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 48 
 
GEOGRAPHY 
 
 OF 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 • 4- 
 
 BY 5 
 
 JAMES P. HOWLEY 
 
 ASSISTANT GEOLOGICAL SURVEYOR. 
 
 LONDON: 
 EDWARD STANFORD, 55, CHARING CROSS, S.W. 
 
 1876. 
 
 ! 
 
fo O ? 'f — 'Jlfiydi l4-/a.l 
 
 >.» 
 
 LONDON: PRINTED liV EDWAKU bTANFORD, 55, CIIAIUNG CUOSS, S.W. 
 
 ^ 
 
UY KIND I'EUMISSIOX, TO 
 
 COLONEL Sm STEPHEN JOHN HILL, K.C.M.G., C.B, 
 
 On his retirement from the Goveruorsliip of the Province of New- 
 foundland, where his imifoiin kindness and accessibility have 
 endeared him to every member of the community, while his sincire 
 and constant advocacy of progress have threat ly tended towards 
 the advancement of scientific and industrial pursuits, as well ay 
 the material prosperity of the Colony, this small tribute of respect 
 is offered, bv 
 
 [lis Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 JAMES P. IIOWLEY. 
 
 0/ 
 
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I 
 
PREFACE 
 
 I 
 
 As our Imowlodgo of the geography of Ncwfoiindliiiid is 
 becoming every year more and more extcnd(jd, and rognlar 
 instrumental surveys of all its most prominent natural 
 features arc now taking tlie place of the rude sketelics lieic- 
 toforc furnislied, the time has arrived when this knowledge 
 should, of necessity, be imparted to the yontli of the country 
 through the agency of tin schoolmaster. With the hope, 
 therefore, that it may be adopted in our schools throughout 
 the islanf. and be t' j means in some degree of dispelliii" 
 that lamentable ignorance of its geography wliich has here- 
 tofore unavoidably existed, I have taken upon myself the 
 task of preparing the present work. As a native of the 
 country, and one who, from connection with the Geological 
 Survey of the island for the last eight years, has seen much 
 of it, I feel as it were called upon to perform this duty. 
 
 While there is still necessarily much imperfection in the 
 present work, I have endeavoured, with such material as 
 could be collected, to make it comprehensive, and at the same 
 time as simple as possible. With this end in view I have 
 arranged each natural feature under a separate head, is is 
 generally done in geographical works intended for use in 
 schools. This will be found the most convenient method 
 for committing each particular to memory. 
 
 The multiplicity of bays, arms, and inlets of the sea, 
 indenting the coast on every side, has made it absolutely 
 
VI 
 
 TREFACE. 
 
 necessary to place them under two separate headings, namely, 
 Principal Bays and Minor Bays, Arms and Inlets. The 
 principal bays are those of larger dimensions, most of wliich 
 open im^ mediately upon the ocean. The minor hays arc those 
 contained within the principal bays, or otherwise interme- 
 diate. The islands are introduced between the two former 
 headings, because some of the minor bays are in the larger 
 islands, and therefore could not well be described before the 
 positions of those islands were given. A great deal of the 
 interior topography is still uncertain, but most of the prin- 
 cipal lakes, rivers, and mountains have been brought into 
 relative connection by survey, and tliese will be found under 
 their proper headings ; while many features not yet actually 
 surveyed, but whose positions are pretty well determined, are 
 inserted in italics. To attempt enumeration of all the rivers 
 and lakes in the island, even were they all well known, would 
 alone fill a book. It has often been surmised that at least 
 one-quarter of the surface of Newfoundland is occupied by 
 fresh-water lakes and ponds, which, should the island ever 
 be examined in detail, I have little doubt will prove to be 
 fairly approximate to the reality. 
 
 The divisions of a country are usually placed near the 
 commencement of school geographies ; but it was found, in 
 the present instance, that such an arrangement would not be 
 convenient, from the fact of the divisions or electoral dis- 
 tricts of Newfoundland being entirely confined to the coast- 
 line, and then only including about two-thirds of the whole. 
 Before these could be described, or their extent given, it was 
 necessary to enumerate the bays, islands, &c., which would be 
 included in each district. The divisicms are therefore placed 
 near the cud iustead ; furthermore, I have assumed divisions 
 
 % 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 of that i^ortion of the coast-line not included in the electoral 
 franchise, for the sake of convenience in describing those 
 more remote and generally less known parts of the island. 
 
 It will be seen that, as a rule, I have taken St. John's, the 
 capital and centre of trade, as a starting point, and in de- 
 scribing the several natural features under their separate 
 headings, have invariably gone first northerly, then southerly, 
 and finally westerly, along the western coast. This mode 
 suggested itself to me as likely to prove most simple and 
 systematic. 
 
 Beneath each page of the book a set of questions arc 
 inserted, each set having reference to the particular page 
 above it. These or any others which the tutor may think 
 fit to ask, should bo answered by the pupil after having 
 studied the page in question. 
 
 At the end of the work a good deal of useful and important 
 information is introduced, under the headings of Climate, Soil, 
 Timber, Geology, Economics, and Animals ; also a list of 
 the French and other foreign names of places,* with their 
 translation, &c., and a table giving the heights of mountains, 
 and the length and areas of lakes surveyed. These par- 
 ticulars, if not actually studied, should be at least read over 
 several times either by the pupils themselves, or by the tutor 
 in the hearing of the pupils. 
 
 There will probably at first sight appear to be a great 
 deal of repetition throughout the work, but upon closer 
 examination it will be seen that this also w^as really 
 unavoidable, and I do not anticipate that it will have a 
 
 * The foreign names in many cases lia/e been no corrupted from the 
 original, aa to be uuiutulligible ; and are nut pubhshed as proposed. 
 — A. M. 
 
Vlll 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 detrimental efifcct. On the contrary, frequently bringing 
 prominently before tlio eye tlie principal characteristic 
 features, though under different forms, will, I imagine, only 
 tend to fix them all the more firmly in the mind. 
 
 In conclusion, I once more express the hope, should my 
 humble efi*ort meet with approval, and this book be intro- 
 duced into our schools, that it may be the means of impart- 
 ing to the youth of the country of the present generation a 
 better knowledge of its geography, and a more exalted con- 
 ception of its worth, than their forefathers had any oppor- 
 tunity of acquiring. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 J. P. H. 
 
 •>\ 
 

 
 
 EREATA. 
 
 
 
 Page 7, 
 
 lino 
 
 10, 
 
 for Griquot 
 
 read Grii«;uet. 
 
 » 7, 
 
 ?> 
 
 27, 
 
 „ Laure 
 
 ,» 
 
 Laun. 
 
 » 8, 
 
 », 
 
 25, 
 
 „ Cape hay 
 
 », 
 
 Cape Ray. 
 
 » 10, 
 
 ,» 
 
 5, 
 
 „ Noggin cave 
 
 ,, 
 
 Noggin Cove. 
 
 „ 11, 
 
 »j 
 
 6, 
 
 „ lioucere 
 
 ,, 
 
 Bon cere. 
 
 » 11, 
 
 11 
 
 25, 
 
 „ Languo Cerf 
 
 ,, 
 
 Longue Serf. 
 
 » 13, 
 
 11 
 
 8, 
 
 „ Landy 
 
 11 
 
 Sandy. 
 
 „ 13, 
 
 11 
 
 20, 
 
 „ Griquet 
 
 11 
 
 Griguet. 
 
 » 11, 
 
 11 
 
 8, 
 
 „ Point Sauce 
 
 », 
 
 Point Lance. 
 
 » 15, 
 
 v 
 
 6, 
 
 ,. Block head 
 
 J, 
 
 Black head. 
 
 » 17, 
 
 ,» 
 
 2, 
 
 „ Trapeau 
 
 », 
 
 Frnpeau. 
 
 „ 17, 
 
 ,, 
 
 13, 
 
 „ Sanker 
 
 ,» 
 
 Sauker. 
 
 » 20, 
 
 ,, 
 
 18 and 31, 
 
 „ Lamellicns 
 
 J, 
 
 Lamellieus. 
 
 „ 23, 
 
 ,» 
 
 18, 
 
 „ Lundy 
 
 „ 
 
 Sandy. 
 
 » 20, 
 
 11 
 
 2, 
 
 „ Mollegan's 
 
 >, 
 
 Molly ann's. 
 
 „ 20, 
 
 » 
 
 20. 
 
 „ Calin 
 
 ,, 
 
 Cabin. 
 
 „ 27. 
 
 5, 
 
 17, 
 
 „ Kikupeg 
 
 11 
 
 Kiknpcg. 
 
 » 51, 
 
 »> 
 
 19, 
 
 „ fuloua 
 
 ,, 
 
 fulvus. 
 
 „ 52, 
 
 >, 
 
 4, 
 
 ,, species 
 
 ,, 
 
 varieties. 
 
 ,, 5o, 
 
 11 
 
 7. 
 
 „ Syrinum 
 
 „ 
 
 Syrnium. 
 
 „ 55, 
 
 11 
 
 9. 
 
 „ Nyctate 
 
 11 
 
 Nyctale. 
 
 „ 50, 
 
 11 
 
 9, 
 
 „ Coutopua 
 
 11 
 
 Contopus. 
 
 „ 57, 
 
 11 
 
 22, 
 
 „ costiva 
 
 ,, 
 
 restiva. 
 
 „ oS, 
 
 11 
 
 16. 
 
 „ llorifrons 
 
 ,, 
 
 ilavifrons. 
 
 „ 58, 
 
 11 
 
 24. 
 
 „ Nutbaeh 
 
 »» 
 
 Nuthatch. 
 
 „ od, 
 
 If 
 
 24, 
 
 „ Zouotrichia 
 
 ,, 
 
 Zouotrichia. 
 
 » t^2, 
 
 It 
 
 1, 
 
 „ IMaerorhaniplus 
 
 11 
 
 Macrorhamphus. 
 
 „ C2, 
 
 11 
 
 21, 
 
 „ Syniphemia 
 
 „ 
 
 Syniphemia. 
 
 „ 02, 
 
 11 
 
 23, 
 
 „ niulauolencu 
 
 J, 
 
 nielanoleuca. 
 
 „ 62, 
 
 11 
 
 20. 
 
 ,. llairpes 
 
 » 
 
 flavipes. 
 
 „ 62, 
 
 ,' 
 
 27, 
 
 „ Nausary 
 
 ,, 
 
 Nansary. 
 
 „ 02, 
 
 ,, 
 
 32, 
 
 „ Bartraniin 
 
 »» 
 
 Bartramiut. 
 
 „ t33, 
 
 11 
 
 5, 
 
 „ Numericus 
 
 „ 
 
 Numenius. 
 
 „ 63, 
 
 11 
 
 15, 
 
 „ Porsana 
 
 ,, 
 
 Porzana. 
 
 „ 03, 
 
 11 
 
 22, 
 
 „ Ifartland 
 
 5, 
 
 Hartlaub. 
 
 „ 64, 
 
 11 
 
 8, 
 
 „ CJjanlulasmus 
 
 11 
 
 Chaulelasraus. 
 
 » G4, 
 
 11 
 
 31, 
 
 „ Malanctto 
 
 5, 
 
 Malanetta, 
 
 " f: 
 
 11 
 
 13, 
 
 „ Gosgard 
 
 ,5 
 
 Gozzard. 
 
 11 60, 
 
 11 
 
 20, 
 
 „ tridaclylas 
 
 ,, 
 
 tri dactyl us. 
 
 „ 60, 
 
 11 
 
 33, 
 
 „ Fern 
 
 11 
 
 Tern. 
 
 11 67, 
 
 11 
 
 2, 
 
 „ passana 
 
 11 
 
 bassana. 
 
 „ 68, 
 
 11 
 
 3, 
 
 „ I'allos 
 
 11 
 
 Pallas. 
 
 ,, 69, 
 
 11 
 
 21, 
 
 „ Soligo 
 
 11 
 
 Loligo. 
 
 » 71, 
 
 11 
 
 26, 
 
 „ Kikripeg 
 
 11 
 
 Kikupeg. 
 
 from 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Discovery.— Ne\yfoinidlaiKl was discovered in tlie year 
 1497 by Sebastian Cabot,* a Venetian mariner, in tlie service 
 of Henry VII., King of England. It was the first, and is, 
 consequently, the oldest British possession in America. 
 There are several traditions of its having been discovered 
 long previously to Cabot's time by Norwegian adventurers, 
 who gave it the name of Winland or Vinland ; and it has 
 even been asserted by some historians that a i)arty of 
 Icelanders made an attempt at colonization as early as 1002, 
 but subsequently abandoned the enterprise ard returned 
 home. These traditions, however, are not well authenticated. 
 
 Situation.— Newfoundland is a large island situated in 
 the North Atlantic Ocean, contiguous to the eastern coast of 
 the continent of America, and between the parallels of 
 
 auestions for Examination.— When was Newfoundland dis- 
 covered, and by whom? What king reigned in Eno-land at the 
 time? Relate the traditions regardin- its earlier discov^ery. Wliat 
 people are said to have founded a colony in the island, and at ^\•bat 
 date? Are these traditions well founded or otherwise? Whore is 
 
 * It has been a matter of disj)ute 
 amongst historians as to whether 
 .Sebastian Cabot, or his father, John 
 Cabot, was the real discoverer of 
 Newfoundland. I learn from Gar- 
 neau's ' History of Canada,' and also 
 from a book called * The Frozen 
 
 Zone,' that although John Cabot 
 the father did accomijany Jiis son 
 Sebastian (who was not tHcuty 
 years of age at tlie time), the son, 
 being a mariner (which the father 
 was not), really hail charge of the 
 expedition. 
 
 B 
 
 * 
 
^ GEOGRAPHY OP NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 4G° 3G' 50", and 51° 39' noi-tli latitude ; and the meridians 
 of 52° 37', and 59° 24' 50" west lon-itude. 
 
 Boundaries. — It is Lounded on the north, east, and sonth 
 by the Athiutic Ocean, on the west by the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence and the Straits of Belle Isle, sejiarating its northern 
 extremity from the coast of Labrador. 
 
 Extent. — The greatest length from Cape Kay, the south- 
 western extreme of the island, to Cape Norman, the northern 
 extremity, is 317:j miles in an air lino; and the greatest 
 breadth, from Cape Spear, the most easterly point, to Cape 
 Anguille, the most westerly, is 31Gf miles, the total area of 
 land being about -12,000 S(iuarc statute miles ; it is there- 
 fore about the tenth largest island on the globe. 
 
 Population.— According to the latcist census taken, in 
 1874, the entire population of the island amounts to 159,033, 
 nearly all of whom are scattered along the coast-line. About 
 95,000 of the above number occupy the Peninsula of 
 Avalon.* 
 
 General Description. — Newfoundland has been gene- 
 rally considered to resemble a triangle in shape, but more 
 properly speaking it might be described as included within 
 
 Newfoundland situated? Between wliat parallels of Latitude and 
 meridians of Longitude? How is the island bounded? Whnt 
 separates it from Labrador? What is the greatest lengtii of New- 
 foundland? Wliat the greatest breadth? What is its area in 
 square miles? IIow Avill it rank among the islands of the globe? 
 What is the entire population of the island? How are these people 
 situated V What kind of a figure would enclose the island ? Would 
 
 .< 
 
 * Tliore is scarcely :i habltatioa 
 anywhere situateil five miles from 
 tht! salt water, with tlie exception 
 «)f one buuill settiemeut rcceutly 
 
 commenceJ by some lumberers at 
 the head of Deer lake on the 
 Huniber river. 
 
1 
 
 t 
 
 OEOGliAPHY OP NEWKOUXDLASI,. 3 
 
 an ciuilatcral triangular figure, which, however, would also 
 oncloso the water of its principal bays. There is, perhaps, 
 no equal area of land on the globe which has such an extent 
 ot eoast-hne. The shores on every side of the island, but 
 more particularly the eastern and southern sides, are in- 
 dented with numerous bays, arms, and inlets of the sea 
 while the Bay of Islands on the west, Plaeentia bay on tho 
 south, and Bonavista and NOtrc Dame bays on tho east 
 enclose a great number of islands, some of them of con- 
 siderable size. 
 
 From the main body of the island projects, on the south- 
 eastern side, the Peninsula of Avalon, a very irregular pro- 
 inoutory, attached by a narrow isthmus, where the bays of 
 Placentui and Trinity eome in close proximity to each other, 
 they being separated by only 2 miles at one place. A"ain 
 on the northern side, a long, narrow tongue of land forms 
 the Northern Peninsula, or Petit Nord of the French, while 
 a much smaller projection than cither of the above forms the 
 Peninsula of Port-i-Port on the western side. 
 
 The ruggedness of tho coast-line, generally, has frequently 
 led to the supposition that the whole island partook pretty 
 much of the same uninviting character. This, however, is 
 tar from being the reality. There arc many extensive tracts 
 of good land, covered with fine timber, at the heads of several 
 
 not this figure ako enclose some iwrtion of the salt watoi-y Describe 
 
 Iw iZdv' "' '"^^"-"■-- ^Vhat Bays contain s,:!; a 
 umbu ot 1, auds.' How is tliat great peninsula on tlie south-east 
 dc 01 the island named V Whar l,uys coming close tca-tl" form 
 
 this peumsula? How is it attached to the maiu island ^ I , a 
 am, for that ong projecting tongue of land o„ the uortheni de of 
 
 he island Where is the Peninsula of Port-a-rort V What is or 
 
 WlaT •. ! 'f "l""""' "!'»«"»«>= to the whole islu.id? 
 
 What then is its true dnu-acterV Where arc the best agricultural 
 
GEOGRArnY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 of tlio bays, find in tlio valleys of the i)rinfii)al wat(:r('oursos, 
 while a considerable jiortion of the interior is low and undu- 
 lating, consisting fur the most jiart of marshes, interspersed 
 with groves and patches of wood, and innumerable lakes and 
 ponds. Several ranges of hills, forming a series of parallel, 
 or nearly parallel, elevated ridues, Avitli bnrc summits, stretch 
 across the island north-easterly and south-westerly. All the 
 other principal topograpliical features, such as the rivers, 
 lakes, and indentations of the coast, almost invariably main- 
 tain a similar direction. Besides these ridges just mentioned, 
 there arc to be seen in many parts of the interior isolated 
 peaks, locally called tolts, standing up in bold relief from the 
 surrounding low country, which serve admirably as land- 
 marks, the positions of many of which have been fixed on 
 our triangulation. These can be frequently recognized at 
 considerable distances from the more elevated summits, 
 which, however, appear never to attain a greater eleviition 
 than from 2000 to 2-100 feet above the sea level. A very 
 marked characteristic of the interior is the manner in which 
 the waters flowing in op2)osite directions interlock with each 
 other at their sources. The branches of the south flowing 
 streams often surround those flowing to the north, so as to 
 form a complete network of Avaters, while it is not an unusual 
 occurrence for the same lake to give rise to brooks flowing to 
 directly opposite points of the compass. The preponderance of 
 lakes and ponds is on the eastern and south(;rn sides of the 
 island, where the land is generally of the poorest quality ; 
 
 and timber lands situated ? What is the character of a great 
 portion of the in^-eriorV How do the Ilill ranges generally trend V 
 Do not tlie rivci-s, lakes, and oilier general i'catures as a rule conform 
 with the mountain range? "What arc Tolts V In what are tliese 
 Tolts found serviceable V On what sides of tlie island is there a 
 preponderance of lakes, v.K:c., and 2;enerally tlie poorest soil? Where 
 <lo the principal large lakes lie, and the best land P On which sides 
 
 ^/ 
 
GEOGIIAPIIY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 5 
 
 but, as a riilo, tliu largest lakes lie nearer tlie northern and 
 western sides, where the Lest land and timljcr exist. The 
 highest land is close along the southern and western coasts, 
 from thence it slopes towards the great northern and eastern 
 hays. 
 
 _ Principal Bays.— On the Eastern Coast.— Concep- 
 tion hay, Trinity hay, Bonavista bay, including Goose bay. 
 Bloody ])ay, and Fresliwater bay ; Notre Dame bay, in- 
 cluding Gander bay, Bay of Exph,its, New bay. Badger bay, 
 Hall's hay, and Green bay ; Bay Vert or Little bay, White 
 bay, Canada bay, Hare bay, St. Lunairc bay, Griguet bay. 
 
 On the Nouth Coast,— Sacred bay, ila lla bay, and 
 Pistolet bay. 
 
 On the South Coast.— Trepasscy bay, St. Mary's bay. 
 Placentia bay, Fortune bay, Connaigre l^ay, Ilermitage bav, 
 Bay Despair, Old Mail's bay. White Bear bay, La Poilo 
 bay. 
 
 On the West Coast.— St. George's bay, Port-a-Bort bay, 
 Bay of Islands, Bonne hay, Ligornachoix bay, St. John's 
 bay, St. Margaret's bay, St. Barbe bay. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 Principal Islands.— On the East Coast— Between 
 Cape Kace and Cape Speau.— Crow island, Bois island, an<l 
 Goose island, at Ferryland ; Great island, otf La Manche ; 
 Green island, off Mobile ; Gnll island, off Witless bay. 
 ^ In Conception Bay.— Great and Little Bell islau.ls, 
 Kelly's island, Harbour Grace islands, Carbonear island. 
 
 of the island is the country generally liighest? In wliich direction 
 does it slope? Name the principal bays on the east coast. On tlie 
 north coast. Name the principal bays on the south coast. Those 
 on the west coast. AVluit ishmds lie off the eastern coast between 
 Cape llace and Cai)e Spear ? Xame the principal islands in Con- 
 
6 
 
 CSOGRArnY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Between Conceftion and Trinity Bayr. — Baccallcu 
 island. 
 
 In Trinity Uay. — ITopoall island, Dildo islands, Bull 
 isliind, Long island, llandcjin island, Ireland's Eyo, IJaggcd 
 islands, (Ircien island, Dnok island. 
 
 In Bonavista Bay.— Long islands. Swale island, Morris 
 island, "Willis island, Bessy's island, Long Beach and 
 IMiddle licacli islands. Flat islands, Great Black island, 
 Tumbler island, Cottels island. Inner and Offer Gooseljcrry 
 islands, Lakenian's island, Bit Sound island, Locker's Flat 
 island. Deer islands, Lewis island, Pork island, Indian 
 island, Fair islands, Yell(jw Fox, and Silver Hair islands. 
 
 Between Bonavista and Notre Dame Bays. — Copper 
 island. Greens Pond island, Pool's island, Swain's island, 
 Flowers islands. Pouch island, Brown island, Pincher 
 island, Cohler's island, Cape island, and Gull island. 
 
 In Notre Dame Bay. — Cat islands. Penguin islands, 
 Wadhani islands, Indian islands, Cann island, Fogo island. 
 Little Fogo islands. Watch island. Hare island, Woody 
 island. Change islands. Dog Bay islands. Jack's island, Duck 
 island, Bacalhao island, New World island. Dunnage island, 
 Dog island. Chapel's island, Coalall island, Farmer's island, 
 Twillingato islands, Triton island, Pilley's island. Long 
 island, Sunday Cove island, Little Bay island, and Nipjier's 
 islands, in Notre Dame Bay proper. 
 
 Noggin island and Green island, in Rocky bay. 
 
 Gander island and Tickle island, nif)utli of Gander bay. 
 
 Lower and Upper Black islands, Exploits Burnt island, 
 Samson island. Hornet island, Swan island, Long island, 
 
 ccption bay. Where is the island of Baccalieu situated? Name 
 the islands in Trinity bay. In Bonavista bay. What are the 
 principal islands between Bonavista and iS'utre Dame bays? Name 
 the islands in Notre Dame Bay proper. In Bocky l)ay, Gander 
 bay. Name those in the Bay of Exploits. What islands lie off 
 
GEOGRArriY OP NEWFOUNDLAND. 7 
 
 Knight's island, Bircliy islands, Grcgo island, and Tlnvart 
 island, in the Bay of Exploits. 
 
 Otter island, in Little bay. 
 
 Between Nutre Dame and White Bays.— Gnll island, off 
 Capo St. John ; St. Barbc or Horse islands, off Bartridrro 
 point. ° 
 
 ^ In White BAY.-Granby's island. Miller island. Sop 
 island, and Goat island. 
 
 Between White and Hare Bays. -Bell is] .nd, off 
 Canada bay; Bongo island and Groais islands, off Capo 
 Rouge ; St. Julicn island, entrance to St. Jnlien harbour ; 
 Zealot island, Fishot islands, and Cormorandier island,' 
 entrance to Hare bay. 
 
 In Hare Bay.— Spring island, Brent islands, and Hare 
 island. 
 
 Off the Northern Coast.— Camel's islands, in Griquet 
 bay; White islands, Kirpon or Quirpon island, Sacred 
 islands, in Sacred bay; Schooner island, in Pistolct bay; 
 and Belle isle, entrance to Straits of Belle isle. 
 
 Along the Southern Coast, in St. Mary's Bay.— Great 
 and Little Colinet islands, and Pinchgut island. 
 
 In Placentia Bay.— Ram islands, Long island, Bed island, 
 Merasheen island, Bagged islands, Sound island. Woody 
 island, Barren island, Burgeo island, Isle of Valen, Marticot 
 island, Long island. Middle island, Cross island, Odcrin 
 island, Flat islands, and Burin islands. 
 
 Between Placentia and Fortune Bays.— Laure islands, 
 Allan island, Morgan island, Duck island, and Green island,' 
 
 the coast between Notre Darac and White bays ? Name the islands 
 in White bay. Those between White and Hare bays. AMiat 
 islands are in Hare bay? What are the principal ones off the 
 extreme north? Wliere is Belle isle situated? Name the islands 
 along the southein coast, in St. JMary's bay. In Placentia hay. 
 Between Placentia and Fortune bays. What do you know about 
 
8 
 
 CEOGRAl'IIY OF NKWFOUNDIiANr). 
 
 Jit Lamolin ; St. ricrrc iKl-uicl, Laii^'loy and Miquclou 
 islands.* 
 
 In Foutunr Bay. — r>rnnot islands, Sagoiia island, St. 
 John's island, Cliupid island, and Petticoat islaml. 
 
 Ix Bay Dl:8pair. — how^ island, Islo au Bois, Islo Eiclie. 
 
 Bktwekn Bay Despaiu and Cai-e Bay. — P(in}i;nin islands, 
 oflf Cai)u La ITnncj ; Adam's island, in Old Man's bay ; Bamea 
 islands, oil' Wliitu Boar bay; Boar island, entrance to same 
 ])ay ; Biirj^'co islands, l>et\veon Wolf bay and Great Barrisvvay ; 
 Flat island and Sliat?, near Connoire bay ; Five Stag islands, 
 in Five Stag bay ; Grand Bruit island, west of Five Stag bay ; 
 IMadniaii island, in Bay Botte ; Wreck island, off Garia bay ; 
 Bariel islands, near Bose Bdanclie ; Burnt islands, Dead 
 islands, Channel islands. Duck island, and Durant island, 
 between Rose Blanche and Capo Bay. 
 
 Along the Western Coast, between Cape Bay and 
 Bay oe' Islands. — Codroy island, near CajJO Anguille; Bed 
 island, oil' Capo St. George; Fox island, in Port-a-Port 
 bay. 
 
 In Bay of Islands. — Guernsey island, Tweed island, 
 Green island. Pearl island, Governor's island, Harbour island, 
 and Eaglo island. 
 
 the islands of St. PieiTG, Lanulcy, and ]\Iiqnclon? Xame the 
 islands in Fortune Lay. hi Bay Des[>air. Name those along the 
 southern coast between Bay Despair and Cape bay. Where are 
 the I'enguin islancis situatul? Where are the liamca islands? 
 Bet\V(.'en what two jilaces on the coast are the Burgeo islands 
 situated? What islands are near Connoire bay, &c. V Where is 
 Ca-and Bruit island? Where is Madman island? Where Wreck 
 island? What islands lie between Piose Blanche and Cape Ra}^ ? 
 Where is Codroy island situated? Where is Bed island? What 
 is the name of the island in Port-a-Port bay? Kamc those in Bay 
 
 * Tiio tliroe last-named islands were ceded to the French by the Treaty 
 of Paris, 17G;3, and are still in their possession. 
 
GEOGRArilY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 9 
 
 In St. John's Ray.— St. John's ishii;.]^ Flat isLuul, Twiu 
 islands, and IJay islands." 
 
 J>kt\vi.:i;m St. John's Bay and Caf'k NoiniAN. — Dog 
 island, ill St. IMar-^'arot bay ; Forollo island, near Old Forollo 
 harbour; G()os(;burry and Currant islands, in Gonovicvo bay; 
 Seal island and Grucii island, north of St. Barbo bay. 
 
 Minor Bays, Arms, and Inlets.— On im: Eastern 
 Coast, between Cai-e Kace and Cape St. Fuancis.— 
 Renowsc, Forniouso, A<iuat'ort, Forryland, Capliii bay, Broylo 
 har]»our, Mobile, Witless bay, Bay of Bulls, St. John's 
 harbour, and Ten-bay. 
 
 In Concei'Tion Bay.— Holyrood, Harbour Main, Castries 
 bay, Colliers' bay, Bri^-us harbour, Tort do Grave, Bay 
 Roberts, Spaniards' bay, Harbour Ch-ace, Carboiiear, Wcsteru 
 bay, Northern bay, and Bay do Verds. 
 
 In Tjiinity Bay.— Old Perliean, Hants harbour, New 
 Perlican, Heart's Content, Heart's Desire, Heart's Delight, 
 Witless bay. Green's harbour, Hopeall bay, NuW harbour, 
 Dildo arm, Spread Eagle bay. Chapel arm, Cottier bay, 
 Tickle bay, Kantem cove. Bay Bull's arm, Deer harbour, St. 
 Jones', Ikndom sound, including South-west arm and North- 
 west arm, Smith's sound, Bonaventurc harbour, Trinity 
 harbour, and Catalina harbour. 
 
 In Bonavista Bay.— Black Head bay, Indian arm. South- 
 ward bay, Kate harbcnir, Sweet bay, including South-west 
 arm and North-west arm, Clode sound, Lion's den, Newman 
 sound. Salvage bay, Damnable bay. Fair and False bay, 
 North-east arm, Middle arm and North-west arm, in Bloody 
 
 of Islands. In St. Jolni's bay. Between St. John's l)ay and 
 Cape Norman. What are the principal arms and inlets l)etween 
 Capes liaeoaud St. Fvancis? Xanie the principal ones in Cuncei)tion 
 bay. Name the Arms and Inlets in Trinity bay. Name those 
 in Bonavista bay. What arms dues Sweet bay include? What 
 
10 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 bay ; Rocky bay, Cat bay, Hare bay, Locker's bay, Trinity 
 bay, Indian bay. Pool's barbour, and Pincbcr's bigbt. 
 
 In Notre Dame Bay. — Deadman bay, Ragged barbour, 
 Rocky bay, including South-west arm. Middle arm, Nortb- 
 west arm, and Noggin cave ; Dog bay, Loon bay, Indian arm, 
 Burnt arm, Northern arm, Peter's and Norris' arm, in the 
 Bay of Exploits ; Fortune harbour. South-west arm. West 
 arm, North-west arm, and North-east arm in New bay ; Seal 
 bay, Little bay, Southern arm. Western arm, South-west arm. 
 Middle arm and North-west arm in Green bay; Stocking 
 barbour, Nipper's harbour, and Snooks' arm, Joe Batts' arm. 
 Shoal bay. Hare bay, Stag harbour, Seldom Come By, and 
 Tilton harbour on Togo island ; Milncr's arm, Cobbs arm, 
 Pikes arm. Herring neck, including Goldson's arm and Burnt 
 arm ; Friday bay, including Virgin arm, Morton's harbour, 
 Chance harbour, Luke's arm, and Farmer's arm in New 
 World island. 
 
 Between Notre Dame and White Bats. — La Scie, Con- 
 fusion bay, Pacquet harbour, Mings Bight, and Fleur-de-lis. 
 
 In White Bay. — Southern arm, Middle arm, Western 
 arm. Sops arm, Jackson's arm, Great and Little Coney arms, 
 Great and Little Cat arms. 
 
 Between White and Hare Bays. — Little and Great 
 harbours Deep, Grand Yache, Fourchctte bay, Hooping 
 harbour. Bide arm in Canada bay, Hilliers harbour, Concbe 
 harbour, Rouge harbour, Croc harbour, and St. Julien's 
 barbour. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 does Bloody bay inchide? Name the arms and inlets in Nutre 
 Dame bay. What are included in Exploits bay? AV hat in New 
 bay, Green liay ? Docs Fogo island include anj^ arms or inlets ? 
 What are their names ? Name the arms and inUtts in New World 
 island. What are the names of those between Nutre Dame and 
 White bays? Name those mi White bay. Between White and 
 Hare bays. Those in Hare bay. Those between Hare bay and 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. H 
 
 In TTare Bat.— Maiden arm, Springs' arm, Soutlicrn arm, 
 including Belvie bay and Shoal arm, Nortliern arm and 
 How harbour. 
 
 Between Hare Bay and Kirpon Island.— Crcmaillerc 
 harbour, St. Anthony's harbour, St. Mien bay. Great and 
 Little Braha bays, and Bouccrc bay. 
 
 On the Northern Coast, betw^een Kirpon Island and 
 Cape Norman.— Minorve bay, Mary bay. Shallow bay in 
 Pistolct bay, and Norman bay. 
 
 On the Southern Coast, in Trepassey Bay.— Biscay 
 bay, Mutton' bay, and Trepassey harbour. 
 
 In St. Mary's Bay.— Holyrood pond, St. Mary's harbour, 
 Mai bay, Shoal bay, Salmonier arm. Haricot bay, Colinet 
 arm, and North harbour. 
 
 In Placentia Bay.— Great and Little Placentia harbours. 
 Ship harbour. Long harbour, including St. Croix bay. La 
 Manche, Little and Great Southern harbours, Come-by- 
 Chance, North harbour, Piper's hole. Great and Little Sandy 
 harbours, Prcsque, Paradise sound. Petit fort. Nonsuch, Capo 
 Eogcr harbour, Bay do I'Eau, Rushoon, John the bay, Mortier 
 , bay. Little Mortier bay, and Burin inlet. 
 
 Between Placentia and Fortune Bays. — Great and 
 j Little St. Lawrence harbours. Great and Little Laun, Taylor 
 
 ^ bay, and Lamelin harbour. 
 
 In Fortune Bay.— Langue Cerf, Jack Fountain, Bay 
 
 d' Argent, Harbour Mille, Grand Pierre, English harbour, 
 
 I, Femme harbour, La Conte harbouv, Long harbour, Mai bay, 
 
 Piencontro harbour. Belle bay, including Belle harbour. East 
 
 bay. North bay, Cin(iue Isles bay, Corben bay, and Bclloram ; 
 
 Kirpon island. Name those on the northern coast. Name those 
 on the southern coast, in 'I'repassey hay. In St. Mary's bay. Tliose 
 in riaccntia bay. ^^^lat are the names of the arms and inlets be- 
 tween Placentia and Fortune bays ? Name those in Fortune bay. 
 In Bay Despair. Those between Bay Despair and Old Man's 
 
wm 
 
 12 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 St. Jaques, English liarbour, Boxey, St. John bay, Great 
 Bay do I'Ean, and Harbour lirittou. 
 
 In Bay Despaiu.— Little river, Coune arm, Bay Rottc, 
 Bay East, Bay North, Dead Lobster bay, Gobling bay, and 
 Great Jcrvis harbour. 
 
 Between Bay Despair and Old Man's Bay.— Bonne 
 bay, Facheux bay. Dragon bay, Harcj bay. Devil's bay. 
 Rencontre bay, Chalcur bay, Frangois bay, Oar bay, La 
 Hunc bay, and Little River arm. 
 
 Between White Bear and Connoire Bays.— Wolf bay, 
 King's harbour, the Reach, and Aaron's arm, at Burgoo, 
 Great Barrisway, including Grandy's Brook arm, Cutt's 
 Brook arm. 
 
 Between Connoire and La Boile Bays.— Muddy hole, 
 Couteau bay, Cinque Cerf bay, and Bay Rotte. 
 
 In La Poile Bay. -Great and Little harbours, North bay, 
 and North-east arm. 
 
 Between La Poile and Cape Ray.— Garia bay. Monk 
 bay, Neck harbour, Rose Blanche bay, Bay Dieu, Bed bay, 
 Dead Islands harbour. Butter bay, Little bay. Port Basque, 
 Motherless bay, Grand bay, and Barrisway. 
 
 Oh the Western Coast, between Cape Ray and Bay of 
 Islanls.— Great and Little Codroy arms, entrance to Codroy 
 rivers. Flat bay, and Main gut in St. George's bay. East bay, 
 and West bay, including Piccadilly, in Port-a-Port bay. 
 
 In Bay op Islands.— Lark harbour, York harbour, 
 number arm. South arm. Middle arm, and North arm. 
 
 Between Bay of Islands and St. John's Bay.— South 
 
 bay. Those between White Bear and Connoire hays. Between 
 Connoire and La Poile bays. WJiat anus and inlets are there in 
 La Poile bay? Name the arms and inlets between La Poile bay 
 and Capo Kay. Name those on the western coast, between Capo 
 Ray and J'.ay of Islands, and where situated. Name those in Bay 
 of Islands. Those between Bay of Islands and St. John's ha}', and 
 
J 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 13 
 
 tarm, East arm, and Deer brook in Bonne bay ; St. Paul's 
 bay, Sliallow bay, and Mall bay, between Bonne bay and 
 Ingornachoix bay ; Port Saunders, Keppel harbour, and 
 Hawkes bay, in Ingornachoix bay. 
 
 Between St. John's Bay and Cape Norman. — Port au 
 Choix and Castor harbour, in St. John's bay; Brig bay. Old 
 Ferolle harbour, and Genevieve bay, between St. Margaret 
 and St. Barbe bays ; Landy bay, north of St. Barbe bay. 
 
 Principal Capes and Headlands. — On the Eastern 
 Coast. — Cajie Eace, the south-east jioint of the island; 
 Cape Ballard, Ferryland head. Cape Broyle, Cape Neddik, 
 Cape Spear, the most easterly point of the island; 
 Cape St. Francis, entrance to Conception bay, east side; 
 Split point, entrance to Conception bay, north side ; Grates 
 point, entrance to Trinity bay, south side ; Flowers point, 
 between Trinity and Bonavista bays; Cape Bonavista, en- 
 trance to Bonavista bay, south side ; Cape Freels, between 
 Bonavista and Notre Dame bays ; Cape Fogo, south-east 
 corner of Fogo island ; Cape St. John, entrance to Notre 
 Dame bay, north side ; Partridge point, entrance to White 
 bay, east side ; Canada head, entrance to Canada bay, south 
 side ; Cape Fox, entrance to Conche harbour ; Cape Eouge, 
 entrance to Eougc harbour ; Goose cape, entrance to Hare 
 bay, north side ; Cape St. Anthony, entrance to St. Mien bay, 
 north side ; White cape, between St. Lunaire and Griguet 
 bays ; Stormy cape, entrance to Griquet bay, north side. 
 
 where situated. Those between St. John's bay and Cape Norman. 
 Name the principal cajjcs and headlands on the eastern coast. 
 What is noteworthy ahout Cape IJace V Wliat about Cape Spear? 
 Where is Cape St. Francis situated? Where Grates point ? Where 
 is Cape Bonavista situated? Where is Cape Freels? What is the 
 name of the cape on the north side entrance to Kotre Dame bay ? 
 Where is Partridue point? Caj^e Rou-^a' ? What is tlie name of 
 the cape on the north side entrance to Hare bay ? Name the capes 
 
u 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OP NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 On the NoaxHERN Coast. — Galley licad and Capo Bauld, 
 on Kirpon island ; Capo Onion, entrance to Sacred bay, west 
 side ; Burnt cape, entrance to Ha Ha bay, and Capo Norman, 
 the northern extremity of the island. 
 
 On the Southern Coast. — Shingle point and Mistaken 
 l^oint, between Cape Itace and Trepassey bay ; Cape Pine, 
 entrance to Tre2)assey bay, west side ; Cape Freels, the most 
 southerly point of the island ; Point Sauce, Bull Island point, 
 and Cape St. Mary, between St. Mary's and Placentia bays ; 
 Cape Chapeau Eouge, between Placentia and Fortune bays ; 
 Point May, entrance to Fortune bay, cast side ; Gallantry head, 
 on St. Pierre island ; Cape Langley, on Langley island ; Cape 
 Miquelon, on Miquelon island ; Connaigre head, between 
 Fortune and Connaigre bays ; Cape La Ilunc, entrance to La 
 Hune bay ; Little Kiver j^oint, entrance to Little lUver ; Bear 
 head, entrance to White Bear bay ; Barrisway point, west side 
 of Great Barrisway ; Channel head, entraace to Port Basque ; 
 Cape Kay, the south-west point of the island. 
 
 On the Western Coast. — Cape Anguille, the most 
 westerly point of the island ; Cajie St. George, on tho 
 Peninsula of Tort-a-Port, entrance to St. George's bay, north 
 side ; Long point, entrance to Port-a-Port bay ; South head, 
 entrance to Bay of Islands, south side ; Cape Gregory, 
 between Bay of Islands and Bonne bay ; Broom point, Cow 
 head, and Table point, between Bonne and Ingornachoix 
 
 hetwceu Hare bay and Kir|)on island. "What are the principal ca[)es 
 on tlie noi'thern coast? Where is Cape JJauUlV What cape forms 
 tlie northern extreme of the island V Name the principal cajies, A'c., 
 on the southern coast. Which is the most southern point of the 
 island? Where is Cape St. Mary ? Cape Chapeau KoiiL;e ? Where 
 is Cape La Ilune? Where Channel head? Wliich is the south- 
 west point of the island ? W' hat cape forms the most westerly 
 point of the island? Where is Cape St, George? Where Long 
 jHjint? What is the name of the headland on the south side 
 entrance to Day of Islands ? Where is Cape Gregory ? Where 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 15 
 
 bays ; Point Ricli, entrance to lugoruaclioix bay, north side ; 
 Boat head, near CajDO Norman. 
 
 Intermediate Points and Headlands, between CArE 
 Eace and Cape St. Fkancis.— Chance Cove head, Burnt 
 head, Ecnewse head, Bull head, Long point, Motion head. 
 North head. Block head, Cuckold head, Sugarloaf head, 
 Torbay point, and Eod head. 
 
 In Conception Bay.— Ore head, Topsail head, Killigrews 
 head, south side of bay ; Chapel point, Brigus head, Port de 
 Grave head, Bay Roberts head. Feather point. Spear point, 
 Mosquito point, Broad head, Flambro head, and Bay do 
 VerJs head, north side of bay. 
 
 In TniNiTY Bay.— Breakheart point, Salvage point. King's 
 head. Long point, Hopeall head, south side of bay ; Chapel 
 head, Tickle point, and Ram head, head of bay ; East Random 
 head, West Random head. Bluff head, and Grindstone point, 
 on Random island ; Tilton head and Smith's point, north side 
 of Smith sound; Bonaventure head, Horse chops. Green 
 point, Low point, South head, and North head, north side 
 Trinity bay. 
 
 In Bonavista Bay.— Black head, Wolf head, Southern 
 head, Western head. Cutler's head, Goose head, Connecting 
 point. Place point, south side of bay ; Hurlock's head, Broom 
 head, Cow head, Bloody point, head of bay; Man point, 
 Breakheart point, on Lewis island, and Shoe Cove point, 
 north side of bay. 
 
 In Notre Dame Bay.— Deadman's point, Man point, 
 Rocky point, Bussey's point, and Clark's head, in Gander 
 
 Point Rich ? Boat head ? Xauic the iutonnediate imnts and head- 
 lands between Cape Kace and St. Fraucis. Name tlio,s'3 in Con- 
 ception bay. Those on the soutli side and head of Trinity bay. 
 Name the headhmds on liaudom island. What are the names oi" 
 the other headlands on the nurth side of Trinity bay '? Name those 
 in Bonavista bay. In Notre Dame bay. What are the headlands 
 
16 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 bay ; Dog Bay point, FarcwoU head, entrance to Dildo run ; 
 Western head, Wihl point, liurnt point, South point, and Joo 
 Batts' point, on Fogo ishmd; Herring head. Western head, 
 and Farmer's head, on Now World isL'ind ; Long point, on 
 Twillingato ishind ; Comfort head, South head, Point of bay. 
 Lower and Upper Sandy points, and Wigwam point, in the 
 Bay of Exploits ; Nortli head, New Bay head, Soutliern head, 
 on Long island ; Hall's Bay head, and Mansfield head in 
 Hall's Bay, Little Bay head, Nicky's Nose in Green bay, and 
 Snooks' head. 
 
 Between Cape St. John and rAiiTiiiDr'?: Point. — Brent's 
 Cove head, Pacquet head, and Green point. 
 
 In WnriE Bay. — Hauling point. Spear j)oint, and Cony 
 Arm head. 
 
 Between White and Hare Bays. — Little Harbour Deep 
 head, Deceit point, entrance to llouge harbour, south side ; 
 Pyramid point, on Cape liouge i)eninsula, north end ; 
 Windy point, entrance to Croc harbour ; Savage point, near 
 Hare bay. 
 
 Between Hare Bay and Kirpon Island. — French point 
 and Lion point, between Cape St. Anthony and St. Lunaire 
 bay. 
 
 On Belle Isle. — White point and Misery point. 
 
 On the Southern Coast. — In Trepassey Bay. — Fresh- 
 water point, Drook point, I*ortugal j^oint, Cape Mutton, 
 Powles head, and Baker head. 
 
 In St. Mary's Bay. — Western head, Gull Island point, 
 
 on Fogo island ? On New World island V Name those in the I'ay 
 of Exploits. In Hall's bay. Where is Nicky's nose V Wliat are 
 the headlands between Cape St. John and Partridgo point ? Name 
 those in Wliite buy. Name the points and headlands between 
 White bay and Hare Itay, and where sitnatcd. Between Hare bay 
 and Kiqion island. What two jjoints are on Belle isleV Name 
 those on the southern coast, in Trepassey bay. Tliose in St. Mary'« 
 
 «i* 
 
GEOGRArHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 17 
 
 Cape English, False cape, Point La Have, North point, 
 Trapeau point, Shoal Bay point, Muscle Pond point, Haricot 
 point, on eastern side of bay. North Harbonr point, Cape 
 Dog, Lansecan point, Green point, Red head, Beckford head, 
 and Branch head, on western side of bay. 
 
 In Plaoentia Bay. — Island head, Cross point, Brcmu 
 point, Seal point, Black point. Point Verde, PrivcccL'ur 
 point. Point Moll, Shalloway point, Latina point, Piuche 
 point. Bald head, and Red Cove head, on eastern side of 
 bay ; Bordeaux head, entrance to Come-by-Chance ; Cape 
 Roger, Broad Cove head, John the Bay point, Mortier, east 
 head, and Mortier, west head ; Dodding head, Corbin head, 
 Small point, Sanker head, Bass point, and Sculpin point, on 
 west side of bay. 
 
 On St. Pierre, Langley, and Miquelon Islands. — Dia- 
 mant point, and Savoyard point, on St. Pierre island ; Cape 
 Angeac, Verte point, Platte point, and "Perce point, on 
 Langley island ; Green point. Curlew point, Miquelon point, 
 Mosquito point, and Cheval point, on Miquelon island. 
 
 In Fortune Bay. — Dantzic point, Fortune head, Cape 
 Grand bank. Point Enragoe, Eagle point, Cape Mille, on the 
 east side of bay. Corbenjhead, in Belle bay; East head. 
 West head, R xl head, Boxey point, St. Job 's head, East 
 head, and West head, on north side of bay. 
 
 Between Fortune and White Bear Bays. — Bastarre 
 point and Pool's point, north side; Connaigre bay. West 
 point, on Long island ; Conne head and Ball head, in Bay 
 Despair ; Hare's Ears point, entrance to Chaleur bay ; Loom 
 
 bav ? In Placentia bay, on the east side ? Where is Bordeaux 
 head ? What are the names of the headlands on the west side of 
 PLacentia bay ? What are the jioints and headlands on the three 
 islands of St. Pierre, Langley, and Miquelon? Name those in 
 Fortune bay. Those between Fortune and White Bear bays, and 
 where situated. What is the name of the point at the entrance to 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 point, entrance to Oar bay ; White point, entrance to Old- 
 man's bay ; Red Head, entrance to White Bear bay. 
 
 Between White Bear Bay and Cape Ray. — Richard's 
 head, at Burgoo ; East point and West point, entrance to 
 Connoire bay ; Ironbound head and Galliboy liead, in La 
 Poilo bay ; Couteau point, entrance to Couteau bay ; White 
 head, at Dead Islands harbour ; and Point Enrage e, near 
 Cape Ray. 
 
 On the Western Coast, between Capes Ray and St. 
 George. — Red Rock point. Shoal point, Larkin point, and 
 Stormy point, between Capes Ray and Anguille ; Cape Frior, 
 Robinson's head, Bank head, and Sandy point, east side of 
 St. George's bay. Indian head. Berry head, and Jerry's 
 nose, north side of bay. 
 
 Between Cape St. George and Bay of Islands. — Round 
 head, between Cape St. George and Long point ; Middle 
 point and Bluff head, in Port-a-Port bay ; Bear head, be- 
 tween Port-a-Port and Bay of Islands. 
 
 In Bay op Islands. — Tortoise head, entrance to Lark 
 harbour ; Spurn point. Back point. White head. Breast point, 
 and North head. 
 
 Between Bay of Islands and Cape Norman. — South 
 point and North point, entrance to Bonne bay ; Woody 
 point, in Bonne bay ; Green point and Martin point, be- 
 tween Bonne and Ingornachoix bays ; New Ferolle point, 
 entrance to St. Margaret bay ; West point, between St. 
 Barbe bay and Cape Norman. 
 
 Oar bay ? To Oldman't: bay ; that at the entrance to White Bear 
 bay ? Name the points, (S^:> , between White Bear bay and Cape Piay. 
 Name the two in La Poilc bay. Name those on the western shore, 
 between Capes Ray and Anguille. Those on the south side of St. 
 George's bay. What are the headlands on the north side of St. 
 George's bay ? Where is Round head? What are the points and 
 headlands in Port-il-Port bay? Where is Bear head? Name those 
 in Bay of Islands. Those between Bay of islands and Cape Nor- 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 19 
 
 Straits and Channels.* — On Eastern side of Island. — 
 Baccalieii tickle, between Baccalieu island and the mainland. 
 The Thoroughfare, between Ireland's Eye and llandom 
 island. Trinity bay. Chandler's reach, entrance to Clode 
 sound ; Swale tickle, between Swale island and the main ; 
 Long tickle and Middle tickle, entrance to Fair and False 
 bay; Bloody roach, or the Cowpath, entrance to Bloody 
 bay ; Willis reach, between Willis and Cottel's island ; 
 Cottel's arm, between Tumbler and Cottels islands ; Cottel's 
 reach, between Cottel's and Pit Sound islands ; Lakeman's 
 reach, between Lakeman's and Pit Sound islands ; Pit 
 sound, between Pit sound and Locker's Flat islands ; Con- 
 tent reach, entrance to Freshwater bay ; Locker's reacli, 
 entrance to Locker's bay ; Hungry tickle, between Pork and 
 Indian islands ; Trinity gut, between Lewis island and the 
 
 man, and where situated. Where is Baccalieu tickle ? Where is 
 the Tlioroughfare ? Name the straits and channels in Bonavista 
 bay. Where is Chandler's reach? Swale tickle? Bloody reach? 
 Cottel's reach ? Willis reach ? Lakeman's reach ? Where is Pit 
 sound? Content reach? Locker's reach? Where is Sir Charles 
 
 * It is rather difficult to deter- 
 mine what the difference may be 
 between these terms, viz. Tickle, 
 Gut, Sound, Run, Passage, Reach, 
 many of which I believe are peculiar 
 to Newfoundland. The word Tickle 
 appears to refer to a narrow channel 
 between two or more islands, or 
 between islands and the mainland, 
 through which the tide runs with 
 considerable force. Reach appears 
 to mean a wider channel with not 
 such a force of tide, while Sound is 
 a still wider channel which mav or 
 may not have a strong tide running 
 through. Run means a long, nar- 
 row, and tortuous channel gene- 
 rally, but not always. Gut is a 
 very narrow channel having a great 
 
 force of tide through, which renders 
 it only navigable either way at the 
 ebb or How of the tide. Passage 
 merely indicates any place in a 
 difficult or dangerous locality where 
 vessels or boats are in the habit of 
 passing. The terms Arm and Sound 
 are applie<l indiscriminately in New- 
 foundland either to channels be- 
 tween islands, Sic, or otherwise to 
 great indentations of the coast; for 
 instance, Clode Sound, Newman 
 Sound, and Indian Arm, in Bona- 
 vista Bay, are examples of the latter, 
 while Cottel's Arm and Pit Sound 
 in the same bay, and Sir Charles 
 Hamilton Sound in Nutre Dame 
 Bay, are examples of the former. 
 
 c 2 
 
 I 
 
20 
 
 GEOGRArilY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 main, in Bonavista bay. Sir Charles Hamilton sound, be- 
 tween the Wadhams, Foj^o, Indian islands, and the main ; 
 Stag Harbour tickle, between Fogo and Indian islands ; 
 Dildo run and the reach, between New World island and 
 the main ; Main tickle, between Twillingate and New World 
 islands ; Ship's run, between Exi)lpits Burnt island and 
 the main ; Frying Pan reach, between Thwart island and the 
 main, in Bay of Exploits ; Leading tickle, between New bay 
 and Seal bay ; Long Island tickle, between Long island, 
 Triton and Pilley's island, in Notre Dame bay. Fishot 
 cliannel, between Fishot island and the main, entrance to 
 Hare bay. 
 
 On the Southern side of the Island. — Colinet passage, 
 between Great Colinet island and the main, and Pinchgut 
 tickle, between Pinchgut island ard the main in St. Mary's 
 bay. The Pass, between Pass island and the main, north 
 side of Connaigre bay ; Long Island passage, between Long 
 island and the main, and Lamelliens reach, between Isle au 
 Bois and the main, in Bay Despair; Eastern j^t^ssage and 
 Western passage, between Dead islands and the main ; 
 Channel, between Channel island and the main, near Port 
 Basque. 
 
 On the Western side of the Island. — Main gut, entrance 
 to St. George's river, St. George's bay. Straits of Belle isle, 
 between the Great Northern peninsula and the coast of 
 Labrador. 
 
 Peninsulas. — The Peninsula of Avalon, forming the 
 
 Hamilton sound situated ? Where is Dildo run? Leadintr tickle? 
 !Maiu tickle? Long Island tickle? Where is Fishot ch<annel? 
 What arc the channels in St. Mary's bay? Where is the Pass ? 
 Lamelliens reach ? Where are Ivastern and Western jiassages ? 
 Where is Channel ? Name the channels and straits on the western 
 side of the island? What do you know about the Straits of Belle 
 isle ? Where is the Peninsula of Avaluu situated ? What others 
 
 :• 
 
GEoGiiArny of Newfoundland. 
 
 21 
 
 Routh-eastcrn portion of the islaml. It includes the Penin- 
 sula of Trinity, between Concujjtion and Trinity bays, on tlio 
 north ; and the Peninsula of Cape St. Mary, between St. 
 Mary's and Placentia bay, on the south. The Peninsula of 
 Cape Bonavista, between Trinity and Bonavista bays ; tlie 
 Peninsula of Fair and False bay, and the Peninsula of liocky 
 bay in Bonavista bay ; the Peninsula of Farewell liead, 
 between Dog bay and Dildo run ; the Peninsula of Fogo 
 head, on Fogo island ; the Peninsula of New Bay licatl, 
 between Bay of Exi)loits and New Bay ; the Peninsula of 
 Hall's Bay head, betwer;u Hall's bay and Little bay, and tlic 
 peninsulas of the Three Arms in Nutre Dame bay ; the 
 Peninsula of Cape St. John, between Notre Dame and White 
 bays ; the Great Northern peninsula, forming the northern 
 extreme of the island, ineludmg the small Peninsulas of Cape 
 Rouge and Cape Fox, on its eastern side, and those of New 
 FeroUe point. Point liich, and Cow head on its western side. 
 The Peninsula of Port-a-Port, between St. George's and 
 Port-a-Port bays ; the Peninsula of Port Basque, between 
 Port Basque and Grand bay ; the Peninsula of Fortune, be- 
 tween Hermitage bay and Bcdle bay, in Fortune bay. This 
 peninsula includes four smaller ones, one between Hermitage 
 and Connaigre Ixiys, one between Connaigre bay and Har]H)ur 
 Britton, one between Harbour Britton and Great Bay de 
 I'Eau, and one between Great Bay de I'Eau and Cinque Isle 
 
 does it include? What bays form the Peninsula of Trinity ? "What 
 bays form that of Cape St. RTavy ? AVhere is the IV'ninsula of Cape 
 Bonavista situated? What others are situated in Bonavista bay V 
 "What are the principal ones in Noti'e Dame bay, and how are they 
 situated? Where is the i'eninsula of Cape St. John? "What jiart 
 of the island does the Great Northern peninsula form ? What sniall 
 peninsulas are attach'ed to it on either side ? Where is the Peninsuhi 
 of Port-a-Port, and how is it formed? Where is the i'eninsula of 
 Port Basque? Name the peninsula in Fortune Lay, and how 
 it iiS formed. How many others does it include, and how are they 
 
22 
 
 OEOaRAniY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 bay. The Peninsula of Cape ChaiK'an Rongo, between 
 Fortune and Pbiccntia bavK ; this includes several smaller 
 l)eninsulas on tlie Placentia bay side, the prineipal ones 
 being, the one furnied by Jiurin inlet and Mortier bay, and 
 the one formed by Paradise sound and Little Sandy barbour, 
 the Peninsula of Powles bead in Trepassey bay, between 
 Trepiissey barbour and Mutton bay. 
 
 Isthmuses. — The Isthmus of Avalon, between Bay of 
 Bull's arm in Trinity bay, and Come-by-Chance in Placentia 
 bay, connecting the Peninsula of Avalon with the main body 
 of the isLmd. The Isthmus of New bay, between Bay of 
 Exjdoits and New bay, connecting the Peninsula of New Bay 
 bead with the main. Two isthmuses, connecting the Penin- 
 sulas of Capo Fox and Cape Rouge with the main on the 
 eastern side of the island ; two isthmuses connecting tho 
 Peninsulas of Point Rich and Cow head ; the Gravels or 
 Isthmus of Port-?i-Port, connecting the Peninsula of Port-a- 
 Port with the main, on the west side of the island ; tho 
 isthmus connecting the Peninsula of Port Basc^ue, with the 
 main on the south side of the island. 
 
 Rivers, flowing out on the Eastern side op the 
 Island. — Henews river, into Renews ; Fcrmcusc river, into 
 Fermcuse ; Aqunfort river, into Aquafort ; Capelin Bay river, 
 into Capelin l>ay ; La Manche river, into La Manche ; ToatVs 
 Cove river, into Toad's cove ; Mnllowneys river, into Witless 
 bay ; Bay Balls river, into Bay Bulls ; St. Johns river, into 
 
 formed '? "Where is the Poniiisu.a of Cape Chapeau Rouge situated? 
 What are the two principvil mies on the eastern side of it? Where 
 is the Isthmus of Avalon situated? What peninsula does it connect 
 with the mainland ? Where is the Isthmus of New Bay, and what 
 docs it connect ? Where is the Gravels or Isthmus of Port-a-Port, 
 and what does it connect with the mainland, &c. ? What does 
 the Isthmus of Port Basque connect ? Name the rivers flowing 
 out between Capes liay and St. Francis. Name those flowing into 
 
OEOGRAPnY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 23 
 
 St. Jolin'fi liarbour ; Itcnnic8 river, into Quidi Yidi ; Tvrhai/ 
 river, iuto Torbay, all between Capes Race and St. Francis. 
 
 In Conception Bay. — ManiwU hrooJc, near Topsail ; Bl(/ 
 river, into Holy Eood ; GonhVs river, into Soutlicrn gut ; and 
 Snow's river, into Northern gut, Bay de Grave ; Dai/ Uaherts 
 river, into Bay Roberts; Spaniard's river, into Spaniard's bay. 
 
 Into Trinity Bay. — New Harbour river, into New harbour ; 
 Dildo river, into Dildo arm ; Spread Ea<jle river, into Spread 
 Eagle bay ; Chapel river, into Chapel arm ; Black hrooJc, into 
 South-west arm of Random ; South brook, into North-west 
 arm; and George's brook, into Smith's sound. 
 
 Into Bonavista Bay. — Clode Sound river, into Clode 
 sound ; Terra Nova river, into Bloody bay ; Gamho river, into 
 Freshwater bay. 
 
 Into Notue Dame Bay. — Gander river, into Gander bay ; 
 Exploits river, with its tributaries; Great Battling brook. 
 Chute brook. Aspen brook, Badger brook. Little Bed Indian 
 river, Lundy brook, Noel Paul's brook, and Harpoon brook, 
 below Red Indian lake ; Mary March's brook,* Buchan's 
 brook,^ Cook's brook, and Shawnadithit brookjl^ into Red Indian 
 
 Conception baj'. I'hosc into Trinity hay. Those into Bonavista 
 bay. Where does the Terra Nova river empty ? Where tlie Ganibo ? 
 Name those flowinii; into Notre Dame bay. Where does the Gander 
 empty? Where the Exploits? What are the principal tributaries 
 of the Exploits below Eed Indian lake? What tributaries flow 
 
 * Called after Mary March, a Red 
 Indian woman who was captured 
 near here, and, after living some 
 time in civiiiziitiou, died of con- 
 sumption. Her body was placed in 
 a coffin and brought back to Red 
 Indian lake. It was afterwards seen 
 by Cormack near the mouth of this 
 river, with that of her husband, 
 who was shot at the time of her 
 capture, placed alongside of it by 
 her people. 
 
 t Called after Lieut. Buchan, of 
 H.M. brig ' Girasshopper,' wlio was 
 sent up the Exploits river in the 
 year 1822 (?), in order to open up 
 communication with the Red Indians, 
 with tlie view of bringing them to 
 civilization. 
 
 X Called after Shawnadithit, 
 another Red Indian woman, cap- 
 tured on the Exploits. Tiiis latter 
 woman lived several years in St. 
 John's, and became quite civilized. 
 
24 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 lake ; Cataract hrooh, Paddle hrooJc, and Cascade brook, into 
 Lloyd's jxmd ; CormacFs hrooh* and Ecd Stone brook, and 
 several others above Lloyd's pond ; Little Battling hrooh, 
 into Exploits bay ; Peter's river, into Peter's arm, Bay of Ex- 
 ploits ; Victoria river, witl) its numerons tributaries, flowing 
 into Red Indian lake ; South hrooh, West hrooh, and Indian 
 brook, into Hall's bay. 
 
 Flowing out between Notre Dame Bay and the 
 Northern extreme. — North-east and North-west hroohs, into 
 Canada bay ; West hrooh, into Hare bay ; and Parhcr river, 
 into Pistolet bay. 
 
 Flowing out on the Southern Coast, into Trepassey 
 Bay. — Biscay Bay river, into Biscay bay; North-east river, 
 North-iocst river, and Broom river, into Trepassey harbour. 
 
 Into St. Mary's Bay. — Peter's river, near Holyrood pond ; 
 Little river and Sahnonier river, into Salmonier arm; Colinet 
 river. Rocky river, with its tributaries ; Hodge Water river 
 and Big Barren river into Colinet arm ; Little Salmonier river. 
 Big and Little Barachois rivers. Red Head river, and Branch 
 river, on west side of bay ; Point Lance river, into Bull bay. 
 
 Into Placentia Bay. — Distress river, Cuslot brook. Ship 
 Cove river, Big and Little Barachois rivers. South-east rivef, 
 
 into t'liat lake? What aro the tributaries of the Exploits above 
 Red IiuUan lake? Into what bay does the Exploits river empty? 
 What other rivers flow into the same bay ? Where does the Ciander 
 river empty its waters? What rivers flow into Hall's bay? What 
 rivers flow into Canada bay? Into Hare bay? Where is the 
 Parker river? Name the rivers (lowing into St. Mary's bay. Into 
 what ?.rm do Little river and Salmonier river flow? Into what 
 arm do the Colinet and Kocky rivers flow? Where does Point 
 Lance river flow out ? Name the rivers flowing into Plaeentia bay. 
 
 * Named after Mr. W. E. ("or- 
 mack, the first white man who 
 oros.scd the island from east to west. 
 
 jMount Connack, at tlic hi-ad of 
 the Bay East river, is also named 
 after him. 
 
 ^ 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 25 
 
 
 into Soutli-cast arm ; North-east river, into Nortli-cast arm ; 
 Placcutia harbour, Long Harbour river, into Long harbour ; 
 Comc-by-Chanco river, into Come-by-Chanco ; North harbour 
 river, into North harbour ; Black river and Piper's Hole river? 
 into Piper's hole. 
 
 Into Fohtune Bay. — Fortune river, into Fortune harbour ; 
 Long Hnrhour river, into Long harbour ; Salmon river, into 
 North bay, Belle bay ; and Cinque Isle riuer, into Cinque 
 Isle bay. 
 
 Into Bay Despair. — Little river, into Little River arm ; 
 Conne river, into Conne Arm bay ; East river, into Bay 
 East ; and Bay North river, into Bay North. 
 
 Bet\veen Bay Despair and Cape Bay. — Little river, into 
 Little River arm ; White Bear river, into White Bear bay ; 
 Grandy's brook, into Great Barrisway ; Cuts hrooh, west of 
 ditto ; Connoire river, into Connoire bay ; Cinque Cerf river, 
 into Cinque Cerf bay; La Poile river, into North bay, La 
 Poile bay ; and Grand Bay hrooh, into Grand bay. 
 
 Flowing out on the Western Coast, between Capes 
 Ray and Anguille. — Little and Great Codroy rivers. 
 
 Into St. George's Bay. — False Gulsh hrooh, Biver hrooh, 
 Crabbs river, Middle Barachois river, Robinson's river, 
 Fishel's river, on the south-east shore of the bay ; Flat Bay 
 river and Little Barachois, into Flat bay ; Harry's river and 
 St. George's river, into the Main gut ; Riviere Blanche, and 
 Bomains brook, on the north side of the bay. 
 
 Between St. George's Bay and Bay of Islands. — Ben- 
 
 "WliiU rivers empty into Piper's hole ? Name the rivers iu Fortune 
 bay. Those floAving into Bav despair. Those between Bay 
 Des]iair and Grand bay. Where c as White Bear river flow into 
 the sea? Where Grandy's brook? Where La Poile river ? What two 
 important rivers flow out between Capes Bay and Aniiuille. Name 
 the rivers in St. George's bay. Wliere do Harry's ])rook and 8t. 
 George's river flow out? Name the rivers in Port-a-Port bay. 
 
26 
 
 GEOGItAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 noit's river, Bluff Head brook, into Port-a-Port bay, on the 
 eastern side ; Lewis brook, Mollegan's brook, and Serpentine 
 river, between Bluff head and South head. Bay of Islands. 
 
 Into Bay of Islands. — Humber river, into Humber arm ; 
 Stone brook, north eide of bay ; Hinds brook and Coal brook, 
 tributaries of the Humber, into Grand pond. 
 
 Between Bay of Islands and Cape Norman. — f'regory 
 river, near Cape Gregory ; Trotit rivcr^ near B.)nne bay ; 
 Deer brooh, into Bonne bay ; St. Paul's river, into St. Paul's 
 bay ; Stanford river, into Shallow bay ; Portland creeJc, 
 between Sandy bay and Mall bay ; Ponds river, into Mall 
 bay ; Hawkes river, into Hawkes bay ; Castor river, into 
 Castor harbour, St. John's bay; South river and East river, 
 into St. Barbe bay. 
 
 Lakes. — Windsor lake, Virginia Water, Quidi Vidi like. 
 Bay Bulls Big pond. Long 'pond, and Cochrane pond, near 
 St. John's ; Snow's pond, on Snow's river ; Hodge water. Big 
 Barren pond, and Wagedigulsiboo Gospen, on the Rocky 
 river ; Goose Island pond, on the Dildo river ; Spread Eagle 
 pond, on Spread Eagle river ; Skin Calin pond, on the Little 
 Salmonier river ; Great Gull pond, on the Branch river ; 
 Connolly's pond, on the Long Harbour river ; besides a great 
 number of others, all in the Peninsula of Avalon. 
 
 Terranova lake, John's pond, Maccles pond, and Pitts 
 pond, on the Terranova river. Gamho ponds, on the Gamho 
 
 Where is Serpentine river ? What important river flows into the 
 Bay of Islands '? Name the rivers flowing between Bay of Islands 
 and Cape Norman. Into what bay does Deer brook empty? Where 
 is St. Paul's river ? Where docs Ponds river empty ? What river 
 empties into St. John's bay? What rivers into St. Barbe bay? 
 What are the names of the principal lakes in the Peninsula of 
 Avalon, and whei'c arc tlicy situated? On what river are the 
 Terranova lake, Maccles pond, Pitts j)oud, &c. ? Where is the 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 27 
 
 river. Gamier lake, on the Gander river. Eecl Indian lake, 
 Lloyd's pond, and George IV. lake, on the Exploits proper. 
 Little Bed Indian lake, on Little Bed hidian river ; Twin 
 ponds, on the Badger brook; Costigan's pond, on Cook's 
 brook; Cormack's pond, on CormacFs river; Paddle pond, 
 on Paddle brook, tributary of the Exploits. Victoria lake, 
 on the Victoria river ; High pond, and Strides pond, on its 
 tributaries ; Indian ponds, on the Indian brook ; Deer lake, 
 Grand pond, Addie'spond, Sandy pond, Birchy ponds, on the 
 Humber^ proper ; Hind's pond, on Hinds brook; and Shef- 
 field pond tributaries. Serpentine lake, on Serpentine river ; 
 St. George's pond, and Esquaddegawe Gospeu, on Harry's 
 brook ; Silver pond and Stag pond, on St. George's river. 
 Stevenson's pond. Dry pond, and Top pond, on Grandy's 
 brook ; Temmegan Gospen and Burnt pond, on White Bear 
 river. Long pond, Soulis pond, Brazil pond. Little Burnt 
 pond, Eound pond, Ahwachaujeech Gospen, Kikupeg, Goda- 
 leick Gosjien, Elnuchibeesh Gospen, Pipestone pond, Petti- 
 wick peg, and Island pond, on the Bay East river. 
 
 Koskaekodee, on the Salmon river. Meel Peg, on Long 
 Harbour river, into Fortune bay. Tit pond and Black 
 River pond, on Black river. Come-by-Chance lake, on Come- 
 by-Chance river. 
 
 Mountain Ranges.— Chisel Hill range, or Eawkes 
 hills, between St. Mary's bay and the eastern coa^t. 
 
 Gander lake? Name the lakes on the Exploits proper. Name 
 those upon its tributaries. Wliere is Little i{ed Indian lake? 
 Where Costigan's pond, Cormack's lake. Paddle pond, &c. ? Where 
 is Victoria lake? What other lakes are on Victoria river? Where 
 arc the Indian ponds? Name the lakes on the Humher river. 
 Where is Serpentine lake? What lakes are on Harry's Imjok? On 
 St. George's river? On Grandy's brook? On White Bear river? 
 Name the lakes on the Bay East river. On what river is Kos- 
 kaekodee? Wliere is Meel Peg? Where is the Chisel Hill Eansc 
 
 ■j^~ 
 
28 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 ! I 
 
 Sawyers hills, and Platform hills, in the Peninsula of 
 Capo St. Mary's. 
 
 Black Eiver range, between Black river, in Placentia bay, 
 and Clode sound. 
 
 Middle ridge, stretching across between Fortune and 
 Notre Dame bays. 
 
 Harpoon hills, near Harpoon brook, on the Exploits. 
 Anneopsquotch range, in the Upper Valley of the Exploits, 
 stretching from George IV. lake, along the south side of 
 the river, and north side of Eed Indian lake,5nearly to Hind's 
 pond. 
 
 The Long Eange mountains extend from Cape Eay, in a 
 north-eastci^j direction, through the whole length of the 
 island, termi i '■ r in the Great Northern peninsula. 
 
 Cape Angu... range stretches from Cape Anguille to 
 Crabb's brook, south-east side, St. George's bay. Lewis hills, 
 extending from Bluff head to Serpentine lake, east side 
 Port-a-Port bay. 
 
 Blo-mi-don mountains, along the south side of Humber 
 arm, Bay of Islands, 
 
 Tolcs and Conspicuous Peaks. — Holyrood, and 
 Renews Butter Pots, and Chisel hill, peaks of the Hawkes 
 range. Spread Eagle peak (Tolt), south of Chapel arm, 
 Trinity bay, Mount Leapie, Grand Eose, and Knock Hour 
 (Tolts), in the Peninsula of Cape St. Mary. Powder Horn 
 
 m-nintains ? What are Jie hill ranges on Capo St. Mary j-ieninsnla? 
 AVliere does tlie l^lack River range lie':* Where tl)e middle rid-e, 
 and huw far dues it extend? Where are the Harpoon hills? Where 
 is the Anneopsquotch mountain range ? How far does it extend ? 
 Where are the Long Eange mountains '? Where do tliey conmience ? 
 What direction do they maintain ? Where do they terminate ? 
 Where dues the Cape Anguille range lie, and how far does it extend? 
 Where are the Lewis hills? Where the IMo-mi-don mountains? 
 Where is Spread Eagle peak ? Where are Powder Horn and Centre 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 29 
 
 liill and Centre hill, head of Bay Bulls arm, Trinity bay. 
 Mount Sylvestre (a Tolt), west end of Meol Peg lake, Lowil 
 hill, near Terranova river; Mount Peyton, west end of 
 Gander lake; Hodge's hill (Tolt), near Badger brook, on 
 the Exploits. Mount Cormack and Through hill, head of 
 Bay East river. Devil's Knob, Stevenson's hill, near the 
 heads of "White Bear and Grandy's brooks ; Notched hill 
 and Half-way mountain, north side of Red Indian lake ; 
 Beothuc mountain, above Eed Indian lake, peaks of Annc- 
 opsquotch range, George IV. lake ; Burnt hill, west end 
 of Hind's hill, and Lobster house (Tolts), near Hind's pond ; 
 Mount Sykes and See More (Tolts), near Bircliy ponds ; 
 Table mountain, near Cope Ray; Mount Howley, near 
 Fishel's river ; Cairn mountain, near Flat Bay brook ; Hare 
 head, west end of Grand pond ; Mount Musgrave, foot of 
 Deer lake ; Mount Howe and Horse Chops, near Hare bay, 
 all peaks of the Long range. Clouds mountains, near Canada 
 bay. 
 
 Government. — The form of government is termed re- 
 sponsible. It consists of a Governor, appointed by the 
 Crown ; Executive Council of seven members, chosen from 
 the majority of the representatives of the i^ooplc, who advise 
 with the Governor upon all matters connected with the 
 State ; a Legislative Council, or Upper House, of fifteen 
 
 hills? Moiuit Sylvestrt'V Wliat conspicuous peak lies at the 
 west end of Gander lake ? Where is Hodge's hill? Where Mount 
 Cormack ? What are the peaks of Anneopsquotch range ? Whcro 
 are Hind's hill and Lobster house situated ? Where are Mount 
 Sykes and See More tolts? What are the princi]>al peaks of the 
 Long hange mountains? Where are the Clouds mountains? What 
 is the form of government called? How is it constituted? By 
 whom is the Governor appointed ? How many members are there 
 in the Executive Council ? From whom are they chosen ? How 
 many members are there in the Legislative Council, and how are 
 
80 
 
 GEOGRArHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 members, chosen for life ; a House of Assembly, or Lower 
 House, of thirty-ouc members, elected every four years by 
 the voice of the people. From a majority of the latter body 
 are selected the chief officers of the Government, namely, the 
 Colonial Secretary, who is also Secretary of the Executive 
 Council, the Attorney-General, Receiver-General, Solicitor- 
 General, Surveyor-General, Financial Secretary, and Chair- 
 man of Board of Works. The judges and other public 
 functionaries, not immediately connected with the Govern- 
 ment, are generally appointed for life. 
 
 Divisions. — There are no regular divisions in Newfound- 
 land, such as counties or townships, owing to the unsettled 
 and, until recently, unknown interior ; the only divisions of 
 any kind at present having any existence being the electoral 
 districts of the island, which include only a certain, not well 
 defined, portion of the coast-line, and are generally named 
 from some )r th^ principal bays or settlements within each 
 district. These districts only occupy about two-thirds of 
 the whole coast-line, the remaining third, which includes the 
 whole of the western and northern coasts, and the north- 
 eastern as far south as Cape St. John, with the inhabitants 
 thereof, is at present virtually excluded from the control of 
 the Colonial Government, owing to the unfounded claims 
 asserted and maintained by the French ; on which account 
 it is commonly, but very erroneously, called the French 
 shore. 
 
 they chosen? How many members are there in the House of 
 Assembly, and by whom are they chosen ? Name tlic chief officers 
 of the Government. How are the judges, &c., appointed? Are 
 there any divisions in Newfoundland such as in the other British 
 provinces, viz. counties and townships? Why is this the case? 
 What divisions do exist, and what are they called ? Are not these 
 entirely confine ' to the coast-line ? How much of it do they em- 
 brace? Why is it that the entire coast-line is not included in the 
 
i«iiiiin 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 31 
 
 Electoral Districts. — These are ten in number, which 
 for convenience I shall divide into three parts, viz. central 
 districts, northern districts, and southern districts. 
 
 Central Districts.— Two, the district of St. John's and 
 the district of Ferryland. 
 
 Northern Districts.— Four, the district of Conception 
 bay, the district of Trinity bay, the district of Bonavista 
 bay, and the district of Twilli'igate and Fogo. 
 
 Southern Districts.— Four, the district of Placentia and 
 St. Mary's, the district of Burin, the district of Fortune Lay, 
 and the district of Burgeo and Lapoile. 
 
 electoral franchise? What is this portion of our island generally 
 called ? How many electoral districts are there ? How are they 
 divided? Name the two central districts. How many northern 
 districts are there ? How are they named ? How many southern 
 districts are there ? How are they named ? 
 
82 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 TABULAE ARRANGEMENT. 
 CENTRAL DISTRICTS. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 No. of 1 
 
 Cliiof Towns 
 
 
 F)istrictsan<l 
 
 Extent. 
 
 Popu- 
 
 llcproson- 
 
 and 
 
 r.cmarkable for. 
 
 Divisions of do. 
 
 
 lation. 
 
 lativos. 
 
 Population of. 
 
 
 St. John's 
 
 !1> 1 •/. 1— 
 
 
 1 
 
 St. .folin's, 
 
 Capital of the Island, 
 
 St. .John's 
 
 ZCi'' i 
 
 17,811 
 
 3 ; 
 
 P. 23,8'JO 1 
 
 seat ot Govornment, ex- 
 
 Eaht. 
 
 ■= s '^ "2 
 
 
 
 
 tensive coiniiierce, land- 
 
 St. .Ioiin's 
 
 rH "^ Ti 
 
 12,763 
 
 3 
 
 
 locked harbour. 
 
 West. 
 
 '1 f ,w^ 'Ii \ 
 
 
 
 Torbav, 
 
 Lari^e Hshiu"" villasie. 
 
 
 
 
 
 j: o .i =: 
 
 ;!U,o74: 
 
 6 
 
 P. 13G3 1 
 
 lauding of English troops 
 
 
 *3^« 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 under Sir Jeoll'ery Ani' 
 
 
 !"? S OJ 
 
 
 
 
 herst from Lord Col- 
 
 
 -*-" .»^ "^ -4-1 
 
 
 
 
 ville's fleet in Se[)teniber, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17G2, when the vmarchi;d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 overland and retook St. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 John's from the French. 
 
 
 J- '^ s: 1; -^ 
 
 
 
 Portucral Cove, 
 
 Concept i<ui Bay Packet 
 
 
 S g s5 ,■;; ^n 
 
 
 
 Concx'i)tion 
 
 Bmv, 
 
 ]>. 770 
 
 Station, said to have biien 
 first settled by Portu- 
 guese. 
 
 
 W « K ►^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ferryland 
 
 ty Harbour south- 
 along; the extreme 
 
 6,419 
 
 2 
 
 liav I'.ulls, 
 P. 781 
 
 Large village, exten- 
 sive shore fishery. French 
 landed here in.Juno, 1762, 
 mar'jhed overland and 
 took St. .Tohn's ; it was 
 again taken and burnt 
 bv them under Admiral 
 Richery in 1769. 
 
 
 1 Pet 
 Race, 
 
 
 
 Ferrvland, 
 
 First settled by Sir 
 
 
 
 
 P. G3G 
 
 George Calvert, Lord 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Baltimore, in 1623, but 
 
 
 ends fr 
 
 to Caj 
 
 n coast 
 
 
 
 
 subsequently altandoned 
 by him for Maryland, 
 
 
 
 
 
 U.S.A. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Renews, 
 
 Extensive fishery and 
 
 
 
 
 P. 852 
 
 some trade. 
 
 
 ;S O, 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 How is the district of St. John's divided? How far does it 
 extend, and what does it include ? What is the x'opulation of each 
 division? What is the total popnlation of the district? How 
 many representatives has it? What are the names of its chief 
 towns? What are they remarkable for? How far does the district 
 of Ferryland extend ? What is its population ? How many repn-e- 
 sentatives has it? Name its chief towns. What is there note- 
 worthy or historical about Bay Bulls ? What about Ferryland ? 
 
GEOGRArilY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 
 NORTIIERN DISTRICTS. 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Cliief Towns 
 
 
 Districts ami 
 
 Extent. 
 
 I'Ol)!]- 
 
 Ucprescii- 
 
 and 
 
 llomarUable for. 
 
 Divi.sion.s ol do. 
 
 
 latiijii. 
 
 ta lives. 
 
 Population of. 
 
 
 Conception 
 
 J-'-*^ ■/)• 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bay. 
 
 .- * w 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ha1U!(UR 
 
 .^ 4- ri 
 
 7,174 
 
 2 
 
 Holy Rodd, 
 
 Larp;o settlenient, west- 
 
 31 A IN 
 
 ■■'..- ? 
 
 
 
 P. 107L}. 
 
 ern .shore ami Labrador 
 
 Division. 
 
 ■J^ — '^ 
 
 
 
 
 fishery. 
 
 
 o 53 
 
 
 
 Hai-liour ^faiii, 
 
 Ditto ditto 
 
 
 ■ - 2 — 
 
 
 
 P. 74s. 
 
 
 I'DUTDEGnAVE 
 1)IVISI<IN. 
 
 Uh ^ -^ 
 
 7,019 
 
 1 
 
 lirigiis, 
 P. 1075. 
 
 Thrivin;.:; town, Labra- 
 dor and seal li.^hl•rv. 
 
 IlAUI!(AIi 
 
 •- -^ ^ 
 
 1:3,055 
 
 
 Ilivi-ljour 
 
 Second town ut' nu- 
 
 GUACE 
 
 
 
 
 Grace, 
 
 jxirtaiice in the Island ; 
 
 Division. 
 
 ill 
 
 
 
 P. G5G3. 
 
 extensive traile. An it- 
 tein[)t wasinadeatsettie- 
 nieut in Mosi[uito Cove 
 near here bvune Picimr 1 
 
 
 = 5-3 
 
 
 
 
 
 •- .9 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 Guv in 10 10. 
 
 Carboneau 
 
 --^ ^ • 
 
 5,488 
 
 1 
 
 Carboncar, 
 
 Considerable tow:i. 
 
 Division. 
 
 3^-3 
 
 x ^ 3 
 .*' ^^ ' 
 
 
 
 P. 4;J58. 
 
 some trade ; Labrador 
 cod and seal tishcjrv. 
 Resisted attack ot' French 
 in lOOtj. 
 
 Bay de N'erds 
 
 ^-^: 
 
 7,434 
 
 1 
 
 Western Pay, 
 
 Larc;-e settleniont, fx- 
 
 Division. 
 
 ■'^ ^ 
 
 
 
 P. 057. 
 
 tensjve sliore and jjabri- 
 
 *,* — ^ -t-i 
 
 41,070 
 
 7 
 
 dor fisheries, consider- 
 
 
 i^ z. ^ 
 
 
 
 
 able ao-riculture. 
 
 
 - s IJ 
 
 
 
 Lower Island 
 
 Large settlement, peo- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cove, 
 P. 'ih). 
 
 ple chietly engaged in 
 Labrador fisheries ; goml 
 
 
 ■t< — -^ 
 
 
 
 
 deal of land cleared. 
 
 
 ^ 5 H 
 
 
 
 Bay de Verds, 
 
 Large >ett lenient, L,t 
 
 
 t— < . — . 
 1—1 +j 
 
 
 
 P. G78. 
 
 brador ti>lK'ries. 
 
 ( 
 
 How far does tho district of Conception bay extend, and wliat 
 does it include? Into how many parts is it divided? How arc 
 these divisions named? What is the population of eacli? Wliat 
 is the total population of the whole district? How many represen- 
 tatives has it? Xamc the chief towns in each division, and what 
 they are remarkable for. What do you know of Harbour Grace, and 
 what is there of historical interest attached to it ? 
 
 D 
 
u 
 
 GEOGllxVrUY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 NoUTiiEKN DiSTHiCTS — Continued. 
 
 Dislrict.- and 
 
 I'ivisioll-- (l| (lu. 
 
 Trinity- 
 Bay. 
 
 No. of 
 Rciircst'ii 
 
 Chid' Towns 
 ami 
 
 tativcs. f r "lUilatiou uf. 
 
 Remarkable for. 
 
 Bonavista 
 Bay. 
 
 c i 
 
 
 
 
 13,008 3 
 
 
 
 s c'"^ 
 
 
 llrart's 
 Couteiit, 
 1'. lu-Ji. 
 
 Ti'iiiitv, 
 P. iooS). 
 
 Cat;iliiia, 
 1'. 1420. 
 
 BnnnvistM, 
 
 Tcniiinus of Atl.'iutir 
 cables of N.Y., N''LD., 
 
 aiul Lniiddn Tflcp;rapii 
 Co. l-ariTt! ftottlenu'Dt, 
 sjik'Uiliil haritour, oxtuii- 
 hive riNln-'rios. 
 
 S]ilei)(li(l laivl-lockod 
 hartioiir, pi't-'tty town, 
 gooildeal of trade; oxten- 
 .sivi-'codand seal fisheries. 
 
 ThriviuL; town, exten- 
 sive Labrador and .seal 
 fisheries. 
 
 P. liUDli. 
 
 Lai'o-e settlement, good 
 deal of lanil cultivated. 
 Itesisl cd attacked' French 
 inlO't'O. Cajie Bonavista, 
 three miles di>taut, is 
 said to lie the first land 
 sidited by Cabot, and 
 named by him. 
 King's ("ove, Large settlement, ex- 
 
 P. 5t)G. ] tensive fisheries. 
 Salvage, | Large settlement, fish- 
 P. 471 1. ; cries, i^e. 
 
 (ircat outlet for seal 
 fishery, extensive cod 
 fisheries, good deal of 
 trade. 
 
 Cod and seal fisheries. 
 Great number of islands 
 and rocks in its neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 
 Greensjioud 
 Island, 
 P. 12G8. 
 
 Pool's Island, 
 P. 50(3. 
 
 What is the extent of the district of Trinity bay V What is its 
 population? How many representatives has it? Name tlie chief 
 towns of importance in the district. What is worthy of note about 
 Heart's Content? AVhat about Trinity ? Catalina? How far does 
 the district of Bonavista bay extend ? What is its i^opulation ? 
 How many representatives has it? Name its chief towns. What 
 is there of historical interest connected with Cape Bonavista ? What 
 about King's Cove, Salvage, Greenspond, Bool's island ? 
 
.J*. 
 
 GEOGIlAI'nY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 
 
 NuIlTIIEUN 
 
 f I >ISTIUCTS — continued. 
 
 Districts and 
 Divisions of do. 
 
 Kxtcnt. 
 
 I'ii]1U- 
 
 liitioii. 
 
 No. of 
 
 I{(l)ic'sun- 
 
 tativt's. 
 
 Chief Towns 
 
 and 
 I'opuliUiou of. 
 
 Twillin- 
 
 gate and 
 
 Fogo. 
 
 E, 'S '-'. 
 
 i — >< 
 
 ^ "I" 
 ~ •- a 
 
 15,213 
 
 o 
 
 Fogo, on 
 
 Ki>l;o Islam], 
 
 ]'. 79tJ. 
 
 T\villin'.;ato. 
 
 on T\villiii:;atf 
 
 Island, 
 
 P. ;;n7i. 
 
 Hcrrini: Nock, 
 Now World 
 
 F.>]:illd, 
 
 P. 10U9. 
 Tilt ("ovo. 
 North Sidtj 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bav, 
 r. 509. 
 
 llotnarkable for. 
 
 Lari^e s.attorod villa|.,a'. 
 Very narrow cut raiico to 
 harbour. Kxtensivc lisli- 
 erics seal ind cod. 
 
 Lire;.; -'-■tti"nicnt,inost 
 important .>no in tho .lis- 
 trict ; Labrador and M-al 
 fi.shori(;.s. 
 
 Large stragiiling sct- 
 tlomont, Lahrailor and 
 shore H.^licry. 
 
 liich deposits of copper 
 
 and iiick.d oivs, Cnioii 
 Mine. 
 
 
 SOUTHERN DtSTIilCTS. 
 
 
 Placentia 
 
 g U'^ 9,857 
 
 3 
 
 Tre})assoy, 
 
 Large village, good 
 
 and 
 
 r:'-= -y. 
 
 
 
 F. 503. 
 
 fishiiigoiitl'jt. The neigh- 
 
 St. Mary's. 
 
 K >. S 
 
 
 
 
 bourhood .'f Tr<;passey 
 Bay is a noted place for 
 shipwrecks. 
 
 
 C Zm^ U^ 
 
 
 
 St. Marv's, 
 
 Prinoijial village in St. 
 
 
 f 2 :S 
 
 
 
 P. 6G5. 
 
 Mary's l>ay, exteusivf 
 
 
 is-/: 
 
 
 
 
 shore cod li-h.-ries. 
 
 
 Ci r r^ 
 
 
 
 Placontia, 
 
 Old French caidtal. 
 
 
 r" '^ . 
 
 
 
 P. (iucludiug 
 K.K. and S.E. 
 arui>) 1U20. 
 
 built .in a b.'ach of coarse 
 gravel ; has two great 
 arms of the sea exteinl- 
 
 
 C, "r- -' '"' 
 
 
 
 
 iug several miles inside 
 
 
 "- ?^a 
 
 
 
 
 the town. It was foumled 
 
 
 ;; ^ a)*.2 
 
 
 
 
 in 100"» bv a Frin.hmaii 
 
 
 t^ /. A -*-* 
 
 
 
 
 named Garirot, und.'r a 
 
 
 W cj p S 
 
 
 
 
 grant from Louis .XIV., 
 King of France. 
 
 How far docs the district of Twill: -"'e and Fofjo extend, and 
 what docs it incluleV A\'hat is its population? How inany re- 
 presentatives has it? Name its pi'inciiial settlements. AVhicli is 
 the most important ])lace? What is noteworthy abmit Tilt Cuve? 
 How far does .le district of Placentia and St. Clary's extend ? 
 What is its population? How many representatives has it ? Name 
 the chief towns. AVhat is said of Trepassey ? What of ISt. Mary's ? 
 What is there of historical interest relating to Great Placentia? 
 
 D 2 
 
30 
 
 GEOGRArHY OP NEWFOUNDLAND, 
 
 SoUTHi:ilN DiSTIlICTfl — COntiniKil. 
 
 I'i»trkt3 ami 
 Miviaiuns ol'du. 
 
 Kxtent. 
 
 Popll- 
 
 lation. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Ilcprcstn- 
 
 tativfs. 
 
 Cliicf 'I'ovvna 
 
 ivnd 
 Population of. 
 
 lUinarkttblc for. 
 
 Burin 
 
 a fl "-> 
 
 •-0 3 
 
 7,t;7!S 
 
 2 
 
 Burin, 
 
 Spli.'iiiliil ialid-loctcej 
 
 
 cT-c't-' 
 
 
 
 P. 2-JlO. 
 
 liarltour, line scenery. 
 
 
 S-SJ 
 
 
 
 
 extensive Hslievies, trade 
 
 
 ■n ^ 
 
 
 
 
 with St. Pierre. 
 
 
 3 .5 '-t; 
 C4 O o 
 
 
 
 Lameliu, 
 
 Considerable trade with 
 
 
 s--^ 
 
 
 
 P. <Ji;J. 
 
 St, I'ierre, eliie' np- 
 
 
 1 if-'^ 
 
 
 
 
 plying bait to t, .euch 
 
 
 '•^ -- a 
 
 
 
 
 banlcei^ 
 
 . 
 
 ^ fl r: 
 
 
 
 Grand Bank, 
 
 Large town, \ery tidy, 
 
 
 
 
 i'. a^-A. 
 
 considerable shii>biiild- 
 
 
 ^ O w 
 
 
 
 
 iiig; bait trade with 
 
 
 ^ ^ «^-< 
 
 
 
 
 St. Piei're. 
 
 
 —4 •+-< r— * 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fortune 
 
 
 5,783 
 
 1 
 
 Belloram, 
 
 Cod and herring fishery, 
 
 Bay. 
 
 
 
 
 P. liG'J. 
 
 bait t rade wit h St. I'ierre. 
 
 
 t^^ -f* 
 
 
 
 Hiirl)oiir 
 
 Prineipal town in the 
 
 
 «^2 
 
 
 
 Britton, 
 P. 38G. 
 
 district, large mercantile 
 establishment ut' New- 
 
 
 l§ 
 
 
 
 
 man aud Co., western 
 
 
 la 
 
 
 
 
 mail buat station, fine 
 
 
 o tn 
 
 
 
 
 harbour. 
 
 
 
 
 Gaultois, on 
 
 Trade with 'ians, 
 
 
 rr '^ .^ 
 
 
 
 Long Island, 
 
 &e., large r itile 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bay Despair, 
 
 estaldishment v- ..ew- 
 
 
 
 
 P. 201. 
 
 man and Co. ; cod, her- 
 
 
 r< ^ '-^ 
 
 
 
 
 ring, au' I turbot fisheries. 
 
 
 P H-^ 
 
 
 
 Conne, Bay 
 
 Principal Indian set- 
 
 
 ^ Q a 
 
 
 
 Despair, 
 P. 1(J8. 
 
 tlements ; manufacture 
 of hoo|is, barrels, dlv'C. 
 
 
 
 
 Great Jervis, 
 
 Herring and cod fish- 
 
 
 r1^ ^ 
 
 
 
 Bay D'Espoir, 
 
 eries, manufacture of 
 
 
 o a 
 
 
 
 P. 121. 
 
 barrels, kc. 
 
 How far docs the district of Burin extend? What is its popu- 
 lation? How man}'' representatives has it? Name the cldef i)laces 
 of importance in the district? What do you know about Burin? 
 What about Lamelin ? Grand Bank ? What is the extent of the 
 district of Fortune bay? What is its population? How many 
 representatives has it? Name the chief settlements. What about 
 Belloram, Harbour Britton, Gaultois? Where is the chief Indian 
 settlement? What of Great Jervis? 
 
wm^ 
 
 CEOGRArHT OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 37 
 
 SoTTTiiERN Districts — continued. 
 
 :k.Ml 
 
 \tilf 
 .«ew- 
 
 l, her- 
 lorios. 
 a .set- 
 icturc 
 
 SJC. 
 
 I rish- 
 
 re of 
 
 Districts nn<l 
 DiviBiciii! ol ill.. 
 
 Kxtont. 
 
 iV.pil- 
 liitiun. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Hiprcsen- 
 tutlves. 
 
 C'cf Towns 
 
 ami 
 I'oituliition (if. 
 
 llemarkablc for. 
 
 Burg-eo 
 
 >■! 3 
 
 .5,09>S 
 
 1 
 
 List ;in(l West 
 
 Croat uumlior of i— 
 
 and 
 
 « ^' I 
 
 
 
 liui'Lfeo, 
 
 lainl.^ ; |,av'<.' scatteroil 
 
 La Poile. 
 
 ^' tr "5 
 
 
 
 P. 8;{0. 
 
 iishiu',' stjttlimont, (.-on- 
 
 
 — • IH^ ^" 
 
 
 
 La Poile, 
 
 sidt'i'iildi' traiit-; larj;i' 
 
 
 
 
 
 1'. i;52. 
 
 iDercautiliM'stalilishnifnt 
 
 
 % s '- 
 
 
 
 
 of De Grovev, lifnoiit, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Clfmi'iitau'l('u.(.I"iM'v). 
 
 
 H- > r. ■ 
 
 
 
 Koso Lliincho, 
 
 Wintt-r c'oil lisln-rv ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. 453. 
 
 cjood granite for Imildinir 
 
 
 
 
 
 jiur|i(isfs foiiijil lii're. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chaunel, Port 
 
 iMo>t \V<>ttMlv SL'ttlf- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Basque, 
 
 nieut of importance 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. W.)S. 
 
 within tiio olcctoral ilis- 
 
 
 -4 -^r,^ o 
 
 
 
 
 tricts. Winter cod tish- 
 
 
 •" ^" 'A ■*-' 
 
 
 
 
 erv, Chilf seal lislierv. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (■iin>ideraLle tratlo witii 
 
 
 . ■" . ■'' "^ 
 
 
 
 
 Halifax-. 
 
 Assumed Divisions.— The four following divisious of 
 the western, northern, find north-eastern coasts, arc now 
 merely assumed for the sake of convenience in describing 
 this so-called French shore. The whole would be too o.;- 
 tcnsive to jilace under one head. Each division includes a 
 nearly cijual extent of coast-line, and is named, like the 
 electoral districts, after the princijial bays within the division. 
 
 AVestern Divisions. — Two, namely, the division of St. 
 George's bay and Port-a-Port, the division of Bay of Islands 
 and Bonne bay. 
 
 Noutii-Eastern Divisions. — Two, namely, the division of 
 Hare bay and Pistolet bay, the division of White bay and 
 Canada bay. 
 
 What is the extent of Burgee and La Poile district? "What is 
 its iiopulation? How many representatives has itV Xnme the 
 princi[)al settlements within the district'? Wliat is remarkable 
 about Burgeo? What about La Poile? Pose Blanche ? What of 
 Channel? IIow many assumed divisions are there of the so-called 
 Prencli shure? How are these named? Name the two \vestern 
 divisions ? Name the two north-eastern. 
 
38 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 WESTERN DIVISIOXS. 
 
 I'ivisioiis. 
 
 St. 
 Georg-e'a 
 Bay and 
 
 Port-a- 
 Port. 
 
 Bay of 
 
 Islands 
 
 and Bonne 
 
 Bay. 
 
 Kxloiit. 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 rn 
 
 '■^ 
 
 
 '/3 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 K 
 
 v-t 
 
 rO 
 
 
 
 >■. 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 "V 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 Ol 
 
 -4J 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 , — ■ 
 
 r-« 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 d 
 
 -'■^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 fcK 
 
 .-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 • ^M 
 
 a 
 
 ^"/ 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 <l» 
 
 ■/•. 
 
 X 3 
 
 c^ J t:. 
 
 ■ - a 
 
 -r ^ a 
 a ^ I— I 
 
 liition. 
 
 2,97(3 
 
 2, GUI 
 
 Chief 
 Settli'iiu'tits. 
 
 Codvnv Iiivoi's 
 
 Mill I Vilhi^L', 
 
 r. niiuliiiicil, 
 
 H;;;li lands anfl 
 
 Cra!)l)'s lirook, 
 
 I'. 201. 
 
 Midi'Je P.ara- 
 clmis and Kol)- 
 inson's Ijrotdvs, 
 
 P. lit."). 
 
 Stophcnv'illo, 
 
 nn li'iviere 
 
 1)1 and) 0, 
 
 P. lOo. 
 
 Sandy Point, 
 
 P. of all Flat 
 
 P>ay, »',GL). 
 
 HunilMM- Arm, 
 
 Pav 111' Inlands, 
 
 P". oi'all tho 
 
 bay, I.SIG. 
 
 Pjonno Pay, 
 P. 04S. 
 
 Wiithy of Note. 
 
 Kxci'llont land, considorable 
 a^riitiltural sL'ttlcnieuts, cnni- 
 liincd with lishint^ ; i^jnpL' nianu- 
 t'actiiro laigi! (Hiantitios ot'biitter, 
 s|iin tlu>ir own vyocd, weavo it 
 into iionie-.s]nni of a very durable 
 description ; raise large (juaa- 
 titi'js of hay, potatoes, titc. 
 
 AgrienUural and tishin^jsettle- 
 mouts combined ; tlu' Highlands 
 ni(<re exelusively agrieultnral ; 
 soil of superior (|nality, excellent 
 crops raised, home-made clothing. 
 
 Fishing and agriculture com- 
 bined ; splendid land picturesque 
 settlements, (Sec. 
 
 This is an entirely agricul- 
 tural settlement, and one of the 
 most bcautit'ul and })icturesque 
 places i:i Newfoundland. 
 
 J-ong narrow sandy spit, chief 
 S(;ttlement in St .George's liay, cod 
 and herriHg (isherie?, large trade 
 with lialii'ax; seal rocks south 
 side of harbour; jjroposed western 
 terminus of future railway. 
 
 There are several .small scatter- 
 ed seltlenifnts along this arm; 
 peoj^Ie principally engaged in La- 
 l)rador (umI lisheryd .ring summer 
 and winter; herr'ng fishery in 
 Pay of Islands ; lWo large saw- 
 ii.i!!-: here. v.v,,i'li timl)er manu- 
 fictiircd; 'rood niarljle mouth of 
 Huminr river. 
 
 Several small settlements; La- 
 brador cud and winter herring 
 (ishevies. 
 
 V\ hat is tho extent of tho. division of c^t:. Goo)'ue's l>;'y ami I'urt-a-l'ortV 
 What is its ])0|)ulation ? Nan\e its chief settlements. What is there note- 
 worthy about the settlements at Codroy? What about those of the High- 
 lauds and Craidi's brook V Of Middle Barachois and Itobinson's brooks'? 
 What is said of Ste|ihchville? What of S.'.ndy point V JK>\v far dot's the 
 division of liay of Islnnds and ]5onne 1)ay extend? What is its jiojudation'? 
 Whore are its !>rinci|)al settlements V What is noteworthy about tho settle- 
 r.i'uts in lluint)er arm? What of Bonne bay? 
 
m mmm 
 
 r 1 1 1 M 1 1 
 
 GEOGEAPnY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 yORTII-KASTITtN 1 )IVIH K)XS. 
 
 30 
 
 Division i. 
 
 Ext ■lit. i 
 
 I'opu- 
 
 Cbief 
 
 latlDii. Sctilt'incats. 
 
 \Vt>rtIiy of Note. 
 
 Hare Bay ; =-jf ? 
 
 and 
 
 Pistolet 
 
 Bay. 
 
 V^ :— -■ * 
 
 :L y- ~ 
 
 - -^ ^ r 
 
 White Bay S ^ = 
 and \ --^ ^ :r. 
 Canada '~ - - "^ 
 Bay. 
 
 ^■^±.^ 
 
 
 1 , Suo 
 
 1.27-: 
 
 St. .loliu 
 
 Islainl, in St. 
 Jii!iu'.s Piav, 
 r. ;J8. ' 
 
 Cirii^uct, 
 
 r. i--'7. 
 
 .St. Antlidiiv, 
 
 l\ llo. 
 
 St. .lulit'ii, 
 
 1'. 2.-.. 
 
 C'roquo, 
 
 r. 41. 
 
 Conrlu"', 
 r. ISO. 
 
 iiiCiiiiaila IJiiv, 
 
 P. los. 
 
 Flt'iir-il '-Lis, 
 
 1'. 4-'J. 
 
 La Scie, 
 1'. IJ. 
 
 Tlit'i'i' art! live Fronch ti>hiiiLr 
 rooms on tills island ; nine <ir ten 
 FrL'Uch lisliini; ves>ol> vi-it it 
 ovory sinimicr, cavryia.: on thci/ 
 lisheiy (iithcr nn tlic l>anks nr in 
 tiie Bfll.' I>1(' Straits. 
 
 '.'">v() Fi'cncli n Minis at l>i- < ! rat's 
 Cove oU'^aL^eil in lianl< lislirry. 
 
 Frencli tlsherio, iVe. 
 
 Two Fremh rooin> hero; -i.\ 
 vosuls t'nu;:i'4i'il in lianli aiul >]\^'y>: 
 fi^liory in 1S74. 
 
 L.ir^-ii French fishery carrii''! 
 on t'roni lu.'ri.', botli liank an I 
 slioro. 
 
 Fronrli ha^l ciL^ht tisliinc; i-i oms 
 here, an'l carriol on an fxtoii-ivr 
 lislicrv. liiit liave lately ahan- 
 (loni.'d the place. 
 
 French lisherv here. 
 
 Three French rooms here ; 
 three' ve.'cls enc^ai^ed in the 
 lishery in 1^74; catch t'lr all 
 three al)niit 4<>U(.) quintals. 
 
 Fonr French rooms liere ; t'oiii- 
 vessels in 187i; total catch (i'lud 
 (juintals. 
 
 Ilow fill- does the division of Ilan; li.iy and Pistolet liay extend, 
 and what does it include? AVhai is its poimhitionV Xam2 the 
 chief settlements in the division V What is noteworthy ahout St. 
 John island? What of GriguetV Of St. Anthony? St. Julien? 
 What is the extent of tho division of White bay and Canada hay V 
 What is its poimlation V Name the principal settlements? Do the 
 French carry on their fisliery at Couche' ? What of En.ulee? 
 Fleiu-du-Lis ? Of La Scie V 
 
 >;oii;. — The places where tlie lisli are cured and stored are called moms 
 in Newfoundland. 
 
? 
 
 40 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 USEFUL INFORMATION. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of NcwfoundlaRcl is very variable. 
 Tlicrc arc hardly any two places situated 30 miles apart 
 wliero it is in allrcsj)ects identically the same. Ncvcrtliolcsf>, 
 it oiiglit not to be pronounced, as it frequently has been, an 
 extremely severe one. It is unfair to take the eastern sea- 
 board, more especially the town of St. John's, as a standard 
 for comparison, as the climate on that coast is j>eculiarly 
 affected by the ice-laden current dr'^ 'ng down from the 
 Arctic Ocean. A glance at the map of Newfoundland will 
 at onco satisfy any careful and observant pi on that the 
 j)Osition of St. John's, on the extreme eastern part of the 
 Pe'iiiisula of Avalon, stretching far out into the Atlantic, 
 and intercepting, if I may so speak, this cold Arctic current 
 in its course southward, must naturally have a very detri- 
 mental effect upon its climate. The immense body of ice 
 annually brought to our shores by this same current chills 
 the atmosphere along the whole coast. After drifting south- 
 ward, it comes in contact with the tei)id waters of the Gulf 
 Stream, when it quickly melts, producing an enormous 
 quantity of vapour, which is brought back to our shores 
 during the summer months in the shape of fog. It fre- 
 quently envelopes them for some miles inland in its sombre 
 embrace, casting a gloom and a chill over everything, even 
 in midsummer. Along the southern coast also, as far as 
 Cape Eay, fogs are of frequent occurrence ; but after leaving 
 the eastern and southern sea-coasts, and advancing into the 
 interior westward, they become more and more rare, and at a 
 distance of 50 or GO miles from either coast they can hardly 
 be said to have any existence at all. I myself spent four 
 months during the past season in tlie interior without 
 experiencing a genuine foggy day until reaching within 
 
 ^ 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 *M 
 
 20 miles of tliG soiitlicrn side of tho island. Durincj tlic 
 entire montlis of July and August the weather in the 
 interior was delightful ; while during the same time, I was 
 informed by a reliable jierson in La Poile that fogs were 
 very prevalent along the southern shore, and for one whole 
 •^ortnight in August the sun was obscured by it. The 
 climate of the western coast, in St. George's bay and Bay of 
 Islands, partakes pretty much of the same character as that 
 of the interior, but is, if anything, superior. Fogs here are 
 of rare occurrence, and though the winters are pretty severe, 
 the spring usually opens earlier than in other parts of the 
 island, and the summer heat is considerably more intense. 
 In July, 1S73, the thermometer registered 93^-(- in tho 
 shade at Sandy point, in St. George's bay. It has been 
 recently shown that the climate on this western coast com- 
 pares ftivourably with that at any part of the Dominion of 
 Canada, and is in fact superior, and more equable, than in 
 many parts of that country. On the whole then, our climate, 
 though variable in many places, is not by any means so un- 
 favourable as is generally believed, and it is a notable fact 
 that we never experience anything like the intensity of frost 
 in winter which is felt on the continent in the same lati- 
 tudes ; neither do we endure the scorching heat of summer 
 to the same extent. 
 
 Soil. — The soil, like the climate, is very varied ; and it is 
 worthy of remark tliat the excellence of the former is always 
 attended by the sujieriority of the latter, and vkc versa. 
 Along the southern coast of the island it is generally cither 
 extremely poor, or absent altogether, and tho same nuiy be 
 said, to a great extent, of the eastern coast. There are, 
 nevertheless, many jdaccs on either coast where tolerably 
 good soil occurs ; notably so on the Peninsula of Capo St. 
 Mary's, on the islands in Conception bay, on Eandom island, 
 
mm 
 
 42 
 
 GEOGRArHT OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 and along the north side of Smith's sound, in Trinity bay, 
 and in Goose Bay, Bonavista bay. But it is not till reaching 
 the great Bay of Notre Dame that we come upon any extensive 
 tracts of good land, and then only far in from the ocean, at 
 the heads of some of the arms and inlets in that bay. At 
 the head of Gander bay, along the valley of the Gander 
 river, and on the margins of the Gander lake, there is a very 
 great extent of country all densely timbered ; the soil over 
 the greater 2)ortion of which is of excellent quality. Again, 
 at the head of the beautiful Bay of Exploits, along tlie valley 
 of the noble Exploits river, around the shores of Ked Indian 
 lake, up to, and even beyond Victoria lake, an immense 
 extent of densely-timbered country spreads over the interior ; 
 a very great portion of which is similar to that of the Gander 
 region. The next great tract of good land, and decidedly 
 the most valuable of all, surrounds the bays of St. George 
 and Port-<\-Port, on the western side of the island, and also 
 in the valleys of the two Codroy rivers. Tlie soil in many 
 jiarts of this region is extremely rich in quality, and I 
 believe would compare favourably witli any in British North 
 America. There is also a considerable extent of good land 
 in the valley of the Humber river, where probably our finest 
 forest timber grows. Besides these more extensive tracts in 
 the interior and on the west coast, there are many patches 
 of smaller dimensions in either locality where the soil is not 
 much inferior. Judging from its capabilities where agricul- 
 ture has already been attenq^ted, there is every reason to 
 believe tliat were the land reclaimed under a proper system 
 of culti^/ation, and skilled labour introduced, immense tracts 
 of the country are capable of yielding most of the essential 
 necessaries of life. 
 
 Timber. — As already indicated under the head of soil, 
 all the more extcusivc tracts of good loud are usually 
 
mmmmm 
 
 tt 
 
 I 
 
 GEOGllArnY OF NEWFOUNDLAXD. 
 
 43 
 
 covered witli forest ; but there are also many other parts of 
 the country well timbercfl, where tlio soil is not of such good 
 quality. In fact, with the excei)ti()n of a belt along the 
 southern coast, the tops of the higher mountain ridges, and 
 those parts occupied by marshes and lakes, the whole country 
 is, or was at one time, covered with woods. The principal 
 varieties of our forest timber arc as follows : 
 
 Genus Pinus — Pine. 
 
 White Pine (Pinus strobus), Yellow or Picd Pine (Pinus 
 resinosa), Scrnh Pine (Pinus Banksiana), BJocIc Spruce (Abies 
 nigra). White Spruce (Abies alba), lied Spruce (Abies rubra), 
 1^/r (Abies balsamea), called hero Vur ; Larch (Larix Ameri- 
 cana), called Ilachnatficlc in New Brunswick ; Tamarack in 
 Canada, and very erroneously Juniper in Newfoundland. 
 
 Genus Betula — Birch. 
 
 White Birch (Betula papyracca), Yellow Birch (Betula 
 excelsa), called Witch-hazel ; Blach Birch (Betula lenta), Low 
 and Alpine Birches, two inferior varieties (Betula pumila et 
 nana). 
 
 Genus Fraxinus — Asn. 
 
 Willie Ash (Fraxinus Americana), Black A.sh (Fraxinus 
 sambucifolia). Mountain Ash or lioivan Tree (Pyrus Ameri- 
 cana), called here Dogwood. 
 
 Genus Populus— Poplar. 
 
 Balsam Poplar or B<ilni of Gilead (Populus balsamifera). 
 Aspen Poplar (Populus tremuloides). 
 
 Genus Salix — Willow. 
 
 Several varieties, viz. (Salix purpurea, longifolia, repcns, 
 hcrbacea, ct lucida). 
 
u 
 
 GEOGRAniY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Genus Acer — Maple. 
 Two inferior Vcaricties, viz. (Acer rubrum ct siiicatum). 
 
 Genus Alnus — Alders. 
 The following varieties (Alnus incano et viridis). 
 
 Genus Prunus — Cherry. 
 
 Choice and Wild Cherry Trees (Primus Virginiana ct Penn- 
 sjlvauica). 
 
 The localities where the more valuable of tliese trees grow 
 to any extent, and are of the best quality for economic pur- 
 poses, arc those which have been indicated under the two 
 former headings as rejoicing in the most salubrious climate 
 and supporting tlie finest soil. It is very remarkable that 
 no species of cedar, beech, elm, or oak, have been met with 
 in this country, although they are all common on the con- 
 tinent, and some of these varieties are known even to exist in 
 Cape Breton island. The valuable American white ash is 
 a rare tree here. It has only been met with at a few 
 favoured spots, in th<3 country surrounding St. George's and 
 Port-u-Port bays. 
 
 Geology. — Under this head it will be sufficient for general 
 information to enumerate the different geological systems 
 known to exist in Newfoundland, with the particular locali- 
 ties where each exhibits itself. 
 
 The following column represents the formations as they 
 succeed each other in descending order : 
 
 Cauboxiferous .. 
 
 I 
 
 Coal Measures. 
 Millstone Grit. 
 Carliouifcrous Liniostono, 
 Gy])su]n, (-"onL;liiint>ratc. 
 
 Dlvomax .. .. GaspL' Saudstoufs, inc. 
 
 Middle Silluian { !rl^'"!""- 
 \ Med ma. 
 
mm' 
 
 GEOGRArUY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 huroxiax ., 
 Laurentian 
 
 Lower Silurian ( 
 
 Hiiilsou lUver 
 
 ,p ^ > I ronton Group 
 
 Irentnu ' ' 
 
 IJirdseyo riml IMack liiver 
 
 Serpent ines,Chlurito Slates, 
 
 Diorites, iS:c , ,> , ,^ 
 
 Sillery ^tauustono .. ., ' ' 
 
 Levis , 
 
 Calciterous. 
 
 rotsilam. 
 
 PriuKirdiaL 
 
 Hiironian. 
 
 Upper and Lower Laurentian. 
 
 1 
 
 The Laurentian system, the lowest and oldest, sjircads over 
 a great area, probably not far short of two-thirds of tlio 
 whole island. It was first recognized on the Peninsula of 
 Avalon, between the eastern coast and the Bays of Conception 
 and St. Mary, coming up again on the west side oi Placentia 
 bay, where it forms a ridge between Piper's bole and Clode 
 sound ; then again in Fortune bay, where strildng nortli- 
 castcrly across the country, it comes out on the uortli side 
 of Bona vista bay, occupying all the intervening country 
 between that bay and the east end of Gander lake, the Terra 
 Nova and Bay East rivers, but its greatest development is 
 along the southern coast, west from Bay Des])air, where it 
 occupies the whole shore, with few interruptions, to Cape 
 llay, reacliing nearly up to the mouth of Little Codroy river, 
 on the western coast. From Cape Kay it strikes north- 
 easterly througli nearly the entire length of the island, forming 
 the Long Bango of mountains. Following this strike it 
 comes out at the head of St. George's bay, crosses the Grand 
 pond and Deer lake, and touches the head of Bonne bay. It 
 occupies all the central part of the Great Northern peninsula, 
 comes out upon the coast between Canada bay and Wliito 
 bay, spreads over an immense extent of country between the 
 Grand pond, Humber river, and the River Exploits, and 
 finally makes its appearance in a small anticlinal fold, at 
 
46 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Indian head, on tlie nortli side of St. Georgc'H bay. The 
 Iluronian system appears to bo confined entirely to the 
 eastern part of the island, not having been recognized any- 
 where westward of Fortune bay. Its greatest (leveloi)ment 
 is on the Peninsula of Avalon, where it occupies nearly 
 thrcc-fourtlis of its whole area. It is largely dis})layed also 
 on the islands in St. Mary's and Plaeentia bays, and on the 
 Peninsula of Capo Cha2)eau Rouge, between Plaeentia and 
 Fortune bays. Striking north-easterly from Fortune bay, 
 it spreads over a considerable area in the interior, forming a 
 wide belt across to Bonavista bay, wliere it runs out, 
 occupying most of the islands in the latter bay. The town 
 of St. John's, and in fact nearly all the settlements between 
 Fortune bay on the south and Bonavista bay on the cast, 
 arc built upon this formation. The well-known Signal Hill 
 sandstone, largely used for building purposes, belongs to +he 
 upper portion of it. The primordial Silurian rocks are 
 exhibited only in isolated patches, the most extensive of 
 which are on the Peninsula of Cape St. Mary's, on the west 
 side and around the head of Trinity bay. It forms a fringe 
 also along the south shore of the same bay. In Conception 
 bay it touches on some of tlio headlands and points on either 
 side, and forms the two Boll islands, and Kelly's island in 
 the bay. It strikes across from Trinity to the south side of 
 Bonavista bay, coming out on the shore between Clodc sound 
 and King's cove. A few small detached troughs of these 
 rocks are met with in Fortune bay, on Laugley island, and 
 finally some very insignificant patches on the upper valley of 
 the Ex2)loits river. Kocks of lower Silurian age have a very 
 considerable spread, especially on the western side of the 
 island, and on the extreme of the Great Northern peninsula. 
 The Potsdam, Calciferous, and Levis divisions, with a small 
 portion of Sillery, occupy almost tlio entire Peninsula of 
 Port-a-Port. The rocks of the Long point of the same 
 
GEOGRArHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 47 
 
 peninsula being about the horizon of the Birdscyo and Black 
 river formation. The same series, with the exception of the 
 latter, comes in again on the east side of Port-a-Port bay, 
 spreading over most of the country between it and the Grand 
 pond. The Lauzon division of tlie Quebec group comes in 
 at Bluff head, on the east side of Port-a-Port bay, and has a 
 considerable extent between there and tlie Ilumber arm. 
 Bay of Islands. Tlic entire western coast, from this latter 
 bay to its northern limit, the whole of the north coast and 
 the eastern coast of the Northern peninsula, as far south 
 as Canada bay, is occupied by the same series, the Lauzon 
 division beiug wull displayed in many parts of their distri- 
 bution, especially near Bonne bay, Pistolet bay, and at the 
 bead of Hare bay. A small 2)ortion of the series comes in on 
 the west side of White bay in Bay Yert, around the shores of 
 Notre Dame bay, and on many of the islands in that bay : 
 the Lauzon division in particular is very largely displayed 
 here. Eocks having all tlie characteristics of this latter 
 division were recognized on the Gander lake in great volume, 
 and again on the head of the Bay East river, and there is 
 reason to believe they occupy most of the intervening country 
 between these two latter localities. The Lauzon division of 
 the Quebec group, consisting of serpentine rocks associated 
 ■with dolomites, Ji.^rites, &c.,is well known throughout North 
 America to be usually more or less metalliferous, and in this 
 respect the Newfoundland rocks are no exception, but, on tlic 
 contrary, give strong evidence of being rich in metallic ores. 
 Hence it is only reasonable to infer the probability that 
 many parts are destined to become important mining centres. 
 
 Organisms typical of middle Silurian age have been recog- 
 nized at various parts of White bay, and Notre Dame bay, 
 notably at Goat island in the former and New World island 
 in the latter, and at the entrance to the Exploits river. On 
 the upper part of the Exploits, below lied Indian lake, some 
 
18 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 graptolitcs were found wliicli appear to bo rcprosontativo of 
 tlio Hudson River group, but as wo have hitherto been unable 
 to disentangle the complications of that region, wo have 
 provisionally assumed tho slates which occupy so extensive 
 an area up the valley of tho Ex2)loits proper and Victoria 
 river, and striking across to La Poile, as one formation. 
 These slates also occupy tho coast and adjacent islands 
 between Gander bay and tho Bay of Exploits, and have a 
 considerable spread in the valley of the Gander river. There 
 is reason to believe that a narrow trough of the same slates, 
 connected with the great one of tho Exploits valley, runs out 
 at White Bear bay on the southern coast. A very great 
 portion of our finest land and timber is found over the 
 country occupied by this formation. Devonian rocks are 
 displayed to a limited extent on the two small peninsulas of 
 Cape Fox and Capo Rouge, part of tho Groais islands, and in 
 a narrow fringe along tho eastern sliore, striking towards 
 the head of White bay. Tho Carboniferous, our highest 
 scries, is entirely confined to the western portion of the 
 island. It occupies all the country on the south-east side of 
 St. George's bay, between the Long Range mountains and the 
 sea, extending in its line of strike from the mouths of the 
 Codroy rivers to Flat bay. It also forms two sei)arato small 
 troughs on the north side of St. George's bay, one in the 
 valley of Harry's brook, tho other between Indian head and 
 the Isthmus of Port-a-Port in tho valleys of Riviere Blanche 
 and Remain's brook. A few small detached outliers of 
 Carboniferous rocks arc also met with in East bay, Port-a- 
 Port bay, and a narrow strip on the west side of tho Long 
 point. It occupies a considerable area on the Humber river, 
 around the shores of Deer lake and the ui)per half of tho 
 Grand pond stretching along the valley of the main river to 
 Sandy pond. Coal is known to exist at several places in this 
 series, and seams apparently of workable thickness, judging 
 
GEOGRArHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 40 
 
 > 
 
 from tlio outcrops, occur on the IMiddlo Bar.icliois siiul 
 Robinson's brooks, in St. Goorgii's bay. It may also be 
 reasonably expected in sonic parts of the IIund)cr llivcr 
 trougli. As already indicated, tlie best land and pr()l)ably 
 the finest jja. ' of the country will bo found suppijrted by the 
 rocks of the Carboniferous ai^e. 
 
 Economics. — The metals and economic minerals known 
 to exist in Newfoundland are as follows: — C<dd, found only 
 in traces in ij^uartz veins, and associated with iron ore; 
 native silver is said to have been found in Fortuiu- bay. 
 Silver, associated with galena, nickel ores, viz. copper nickel, 
 cloanthite, and millerite. Copper in various forms, viz. 
 native coi)per, variegated cojiper ore, grey and yellow sul- 
 phurets, coi)per pyrites, &c. ; galena, or sulphuret of lead ; 
 grai)hite, or plumbago ; molybdenum. Inm ores in great 
 variety, viz. magnetic, chromic, specular, iron pyrites or 
 sulphuret of iron, iron sand, hromatite, vivianitc or phosiihate 
 of iron ; manganese and zincblende, coal, and several other 
 less important minerals. Varit)us other important sub- 
 stances, such as mai'bles, Avhite, black, and variegated, lime- 
 stone in abundance, barytes, gypsum, shell marl, ka«jlin 
 clay, brick clays, roofing slates, granites, syenites, serpentines, 
 sandstones, whetstones, steatite, asbestos, petroleum, &c., 
 and many others. The following are the localities where 
 the more important of these substances have been found. 
 Copper ores, at Slioal bay, south of St. John's, in the neigh- 
 bourhocjd of St. John's town ; at Holyrood, Turk's gut, and 
 Crow's Gulch, in Conception bay ; at Tickle harbour, and 
 head of Random sound, in Trinity bay ; at I'it Sound island 
 and Bloody bay, Bonavista bay ; at Twillingate island. 
 Trump island. New Bay head, Pilley's island, Sunday Cove 
 island. Three arms. Green bay, Burton's pond, Bet's cove 
 and Tilt cove, in the Great Bay of Notre Dame. In Mings 
 
 E 
 
no 
 
 GEOGUAl'IIY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Bight, Bay Vert, or Littlo Lay ; on Groais island, in St. 
 Julion liai'l)()ur, in Gooko cove and Howe harbour, Hiirc bay ; 
 in St. Mary's bay. At Phiccntia harbour, and La Manchc, 
 in rhicentiii bay ; at licnnoits brook, Lewis brook, and 
 Ser2)entinc river, Port-a-Port bay, and Hoveral other 
 localities. 
 
 Lead is known near St. John's harbour, in Conception 
 bay. Trinity bay, St. INIary's bay, Plaeentia bay, princiimlly 
 at La Manche ; in Fortune bay. Bay Despair, on the west 
 coast, at lied Rocks, near Capo Hay ; in East and West 
 bays, Port-a-Port, and other parts of Port-a-Port peninsula, 
 besides various other localities. Iron ores are found on every 
 side of the island, and in all the bays. Nickel is almost in- 
 variably found in the serpeiitines ; but has only been deve- 
 loped in workable quantity at the Ur>' m Mine, Tilt cove. 
 Coal, as already stated, in St. George's bay ; petroleum, in 
 Port-a-Port bays, at Cow head, and Cape Rouge peninsula ; 
 gypsum, in immense volume in St. George's bay, and at 
 Great Codroy river. Excellent roofing slates in Smith's 
 sound, and on Random island, Trinity bay ; white and 
 variegated marbles at the mouth of the Humber river, at 
 Canada bay, and other places. Building stones of every 
 description and good cpiality, limestones, &c., arc found in 
 vast profusion at many parts of the island, the latter 
 especially, on the north-eastern and western shores. There 
 are only a few 2)laces where the more valuable ores are 
 worked to any extent so far, viz. at the Union Mine, Tilt 
 cove, and at Bet's cove, Notre Dame bay. At the former 
 nickel and copper a^'c mined to a large extent; at tlic L <ter, 
 only cojiper as yet. Lead is worked at La T^ai ne mine, 
 Plaeentia bay, and at Lead cove, Port-a-Por The Tilt 
 
 cove a,nd La Manche mines have been ii operat'on for 
 several years. The other two have been but recently 
 opened, and both give promise of good results. 
 
«" 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OP NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 61 
 
 Animals. — The natuml history of the animals indij^'cnoiis 
 to tho ishuul in hut very littlo kuown, and in regard to the 
 varieties of fresli-watcr fishes our information is most 
 espeeially defeetive. The names given bch)\v, Innvever, will 
 bo found speeitieally correct, for the most i)art. 
 
 Tho indigenous mammals of the island are as follows : 
 
 Ceuvid.t;. 
 Cariboo (Ccrvus tarandus) a variety of Tirintleer, the only 
 representative ;* very abundant in the interior. 
 
 UiisiD/h] — OR THE Beau Tribe. 
 
 Bhirk Bear (Ursus Amcricauus) is the only land repre- 
 sentative. 
 
 Whife, or Pain}- Bear (Ursus maritinr.is), sometimes met 
 with by our seal hunters on the ice, and have occasionally 
 been seen on the land. 
 
 CANIDiE.f 
 
 Wolf {Cauis lupus); tolerably abundant in the interior, 
 and frequently makes its way to the seashore. 
 
 Fox (Vulpes fulous) ; very abundant all over the island. 
 Several varieties are known to exist, viz. yellow, silver hair, 
 patch and Hack foxes. Of these the yelhno fox is the most 
 common. The ivliife or Arctic fox has been n'ct with by 
 sealers occasionally on the ice. 
 
 MusTELiDii-: — OR Weasels. 
 Pine Marten (Martos abietum) ; common in tho mort' 
 densely wooded parts of the country. 
 
 * Two Moose Deer (Aleos malcliis) 
 Elk have been recently imiiorteil 
 from Nova t^cotia, aiul seem to 
 thrive well. 
 
 t The origin of the celebrated 
 Newfound land breed of dogs seems 
 to be extremely obscure. It is im- 
 probable that it sprung from an 
 iniligeuous race ; and there appears 
 
 *o bo some evidence to show that 
 the abnrigine.-, unlike the other 
 wild tribes of N'urth America, 
 possessed no dugs; and it has even 
 been asserted that they were igno- 
 rant of the e.xistence <d' such an 
 animal. The pure breed is n<iw 
 rarely to bo fu und. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 GEOGllAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Common Weasel (Mustek vulgaris) ; abunilant all over the 
 
 islavid. 
 
 Offer (Sutra vulgfiris). Tiiis species is tolerably com- 
 mon. (There arc two species, one frociueutirig the fresh- 
 water anil interior parts of the country, while the other 
 keeps more to the coast and salt water. The latter animal 
 is very much larger than the former. A. M.) 
 
 PnOCID.T!— THE SeAL TlUBE. 
 
 Harhovr, or Baij Seal (Phoca litorea), common during 
 the sumracr months in all the great bays. It brings 
 forth its young (whelps; on many of the numerous rocky 
 lodges around the coast, in tlic month of June. This seal 
 frecjuently ascends some of our larger rivers, ond is found on 
 many of the great interior lakes. 
 
 Harp Seal (Phoca Greonlandica), by far the most 
 abundant variety. It visits our shores annually during the 
 early spring months, on the Arctic ice floe, upon which 
 it brings forth its young. It is met with in vast numbers 
 by our seal hunters, and is the great object of their search. 
 The fat of the young Harp Seal, when rendered out, pro- 
 duces the finest quality of seal oih 
 
 Booded Se(d (Stemmatopus cristatus), like the former, 
 visits the island, and Avhelps on the ice floe every spring. 
 It is not, however, nearly so abundant as the preceding 
 variety, nor is its fat of so good a quality for the manu- 
 facture of oil, but tlie skins are more valuable. 
 
 Square Flipper (Phoca barbata) ; variety rather rare, but 
 sometimes met with on the ice floe. 
 
 Walruf<, or 3Iorse (Trichcclius rosmarus), frequently met 
 with by the scalers. 
 
 t 
 
 » 
 
mmmmmm 
 
 OEOGRArilY OF NEWj'OCNDLAND. 
 
 53 
 
 p 
 
 MuRiDiE — THE Eat Tribe. 
 
 Brown Mat (Mus tlucumanus) ; cxcc(j(liiin;ly abundant in all 
 iiilial)itcil parts of tlio island, and evidently imported from 
 Europe. 
 
 CoiuHon Mouse (Mus musculus) ; very common, and no 
 doubt also inii)orted. 
 
 Field ]\Liu,s<' (Arvieolo arviilis) ; not so common, probably 
 an indigenous variety. 
 
 Castorid.t-] — OR Beaver. 
 Common Braver (Castor liber); very abundant in many 
 parts of tlio island. 
 
 Mush Hot (Fiber zebethicus) ; extremely abundant in our 
 ponds and rivers. 
 
 Leforid.e —or ITaue. 
 
 Arctic Hart- (Lepus Arctieii>) ; tolerably Cf)mmon in many 
 parts of the island. 
 
 Amrrican Hare (Lopus Amcrieanus). Tliis variety was 
 
 importod from Nova iScotia some ten years since, and lias 
 
 now bec(jnie very abundant, especially on the Peninsula of 
 
 Avalon. 
 
 Cetacea — THE Whale Triue. 
 
 Of the Dclj)hinid(L' sevei-al varieties are connu(m < n our 
 shores, which arc known to lishermen by tlie following names : 
 Purp>>ist', Jilarl-Jisli, BihiihI h:(«}, Jhyriwi ho<jf and Va£iioi i>i<(. 
 
 Of tlu! Balainida,, or Whales proper, two or three varieties 
 frequent our shon^s, especially during tlie sunniier season. 
 
 Birds. — Tlui following list of our birds, both indigenous 
 und mijiratorv, is taken fi'om an article in tho ' (,*anadian 
 Naturalist,' by Mr. Henry I Jeeks,* P\L.S. 
 
 * Mr. Hi'inv Ilcck-, F.I..S., n ili>- au'l cl-tcniiinini;f n.itivi! s|ic(iiiii'ii> 
 tiii,ifiii>lii'il nriiit li<iliit;i>t, -]M'iit fwti lit' Itii'iU. Tin- roult nf lii> lal.c.ups 
 y(!ai-> uii uu)' wcsltTU fna.^t culk'ctiiii,' was jiulilislK'd in the ' OruitiiMlu'jiiht,' 
 
54 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Falconid^e— THE Falcon Trtbe. 
 
 Pigeon Hawlt (Falco coluinbarius, Linn,) ; a summer 
 migrant, tolerably common. 
 
 Greenland Falcon (F. candicans, Ginclin) ; a winter migrant; 
 called in Newfoundland the " White Hawk." 
 
 American Sparroiv Ilawh (F. Sparvorius. Linn.) ; a summer 
 migrant. 
 
 American Gosliawlc (Astur atricapillus, Wilson) ; uncertain. 
 
 Coopers Ilawh (Acciiuter Coopcri, Bonap.) ; a summer 
 migrant, not common. 
 
 Sharp-shinned Hawlc (A. fuscus, Gmclin)', a summer 
 migrant, not common. 
 
 lied-tailed Hawlc (Buteo borealis, Gmclin); a summer 
 migrant, not common. 
 
 Black Ilatd; or Buzzard (Archibuteo Sancti-Johanis, 
 Gmelin) ; common, a summer migrant. 
 
 American lien Harrier (Circus Iludsonius, Linn.) ; 
 uncc.'tain. 
 
 Bald, or White-headed Eagle (Haliocetus leucocephalus, 
 Linn.) ; calh^d by the fishermen the " Grepe." Tolerably 
 comuKm, a summer migrant. 
 
 American Osprey, or Fish Haiclc (Pandion Carolincnsis, 
 Gmelin) ; a summer migrant, pretty common. 
 
 Stiiigid^ — OR Owl Tribe. 
 
 American Barn Oiii (Strix praticola, Bonap.) ; rare, 
 probrbly a summer migrant. 
 
 Great Horned Owl (Bubo Virginianus, Gmelin) ; not 
 uncommon, a summer migrant ; called here the " Cat Owl." 
 
 itiid aftorwanls copied into tlie 
 'CiiUiuli.in Naturalist.' Ho is the 
 only aiithoiity 1 know of u))nu 
 Ntiwioundland birds. His list in- 
 <'lud(is most, it" not all, of onr birds, 
 and must prove iuturt;sting to 
 
 naturalists and sportsmen, I am 
 indebted to the Itev. M. Harvfy, of 
 St. John's, for the ' Canadian Natn- 
 ralist ' containinLC this artitle, and 
 also for nmeh useful iuformation. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 55 
 
 Mottled Old, or American Screecli Owl (Scops Aslo, Linn.) ; 
 toLirably coiiiraoii, a summer migrant. 
 
 American Long-cared Owl (Otus Wilsonianiis, Lesson) ; a 
 Slimmer migrant, not common. 
 
 American Short-cared Owl (Bracliyotus Cassini, Breifcr) ; 
 rather more common than the last, a summer migrant. 
 
 Barred Owl (Syrinum nebulosum, Forstcr) ; apparently a 
 summer migrant, but not common. 
 
 Saw-whet Old (Nyctate Acadia, Gmelin) ; a summer migrant, 
 not uncommon. 
 
 Stunnj Old (Nyctoa nivea, Daiidin) ; tolerably common, and 
 probably remains tbrougliout the year; called here the 
 " White Owl." I have only seen this bird in winter. 
 
 Hawk Old (Surnia ulula, Linn.) ; perhaps the most common 
 owl in Newfoundland, remains throughout the year. 
 
 PiCIDiE —OR WoOOrECKER. 
 
 Hairy Wood2)eckcr, or Sapsucler (Picus villosus, Linn.) ; 
 tolerably C(>i.:ni()n, does not migrate. 
 
 Downij Woodpecker, or Sapsudcer (P. pubcscens, LJtin.); 
 very common, and non-migratory. 
 
 Black-headed Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides Arcticus, 
 Swainx.); tolerably common throughout the year. 
 
 Banded Three-iord Woodpecker (Picoides hirsutus, Vieill.) ; 
 not so common, but non-migratory. 
 
 Black Woodcock, or Logcock (Hylotomus pilcatus, Linn) ; 
 called " Great Black Woodpecker " here, probably a summer 
 migrant. 
 
 Flicker (Colaptcs auratus, Linn.) ; a summer visitor ; called 
 hero the " Englisli Woodpecker." 
 
 Cyi'selid.e — TiiK Swifts. 
 
 American Chimney Swallow (Chtutura pelasgia, Linn.) ; 
 apparently rare, a summer migrant. 
 
 American Night Hawk ((.'hordeiles popetiec, Vieill); a 
 Kunimcr migrant. 
 
IG 
 
 GEOGRArHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 1 I 
 
 i I 
 
 i .1 
 
 Alc'edinid.t: — the Kingfishers. 
 
 Belted Kinr/Jinhr (Ccrylo iilcy(jn, Linn.) ; tolerably 
 common during the sinnmer luontlis. 
 
 Tyiianniixt: — the Tyrant Flycatchers. 
 
 Kin^l Tiiril, (»r Jlrr Martin (Tyrsumus Carolionsis, Linn.); 
 a summer migriuit, tolerably abundant. 
 
 Pcirce (Sayornis fusciis, Gmclin) ; a summer migrant, not 
 connnon. 
 
 M^oiid Pcwcc ('C(Uitopus virens, Linn.) ; a summer migrant, 
 not common. 
 
 L('((st F/i/ratrh(r (Empidonax minimus, J5am7) ; scarce, a 
 summer migrant. 
 
 Green-crcdstctl Fh/rntchcr (Empidonax Acadicus, Gmclin) ; 
 not very common, a summer migrant. 
 
 YcUoa--h(Hlcd Fli/cat<'hrr (Empidonax ilaviveutris, Baird); 
 apparently a common summer migrant. 
 
 TuRDiDvE — THE Thrushes. 
 
 Hermit Thrush (Turdus Pallasi, Cahanis); a commou 
 sunniier visitor and tolerably good songster. 
 
 Wihon't^ Thrusli (T. fuscesc(!iis, StepJieni<) ; a summer 
 migrant, not so common as tlie preceding. 
 
 Olive-haelced lln n.sh (T. Swainsoni, C<d>.)\ a pretty common 
 smnmer migrant. I tliiuk this is the bird known liere aw 
 " Eauvet." 
 
 Mitjratorij TlirusJi, or Ameriean Boinn (T. migratorius, 
 Linn.) ; a summer migrant, <me of tliu most connnon of our 
 birds ; called litre "llobin," but more commonly "Blackbird." 
 
 Blue Bird (Sialia sialis, Linn.)) uncertain. 
 
 linby-croicned Wren (licfgulus calendula, Linn.) ; not 
 uncommon, a summer migrant. 
 
GEOGUAniY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 
 Sylvicolid.ti — TUE Wahrleks. 
 
 I 
 
 Amerlcnn Tltlurh (Aiitluis Liidoviciiiiiiis, Gmclin)', a 
 sumiuer uiigniut, doubtful wliotlicr it breeds in tlic isLuid. 
 
 Black and W/tife Creeper (Miiiotilta vtiriii, Linn.) ; 
 ai)parciitly a common sum^.u'r migrant. 
 
 Mariihind Yellow-tleroat (GotjtLlypis triclias, Linn.) ; a 
 common summer migrant. 
 
 NaxhriUe Warhler (Ilelmintliopliaga ruficopilla, Wilson) ; 
 a summer migrant, but ajjparently rare. 
 
 Oren Bird, or GoJden-crowncd Thrusli (Sciurus aurocapillus, 
 Linn.); a siinnner migrant, but not common. 
 
 Black-throated Green Warhler (Dendroica vircns^ Gnielin) ; 
 a tolerably connnon summer migrant. 
 
 Yelloic-riunped Warhler (Dendroica coronata, Linn.); a 
 common summer migrant. 
 
 Bay-hreaxted Warhler (D. Castanea, Wilson) ; a summer 
 migrant, tolerably connnon. 
 
 Chestnut-sided Warhler (D. Penusylvanica, X//i«.); a summer 
 migrant, tolerably connnon. 
 
 Blaclt-poll Warhler (Dcndvoicii :iirhiiii, Forster) ; apparently 
 not unconnnon in summer. 
 
 Yellow Warhler (L'. (estiva, GtneUn); a comnum summer 
 migrant ; called in Newfoundland the " Yellow llannner." 
 
 Yellow Iled-2)oll Warhler (D. palmarum, Ginelin) ; au early 
 spring migrant, toleraldy connnon. 
 
 Black and Yelloic ll'«r6Zrr (I), maculosa, Gnielin); an early 
 migrant, tolc^i-ably connnon. 
 
 Green Black-cajt Flycatcher (Myiodioctes pusiilus, 
 Wilson) ; a sunnner migrant, not connnon. 
 
 Canada Flycatcher (IMyiodioctes Canadensis, Linn.) ; a 
 summer migrant, in)t very connnon. 
 
 American lied Start {Hv.toiAv.v^a ruticilla, Linn.); a summer 
 migrant, rather scarce ; called here " Goldfinch." 
 
58 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 HlRUNDIND)^ — THE S WALLOWS. 
 
 Barn Swallow (Hirundo liorcorum, Barton) ; a rare summer 
 migrant. 
 
 Cliff Swallow (H. limifrous, Say.) ; also a rare summer 
 migrant. 
 
 White-hellicd Swallow (II. bicolor, Vie III.) ; a very common 
 summer migrant. 
 
 Baiik Swallow, or Sand Martin (Cotylo riparia, Linn.) ; a 
 very rare migrant. 
 
 Piuylc. Martin (Proquo purpurea, Linn.) ; a very rare 
 migrant. 
 
 LaNIAD/E — THE SnillKTlS. 
 
 Great Northern Shrll'e, or American Butcher Bird* (Collyrio 
 borealis, Vlclll.) ; visits tlic island j^eriodically, but apj)ears 
 rare. 
 
 Yellow-throated Flycatcher (Vireo florifrous, Vlclll.) ; a 
 tolerably common summer migrant. 
 
 LlOTRICIIIDiK. 
 
 Winter Wren (Troglodytes hyemalis, Vlclll.)', common, 
 and resident tlirougliout the year. 
 
 Ceuthiad/l- -Creepers. 
 
 American Creeper (Certhia Americana, Bonap.) ; apparently 
 a summer migrant, but not common. 
 
 Bed-hellled Nnthach (Sitta Canadensis, Linn.) ; perhaps a 
 resident, but certainly nire. 
 
 * Tlie Butcher Bird, or as it is ! I am well acqnainto'l with this hird 
 
 also called in Canada, the Moose I and its familiar habits, which ho 
 
 Bird, is not a migratory iiird, but , describes exactly. I have always 
 
 remains throuj^hout the year. The known it as the liutcher Iiird,':; 
 
 bird whicli Mr. Keeks describes true Shrike. Xeverthelcss, it is 
 
 under the head of Corvidai as the called by the .Newfoundlanders 
 
 C'd^^r/c/'i Ja// (I'erisoreus Canadensis, generally, a " Jay." 
 
 Linn.)y I believe to be the same bird, j 
 
 \ 
 
4 
 
 GEOGUAPIIY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 cu 
 
 PAlilDyE. 
 
 Blach-cap Titmouse (Paris atricapillus, Linn.) ; con.mon, 
 and rcsidci'.t tlironglioiit tlic year. 
 
 Hiidsoninn Tit (P. Hudsoiiicus, Foratcr) ; comnioD, and 
 non-migratory. 
 
 FiaxGiLLiD.T: —Finches. 
 
 American Pine Groxheak (Pinic(do Canadensis, Briss.) ; 
 common tlironghout tlio year. 
 
 Yellow Bird, or Thistle Bird (Clirysomitris tristis, Linn.) ; 
 a common summer migrant. 
 
 Piw Finch (C. pinus, Wilson) ; a summer migrant, not 
 common. 
 
 American CroHxlnll (Curvirostra Americana, Wilxon) ; com- 
 mon tlu'ougliout the year; called in some parts of the island 
 " Large Spruce Bird." 
 
 WJiite-winf/ed Crosshill (C. leucoptcra, Gmclin) ; common 
 throughout tlie year ; called here " Spruce Bird." 
 
 Mealif Bedpole (^-Egiothus linaria, Linn.) ; very common, 
 and does not migrate ; called here " Alder Bird." 
 
 Snoiv Buntinr/ (Plectrophancs nivalis, Linn.) ; very common 
 in winter; called "Snow Bird." 
 
 Savannah Sj^arroio <^Passerculus Savanna, Wilsi>n) ; abun- 
 dant throughout the sunnnor. 
 
 Mliite-crowned Sparrow (Zouotrichia leucophrys, Forster) ; 
 a conniion summer migrant. 
 
 White-throated Sparrow {7a. albicollis, Gmel.) ; a common 
 summer migrant. 
 
 Snow Bird (Qunco hycmalis, Linn.) ; a tolerably common 
 summer migrant. 
 
 Chippin(j Sparrow (Si)irella socialis, Wihon); a common 
 summer migrant. 
 
 Fox-coloured Sparrow (Passerclla iliaca, Mcrrem) ; a very 
 common summer migrant ; called here the "Uedgc Sparrow." 
 
GO 
 
 GEOGRAniY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 ICTEUID.^. 
 
 liufitii BlacJchird (Scolocoiihagus l\_Tiigiucus, Gmelln) ; a 
 regular and coiiinion summer migrant. 
 
 Crow BlacJchird (Quiscalns versicolor, Linn.) ; a rare 
 
 summer migrant. 
 
 CoHviDTE — OK Crows. 
 
 American Itacen (Corvus carnivurus, Bartrani) ; commou 
 tliroughont the year. 
 
 American Crow (C. Americana, Audnhan) ; a common 
 summer migrant ; called here the " Otter Crow." 
 
 Blue Jaij (Cyanura cristata, Limi.) ; a summer migrant, 
 not connn(m ; called here the '• Silken Jay." 
 
 Canada Jay (Perisoreus Canadensis, Linn.) ; commou 
 througliout the year. This is the bird which, from Mr. 
 Hecks' description, exactly resembles the American Butcher 
 Bird, or ShriJie (Collyrio borealis). 
 
 Tetraonid^ — Grouse Tribe. 
 
 Canada Grouse, or Spruce Partridge * (Tetrao Canadensis, 
 Linn.) ; a very rare and uncertain visitor from the mainland. 
 
 Willow Grouse (Lagopus albus, GmeJin) ; common through- 
 out the year. This is our well-known game bird, erroneously 
 called in Newfoundland the " Partridge." 
 
 Boch Ptarmigan (Lagopus rupcstris, Gmclin) ; a truly 
 Alpine sjiecies in Newfoundland, non-migratory, inhabiting 
 only the highest and barest mountain ridges ; it is called 
 here " liock " or " Mountain Partridge." 
 
 Ardetd.t: — Herons. 
 
 American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus, Montague) ; a 
 summer migrant, pretty commou. 
 
 * I never lieanl of this liird ou 
 tlie eastern side ot" the ishtml, hut 
 witiiin tlie hist few weeks sunie ten 
 
 (ir a (hizen live hirds have been 
 imported tVoni Nova kScotia. 
 
GEOGRArnY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Gl 
 
 ' 
 
 CnARADRiD.T. — Plover. 
 
 American Golden Plover (Cliaradrius Yirginicus, BorcJc) ; 
 visits the island in great numbers during the autumnal 
 migration, but rarely, if ever, in the vernal ; does nut breed 
 hero. 
 
 Killdeer (^gialitis vociferous, Linn.) ; not so common as 
 the preceding. 
 
 Binfj Plover, or ScmqxiJ mater Plover (^gialitis scmipal- 
 matus, Bon.) ; a sunnner migrant, breeding on the island. 
 
 Pipiw] Plover (/Egialitis melodus, Ord.) ; apparently a 
 common summer migrant. This and the preceding arc 
 called hero " Beech Birds." 
 
 Grei) Plover, or Bhick-helUed Plover (Squatarola helvetica, 
 Linn.) ; very common in the foil. 
 
 ILematopodid.t:. 
 
 Turnstone (Strcpsilas intcrpres, Linn.) ; abundant on the 
 seashore in the fall, and generally so fat that they are called 
 by the fishermen " Fat oxen." 
 
 PnALAROrODID.'E. 
 
 Bed Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius, Linn.) ; sometimes 
 tolerably common ; culled here the " Gale Bird." 
 
 ScoLOPACiD^ — Snipe. 
 
 Mr. Recks thinks the American TFoo(?cor/i- (Philohela minor, 
 Gmelin) might be found in some parts of the island ; but I 
 have never seen or heard of its existence anywhere. One 
 single specimen of the European Woodcoclc (Scolopax rusti- 
 cola, Linn.) was killed some years since near St. John's. 
 
 Wilson's SnifG (Galinago Wilsoni, Jcnim.) ; a common 
 summer migrant. 
 
 
i 
 
 ■I 
 
 1 
 
 \^ 
 
 02 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 (tray Snqic (^Macrorliamplus grisous, Gmelin) ; a summer 
 migrant. 
 
 (irai/harJc Jlahin Snijw, or Knot (Triiiga caautus, Linn.) ; a 
 periodical visitor. 
 
 Pur2)lc Sand^'iper (Ti'luQn maritima, Brnnnich) ', a summer 
 migrant. 
 
 American Dunlin (Tringa Alpiiia var. Americana, Cnxttin); 
 a sumnu!r migrant. 
 
 American JacJc Snipe (Tringa maeulata, VieiU.) ; a summer 
 migrant, and tolerably common. 
 
 Least Sandpiper (T. Wilsonii, Nnftall) ; a common summer 
 migrant. 
 
 Bonaparte's Sandpiper (T. Bonapartii, Sclde'jel) ; a common 
 summer migrant. 
 
 SandcrVuKj (Calidris arenaria, Linn.) ; visits Newfoundland 
 periodically. 
 
 Semipahnated Sandpiper (Ercunetcs jietrificatus, lllitjer) ; a 
 common visitor in summer. 
 
 Stilt Sandpiper (Macropalama hunantopus, Bon.) ; not 
 very conunon. 
 
 Willet (Syuiphemia scmipalmata, Gmelin) ; common in the 
 fall. 
 
 Tell Tale, or Stone Snipe (Gambetta melanolenca, Gmelin) ; 
 a summer migrant, but not very connnon. 
 
 Yellmo Legs, or Yelloto-shanlced Sandpiper (Gambetta 
 flairpcs, Gmelin) ; a very common' summer migrant ; called 
 in Newfoundland " Twillick," " Twillet," and " Nausary." 
 
 Solitary Sandiripcr (\l\\yviCO\)\\\\\m solitarius, Wilson)', not 
 unconnn(m in summer. 
 
 Spotted Sandpiper (Tringoides macularius, Linn.) ; a com- 
 mon summer migrant ; called hero " Wagtail." 
 
 Bartram's Sandinper (Aetiturus Bartramiu, Wilson) ; a 
 periodical visitor. "^ 
 
 Buff-hreasted Sandpiper (Tryngitcs rufesccns, Vieill.) ; a 
 summer migrant, not common. 
 
 I 
 
GEOGUArilY OF NP^WFOUN'DLAND. 
 
 03 
 
 Mdi'bh'd Godwit (Limosa fodoa, Linn.) ; a periodical visitor. 
 
 Jlntlsonian (iodwit (L. Iliidsoiiica, Lathmn) ; a coininon 
 summer visitor. This aud the preceding are calleil here 
 "Dotterels." 
 
 Lonff-hlUcd Curlew (Numcricus longirostiis, WiUon) ; a 
 2)eriodiciil migrant, only plentiful in the fall. 
 
 Hadsunian Curlew (N. Hudsonicus, Latluim); etjually com- 
 mon with the former; calhxl here by the fishermen "Jack 
 Curlew," or " Turkey Curlew." 
 
 Esquimaux Curlew CN. boreal i 8, i^ors/tT) ; tlie most common 
 of all <jur curlews, but only plentiful in the fall. It is very 
 doubtful if any of the curlews breed on the island. 
 
 Virijiiiiau Hail (liallus Virgiuianus, Linn.) ; a very rare 
 
 Kunnner migrant. 
 
 Common American Hail (Porsana Carolina, Vieill.) ; a 
 sunmier migrant, but rare. 
 
 Amerieaii Coot [FuliGa, Americana, Gmelin)] a very doubtful 
 migiaut. 
 
 Anatid/E — Ducks. 
 
 The American Swan (Cygnus Americanus, Shirphss), the 
 Snow Goose (Anser hyperboreus, Pallas), and the W/tlte- 
 fronted Goose (A. gambeli, Ilarfhind), are mentioned as 
 having been seen on the island by Mr. lieeks ; but if such is 
 the caf)c, they must have been very rai'c stragglers. I have 
 never seen or heard of them licre. 
 
 Canada (7oo&c (Bernicla Canadensis, L/rt?j.) ; a very common 
 and regular summer visitant, which breed in the interior. 
 
 Brent G'on.se (Bernicla brenta, Slephens) ; tolerably common 
 on the Southern shore in sunnner. 
 
 Mallard, or Common Wild Duck (Anas boschas, Linn.) ; very 
 rare. I have never heard of it on the island. 
 
 Black Duck (Anas obscura, Gmelin). This is the most 
 conunon of all our ducks, very abundant in some parts 
 during the early fall ; some few remain near the sea coast 
 throughout the winter. 
 
64 
 
 OKoGItArilY OF NRWFOUNDLAND, 
 
 Pintnil Duel- CDiiilia acutii, Linn.) ; very rare; known lioro 
 as the " Long-tniled Duck." 
 
 Grccn-wiiKjrd Teal (Nettion Caroliucnsis, Clmdin) ; a 
 summer mi^'rant, not very common. 
 
 Blu(;-ichi(jed Teal (Quor(|ue(lula discors, I Ann.) ; very rare. 
 
 Shoveller (Spatula clypeata, Linn.) ; a snnnner migrant, not 
 very common ; (Milled luire tlio " Pond Diver." 
 
 Gadinill, or Graj/ Duck (Clianlelasmus streperus, Ijian.) ; 
 rare, and docs not breed on the island. 
 
 Bahipaic, or Anwrlcan Wiihjeon (Marcca Americana, 
 Gmelin) ; a common summer migrant. 
 
 Scaup DncJc, or Big BlacJihead (Fulix marila, Linn.) ; a 
 very rare straggler on the north-west coast. 
 
 American Scaup Duck (Fulix ailinus, Eijton); occasionally 
 shot in spring and fall. 
 
 Binij-nech'd Duck (F. collaris, Donovan); equally rare 
 with the preceding species. 
 
 American Golden-ei/e (Bucei)liala Americana, Bon.) ; a 
 very common summer migrant ; called here the " Pic 
 Duck." 
 
 Bujfel-lieaded Dnclc, or Butter B(dl (B. albeola, Linn.) ; 
 rare ; called here the " Spirit Duck." 
 
 Harlequin Dnch (llisfcrionicns torqnatus, Linn.) ;a common 
 summer migrant ; called in Newfoundland " Lords " and 
 " Ladies." 
 
 Lony-tailed Duel- (ITarclda glacialis, LJnn.) ; very common 
 along tlie coast in the fall and spring, and sometimes during 
 the winter ; called here by the fishermen " Hounds," from 
 the fanci{?d resemblance of their cry to that of a pack of 
 hounds in full chase. 
 
 Velvet Dnclc (Miilanctto velvctina, Cassin) ; common 
 throughout the summer. Provincial name, " White-winged 
 Diver." 
 
 Surf Dnch (Pelionctta perspicillata, Linn.) ; common 
 
 1 
 
OEOGItArilY OF NEWFOrNDLAXn. 
 
 05 
 
 (luring till! mignitory season, rrovliu-iiil iiiuik', -'D.-ttlc 
 iiohcd Divir." 
 
 Amcncdii Scoter (G^dciiiiti Amoriciina, Sictdnffnn); vt rv 
 cominon througliout tlio year; culled here Hk; '-Sleepy 
 Diver." 
 
 A.ncrtcan Eider Duck (Soiuateria iiiollissiina, Linn.); very 
 ubimJuiit sometimes during tbc fall and uintcr along the 
 coast. It is called tlie "Sea Duck," or '-iJig Saltwater 
 Duck," here. 
 
 KiiKj Eider (S. spectahilis, Linn.) ; rather rare; called tli< 
 " King Duck " in Newfoundland. 
 
 Goosander (Mergus Amcricaniis, Cossin) ; a summer migi-ant 
 and toleraldy connnon ; called here tlie " Gosgard." 
 
 lled-hreaded Merganser (]M. serrator, Linn.) ; a very ct.m- 
 mon summer migrant. Provincial nanu;, " Shell J]inl." 
 
 Hooded Mertjnn,^er (Loi)hodites cueullatus, I.iini.)-, a very 
 rare bird. I have only seen two spocimens of it. 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 i 
 
 If 
 
 ritOCELLAlUID.E. 
 
 Fuhiiar Petrel (Procellaria glacialis, Linn.); ai.parmtly 
 conmion in its migrations. 
 
 Leach's Petrel (Thalassidroma Lcaclii, Temn.) ; toleriihly 
 common. 
 
 Wilson's Stormy Petrel (T. Wilsoni, Pon.)-, appears to he 
 common. 
 
 Storvnj Petrel, or Mother Cari/'s Chiclen (T. pelagica, Linn.) ; 
 a common summer migrant. 
 
 Great Shearwater (Puffinus major, Falerr, toleruhly 
 connnon on some })arts of the coast. 
 
 Sooti/ Shearicater (P. fuliginosus, V) ; eonmnm on the 
 
 banlcs of Newfonndhind. 
 
 Manx Shearwater (P. AngLjrum, Punj) ; tokrahly common 
 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
GC. 
 
 GKOGRAI'IIV OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 Lajiid.k— THE Gull Tiirr.E. 
 
 Pomarinc SJictu (Stereomrius ponitiriiius, Tcum.') ; common, 
 especially in tlio fUll. 
 
 Arctic Skau (>^. luirusiticus, Z/y<».) ; most common in spring 
 iuul fall. 
 
 J>iij]\)ii\h Skau (S. copplnis, Briinn) ; appeared to l)e rathci 
 a rare itcriodicul niij^riint. 
 
 (i/aiicoutf GhU (Lams o-laucns, Briinn) ; tolerably common 
 ill its periodieal mi_L,a'ations ; called the "-Largo Ico (JuU." 
 
 \Viiite-irin(jc<l Gull (L. lencopterus, luthcr); like the j)r<- 
 ceding, a pericnlical migrant, most co:.iimon in tlui tall. 
 
 (irt'dt J>/<uk-l)acl:cfl Gull (Larus niariiius, Liini.}; a C' ni- 
 nion summer migrant; provincial name, "Saddle JJack." 
 
 lIcrriiKj 6'm//(L. argentatiis, Brinni)\ abundant tlnouglio'.it 
 tlie sinnmer ; ealled here the "Blue (iull." 
 
 liiuij-hilh'j} Gnll(L. Dehiwarensis, (h-d.)\ connnon through- 
 out tlie summer; i)rovincial name, " JScpieezy Gull." 
 
 llomipartes Gnll (Chroicocephalus J*hiladel[ihia, Ord.) ; 
 d()ul)ffui. 
 
 Kiitiinikc G nil (JVifiiin, tridaelylas,L/i</^) ; tolerably common ; 
 calhul lur«. the " Ticklacu." 
 
 Ivor// Gull (Pagophilia eburnea, Gniclin); a very ran 
 niigrant. 
 
 Sahlnc.s Gnll, or Farl-tfiihii Gull (Xema Sabinii, Stihinc) ; 
 a periodieal visit(»r, l)ut not connnon. 
 
 Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia, Ptdhta); a tolerably common 
 sunmier migrant ; called by tho lishermeu the " Mackerel 
 liird." 
 
 Wih^"us Tern (St(^rua Wilsoni, Lunaj).) ; u very .ibundaut 
 species. 
 
 Ardii- Trru (S. macrura, Nanman); I think conibuu(l<xl 
 with the; former; both called here " Stecrings." 
 
 Least Fern (^S. freuata, Ganibel) ; ui>i»iircntly very ruro. 
 
 I 
 
 JlkkK 
 
GEOGIiAI'UY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 67 
 
 SuLiDii:. 
 Common Gannct (Sula passana, Linn.) ; a common Kummfr 
 
 mi^'rant. 
 
 rilALACROCORAriD.i: — THE CORMOUAN . s. 
 
 Common Cormorant (Graenlns carbo, Linn.); a sunniur 
 migrant, very al)iuulant on t^omu parts of tho coast; known as 
 the "Slia;,'." 
 
 Ihiihh'-rrcxtcd Cormorant (G. diloplius, Swain.) ; 0(|ually 
 abumlaiit with the preceding. 
 
 iLYMBiD.E — Divers. 
 
 Loon, or Great Northern Diver (Colymbus tor(|uatus, 
 Briinn); a very comm(»n summer mij^'rant ; caUcil here 
 "Loo." Tliere is another Loon, or as it is called liero 
 " Waubbe," which Mr. lleeks tliinks is tlie same l)ird in its 
 immature plumage. (I believt: tliem to be (juite distinct 
 species. — A. M.) 
 
 Reil -throated Diver (0. Septentrionalis, Linn.) ; a tolerably 
 eoiiuiidii sunnner migrant ; this bird is 'jM.Ued here " Carbrace."' 
 
 Alcid.e — Auks. 
 
 Greot A III- f Alca impennis, Linn.) ; once abundant, especially 
 en t)K; Funks islands, but )iow totally extinct ; it was called 
 horv^ " Pengwin." 
 
 Razor-liilled Anh (Aha torda, L/n?<.) ; conniioii throughout 
 the summer and fall , (.'ailed lure thi; "Tinker." 
 
 Common Piijjlu (Mormon Arcticus, Linn.); a very common 
 summer migiani, well known on tho eastern coast as the 
 " l*acalleu BinL' 
 
 Black Gailfeuif (T'ria gryllc, Linn.); a very common 
 smnmer migrant; known us the " Soii Pigeon." 
 
 Common GuiUemot, or Murrc (U. lomvia, Lrunn ) ; a very 
 
 F 2 
 
If; 
 
 GS 
 
 GEOGRAPHY CF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 I : 
 
 common poriodical migrant ; known as tlic " Murr," ami 
 
 "TlllT." 
 
 ThieJc-hlllcd Guillen ot {XL nrvii, Pallos); equally common 
 with ti!o preceding ; also called " Tun." 
 
 Little Auk (Mcirgulus ulle, Linn.) ; a common periodical 
 migrant. Provincial name, " Bull liird." 
 
 Fishes, 
 
 Gadid.I'] — oic Cod. 
 
 Several varieties, Cod, Haddock^ and Ling being the most 
 common and most abundant. 
 
 PLEURONECTIDiE — THE FlOUNDEKS. 
 
 Several varieties, viz. IMihnt, Turhot, Vlaire, Salt, &c. 
 
 Salmonjdji:. 
 
 A great many varieties, viz. Salmon, Trout, Caplin, Sinclfa, 
 Sec, all common and abundant on our shores during summer. 
 Trout of several varieties are found in almost all tlie fres)i- 
 water rivers and lakes in the island ; wliilo salmon resort to 
 all the larger rivers during the spawning season. 
 
 CLUPiEIDiE — THE IlEKrJNG TlHIiE. 
 
 Of tliis tribe the llcrriiuj only visits us. The Labrador 
 herring, so well known, wliich swarms up'^n that coast at 
 (.crtain seasons of the year, is ranked among Jio iinest fish of 
 its kind in the world. 
 
 ScO^IBEiUD.i: — THE ]\LiCKEJlEL TlUDK. 
 
 MacJiCrel were at one time very abundant around our coast, 
 but have become very scarce of late years. 
 
 Tlio Xiphi((i^, or Sicordjishf belonging to the same family, 
 is occasionally seen. 
 
 f 
 
GEOGIIAPIIY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 GO 
 
 I 
 
 MUH.ENID.E — THE EeL TuIIU:. 
 
 Ech aro {ibniuliiiit, both in our frcsli-wutor rivers unci 
 lakes, and also in tLo salt water. 
 
 {SELACniJ. — ShAUKS and IiAYS. 
 
 SharJiS arc sometimes plentiful during the summer months 
 on our coasts. 
 
 Diig-Jhh, anotluT member of tlio family, are abundant. 
 Tlio Fox Shdrk, or ThrvHlicr^ is not unconmion. 
 Itays (euUt'd hero Maiden liaij) arc pretty plentiful. 
 
 Fustulauid.t; — PiPK-MouTnED Fishes. 
 
 A small fish, known hero as the BllJJish, is most probably 
 tlie Britisli (Centriseus scolopax) Sea Siiq)c', Sea Trumpd, or 
 Belhiirs Fish. 
 
 Many otlier fisli arc met with all around the island, which 
 arc little known. Amongst these may he nujntioned Gur- 
 nards, Sculpins, Wolf-Jish, Cat-jisli, Luiiip-jisJi, Laiicc, Slli'lle- 
 hacJi's, Minnows, itc. Sturgeon have been ijccasionally caught. 
 
 CUUSTACEANS. 
 
 Lobsters and Crabs are abundant all around the coast. 
 
 MOLLUSCA. 
 
 Tho common Sqnid (S<digo) is extremely abumhuit during 
 certain months of the sunnn(.'r. A huge DrCiipod, wliich has 
 hvAm named Architeuthis monachus {Prof. VtrrU)^ has been 
 frcfpicntly met with. 
 
 Insects. — Ijutterlliis of several varieties arc wjuuhou. 
 Moths, House-tlies, l)ragon-lli(!S, Wild liees, AVasps, IMos- 
 (juitoes, lieetles, Centipedes, a variety of Hornets, and a 
 host of others too numerous and too well known to re(iuirc 
 particular description. 
 
70 
 
 fiEOGr.APIIY OF NEWFOrNI>LANl). 
 
 The i)aucity of iiuligcnouR aniintiLs is very remfirlviiblc, 
 as C()mi)are(I witli tlio iieiglibouring continent. It will be 
 seen by the foregoing libt tliat 8<juiiTels, Mink, Porcupine, 
 Skunk. Lynx, and Keveral otlier creatures common to tlie 
 continent, have no existence in Newfoundland ; and that 
 n'[)tiles of all descri]»tioiis are totally absmit. Our lakes and 
 rivers, whicli teem with several beautiful varieties of Trout, 
 an; singularly destitute of tlic; many species of iish which 
 iidiabit tlie great Canadian lakes and rivers, such as Lake 
 Trout, Pike, (hirfisli, Whitefish, Pickerel, and Maskinonge. 
 Bliiny birds also common on the mainland never visit the 
 island. 
 
GEOGUArUY or NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 AREA. ETC., OF IMIIXCirAT. EAKES SIKVEYED. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Nam*' of Lake. 
 
 ."^ituatinn. 
 
 L. n;.'tlj 
 ill 
 
 ,. , , S'. It lite , ,.-., 
 
 bra Level. ., ,^ .Mlle^. 
 
 alii'Ve 
 
 S(|iiare 
 
 CJraii'l rnii'l 
 lleil lii'li:in l>ak(; 
 ( iainler Lakii 
 
 l>eel' Laku 
 
 Saii'ly I'l'iitl 
 
 \'i(foi'ia Lake 
 
 WmV^ r. ii'l .. .. 
 
 l;nllll,l 1- I .. .. 
 
 SiiellieM |'„ild .. .. 
 Terrauoxa Lake 
 Ctiori^o IV. luiku 
 Pettiwiek l'.'„' .. 
 
 St. (ieol'ee's I'ulul 
 
 Lnim' I'ull'l 
 
 Llovd'^ Pmiil 
 EllUulleil)ee.>ll (iiispeji 
 
 SiMilis riind 
 ^Lu•(,•lt•s I'lUi'l 
 S(.'r]ieiitiiie Lake 
 r.ra/.il Toinl 
 (ireat jiiirut ToUil 
 Wiiiilsur Lak»! 
 A\va<'liaiijot'.sli Gosptiu 
 
 Kikri|H"4 
 
 Islaml I'miil 
 Little Uiirut rninl 
 
 Tit I'oii.l 
 
 liii; liarreii I'oinl 
 
 KM|l|ii{li|e.;a\V(,' (i(>s|ien 
 Pa.l.lle I'niel .. .. 
 lltiilj,!' W'atei- I'.iiul ,. 
 (Jreat Cull Toii'l 
 
 ( til the IIiiiuImt 
 ! (Jn tin: Kxiilniis 
 On tJK' (iainler Kiver 
 On the lluiiilier 
 
 17 Jf 
 
 On Vietni'ia lliver .. 
 ( >n the lIiMutier 
 I On I '.ay Kast Kiver 
 ' ( Ml the llmnlier 
 I On Terraiidva Kiver 
 On the Exploits 
 On liay Kast lliver 
 On Harry's lirnnk .. 
 On llav IviNt Kivi'r 
 i On the Kx|ihiit> 
 I < )n i>ay Kasl IMver 
 
 < )n Terranova Liver 
 On ."-erpentine Kiver 
 On r>iy Ka>t Kivi^r 
 
 Near St. John's 
 (Jn r.ay East Kiver 
 
 lert. 
 .".0 
 
 41 is 
 7."> 
 10 
 
 ti'.l 
 IKiO 
 
 (;:U 
 
 Ls,-) 
 
 •J7+ 
 
 1-J:i7 
 
 ti74 
 
 1? 
 
 
 On 'I'crrannva Kiver 
 I On Kncky Kiver 
 ' ( »ii Harry's I'.i k . . 
 
 On I'aihlii' I'.rnok .. 
 
 ( )n Koiky L'iver 
 
 On lirancii Kiver ., 
 
 .''),")it 
 
 27t; 
 .")7r> 
 ;]tiO 
 
 .")S() 
 
 •jr.o 
 •J4tj 
 
 ■.v.',\ 
 
 ii 
 i»;i 
 
 s 
 
 ■'I 
 
 t 
 
 , ) 
 
 (1 
 
 ! Mil* 
 li'.i 
 44 
 :i4 
 
 oa 
 -I 
 ■ > 
 
 4 
 
 > > 
 
 4 
 
 ir, 
 
 U 
 
 W 
 
 in 
 
 ;i 
 
 ,s 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 1; 
 4 
 ■'} 
 
 •>l 
 
 -I 
 ■>i 
 - 1 
 
 * This iiicliiiles an islainl 2\ miles Ion',', having an area of r.ii squ.ire niilen, wliicli 
 iluducled I'loiu I'J'.;, leaves the suil'ace area ol water IM siiuaie uiilea. 
 
 
72 
 
 GKOGIIAI'IIY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 iiEKiiTTs. ETC., OF rKixciPAT, :\i()rxTAiys. 
 
 Name of Mountain. 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Xiar Ilein! of l.:i I'liilr Kivi'T 
 Sdiitli siilij lit' liiinilii'r Ann ., 
 
 A Ili-li Ri.l'To 
 
 Jiln mi Don Mountain^; .. 
 
 ,,,/.. ill) ifSdiitli ^iili' (if i;iv(;i' K.\iiloits,1 
 
 I'oak or Annf;oi)>i(|Uiit(h liuutro <\ , i i n i, i } 
 
 ^ ^ I I •■'''"^■''' l.l<'Vii S I'liiul .. ..J 
 
 Kli'vut.'.l i;i,lu-,.. Xcir Hoad (if I.a I'.iilo Itivt'i- 
 
 Ilii(lir<''s Ilil! I Xr.il- Uaii;^'!!!' l>r(iiil< 
 
 Part (if Anu('(iiis(iuiitcli Kan^^i; | llcail of LldVil's I'dnd 
 
 nnrnt Hill .. | \V'>t end (iiMirtxc iV. I.akt! .. 
 
 Hi'^h l;i(l<,a> I F(irk (.f i.a i'mli' Kivcr .. .. 
 
 Mdiiiit ^lus^ravc, Peak of Lon^-V \- i> r . 
 
 Kani^i! j 
 
 C'lpe Angnillo Iiau;^c .. .. j Sontli-ca-t -iil(.'St.Oi;ori^c's Bay 
 
 Ili'j:h li'jiUj;'' ! Aliovc (Icor^-c n'. Lake 
 
 Hind's Hill ,,.ar llhvV> I'oud I 
 
 Table Mountain, iiart of Lon'j;) .. ,, ,, ' 
 
 ,, ' ' -^} A car ( aiic Kav 
 
 Kan'4(! j ' 
 
 Mount I'cytoii i \\'f>t cuiH lander Lake .. 
 
 ,,. , ,,. , I rUetw eeu t u o amis Cie(»rLX(! I \'. ) 
 
 "'-^'' '"■'-'-■ ( Lake -. ..\ 
 
 I'art of Anneo]is.ju(itcIi Range ! La-t end (leor^e I\ . Lake 
 
 IJXortli-we^t side iJud ludiaul 
 
 !l Lak(^ .. / 
 
 Ijuijster House i Near Hind's i'nnd 
 
 Pj(.'otliuc Mountain. Peak of) j'Noitli-w est side Kxploits River,"! 
 
 Anneo]is([uoteh Range ../ I ahove Re(l Indian Lake ../ 
 Hi;,'li ]iid;j;e Xear St. (j!eor;^e's Pond . . 
 
 ,, ,, j South of Costigan's Pond 
 
 Mount Howlov, Peak of Lonj;) ■■ i ,. i-- , i- i, . 
 ,, _ ■' ■• Head ot 1" i>liel s hrook .. 
 
 ! Head of liuini'iit's P.rook 
 Xortli-west side Red Indian) 
 
 Ji.-if:ht 
 
 lllxiVi' 
 
 Soil Level. 
 
 Notched Mountain 
 
 Kan;j;e 
 Hl<ih Hill 
 
 Halfway Mountain 
 
 8eemore Mountain 
 High Land 
 Ccintre Hill ., 
 I'art of L(Uig Range 
 (lairn Mountain 
 Mount Sykes 
 Powdcr-hoi'n Hill .. 
 Kenewse Butterpot 
 
 i Lake 
 
 Near liirehy Ponds 
 Over Cajie Angnilh; 
 Xorth side P.ay P.ull's Arm 
 Head of ("raljii's Brook . . 
 Head of Flat P.ay P.rook 
 Xear Shetiiidd Poiid 
 Heail ot' l'> IV Pull's Ann 
 Near Reiicwse Harhour .. 
 
 / 
 
 tVc't. 
 
 L'Ud-3 
 
 204.3 
 
 •Jiiii(» 
 •_'i)(iU 
 
 p.i;J4- 
 
 liMlO 
 
 ISiJS 
 
 1 ^0 [ 
 
 1 SO'J 
 
 ls-_'2 
 J 7 Tit 
 
 1700 
 
 I07O 
 
 t;i9 
 
 I'l-Jl 
 
 ir.os 
 
 i:)7tt 
 
 i:>7u 
 
 1 :..".() 
 i:);5G 
 
 i:.L"j 
 
 ILSO 
 
 U4;! 
 
 I'J!!.'') 
 ] 170 
 InSl 
 1041 
 1(»;{2 
 ltCJ8 
 Ui>2 
 'J55 
 
IVct. 
 ■-'U4-3 
 
 ISHlO 
 18(J8 
 
 1SG4- 
 
 1 sr.'j 
 ls_'2 
 J77U 
 
 1700 
 
 1070 
 
 1(149 
 
 M-Jl 
 
 l.")9S 
 
 i:>79 
 1 r.70 
 1 :.:.() 
 
 l,-)3G 
 
 i:)i*9 
 
 1180 
 U43 
 
 1 'JDf) 
 
 1170 
 
 m.si 
 
 1041 
 
 iti;52 
 
 IOL'8 
 
 99'2 
 955