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^ i^ -0 ^^ " ""/* '^^«
/O- (^Ci^/^^^
[From the Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1872.]
NOTES ON THE LINGOA GERAL
OR MODERN TUPl OF THE AMAZONAS.
r. ''
/
Bt CIIAS. FRED. HARTT, M. A.
PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN COKNELr UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.
v
Jt
.H3
NOTES ON THE LINGO A GERAL OR MODERN
TUPI or THE AMAZONAS.
The groat Tiipf-Oiiaraiil slock, in its migrations over South
America cast of llio Andes, hi'oko np, long ago, into a largo
number of tribes, wliicli, living apart from one' another,
developed, in course of time, more or loss distinct manners
and customs, religious ideas, and languages. Of these groat
divisions of the stock we have, for instance, the Guaranis of
Paraguay; the Apiaciis of Central Hrazil ; the ilundurucus,
the Maues, and Omauas (Omaguas) ol the Amazonas ; llie
Tnpis proper of the Brazilian coast and tlic Amazonas, now
almost entirely civilized ; and other tribes which I shall not
here enumerate.
The languages of these tribes appear at first sight to ditTei'
widely from one another ; l)ut, so far as we know, they all have
the same general structure, and the roots are, to a greater or
less extent, the same in all. Unlike the North American
Indian tongues the languages of the Tui)i-Guarani family are
not polysynthetic in structure, and the Tupi is remarkable for
abounding in general terms.
When Brazil was discovered the Tupi was spoken along the
whole coast, and this led the old writers to give it the name
Lingoit Geral Jirazilica, or the general Brazilian language.
The Tupf was adoi)ted by the Jesuits and used in their inter-
course with the natives. The missionaries preached and
wrote in it, and grammars, vocabularies, catechisms, prayers,
.M
' I— .S^IMmh
On the Limjoa Gn-aJ ,f th' Amazona..
S
1 I
hymns .fcc, l.y Anchi..ta, Ki.uoira, .uul others, are extant,
able ly|...:.'n.|.liic"l ■•'■n>r»- ^„„,„j jo
Witl, .!■„ civi ,«,(,.... . •"',;,,, ,'„,„, ,„„ L!.„o.,
,,„ »,,„ko„ on 0,. ..«..(. !."■■ ' ™ ^ ,,^,.„ ,„ ,„c.
«„,„,, it U Mill". -,.. .,,, U . ^^^^^^ ^ _^^^^_^^^ ^ .^,^^^^
.ca, no. .,.,ly by ...11^ » -I Z' " J ,,^„„^,.,„ „„„„„,„. .„. ,„c
or di,T,.n.,>t ^..,cU »•',•,,„,, i,i,„ ;, ■,. ,|,c .,„ly Un-
Goal"' . -'™» i^ -' "•« ""' ■'■">■""■ '"" ■'"^":!:-,„ :
4,ciaioi in ,,.,,,,,,,,,, the two dilVrr even more than
nrouunciation and >UiKtuit >nc
u». ^'';'';;■"•r;:,tc::inT;;aL::;:;:-l.
rt.::;;::..*r'-::ti,,,.o....n-.c.,,.c„i.Hu.
, 1 l,„t ..Iso or tlioso close to one iuiotliei-.
"Coffees onltU.--«, which IcaJs all nations to
si,u IV he llnunciation or words by d™,,„.„s "-■'»."
Sl'lfil^'Crtcy the double lette.,.. and ,.Mhe
J
4 c. F. n,ntt,
latter l.cii.K ofton initial. Thoufj^h tlu" cM tonus are here
and tlicro preserved, the ^r,.„eral tendency has been to
Bh.M-ten them l.y dro]^nu<i the ./ IVoni ml and the /- from wb.
This the old Innn of the pronoun, second person sin<,nilar,
was imle. This is still frecpiently used, ..specially in ccrtr.in
localities, but the more common form is iur. So the old
form mnichlr, to marry, has given way to mnmr; Imt in no
case, so far as 1 have ol)served, has the n been dropped leav-
■ng the d alone; in fact, this consonant is never found unless
combined with n.
In the case ol mh the f> is usually dropped, very rarely it is
them; thus, the old form //*/..rr. thing, is s.iU largely used,
but more commonly it is simplilictl to mu'; 1 have a few times
heard l>a<^. M^i'a is snake, but one hears moi'a In one place
and bo>'a in another. It is from this word that the English
word hua (-constrictor) is derived.
Terminal ,ir may become <uf or a, and mbac may l)e con-
tracted to md. Th(> termination do)a (dba old Tupi') is of
very fre(iuent occurrence, and in many jAaci s it is contracted
to «, as ki)sd<M, a hammock, k/lsd ; ap!)(ido>a* {apfldbo, old
Tupl) a man, api/ffd. The initial x (sh) is here and the/e
rcplaccrl by an aspirate (A)- Changes sach as these cause
the pronunciation to vary much in dilTercut localities, though
they nu.y be accompanied l)y no important changes m the
strucfure of the language.
Of the modern Tupf or I.ingoa Geral there exists no pub-
lished .■■rammar or dictionary. The vocalndary of v. Martins
is wretchedly small and very inaccurate. The best vocabu-
lary is that of the Padre Seixas, published in Par.l m 18o3,
for the use of the Episcopal Seminary of that city. It is a
pamphlet of sixty-six very small pages, and is now out of
print and extremely rare. Scixas was, however, very imper-
fectly acquainted with the language, and the vocabrlary is
full of errors.
Col. Faria of 01)ydos, province of Parii, published in 18o»
a pamphlet of 28 pp., entitled Compendio da Lingoa Brazilica,
» Whore tlic 1/ is very gi'ttiiral I add a g. St-c page 6, post.
are hero
l)ccn to
1 fi'din nib.
siiifjular,
in certr/m
) the old
hut in no
)|)chI k'av-
ukI luiless
rarely it is
ir.jly used,
I tow times
1 one iilace
lie English
laj Ite con-
Ai\'<) is of
contracted
pildhd, old
and the/e
loso cause
ics, t,lu)U<ifh
sies in the
sts no pub-
V. Martins
:'st vocabu-
rd in 1853,
y. It is a
now out of
very imper-
icabrlary is
led in 1858
a BraziUca,
<hi llie J.itii/nii i!,'i;il <>/ tin- Aimr^niKiK. 5
written for the use of the sun:!' soniiuiiry, hut. curiously
on.Mi-h, it is I.;i.(m1 .hi m .liiil.MM spnU.'U nn ih.- upprr IJio
Ne^ro, very ililfcrrin. I'nMu the Mi.^oii (iiTal. properly so
called, iHi.l "not intclliji-il.li' on th." Ania/on:is, iit lensl, not in
Para! 'I'liis Conipru'V", in niiiuy respects unr.iliiii.l.', shows
nevertheless that this diiileet preserves some important feat-
ures in the structure of tli.; old Tui-i whicli have liecoj '0
obsolete on (he Aina/onas.
Four years a.u'o, in the preparation of a volume -On the
r.eoloj-y'and IMiysieal Ceouraphy ol Ihazil," I found it neces-
sary to study tfie derivation of llie indi;-cnous o-e,;oTaphieal
names of that country iu order to arrive at their ortho-iraphy.
Findinj-- this a dillicidi task with llie liooivs at hand, 1 deter-
r.iincil to t 'keadvantaire of a visit to the Ania/onas iu ISTO, to
make myself familiar with tlic l/uip)a (Jeral. While traveling'
1 n.ade it a ])oiut, as far a- possible, to secure as -ui.les na-
tives who spoke Tup'i. and. usiuj;' a pboneti.; alplialxM, 1 col-
lected with their aid, a cousideral)le vocal)ulary. As 1 became
s(miewhat familiar with the lan-ua-.;, 1 wrote down from the
lipsof th(! natives hundreds of sentences iUustratin,--' its -ram-
maticnl structure, and, hually, having' trained two of u.y
guides to dictate to me iu uingoa (h^ral, I was able to coUcct
dialogues, stories, legends, myths, itc. Kverything was
written exactly as spoken, and afterwards, with tlic aid of
natives, c(U'recte(l again and again, so as to reduce tlie chances
of error to a ururuuum. Ou my second visit to the Amazonas
in 1.^71, I revised the work of the previous year and adilcd
very largely to n<y material. The whole is now in course of
))reparation for the press.
In this little paper 1 can only give, ir. a general way, some
of the peculiarities of the structure of this language.*
In the Tupf, as spoken on the Anuizonas to-day, we (indilie
following peculiarities of pronuiu.-iation. 'I'hc vowels a, c, i,
0, u, (long) and a, ,;, /, y, «, (sliort) are pronounced nearly as
in the Portuguese. IJetwcen '.^ind u it is often dilhcult to
»Thc cxi\mplcs ^ivun air just as I wrof tliein down IVoiii tlic lii.s (if tliu natives.
It will l)c obseivoil tliat tlieiv are variations iu piouuiuiatioii of tlio saiuo wont.
Sometimes tliese aro local, someiiuics iiKlividiial.
9
f
6
('. /•'. //w/7^
i1isliii<inisli. Ill iiilditidii Id tlin iiltovo vowel sounds tlicro is
iiiiotlior iv|.rcst(iitctl !•>' llif lottor (/y), rcsciuldiiiii tlu; (icr-
iiitiii u, hut iiroiioiincfil with n rnisijiji' oftlic l>iick jiiirt of tlii'
tongue, as in llu; iiroiiuiieiiUiou of tiu; (Inman /'■//. so tliiit
the vowel is aecoinpaiiied by a more or less <iUtMiral sound,
and it is as dillieult to iironouiice as to deserilie. in the word
lor water, //«y, this j^iiltural l.reathiii^' is very niarlved. The
sound may lie imitated liv piaeing the iiaeli of tlie toii<iue in
a position intermediate lielweeii that re(|uired I'ortlie pronun-
ciation of the rh ill /<•//, and the 4 in />'»'■//. and then attempt-
ing to |)ronouiiee the (lermaii (7. Tliis same snuiul oeeiirs
in Miiiiiliinni'i, Muur.und in several other Urazilian languages.
The digraphs <7/, kk. and <~i oecur in Lingoa (Jcral.
The s(miids represented i>y./', //,./ (Knglish, iMviudi, ..,• I'or-
tiigiiese). /. i\ J- (ks), and x, do not oeeur; /> is round only in
the eompoimd ml>, or, very rarely, in words originally pro-
nouiieed Avith mh, t'roin whieh tiie in has lieen dropped: d
as already stated is Inuiid only in the eompoimd ml, and never
alone. The aspirate // oeeiira only in those rare instanees
where it rejilaees ./• (»//). A nasal souiul (/y) is of very I're-
(juent oeenrrenee cspeeially alter a short i as iiin-ni little.
There is also the combination 'nii/. whieh is exactly the
I'ortuguese Cio {am). When the nasal I'orms part of a syllalile
in the miildlc of a word it always terminates it, and no part
goes over to the next syllalile, thus: iiurdijn beautiful, is
pronounced iniriiij-tt and not pHrdij-ya. This makes the
language somewhat dillieiilt to pronounce. The ij is some-
times initial, as in ydndii {nit/nndr, Portuguese), to cheat.
N, pronounced as in Spanish, is very common l>ut it tends
to pass into i/. The sound C(inivalent to our I'liiglish lo
I rejirescnt by («, to avoid it being mistaken for a r* Tiie
only double consonants are inl>, nd, and iit, the first two being
usually contracted to in and «, and the latter being restricted
to the word inti not, so that, as the language is rich in vowels
• In adopting a iihonetic ulplnilict for tlic Lin}:oi\ Goval I have striven to make
it us siniplf as possible ami i liave l.ased it on to tlie I'ortnguese so as to make
it availal.Io in Bra/il. It lias 1 c ii 1'ouihI, liowever, iinpractieal)1e to use this
aliihaljct in the present jinper. I'or the diginpha lu, (lii, and ni, I proiiosu liere-
afier to use linked letters, and I shall substitute anoilu r eliaraeter lor '"•
\
'I
/ i
i
s tlicic is
tll(! (!.T-
iirt of tlic
/[, HO tlllll
ill soiiixK
I tlif word
u-(l. The
tuii'iiic ill
10 |in)iinn-
II !itteiii|it-
llul IKHMirS
UlllJllliljIt'S.
cli, ('■' I'or-
11(1 only in
iiiiilly pro-
i'o|i|)C(l ; d
. and uovor
■ instil noes
.f very IVc-
('/•/// little.
.\i\ctly tlio
f a syllable
id no part
eaiitil'iil, is
makes the
y is sonie-
, to cheat,
at it tends
English to
a v.* Tiie
t two lieiiiy-
;r restricted
li in vowels
trivcii to miike
I M) ;is to make
)1e to list- tliis
I liioiiosu herc-
Cor f/i.
Oil tJir Llii'jo'l (!,i;if nt' t/h' Aniiir-'ll'IS. 7
and reiiiiii'kiilily frre iV-mi dull sounds, it is ii ple;isnnl one to
thoear. The aeconi is very marked, usually la Hi iiji; on tlio
last sylliilile, more; rarely on tlie penult.
Tlici-i' are several euphonic eliiiiii't!s which are interest iinj:.
A lai>(e niiiiilter of words, usually pronounced with an initial
X, may iilso lie pronminci'il with iiii initial /.thus: ^r,>«/ or
/«>■,/ is eye.lail when siiidi word follows a ucnilive terniinatin<,'
in the voW(ds a or >■ the initiiil coiisoiiiint is chanji'ed to r.
Y'liniira rr»,i wouhl lie the do-^s eye. ,V»/-iV/ is eirir, .«-///»-
hd'i )-iii>'i<K hen's e^r^'. In this 'ast case 1 have never met
with the lorin ^//</^^ lait one liiids ihip>«i in .Mundnrncu, ami
wiiilr/ial'ii-a ni/'-"i lu'ii's ejri:. In Mane it is ii>ri'i>iihi ni,;,i.
The same chiiiiLiv o!" / or .x into i\ in many iustanc'cs, takes
place in verbs alter the prelixrd pronoun in the accusative:
as Hifiii^i'i, (»<mKfih, old Tupi ) to love, br nn-nnxn I love theo.
Olhi'i- examples of this chanjie are as follows:
Sitr or t'lr body, Hn;U' my body; Viinipari devil, liiid
spirit ; i/iir.i/iiirlrdtu hell.
Sometimes an r is added lietween words for the siike ot
euphony, thus : <>ka house, se-r-i1k<i, Hrrakn, my house.
Miiud p ar(> to ii d-rtain extent interclianp;eal)le and we
find >iti)li(u and /'f/tnu, to rest, and niiu-'ix''! and piinix'H, to
dance. I have elsewhere* remiirked tlnit the name Mariinon
(Spanish form) or Maranhilo (Portiijiuese form) api>lied to
the Rio das Amazonas is doiilitless the same as pannia sea or
river, and I have found on the Tapajos MitmnlH'K'zinho as the
Portuguese form for I'liraiKi-ml/Jn, literally, a little river.
The noun is indt'climible : i/mDrd is tree, or trees. A col-
lective form is made by adding ilii: kunimi (^kununiif) boy,
kummltd boys, in general.
The genitive is denoted by position, thus : apjifjdma man ;
appi/diiHi Di/dra the man's canoe.
Many nouns are formed Ity adding certain terminations to
verbs or iidjectives, thus :
Mimdij to make ; moriaijdcna the place where something is
made ; )iwTuujdra the one who makes.
* Am. Journal of Science and Arts, July, 1372 (ser. III., vol. iv.).
I ,11 H*
8
('. /•'. llarit.
/'lihf.f niciiMiiijx M\-]unAi,/'ln(l<!ni"ri'in<ini is (me win. niiikcs
fi.sli-lKM.ks, i\ii<l i>'ni,l<ti)f>niiij<ioi<i tilt! iiliicf wluTO lisli-liiMiUs iiro
iimtli!, wliciKU! /'Inil'ini'>nli<w;/<(h((, llif iiaiiif <il' a litllf t<'\Mi
ill till' pioviucc (»r ."^iiu I'liulo.
\]y iiil(liii<r till' tcnuiiiiitioii "'/""< wo Innu tin' ruUowiiiji :
From Kii/ii, iulj. triif, kh/uhiioki, liutli.
kiihU ikIJ. Ji'""!* kiitii»(iiii(i. >i()(i(|iicss.
iiKKix//, iiilj. sick, mixiix!l>*(iii>,t, sickiicsH.
ifiniihit. V. to liiilc,
i/ii/'fr, V. to iisfcml,
/ci/ri/iiiii<i>(i, \
i/iniiliiilx(fiii(i, 11 secret.
i/ii/u'rlxiiiiKt, an tiscoiil.
/cf/ri/iii(isiiii>(ij )
- strt'iiglh.
h!)i-i^nihifina^ • iidi. strong, ,, - , . r
ki/ri/iiil'(i, ;
Conipoiintl words iirc formed with great I'aeility. niid since
llie advent of Christianity and civilization the vocalnilary has
hei'ii ninch enriched iiy such words, the great majority having
been introduced hy the .lesnits. Tii/>(in<i is God, also a saint;
(iHilii a walk, march, whence Tiipdmi-iiHilif. a religions jiroces-
Hion ; i1/,(i is lionso, 7'/(y*«(;A-(^ (iod's house, a cluirch ; miihiont
is (t jinn, a|i|iarenlly the fj/iloilrr, from the verl) viliuk to
explode, to liiirsi, nmlnioka is a loi't,///»/y/w/( hii'i* is gunpowder.
Many of the new compound words are too cnnil>roiis, and
the Portuguese, modilied in ))roiiunciation, is tised instead.
Thus W(! find the following: hiiiiixa, a shirt {camixa. Tort.);
pnrdtii a plate {pnitu, Tort.) ; xn/xifi'i a shoe (^ttdjMtto, Port);
ivirK'r to sell {vend')', Port.) ; (hhjhU- a steamer (yupor, Port.).
My guide Maciel descrii)od a steamer in true Jndian style
as :
Kiinmit Dgtira "xu ofimtii okii' tatd ir/on,
White iimn's cntioe lii;; walks (iiwa) tiiat five witii.
or, TliG big canoe of the white man that goes hy fire.
*ijff)y'bd, earth-powd r, is mud ; pini hiii, fish t'nrinlia. Kni evidently means
that whieh is (jrou'id np liko sand, gnnjiowder, (ish t'arinlia. Fariii'tn de iimndiuni,
the common food of the Indians of Brazil woidd he luauiuk kni, and was at first
doiihtlc^s so ealU'd, lint, as the f;'-'ii"s of the lan;iuaKC wonlil not allow of the
doulilinii i>f a consonant, the namr was and wonid he to-ilay prononneed with
(inlv one /.•. In time, as nnimliiiea fariiilia came to lie tiie faiitdu. jinr ixtillnicf,
tlie word miiiiiiik was droppi'd and with it went the /• from kid, leavini; iil as the
eoiiunon luune of this article of food. Fish farinha is still /'/ik' kni.
*ll
•1 looks inn
ittic town
iwiiii' :
(S.
rot. .
L'lll.
- i^trt'iiglli.
niid siiico
liiiliiry liiis
ily Iiiiviii";'
so ii siiint ;
)iis jirocos-
; mitkiicna
) tiihuk to
uii]io\v(l('r.
irons, and
d iiistciid.
*((<, Port. ) ;
itu, rort);
'<-/•, Tort.).
diaii stylo
ir /(})!,
witli.
iilciitly menus
I (le inumiioia,
1(1 was at first
t allow of the
iiouiu'cd with
jinr ixttlliin'f,
villi; ui as llii;
Ihi l/n l/ni'jiiii lUinil III' til,' .\iiiii~iiiiiin.
u
\
}
lull! inhii itinLi'iiij
(irr uill' two
A Ooiicll, lie ciillrd
A'ui'fiDit i/ififi'ii iini'i niiiiifii mill' fiiii/i niji'i kiiiiiiiri'i Inhii,
VVIiiti' niaii'n caiicic Ml' anv* that lainl <iii lim-f with, —
Tlio canoe of tlic wliitc man tliat pirs on tlic iiinimd witli
11 llOlSl!.
Having no word I'or railroad cariiagc, lie dcsciiiit'd it as
follows:
hili'liiiil 1)1/1 fj'il iiKi'i iiiiiiitii mill'
Wliili' mail's caiioc lii;,' ;:i)<'s wiiiiji
itii j)itki'i-iiii/,i'i fitr riipl, !l'"fl iii'/ii\
Htiincn l(iii;r jcpiii,' vi'iv ii|i(m nioiiin! dn tii|i cif,—
'l'lll' liiii' canoe of tlie wliite iiiiiii tliat lioes liy lire on two
very long stones (irons), on llie top of tlie irninml.
'I'lie lion is an iiilrodiieed fowl to wliieli the Indian uavo
tli(! nanio siiim/niiii, llit- sereanier, IVoiii the verii .lu/m/cifi, to
cry out, scream.
Tlioro arc several s|ieeies of lisli in I5ia/il Ixdonu'lng to (Ik-
geiKira Sfrrasuliim and J'l/yomilriin called in 'i'lipf, jiinirtu
(/iiriiiihii,V()it.} Ihnn jiini lisli. and tuTid /<>"///, for tlio teeth
of this iisli are o.\eeediii}:ly trenchant, neeaiise the intro-
duced Kni'oiicaii scissors hit lilvc ihr jHrdna they received tlio
samo iiaino. Writers on Mrazil liavo quite uniformly sup-
posed that the fish was namod after the scissors.
Our Kiinlish word tapir ('/'(iplnis Ami'iuainiiK) is derived
from the Tiipi lapii'im. When the ox was inlrodiicod into
Jirazil its resemiilaiico to tlic tapir led the Indian to iipply to
it the same name, hut, hy and i)y, the ox came to lie of more
importance than the tapir and monopolized the name. To
distinguish the tapir, therefore, the epithet kiui-m,'n;i^ ditudler
in the J'orenl, was apjilied to it, so that, while to-day the ox is
tiipDira, the tapir is t(i/>,i)ir<i kadimim. There is anothoi- termi-
nation ^Dt^n/, which also distinguishes a dweller, hut it dil'lbrs
from (O'im in that, while the latter conveys the idea of
dwelling in a place with power to go out at will, the latter
means a dweller in a locality without the power of leaving it;
thus: Tupaiil-m'ird means an inhaliitant of the city of Santa-
ram, but pini pnran'i-fvra, the lisli that lives in the river.
10
a. F. JLirll,
This distinclinii is li.nvpvor not alwnys iircsorvod. Tlio cor-
rect use of tlirsc 1\V() wolds is to ii straii,ti:(-'i- very ditHciilt.
To sliov some of the uses of ojiira, the following examples
ar<3 given :
A'dHi pcKiiUdi'Irii tii'i <>rtJc(j
Who yim "f lias
aerekuui?
my ouiii((;(;uril ciip)?
Ae lnind('))-a):ir<i iiiiitnsff,
llu sudik'iilv sick (was).
Who of you has my cuia;
He fell suddenly ill.
I came for a moment.
Xaijor kiinitrij-ii> int (inliiia,
I came (|uiikty for.
As in otlior languages compound words have sometimes
lost their diipinal meaning and come to have a difTerent
api)lication, so also in Lingoa Geral. One illust ration
will snfiice: htiii</ is breast, /y^ water, liquid, whence A"'(///,'/.V
or kamhfi'g n.illv, hut since the term has come to l)e applied
to the miliv or sa[) of trees, and even to the breast, one
sometimes hears hmffg rfjJcKcr'/ for milk, tjlkncnt being
der'vcd from the verb f/yA-///- to drop, distil. In other cases
the form of the whole or of part of a compound word has
changed so that its origin is unrecognizable or traceal)le with
difficulty, thus : w/nr/j//m is a bow ; but mini is a bird, and
apdnt, crooked ; onra is doubtless a corruption of d'odrti
Qmhiird Old Tu]n), a stick (tree).
Tlic adjective is indeclinable and foUows the noun it quali-
fies, thus: ltd p<:<i>a the flat stone; api)giua katu the good
man. When however the adjective forms the predicate of the
verb to be {iko) expressed or understood, it always takes prc-
fixeil the genitive of the pronoun agreeing in person with the
subject, thus :
ixc xckatil .ndku, or simply, Ice sekatfi, I am good, w^ell.
SekalU mn-Uj («<(?■;) xaih}, I am pretty well, " Eston
zinho bom" (I'rainba).*
Ikata serd oikd? Is he (it) good, well ?
Inti ipih-a oik'J, It is not loaded (the gun).
* Iiuliiin diaU'il.
On tlie Jjiti(ji>a lurid <<f tin' Aiihizidkis.
11
Tlio eor-
(liniciilt.
exiunplL'S
iiy cuiii?
ill.
neiit.
ionictiincs
(lin'ercnt
iliist ration
ice Jcitiii//y
be a[)plie(l
reast, one
era being
itlier cases
word has
cable with
bird, and
of il)iij)r(i
\i\ it quali-
thc good
cate of the
takes prc-
n with the
3od, well.
II, " Estou
'rainha).*
v\
Ihi' nniKiririr ymi'i Art thou tii'cd ?
Tlic coniparative is I'ornied by tlie use of j!;/yr,'/ (/»/)/•?) : by
the side of.
hie ml; i/md p/)r// aiiiiiifii skJ,
Thou art stronircf 'lan tlie others.
J.vi' .rii//ii)iiut<ir jifirfi kiiiii kun'i}]-imiki'i rrsr, xurf/rcti' rcs^,
I like tiiis uirl l)est because she is very good natured.
The numerals are oidy three:
1. Lp'S '\'/'.'J"S '" "//'.■/".'• -• M"/''i'>i!l- •'• Moit(tj)i/^r.
Above these tlio niodilied l\)rtujiucs(' numerals, t/infro,
Kuihi, itc . are used. It will be reiucmbeird that other Soutli
American languages are ctiually dt^licient in numerals, while
some triltes, as for instance the Hotocudus, cannot count.
The numeral adverbs are formed by adding fj to the numer-
als, thus :
EiiiHi tnos((jif/'r fi'I Cut it three times !
The personal pronouns are : //v', 1 ; inde or hir, thou ; ae
he, she; jiine or ijaiulr. we; jx'ni'rji Qx'i'inf) ye; auija or
iTintii, they. They are declined as follows:
1st personal j)ronoun :
Sing. ri.
Nom. 1x6 Yand6 or yanc
Gen. Se- Yande- or nane-
Dat. TxeH YandvH, or yancH
Ace. At'- Yandi- 01' y<inc-
Ab. Setsui Yande or ynw'Hui.
The termination in the dative is derived from an old
post-position ho, now obsolete in Lingoa Ceral, »u2)c having
taken its place, but still |)reserved on the Rio Negro. This
old form is used to distinguish the dative of the 1st pers. pro-
noun from that of the t]d pers.
2d personal pronoun :
Sing. PI.
Nom. hide or iii^ PcFu'rij
Gen. JVe- Pe-"
Dat. Indeii or ineii Penimo
Ace. Nc- Pe-
Ah. NeHui Pesut
)
12
('. F. Havtt,
8d personal pronoim :
Sing.
Noni. AH
r.cn. 7-
Dat. Ixupe
Ace. Av- (?)
Al). lr>n
PI.
aii)]a (Jiintd^*
(iinjii-
aiuja xnpi'
aCiija (Jiinid)
auya xki.
What arc you doing ?
The ilenionstrativc pronouns aro Jciiae {kttad, htd') \]\\^,
and hac {n(i(i, Tuuiij, h<i) that.
Tl\e intcrroiiiitives are dma ? who ? wc/r (jnhiir, ihIkki, hiIkii
vHuU '«'/,) V wliich, whafr These aro used with the inter-
rogative partiele tur {tad, ttf), tluis:
A'axi tai' omanu? Who died 't
Mkc tuc, ]
Mad tad or |- roiwndij ?
Mlnid tiid, )
Mae ap!)i/d(0(i tur r<\>i/>idk dii? What man did you see?
The only relative pronoun is o)uc who, or which :
X<iApidk ai>!)(jdv>a onffk unte kt(V)<c, 1 sec the man who
arrived yesterday.
Xaxipidk ma<i rexip: 'k mar, I see that which thou secst.
Verhs vary nuieh in the (Midings of their roots, as may he
seen from the examples given through this paper; many
end in r.
The persons arc distinguislied by pronominal ])rcfixcs, thus
in the indclinite tense oi" the verb vimi), to give, wc have—
ri.
Yanc yonn'ry
Sing.
1. ZiiJ -.ramrr))
Pen<p''ii p<'»i','{'>)
2. Im^ rnni;('i),
;5. Ac o)ni;(')j auya (auttd) omeeij.
The verb may be used with the pronominal prefix alone,
iust as in Portuguese or Latin the pronominal suffix is suffi-
cient to mark the person and number without the pronoun.
Where the ol)jcet of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is prc-
fi.Kod to the verb, thus: Ixe jH'nuinu, i love yc, the ordinary
prcfix-jjronoun being omitted.
» I have observed nintil only in tlio nominative and accusative. It may
porliaiis lie used in oilier cases.
5
/
On thi' L'niii'tii (ri'fdl "J' thf Ainuzonas.
U
IH((I, nihil-:
[he iutor-
ou see :
man who
ion secst.
,s may be
31' ; many
fixes, thus
have —
ifix alone,
ix is suffi-
roiioun.
, it is pre-
! ordinary
ve. It may
Tlic tenses are distingnishcd delinitely by auxiliary vcrl)s
and certain particles.
Tiie present iiidefniite is formed by add in j>; the pronominal
prelix to the verlt, tlms : Lie j-<i(/j<ik{iii I liiid. luit tliis. same
form miiiht be nsed as past or future. 'I'iie jursent is
expresscii definitely by adding the verlt iko to be, as an aux-
iliary, lK)tli talving the pronominal prefix, tlms:
Xaniuinuii .f<iik<_'>, I am iinishing.
Xninuwdj .niiko, I am making.
Wliilc xdikij, idone, would be either present, or past, as an
auxiliary without a particle it can serve to distinguish only
the present.
The imi)erfcct would he xnmi(Mt) xnik6 ramS^ rami being
an advcrl) meaning irlwii^ tlins:
XuHo .raiko ruim' senlka h!)t//, xdmanith] akadiiionosdra irion^
As I was going to my house I met a hunter.
The perfect definite is formed by adding mihi (^ari) to the
indefinite tense, thus : xniiiul'iij man. 1 made.
The pluperfect is expressed l»y the addit'on of rame to the
perfect, thus :
Xai/upir (in rame ijoyijtera drpe, xaxipidk opdhj mae, When
I had climl)ed upon the mountain, I saw every-thing.
The future definite is formed by adding kiiri (by and Ity)
to the indefiuite tense, thus :
Xayukd kuri 7uok^hj suasil, I will kill two deer.
ApDi/dma kur'i oman6, The man will (must) die.
The future ])erfect is formed by adding kuri rame to the
perfect definite : xamuady wdu kuri rame, When 1 shall
have made.
In a similar way other tenses are formed.
Rame sometimes takes the place of if, as in the following
sentences :
Amdna okijr rame inti xaso,
If it rains I will not go.
YamuUdy ramS nae, kuncmfi tee i/amand,
If we do this, we may die.
Moi'a oyukd rami tapahuna, arami kuri ixe xayukd moi'a.
If the snake kills the negro, I will kill the snake.
3
i
14
C. F. Hartt,
X-iffkn rmnii avift, xamrnj oinu I net',
iri had analhor I would i^ivc it to you.
The following arc imperative Ibrnis of the \erbs nirr)) give,
munuy make, u eat, and suk wash :
Eme(;r) itd ixeii! Give me the stone!
Pemuhiir] tatd! Make (ye) fire !
Yai/iixi'(/cl Let us Itathe ourselves!
an I Eat (thou) !
The verb 8;Uo go *d incgulai- in the imperative, making
xa8(1 1 go, but ckuly ! go tliou ! yaxo dn ! let us go !
When the verbs jnifdr to wish, desire, kuttii to be able, to
know, are used as auxiliaries with a veri), this last takes the
pronominal prefix and is followed by pii tar or kiuiii, without
prefix, thus :
Intt anndij kuau, semanidr I cannot run, on account
rcte reso, of being very tired.
Xasd piitdr neirfm, I wish to go with thee.
The reflexive is formed by prefixing yii (^ije ?) to tl-.e verb :
Suk to wash, i/miik to wash oneself.
Mutiniu to swing, .fdj/uiiiutiiiiu I swing myself.
Mtihdtj 1o make. punuha}] to grow.
A6 oi/iti/ukd jnitdr, He wishes to kill himself.
The causative may be made by prefixing mii (»«'/) to the
verb, thus:
Fan to finish, xamumaa to cause to finish,
Katdk to shake, makatdk to cause to shake.
Yamau to flee, muyaoMu to frighten away, put to
flight.
Xas6 xamiqmdm tayna, I cause the child to rise.
From sakd hot, is formed musakd to heat, whence yumusakd
to heat oneself.
By the use of the same prefix a great number of verljs are
made from adjectives : pirdya red, mupirdy to make red ;
santdy firm, liard, musantdy to make firm or strong ; saimS
sharp, masaime to sharpen.
To express that a thing is ordered to be done, kar is added
to the verb, thus :
I n
\
On thr Lim/'ia Grrnl of thr Amazonas*.
15
,crbs meer) give,
ves !
crative, making
, us go I
T< to be able, to
s last takes the
31- kuau, without
run, on account
very tiretl.
i>o with thee.
r' ?) to tl-.e vei-b :
iclf.
ig myself.
himself.
nut ("«'>) to the
36 to finish,
3 to shake.
itcu away, put to
to rise,
rlience yumusakd
iber of verbs are
Uj to make rod ;
r strong ; sahne
one, kar is added
Xavntnaij hir tiit(i, 1 ordered fire to bo made.
Xai/iOHiir kar pntdr, (luxiii 1 wish to order prayers to be
yaijumumrdi ardma^ycqnt- said ( niandar rosar), in or-
r<t>«il ardma, dcr that afterwards we may
dance and play.
XaK<> jdseruk kdr scmiimfi'- 1 am going to Older my child
ra,* kiinnnfi h;(- omtvifi to lie baptized ; it might die
kurutrjj-ajdra sera f/ma,^ suddenly without a name.
The following is an exanijde of word-building of a more than
usTial polysyntlietie character : okdijn is head. (iiiCi liad, whence
ahnjat/u crazy: hnidhnjaiiu would be 'to make crazy', 'to
seduce ', ' to turn one's head "; the reflexive form woidd be
ynmiKihiijaijO whence Tdjiiimnahnjuyfi I make myself crazy;
mudkaijiiyKxdfd is a seducer, one who makes poojile crazy.
Tliere lieing no proper conjun<*tioiis in Fiingoa Geral, cir-
cumlocutions arc used or the rortuguesc! forms are employed.
Sometimes and is expressed by yah- (again).
Adverbs and adverbial i)hrascs are numerous. The follow-
ing are exami)les : ike Port, a^m ? here ; mhiir there ; oodn
Oni') already: rete very, Ac. Several adverljs are formed
from the noun iintr (vdiar) thing (what), by adding adverbs
or post-positions, thus: wrr(' /r.sr.^ (for what ?) why? mar-
yamO? (like what ?) how? mnrkiiifil (toward what?) whither?
viaesui? (from what?) whence? tfec.
Post-positions are numerous. The following are among the
more important : ardma for, in order to, kf/li) to, towards, sai
from, pupe inside of, drpe on top of, opd upon, irCim with, rir^
after, supc to.
Some of the post-positions are used as suffixes: as for
instance, -pe {-nir) in ; vkap(! in the house, parandme in (or
on) the river. 1 have already spoken of the old form -bd to,
which appears in the dative sing, and pi. of i.n1 and ine ; in
• The niotlicr culls l)oth son and daughter, mymyWa ; tho fiitlier -ays tuy'iri son,
hvyha danjiliter. The names, indicating relationship nsod hy the woniiin are
different from tliosc \ised by the man. This subject will be tliorou';hly discnssed
elsewhere.
Mima is a jirivative suffix. It is fouml also in Munduruc' thus: Mehiyhii
blind, without eyes, smd y'lm Lingoa Geral.
16
C. F. Jfurit,
pehilmo, we have an f-xainplo of the inU'i-clmi.;re of b witli m ;
pei'Iiaps origiimlly this iKHt-pusition was ->///»-.
Tho iiifhienco of tho Tn|.i on the Portugncso, as spoken in
Hrazil. has heen, if anythin,--', ^ivQ-M^n- llian that of the I'ortu-
guo.seon i\xv. Tiipi. If (1,0 Tupi has l)oen foraMl to adopt
many I'oitu.i-iK^se words and idionjs, i, i^, as I l,ave sliown, so
Hexilde a lan<-uage that it lias admitted of the creation of ner.-
words from ahcady existin-.- roots; hut tli( Port nouosc has
hccM forced to adopt from tho Tupi the names i,f almost all the
plants and animals of Iha/.il. and to a very larue extent the
geographical names also. The plants and' animiils of Brazil
heing entirely dillerent from those of Portugal, the Portii-
gncse ctdonist (.n his arrival ir South AuMM'ica found himself
without names for them, and since tlie Tupi names recpiired
but little change to lit them for admission into the Portu-
guese vocahuhuy, they were readily adopted. Many Portu-
guese idioms have crept into the Tupi; hut, on the other
hand, the Portuguese, as spoken on the Aniii/.onas, lu'sides
containing a la.-e admixture of Tupi words, is coirupted hy
many Tupi idioms.
To illustrate more fully the structure of the Tiingoa Geral,
I have appended to this j.aper, with interlinear translations'
one of the shortest of the myths I collected on the Amazonas.
It was dictated to me hy an Indian, and I have tried to report
it exactly as spoken. The omru is a species of Ihis — a beau-
tiful bird extremely aliundant on th.; island of Marajd or
Johannes, and distinguished hy its brilliant red plumage.
The karudii\ii a night-bird of the goat-sneker family and notnl
for its somiire plumage. The story relates how the ibis, fall-
ing in love with the re<l coat {nonLcf) of the night-bird,
borrowed it, ostensibly to attend a feast on the island of
Maraji'), Init he never returned, with it, wherefore the /nmiri//
still mourn.s his treachery, clad in the somine-hued coat of
the ibis.
The mythology of tiie 'I'upfs was fdiaracterized by great
simplicity. If we may a( cept the testimony of earlv writers,
they believed in a sort of .ndestial deity, Tiipati ; but under
Portuguese influence the eonc(;ption of this spirit lias been so
-ll
1 :
i,'>o of (> willi tn ;
3e, as spoken in
ia< tif tlic I'oitu-
I'nircil to atlopt
liiivo sliowii, so
Croat ion of nor/
I'oi'tngiiosc lias
in almost all tlie
aru'o oxtoiit tlic
liniiils oC iJriizil
igal, tlio I'ortii-
n ruinid Iiinisolf
nanios rocjiiirod
llto llii" |'()i-(u-
Many roitii-
t, on the other
i!'/.oi:as, l)osiiJos
is t'oi riiptod hy
' Fiiiiuua Gei-al,
iir ti'aiislafions,
the Aniazonas.
tried to report
I his — a hcau-
of .Mjirajci or
red plumage.
luily and noted
V the ihis, I'all-
the night-hir<|,
the island oi'
re the kdrauj/
e-hued coat of
•ized hy great
early writers,
'n ; hilt under
it has heen so
On the Linifoa G<r<d "f tin' Ammonai*.
1
•1
completely merged in that of the Christian Cod that \ fear it is
now impossihle to disentangle and n'hal.ilitate the old myth.
A demon, YitniparU has, in like manner, l.ecome confused
with the Semitic de*il. Although usually anliiropomorphic
this last spirit, sometimes ajijiears asii/rf/«N// //r^wr/V(^ half hog,
half jaguar, a raving wcn'wolf. The h'uni/iirax are anthropo-
morphic, male or femah', '.roll-like, forest spirits, eharaeterized
by reversed feet, who appea.- suddenly, like a Hash, l)eforo the
eyes of the liewihlered wanderer in the forest, leading him
astray, and perhaps to destruction. They are generally
malehcent, hut may occasionally do man a g(.od turn, and
many myths dcscrihc how the Imliaii hunter has received
from them arrows that never missed their mark. The hiirn-
firaii are often fond of playing serious practical Jokes, l)ut
they may, however, lie oulwitled liy nuvn, and, in a story that
iinds its counterpart in the Norse tale of " Hoots who ate a
matcli with a Troll,"' — a hunter induced one to cut himself
open and thus commit suicide! The Olani or water-spiite
hgures largely in Tupi mythology ami, like the mermen and
mermaids of Xorth-lMiropean mythology, carries human beings
down t(j its su.ha(pieous habitation.
Animal myths are numerous an«l hear a very striking
resemblance to the zolilogical myths of the Old World. J have,
for instance, found among the Indians of the Amazonas a
story of a tortoise that outran a deer by posting its relations,
at short distances apart, along the road over which the
race was to be run — a fabh^ found also in Africa and Siam !
A great many other fal)les are related of the tortoise ; as, for
ins°tance, how he laid a wager with a big ilsh that he coidd
pull him on shore, and with a tapir that he could pull him
down to the river, and how he gained the wager by tying the
two animals togetlier by a lliana (.■*(>;;),— each becoming
exhausted in his endeavors to resist, as he thought, the ellbrt
of the tortoise.
The swau-maideu appears in the myth of the FaitCma as a
parrot, who lays aside her feather dress and becomes a maiden.
A man seizes her l)efore she can regain her dress and she is
compelled to remain in human form; so she becomes his wife
IS
G. F. Ua'-tt,
iiiul tlio mother of a now (ril)O. Mvllis of tlic uiidorworld are
coinmoii, ospooiiilly ainonir tlni Miiiidunicus, iuid, if space
would allow MIC, 1 could indicate many other points of rcsem-
l)lauce l)etwoen Tupf and Old World mytliolo^y.
As I hopo soon to puldish in full the myths I have coliccti d,
with translations and notes, 1 siiall I'ot Ikmo enter into any
discussion as to tiieir meaning or probable oirgin.
Olmui (^il'imij) /\<n'<tih).
Tin: mis CIIKAT.S Till-; Nlilll-IIWVK.
R! mi(>'i)-ii)ii I'll (ji I'd .') kdniih/ <>i'i';('!1 rarii'^ mira iliunr^
Oiicu upon ii tiiiu: tin' iiiL;lil-lm\vk hi' s|iiikc ivlicii |ii'()|)le (iiiuti) like,
■tku))ii.iti ijiuni'j rcti', Iph'tfi)
his shirt prutf/ very red
7'rXf'.
hoiMiisf.
ipi.ritii,
hhu'k
aijii.
Ohtrd oiiiiii'n Jciiriiih/
The iliis :ic lonknl iiii;ht li:nvk
0)tif(i k(iini.n(
'I'lie iliis's sliirt
rcifr, oipiiiiiifdr*'
ii*, 1r' whs ]i1lms;'iI
" XilXii Xi'jj'ilKlj/^
1 jro I ohiiu
make. Kttae
'{•anti't,] kaiii'i.vd rcsr. ^^''".'.7/ ■
thi! iii};lit lm\vk';i sliin on iK'coinit (if. Mr saiil
knae karduij y Olard nKi'/k kia'diiij
this ni^ht iiawk. Tiic il)i.s urrivi'il nijiht Imwk hy tlii' siilc of. Tliis
yn(oa oni'ri/ ixupe : ^^ Jy/>iinH r/o/)/ (raru') nekamixd ixi'iir^
like lie s|ii)ko to him : Lcnil thy shirt tome!
Kardiii] (i/n)ru>ii'i ciard xii/tr: MufrrHr kidfr rfpurd
Till' ni^lit luiwk lie nskeil tlie ihi.s to: Why (now) thou liorrowesc
jmfdr seka»i,i.rd ?^' CDard osiut.rdr : '* A'^s.' ardma
wisi. my sliirt '. The ibis he, imswereit 1 }io in order to
.vdjpoiiHixit'di'^ }[ciriTi'<jlii\ .id/nirdsin pxfd/'.^^ Kardinj "nrrj/
aiiiiise myself Miiriiji'i in, I diiiue wish. The ni<iht hawk he snid
" Atr II macramd ? " Oard osnaxdr : •' At(' niosap//r dm
Until when ? The ibis he answered : Until tlireo days
rli'i'.''^ Kiiralii) oi/>iu_</ iknni!.rit. Oimp'')} ivnrd xiipc
after. The iiij;ht hawk he took off his shirt. He f^avo die iliis to
* Probiihiy reflexive from imliir to ^<T^♦^'.^*t|•^ + I-'iifjiiiiar, I'ortugiiese.
} The verb puni moans both lend and horrnii; so the Indian says in Portiijiiicse
Kiiipresta me a amoa do Siiilior ! whieh is correet, and fin emprestei a canoa do
hoiiicm, instead of toinei t'inpresludo n cniioa do huniem, or o honipiii me eiiiprestou sua
caiiod. This jmt.i one in mind of the Tn]iiiism Klla Jhi euclur mjoa no potc, in-
stead of lilln Jul p.nchir o pale dc ai/oii.
§ Verb rcHexive and causative, nvobably from same root as sun}' happy.
II Portuirnese.
I
iWi'i
I
I'll " 1 ' " w—
On llif JJtii/od (hnti iif till' AmnziindK.
I'.t
lorwiirlil arc
ml, if space
its of rcsein-
^'0 collect ( (I,
,er iiito any
'ira i/'i'or,
|)le (iiiuti) like,
•ft k(iml.rd
lis's sliirt
oi/i()infi(fr*
1r' w.is ]i1lms;'iI
ti) X'^ljiinujl^
I oliciU,'
Icof.
Tliis
niXd ixt'u!
shirt to mr !
re pur u
thou l>orn)\v(.'sc
' antma
in order to
raioj (ihi'(')i
ht hawk he said
mnsapffr dra
three (hiys
ward xiipc
he ibis to
ortugiiose.
I in PortHKiicsc
stei a canoa do
\e etiijirestoit sua
ii/oa no potc, in-
' happv.
'"'■ KiiHikol, cnnrd ! jfVrtj' ' HOjiimh], mrnnhi'' /«<'!" (third
Here iliis ! Do not nie clieat, me await tiion ! Tlie iliis
o»6 dn, int! nnin ci/ddr, '>«;' rrtr aidn kiintihj khi.
went (away) never he ntnriied, he went eonipletely the ninlit liawk from.
Int! (i)dii oipilciidii hmhhj klltfi- Karduij oxurfuf
never he'ai)i)earfd theni);lit iiawk toward. 'i'he nii;lit hawk lie awaited
ward. Intl. oi/i(kniTu. h'lriiih/ i/njii'i nxiiinihiil, "'l'.';'/;*
tliu ihis. Not h^!' appeared. 'IMii' ni-ht liawk wept, lie crieil, lie said,
((
tnard\ prCir Hehimlxd Ln'ii '." J\ii//'r osupnkdl t,Tic
I'dny my ."liirt tome!" Now lii' eriiil ;ilway> (still)
IliiH,
mard
rcuc.
» on aceoiint of.
• rrohihitive partiele.
From verli sdrth).
Note on thk Mundurucu and Mauk LAN(iUA(;Ks.
The Mniulurucii language abound.s in dull sountLs, and is
very dilFicnlt to pronounce. Tlic word for _///'• J will write
nixd, but flic fir.st letter represents a dull sound that swings,
so to s[)eak, through y, /, n, ml, d, to t. If a native is com-
pelled to pronounce the word slowly or distinctly, he may use
the sound represented by any one of these letters or combina-
tions. The collection and verification of a vocabulary is, as
may be imagined, exceedingly dillicult.
Though widely ditlerent from the Tiipi, ancient or modern,
I am satisfied that the Mundurucu belongs to the same family.
Tiic following are a few words and phrases for comparison
with the Lingoa Geral and Tupi :
LisiiOA Gekal.
tesd,
kupixdooa,
ltd,
sdooa (^saba Tupi),
dka,
pakCia,
kip, hjjmd (Jcyhd Tupi),
eriiti ipiidju, neturina ^mifpe,
MUND.
coetdj
kp, ^
(Bitad,
sap,
l)9<i,
alcobd,
pomd col?
mbad sui ?
IVVGLISII.
eye.
farm,
stoue.
hair,
house,
banana,
ground, earth,
louse.
your breeches are
on the ground,
whence ?
■JO C. /'. Ifiirll.
,„hr. i.rrll (ixrhn Tupi), td llll".
/•«.///'■ l/>t/c' '/'•'nhi taiiim f/oif) opf/k'lhf the lio^; roDts in
djal ■ i'ip//'.!l «'■''"«. liiu^nouiKlwilh
his siioiil.
The Miiud is a soft miisifiil hiii,mia,L'c very closoly iilliod to
tin- Liii«iOii (Jcial. It nlMtiiinls in vowds, and doi-s not allow
(louhlf conHonunts. ll lias a M»und intcrniodiato lictwoen r
and / and, l.esidcs, a soil v. lis vocaltnlary more ni-arly ro-
;s(Mnl.lL's the Tnpi than ilocs the Miui<lniucn. I givo hidow
a lew wonh and phrases lor couiparison.
Of this heantil'nl langnage no vocahnlary has, so far as I
know, been pul)lishcd. 1 have ready for the press an extensive
one aeeonipanied by a huge number of sentences illustrating
tbn grannnatieal strnetnre of the language.
Maui':.
lilNOOA (iKll.M.
Knomsu.
Du'tt,
6hi,
house.
s('t,
srra,
name.
ilV!l\
Dmil, C,^/./} Tui
n),
ground, earth.
kjlxd]],
ptrdtja.
red.
pf/xiip,
ki)sd(i>ii,
hanunock.
lll'//t(l}),
jtKudDa,
medicine.
axitu,
ooanCi,
great.
til.
(*/y Tupt),
mother.
atemtkd.
xui/iikd,
1 kill.
atrn'ku,
aiirck'J,
1 have.
v(p^
peO)a (^pvla T
Upl),
ilat.
aiknmdt kahi> eka-
maij (oa4 tae
neilydrd
what is the length
nd yady
kdp't
ri(!]d<»n ?
of vour canoe?
kdt kahu
ctarut
mcic tad rcrur
ixeu ?
what do you ))rhig
ohepe 'i
me?
ll
i
f
(»^ routs ill
^rouiiil witlj
.siiniil.
icly alliiMl to
OS not allow
lii'twi'iMi r
iru lu'iiily le-
fl'ivo Ir'Iow
I
,, 80 far as I
an extensive
8 iiUistrating
NOMSIl.
d,eartli.
noclt.
cine.
cr.
e.
\
is the length
yonr canoe?
do you ))ring
/
/I