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^ i^ -0 ^^ " ""/* '^^« 
 
 
 /O- (^Ci^/^^^ 
 
 [From the Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1872.] 
 
 NOTES ON THE LINGOA GERAL 
 OR MODERN TUPl OF THE AMAZONAS. 
 
 r. '' 
 
 / 
 
 Bt CIIAS. FRED. HARTT, M. A. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN COKNELr UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y. 
 
 v 
 
 Jt 
 
.H3 
 
 NOTES ON THE LINGO A GERAL OR MODERN 
 TUPI or THE AMAZONAS. 
 
 The groat Tiipf-Oiiaraiil slock, in its migrations over South 
 America cast of llio Andes, hi'oko np, long ago, into a largo 
 number of tribes, wliicli, living apart from one' another, 
 developed, in course of time, more or loss distinct manners 
 and customs, religious ideas, and languages. Of these groat 
 divisions of the stock we have, for instance, the Guaranis of 
 Paraguay; the Apiaciis of Central Hrazil ; the ilundurucus, 
 the Maues, and Omauas (Omaguas) ol the Amazonas ; llie 
 Tnpis proper of the Brazilian coast and tlic Amazonas, now 
 almost entirely civilized ; and other tribes which I shall not 
 here enumerate. 
 
 The languages of these tribes appear at first sight to ditTei' 
 widely from one another ; l)ut, so far as we know, they all have 
 the same general structure, and the roots are, to a greater or 
 less extent, the same in all. Unlike the North American 
 Indian tongues the languages of the Tui)i-Guarani family are 
 not polysynthetic in structure, and the Tupi is remarkable for 
 abounding in general terms. 
 
 When Brazil was discovered the Tupi was spoken along the 
 whole coast, and this led the old writers to give it the name 
 Lingoit Geral Jirazilica, or the general Brazilian language. 
 The Tupf was adoi)ted by the Jesuits and used in their inter- 
 course with the natives. The missionaries preached and 
 wrote in it, and grammars, vocabularies, catechisms, prayers, 
 
 .M 
 
 ' I— .S^IMmh 
 
On the Limjoa Gn-aJ ,f th' Amazona.. 
 
 S 
 
 1 I 
 
 hymns .fcc, l.y Anchi..ta, Ki.uoira, .uul others, are extant, 
 
 able ly|...:.'n.|.liic"l ■•'■n>r»- ^„„,„j jo 
 
 Witl, .!■„ civi ,«,(,.... . •"',;,,, ,'„,„, ,„„ L!.„o., 
 
 ,,„ »,,„ko„ on 0,. ..«..(. !."■■ ' ™ ^ ,,^,.„ ,„ ,„c. 
 
 «„,„,, it U Mill". -,.. .,,, U . ^^^^^^ ^ _^^^^_^^^ ^ .^,^^^^ 
 
 .ca, no. .,.,ly by ...11^ » -I Z' " J ,,^„„^,.,„ „„„„„,„. .„. ,„c 
 or di,T,.n.,>t ^..,cU »•',•,,„,, i,i,„ ;, ■,. ,|,c .,„ly Un- 
 
 Goal"' . -'™» i^ -' "•« ""' ■'■">■""■ '"" ■'"^":!:-,„ : 
 
 4,ciaioi in ,,.,,,,,,,,,, the two dilVrr even more than 
 
 nrouunciation and >UiKtuit >nc 
 
 u». ^'';'';;■"•r;:,tc::inT;;aL::;:;:-l. 
 
 rt.::;;::..*r'-::ti,,,.o....n-.c.,,.c„i.Hu. 
 
 , 1 l,„t ..Iso or tlioso close to one iuiotliei-. 
 "Coffees onltU.--«, which IcaJs all nations to 
 si,u IV he llnunciation or words by d™,,„.„s "-■'»." 
 
 Sl'lfil^'Crtcy the double lette.,.. and ,.Mhe 
 
 J 
 
4 c. F. n,ntt, 
 
 latter l.cii.K ofton initial. Thoufj^h tlu" cM tonus are here 
 and tlicro preserved, the ^r,.„eral tendency has been to 
 Bh.M-ten them l.y dro]^nu<i the ./ IVoni ml and the /- from wb. 
 This the old Innn of the pronoun, second person sin<,nilar, 
 was imle. This is still frecpiently used, ..specially in ccrtr.in 
 localities, but the more common form is iur. So the old 
 form mnichlr, to marry, has given way to mnmr; Imt in no 
 case, so far as 1 have ol)served, has the n been dropped leav- 
 ■ng the d alone; in fact, this consonant is never found unless 
 
 combined with n. 
 
 In the case ol mh the f> is usually dropped, very rarely it is 
 them; thus, the old form //*/..rr. thing, is s.iU largely used, 
 but more commonly it is simplilictl to mu'; 1 have a few times 
 heard l>a<^. M^i'a is snake, but one hears moi'a In one place 
 and bo>'a in another. It is from this word that the English 
 word hua (-constrictor) is derived. 
 
 Terminal ,ir may become <uf or a, and mbac may l)e con- 
 tracted to md. Th(> termination do)a (dba old Tupi') is of 
 very fre(iuent occurrence, and in many jAaci s it is contracted 
 to «, as ki)sd<M, a hammock, k/lsd ; ap!)(ido>a* {apfldbo, old 
 Tupl) a man, api/ffd. The initial x (sh) is here and the/e 
 rcplaccrl by an aspirate (A)- Changes sach as these cause 
 the pronunciation to vary much in dilTercut localities, though 
 they nu.y be accompanied l)y no important changes m the 
 strucfure of the language. 
 
 Of the modern Tupf or I.ingoa Geral there exists no pub- 
 lished .■■rammar or dictionary. The vocalndary of v. Martins 
 is wretchedly small and very inaccurate. The best vocabu- 
 lary is that of the Padre Seixas, published in Par.l m 18o3, 
 for the use of the Episcopal Seminary of that city. It is a 
 pamphlet of sixty-six very small pages, and is now out of 
 print and extremely rare. Scixas was, however, very imper- 
 fectly acquainted with the language, and the vocabrlary is 
 
 full of errors. 
 
 Col. Faria of 01)ydos, province of Parii, published in 18o» 
 a pamphlet of 28 pp., entitled Compendio da Lingoa Brazilica, 
 
 » Whore tlic 1/ is very gi'ttiiral I add a g. St-c page 6, post. 
 
are hero 
 l)ccn to 
 1 fi'din nib. 
 siiifjular, 
 in certr/m 
 ) the old 
 hut in no 
 )|)chI k'av- 
 ukI luiless 
 
 rarely it is 
 ir.jly used, 
 I tow times 
 1 one iilace 
 lie English 
 
 laj Ite con- 
 Ai\'<) is of 
 contracted 
 pildhd, old 
 and the/e 
 loso cause 
 ics, t,lu)U<ifh 
 sies in the 
 
 sts no pub- 
 V. Martins 
 :'st vocabu- 
 rd in 1853, 
 y. It is a 
 now out of 
 very imper- 
 icabrlary is 
 
 led in 1858 
 a BraziUca, 
 
 <hi llie J.itii/nii i!,'i;il <>/ tin- Aimr^niKiK. 5 
 
 written for the use of the sun:!' soniiuiiry, hut. curiously 
 on.Mi-h, it is I.;i.(m1 .hi m .liiil.MM spnU.'U nn ih.- upprr IJio 
 Ne^ro, very ililfcrrin. I'nMu the Mi.^oii (iiTal. properly so 
 called, iHi.l "not intclliji-il.li' on th." Ania/on:is, iit lensl, not in 
 Para! 'I'liis Conipru'V", in niiiuy respects unr.iliiii.l.', shows 
 nevertheless that this diiileet preserves some important feat- 
 ures in the structure of tli.; old Tui-i whicli have liecoj '0 
 obsolete on (he Aina/onas. 
 
 Four years a.u'o, in the preparation of a volume -On the 
 r.eoloj-y'and IMiysieal Ceouraphy ol Ihazil," I found it neces- 
 sary to study tfie derivation of llie indi;-cnous o-e,;oTaphieal 
 names of that country iu order to arrive at their ortho-iraphy. 
 Findinj-- this a dillicidi task with llie liooivs at hand, 1 deter- 
 r.iincil to t 'keadvantaire of a visit to the Ania/onas iu ISTO, to 
 make myself familiar with tlic l/uip)a (Jeral. While traveling' 
 1 n.ade it a ])oiut, as far a- possible, to secure as -ui.les na- 
 tives who spoke Tup'i. and. usiuj;' a pboneti.; alplialxM, 1 col- 
 lected with their aid, a cousideral)le vocal)ulary. As 1 became 
 s(miewhat familiar with the lan-ua-.;, 1 wrote down from the 
 lipsof th(! natives hundreds of sentences iUustratin,--' its -ram- 
 maticnl structure, and, hually, having' trained two of u.y 
 guides to dictate to me iu uingoa (h^ral, I was able to coUcct 
 dialogues, stories, legends, myths, itc. Kverything was 
 written exactly as spoken, and afterwards, with tlic aid of 
 natives, c(U'recte(l again and again, so as to reduce tlie chances 
 of error to a ururuuum. Ou my second visit to the Amazonas 
 in 1.^71, I revised the work of the previous year and adilcd 
 very largely to n<y material. The whole is now in course of 
 ))reparation for the press. 
 
 In this little paper 1 can only give, ir. a general way, some 
 of the peculiarities of the structure of this language.* 
 
 In the Tupf, as spoken on the Anuizonas to-day, we (indilie 
 following peculiarities of pronuiu.-iation. 'I'hc vowels a, c, i, 
 0, u, (long) and a, ,;, /, y, «, (sliort) are pronounced nearly as 
 in the Portuguese. IJetwcen '.^ind u it is often dilhcult to 
 
 »Thc cxi\mplcs ^ivun air just as I wrof tliein down IVoiii tlic lii.s (if tliu natives. 
 It will l)c obseivoil tliat tlieiv are variations iu piouuiuiatioii of tlio saiuo wont. 
 Sometimes tliese aro local, someiiuics iiKlividiial. 
 9 
 
f 
 
 6 
 
 ('. /•'. //w/7^ 
 
 i1isliii<inisli. Ill iiilditidii Id tlin iiltovo vowel sounds tlicro is 
 iiiiotlior iv|.rcst(iitctl !•>' llif lottor (/y), rcsciuldiiiii tlu; (icr- 
 iiitiii u, hut iiroiioiincfil with n rnisijiji' oftlic l>iick jiiirt of tlii' 
 tongue, as in llu; iiroiiuiieiiUiou of tiu; (Inman /'■//. so tliiit 
 the vowel is aecoinpaiiied by a more or less <iUtMiral sound, 
 and it is as dillieult to iironouiice as to deserilie. in the word 
 lor water, //«y, this j^iiltural l.reathiii^' is very niarlved. The 
 sound may lie imitated liv piaeing the iiaeli of tlie toii<iue in 
 a position intermediate lielweeii that re(|uired I'ortlie pronun- 
 ciation of the rh ill /<•//, and the 4 in />'»'■//. and then attempt- 
 ing to |)ronouiiee the (lermaii (7. Tliis same snuiul oeeiirs 
 in Miiiiiliinni'i, Muur.und in several other Urazilian languages. 
 The digraphs <7/, kk. and <~i oecur in Lingoa (Jcral. 
 
 The s(miids represented i>y./', //,./ (Knglish, iMviudi, ..,• I'or- 
 tiigiiese). /. i\ J- (ks), and x, do not oeeur; /> is round only in 
 the eompoimd ml>, or, very rarely, in words originally pro- 
 nouiieed Avith mh, t'roin whieh tiie in has lieen dropped: d 
 as already stated is Inuiid only in the eompoimd ml, and never 
 alone. The aspirate // oeeiira only in those rare instanees 
 where it rejilaees ./• (»//). A nasal souiul (/y) is of very I're- 
 (juent oeenrrenee cspeeially alter a short i as iiin-ni little. 
 There is also the combination 'nii/. whieh is exactly the 
 I'ortuguese Cio {am). When the nasal I'orms part of a syllalile 
 in the miildlc of a word it always terminates it, and no part 
 goes over to the next syllalile, thus: iiurdijn beautiful, is 
 pronounced iniriiij-tt and not pHrdij-ya. This makes the 
 language somewhat dillieiilt to pronounce. The ij is some- 
 times initial, as in ydndii {nit/nndr, Portuguese), to cheat. 
 N, pronounced as in Spanish, is very common l>ut it tends 
 to pass into i/. The sound C(inivalent to our I'liiglish lo 
 I rejirescnt by («, to avoid it being mistaken for a r* Tiie 
 only double consonants are inl>, nd, and iit, the first two being 
 usually contracted to in and «, and the latter being restricted 
 to the word inti not, so that, as the language is rich in vowels 
 
 • In adopting a iihonetic ulplnilict for tlic Lin}:oi\ Goval I have striven to make 
 it us siniplf as possible ami i liave l.ased it on to tlie I'ortnguese so as to make 
 it availal.Io in Bra/il. It lias 1 c ii 1'ouihI, liowever, iinpractieal)1e to use this 
 aliihaljct in the present jinper. I'or the diginpha lu, (lii, and ni, I proiiosu liere- 
 afier to use linked letters, and I shall substitute anoilu r eliaraeter lor '"• 
 
 \ 
 
 'I 
 
 / i 
 
 i 
 
s tlicic is 
 
 tll(! (!.T- 
 
 iirt of tlic 
 
 /[, HO tlllll 
 
 ill soiiixK 
 
 I tlif word 
 u-(l. The 
 
 tuii'iiic ill 
 10 |in)iinn- 
 
 II !itteiii|it- 
 
 llul IKHMirS 
 UlllJllliljIt'S. 
 
 cli, ('■' I'or- 
 11(1 only in 
 iiiiilly pro- 
 i'o|i|)C(l ; d 
 . and uovor 
 ■ instil noes 
 .f very IVc- 
 ('/•/// little. 
 .\i\ctly tlio 
 f a syllable 
 id no part 
 eaiitil'iil, is 
 makes the 
 y is sonie- 
 , to cheat, 
 at it tends 
 English to 
 a v.* Tiie 
 t two lieiiiy- 
 ;r restricted 
 li in vowels 
 
 trivcii to miike 
 I M) ;is to make 
 )1e to list- tliis 
 I liioiiosu herc- 
 Cor f/i. 
 
 Oil tJir Llii'jo'l (!,i;if nt' t/h' Aniiir-'ll'IS. 7 
 
 and reiiiiii'kiilily frre iV-mi dull sounds, it is ii ple;isnnl one to 
 thoear. The aeconi is very marked, usually la Hi iiji; on tlio 
 last sylliilile, more; rarely on tlie penult. 
 
 Tlici-i' are several euphonic eliiiiii't!s which are interest iinj:. 
 A lai>(e niiiiilter of words, usually pronounced with an initial 
 X, may iilso lie pronminci'il with iiii initial /.thus: ^r,>«/ or 
 /«>■,/ is eye.lail when siiidi word follows a ucnilive terniinatin<,' 
 in the voW(ds a or >■ the initiiil coiisoiiiint is chanji'ed to r. 
 Y'liniira rr»,i wouhl lie the do-^s eye. ,V»/-iV/ is eirir, .«-///»- 
 hd'i )-iii>'i<K hen's e^r^'. In this 'ast case 1 have never met 
 with the lorin ^//</^^ lait one liiids ihip>«i in .Mundnrncu, ami 
 wiiilr/ial'ii-a ni/'-"i lu'ii's ejri:. In Mane it is ii>ri'i>iihi ni,;,i. 
 The same chiiiiLiv o!" / or .x into i\ in many iustanc'cs, takes 
 place in verbs alter the prelixrd pronoun in the accusative: 
 as Hifiii^i'i, (»<mKfih, old Tupi ) to love, br nn-nnxn I love theo. 
 Olhi'i- examples of this chanjie are as follows: 
 
 Sitr or t'lr body, Hn;U' my body; Viinipari devil, liiid 
 spirit ; i/iir.i/iiirlrdtu hell. 
 
 Sometimes an r is added lietween words for the siike ot 
 euphony, thus : <>ka house, se-r-i1k<i, Hrrakn, my house. 
 
 Miiud p ar(> to ii d-rtain extent interclianp;eal)le and we 
 find >iti)li(u and /'f/tnu, to rest, and niiu-'ix''! and piinix'H, to 
 dance. I have elsewhere* remiirked tlnit the name Mariinon 
 (Spanish form) or Maranhilo (Portiijiuese form) api>lied to 
 the Rio das Amazonas is doiilitless the same as pannia sea or 
 river, and I have found on the Tapajos MitmnlH'K'zinho as the 
 Portuguese form for I'liraiKi-ml/Jn, literally, a little river. 
 
 The noun is indt'climible : i/mDrd is tree, or trees. A col- 
 lective form is made by adding ilii: kunimi (^kununiif) boy, 
 kummltd boys, in general. 
 
 The genitive is denoted by position, thus : apjifjdma man ; 
 appi/diiHi Di/dra the man's canoe. 
 
 Many nouns are formed Ity adding certain terminations to 
 verbs or iidjectives, thus : 
 
 Mimdij to make ; moriaijdcna the place where something is 
 made ; )iwTuujdra the one who makes. 
 
 * Am. Journal of Science and Arts, July, 1372 (ser. III., vol. iv.). 
 
 I ,11 H* 
 
8 
 
 ('. /•'. llarit. 
 
 /'lihf.f niciiMiiijx M\-]unAi,/'ln(l<!ni"ri'in<ini is (me win. niiikcs 
 fi.sli-lKM.ks, i\ii<l i>'ni,l<ti)f>niiij<ioi<i tilt! iiliicf wluTO lisli-liiMiUs iiro 
 iimtli!, wliciKU! /'Inil'ini'>nli<w;/<(h((, llif iiaiiif <il' a litllf t<'\Mi 
 ill till' pioviucc (»r ."^iiu I'liulo. 
 
 \]y iiil(liii<r till' tcnuiiiiitioii "'/""< wo Innu tin' ruUowiiiji : 
 From Kii/ii, iulj. triif, kh/uhiioki, liutli. 
 
 kiihU ikIJ. Ji'""!* kiitii»(iiii(i. >i()(i(|iicss. 
 
 iiKKix//, iiilj. sick, mixiix!l>*(iii>,t, sickiicsH. 
 
 ifiniihit. V. to liiilc, 
 i/ii/'fr, V. to iisfcml, 
 /ci/ri/iiiii<i>(i, \ 
 
 i/iniiliiilx(fiii(i, 11 secret. 
 i/ii/u'rlxiiiiKt, an tiscoiil. 
 
 /cf/ri/iii(isiiii>(ij ) 
 
 - strt'iiglh. 
 
 h!)i-i^nihifina^ • iidi. strong, ,, - , . r 
 ki/ri/iiil'(i, ; 
 
 Conipoiintl words iirc formed with great I'aeility. niid since 
 llie advent of Christianity and civilization the vocalnilary has 
 hei'ii ninch enriched iiy such words, the great majority having 
 been introduced hy the .lesnits. Tii/>(in<i is God, also a saint; 
 (iHilii a walk, march, whence Tiipdmi-iiHilif. a religions jiroces- 
 Hion ; i1/,(i is lionso, 7'/(y*«(;A-(^ (iod's house, a cluirch ; miihiont 
 is (t jinn, a|i|iarenlly the fj/iloilrr, from the verl) viliuk to 
 explode, to liiirsi, nmlnioka is a loi't,///»/y/w/( hii'i* is gunpowder. 
 
 Many of the new compound words are too cnnil>roiis, and 
 the Portuguese, modilied in ))roiiunciation, is tised instead. 
 Thus W(! find the following: hiiiiixa, a shirt {camixa. Tort.); 
 pnrdtii a plate {pnitu, Tort.) ; xn/xifi'i a shoe (^ttdjMtto, Port); 
 ivirK'r to sell {vend')', Port.) ; (hhjhU- a steamer (yupor, Port.). 
 
 My guide Maciel descrii)od a steamer in true Jndian style 
 
 as : 
 
 Kiinmit Dgtira "xu ofimtii okii' tatd ir/on, 
 White iimn's cntioe lii;; walks (iiwa) tiiat five witii. 
 
 or, TliG big canoe of the white man that goes hy fire. 
 
 *ijff)y'bd, earth-powd r, is mud ; pini hiii, fish t'nrinlia. Kni evidently means 
 that whieh is (jrou'id np liko sand, gnnjiowder, (ish t'arinlia. Fariii'tn de iimndiuni, 
 the common food of the Indians of Brazil woidd he luauiuk kni, and was at first 
 doiihtlc^s so ealU'd, lint, as the f;'-'ii"s of the lan;iuaKC wonlil not allow of the 
 doulilinii i>f a consonant, the namr was and wonid he to-ilay prononneed with 
 (inlv one /.•. In time, as nnimliiiea fariiilia came to lie tiie faiitdu. jinr ixtillnicf, 
 tlie word miiiiiiik was droppi'd and with it went the /• from kid, leavini; iil as the 
 eoiiunon luune of this article of food. Fish farinha is still /'/ik' kni. 
 
 *ll 
 
•1 looks inn 
 ittic town 
 
 iwiiii' : 
 
 (S. 
 
 rot. . 
 
 L'lll. 
 
 - i^trt'iiglli. 
 
 niid siiico 
 liiiliiry liiis 
 ily Iiiiviii";' 
 so ii siiint ; 
 )iis jirocos- 
 ; mitkiicna 
 ) tiihuk to 
 uii]io\v(l('r. 
 irons, and 
 d iiistciid. 
 *((<, Port. ) ; 
 itu, rort); 
 
 '<-/•, Tort.). 
 diaii stylo 
 
 ir /(})!, 
 
 witli. 
 
 iilciitly menus 
 I (le inumiioia, 
 1(1 was at first 
 t allow of the 
 iiouiu'cd with 
 jinr ixttlliin'f, 
 villi; ui as llii; 
 
 Ihi l/n l/ni'jiiii lUinil III' til,' .\iiiii~iiiiiin. 
 
 u 
 
 \ 
 
 } 
 
 lull! inhii itinLi'iiij 
 
 (irr uill' two 
 
 A Ooiicll, lie ciillrd 
 
 A'ui'fiDit i/ififi'ii iini'i niiiiifii mill' fiiii/i niji'i kiiiiiiiri'i Inhii, 
 VVIiiti' niaii'n caiicic Ml' anv* that lainl <iii lim-f with, — 
 
 Tlio canoe of tlic wliitc man tliat pirs on tlic iiinimd witli 
 
 11 llOlSl!. 
 
 Having no word I'or railroad cariiagc, lie dcsciiiit'd it as 
 follows: 
 
 hili'liiiil 1)1/1 fj'il iiKi'i iiiiiiitii mill' 
 Wliili' mail's caiioc lii;,' ;:i)<'s wiiiiji 
 
 itii j)itki'i-iiii/,i'i fitr riipl, !l'"fl iii'/ii\ 
 Htiincn l(iii;r jcpiii,' vi'iv ii|i(m nioiiin! dn tii|i cif,— 
 
 'l'lll' liiii' canoe of tlie wliite iiiiiii tliat lioes liy lire on two 
 very long stones (irons), on llie top of tlie irninml. 
 
 'I'lie lion is an iiilrodiieed fowl to wliieli the Indian uavo 
 tli(! nanio siiim/niiii, llit- sereanier, IVoiii the verii .lu/m/cifi, to 
 cry out, scream. 
 
 Tlioro arc several s|ieeies of lisli in I5ia/il Ixdonu'lng to (Ik- 
 geiKira Sfrrasuliim and J'l/yomilriin called in 'i'lipf, jiinirtu 
 (/iiriiiihii,V()it.} Ihnn jiini lisli. and tuTid /<>"///, for tlio teeth 
 of this iisli are o.\eeediii}:ly trenchant, neeaiise the intro- 
 duced Kni'oiicaii scissors hit lilvc ihr jHrdna they received tlio 
 samo iiaino. Writers on Mrazil liavo quite uniformly sup- 
 posed that the fish was namod after the scissors. 
 
 Our Kiinlish word tapir ('/'(iplnis Ami'iuainiiK) is derived 
 from the Tiipi lapii'im. When the ox was inlrodiicod into 
 Jirazil its resemiilaiico to tlic tapir led the Indian to iipply to 
 it the same name, hut, hy and i)y, the ox came to lie of more 
 importance than the tapir and monopolized the name. To 
 distinguish the tapir, therefore, the epithet kiui-m,'n;i^ ditudler 
 in the J'orenl, was apjilied to it, so that, while to-day the ox is 
 tiipDira, the tapir is t(i/>,i)ir<i kadimim. There is anothoi- termi- 
 nation ^Dt^n/, which also distinguishes a dweller, hut it dil'lbrs 
 from (O'im in that, while the latter conveys the idea of 
 dwelling in a place with power to go out at will, the latter 
 means a dweller in a locality without the power of leaving it; 
 thus: Tupaiil-m'ird means an inhaliitant of the city of Santa- 
 ram, but pini pnran'i-fvra, the lisli that lives in the river. 
 
10 
 
 a. F. JLirll, 
 
 This distinclinii is li.nvpvor not alwnys iircsorvod. Tlio cor- 
 rect use of tlirsc 1\V() wolds is to ii straii,ti:(-'i- very ditHciilt. 
 To sliov some of the uses of ojiira, the following examples 
 ar<3 given : 
 
 A'dHi pcKiiUdi'Irii tii'i <>rtJc(j 
 
 Who yim "f lias 
 
 aerekuui? 
 my ouiii((;(;uril ciip)? 
 
 Ae lnind('))-a):ir<i iiiiitnsff, 
 
 llu sudik'iilv sick (was). 
 
 Who of you has my cuia; 
 
 He fell suddenly ill. 
 I came for a moment. 
 
 Xaijor kiinitrij-ii> int (inliiia, 
 I came (|uiikty for. 
 
 As in otlior languages compound words have sometimes 
 lost their diipinal meaning and come to have a difTerent 
 api)lication, so also in Lingoa Geral. One illust ration 
 will snfiice: htiii</ is breast, /y^ water, liquid, whence A"'(///,'/.V 
 or kamhfi'g n.illv, hut since the term has come to l)e applied 
 to the miliv or sa[) of trees, and even to the breast, one 
 sometimes hears hmffg rfjJcKcr'/ for milk, tjlkncnt being 
 der'vcd from the verb f/yA-///- to drop, distil. In other cases 
 the form of the whole or of part of a compound word has 
 changed so that its origin is unrecognizable or traceal)le with 
 difficulty, thus : w/nr/j//m is a bow ; but mini is a bird, and 
 apdnt, crooked ; onra is doubtless a corruption of d'odrti 
 Qmhiird Old Tu]n), a stick (tree). 
 
 Tlic adjective is indeclinable and foUows the noun it quali- 
 fies, thus: ltd p<:<i>a the flat stone; api)giua katu the good 
 man. When however the adjective forms the predicate of the 
 verb to be {iko) expressed or understood, it always takes prc- 
 fixeil the genitive of the pronoun agreeing in person with the 
 subject, thus : 
 
 ixc xckatil .ndku, or simply, Ice sekatfi, I am good, w^ell. 
 
 SekalU mn-Uj («<(?■;) xaih}, I am pretty well, " Eston 
 
 zinho bom" (I'rainba).* 
 
 Ikata serd oikd? Is he (it) good, well ? 
 
 Inti ipih-a oik'J, It is not loaded (the gun). 
 
 * Iiuliiin diaU'il. 
 
On tlie Jjiti(ji>a lurid <<f tin' Aiihizidkis. 
 
 11 
 
 Tlio eor- 
 
 (liniciilt. 
 
 exiunplL'S 
 
 iiy cuiii? 
 
 ill. 
 
 neiit. 
 
 ionictiincs 
 
 (lin'ercnt 
 
 iliist ration 
 
 ice Jcitiii//y 
 
 be a[)plie(l 
 
 reast, one 
 
 era being 
 
 itlier cases 
 
 word has 
 
 cable with 
 
 bird, and 
 
 of il)iij)r(i 
 
 \i\ it quali- 
 thc good 
 
 cate of the 
 takes prc- 
 
 n with the 
 
 3od, well. 
 II, " Estou 
 'rainha).* 
 
 v\ 
 
 Ihi' nniKiririr ymi'i Art thou tii'cd ? 
 Tlic coniparative is I'ornied by tlie use of j!;/yr,'/ (/»/)/•?) : by 
 the side of. 
 
 hie ml; i/md p/)r// aiiiiiifii skJ, 
 
 Thou art stronircf 'lan tlie others. 
 J.vi' .rii//ii)iiut<ir jifirfi kiiiii kun'i}]-imiki'i rrsr, xurf/rcti' rcs^, 
 I like tiiis uirl l)est because she is very good natured. 
 
 The numerals are oidy three: 
 
 1. Lp'S '\'/'.'J"S '" "//'.■/".'• -• M"/''i'>i!l- •'• Moit(tj)i/^r. 
 
 Above these tlio niodilied l\)rtujiucs(' numerals, t/infro, 
 Kuihi, itc . are used. It will be reiucmbeird that other Soutli 
 American languages are ctiually dt^licient in numerals, while 
 some triltes, as for instance the Hotocudus, cannot count. 
 The numeral adverbs are formed by adding fj to the numer- 
 als, thus : 
 
 EiiiHi tnos((jif/'r fi'I Cut it three times ! 
 
 The personal pronouns are : //v', 1 ; inde or hir, thou ; ae 
 he, she; jiine or ijaiulr. we; jx'ni'rji Qx'i'inf) ye; auija or 
 iTintii, they. They are declined as follows: 
 
 1st personal j)ronoun : 
 
 Sing. ri. 
 
 Nom. 1x6 Yand6 or yanc 
 
 Gen. Se- Yande- or nane- 
 
 Dat. TxeH YandvH, or yancH 
 
 Ace. At'- Yandi- 01' y<inc- 
 
 Ab. Setsui Yande or ynw'Hui. 
 
 The termination in the dative is derived from an old 
 post-position ho, now obsolete in Lingoa Ceral, »u2)c having 
 taken its place, but still |)reserved on the Rio Negro. This 
 old form is used to distinguish the dative of the 1st pers. pro- 
 noun from that of the t]d pers. 
 2d personal pronoun : 
 
 Sing. PI. 
 
 Nom. hide or iii^ PcFu'rij 
 
 Gen. JVe- Pe-" 
 
 Dat. Indeii or ineii Penimo 
 
 Ace. Nc- Pe- 
 
 Ah. NeHui Pesut 
 
) 
 
 12 
 
 ('. F. Havtt, 
 
 8d personal pronoim : 
 
 Sing. 
 Noni. AH 
 r.cn. 7- 
 Dat. Ixupe 
 Ace. Av- (?) 
 Al). lr>n 
 
 PI. 
 
 aii)]a (Jiintd^* 
 (iinjii- 
 aiuja xnpi' 
 aCiija (Jiinid) 
 auya xki. 
 
 What arc you doing ? 
 
 The ilenionstrativc pronouns aro Jciiae {kttad, htd') \]\\^, 
 and hac {n(i(i, Tuuiij, h<i) that. 
 
 Tl\e intcrroiiiitives are dma ? who ? wc/r (jnhiir, ihIkki, hiIkii 
 vHuU '«'/,) V wliich, whafr These aro used with the inter- 
 rogative partiele tur {tad, ttf), tluis: 
 
 A'axi tai' omanu? Who died 't 
 
 Mkc tuc, ] 
 
 Mad tad or |- roiwndij ? 
 
 Mlnid tiid, ) 
 
 Mae ap!)i/d(0(i tur r<\>i/>idk dii? What man did you see? 
 The only relative pronoun is o)uc who, or which : 
 
 X<iApidk ai>!)(jdv>a onffk unte kt(V)<c, 1 sec the man who 
 arrived yesterday. 
 
 Xaxipidk ma<i rexip: 'k mar, I see that which thou secst. 
 
 Verhs vary nuieh in the (Midings of their roots, as may he 
 seen from the examples given through this paper; many 
 
 end in r. 
 
 The persons arc distinguislied by pronominal ])rcfixcs, thus 
 in the indclinite tense oi" the verb vimi), to give, wc have— 
 
 ri. 
 
 Yanc yonn'ry 
 
 Sing. 
 
 1. ZiiJ -.ramrr)) 
 
 Pen<p''ii p<'»i','{'>) 
 
 2. Im^ rnni;('i), 
 ;5. Ac o)ni;(')j auya (auttd) omeeij. 
 
 The verb may be used with the pronominal prefix alone, 
 iust as in Portuguese or Latin the pronominal suffix is suffi- 
 cient to mark the person and number without the pronoun. 
 
 Where the ol)jcet of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is prc- 
 fi.Kod to the verb, thus: Ixe jH'nuinu, i love yc, the ordinary 
 prcfix-jjronoun being omitted. 
 
 » I have observed nintil only in tlio nominative and accusative. It may 
 porliaiis lie used in oilier cases. 
 
 5 
 
 / 
 
On thi' L'niii'tii (ri'fdl "J' thf Ainuzonas. 
 
 U 
 
 IH((I, nihil-: 
 
 [he iutor- 
 
 ou see : 
 
 man who 
 
 ion secst. 
 ,s may be 
 31' ; many 
 
 fixes, thus 
 have — 
 
 ifix alone, 
 ix is suffi- 
 roiioun. 
 , it is pre- 
 ! ordinary 
 
 ve. It may 
 
 
 
 Tlic tenses are distingnishcd delinitely by auxiliary vcrl)s 
 and certain particles. 
 
 Tiie present iiidefniite is formed by add in j>; the pronominal 
 prelix to the verlt, tlms : Lie j-<i(/j<ik{iii I liiid. luit tliis. same 
 form miiiht be nsed as past or future. 'I'iie jursent is 
 expresscii definitely by adding the verlt iko to be, as an aux- 
 iliary, lK)tli talving the pronominal prefix, tlms: 
 Xaniuinuii .f<iik<_'>, I am iinishing. 
 Xninuwdj .niiko, I am making. 
 Wliilc xdikij, idone, would be either present, or past, as an 
 auxiliary without a particle it can serve to distinguish only 
 the present. 
 
 The imi)erfcct would he xnmi(Mt) xnik6 ramS^ rami being 
 an advcrl) meaning irlwii^ tlins: 
 
 XuHo .raiko ruim' senlka h!)t//, xdmanith] akadiiionosdra irion^ 
 As I was going to my house I met a hunter. 
 
 The perfect definite is formed by adding mihi (^ari) to the 
 indefinite tense, thus : xniiiul'iij man. 1 made. 
 
 The pluperfect is expressed l»y the addit'on of rame to the 
 perfect, thus : 
 
 Xai/upir (in rame ijoyijtera drpe, xaxipidk opdhj mae, When 
 I had climl)ed upon the mountain, I saw every-thing. 
 
 The future definite is formed by adding kiiri (by and Ity) 
 to the indefiuite tense, thus : 
 
 Xayukd kuri 7uok^hj suasil, I will kill two deer. 
 
 ApDi/dma kur'i oman6, The man will (must) die. 
 
 The future ])erfect is formed by adding kuri rame to the 
 perfect definite : xamuady wdu kuri rame, When 1 shall 
 have made. 
 
 In a similar way other tenses are formed. 
 
 Rame sometimes takes the place of if, as in the following 
 sentences : 
 
 Amdna okijr rame inti xaso, 
 If it rains I will not go. 
 
 YamuUdy ramS nae, kuncmfi tee i/amand, 
 If we do this, we may die. 
 
 Moi'a oyukd rami tapahuna, arami kuri ixe xayukd moi'a. 
 If the snake kills the negro, I will kill the snake. 
 3 
 
i 
 
 14 
 
 C. F. Hartt, 
 
 X-iffkn rmnii avift, xamrnj oinu I net', 
 
 iri had analhor I would i^ivc it to you. 
 The following arc imperative Ibrnis of the \erbs nirr)) give, 
 munuy make, u eat, and suk wash : 
 
 Eme(;r) itd ixeii! Give me the stone! 
 Pemuhiir] tatd! Make (ye) fire ! 
 Yai/iixi'(/cl Let us Itathe ourselves! 
 
 an I Eat (thou) ! 
 
 The verb 8;Uo go *d incgulai- in the imperative, making 
 xa8(1 1 go, but ckuly ! go tliou ! yaxo dn ! let us go ! 
 
 When the verbs jnifdr to wish, desire, kuttii to be able, to 
 know, are used as auxiliaries with a veri), this last takes the 
 pronominal prefix and is followed by pii tar or kiuiii, without 
 prefix, thus : 
 
 Intt anndij kuau, semanidr I cannot run, on account 
 
 rcte reso, of being very tired. 
 
 Xasd piitdr neirfm, I wish to go with thee. 
 
 The reflexive is formed by prefixing yii (^ije ?) to tl-.e verb : 
 Suk to wash, i/miik to wash oneself. 
 
 Mutiniu to swing, .fdj/uiiiutiiiiu I swing myself. 
 Mtihdtj 1o make. punuha}] to grow. 
 
 A6 oi/iti/ukd jnitdr, He wishes to kill himself. 
 The causative may be made by prefixing mii (»«'/) to the 
 verb, thus: 
 
 Fan to finish, xamumaa to cause to finish, 
 
 Katdk to shake, makatdk to cause to shake. 
 
 Yamau to flee, muyaoMu to frighten away, put to 
 
 flight. 
 Xas6 xamiqmdm tayna, I cause the child to rise. 
 From sakd hot, is formed musakd to heat, whence yumusakd 
 to heat oneself. 
 
 By the use of the same prefix a great number of verljs are 
 made from adjectives : pirdya red, mupirdy to make red ; 
 santdy firm, liard, musantdy to make firm or strong ; saimS 
 sharp, masaime to sharpen. 
 
 To express that a thing is ordered to be done, kar is added 
 to the verb, thus : 
 
 I n 
 
 \ 
 
On thr Lim/'ia Grrnl of thr Amazonas*. 
 
 15 
 
 ,crbs meer) give, 
 
 ves ! 
 
 crative, making 
 , us go I 
 
 T< to be able, to 
 s last takes the 
 31- kuau, without 
 
 run, on account 
 very tiretl. 
 i>o with thee. 
 r' ?) to tl-.e vei-b : 
 iclf. 
 ig myself. 
 
 himself. 
 
 nut ("«'>) to the 
 
 36 to finish, 
 
 3 to shake. 
 
 itcu away, put to 
 
 to rise, 
 rlience yumusakd 
 
 iber of verbs are 
 Uj to make rod ; 
 r strong ; sahne 
 
 one, kar is added 
 
 
 Xavntnaij hir tiit(i, 1 ordered fire to bo made. 
 
 Xai/iOHiir kar pntdr, (luxiii 1 wish to order prayers to be 
 yaijumumrdi ardma^ycqnt- said ( niandar rosar), in or- 
 r<t>«il ardma, dcr that afterwards we may 
 
 dance and play. 
 
 XaK<> jdseruk kdr scmiimfi'- 1 am going to Older my child 
 ra,* kiinnnfi h;(- omtvifi to lie baptized ; it might die 
 kurutrjj-ajdra sera f/ma,^ suddenly without a name. 
 
 The following is an exanijde of word-building of a more than 
 usTial polysyntlietie character : okdijn is head. (iiiCi liad, whence 
 ahnjat/u crazy: hnidhnjaiiu would be 'to make crazy', 'to 
 seduce ', ' to turn one's head "; the reflexive form woidd be 
 ynmiKihiijaijO whence Tdjiiimnahnjuyfi I make myself crazy; 
 mudkaijiiyKxdfd is a seducer, one who makes poojile crazy. 
 
 Tliere lieing no proper conjun<*tioiis in Fiingoa Geral, cir- 
 cumlocutions arc used or the rortuguesc! forms are employed. 
 Sometimes and is expressed by yah- (again). 
 
 Adverbs and adverbial i)hrascs are numerous. The follow- 
 ing are exami)les : ike Port, a^m ? here ; mhiir there ; oodn 
 Oni') already: rete very, Ac. Several adverljs are formed 
 from the noun iintr (vdiar) thing (what), by adding adverbs 
 or post-positions, thus: wrr(' /r.sr.^ (for what ?) why? mar- 
 yamO? (like what ?) how? mnrkiiifil (toward what?) whither? 
 viaesui? (from what?) whence? tfec. 
 
 Post-positions are numerous. The following are among the 
 more important : ardma for, in order to, kf/li) to, towards, sai 
 from, pupe inside of, drpe on top of, opd upon, irCim with, rir^ 
 after, supc to. 
 
 Some of the post-positions are used as suffixes: as for 
 instance, -pe {-nir) in ; vkap(! in the house, parandme in (or 
 on) the river. 1 have already spoken of the old form -bd to, 
 which appears in the dative sing, and pi. of i.n1 and ine ; in 
 
 • The niotlicr culls l)oth son and daughter, mymyWa ; tho fiitlier -ays tuy'iri son, 
 hvyha danjiliter. The names, indicating relationship nsod hy the woniiin are 
 different from tliosc \ised by the man. This subject will be tliorou';hly discnssed 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Mima is a jirivative suffix. It is fouml also in Munduruc' thus: Mehiyhii 
 blind, without eyes, smd y'lm Lingoa Geral. 
 
16 
 
 C. F. Jfurit, 
 
 pehilmo, we have an f-xainplo of the inU'i-clmi.;re of b witli m ; 
 pei'Iiaps origiimlly this iKHt-pusition was ->///»-. 
 
 Tho iiifhienco of tho Tn|.i on the Portugncso, as spoken in 
 Hrazil. has heen, if anythin,--', ^ivQ-M^n- llian that of the I'ortu- 
 guo.seon i\xv. Tiipi. If (1,0 Tupi has l)oen foraMl to adopt 
 many I'oitu.i-iK^se words and idionjs, i, i^, as I l,ave sliown, so 
 Hexilde a lan<-uage that it lias admitted of the creation of ner.- 
 words from ahcady existin-.- roots; hut tli( Port nouosc has 
 hccM forced to adopt from tho Tupi the names i,f almost all the 
 plants and animals of Iha/.il. and to a very larue extent the 
 geographical names also. The plants and' animiils of Brazil 
 heing entirely dillerent from those of Portugal, the Portii- 
 gncse ctdonist (.n his arrival ir South AuMM'ica found himself 
 without names for them, and since tlie Tupi names recpiired 
 but little change to lit them for admission into the Portu- 
 guese vocahuhuy, they were readily adopted. Many Portu- 
 guese idioms have crept into the Tupi; hut, on the other 
 hand, the Portuguese, as spoken on the Aniii/.onas, lu'sides 
 containing a la.-e admixture of Tupi words, is coirupted hy 
 many Tupi idioms. 
 
 To illustrate more fully the structure of the Tiingoa Geral, 
 I have appended to this j.aper, with interlinear translations' 
 one of the shortest of the myths I collected on the Amazonas. 
 It was dictated to me hy an Indian, and I have tried to report 
 it exactly as spoken. The omru is a species of Ihis — a beau- 
 tiful bird extremely aliundant on th.; island of Marajd or 
 Johannes, and distinguished hy its brilliant red plumage. 
 The karudii\ii a night-bird of the goat-sneker family and notnl 
 for its somiire plumage. The story relates how the ibis, fall- 
 ing in love with the re<l coat {nonLcf) of the night-bird, 
 borrowed it, ostensibly to attend a feast on the island of 
 Maraji'), Init he never returned, with it, wherefore the /nmiri// 
 still mourn.s his treachery, clad in the somine-hued coat of 
 the ibis. 
 
 The mythology of tiie 'I'upfs was fdiaracterized by great 
 simplicity. If we may a( cept the testimony of earlv writers, 
 they believed in a sort of .ndestial deity, Tiipati ; but under 
 Portuguese influence the eonc(;ption of this spirit lias been so 
 
 -ll 
 
 1 : 
 
i,'>o of (> willi tn ; 
 
 3e, as spoken in 
 
 ia< tif tlic I'oitu- 
 
 I'nircil to atlopt 
 
 liiivo sliowii, so 
 
 Croat ion of nor/ 
 
 I'oi'tngiiosc lias 
 
 in almost all tlie 
 
 aru'o oxtoiit tlic 
 
 liniiils oC iJriizil 
 
 igal, tlio I'ortii- 
 
 n ruinid Iiinisolf 
 
 nanios rocjiiirod 
 
 llto llii" |'()i-(u- 
 
 Many roitii- 
 t, on the other 
 i!'/.oi:as, l)osiiJos 
 is t'oi riiptod hy 
 
 ' Fiiiiuua Gei-al, 
 
 iir ti'aiislafions, 
 
 the Aniazonas. 
 
 tried to report 
 
 I his — a hcau- 
 
 of .Mjirajci or 
 
 red plumage. 
 
 luily and noted 
 
 V the ihis, I'all- 
 
 the night-hir<|, 
 
 the island oi' 
 
 re the kdrauj/ 
 
 e-hued coat of 
 
 •ized hy great 
 early writers, 
 'n ; hilt under 
 it has heen so 
 
 On the Linifoa G<r<d "f tin' Ammonai*. 
 
 1 
 
 •1 
 
 completely merged in that of the Christian Cod that \ fear it is 
 now impossihle to disentangle and n'hal.ilitate the old myth. 
 A demon, YitniparU has, in like manner, l.ecome confused 
 with the Semitic de*il. Although usually anliiropomorphic 
 this last spirit, sometimes ajijiears asii/rf/«N// //r^wr/V(^ half hog, 
 half jaguar, a raving wcn'wolf. The h'uni/iirax are anthropo- 
 morphic, male or femah', '.roll-like, forest spirits, eharaeterized 
 by reversed feet, who appea.- suddenly, like a Hash, l)eforo the 
 eyes of the liewihlered wanderer in the forest, leading him 
 astray, and perhaps to destruction. They are generally 
 malehcent, hut may occasionally do man a g(.od turn, and 
 many myths dcscrihc how the Imliaii hunter has received 
 from them arrows that never missed their mark. The hiirn- 
 firaii are often fond of playing serious practical Jokes, l)ut 
 they may, however, lie oulwitled liy nuvn, and, in a story that 
 iinds its counterpart in the Norse tale of " Hoots who ate a 
 matcli with a Troll,"' — a hunter induced one to cut himself 
 open and thus commit suicide! The Olani or water-spiite 
 hgures largely in Tupi mythology ami, like the mermen and 
 mermaids of Xorth-lMiropean mythology, carries human beings 
 down t(j its su.ha(pieous habitation. 
 
 Animal myths are numerous an«l hear a very striking 
 resemblance to the zolilogical myths of the Old World. J have, 
 for instance, found among the Indians of the Amazonas a 
 story of a tortoise that outran a deer by posting its relations, 
 at short distances apart, along the road over which the 
 race was to be run — a fabh^ found also in Africa and Siam ! 
 A great many other fal)les are related of the tortoise ; as, for 
 ins°tance, how he laid a wager with a big ilsh that he coidd 
 pull him on shore, and with a tapir that he could pull him 
 down to the river, and how he gained the wager by tying the 
 two animals togetlier by a lliana (.■*(>;;),— each becoming 
 exhausted in his endeavors to resist, as he thought, the ellbrt 
 
 of the tortoise. 
 
 The swau-maideu appears in the myth of the FaitCma as a 
 parrot, who lays aside her feather dress and becomes a maiden. 
 A man seizes her l)efore she can regain her dress and she is 
 compelled to remain in human form; so she becomes his wife 
 
IS 
 
 G. F. Ua'-tt, 
 
 iiiul tlio mother of a now (ril)O. Mvllis of tlic uiidorworld are 
 coinmoii, ospooiiilly ainonir tlni Miiiidunicus, iuid, if space 
 would allow MIC, 1 could indicate many other points of rcsem- 
 l)lauce l)etwoen Tupf and Old World mytliolo^y. 
 
 As I hopo soon to puldish in full the myths I have coliccti d, 
 with translations and notes, 1 siiall I'ot Ikmo enter into any 
 discussion as to tiieir meaning or probable oirgin. 
 
 Olmui (^il'imij) /\<n'<tih). 
 
 Tin: mis CIIKAT.S Till-; Nlilll-IIWVK. 
 
 R! mi(>'i)-ii)ii I'll (ji I'd .') kdniih/ <>i'i';('!1 rarii'^ mira iliunr^ 
 Oiicu upon ii tiiiu: tin' iiiL;lil-lm\vk hi' s|iiikc ivlicii |ii'()|)le (iiiuti) like, 
 
 ■tku))ii.iti ijiuni'j rcti', Iph'tfi) 
 his shirt prutf/ very red 
 
 7'rXf'. 
 hoiMiisf. 
 
 ipi.ritii, 
 hhu'k 
 
 aijii. 
 
 Ohtrd oiiiiii'n Jciiriiih/ 
 The iliis :ic lonknl iiii;ht li:nvk 
 
 0)tif(i k(iini.n( 
 'I'lie iliis's sliirt 
 
 rcifr, oipiiiiiifdr*' 
 
 ii*, 1r' whs ]i1lms;'iI 
 
 " XilXii Xi'jj'ilKlj/^ 
 1 jro I ohiiu 
 
 make. Kttae 
 
 '{•anti't,] kaiii'i.vd rcsr. ^^''".'.7/ ■ 
 
 thi! iii};lit lm\vk';i sliin on iK'coinit (if. Mr saiil 
 
 knae karduij y Olard nKi'/k kia'diiij 
 
 this ni^ht iiawk. Tiic il)i.s urrivi'il nijiht Imwk hy tlii' siilc of. Tliis 
 
 yn(oa oni'ri/ ixupe : ^^ Jy/>iinH r/o/)/ (raru') nekamixd ixi'iir^ 
 like lie s|ii)ko to him : Lcnil thy shirt tome! 
 
 Kardiii] (i/n)ru>ii'i ciard xii/tr: MufrrHr kidfr rfpurd 
 
 Till' ni^lit luiwk lie nskeil tlie ihi.s to: Why (now) thou liorrowesc 
 
 jmfdr seka»i,i.rd ?^' CDard osiut.rdr : '* A'^s.' ardma 
 wisi. my sliirt '. The ibis he, imswereit 1 }io in order to 
 
 .vdjpoiiHixit'di'^ }[ciriTi'<jlii\ .id/nirdsin pxfd/'.^^ Kardinj "nrrj/ 
 aiiiiise myself Miiriiji'i in, I diiiue wish. The ni<iht hawk he snid 
 
 " Atr II macramd ? " Oard osnaxdr : •' At(' niosap//r dm 
 
 Until when ? The ibis he answered : Until tlireo days 
 
 rli'i'.''^ Kiiralii) oi/>iu_</ iknni!.rit. Oimp'')} ivnrd xiipc 
 
 after. The iiij;ht hawk he took off his shirt. He f^avo die iliis to 
 
 * Probiihiy reflexive from imliir to ^<T^♦^'.^*t|•^ + I-'iifjiiiiar, I'ortugiiese. 
 
 } The verb puni moans both lend and horrnii; so the Indian says in Portiijiiicse 
 Kiiipresta me a amoa do Siiilior ! whieh is correet, and fin emprestei a canoa do 
 hoiiicm, instead of toinei t'inpresludo n cniioa do huniem, or o honipiii me eiiiprestou sua 
 caiiod. This jmt.i one in mind of the Tn]iiiism Klla Jhi euclur mjoa no potc, in- 
 stead of lilln Jul p.nchir o pale dc ai/oii. 
 
 § Verb rcHexive and causative, nvobably from same root as sun}' happy. 
 
 II Portuirnese. 
 
 I 
 
 iWi'i 
 
 I 
 
 I'll " 1 ' " w— 
 
On llif JJtii/od (hnti iif till' AmnziindK. 
 
 I'.t 
 
 lorwiirlil arc 
 ml, if space 
 its of rcsein- 
 
 ^'0 collect ( (I, 
 ,er iiito any 
 
 'ira i/'i'or, 
 
 |)le (iiiuti) like, 
 
 •ft k(iml.rd 
 lis's sliirt 
 
 oi/i()infi(fr* 
 
 1r' w.is ]i1lms;'iI 
 
 ti) X'^ljiinujl^ 
 I oliciU,' 
 
 Icof. 
 
 Tliis 
 
 niXd ixt'u! 
 shirt to mr ! 
 
 re pur u 
 thou l>orn)\v(.'sc 
 
 ' antma 
 in order to 
 
 raioj (ihi'(')i 
 ht hawk he said 
 
 mnsapffr dra 
 three (hiys 
 
 ward xiipc 
 he ibis to 
 
 ortugiiose. 
 I in PortHKiicsc 
 stei a canoa do 
 \e etiijirestoit sua 
 ii/oa no potc, in- 
 
 ' happv. 
 
 
 '"'■ KiiHikol, cnnrd ! jfVrtj' ' HOjiimh], mrnnhi'' /«<'!" (third 
 Here iliis ! Do not nie clieat, me await tiion ! Tlie iliis 
 
 o»6 dn, int! nnin ci/ddr, '>«;' rrtr aidn kiintihj khi. 
 
 went (away) never he ntnriied, he went eonipletely the ninlit liawk from. 
 
 Int! (i)dii oipilciidii hmhhj klltfi- Karduij oxurfuf 
 
 never he'ai)i)earfd theni);lit iiawk toward. 'i'he nii;lit hawk lie awaited 
 
 ward. Intl. oi/i(kniTu. h'lriiih/ i/njii'i nxiiinihiil, "'l'.';'/;* 
 
 tliu ihis. Not h^!' appeared. 'IMii' ni-ht liawk wept, lie crieil, lie said, 
 
 (( 
 
 tnard\ prCir Hehimlxd Ln'ii '." J\ii//'r osupnkdl t,Tic 
 
 I'dny my ."liirt tome!" Now lii' eriiil ;ilway> (still) 
 
 IliiH, 
 
 mard 
 
 rcuc. 
 » on aceoiint of. 
 
 • rrohihitive partiele. 
 
 From verli sdrth). 
 
 Note on thk Mundurucu and Mauk LAN(iUA(;Ks. 
 The Mniulurucii language abound.s in dull sountLs, and is 
 very dilFicnlt to pronounce. Tlic word for _///'• J will write 
 nixd, but flic fir.st letter represents a dull sound that swings, 
 so to s[)eak, through y, /, n, ml, d, to t. If a native is com- 
 pelled to pronounce the word slowly or distinctly, he may use 
 the sound represented by any one of these letters or combina- 
 tions. The collection and verification of a vocabulary is, as 
 may be imagined, exceedingly dillicult. 
 
 Though widely ditlerent from the Tiipi, ancient or modern, 
 I am satisfied that the Mundurucu belongs to the same family. 
 Tiic following are a few words and phrases for comparison 
 with the Lingoa Geral and Tupi : 
 
 LisiiOA Gekal. 
 
 tesd, 
 
 kupixdooa, 
 
 ltd, 
 
 sdooa (^saba Tupi), 
 
 dka, 
 
 pakCia, 
 
 kip, hjjmd (Jcyhd Tupi), 
 
 eriiti ipiidju, neturina ^mifpe, 
 
 MUND. 
 
 coetdj 
 kp, ^ 
 (Bitad, 
 sap, 
 
 l)9<i, 
 alcobd, 
 
 pomd col? 
 
 mbad sui ? 
 
 IVVGLISII. 
 
 eye. 
 farm, 
 stoue. 
 hair, 
 house, 
 banana, 
 ground, earth, 
 louse. 
 
 your breeches are 
 on the ground, 
 whence ? 
 
■JO C. /'. Ifiirll. 
 
 ,„hr. i.rrll (ixrhn Tupi), td llll". 
 
 /•«.///'■ l/>t/c' '/'•'nhi taiiim f/oif) opf/k'lhf the lio^; roDts in 
 djal ■ i'ip//'.!l «'■''"«. liiu^nouiKlwilh 
 
 his siioiil. 
 
 The Miiud is a soft miisifiil hiii,mia,L'c very closoly iilliod to 
 tin- Liii«iOii (Jcial. It nlMtiiinls in vowds, and doi-s not allow 
 (louhlf conHonunts. ll lias a M»und intcrniodiato lictwoen r 
 and / and, l.esidcs, a soil v. lis vocaltnlary more ni-arly ro- 
 ;s(Mnl.lL's the Tnpi than ilocs the Miui<lniucn. I givo hidow 
 a lew wonh and phrases lor couiparison. 
 
 Of this heantil'nl langnage no vocahnlary has, so far as I 
 know, been pul)lishcd. 1 have ready for the press an extensive 
 one aeeonipanied by a huge number of sentences illustrating 
 tbn grannnatieal strnetnre of the language. 
 
 Maui':. 
 
 
 lilNOOA (iKll.M. 
 
 
 Knomsu. 
 
 Du'tt, 
 
 
 6hi, 
 
 
 house. 
 
 s('t, 
 
 
 srra, 
 
 
 name. 
 
 ilV!l\ 
 
 
 Dmil, C,^/./} Tui 
 
 n), 
 
 ground, earth. 
 
 kjlxd]], 
 
 
 ptrdtja. 
 
 
 red. 
 
 pf/xiip, 
 
 
 ki)sd(i>ii, 
 
 
 hanunock. 
 
 lll'//t(l}), 
 
 
 jtKudDa, 
 
 
 medicine. 
 
 axitu, 
 
 
 ooanCi, 
 
 
 great. 
 
 til. 
 
 
 (*/y Tupt), 
 
 
 mother. 
 
 atemtkd. 
 
 
 xui/iikd, 
 
 
 1 kill. 
 
 atrn'ku, 
 
 
 aiirck'J, 
 
 
 1 have. 
 
 v(p^ 
 
 
 peO)a (^pvla T 
 
 Upl), 
 
 ilat. 
 
 aiknmdt kahi> eka- 
 
 maij (oa4 tae 
 
 neilydrd 
 
 what is the length 
 
 nd yady 
 
 kdp't 
 
 ri(!]d<»n ? 
 
 
 of vour canoe? 
 
 kdt kahu 
 
 ctarut 
 
 mcic tad rcrur 
 
 ixeu ? 
 
 what do you ))rhig 
 
 ohepe 'i 
 
 
 
 
 me? 
 
 ll 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
(»^ routs ill 
 ^rouiiil witlj 
 .siiniil. 
 
 icly alliiMl to 
 OS not allow 
 lii'twi'iMi r 
 iru lu'iiily le- 
 fl'ivo Ir'Iow 
 
 I 
 
 ,, 80 far as I 
 an extensive 
 8 iiUistrating 
 
 NOMSIl. 
 
 d,eartli. 
 
 noclt. 
 cine. 
 
 cr. 
 
 e. 
 
 \ 
 
 is the length 
 yonr canoe? 
 do you ))ring 
 
 / 
 
 /I