself and kiss a crucifix ; but Mr. Williams was governed by too elevatrd principles to be made to violate conscience from regard to his Hie. He was redeemed in 1706. One of his daughters he was unable to bring with him. She l>ad become assimilated to the Indians, and afterwards married one of f hem and embraced the Roman catholic religion. Settling again in Deerfield, he continued in that place till his death June 12, 1739, in the sixty fifth year of his age. He was succeeded by Mr. Ashley. His three eldest sons, Eleaze Stephen, and Warham, were ministers of Mansfield, Springfield, and Watertown, and were highly respected and useful. He pub- lished a sermon preached at Boston lecture after his return from Canada; God in the camp, 1707; the redeemed captive, 12mo v'hich gives a minute account of his sufferings, and has passec through two or three editions ; a serious word to the posterity of holy men, calling upon them to exalt their fathers' God, being the abstract of a number of sermons, 1729. --mRedeeined eafitive; Fox- croft's sermon on his death ; Weekly newsletter, number 1 30 ; Holmes* annals, ii. 63, 124 ; Hutchinson, ii. 137—139. WILLIAMS (William), minister of Hatfield, Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard college in 1683. After a ministry WIL. 611 i r. Williams, ordered February ihe twenty e morning they went ians, who had been I all to be qviiet, sur- , then broke into the 8 awakened, snatched ast of the first Indian, ell tlflt it did ; other- \ off by other savages, and bound him. Two ally were taken to the inly daughter ot Mr. g children, excepung B^ere compelled imme- In wading through a , who had hardly recov- atiguedjfelldown; and ed her with his hatchet. I, because their strength wilderness. At length iringa journerofthree nada. Here new trials convert this heretic to the inefficacy of other his prisoner, and threat* itantly cross himself and vemed by too elevated from regard to his liic ighters he was unable to aied to the Indians, and ced the Roman catholic continued in that place Ih year of his age. t*e ee eldest sons, Eleaze > ' Mansfield, Springfield, d and useful. He pub- re after his return from ■deemed captive, 12 mo, Ferings, and has passed word to the posterity Oi r fathers' God, being the ledeemed eafitive; Fox-^ ter,number ISO i Holmes 39. Hatfield, Massachusetts, 3. After a ministry of connderable length he died at an advanced age very suddenly about the year 1746. He was a man of distinguished talents. His wife was the daughter of the reverend Mr. Stoddard. He published a sermon at the ordination of Stephen Williams, 1716 ; the great sal- vation explained in several sermons, 1717 ; election sermon, 1719 ; a sermon ut the ordination of Warham Williams, 1723 ; at the or- dination of Nehemiah Bull of Westfield ; convention sermon, 1726 ; a sermon on the death of Solomon Stoddard, 1729; the duty and interest of a Christian people to be steadfast ; directions to obtain a true conversion, 1736; a sermon on the death of his wife, 174S.— Collect, hist. aoc. x. 157. WILLIAMS (Elisha), president of Yale college, was the son of the preceding and was graduated at the university of Cambridge in it 1 1. He was afterwards the minister of Ncwington in Weth- ersfield, Connecticut. In 1726 he was inaugurated president in the place of Dr. Cutler.; but his impaired health induced lum in Octo- ber 1739 to resign his office, and Mr. Clap succeeded him. He BOW lived at Wethersfield and was soon made a justice of the supe- rior court. In 1745 he went as chaplainin the expedition against cape Breton. In the following year he was appointed colonel of a regiment on the proposed expedition against Canada. He after- war(^ went to England, where he married a lady of superior ac- co.^ ^ ments. He died at Wethersfield July 24, 1750, aged sixty y( u Dr. Doddridge, who wa9 intimately acquainted with him, represents him as unitmg m his character ^^ an ardent sense of re- ligion, solid learning, consummate prudence, great candor and sweetness of temper, and a certain nobleness of soul, capable of con- triving and acting the greatest 'things, without seeming to be con- scious of his having done them." He presided at commencements with great dignity. He published a sermon on divine grace, 1727 ; a sermon on tiie death of Thomas Ruggles, 1728.— C7a/i'« hiat. Yale college^ 35 — 39 ; Holmef? life qf Stiles^ 388-.-3go ; Miller, ii. 3'^0-; Lockijoood*a sermon on his d^ath; Collect, hist. aoc. x. 157 ; Chand^ lev's life of Johnson y 6 1 . WILLI <\MS (SoLonfOK, D.O.), minister of Lebanon, Connecti- cut, was the brother of the preceding, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1719. He was ordained December 5, 1722, and died, it is believed, in 1769, having been one of the distini!;uished men of his day. He published a sermon at the ordination of Jacob Eliot at •Goshen in Lebanon, 1730; on the death of John Robinson, 1739; a sermon on a day of prayer ; election sermon, 1741 ; on the death of Eleazer Williams, 1743; Christ the king and witness of the truth, 1744; a vindication of the scripture doctrine of justifying faith, in answer to Andrew Croswell, 1 746 ; the true state of the question concerning the qualifications for comnmnion, in answer to Jonathan Edwards, 17J1. ; ij 1"^ i t5 ^ ii m I m m ski; 012 VVIL. li) I-!! ^! ( [ WILLIAMS (EpiiHAm), founder of Williums college in Mai»« sachusetts, was the son of colonel Ephraim Williams of Newton, who was afterwards one of the first settlers of Stockbridge. In early life he made several voyages to Europe. Possessing uncommon military talents, in the war between England and France from 1740 to 1748 he found opportunity to exert them. The command of the line ot the Massachusetts torts on the west side of Connecticut river was entrusted to him. At this period he resided chiefly at Hoosack fori, which stood on the back of Hoosack river in Adams, and he alsr ui manded a small fort at Williamstown three or four miles distant. In 1755 he took the command of a regiment and joined general Johnson to the northward of Alb:\ny. On the morning of the eighth of September he was sent out at the head of a thousand men with about two hundred Indians to skirmish with the entfkny near lake George. He was ambuscaded, and in the action, which took place^he was killed, being a little more than forty years of age. His party retreated to the main body, and in another engagement on the same day the ene. .y were repulsed, and baron Dioskau taken prisoner. Colonel Williams was a brave soldier, and was beloved t)y his troops. He was afl'able and facetious. His politeness unci address gained him grpat influence in the general court. He be- queathed his property to the establishment of a free school in ,the township west of fort Massachusetts on the condition, that the tdwn should be called Williamstown. In 1735 trustees were appointed; in 1791 the school was opened ; and in 1793 it was incorporated as a college, under the presidency of the reverend Dr. Fitch. It is now a flourishing seminary, which does honor to the munificence of its founder, and to the liberality of the general court, which has patronised it.— Co/,Vc/. /««;. «oc. viii. 47— 53; Holmes* ann^lsf ii. 211,212; Marahally i. 396. WILLIAMS (Nehemiah), minister of nrimfield,Massachvisctts, ■was the son of the reverend Chester Williams of Hadley, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1769. He wasordain?.d in 1775. His death took place in 1796. As a preacher he was distinguished for the energy and pathos, with which his discourses were delivered, and he was an able advocate of the doctrines, embraced by strict Calvinists. He was one of the first members of the American acad- emy of arts and sciences. His life was most holy and benevolent, but on his dying bed he declared, that his hope of salvation rested wholly upon the free apd sovereign mercy of God through Jesus Christ. At the moment of his departure he cried, " I have finished my course with joy," and clasping his bands as in devotion expired without a groan or a struggle. A posthumous volume of twenty four of his sermons was published.— JVcw York t eolog. mag. ii. WILLIAMS (Otho Holland), a brave officer in the revolution. ary war, held a command in the Maryland line, and was deputy ad- jutant general of the American army. In the retreat of Greene WIL. G13 from South Carolina to Virginia in the beginning of 1781 colonel Williams was entrusted iwith the command of the light corps in the place of the brave general Morgan, who was indisposed, and by his manoeuvres he greatly embarrassed Comwallis in his pursuit. After the war.he resided at Baltimore. He died while on a journey, July 15, 1794, in the forty fifth year of his age. He was a firm and disinterested patriot, as well as a gallant soldier. In the rela- tions of private life his conduct secured esteem. — Gordoriy iii. 448, 469 ; iv. 43 ; Gazette of the U. S. July 22, 1794. WILSON (John), first minister of Boston, was born at Wind- sor, England, in 1588, and was the son of the reverend Dr. William Wilson. He was educated at king's college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship ; but was deprived of it for his nonconformity to the English church. After studying law for three years at one of the Inns of court, he directed his attention to theology, and was a chaplain in several honorable families. He was then settled in the ministry at Sudbury in Suffolk. In 1630 he came to this coun- try in the same fleet with governor Winthrop and the first settlers of Massachusetts. In the beginning of July Charlestown was fixed upon as a place of settlement, and Mr. Wilson and Mr. Phillips preached under a tree. A church was formed on Friday the thir- tieth ol July, and on the twenty seventh of August Mr. Wilson was ordained as teacher by the imposition of hands. This ceremony was performed by some of the brethren merely as a sign of his elec- tion to be their minister and not because he had renounced his for- mer ordination. In a few months, when the greater part of his church removed across the river to Shawmut, or Boston, he accompanied them. In 1631 he returned to England for his wife, whom he had left behind, enjoining it upon governor Winthrcp and some other brethren to " prophesy," or to impart instruction and give exhorta- tions in the church during his absence. In October 1632 thiity three members were dismissed to form a new church at Charles^ town. They had Mr. James for their pastor, to whom Mr. Symmts was soon united as teacher. In November Mr. Wilson was again ordained as pastor. In the following year he received Mr. Cotton as his colleague, and after his death Mr. Norton in 1653 or 1654. He survived them both. His death took place August 7, 1667 at the age of seventy eight years. Mr. Davenport succeeded him. Mr. Wilson was one of the most humble, pious, and benevolent men of the age, in which he lived. Kind affections and zeal were the prominent traits in his character. Such was his readiness to relieve the distressed, that his purse was often emptied into the hands of the needy. Every one loved him, and he was regarded as the father of the new plantation. He appears frequently to have possessed a particular faith in prayer. Events sometimes took place according to his predictions. The blessings pronounced by him had been observed to be so prophetical, that on his death bed I! i n !• lU'l . I Ifli % s. M, i* I H^i'i 614 WIL. the most cMisiderable persons brought their children to him to re- ceive his benediction. Having a most wonderful talent at rhyming, he used to write pieces of poetry on all occasions and to send them to all persons. He was also a great anagrammutist. Dr. Mather thinks, that he made more anagrams, and made them igfkore nimbly, than any man since the days of Adam. They generally conveyed some religious truth or advice. But it was not always the case, that the letters of his anagram corresponded with those of the name. It was perhaps in pleasant allusion to this discordance, as well as in reference to the hospitable temper of Mr. Wilson, that Mr. Ward, the witt' M n to express his senti- ments concerning the power of the n^agistracy and the liberty of the people. " You have called us'*, said he, " to office, but being called, we have authority from God, it is the ordinance of God, u^^ hath the image of God stamped upon it ; and the contempt of it hath been vindicated by God with terrible examples of his vengeance.— There is a liberty of corrupt nature, which is inconsistent with aui» thority, impatient of resitraint; the grand enemy of truth and peace, and all the ordinances of God are bent against it. But there is a civil, moraU federal liberty, which consists in every one's enjoying his propr ^', and having the benefit of the laws of his country, a liberty for that only, which is juat and good; for this liberty you are to stand with your lives." In the course of his life he repeat- edly experienced the versatility of the public opinion ; but when he was left out of office, he possessed perfect calmness of mind, and still exerted himself to serve his country. In severe trials his mag- nanimity, wisdom, and patience were conspicuous. He denied himself many of the elegancies of life, that he might give an exam- ple of frugality and temperance, and might exercise liberality with- out impoverishing his family. He was condescending and benevolent. In a severe winter, when wood was scarce, he was told> that a neigh- bor was wont to help himself from the pile at his door. " Does he ?" said the governor in seeming anger ; " call him to me, "and S will take a course with him that shall cure hira of stealing." When mn ■ ichusetts, was bom to the law. Hav- ed pounds sterling a in the forty third lio settled the colo-* governor. He ar- id to Gharlcstown, r Boston. In the , for which office he IS, his interest were r. Dudley was chos- irs 1637, 1638, and 8. He died, worn ch 36, 1649, in the eded him. Cover-' magistrate and ex- n the administration nions of others, who in a new plantation. , when the people of It, he Mrrote them a f a community is al- jre still less." In a to express his senti- and the liberty of ihe fice, but being called, ce of God, aiM^ hath contempt of it hatK of his vengeance.— inconsistent with au.* of truth and peace, it. But there is a jvery one's enjoying Iws of his country, a for this liberty you ^f his life he repeat- [pinion; but when he mness of mind, and evere trials his mag- icuous. He denied ,.jight give an exam- ircise liherdlity with- lidingand benevolent, astoldjthataneigii- his door. " Does ill him to me, -and i .f stealing." When Win. 617 tli6 man appeared, he addressed him thus, " ftlend, it is a cold win- ter, and I hear you are meanly provided with wood ; you are wel- come to help yourself at my pile till the winter is over." He after- AVards merrily asked his informant, whether he had not put a stop to the man's stealing ? Though h« Wvis rich wiicn he came to this country, yet through his devotion to public business, while his estate was managed by unfaithful servants, he died poor. He was so much of a theologian, that he sometimes gave the word of exhor- tation in the church. His zeal aguinst those, who had embraced erroneous doctrines, diminished in his latter years. He was always careful in his attendance upon the duties of public and of family worship^ Governor's island in the harbor of Boston was granted to him, and still remains in the possession of his descendants. He procured a law against the heathenish practice of health drinking. From his picture it appears, that he wore a long beard. He kept an exact account of occurrences and transactions in the colony down ' to the year 1644, which was of great service to Hubbai'd, Mather, and Prince. It was not published till the year 1790, when it was printed in octavOk-^ Hia Journal ; Mather*a magnaliay ii. 8—15; Belknafi*s Atner. biog. ii. 337 — 358 ; Morton^ 142 ; JVeaPa JV. £.i. 146, 294 ; Hutchinaon^ i. 12 — 40 ; 55 — 75, 147, 151 ; Jidama* A. E. 29, 79 ; Mod. univers. Mat. xxxix. 293, 293. WINTHROP (JoHK, F.R.s), governor of Connecticut, was the son of the preceding, and his fine genius was improved by a liberal education in the universities of Cambridge and of Dublin, and by travel upon the continent. He arrived at Boston in October ' 1635, with authority to make a settlement in Connecticut^ and the next month despatched a number of persons to build a fort at Say- brook. He was chosen governor in 1657 and agaih in 1659, and from that period he was aimually reelected till his death. In 1 66 1 he went to England and procured a charter, incorporating Connecti- cut and New Haven into one colohy. He died at Bciston April 5> 1676, in the seventy first year of his age. He possessed a rich va- riety of knowledge^ and was particularly skilled in chemistry and physic. His valuable qualities as a gentleman, a Christian, a phi- losopher, and a magistrate secured to him universal respect. He published some valuable communications in the philosophical trans- action8.^—Trum6M//'» Connect, i. 358, 261, 362 ; Magnalic^ ii. 30-— 33 ; Belknafi*a Amer. biog. ii. 359 — '363 ; Holmes* annala, i. 382, 438. WIN'THROP (John, ll. d. f. r. s.)j Hollis professor of math- ematics and natural philosophy in Harvard college, was the son of the honorable Adam Winthrop, a member of the coimcil, and a descendant of the governor of Massachusetts. He was graduated at the university of Cambridge in 1733. In 1738 at the age of twenty four years he was appointed professor in the place of Mi-, Greenwood. He immediately entered wpon the duties of this of. 79 A m 618 WIN. ftce and discharged them with fidelitf and high reputation througlv lUic. In 1761 he sailed to St. John's in Newfoundland to observe the transit oi Venus over tiie sun's disk on the sixth of June agree- ably to the recomnicndution ot Mr.Halley. When the day arrived} h'j was iuvoied with u fine, clear morning, and he enjoyed the inex> presbible saiisiaction ol observing a phenomenon, which had never betore lieen seen, exccpiing by Mr. Horrux in 1639, by any inhab- itant of this earth., in 1773, when the controversy with Great Britain began to >;i*ow warm, he was chosen a member of the coun- cil, and evinced himself a firm Iricnd of his country. He was re- chosen in the tuliowing year, but his election was annulled by the governor in coinpliuncu with an express royal mandate. This tes- timony of his majesty's displeasure on account of his attachment to the rights of America, he evti esteemed us the highest honor, which a corrupt court could bestow. When the British authority terminated in Massachusetts he was reelected a counsellor. After having been a professor for more that forty years he died at Cam- bridge May 3, 1779, in the sixty fifth year ol his age. He was suc- ceeded by Mr. Williams. Dr. Winthrop was distinguished for his very intimate acquaintance with mathematical science. The most obstruse reasonings of Newton's principia were familiar to him, and few philosophers of his day possessed greater vigor and penetration of mind. His talents in investigating and communicating tnith were very rare. In the variety and extent of his knowledge he has seldom been equalled.. While he wrote Latin witii purity and ele- gance, and studied the scriptures with critical attention in their original languages, he was also versed in several of the modem languages of Ekjirope, He had deeply studied the policies of differ- ent ages; he had.reud the principal fathers; and he was thoroughly acquainted witli the controversy between Christians and deists. His firm faitl^in the Christian religion was founded, upon an accu- rate examination of the evidences of its truth, and the virtues of his life added a lustre to his intellectual powers and scientific attainments. In hi& family he devoutly maintained the worship of the supreme Being. While he himself attended upon the positive instilutiois of the gospel, he could not conceive what reason any one, who called himself a Christian, could give for neglecting them. The day before his death he observed to a friend, that the wise men of antiq- uity by every plausible argument endeavored to prove the reality of a future state, but that the wise men of modern times had bent all their exertions to weaken the proofsof our immortal existence, and to undermine tl)e only hope, which can sustain us. at the close of life. "But," added he, " the light t^jrown upon the doctrine of -a future state with me amourits to demonstration. The hope, that is set before us in the New Testament, is the only thing, which will support a man in his dying hour. If any man builds on any othec laupdation) in my apprehension his foundation will fail." His-ac-^ WIS. 619 n repuution througlv oundland to observe sixth of June agree- V hen the clay arrived, he enjoyed the inex- jon, which had never n l63y,byai>yinhab- itroveiby with Great member of the coun- ouniry. He was re- was annulled by the I mandate. This tes- int of his attachment us the highest honor, I the British authority i a counsellor. After rears he died at Cam- his age. Hewassuc- is distinguished for his ;al science. The most ;re familiar to him, and. r vigor and penetration communicating truth »f his knowledge he has in wiUi purity and ele- tical attention in their several of the modem ed the policies of differ- and he was thoroughly Christians and deists, founded, upon an accu- 1, and the virtues of his id scienUfic atuunments. orsbip of the supreme the positive institutiovs ison any one, who called pcungthcm. The day [t the wise men of antiq- d to prove the reality of ,dern times had bent all immortal existence, and istain us at the close of upon the doctrine of a ion. The hope, that IS ie only thing, which will tnan builds on any othes ion will fail." His ac^ curatfl observations of the transit of Mercury in 1740 vrere hon- orably noticed by the royal society ot London and recorded in the forty second volume of its tntnsuctionu. He published a lec- ture on earthquakes 1755; answer tu Mr. Prince's letter u])on earthquakes, 1756; two lectures on con>ets, I7.>i) ; an account of .several fiery meteors seen in North America, 1765. — l.angdon*tand Howard's aermona, VVigglesv)orth*a lecture^ ami HtnouU'ii oration on bia death; Maaaa. mag, iv. 33 1—233 ; Jnuriain musetun, vii, 229 — 231; //b/wM* amw/«, ii. 424 ; life (j Stileay2b^ — 260; Miller^ W. 373 ; Collect, hiat. aoc. x, 159 ; Inde fiend, chronicle May 13, 1779. WISE (John), minister of Ipswich, Mussachuaciis, was gradu- ated at Harvard collep;e in 1673, and was suon afterwards ordained at Chebacco in Ipswich. In 1688 he wan imprisuned by bir Ed- mund Anvlros for remonstrating with others uguinst the tuxes as a grievance, because imposed without an asse«ribly. After the revo- lution he brought an action against Mr. Dudley, the chief justice, for denying him the benefits of the habeas corpus act. Being a chaplain in the unhappy expedition against Canada in 1690, ne dis- tinguished himself not only by the pious discharge of the sacred office,' but by his heroic spiiit and martial skill. When a number of ministers signed proposals in 1705 for establishing associations, which should be entrusted with spiritual power, he exerted himself with effect to avert the danger, which threatened the congregational churches. In a book, whish he wrote upon tnis occasion, entitled, the churches' quarrel espoused, he exhibited no small share of the wit and satire of a former minister of Ipswich, Mr. Ward. He contended, that each church contains in itseU ait ecclesiastical au- thority. In 1721, when the inoculation of the small pox was first introduced, he was one of those ntinisters, who approved of it. Mr. Stoddard oif Northampton was another. Mr. Wise died April 8, 1725 at an advanced age. He was enriched with the excellencies of nature and of religion, uniting a graceful form and majestic as- pect to a lively imagination and sound judgment, and to incorrupti- ble integrity, unshaken fortitude, liberal charity, and fervent piety. His attachment to civil and religious liberty was zealous and firm. He was. a learned scholar and eloquent orator. Being a friend to :he peace of the churches, his services were often required in ec- clesiastical councils, and when he was bowing down under infirmi- ties he would go forth, wherever his benevolent labors were desired. In the beginning of his last sickness he observed to a brother in the gospel, that he had been a man of contention, but, as the state of the church made it necessary, he could say upon the most serious review of his conduct, that he had fought a good fight. At the same time he expressed a deep sense of his own unworthincss in the si?;ht of heaven, and a conviction, that he needed the divine 'mercy and waseniirely.dependentonthe free grace of GckI in Christ Jesus. He published the. churches' quarrel espouse^, 1710; and'a ' ■ 620 WIS. vindication of the government of tlio New England churchct} about the yeur 1717 or 17 18. It wus reprinted in 1772. He contends, that the ecclesiAstical government m established by Christ) and us cxistini^ in New Englund, wai a dctnocrucy* und was best calculated for the advantu(|^e of all.— ^ aermon on hia death t JIuichinaonyi. 366, 367; i?arA-u«'(iAriV/^. 130, 131,138 ; Noimea* annaia,i. 47 3 i Stilea' Qhriatian union^ 47. WISE (Jeremiah), minister of Berwick, Massachusetts, was graduated ut Harvard college in 1 700, und was ordained as succeti- sor of Mr. John Wade November 26, 1707. His death took plucc i.i 1756. He was a inun of eminent piety and goodness. The learning, in wliich he made great proficiency, was that, which was most cultivated in the age, in which he lived. He did not excel in polite learning or in philosophic researches, but the scholastic dis- tinctions and refinements were familiar to him. He published a sermon on the death of Charles Frost, 1725 ', election sermon, 1729 ; a sermon at the ordination of James Pike, \tZOj-~SullivaiCu dial. Maincy 346 ; Coltfct, Mat. aoc. x. 170. WITHERSPOON (John, d.d. ll.d.), president of the college of New Jersey, was born in Yester near Edinburgh, Scotland, Feb* Tuary 5, 1722, and was lineally descended from John Knox. At the age of fourteen he entered the university of Edinburgh, where he continued till he reached the age of twenty one, when he was licensed to preach the gospel. In the theological hall he had evinced a taste in sacred criticism, a precision of thought, and a perspicuity of expression, which were very uncommon. He was soon ordained at Beith in the west of Scotland. Thence after a few years he was translated to Paisley. Here he lived in high reputation and great usefulness until he was called to the presidency of Princeton col- lege. So extensively was he known, that he was invited to Dun- dee, to Dublin, and Rotterdam ; but less regardful of personal in- terest than of what he conceived to be the claims pf duly, he was persuaded to listen to the invitation from a dihtant country. He arrived with his family at Princeton, New Jersey, in the month of August 1768, and took the eharge of a seminary, over which had presided a Dickinson, Burr, Edwards, Davies, and Finley, men dis- tinguished for genius, learning, and piety. His name brought a great accession of student^ to the college, and by his exertions its funds were much augmented. But the war of the American revo- lution prostrated every thing. While the academical shades were deserted, and his functions as president were suspended, he was in- troduced intq a nev7 field of labor. As he became at once ^ A- xnerican on his landing in this country, the citizens of New Jersey, who knew his distinguished abiliiics, appointed him a member of the convention, which formed the constitution of that state. Here lie appeared as profound a civilian, as he had before been known to |)^ a pbUosppher and divinCf From t^e revolutionary committees WIT. 621 land cliurchctt about 772. He contends, led by Christ, and as 1(1 wus best calculated it y/u«fA«»i«on,i. 366, anmi/«,i.473i StiUu' Massachusetts, was s ordained as succeti- His death took plucc and goodness. The , was that, which was He did not excel in lit the scholastic dis- him. He published a 25 i election sermon, *ikc, \730j~^SulUvaii'd resident of the college nburjught, and a perspicuity He was soon ordained fterafcw years he was ;h reputation and great dency of Princeton col- he was invited to Dun- egardful of personal in- :laims pf duly, he was adihtant country. He Jersey, in the wonth of minary, over which had es, and Finley, men dis- f. His name brought a and by his exertions its p of the American revo- academical shades were e suspended, he was in- le became at once ^ A* citizens of New Jersey, )ointed him a member of tion of that state. Here id before been known to evolutionary committees •nd conventions of the state he was sent early in 1776 a represen- tative to the congress of United America. He wuh during seven years a member of that illustrious boil y, and he wus always collected, firm, and wise amidst the embarrasHing circumstances, in which congress was placed. His name is affixed to the declaration of in- dependence. But while he was thus engaged in political afl'airs he did not lay aside his miitistry. He gladly embraced every op- portunity of preaching, for his character as a minister of the gos- pel he ever considered as his highest honor. As soon as the state of the country would permit, the college wus reestablished, and iu instruction was recommenced under the immediate care of the vice president, the reverend Dr. Smith. After the terminatio \ -A the struggle for American liberty, Dr. Withcrspoon was indued from his attachment to the college to cross the ocean, that he might promote its benefit. Though his success wus not so great as could be wished, his enterprise and zeul were n i the less deserving of commendation. After his return, he entered into that letirement, which was dear to him, and his attention was principally confined to the duties oi his office as president, and as r ministc:* of the iros- pel. For more than two years before his death he was afH' ted with the loss of sight ; but during his blindness he was freq^u ndy led into the pulpit, and he always acquitted himself with hi ., usual accuracy and animation. At length he sunk under t v. nressure of his infirmities. He died November 15, 1794, in tie seventy third year of his age. He was succeeded by Dr. Smith, who is now at the head of the college. Dr. Witherspoon, though not a man of the most extensive learn- ing, yet possessed a mass of inibrmation well selected and thor- oughly digested. Scarcely any man of the age had a more vigor- ous mind or a more sound understanding. As president of the college he rendered literary inquiries more liberal, extensive, and profound, and was the means of producing an important revolution in the system of education. He extended the study of mathemat^ ical science, and it is believed he was the first man, who taught in America the substance of those doctrires of the philosophy of the mind, which Dr. Reid afterwards devo^pr^u with so much success. He was very distinguished as a preacher. An admirable textuury, a profound theologian, perspicuous and simple in his manner, an universal scholar, acquainted intimately with human nature, n grave, dignified, and solemn speaker ; be brought all the advantages, de- rived from these sources, to the illustration and enforcement of di- vine truth. Though not a fervent and animated speaker, it was im- possible to hear him without attention. His feelings were naturally strong, but he had imposed restraints upon himself. All ostenta- tion in the pulpit he viewed with the utmost aversion. He loved to dwell on the great doctrine's of divine grace. Though he uroio his sermons, and pommittcd them to memory, yet as he was gpv- if i I el 4 :1 622 WIT. i| crned by the desire of doing good and wished to bring his discourseti to the level of every understanding) he wus not confined when ad- dressing his hearers, within the boundaries of wnat he had written. His life was upright and holy. Besides the daily intercourse with heaven, which heheld in the closet, and occubional seasons of solemn recollection and devotion, he observed the last day of the year with his family as a day of fasting, huniiliutiun, and prayer. To the young he 'vas paiticularly attentive, taking every opportunity to im- part to them useful advice in the most agreeable manner. Having a rich fund of anecdote, his moments oi relaxation were as enter- taining, as his serious ones were instructive. The following anec- dote presents a specimen of his good humored wit. When Bur- goyne's army was captured at Saratoga, general Gates despatched one of his aids to congress to carry the intelliKence. The officer, after being delayed by amusements, wiiich ofi'ered themselves to him on his way, at length arrived at Philadelphia, but the report of the victory had reached there several days beforo. Congress, ac- cording to custom, proceeded to give the messenger some mark of their esteem. It was proposed to present him with an elegant sword ; but Dr. Witherspoon rose, and begged leave to move, that instead of a sword, they should p.^esent him with a pair of goldeo spurs. As a writer he holds a high rank. His knowledge of every sub- ject he handles is considered as extensive and accurate, his thoughts weighty and condensed, his style simple, and his method v«ry lucid. He exhibits great acquaintance with the world and with the human heart. His works are various, for he wrote on political, moral, lite- rary, and religious subjects. No one has more strikingly displayed the pernicious effects of the stage ; and his treatises on the nature and necessity of regeneration, justification by free grace through Jesus Christ, the importance of truth in religion, or the con- nexion between sound principles and a holy practice are highly esteemed. Though a very serious writer, he yet possessed a fund of refined humor and delicate satire. In his ecclesiastical eharac- terislics his wit was directed at certain corruptions in principle and practice, prevalent in the church of Scotland, and it is keen and cutting. That church was divided into two parties, of wluch one was desirous of extending the right of patronage, and the other wished to extend the influence of the people in the settlement and removal of ministers. The former, which was called the moderate party, was considered as not strictly evangelical in their sentiments and treaching ; the latter, distinguished by the name of the ortho- dox, was zealous for the doctrines of grace and the articles contain- ed in the national confession of faith. It' was against the moderate iTien, that the shafts of Dr. Witherspoon's wit were aimed.' He formed a union of those, who accoVded with him, and became at length their leader. His works were published in 4 vols, with an WOL. 623 ing his diacoursM » :onAned wlien ud- at he had written. J intercourse with seasons of solemn jr ol the year with I prayer. To the opportunity to im- manner. Having ion were as enter- . le following anec-. . wit. When Bur- i Gates despatched nee. The officer, red themselves to a, but the report of luj. Congress, ac- iiger some mark of m with an elegant leave to move, that th a pair of goldeo ledge of every sub- curate, his thoughts method very lucid, md with the human )oUtical, moral, lite- strikingly displayed iiises on the nature tree grace through ligion, or the con- )vaclice are highly et possessed a fund cclesiastical charac- ons in principle and and it is keen and arties, of wlvich one age, and the other \ the settlement and called the moderate in their sentiments name of the ortho- the articles contain- gainst the moderate t were aimed.' He him, and became at id in 4 vols, with an 1 account of his life by Dr. Rodgers, 8vo, \SQ2.—^Rodgera* sermon on hia death; Masaa. tniaa. mag. v. 1—10 ; Piscuia^ua evang, mag. iiL 41, 81, 131 ; Millerf ii. 376 ; ji8aembly*a niitta. mag. i. 17 — 19. WOLCOTT (Uookb), governor of Connecticut, was the son of a farmer, and was born at VVindsur January 4, 1679. His parents lived in a part of the country, which suffered much from the In- dians, and in the town there was neithtr a schoolmaster nor minis- ter, so that Mr.. Wolcott was not a member of a common school for a single day in hia life. When he was twelve years of age he was bound as an apprentice to a mechanic. At the age of twenty one^ nrhen the laws permitted him to enjoy the fruits of his labors, he established himself on the east side of Connecticut river in the same town, in which he was born, where by the blessing of God upon his industry and fru^;ality he acquired what Wus considered as a plenti- ful fortune. He is an eminent proof of the power of talents and in- tegrity, in a free country, in raising one to distinction notwithstand- ing the disadvantages of education and of birth. He rose by degrees to the highest military and civil honors. In the expedition against Canada in 1711 he was commissary of the Connecticut forces, and at the capture of Louisbourg in 1 745 he bore the commission of ma- jor general, tie wus successively a member oi the assembly and of tne council, judge of the county court, deputy governor, chief judge of the superior court, and from 1751 to 1754 governor. He died May 17, 1767, in the eighty ninth year of his aji;e. In all his ex- altation above his neighbors he exhibited no haughtiness of deport- ment, but was easy of access, free and affable, of ready wit and great humor. His literary attainments were such, that in conversation with the learned upon most subjects he secured respect. He was- much attached to the peculiar doctrines of the gospel, and was for many years a member of a Christian church. From the year 1 754, -when his life was more retired, he devoted himself particularly to reading, meditation, and prayer. He was very careiui in searching into himself, that he might perceive his own character, and know whether he was rescued from that depravity, to which previously to the renewing agency of the divine Spirit the human mind is sub- jected, and whether he was interested in the salvation of the gospeL In his last moments he was supported by the hopes of the Christian, and he entered into his rest. He published poetical meditations, with a preface by Mr. Bulkley of Colchester, 1725 ; and a letter to Mr. Hobart in 1761, entitled, the new English congregational churches are and always have been consocic.ted churches, and their liberties greater and better founded in their platform, agreed upon at Cambridge in 1648, than in the agreement at Saybrook in 1708. A long poem, written by governor Wolcott, entitled, a brief account of the agency of John Winthrop in the court of Charles II in 1662 iji procuring the charter of Conneciirut is preserved in the collec- tions, of the historical society. It describes with considerable mi* I I!. ■•> 624 WOL. nateness the Pequot yrmi'^Perry*t term, on hit death ; i)ei)otibn*» elect, term. ; Collect, hitt. toe. iv. 363--^397. WOLCOT r (Erastvs)) a judge of the superior court of Con<' necticut, was the son of the preceding, and was bom about the year 1733. His early life was spent in the employments of agri- culture. Though he was not favored with the advantages of a lib<* eral education, yet profiting by the various situations, in which he was placed, he guned much useful knowledge. In 1776 he com- manded a regiment of militia, and assisted in the investment of Boston. He was appointed a brigadier general in 1777, and went on an expedition to Peek's kill. He was repeatedly a member of congress. Towards the close of his life be resigned his office of judge. He died September 14, 1793, in the seventy first year of his age. Integrity and patriotism were united in his character with religion. He was a zealous friend to republican principles, an able advocate of the rights of his country. His last illness he bore with a cheerful serenity and submission to the will of God. A short religious tract, written by him, was published at the close of the following,— M^Clure*t termon on hit death. WOLCOTT (Oliver, ll. d.)> governor of Connecticut, was the brother of the preceding, and was bom about the year 1737. He was graduated at Yale college in 1747. He afterwards sustsdn- ed a captain's commission in the w^ar vrith the French* On retiring from military service he studied physic ; but his attention was drawn from this profession by his appointment as high sheriff of the county of Litchfield, which office he sustained about fourteen years. He was a member of the ever memorable congress, which agreed upon the declaradon of independence in 1776, and he boldly advocated that measure. He was chosen governor in 1796, but died December 1, 1797, aged seventy onfi years. Mr. Trumbull succeeded him. Incorruptible integrity and unshaken firmness were conspicuous traits in the character of governor Wolcott. He was the friend of virtue and religion^ In his last sickness he ex^ pressed a deep sense of his personal unworthiness and guilt. For several days before his departure every breath seemed to bring with it a prayer, till at length he fell o.sltep.'-^Backut* funeral termon, WOLFE (James), a major general in the British army, was bom at Westerhvan in Kent January 3, 1737. He entered young into the army, and soon distinguished himself as a brave and skilful offi- cer. He was present at the battle of Lafeldt and in every suhse^ quent engagement iiTGermany in the war, which terminated at th6 peace of Aix la Chapelle. After his return from the Expedition against Louisbourg in 1758, he was immediately appointed to the command of one of the expeditions, destined against Canada in 1759. He arrived at the island of Orleans in the neighborhood of Quebec late in June. On the last of Jitly he attacked the French intrc'^chments at Montmorency on the left bank of the St. Charles^ WOLi 625 a/A } Detotibn** LOT court of Con* is born about the oyments of agri- vantages of a lib* ons, in which he In irre he com- the investment of n 1777, and went edly a member of igned his office of iventy first year of his character with principles, an able St illness he bore e will of God. A ihed at the close of • Connecticut, was )ut the year 1727. afterwards sustMn* •ench* On retiiing his attention was t as high sheriflf of ined about fourteen le congress, which 1776, and he boldly emor in 1796, but rs. Mr. Trumbull unshaken firmness mor Wolcott. He ast sickness he ex- ness and gUilt. For eemed to bring with t* funeral sermon. idsh army, was bom entered young into rave and skilful offi- and in every subse- ch terminated at the from the Expedition r appointed to the against Canftda in the neighborhood of ittacked the French : of the St. Charles* but his troops were thrown into disordef by the enemy's fire, and he was coinpelled W give orders for returning to the island. He now determined to effect a landing above the city, and by scaling a prec* ipice to gain the heights back of the town, where it was but sliglitly fortified. He was fully aware of the temerity of the enterprise, but resolved to execute it. On the morning of the thirteenth of September, an hour before day break, he landed with a strong detachment about a mile above cape Diamond. Ascending the precipice by the aid of the rugged projrctions of the rocks, and the branches of trees and plants growing on the cliffs, the van gained the heights, and quickly dispersed a captain's guard, which had been entrusted with a four gun battery. The whole army Mras soon upon the heights of Abraham. Montcalm now perceived that a battle could no longer be avoided, and that the fate of Quebec depended on the issue. He immediately crossed the St. Cliarles, and marched to attack the English army. In the beginning of the ac- tion Wolfe received a ball in his wrist, but wrapping a handkerchief armmd his arm he continued to encourage his men. He soon re- ceived a ffhot in the groin, which he also concealed. He was ad- vancing at the head of the grenadiers with charged bayonets, when a third bullet pierced his breast. Being conveyed into the rear, he still discovered, in the agonies of death, the most anxious solicitude concerning the fate of the day. Asking an officer to support him, while he viewed the field, " tell roe, sir," said he, " do the enemy give way there, tell me, for I cannot see." His sight was dimmed and confused, and almost extinguished forever. Being told, that the enemy was visibly broken, he reclined his head from extreme faintness on the officer's arm ; but he was soon aroused by the cry of " they run, they run !" " Who run ?'* exclaimed the hero. The officer replied," the French, they are beat, sir, they are flying before you." The general then said," I am satisfied, my boys !" and almost instantly expired. Tiris death of the illustrious Wolfe in the thirty thirt'i year of his age combines every circumstance to gratify the thirst for military glory. If the creatures of God were allowed to seek their own honor, and if men, destined for immortality, would choose to place this honor in having their names repeated, and their heroism applauded by future and unknown generations, perhaps no instance of a death more to be envied could be found in the annals of history. The body of Wolfe was carried to England, and a monument was erected to his memory in Westminster abbey. He was formed by nature for military greatness. His apprehension was quick and clear, his judgment sound, his, courage daring perhaps to an extreme. With a temper lively and almost impetuous he was not subject to passion, and with the greatest independence he was free from pride. He was manly, yet gentle, kind, and conciliating in his manners. He was not only just, but generous ; and he searched out the objects of his charity and beneficence among his needy officers.— Afw and 80 ■■J ! ^ if* M 626> WOO; ii\ ) li ., j^rew. biog. diet.; AnntMl regiatevy i. 71 ; ii. 37—42, 341, 381'->3a3 ;.: iii. 99 ; Marahalti i. 429, 442, 450—463 ; JBoatonfijtt boy^ October 15, 1759. WOODBRIDGE (John), first minister of Andover, Massacho- setts, was born in VViiuitiie, England, in 1613, and after passing; some time at Oxlbrd pursued his studies in private. In 1634 tie- caine to this country withi hb uncle, the reverend Mr. Parker. He was ordained at Andover September 1 6, 1 644 ; but upon the invitation of his fr?e >ds in England he returned to them in 1647. Being ejected by tiie Bartholomew act in 1662, he again sought a peaceful retreat in Antcrica, and became an assistant to Mr. Parker. After his dismissir n on account of his views of church disciplfaiey he was a magistraie of the colony. He died March> 17) 1695, in the eighty second year of his age. He lived to see three of his son& in the ministry^ and four of his grandsons preparing, for it. The piety, which he imbibed in his childhood, increased with his. years. He possessed a wonderful command of his passions>. and losses and afflictions did not shake his peace. Just before his death he refused a glass of wine, which was offered him, saying, I am ga- ing where I shall have better.— iWafAer'* magnaliay iii. 219, 220 j JVoncon/orm. memorial^ i. 292, 293 ; Fofikin'a dedicat. serm. WOODBRIDGE (Benjamin, d. d.),. the first graduate of Har- vard college, was the brother oWhe preceding and was born in 1622. After he came to this country he was honored with the first laurels- of the new seminary at Cambridge in 1642. On his return to En- gland he succeeded Dr. Twiss ac Newbury, where he gained a high reputation as a sch^arra preacher, a casuist, and a Christian. After he was ejected in 1662 he continued to preach privately. He died at Inglefield in Berks November 1 , 1 684, aged sixty two years, and was buried at Newbury. While his learning was considerable} his commanding voice and pleasing manner made him admired as a preacher. He published a sermon on justification by fiuth, 1653 ; the method of grace in the justification of sinners, against Mr. Eyre, 4to ; church members set in joint, against lay preacherSf 1656. He also published a work written by Mr. Noyes, entitled, Moses and Aaron, or the rights of the church and &tate» containing two disputations, 1661. It is believed that he wrote the ingenious lines for the tomb of Mr. Cotton, which are preserved in Mather's magnalia.— Woorf** Athena Oxonienaesy ii. 77^^-^176 f Nonconform, men '^rial, \. 290 j Collect. hi»t» aoc. x; 32 ; Magtmliay uu 30, 31. \ WOODHOUSE (jKue.s)y professor of chemistry in the univer- sity of Pennsylvania, died June 4, 1809, in the thirty ninth year of his age. He was eminent for his le&rning. Dr. John Redman Coxe has been appointed his successor.. He published an inaugu- ral dissertation on the chemical and medical properties of the per- simmon tree, and the analysis of astringent vegetables, 179*3 ; the young chemist's pocket companion, connected with a portable lab* l^tH' woo. 627 -oratory, 1797 ; an answer to Dr. Priestley's considerations on the doctrine of phlogiston and the decomposition ot water, founded up« on demonstrative experiments, in the fourth volume ot the truiibac- tions of the American philosophical society .; and an editioa of Chaptul's chemistry, with valuable notes, 2 vols, avo, 1807. WOOSTER (David), major general in the revolutionary war, was born at Stratford in 171 1, and was graduated tit Yule college in 1738. At the commencement of the war with Great Briuin he was appointed to the chief command of the troops in the service of Connecticut, and made a brigadier general in the continental scr« vice ; but this commission he afterwards resigned. In 1776 he was appointed the Bri^t major general of the miiitiu of his native state. While opposing a detachment of Briiish troops, whose object uas to destroy the public stores at Danbury, he was mortally wouiiiled at Ridgfield April27, 1777, and died on the second of Muy. — Gordorit ii. 464 ; Holmes* annals^ix. 374, 375 ; life of Stilesy 382. WORTHINGTON (John, ll. d.), an eminent barrister, was graduated at Yale college in 1740. In 1774 he was a member of the legislature of Massachusetts, and opposed the measures of tlie friends of liberty. His name was in the same yeur included in ihe list of the mandamus counsellors, but he declined the appointment. He died at Springfield in April 1 800, aged eighty one years. Mr. Ames married his daughter. WYLLYS (George), governor of Connecticut in 1642, came from England to Hartford in 1638 and died in 1644. He was emi- nently pious, and from regard to the purity of divine worship left a fine estate in the county, of Warwick and encountered the hardships of a wilderness. .His descendants are distinguished in the civil history of Conneciicut.^— Trumbull, i. . 1 50 ; HQlmcb* life of Stiles, 1 5. WifTHE (George), chancellorof Virginia, and <'tectly versed in the civil and common laW| and in the statutes ot Gt < at liritain and Virginia. He was also a skil- ful mathematician, i»:id was well acquainted with moral and natural philosophy. The wild and thougUdess youth was now converted into a sedate and prudent man, Uelighiing entirely in literary pur- suits. At this period he acquired that attachnient to the Citiistian 1 iigion, v.hich, thouirh his faith was ufiei-wards pj.akcn hy the diP!'^- culties suggested by sceptical writers, never rdtut^ctiv h foisock tiiui^ and towards the clost. of his lite was renovated v'^d iiniuly esublUh ed. Though 'le never connected himseU with .ny se«.» of Thrist ians, yet for many ye'> ble was his favorite book. Having obtained a license to practise law, he look his station at the bar of the old gcnerai i.ourl %vki. many other great men, whoso merit has been the buast of Virginia. Among; them he wus on- spicuous not for his eloquence, or i!iij^enuhy iu maintaining a bad cause, but for hts sound sense and learninp;, avid rigid att3< nment to justice. He never undertook the supp*. rt of a cause, ./'.ich he kne^ ' u) be bad, or which did not appear Co be just i::nd honorable. He w." . even *^nown, when he doubted the statement of his cUent, to insist upon b'\s rnakuig an affidavit to its truth, and in every in- stance, whv . ; it w\.s in his power, he examinetl the witnesses as to the facts Iiittnded to be proved betore he brought the suit, or agreed to defend it. When the time arrived, which heaven hati destined for the sep- eration of the wide, confederated republic of America from the do- nnnion of Qreat Britain, Mr. Wythe was one of the instruments iu the hand of providence for accomplishing that great work. He took a decided ^art in the very first movements oi opposition. Not content merely to fall in with the wishes of his fellow citizens, he assisted in persuading them not to submit to British tyranny. With a prophetic mind he looked forward to the event of an approaching war, and resolutely prepared to encounter all its evils rather than to resign his attachment to liberty. With his pupil and friend, Thomas Jefferson, he roused the people to resistance. As the controversy grew warno, his zeal became proportionally fervent. He joined a corps ot volunteers, accustomed himself to military discipline, and was ready to march at the call of his country, that country, to whose interests he was so sincerely attached, ..ad other duties of more importance for him to perform. It was his destiny to obtain distinction as a statesman, legislator, and judge, and not as a warrior. Before the war comm.enced, he was elected a member of the Virginia assembly. After having been for some time speaker of the house of burgesses,' he was sent by the mem- bers of that body as one of their delegates to the congress/ which as9einl)led May 18, 1775, and did not separate tuitii it had declared '♦" '-'Wi-' t . , ijw — WYT. 629 elf also a profound (I common \wrt and tie was also a skil- \\ moral and natural was now converted ■ely in literary pur- ent to the (.'i-iisiian Ps.akcn by Uu; diP' ■ }>;cili; i fijisock, hiaij vnd li; ivly CEUbluh- 1 ny sect itf <''^rist" chui'cU, ardiheb;- e took his station at :r great men, whoso M.^ thewi he was on- » nvuintaining ;t bad [! rigid a£ta' ''me»t to ■ a causej V ''.ich he ; just iii\d honorable, ement of his client, ith, and in every in- l the >vitnesses as to ;ht the suit, or agreed 1 destined for the sep- im erica from the do- [)f the instruments in lat great work. He oi opposition. Not fellow citizens, he rilish tyranny. With int of an approaching its evils rather than lis pupil and friend, resistance. As the ■oportionally fervent, himself to military ^f his country, icerely attached, -.ad erform. It was his .gislator, and judge, ced, he was elected a ,ving been for some ras sent by the mera- the congress,' which uiilii it had declared the independence of America. In that most enlighlcued and patri> olic assembly he possessed no small share of influence. He was one of those, who signed the memorable declaration, by which the heroic legislators of this country pledged ^^ their lives, their for- tunes, and their sacred honor" to maintain and defend its violated rights. But the voice of his native state soon called him from the busy scene, where his talents had been so nobly exerted. By a res- olution of the general assembly of Virginia, dated November 5, 1776, Thomas JeRerson, Edmund Pendleton, George Wythe, George Mason, and Thomas Ludwell Lee were appointed a com- mittee to revise the laws of the commonwealth. This was u work of very great labor and difficulty. The committee of revisors did not disappoint the expectations of their country.. In the com- mencement of their labors they were deprived of the assistance, which might have been received from the abilities of Messrs. Ma- son and Lee by the death of tlie one and the resignation of the other. The remaining three prosecuted their task with indefatiga- ble activity and zeal, and June 18, 1779 made a report of one hun- dred and twenty six bills, which they had prepared. This repotl showed an intimate knowledge of the great principles of legislation, and reflected the highest honor upon those, who formed it. The people of Virginia are indebted to it for almost all the best parts of their present code of laws. Among the changes, then made in the monarcbieal system of jurii^prudence, which had lieen pre- viously in for^e, the ^ost important were effected by the act abol- ishing the right of piimogeniuire, and directing the real estate of persons dying intestate to be equally divided among their children, or other nearest relations ; by the act for regulating conveyances, which converted all est;.tes in tail into fees simple, and thus destroy- ed one of the supports of the proud and overbearing distinctions of particular families ; and finally by the act for the establishment of religious freedom. Had all the proposed bills been adopted by the legislature, other changes of great importance would have taken place. A wise and universal system of education would hrve been established, giving to the children of the poorest citizen the oi>por- tunity of attaining science, and thus of rising to honor and extensive usefulness. The proponion between crimes and punishments would have been better adjusted, and malefactors would have been made to promote the interests of the commonwealth by their labor. But the public spirit of the assembly could not keep pace with the liberal views of Wythe. After finishing the task of new modelling the laws, he was em- ployed to carry them into effect according to their true intent and spirit by being placed in the difficult office of judge of a court of equity. He wus appointed one of the three judges of the high court of c^ncery, and afterwards sole chancellor of Vii*ginia, in which station he continued until the day of his death, during a peri- 630 WYT. od of more than twenty years. His extraordinary disinterestedness and patriotism were now most conspicuously displayeil. Although the salary, allowed him by the commonwealth, was extremely scan- ty, yet ne contentedly lived upon it even in tlie e-^penuve city of Richmond, and devoted his whole time to tlic service of his country. With that contempt of wealtli, which so remarkably distinguished him from other men, he made a present of one half of his land in Elizabeth city to his nephew, and the purchase money of the re- mainder, which he sold, was not paid him for many years. Wiiile hn resided in Williamsburg he accepted the professorship of law in the college of William and Mary, but resigned it wlien his duties as chancellor required his removal to Richmond. His resources were therefore small ; yet with his liberal and charitable disposition he continued, by means of that little, to do much good, and always to preserve his independence. This he accomplished by temper- ance and economy. He was a member uf the Virginia convention, which in Jime 1788 considered the proposed constitution ol the United States. During (he debates he acted for the niofit part a« chairman. Ocuig convinced, that the confederation was defective in the energy, nec- essary to preserve the union and liberty of America, this venerable patriot, then beginning to bow under the weight of yeur&, rose in •the convention, and exerted his voice, almost tb > feeble to be heard) in contending for a system, on the acceptance of which he conceived the happiness of his country to depend. He was ever attached to the constitution, on accoimt of the principles of freedom and jus- dee, which it contained ; and in every change of affairs he was steady in supporting the rights of man. His political opinions were always firmly republican. Though in 1798 and 1709 he was oppos- ed to the measures, which were adopted in the administration of president Adams, and reprobated the alien and sedition laws, and the raising of the army ; yet he never yielded a moment to the rancor of party spirit, nor permitted the difference of opinion to interfere with his private friendships. He pres'.led twice succes- sively in the college of electoi's in Virginia, and twice voted for a president, whose political principles coincided with his own. After a short but very excruciating sickness he died June 8, 1806, in the •eighty first year of his age. It was supposed, that he was poison- ed, but the person suspected was acquitted by a jury of his coun- trymen. By his last will and testament he bequeathed his valuable library and philosophical apparatus to his friend, Mr. Jefferson, and ilistribtited the remainder of his little property among the grand children ot his sister, and the slaves, whom he had set free. He thus wished to liberate the blacks not only from slavery, but from the temptations to vice. He even condescended to impart to them I instructiofn ; and he personally taught the Greek language do a Ut-| tie negro boy, who died a few days before his preceptor. WYT. 631 Chancellor \Vythe was indeed an exlraordinary man. With' all bis great qualitit: h« possessed u soul replete with benevolence, and his private lite is full of anecdotes, which prove, that it i ■ icldom that a kinder and warmer heart throbs in the breast of a human be- ing. He was of a social and affectionate disposition. From the time, when he was emancipated from the follies of youth, he sus- tained an unspotted reputation. His integrity was never even sus- pected. While he practised at the bar, when offers of an extraor- dinary but well merited compensation were made to him by clientst whose causes he had gained, he would say, that the laborer was in- deed worthy of his hire, but the lawful fee was all he hud a righ' to demand, and as to presents he did not want and would not accept them from any man. This grandeur of mind he tuuforroly pre- served to the end of his life. His manner of living was plain and abstemious. He found the means of suppressing the desire of wealth by limiting the number of his wants. An ardent desire to pro- mote the happiness of his fellow men by supporting the cause of justice and maintaining; and establishing their rights appears to have been his ruling passion. As a judge he was remarkable for his rigid impartiality and sin- cere attachtuent to the principles of equity, for his vast and various learning, and for his strict and unwearied attention to business. Superior to popular prejudice and evry corrupting influence, noth- ing could induce him to swerve from truth and right. In his de- cisions he seemed to be a pure intelligence, untouched by human passions, and settling the disputes of men according to the dictates of eternal and immutable justice. Other judges have surpassed him in genius, and a certain facility in despatching causes, but while the vigor of his faculties remained unimpaired, he was seldom sur- passed in learning, industry, and judgment. From a man, entrusted with such high concerns, and whose time was occupied by so many difBcult and perplexing avocations, it could scarcely have been expected, that he should have employed a part of it in the toilsome and generally unpleasant task of the edu- cation of youth. Yet even to this he was prompted by his genuinei patriotism and philanthrophy, which induced him for many years to take great delight in educating such young, persons, as showed an inclination for improvement. Harrassed as he was with business^ and enveloped with papers, belonging to intricate suits in chancery, he yet found time to keep a private school for the instruction of a few scholars, always with very little compensation, and often de- manding none. Several living ornaments of their country received their greatest lights from his sublime example and instruction. Such was the upright and venerable W y the. ^yfmerican gleaner a7i(i Virginia magaziney i. 1 — 3, 17 — 19,33 — 36; Maaaa. tniaa. mag. \, 10—15 ; Debatea of Virginia convent, aecond edit, 17) 431. 632 YAL. YALE (Elirv), the principal benefactor of Yale college, was bom at New Haven in 1 648, and at the age of ten years went to England, and about the year 1678 to the Eust Indies, where he ac- quired a large estate, was made governor of fort St. George, and married an Indian lady of fortune. After his return to London he was chosen governor of the East India company, and made those donations to the college in his native town, which induced the trus- tees to bestow on it the name of Yale. He died in Wales July 8, 173 1^— iC/a/k'« Aiat. Yale college^ 39 ; Ho.met' annaUy ii. 104. YATES (Robert), chief justice of New York, died at Albany in September 1801. ZUBLY (John Joachim, d. d.), Brst minister of the presbyte- rian church in Savannah) came from St. Call in Switzerland, and took the charge of this chu*'ch in 1760. He preached to an En« flish and German congregation, and sometimes also he preached n French. He was a member of the provincial congress in 1775, but as he differed in opinion from his fellow citizens with respect to the independence of the United States, he incurred their dis- pleasure, and his future days were embittered. He died at Savan- nah in July, 1781. He was a man of great teaming, of a vigorous and penetrating mind, and of a heart moulded into the Christian spirit. He published a sermon on the value of that faith, without which it is impossible to please God, 1773; a sermon on the death of tne reverend John Osgood of Midway, 1773 ; the law of liberty, a sermon on Americaii affairs at the opening of the provincial con* gress of Georgia, with an appendix, giving an account of the stcug- gle of Switzerland to recover liberty, 177 5. -—Georgia analytical re- fiontory,]. 4i9 ', Gorc/on, ii. 75. -.:;*.•«.. ERRATA. Pagt 321, line 27, after law add in jYew York. — 571, — 3, for 399 read 418. — 584, — 57 J for t/iree hundred read one hundred andj{ftv. X\ « » • - I • of Yale college, was of ten yean went to Indies, where he ac- fort St. George, and s return to London he pany, and made those hich induced the trus- died in Wales July 8, annala^ ii. 104. York, died at Albany lister of the presbyte- 1 in Switzerland, and e preached to an En- times also he preached ncial congress in 1775, citizens with respect \e incurred their dis- cd. He died at Savan- teaming, of a vigorous led into the Christian B of that faith, without a sermon on the death of 3 ; the law of liberty, a r of the provincial con- an account of the stiaig- •^Georgia analytical re- to York. ;);:•;" ''-• ' , \ ';_'_, ad one hrmdr^d andj^ftu.