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KEY TO m I NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS CONTMMMI A lONCisi: Aci'diNi' 111' r.viiiv sri;iii:s or LIVING AXD FOSSIL Bill!) AT rUKSKXT KXOWX FHOM THE f'OXTIXKXT XOHTH OF TIIK MFATCAX AND rNirKI) STATES HOUNDAUV. ILLUSTRATED I'.Y G STEEL PLATES, AXD UPWARDS OF 2o0 WOODCUTS. BY ELLIOTT COUES, ASSISIANT SI l!(W;ilN I' N I T K I) STALKS AUMV. S A L E M : X A T U li A LISTS' A G E X C Y N E W Y UK: ] ) O HI) AXD M IC AD. nOSTOX: ESTES AXD LAIUIAT. 1872. Eiitcivil, acrordiiia; to Aft of Conicrcss, in llio year 1S72, l)y F. w. ^UTXA^r and klliott couks, 111 llic Olllco of the Lihniriaii of CoiijiiTss at Washiiiirtoii. t >k t VllVAWCK. A PRKFACE is inilisponsuMc in tliis instsiiico, simply boosiuse I liavc no otluT opportunity of properly ac'kno\vl(>(lo;ini^ the iissisttuifi' I luive received in preparing this work. I am piirliciilarly indehted to Mr. J. A. Ai.i.kx, of Camhridi^e, IVIass., who has diligently revised nearly all the proofshoets, and whose critical suggestions have proved invaluable. Mr. Ronr.itr KinowAV, of Illinois, has given nie the hcnent of his still unpublished studies of the Jinjitorcn and some otiier groups, besides rendering, as Mr. Almcn also has, various essential services. I'rof. Baiiu) kindly olfered me the use of all the illustrations of his late Review, while Prof. A(;assiz generously placed at my disposal the plates accompanying Mr. Ali.kn's Memoir on the Birds of Florida. Several of the woodcuts have been taken from Prof. Tknnkv's Manual of Zoology, with the author's permission ; and a few others have been contributed by Messrs. Lkk and SiiKi'AUD. AVith a few exceptions, the rest of the illustrations have been drawn from nature by the author, and engraved by Sir. C. A. Wai.kki!. I have spoken elsewhere of Prof. Mausii's almost indispensable cooperation in one part of the work. While material for the greater part of the descriptions has been furnished by the author's private cabinet, the Synopsis could hardly ha\ e been prepared without that free access to the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, of which I have been permitted to avail myself. The oidy word of explanation that seems to be re(iuired is with regard to the large number of genera I have admitted. 1 have been led into this — unnecessarily, perhaps, and certaiidy against my judgment — partly by my desire to distuib a current nomenclature as little as possible, and parti}' because it is still uncertain what value should be attached to a generic name. Among wading and swimming bii-(ls — the groups of which are, on the whole, more precisely limited than those of Tiiseia^ores — I have, however, indicated what I consider to be a reasonable reduc- tion ; and on another occasion I should probably extend a like practice, if not one even more " conservative," to the remaining groups. I will only add, that I consider tli.at several of the admitted families of Oschu's will require to be merged in one. These are the Tarditha, Saxkulkhv and Si/lcikhL', if not also the Tm — liiiiDs 1)i:iim:i) — Jii:ii:i' J)i;s(uii'ii(pn- ok iiikhi PKCI'I.IAU COVICIIINII 1 Six;. II. Av ai.i.isid.n id mi; t'i.A>?-ii ii;a iidn hi- Itiiins — Ta\(in(imy — Simi;- Tiui; — CiiAKACTiius — (iiioii's oi' J )iii'i;iii;m (Iuaki'.s — Tyi'ks am> Aiir.it- UAIIONS — K(;ll\Al.r..\t'V — .\NAI,()(iV AM) .\lllMTV — KXA.MI'l.i: 7 Si;o. III. ])r.i'i\nio\ and immi'.k Di.sc'impiio.v or tin-; Kxir.i;i i Fi(i,2, Spctliins (if a ccntnil rlt'iil li';iiln-r "!■ till' I,yic- lilnl. .\:iliir.-il sizi'; «, rruiii Ici'miunl Cllrvi-: /', iinilillc piirlinii. 8), aiul booklets (hamrtU; pi. i, lig. 8). These are simpl}' a sort of fringe to the I)arl)iiles, jiist as if tlio lower edge of the harhiile were frai/ed out, ami only differ from caeh other in one being plain, hair-like processes, and the other being honked at the end. Barl)icels do oecnr on I)()tli anterior and pos- terior rows of barbnies ; bnt rarely on the latter; booklets are contined to barbnies of the anterior series, Avbieli, as we have seen, orerlic the posterior rows of barl)nles, diagonally forming a meshwork. Tile I)eantifid design of this structnre is evident; by it, the b;irbnles arc interlocked, and the vane of the feather made a web; for each booklet of one liarbnlc i eatehes hold of a barbnle from the next barb in front, — any barbnle thns holding on to as many of the bar- bides of the next barb as it has booklets. To facilitate this interlocking, the bar- bnies have a thickened npper edge of such size that the booklets can just grasp it. This is clear- ly illustrated in pi. i. tig. 2, where ci, a, a, a are four barl)s in transverse section, viewed from the cnt surfaces; Avith their anterior {b, h, h, b), and posterior {e, c, c, c) barbnies, the fcn-mcr bearing the booklets which catch over the edge of the latter. b. But all feathers do not answer the almve description. First, the after-shaft may be wanting, as we have seen ; then, as frerjuently happens, booklets may not l)e developed, and l)arl)icels may be few or wanting; barl)ules niay be i'ow or wanting, or so trans- ibrmed as to bo only recognized by position, and even l)arl)s themselves may be wanting on one side of the shaft, as in some taU feathers of the famous Lyre-bird, or on both sides, as in certain bristly feathers about the mouth and eyelids of various birds. (Certain unusual styles of feathers are shown in tigs. 1, 2, 3.) Con- I sideration of these and other modifications has led to the recognition of tliree § 4. Tvi'KS OF Structure. 1. The feathery (pen- uacpd), charaetcrizcd as above. 2. The downy (plum- ulacea) , when the stem is short and weak, Avith soft rhachis and barbs, with long, extremely slender, mostly thread-like barbnies, Avitli little knotty dilatations in place of barbicels, and no booklets. 3. The hairy (jUophnmicea) with a thin, stiff calamus, usually no ])ith in the rhachis, fine cylindrical stiff barbs ['Ki.l. Sccliiin iViini loost'lybarlied IVatluT or I,yrr-biril. "\;itiir;il , l-'J ■iizc, nf Mu* cvlenial I' Lyii'-lilnl: b. k KIXDS OF FEATIIKRS. !iml harbiilcs, the lutter wanting 1)av1)iccls, knots and hooklots. The first two typos may I)o found in (lillercnt parts of the same feather, as in pi. i, tig. 7, whi(.-h is partly ponnaccoiis, partly pliunnlaccous. All feathers arc built upon one of those three plans ; and, though seemingly endless in di- versity, may be reduced toyb^o' § 5. DiFFKitKXT Kinds of Feathers. 1. Contour-feathers (pennm) have a perfect stem composed of barrel or shaft, and vanes of pennaccous structure at least in part, usually with downy structure toward the base. They form the great bulk of the plumage, that is upon the surface of a bird, exposed to light : their tints give the bird's colors; they are the most vari- ously modiliod of all, from the tishlike scales of the penguin, to the glit- tering plates of the humming-bird, and all the endless array of tufts, crests, rulfs and other orni.nionts of the feathered tril)e ; even the imperfect bristle- lilvo feathers above-mentioned belong here. Another feature is, that they are usuallj',individually moved hy cutaneous muscles, of Avhich there may be several to each feather, passing to be inserted into the sheath of the tube, inside the skin, in which the stem is inserted; it is estimated that some birds have twelve thousand of these little feather muscles. Every one has seen their operation when a hen shakes herself after a sand-bath ; and ail}- one may see them plainly under the skin of a goose. 2. Down-feath- ers (ijhiinuliii), characterized by the plumulaccous structure throughout. These form a more or less complete investment of the body ; they arc almost always hidden from view beneath the contour-feathers, like padding about the bases of the latter; occasionally they come to light, as in the rutf about a condor's neck, and then usually occur where there arc no other feathers ; they have an after-shaft or none, and sometimes no rhachis at all, when tiio barbs are sessile in a tuft on the end of the barrel. They often, but not always, stand in a regular quincunx between four contour-feathers. 3. The scmiplumcs [s/'inijihinut'), which may ))e said to unite the characters of the last two, possessing the pennaccous stem of one and the plumulaccous vanes of the other. They stand among penuixi, like the plumuhe, about the edges of patches of the former, or in parcels by themselves, but arc always cov- ered over by contour-feathers. They are Avith or without an after-shaft. 4. Filoplumes (Jiloj)himie), or thread-feathers; these have an extremely slen- der, almost invisible, stem, not well distinguished into barrel and shaft, and 10 vanes (with rare exceptions), unless a few barbs near the end of the rhachis may be held for such. Long as they are, they are usually hidden by the contour-leathers, close to which they stand as accessories, one or more seeming to issue out of the very sac in which the larger feathers are implanted. They are the nearest approach to hairs that ))irds have. § 6. Peclliau Featheus, Certain down-feathers are remarkable for continuing to grow indefinitely, and with this growth there is constant break- ing off of the ends of the barbs. These feathers, from being always dusted over with the dr}-, scurfy exudation or exfoliation from the follicle in which they grow, are called pou'der down-feathers. They occur in the hawk, pai'- i» TLUMAGE : TliACTS ANI> SPACES. rot, and giilllnaccous tribes, but especially in the heron family, Avhere they are always present, and readily seen sis two large patclies of greasy or dusty, whitish, matted feathers over liie hips and in front of the ])rcast. Their use is not known. § 7. Featiieu Oil-gland. With comparatively few and irregular ex- ceptions, birds have a singular apparatus for secreting oil with which to lu- bricate and polish their feathers. It is a two-lobed, or rather heart-shaped, gland, saddled upon the root of the tail; consisting essentially of luunerous slender secreting tubes or follicles, the ducts of which successively unite in larger tul)es, and linally perforate the skin at one or more little nipple- like eminences. Birds press out a drop of oil with their beak, and then dress the feathers with it. The gland is largest in water-birds, which htivc most need of an impervious coating of feathers, and always present among them ; very large in the lish-hawk; smaller in other land-l)irds, and want- in*'- (it is said), among the ostriches, bustards, parrots and some others. (In pi. I, fig. 4, the line li points to the oil-gland.) § 8. Develoi'.mkxt of Feathkus. In a manner analogous to that of hair, a feather grows in a little pit or pouch formed by inversion of the der- mal layer, and is formed in a closed oval follicle consisting of an inner and outer coat separated by a layer of tine granular sul)staiice. The outer layer, or "outer follicle" is composed of several thin strata of nucleated epithelial cells ; the inner is thicker, spongy and tilled with gelatinous tluid ; a little artery and vein furnish the blood-circulation. The inner is the true matrix of tho feather, evolving from the l)lood-supply the gelatinous matter, and resolv- ing this into cell nuclei ; the granular layer is the formative material. The outer grows a little l)cyond the cutaneous sac that holds it, and opens at the end ; from this oriticc the future feather protrudes as a little, tine-rayed pencil point. During subseciucnt growth the follicular layers undergo little further change ; it is the granular that becomes the feather. § ;». All a l)ird's feathers, of whatever kind and structure, taken together, constitute its plilosis or Plujiaok. (rt.) Feathered Thacts and Uxfeathered Spaces. With the exception of certain birds that have obviously naked spaces, as about the head, etc., all would bo taken to be fully feathered. So they are fully covered vWi feath- ers ; but it does not follow from this, that feathers are implanted everywhere upon the skin. On the contrary, this is the rarest of all kinds of feather- ing, though it occurs, almost or quite perfectly, among the penguins and toucans. Let us compare a bird's skin to -a well-kept park, part woodland, part lawn ; then Avherc the feathers grow is the woodland ; where they do not grow, the lawn ; the former places art; called tracts {pten/hi') ; the latter spaces (ajjterki) ; the}' nuitually distinguish each other into certain detinite areas. Not only are the tracts and spaces tluis detinite, but their size, form and arrangement mark whole families or orders of birds, and so arc impor- fM 6 ClIANGKS OF rH.MA(ii:. tant for purposos of classiticatioii. They liiivo l)peii specially studiptl, named and clussilicd \>y llic cclcljraUHl Nit/.scli, who has laid down tlic f'olIoAving as liic ircnoral ])lan ohfaininii' in liio vast majorily of hirds : — (/;.) 1. Tlic spinal or dorsal tract {j)feri/ht ftpiruiJt'x, pi. i, lig, 4, i), running along tiu- middle of the bird above from nape of the neck to tho tail; sul)jcet to great variation in width, to dilation and contraction, to forlving, to sending ont branches, to interruption, etc. 2. Tiie Inuneral tracts {jit. /iKmcmlcs, pi. I, fig. I, j), always present, one on cadi wing; narrow bands running from the shoulder obliquely backward upon the upper arin- bone, parallel with the shoulder-l)ladc. .'?. The femoral tracts (pf. femo- vdJcx, \)\, I, lig. l,:i), a similar oblique band upon the outside of each thigh, but, unlike the last, subject to great variation. 4. The ventral tract {pi. ijdsfivrl, pi. I, lig. .'),s), which forms most of the i)lumagc on the under i)art of a bird; commencing at or near tho throat, and continued to the anus ; it is very variable like the dorsal tract, is usually bifurcate, or divided into right and left halves with a central apterium, is broad or nar- row, branched, etc. ; thus, Nitzsch enumerates nevenleen distinct modilica- tious! The foregoing arc mostly' isolated ti'acts, that is, bands nearly surrounded b}- apteria that are complementary to them ; the following are contimiousl}', uniformly feathered, and therefore, in general, equivalent to the part of the body tlicy represent. Thus, 5, the head tract {pt. capil/'s, pi. T, figs, o, I ; 4, i), clothes the head and generally runs into the beginning of both dorsal and ventral tracts. G. The wing tract (j^l. dldfis, pi. i, tigs. .'5, r, ; 4, .-)). represents all the feathers that grow upon the wing, except those of the humeral tract. 7. The tail tract (jH. candaUs, pi. i, tigs. i\, d ; 4, «), includes the tail feathers and their coverts, those surrounding the oil-gland, and usu- ally receives the termination of the dorsal, ventral, and femoral tracts. (''. The leg tract [p/. ri'iiroJis, p|. i, ligs. ',], r ; 4, :) , clothes the legs as far as these are feathered, which is sometimes to the toes, generally only to the heel. I need not give the spaces, as these arc merely the complements of the tracts ; and the highly important special feathering of the wings and tail will bo examined in descrii)ing those members for purposes of classitieation. § 10. I'laxiKEss AND CiiAXOK. Xcwly hatched birds are covered with a kind of doMu, entirely diiferent from the feathers they ultimately acquire. It is scanty, leaving much of the body naked, in AUricos, or those birds that ar(> reared by the parent in the nest : but thick and pully in a few of these, and in all I'nrcorcs, that run about at birth. But true feathers are soon gained, in some days or M'ceks, those of wings and tail being the tirst to sprout. Tho first plumage is usually only worn for a short time — then another is gained, and frequently several more changes ensue before the bird attains its mature covering. Feathers arc of such rapid growth, that we can easily understand how exhaustive of vital energies the growth must be, and how critical a pe- riod the change is. The renewal of plumage is a process familiar to all under the term " moult " {eri/;/sis). It commonly occurs at least once a year, and generally twice, in sjiriiig and fall; when old, fad(>d and worn out feathers ^ *» CXASSIFIC'ATIOX. ^ I are shed, and fresh ones take their place, either over a part or the whole of the body. Tiio change freciucnliy or generidly resnlts in eonsiderahle dilfer- enees of cohtr, eonstitutinji' the '' .seasonal plnniages " of so many hirds, Avhich, in the same bird, may change from black to white even, from plain to A'ariegated, from dnll to brilliant, 15nt birds also change colors, by actnal alteration in the tints of the feathers themselves, and I)y gaining new ones without h)sing any old ones. The generalization may be made, that when the sexes are strikingly diilercnt in color, the young at lirst resemble the female; l)ut when the old birds are alike, the young are dilferent from either. When the seasonal changes are great, the young resemlile the fall plumage of the old. ^\'hen the old l)irds of two dilferent siieeies of the same genus arc strikingly alike, the young of l)(>lh are usually intermediate between them, and dilferent from either. Besides being the most highly developed, most com])lex, wonihM'fully per- fect and beautiful kind of tegumentary outgrowth; besides fuUilling the obvious design of covering and protecting the body, the plumage has its § 11. Tkculiau Offici; : that of accomplishing the act of Hying. For all vertebrates, except birds, that progress through the air — the llying-tish with its eidarged pectoral tins; the Hying reptile (JJraco vol(ins) with its skinny parachute ; the Hying mammal (bat) with its great webbed lingers — accomplish aerial locomotion by means of teginnentary e.qxnusions. Birds, alone, lly with tegumentary oitt'jwiclhs, or appendages. SECT. II. An allusion to tiik Classification of Buios — Taxon- omy — Stulctuuk — Ciiauacteus — Groups of Diffkukxt Guadks — Typks and Ahkukations — Eqlivalkncv — Analouv and Affinity — Example. Seeix(; what a bird is, and how distinguished from other animals, our next business is to lind out how birds are distinguished from each other ; Avhen we shall have the material for § 12, Classification, a prime object of ornithology, without which, birds, however pleasing tluy arc to the senses, do not satisfy the mind, M'hich always strives to make orderly disposition of things, and so discover their mutual relations and dependencies. Classilication presupposes that there are such relations, as results of the operation of iixed inevitable law ; it is, therefore, § 13. Taxonomy (Gr. tctxi.'^, arrangement, and nomas, law), or the ra- tional, Jauful disposition of observed facts. Just as taxidermy is the art of tixing a bird's skin in a natural maimer, so taxonomy is the science of arraniiiuir birds themselves in a natural manner, according to the rules that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, are deducible from examination of their § ll. Stiiuctup.k : T'hc physical constitution of a bird ; all the material coiistitnents of a bird, and the Avay its parts or organs arc put together. CLASSiriCATlOX. * liilcrnal stnicturo, or anatnmical structure {ana, and tcmnein, to cut), so ciillcd hi'ciiuso wo Iiavc! to out iulo ii bird to soo it, comprehends all the parts of a I)iril lliat are ordinarily hidden Ironi view; external structure, those tiiat lie exposed to view ui)on the surface. jNIuch time has been wasted in arr; and Me do not imiigine any sort of vehicles more nidiko than a balloon, a buggy, and a brig; these, Iherelbre, exein|)lit'y th(^ most I'undamental division of machines for traMs[)ortalion. § IS, ()i!i)Ei;s, Taking any one of these types of strneliire, we lind that it may bo unfolded, or carried out, in dilliMvut ways. Studying all known aiiuatic birds, for example, we sec that their plan of life is fullilled in four ditl'erent ways; it is exhibited under four aspects, or mode.i of exocntion, each distinguished by some particular eoiul)ination of a(iuatic characters with certain other characters that we ililii[)S and r()wi)oats, tdearly distinguished by the way in which motion (the i)rime function of all vehicles) is elfected ; in this case it is by weight, liy wind, by steam, by nuisele ; therefore the machinery by which these forces are applied, I'urnishes ordinal characters of acpiatic vehicles. § I'J. FA:\iir,ii:s. Dut all the birds of an order arc not alike; some re- semble each other more than they do the rest ; so another set of groups nmst bo made. These groups are called Faiuilies; they consist in a certain combination of all ordinal ch:iracters with special sets of characters of the next lower grade or value. Let x represent the sum total of strictly ordi- nal characters, and sui)posc we find these variously combined with a certain number of the next lower grade of characters, as a, b, — -f for instance ; then the particular combination .»; {uhc) is one faujily; .'j {lief) another; x (cde) another, etc., and w'o shall have as many families under an order as there actually are such combinations. Sometimes an order may be represented by-x (rt. . ./) ; then there is l)ut one familv, as. for example, in the acpiatic ovdiiv Lamdli'rostres where the Anatidtc alone furnish every one of the ordi- nal features, and are equivalent to the order; that is to say (« . . ./) = ;c, because no character from a to f is wanting in any member of the order. In our order mi/iiif/ vcsucls, of acpialie machines, iixisfs and sads are ordi- nal characters, because they arc esscMifial apparatus to catch the wind. But these may be of a varying nmnher, etc., ujjon which we might found families of sailing-vessels, as the shii) famil}-, represented by x (three masts + scpiarc sails) ; the schooner family x (two masts -f fore-and-aft sails) ; the sloop family x (one mast + fore-and-aft sails), etc. Diving bells, I sup- KEY TO N. A. nUtUS. 2 to i'r.( ii>. \ aimkuks. cmIIciI im order ol" ii((ii!iti( j)()S(', nvo so niiifli !ilik(>. tli.it tlicy iiii:jlit iiiai'liini's of lint one liiiiiily. § :.'o. (ii-.M:i!A. Af'li'i' fMiiiily iiiMiiircslntioiis of ordiiinl cliMriictcrs, wo conic to tlic iiioililiciilions of fiimilics tlicnix'lvcs. cn(iniiiiiL;- liow ninny kiitiln of dJtJ'cri'nn- {[iPiiiis, ii kind, |il. i/mcni) tlicrc arc in llic Iiinls c(ini|)o.-iiiiiiati()ii of cliaraelers of tiic next lower jxraile, a — •/". A lienns is tiie la>t delinile uroniiiiijr of liii'ds tliat is iisiiaily recoiini/.ed : it may he drliiie(l as the ultimate essential modiliea- tioii of stnietni'e ( "/^'//"'/'', l>eean-e there is none lower; fv.vc^^''^/. Iieeaiisi; trivial features do not eoiistitute a iiciins; '_//' .sYc^c/^^/y', heeanse mere size, color, etc., are only spc'ilie eharaeters). In tiie shij) family, the Ihree- inasfed vessel, fiiU-riiru'i'd, with s((iiaro sails, is a uciiiis (ship-proper) ; one witii s(|nare sails on two masts only, and fore-and-al't sails on the mi/./en, is another ireiiiis (hark), and so on. (ieiiera are eom|)osed of one or more § 21. Si'KciKs. The deliiiition of a sjieeies has heeome dillieiill of lato years, Init for present pnrpuses we may assume th:it it is any one of the conxtant cxjioiienls of a ireiins. eoiiipreheiidiim all Ihc hirds that hear to each other the relation of i)areiit and oll'sprini:'; the latter enpahlo of repro- diieiiiii' ' I'aeli after its kiii peculiar to itself. Kestini.', tiicii, upon this, wo have little else to consider hcfore wo reach that most iiiKinestioiialilo I'act, an individual I)ird. Species, however, are not ahsolnttdy constant; they vary in si/e, color, etc., within certain limits, under inllueiiees not always comprehended as yet, hut which seem a })art of tiiat universal tendency in iiatnr(,' toward the produc- tion of essential unit}' in diversity: (lie operation of which, if completely etl'i'ctivc, would level distinctions and aholisii dill'erence in sameness. § 22. A A'auiktv is a step in this direction ; for, althouuh it may soeni an opposite step, yet dt'parture from any niveii point or standard must he aiiproach toward some other. A variety is [i/c/icrdl/i/) distiiiiiuislied from il species h\' its tendency to revert to its ori;j;inal stock, or, divergin,i>' fur- ther from that, to approach some other type. The former case is constiuitly being demonstrated, and the latter is prohahly susceptil)le of heing proven ; but in either case, hiconsfinui/ is a marked fe;itnre of varieties, ^'arieties apparently produced hy dill'erence in food, climate, etc., are called local racc'H, Mheu restricted to a small area in or around the ireneral distrihutiou of the parent stock ; ;/eo;/ra2)/iic(iI rciccn, when more widely .separated over large areas. A hi/h,'ul is a cross between two specii's, almost alwa^'s of the same natural gemis. Hybrids are generally infertile, while crosses between mere varieties are capable of reproduction, so that hybridism becomes in some measure a test; nevertheless, exceptions arc not wanting. § 2."). Intkkmkdiatk Gnours. Having arrived at the individual bird, wo will retrace our steps for a moment, tor the student must sooner or later learn, that, easy as it seems to theoretically determine the foregoing groups. 1 INTi;i!.Mi;i)l.\TH AM) AllKIIItANT (illOlTS. 11 ) flnTc are iiiiiiiy ilidiciillics in llic way ol' (lirir praclical (Iclliiilidii. Tliis is partly Itccaiisc all liinl-; arc sin^iilai'ly iiifi'r-n'lalcd, pfcsciitinu: Tew lirnail, uii«'(|iii\()cal, iiii('x<'('iili()iial cliaiv'clcrs in tlic luiilst of nnnilit'ilc-s niinnr liKKlilications, and paitly liccansc llic !u",lici' ^poups, no less than .-pi'cics and varieties, shade into eaeli other. In onr illnstration, foi' example, we tind exactly int(Manediale a(|natie machines; (Inis. it woidd he dillicnlt tor a landsman lo say whelher an hermaphrodite hrii;' helonired to the ship family, or the schooner family .: he wonid have to decide accoi'dinu; as he considered nninhei' of masts, or shape of sails, thi' mui'c essential family ehai'aclcr. IJnt the !iit(')'iiic(l!(ite i/roiips which remain (o lie examined art! not of this an\lli^Ml()ns natnre ; they are nneqnivoeally rcfcrahle to some partieidai' iironp (if the next hi^jjliei" firade, and, licin^' snliordinate divisions, they are di>tin- i^iiislied hy the prelix sii/i, as snii-order, snli-family. Thonuh somewhat dillicnlt to detine, they are, I think, snseeptilile of intclliiiibhs if not always precise, delinition. A suh-uronp of any i/i- I'lic/icc of one or more of tlu^ eharactei's Jnsl used to form the irroup next above. In our formula above .'■ (a/x') for a certain family of the order ,'■. su[)pose the family character (( to be PiiijJidsirjed, as it were, and to pre- dominate over h and c, to the partial sniipression of these last ; then a sub- family of ,v (ii/if) miiiht be expi'cssed thus: — x (^l/;c); and it is fni'ther evident, that there will be as many snb-t'amilics as there are groups of birds in the family repi'esentiiiii' varying' I'mphasis of a, or A, or c; as .'.■ ('/ B c), x (a /j C), etc. AVhile we take at'count of neic characters of another yrade, in forming onr successive main groups, in onr suli-gronps, then, we recog- nize only more or less of the same characters. IWit the distinction is not always eviilent : nor is it observed so often as, perhaps, it shoidd be. § 21. Tvi'icAL AM) AiiKwitANT Cjiitoups. Waiving what might be rea- sonably argued against considering any group specially "typical" of the next higher, we may detine a convenient and fretjuent term : — The tijpiral genus of a faiuily, or family of an order, is that one which develops most strongly, or displays most clearly, the more essential characters of tlu; next higher group, of which it is one member. And in [iroportiou as it fails to express these in the most marked manner, either by bearing their stamp more lightly, or by having it obscured or detUeed by admixture of the characters of a neighboring group, does it bceomo less and less typical (" snlitypical ") and Ihially aherrcmt. Snppose the ordinal symbol x, as before, to represent the siun of varions ordinal characters, more or less essential to the integrity of the order ; then obviously, the I'amily characters ahc, or tiVAi.i;\iiIi-(1mss to siil)-i.''('iiiis, iiiii."-! lie (if llic Miinc vmIiic ; imist lie di-liii- jirni.>>lM'(l liy cliiiriiilcis dl' ('(|iiiil dr <(|iiiv!iliiil iiii|iiiiiiiiM('. /j/iiirulf iiif af i/roiijis in iifccssiiry In (lie .-tiiliilily iiiiil liiiniKiiiy dl' iiiiy cliissiliculdi'y sys- tem. Il will iidl (Id Id riMiiic nil didcr ii|)dii diic mI dl' cliarnclcrs licrc, iinij II I'Miiiily u|idii il siiiiil;ii' M'l (if cliiiriictcrs llicrc; Iml (inlcr iiiii-.l diUcr frdiii (inlcr, iiiiii I'liiiiily I'ldiii rninily. Iiy an ciiiiiil iiliiin, yet il is Iiki orieii iuiidreil, and always with ill result. 'I'wd piiiiil- >liiiiild lie rememln'red here: lirsl, thai the alisohile si/e KV hulk dl' a irreiip has iidlhinii' Id dd w illi ils tirade ; one (irder iniLjhl cdnlain :i lluiir-aiid species, and aiidlher only diie, wilhdiit having:' ils (irdinal \aliie di>lnrlie(|. Secdiidly, any i:iven cliai-icter may lie dl" dili'erenl value in its applicalidii Id diirereiil iri'diips. Thus, niimlier of primaries, whether nine or ten. is .a family eharaiter aliiiosl Ihrdii'jhdiil Osi-iiics; Iml in diie ()sciiie family. \'li'i miiilir, il is scarcely a generic feature. It is dilliciill, hdwevcr, Id delermine Midi a pdinl ;is this la^l wilhdut faithful trainini^' in driiilhdldiiy. § 2il. AriiMiv AM) AvAi.diiv. I»irds are allied, or ".///;*'(/, accordinLr lo tilt' niimlter of like charaders they einpldy fdr like purposes; they are and- lo'jir/ill;/ vrlitlctl aecordiii!,' Id the nimiliei' of imlike charaders that they use fdr similar piirpdses. A looii and a cdriiidranl. for inslanee, are closely allined, liecause (hey are liolli tilled in the same way for the pursuit of their prey under water. A (lip.|icr ( family Ciiich'thr), and a hioii (family (^uli/ni/iii/ir), are anald^oiis, liecanse they lidlh pursue their prey underwater; hut they stand almost at tlit? extremes of the diiiilholoijieal system ; they have almost IK) allinily lieydud their common hirdhood ; totally dill'ereiit striietiire is only iiiodilie(l for the same ends, that are thus hrdiiiiht alioiit hy totally dillereiit means. So the \vini;s of a Imllerlly, a hat, and a Iiird are anaioj^ical, Ikv eaiise they suhserve the same imi'iiose in each case; needless to add, the.sc> creatures have no allinily. I n ■ § 27. A\'illi this cursory izlaiice* at some taxonoiiiic princi|)k's I pass to a brief explanation of moditieations of external characters alone ; some knowl- edire of MJiieli is necessary to the sliuiilcst appredatioii of ornitliolo_i;ical delinitidiis and descriplioiis. I shall eonlinc myself mainly to consideration of those that the student will need to understand in onU-r to use the present *A» 111!' prc-i'iil ()i-i;isiiiii ohvimifly MlV.inls iin oiiiicutiiiiily I'cir :iii MiU'iiiinlc iliscnssldii of llio <'l;is>illi';iliiiii ol'liinl-. it in liiinlly nci'vs.^aiy tii Miy lc> . i:( volume easily Mini siii'('eslies.) (Ierm< :{ Mniis: — .MneUers. (Siili-L;-emis + Miiinix: — Typieal Muckers.) S|iei'i('S+ I'OI.VdI.oiri'S : — M.iny-lnliLIIled. ( \'ariety cdntldhis: — I,(ilii,'-I;ii|cil. ) I SICC'I'. III. DnriMTioN and iti!ii:i' Dr.sciMi'rntN or nii-, Kxti.imoi! op A lilKI). I*A1!TS AM) OiKIA.NS I. TlIK ll(»l>V : IIKAD, MUK AM) IIDDV rKoi'Ki!. — 11. 'I'm; aikmiit i;s : iiii.i,. wives, iaii,, ii;i;i'. § •!>>. TiiH CoNToi i; ol' a l)ir(l with the I'ealJiers on, is >|iiii(lle-shaiieil, or fiisljhnii, taperiiii;' at liolli emls : it reiiresciils (wo cones. Joiiu'd hase lo li;is(> at the middle, or ^realot liirth of iiody, tapcrinj,' in I'ronl to (he (ip of Ihe hill, i)ehiiid to the end of the tail. Ohi-imin ilcs/'i/n : easiest (deavaire of ail' in front, and lessening'' I'l' drai,^ or wash behind. ISnt this shajie is lai'LKdy prodneed liy the lay of the plnni;i!,'e ; a § -J'.K Xakki) r.ini) presents several |)rominences and depressions; (iiis ir- reiriilar contonr is redneihle, in licner.d terms, to /n;, doiilde cones. Tjie head tapers to a jioinl in front, at tlie lip of the liill ; :nid nearly to a point, Ix'hind, towards tiie middle of tlu- neck, in conse((uenee of the swcdliiiL;- nnis- cles liy which it is slnnu: "H (he neck: from the middle of the somewhat eonli'aeted or honr-iilass shaped neck, this last enlarires toward the hody, l>y tho .swidlini;- of the muscles liy wiiieli it is nUuyj^ to the liody ; the body then tapcr.s lo the t.ail. The §.">(). KxTKiaoi! OKA iJiiMi is divided into seven parts: 1 , head {r/ipii/}, 2, neck {voUuiii), ',\, liody (Irinn'iix), •[, iiill (ros/riii/i), f>, wind's {(ihf), (i, tail {ainibi), 7, feel ( /ifi/fs) : 1, l', ;;, m-c- colleetivcdy called " body," in dis- tinction to I, f), (!, 7, which aro iikhiiIil'i'k. The • Iiili'iincdiiilo trrniipM m-o in iliMii'S and |iiircnll»'-t's. t I'tiiiiilii'.i nnw iihvays end in -iiln: and .-iili-rainilics in -inn: a voiy ciinvcnicul di^lini'linn, ^inrr. uc Uin-' always k\uiw lln' ranlv de^i);^al<'d liy wimU sii cndiii},'. t A l)iidV '•(■icntillc name nnw iNVMilAlii.v r(nisi,st» ol' luo w.ivds — the fronns and I lie spcrii'^i, tlic Icirnici- llrsi, lln! lattiT last: llins, .ViiiuiK iii,lii;il,illiiH; lint \\t\ nniy, IT we wish, inlcr|Milalc' Ihi' .snli(,'i'nns in |iai('nllic- 8('s, and alllx llm variiMy Willi Hi;.'ii vav.; Ihns. .lA///i»< {.\riiiiti.i} pohiiilnfliin. vtw. niiulnhii. (iiMicrii: naino.J nrc nhnn/s wrilli'ii willi a I'apilid; -pccillc ii.inn's, a nilinir In the rnlcs of llu' l!rili,-li Asscicjatidn, iniw Kon- erally lollciwud, shmild never Ije, tlicm^'h il is rnslnnnny to so wrilo Ihose tliat are ilurived I'loni lliu iianiL-a of persons ami places, as well as all snlislanlive ap|iellallinis. 4 i 14 iir.Ai), m:ck, iiouv § ril, IIkai) hna tilt' ircnoral sliiipe of a 4-si(l('(l inramid ; of which the base is applied to llic cud of Ihc neck, and docs not api)oar from tiic oxte- I'ior ; tile up|)ciinosl side is more or less convex or vaulted, slopinjr in every direction, and tapcrinir in iVont ; the sides i)roper are llattor, more or U\ss pcrpcndicnlar, and taper in front ; tlu^ Ijottom is likewise tlattish and simi- larly tapeiiuL;'. Tlic departures from this typical shape are endless in dcirrce, and variable in kind : tluy iiive rise to numerous i/eiirral descriptive terms, as '"head llattened," "head lilohular," ete., l)ut these are not susceptible of pi'ecise dclinilion. The sides jjresent each two openings, ei/es and ears; tlicii' i)osition is variable, both absolut(dy and in respect to each other. But in the vast majority of birds, the eves are strictly Itifcivl, and near the mid- dle of the sitle of the head, wiiile the cars are l)ehind and a little below. Kxcei)tions : — owls have eyes "anterior;" woodcock and snij)e have ears be- low and not behind the eyes. The ?/ionl/> is always a horizontal fissure in the ai)e\ of the cone; there are no other openings in the head pro[)er, for the nostrils ai'c always in the bill, 'i'he v! .")2. Xi.civ. in ell'eet. is a simple cylinder: rendered somewhat hour- glass shapcil as ab()\-e stated. Its length is varial)le, as is the nnmber of bones it has. i»earing the head with the bill, which is a bird's true lunxJ, it is unusually _//f','v7//e, to permit the necessarily varied motions of this inii)or- tant organ. Its least length may be said to be that which allows the point of tlu! bird's beak to touch the oil-gland on the rumj) ; its length is usuidly in direct proportion to lengtii of h'gs, in obvious design of allowing the beak to touch the ground easily to i)ick up food. Its habitual sha^jc is a double curve like the letter S ; the lower belly of the curve lits in the space between the legs of the merry-thought (J'lnrulii) ; the ni)[)cr limb of the curve holils the heail horizontal. This sigmoid tiexnre (s/i/i/ut this shape is never perfectly expressed, and its variiitions are nnnuml)ered. In general, lierching birds have a body the nearest to an oval; among waders, the oval is usually voinpnsKcd. or llattened perpendicularly, as is well seen in the heron family, and still better in the rail family, where the narrowing is at an extreme ; among swinnners, the l)ody is ahrai/x more or less dcprcxsL'd, or llattened horizontally, and especially underneath, to enable these birds to TorooiiAruv (ik tiik hodv. 15 rost with staliility on tlic water ; a duck or a diver .shows this avcII. Speak- ing of shape oi' body, I must allude to the §34. CkxtiM': oi' (Jn.vviTv of a l)inl, and show the admirable provision l)y which this is kopt beneath the centre of the body. Tiie enormous l)reast- niuselos of a bird arc its heaviest parts; sonietinies they weiuh, to speak roundly, as much as one-sixth of liie whole bird. Now these are thev that elleet all ihe movements of the wings at the shoulder-joint, liflinir as well as lowering the wings; did they all iniU :-lraight, the lifters would have to I)e ahnvL' the shoulder; but they ;dl lie lielow, and the lifters aecomiilish their oHiee by running through a pulley, which changes their line of traction ; tiiey work, in short, like men hoisting sails from the deck of a vessel ; and thus, like a ship's cargo, a bird's chief weight is kept below the centre of mution. Tophcaviness is further obviated by the fact that birds with a loni>'. heavy neck and head draw this in upon the breast, .and extend the legs behind, as is well shown in a heron tlying. The nire adju>tnient of l);dauce bv tiie vari- able extension of the head and legs is exactl}' like that i)ro(lucc(l b\- shiflini; the weight along the bar of a steel-yard ; this, with the slinging of the chief weight under the wings instead of over or even between them, enables a bird to keep right side up in llight, without exertion. Snb-fccf. 1. Of iJie ]>n(li/ ; '/s Tajwinqtln/. clc. § 3,"). Bk.sides lieing divided as above into I)ody and members, the exte- rior of a bird is turther snl)divided ; the liody being mai)|)ed out, mainlv for purposes of description, into n-i/iotia, and the meml)ers being similarlv re- solved into tlu'ir component parts or organs. We have lirst to notice, as the most general, the § 3(). ■ ^l'l•Kl^ AND r.NDKU Pauts. Draw a line from the corner of the mouth along the side of the neck to and through the shoulder-joint and thence along the side of the I)ody to the root of the tail; all alxive this line, including upper surface of wings and tail, ;ire iipiirv p((rtK: all below, inclnd- ing imdcr snrtaccs of wings and t.ail, are loider jxirfs; called respei'tivciv, "above" and "below." The distinction is purely arbitrary, but so conven- ient that it is pr.actically indis|)ensable ; for it will be seen in a moment, how an otherwise lengthy description can l)e compressed into, for exam[)lc, four words: "above, green; l)eh)W, yellow:" and these terms are often used because many birds' colors have some such simple iiencnil character. The "upper parts" of the body proper (§ 33) have, also, received the gen- eral name of nnttvinn (Or. uulas, I)ack ; tig. 4, i-.>) : the "under parts," simi- larly restricted, that oi' ;/astr(viiM ((Jr. f/as/er, belly; tig. 4. 20). Tliese two arc § 37. Xi:vr,R X\Kr.D, whih- both head and neck may be variously bare of feathers. The only exception is the transient condition of c(>rtain birds dur- ing incubaliou : when, either, like the I'idcr duck, they pull feathers otl' the belly to cover the eggs or even to build the nest, or, like several other birds, the pliunage below is worn olf in setting. The gastneum is rarely pecu- 16 TOPOOIiAl'IIV or TIIK UOUV, liiirly oniiimciitcd witli fciitliors of dillVroiit tcxtiiro or structure from tliose of llic piicral pliimMirc ; hut iiu iiisliiiiro of (liis is seen in our Lewis' wood- pecker. Tlie iiotienni, on tlio contnirv, is olten the seat of extraordinary development of fc.iiliers. either in si/e, siiapc or texture; as the singularly elepnit plumes of the herons. Individual i'ealhers of the noliuuni are jreiierally jM'unaeeous (§ t), in greatest part straight and lanceolate; and 47 II 1 ■-' :l 4 8 !) 17 Hi l-"ic:.4. ■Ti>|i<>^'r;ii>liy nf :i liinl. 1. Inrf'liouil (/i'"fis). 2. Idfp. n. plr(MiniociiI;ir rr'^'ion, 4. rrowii ntrl\:r). ■'». eye. (i, liin. I.ill. Iii. riiiMiT l:iil I'DViiis. 17, l:ir>u<. Is. ,'iIhIi.iiii'II. VK Ilillil I..,' {I„rliir). ■-'». .(./..7/vl Hill, hiolil.l- IMK l>:iu.r.'4. '.'I. cMii.-1-..i- roll nil ("c. ■.'.'. iiiMl.lli'ui'iliinl Inc. :'!. >i.li-..rilM' Innly. ■.'(. I.n-.l-l 1 /..'./".M. ■-'■.. prilllU- rii's. *Ji), siL'oiHl;iriu.-j. l'?. ti--liiarU-s; nus. -'■'». I'l;. ■J7 jiru all miii'ii'.t. 2^. iirlniary PDvnrt)^. 20. aJida. or ba«Jt.anl whin. ;l'>. j;ri-;itcl*C'ivi Tl^. .";!. incillall nivcrls. ;;■_'. lo.si-l' I'uviiii^. :i:i. Ihc ••IIinial."iiii-liiiliM«:!4,:l7. :is. VA. jiniiihiiii m- Inwi-r Itiroat. ;>'i, anriciilal's. ;Jii. malar n-jfi'iii. .'17. f/)//^;. iir iiiiil- ;il. :!s. iiiiiitiiiii, iir cliiii. ;i!». an^li- i»f romnils- Min-, (ir ciinn r nI' liniiidi. 4". raiiiiis iiC iiinliT lil.ainlildi*. 41. side 111' illHlt-r liiaiiilU'li'. 4-*. '/"/f//s, 4:1. ''/"''". '"' ti|>*"f 1)111. 14. I„iiii:i). The hitter belong really as much to back, of course, as to belly ; but in eonsc(iuence of the underneath freighted shape of a bird's i»ody, the line we drew (§ 30) i)asses so high up along the sides, that these last are almost cntiivly given to gastriunm. The breast begins over the merry- thought, where Jii'/nJnm (§40) ends; on either hand it slopes up into "sides:" behind, its extension is indefinite. Properly, it should reach as far as tho breast-l)onc (.•sternum) does; but this would leave, in many birds, almost nothing for abdomen, and the limit would, moreover, iluctuato with almost every family of birds, tho sternum is so variable in length and shape. I'raclically, tluirefore, we restrict pectus to the sny-Uun/ anterior part of siastneum, which we call abdomen as soon as it befhtcn out and llatten. Abdomen, like breast, rounds up on either hand into fildes; behind, it ends in a transverse lino that passes across the anus. It has boon un- necessarily divided into epvjaKlviura, or "pit of the stomach," and venter, or "lower belly ;" but these terms are rarely used. ("C'm.s»»i" is a word constantly employed for a region immediately about the anus; but it is loosely used, sometimes including the hypochondria, and oftener meaning simply the under tail coverts ; I refer to it again in speaking of these last.) Although these various boundaries seem flnctuating and not perfectly defm- ite, yet a little practice will enable the student to appreciate their proper use in descriptions, and then use them himself with sulHcient accuracy. The anterior continuation of body in general, or the § 40. NiccK, is likewise sulKlividcd into regions. Its lateral aspects (ex- cept in a few birds that have lateral neck tracts of feathers) arc formed i)y the meeling over its sides of tho feathers that grow on the dorsal and ventral pteryhe ; the skin is really not planted with feathers ; and partly on this account, perhaps, a distinctively named region is not often expressed ; Avo say simply "sides of tho neck" {parauchenia, tig. 4, »). Behind, it is divided into two portions : a lower, the "hind neck," or "scruff of the neck," cervix (lig. 4, x), adjoining the back; and an upper, the "nape of tho Ki;V Itl N. A. UUiDS. u. 1« TOrOOUAl'IlV OF TIIK llODV. iiock" {uncial ; li^. -l, '), ii(1j(iiiiin<; llic liind liesul ; llicfo iiro otlici'Aviso knoAvii iis till) cerrkai region, and the mu-hiil rerjion, respectively, and both together as "the neek hehind." U'he front of the neek has been, perhaps, ninieeessa- rily snlidividcd, and the divisions vary with almost every writer. It will be snfiieient for (is in the present connection (o call it //iroii( (Lat. [/iila, tig. 4. :i7), and Jih/kIkiii (lig. 4, lu), renicniberlng Hint the Jugular portion is lower, vanishing in liieast, and the giilar higher, riinning into chin along the under surface of the head. Giif/nr is a term used to signily giila and jiignlum together; it is simply ecjuivalent to '"throat" as just defined. Though generally fully covered with feathers, the neek, unlike the body pro[)cr, is freijiiently in part naked. When naked hcliiud, it is almost in- variably ce/v/.o that is liare, from interruption of the upward extension of the pteryla dorsalis ; as exemplilied in many herons. JVttc/ia is rarely, if over, naked except in continuation of general nakedness of the head. Similarly, ;/iil(( is naked from above downwards, as is especially illustrated in nearly all the order ,'^le>/(niojv>(Ie.'<, as pelicans, cormorants, etc., that have a naked throat-pouch ; or some vultures, whose nakedness of head extends over nucha, and along gula, as if the feathers were killed by over-manuring with the filthy sulistances these birds eat. The condor has a singular rutHe all around the neck, of close, doicii)/ feathers, as if to defend the roots of the other feathers from such conscqueuee. Jugulmn becomes naked in a fi^tw birds, where a distended crop or eraAV protrudes, pushing apart the feathers of two branches of the pteryla ventralis as these ascend the throat. The neck is not ordinarily the pli'.cc of remarkalily modified feathers; they might restrict freedom of motion in the neek; to this rule, however, there arc signal exceptions. Among these may be mentioned here, the grouse famil}', among our representatives of which, the "ruired"has singular tufts on the sides of the neck; the "pinnated" little wing-like feathers there, covering bare, distensible skin, and the "eoek of the plains" has curious, stiff, scaly feathers ; unless these rather belong to pectus. Cervix proper almost never has modified feathers, but often a transverse coloration different from that of the rest of the upper parts ; when conspicuous, this is called "cervical collar," to distinguish it from the guttural or jugular "collars" or rings of color. Nucha is freijuently similarly marked -with a "nuchal band ;" often, special develoi)meiits there take the form of leiH/l/ieiuinj of the feathers, and we have a "nuchal crest." More particularly in birds of largely variegated colors, guttur and juguluni are marked lent/l/avixe with strijies and stn^aks, of which those on the sides are apt to be different from those along the middle line in front. Jugulum occasionally has lengthened feathers, as in many herons. Higher up, the neck in front may have variously length- ened or otherwise modified feathers. Conspicuous among these arc the /v(//.s, or tippets, of some birds, especially of the grebe family, and, above all our other birds, of the male ruff (Mnr/if/cM pin/udx) . But these, and a few other modifications of the feathers of the up[)er neeky are more con- veniently considered with those of the t TOl'OaKAl'llY UK Tin: HEAD. ll> « .. * vj 41. Hkai>. Tlioiigh smiiUor th;m oitliei- of the p;irts iiIro;uly consiilorcd, the Iiciul liiis boon more miiiiitoly inappod out, ami such (L^tail is necessary fi'om the nuinl)er of recognizable parts oi- regions it incluilcs. Without pro- fessing to give all that have been named, I describe what will be needed for our present purposes. (a). "Top of the head" is a collective expression for all the superior sur- fico, from base of tiic I)ill to nucha, and on the sides nearly or quite to the level of the upper border of the eyes. This is ju'Ieuin (fig. 4, 1,4,(1); it is divided into three portions. Forehead, or frontal region, or, simply, "the front" (L. from; tig. 4, i) includes all that slopes upward from the bill — generally to about opposite the anterior border of the eyes. Middle head or crown (L. corona), or vertex (L. vertex; fig. 4, 1), includes the top of the head proper, extending from forehead to the downward slope towards nucha. This last slope is hind head, or occqnit (Hg. 4, 0). The lateral border of all three together constitutes the "superciliary line," that is, line over the eye (Lat. Kuper, over, cilia, hairs [of the brows in particular]). (b). "Side of the head" is a general term defining itself. It presents for consideration the following regions : orbital, or circumorbital (L. orhls, an orb, properly, here, the circular hole in the skull itself that contains the eye- ball ; fig. 4,3) is the small space forming a ring around the eyes; it em- braces these organs, with the upper and under lids (L. 2udpehrte) ; where these meet in front and behind respectively, is the anterior canfhiis and jm^le- rlor canthiiii. The region is also subdivided into supra-orbital, infra-orbital, ante-orbital and post-orbital, according as its upper, under, front or back por- tion is specially meant. The position of the circuiuorl)ital varies in dilfcr- ent families; generally, it is midway, as stated, but may be higher or lower, crowdi'd forward toward the base of the bill, or removed to the batik ui)[)er corner of tlic side of the head, as strikingly shown in the woodcock. The aural or auricular (fig. 4, 35) region is the part lying over the external ear- opening; its position varies in heads of dilfercnt shape; but in the vast majority of cases it is situated a little behind and below the eye. Wherever located it may be known at a glance, by the texture of the auricular feathers (shortly, the aurlculars) covering the opening. Doulitless to oiler least ob- stacle to passage of sound, these are a tuft of feathers with loose vcxilla (§ 3) fnmi greater or less disconnection of the barbs (§ 3) ; and they may collectively be raised and turned forward, exposing the ear-opening; they are extremely large and conspicuous in most owls. "Temporal region," or the temi)les (L. tempora, times, or age, because an elderly man's hair Avhitens there first) is a term not often used ; it designates the part between eyes and ears, not well distinguished from the post-orbital space. At the lowermost posterior corner of the head a i)rotiiberance is seen, or may be felt ; it is where the lower jaw is hinged to the skull, and is called the "angle of the jaw;" it is generally just lielow and behind the ear. The lore (L. loruni, strap or thong ; hence, reins or bridle ; hence, place Avhere the main strap of a bridle passes ; fig. 4, j) is an important region. It is generally pretty 20 Toro(!i:AriiY or the head. iiiucli nil the space Nctwixt tlic eye and tho sides of tlic l)asc of the upper iiiaiidilile { § M)- Tims, wo say of !i liuwk, " lores bristly ;" and cxaniiiia- tidii of a l)inl of that kind uill show how Inr^e a spaec is covered l)y the term. Loi'e, however, should jjroperly lie restricted to a narrow lino lietween the eye and hill in the direction of the nostrils. It is excellently shown in the heron and grche families, where "naked lores" is a distinctive family ciiaractcr. The lore is an important place, not only from being thus marked in many birds, but from beiiiir frequently tho seat of specially motlilied or specially colored feathers. The rest of tiie side of the head, including the space between angle of jaw and bill, has tiie name of cJioek {li. f/t'iia, firstly eyelid, then, and generally, the prominence under the eye formed 1)y the cheek-bones; lig. 4, ,!(;). It is lu)U'ided above by lore, infra- orbital, and auricular; below, by a more or less straight line, representing the lower edge of the bony prong of the under mandible (§ 44). It is cleft in front for a vaiwing distance by the backward extension of the gapo of the mouth; above this giipe is more properly ycHrt, or imdaf )r;/ioii in strictness; below it h Jaw (nuixi'JId), or rather "side of tho jaw." The lower edge of the jaw defmiteh'^ separates the side of the head I'rom tho (e). "Under surface" of the head ; properly bounded ))ehind l)y an imag- inary line drawn straight across from one angle of the jaw to the other, and rimning forward to a point between the forks of the under mandible (§ 44). As already hinted, "throat" (;/>(!(( ; lig. 4, ii?) extends ujiward and forward into this space Avithont obvious dividing line ; it runs into c/iiii (L. inenlnni ; tig. 4, "f) of which it is oidy to be said, that it is the (varying in extent) anterior part of the under surface of the head. Anteriorly, it may be con- veniently marked oil", opposite the point where tlu; feathers end on the side of the lower jaw, from 'the feathery space (when any) Iwlircoi the branches of the under mandible itself; this latter space is called the inlemnnal (L. inter, between, nomifi, fork). (d). The head is so often marked lengthwise with diilerent colors, apt to take such defmite position, that these lines have received special names. JSIediau rcrthxtl h'tic is one along the middle of pileum, from base of culniou (§ 50) to nucha; latent! vertical tines bound it on either side. Superciliari/ line \\i\ii just been noticed; l)elow it runs the lateral Htri2)e ; that part of it before the eye, is loral or ante-orbital ; behind the eyo, post-orbital ; -when these are continuous through the eye, they form a /r«H.s'oc»?(n' line; below this is malar line, cheek-stripe, or fremini; ])elow this, on the under jaw, maxiUari/ line ; in the middle below, vicntal or r/ular lines. The lines are stripes (L. phfja') when narrow and distinct, like the welt of a whip-lash ; streaks {striai) when narrow and somewhat erratic ; and vitta' or fasciic when quite broad, as is particularly likely to l)o the case with the eye-line.* * I liiiil tlioii^'lil 1)1' n seetiim on ;m«<>ni.s <)/ culonition (pictunr), but Ihc attoniiit to rciliicc birds' infinitely Viirii'il rolors to (,"'iiei-Mli/.i' PTILOSIS OF THE HEAD. 21 /( / ■'/ (c). No part of the l)0(ly has so variable a ptilosis (§ 9) as tho head. In tho vast majority of hirds, it is wliolly autl densely feathered ; it ranges frona this to wholly naked ; 1)ut nakedness, it shonld bo observed, means only absence of perfect feathers, for most birds with nnfeathered heads have a hair-like growth on tho skin. Our samples (.f naked headed birds, are tho turkey, tho vultures, tho cranes, and some few birds of the heron tribe. Associated with more or less complete "baldness," is frequently the presence of various lleshy outgrowths, as comliK, vattJei^, atnuiclei^ (warty excres- cences), lobes and Jhq)^ of all sorts, even to enumerate which would exceed our limits. The parts of tho barn-yard cock exemplify the whole ; among North American birds they arc very rare, being confined, in evident devel- opment at any rate, to the wild turkey. Sometimes horn;/ platCK take tho place of feathers on part of the head ; as in the coots and gallinules. A very common form of head nahcdness marks one whole order of birds, the Slefjanopodes, which have mentum and more or less of gula naked, and transformed into a sort of pouch, extremely developed in the pelicans, and well seen in the cormorants. The next commonest is delinitc bareness of the lores, as in all herons and grebes. A little orbital space is l)are in many birds, as tho vulturine hawks, and some pigeons. Among water birds particularly more or less of the interramal space is almost always uufeath- ercd ; the nakedness always proceeds from before I)ackwards. A\'ith the rare exceptions of a narrow frontal line, and a little space about the angle of the mouth, no other special parts of the liead than those above given are naked in any North American bird, unless associated with general baldness. (f). The opposite condition, that of redundant feathering, gives rise to all tho various cuests (L., pi. crishe) that form such striking ornaments of many birds. Crests projjcr belong to the top of the head, but may be also held to include those growths on its side; these together i)einir called crests in distinction to the rutls, rulUes, beard, etc., of gula or mentum. Crests may bo divided into two kinds : — 1, where the feathers are simply lengthened ov otherwise enlarged, and 2, where the texture, and sometimes even the structure (§ 4) is altered. Nearly all l)irds possess the power of moving and elcvatin"' the feathers on the head, simulatinij a sliirht crest in moments of excitement. The general form of a crest is a full soft elongation of tiie c(n'onal feathers collectively ; when perfect such a crest is (jlohuJar, as in the Pi/rocepltalns (genus 111) ; generally, however, the feathers lengthen on wliilp; or by unmarkpil clianKC of ii sccoiidiiry coldr, as prcoii into hluo or ycllnw. (-J) by obvious )H(i)7,('«(7«. ^liivkiiifrs are all j-educibb-' to two kinds, atrcaJ.-iii// ami aitntthiii. Stroakiii;r. as a Kt'iH'rio toi'tn, is bbari))y divi.-ible into leiii/lhirixo and cnixgicisc. I.niijthirise sirciikhnj coniiiroliiMuls all kinds of streaks, stripes, vitt.T, fascia', witb the distinctions al>ovi' jrivcn in the text. Cntssirhf ulrenliuij Is called Inrrimj, .ind always rnns transverse to the .axis of a bird; if the linos are striiii^ht, it is htuHtiiit/; if undulating, it is vavbuj; if very line ani\ irref?ular, it is vennicnlation (L. nrminiliis, a little worm). Spotting is graded aocordinf to size of the markings, from dotting or pointing, to blotching or .splashing; and spots arc also designated accord- ing to their shape, as rouml, stpiare, U-shaped, V-shaped, hastate, sagittate, etc. Very Ibie spotting mixed with streaking, is cilled iiKirhlint/; when indi.-tinct, nehiiliitloii or cloutlin;/; intermediate .^-peciat marks have parlicidav nanu's, ns crescents. Distinct round spots nvi} ocelli ("little eyes"). Inilistinct variegatiinis of any sort are calleil o'^sohlf. Washes of color over a delinitc color, are called liiiyfs or tiut.s. Color is i/lo.-mi/ when it shines; mt^i/Zic, wlnni it glitters; iriifes-ceii^ when it changes with different lights. Colors arc also briijhl iliill, (laid (said of white), opiiquc. or velreli/ (said of deep colors, chiclly black), etc. 22 ITILOSIS OF TIIK 1II:AI>. ! llio oociput iiKU'c tliiui on the vertex or front, and this jrivcs us tlio simplest find comnioncst form. Snciiercsts, wlicii more i)!irticiiliii'ly oceipital, arc usu- aliv eoiinei'ted uitli lenijfllieniiiir of nncliid fentliers, Jind aro liUoly to l)c of a thin, pointed shape, as well slioun in the kin;,di.sher. Coronal oi- vortical crests proper, are apt to ho rather dillerent in coloration than in specially marked elongation of the feathers; they are perfectly illustrated in the king- l)ird, and other species of tiiat geinis. Frontal crests arc the most elegant of all : they generally rise as a pyramid from the forehead, as excellently shown ill the hliie jay, cardinal Itird, tufted titmouse and others. All the foregoing crests are generally single, hut sometimes doiihle ; as shown in the two lat- eral occipital tiifts of the "horned" lark, in all the tufted or "horned" owls, and in a few cormorants. Lateral crests aro, of course, always douhle, one on eaeii side of the head ; they are of various shapes, but need not be ])arliculari/ed here, especially since tiiey mostly belong to the second class of crests — those consisting of texturaliy modified feathers. It is a general — though not exclusive — character of these last, that they uro temporari/; wliile the other kind is only changed with the general moult, these are as- sumed for a short season only — the l)reeding season ; and furthermori^ they aro often distinctive of wv;. Occurring on the lop of tiie head the^' furnish the most remarkable ornaments of birds. I need only instance the elegant helmet-like plumes of the partridges of the genus Lapliovlyx. (1H6) ; the graceful ilowing train of the Orcortijx (gen. liS.")) ; the somewhat similar l)lumcs of the night and other herons. The majority of the cormorants, and many of the aidis, possess lateral plumes of similar description ; these, and those of the herons are probably — in mos,"" cases certainly — deciduous; while those of the partridges above mentioned last as long as the genend plumage. These lateral plumes, in many birds, especially among grebes, are associated with, and, in fact, coalesce with, the rull's, which are singular lengthening and modifying in ditferent ways of feathers of auricidars, geiiio and gula ; and are almost always temporary. Jieards, or special lengthening (jf the mental feathers alone, are comparatively rare ; we have no good example among our birds, but a European vulture, Gi/paUos havbatuK, is one. The feathers sometimes become smJij (squainouit) forming, for instance, the excpiisitc gorglcts or frontlets of huunning-1)irds. They are often hriMhj (.selaceoiifi), as about the lores of nearly all hawks, the forehead of the dabchick, meadow- lark, etc. While usually all the xudengthened head feathers point backward, they are sometimes erect, forming a velvety pile, or they may radiate in a cir- cle from a given point, as from tiie eye in most owls, where they form a disk. In the foregoing, I only mention a few ty[)es, chielly needed to be known in the stud\' of our birds ; but should add that there are many others, with endless moditications, among exotic birds ; to these, however, I cannot even allude by name. Peculiarities of nasal feathers, and others around the base of the bill, are noticed below. Forms of crests are illustrated in tigs. 21, 22, 23, 24, 82, oG, 95, »U, 107, 109, 114, 117, 120, 127, 13,5, l.'jii, 152, 153, 154, 177, Ittl, 202. 1^^= # r . 4. i i OF Tin; liiLi.. 2;i iSub-sed. 2. Of^theMcinhcvH; their parts (ind onjanH, 1. Tin: IJii.r.. § 42. The Ijill is IuukI niul moiitli in one : the iii.slniuioiit of j)r('/ions/o)i. As hand, it talvos, liokls iiiul ciuTie.s food or otiior sulisstiincos, and in many instances, fevh; as inontli, it tears, euts, or crnslies, acconrnijr to tiie nature of llie substances taken; assuming' the I'lnictions of l)oth h[)s and teeth, neither of wliiili birds possess. An organ tiins essential to tiie prime fime- tions of birds, one directly related to their various modes of life is of the utmost conse(iuencc in a taxonomie point of view; yet, its stiHietural modi- fications are so various and so variously interrelated, that it is more impor- tant in framing families and genera tlian orders; more coiistanl characters must be employed for the higher groups. The general § i'S. Shape of the 1)111 is referal»le to the mar; it is the anterior part of the general cone tluit we iiave seen to reaeii from its point to the base of the skull. This siiapc confers the greatest strength combined witli the greatest dclieac}'; the end is line to apprehend the smallest objects, while the base is stout to manipidate the largest. Dul in no bird is the eonc expressed with entire precision ; and in most, the departiu'e from tiiis figiu'c is great. The bill ALWAYS consists of two, the upper and the lower § 44. MANDinLES (lig. o), wiiicli lie, as their names indicate, above and below, and arc separated by a horizontal fissure — the mouth. Each mandi- ble alavays consists of certain projecting skull-bones, ^ ,^ ^.^1 _, J, sheathed with more or less /iori)>/ integument in lieu of true skin. The frame-work of the Ujjper mandilile is (chiefly) a l)one called the hifeniidxillari/, or better, in this case, the prcinaxiUiiri/. In general, this is a three-pronged or tripodal bono numing to a point in front, with one, the upi)ermost prong, or foot, im- / / planted upon the forehead, and the otiier two, lower "i-ig'.s. iMits of a urn. and horizontal, ruiming into the sides of the front of n,Bi,u.nfupp,.rni!m.iiiiif: *,cui- .1 1 II fill ,,i ,1 «• ji TT 1 Ti 1 • liicii; r, iijisjil fnssii: ii"»i:/.)-'apiMii«ii,iiic..ni- liiissiit-al line: -/. rii-Ius; /Miomiiiis- eonii)ound bone called inferior maxilhiru ; it is U-, oi- ™;'a,m|y'"rVimi"r'lii'w'j''inmr/l! V-shaped, with the point or convexity in front, and !i!i;!:;^ii:;uM'f voil'i'liSi;; the i)ron'"i"= 'MHw^imauuibk... l)ones, with certain accessoiy bones of the upper mandible, as the palate bones, etc., together with the horny investment, constitute the Jaws. Both jaws, in birds, are movable; the under, by the joint just mentioned; the upper, cither by a joint at, or by the elasticity of the bones of, the forehead ; it is moved l)y a singular muscular and bony apparatus in the i)alate, further notice of which would involve anatomical details. When closed, the jaws meet and lit along their opposed edges or sui'faces, in the same manner, and for the same purposes, as the lips and teeth of man or other J I 21 niKFKUKXr KINDS ol' IIII.I.S. All l)ills, tliiH similiiflv constitutod, have liocn V('i't('l)nito .'inimjils, (lividi'd* info § tr). Koiii Classks, roprpsontinir as iiiaiiy ways in which the two iiian- le is h)njjfcr than the luidcr, and its tip is evith-ntiy l»ent down over the tip of tlio h)wer. 2. The /ti/jii)i/i)(i//ioiis (Or. /ii/j>(>, under), in which the lower inandilile is Ioniser than the otlier. 3. T\\o ji'ini'/iiKf/ioits ({Jr. jinra. at or I)y), in which l)()th arc of about eipial lenirtli, and neither is evidently In nt over tlie other. 4. Tiie iiiflitiju'illiniis (Gr. iihIh, with, heside, etc.), in which llie points of the niandilih's cross each otlier. The second and fourth of these arc ex- tremely rans they arc exeniplilied, respectively, by the skinnner and the cross-hill (i,'enera 211.') and (I(>). The fir.-t is conunon, occurring tlu'ough- oiil the birds of prey, the parrots, and among the petrels, gidls, etc., etc. Tiie great majority of birds exhibit tiie third ; and among tiiem, there is such evident grailation into epignatliism. that it is necessary to restrict tlic latter to its complete development, exhibited in the intermaxillary bone di- vested of its horny sheath, which often, as among ilycatchers, etc., forms ii little ovcrhimging point, but does not constitute epignatliism. These classes, it should be added, though always applicable, and very convenient in de- scriptions, are purely arbitrary, that is, they by no means correspond to any four primary groups of birds, 1)ut on the contrary, usually only mark families and the subdivisions of families ; and the four types may bo seen in contiguous genera. The general shape of the bill has also furnished S 4(). OriiKU Classics, tor man v vears used as a larirc basis for oruitho- logical dassillcatiou ; but which the progress of the science has shown to bo merely as convciiient as, and only less arbitrary than, the foregoing. The principal of these arc represented by the following types : — A, among land birds. 1. TliQ Jis.' ?)■ convonicnt iiicidciitiil trriiH in i^^iMicral closeripfiDiis. Various otiicr lesser terms, expressing speeiiil iiioililieatioiis, as In uh 11! rostral, uciiHrnxIrdL ele., arc cmploycil ; i)ut till iiro best iiscil, now, as coniinoii, not as proper names, sini|)ly descriptive of § 47. OniKii Foinis. A Itiil is called loivi, when nolalily lon,irer than the head proper; ahorl, when notalily shorter; incilimn, in neither of these con- ditions, it is roiiiprcssi'il, when hitrher than wide, at the base at least, and generally for some portion of its leni^'lh; ilc/irrsscd, wIkmi wider than liiuh ; (ercle, nnder neither of these conditions. Jl is rrcnrrcil, when curved ni)- ward ; (Irciirrcd, when cnrved downward; hoil, when the variation in either direction is at an anijie ; slnnijht, when not out of line with axis of the head. A hill is (ilitnxc (said ehic^lly of the paraiiiiathons sort) when it rapidly conies to an end that therefore is not line ; or when the end is knobby ; it is oc«/ewhen it rniis to a sharp point; acitinin((le,w\nm equally sharp and slen- derer; (illeiiiKile, when still slenderer; xxhiihitu (awl-shapcd), when slen- derer still ; ac/tw^/fH' (nee(llc-shape ol' the upper niaiidilile the siieatli elianL:e.s lo a soft, liiniid, skinny (estiire, overarching' the no^l|■iis; it is iiiiicii the same willi most plovers, lint the nio>t imiiortant I'ealure in this connection is all'ordcil liy the pari'ols and all the lards of prey: oiu' so rcmarkahle that it has received a di>tinet, naiiK' : — ('i:i;i;. 'I"he cere (Ii. ci-ni, wax; hecaiise il looks wa\y) is a dense mcinlirane >addhd on the upper niandiiile at hase, so diU'ereiit from tin' r<'>t of the hill, that il iiiiL;lit lie (|ncstioiied rather it does not inoi'e properly lieloim' to the head than to the hill, were it not for the fad, that the iio>li'iIs open in it. .Moreover, (he cere is ol'teii deiiscdy I'ealliered, as in llie ('ar(dina ])arro(pid, in the hill jiroper of which no nostrils arc seen, these heinu; liiddcn in the feathered cere, which, therefore, niii;lit lie easily inistakeii, at lirst siiiiit,l"(ir the hird's I'ordiead. .V sort of false eeiu! oeciirs in somo Avaler liirds, as the Jaejreis, or skna-ii'idls (genera :.'.S() and 27'.(). Tlu! Inmid nasal skin of pi^'eons is sometimes so called ; but the term had lidler be re.-trided (o the birds tir.-t above named. The under mandible probably lievei' presents sofleniiiL;' exee])l as a pari of general skinniness of the bill. {I>.) The eorerinu: is either cii/irc ov jihccil. Inmost birds it is eiitins that is, tli(! sheath of either mandible may be pulled oil' whole, lik(^ tho liiiiyer of a iilove. It is, howcNci', in many birds di\ided into parts, by various lines of slight comu'dion, and then comes oil' in pieces; as is the case with some water birds, particularly petnds, where (he divisions .are I'CijidiU', and the pieces have received dis(iiic(ive names. The entire cover- ing of both jaws toii'dher, is called rlnimplinllirrji ; of the iippiM' alone, rJi'in- othacii ; of the under, ijiiiillinlliicii. (c.) The coverini;' is otluM'wise variously marked : sometimes so slronnly, that similar features are ini[)re.-sed u|)oii lli(> bones (liemscdves beneath. Tiio most (Veipient marks are various rid'jcs (L. [il. ciirhiw, keels) of all leiisi'ths and dej^rees of expression, slraiuht or lairved, vertical, oblicpie, lior- izontai, lengthwise or transverse; a bill so marked is said to bo strlale or cdrhuilc; when niinierous and irregular, (hey arc called riiii(r. (L. riiiia, ;i wrinkle) and the bill is said to be c.orrit'/d/al or nii/asr. AVlicn the eleva- tions arc in points or spols instead of lines, they arc called pmichv ; a bill so furnished is jiinic/((/e, but the last word is ol'teiu'r employed to designate the prcscuco of little jtils or depressions, as in the dried bill of a snipe, towards the end. Larger, softish, irregular knobs or elevations pass under the general name of irnrt.'^ or j)'ijiil/. (li. (vov), lli'sli. (liiiiiiiiilivi' oiniiiriiliis, \[{\\v l)il (il'llcsli). N'mioii'. liiiciir (Ic/iri'.s.^iiiiiis, ol'lcii lull iidl iihviiys iLssociiilcil willi ciirinn', iiii' Lrronvcs or sii/ci (L. fiitlciis, II furrow) nnd (lie l)ill is tlicii siilnilr. Sulci, liUc ciu'iuii', aro of all sliiipcs, si/cs iuid |)ositi()Us; wlu'U vcrv iiii'^c miuI (ictiuitr, llicy mit souic- tiuics cillcil ciiiinh'cit/i, or clinniicls. 'I'lic various Uiiolts, "iioriis," and iaip) special rciiliircs of tlic liill cauniil lie licic |i;ii'liculari/t'd. Any of tiic forc- •ruiuir IcmIui'cm nia\' occur on iiotli inandililcs, and (licv arc exclusive of that Kpecial niiiric of Uw ii|iper, in wliicli the nostrils open, and whicli is consid- ered below ( vj .')!). W'c have still to notice the special parts of citlior liiandilile ; and will hei^in with the siniplcsl, the § ll». I'ndku Mandiiu.k. In Ihc nnijority of birds it is a littli' shorter anil a little narrower and not nciirly so (lec|) as the upper; hut sonietinies quite as larirc, or even lai'^cr. The upper educ doiilde ( /. c. there is an (mIi^c on holli sides), is called tiie niandiliular Iniiihiiii (dr. Ii'iinu'ln, to cut ; tig. "),,/), as fur as il is hai'd ; this is received niiidust, and usually a little within, the correspond inn' ediie of the upper niandilile. The proniz's already inentioued (§ II) are tlu' inandibular rain! (pi. of li. ridiius, a lirauch ; ii) or with a roinided joiuini;' (like L> ). At their |)oint of iniion there is a pronii- lience, more oi' less mai'kcil ( fi^'. ;"), /,) ; this is the (lo.ws (corrupted from the (Jr. ijoini, a knee ; hence, any sindlar |)rotuberauce). 1'hal is to sa_\', this point is <,'onys proper; but. the term is extended to apply to the whole liiu^ of union of the rami, from jronys [iroper to the tip of the under mandible; and in descriptions it means, then, the iniilcr ontlhic of Ihc hill for a corres- poudiiiji; distance (liy;. ."), /). This important term nuist be constantly hold in mind. The i^ouys is to Ww imder mai:dil)le what tli(i keid is to a boat. It varies "greatly in Ieu,i>tli. Ordinarily, it forms, say, one-half to throe- fourths of the under outline. Sometimes, as In (iouirostral birds, a sjiarrow for example, it represents nearly all this outlinis whil(! in a lew birds it lUidvcs the whole, and in sonu', as the pullin, is aclwally longer than tiie lower inaudible proiicr, lieeause it extends backwards in a point. Other birds have idmost no gonys at all : as a pelican, when; the rami only meet at the extreme tip, or in the whole duck family, wlieni there is hardly more. As th(! stuilent must see, the lenu'lh of the gonys is simply a matter of the early or late fusion of tiie rami, and that similarly, their mode of fusion, as iu a shari) ridge, a flat surface, a straight line, a curve, etc., results iu corresijonding modilieations of its special shape. The Interramal space (§ tl, c) is complementary to length of gonys: some- times it runs to the i\\) of the bill, as in a pelican, sometimes there is next to iu)ne, as iu a pulHn ; while its width depends \\\)oi\ th(! degree of diver- gence, and the sfraightuess or curvature of the rami. The surface between the tomium and the lower edge of rami and gonys together is the ,svWe of the under nniudihU' (tig. 5, m). The most important feature of the § 50. Uri'KU Mandihlk is the culinen (Lat. for top of anything; tig. 5, h). The culmen is to the ui)per maiuliblc what the ridge is to the roof of a 28 8i'nciAL i'ai;ts of tiii: uppku mandible. lioiiso : it is llii^ iipijor in'olih- ol' tiic l)ill — the Juijhcd vilddle knf/(/nrise line of Ihc liill ; it hcuiiis wlicrc tlic tciitliors ciul on tlio forclioiid, .'iiiil extends to tli(^ tip (if tlir upper Miiimlilile. Aeeonliii;:' to tli(! sliapi' of tlu; hill it may 1)0 .striii;j:lit or eonvex, or coiieave, or even soniewliat x -sliai)ed ; or donblc- eonvex. as in the tnfted pnliiii : hut in the vast majority of eases it is con- vex, with increasinif eonvexity towards tiie til). Sometimes it rises np into n tiiin elevated erest, as well shown in (JvotophiKja (gen. 12()) and in the l)iiliiiis, when the upper maiidilile is said to he keeled, and the cnlnien it- self to 1)0 ciillnili- : sometimes it is really a furrow instead of a ridge, as toward the end of a snijjo's I)ill ; hut generally it is simi)ly the uppermost line of union of the gently eonvex and sloping xide^ of (he iq)pcr iiiandihle (lig. ."), II). In a great many hirds, especially those with depressed hill, as all the ducks, lliere is really no >'u!men ; hut then the uiediini Jcurc'.l('. when partitioned oil' from eaeh otiier, as in most birds; but dillerent ornitholoiiists use tliese terms iiiterehaiii;cably. Tlie princii)al k/uijics of tlie nostrils may be thus exliibited : — a line, /iiiair nostrils ; a line variously eidarged at either end, claccde, vlnb-sliapnl, <,h- lomj, o>:a(f' nostrils ; a Hue, enlarged in the middle, nra/ or eU/pfic, nostrils ; this passing insensil)ly into the eirele, vonnd ov circular nostrils; and the various kinds of more or less linear nostrils may be either longitudinal, as in most birds, or obli([n(>, as in a few ; almost never directly transverse (up antl down). IJounded nostrils may have a raised border or /•////; Avhen this is prolonged they are called hilmhtr. as iu some of the goatsucker family, and in all the petrels. I'sually, tiie nostrils are formed entirely by the substance surrounding them, thus, of cere, in a hawk, of softish skin, in a pigeon, plover or snipe, or of horn, in most birds; l)ut often their contom' is partly formed l)y a special development somewhat distinct either 'm form or texture, and this is cidled the u(i.e and ptarmigan; but it oftcner runs for a varying distance toward, or (djore and l)eyond the nostrils ; sometimes, similarly below them, as in a chinmcv- swift ; and the nostrils may lie densely feathered when tliere is no evident fossa, as in an auk. When thus truly feathered in varying degree, tiiey are still open to view : another condition is, their being covered over and hidden by modirted feathers. These are usually bristle-like (se(/' llieir ^ 30 Tin; WJNUS — THKIU IIONV ri!A>Ii;\VOI!K. clofitire. (Joiiiiiiisstire (L. conunitkvp, to put or join together) moans the point wlicre the gape ends hehiiul, tliiit is, tlio amjlc of (Iw iiuntUi, where the opjjosed edges of the niandihles join oiieii oilier; l)iit as in tiic hist case, it is hjosely applied to the whole line of elosiire, from true commissure to tip of the bill. So we say, "eommissuri' straight," or "commissure curved;" also '' eominissural edge" of cither mandihle (equivalent to "tomial edge") in distinction from culmen or goiiys. IJut it would bo well to have more precision in (his matter. Let, then, tnnua (lig. •'),./) be the true cutting edges of either mandible from tip to opposite base of bill jiroper, i-ldiis (lig. "), (j) be their edges thence to the roiXT comiiiinnure (lig. "). /' ) where they join Aviien tiie bill is open; the link commissure (lig. 0,7") to iiuiiide l>otli when the bill is closed. The gape is s(ra/)//i(, when rictus and toinia are l)()(h straight and lie in the same line ; vitrred, f^inua/e, when they lie" in the same curved or waved line; anijulated, when they are straight, or nearly so, but do not lie in the same line, and therefore meet at an angle. (An important distinction. See under family FriiKjilUda' in the Synopsis.) TiiK Wixds. § .")t. Dki'imtiox. Pair of anterior or pre/oral limbs organized for flight by means of dermal outgrowths. Used for this purpose liy birds in general : but by ostriches and their allies only as outriggers to aid running; l)y penguins as tins for swimming under water; used also in the latter capacity by some birds that ily too, as divers. Wanting in no recent birds, but iinperl'ect in a few. To understand their structure we must notice § -")."). Tiir.iu Jjoxy FuAMEWoiiK. (Fig- 'J-) Tliis ordinarily' consists of nine actually se[)aratc l)ones ; but there are several more that fuse together. The arin-l)()ne, /nanerns, a single bone, reaches from shoulder to elbow ; it is succeeded by two iiarallel bones, nhia and radius, of about equal lengths, reaching from elbow to wrist, forming the forearm, cubit or antlhracliimu. The wrist {carpus) has two little knol)by carpal bones, called scapliulunur and cuneiform ; very early in life there is another, the )tia'j- iiuiH, that soon fuses with the hand-bone, or metacarpal . At iirst, this last is of three bones, corresponding to those of our hand that support our fore, middle and ring linger respectively; afterwards they all run together. The one corresponding to the middle linger is much the largest of the three, and it supports two finger-lioncs {plialauijes) placed end to end, just as our three similar tinger-bones are placed one after the other at the end of their own hand-l)one. The forclinger hiind-bcnie sticks out a little from the side of the prineiiial one. and bears on its end one iiiiger-Iione (sometimes two), which is commonly, but wrongly, called the bird's "thumb." For although on the extreme border of the hand, it is liomoloijical with the forclinger; birds have no thumb (exe. Archwopleriix, S/ruf/iio, lilma) ; and no little finger. The third hand-bone is joined to the second, and bears no finger- bone. I he n-o pe, lire lire to I)e [bo rill lire , 8TUUCTUUK OF TIIR WINO. 31 § ."»'). TifR Mkcuanism of tlicso boiips is ii(linir!il)lo. The shoiildor- .joiiit is h)()S(', iiiiich liiio ours, and allows tLf hiimcnis to swing all about, though chiclly up and down. The elbow-joint is tight, permitting only bending and nnbeiiding in a horizontal line. Tiio linger bones have scarcely any motion. JJnt it is in the wrist that the singular meehanisni exists. In tile tlr.-t plaee, tiie two forearm i)oiies are fi.xcd with relation to eaeh other so tliat they eannot roll over eaeh other, like ours. Streteh your arm out on the table; -without moving the ell)()\v, you ean turn the band over so that either its palm or its back lies ilat on the tal)le. It is a motion {rolation) of the bones of the Ibrearm, resulting in what is called pronatiini and kh- jiiiKilion. This is absent from the bird's arm, necessarily; for if the hand could tiuis roll over, the air striking the pinion-feathers, when the bird is Hying, would throw them up, and render tligiit dillicult or inii)ossible. Next, liie hinging of the hand upon the wrist is such, that the hand does not, move up and down, like ours, in a plane perpendicular to tiie plane of the ell)()W-bend, but back and forwards, in a plane horizontal to the elbow ; it is as if we could bring our little linger and its side of the hand around to touch the corresi)ondiiig border of the forearm. Thus, evidently, exten.-ion of the hand upon the wrist-joint increases and completes the unfolding of the wing that commenced by straightening out the forearm at the elbow. There is another essential feature in a bird's wing. In the ligure, (i, aijc represents a deei) angle formed b}' the bones, but none such is seen u[)ou the outside of the wing. This is because this triangular sj)ace is tilled up by a fold of skin stretched over a c(n'd that passes straight from near a to c. I5ut A and c approach or recede as the wing is folded or unfolded, and a simple cord long enough to reach the full distance A — c would be sjurk in the folded wing; so the cord is made ela.sdc, like an India rubber band; it stretches when the wing is unfolded, and contracls when the wing is shut; it is thus always hauled taut. The cord makes the always straightish and smooth anterior border of tiie wing. TAe car2)us c, or the always promi- nent point of the anterior border, is a highly important landmark in de- scriiitioiis, and should be thoroughly understood; it is also called the "bend of the wing." (See under Directions for Measurement; see also explana- tion of lig. G.) Tiu. C. taki-'ii IVoiii a yoini;^ chickoii (liuiit wiiiij:, upper siirf'acp), sliows tlio coinpositiou mill inuclmiiisiii of a l)ii'(l's win;;, a. slioulilor; ii, elbow; c. wrist or varj'iis; d, tip of pi-iii- ! mi 32 MECHANISM OF THE WIXO. fipiil (tliotliircl) tln^ior; All. unn ; lie, roreanii ; ci>. pinion, or lianil, coinposetl of c, carpus, thcni'c to i;, nirliiriirjiim or hand proper, fxcrpl tlic bone /. this, anil ki>, l)t'in^' iJi-iila m- lin- gers. )i, slial'l of Ininicrns; /.. ulna:'', radius; d. scaplioliniar b'inc ; c, cuiiciforui Ijomo; these last two eomposiii;,' wrist or earpus proper. Now the lli;iire (1) marks two lines thai run to lhi> two ciuls of the hnnierns, (lesi;.niatiii!j; a sortof eapon either end of lliat l)oiie; tills eap is an kimimiysis;* both ends of ulna and radius show similar ei)ii)li,vses, conneeled in the tl^ure, as in case of tin; humerus, with the shaft by mtml lines. Tlien, of the meta- carpus. ;/ and / are tlie epiphyses of, respectively, the two principal metacarpal bones /,■, the third, and /. the fourth; /,• aiul / liave not yet coalesced to^'cther, but lie simjjly opposed to each otiier, whereas tlicir epipliyses themselves, ;/ ami ./'. are seen nnirhj I'lised to;;ether. /(, wliicli seems to be the epipliysis of /, is not; it is a inelacarpai itself (the second), bearini; the (//;//'. (',- It is nearly soldered with .'/. in which lis epiphysis is already ab- sorlied. Later in life, k sends a plate-like i)rocess towards /; / and /.■ fit'ow to;rether; h •rriiws into /■ and ;/; f and ;/ grow into Ik, with the coinpouud result /i/lilk. forminj; a sinj;le bone. I III; Mr.rAC.iiii'Ai,, bearin;; tlic ••thumb" phalanx i and the two lluirer phalan;res jk, «, all three of wliicli remain permanently seiiarate. (Observe, that / is called the •niiiii> meta- carpal, becimse it represents that bone in the hand of man and bi'asts; tliat in actual position it is second, A bein^' tirst ami / tldrd; that ordimiry birds have im llrst and na llftli metacarjials; and th.atthe bone i, though called •' thumb." corresponds to the llr.st joint of our forelini;er.) li;ill Willi wliieli they afterwuids Boldur. TIiosb eartiliiginous or pistly ciiiis on the ends are called epiphyses. fSce IlKlKiMANS, Arch./. Aiuit.. 1S.W,'21W; CoUE.S, Amer. Xiit. v, 1870, 513. / ! / AVING-COVEKT.S AM) KK.MIUKS 33 importiint iis it is in ;i iiiorpliolojific'iil point of view, it i.s tukeii into little account in pructiciil ornitholoiry, nnloss when largely moditiod in form, con- spicuons in I'olor. or hearing special organs, as claws, spurs, etc. It strengtlions, and defends, and adds to the symmetry of the anterior outer border of the wing. (The student must carefully distinguish the use of the word sjtitrioii.t in this connection from its application to a certain state of the tirst primary — sec § ii2.) § ;")!). Tiiio WiNC-covKin's an; conveniently divided into the upper {(ec- (ri'ei's siiperioren) and Hiidei' {ted. in/en'ores) ; they include all the small feathers that clothe the wings, extending a varying distance along tlic bases of tiie remigcs (§•>•>). The ordinary disposition and division of tlie upper coverts is as follows : — There is one set, rather long and stilHsh, close-pressed over the bases of the outc^ nine or ten remigcs, covering these, in general, about as far as their structure is ijlumulaceous. These s[)ring fron\ the hand or pinion (§ .').")) and are the n2)j)er viummiy coi-erl.t (PI. i. fig. 1, /)';) : they are ordinarily the least conspicuous of an}-. All the rest of the upper coverts are skco.vdaijy, and spring mostly from the forearm ; they are considered in three groni)s, or rov^. Tlie ;/n'((fer v<>vert.< (IM. i, tig. 1, f/w) are the tirst, outermost, longest row, covering the bases of most of the rcmiges except the first nine or ten; the )ned!a)i forcrtx (Pi. i, tig. 1, lasc), are a next row, shorter, but still almost always forming a conspicuous series. All the rest of the secondary coverts pass under the general name of lenner coverts (PI. I, iig. 1, he). The greater coverts have furnished a very important zoo- logical character : for in all Pin^serex they an; not more than half as long as the remiges they cover, while the reverse is l)t'lieved to be the case in nearly all other birds. The under coverts liave the same general disposition as the upper : l)ut they are all like each other, have less distinction into rows or series, and for practical purposes generally [jass under the common name of nailer irinj-corerfs; and since, when the wing is strikingly colored under- neath, it is these feathers, and not the remiges, that are highly or variously tinted, the expression " wing below," or "under surface of the wing" gener- ally refers to them more particularly. We should distinguish, however, from the under wing-coverts in general, the a.rillar>/ feathers, or axillars (L. (ixilhi, arm-pit). These are the innermost of the under wing-coverts; al- most always longer, stilfer, and otherwise distinguishable from the rest; in ducks, for example, and many waders, they take on remarkable development. § 1)0. (a.) TuK 1\i:mi(;i:s (PI. i, tig. 1, I), ,s, and t) mainly give the size, shape, and general character to the wing, and are its most important fea- tures ; they represent the whole of its posterior outline, most of its surface, and most of its outer and inner borders. Taken collectively, they form a llattened sinface for striking the air; tliis surface may be quite ilat, as in birds with long pointed wings that cut the air like oar-i)lades ; generally it is a little concave imderneath, and correspondingly convex above ; this con- cavo- -onvexity varying insensibly within certain limits. It is usually great- est in l);rds with a short rounded wiui;, as in the IIA1'K OV HKMUiKS. t'xli'ciiics of tliL- iiiodc (if lli.i:lit iTriiilt. The short, roiiiul wing confers a licavy, i)(>\vcrfiil, cnttini: lliglit. for >liort (lis(;inci's,^witli a wliirriiitr noise, jjroduo'd \>y (|iiick viliratioMi of tliewing: hirils tliat tly lliiis aro alnioi^t always tlii('i eheiioinumi ol' riijiht." Siiiilli.^oiiidii Itiju'rl liir ISii'.i. p. 'i-.;!;, (Ti-:iiisliili'i| IVum Jtinie i/ts CnurH *Vi« H/i/iryi/cs.) \i riM.MAKIKS. li;) I (liiiii (!io iiiiior, 1111(1 its b.'irh-i stiiiid out less IVoiii tlm rhacliis (Jjr5, a). Ivcin- iiTL'.s are (lividod into tluT'o classes, arrordiiiir to tiieir scat ; anil in this is in- volved Olio of tiio most important cfjiisiderations in pmetical ornitholojry, of wliii'li the sliiiloiit iiiiist make liiius(df iiiast(M-. The three classes are 1, the jir/'/ii'ir/cs ; 2, the Kd'onddfipx: .'5, the tciiiarics. § (!1. TiiK l*i!iM.vi;ii;s (IM. i, ll'z. 1, h) are those rendires which srow upon the pinion, or hand- and finirer-boiies (liir. n. All l)irds, probably, below the hiuiiest, the oseiiie I'dssctrn, iiave ten. Aiiionir Osn'iir.^, there are nine or ten indill'erently ; and just this dillereiiee of one primary more or less forms one of tli(> most marked distiiietious between some families of that suborder. So the tenth feather in u bird's wiiijr, countiuf^ from the outside, is a sort of crucial test in many cases ; if it l)e lirst secondary, the liird is one thiiiLr ; if it be last iirimary, the l)ird is another; the necessity, therefore, of defermininii' whieii it is, b(>comes evident. It is, of course, always possible to settle the (piestion by strikin*!; at the roots of the remiires and seeinir 1h>w many are seated on the pinion; but this liciierally involves some defaciiii; of a specimen, and ordinarily there is an easier way of determinini;'. Hold the winir half s[)read; then, in nearly all Osfi/ics, tlie primaries come slopiiiii' down on one side, and the secondai'ies similarly on the otlier, to form, where tiiey meet, a reentrant anjjrle in the general contour of the posterior border of the winji ; the feather that occupies this iiotcii is the one we are after, and unluckily is sometimes last primary, and sometimes first secondary. I5ut primaries ai'c, so to sjx'ak, eiiij)/ia/ic, self-axser/inr/, ![filic!::ed remiijes, still', stroiiii-, obstinate; while seconda- ries are wluqxnuiHi^ rclivlug remiires in hren'cr, limber, weak, and yieldinj^. This dill'erence in character is almost always shown l»y sonicf/thn/ in their general shape, iin|)ossil)I(> to descrilie, Init wliich the student will soon learn to detect. Let the reader examiiu! i)late i, liii'. 1, where b marks the it pri- maries of a sparrow's winir, mid n indicates tiie secondaries ; he will see a dif- ference at once. The primaries exi)ress themselves, thouirh with constantly diminisiiing force, to the last; then the secondaries iimnediatcdy begin to tell a ditleriMit tale. Among North American birds, the only ones with NINE i)rimaries are the families MnldcilUthr., Alnu(li(l lii^l i< --ci ii IliiU it is only tlii'ori'tii'ally iii'couiiteil ns siirli, iind wdiiM nut Iji! sn cini-idi'vi'ii l)y the siiiilcnt. 1 -huiilil ailil. lli:it ivci'iit voseafclic-i »( I'nif. IJainl's tenil tn sliDW lli:it ('// siippnso.l iiiiie-|irini.'U'ii'il liInU have re.illy ten ; hill mily iin cx|iert ornillmluKist emiM llnil tlieaililitiiMKil inn' in iincstiiin: ami it neeil mil he lal\<'n intu aei'oinil lor ju'esent imvposes. (Sec expla- nation of 1*1. I. li^. 1, 7H.) Nitzseh sayR the jjrebe^ have 11 primaries; this may be conllrnied. tf' ' m SECONDAKIKS AND TEKTIAKIKS TIIR TAIL. fpiirioiis first ])rininrv oiiiy occurs in ccrtuin Icn-primiiricil Oscincfi. It is evi(l. Jic) ; tlie\' vary in iinmher from six npward, tiio \)H'- eise frreatest innnlier prohaMy not ascertained, uidess it he tiie forty of the alliatross. 'J'hey have tlic pecnliarily of i)eing aetnally altaclied to one of tlie hones of tiie foreaiin {ulna) wiiicii tiie otiier remiges are not. If you examine an ulna, yon will see a row ol little poiiils showing the attachment. The secondaries jirescnt no special features necessary to describe in the pres- ent eoniiection. Tliey are enormously developed in the argus pheasant. § fit. (a.) Tin: 'ri;i;TiAi!ii",s (PI. i, fig. 1, /) arc, properly-, the remiges that grow upon the upiier arm (/lumeiHs) ; but they are not evident in most birds, and the two or three innermost secondaries, that grow upon the very elbow, and arc commonly different from the rest, in form or color, or both, pass under the name of tertiaries. 80 also some of the scapular feathers (§ 38, and PI. i, fig. 1, .frj)), when long or otherwise conspicuous, arc called tertiaries. But there is an evident and jji'oper distinction. Scapulars are feathers of {\\c jitevi/la luniu'ruUt^ (§ !t, /;),• while tertiaries, whether seated on the elbow or higher up, arc the innermost remiges of the 2)(er)/hi alaris (§ 0, Ij). They arc oftener called "tertials," for short, though the other name is more correct, besides being formed in analogy with the names of the other remiges. Tertiaries do not often atlbrd conspicuous or important characters ; but in many birds they are very long and flowing. This is particularly the case in most sharp-winged wading birds ; and, in fact, is mainly eontined to birds with such a wing. (b.) Occasionally, any of the wing feathers take on remarkable special developments, and such is particular!}^ the case with the tertials and second- ary njiper coverts ; but it would be superfluous to particularize these here. The w ing rarely luodnces anything but feathers ; sometimes, however, oil'en- sive weapons arc found, as in the horny spur-like jjrocess of tiie pinion of the spnr-wiiiged thrush, 'J'urdus dac/i/hipfcnis, the spur-winged goose {Ph'droplcruK) , spur-winged pigeon {Didancuhis), several plovers (C/ie/- tuKui, etc.), the jacanas {I'arra), etc., and the one or two claws of the ostriches and their allies, as well as of the extinct Archcvopteri/x. But we have no illustration of these outgrowths among North American birds. TiiK Tail. § r)5. Time was when birds flew about with long bony and fleshy tails, with the feathers inserted in a row on either side (disfichoiis) like the 'uiirs of a sijuirrel's. lint we have changed all that. Now the bones aii. few (generally about nine in number), and short, not projecting beyond the gen- i ! TAiL-(;i)vi:ins and ukctuicks. 37 \ 1 oral jiliiinajro, and tlio last, one, called cocc;/,r or vomer (L. vomer, n ploiiirh- sliaiv), is larjJTc and siiiixularly sliajicd, and tlic feathers arc stuek around this like the hiades upon a lady's Ian. The whole hony and mu.seular apparatus is I'aiuiliar to every one as the "pope's nose" of the Christmas turkey ; and in descriptive ornitlioloiry the word "tail" refers solely lo tlie feathers, all of which grow upon the j)toryla caudalis (§t), h). The tail feathers, like those of the AviuiTs, are of two sorts; corer/s (/«'//vVe.v) and redn'as (L. rec/rix, a female ruk'r or jroverncss ; here in the sense of a sd-crcr or rudder, because they guide the bird's (light) ; these correspond precisely to the wing-coveits (§ oil) and the reniiges (§ (iO, a), Tlie § f)(). Tail-covkkts arc the numerous, generally rather small, in comjiar- ison with rcctrices, feathers that overlie and underlie the rectrices, defending their bases, and contributing to the lirnmess and symmetry of the tail. An obvious division of them is into an njijiir {Icrt. siijierinres) and itiukr {/erf. inferiores) set. xseilher set is kvku wholly wanting; but sometimes oim oi- the other, and particularly the niii)cr, is very short, and not distingui>hablo from the general i)luniage of nota'um (§ .-JS), as in the rutldy iluck (genus 270). The upper coverts ar(! the most variable in size, shajjc and texture. While usually shorter than the under, and reaching only from a fourth to a half of the length of tiio rectrices, sometimes they take an extraordinary develoi)ment, ))roject far beyond the ri'ctrices, and form the bird's cliiefest ornament. Tiie gorgeous argus-eyed train of the peacock is upper tail coverts, not rectrices ; the elegant i)lumes of the paradise trogon ( I'hdfo- iiKirrus iiKin'inio), several times longer than the l)ir(l itself, are likewise covcrls. Tlie under tail covci'ts are more unifoi'm in development, and vcr}' rarely, as in some of the stoi'ks, become i)lumes of any considerable pretensions. Ordinarily, they are about half as long as the tail, but I'rc- queiitly reach its whole length, and i'orm a dense tuft, as in the ducks. I do not now recall an instance of their i)roiectin"' noticeably bevond the tail. It is to this bundle of under tail-coverts that the word criMum (§ 3'.') prop- erly applies. The § 07. Ukctuicks or true tail feathers can almost never be confounded with the coverts : they are, like the reniiges, still', well-[)ronouiiced feathers, pcnnaceous to the very base of the vexilla, wanting after-shafis (at least evident after-shafts, in the great majority of cases), and havi' one vexillum wider than the other, cxeejit, sometimes, the central i)air. They are always in pairs: tiiat is, there is the same miiuber on each side of the midtlle line of the tail, and their mnnber, consetjiiently, is always an even one. The ex- ceptions to this rule are so few (and then only among birds with the higiier numbers of tail feathers) that they are probably to be regarded as simple anomalies, from accidental arrest of a feather. They are imbricated over each other in this way : — Tlu^ central i)air are highest, and lie with both their Avebs over the next feather on either side (the inner wei) of either of these middle two underlying or overlying the iniiei' web of {\w other) ; and they all thus successiA'cly overlie each other, so that they would form a i)yramid 88 Hiivri; wr) MMMr.i; or i:i:('i i;ifi;s. were llicy lliiciv, not tl.il. This {' the tail is siui|il\ Ihe L:i'<:iler (jiver^ciice of ti iVniii />, ."_ while I'liifiiiiq tiie tiiii is liriiiL'iiiii " iiinl h tn- ~ fret her (lireetiy miil<'r c 'I'iie act is acconi- plisiied hy f-ertiiiii imi>eles tiiat itiili on eitiier . sido fit tlie bases of tlie (|iiilis colieetively : ,, ;, they are the same that pull tlie wlioii' tail to one side or the other, jnst as tiller-ropes of a Imafs rndiler work on that iiistrnnient. Tlio iffiicnif § (IS. SiiAi'i': of a reitrix. is >hown in IM. i. iiu'. '>. 'I'he feathei' is some- what elnlil)e(|. or oMonu", vvidenimr irradnally and nearly reu'iiiarly towards Ihe tip. where it is piitly rounded. I'.nl the olivi(nis (le[)artiires from this are varions. A reetrix broad to the very tip, and then; cait scpiarely oil", is tritncilr ; one sneh cut diaironally otf is infisi-,/, especially when, as usually liap|)ens, the ontiii f the tait ])ortion is concave. A Ihu-ur reetrix is very narrow, with parallel sides; a liiw-'ihitf one is broader at the base, and tapers veu:ularly ami irradnally to .a point. A noticeably pointeil I'ectrix is ariili' ; when the pointinir is jiroduced by (ihnipt contraction towards tlu^ tip it is called (ii-iituiiiiili', ms in wooilpcckcrs generally. .V very lonu". slend(>r, more or less linear feather is ^aid to Ik; Jif'/mfiifitiis, as the lateral one of a barn-swallow or of most terns, the middle mie of a tropic, iiird (!jr<'n. -7.H), etc. When such protrude suddenly and far beyond all the rest, I call tiuMn hiu'i-ca^crlcil, after an analoiroiis term in botany. An unnsnidly stilf teallier is called rr/i'd, as in woodpeckers anj:v\\. 271!). AVhile tlu^ irreat maJ(M'ity of recti'ii-es are stnn'^i/if, some arc; cm-rrd, (-itlier outwards or inwards, in the hori/ontal jtlano ; those curved in a perpen- dicular })laue are (irch I'l I oi- viiuUeif — the latter particularly when the vanos aro concavo-convex in tran-^versc section. The ty])ical § ('(9. \r.Mi!i:u of rectrices is twki.vi;. This hohls in the vast majority of bii'ds. It is so uniform thronurhout the ureal uroui) Oschicx, that the rare exceptions are porfectly anomalous; in the other liToup of y*(^s■.s•Rre,s (^OlamdtoreH) it is usually twelve, but sometimes /en. Amonir »s'//7'.vo;r.s there aro never more than t)-ii rectrices. In S'-'insiiref), tlu? number varies from ei'_//if to tirrjri-; ciuht is r.are, as in the uenus (Jrnlophdiid (no. 12(i) ; other cuckoos have ^7/ ,• the wood[)eckcrs have ai'i-aukntlv ten, but thoro are really tnrire, of which the outer pair on each side are very small, almost rudimentary, hidden betwixt the bases of the second and third pair (see Key, III). liirds of jirey have about twclvi". l'iu'('ons (all ours at least) have twelvi^ or fourteen. In binl-; l»dow these the nnmbei' ix'H'ins to increase ; thus directly, .among the jrrouse, we may tiud up to twenty, as in the great •I h rOUJl.S OK TAILS. ;iii cock of till' plains; l)iit in ii low siiii,Milar types {T!ii(iiii!ilimi)lest case, whei'e the I'eelriees are all of the s:ime hnigth, av(^ have ^vllat is called the eccii, sijti'ox' or lniii<:i(li- tail, from which nearly all the others are simple dopurturos in one way or auolh(U\ A S(juare, ov nearly so, tail with the two central feathers long-exserted (§ (!.S) is eoiun:on : we sei' it in all jaegers (gen. '2W), in MokioIus (gen. 112) and esix'cially in Plnullinn (gen. '1~^). The most frequent departure from the even tail is liy giadual successive shortening of the rectrices from the pair next the middle t(j the exterior ones; and this shortening is called iiraddliun, (jiradatiiju is a generic term, iin[)lying such shortening in any degree. Precisely, it should mean shorten- ing each successive i)air of rectrices by the mnnc amount ; say, each pair being half an inch shorter than the next. IJut this exactness is not often preserved, ^^'hen the fi'athers shorten by mom and more, we have the ti'ue rounded tail, probably the e()mmou,est form among birds : thus, let the grada- tion between the middle and next i)air Ix^just appreciable, and then increase regularly, to half an inch between the next to the outermost and the lateral pair. The opposite gradation, by less and lex.'i shortening, gives the n/cdije- fihajjcd ov cHiieafe tail; it is well shown in the magpie, where, as in many other i)irds, the central feathers would be called long-exserted, were all the rest of the same length as the; outer. A cnneate tail, especially with narrow acute feathers, is also called pointed, in contradistinction to rounded, as in the sprig-tailed duck (gen. ^.j;]). The generic opposite of the gradated tail is the Jhrkcd; where the lateral feathers increase in length from the central to the outer pair. The least appreciable forking is called etnanjtnalion, and such a tail is eniar(ii)ia(e ; when it is more marked, as for instance, say an inch of forking ill a tail six inches long, the tail is truly yo/7i«/. The de- grees of forking are so various and intimately connected, that they are usu- ally expressed by (jualitied terms: as, " slightly forked," "deeply forked," etc. The deeper forkings iiro uKiiall>/ accompanied by a more or less Jihi- inentom elongation of the outer pair of rectrices : as in the barn swallow, ll 40 KiiitM- HI TAit.s — iiiK Fi:r.r. snirii' tl\r.iti'|icr-i, must of (lie tcllH, etc., I'lc. || WdilM lie !l(lvi llllVO ;i Irnn lo f\|irt's-< siii'li cNlicriic cuiKlitiiiii, wliicli I sIimH tmII /'nrjiinfc, wlicii llic ili'ptli i>r llir {'"vk is (iiu.'il Id, iir <;n';il('r tliiiii, llio Iciiirtli nf llir sliorh'st (iiiiilillr) piiir III' fell licis ; it (i('<'iir-i ;imi>ii'_' our liirdn in iIh' i^fcncra Milnihix (no. 1(U), SIcni'i (2l'l), .'Mill t'Ui'wIii'rc'. Itnnhli-Utvkvd oi' (/'/(////'-lonndt'tl t.'iiU iiri> not nni'iiniinon ; tlicy n'snlt. tVoni conilmmtinn of liotli ^nidiitioii .'iml t'lirkinir. in this way : — lift liu^ iiiiiidlc fciillicr.s rcni.'iin consliinl, iind llif next, two or three pairs pro^'ressivcly inereusc' in Ieni;th, tiien the rest successively dccrc;i>e ; evidently, the ttul is iorked ccntridly, irnidated exter- nally : tiii-- is the donhh- rounded t'orni ; it is shown in the u'enei'a Mii!(iilt : llien we have tlie doiilile-lorlveil, u coninion sha|)e anionic sandpipers. In the latter I'asi', the t'orkini;' rar(dy amounts to more than simple eniayuiiiation, :inimple protru- sion of the middle pair of reelrices in an otherwise siiijht ly forked (ail ; and in neither ease is tin' Lii'adation either way ol'len L'reat . N'arions shapes of tails, wiiieli the student will re.adily iiaiiu* from lli(3 fore^roin.ir paraLM'a])ii. are illu^tr.ited in li-s. 17, lH, -".I, .".(», ."52, T)!, T)?, (IH, 7.1. 7i;. M, its. Kk;. 117. iL'M, iL'i, jL'i;, i.-,;!. i;;,-., i;i7, III, 11">, 117-")-', 177. -.'im;, :.'1 1. ! slhiild aNo allude to \\u' I'uhh'il tail of tiie hiirn-yard fowl {(,'iilliis liitiihiri, var. ) a \ery I'aniiliar hut lare form. ( )ne of the most beautiful and wonderful of .ail the shapes of tln^ tail is illustrated h\ the male of the famous lyre-liird (^Mrmivii siijicrfxi ) , shown in tlus tii^urc at tho end of this int rodui'lion. it slioidd lie rememliere(I th.at to determine the shape, ihv (ail ."should l»c viewed yif^'oV// I'losed ; for .spreadini^ will olt\iousIy make; a s((uar(! tail round, an eiuarginate one sijuare, etc. 1 append a diagram of tlio i)rincipal form.s. Via. ".— KiiiKrani nl" ^-hiipcrt nf liiil. l'"iinls can sciirccly walk; for pdrcliini; on In-iw, etc., in llio vast majority, ihihI of wliidi liop uhmit tlicrc, anil many nt' wliicii <'linil) or scraniltli' in every imatrinalilc way, witli or wiliiont tin; aid of the tail; tor swinunini; on the water, or divinur, in a i^reat many; for irni-^liinu' ^n"' hojil- iii^ (letaeiied olijeets in siiine, as thn parrots, i)irds of prey, and a tew otiiers. Tiie niodilieations of tiio le;i; and foot are nioic nnmeroiis, morn diverse, and more important, in tiieir lieariiiir npon taxonomy, than thoso of either hill, wimr oi- tail. § 7i'. (a.) Tiir, now iit\Mi;w()i;K. ( Fiir. «, somewhat diairrammatie il- Instration, taken from a loon's riL'ht le^'. ) 'I'liis ordinarily consists of twenty hones, of which fonrteen are toe-honi-s, one is a little l)one conneetinir thn hiixl toe with the rest of the foot, one a little lioiie in front of the knee- joint, and four are the principal hones from th, the fif/in . or principal (and inner) Icfi-luHU', and c, iUi'Ji/jiild, or lesser (and outer) "-l)one ; '"ith these" joint with th(! fenmr above, and in front of this, tiie kner |.iiiit, there is in many or most birds a Fi(i. s. liciiirs iif liraiiil liMit. llttlo knee-pan, or knee-cap : the patella, p. The tibia rnns to tlu' /ippI, c, and there has an cnlar<^od extremity to joint with the next bone : l)nt the fii)ula is only a slender spicnla not reachin!? the heel, bnt ending in a sharp point part way down the leg', and partly .soldered with the tibia. It is only in ii few of the lowest birds, that the tibia rnns n[) to a point above the knee- joint, as shown in this ligiu'c : ordinarily, it ends at the knee; itself. The jjortion of the leg represented by the fenmr, or from a to n, is the niniii ; that represented by tibia and lil)nla is the ja:c, or cuu.s ; leg proper, there- fore, is from knee to heel, or ii to c only. KRY TO N. A. I!1I!I)S. I' ( ''. 42 BONKS OF LEO ANO FOOT. (I).) Now a biid'.s logs are not like ours, separate from the body from tlio liip downward, but arc for a varial)le distance inclosed Avitliin the general skin of the body. The freedom is greatest among the higher birds, and es- pecially rapacious birds, that use the feet for grasping, and least in the low- est swimming birds : the entire range of enclosure of the leg, is from part way up the thigh down aln.ost to the very point c, as in the case of the loon and other diving swimmers. And in no birds, is the knee, n, seen outside the general contour of {\w phonaije ; it must l)e looked or felt for among the feathers, and in most prepared skins will not be found at all. Tractically, it is a landmark of no cou3e(iiience in determining genera and species, though '>f the utmost importance in primary elassitication ; the student may for awh, j ignore its existence if he chooses. The lirst joint that sticks out from the plumage is the hf,f,l. c; and this is what, in loose popular terms, is called "knee," upon the same erroneous notion that the wrist of a horse's foreleg is called " knee." Just so people call a l)ird's cms the "thigh," and disregard the thigh altogether. There is no need of this confusion ; and even without the slightest anatomical knowledge, any one can tell knee from heel at u glance, whatever their position relative to the body ; for knees ALWAYS bend forward, and heels always bend hack-ward. (e.) This point c corresponds to the point c in tig. G of the wing. There we found two little carpal l)ones, or wrist-bones, intervening between fore- arm ar.d hand, or metacarpus ; but adult birds have no such actual bones in- tervening between tibia and the next bone, d, the MF/fATAitsus. So there is ro taisus proper; metatarsus hinges directly upon tibia, or foot upon leg, without true ankle-bones ; that is, the foot-i)()ue itself makes the ankle-joint, with the leg, at the point c, heel. (Theoretically, however, there arc tarsal Imnes : for there is an epiphysis (§ 50*) at the lower end of the tibia, and an epipbysis at the U|>per end of the metatarsal bone ; afterwards fused with tiicse bones respectively. One or the other, or both of these arc held by dilfercnl anatomists to be tarsal bones ; more particularly, the one that fuses with the metatarsus ; which last, therefore, represents both tarsus and meta- tarsus, and is on this aecoimt called (arso-)iietu(ar,sus.*) •This is as iisiiiilly tnuglit. IJiil (Ji'genbaur 1ms shimn thai tlicsc en-callcd ciiiiiliyscs are line tarsal licni'S. Ill- lopri'sciits. in Uii- chick al tlir ninth day ipf iMnliryiii>;c liln, two Imnes, an iipper ami an umlcr, the fiinni'V aftirwaiil aniliylii.-in^ uiili llio tiliia. tlio laltirwi". iln' nictatarsiip. h'avinn tlie ankli'-J'>i>it lu'lHirn thcni. as in vi'|plili's, Jlnise, wlm lias sluiliril thi' emhryiis iil' several siii'i'ii'S.jfiics ^till I'urthi'r: he sIkiws that thf upper tarsal limie of (ieKcnhaiir is really Iwn liniies. eorrespiiniliiiK to the tiliiale anil liliiihire. or aslraj;- alus anil lahaiii'iim; these i-uhsequently eniissiCy to foiiii 'he npper one seen liy t Jefrenliaiir. ami finally Cii-09silV Willi the tibia to loiin the liitio^hlear CDiiilyle eliaraiti'iirlie of this hone in Area. The distal tarsal ossiele he hilieves to he the iciilrale ol' reptiles. Wyiiian diseovers that the fo-ealled priiiess of the astrajra- Uis has a distinrt ossiileation, and Morse inlerpnls it as the iiileriiiediuni. (,Am. Xiil.y. 1H71,M4.) In the lipht of these late diseoveries. the lioinolonies of tlie hiid's earpns and nietararpns heeonie elearcr. We have seen (§ .Vi. T)!:, Il>.'. I',) that hirds retain tliron^rhinil lil'e two riisliint proximal earpal hones (''ailed seapholiinnr and enneil'orm, 'mt heller named siiiijily r knee. The jointing of the toes mi tho lUctaUirsal bono is peculiar; for tho hinge-surfaces of the metatarsal 44 rLLMAUK OF THE LKQ. proiiirs liavf .siK'li imitiiiil ()l)liqiiity, tliiit wlicii llio toes arc brought forward, at v'i'shi aii^rli'-i or tln-realjoiits with the tarsus, they spread tlioinselves in the action, ami tlic o|)i'ii foot, witli its diverging toes, are pressed on the gronml or a;;aiii.-t the water; and wlien tiie toe.i are hciit around in the otiier direct ion, tiiey elosi' togetlier more or less [)arailel wilii eaeli other, besides being licnl or llcxed, each one at its several nodes. The nieehanisni is best iilustratetl in tlie swimmers, whicli must i)resent a broad surface to the water in giving tiie backward stroke, and bring the f(K)t forward ek)sed with only an cilge opposed to thi; water. Jt is carried to such I'xtreme in tiie loon, tliat tiie digit marked '2f in tlie ligiu'e lies below and behind l\f, as there i-hown ; in most birds with the foot in nuieh the same i)osition relative to the tar>n>, 2/ would appear above ',if (eomi)are other ligures of feet). It is probably least uiarked in birds of prey, that cluteh with all the toes spread. The individual toe joints are all sim[)le hingi's. (b.) In ordinary hitpi)ing, walking, perching, etc., only the toes rest upon or grasp the support, and c is UKjre or less jjerpeudieularly above i>. This nsting of the toes is complete for all the anterior ones; for the hind toe it varies according to the position and length of the latter from complete resting like the otlu'is, to mere touching of the tip, and linally to not even this; the hind toe is then said to \){i /iiitt/ioii/cs,^. But the lowest birds cannot stand upright on their toes at all ; these rest with the tarsus horizontal, and the heel c touching the ground; moreover, in all tlieso birds, the tail all'ords additional support, making a tripod with the legs, as in the kangaroo. These birds might be called phnili'/rddc, in sti'ict anatomical analog\' with the beasts so called ; the others are diijiliijnale, (piite as analo- gously ; but there are no birds, that, like horses and eows, walk on the cndti of their toes, or toe-nails. A bird's ordinary walking or running, corres- ponds exactly with ours, as far as the mechanics of motion are concerned ; but its hopi)ing, as it is called, is really leaping, both legs being brought forward at once. Nearly all birds down to (rdJlinn', leap when on the ground ; all others walk or run, advancing (me leg after the other. Leaping is thus really distinctive of the /y/^c.s.vo/'e.v; though many of them, as tit- larks, shore larks, meadow larks, many terrestrial sparrows, blackbirds, crows, turkey buzzards, and others, including all the pigeon family, Malk instead of leaping. § 74. TiiK I'li'maui-: of the legs varies within wide limits. In general, the leg is featherc(l to the heel, and the tarsus .and toes are naked. The thigh is ALWAYS feathered. The erus is feathered in all Iii.sc.'isores (with rare exceptions), and in all Xalatnres withouL exception; in the loon family the feathering extends on as well as to the heel-joint. It is among the Ci(r- ftort'n, or walkers, and esj)eeially wading birds, that the cms is most naked ; here it may be denuded half way up. A l\'\v waders — among ours, chielly in the snipe family — have the cms apparently clothed to the joint, l)ut this is in most if not all cases ilue to the length of the feathers, for probably no one ( f them has the crural pteryla itself extended to the joint. The crural rUOl'OUTIO.N.S AND COVEUINO OF TIIK LEO. 45 foatlicrs !iro iiliuost iilways short iind iueoii.spiciious ; sometimes loiiij^ :uul llowiiii;, iis ill iii'iiriy all tlio liawks, oiii- trec-ciickoos, etc. The tarsus ii> tlio vast majority ot" l)inls is iialiod of foatlicrs ; it is so ii'. all tlie liii,'lic'i' Inses- Aore.s, with very few cxccplioiis (as in tiie swift family, for iiistaiuf), in all waders, without exce[)tioii, and in all swimmers with the .-.iiiL^e exe('[ition of the friirato hinl ('rac/ti/pc(cs, ). All onr grouse, as distiiii:iii>lied from the turkeys and partridges of the same order, have the tarsus more or less feathered. The tm-s are feathered in few birds; Itiit we have line e.\aiii[)les of this, in the snowy owl, and all the ptarmigan. Partial featiieriiig of the tarsus is often eoiitinurd fintlier down to or on the toes liy sparse modi- lied l)ri>tly feathers; this is well ilhisiraled in the liarn owl. When ineom- plete, the feathering is usually wanting behind and iielow ; heing almost invariably eontinnous above with the eriiral feathering. l»ut, in that s[)irit of (Udight that birds show in proving every rule we make about them by furnishing exceiitions to it, the t:irsus is sometimes partly leathered without eoiineetioii with the general plumage above. A eiirious examiile is all'orded by the bank swallow, with its little tuft of feathers at the ba>e of the hind toe; and some varieties of the barnyard fowl sprout monstrous leggings of leathers from the side of the tarsus. § 7,"). TiiK Li:.\(iTii oi' Till'; Leo, eompared with the size of the bird, is extremely variaiile. A thrush or a sparrow [irobably re|)reseiits about an average in this respeet. The shortest-legged known bird is probably the frigati', Just mentioned ; a yard long, more or less, it has a tibia not half as long as the skull, and a tarsus under an inch. The leg is vi'ry short in the order iS/ri.yores, as among humming-birds, swifts, goatsuekers, kinglishers, trogoiis, ete. ; while tin swallows, of Osrans, are like swifts in this respeet. It is likewise pretty short among ib'anisores. The leg is also "short"' in all swimmers; the femur espeeially being very short, and the tarsus likewise ; while the toes, bearing their iiroatl webs, are longer. The leg lengthens in lower /iisessorcs, as mo>t hawks, and especially ainniig some of the terrestrial pigeons. It is still longer among the walkers ; and reaches its maximum among the waders, espeeially the larger kinds, as lla- miiigoes, cranes, storks and herons, among all of which it is accompanied by corresiionding increase in length of the neck. Probably the longest legged of .all birds for its size is the stilt (llintdulDims, I'.iT). It is seen Iroiii the above, that, taking the tarsus aloiii-, as an index of the whole com- parative length of the leg, this is in the frigate bird under one thirty-sixth of the total length; a liamingo, fciir feet long, has a tarsus one toot; a stilt, fourteen inches long, a tarsus four inches ; so the maximnm and minimum of length of tarsus are re|)reseiited by nearly thirty, and under three, per cent, of the bird's whole length. 4« CONDITIONS OF TIIR rOUOTIIECA. § 7(5. TiiK Nakfci) Pakt of the leg is covered, like the bill, by a liard- (Micd, thickened, modified integument, which varies in texture between cor- neous and leathery. Tins is called the roDO'niECA (Gr, jjofZo.s', of a foot, t!iik<\ sheath). Land birds have tiio most horny covering, and water birds the most skinny; in general tliis is distinctive of these two great divisions of itirds, and the exceptions arc few. The perfectly horny envelope is ti;:iit and inunovably fixed, or nearly so, while the skinny is looser, and may n-iuully be sli[)|)ed roind al)out a little. The covering may also diller on ditrcrent parts of the same leg; in fact, sucii is usually the case to a degree. I'nlike tiie covering of the bill, that of the legs is nevkr simple and contin- uous throughout ; it is divided and sul)dividcd in various ways. The lower part of the crus, when naked, and the tarsus and toes, are variously cut up into scales, plates, tul)ercles, etc. ; these have all received special names ; and moreover, the mode of this division becomes, especially among higher birds, a matter of tlie utmost consequence, for purposes of classification, i«inee it is fixed and definite in the same groups. § 77. ScuTKLLA (pi. of L. sciilcUnni, a little shield; tigs. 10, ll,/>) are Kcides, generally of iaige comparative size, arranged in definite u[) and down lines, and apt to be imbricated, or fixed shingle-wise, with the lower edge of one overlapping the upper edge of the next below. The great majority of birds have them. They generally occur on the front of the tarsus (which is called acro/arsinm, and corresponds to our "instep"), and almost inva- riably on the top of the toes (called acropoillum) ; frequently on the back of the tarsus ; not so often on the tibia, sides of the tarsus, sides and under .surfaces of the toes (if ever in the latter situation). A tarsus so furnished is said to be sculellale, before or behind, or both, as the case may be ; the term is equally applicable to the acropodium, but the expression is rarely used because the scutella are so commonly there. § 78. Plates, or redcnlations (L. reticulum, a little net or web; fig. 11, (i), result from the cutting up of the envelope l)y cross lines in various ways. Plates are of various shapes and sizes ; but however they may be, in these respects, they are distinguisiied from scutella by not appearing imbri- aik'd; their edges simply meet, but do not overlap. They are generally smaller than scutella. The commonest shape is the six-sided, or hexagonal ; a form l)est adapted to close packing, as strikingly shown, and long ago mathematically proven, in case of the cells of bees' honey-comb. They are .sdinetimes five-sided, or even four-sided ; but arc more likely to have more sides, becoming irregularly polygonal, or even circular; when crowded in one direction and loosened in anotiier, this dcvelo^js into the oval, or even somewhat linear. A leg so furnished is called relkulafc ; it may be wholly so, but is generally partly scutellatc. A particular case of reticulation is called § 70. Granulation (L. rirannm, a grain) ; when the plates i)ecome ele- vated into little tubercles, roughened or not. Such a leg is said to be yvan- ulilrd or r\- an/pf>eIiiii, and in the Coliidfc) where all four toes are turned forward. This only occurs in the order b'lrisores. The ar- rangement of toes fii'o in front, and liro behind, or in pairs, characterizes the whole order I'^rannores, or climbers ; such birds are said to be zi/r/niJacfi/loHS (yoke-toed; see tig. 128). Our examples arc the parrot, woodpeckers and cuckoos, to which some add the trogons ; in all these, except the last named, it is the outer anterior toe that is reversed. In nearly every three-toed bird, all three are anterior; our single exception is the genus I'icnides (132), ■where the hind toe is u-anU'n;/, the outer anterior reversed to take its pl.-ice, and oidy two left in front. No bird lias more toes behind than in front. All birds' toes are § H.'). XtJMHKHKi), iu a certain delinite order, as follows (see figs. 8, !•) : — hind toe (It) =firti({oo; inner anterior toe (2t) = second ton ; middle an- i STRUCTUUK AM) POSITION Ol' TIIK TOi:S. 49 i> tcrior too (3t) == (hlrl toe ; oiitor iiiilorior too (4t) = fourth toe. In birds with the hind too reversed, the same onh-r is ohvioiH : only, inner .'interior too = It, etc. Ill ::iiiinili(rtiil!. (exeept Tfojuiii(l(C), inner iiind too =^l( ; inner front too = 2t ; onter front toe = .'}t ; outer hind too = It. Xo\v when tlio nnmher of toes doorcases, the toes iiri' iilwavs rednced in t!ie sanio ore K'r : thns, in all tiircc-toed birds. It l)irds It and '21 are wanlini Ti us IS [jroveii i)_v m IS w ■ tlic :intinu: : in tlie t\vo-(ood § 8(). NuMiiKit i)V .Joints, or ninnl)er of plinldu'ic'^ (§ 72, f) of tlie toes. The constancy of the joints in birds' toes is remarkable, one of the stronii- est expressions wo have of tho hi,t,dily monoinorpliie character of the class Art'i^. In all birds. It has ttro joints (not countini;' the aeeessory metatar- sal). In all i)ir(ls, lU has ////'(r joints, in nearly all birds, :5l lias /o«/' joints. In nearly all birds, 4t has Jire joints. The only exceptions to this, consist in the lesscninir of tin; joints of 3t by one, and the lessening of the joints of It by one. or liro. So in all cases, where tho joints do not run 2, 3, 1, 5, for the toes from 1st to 4th, they rnn either 2, 3, 4, 4, or 2, ."), ."), 4, or 2, .'3, ?), .5. Tills varialiilily in number of tin; internodes is conlined (wholly?) to tho order Slrisores. Our examples are in (he siib-famiiics ('i/puvlimc and Capviiuiihjiniv (which sec; see also tigs. 11!) and 122). This admirable conservatism enalilcs ns to always determine what .toes are missing, in birds with less than four; thus, in I'icoii/c.^, the hind toe, though seemingly It, is evidently 4t, becaiiso o-jointed ; in tho ostrich, with only two toes, .jt and 4t are scon to bo preserved, becauso they are respectively 4- and 5- jointcd. (In tig. ii( Minonir oilier Jidjilorcn Ix'sidcs Ciif/tiirlfft, sucli as c(>rtain owls, and in sonic piircons (lowest of //(Ncv.wrr.s', it M'ili he reiiieniliered), (lie toe is not 7»//(' down, or is even pereeptihiy uplifted. Teelinieally, how- ever, I take all these hut the tlirco tirst named, as liavinjj; the too down. It is elevated in all oiu' Ii'isurcs or ddlHiKC (li'eii. 177 to 1S,S) ; (■ievaleinls, whether lohc-footed, or jiartly or wholly weh-troled ; hut ill the 'J'lif.'jiiihitdfe {)n\i'i {Sli'ijanojiotlcx, .licii. 'lli> to '11^) wiiero it is latenil and welihed with the inner toe, the elevation is slight. Now sinec, curiously ciioii^h. tile only three of our inscssorial genera above mentioned (two of Cii/in'miih/idd', and Cuf/nnirs) tiiat have the hind toe well up, have also little wchs (•oiiiieeting tile anterior toes; and siiiee some /A/y»/orp.s are our only other Iiisessdres with any such true wibs; and since herons, ibises nii MAUOINAL .MKMIllJAXi; TIIK (LAWS. I ^ or I'lil out ;it till' jniiit-;. :i< in tlic coot, or jihiin. tli:it is, sti'iiiiriit-cdircd. f l'"iir. I'll'.) 'I'nii' liili:irntii. orcinrinir. iiiiniMir Xoitli Aiiicric.'iii Mnis, only in llic jrrt'lii's, cools, jiihI iijiaiarojio, nin-t lie cari!"nlly (listiniruishcil from Viuions ^ !)n. .M\i;(j|N \i- Fi;iN«ir.s. or |>rocc>scs, tlial iiirds of tlic lower orders often exliiiiil. Tlius, if a <.'allinn!i' lie cxamineil in a ire.-li utate, it will Ito fuiMid lo have a inariiin of nieinl)rane riMUiinir aloiii,' tlie sides of tlie toes, and the same is the case, if less evident, in a irreat many waders. I'almato Itirds also show it, on the free ln.rders of •!( and \t ; it is very conspicuous in the alhatrosses. ninl [ilain enouirli in L'eese, ttc. In the iri'ouse family lliere is a remarkalile development of horny snl).--tance, rcseinliling a real frinire. Iieintr cut into a >eries of sliai-p teeth, or pectinations. §'.il. Tin; ("i.Aws. With certain anomalous exci'ptions, as in case of ii rudimentary hind toe. every toe hears a claw. The !iapr. I'.c^ides thi^s licuerai sliape, thc^ claws are usually duir out nnderneatli, so that the transverse section, as well as lenirtli- wise outline Itelow. is concave, and the under surface is liomided on cither side liy a >har|) cdire. ( )ne of these edircs. and particularly llie inner edi^e of the middle claw, is somewhat dilated or expamled in .a ijfrcat many birds; and in some it hecomes clianiretl into a jierfect ri,i„/,, hy having a re<.'idar series of teeth. This pectination occurs only on the inner ed<;e of the midtlle cl;iw ; it is iieantifnlly ^•llowu liy ail the true herons {^{yjiahv) ; iiy the whip[)oorwills ami iiiL.'hlhawks, liy the iViiiale pelican, and, to a 'ess d(\i.M'ce, liy the liarn owl. It is supposed to he used for cleaniuii: out lice from i)ails that c.aniiot he reached hy the hill : hut this is open to (pU'^tion, seeini;' that ont.-ide the herons, it chiclly occurs among ver}' short-leggeil hirds, that cannot po»ihly reach many parts of tiic plumage with the toes. IJcsidcs Jitiphms. ino>t jicrching Inrds are very .-li.ari)- clawed ; the claws are more ohtuse among liie pigeons and (.uilluuc (seratchers) and still more so among nio-t swinnning hirds. Ohtuseness is generally associated with ll;itn»'>s, or ili-jiri:parrows. .as the genus .I'lcdroji/Kiiics (()3). All the claws are straight, and prodigiously long, in some exotic hirds of the rail trihe — the Jacanas {Piirra); this euahles the hirds to run lightly over the floating leaves of aipiatic plants, hy so mueii increase of hreadlh of support that they do not .slinnp in. Claws are also variously cariuatc, suleate, etc. They are always horny. 'I'hey take name from and are reckoned hy the digits they helong to: thus, k7. == claw of \( : 2cl. = chiw uf 2(, etc. eJ now TO LSE Tin: Ki;v, 58 pd. olll ors 1)0 OS, llt(! )11.S lio § U-2. Wk liiivc ill SECT. IV. DiKKCTioNS. — now to lsk tiik kkv. — now to mkasuwk a Sl'KCTMBN, ETC. 1. now TO isv. Tin; ki.v. liMiid ii liiid wliicli we know iidtliiiii:- iilioiit, iiiul dcsiro to iilciifi/i/; (liiit is, lo discover its iiiiiiu' mid i»(i>ili(iii in the system; mid to Icani wliiitever else the prescMil voimne iiiiiy Milord. Let us suppose it to l)0 tliMt little l)l;iek and white spotted liird which we ol'leii seo clinihiiii,' about our Criiit trees, liorini;' holes in the liark. The Key opens witli an arhitrary division ol' our birds, acconlinj,' to the nuinl)er and position of their toes. Our speeinieii. we see. has I'our toes, arranired in pairs; that is, two before and two Inliind. It Ihereioru eoiues under the third division (III), 'ruruing to HI, we read : — Mill Willi ■re, ;iiul sirniiirly cpii.'iKiliiiiii-^. I'tt — uol ccrcd ; inner liiiul tiic willi ;i Joints, etc. -dhlv -' JDinls. (f ) w tiiat the bill of tl le s|)e( iiiieii is neither eered nor hookeil, and tiial the inner hind toe is L'-joiiited. Following, therefore, the reference- letter (f), we find tiiree alteriiativis, viz., (f) Tail (if s IViillicrs. <'|i'., — 10 sDl'l rcalliiTs, etc., — l!i (iipparcnily only Kn ri;;iil niinalf fcallicrs. (>j) The tail feathers of the specinieii are still' and pointed, and we count ten |)erfect ones, besides a rudiincnlary pair concealed at the bases of tiie others. Kvideiitlv, then, wo continue with the reference letter (g), as follows: — i'\- IS 111 le 7 (ij) liir I I inrlii's liniLr, clc., (j;) lUrilsharp ridges on the sides of the upiu'r inaudible run ipiite to the end of tlu- bill; and here, at last, instead of a reference-letter, wo find ii genus named; which is the one to which the specimen belongs. The liird is a /'/iiis. on. § !i;i. Tins the key conducts to a genus. Iiy presenting in successi oortaiii (iJlcrudlivcii, on meeting with each of which, the student has only to determine which oiio of the two w more sets of charai'tcrs agrees with tiioso )rded by his si)ecimcn. There will not. it IS liebcvcd be anv troidilo in determining whether a given character is so, uv is nut so, since only the most tangible, deliuitc. and obvious features have been selected in framing the key. After each deteriiiiuati(Ui, eitlu'r the name of a gciins is encoun- tered, or else a n'fcronc<'-letter leads on to some new alternative, until by a few 11 bo cr a gradual process of elimination the proper genus is reached. Afl trials, with specimens representing dillereiit groups, the process \vi shortened, for the main divisions will have been learned; still, the btiideiit ► I' i ' L 64 llnW TO l>K TIIK KKV. iiiiisl lio carcrnl Imw In- -liikrs in imy wlicn- cxiciil iit IIki ll('l.'illllin^^ for ii false sliirl will .snlted when any donltt arisi's. Tinio Kpent npiin ihc inlrddndidn will he linn- saved in the end. Jj '.M. Now the fjcniis /'iriis thai we t'uiind has a niiniher after it, which rel'ers Id the Svsleniatie Synopsis, wheic the ■:enera are niniihered consecu- tively. The rinminir nnnihei's at the top of tli- paL't's catch the eye in ii liionieni, and enahle n- to turn direclly lo /'irns, \.\\. Here we (in d a few rcniarivs, illustrative of the jreneral character of all onr species of the ircnns ; and these we see, are six in nnniher. We have now to lind out which one of the six ours is; and to this end they are (iiiali/.yil, that is, mapped out in LH'onps, ill >ii(ii way thai we perceive their most striUin;,' features, or diau:ni(stie cliaiacteis. alnio-.! at a i^laiuc : — • * Mddv iidI liiiiKli'd. slniikcil nor ^|loll(•ll. *• S|iiill((| 1111(1 (TKN^wiM' IkiihIi'cI, I)|iI mil -I i'i:iki'il. ••♦ .S|ll>llfll lUlll jcllLrlllW isc sll'C'ikl'll. lull Mill llMlillrd. t l'>iiiilly li-jii Ion:.'; culler l;iil-rc;iilii'is wlioll.v while. t+lMially (;-7 liiiiu; eiili'i' liiil-(VMlliiT.s Imi'red willi lilacU .iml uliile. '{"he specimen has no tran>vi'rse hars of color on the hody, hut a loiij^ while streak down the hack, and a profusion of while spots on the wiiitrs and their (M)Vei'ts; il i-i not over seven inches loiiL', and has the outer tail feath- ers lilack ami white: so that we know il comes nndei' **'ff. As then) is liiil one species uivcii there, oiir liird is at last idenlilicd. It is tlio downy Woodpecker, /'/<■//.< /m.'jrsffiis. The term /in/irsi'iiis, at the end o!" the desciiplive |iara!:rapli, is the spccifu' name, u liich, Joincil with the L"n- erie name, /'ims, coii^lilnlcs the scieiililie designation of the species, a- plained in llie Inlroduclioii, p. l.">. In this case of the downy woodpc( no full drxiiplion appears, merely liecaiise the hinl "is exaittly iik(( / . rilli).sii>:" (liie prci'tvliiiLT species) except in the diairnostie points of size and harred rcdrices; hul in ireiieral, a concise specilie description will l)e found. 'I'hese descriptions are not always, or even usually, full .and coiiiplele ; I)eiu<; desiirned simply to diseriuiiuate the several species of the same <^enus, or to certify that the student has diseovere(l the riijlit speckles, if there ho hut it\H' undci' the iremis. Iiiit since mere idenlilicatioii of ;i specimen is not ill! that we may desire, many other paitiiailars are I'eally e;iven. Thus wo discov(>r that the downy woodpecker inhahils Kastern North America, and is replaced in the West hy a variety closely reseiiddinj,' it. Wo discover its oxiict ridatioiis to its conironer, /'. ril/o.siis, and of both thcso to the other • 111 llie cii-i's c.f (HIT iiiiiC'Iciillin of till- Ki"in'r:i. Iiy ailiial riini|i;M i~i>n h illi llii' s|ii'iiiiicii-> lliiMiischrs. ami IiiiiimI I" nivc {iii'iiiair loiiUs. U i.'JiiMt ii">i-iiilc, lliat an iK-caNiinial inininluri s|u;iiiiK'ii, nf iiiii' iillViiiiK mi- UHiial (Ifvialiiiii fruiii tlio iiorilinl Ktaililaril, ranimt he lU'lcnniiunl liy thr Key. I iMi!i;( TioNs roit >ii;.\?\\ ID Mi'.Asrui; A si'i:ci.mi;n. § Il."(. 1'"(>IJ lari.'e hi I'd ■^, a tape line >lio\\ini^ inclics and foiu'liis will do: for small mies, a fool rule. Ljradualed for iiiclu'^ and ciLdiliis, or licltcr, deci- mals to hundredlhs, mu-t lie used ; and for all nii'c mc,i-uremciil-> the divid- ers are indispensahle. ^ IM). I\ eoinparimi: nn-asiirements made wilh those u'iven in the Synop- sis, ahsolule airrermenl nm^l iiol hi< expected ; individual specimens vary too inucli fur this. It will Licucrally lie sali-facti>ry ciionLdi, il ihc discrep- ancy is Mot lieyond certain hounds. A v.iriation of, say, five per ccni.. may lie safely allowed on hirils not larirer than .i roliin : from this si/e up to that of il crow or hawlv, ten per cent. ; for larirer liirds even more, .''^nme liirds vary up to twenty (U' twcnly-live per cent., in their total leiiLilh at least. So if I say of a spai'i'ow for iiisliuice, "lenulh li\i' inches," ;uid the speci- UKMi i.s found to he any\vhcre licl\\('en four and three-fourths and live and one-foiirlh, il will lie (|uile near enoiiiih. /Inf.- — the relative propoilions ol llie (lill'creni parts of a liii'd are mucli more conslaiil . and here jess dis- crepancy is iillowalile. Thus "t.ai-ns loiii:cr Ihan the middle Idc," or the I'e- verse, is often a mailer of much le-s than a ipiarler of an inch : .and as it is upon Jii-I sui'h nice puints as this lli.'il a '^reat many of the i^encric analyses rest, the neccs>iiy of the utmost accui'acy in me.asiirin.i:', for n.-e of the key, heeomes olixious. When I find it necessary to iix^ the (|ualiiicalion "ahoul" (iis, "liill (i/iiiiif tarsus") I prohalily never mean to indicate .a dilference of more lliau li\e percent, of the len,;;lii of the p.iil in (|iic-lion. § !I7. " liKNCiii." Disl.iuce lielweeuihe tip of the hill and the end of I h(^ hini^est tail fe.allur. Lay llie liird on its hack on the rnlei- on .a talile, lake hold of the hill with one hand, and of liolh lec:s with the other: pull with re.ason.ahle force, to i^'cl llie curve all out of tlie neck ; hold the liird thus with tip of the liill llnsli with the end of the iiile, and see how much the end of tilt) tail points to. I'lit the tape line in pkna- of the ruler, in the same wiiy, for larfrer liirds. \) !IS. " lOx'ri'.Ni'." Distance helwceii the lips of llie outspread wind's. 'I'liey must he /«//// ontstrelched. Willi llie liiid on ils liack, (aos^wise on the inler, its hill pointintr to your hrca>l, lake hold of ridit .and h'tt meta- carp.ns with tlinml) and forelinirer of your riiihl and lefl hand. rc-pccli\'ely, sirclch with reas(Miah|e force, ireltiim' one wiiiir-lip llii-h with one einl of the lailei', and .^ee how much the other wiiiL''-tip jioints to. \\'iili laive hinN, pull away as hard as you please, and use (he ImIiIc, Ihior, oi' side of the room, as convenient; m.irk the points and apply tape line. : I r>c, muECTioNs roi! Mi:.\siKrnii:.\T, As this inpiisiiroiiiciit cmiukiI he irot ;it all rrmii dric'd skins, I do iiol ol'tcn use it ill this l)ii(i!<. liiit it is liiLrlii.v iini)()rlniit, and lor Uiu very I'L-asoii that, it caiinol he Lfut al'tcrwaiMls, always iio/f !l ilmrn iVoiii IVcsh spt'ciinciH. Tlu; lirst iiu'asiireiiiciit. likrwisc, can only he irot at a|)|iro.\iinalcly in .skins, and the followiiijr d<'tail> arc really otir cliict" data in all cases : — vj W. "Lkmiiii ok wiNii." Di-tancc t'loni the ani;lc formed at tln^ (carpus) liciiil of the wiiiii. to the end of the loin;cst prini.ary. (ict it with compasses foi' small liinls. In liirds witli a convi-x wini;', do not lay the tapo line over tiie curve, Im* imder tiie winii', .-trctchiiii;' in a straiirht line from the carpal anjrie, to end of loiii,'e.-t i)rimary. This measnrement is the one called, for short, "the win;;;"" thus when 1 say, simitly, "wir. 12," I mean tlial this di>taiice is twelve inches; so, also, "wjr. =^i tl.," means that this di.^tance is h.alf a- i^rc.il as the leiiiilh of the tail. § llMt. "J^KNOTii OK TAii,." Distance from the roots of the rectriees, to the end of the loisL'est one, whicliever one that may In-. Feid for the pope's nose; in either a fresli or ilrieil -pecimcn. lliere is more oi' less of a palpahle lump into wITk h the t.iil feathers stick. (iiie>s as n>ar as yon <-an to the niiddii- of tliis lump: place the end of tiie riilei- (ipposile the i>i>int, and see how much the lip of the l(Hiu:e>t tail feather points to. " Depth of folk " and ".amount of irradatioii." in a t.iil, is (he ilill'crcnce lietwccn the shorlot and the loiiL'cst tail fc.illicrs ; in tic one lasc the outer, in the other the middle, pair ot' rectriees is ihi- lomicst. vj Idl. "liKNiiTii traiu'lit or i iirvcd. 'I'hcii witii me the li'iKjtli of IIk- hill is the >liortesl dist.ance from the point jiist indicated to the tip of llu^ upper mandihie. Measun' it with the dividers. In .a straiudit liill, of course it is the leiijrlh of the culinen itself; in a curved hill, however, it is (piite another tiling', 'the "depth of hill" is determineil opposite the s;ime point ; it is a pii.,itc>t di>lance hetwcen the coinmi>siire proper (see § .">"•. and fiLT. •">. /') and the tip ol' the upper mandilile. ^ Itii'. "liKNorii OK TAi:sis." Tliis is the most impoit.int measurement for the pnr|)oses ot" this volume. Measure it 'ihrm/s with dividers, and /// /roil/ of the li'L'. It is the distance liclweeii the joint of the tarsus with the \r>jf ahove. and that \viih the first phalanx of the middle toe helow. Place one foot of tlie di\ iders exactly npi'i. till' middle of the tiliio-tarsal joint in front. 'I'he front of this juint is rounded on either side by two little scnii- cir(ailar rims, or lateral elev.itions. more ,,r less evident in dillerent hirds ; you want to Lfet ju^t lietwccn them. In the .-ofler-Ie.L'L'ed wadini;-, or water DIItyfTKINS roi; MKASUKEMF.XT. 57 hinls, llicrc is a slii'lit clcv.itcil pninl ri^rlit in tin- iui(]illr ; llii-*. or tlio |)n>i- tioii (if it ill otlicr liinls. is tlic prcci.-c piat'c. I'lacc tin- otlu r t'nnt ol' (lie diviiK'Ts (ivcr tlic tiaiisvcrsc line ol' jiiiiitiiiii "if the hasc cil" the iiiiddlc toe. 'I'lii.s latter ixiiiil, in all liinls, wlicn tin- Iocs aiv Itciit liackward, Iutomu'.s a more or less salient aiiu'lt' easily detonnined. In lianl-leL'ired liirds it is usually indieated liy tiie termination of la>t tarsal senleilnni : in water liirds, there will he seen a little er(is>\\ise nick, sliowinir jnst where the skin has shrunk into tin- eraik hetween tlu; end of the metatarsus and the lia-e of the loe. It will he t'vident that a measurement taken as here direeted will not always he the sanu" as one taken hehind, up over the eonvexity of the heel, and down to the level of the >ole : hut there are hehind no (.tlier tanjrilile points of termination. (See IIl;'. '.'. hs.) What, now, is the mean- in jj; of the expression — "/i. _ .\ frs."'.' § l(i;>. "Li:N(iTii OK TiiKs." Distanee in a straiirht line aloULT the upper surfaei- of a toe. from tiie point last indieated, to the root of (he claw ou top. Ohserve that,;is the (laws are inserted upon the I'Uils of the toes, somewhat as tlu' nails ar<' on our linLr<'rs, this niea^urenu-nt is a dillerent thiuir from one taken aionir the under >urt'aee of the toes. Always makt? il wilii the di\iders. Length of toe is always taken irlllimit the claw uidess otherwise specified, ^\'llc^. MO iiarliciilar toe is speeilied, 'M is alw.ays meant. (Sec IIl:'. H, ;'.a7. ) Deline this exprosion : — " frs.> ',]f." § KM. "Lr.Miiii (ir riir, claws." l)i>lanee in a sti-'ii-jlii Vnn- from the point last indicated to the tip of the claw. (See § lnl.) When this measurement is meant to lie included in the leuL'th of toe. I .say iri . l)etcriiiine thi.-«: — 'Vc.s\ < :>/<7." § ln."i. "Li;N(.rii ni- hi; \ii'" is an otteii <'on\cnieiit iliiiK'n-ion for coiniiar- isoii with the hill. Set one foot of the dividers on the liasc of cuhiieu (determined as ahove ), and allow the other to just slip sniiufly down over the iireh of the occiput. This is the reijuired mea->urement. What does this mean : — "//(/. - h.'"'. % I'M). .\i.i, Mi',Asii;r.M!;Nrs are in the I''.ni:lish inch and viilpir fractions or decimals, nnle-s otherwise speeilied. § 107. FiNAM.v, il may he widl to call attention to the tact, that nio»t persons imaeciistoinccl to hauillinir liirds are liahlc to lie deceived in allenipt- w^ to I sliiiiiiti- a j.n\en iliineie ion ; they ireiierally make it out h s.-i than measurement shows it to he. This seems to he an optical elfeet eoniiected with the solidarity of ihe ohjeel. a> is well illustrated in tlrsiwiiiir plates ol' liirds, which, when made exactly of life-si/e, always look I.aru'er than the ori,L'iiiaI, on account of the llatness of tiie paper. The ruler or tape-line, therefore, should always he used, and are more jiarticularly necessary in those cases where analyses in the Key re^t upon iliineusious. Il is h.ardly necessary to add, that in takini:, approximately, tlie total IciiliIIi from .1 prepare(| spicimen, reirard should he had for the "make-up" e. hi ^ ill N \. IlIKO". M h 5H AltlJKKVIATIO.V.S AM) JilUNS. Ai;i!i;i:viAii().N,s i skd. Ilh:l. Alilll'lllUII. »./. Ailllll. iittt. Aiitiiitin. luill. AxillMi-ii's. I: liill. hi. lilllC. (///.-. lili.k. A'r. .4m. flritisli Allicrjc;!, f/i'ii. lirouii. /.r.«/. liiia^-t. i7. ( law. rliiws. 1-../, Cl.T. (•i.e./. rcpinif.i ciiiiiin. ('■■niini-Miru. rttlin. rtiltii'-'i. /.iir. l",mM|H'. fllir. l-'cathi'r. Jllll'il. K.MllliTl'cl. j'tliri. KiMllior-. hil. Ilia. I. lir. tiraj'. j/rH. (iroi'ii. inti'f:ir. |ri!or8-'apn]ari(M. /,;"i. r.rhirlli. iniiint. Maii'lililo. iiri.f. M;(\illa. M'.i: McNi'M. A'. .-Im. Niirlli Anirri-a mI laigi". tt'mt. Nn-li'iN. ii(..<. (ili-iTvation. iH-iip. (►■i-i|iiii. fh . (Hive. }>liti;i. I'liiinriirr. }'fitn. ri'iliial \ — ii')<. y-";/.. riM|.l... n.7. i:ri'tri.i':<. rrH(. UiMllt;iCS. I-. '/.■. l!''li<'iil ilioas. ritirr. li'rl i>-||l;(lt'. rrji/i. Kiiin|i. S'-afi. >'-aiMilarit'*. ,trut. Sflltrlla, sriill. >i iilill ale. sn'. Si iitiary — ii'i*. V/i. Diiiiliii^l. It; Millix ; ic IH'.^/i. I.lai'ki-li. $lir. bpriiiff. 5'/r/i. MimniiT. miinn-. .-iiiM'Pilinry. «■. Til.ji. »i;r ■riiinat. //. Tail. Ir.t. T'lsim. 1/11. iiiiihil. I'liiliT mamlilili*. nil -11 -ii'i'. I iiil.f l.iil riiv(it<. un -ir;/ 'I'tir, rmlcr \viii;r i-ovcrtr*. »p. iHtniit. rpiHT in.aiiililili'. i(/i..// -iiir. l'|p|uT lail ciivi'il". fifi.'ii'i/.-<-ni\ l'|iiM'i- \\ iiig ruvrrlrt. I'. S. Iiiilcil >i.ii(s.oxr<'|il .Mai'k.'i; ii'iial allllrt'vlali.lll^ I'ur iiiuiiom uf stall'" ami I'LTiitorit's. vht. While. yrll. ^fllow. iiy. v.. ling. A I'fW ('iiiitrai'iiiiui", imt givi'ii iiliuTc, nro siU'-exiilniialiin-. si(;.\s rsi;i). if. Mile. f. tVlnalu. "'•"I" I/;/ f. Yoinip mall'. iyriig. V- Yiiiin;; r.anali". =- Sinn 111' i'»i: as. ^ Mori': i/iiitnifh/. I"ii;;fr tli.aii ; n/.^ », ^ru-alrr than. i>r iiinrt' Iliaii. < l.i'Hh; r;iiicrti Uiaii. ! tVrt.-iinty, n-itli pci-imal rospnnsiliility (not ex- clainntiun iir fiii'iiriiie). All utlicr inimtiiit- linn n* ni-uul. *. t. t. eti'. IlilVr as usual In fimt nnli's. wlwn al tlio emi 111 a wiinl: wliin licrne n wnnl or pitraKi'apli. IIh'V art- u>i-il In puint nil' siii-tiniiri ill a iniiniier lliat will ]i!K> ciri:i). 59 WOHKS UKFK15UK1) T<). I (iiiole thnMiL'lunil Mi" liillnu ihi; -tMinlMiil Ann'rii'Mii wnrkf wlii'ii Ihcy iHili'i' the -prrio in nm -lion : — '■ inif." Wir.siiN. .\l.l.\ xsi'i.i;. AuMii •,in iMiiiilinlM^'y. IP v.!-".. Iln. l-ii-ll. .The i>iij:in:il til. and Ui'il'i* ■onlinuutiiiM.) •• Xiitl." Xl II'AII.. I'lliiM*-. M:iiiii:il ■■I'llic ( iinilli..|n-\ iirilio t iiiti'.l Still's anil nl' Canada. .! vula. l.'imi. (Thr lll-t I'll., i.r I'!-.' !l. llllli'r.s lln"Jil ,.ir IMll, is >| illiil.) •■.Iiiil" Ai niiiiiN. .li.ilN .I.\Mi;s. Ilinlj nl' Ann'ii.a. 7 vuls.. Svii. miii-tl. (O.'tuvo ri'print <•( tlio ••Ornilhiil'iKiial liiiPKra|ili.v." i('|pa(,'i.'il ami willi .-y.-linialii' ananj,'i'ni(!nt and i-enuniln'iinj? iif tlii' jjlali'- of till' I'liliocdiliiin.) •• rii.<.«." ( .K-i^iN. .liiilN. Illuslialliin.s 1)1' llio Itiidaol' (.'alil'innia. Ti'xas. etc. 8vo. 1 vi>l. ls.Vi-.Vi. •■/111." •C./.i*. in li'l " •• l.iinr. in lid." I(MI||>. S|'|:m'i;ii K.. uilli Ihi' i'iii<|i(-rali<>n of .lii||\ Cassin and (;i:iii!i.i; N. I.xwukm i:. I'.inl^ nl' Si'iili .Snuniia; riin-liliiliii},' llic niiilli vol. iiT llii' I'ai ill.' K.'iilroail Kv|il'iratiiiii- and Sni-vi'v-. l.'^.'iS. Al-n ii'pnlili-lii'd -i'iiai'ali'l.\ , \Mlii a U\\ additmn- .-ind a i>\ vul. nl' Iml lilati'-. In Ihf Nalnrali l>' .\/(MM'y. 1 "i.) " i:ii:' Kl.l.l'iT. I>. (i. liii'd- 111' Nmlli .\ini'rii'a. i V"!-.. I'.ilin. i I'lalu- and il.-rri|iii.iii', nl' many -|ie.ii'S rni'i'iilly intiiiihii'i'd In mir lanna, nr In Ini'i' iinll^'Ui'L'd.) ••''."•;i." Iliril- nl' talilornia. Kroiii the Slss. imtus ol' J. (J. loiii'iii. K'lited liy .S. K. Ilainl. 1 \iil. Svn. i«7n. I iilsi) i|unle. ill ini'iinilar ca-e^. |ia|ifrs rrmn tlio piin'ri'dini- nl' inrri'iiil 'o ii lii's, iiir., in vari.nia writers. The lel'rrenii-* in llir-c i>i>l,'ini'e.i are snlUrienlly exi'li il. 'I'Sif li'iinnni iiiinii'r.d- imini'dialily al1ir llie iliili' i/cd anlliin '- name. nl'iT In l!ie r.Jinin . ihe nrxi fi;.MMe, to Ihe ii'iyi ■ •■ |i|. " « illi iIkiii'i'- alVr il. In llie nnin'er nl' the /i/'i/i ; •• 11^'." In ilie niiinln'r nl' Ihe/i'vi/i-.'. Y^'vi I.) le lliril ol Aii>lralia. (Sec $ 70 j KEY TO TIM-; (iKNKKA TOICS .1, — :.' IS iitoNi-, 1 it!:iiiM> I'liimiKs I:!l' 'I'OI'.S ,".—;» IX IIIUNT. ill.) 'I'OI'.S 4. — L' IN I'ltoNi, 2 lii-.iiiM). (III. TOKS 4, — ;'. IN lltKM. 1 li|-.iiiNi>. (IV.) II, [idKS y, — .1 IN IKciNr.] Ti^fa infiiniiitrtrhf. or lint i-ihttfil, (a) Tuff rnmiilililji iiihhnl, (d) (a) Naki'il li'K ami fiiii! I i^'i'thiT nlii>iil wiiip. Hill ^iilnil:ili'; mn' lia-:il wcli IIiM vvTiin < U'7 — imirli iiihtn- IJ liii'lii'- |on^. (c' (0) Tamil- ill fi'Diit MUlrll Id', alinul hill C ii TiHils 'JIJ — lelirulale. .^bill; jiliiiiiaf,-!' >|icikli'il (11 Mi Minus I'.m — uul ~in>ckk'i|; Ir-. iiraily l\vii'i' = :it., i'liinsiicvs I:i2 — ma mill ly twill- = .11. KiiiAT.iris |;i| (d) NiiitilN tnliiilar; siili's ul' iiiiilrr mamlilrlr mil -.nli air l>|iiMi;i'I' \ 'Jmi - «itli a Ion;; rcil.iieil jiroovi', I'i|ii;iii:riil V -J'JT — not liiliiil.ar . liiir.ii. oval, rti'.: o, (O) .^■o^t^ils naked; lyiliil- lioiiiy; liotli iiiamliMi"^ Kiilrnti'. Not iii'HimI I'liATflu I'l.A .'ilS — hliiil'li'. Itinl- -IJlou^': lip. iiiaiKl. ^iil' ,'iit'. (.'ii'.ti'il I.iMn "l:i — not -iilialiv Civ-liil. . . . C'l'.iiAKiiiniNA I'.'Jii — < IJ lonv; nil. iiiaml. lahatt'. lip. inaml. oval. . . I'llAT i;i;T'* :1JI — not rali'ali'; lip. niaml. wiiiiklicl, . I'l VCMcHiilAMi 111 ■* IW I niooll SlMiil.lH N< in> .IJ'i fo Nooliil.1 inroniplilfly fi'allicii'il : t.iil m-aily pvrn; li. nml Irt. ri)iiipri"'-i,'i|. . .SvNTIII.IiiuiMIAMl'lll ■< :i'J.') — ^'i;ol.ili''l; bill ami t.iisiis not I'oiiipiossfil, .... Miiiiiiri.i'i :)■.'» lOi No-li'iU I pb'li'ly rt'atlii'riiil : tarsii.. in Iron! rt'Ii' iilalu. liinl.^ iMnU'r I.' Ioiil'. . III! M'ilVilllA.MI'lll s ;H(] — U or ni.iri' liiiiK'. . . . I'liiA :i'i7 — 81'iitcllali): li. not siilcalc or fiiltrati', .... I.iiMvi A.:i-.'.t --iikato. Ilir.|s on nil. mind, ri'iirliinit tip; toiiirni' ai'iili'. b irlH'd. Nii yi'llow I'li.t s l:il — rid^i's iiiniiiii^' into toniiiiin ; toii);iii' til,tnsi>. bni-liy. .Soiiii" yi IIoh , . Srill liAI'li I .4 1:H — ridu'i'- « aiiliii;-'. or iiidi-liiii't .and not nvicbinu' lip or toini i. ,g-) iK') pliiniaiic of lii'lly bristly, of bark nilli niilallii' in. Ii'-cmi'i', .... AsVMiK!! ,VMi Al WA^S MKiinlR I HAS Illl: .•'IKlinFST AMl:llliill IliKl. (A) 5 lli.Mi nil. M>r iN«i:ini.i' aiiih i. iiik i.i;vKi-(ir iiir. i;v>T Unh ijun-nithj l.iit imt nUniyx ndi shohtlii MIAN JIU. hill 111 rL.M' AMI.IIKill Illl... B) A. (Thiliiiiil li.rihriih'l.) I. flit loTII'AI.MATK; (illl I turn villiil : liiiiil liir uniiiliilfriil iiiiil hiirilii iliriitnl.) (A) •i. Illl I AIMMI.; I :i /<•"«/ /i'(< lUiiiiiilililii ml. hut. hiiiil till- inll ii/i, nhniilv nr lulu it, free nf fiiuiiecltd liij tliiihl iriltliinif ii'ilh I'lim uiilii i;/* iiimr t*>i\] (Itj 3. I've! l.iiiiAII.:: l.\ friiiil /<. in i /mr//i/ in/iAo/. tn- ii^V. ii/m/ <ii> r.jiliiTril. |>:iill> ; liiil iliM'|il> fiiiki'il; lull c'|ii;:ii.illion> Ta( iivi i irs 277 — iiiiki'il; liiil -ijil. I kol rl li|i, liiriiMii' llliiiiiriiliiii< rilAi'niiiN 'J78 — iiaki'l ; I;iil |i'Uiilri|. Mill ; li'ini:i Mili-fiiiilr sii.a 'J7:l — rMiiiiili i|. ^lll1 ; ti:ll p.'ii:i(.'n:illiiiii!< I'l.ims-JTil -r|.i);":illMM|. <;ilA< I I.I .s ■J7.'i (II; llii.il l.'O i-..iimhIii,I l.ili'iMl. iiihl j...iuil liv -ii^'lil HI li li. li:i-iM.iilj 111' inner l.ic lnHMlUs:)!! — iliriM lly iMi-liTiiir. IVrr. lllnl -illlj lu ur hilicil, (h) (h Hill — iiTuiM'il. >li'piv— I'll nl liu-f, ^nlMllllll'. i'\lr<'ni<'l\ arnli' ItKi I iivikiisika r.ii! — Iii'iil Mliiniitly il<>»nwanl iM'Mi' il> niiilillr. iinil lanii'll.'ili' I'liin.Mi ol'll III .s Jli; — iiritliiT I'l'finvi'il, niii- alini|'tl> lu-nt. .i] (ii Kill ~ /i,v//i.;/;iii//i..H.<. riiiiictin.-. lullralf. .-nliali' Km .nliiiiIK 'Jl'S — |':iia;^iKitlinu>i. I'll] in'on^, 11"/ i.inirlkili': ini.^ti'il^ fii'Mnliiilar ; (nil nii/i'\i'n. (k) — i'|i't;niillHiii« (111- imraKii. ami tl. imii,' rnf"ii>, iml laini'llalr; nii»llil~ iml liilmlar. Ij — i'l'i;fiuillinn-. I'Ki'iu'iur^, iii'l lanirllati-; ni>slviU tiihuhn'. ;n)' — |iaraKliallKMi>. inn.-ltv niiniliraiinii^. Iiiimituli-. nii^tiil." nut Milnilat'. (n) (k) Tliil »;i'ai|ualnl. ami iniil'lli' l'('allii'i'> -lioili'i' lliMii ni'Xl pall', riniiiai,'!' -oniliii' Inim n . . . AmH" '.'!i| •— i'lirki-'il; toi"- ainm-l -rmiialnialc. Illark. Iii'i>\\ ii ur a^ll,v, ami while II t l>i:i>( IIKI.IIniN 'J:'J — VM'II wi'IiIr'M; li't'l mil lilai'k : liai'k pale; no I'K'-I ."■IKIIS A 'Jl'l — lilk.: Mill. I'li'-crnl (in rmi'liiail (Mi'ina.'Jiil. HI') . IIai.H'I.asa 'J'.tl — iiin'ii'-rint ; niil ^ll'^ll'll: li. lianlN T^h'i.. iif;i.iiriii:i.llMi\ 'J.^it — rn'>li'il; li. Iniii'li :» II'- . . Tiiai.\msi:i s '.".hi 1 Hill Willi a -i.rl iif iri'i': iniililli' tail IVi.llii'i - i'\-erli'il; lar-u- <:;p I., Ill i ilAi.i s ':7;i — = illil -I l.l;i'(ili\i.'ii H '.'-11 — milri'iiil: liimi PM> rmliiiiriil.ir>. mil iM'ariii).' a pin'i'i'l rl.iw I.'i-»a 'J->l — pi'iii'I: lail »i'il>;i'--li.'i| i''l ; a >l Ilppril W till .M'lliiW . . . . riM AlilM s '.isM — i'\i'n; tai'-ii- lihi'k, i'"ii'*ii : wi'li'* inri-ril I' vi.iii'iiii.x ■.;-.*i — mil Mai'k. I'mli'i' pliiina;;!' — ;1') (I- il.iik. Iii'ail while, tail lilark. liill anil li'i'l |■l.•l|lli^ll Ili.A.i-iri ,< '>2 d') while, hi "111 ilai'k ill ilaik. hcail Hhilislp. . . . ( iMjiii ii( i;i ||AI.I> •>:! (1- while, he:. il while ' ir ilaik. heail m.l wliili.-li) I.ai:I'j< •J^1 (mi Tai'-ii- iii'l < !l : il.iw- ilepn r-e.l. ..lilni-; la|■^al -I'lilell.i I'li-e.l ; weh- w ilh u lluw , (ii i vmi>,> :i(i7 — ili.-iimi : Wilis hhii'k Ihkliii a a X — eiiinpri'!.-! il; l.il I'liiieale : im w hite aiij w here II Ai m » I'l i.n a ;iii:l — niarl\ even, Illk. nr Mmik\ Ihhw n, .iml Hlnie. riiui ki.i.aiiia :iiH — liii'ki"l. Itlk. ur -ninkv liriiwii, ,'iml w hili*. rx .Mm iiiiiti.A ;UiA — Niil hlai'k ami Hhile Oi'l'.A mUiKiiMA :iiHi III Ti - < Iti'l.; tail "I I'J lealhri-^ ; n:l^al Inhe iililii|ael,\ li'iineaie, -eplniii iliii'k I'l i i i M n :,|ii — \i riir:.ll> liniieali-, ."epdiin Ihiii, .... 'riiim IM H :iii'.i — -- 1-J llhi' . ; pliii).'. lun-pirmiii-ly -p'tii'.l IiAi'ims :nil — Ila-l.iill..l; II. I'Mlleale Ali'* I 111 I.A I A ill.'J — mil eiineale: liMlliiM. o—iniAiiA 'J'.iN — Illlliiil. Ii. ,•- mil hl.'iek. While ur trix, Mni-li, .peekleil, ete VsM ii 'JIS — hlaik; neik all lilai'k; Illl. nil- iiieilian lliiAM A '.'.'lO — mil ali blink : mn-tiilii eulihiii^ul, , , . lti;Milii)i'Vo.NA 'J,'!! KKY TO TriK, or.Nr.iiA. as (p" Ilimi I'lP .iiM/'''"'' licilil iT'^-'i'''. '"I'l "1"'"" li|i "I' '''ll rinin'il wimlly liy till' niiil MX 2.'i!) — iKit ri'L'tnl; liill «('(./( uiilri- .ir ciiil lliaii :it li;i-i' M't ri I.A JM — not wi'U'i; tail I'liiic'ili', ] III' iii'irc III' Mil' ujii^r, . . Daii l.A i'lj — lint I'liiir.'ili', iml .^ till' Hill);, (p') (p=) ItillMI ■■ ■-'."il — lilllr.-*liil. ^|ll'^•^lllllll viiili'l. Iihi'k iinil wliili' liiinliiril \nasJ.VJ — i,'i-i'i'ii; wiiiK I'lui'i'l ■ >ky Mill', . (^ii:i!i;i i.ini.x J.'i? — lint lllui'. . . . Nil IIIIV '.'.Vl (pj lliml II"' ("''!'(. rlirik- Ini-tlv. ( mIoi'- lil.'ii'k .'iinl wliilr Cami'Iih. i mis 'Ji'^ t.iil /MiH^i/; ill till' i(i/«// = 'ii'=- will;.'; Iiill lil:iik mill iir.iiii.'i' II Aiii:i.tiA ■J'lll -.riiiiiKJi'il. till' l'i'.'illii'i'< .'■till', laiii'i''liiii':ir. t'xpii-i'il t'l llii'ir Im-i'-, , . Kuismamua '270 — Dlllk- Willi llillll' III' I'lC filll'ttiiill),' I'iKII'.'irll'l'-. (p ) (p') rp. iimiiij. i/////'*'«.'i jil il - iiiili'.illii'ri''l li.'i^i'. Ilt.'ii'k III' lii'u\v'n, (KliK.MlA 'J'lU — hill ,i.'ililinii~ wliiTu I'liri'allirri'il; nail tiarriiw. li-liiii't. (p') --liinail. ru"i'il. ;p') (p') lli'ail lilai k iii'jti':!.'' , Willi whiii'; imsi. iii'.iily iiii'ilian: li. alii>iil=ti's., lini riiAi.v '2il2 — i'i'<|i|i~li III' liriiwiii''li, nil uliili'; I. iii'.irly iiiiiliaii ; b.'.^li's.. . .\»iiivA 'Ji''l — Iiliik 111- InnvMi; iiii-I. sulilia-.il: li.--li'» I'ri.i.x -."iO (p . Ii'.illii r- mil I'XlriiiliiiH nil riiliiii'ii ; liill liaii'ly l:i|ii'i'iiiK I" li|>. . . INiLVSi HIA '.'i:i! — iiiiH'li laiu'iin;; III liji. . . IliM iiiuMi i s ■Jil.l — I'Mi'iiilin;; III! I'liliii., aiiil |iarll> mi -iili'- of ii|i|ii i' iiianil., *'iiMA ir.isiA '2*'>i — I'liliri'ly nil >ii|i'- of iiii.iiiaiiil., . I.ASiriiu.M.i lA li'il (l") Koi'clirail nakfil. Willi a I'lV'.'i' liniiiy pliili" t'lin I liy <'\l:'ii-iiiii nl" I'liliiini Fri.irA 215 — I'l'allii'i'i'il; lull'- r.'allii'i'L'il; t.iil in'rl'i'i'l; hill 11 illi'tii'il, iiii'inlir.'iiii'< m'ii1|ii|ii'i|. I'iiai. Minil-i '2IK) llillll. III'. iiiliiani"^ -ri.lliiiK'.l, . . I.oiiii i;s I'.iiJ — >iiliiilali', iiii'iiiliraiii'- plain. . . .■* I l.in \ Imix SVi.llKoi'VCI.fS Ui (I>: MiiMlu rlaw ;iii'(iii(/s, . ANTIlnSTDMrs — I'lnkcil', -linil rii'ial liriftli's, . . Cliiiiiinai.ics (D) .Miil.rlaw im( pi-iliii.ili' ; lirail iial.ul : ii.i^lril- iinpiTlcirali'; iiaki'l li'i; ami I'lint < t.iil, . Mi;i,K.,ni!IH — pi'ilniati'; iiaki'il II';; anil I'linl < tail, . .('atmauii:s — pi'ilnrali'; naki'il li'ir ami I'liiil ;:- l.'iil liiii.s — fi'atlii'ri'il ; ii(i~li il.- ri'allii'i'i'il. nr nvinliiiiiL' liy a sralr. in ik'cp fiih-a III' ^tllnt. li.iiil liill. T) — lint li'.'iilii'ii'il mil' si'ali'il. ill luii({ Kiniive of sli'mli'i-.-^iini-h hill, la (r) Toon fi'atlirri'il; tai'.ii ami n.T'al fii^-a' fiMlliiMi'il. rinni.iirr piiri' wliiln ii. « iiiliT I.Adoi'r'* — uukoil; — larai fi'atlu'ii'il. part Ha> iliiVMi ; tail of Is . -bnit. slrai(;lil.. . . 111.11, iiusiri. is — unil bi'liinil ; tl. not baiiuil: one ininiili' wnli; pi'iin.ii'iU'- iiiotllril. Tin Minis —•i plain Wilis; li.<. in about .= liil.. KitrrM.ri:^ — inni'll >- llil.. Ml('K<)l'AI.A.MA — tl. bari'cil I'rnsswisr with li^'lit ami ilark rolois. (s'') (8') Gap(! not rearliin.i; lipyoml lia»i' nf — fiii'i'nwi'il riilnnn. I'liilii' a t'oni lon)f, . MAi'lumilAMriir.s — iinfiii'iowi'il iiilnnn < ivrr n fnnl Iniij; I.niiiSA (s^l H.'ipi' loiiKi'i' Li'ni;lli < '.I ill , 'Jl. iiiiHi'lilii'il; bill ffioovi'il m.'irly 111 tip TlilMiiiIiiIs — aboiil halfway to lip. ItllY Ai'iMliiil s — .--'.liii.; b mil - inl . Ki M'll j il- li'nf;tli : tl. almiit J Ihi' wj; , Aciinurs — mil lIlii'Mim;. rilll.iiMArili s — s- liuail; 'Jl. wi'bbi'il : Irj;.- not Ki-i'i'ii nr yillnw, SVMl'IIKMi \ — b.iri'lynr tint wi'libcil; Wgn t;i'<'<'u or yell., IJUMTIS 111 I LI 177 li'iCi IS'2 17'.l 17(1 ls| ISO isi! 1S7 l.s.'i iss |S1 IS'.t .».M ■m '-■'JO 21 Hi ■20.) ■2(H •213 '217 2li'i 2l;i •2IS 211 213 r i;i ki:y hi tiii: i,i;m;i!\. (fc, I'.iifiiii.l !• m-liM >l]Ih u iMi.icI li Trij j.lali'; MCI till" IliMMT. n™. <■•' ill. Iniix (. M I IM I. v -.'l:; - li.Mil> I'iniilai; ti>. ■-' ill. liMijt, . . I'olil m HI I.A Jll - li'iillu rc'l: lli-l priiiiiry .iilrmi.ilis I'ill "IniL'lil. • liil.i'iilm. Ki'""*"l m iii.. < Ut. . I'm l.niiii a JOI — iii'l iillrmnli'; llr-l |iriliiiii) iiiiirli < sitiiihI. (t) — _r, iir ,-, Ki ml. u) ;ti I Kill .' li'i "I iii"i'' I'll i"ii 'li ■ lii'.i.l, iliM'iii'Vf.l: lilii.i liiiiriKiri'i ITM. nut <:ili-l / '.amih '.':ili -< JI..I. ImII ■ li.a.l, .li-'inn'cl; lilii;ilillli' Ikiic; Ii-.<;!|i'I .»I,I.I s •JKI — < iii-ail. (.triiKlit: li'i'l i'" l"l"ii'. l.riiKlli I" iiK'li''''"!' i""i'<' t Ki.x ^12 — 1.'-- Ihslll 10 illilir^ l'iil(/\\A 'Jll {U Ir- I'vi'liMillv <.lli 1.; Iiliiii' iiaki'il liclnw ; bill iiIm.iiI twice - lipail. ciiliii. I'iumhi'.!, , ti M.i.iNAiiii 'Jii:t - t'calliiTi'il; li. litllr ■ hcail. I'lilin. 11 riin'i>»<' cviil.'iitli • ipii'll.' t"i' aii'l i-l-nv, . . . Am > l.niHi 111 ■< 'Jihi _ _ „|. I,.,,., I, . ,l,i,l,l|,. 1,„. ,,ll,| ,.],.,« I'Kl.lliNA 'iiw — >tl,lij:lil. lull "li < 111' I'l, I'lilil il-ii'* I" ..ii'il Willi lilai'k 'I'll! M.I 11 s 'i'Jd ~ al>.>iil — HI- - h I; l.irii'- iiiiii h • iiiiilillr till' ami 1 law 'I'lilM. v '.'I I — aliiiiit = iiinlilli' hii' .111.1 • law Ac'i 'JiiT n. lUehiiiil I, 'I ,i„t iliniliil.) I. Trill i; N \Ki.ii r.i.i.iiw. ;w, .'. N(i«i lai.- iiii.MM. i;i:\i. \ 111 .»iii 1 .-w III 1,1 N Ml Mi'i; \m; (x ■ ;l till I. iiiiiiKi'.ii \M> II iisiMihii Willi A ( i.iii:. y 4 liiiiii> wiiiiiii 1 niK Aiiiivi: ciiAii ti Ti:iis. (z) OV; .^lil III' el iw >iiiiii|i'; t.ii-ii- ri'Iiiiiliili'; li;ll II it. -iiii'iii-liaiH'il .It c'liil I'l.vivt.r x -J'JT — nut tl.it, vrry -liiiit ta|ii'i'iii;.'. ili rin Mil, . . 'i' \MM,ls 'JJI — siiitc'llalc; Mil Kii'i'^'il- iiii^'il; ilaW" — ^ll■.li^.'llli li. . I- il.i I.M;i.l.i .s -J.'.". — rlll-M'il litis 'J'ili (W, Mill, flaw iiiiliiiiili . I.iil "I III I'lalliir- ; luwt r in. k liiif liiliiiiil.— I.i'ii(!tli uvrr l.« in. lit'-, Iliii ai til » 'i:!" — Li'ii^illi iimli I- l.s iiirlii--. .\lilil;i lA •.':W — IJ li'allii 1-; lali'ial In'- iml iiiuir tliaii i^ a>- luni; a- tar-ii<, JIVtiltl>A.>.«A 'illt — iiiiirr Mian \ tin' lar-ii-. .w-'j vW Tiliia' li.ni' 1 iH./i (./■ /i.i.f Mr-. • :;i.l : liill over i iinli ili'i'p at lia-i', . . N)( riir.iiKiiM s -.Mii — <:ili|.; Ii. iml llii'ii'i' .1- lull;; an liiKli N» i 1 1 \i,'iiF v 'i:;.") Ii. iinur lliaii tlnii'i' .1- liiiii; II- lii^li. . . Ill n >liiiil> 'J.'ll — ■iiil. (11- liiiin. I.;;lli. -J li'i't tn- li--. Illin- (III- wliitf. U'K- Mk. anil lillli'. It. li\ '.Mil Wliili': It').-- lilai'k atnl yill.iu, dvii/i ri\ i:\[ — :i I'l'i't 111' iiiiiri'. llliii-li. ii-li\ . Iii'i.wii. .tt' Mini v 'Ji" Wliitc; ti.-. < 7 ill. Ii. < li, . . Ill iiiini i> 'i:i'J Wliilf; ti'!-. - 7 ill. Ii. ^-11, . . At III iKi.MA 'i'J!) i\ Tail fiatlit r- - li (Vi-i. iii.«/i . Iiii'il i»ii' Is imlii- Imi).' oiirAt.tHA 17il — II. l.iii;.'. I i|ii'iiiiu. niiii'li i;railii.'ili'.| : I'lii'iiiiitii'liit.'il ^|lal'l> iiakt'il /in l.lii IIA H'.'-l — IJ; li-. niiiM .ilnni': tail liiiiail, II iiinli'il. iiinrli < wiii^" (iil.iMiiA l"17 — iiariiiw. iniiiitt'il, alxnit = will).'", . . . Ki iiii'i-n;s lilK ti.-. wlmllj iiaki'il, - ii'lii'iil ill' MAUMl.Nvs I7."i — i-i'utrll.ili'in rruiil : tail iHiiiitt'il X'Min \i i.i.i. i I7:i — I'liiiiiili'il. (X-) .X') Tl>. iiliiuit ='ll.. witliniit flaw ; wiiiK rmiiiili'il. l-t iniiiian < nil (iliilllliiiiN 171 — I'Viili'iitly lirliik- III ili'jiiiii, whi'ii It limy In. ri'rii»iil2i'il l.y Hi I'll. -lull >i|i Hit' iiiiHll'll-. Ill III lia-l iiiukliiK llii'iii iiifiii'-ir : lilil II nllll in ilniilil, nlisci'vu tiirnl lellculiiU on tiihi and heiitu'f, mill .;ti-ii('nillvi .I'-fWi'//.!/.' Ill riiiitt, N-f lix. II,''. f t T t H f KEY TO THE OKNEUA. 66 (yjNnutriU (it rih/f o/ tin' rt'ii'; ryes iiuln-Uir. siiiT"\iiiiliil liv rf.ilMiuij fcalliorK, tlio niitoriiir of uliiili iiro hritthj ami IimIi'IIil- Iiiit ciC the hill; nuliT iiiitiTinr t"C ilitirlirWv.m \\\wv aiiliTiiir tin', ly') y) N'.i-liili 111 llii' riTi'i I'.vc'M luliiul. iwt Mini.iiinli'M liy a ili-c; (lUtfr iiiilcrioi- Imc (Ki'iu'iiilly) iwt Hlnirter lli.'in iiHHT aiilcTiiM' Inc. (y') (yi)Tis. nakc'.ldiKciiiil-ruiilliiivil. Kaiial ili-i' pcrfrcr i ;iil. fomi'wlial iiorllnalo Sriiix l:'9 — iiiilicif.'c-l; ;til.hlni|'l"; ti"---'''''! Si'Korvi" l.'.O — <»lil SIlCllAlllIM; lilt — riillfLathcTCil; lii'mllHllid; lailaljnnl j llic «in>:. Over 18 iiii'lii'- IdiiB llriio UU — 1 [ho «iii».'- I'lHlir IJ iiiclu- l"ii({, Scciis HI — Over IJ. miller in; liill^ — of H In IJ fllns.. . OHH 112 — iif lltiHiniirs.. lUlAi llVoTIs lt:i — noHiillf.l; tail aljciiil 1 Ihi' will).'. I.cnulli liiilrr IJ Inches, . . . NvilAI.KliT — JtlioWK. I.K'li- l'"'i'iiii'''t"' I'liir will, ("iPoltrO. Nil IK.V 145 — Ndl lnili' Mhilr, SVICMIM 111 — ItlM'WB. Liin-'tli i>\if li, iimlvr IS iiiilu'^, . siumaUiI l.l'liplll IllllclMlll.'l T IJ, . . . til.Alc mil M IIH (y'l Ti-p. fiatlii'iTil til llic liic- — ill! aniiiiiM; tail a I'miiI or iiiMii' liint.' Xi^i ii.A ln.l - ixrcl't a n:inii« rlrip liihiii.l: tail hill a I'lii'l ImiK. • • • AllcilMii 1 i;ii I'lU — rctiiMilalc — iip|"T iiiaiiil;lili' I.m.iIm'iI. umliT inaii.lililc rmlrliiil, nn-liil-' riii-iilar, . . 1-M i" IM — (law- all of r-aiih- Ii-iikUi. riiiiii'li'.l iiinl'Tiii'Mtli; lil.ial riMllicivrlii,-i', . . l"AMil.' a- Willi.', Iciima IW — oval; liill lint I a- ilc'i'p nl lia-i' a- Imik'. . . ItnurilllvMI H 1.' the lomjtst, (a) (Z) I'UlMAItirs, — 10; I 111' \A iMiuri.ills nn nl »!...«/ ai.( ;| ,isl,ill;l 11.1 the tnmjift. (b) (Z) rill.MAliII'.s,— 0; till' l>l 'iii'nr nimriiiiis, nf vaiialili' IriiKtli. (Oi (a) Fei't jij(m/iii7.i//.inji bill i^i'iialn: iiiiililli' tail fcallirr- ImiK-i'X-iiti'l SIiimciti'R 112 — nut KTialf. uiiilillc lail Ic'illiiT^ imt rx-irliil fiiKVi.i; 113 (8) Foot iiormni i t'lioail. (a') (a') TiK. fenllioreO. (iinss-irrcpn, lica.l -iripi'il with hi ii-k ami whiti' llKI.Ioi-.HDirA 119 — nakoil; 1>. !'cirnli',twici' = hiai|. Itlai-k hchiw, Ihniat iinl ncaly I.AMIoIlsis I'JO — not bcinili!; 1-1 priniaiy lik'i'l ; tail tnimaio. firi'i'ii Stki.i.ii.a 123 — imt iiKiil; altiMiii.ili'; m— riiruiimin siih's; nri'iowii fcaly. siii.asI'IIiiihk 122 — mil atti'iiuati; no riihiu-*; tlimal crciii, . AiiiiVlii hia \H — not k'ri'pn, . . 'rmxilli.i •• 121 (a) Fi'i't iifirrim/.- <(n7o/ IS/iMf/icrj. 1st pilniaiy — alleniiatc; tail^-winc^, foillcati' JlTI.VI t.i H IDl — niits^wiiiK'-: fmki'il or not, TviiANNt .s Wt — not atli'iiiialo; irown plain, or rull-i'ii'i-leil. (a) (a")T»il = or litllc<\viiiK. not forkiil. f'/;/i'i/ ir;7/i <7i.ji^i»f . Iri^. = or.-»:itrl., . MviAlli Ills 11X1 — r-lichlly or not forknl; not nlKfil: trs.:^:ltrl .•iAVnliMS 107 — mMt7i< w inn, a litlh' I'orki'il; li''.<3li'l. t.i'iiKth ill or more. . . . (.'oMorr.H lOS — (jni'iiir-h. olivi'. I'ti'.; no hiiir, rcil or/mri' hinwii, . . KmI'IDdna.x lt)!> — ludwni.ili olive. I'tc; hiilly hi'low, .>*iiliiri'sliMl, . MiTKKl'llolil'S 110 — Ili'ry (orro-y) roil, .•iml iltvp hiowii; ,/ riilliivi-loil, r> hurl 111 Ml s HI (b) 7'iir.il(il '■()(Mi;.-i -»lail : iio-lriN linoar; no riftal liri-(h'-; pliiinagtM'losi'. Aiiuatip, CiNri.i .s 7 ~ not liiioar ; I lil ilonhli'i-oiimli'il SIviAiu-srrs .'i3 — not iloiible-roiniiloil. Umlor .'i in. Inii),'. Itl'iil I I s '.I Over.'! in. IiinR. (b'') (b' Tarsin not --mill, loo ami riaw. /.'/iir tin' rliirf I'olor SiviiA (i — -nvil. loo aii'l I'law. No hlnr. T.iil only j Ihr win);, . Swum, a .1 — moiTlhaii S llu' will).', 'I'l um •> 1 tb) T'iVHHi >rntt'flt 7 in I'ln;;, l> lUMily = li.l.. «« iiiurli - -11 , II - nii|-^:ili| — Ii.irdi >ail]r. Iiiiirlii« — ilnii/. Iilk. W(f«.;-lilk. «ih1 hIiI. Iiil, I'lcii mivi h — »;ni.v; ii>. Iiliir; «K-. alHUil =-liill, . ri;illS(iiil.i m — /;/«<■• A- . IKi KiiMii i.r y. IImh, . . Alin:i m mm \ — Illilf. 1.1 !• k. •/riYii iiii.l j/i7/.'H', . . . XamiiiiI IIA r..r.rr/.irl».r..irM. n.iiii'li-l lail 111.1 < Willi:-' r.»ll.iiulllM « (iVMM.KII TA I'll I.M.l'KI'I.A , . . . ri.llllll* . . r.i||..llll \ I'IMI I'll'NKI HTl: tT'/.lt li|', VlllKll (d I.ii.^l'i ..111 II iiii'ln" — III - U iinlii''' ;.'.>/■. r.i// /./ii.'. -.|iian' ril<»iii^'« — 7 — s iii.'lii- ;(/(.•<•>/ ''/.ci- 1 I. .•■Mil wil.i l.irK'.' nli.li- wiiiii iMili'li. <'ii;-tril, — H — .'.', iii.lH'-; liiiiwii. -InMki-'l. I.fl'.w wl.lli'. I.il fiiilLiT" i iiiiil.iinimitiiil' — I :. iii.'lii'-; hliii-li <'ll.>wi-'i. i.iil llkf Lack. I.ill n..! hi'iikiil, . . -- |j_i;\; i;ii'i'ni-li i.r ifrivi-li ••lir-, wM'-li ..r jcIlVI. 1.. I..H, I.ill .ll-linrlly /i.i'i (tl Hip I- pri'-iiiliiii,' nil ..111' "f llii' r.'ri'u'"iiii;i".nil>iiial ..11- .-I' rlinia'i.r-. tl') (d) Hi' 111- lin-lli'l; iniii'i' '"■ ill'" I" ''•'•<•:";; ""'iir.' wlillc; I., ii.-.irly ~ li'l . — -Iiv.kr.l; li iiiiicli --Hi-.'; lail ii.:rl)=>VK.; — iiHii'li < »ir — ^IreakiMl li'!i|tt!i«i-o; lull nli'. ill ] a- L.iiK »>■ lirail — Iianlly nr iml \ = li.| (e Hill mr^l 11 II IIKI im lift '.111 l>i:i li'l in: I'H ii7 .'.I 17 10 fit •iinliii-ll'-l; l.ri'.'i I — iin-|..ill • .//i..rwy •i/'/i.'ii.'.i.'/'j' . lail lipiH'l uilli > I'll'. «'. I'ltiteit, . . I- hl'iil inMr iiiiMli-. llrluM r../. ..i nr. tiiifli anil yill..\v, . '■/.■. I.i'nudi 7-c In.'lii'" •liitti/i LciiKtli .''1 .... MlMIs llAiii'i.niii M III -i \s\v\ I iiiiin.M III -. 'riiiii.'iii'.Ki - . . (' Mlll'lll'KN . . !r' (o 'I'liniia i.r ii|i. man. I /.."(/(.. (O' i.r.'.iil«li .ir K'l.iyi-'li-i.lin'. /.r/..i/- ;;•■/./. h yr//..i<-, l..-lly «liil.'. I..11-. hi, (0' lir.'.'iii li'ir Kia)i-li-..|iv>'. I.il.iu \\liil.'..r ji'll'iw ; ''•// n,l.h<:l mi,! //"../.■ I Hir.l- Willi 11.1 i.n.-' ..i" llie**' f|.i*.'ial rliara.-lrr.*.— <'"i«m(«*i.rf • utrnij/hl ..r ijvutl'i i-iirft'l. — (\immi<*iirt ' nl'fitittly ituiitiUtttil. (i) I Hill lrlanirnlar-.li.|irc'i'i;i'il. ali.nit a» wi.U- al l>n-p a« I'.iii. ^m|h- i« i •.• a- I'.n^ an .'iilnn'ii, ica.lilng 111 all' ml (.|.|...-il.' I'M-. Ir>. nol . - .iiit.r l.ili-ral l-w ami .law ; l-t iirinmry =iir.-^'.'(l. (i) (f 1 Hill II. ll iii'arly -n wi.lra'' I. mi.'. ;;a|if mil Ini.v a- l..iik' a- .iiliiiiMi ; Ir-. : - lalcial lues, (h) (H Oiilir »i'li iif l-t ininian .«a«liki-, willi a M-rii- "f niiiiiit.' r.-.iirvi'i| li..iik-, . . . .■.Tay. Ih'|..w whit.', liira-t lik.' I.a.k. . . . riirvi.r. (gi N.I li"..k- ii'ir Inn. 'r.iil .li'< "ly t'.irk'.l, .iiiIit r. itlirr- alli'iiii.il.'. ..r with whilr i-|"'l-. . . lliiii'Mni — link. I ll.l'.M. /iwrr wli't.': ali'.v.'. Iii-ti"ii- IT vrlv.ly. . . 'rACMVi'ivhrA — f.irkiil. rnif'Tiii lii-tr.iii- lilni-M Ilk. i.r I'arlly Willie licl.iw. . . I'iiiiiink — Iiaiily iirn.il r..rk>-.|. Kiiini. ii..t .•.•l.iii'l lik.' I.a.k, . . . I'K'riKirilKl.llniN (h' I.nnifi'-t scroii'l.iry nearly = |.rMnari>- m rl.i-iil wiiiu-; liiii'l rl.iw .■'liKlitly I'lirvoil, twli'C n* l.iiiK a- iiii.l'lliM'law.— Tail 11..1 < wini. N.i -|...i- ..r Hn- .k- I1.I..W HriiVTKS — < wiiiB; tr-. .- liin.l I'C rin I rliw. Hri'a-t npi.ltiil \Mlli > — nol ^- II I. Hark ami l.n-a-t -iii.lt.'.l NrncotiVH (h) I...ii^'K-l s imlaiy min'li < primaric- in rl.i-t-l Hiiij;; hiii.l . l.iw will .invr'l, nut nearly twii'e a*. I .ii;r a> niiiltlli' elaw. ^h-i (h') llielii- Willi many eiin-piiU'.n> l.ri-lli- rparliinir .leei. Icily liry..ni| n'l^t^il-. (h') (h=) Hii'lii- « illi II. 1 evi.l.'iit liri-tli'- or a (•■« -leirt one- rii;.'a- wi-li- al li.i-e: tail Iilk. an. I iiranu'i'. m' Inn. ami yill.. Sktihiiaiia (h I Hill I'lilly Iwiee a- lnii^ a- uiile; ta.l iiiini.irke.l. or Willi uiiite I'I'.i.'Im'- .Mviiiiiiiicni.s (h') Tr-. <. i.r al..iiit = :it'l.; Iiiiil t .e niu.li -it.- ■ law. Kniirely Iilk .ii.'l wlil.. -lie.iKe'l. .MMiilll.rA — lilll.- -il- el.iH ; l.rea-l aii.l niiii|. Mlliiw. . . . rKinillni A (h')Tr-. -itl'l.; II. mit< w;;-. Oliv.'. will. j.II I..-I..H. Ii.l. .11 ' u ill. lil!.. or a-liy, . . (il.iinil.vris — n may 11.. I Ih> fw-rfirtlr plain I., lit.- filii.leiil In K.iiiir lirlril (enp.ci.-illy It* .1lstiirle.ll ppecl- IllH'tis, It lli:iy lli'Ip lilm t.. Im' here I'.l'l, tt.at 1/1 «lll like liiiii to the nnitlutrt ,111. 1 the y[vvi\\ tnirf'Ifr irroilp .it' little Ins. C- llvi.r.iMs lili'.i-; nhih'liMvill riirr> liliii t.i llir l.lackl'ir.|s. "riol. s. 111. .iih.w i-liirlliiirs. r.mhlril-. ami lii>li"llnl.s, ami Hie tfrvat eoiilriiitral Kiaiilviirnn^/i'i'-^ lanillr. liicIii.|lnKiEruslM*ak«. Iltiiitls. liiiiiliiiKft. flnclieff, ami all the spar run «. ;i 4 IS ■i\ 20 HI •a 'a •n 21) M 4:1 :i'j sa 4« 47 41 ift ■ 4:1 411 41 40 ;iii i: lis i ki:y to Tin; oi'NKitA. 67 1'7 .'.I 17 ID H .1.1 rii'ii.c) K) (h') C>iii*|ili'iii>ii<'ly it/rfii/.-n/ licl'iw; c'iMMii I'l.ilii. or Willi '.' Iilii< k i-tilpp' >. al Iim.-I \ imli loim ; lliliuk ^tl'l|ll•< on hcail, or iiono, . . . IlKi.Mlllll III 4 :IU — llol i iiii'li Ioiik; \>k -'•i ill'! ' Town |iI liii or ivilli lilmk. . . . oi'uiinliNM ^7 -<'j\lii.; I'louii |.l:il I nlili lni»:lii -|ioi, IIi.i.mimiilla4 cvhtmit; lilii'l toi' uiiii'li •!(< < l.iw. Liii^ih iimlir .'■ Incln", I'\i,'ii\ .'l| — Illllc II' any lonKcr lliiiii 11^ I'liiw Iiimhkiii k 'M (i) l.iMiKlli '•'<•< ""III A In. winunii'l t.'iil'.' Ill or ji'H-. tail ri'.'illii r> aiMili' M'I;ii>oi|'|||i.a hJ (i) llinil i'l:i» ^ll|flllly rniiol. Iwli'i' a< lonx a-- nii'liltc I'lau' I'l.l.iilKii'ii tM.H i'..l (ii KralliiT- of I'Mwn 'i;/<">-/(/v"'' .>al 'li. . ( \l \Mii«ii/a 70 (li (;>ni'|il<'iioii-ly <'n'«^'l/. ili-.l Ihr in'ivaillnKi'olor. Illll n'» \ b7 — >ni,ill -Inakril niai>li-ii.inow-<, HH.<:1 Ini'lic'^. IN ccl^fc _\cll.. . .\»IMiiiiii.iMi s IM (I; t'ii|or< i/ci'i»iiiA aihl wliilo, Willi yill. on I'll;.'!' of wing; — riiloii- ln'ai|--lrl|.i'- KmiiKIIs.viiIia NO — iTown ilirlnni, Ini'ii-I ai-liy 1 (i) I.iiliKlli aliiinl K in.; Il.^wii*. ri.iiil liroH ii. .Ic, or liliirk, w liiU' iiml iln-lnnl. f (1) lliiirr I'law ruarhliix at liMi«l \ way lo tip of II 'I. Illark, u hiic aiiil ilii'. hint. J - Illk (or lirn ) liil. .vW/oH'j -slon;:. .\ \MII"» i.l'll M i ^^ IK) — SlMiiii.,! anil wiri'.iknl; -i;lll II. v 77 (1) Itinl'i Willi iioni' of llii' r.iri'Kolni,' roiuliln.ilion- ol rliar".— Hill irilli ii villi' itf nnlmrn lirhlluhiilliirt. (Ic) ~ Hill ii'illti'ill rlij^i muti-ih r.i-fionril. t|. (k) l.ciiKtli— ^ or inori'. /.'• w iili liroMiii-li m'IIow on In. I'l ainl niiii|i. I'imiuia .Mi — iimlcr.l. ir/ii7.', Willi lilk. on »'!.'■ .'inil II : or n'a»lii'i| Willi ili'iir lirown, . I'lli limrmMs ill — Itlni-li-Kniy. Iii'low ii'.|i|i-li ;;r.'i>, rrown. Tare, w^' . .V II . Iilk. . . rviililll i. v .'i7 — Ili'iMi-li lirowii. Mk -lic;iKii|.iiiiwn ii-liy, lliroal lilk. IliijMiili'.l, . Ta.-k.!;!! 7ii — Iii-iii':iki.'il. I'lior.il.iii-liioH 11. ro-yliiili'il. Ill I. Willi lilk. anil a>li. I.l;i < n- I n 1 1; Cll — .'•Yi'fti/.d/ no Mil , I'l'.iwn rriin-im. fur ami ilno.il i/i(.»/i/, . . . Ali.liiiiiis r.l — Sin Ill-Ill r no vill.; no nil; or rl-i' iiown, ami iliroat too, ii'il. . (' Miicmvi i s :m — Mri'akiil or iio/i with MHiii' yolliiw, bill no ri'il, ( llliVnn.MUUlii (!i (I) S|ii'i'ii'- al Icri'-t ovi'r 7 ini'lic- loll).', iin) (1) SlitM'Ics at nio-l not ovrr 7 imlii'- loiii-; |.|uiiiaKi' noHlicii' ilniiluillj >|iotlii| or i-lri'akcil. (n) — Miimwiiiic or cvrrywlii'ru ».|io|iiil iir rilroaki'.!. (o) ( Willi li.'.nl iiml 111 rk rirli Ar..H')i Mui.iii mil s HH (m) UilljiV-''^iW.-^ |iliiiiiaj,'i' Klo--y lilk.. I Willi lirml. ncrk ami liria-l.i/i//oi(' .\an I IKii I IIIAI i s liO , , ..,.,.. J Hilh lir.ol lilai'k, lifiiil of win;: I'll/ A(iKI..I.I » Hll 11 iinnm'o o V p aiii lirowii) ., , .. . ., , , ^ ' ' with iioii'il or \(.'ll.; tail 1 mliil,< wk' . • • ."'rnl.KiiirilAiii s let I — Krjilnalril, = or • W)t., . . . (^I i«i \i,i h !U (m) IliU ilaik lioniljlnr. very ai'iili'; |iliiiiia;,'c' Mark, with or.iiiKi'. yi How, or wliid'- ^ ... ,„ — |i|:iin oluari'on-. yi'llowi-li lii'low. V- ^ .... — oliiii-c; |ilniii.ip' lilk. wliili' anil lirowii, II. Willi wilt, i-pol-, . . (.nsiMiiiv HO (in) Dill Kr(M loll;.' a larrii-; Wk'-. M.'K'k. iiniiiy ^t'loiiilarid... w'liilc. . . . Ili>i i kiiiiiina fi.'i /M.\ iiin ....I i.i..;-i 1^1. . i..;i .. lii. *. I.O.. ^....i. 1.... .. .. ...... ....i^ ....... ..» ....;/ 1 1. .*. . . ..■•■■ > f^^j (m) Hill Kr(M'ni..|i yi'llow. a> loll;.' a larfii-; Wk'-. M.'K'k. iiniiiy ^t'lonilariv... wliilc. . . . IIi>ih:ii'IIiina (m) Hill not l)lni-li nor K" i^ni'lii tuil with wliilo ^pot-; nmlir WK-iovi'il- nmii nr i/illinr, . liiiMAiiii.A — not ri.i( more or III-- j/i7/oi(; tliro.it patch, or niaxill.'iry Ktri-ak", lilark Ki sri/A 7'J — not yi'll; wy. from llii> liody, and the Ic;; is almost. nhviiys fcatlu'rcd to or licyond llic tiliio-tarsal joint. Willi raro t'xct'|ilioii.s, tin; toes nn- all on tin' sanu' livrl, and loiidi llu- support lliroii^ilioiit ; litin^^ thus filled for (jruHpin^ or //c/v/i //(;/. In olhcr nsptcts the nicnilicrs of this ;^ri'at ^'roiip arc too various to he dclincil hy cNli'rnal characlcrs. unh'ss it, lie n(';,'ali\rly, in thf aliscnco of the special I'calnrcs of the olhcr two <^ronps. 'I'iicy arc Allrins. 'I'licy arc now usually divided info ./('" Orders, of wliich the. first is the Order PASSERES. Porclicis Proper. The feet are perfectly adapted for ffraspinfj; hy the lenj^'th and low insertion of llio liinil toe. jjreat power of opposin;j wliieli to the front tiu's, ami j^real moliilily of which, are seeiu'cd by separation of its principal nmscle from 'lial that liends till! other toes collectively. The hind toe is always |)re.sent, and never turned for- I • Niiilli ( dii'iiilaiMl. t A" niMiiiHinlv iiM riv«'i|. willi"iil nrii);"i'i'i|t. li""rviT. Ilii' fii-'-ii Anhirnitlrri/.r <'vr liilniil 5|i.l.'):i mrHii- x<>)<' III I'll, wliii-h |ii-olialily aintir i'i'|ii'f.-ciil^ a pi'iinary ^'i'uii|. SuHntnr : ailniitlin^ u tiii-li, ^onw liit;)i ;iiilh<*i icitM tlu'ii iliviilr all rxi-tiiii; liinil. iiil.i Iwii nthiT |iiiiiiary (frciiip-. Ilnlitn- O-tiirlic^ . in wliiih tin' "liniiJii lin-' im kiM'l. anil Citriiiiilir, itiiitirni'in^ nil ntlicr hli'iln. On (his ba-*i^. *iur At-' ^ n* ntr woiiM r(-|>n' "f l<''"4 viilui' tli.'iii a itiilii'litKK; and I clu...irutu lie iiiiilcri.loiMl niitiaiuKUiH trrm |>l'llvi^illn^lly. iniii'uiiM'iilumal hoiihv. (fi9) ' 3hnir » ■«* I i t i WL 70 osnxKs, siNoixo iii;ti)S. «(iiiN (ir (Von Kidownvs ; its cImw i> iis loiiir us, or lnn;;('r lliiiii, the d.-nv (if tlio iiiiililli' titf. 'I'lic Irct arc iicMT /v';(iil:ictyl('. nor syiulaclvlf, nor sciniiialinatc, 1lioii'_'li till' IVipnt lues arc i-iiallv initnovalily joined to each other at Ka^c, fur a [i'lrl, or the wIidIc, ol" ilic lia-al joint-*. N'aiious as arc tiic slia|pi's of ilic winfjs, tli''S(' iiicnilicrs airrt'c in Irivinir the '^W'.xX row of cowrts not lonjit'i tliaii half tilt' secomhirics ; the piiniarics cither nine or ten ill niiinlior. ami the scponilaries iiKire than six. Thu tail, extremely xariaMe in sli.ipo, hns Iwi'lvc reef rices (with rertain .•ukpmimIhiis (■N(e|)lii.ii> ). 'I'ln' liill is too varialtle to furnish eliarai'lirs i.f '.'ii .ips liit.'li.r liian fainilii's; Imt it is always eoriieou ', eitiier ulioll\ or in part, is never lar;^ely nieinliranoiis, ;{-\ iji many wailin;.' and swininiiii;; liirds, nor eered. as in liird-; of I'lfS'. No I'asseres are known tc have Kii, u. I'iiK cniii' I. .1 iiidie tiiau one (■i>mMion earutiil artery; and they all ha\e llie sterniiin ea>l in one iiaiticidar ini>nlliulit minor modirK-'alioiii of slia[ic. They are the typical IiiKissnrin, as sucli n prcsi'ntinu' the hijiliest yradc of ili-vclop- iiH'iil. and the ino-t complex orL'aiii/atioii. -if the class. 'I'hcir hiuli physical irritnltility is coi.idin:ite wilh the ra[ Idily of their rcspiiation and circulation ; they consume the iu<>^\ tc-l. nf al' birds. 'I'hcy h.aliilually reside alio\(> l oniil!iiplo;;is|s, and comprising; the !.'rc:il injijiprily (pf l.irds, aic di\i>ilile intip two ;^r(pups. ( unc, thi' tarsus is unnniill;/ covered on either sidi' with two entire hcprny plates, that meet hi liiuil in a sharp rji'i^c ; ii. tin- (pth.r. these plaits are snlpiliviosiii;jC it have a more or less cipinplex voi .al i.ppariilus, cusisliiig of live paira of inii'scles ; hut maii\ of them do not siii}{. It is It (|iiestioii. wliich one f the numerous Oseinc families should he placed at (he lieail of tin- siries. Lar^el\. perhaps, throiiirh the inlluence of those orui- tholo;:isls who hold th.al fusion (pf the tarsal eindope into one coiilimiuus jiluto imlicutes the acinc of Ipird-structure, the iilacc of houor has of lute been usually ¥ s r ■-Ji t. ■•t were a>-i!ciali'il liy Caliaiiis willi till- wriiw. It sci'Mi-' til nic iiiosl inMlialilc that tliis iliaraitor, t!inii;^li imi|iics- lional)ly of lii'ili inipoil. ■-Iiiiiilil Im' lakm as of liss \aliii' llian tlu' icilnrtinn ol' tli(> niiniluT of primarit's from ten to nine ; and I am at pifsonl im-lincil to liclii'vc tlial ovi-ntiially some Oscini' I'aiiiily with nd ha^e ol' npper niandilile. 'i'lie toes :ire deeply cleft , the inner oni' almost to its very hase, the outer t(» the end of its liasal joint. The hill is not eonieul, nor deeply lissin'ed, and nnunlh/ has . slight notch near the tip. 'I'lien- are 12 tail-feathers (in all .ii>i)n„,'>i 'rrnhix.i:. yv/.;,-,,/ rhn'shr.-^. W'HU the tarsus, in the adull. enveloped in one continiinns plate, or "lioot," rornied liy fusion of ail the seutella except t«o m- three jll-t .'ilioVe the toi s. Thus i-asily (lislingni>hei| ; f.ir our few other liird~ that show tiiis fixture are \er\ dill'er- cni in otiiei' res|M'c|s. 'I'he ls| ijuill is spurious or very short ; the '.'il is longer than the I'.lii; the Itli toe is Innu'er than the :.'d. I pwards of one hunjMeies .are now ii~ually a>>-iLrMid to the '/'/( ;•'//,<" [iioper, most of them lieing rel"i lalile to the singli' genus 7'iirihi.i with its suligenera. They are nearly I'osniopoliian, and lia\e a great de\e|iipinent In the warmer parts of America, where the snlifaiiiily is, hc^Mver. mainly represented l.y types elcscly allied to 'i'linliis proper: more alierr.ant forms, eou^iiinting very distinct genera, oc'eur in the old World. We have liiit one genus in till' I'nited States, of which the roliin is till' most familiar example, though sevend other >peeies are common and well known birds. Thesr are diifn«ed over .all the woniliand parts i.f our eomitry, and are all strictly migratory. They are ins»'cti\orou>, hut like many other niscet- eafing lards, feed much upon In rrics and other soft fruits. .Mthough not trnl^' gregarious, some, as the roliin for in-tan;e, ..fteii folhct in troops at favorite feed- ing places, or mignite in companies. 'I'lny Imild ratin r rude nests, often plastered with mud, luver pensile, lait saddleil on a I'ough, or llxed in a forked liriinch. or mi the ground ; and lay 1 '". gnenwli or Muisdi i'ggs, sometimes plain, somriiims ripotted. They are all \oeal, and some, like ihc woodtliru--h, .are e\i|uisil('!\ im lo- dious. 1. QomiH TURDUS Linnceus. * Not spotted nor li.anded helow ; t'lroat strci.ked. ('S||li._r(.uilS /'''(((•■.■i//',i/,s'. ) |.,,^ ,. |;,,i,|„; ,1 ,,r,l I?.' I'nhiit. Dark olive-gr.iy, lieml ami tail lilacUi-li ; liclmv icddisli-lirown, tiiroat lil.'iek ami wliilc, iiinU'rIiiil covl'H.s mid cri.s.'^iiin wliite witlxl.-irk mark*, u I )' [I I II '«i ! 9 I 1 ai ) I Pf»jff« « <»».'«■> '^■r Ik. II. \\ ri'liin-li; nalunil m/.i 72 Tl IMtlD.i; TIIIMSIII'S. -i of outer l.til-Ccallicrs with wliitc spots, Mil lirnwii nr vcllo'.v, (■(•ft (I.'iik. \'iM'v //'/"//.'/ liii'I- inf .-|)t ill Inrs iiiiil imslics; cl'l's plniii. Wii.s., i, IJ.'i, |il. 1'; Ai i>., iii. II pi., II-'; Ni n.. i. ."l.'S.s ; III*., 21(iire, etc. Sv/.c of the la>t, I'arilie slopes. X. Am. : aeeideiital in Mass., .\. .1. liiid LoiiLr Island. Ai i>.. iii, ■JJ, pi. J t:; : Hi)., 21'.). . . . N.i;viis. ■ ' ' SpDtleil, mil liaiiiled, lielovv. (Sul)- ^'•iiiis il,/!,„;,i,' ,.) I rppi'i' pMi'ls not iiiiirdi'iii ill color.' I Ijipcr pMi'ls tawny, shadiiej; inio olivo on riiiiip. \]'iiiitl 'I'linisli. I'lider parts white, lianly or not inill-tinlcd, inaikcd with l!ir,i,'e di-!inct diisky spots, middle of throat and hclly only imniMciilate ; hill dusky and ytdlowish ; leirs lloh-eidor ; T—"^ loiiu ; win;^' 1-1], tail .\-'.\\. Kastern I'liiled ."states. Nest in hushes and low Ines; ci^irs plain. Wii.s., i, .'l.'i, pi. 2; .NiTT., i, ."Vl,! ; Ain»., iii, 21, pi. Ml ; Ud., 212. .mistkllms. II I'upcr pials oli\c, -.liiiiliii..; iiiiii iiil'dU-- oil ri'iiip iinil l:iii. J/eriiilf r/iriis/i. I'mler parts while, with sli;,dit linlly tint anteriorly and olive shaile on .sides, lireast and sides of throat thickly luarki-d with lar;,'e distinel dusky spots; liill dusky and yellowish; Icl' • pale. Ahonl 7 loni,'; Willi.' :\\, tail J'l. K,i>tern (and Arctic) North America. Nest in liiislies ; e, Iiiit /c/ his liij. 2 of p|. j,") ; Ni rr., i, .".|i;; All)., iii, 2'.', pi. I It. : Ud.. 212 I'ai.i.asii. \'ar. iiiiili(lin,i,\ is mlirclv siiiiil:ir in coloi'. Iml nillicr laii^er. Soulli-«e>l- erii I liile I .Stales into .Mc\jco. Kn.. |{c\, |i.. \iir. ii'iiins. is eiilirdy similar in color. Iml rallu r smaller. KmlvV .Moimtaiiis to I'aeilie. Ai i>.. iii, .".J. pi. 117; Iln., I'l'., ; Ucv. U; ; ( o..i-., 1. il fpper parts uiiil'>rm in color.* H- Tppcr parts olive. f)!iii:f,iii/cf. >||||, ,|, eyw.. :~,/;t\^'f^.^y'Mf^^' .'i fi TiJuniD.i:, Tiii;isiii:s. — (ii:N. 1. r.\ .'U-l, (ail i.''|-;'). Noi'lli Amorica, oxccpl perhaps soiitli-wcst l'. S. Nest in liiislics; (■^.'•m;, spci'lvlt'd. Wll.s., V, pi. 1.'), I'. '2, liut imt \\i> ., L'ld .sWAlNSOM. Var. "/(■>•'■"', Aliir'.i 'i'liru.i/i. Similar; Imt williiml any lnilly tint alioiit lii'ail. nnr yfllowJNli rinj^ anmnil rye ; (irini'jhuj a trillc larirtT. with limLicr, slfmliTiT liili. Much the same ilistrihiition, hiil Id-i'cils riirthiT nuilii. NL'>t ami »'L',i.'s similar. I'.i... lM7. ami K'fv. -J I. \'ar. ii.-iliiliihi.i. Similar; lnil wilh the iip|)er parts sli;,'hlly --iiirii^ed with lawny, .-iiiil llie spots heinw smaller, fewer ami paler; thus appr<>\imatini; In the I'diliiwih'^ spceies. N'csl ami c'JtLis, however, as in .tii-'iiiisuiii. I'.-ieilie Cciast. [' . S. Ni ir.. -.M eil. i. 100; l!i).. L'l.'); (cine., .".. -t- -I- rpper parts tawny. UV/.'c*//'.'* Tliriixli. Vccri/. I'lnler parts wliite, witli oli\e sh.nle on si(i''s. .•iml slroiitr I'lilvoii.s (almost piiiUisli-^lirown) tint on lireast : lucast and siiie.s of iie( k with very small, .> ; I'll!. I'll M sCIXKNS. i \ .^ (( Distinirnisheil from the last hy liMvin^; the tarsu- s(Mitell.ile in fiont, the t.-iil loiiLier anil ruimdei' (usiimIIv lon;.'er than the winL'^', hnl not so in O/vknc ././e.s). the wiii^js .shorter and roimijer, \\\\\\ 1--I primary hardly ti> lie ealliil ^lanioiis. liiiils very nmeli like overumwii wriiis (with xvliieh they used to lie as-.c«'i:itc(l ). Imt ilis- tin;:iiislied therefrom hy more ileeply eh^ft toes, iliifcrent nostrils, and liristly rielii:i (eompare dia'Jinoses ol'llie l\\ shruliliery. than upon tlnir own activity and vi;_rilance. 'I'hcy are all melodious. and some, like the nioikiie^liiid, are eeleliraled Mm;j;ster<. famous for their iiowers of mimicry, and ilnir hrilliani \ocal cNcraitiiii. In compensation, perlia|is, foi this ;.'reat fiitt. liny are plainly cl. id. -rays and luiiwii.s lieinu: the prev.ailinij eoUirs. The mst is ^T' 111 rally placid in a ImisIi; the ejjj^.n, lour or li\e in mimlui. are fireenisli- lilue. plain or si>.ck!ed. Kf.V Ml \. A. lUIUlS. 10 r?5P r 74 TniiuD.r.. Tina siii:>. — ckn, 2, 3. 2. Gonus OREOSCOPTIIS Daird. Mniiiifdiii Mn(l,!ii(il)liil. I'liiiwiii-li !i>li. Iicliiw wliitisli, .-haded l)cliiiid, lliickly spidlcd willi dusky: N ; wiiiuf nearly "> ; tail I. Ifocky Miimitaiii rcLrioii of Ciiited Slates. Ai n., ii, l!M,|tl. l.".!': Iii>...".l7. . mumams. i . :i. OonuH MIMUS Boio. Mnrkhi'jhiril. Asliy irray, Itelow white, sli;xhlly shaded across hrea>il and ahmir sides, \viii;:,s and tail lilaeki-!.. I'urnier with tui) wliite liars, and nnieh white at liase of |iriniaries, latter with l-'i onter feathers pailly oi' wholly white. The ,/ is known I>y the inneli u'reater extent of white on the primaries, which is the niai'k ol' a 'SiiiLTer," as he is called, the y he;. in Mindless, in captivity at any rale; i/nini'i liirds are spotted Ixdow the tirsi .-nitiinni. '.i-lD lont.' : \\'\\\tonishini!; dcLirce ; inil there is a .treat ilitlercni-e with individnal liinls in this respi'ct. U'li.s., ii, II, pi. 1(>. Ii'_'. 1 : .\i n.. ii. 1>>7. pi. l.'iT : I'>ii., .'. II. I'lii.viii.orn s. V\i, III. MiH'kiiiKl'inI ^ nli'Mit j ii:iliinil ^i/.^. CalhiriL Ulaeki>h-ash. or d.ark slate; crown and t.iil lilaek ; nnder tail coverts clieslnnt. s-'.i Ion;,'; winu' 11 1'. tail 1. Kastern I'nitcil Slati'.s; also Washinirlon Territory, Mexico. (^Mitral .Vmorica ami Iiernmda. .\n almnd- ai't and famil' sr inhahitant of onr i:n.ives .and hriery tracts, remark. ihle for its liJirsii cry, like the mewin^ of a cat ( whence itfs name), lint .also possessed ^■■t ' *|^ •*••»**'■*•.'< -W"!" fc^M-i-W I^WillWltHMS. *t„^ ^ Tri;i)ii>.i;, tiiki .-iii;.s. — (ii:N. 1. <;> of im iiifiiii V(»('!il powers. ' . " I'lic larsul sciiIcIIm .'ire fr('(|iiciilly ohsoldc. U'li.s.. ii. '.ID, pi. 1 t, r. ;i : At i>.. ii. \'.>'>, pl.l I0; 15i)., .(IC.. caiiui.inknms. 4. GoniiH IIARPORllYNCIIUS Ciibmiis. * Mill chimI Id ill' sIlolliT tllMII lir;ii|. llp()ll('(l with ilaiU lii'owii, cxi'i'pt (HI throat aiitraiirht, 1 iiieii lonir. IOa>tei'ii I'nited States; a «lcli,trlitriil son,i;>tei-, ahiiiul.iiit in tlTh !iet<, etc Wii.s., ii, M, pi. II; .\i TT., 1, ;i-'.s ; Hi)., ii."!.'. i;i I I s. \'ar. hiiKjir'tslius. I.'iini-liilliil 'I'hrnsh. Smneuli.ii siiiiilar ; ilaiker laown aliove ; tiie iiiailviii;i;s Ih'Iow lilacMsli ; liill loii'jer aii'l :i lilt le mkhc iiiiveij. .Mesico to the Kio (iraiiile. lJi>. .:!.'>_•. pi. .'fJ ; K'l.v.. It. Cnrrt'-fjillril '/7ints/i. Dull irniyish-lii'own, helou whitish, Inea-I, etc., spoiled with eolol- oT till' liaek, \vinLr eoVei'ts and lllelMl t;iil feathefs lipped witii while; si/c of tlie la>t ; hill over an ineh lon^', and deeidedly eiirveil. \ alley of Itio (Jraiide and Colorado. I>ii. '•>'>], pi. .')!. . ci i;vii;(>sri;is. ('hicre'tiis '/'/iriis/i. IJrownish-a^h, lielow whili>li, shailed with I'nlvons, ospeeially lieiiind, and wilii lirowii >po|s; two winL,'-l)ars and tips of lateral tail feathers ohscnrely uhite. iJather smaller th.iii tiie foreiroiiii.'. Capn St. liiieas. P.I)., I'v. .\ead. I'hil. \syj, MC, anliail;iiti into lnii\viii>li-velli)w on miller liiil eoveiU ; lliro:il w liili-li, with >liulil iiiaxiilary slre:iks ; liill lilaek ; no deeiijcil ',ii:iikiii.;s iiiivw liele. .\ lileaeiiecl desert i;iee. (''i|ur:ii|o N'alley ; only two specimens known. il'i. ^'mlla. l.ifniilf ; I'l . Mojave. r-.K) ,>-. ) Hi>., :i."iO. pi. .'id ; l{ev. 17 : Coop.. 17. (friKSdt 'riivush. Olive-ltrown, paler on throat and iielly : throat, whitish with lihwkisli maxillary stre.ak> ; under tail eoverts ehe>liiiil in m.irked eoii- tnist ; anrieulars sliirlilly streaked; hill hlaek. ."^ize of (he last, or rallier larger; tail (! or more. N'alley of Ivio (iiaiide and Colurailo. \\\k, o.'il, pi. «2; Uev. 17; C •., is ii!i.>8.\M,><. . I i. J:i Tii sAXicdiJD.i., lU.i.iiiiiitDK. — (ir.N. T), (!. Family SAXICOLID^. Stono-chats and Bluebirds. < liirlly ( lli| Wiiilil ; ir|)ri";i'nt('(l in Nurlli America \>y |Miic-i. rom- monlv I'cl'i'rrril to aliont a ilo/cn ;.'cnt>i'a, l.iko most otiicr ;rnni|)s of I'nnsrrrs, it has never lieen ilelineil with [iiTcision. the family liein;; known, ^!>*j:_; - J.'V _ / Ii3"ti'^ ciinvrnlionaliy. I'V the liinis oinilholoLtists pnl 'nVvj? •-, F^jSiS '" ''• '"'"' '""""^vi'irJ I'ii'il-^ lia\e I le(| tarsi; x,^ \XJ» ^^^,^1 ||,,^(|i|^. lifistlecj ririiis; riilluT short, Hi. IT si.iiir -iniii iiiiiiiiiii »i/c. ^(luarc or iiiiarLiinate tail; ion|;, |iointeii wini' (»t"leu in'owiiisli-liuted ; iippei' tail coverts wiiite, \viiii.'s and tail hIacU, latter uilli uiosi oj' llic feallicrs uliile tor liall' their lenirtli ; line iVoui nostril to i}\v, and hroad liaiid ou side ol' head, Maei; ; liill iind teel Mark; ;/i>iiii'/ everywhere einnauKUi-ltrown, paler ludow ; \vin;j; ;U, tail L'A, tarsus I : middle toe and claw ;|. Atlantic coast, astiay from iMirope ''"' (ireeniand; also, Xoi'tli I'acilie Coast, I'roni Asia. Cvss., III., •-'()}<, pi. ;U; Hn., L'Jd, antl lii'v. til (UNAsnii:. 0. Oonua SIALIA SwainHon. •.♦More or loss hlid : hill luid feet hlaek ; V ^;ra\ ish or hrownisli, with hlue traces, especially on rump, winj^s anil tail. yniniti like the V, hut curiously Kinttti'd. t;-7 Ion;;, win^' ''''i !]• ':'il - ,' 'W- '''" j '"■ '''^"^i tars\is ■ or less. ICiis/irii /iliit/iird. ,' rich sky-l>lue, unil'orni aliove ; Ixdow reddisli- hrown, belly white. Kastern V. S. Wii.s. i, M, pi. ,1; Niri. i, tl.') ; li, 171, pi. l.'il; lil>., -'-'-' SIAM.S. Wesft'i'ii IJlncfiiril. ;( aiiove, and the tiirout, deep Mue, with a dorsal patch of same color .as lucist and sities, which are I'athcr darker than in the last species ; liidly dull hluish-irray. Kocky Moimt.iin-. to I'acilie. Nirr., i, .'•i;{; .\i:i>.. ii, ITil, pi. l.i."i; 15i>., J-J'A: ("unr., 2S. . . . mk.xk ana. .\rrlli- lihivliinl. ,( everywhere clear pale hlue, with .i faint i.'rei'n Hhade, paler helow, failiuir into white ou helly. Chiclly central rc^i(Ui ol N. A., iVoiM •"i.'i ' into .Mexico; also Pacific coast, .\i rr., .M I ; .\t d., ii, ITS, pi, i;5(;; Hi.., ^^-'t ; ('(.(u-., 2'.i Aitt TirA. Family CINCLID^. Dippers. Ai|imlic ! thrush-like iiinls (formerly iiiclmii'l muliv Tunli'l'i), with thii-kset lioilieri, compii t plunia)ie to resist wiit«r, short, siul, conenve winns, with lt» piima- » i I INCI.ID.i;, Dll'l'l'.liS. SVI.VIlD.r., sVI.VIAS. — C.V.S. I, s. 7T rics of wliicli the Ut is spiiiioiis, utill sliortcr, squan' tail, almost iiidili'ii liy llu> coverts, liiicnr nostrils, slcinkT Mil, alinosl a little tiiniiMl up (^oiiys coiimx, nil- incn slii,'litly •■oiiPdVc), \vitli no trace of rictal liristles. 'I'lii're is only one j;ciiiis. witli alionl a ilozen species, all inlialiilinif clear mountain streams of most p.i'ls df tlie worlil, easily pro^^ressini^ ini'hr water; I'ecil on a(|uatic aninml sulistiUiees ; nioileiately xmal ; onr specicH liuiiils a rcmarkal lr :ini| elci^ant dome-like iicsl <>r moss, with a hole in om- side. 7. GonuH CINCLUS Dochstoin. W'li/ir Oii-.rl. /);/ii,ir. I.ciul-colorcd. neaily '"■'"■ I'iri'r; ...■.imimi ^i/c■. iinitnrni. Init apt to lie lu'ownisli on head; 7; nimj; 'AS; tail J]. Ifockv MiMintiiiii ri'i:ion t\\' X. A. Ni ir., ii, ."iil'.i ; Ai r> , ii, \sj, pj, l,;7; I'.n., •_'J:i ; Cuor., -J.) Mi;xi(AMs. Family SYLVIIDiE. Sylvias. A larj^e Taniily, ehielly Old World, spaiinu'ly repre-enled in the New. Primaries in. ihe Isl short or spnri(ais, alxMil li.ill' the L'd. which is shorter than the (illi ; liill >h'nder. alioiit strai-^hl. shorter than Ihe jicad. nsmilly sli'^litly notched .and hooked at lip: riilus liri'-lly; no^li'iU e\;i,ised. or .-li'zhtly overhnn'_', Iml ne\cr ilen>ely iiidden : pari have liouled tar>i, and those are dillii nit to disliniiuisli technically iVom I'n riliinf ami Siixii'nliflir, l>nl here size is a ^.''""1 criterion, none of our Si/irii'il'f lieiuL! over li\c inclic-- lontr : Ihi' i'c>t, \ulli scuti'llale tarsi, .are of course distiuLlfui-'liahlc (Ui sit;hl from llii' ia->l nii ntioncd families; from Ihe ('r,iliiiily U'<[ lia\inu' densely fcalliercd noslrils; fri>;ii Ihe Truijl'iliiliiln, \^\ the less cohesion of Ihe Iocs ril liasc ; ,'ind from all the SiilricnJiihv hy lia\in:4 more than nine primaries. 'I'lircc sulifamllics occur in North America ; coinil r\ . u-ed lu !»• associate I with Ihe /'//•/i/if, w ilh wliiih, however, it h.is no spici.al alliuil\ ; another, /i'< ;/"///("•, is sjniply warlilers with Ipootcd l.arsi ; a third, Siilrilim , with its several not well di'lineil i;roup>. ci>n- stilules ,au imuicusc a-;seiulilaiic of upwards of fnc Imulii-d I'ceordcd species, ;imon|_' llicm lie.' lamoiis ni'^iil iu;j,ale of {■liui'pe. Siihf„,nihl SYl.yilS.K. Tuiiir,!/ Ii!,! \\:„-ltl UW/-///c;-,s. Ueiui'scntcd in N'lUlh Ann lica liy a single waif from Asia. 8. GoiiiLs PilYLLOPNEUSTE Moycr. Id luiiroN's Si/lriii. ( )livc-;rrccM ; lirlow yellowisji ami while; supcr- ciliiiry lint' yellow ; winirs ami tail dusky. olivc-cdu;e(| ; w'w^ cvc-ts vcllow- isli-tippcil. \'\ \ Willi,' -Ik; tail i'. Alask.i (/>'i//\. I'>i>.. Triii-.. ("Iiicai.'n Aci !.. ISC'.I. ;!l;;, pi. ;'.(». r. 1' ii.>i;i;ai,is. Siil.f.lr.llil h'Udl'l.l \.i:. hni'llil.i. TarsiiR liiuihd ; win;is lou'jer than the emariiinalc tail. I'.lcLrant t;ri'ciiisli-. Jive piLTmies. with hriUi.an! colors nii the head when adult. There .ire about leu spccii^s of Ihe folliHuu;; ^•'UUs. inhaliilinu l''.uro[ic, .A-^ia and .Vnierici; Iwo of lliem are !. 7.S i!i;iiii,i\ r, Ktsci.r.TS. roi.ini'm.is r,, (iwicvrfiiiOKs. — (jkn. ',», li». \vr\ ciiiiiiiiiiii ill mil- « 1-i, lliicIii'H iiii'l urcliiiiil-t, .Mi;^r!it'irv, iiisin li\niiiiH ; havf ii -wi'il -oil;,'. ■» IJ. Ooiiuu KEQULUS Cuvior. ' »,* ( !li'i'iii--ll-i>li\r. Iicliivs whili^ll or yrllow i-ili ; «i|i;,r, mill t.'iil (|li-.K_v, nljffcl Willi ;.'ii>iii>li Ml \(ll(iui-li. will- 1 oMil . «liili>li-li|i|Hi|, I P lull'.', wiiijj I'i-'JJ ; l.'iil I.', i;. Iliilni-iriiii-iiril l\'lir,lil. ( riiuii Willi ii ricli xiirlft jialili (in Imlh m-xcs, liiil wMiitiii'.'' ill liotii llic lir^l veil) : iii> lilaiU aiioiil licad ; liill ami I'l'it lilacU. Nuitli Amu ri., i, N.",. pj. .'i, r. i ; Nil)., i. 1 1.'' : Ai i>.. ii, IH.S, |il. i;;;; ; Wu.. I'l'T. . im.i.m.i lis. (I'li/dt ii-riiiil'iiril /liiii/h/. ( 'I'uW II linnlcri'd ill IViiiit ami on -iilr^ liv Mark, iiiclo-iiii: a vcllow .'iiitl llaiiic ciiliinil palcii ( ill 111!' ,( : in tlic 9 , the srarlcl waiiliiiLri: cxlnini' Inic- licail. ami liii'' (if KlacU ^^^ ami ycliiiw nii llir Inail. may lie tnlij riniii liic la-l >iiccii'-, liy >iiiall('r ^i/l■ ' _ iiml pri'.xi'ini' i>\' a liny liii>lly Icallu'r dvcflyiii!.' ill"' in»>lrii>; lliis is want- ki... r.i. 1.. i.iiri.-rinmiMi uinKiii. \\\. Ciiviri's Kiimlil ( I,', rnrnri .\i i).. Ii, Id;), jil. i;U ; Ni rr., i, IKl, .Scliiiyl- Kill IJiMi'. .iiiiu . 1^1:'). iiiil iiM\\ liiiuwii, is siiiil to liiivr tim \>\>wk stripes nii i'mi'Ii siili' 111' lii'Mil. I,'. li-ifih,r Ni 1!.. i. Ijn. 1, /;. suirniiii : ^o is his /i'. rristntun, wliitli is llic IKIIlif I'f llic llllliipi'.ili -.piriis, linl riillliil ill Ndllll AllH'l'i<'a. V ! i \,il,r. «• kuiji.ka. I'MMh.r;, TiTMici:, Iiiisli-a>li. w ill) w lii'li' iiowii Muck, 9 (\illi ciowii liki' liMilx ; imiIi't l:iil t'fiilliiT wliilc-cilu'nl (Uilv. Smilliwi'st I'uilf.l Slater. Cvss., 111.. I'll. pi. i'7 : l'.i>.. .".sj ; ("our., .il . Mn.AMiiA. I'liliilltKiiin (1 iiiilcillrhi'i', l)illl('r Ic'iili'ii \i\\\\ ; cnnvii like liiulv ; .'i while, aixl al-o :i lil.'ici^ (killci' iidI ill 9 ) ^iiprriiliiM y liiii' : while mitei' \v« it of iMiler tail rr.'ilhei', ami il> li|i tur .>taii('i'. while. Ai'i/.uiia. lilt., ;!si'; ( 'uiii'.. i'>7. . ri.i Mi'.r.A. Family CIIAM/EID-E. Wron- lits. Ki'ieiilly IValiieil I'lir a siii'jle sliceie-*, , ,., ' ... . , Fill '.'ii IimIit (Ijr , liliH- ifi'iiv iriiiilnitiliiTI iiiiiiiT iiiMi'li like a liliiiiiiiHe in ^'einaal appear- h;. , .,i,„.|, i„.„,|,..i t'hiii.Mi.i,. 1; .'•.mii ..r tin. ►^■in.i >lly. aiiil phiiii.'i'/e e\lraiinlliiai'ily miI'I aiiil l:i\. \\ illi the ;;eiieral iialiits iif wieii-i, Willi wliiili llir v|M'eie-i w.i- ruiiinrly iis^neialeij. 11. OomiH CIIAM.fl2A aiunbol. /•'iisri(if< 1/ Til, III' (I'riiiniil Willi. |)iill L;ia_\i^li l .'sln'aUed willi ilaiUer; winirs ami lail Ihmwii, (ilis(aiii'ly w.ived wilh dnsUy ; whitish riiiir nmnd eye; iris white. ."lA-d ; w inu" <'"ly ■_' j-:.'l. I:iil .">.< ; 'In' gradual inn an imh. ('nasi rei.'ii)n nt' ( 'aiiriiiiii.i. A enrinii-^ liird. wilii im speeial reM'nililanre to .•my (illiei- specie^. ('\^--.. III., ."ill. pi. 7; lln., .'iTn; CiMir., .",',1. ia^iiata. **' Family PARIDiE. Titmice, or Cliickaclocs, (tin-, are ail --iiimII (iiii'iei' 7 in. Iuii'_') liiiiN, at uini' ilisiiii.j;in>,]ii'i| Ky lia\iii^ I" luiinarie-*. -lie isl itiiieli ^-Imilei' than llie •Jij ; wiii^s luirely or iml lunger lli.aii llie lail; lail-l'e.allii'is imt i.iiU'niir aeiuiiinale : lai-i ■•eiilillale. Imiirer tli.aii llie iiiiil'lle Idc, .•iiileri'T liii'-- nineli :m>1i1cii'i! ;iI liM^e; im-lriN <'iiiicealei| ly dense tiil'ls, and liill ei)iii|ii'essi'il, >liiiil, straiulii. iimiihIi lied .-iiid niiieli slmrler than llie head ; eiiarae- lers that readily iiiaikeil lliein oil' fniin jill their allies, as wrens, la'eepers. el<'. IJeally, they are hard In ili^liiiuni^li, leehnieally. Cimiii Jays; Iml all our Jays are nni< li over 7 iiiehes lon;.r. 'I'liey an- ilistrilmleil ovir Nmlii .\iiieiira, luil llie (aesleil speeies .arc rather siiiilhi 111. and all Iml mie nl' llniii wolciii. .Mn-I nf Ilicin arc hardy liird<, ciulnr- \\\\t, till' riu>"'s ol' winli'l' williiiiil ineiili\eliiinec. .mihI as a etless, and very ht'edless of man's presence; and eat everythin','. .Sume nl' ilic wr-.tiiii species Imild a^liiiiisliinjily lar^re and (anaonsly shaped nests. pcn-.ile, likr a Imiilc or pnr--e with a Imlc in one side; others live in knnllinlcs. and vimilar Miu;ij;i'ries thai they are saiil to di;.' out I'or Ihenischi's. Tlicy aic \rr\ pnil'lic. I.iyiiri; nmnenms citijch, ;ind raising more lli.in one liruiid a season : ihe yniiii;; cln^ely rr>inilile tin' parents, and there are no 80 I'AUIN.K, Tl:t K TITMICK. — (ii;N. ]J. 1 I iiliviiiliH si'MsDiiiil oi sfMliil I li:tlli;r<< nf |iliilii:i;_'<-. All lull ulii' nl' mil' spccii'M iiro |ilnliiiy cIikI ; still tli",- liavc :i |>l<-:t, uilli tjicir trim runn iiiiil tlio tiiHtenil (■dIiiI'S III' llli Ili'Mll. Siihfiimihj J'Ali'l.y.f:. Tnir TUniln: l''.\rli|-.i\r III' ci'l'Miill :ilirn-:ilit rnriils, ii-^IImIIv nllnwi'il Id riilisl illllt' II S('|ini'tlt<' siilir.'iMiiJN , mill siiiiii'liiiii's tiliii.,'i'tlii'r rriiiM\t"l i'luiii J'uriiln, \\tf 'rilmiii' ciitiiiMisn II iiMliir.'i! :iii- miilk-i ;ili' |i;irli>'lll.'iil\ :i|i|ilii':il>li-. 'I'lu-ii- iii:iy I'l' iiImiiiI •.(•viiiI_\ -I'im' ;;imii1 s|iiMiiM of tin- /'iii'i'iiir. tlllli lr-llii'li"l. liKi-l of llii'iii r:illiliir ill llii- •4CIIIIS /'iiriis, ur ill In iiiiliii'i|i:ili' lici;ililiiil'li I. \\illi I'l'W i'\i-i |>liiiii-> tliry iil'c Imi'iU nl' Ilic imi liii'ill liriiiis|i|ii'ri', iiliiiiiiiiliii'^ ill rjiiii|ii'. A»i:i .■iii>i Nniili Aim rii'.'i. 'I'lir l:ii';ii r | nil I'lii'itis ninl /'urmt im riiliniinlii, wliirli Mil- .Mc\ic!iii. Iliiiiirli llifv JKiVf Imm-ii hitflv iiiriiiilcil ill mir syNlfiiialir \M>rk-<. Till' rniiiirr is !i MTV ili-liiir; iiiiij lii-aiit il'iil s|i(i-ii-?^ ; tin- liillcr is |ii'iiiii|is only 11 Milllllrlli \aiirly III' llii' rnlllllliill ( liii-kaiicc. 12. Ocnus LOniOPlIANKS Kiiup. • , •( oil ■|iiiiiiiii'-ly ricsli'il. I.('a(li-ii-<;ray. ollrii "illi a faiiil uliv aciiiiis siimli', |iali r or uliili-li lulow: uiiij.'-' aiiil tail iiiiiiiailtr.. ii. 1 t:>, |il. li'.'i; Iii>., .'IS I. iiinii.Di!. .i;'.'-/- '(f IHinn THhtini.il'. I'laiii li-adeii L'lay willi f'aiiil olive sliaile, merely paler Iteiow ; no markiiiu's aiiywlicn". .'■lA-lI; win;: ami tail alioiil i','. New Mexieo, .\ii/oiia ami ("aiiloriiia. Cass., 111., p. I'.l ; Hi... .".si;; Ki.i.ior. pi. '.\: Cooi-., \1. . . imhinatis. liliifl,--rri still 'riliiiDii.ti. >\/x' of tin- last, iir lallici' less; siinilai' to the \> •>/r.- Klil. 'Jl. Tiifliil TilniHiM. Kli. 'JJ. I'laiii 'Hi(in.pn-i>. Kli,.*l. Illarkrrotril Titmxuiir. Ilii.JI. liu.ll. il 'lilu n'. (irsi ill color, Iml forcli. ail wliilisli. ami wiiole crest Mack. N'allcy of tin; JJii) '. irande. Cass., p. l.'l. pi. ;!; Uk., .'iS.', ; Cnoi-., K'.. a i niriasrA'n s. liriilhd 'J'lfiiiniisr. f )livac(>ous-:isli ; lielow .-oilcil wliiti.-li; cliiii and N . >.r., TiTMifi; on ciikk \i»kkm. — rii;\. l.'l, II. H\ lllick ■■.•i|ii.i' I I 111. kii.li'i'; iitMih iiiitiM ill ^i/i' throat piiro hl.ick ; siilcs ..f IicmI anil m-cU wliili-, .•oimiioiily HlriptMl willi It'ack ill two or llirco pliiccx ; nc-il liUc l»ai-U, marj.'iiit(| willi Mack ; smallest ; rt-rtf; wini: and (ail almnt lM ; i/mm;/ uilli (lie lilack lirad-inarUinirH dlisciiii'. N'fW Mi'xii'o, Arizona, and soiilliward. Cass., III., I'.l ; \\\>., ;{H(1 ; Conr., i;( \vui.i.\M:ni:i!i. i:«. OonuH PAIIUS LinnwiiH. • Ci'dwii :iiii| ii.i|M', Willi rliiii Miiil lliid.'it, lilaiN, scparali'ii liy ashy or whitish; aliovr liniwnish 'or jfravish ash,on('ii with laini nliviicfoiis liiii^c; lu'luw whitish or nisty or liruwni^li siiMiiccl oti sich's ; winjis anil tail iilaiii, iiiurc i). ,;!'.» 1 ; Mi, i. tor, pi. 2 ; Cooi'., HI. . mi ".NT an U.S. •* liody with ehesliMil brown; chin :iiid throat lirownish-lilael . Ilitihoiiidii ('/i.'(/,iiilci\ I'alc olivc-lirown : crown similar Init iirowiicr; licdow (III sides, :iiiil iteliiiid, p.dc clicstmit. .Mimit .") ; wiiii; 'Jfi, tail 2n. Ilritisli Amciic.i into .\nitliein States (Alaska, Ihill). Aid., ii, I. '>.">, pi. I 2.'1 ; l>i>., .'11'."). \';ir. IlllnfuHx is des(. rilicd iVoiii Nov.a Scotia, in dsoniis. (Jhrsliint-liiirhi il Cliirkiub <■. ('rown, nape and throat alike in color, sooty lirown ; li.ack .iiid sides cliestnnl. I'lider .'') ; winir -h> t^dl less. I'acilic coast. .\i I)., ii, l.'i.s. pi, iL'it; Hi),, .".'.I I ; Coi)f.,17. . . . i!i |.'i;sci;x,s. 14. GonuB rSALTRIPARUS Donnpnrto. Dwarfs ainon^ pvjiiiiies I .'t^- l| luiij; ; winu u' or less, tail •_' or more ; asliy or Ki'.v lo N. \. mints. II IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // "i" A ^ ^ J '//A HiotDgraphic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716/ 872-4503 ^ Mi. #3 "^ ////, % ^ 1 82 SITTID^E, NUTHATCHES. — OEN. 15, 1(). olive gray; paler (whitish, etc.) l)elow. Botli species arc western; these and Aurijiiinis Jlai'iri'iits build the curious pensile nests aliovc mentioned. Least TihuodKc. Crown dark hrown, ui.liko l)ack. Pacific coast to Sierra Nevada. Ald., ii, IGU, pi. L'50 ; Bd., 3117 ; Coop., 48. . minimus. Lciidcn 'rihiiouse. Crown like i)ack. Iris brown or yellow. Arizona. BD.,3t>8; Cooi'., 49 tlumbkus. 15. Gomis AURIPARUS Baird. YeUo7c-/icaded Tifnuinse. Ashy ; paler below ; head all yellow (this color wanlinir in the younij) ; i)cnd of wing chcstnnt ; Ah ; wing ami tail about 2^. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Sonth and Lower California. Bd., 400, aad Key., 8,5; Coop., i")!. flaviceps. f. i i "' Family SITTID.ffiI. Nuthatches. These birds diffei; in so many respects from either Ccrt'iiida' or Parhkv,^y\i[l both of which they have been associated, tiiat I shall give them independent family rank. CnAKs. — I5ill sul)cylindrical, tapering, compressed, slender, acute, nearly or about as long as the head, culnien and commissure al)out straijiht, gonys long, convex, ascending (giving a .-ort of recurved look to a really straight bill). Nostrils rounded, concealed by bristly tufts. "Wings long, pointed, with 10 primaries, the 1st wny short or spurious ; tail much shorter than wings, broad, soft, nearly even ; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, scntellate in front ; toes all long, with large, nnich curved, compressed claws; 1st toe and claw about e([ual to the 3d; 2d and Ith toes, very inieiiual in length: plumage compact; body flattened ; tongue horny, acute, barbed. Nuthatches are amongst the most nimble anil adroit of creepers ; they scramble about and hang in every conceivable attitude, head downwards as often as otherwise. This is done, too, without anj' help from the tail — the whole tarsus being often applied to the support. They are chielly insec- tivorous, but feed also on hard fruits ; and get their Kuglish name from their habit of sticking nuts and seeds in cracks in bark, and hannnering away with the bill till they break the shell. They are very active and restless little birds, quite sociable, often going in troops, which keep np a continuous noise ; lay 4-C white, spotted eggs, in hollows of trees. The family is a small one, of less than thirty species, among them a single remarkable IMadagascan form' II>i2^hcrpcs, a genus peculiar to Australia {Siftella), and another confined to New Zealand {Aatntlu'sitta) : but it is chiefly represented by the genus Siltn, with 12 or 14 .species, 8 or 9 of Europe and Asia, and the following of our country : — 16. Gfonus SITTA Linnaeus. * White below, flanks and ui der tail coverts washed with rusty brown; ashy- blue above, niiildle tail feathers the same, other tail feathers bl.ack, spotted with white ; croioi and nape gloss;/ black, u-ithoul .itn'pes; wings varied with black, white and the color of the back. Large; .">4-tJ ; wing ;U, tail 2. Fii,. 211. whiic-iiciii.ii Niiniauh; iiat. Bizii. ^i.' MltHe-hclUed JVul/ia/c/i. As above; bill over 1. 5-100 deep at base. In the young and many 9 's, black of head T SITTID.i;, NUTHATCHES. CEUTIinD.i;, CREEPERS. GEN. 1(5. 83 \. restricted to nape, or .altogether ahscnt. Plains. WiLS., 1, p. 40; NuTT., i, 581 374 E.isterii United States to the AuD., iv, 175, pi. 247; IjD., CAROLIXEXSIS. Var. ACULEATA. Slender-billed Nuthatch. Exactly like the last, except slen- derer bill ; not over 1.5-100 deep .at base. Plains to P.acific. Bn., 375 ; Coor., 51. ** Kusty brown belon-, nearly uniform ; back bluer than in the last, head K\'th white stripca, crown black or like back ; tail as in the last ; wings plain ; medium in size ; 44^ to nearly 5 ; wing 2'j, tail H. lied-beUled J^ntliatch. $ with crown glossy black, bordered by white stripes meeting across Ibrehead, below these a black bar through eye to hind nape, below this, and tlio chin, Avhitc. 9 with crown like back, and the lateral black st»'ipe merely dusky ; young with no black on the crown and lateral stripes obscure. North America, but rather northerly. Wils., i, 40, pi. 2 ; XuTT., i, 583 ; Aud., iv, 179, pi. 248 ; i ■\, r"'! CANADENSIS. '** I'ale rustj^ or brownish white below ; wings, tail and back, much as in the last ; crown and ncipn lro2cn to bolow eyes, the lower border darker ; head without white stripes, est; 4, or I'^ss, long; wing 2^, tail IJ. Brown-headed N'utliatdi. Crown clear hair-brown; .a distinct little whitish spot on nape ; middle tail leathers like back, with no black, and little or no white at base. Soutii Atlantic States, strictly. WiLS., ii, 105, pi. 15; XuTT., i, 584; Aud., ii, 181, pi. 249; Bd., 377, . . tusilla. Pi/r/mi/ Nuthatch. Crown dull olive brown, its lateral borders blackish: the nuchal whitish spot wanting or obscure ; middle tail feathers white at base, and there black-edged on outer web. This species is apt to be quite brownish underneath, instead of merely muddy white, as in the last; but both vary much in this respect. Kocky ^Mountains to Pacific, United States. Aud., iv, 184, pi. 250 ; Bd., 378 ; Coor., 55 pygm^a. Fig. 27. HciMicllieil Niitliatcli; iKitiiral si/c. Small- G Family CERTHIID.3S. Creepers. A very small, well-marked group, of .about a dozen species, and four or five genera, which fall in two sections, commonly called subfamilies ; one of these, Tichodromimr, is represented by the well known European Creeper, T. muraria, and several, chioll}- Austr.alian, species of the genus Climacteris; while the genus Cer- thcd, with live or six species or varieties, and one or two .allied genera (all but one Old AV^orld) constitutes the Suhfamihj CERTHIINurE. Typical Creepers. Our species ra.ay be known on sight, among North American Oscines, by its rigid, a:uminatc tail-fc.athcrs, like a woodpecker's. Besides: — bill about equal to head, extremely slender, sharp and docurvcd ; nostrils exposed ; t.arsus shorter thjiii 3d toe .and cl.aw, which is connate for the whole of the 1st joint, with both 2d and 4th too; 1st toe sliorter than its claw; el.aws all much curved and very sharp ; t.arsus scutellate ; wings 10-primaried, 1st very short, not one-half the 2d, f I 84 TiiOGLOinTin.1;, avuexs. — gen. 17, wliic-li is k'ss tliaii tlio Inl; \hhuI of \viiig fonncd l)v IJd, 4tli and 5th quills; tail rounded, eiiual to or lonu't'i' tiiau wing, llestlcss, active little forest birds that make a liviiiLC liy iiitUin;j; lni;a-.s out ol' cracks in hark. In scrambling about, they use the tail as \vuoil|n'ckoi's do, and ni'vor hany; head downwards, like the nut- liatchcs. Lay numerous cjrgs in knotholes ; fljM not migratory ; no song ; slight seasonal or '^ 'N^'^^H^fc^'^fefc. 'y sexual changes of plumage. 17. Genus CERTHIA Linnaeus. Jhvicn Creejicr. Plumage above sin- ularly I)arn'(l with dusk}', whitish, Kio.as. ii,„wncr..eper;nat.Mzc. (awny or fulvous browii, aiid bright l,n)\vii — latter chiefly on the rump; below, white, either pm-e or soiled, and generally slightly brownish-washed behind; wings diislcy, oddly varied with lawny or whitish bars and spots; tail plain; about 5A ; wing and tail !d)out 2:|. North America. Wils., i, 122, pi. 8; Xutt. ; Aui)., ii, 109, pi. 11j; Bi)., 372 familiakis. Family TROGLODYTID^. Wrens. Embracing a number of forms assembled in considerable variety, and difficult to limit with precision. Closely related to the last two or three families ; known from these by non-.icuminate tail A'athcrs and exposed nostrils. Very intimately re- sembling, in particular, the mocking grouj) of thrushes — those with scutellatc tarsi and not strictly spurious fu-sl [jrimary ; but all our wrens are smaller than any of the MhniiKV, and otliurwise distinguished by less deeply cleft toes, as stated on p. 73 ; " tlie inner toe is united by half its basal joint to the middle toe, sometimes by the whole of this joint ; and the second joint of the outer toe enters wholly or partially into this union, instead of the basal only." Nostrils narrowly or broadly oval, exposed, overhung by a scale resembling that of the Gallincc; bill rather or very slender, straight or slightly decurvcd, from half as long to about as long as the head, unnotched in all our genera; no evident rictal bristles: wings short, more or less rounded, primaries 10, the 1st short, but not strictly spurious; tail variable in length, nnich or little rounded : tarsus scutellatc, hind toe very long. Excluding certain Old AVorld forms sometimes placed with the Wrens, but prob- ably better assigned elsewhere ; and excepting the European wren and its con- geners, tlie I'roijloih/tiilff arc confined to America. If thus restrietetl, the family is susceptible of more exact limitation, as shown by IJaird in his eliiboratc 'Review' (p. !)1). There are about a hundred recognized species or varieties, usually referred to about sixteen genera or subgenera ; most of these belong to tropical America, where the family reaches its maximum development ; for instance, over twenty species of Cumpi/lorIi;iiii:liHf! alone are described. Of the North American forms, genera 18, H) and 20 are confined to the West, and represent a section distin- guished bj' the breadth of the individual tail feathers, which widen noticeably towards the tip. fipccies of all our other genera are common and familiar eastern birds, much alike in disposition, manners and habits ; the house wren may be taken to typify these. They are sprightly, fearless and impudent little creatures, apt to show bad temper when they fancy themselves aggrieved by cats or people, or any- t TKOClLODYTII>iE, AVRENS. — GEN. 18, I'J, 20. 85 i thing else that is big or unpleasant to them ; llicy quarrel a good deal, and are particularl}' spiteful towards martins and swallows, whose homes they ol'ten invade and occupy. Their song is bright and hearty, and tliej' are fond of their own music; when disturbed at it, tliey make a great ado witii noisy scolding. Part of them live in reedy swamps and marslies, wliere they liang astonishingl}' big globular nests, -with a little hole in one side, on tufts of rushes, and lay six or eiglit dark colored eggs ; the others nest anywhere, in shrubbery', knotlioles, hollow stumps and other odd nooks. Nearly all are migratory ; one is stationary ; one comes to us in fall from the north, the rest in spring from the south. Insectivorous, and very prolific, laying several sets of eggs each season. Plainly colored, the browns being the usual colors ; no red, blue, yellow or green in any of our species. 18. Genus CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Spix. Broivn-headed Creeper Wren. Browu, conspicuously whitc-strcakcd, crown brown, plain; holow whitish becoming pule brownish behind, with many very distinct round Ijlack s^jots, largest and closest on throat and breast; tail feathers black, only the outer and central pair with more than one wiiite bar on the inner web. Largest of all, 8 ; wing and tail about 3.J. South-western United States, and southward. Cass., III., 15(5, pi. 25; Bi)., 355 ; Cooi'., fil brunneicapillus. Allied Ci'eeper Wren. Similar; smaller; fewer and smaller black spots on breast ; tail feathers all with white bars or spots on both webs. Cape St. Lucas, Xantus, Proc. Acad. Philada., 1859, p. 298; Elliot, pi. 3; Bd., Rev. 100 ; Cooi'., 62. A variety of the last? .... aefinis. 19. Qonus SALPINCTES Cabanis. Jioc/c Wren. Brownish-gray, often obsolctely waved with lighter and darker shades, becoming cinnamon or fulvous-brown on rump, cver3'where speckled Avith black and white dots ; below whitish, throat and breast obscurely streaked with dusky ; belly and sides fulvoiis-brown-tinted, under tail coverts blackish-barred ; Avings dusky, obscurely waved with paler, chieHy on outer webs ; middle tail feathers barred like wings, others with broad subterminal black bar and fulvous tip ; outer feather often with several such markings. 5J-t) ; wings 2^, tail 2J ; all the markings are obscure and blended ; the brown has often a slight pinkish shade. Central and Kocky ^Mountain region of the United States into ]\Iexico. (2Ii/io(hera obsoleta, Boxai'., Am. Orn., i, G, pi. 1, f. 2.) Nutt., i, 435; Auo., ii, 113, pi. 116; Bu., 357; Coop., 65, obsoleta. 20. Genus CATHERPES Baird. Mexican or White-Uiroated M^ren. Brown, grayer towards and on head, becoming rich ferruginous or brownish-red behind, both above and below ; chin and throat pure white ; back and crown finely speckled with black and white dots ; wings dusky, waved with brown ; tail rich l)rown, like the rump and belly, with numerous narrow distinct black bars; belly waved or speckled with dusky and whitish ; bill long (| or more) , extremely VfiS 80 TnOfll.ODYTIO.F., WREXS. — fiEX. 21, 22. slender; ."j-r)* ; winij 2.t, tiiil 2^. SoutlMvcstern United States and south- ward. Cass., III., 17;>, pi. ."0 ; Bd., 3')(i ; Cooi'., GO. . . mexicaxus. 21. Genus THRYOTHORUS Vioillot. * Tail not longer tliiiii wings, !ill its fesitliors retltli.sh-brown witli nnincrons fine Mack liar.s. Cin-oliiui Wtcn. Clear reddisli-l)ro\vn. slightly grayer on head, l)rightest on rinnp ; below tawny of varying shade; long conspicuous superciliary line white or tawnv ; Mings edged with color of hack, and dusky waved ; wing coverts usually whitish spotted ; under tail coverts usually blackish barred; sides of body unmarked. ilA to nearly (! ; wings 2}(, tail rather -'i less. Eastern United States, rather southern ; north to Connecticut, and scarcely or not migratory ; winters , at AVasliington, D. C. A voluble '; J songster. Wils., ii, (51, pi. 12, f. ") ; XuTT., 1, 42!*; Aui)., ii, 110, pi. 117; 15d., oOl. LUDOViciAXUS. Var. iiKia.ANDir.ifi. Borland icr's Wirii. Similar; rather smaller; bill larger ; darker, especially below ; sides (liisky-barrcd. Near Mexican boundary. A gcograijliical race of tlie last, witii wliicli it is perfectly connected, aceonling to Mr. Allen, by intermediate Floridan siiecimens. Bo., 3G2, pi. S3, f. 1 ; IJev. 124. ** Tail longer than wings ; its feathers mostly black. Jiewki-'s Wren, f irayish-brown ; l)elow ashy-white ; superciliary line white ; wings dusky, faintly waved ; under tail coverts dark-barred ; two middle tail feathers like back, with numerous fine black bars, others black, several of the lateral with M'hitc or gray spots or tips. f)i ; extent 0^ ; ' wings little or not over 2, t;iil 2;j. United States, southern ; in Xew ^le.xico and Arizona, whiter below (var. leucof/aster) ; on Pacific coast, grayer above and bill longer (var. f^pihirnn). Xutt., i, 434; Aud., ii, 120, pi. ll-S; Bd., 303; Kev. 120; Coor., 09, bewicku. 22. Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot. TTniise Wren. Brown, brighter behind; below rusty-brown, or grayish- brown, or even grayish-white ; everywhere waved with darker shade, very plainly on wings, tail, ilanks and under tail coverts; breast apt to be darker than either throat or belly; bill less than head, about half an inch long; wings and tail nearly ecpial, about U-2i; total length from 4i-5J (aver- age 4i). Eastern United States, very abundant anywhere. WiLS., ii, 12tt, CiiniliiiM With. T 1 TROGLODYTIDiE, WRENS. — fiEX. 23, 9.L 87 pi. 8; XuTT., i, 422; Aun., ii, 125, pi. 120; Bd., IJiu. Very vaviiiblc in precisic tint, distinctness of the burring, etc. ; old sprinir I)irds are apt to ho grayer and clearer l)olo\v ; joun'j fall specimens are nsnally Ijrownor. T. americaiius Aun., as I have said (Proc. Essex Inst, v, 18()7, 27S ; specimen in niyeal)inet, personally identified hy Andnl)on ; see also Mavnaku, Guide, p. !>.")), is not otherwise dillerent, and I shall no\s' drop it. . . . ^edox. Vur. iiarkiiKDini Aid. On an average, grayer and paler. AVestern United States (see Colics, I'ruc. Acad. I'liil., 18GG, p. 4:5). J'.i>., oiJl ; Cooc, 71. .] like 23. Gonus ANORTHURA Rennio. Winfev Wren. Deep brown, darkest on head, brightest on rump and tail, obscurely waved witii dusky and sometimes Mith whitish also ; tail rump ; wings dusky, edged with color of back, and dark barred ; several outer primaries also whitish barred ; a superciliary line, and ob- scure streaks on sides of hciid and neck, M'hitish ; below pale brown : belh', llaidvs and under tail coverts strongly barred with dusky and whitish. Only 4-1^ long; extent ().i-(JA ; wing 2 or /e.v.s', tail \k or ri<;..;ii. wimoiWicn. /e.s'.s — so short that the outstretched feet reach beyond it. Tarsus and middle toe and claw together al)out IJ ; I)ill „. Xortli America; L'nited States in winter. S'/Ivid /ii/emalif, AViLS., i, Hi!', pi. 8, f. (i ; 7Vo'/. hi/etnaUs, Aui)., ii, 128, pi. 121; Hi)., 3i!!) ; Tiwj. euyo^uvux, Nrrr., i, 427. Var. 7)rtc'///c«s is dcseril)ed ; Bn., llev. 14"). . . . tuoolodvtks. Ahi.iJcan Wren. "Form like that of tiie Avinter wren ;" size and colors nearly the same; darker; l)ill larger; culmen, gape and gonys almost per- fectly straight — latter slightly ascending. St. George's Island, Bering's Sea. One specimen known. A variety of the last? Bn., Trans. Chic. Acad., 18011, 31j, pi. 30, f . 3 alascexsis. 24. Genus TELMATODYTES Cabanis. lionff-hiUed Marxli Wren. Above clear brown, unbarred back with a black patch containing distinct white streaks, crown brownish-black, super- ciliary lino to nape white : wings not noticeably barred, but outer webs of inner secondaries blackish ; tail In'own, dusky barred ; below dull white, often quite pure, the sides alone brownish-washed, and inidcr tail coverts somewhat barred. 4?-") J long; wing al)()ut 2, tail less, tarsus ;J-J ; bill ^ or more, barely cm-ved. North America ; particularly reedy swamps and marshes of United States, al)undant. Wils., ii, 58, pi. 12, f. 4; Xutt., i, 43!); Aud., ii, 135, pi. 123; Bu., 304; var.^y'^/«(?/c'o/(^ Bd., Rev. 148. . . fALUSTUis. I'lii.UI. I,nii;;-bill('cl Miirsli Wren; iiat. .-izc. M^^^^^^^^^^^H ^ 88 Ai.Armn.T,, LAnics. — oe\. 25. i 1 25. Qonus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis, Shorl-hiUod Marsh ]\'rcn. Dnvk brown above, crown and niitlcllo of back l)lackisli, nearly cceri/wherc iminpinHOUsl)/ tilreaked irtfh ic/iite; below bully wiiite, shading into palo brown on sides and behind; wings and tail barred with blackish and light brown ; Hanks barred with dusky ; throat and middle of l)elly whitish: lA ; wing ;mkI tail al)out 1:J ; bill not A long and very slender ; tarsus and middle toe and claw together about 1 J. Eastern United Slates, in reedy swamps and marshes, not common. Troijlodi/len h re ri rosin's. NuTT., i, 431; Aui)., ii, 138, pi. 12-1; \\d., 3i!5. stkllauis. "^ Family ALAUDID^. Larks. A ratlier small pcroup, well lU'linccl 1)3' the eliaractcr of the feet, in adaptation to terrestrial lU'e. The siilicyliiulrical tarsi are scutoUatc and blunt bcliind as in front, with a (lecii iiroove aloiin' the inner side, and a slight one, or none, on tlu; outer face. Other cliaraeters (sliared, however, with some ^rnldcHlidd'') are the very long, straiji'Iit, hind elaw, wiiich eiiuals or exceeds its dii;it in length; the long, pointed wings, with the 1st primary spiu'ii^us or wanting, and the; inner secondaries ("terti- aries") loiigthened and llowing. Tlie nostrils are usually concealetl by dense tufts of antrorse feathers. The shape of the hill is not diagnostic, being sometimes short, stout and conic, much as in some /V//*;/////'/"', while in other genera it is slenderer, and more like that of insectivorous I'asscres. The family is composed, nominally, of a hundred sijccies ; with the exception of one genus and two or three species or varieties, it is confined to the Old World. Its systematic position is open to question ; Lilljeborg removes it from (hcinns altogether, probably on accoinit of the peculiarities of the podotheca ; authors geneially place it near the FriiiijiUiihv. ])iM'haps from the resemblance of the bill of some species to that of the linches ; but it has many relationshijis with the MotwlUi(J ; wing and tail ahotit ;5. Alaska; a well known, widely spread and oxtrcinoly variahlc Old AVorld species, unknown in Aiuericii until tlio recent discoveiT !)y Dr. J'annister that it is abundant nt St. iMichael's. Dai.i, and IiANX., Ti'ans. Chicago Acad., 18(!!), 277, pi. 30, f. 2 TLAVA. Suhfidiiih/ AXTinX^E. Tltlnrks. Consisting of the single genns Aiilhiis, of which, however, there arc several sub- divisions. In typical Antlms, the wing is longer than the tail, and its jioint is fornieil hy the four outer prinuiries, the oth being abrui)tly shorter; the hind claw is nearly straight, an-2 ludovicianus. 20. Qonus NEOCORYS Sclator. ^lissniiri Ski/hirk, limwii, tlio lout Ihts with paK-r ('(Itros ; below mid ii superciliuiy liii<', wiiitisli, liio liirast sliiirply spcckliul with cliisky ; wiii'jjs iiiul tail diislcy, iiiiuT sccondarios palc-cdircd, (tutcr tail IVathin-s whito ; ')A ; wiiii:; ;}, tail 2h, llcsiioii of tho Upper Missouri and Saskateliewaii, ox- tfomely rare; said to reseinhlo closely the Fiiiroi)eaii skylark in hal)its. Auu., vii, 3;}5, pi. 4H(; ; \\\).,'2\V2 si'UAdUEi. ^ Family SYLVICOLID.aj. American Warblers. IVini.'U'ies, nine ; inner secondnrics not- cnhirj^ed, nor hind toe lcn;^lliened ami Htraij^htened, as in tlio two prceediMu; I'aniilies ; liill witlioiit a lobe or tootli near the middle of the conimissuro, as in Pi/rdiiijii, nor stronj^ly tootlied and hooked at eml, as in Ciilhirid and IV/vo, nor , not one is over six inches loajf, and they hardly average over live. With few exceptions they are t)eantifiilly clothed in variegated colors; but the sexes arc generally' unlike, and the changes of plumage, with age and season of the year, are usually strongly marked, so that diti'ercnt specimens of tho same species may bear to each other but little resemblance ; this of course renders careful discrimination necessary. The usual shape of the bill may l)e called conoid-elongate (something like a slender minie bullet in miniature), but the variations in precise shape arc endless. Tlu; rictus is usually bristled ; the bristles sometimes have an extraor- dinary development, and are sometimes wanting. The wings arc longia- than tho tail, except in G('othl;ip(s, Icteria, and one or two exotic genera ; neither tho wing nor tail ever [jresonts striking forms. The foot have no special peculiarities, thongli they f how some slight niodilications corresponding to somewhat terrestrial, or more strictly arboricole, habits. Some of the warblers lias'o the habits of titmice or wrens; others of creepers or nuthatches; the iidinri closel}- resemble tho tit- larks in some respects, and have even been placed in the Jfohou'lllda' ; while the Si'tojihafihid' simulate the Tymnnido; (of a dilferent suborder) so pert'cetly that they used to be classed with the true tlycatchers. The warblers grade so perfectly towards the tanagers that they have all been made a subfamily of Tannijrhhn (where possibly they belong). The allinity of some of them with the Caircbiike, or honey-creepers of the tropics, is so close that the dividing line has not been drawn. The position of Irtcrid and its two associate exotic genera, Grdimti'l/ns and Teretn'Mis, iii open to question; perhaps they come nearer Virconidir. It is probaldo that final critical study will result in a rcmaiiping of tho whole group ; mcanwliile, the vciy diversity of forms included in it enaldes us to mark olf sec- tions with ease. ,.>M^^H U' SVI.VK'OMD.K, \V.\1{MI,I'.IIS. (IKN. '.W, .'H . As nt picsciit ooiiHtiliitcd, tlic S)/lrif(,l!(l(i\ CDiiiiirisiiifi iipwiirdn of a hmiilrcd jicmiinc species, may 'n' considered to i^'prcseiil, in Anieiicii ti> uliicli liiey inc (■iinlln('(!, ;i7, ."SM are (/round varhlcrs, with the feet relativi'ly stouter than in the rest. (Jen. d->, .■};>, ;i| are ironn-ciitinij inn-lilrrs ; these have no rictal bristles at all. IJcnus 3;'> comprehends the nvod imrbkrs par ciruUvnce. 30. Genus MNIOTILTA VieiUot. n/iirk ami W/n'le Creeper. (Pi. ii, tigs. 12, 13, It, 12a, 13rt, ]4«.) Entirely black and wiiito, in streaks, except on the belly ; tail wliitc-spotted, wings white-barred ; 5-,')i, wing 2i-2;J, tail 2^. Eastern North America; a common bird, generally observed scrambling like a inithatch about tiic trunk and larger branches of forest trees. WiLS., iii, 22, pi. 11); Nutt., i, 384; Auu., ii, 105; pi. 114; Bi)., 23() VAiUA. V V 1.V V •»-'^ s.-\^ !••[., 2;5^f a.mkuicana. 32. GonuH PROTONOTARIA Baircl. Prothouiildi'i/ W'irhler. (lolden-yellow, paler on tho belly, elianging to - olivaceons on the I)aek, thence to blnish-jishy on the ninip, wings and tail ; most of the tail feathers largely white on tho nCffif"^ inner webs; no other special markings; bill entirely black, ^N^ very large, at least A long; aA, wing 2:|-3, tail I'l. Sonth Atlantio and (iidf States; straying, however, to Ohio, Fl(^. Wciiincatiii); Warbler. Kli).:tll. I'niMiciiKi- lary wariiiiM-. Missonri aiid even Maine; swamps and thickets; not com- mon. Wii,s., iii, 72, pi. 24, f. ;> ; Xi rr., i, 11(»; Aid., iii, Ml, lOl'.; lln., 2;;!i (iTK.KA. 33. Gonus HELMITHERUS Raflnosquo. Wonii-Pdfhi;/ Warhlcr. Olive, below bnlly, paler or whitish on the belly ; head bull", Avith four sharp black stripes, two along sides of crown from bill to nape, one along each side of head through the eye; wings and tai' olivaceons, unmark(".l : bill and feet pale; bill acute, nnbristled, nn- notched, at leasl A hmg, stout at base; tail rounded; 5A, wing 2'1, tail 2. The sexes are not particularly dissimilar. Eastern United States, rather southerly, but north to Elaine ; woods, shrubbery and swamps; rather connnon. WiLS., iii, 74, pi. 24, f. 4; NuTT., i, 409; Aui)., ii, 8(5, pi. 10"); Bd., 252. . . . vkkmivouls. Sivainnon's Wnrbler. Somewhat similar; colors l)r()wner above, includ- ing the head, and more bntly below; a whitish snperciliar}- line ; no dcciiled markings anywhere ; bill still longer, shaped something like a meadow- lark's ; tail emarginate ; nearly (i long. A rare and curious species, contined to the South Atlantic States ; said to have occurred in Massachusetts, but this is ii mistake. Aud., ii, 83, pi. 104 ; Ui)., 252. . . . swainsomi. 34. Genus HELMINTHOPHAGA Cabanis, *j,*The bill sleiidfr and exceedingly acute, inmotclied, niil>ristlc(l. The Collow- ing analysis will determine the species in udnll plumage — not otherwise : — Tail I'l'Mtlu'r^i «liito-l)loli'li('il — liliiisli, crown ji'llmv. tliroat black c/ij'i/wyjfcm. — irrt'ciii^li. < rnwn ainl all iiiiiiei" parts yellow jiintin. — Kreeni>li. erow II (partly) aniUliroat black hiichiiKiiiii. — upper tail coverts cliolnut. crown patch che-tiiut liiriw. Tail leatliers all uiiniarkeil — upper tail coverls — yellow; crown patch cliestmil rlnjiiiiif. — not yellow; erowu patch — che.-tniit riificniiilUi. — orani;e brown iliilti. — wanting inrryiiim. 94 sylvicolid.t;, warhlkiis. — oe\. 34. Fill litnc iix, Ivistern United States; rather common, in woodland, like the i)reccding. \ViLS., ii, 113, pi. 15, f. 5; Nutt., i, 411 ; All)., ii, Ul, pi. 107; Bi)., 255 cuuysoi'tkka. Jiachinan's M'orliler. Greenish-olive, tinged with ash}' on hind head; under parts, forehead, chin and lesser wing coverts, yellow; throat and band across crown, black; outer tail feathers white-blotched. Small; 4.J ; wing 2J, tail 2. An extremely rare sjiccies, confined to the South Atlantic States, Aui).. ii, 93, pi. 108 ; Bn., 255 bachmaxii. Lnc'/'s Warhlcr, Ashy-gray, below white, sometimes faintly butry-tinted on the breast ; upper tail coverts and crown patch chestnut, the latter often concealed, and wanting in the young; outer tail feathers obscurely white- blotched. Very small ; 4J-4i, extent 7.J-, wing 2.[-2i, tail l;^-2, bill about \\ A rare and curious species, lately discovered in Arizona; very unliko any other, and somewhat resembling a Pol'mptila. Colorado Valley. Cooper, Proc. Cala. Acad. 1801, 120, and B. Cal. 84; CouES, Proc. Acad. Philada. 18()(), 35 ; Baiud, Review, 178 Luci^:. Viiyiniu's TUa/'Wer. Phimbeous, washed with greenish-olive, especially in 9 and autumnal specimens; below white, shaded on sides; throat with a yellow patch ; ni)per and under tail coverts yellow (entirely yellow below when adult?); crown patch chestnut; a white ring around eye; 5; Aving 2A, tail 2^. Southern Rocky Mountain region. (Colorado, abundant, Rii)(iWAY; Arizona, rare. Courts.) Very near the next species! Baiud, B. N. A. 18()0, p. xi, pi. 7!), f. 1, and Rev., 177 ; Coop., 85. . viroini.k. jVds/ii'ille Warhler. Olive-green, brighter on rump, changing to pure ash on head: below bri'jht yellow, paler on belly, olive-shaded on sides; crown with a more or less concealed chestnut iiatch ; lores and ring round eye pale ; no superciliary stri[)e ; 9 and autumnal specimens have the head glossed with olive, and the crown patch may be wanting. 4i-4J ; wing 2i-2.J ; tail V\-l. Eastern North America, common; also, California *^ sylvicolid^t:, wakbleus. — gen. 35. 95 » (Xantus, GuunEu). Wils., iii, 120, pi. 27, f. 3, iuul vi, 15; Nutt., i, 412; Aui)., ii, 103, pi. 113; Bi)., 25(5; Coox>., 82. . . . iRFiCAriLLA. Oranr/e-croumed Warbler. Ollve-gi-con, nearly uniform, rather briiiiitest on rump, never ashy on head : below, f/reenish-j/eUaw, "vatihviX with olive on the sides ; crown with more or less concealed onimje-hrou-n patch (sometimes wanting) ; eye-ring and obscure superciliary line yellowish. Size of the last, and often difiicult to distinguish in inunature plumage ; but a general olivenenii and i/elloicnexs, compared with the ashy of some parts of ruficapiJla, and the dillerent color of the crown-patch in the two species, will usually be diagnostic. North America ; common in the West, rare or irregular in the Eastern States. IJonap., Am. Orn., i, 45, pi. 5, f. 2; Xurr., i, 413; Aui)., ii, 100, pi. 112; Bi>., 257; Cooi\, 83 celata. Tennesi^ee Warbler. Olive-green, brighter behind but never quite yellow on the tail coverts, more or less ashy towards and on head ; no crown j'afch ; below, 2c/ii'k', often glossed with yellowish but never quite yellow ; a ring round eye, and superciliary lino, whitish ; frequently an obscure Avhitish spot on outer tail feathers ; lores dusky ; in the 9 and young the olivaceous glosses the whole upper parts. 4^-4!^, 2vIh'J about 2.f, (ail 2 or less: this comparative length of wing iuid tail, ■with other characters, probably always distinguishes the species from the foregoing. Eastern North America ; rare in New England. Wils., iii, 83, pi. 25, f. 2 ; Nutt,, i, 412 ; Ald., ii, HI, pi. 110; Bi)., 258 rEUEOUiXA. 35. Genus DENDRCECA Gray. *,*Tlie coloration of the rcctriccs is a gooil clue to this genus; for all the siiccies, excepting centuxi and its exotic conspecies or varieties, have the tail feathers at all ages blotciicd with white — a feature only shown, among North Anici'ican allies, in gen. .'50, 31, o2 ami part of M, 40. About thirty-five species i)ass current, but only twenty-seven of thcni are well established ; tlu'y all occur within oiu- limits excepting these: — piti/oiihihi (Cuba), ndelaida' (Porto Hico), jiltarcttui (Jamaica), olivacea (Mexico), and pctcclna with its several troi)ical Ibrms, all like a-nlica, and of which ma (Jamaica) and aureola ((ialapagos) seem most likely to prove genuine. Of the twenty-live species ascril)ed to North America, one, olinicca, has been admitted ui)on insullieicnt evidence; of two others, "montana" and "car- bonata," nothing is now known ; leaving twenty-two species to be here treated. Kirtlandii is exceedingly rare ; only two or three specimens have ever been dis- covered. Tiijrina has been lately removed from the genus, as type of a new one {Perissoylossa), on account of a peculiar structure of the tongue, which resembles that of certain Co;rebida' ; but, as Sundevall remarks, we have yet to see whether other warblers do not possess the same character. This is an inviting problem ; the student may render good service to ornithology, and reflect credit on himself, by examining the tongues of some additional (see Bauu), liev., ICi) species under a moderate magnilying power, and publishing his results. IJaird's excellent analysis of the North American species known in \HoS was supplemented in 1«G.J by a more complete review of the whole genus, and in 18(J'J a monographic essay was given by Sundevall (Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., Clij). The follow- ing artilicial analysis will facilitate the determination of our twenty-two established il r- 96 SYLVICOLID.K, WARBLKUS. — OEN. 3">. I i species ; I hd'H'vo it to he ;m iiif:illil)lo key to tlic perfect male pliiina.^os, and tliat it will pnilialily liold f^ood for spriiiij .specimens of hotii sexes of many species; l)nt it will fail fur nearly all aiitnnmal and most female specimens of (li). It is dillicnlt if not impossible to meet the varied re(|uirenionts of these by rigid antil^'sis ; and recoin'se nnist be had to the detailed descriptions of the species arranjiod in what seems to be their natural seijnenee. The supplementary table of certain pecnliar- ities may, liowever, pi'ove of much assistance, though it is not a complete analysis. ANALYSIS oi' rr.UKixr sruivc; mai.ks. Tnil fprilliiT-' nlp'il with yellow reflirn. 'l';iil IVatlirrrt blot'-Iicil with wliitt'I » ^vliitc ppot at tin' base (»!" iiriinarit,'.- cerntterfrenii. — no \vlnte -ipot at I»a>e ot* priinarii'S. (a' (tt' Winjiliars not wliito. Hclow. whili', fiili's I'lie-lniit-stioakcil. ci-own yrllow pciiimiilrdiiirn. — yellow; silk's rciMisIi-strcakoil. crown ri'«Mi>li jinlntnnint. — Ijlack-streaki'il; above, a-liy kirtlinnlii. — olive, rciiili.'ili-streaked, . iliiculor. (a^ Win.ir-bars while (aoinetinies fused into one lavpc white pat^'li). (b) (b) Ci'own blue, like the liaik ; below, while, piiles ami breast stre.-iked ciirulen. — ehe-lnul. like Ihe throat ; below, ami sides of nerk. buffy tiiigeil cimliinfii. — rle;ir a.-Ii ; rnnip anil nmiei* jiarts yellow", breast and sides black-streaked, miwtttom. — blackish, with median line oran^'e.hrown. like the anrieuiar- : ninip yellow (it/riiifi. — pi'i'leclly black; Ihi'oat black; a small yellow loral spot tiiijrcuceiin. — not black; no yellow; feet lle^h-color, stn'iitn. — with yellow pput ; tln-oat ilanu'-color; nimp not yellow hliicl-bitniitp. — white; rnnip and sides of breast Tcllow ■nroniitn. — yellow; rnmp and sides of breast yellow iiuiliihuiiii. (bi Crown otherwise; throat black; back ashy, streaked, rnnip a the same: eyelids yellow yntchr. — black; eyelids white ilominiai. DiiUjnoMk marks of certain WarbUn's in any phnnaijo. A white spot tit base of primaries — ctvridotirens. A j'ellow spot in front of the eye and nowhere else — in'ijresrrnx. Wings and tail dusky, edged with yellow — astiva. Wing-bars and belly yellow — iJiscolor. Wing-bars yellow, and belly pure white — ponnftyn-nnn-n. AVing-bars white, tail-spots oljlique, at end of two outer fi-athers only — plims. Wing-bars brownish, tail-Ri)ots sii)i'ra or (jraritv. Throat yellow or orange, crown with at least a tr:ice of a central yellow or orange spot, and outer tail feather white-edged externally — llackburniiv. Throat, breast and sides black or with l)hick traces, sides of head with dill'nse yellow, outer tail feather white-edged externally — viri'n.t and its western tillies. I5ill ordiiwirv ; and with none of the foregoing special marks — striata or raslanca. liill extremely acute, pcrceptiljly curved : rump (generally) yellow — li'jrina. . ■P SYLVIOOMI),!.;, WARHLEKS. — OEN. 35. 97 # Jiluc'-e>/cd Yellow Warbler. Golden Warbler. Sununer YeJhxcbird. GoKlon-ycllow ; back olivc-yollow, frctiuently with ol)S()lcte brownisli streaks ; breast and sides streaked willi oraiigo-brown ; wings and tail dusky, yellow-edged ; bill dark horn l)luc ; 9 and young paler, less or not streaked below. North America, everywhere a familiar and abundant bird. Si/Jvia citrincUa WiLs., ii, 111, pi. 15, f. 5; S. c/iihlreni Avu., Orn. IJiog. i, 180, 1)1. 35; tS. vathboiud Auo., ii, 53, pi. 8!) ; 50, pi. 88; Nutt., i, 3()1, 370; IJi)., 282 ;j':sTivA. Fid. :i!i. lilack-thioiited Urueii Warljlur. Blaclx-(]iroal('d Green Warbler. $,'\\\ spring: buck and crown clear yellow-olive, tbreiicad, superciliary line and whole sides of head rich yellow (in very high plumage, middle of back with dusky marks, and dusk}' or dark olive lines through eyes and auriculars, and even bordering the crown) ; chin, throat and breuxt jet black, prolonged behind as streaks on the sides ; other under parts white, usually yellow-tingod ; wings and tail dusky, former with two white bars and nuich whitish edging, latter with outer feathers nearly all white ; bill and feet blackish ; $ in the fall and 9 in spring, similar, but the black restricted, interrupted or veiled with yellow ; ymuvj similar to the 9 , but black still more restricted or wanting alto- gether, except a few streaks along sides. Small: about 5; wing "Ik. (Compare Blue Mountain warbler, beyond.) Eastern United States, al)und- suit in forests; breeds in New England in pine woods. Wils., ii, 127, pi. 27, f. 3; Nutt., i, 37(5; Auu., ii, 42, pi. 84; Bd., 207. . . . vikkxs. Western Warbler. Somewhat similar to the last; crown and back not continuously olive ; back olivaceous-asli, with blackish streaks ; crown and sides of head clear yellow, former with the feathers black-tipped or dusky- clouded ; no black stiipc through eye; chin, throat and fore-breast pure black, endin;/ behind with a nharp convex outline; sides faintly or not streaked with black; belly, wings and tail as in virens. Rocky Mountains to the Paciiic, U. S. The seasonal and sexual changes are not well made Kiev TO N. A. 1«K1).S. 1!! '\f I i 98 SYLVICOLIIXK, WAHRLERS. — OEN. 35. out, I)iit arc (lotil)tl('ss parallel with those of virens. Aud., ii, fiO, pi. 93; Bd., 2(!8 OCCIDEXTALIS. 'loirusctid's ]\'((rfjler. Somewhat ssiinilar to virens; upper parts olivc- irreen, iiiiich l)lack-streak('nl. Kocky Moimtaius to the Pacilic ; said to have once occurred near Philadelphia. Nutt., 2d ed., i, 44(1; Aud., M, !)2 ; Bu., 2(;!), and Hcv., 18."); Cooi-., !»1. . townsendii. (I'ohlen - v/tei'keiJ WarhJer. Prevailing color of the upper parts black, pure on the run)p, elsewhere mixed with olive-green ; sides of the head yellow, with narrow lilack stripe through the eye; hclow, witli the wings and tail, as in virens; size of this species. Guatemala {iS(iIcin) to Texas (San Antonio, Jleerinonn). A species I have never seen ; the description is abridged from Baikd, Uev., 183, 2()7, who took it from the type of the species. Scr.. and Sai.v., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 18(!0, 2!lj Warliltr. J , in spring : hack hluish-ash, with black streaks; head and neck all round pure black, with a white stripe over and behind eye, another, broader and longer, from the corner of the bill on each side of the chin and throat, and a little yelloio sjmt just before and above the eye (no other yellow anywhere) ; below from the throat white, the sides with numerous black streaks ; Mings and tail blackish, former with two white bars and much whitish editing, latter with outer featiiers almost entirely white; bill and feet black. Young, and 9 , dilfer chicHy in having the black of the head and throat clouded with ashy, and the black streaks of the back obsolete ; the curious yellow loral spot seems to be persistent and diagnostic of the species. Size of virens, and much the same pattern of coloration, bluish-ash replacing the olive; stands between rt/CH.s and crcrnlescens ; the western analogue of the latter. Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. Xurx., i, 2d ed. 471 ; Aud., ii, (52, pi. It4 ; Bd Cooi'., i)0 niouesckxs. Jihicl '■ ..ed Blue Warbler. $ in spring: above, uniform slaty-blue, the perfect continuity of which is only interru[)te(l, in very high plumages, by a few black dorsal strenks ; below, pure white ; the sides of the head to above the eyes, the chin, throat, and whole sides of the body continuously jet-black; winfi-hars n'onlin;/ (the coverts being black, edged with blue), bid a hiri/e tvhi/e spot at base of primaries; quill feathers blackish, out- wardly edged with bluish, the inner ones mostly white on their inner webs; tail with the ordinary white blotches, the central feathers edged with bluish ; bill black ; feet dark. Young ^ , similar, but the blue glossed with olivaceous, and the black interrupted and restricted. 9 entirely different : Fill. 10. Illiick-tliroiitcil Giav Willl)|L'|-. \ 'i mm» SYLVICOLID.K, WAUnLERS. — OEN. 05. 99 (lull olivc-grcciiisli, witli faint hliiisli shade, holow pale soilcil yellowish ; but rccognizablo h\' the white s[)()t at base of primaries, which, tiioujrh it may l)c reduecil to a mere speck, is always (evident, at least on pushing aside the primary coverts ; no other wing markings; tail-blotches small or obscure; feet rather pale. Size of virens. Eastern United States, al)undant, in woodland. iS. pmilhi, WiLS., v, 100, pi. 43, f. 4; S. Kpluiiinotta, Nutt., i, 40(1; Aui)., Orn. IJiog, ii, 27!», are ? or young. S. cdiidilcusis, WiLS., ii, llo, pi. 15, f. 7 ; Nutt., i, 31)8 ; Aun., ii, (!3, !I5 ; I5i)., 271. iS. crvm- h'scciiN, Bi). Key. l.S(> c.eiiulkscens. OiiS. The only other warbler with a white spot at liase of primaries is the D. oJicaiwa of Mexico, and ascriliod also to Texas ; it is olivaceous, the head, neck and hreast orange-brown, with a lilack bur tiu-oiigti the eve. Cass., 111. 283, pi. 48 ; r.o., Kev. 205. CivruJeiin Warbler. $ in spring: a/ure blue, with black streaks ; below, pure white, breast and sides with blue or blue-black streaks ; two white wing-bars ; tail-blotches small, but occupying ever}' feather, except, perhaps, the central pair; bill black, feet dark. ? and young with the blue impure, strongly glossed with greenish, and the white similarly soiled with yellow- ish ; a yellowish eye-ring and superciliary lino. Eastern United States, not connnon in most places; north to Connecticut Valley ; "Nova Scotia." A small and very beautiful species; 4-4^. S>/lvia vara, WiLS., iii, 110, pi. 27, f. 2; Nutt., i, 31)3. S. azttrea, Nutt., i, 407; >S. ccvrnlea, Wils., ii, 141, pi. 17, f. 5; AuD., ii, 45, pi. 8(j ; Bu., 280 c.euulea. Yelloii'-rumped Warbler. Yellow-crowned Warbler, 3fi/rlle Bird. ^ , in spring : slaty -blue, streaked with black ; below, white, breast and sides mostly black, belly, and especially the throat, pure white, innnaculate ; rump, central crown patch, and sides of breast sharpli/ yellow, there being \X\\\^ four delinite yellow places; sides of head black; eyelids and super- ciliary line white ; ordinary white wing-bars and tail-blotches ; bill and feet black ; $ in winter, and 9 in sunnner, similar, but slate color less pure, or quite brownish ; i/ounij birds are quite brown above, with a few obscure streaks in the whitish of the under parts. It is im- possible to specify the endless intermediate styles ; but I never saw a specimen without the yellow rump, and at least a trace of the other yellow marks ; these points therefore are diagnostic. The only other obscm'c-lookiug brownish warblers with yellow rump are maculosa and tiijrina, when 3-oimg. One of the larger species ; 5i-5!^ ; wing 3, tail 2i. North America, but chiefly eastern ; Alaska (Dull) ; Washington Territory (iSnckle)/) ; California (Cooper, 89). United States rarely in summer, but during the migrations the most abun- dant of all the warl)lers ; winters as far north at least as Washington, D.C ; occurs, however, in Mexico and Central America ; seen everywhere, but is particularly numerous in shrubbery, along hedge-rows, in Hocks, Flii. 41. Yplliiwruniiicd Warbler. 100 SYLVICOLIDVE, WA1!HLE1!8. — (iKN. 35. iissofiiitinsr witli troops of spiirrows. Wir.s , ii, 138, pi. 17, f. 4; ])1. If), f. ;5; Nl-tt., i, ."{(il; Am., ii, 23, \A.7i\; Ud., 272; Rev., 187. couoxata. Auduhoii'x WavhJer. Witii a clo.so gcnoral rcscMiiMancc to the lust, Imt tliroiit i/i'l/oii\ not white; cycliils wliito, but no wliito siiperciliiiiy lino; ciiccks iin/ (Icliiiitcly hliick ; \viii!)., 273; Coor., 88. . . aldlhonh. JiJdckhitfinan Warbler. Ih'udoch Wmhhr. $ in spring: back blaek, more or less interrupted with yellowish ; crown blaek, with a central orange spot; a broad iilaek stripe through eye, enclosing the orange under eyelid; rest of head, with whole throat, most brilliant orange, or llanie color; other under parts whitish, more or less tinged with yellow, and sides streaked with black ; wing-bars fused into a large white patch ; tail- blotches occui)3-ing nearly all the outer feathers; bill and feet dark. 9 and young (( : upper parts and crown olive and black, streaked (much like adult 9 and young t<(ria/(i, but is smaller, with more black, and usually a yellow trace on the crown) ; sii))erciliary line and throat clear yellow (pale for this species, but as rich as is usual for adults of the various yellow- throated species), fading insensil)ly on the breast; lower eyelid yellow, con- fined in the dusky ear-patch ; sides streaked much as in the adult ; wing- patch resolved into two bars; tail-blotches nearly as extensive as in the adult, the outer feathers showing white on the oufcr webs .at base (t/n'.t is a xtroiKj fculure). Eastern United States, abundant in woodland; the loveli- est of the warblers ; none can compare with the exiiuisite hue of the throat. stripes that converge to meet at base of the bill, cutting off the white of the cheeks from that of Kiu.c... nia.k-p„n Warbler, jjjj, throat; wing-bars aud tail-idotches ordinary; inner se(M)ndaries white-edged ; primaries usually edged externally with olive ; feet and under mandil)le flesh color, or pale yellowish ; upper mandi- ble black. 9 in spring: upper parts, including the crown, greenish-olive, l)oth thickly and rather sharply black-streaked ; white of under parts soiled anteriorly with very pale olivaceous-yellow, the streaks smaller and not so crowded as in the ^ , but still plain enough. Young : closely resembling the adult 9 .but a Inighter and more greenish olive aliove, with fewer streaks. if mmm ■I SYLVICOLin.'E, WAi;nT.KI!S. — fiF.X. 3'). 101 ofton obsolete on tlic crown; hclow nioro or less conii)Ie(('ly tinjrcd with l)alo grci'iii.sli-ycllow, the streaks very obseiire and soiiictiines ultoiretlier wantiiijx; under tail coverts usually pure white; a yellowish superciliary lino; wing-bars tinged with the same color. When the streaks on the sides arc obsolete, the species l)ears an extraordinary resenil)lancc to yoinig castanea, which see. One of the larger species; ')^-')''J, wing 2:^-;], tail 2-2]:. Eastern North America, very abundant ; a late migrant; when tlus black-polls appear in force, the collecting season is aI)out over! AViLS., iv, 40, pi. ;30, f. ;5; vi, 101, pi. 51, f. 3; Xurr., i, 3,S3 ; Aui)., ii, 28, pi. 78; IJi)., 2S0 STiiiATA. Jknj-ln-eaKted Warhlcr, Anhimnal Wavhlcr. $ in spring : back thickly streaked with black and grayish-olive ; forehead and Ki'dps of Jtvad hhick eiicliisiii;/ (I htrge deep c/iesfinti palc/i ; a duller chestnut (exactly like a blue- bird's breast) occupies the whole chin and throat and thence extends, more or less interrui)ted, along the entire sides of the body; rest of under i)arts ochrey or bully whitish ; a similar bully area behind the ears ; wing-bars and tail-spots ordinary; bill and feet blackish. The 9 in spring is more oliva- ceous than the male, with the markings less pronounced ; but always shows evident clicxtind coloration ; and probably traces of it persist in all aduH birds in the fall. The i/nioi;/, however, so closely resemble J'oung .sin'o/a, that it is sometimes impossible to distinguish them with certainty. The up[)er parts, in fact, are of precisely the same greenish-olive, with black streaks; but there is gencralli/ a diilerence below — raslaiK'n being there tinged with butty or ochre}', instead of the clearer pale yellowish of strUitn ; this shade is particidarly observiible on the belly. Hanks and under tail coverts, just where slriafa is whitest ; and moreover, ca.sfiDiea is usually not streaked on the sides at all. ^latnre spring birds vary interminal)ly in the extent and intensity of the chestnut. Size of fifriafa. Eastern United States, abundant. iSi/Iria ctulniiiiKdis. Wils., iii, (!5, pi. 23; Nutt., i, 3!)0; Aui)., Orn. Biog., i, 447, pi. 83 (young). Wils., ii, 97, pi. 14, f. 4; Nltt., i, 3(initsi,i,.,i waii.ior. length of the body, the under eyelid and auriculars being left white ; wing- bands generally fused into one large patch, and, like the edging of the inner secondaries, much tinged with yellow; tail-spots white, as usual; bill blackish, feet brown. 9 in spring, ipiite similar; colors less pure; r 102 svLvicoLin.i;, waublkus. — (jkn. 35. I II. I'.lnrk ami Vill.iw liliick lonil croscnit ohsciiro or wiiiitiiijr ; chestnut streaks tliiiincr. Yonn'i : aliovc, iiuliidiiij: tlic; crown, clear ycllowisli-prccn, iKTlcctly uniform, or hack with sli^'hl ihisky tonchc's ; no distinct hcad-markini^.s ; l)clow, vnUrclij irlillc from liill to tail, unmarked, or else hhowinjr a trace of chcstiuit streaks on the sides; irhi;/-f/(i>i(l.'i clear i/eUoir as in the adidt; this is a diatrnostie fcatinv, sliared hy no other species, taken in comieetion with tho eontimiously white nn(h'r i)arts ; hill liirht coh)red heiow. f)-!'}\, w'iu, 1)1. .') t, f. 3; Nirrr., i, .'571; Ai:i)., 41, pi. 85; D. /i>/viiiu 15i)., 280; l\-n'sKOfjIoss(i ti;/riii(i \ii)., IIqy. IS\ tigimn'A. Prairie War/ilar. Yellow-olive: hack with a patch of hrlck-red spnfs; forehead, superciliary line, two wing-l)ar3 and entire under parts, rich yellow; a V-shaped black mark on side of head, its upper arm running through eye, its lower arm connecting with a series of black streaks along the whole sides of the neck and body; tail-blotches very large, occupying most of the inner web of the outer feathers. The sexes arc almost exactly alike, and the young only dilfer in not being so bright, and in having the dorsal patch and head-markings obscure. Small; t'l-S ; wing '2\; tail 2. lOastern United States, to ^lassachusetts ; an iibundant little bird of tho AIiS. vu'undi Wii.s., iii, 87, pi. 25, f. 4. S. discolor Xutt., i, 31)4 ("21)4" by error of paging) ; Aui)., ii, 68, pi. 97 ; Un, 2i)0 niscoi.oi;. 6'j\7ct''.s Warbler. $ in spring: bluish-ash, back with black streaks, crown with still more black streaks, so crowded anteriorly and on the sides as to become continuous ; ch!n, l/iroaf and breast rich i/elloir, ending abrni)tly against the white of the other under parts; sides of neck and body with numerous black streaks; a broad yellow superciliarv line, changing to white behind the eye ; no white patch l)elow auriculars ; hirer ej/elid ijdiow ; a black line from bill to eye, with whicii the streaks of tlie side of the neck connect; two white wing-bars, the anterior one much the stronger; tail blotches large, the outer one occujjying nearly all the feather; bill and feet black. 9 not particularly diflereut. Voimr/: dull brownish (like young corona/a) with few or no black streaks on back, crown or along sides; throat, eyelid and suj)crriUarij line rich i/elloir, as in the adult ; other under parts soiled whitish. 5-5^, wing 2;f , tail 2.}, bill under i. New Mexico, Arizona and southward; abundant, and breeding, at Fort AVhipple [Cones). An interesting lately discovered species, closely resembling the next. Col'KS, Troc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., 18()(!, p. 67. liAiun, Kev. 210; Coopku, p. — (appendix) okacm:. Yelloic-thrnated Warbler. ]Much like the last species, with which its changes of plumage are entirely correspondent ; no yellow in the black under the eye ; a white patch separating the black of the cheeks from tho bluish ash of tho neck; su|)crciliary line usually yellow from bill to eye, thence white to nape, sometimes entirely white; bill very long (at least A), extremely compressed, almost a little decurved. South Atlantic and Gulf . 1 mm il ! 1 S. Jhi i:ivol I ix Wiun., ii, i'>\, pi, 12, C 0; .S'. j,eii.ii/is Nrrr., i, 374; Atu., ii, '62, 7i» ; />. xnppr- vi/ioKd lii)., 2^[); J). (Ii)iuim'c(t, liu.,livv. '2(yj ixjminica. KIrthmiCs Worhkv. "Above slate-blwc, tlio featlicrs of the crown with 11 narrow, those of tlie baclv witli u Itroadcr, streak of black ; a narrow frontlet involvinj,' (he lores, the anterior end of the eye and space beneath it, black; the re.-t of the eyelids white; under parts clear yellow, almost white on the imder tail coverts, the breast with small spots and the sides with short streaks of black ; f^nrater and middle wing coverts, the quills and lull feathers, edged with didl whitish ; two outer tiid feathers with a dull white spot on the inn(!r web; yi ; wing 2', tail 2ij " {Ihi'inl). Very rare; only two or three specimens known, from Oliio and the Hahamas. A species 1 have never seee. ; I)Ut I suspect that its relationships arc with doiainka and i/fdclw, and that they may prove still closer with the I'ortoriean species of the same group {adi'htldiv). IJaiud, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. v, 18.^2, 217, pi. (J ; Cass., HI. i, 278, pi. 47 ; Bd., licv. 20(). . kiutlaxdii. VcUDir JiCiI-jjoll Warhlei'. Pahn Warbler. In spring: brownish-olive, rumi) and ni)per tail coverts brighter yellowish-olive, back obsoletely streaked with dusky, cruwn c/ientnut; superciliary line and entire under parts rich yellow, breast and sides with reddish-brown streaks, somewhat as in the summer warbler ; a dusky loral line running through eye ; no while irln" 'i-1 I i svr,vi(()i,ii).i;, wAmu.Kus. — (ii:\. .'i(i. 105 niiirkiii;:'* wliatovor, oxccpt tlio Hiipcrcili.iiy lino; aiul hy iho fdinltiimlioii of wliito \viiij,'-l)iirs with hw^o ol)li(|ii(' tiiii-spdts <'(iii11ii(m1 to tlif two oiitiT pairs of fciitlicrs. One of the l.'ir^'cst species: "»i to nearly tl. Kastern I'liitcil States, very ulMindant in pine woods and (scdiir thickets; has an cxti'nsivo hroedini; rani,'e, and is apparently resident in southern portions. \'ii'en vii/orsii NuTT., i, 'MH ; >S. pimis Wir.s., iii, iT), pi. I'.l, f. t ; N'l it., i, .'187 ; Aui)., ii, ;}71, pi. H2; Hi)., :^77 i-ixus. Oils. Tlu! two I'ollowhig Hppcies, iiserilied to Norlli America, arc not now known : — Jilnn M'liinlnia Warhlcr. Svi.viA Montana Wii.s., v, ll.'l, pi. U, 1". 2 (Hhio Mountains of Virt?iuia). Ann., 11, O'.t, pi. ., '27H. Professor IJaird suj^jrests llmt some piuniai^c of />. iihnis or sln'dln may furnisli the clue to this lost species; Iiut these arc amoiifX tlu; largest wariilcrs, whilst Wilson says " Icnjith lour inches ami three-quarters." Mr. Tinnliull (Itirtls of New Jersey, p. IH) says, without (|Ualillcatioii, it is (ho younj^ of I). cutntUn. I think myself that it is simply the youut^ of I), vircnn! of which, it Hccms, Wilson never rccoj^uized an nntunnial example. A Spptcml)cr specimen of rirens, before mo as I write, agrees almost precisely with Wilson's description — rich yellow olive ; (Vont, chocks, chin and sides of neck, yellow ; * • two exterior tail feathers white on the inner vanes from the middle to the ti|), ht in this surmise, that the original of Auduhon's llji;ure, in the IJritish Museum, came from "California;" for I HU|)poso that this specimen wa8 tho j'ounj; of oiridi'iifalis or toiriincntlii, some of the pluma}j;es of which, as well as can 1)0 made out, are with dilllcully distinguishable from iunnatiu'c riims. Carboimk'il Warhlor, Svi.via cauuonata Aun. Orn. Biog. i, 30H, pi. (;o ; NuTr., i, 40,) ; Afn., ii, 'Ja, \A. 109 ; IJo., 287. Only known by tho ligure and d(!scrii)tion of a pair killed in Kentucky. I have no hlea what this is ; it may not l>e a Dcndru'ca at all. Audubon himself put it among the worm-eating warblers. 36. Genus SEIUBUS Swainson. •,* The birds of this genus have been classed with tho thrushes, and also with the titlarks (which they somewhat resenilile in habits, being walking birds), hut they have no special afllnity with either. They are simply terrestrial warblers, closely related to gen. 37, 38. Five species arc enumerated, but the exotic representatives of iiovc- lov: ISM and htduriciiinuM seem to be mere vari- eties. • Crown orange-brown, with two black stripes ; no superciliary line. (foldi'ii-rroivned T/intsh. Oven Bud. IJriglit olive green ; below pure wiiite, thickly spotted with dusky on breast and along sides ; a narrow maxillary line of blackish ; under wing coverts *""'- ^'■'- u«iJpn-iog. ii, 253; v, 447; pi. 143 ; Bn., 2G0 aukocai'illus. •* Crown plain, like the back ; a conspicuous superciliary lino. Water Thrush. Wiikr W(i(jta!l. (Plate ii ; figs. 9, 10, 11; Off, 10«, llrt.) Dee}) olivaceous-hrown ; below, white, more or less tinged with^«/e ycUindsh, thickly and sharj/li/ spotted with the color of the back, except on lower belly and crissmn : superciliary line yellowish ; feet dark. Length 5i-(5 ; Aving 2!{ ; tail 2\ ; hill about A. North America, everywhere ; a com- mon bird of low watery thickets, in the habit of constantly vibrating the tail as it moves about in the underbrush. "WiLS., iii, OH, pi. 22, f. 5; Nutt., i, 353 ; Aud., Orn. Biog. v, 284, pi. 433 ; Bi>., 2(51. noveuouacknsis. Lor(jc-bilkd Water Thrush. (Plate ii, figs. 8, Ha.) Very similar to the last; rather larger, averaging al)out (3, Avith the wing 3; bill especially longer and stouter, over ^, and tarsus nearly 1. Under parts white, only faintly tinged, and chielly on the Hanks and crissum, with butly (not sul- phury yellow) ; the streaks sparse, pale, and not very sharp : throat, as well as belly and crissum, unmarked ; legs pale. It may prove only a variety, but I have yet to see a specimen I cannot distinguish on sight ; the size of the bill is not by any means the only character, as some seem to suppose, tho\igh it is the principal one. Eastein United States, rather southern, and not very common; north to ^Massachusetts (Allen). Auu. Orn. Biog. i, 91), pi. 19; Bd., 2G2 luuovicianus. t ' '"> X 37. Genua OPOEORNIS Baird. Connecticut Warbler. Olive-green, becoming ashy on the head; below, from the breast, yellow, olive-shaded on the sides ; chin, throat aud breast brownish-ash ; a whitish ring round eye ; wings and tail unmarked, glossed with olive ; under mandible and feet pale ; no decided markings anywhere ; 5i ; wing 2'1 ; tail 2. In spring birds the ash of the head, throat and breast is quite pure, and then the rcocmblance to Gcothli/pis i^hiladelphia is close ; but in the latter the wings are little if any longer than the tail. In the fall the upper parts from bill to tail arc nearly uniform olive. Eastern United States, not connnon, aud very rarely observed in the spring ; a quiet, shy inhabitant of bruslnvood and thickets. Of late very abundant in the fall about Cambridge, Mass., where in tWo seasons over a hundred specimens have been taken {Allen). Wils., v, «4, pi. 24, f. 4; Nutt., 2d ed. i, 403; Aui)., ii, 71, pi. 99; Bi>., 24() agilis. Kentuchij Warbler. Clear olive-green ; entire under parts bright yellow, olive-shaded along sides; crown black, separated by a rich yelloAV super- ciliary line (which curls around the eye behind) from a broad black bar / i<^.t^V<,^(„i^ 108 SYLVICOLID^, AVAHIJLERS. GEN. 31). has while ei/clids. Rocky Moiiiitaiiis to the Pacific, U. S., ami southward. One of the most ahiiiulaiit \varl)lcrs in the mountains of Colorado, and common elsewhere in the West. Tricfias tohniei Nutt., 2d ed. i, 460; AuD., ii, 74, pi. 100; Bd., 248; Coop., 96 macgillivrayi. Subfamily ICTElUIXxE. Chats. A small group, reccntlj' framed to accommodate the following gcnns and its two tropical allies ; it is perhaps questionable whether they are most naturall}' classed with tiie Warblers. Ideria shows the foUowin^^ points: — Larger than any other Si/lriculfda:; bill short, stout, compressed, culinen and commissure both curved, tip nnnotched, rictus unbristled ; wings much rounded, shorter or at most not longer than the tail. Sexes alike. Probably contains but one species. 39. Qenus ICTERIA Vieillot. YelloiL'-breasted Chat. Bright olive green, below golden j-ellow, belly abruptly white; lore black, isolating the white under eyelid from a white superciliary line above and a short white maxillary line below ; wings and tail unmarked, glossed with olive ; bill and feet blue-black ; 7-7i ; wing about 3 ; tail about 3J. Ea.stcrn United States, north to JMassa- ^-\^ '-^^Bi^m^fi^mt- chusetts, abundant ; an exclusive inhabitant of low tangled undergrowth, and oftencr heard than seen, except during the mating season, when it performs the extravagant aerial evolu- tions for which, as well as for the variety and volubility of its song, it is noted. Nest in a crotch of a bush near the ground: eggs 4-5, white, speckled with reddish brown. Pipra pohjglotta WiLS., i, 90 pi. 6, f. 2; Ideria viridis Nutt., i, 299 : Aud. Oru. Biog. ii, 223, V, 433, pi. 137 ; Bd., 248 ; Icteria i-jVph-sBd., Rev. 228. virens. Var. i.ONGicAUHA. Long-tailed Chat. Very similar ; the olive duller and graj'er, sometimes quite ashy on the head : tail usually but not alwaj-s longer, averaging perhaps 3J. Replaces virens from the Plains to the Pacific, U. S., and southward. Bd., 249 ; Cooper, 98. Fiij. 48. Yc'llow-brenstetl Chat. Subfamily SETOPHAGINjE. Flycatching Warblers. These have the bill depressed, considerably broader than high at base, notched and usually hooked at tip, and fiu-nishcd with long stilF bristles that reach halfway or more from the nostrils to the end of the bill. In other respects they are not distinguished from the rest of the family. Wliilc many or most other SylvicoUdce are expert in taking insects on the wing, these capture their prey in the air with specijil address, representing, in this respect, the true clamatorial flycatchers, with which some species of Setophaginai used to be classed, in the extensive old genua " Muscicapa." As I have said, the Sylvicolince .are peculiarly North American ; while the Setophagina; are most developed in Central and South America, where they .are represented by three or four genera, and upwards of forty species. It is lianlly necessary to add that, however clo.sely some of them may resemble the aB= sylvicolid;e, warblers. — gen. 40. 109 Ti/rnnnMce, thoy are at once distinguishoil from these cliimatoriat birds by the oscine character of the tarsi, and the presence of only nine primaries. 4 40. Genus MYIODIOCTES Audubon. Hooded Fhjcatchcr. Clear yclIow-olivc, bcloAV rich yellow sluulod along the sides, whole head and neck pure black, enclosing a broad golden mask across forehead and through eyes ; wings nn- niarked, glossed with olive; tail with large white l)Iotches on the two outer pairs of feathers, as in Dcmh-oeca; bill black, feet flesh color. 9 with no black on the head ; that of the crown replaced by olive, that of the throat by yellow; youmj $ with the black much restricted or interrupted, if Jiot whollv wanting as in the 9 {^MnncicajM KcJbi/i AuD. Orn. Biog. i, 4(5, pi. 9). Length fj-a.t ; '''"•'"• """'•«-' r'y-atrhe,-. wing about 2:|, tail about 2^. Eastern United States, apparently not very common. Musckapa cucallnla WiLS., iii. 101, pi. 2G, f. 3; Nutt., i, 373; Aui)., ii, 12, pi. 71 ; Bd., 292 mitijatus. (Irern JJIdch'-capped Flycatcher. Clear yellow-olive ; crown glossy blue- black ; forehead, sides of head and entire under parts bright yellow ; wings and tail plain, glossed with olive ; upper mandible dark, under pale ; feet brown ; 9 and young similar, colors ^i,v:s^ not so bright, the black cap ol)scure. Small; A'i-^); wing about 2:^ ; tail about 2. North America, at large ; ccnnmon. AViLS., iii, 103, pi. 26, f. 4; Nutt., i, 408; Aui)., ii, 21, pi. 7.5; Bd., 293 rusiLLUS. Canadian Fhjcalcher. Bluish-ash ; crown speckled with lanceolate black marks, crowiled and generally continuous on the fore- head ; the latter divided lengthwise by a slight yellow line ; short super- ciliary line and edges of e3'clids, j'cUow ; lores lilack, continuous with black under the eye, and this passing as a chain of black streaks down the side of the neck and prettily encir- cling the throat like a necklace ; excepting these streaks and the white under tail coverts, the entire luider parts arc clear yellow ; wings and fciil un- marked ; feet Hcsh color. In the 9 and young the l)lack is obscure or much restricted, and the back may be ftlightly glossed with olive : but they cannot be mistaken. In this plumage the bird is ^ryiodioctes ^"'■•'''' bonapa rf i i Avn., ii, 17, pi. 73; Nutt., i, 2d ed. 330; Bd about 5J ; wing 2i ; tail 2^. Eastern United States, an abundant and beau- tiful woodland species. WiLS., ii, 100, pi. 2(5, f. 2; Xutt., i, 872; Aud., ii, 14: pi. 72, Bd., 294 caxadexsis. 0ns. The SmaU-hcuded Fli/cutcher, Mi'scicai-a mintta Wn..s., vi, ((2, pi. 50, f. 2; Nirr., i. 2(1 eil. :'>'M ; Ai d., i, 2;J.S, i>l. (i7 ; lin., 29:3, now unknown, is conjec- FiG. ju. (Jreen Klaik-cjipped Klyialclier. Canadian Flycatcher. 29.5. Lenjrth ■/ t n 110 ccF.nr.nwJE, iioxey CREEPEns. — oen. 41, 42. tiired to belong to tliis germs ; l)ut this can hardly be, for Wilson says it has two white wing bands, a character not shown in Mi/iodiodes. There is no reasonable prol)al)ility that any species of the family, inhaliiting the Jliddle States in June, remains to be detected. I have no doubt that the bird is a Dendraeca, and nothing in the description forbids its reference to one of the endless plumages of D. pinus! 41. Qonus SETOPHAQA Swainson. I?edsf(i)'t. $ lustrous blue-black, belly and crissiiin white, sides of the breast, large .spot at bases of the rcmigcs, and basal half of the tail feathers (except tiie niiildlo pair) Jlcry-oranfjc; belly often tinged with the same; bill and feet black. 9 olivaceous, ashier on the head, entirely white below, wings and tail blackish, with the flame color of the $ represented by yellow ; young $ like the 9 but browner, the yellow of an orange hue. From the circumstance that many spring males are shot in the general plumage of the female, but showing irregular isolated black patches, it is probable that the s|)ecics requires at least two years to gain its perfect pliunagc. Length oi ; wing and tail about 2J. Eastern North America, very al)undant, in woodland. WiLS., i, 103, pi. G, f . G ; Nurr., i, 291; Aui)., i, 240, pi. 08; Bd., 297 ruticilla. Painted Fli/catchcr. $ lustrous black, middle of breast and belly carmine red ; eyelids, wing coverts and crissum white, inner quills edged with white, outer tail feathers mostly white. 9 not particularly diirerent. 5 ; wing and tail, each 2% ; tarsus 5. A Mexican species, recently found in Arizona. {Tnc^ow, Bend! re.) Bd., 298; Rev., 25G riCTA. Oas. One other Mexican species of this genus (6'. minkita), and two species of closely allied genera, Basileuterus rujtfmns and CardeUlmi rubra (both Mexican), hav? been admitted to our fauna, though they have not, to my knowledge, been actually taken within our limits. Family CCEREBID^. Honey Creepers. rHmarics nine, and other external characters very nearl}' as in the last family ; but the bill is generally slenderer and sharper, and often a little decurved. The line between the two families has never been drawn with precision, and has become the more dillicult of expression since some of the Si/Ivicolii}((; have proven possessed of a peculiarity of the Cwrebkhv — deeply bifid, penicillate tongue. A small group, containing perhaps forty species, of pretty little birds, confmetl to tropical Amer- ica. Our species is merely a stray visitor to Florida. V i ^i' H m 42. Genus CERTHIOLA Sundevall. Honey Creeper, Dark olivaceous ash ; superciliary line and under parts dull white ; belly, edge of wing, and rump, bright yellow ; wings dusky, with a white spot at base of primaries ; tail dusky, tipped with white ; bill and feet black ; "eyes blue." Length 4i ; wing 2i ; tail 1^. Indian Key ( Wiirdemann). Bn., 924 flaveola. •} t TANAGIUDili:, TANAGEK8. — GEN. 43. Ill '■; '1' Family TANAGRIDiE. Tanagers. An oxtonsivc, brilliant I'aniily, confinod to America, abonnding in species be- tween the tropics. Its position is a point at issue with ornitliologists ; it may how- ever, not unnaturally follow the Cairehidin and *S7//iv'co/trfcc, though certainly no fam- ilies should stand between it and Fn'ufjiUidai. In f^ict certain tropical forms might be assigned to either indillerentlj'. Tlie best delinition of the tanagers I have seen is that given by the distinguished ornithologist who called them " dentirostral flnchcs ;" but this important generalization, liivc other happy epigrams, is insuscep- tible of application in detail, and the tanagers remain to be precisely characterized. As a consequence, the number of species can hardly be approximately estimated ; but upwards of three hundred are usually enumerated. The single well established North American genus may be recognized, among all the birds of our country', bj' the combination of nine primaries and scutellate tarsi with a turgid bill, notched at the tip and toothed or lobed near the middle of the superior maxillary tomia ; though this last character is sometimes so obscure that it might be looked at without being seen. The species of Pi/rawja are birds of bril- liant colors, with great seasonal and sexual dill'eronces of plumage. They are frugivorous and insectivorous, and consetiuently migratory in the United States. They inhabit woodland, lay 4-5 dark colored, speckled eggs, nest in trees, juid are fair songsters. In distribution they are rather southerly, n(jt i)assing northward beyond the United States. One species of another genus, L'ujihonia ckgantinslma, Las been admitted to our fauna, but apparently upon insuflicient evidence. 43. Genus PYRANGA VioiUot. Scarlet Tcma^fer. $ scarlet, with black wiiips and tail ; bill and feet dark ; 9 daav olive f/reoi, below clear f/r.eoiish yellow, wings and tail dusky, edged with olive ; no ichlte lOiHg-hars. Young $ , at first, like the 9 ; afterward variegated with red, grceu and black. Length 7-7i ; wing 4 ; tail 3. I']astcni United States, abundant. WiLS., ii, 42, pi. 11, f. 3, 4 ; NuTT., i, 4(3") ; AuD., iii, 22G, pi. 20i) ; Bi)., 300 uubua. iSnmmer Red-bird. $ rich rose-red, or vermilion, including wings and tail ; tlic wings, however, dusky on the inner wel)s ; bill rather pale ; feet darker; 9 dull broicni.sh-olive, hclow dull hrownish-yelloiv ; no white wing- bars ; young $ like the 9 ; the $ changing plumage shows red and green confused in irregular patches, l)ut no black. The 9 , with a general resemblance to 9 rubra, is distin- guished by the dull brownish, ochre or bufly tinge, the greenish and yellowish of rubra being much purer ; the bill and feet, also, aro generally much paler iu oistiva. Size of rubra, or rather larger. Ea^^tern, Southern and South-western United States, hardly north to New England ; abundant. WiLS., i, 95, pi. 6, f. 3 ; Nltt., i, 469 ; Aud., iii, 222, pi. 208 ; Bl)., 301 .KSTIVA. Obs. The Pijranga cooperi, lately based by Mr. Uidgway (Pioe. Acad. Phila. 18G9, 130) upon New Mexican specimens, seems scarcely tenable. The characters Fiu.Si. Summer R."il-bir(J; b, Cooper's Taiiagor. t II ^T ? t 112 niUUNDINIDJE, SWALLOWS. — GEN. 43. Flii VI. Ilcpatii' Tana^tor. nrp not vory taiipililo, aiul tliore is little probaltility of their proving constant. Tlioiigli the (lillL'reni'e in the shape of the hill of the type specimens is evident (lig. .52, a anil b), yet this is no more than that oc- curring in Ivistern specimens of uiKpicstionablo (islini. (See Platk ii, figs. It), 20, o, b.) It niii3', however, take rank as a geographical variety. Hepatic Tanafji-r. Ashy -red, or livcr- hrown, hrighfer red on the head and nndcr parts ; sides ashy-shaded ; bill plumbeons black, conspicuously toothed ; 9 like that of the forcjroiiiir, but ashler on the back. Size of the last. New Mexico, Arizona, and southward. B»., 302; Kiuoway, Proc. Acad. Pliiia. 18G9, 132; Cooi'., 114 iiepatica. Louhidua 'J'ini'i;/er. $ brijiflit yellow, middle of back, wings, and tail, black ; head erinisoii ; wings with two yellow bars. 9 most nearly resem- bling that of rubra, but distingiiishod from this or an}' of the foregoing by presence of two whitish or greenish-yellow wlng-l)ars, and much edging of the same color on the imier quills. Jn'matiu'c $ shows the black of the back mixed with olive, and the head only tinged with red : at first it Is like the 9 . Size of the iirst species. U. S., Kocky Mountains to the Pacific (not in Louisiana I). Wils., ill, 27, pi. 20, f. 1 ; Xutt., i, 471 ; AuD., ill, 231, pi. 210; Iju.,303; Coop., 145 ludoviciana. Family HIRUNDINIDiE. SwaUows. FinsirostrLil Oscincfi. l$ill short, broad, Hat. deei>ly cleft, the gape wide and about twice as long as tlio culmcn — it generally reaches to about opposite the eyes. Nasal fossai short, broad, the nostrils directed more or less upward, some- times circular and completely open, sometimes overhung by a straight flat scale. Rictus with a few inconspicuous bristles or none. Wings extremely long, of nine l)rimaries, of which the first equals or exceeds the second, the rest being rapidly graduated, the ninth hardly or not half as long as the fu'st ; secondaries and their coverts extremely short. Tail of 12 (rarely 10?) rectrices, usually forked, some- times forlicate with filamentous outer feathers. Feet short and weak ; tarsi scntellate (occasionally feathered), comuionly shorter than even the lateral toes; basal joint of middle toe adherent to one or both lateral toes ; toes with the normal munber of phalanges. This is a perfectly natural group, well distinguished by the foregoing characters. The swallows alone represent, among Oscines, the fissirostral type of structure ; they have a close superficial resemblance to the swifts and goat-suckers of another order, but the relation is one of analogy, not of afflnity, though all these birds were formerly classed together in the highly unnatural "order" Fissirostres. (See beyond, under Ci/pselkJw and Cajmmuhjidce.) A hundred species of swallows are recorded ; probably' about three-fourths of them are genuine. They are distributed all over the world ; the most generalized typos, like Ilinindo itself, are more or less cosmopolitan, but each of the great divisions of the globe has its peculiar subgenera or particular sets of species. Thus, all the American groups except Ilirundo and Cutyle are peculiar to this continent. mUU.VDIXID.E, SWALLOWS. UKX. 44, 4"). ii;j Swallows arc insoctivorous, nnil thorcrori! Tniiiratoiy in eoM niul tcmporato lati- tudes ; unsurpassed iu iiowors of lliiilit, tlicy are ciialiii'il to i)a-is with case and HwiftiK'ss (Voni one eouutrv to another, as tlic state of llie weatlier may r('((uire. Witli us a lew warm days in Keliruary and .Mareli often allure tlicm northward, only to 1)0 driven hack again by the eold, giving rise to the well-known adiige. \o hirds arc l)etter known t> all elassiM than tli 'se, an I nom^ so wele )in ■ to min's abode — cherished witnesses of i)eace auil [jlenty in the homestead, dashing ornaments of the busy thoroughfare. The habits of swallows best illustrate the modifving influences of eivili/ation on indigenous birds, formerly, they all bred on tililt's, in banks, in hollows of trees, and similar j)lacea, and many do so still. But most of oin- s|ic('ies have forsaken these pi'lmitive haunts to avail themselves of the convenient artificial nesting piat't's tiiat man, intentionally or otherwise, provides. J^ome are just now in a transition state; thus the purple martin, in setth^d |)arts of the country, chooses the boxes everywhere providi'd for its aeeommodation, while in tiu; West, it retains its ol I custom of breeding in hollow trees. 44. Qonus HIRUNDO Linntcus. Ham tSii'nlJnir. Lustrous stcol blue ; below, nifoiis or palo cliestmit of varying sliado ; foreliead, cliin and tliroat deep chestnut; breast with an iiniicrtcct stocl-bliic collar ; tail forlicate, its outer feathers attenuate, all but the iiiitldle pair with white spots on the inner M'cl) ; bill and feet black. Sexes alike; yoHtvj less lustrous, uuieh i):iler Ixdow, tail simply forked. Wing 4i-4;J ; tail 'Ih to T) inches. Xortii Aiiieri(!a, al)undant in the United States in the siinnner, breeding in colonies in barns and out- houses; eggs white, speckled. AViLs., v, 34, pi. 3«; Xurr., i, (iOl ; Aui)., i, 1«1, pi. 48 ; IJl)., ;U)y. . . . IIOliltKOKL-.M. 45. Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis. Wliite-bcllicil fSird/loiv, Lustrous green, below ptwe white; tail simply enmrginatc. Yoimg similar, not so glossy. <)-(ii ; wing T) ; tail 2i. North America, abundant in the United States in summer. AVii.s., v, 4!», pi. 38 ; Nirrr., i, 00,j ; Aui)., 1, 17,"), pi. 4f); Hi)., 310 nicoi.ou, VinJcf-r/reea SiraJJnir. Opaipic velvety green, pin-plo and vitrlet : spot over the eye, sides of rump, and whole under j)arts pure white. Votmg similar, duller. A'\-')\ ; wing 4.^ ; tail 2, emargiiiate. l?oeky .Monutains to tiio Pacific, U. S. ; an ex(juisite species, breeding in knotlioles and woodpeckers' holes, in pine woods and in wcatiier-worn holes in clills. (Amj;x, Am. Nat. 1872, 274.) Aui)., i, 18(), pi. 4f) ; Bn., 30!) ; Coop., 107. tiialassina. KKY TO N. A. IlIllDS. 15 l.ini -^\v;illii\v. I 1 \< 111 IllltUNUINII)^., SWALLOWS. — OKN. "lli, 47, 'IfS, ID. 46. GonuB PETROCHELIDON Cabania. t'Jiff SvaUovK Eave Su-aVov. Lustrous stccl-hliio ; torohond wliitisli (or brown), rump rufous, c-liin, throat uud sides of lioad chostmit; a stcol-hluo spot on tlio throat; l)roast, sides and jrcncrally a cervical collar rusty-,trray, wiiitcuing on thn holly. Yohu'I sntKcienlly siniiliir. ft ; winji 4i ; tail 2.1-, nearly square. Nortli America, in all suital)le places. Naturally this species huilds on clills ; but throughout the settled portions of the country it now places its curious bottle-shaped nests of mud under the caves of barnsand outhouses. Nutt. i,G03 ; Aud., i, 177, pi. 17 ; Wu., 301). lunifuons. 47. Genua COTYLE Boio. Jianh Su-alJow. Sand Mdrlin. Lustreless gray, with a pectoral band of the same; other under parts white. A curious little tuft of feathers at tho bottom of the tarsus. .Sexes exactly alike ; young similar, the feathers often skirted with rusty or whitish. \h-V\ ; wing '^'\-\ ; tail 2, simply emarginatc. North America, very abinulant ; breeds in immense troops in holes excavated in banks of soft earth. WiLS., v, 4G, pi. 38; Nutt., i, (107; Aui)., i, 187, pi. 50; Bi)., 313. iupauia. 48. Qonus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird. linngh-u'inged /SwaUoir. Lustreless brownish-gray, paler below, whiten- ing on the belly. Rather larger than the last ; no feathery tuft on tarsus ; outer web of outer primary, in the ^ , converted ;nto a series of recurved booklets, which are wanting, or much weaker, in the 9 . United States ; rare or wanting in New England. Aun., i, li>3, pi. 51 ; Bi)., 373 ; CouES, Proc. Phila. Acad., 18G(), 37 skruipennis. 49. Gonus PROGNE Boie. Purple Atari hi. Lustrous blue-black ; no purple anywhere. The 9 and young are much duller above, and more or less white below, streaked with gray. Bill very stout for this family, curved at tho end ; nostrils circular, opening upward, not roofed over. Length 7 or more ; wing nearly 6 ; tail 3 J, simply forked. United States, very abundant. WiLS., v, 58, pi. 31), f. 2, 3; Nutt., 1, 598; Aun., i, 170, pi. 45; Bi)., 314. . . puupuuea. Obs. Other species or varieties of Progne, requiring confirmation, arc attributed 1o North America. See Cass., 111., 240 (California) ; 15d., 923, and Rev., 277 (Florida). Family AMPELIDiE. This appears to be an arbitrary and unnatural association of a few genera that agree in some particulars, l)ut are widely dillerent in others. The composition and position of the group differ with almost every writer; some place it in Clamatores, next to the Tyroiniidm. 1 tliink that tlio family should be dismembered ; Baird has already shown how near the MijimkMiii'c are t(} the true Thrushes, and doubtless tile other two subfamilies here presented may lie jiroperly dissociated. I AMI'KLIN^E, WAX\VI\(iS. — (IRN. f)*). IIT) pliio m, [his of Ixs. )l ill tIA. Birds of the tliioc followin"; genera agree in this character: — Bill short, broad, flattened, i)lainly iiotcluid at tip, witii wide rictus, and culiiicu or goiiys iiardly if at all exceeding half the length of the coniinissiire ; hasa' phalanx of middle toe joined with outer toe for ahout two-thirds its length, and to inner toe for ahont half its length. Tiic three genera, or subfamilies, that follow, may be readily and pre- cisely delined. SubJuinUy AMPELIX^E. Waxidwjx. Bill as just described ; nasal fossaj broad, nasal opening exposed, but overarcluHl by a broad scale more or less completely covered with close-set velvety antrorse feathers. Wings with ten primaries, but the hrst si)nrious, very short and displaced (on the outer side of the second) so as to be readily over!o(jked ; \)o\ui of the wing foi'med by the third i)rimary, closely supported by the second and fourth, the fifth being abruptly shorter. Inner (luills, as a rule, and sometimes the tail feathers, tipped with horny ajipendages like red sealing-wax. Tail short, s(juare, ^ or 5 as long as the wings, the under coverts highly developed, reaching nearly to its end. Feet weak ; the tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, its jiodotheca some- ■\^hat receding from strict oscine character. Of this subfamily' as here restricted there is only one genus with three species — one of Europe and America, one of Asia and Japan, and one confmed to this country. They ai'c songless, in this dilli^ring altogether from the Mijhuh'stiiuc and J'tili>tjnu;/(h')av; and I should not be surprised if their relationships proved to be entirely with a certain exotic chimatorial family. Although by a strange mis- nomer sometimes called "■chatterers" th"y are among the most silent of all birds, their only voice being a weak wheezy kind of whistle. They feed chiefly on berries and other soft fruits, but also on iniects, and are gregarious and migratory. The sex(!s are alike; the head is adorned with a l)eautiful crest; the wings have unicpie ornaments, the use of which is niduiown ; the tail is tipped with yellow (red in the Jai)anese species, jilio'iu'roptoruin ) ; the plumage is extremely smooth, and of a nameless color. Young birds lack the curious horny appendages, and have the general plumage streaked. 50. Genus AMFELIS Linnaeus. lioheiniun Wnxwiiif/. Under tail coverts cliostniit ; front and sides of the head tinged with a richer, more orango-brown shade ; primary wing coverts tip[)cd with wliitc ; each quill witli a sharp white (or yellowisli) stripe at the end of the outer web ; chin velvety black, ill a largo well defined area; narrow line across forehead, ahjiig sides of head through eyes, meeting its fellow on the occiput behind the crest, also velvety bliick ; no wiiite on niider eyelid nor across foreiiead ; no yellowish on belly ; bill and feet black. 7 or 8 inches long, wing about 4J. Northern North America; U. S. casually in winter, but sometimes api)oaring in immense roving flocks; S. sometimes to 35°. Aud., iv, 2(39, pi. 24(j ; Nutt., i, 240; Bd., 317 oaurulus. Fill. M, ISolicmmn W.TXwiiijr. (I. appcuila^'L'8 of tlie inner qiiillx. iii; ITII.UCONVDIN.K, MVI MUvSTIN.i;. — (ii:\. ') 1 . Ciriiliini W'd.iiriiri. Ciilur liinl. ('Iicrr;/ lUrd. I'ikUt tail coverts wliiti.sli : lilllc or im oraii^^'-lu'owii iilxiiil luiid ; no wliitc on wind's ; cliiii black, >lia(lint spurious, less than half as long as the 2nd, which is only aliout as Ioult as the htli ; ixiint of the wing formed l>y the Itli, .Otli and (itli or .".rd (|aills. 'I'ail loni:. ui'ai'ly even, with broad plain; leathers (J'luviii'jicjilii) ; or much jzraduated. with taperinji central leathers (I'liltujuiii/n). Head conspicuously crested ; scncs (in our genus) dissimilar; young not streaked or R|)otted. Thi'ie are only two genera of the suMamily as thus restricted — I'lianidliejiht and J'/iliiijuiii/.-i, the latter with two strongly marked species of Mexico and Central America. 51. Gemia PHJENOPEPLA Sclator. Bhuk Ptlloijoi! ;/.■<. $ nuiform lustrous black ; wings with a laru'c white area, most of the inner welt of each primary, except the iirst, being white ; 9 brown, the white on the wings restricted or obsolete ; J'oung $ gradating i)etween the coloration of both sexes. 7-3 : wing and tail .'?i-4. A'alley of the Colorado and southward ; i( ililiijlilfiil t^miiiMcr, though the fact seems to have been ignored. Cass., 111., KiU, pi. 21); Bu., 320, and liev., 41() ; C^OOr., 131 NITENS. SnhjUmUif MYIADEST1S\E. Fhimtchiinj Thruxhvx. Bill as in the last subfamily. Tarsus hooted, and toes deeply cleft, as iu TunliiJiv. Lateral toes very unequal in length, the tip of the inner claw falling short of the base of the middle. AVings often primaries, the 1st spurious, the I'nd about as long as the (Jth, the point of the wing formed by the iird, 4tli and r)th. Tail long, about equalling the wing, (loitUe-roundeiJ, being forked centrally, graduated exter- nally ; all the feathers narrowing somewhat towards the end. Head subcrested ; VIKKONID.V,, VI I! EOS. — (IKN. ^)2. 117 '(■l(.i llill oral kvitli jilW "i,ir ; to iiily lolo jiiid >f a ■li, liluinii)i(> Homlii'O, variogiitfil on the «iii'j(s; sexes alike; yoiiii}? spotted, like llini.HlieK. 'i"he liinis of the IIimh ilelllieil tire, lis liiiilil lias |iiiiiiteil out, mole elosely relateil to the 'J'lirilidir tliaii to the t'aiiiily «ilh which they are usually associated. 'I'liey consist of alioiil a dozen species, mostly of tlii' ;.'c'uus Mi/idth'slvs, though there are others called ('I'rlihijisis nnd I'ldl'/clrliln. Willi one exception, they arc Itirds of Central and South Anierica, and the West Indies. Our species, I'ornierly called " I'liliiiinKi/s." simply lor want of an I'lnjilish name, which I here .supi)ly, is not to he coiifoundid with thi! foregoing. It is an cxiinisite .songster. 52. Genua MYIADE8TES Swainson. Toii'iixniirs Fhifdlrliliiii I'liriisli. Nearly iiiiironii n.>iir to lie <.reniiiiie. 'I'Ik' ty|iii'Ml Mini |iiiii('i|ial u;eiMH, IV/V", coiitaiiiiii^ tieui'ly thirty spt'iic-., is es|>e<'i:illy tli:il :iilc'li>lie of Nollll AllielicM. Illoll^li several Hpeeii'H oeelir ill llie \V I'st Ilhlies mill Celllial Alllerica ; one irelilis ami speeiL'S, /lUlrlCH iinlmriii, is fxeliisively NN'est lii'liaii; tiie rest — ('iii-hirliis^ tliilniJiilns, \'in(il(iiilii.i, and Xrnrhliif — are. with one exception, South ami Ci'iitral Anierican. In rnrlher illns- ti'alii>n III' the chaiacters of the ;:i'oiip, I oiler Monie remarks ninler the liead of the (inly ^.'ciiiis with which we liaxc to ilo in the present eonneetion. 6;J. GcnuH VIREO Vioillot. The iiiiinerons species of this i^enns have lieeii diviileil into several ^roiipn, hilt III) violence will lie done liy eoiisideiiicu' tlieiii all as I'inn — in {'act, it is dillienlt, to do otherwise. l''or even tiie seemingly siilistantial division into two jieiierii, ae- cordiii;; as there is an evident spniioiis lirsl primary or apparently none, sepiiriiteH species, like ijilnis and jililldilil/i/iiriis, hardly otherwise speeilically ilistin};nishalile ; while another division into two j;eiieiii, aecordiii;j: to shape of the wiii^s and leiic;tli of the spiirimis first primary or its aliscnce, is sniijeet to some iiiieerlaiiity of detor- iiiinatiini, ami iiiiites species, like ulirKrins nut} llurifrnns, most dissimilar in other rcspi'cts. Tlie fact is, that aliiiost every siiiele species of 17/'i'« has its own peenliar form, ill shape of liill, proporlioiis of primaries, etc., and these details cannot well lie coiisidereil as of niole than s|)ecilic value. 'I'liesc slijihl dilferences are perfectly tanpilile ami Mii|irisiiiL;iy constant, and render the ileter- miiialioii of the species eomparalively easy, tlioii<;li tlicso hirds hear to each other a close ijeiieral rcseiiihiiince in si/c and color. 'I'liey arc; all more or less ollriiccDUH above, sometimes inelininj; to "lay or plumlifons, witli the crown either like the liaek, or else ashy — in one s|iecies, however, lirowii, !inil in another lilack ; and whilo or whitish lielow, usually more or less tinged witli yellow. Tlie coloration is very constant, the sexes heing iudistin- gnislialile, and the young did'ering little, if at all, from tlu! iidiilts. Ali .ire siiuUl liirils — alioiit "( or (i inches long. Ah u gioiip tlie studi'iit will prolialtly litivc no dilliciilty in recognizing them l>y the foregoing diagnosis, as the eharacter of tiic feet si'i'iiis to lie peculiar, among North American birds, and is at any rale diagnostics when taken in eonneetion with the eharaeter of the hill — all those Oseines, as wrens, creeiiers, or titmice, that show nineli cohesion of the toes, having an entirely dill'ereiit hill. The hill of Miro may he described as resemhling that of a shrike in miniature — it is hooked and notehed distinctly at tiic end, and there is sometimes a trace of a tooth liehind the notch, and of a niek in the under inandilile too. .Some of the weakerdiilled species might he carelessly mistaken for warlilers — hut there is no excuse for this, nor for confounding them with any of the little clamalorial llycatcliers. The N'ireos were long supposed to jjossess either nine or ten jiriniaries. 15ut that the important character of numlter of [)riinaries — one marking whole families a^^ we have seen — should here siiliside to sjiecilic value only, seemed suspicious; and the fact is, as announced by l$aird (IJeview, pp. Kit), ."S^.")) that all the species really iiave ten, only that, in some instances, tlie first primary is rudimentary and displaced, lying concealed outside the base of the second ((uill. The North Anierican species are distributed over the temperate portions of this W. Wai'liliiiB Viieo. VIIIKOMI)*, VIIIKOH. iit. to IIC- tcH contiiiont, nnd Bcvornl of fhcin iiro nliundiint birds t)f tlio Atlantic States, inliahlt- iii;^ Woodland and slniililii'i'V. 'I"l"'y art" cxflnsivcly inscctivurous, and arc tlidt'loro nci'fs.sarily nii;;ralory in oin' latiludcs. 'I'licy Imild a nciil iicn-ilc ni'sl in llu' I'nrk of a liranclilit, and conunonly lay four or llvo wiiili! Hpi-ckli'd v)in>*. Ni-xt ailcr tliii warldcrs, tlic ;j;rt'cnli'ls arc the most, dcli^ditrnl of our t'orcsl liirds, tlion|,di tlicir cliarniH aildrcss llu^ car ami not llic eye. (lad in siiiiplc tints that liarnioni/.u with the M'rdin'c, these ;;entle son|^slcrs uariilc their lays unseen, while the I'oliajie itself seems stirred to music. In the i|uaiiit and ein'ioiis ditty ol' the wiiitc-cye — in the earnest, voluhle strains of the red-eye -in the tender seer('t that the wariilin;^ \irei) eonlldes in whispers to tlie passinj; lireeze — he is insensilde, wiio does nol liear tlie echo of thoughts he never clothes in words. ANAI.VSIS III' Hri-.ctKJi. I'riiiinrlpn :i|'piirriill\ !i {Mir l»l niiliiiii'iiliiry iiml illiiilacoil). (ft) I'liiiiMi'liH cviili'nMy 10 (tlii! I>l rlKirt i>r p|iiiriiMl»). (h) (II) 'riiriiiil .viliiiw ■ . . Jtiirl/roni. — wliili-; rrciHii Ml lij. impI lihiik-cilni'il. liaiilly ('^^^[►lln;,' Willi l);ic'k philiiililiiliiiiit. — Macl.-i'ilKC'il. Iiiirk nlivc; iioiii.ix llary ^(^l'llk'' nfirtii'i nn. — Iiiaxillary cirraks I'lithiliilni, (li) Cniwii lilni'k iiliiiiiiiilluii. — iiKlliliiik: »|l ami Willi; '.'^ |i»i;r viciiiiur, — lint ',11" liiiij; ai- Jihl, iir wliiK iHil Jl Inn;; (c) ()') WiiiK-lianilH \\ anting: cnloratiiiii iif in /'/i//ii ».< ffllruf. — inu.-ciit; leiiKlli over li in. ; liiK'k dlivi', I'lintiaHtini; with ap-liy Mill' I'l'iiwii. , . . loliliiriiin, — liluinlii'iiuH, rr.pwii M('ariTl> ilillVrcnt, .... jthimtivun, — ."i in. nr Icn."; \vinK = tail, Imlli almiit J); Irt i|iilll == ', .'ml jniailliin. — >tiiil; crnnii a>^liy, rliiii ami Mipi'ir. liiiu wliiti', . . Ifiltii. — olive, chin «lit . min'ii'. lint" Mil., . iMicfcnr. — mill iiiiiliT pari- yull'-h, . hntlonii. Ons. Tho IJartrainian Viroo of Ai:i)., Orii. Uiog. v, "^UC, pi. .1.'51, f. 4 ; IJ. Am. iv, ir)3, 1)1. 212, and of Xutt., i, 2d ed. Hl'tH, lias not been identilied Ity later ornitholoj^ists ; Imt there is iillle chance of its liciti^ a ^ood si)ecies. Tlii! de.seriptions indietite a liiid much like \'.iilir(tv( us. 'I'iie (U'ljiiiiiii Virco hminimii ui SwAiNsoN, Fanmi IJor.-Ain. ii, 2.'5o, is a lira/.ilian species of the nln-iifciis ).;roup, wroiifjly iiscril)ed to .North America. The name I'iiro rircuci'iiH that I5.mi;ii applii'd to tlie Jtiirlramian N'ireo, in 15. N. A. p. ."i.'JO, isdoiihtless an erroneous identilication, as lie has since shown, Vikii, lot's rirosroin heinji; litised on a I'cnnsyiviinia spcci- nien, :ilniost certainly nlintrons. — For the discussion of these i|iiostions, and a niiisterly review of tlu; whole ,u;eniis, see li.Mitn, l{c\iew, pp. .■l22-.'i7(). I'll). ."ill. Itviliyi'il Virei). (Tliis.iiiid suhs('i|iii!lit II);m, nf lliis lainily.or iiat. ,-izc.) Itcil-eiird Virco. Above, olive-irreon ; crown ash, etlacfl on oiicli sido witli jv I)lfickish line, below this a white siipeiciliaiy lino, below this agtiiii ii dusky stripe tiir(>nii:ii oyo ; under jiarts white, fiiintly shaded with olivo aloiiir sides, and tin<^ed with olive on under winj; ."iiid tail-eoverts ; wiiijrs nndtiiil dusky, edged with olive outside, with whitish inside: bill dusky, pale '' \ 120 AMUKONIii.i;, VIliKOS. — fii:\. r)3. Itc'low ; feet Icjiilcii-Miic ; oyi's red ; no dusky inaxillarv streaks ; no spuri- ous (|nill. LiiriTc ; '>','- llj ; winir ■■>}-'5;\ ; tail i';i-2A ; l)ill aliout 3 ; tarsus '}. Kastciii Noilli AuuM'ii'a ; in most places tlio most al)undant species of llie jU'eiius, in wdodlauil ; a volulile, lirele.-s soiiujster. Wu.s., ii, !)',), pi. 12, t'. .'1 ; Ni TT.,i, 'A\'2 ; All!., iv, l.'>"), pi. '2i:'> : l!n., 'MW, and IJev. 'V,V,\. oi.ivackits. /Ihick-ir/ii's/irrcil ]'in<). \\'/iij)-/oiit-l'r'l/i/. Very similar lo (lio last ; distin- ffuislii'd ity a nari'DW duslvv mixillary lin(% or lini; of spots, on eaeli side of tlieeiiin; liill lonirer, j - ' ; proportions of (piills s]i;j;!itly dillerent (see tlio li.irs.)- C"ul)a, IJaiiainas, and easuaily in Florida. V. lon'jivdslvlx, Xurr., i, lM eil., ."):)!I. r. (ilh'/of/iuis, (iAMiiKL. Proe. Aead. Pliila., 1848, 127; Cass., /7y/,/., l,s,-,l, 1.-,l>, ;,nd III. pp. 8, 221, pi. .'57 ; I'.i)., ;i:)l. T'. hdrhnlnhi, 1>I)., liev. .").")! \i,rii,()(a'l's var. iJAiMiATCi.us. Ill.iik-whii-ki'ri'il ViriMi. ViiTii llavnviriilirt. Op.s. Another species or variety of this lonii'-liilled, O-priiiiaried group, T'. Jla- rarii-idi.i (('\<<., I'roc. Acad. I'liihi. l.s,"il, \'f2: Ud., IVM and Kev. .'I.'SII), occurs ill ^loxico and may he expected ovi'r our border. lhou;j:h no siieciniens appear to jiave heen taken within our limits ; it lias Iteen admitted into hite systematie works. It closi'ly reseniliU's nllrKmis, hut tlie mider jiarts are yellow, lirin'hler juMhaps, at least on tiie asillars and erissuni, than tilirtirnifi ever becomes, even in the fall. Jirofhcrlii-hivc Virin. AI)ove dull ollvc-l(). riiiLAi)i:Li'iiicis. WarhUmj Vino. Colors precis(dy j's in the last species ; spurious (pull jiresent, I - i^ as lonu as the second primary. tumm. w.^niiiii,' vin'o. Eastern Xoi'th America, an abundant little biril and an ex(pMsite son;rster. Its voice is not strong, and many birils excel it in brilliancy of execution ; lv-I(ivo Vil'CO. 1^^- VIREONIDiE, VIUEOS. — OEN. 53. 121 I Km. 111. Western \Vaililin;i Vii-co. l)iit not one of them all can rival the tonilorncss antl softness of the liquid strains of this moilcst vocalist. Not honi to "waste its ,sv\'octncss on the desert air," the warl)ling virco forsakes the depths of the woodland for the park and orchard and shady street, where it glides through the foliage of the tallest trees, the unseen mes^iMigcr of rest and peace to tlie busy, dusty haunts of men. — Wils., v, 8'). pi. 42. f. 2 ; XUTT., i, ;}()!) ; AuD., iv, 1 4!», pi. 241 ; Bo., 335, and Rev. 342. (iii.vi s. Var. swAiN'soxii. "Similar to V. tjilrus, l)iit smaller ; colors paler ; bill more d 'iivt'sstMl ; upper mandible almost bbiek ; 2d qiiill nuicii sliortcr than Gth." Baiud, Rev. 313 ; C'ooi-., IK!; Elliot, pi. 7. Rocky Moimtiuiis to the Pacific, U. S. The Western I'orm has been described as distinct, but I scarcely tliiniv tlie characters assigned will be found constant. In one of my Arizona skins the second ([iiill is loii'/cr tlian it is in an Eastern specimen. YclUnv-throated Vlron. Above, rich olive-green, crown tiie same or even l)righler, rump -^ensiijly shading into bluioh-asli ; l)elow, l)riglit yellow, belly and crissuni abruptly Avhite, sides anteriorly shaded with olive, postericn'l}^ with plumbeous ; extreme forehead, su- perciliary line and ring round eye, yel- low ; lores dusky ; wings dusky, with tiie inner secondaries broadly white- edged, and two broad white bars across tilts of greater and median coverts ; tail dusky, nearly all the feathers completely encircled with white edging ; 1)111 and feet dark leiulen blue ; no spurious quill ; h'{ - (i ; wing al)out 3 ; tail only about 2\. A large, stout, highly-colored species, common in the woods of tlie Eastern United States. Wii.s., i, 117, pi. 7, f. 3 ; Xutt., i, 302 ; Auo., iv, 141, pi. 238; Bi)., 341, and Uev. 34(! flavifuons. Jilne-hediled, or SoVilari/ Virco. Above, olive-green, crown and sides of head bluish-ash in marked contrast, with a Itroad white line from nostrils to and around eye, and a dusky loral line ; l)elow, wliite, Hanks washed with olivaceous, and axillars and crissuni pale yellow; wings and tail dusky, ^- most of the feathers edged witli white- or whitisli, and two conspicuius liars of the same across tips of middle and irreater coverts ; bill ano;/.s- and iinrchnrtiri'iis/'fi; inhabits woodland. Wir.s., ii, 143, pi. Ki;V TO N. A. lUllIIS. 1(1 w-tlirniitcil Virco. lilue-ln'aili'il. Ill- Soliliiry Virco. 122 VIUEOXlD.i;, VlliKOS. CKS. 53. I 17, f. (!; XiTT., i, ;}()•); All)., iv, 144, pi. 2;'.0 ; Bi)., r)40, and Kcv. 347. ( r. nissii,;; Xaxtcs, Proe. IMiila. Aoail. is.^s, M7 : Bd,, 340, pi. 78, f. 1, is not (liU'crent. ) solitakius. J'huiihmtis \'ir('i). Loadcn-ifray, ratlicr liri;:Iitor and more ashy on the crown, l)nt without marUod rontiast, faintly jrio^sed with olive on rump; a conspicuous white line from nostril to and around eye, and below this a dusky lorai .-tripe; helow, pure white, sides of neck ruid i)reast shaded with coh>r of tlie hack, ilanks, axillars and crissum with a mere trace of olivaceous, or none; wing and tail dusky, with conspicuous pure white edj:inirs and cross-hars. Size of the last or rather larger ; hill nearly Fi(i.i;7. j'lumiHMiiis vhci. i; tarsus r! ; middle toe the same ; spurious quill ahout ',', one-third as long as the second (piill. Central Plains to the Pacific, V. S., and especially Southern Kocky .Aloiuitains, where it is ahundant. A large stout si)ecies, a near ally of siJi/oriufi, hut nearly all the olivaceous of that species replaced hy plumbeous, and the yellowish by white, so that it is a very dillerent looking bird. It may prove only a variety, but 1 have seen no intermediate specimens, and cannot reconcile the obvious discrepancies, upon this supi)osition. CouES, Pr. Ac. Phila., lf<(ir., 74; IJi)., Kev. 340; Coor., 119; Elliot, pi. 7. . . I'LUMiiEUs. fi'nii/ Vh'cn. With the general appearance of a small faded specimen of pliiinh(ii.-<: leaden-gray, faintly olivaceous on the rump, below white, with hardly a trace of yellowish on the sides ; wings and tail hardly edged with white ; no markings about head except a whitish cyc-ring. 5^ ; extent 8H ; wing and tail, each, 2A ; tarsus nearly % ; middle toe and claw hardly over h ; tip of inner claw falling short of base of niitldle claw ; tail decidedly rounded ; spurious (juill :f, half as long as the second primary, which latter is not longi'r than the eighth. Arizona. If these peculiar proportions of the single known specimen are constant, the species is distinct from any other. It is our plainest colored species, resemliling jihimlieKx, but apparently more closely allied to the smaller rounder-winged species like iiorefxtra- <-iiis)s and especially pusiJhts; the toes are almost abnormally short, and the tail as long as the wing. Coiks, Proc. Phila. Acm<1. Sci. lS(!(i, p. 7") : 15i)., Kev., 3(11 ; Coop. 12') : Ki.i.ior. pi. 7. . VKMNK.i:. \Vh!lp-ri/p(1 Virc I. Aiiovc bi-ight olive- green, including crown : .a slight ashy gloss on the cervix, and the rump showing yellowish when the feathers are di.-turbcd : Itelow white, the sides Fid. fl.". Wliilt'-i'voil Vin-o. kr-- VIUEONID^', VIKEOS. — (JK\. 53. 123 of the breast and hoWy, the axillars ami crissum, l)right yellow : a hriirlit yellow line fmin nostrils to and ai'onnd eye; lores dusky; two I)road yel- lowish winir-liars ; inner secondaries widely edged with the same ; l)ill and feet hiaekisli-piiiniheons ; eyes white. About;") inches long; wing 2i - 2A ; tail 2\ : sjtnrious (jnill :/, half as long as the second, which about equals tho eighth: tarsus about :J ; middle toe and claw ^; I)ill nearly i. A small, compact, brightly-colored s[)ecies, al)undant in shrubbery and tangled undergrowth of the Eastern United States; noted for its sprightly manners and emphatic voice ; eggs 4-5, white, speckled at large end. Wii.s., ii, 2(i(!, pi. 18: XiTT., i, .'idti; Ald., iv, 140, i)l. 240; IJi)., 338, and Hev. 354. xovkiiouacknsis. • Jli(/(>itt''s VIrci). A species or variety similar to the last, but ditl'ering much as jfai;,ri'r/ilis does from nJiraceiif, in having the under parts almost entirely yellowish ; second quill al)out e<]nal to the tenth. Lower (.'alifornia and southward. An accredited species, but one I have not tested, and cannot endorse. Cass., Proc. Acad. Phila. 1851, l.')i>. 1852: pi. 1, f. 1 ; lio., 33!), pi. 78, f. 2; l{ev. 357. . . iilttoxii. i>V//'.s' l^ircd. Olive-green, brighter on rump, ashler on head, but without decided contrast; head-markings almost exat'tly as in r/ilcus; below, sul- ])hurv yellowish, only whitish on chin and middle of I)elly ; inner quills edged with whitish ; two whitish wing-bands, I)ut one more conspicuous tlian the other. Hardly or not 5 .^ -' ^ l.)ng; Ming little over 2 ; tail under 2 ; spurious (juill al)ont i the second, which ('(jUals or exceeds the seventh. A pretty little species, like a niini- aiure i/ilcits, but readily distin- guished from that species by its small >ize, i)resence of decided wing-bars, more yellowish under parts, and dilferent winir-formula. Middle rcirion, U. S., west to the Kocky Moun- ^K, ^JfV^ Km 70. r.ell'.s v:rc) tains, east to Kansas (C id Illinois {lii'ilt/imii/) ; an i^bundant specie: inhabiting cofjses and shrubl)ery in open country, with much the same sprightly ways and loud song of wivi-h '/nrareii'iis. All)., vii, 3;)3, pi. 485: 111)., 337: Kev. .)S. liKLMI. sf V ( )livaceous-i:rav I)elow white, merely tinged with yellowish on the sides ; head-mark- ings obscure : wing-bands and edg- ings, though evident, narrow and whitish: no decided (dive or yellow any- where. Size of hcllii: wing and tail of eipial lengths, little over 2 inches; bill J ; tarsus -J : middle toe and claw h ; spurious (piill about -3 as long as the second, wliicii is intermediate Ix'tween the seventh anil eiifhth. A small 124 LAMID.T., SIIRIKKiS. OKN. 53. ol)seiiri'-l()iikiiiLr species near hcUii, wliicli it ropliices in Soutinvcstcni U. S; j)<).ssil)lv ii irrayor, loiijitT-laiU'd, geoLrrapliical race, but more speeinieiis will 1)0 re(iiiiie(l to prove tliis. Its lialtits are the same as those of Bell's vireo. CouKS, I'roc. Acad. Pliila., l.S(;(l, TO ; Bd., Kcv. 3(50 ; Cooi-. 124. ( 1^ hi-llli Coop., Proc. Cala. Acad. 1801, 122.) I'LSILLUS. Jihuh-lH'inh'd Vireo. Olive-irreeii, the crown and sides of head black; helow white, olive-shaded on sides ; 4=/; wing 2] ; tail 2. Southwestern Texas, I'xlreniely rare; only three specimens known. WooDiiofSK, Troc. y riiiia. Acad. 1852, GO; Itep. Expl. Zuni IJiver, 75, pi. 1; Cass., 111., 153, pi. 24 ; 1)1)., ;>.')7, and Kev. 353. . atiucai'ILLUS. 2^ i,;ii.-. Fairily LANIID.ffi. Shrikes. Es^^entially cliar.'utorized by the combination of compaiativoly weak, strictly j)asscrine feet with a notchcil. toothed and liooked bill, the size, shape and strength of which recalls that of a biid of prey. The family comprises about two hinidrod ;ecoriled species, refer- al)le to uumeroiis genera, and divisibh' into three groups, of which the following is the only one occurring in America. Siihfiiiiiih/ LAXII.WE. Tnif Shrih:i. The genus Culhiriti is the only rei)reseutative of this group in North America. In this genus the wing has ten i)i'im;u'ies and tlie tail twelve I'ectriccs ; both are much rounded and of nearly e(iual lengths. The rictus is furnished with strong bristles. The circular nostrils are more or loss perfectly covered and con- cealed by dense tufts of antrorse Ijristly leathers. The tarsi are scutellate in front and on the outside — in the hitter respect deviating from a usual Oscine character. Our shrikes will tiius bo easily distinguislied ; additional features arc, the p(jiut of the wing formed by the 3d, 4th and ;")th ([uills, the 2d not hjnger than the (itli, the 1st about half the 3d ; the tarsus equalling or slightly exceeding the middle toe and claw; the lateral toes of about equal lengths, their claws reaching the biise of the middle claw. In coloration our si)ecies are nuich alike, and curiously similar to the mockingbird, being bhiish-. grayish- or brownish-ash above, white more or less evidently verniicnlated with black below; wings and tail bhick variegated with white, rump and scapulars more or less wiiitisii, and a black bar through the eye. These shrikes are bold and si)iritcd birds, (|uarrelsoine among themselves, iuid tyrainiicid toward weaker s[)ecies ; in fact, their nature seems as highly rapacious as that of the true birds of prey. Tiiey are carnivorous, fecdiug on insects and such small birds and ((uadnipeds sis tiiey can cai)tnre smd overpower; nnniy in- stances liavo boon noted of their dashing attacks upon cage-birds, luid their reckless pursuit of other species under circumstances that cost them their own lives. ISnt the most remarkalile fact in tlie natural history of the shrikes is their singular and hiexplieable liabit of impaling tiieir prey on thorns or sharp twigs, and leaving it sticking there. This has oecasioued many ingeiiiuild a rather rude and bulky nest of twigs, and lay I C) s|)eekieil eggs. Tiiey are not strictly migratory, although oin- northernmost species usually retires southward in the fall. The sexes are alike, i I LAXIlD.i;, SlIUIKKS. — CiEX. 51. 125 S; and tlio yoniiii; (lilTer but littlo. Tliorc arc only two woU (IctcnniiuMl Aiiiei'ifau spt'cit's, of nine tluit compose the gi'im.s. rk: lilllrlll'll.iivl. 54. Genua COLLURIO Vigors. (f)-P(if ybrf/ier)) Shrike, or JSiilclierhlrd. Clciir hluisli-ash Itlunchiiifr on the rnnip and .scapnlars, l)clo\v white always vcrniii iiiatcMl with fine wavy hlai'kisii lines; a hlaeU bar alonj; side of head nal nicetini:' its fellow across forehead, interrni)ted by a white crescent on nnder eyelid, and bordered above by hoary white that also occu- pies the extreme forehead ; wings and tail black, the former with a large spot near base of the prima- ries, and the tips of most of the qnills, white, the latter with nearly all the feathers broadly ti[)ped witii white, and with concealed w h i t c bases; 1)111 and feet black; il - 10 long; wing 4i ; tail rather more. The yoinig is similar, but none of the colors are so pure or so intense ; tlu; entire plnmage has a brownish snirn- sion, and the bill is licsh colored at base. Xortli America, northerly ; In'eeds, however, in niounlainons parts of the United States ( Alleghanies, TnnihiiU) ; in winter, usnally extends sonthward abont to '^'P (Conrs). "WiLs., i, 74, pi. 0, f. 1 ; Xutt., i, i>.")S ; Ald., iv, i;]0, i)l. 2'M\; lii)., 324, and itov. 440 noitim.is. LiKjijcj'hciid iShrikc. Slate-colored, slightly whitish on the rnmp and scapulars, below white, with a few obscure wavy Mack lines, or lionc ; black bar on side of head nu'cting its fi'llow across the forehead, imt interrupted by white on under eyelid, and scarcely or not bordered above by hoary white ; otherwise like hnreafii^ in color, but smaller ; ., iv, 1.'55, pi. 2.')7 ; IJi)., 325, and Rev. 443. . ludoviciaxus. Var. KXcrniroKdiincs. Whlli-ndiijici'l Slin'hf. "With the size, and the essential characters of tlie iicail-stripi', of hitlnriiu'iiinis, ami the Mnder parts, as in that species not, or not olivionsly, waviMl, hnl with llic clear liuht ash n|)pcr parts, and hoary wliilisli superciliary line, scapulars and rnin[) of linrni/is. .Middle and West- ern N. Am. ; N. to the Saskatclieuan, K. to Illinois, S. into Mexico. 15o.. ;>27, .".2.S, and Uev.. ;M 1, .".1.") ; Cool-., l.'i.S. Ons. I'.xtrenie exanipU's n{' l((ialie speeies |)rol)al)l3' oi'roiiecjiisly attributed to North Aiiieriea. Family FRINGILLID^. Finolios, etc. 'riie lari;csl Nnrlli Aiiuricaii lainily. coniiivisiiiu; hi'twecu (Mie-sevciith and onc- eij;htli nl' all uiir liinls. ami the must extensive ^roni) ol" its t directions, and sometimes so contracted that some o\' its outlines are loncave. The nostrils are usually exposed, hut in many, chielly boreal, genera, the base of the bill is furnished with a rulf. or two tufts of antrorsc feathers more or less eomiiletely covering the oiienings. The (aitliug edges may be slightly notched, but ari' usually [ilaiu ; there are usually a fi'w inconspicuous bristles about the rictus, sometimi's wanting, sometimes highly developed, as in our grosbeaks. The wings are eniUessly varied in shape, but agree in possessing only nine developed primaries; the tail is eijindly variable in form, but always has twelve rectrices. The feet show a strictly Oscine podotheca, scutellate in front, covered on the side with an imdivided plate, producing a sharji ridge behind. Xoue of tlu'se menibers oiler extreme [ihases of development or arrestation, in any of our specie-^ . r»ut the most tangible characteristic of the familv is dinjnhiti'in of the aimmiK- T le connuiss ure rims in a strtiight line, or with a slight curve, to or near to the base of the bill, and is then more or less .•.bruptly bent down at a varying angle — the cutting e(lge of the upper mandible forming a rcentrance, that of the lower mamlilile a corres|)ouding salience. In the great majority of cases the I'ea- ture is unmistakable, and in the grosbeaks, for exam|ile. it is very strongly marked indeed; but in some of the smaller-billed forms, and especially those with slender bill, it is harilly perceiilible. On the whole, however, it is a good character, and at any rate it is the most reliable external feature that can be f'led in coiniiiuuity of interest. 'I'lie modes of nesting ar(^ too various to be here summarized. Nearly all the lip.ches sing, with vaiying ability and ell'ect ; some of them are among our most ilelightfnl vocalists. As a rule, they arc plainly clad — even meanly, in comparison with some of our sylvan beauties; but among them are birds of elegant and striking colors. Among the highly-colored ones, the sexes are more or less uulilie, and other changes, with age and season, are strongly marked ; the reverse is the case with the rest. 55. Genus HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte. Evening Groxhealc. Dusk}' olivaceous, brighter beliiiid, forehead, line over eye aiul under tail covcrt.-r' yellow ; crown, wings, tail ami tibiic black, the secondary quills mostly white; hill grccnisli-yfdlow, of iiiiinciise size, jilioul .'^of an inch long and nearly as deep; 7A-S.] ; wing 4-4A ; tail '1\. The 9 and young diiler somewhat, but cannot be mistaken. Plains to the Paeilic, U. S., uiid .somcwluit northward; occasional I'astwanl to Ohio and Illinois, and even straving to Canada {Mc/lirnn'f/i) and New York {Lnw- rence). Aui)., iii, 217, pi. 207; 15i)., 4011; Cooi'., 174. . \EsrKiniXA. 56. Genus PINICOLA Vicillot. J'iiie (imshpdh. $ carmine red, paler or whitish on the belly, darker and streaked ^vitli dusky on tiic hack ; wings and fail dusky, much edged witii white, former with two white bars; 9 ashy-gray, jialer ladow, marked with brownish-yellow on the head and rump. JS-'.I long ; wing Ji ; tail 4, emarginate ; bill short, stout, convex in ail directions. Nortiiern North America, appearing in the I'nitcd States in winter, generally in flocks, in pine woods; resident in flic Sierra Nevada of California ( ( 'uo/icr}. \\'ii.s., i, ^<0, i»l. ;") ; At'i)., iii, I7'.i, iil. l'.>l> ; 15i)., 410; Cooi-., i:>2. . knlcmoatoi;. I 1 > ^ r i ! •> i ? ' I'lc;. 71. ('MssiiiV ItiilHinc'li. 128 IIMNtiir.MD.T., FIXCIIKS, KTC. — OKN. .")7, flfS. 57. Genua PYRRHULA Auctorum. C'dss/'ii's JJu///hi.l ; tail ',).[. Nnlato, Alaska (JJall), only one specimen known, originally described as a va- riety of J', corciiicd of Kiiropo, but later determined to be tly brownish-yellow or bronzy below. ')'(-().i ; wing 3-;}j ; tail '2\-ih, forked ; tarsus ij ; middle toe and claw i ; bill under i, turgid, with a little rutl' of antrorse feathers. Not crested, but the coronal feathers erec- tile. The foregoing description shoidd prevent con- founding yoimg I)irds with any of the streaked and spotted sparrows. United States from Atlantic to I'acitie, and somewhat northward in snnnner; an abundant species, particularly in spring and fall, in *"''-^- "i""'- ''un.ioi-ln.i,. woods and orchards, generally found in Hocks except when breeding; feeds on seeds, buds and blossoms; a delightful songster. Wils., 1, 111), pi. 7, f. 4; Ari)., iii, 170, \)\. IIKI; Pid., 412; also, C. rdJiftiniirns Bd., 413, C'ooi'., l.')4, which I cannot distinguish at all . rintruuKi's. Cdffsin'f^ Purple Fincli. Similar; the red paler, more streaked with dusky on the upper |)iuts, crown rich crimson in marked contrast; larger; f)}-7; wing .3J. ; tail '2% ; bill about \, comparatively less turgid; tarsus i|. Southern Kocky Mountain Hegion. Ui)., 414; C(,)Ui:s, I'r. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. I7(!t), 45; Coor., 1,").") cassinii. ini rr.iNcir.MD.K, riNciiKs, irrc. — (ir.\. M. li>l> •* Adult (? Willi till' rcil partly in (IcHiiitc arcMi, tlic lirlly streaked, the edi;-iii:4 of tlio \Yiii,u^s wliitisli. Crii/K'iii-fr.iiifc! F/'iir/i. /fmi.'n- l-'iiicli. /iiir/'iii. ^ witli tlic forehciul ami ii liiu' (ivcr the eye, the niiiii), mid the cirm, llirnat and hrcast, criiiison ; otiier upper parts brown, streaked with darker, and marked with didl red, and (illier under parts whilo or wliitish, st reakeij with dnsky ; wini;sand tail dusky with slieiit whitish cdfxinjrs and cross liars. The elianires of phimajrc arc paraliid witli tiiose of ('. /iitr/mriiis, lint the siiccics may easily lie dis- timjnished in any phmiaire liy its smaller size, with r(dativ(dy lonircr wini^s and tail, these memhcrs lieinii alisoliil(dy as loiiLT or nearly as jonLi; as in jiiif/iiiri'iis; tile tail liarely or not forked ; and especially liy the much shorter and more inllated hill, which is almost exactly as reiireseiited in the fore- iroinii' liu'ure of J';/rr/iiilii (v/.vw'/(//. Rocky Monntains to the I'acilic, U. S., a very almndant s])ecies in the towns and irardcns of New Mexico, Arizona and Calitornia, where it is as fimiliar as tlic ilnropcan Sparrow lias lieconie in many of our larii'e eastern cities; nests ahont the honscs ; a [ileasant song- ster. All)., iii, IT.'i, jil. i;i7 ; F.i)., I l.'i : Cooi-., !.")(;. . . . Kiio.vr.u.is. 59. Goniis CURVIEOSTRA Scopoli. *#* Distin,>];nislied from all other hirds \s (lissiiiiilar ; J some shade of reil, nearly iniifonii, with dnsky wini^s and tail ; 9 lirouiiish or olivaceous, more or loss streakeil, head and nniip fr(M|ueiitly washed with lirowiiish-ycllow ; youii'.;- like the $ . Irreuiilarly mii^ratory, accortliiii;' to exigencies of the weatli- VI, emiiieiilly gregarious, and Iced principally on iiiiio sceils, which tliey skiltnlly linsk out of the cones with their sinenlar hill. Our two species inhabit the iKH'tliern [larts of Amer- ica, coming southwaid in Hocks in the fall ; but they are also resident in iiorllicrn and mounlainoiis pine-clad Jiarts of the I'nited States, where' tliev sdinetimes breed in n'iulir. lV/ii/e-ii-/ir/('(l Crosshlll. Win^s in both sexes with two conspicn- oiis while liars; ^ rosy red, 9 lirownish-olive, streaked and speckled with dusky, the rnmi) sallVoii ; about C; wine- ;;.' ; tail 2;'j. WiLs. iv, IS, pi. :!1, f. ;5 ; Art)., iii, IHO, pi. l'OI ; Hi)., -t27 i.r.icoi'TKitA. lii'il ('ross/i/'l/. C'd/iiiii'iii. CrosshiJI. ( I'r.ATi': HI, lijrs. lo, 14, IT), V'ui, \\(i, 15'/.) Wings blackish, nniiiarked ; ^ brieky red; 9 as in Inicujifrrd, Imt wings plain. Wii.s., iv, -It, pi. I'.l. f. 1, 2: Aid., iii, ISC, pi. 2(n) : J'.l). 42('. ; CoOI'., 14S AMIOltlCANA. \'ar. iiic.firiiiiii. Similar to tlu; last ; bill large, alioiit j of an inch long. ISIunn- Kl.l HI N. A. IIIKIIS. 17 I I... 7 ■. W,,iU'-« ll-i'd rni-.-hai. 180 ii;iN(;i[,i,ii>.v,, iiNciiKs, r.ic. — (;r.\. ()(), (;i, l.'iiiioiis |Kirts of New .Mi'\i('o. ami soiilhwdnl. l>i>., I'J" (in text), 1121. My Now .M('.\i("in s|i('('iiii('iis show ii liill iilinost niatcliiim tlint ol' (J. jif/tinjisilliirns ol' Kuiopc. 60. Qonus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson. •»• Siilcs of the iimlfr iiKimlililt' with a Miiali sharp ol)ii(Hic ridijc ; nasal tuffs coiispiciions. (ini>/-croiriiril Fincli. Cliocolatc or livcr-lirown, the I'cMtlicrs postcriofly skiitcd with rosy or lavender, \vin<.'s mikI 1;iil dtisky, rosj'-pdircd, »liiii dusky with little Of no ;isliy, crown idone (leaf ash, loicliead alone l)Iaek, liill and nasal leatiiiTs wliili.-li, feel hIaeU ; 9 ndt partienlai'ly dill'erent ; ahoiit 7; winir-ll ; tail i'\ : a little foi'ked. In iniilsmiiiner, tlie hiaek frontlet extends over tlie crown, llie rosy lieiirlitens to crimson, and tlie hill lilaekeiis ; tlio wliolu piiniiiijre is likewise darker. Hoeky -Moinilain region, sonlli to Colo- rado. Ai:i)., iii, 17(!, 1)1. lliy ; 15i).. l.'iO; Coop., 1(! 4. . tki'MKOCotis. \'in\ CAMi-Ksriiis Iin., in Coop., Hi."). Colorado. In the specimen descriiied, tlic iish of the h'.'ail extends a little Ix'low the eyes lint not on the anrieniars. .-ind forms a narrow liorder on liie chin; tiiiis approxiniatinsj; to the next. \\\Y. (.iMSKiNi I iiA. (•'/•(iii-ciircil Fiiirli. The ash t)f the licad extendinji oxer the whole cheeks and ears and part of the chin; the hlaek frontlet extendini;; over most of tiie crown. J^arii'er than average Iciilinirnfi.i. Alentian Islands. ]>ii., •l;>0 (footnote) ; Trans, (hieaiio Acad. "'■■■•••■^"■'■'' '■""•" '•'■ l.sc:), pi. i>,S. f. -2 ; Coop., 1(11. \'ar. i.rnouAi.is 15n.. Trans. Chicago Acad. l.s(;il. p.:il7, pi. •2.s, f. 1 ; Co'niuvha and lilldnilin look cpiite dillerent fiina /ijiliriirnlis and niiitjiislris.' Slhirimi J'iiii~^>i ; wing 2^-3 ; tail 2.|-2}), with tlii' bill extremely aentc, overl.'iid at the base with nasal i)linnnles, the wings long, pointeil, the tail short, forked, the feet moderate. Conspicuously st rcahil , the crown with a crimson patch in both sexes, the face and cliin dusky, wings and tail dusky with whitish edgings; the males with the whole breast rosy and the rump tinged with the same. IJoreal birds, occurring in the I'niti'd States in winter, in larg(! tloeks. Ited-polf Linnet. (Plate hi, tigs. 1, la, 2, '2l,;)73 i.inauius. ri:iN(iii,Lii>.i;, ri.vciiKs, inc. — (ii:n. (!1, (12. 181 rts X'iii'. ii»(;i'.- lis-i. hui!,;/ U'''l/iiill. (I'l.Mi'. Ill, lius, ;{, ',\(i.) r|i|)i'r pjirts nciirlv iinilbrm ilii-i'iy. niiiii> sciirct'ly li;4lil('i-, siilc.-i liciivily Htrciikcl ; hill dusky. Ari>., iii, pi. i;:!? ( ,.ii>. I'loc. I'liilu. Acjul., ISOI, 22l», Jl'.IO; l,s(ll», IHI); Ki.i.ior, pi. 10. I am not siiri' tliMl tliis is aiiytliiii^' inoro tliiiii ii Hliitc uf pluinajfo "I" liiKtrln.i, uh thu dusky app.'arancu ni:iy lit' dui' to wcariuij; away of the lii,'liti'r im1;::cs of llic rcatlicrs. Var. KXii.ii'ics. Aiinririin Miiil;/ lliilimll. (Pi.aii; hi, lijjs. (l, (Ik.) C'oloi'S piilc, tlio (laxcn of liiKin'iitt i)l('acliiuLr tt> wliilisli ; ruiii|) wiiiti' or rosy, ciitiri'ly uii.Htri'ak('(l ill till" ailulls ; lircast jialc ro^y, and streaks ou tiii' sides small and sparse; hill very Hinall, with heavy pluuiules ; feet small, the middle tou and claw hardly or not equal to the tarsus. Arn., iii. li'O, pi. \'H; t'orr.s, I'roe. I'hila. Acad., l.s(;i, ,'is,'), LSCiD, 1h7; I-'-i.i.ior, \)\. '.*. An Aretie raeo, iiol dillieult, to rei'ogiiize, represeiitiiijj in Ameriea the true Mi-aly Kedpoll, .1. ntnrsrfiin, of Cireeiilaiid. Oiis. Ill addition to the lorcLCoiii^', a lar^'e varii'ty with a very iarifo yellow liill, apl)areiilly correspoiidiiiii' to what is calleil liiilhnlll in iMiro|pe, has heeu uoteil from Canada. ('i>ii;s. I'roe., I'hila. Aead., IHO-', 10; IwiJ'j, isl. 61 his. Gonus LINOTA Bonaparte. Jiirirsfcrs lAniicl. Willi tlio fj:(;ni'ral appuarauce of an immatiifo Aff/io- f/iiis, lliis liinl will lie reeoiriiizcd Iiy aliseiieo of any criinson on the crown, a pei'iiliar ycliowisli shade on liic lower hack, and soniewliat ditfei'i'iit propor- tions. Massaeluisotts, one spoi'iinen (Hreii'n(er). Ai'^ilollms jUirlroshi^, var. liiTirs/crii KiixiWAY, Am. Nal. vi, July, 1X72. An interesting' dis- covery, of which I learn as these; pages go to press ; may he .-nine as the Enropoan. (Not in the Key.) . . . rL.wiKosriii.s var. iiiikwstkiui. 02. Gonus CHRYSOMITRIS Boio. * Sexes alikt'. ISill extremely acute; nasal phimiiles somutiiiK's deficient. Everywhere thickly streaked ; no delinite hlaek on head ; no red anywlierc. Pine Linnet. (Pi-atk in, li!j:s. 11, \\ ii;i.\(iii.i.iii.i;, ii\(iii>, i:ic. — (ii:\. i'rj. liliick ('M|> ilis;i|)|)c,iis, ami (111' ,L!:i'iici',il |)liiiiia'_''' , imiiiilinL!: Ilii' crown ; liclow Miilcd ycl!()\vi>li, xsinjj^s and tail dn>ky. wiiili>li-cd;j:-cd : yunn;:' iiUc llic 9 . Aliont !,' ImiLr : winj; 'J'l ; tail L', a little lorkcd ; 9 laliicr smaller than the J. North America, c>|iecially the lvi>lern I'nited Slale> ; an al)nndant and I'aniiliar species, i>icnons liy its liriLihl lolor-^, and plaintive lispini:; notes; in the fail, collects in lai;ire lloeks. and -o remains nntil the l)reelle and hutlonwooil ; Hies in an nndnlatin;,' conrse. Not small, eompael. Iiuill of downy ami very not't pliant sniislanees, with stiic<'o-wiirk ol' lichens, phncd in a croteii ; cl;u'^ i-!^, white, speekhd. Wii.s., 1, L'O, pi. 1, I". 1^; NiiT., i, Ml; Aid., iii, 1l'!I, pi. IM ; I'.i>., Ii'l ruisTis. /.'.■irri-iiri's ( I'dliljimli. J " lay , w liitchin;; on tho Ixlly and ciis>inn : rnmp, a larirc hrcast patch, and oltcii nnnh of' the hack, rich yellow; crown, face and chin lilack ; winirs Mack, varieiiated with yellow, most of the coveits lieinu of this color, .and the same hroadly ediiini;: the (piills; tail lilack, mu>t of the feathers with lariic scpiaro \vhite spots on the inn<'r welt ; bill anil feet dark. The 9 I'cscndiles the male, liut theic is no hlai'k on the head, and the yellow places arc not so hriiiht. .'>i/,e of //vV/.s, or rather less ; an (levant species, California, Arizona, and prohalily New Mexico. III)., 121; Ki.i.ior, pi. .s ; Cool'., 171 i.AWiji-.Ncr.i. .\r/,'iiis'is ( I'lilil/iiii/t. 1^ olive-u'reen, Ixdort' yellow; cro\v:i lilack, this iii>/ extcndiiiL!: helow eyes; winiis lilack, most of the (|nills and th(< greater coverts white-tipjied, ami the primaries white at liase ; t.iil black, the ontermosl tiirei; pairs of feathers with a lonj.' reclanii:nlai' white spot on the inner web. 9 and youn^;' similar, bnt not so briirht, iuid no black on the head; sdinetimcs, also, no deeide.,l22; Coor., 1(!S rsAF/riMA. Var. AKi/.oN.r. Con.s, rroc. I'liila. Acad., l.stWI, p. Id; Coor., 170. 'I'iie npiier parts mixed tail- N|i(itH ai(! very small or ^valltillu^ '\'\w iMiialcs of tlii'si' si'M'ial xaiiclii's caiiliol lie ilisliii!j;uis|ici| with ciTlaiiity. Oils. ('Iir;i.iiiiiilln',i nui'ji Uniiuui, a Soiilli Aiiicricaii s|icfifs with tin- wliolc licail lilai'k, is saiil liy Ainliilioii lo have liccii l.'ikcii in Ivriiliicky, uIu'I'c pi'olialily it will mil lie t'oiiiiil ai^aiii. ( 'hr^isiiiiiilri.'i .itiiiili'i! ami ('. i/iirrd/ii. of Aiiiliilion, wrii' a|)|iaii'iilly ''imr-liiiils, iiii|iro[irily .'itlrilpiilnl lo .Noilli Anuiiia. Ik.. >'|. M. \m' ,11 i.ol.liliii'li. 03. Qoiuis PLECTROrii/tWKB Mcyor. * Hill small, truly conic, iiiHimI at liasc ; liiml cl.-iw ilcciilc(lly curve. I. S)iiiir liiiiiliii'i. Siiiiirjl(i/:r. Ill lircciliiiL' pliiiiiaLri', jmrc wiiitc, llic li.ick, wiiiixs jiinl tail varicLcati'd with lilacU ; Itill ami Iccl MacU, As i^ciicraily nccii ill the riiilcil ."states, llic uiiilc is cjoiKlcd with dear, warm hrowii, ami tins liili is hrowiiish. Lciiixlli iilioiit 7; wiiii;' \\; tail i','. .\i'ctic Aiiiciica, irrciriilarly .southward, in lloclis. in the winter, to ahoiit '•'>'>•, lint its iiiovc- iiieiits depend iiiiich oil tlic weallicr. Wii.s., iii, j'l't;^ Mil, pi. lM ; Niir., i, l.'iS; Aid., iii, .").'), pi. !."i.'>; 111) , l;'>2 NIVALIS. ** liill moderate, iiiniiircil, hilt wilii a little liit'l of fc.'itlicis at the liaM' ot" the rictus; hind el.aw slraiulit- I'li:. HI, I'tiui ill < 'fiilni|t!i,-iiH's, , , ,,. ,, I* .. I ,1 ,1 ■ 1 II i II ' i--li, \Mili Its (lcj,it joiiLjcr tliaii the iimiillc toe iiml claw. .Sexes dissimilar ^J with a cervical t'oilar. ami olilii|iie wiiite ari'a on the onter tail feathers; 9 rest, iililin,;,; some of the streakeil sparrows. [< '1 nfrnjiliiiiir.i.) Ldpldiiil Lnii'jsjiiir. Adult ^ : whole head ,iiid throat jet lijai li bordered witli liully or wiiitish which toriiis .a postociilar line sep.iiatin;.' the hlaeU ol" the crown iVoni that of tiie sides ol" the liead ; a liroad iholiiut cervical t'olhir; iijiper parts in lii'iienil l)i;icl2; Ud., 4;5;5 i.ArroNicrs. J'liiiilcil l.itilc Jldiiliii'i. Aihilt J : ('frviciil collar and ontiri' under i)!irls rich hully hrown or dark fawn ; crown and .sides of head hlack, hounded l)elow l>y a white line, and interrui)ted hy white superciliary and Jiuricnlar line and white occi|)it.d spot ; upper parts streaked with hlaek and brownish yellow; lesser and middle wiuij: coverts hlack, ti[)ped with wiiito forming conspicuous patches; one or two outer tail feathers mostly white; no white on the rest; /f'.'/N iinlc ^'w.v of I'l/i/tonirns: seasonal and se.\ual chan,u;es of plumajre C(,rrespondent. Hrili.«h .Vmerica into I'nited .States in tlu; infcn'nr; it I'onunoii witii us. Xi rr., ii, .J8ll ; Aud., iii, .")2, pi. l.J3 ; vii, ;5;57, pi. |N7 (siiu/liii) ; r»i). -LSI riCTis. (.'/les/iint-col/tncd Lurk JiiiiiHii'i. A(hiil $ : a chestnut cervical collar, as in l(ipj)(iiu'ri(!<, and upper parts streaked much as in that species, hut irra-.er; nearly all the under parts continuously black, the throat yellowish ; lower helly and crissum only whitish ; in liiLrh plumaiic the hlack of the under parts is more or less mixed with intense ferruirineous, and sometimes this rich sienna I'olor hecomes continuous; crown and sides of head hl.ack, intcrrupteil with white auricular and postocidar stripes, and in hiirh })lumai!:e with a while occipital sjiol : lesser winir coverts hlack or hrow-iish-hlack ; outer tail feathers mostly or entirely white, and all the rest largely white from the hase — a ciiaracter that distinguishes the species in any plumage from the two preceding ; legs not hlaek ; 9 with or without traces of the cervical collar; crown exactly like tlii' hatk, generally no hlack on head or under parts; lielow whitish, with flight dusky maxillary and [K-ctoral streaks !ind sometimes the \\ hole lireast hlack, edged with grayish. Immature males have the lesser wing coverts like the l)ack ; hut they show the hlack of the l)reai ; tail 2-2;^. Missnui; Kcgion, K.insas, and westward; .S. to the Table-lands of Mexiio. All)., iii, .")."•. pi. l.Vt ; Xrrr., 2d ed. l,.").'il); l>i)., 4.'!.'). P. iiichdinmiis IJi)., -l.")!!. appears to be merely a high plumage, jjcrhaps not alwa3's assmned hy northerly i)irds ouxati's. ** • Hil! hii';:i'. tiM'uid. inniilli'il ; liind claw as hcl'ore. but siio; tcr ; sexes dissim- ilar; no cervical col.ar; outer tail Icatlicrs wliite, the rest, except the miildie pair, white on tin' inner wctis to near the tip, tlio line of demarcation running straight across. ( Iili'incliDjilnnii.t.) Miiccoicn'.i J'niiilliiii. Adidt ^ : crown and a broad pectoral crescent black; superciliary line and under parts white; beml of wing chestnut; above, streaked with blackish and yellowish-brown. Si/e of the last, or rather larger; ('.-(JA ; wing '.V\ : tail 2j-2.i ; bill nearly h inch long. The 9 lacks the black and <'hestnut, but in any plumage the s[)ecics may be known i)y the peculiar markings of the tail feathers, the white areas being cut sijuarely ..If, except in the outer pair, which are wholly while. IMains to the Kock}^ .Mountains, l'. S., rather northern; breeds abundanlly about Chey- FUIXGILLID^, FIXrilKS, ETC. — (iEX. M, ()."). Uo i ciiiip, AVvoniinj;. {Alio}).) Lawk., Ann. Lvc. Y.wl. Hist. X. Y., 1S51, v, 122; Cass. HI., 22S, pi. .-J!); Hd., 4;>/ maccowmi. 64. Gonus CENTROmrX Baird. Bii'rd's J}i()i(inr/. Hind cliiw ralhor loiiircr tliiiii its diirit ; iiiiul too and flaw not siiorter than tho niitldle one. Wings pointt'd, hut iuiur sccondarifs not longthoncd as in PosserculKn. Tail cniarginato. Tliiclvly stroaivi'd cverywlicrc above, on tlic sides, and across llie lu'oast ; above, grayisii strcaUed with dnsky, l)elo\v wliite, with blackisli inaxillai'V, pectoral and lateral streaks; crown divided by a brownisii-ycllow line; a faint superciliary whit- ish line; no yellowish on bend of wing; outer tail feathers whitish. A curi- ous bird, api)arently related to J'/ectmj)//'iin's in form, but willi the general apijcaranee of a siivanna sp:ii'row or bay-wintri'd l)nnting. ( )idy one speci- men known. YelldW.-tone, Al'D., vii, ;J.")ll, [)i. .")()(); IId., 111. " Massa- chu.setts," Mavnaim), Ami. \at., l.S(;i), ;").")1, and (iuide, 112, frontispiece ; Ai.mox, Aiu. Xat. ISdli, {',:]] ; Ijui;wsti:i!, Am. Nat. 1872, ."{OT. I have seen the later supposed specimens, the fresh measurenients of one of which ((!i ; wing .'${■ ; tail 2;j ; bill .4 ; tarsus nearly an inch) are mucii larger than those recorded by Audnlion, and there are many other discre[)aiicies. The bird should be diligcnlly sought for, as a full investigation will reveal some- thing not now anticipated isaiudii. 65. Gonus PASSERCULUS Bonaparto. Sdvinino Sjuirrnir. ( I'i.ai !•: iii, tigs. K!, 17, IS, Hut, I7(i, \f<(i.) Thickly streaked evcrynhen^ above, on sides, and across breast ; a sn|)cri'iliiiry line, and edge of the wing, i/i'l/mr/'s/i ; lesser wing coverts m/f chestnut; legs flosh-color ; bill rather slender and acute; tail nearly even, its outer feathers not pure white; longest secondary nearly as long as the primaries in tho closed wing. Aliovc, bi-ownish-gi'ay, .sti caked with blackish, whitish-giay and pale bay, the streaks largest on intci'scapulars, smallest on cervix, the crown divided l)y an obscure whilixli lino; somt'linK's an obscure yellowish snlfusion about head liesidcs the streak over the eye. with faint bully shade, thickly streaked, as just stated, with (', FIlIXfilLLin.r,, FINCHES, KTC- CJF.N. t'.G. ;iii(l aji'o, tlionnh llic colors may I)o tlarkcr ami sliai-por, f>r hriglitor ami more (liHusc, at'conliiii; to season and wear of the t'l-atlicrs W U.S., Ill, .').) pi. •2-1. lil) 1". 1 ; Nirr., i, INII ; Aid., iii, OS, pj. lOO: Ud., 4J2. P. ahiutUnnn 41t); Cooi'., ISl, is iii(listiii,i>.. ■! 1') ; CiPdi'., l.\;; ; Km... pi. l;^ may bo recojinizod. 15111 loiiLTcr, sli'iiilcrcr (as in liir. M') ; spots holnw very huiiktous, close, sharp, dark, Caliliiniia coast, aliuiiilMiit in tlif salt iiiarslic^. lMiviri;s>i> r> ■111 I .SO. A larso northern race : (! or more >t(iut ; head more vclhjwisli. Northwest coast. 00. Genus POOECETES Baird. Jl'ii/-iri,ii/ci] Jiidif/'iii/, (,'r(is.'< /■'iii'/i. Tiiii-kly sticakfil everywhere aliove, on sides .'Mill across hreast ; jm y(dlo\v aiiyw ln'i-e ; le>>er winir coverts r/iis/- i.ii' and 1 -;? pairs of outer tail ieatliers partly or wlndly ir/iifi. Aliove irrayisli-lirown, the streakintr dusky and Inowii. with irrayi.-h-white : lielow while, usually iiotieeahly huliy-tiiiired. the slre.-iks very iiuiiirKuis on tlui fore parts and sides; wiii., 1 is. A very alnindant bird, taame frinoiixid.t;, finches, etc. — gkn. fi7, 08. 137 ill fields, etc., tci'iTstriiil, iniuntory, givsiirioiis in the fall. Wir-s., iv, T)!, 1)1. ;5l, f. a; Xurr., i, 1^2; Ai:r)., iii, (I."), pi. ir>l) ; Ud., 447. uu.v.minkus. 67. Gonus COTURNICULUS Bonaparto. YcUorv-u'iuffed Spurmir, Edjro of wiiiij: ocm nic-uoiisly yellow; lessor wiiiir coverts, iiiid sliort line over eye, yellowish ; below, not or not evidently streaked, I)ut fore piirts and sides, I)uir, fadinif to didl white on tiie belly. Above, sini,ndarly variegated with black, gray, yellowish-bro wn and pecidiar pnri)lish-bay in short streaks and specks, the crown being nearly black with a sliarj) median brownish-yellow line, the middle of the back cliielly black with bay and brownish-yellow edgings of the feathers, the cer- vical region and rinnp chielly gray mixed with liay ; wing coverts and inner (jnills variegated like the back; iWt [v.ila. Small; only I;-.")! long; wing 2;\, inncli ronnded ; tail 2 or less, with very narrow i)ointcd feathers, tlio ont- stretched feet reaching to or beyond its end ; bill sliort, tin'gid. Sexes alike ; yonng similar, not so bnll'y bi-low, and with pectoral and maxillary dnsky spots; but in any plnmago known from other si)arrows (excei)t the next species) by amoinit of yellow on wings, and pecidiar proiiortions of parts. I'nited States; abundant in tall grass and weeds of plains and tields ; strictly terrestrial, migratory, with a peculiar chirring note, like a grasshopper's; neste on the ground, eggs l-'), white, si)eikled. Specimens from dry western regions are i)aler and grayer (var. pofpnllliht^ UinnwAY, Mss.). ■\\'ii.s., iii, 7t), pi. 2(!, f. .") ; Aid., iii, 7.'5, [)1. lt)2 ; Xutt., i, 111 t ; IJd., 4.'>0 ; Coop.. IS!» rAssKuisi's. /h'lisloir'.s .Spm-n vesemi) ill!' the la-^t ; smaller more yellowish above, and with sharp maxillary, jxictoral and lateral black streaks below; tail longer, reaching iieyoiid feet ; l>ill stout. Eastern 11. S., not very coiu- moii. All)., iii, 7."), i)l. Id;!; Xurr., i, -Jd ed. ■")71 ; IiD., 151. iiBXShowii. Lccrm/c's Spurraii'. Ijike the Ia-lies (if tlie Allaiitie ami (iiill' Slates; aliiiii(l;uil, migratory. tSi'd-fiii/e Fliicli. ( )live-gra3', obscurely streakeil on the back and crown with darker and paler ; bidow, whitish, often washed with brownish, and shaded on the sides with the color of the back, with ill-delineil streaks on the breast and sides; wings and (ail i)lain dusky, with slight olivaceous cdi^iuirs, winjr cov»'rts and inner (|iiills somewhat margined with brown; n ;/rl/iiir spol nrrr t'/ye^ aiul often some vague brownish and dusky markings on side of head; Ki:v H> N. A. nillK.S. IS ■V I 138 FlilNfill.MD.T:, KIXniKS, KTC. — C.F.S. (lO. . < • hill i)limilK'Oiis, feet daik ; ">'|-(I| ; wiiij,' 2.J-LM ; tail nlioiit 2. "WiLS., iv, (IS, pi. ;U, i". 2; N'lTT., i, 2(1 od. M2, .")!»;$; Ai:i).. iii, KK'., IOC, pi. 172, ll',\ (iii(tc;fi/h'ri'(H/i) ; I>l)., 5t MAIilTl.MlS. Hhai-p-ldiled Finch. Olivc-gni}-, sliari)ly streaked on tlie liaek with itlaeki.>«ii and whitish ; erown darker tiian nape, with Itrown- ish-ldaek streaks and ol)seiiro median line; no yellow loral spot, lint lonir lino over eye and sides of head rich hnli' or oranire- hrown enelo^inii olive-irray ainienlars and a dark si)eek heliind these; helow, wliite, the fore parts and sides tinired with yellowish lirown or hnil" of vari- alile intensity, the lireast and sides sharply streaked with dusky. IJatlier smaller than the last ; l)ill still slenderer, and tail feathers still narrower and more aente. Wii.s., iv, 7(1, pi. ',\\, f. .'i ; Nltt., i, ")<>1: All)., iii, lOS, pi. 174; Hi)., 4").'5. . . . cal dacutus. eg. Gonus MELOSPIZA Baird. *r>reast streaked, and with a transverse licit of lirnwiiisli-yellow ; t;iil nearly eiiual to winLTs. Liticnln'x Flnrh, l?elow, wliite, hreast handed and sides often shaded with yellowish, everywhere e.\cei)t ou the belly thickly and sharply streaked with dusky ; ahove irrayish-hrown, erown and hack with lilackish, hrownish and paler streaks ; tail jrrayish-hrown, the feathers u>ually showinj^ hl.ickisli shaft lines; wings the same, the eoverts and inner quills Idaekish with hay and whitish edgings ; no yellow on wings or head ; oi ; wing and tail ahout 2A. North America; not common in the Eastern States. All)., iii, IK!, pi. 177; Nltt., i, 2d ed. ")t'i!> ; Hn., \X-1 ; Coof., 21t!. . . lixcoi.xii. •* HroHst aslij', iniholtiMl, witii few streaks, or none: tail almiit eipial to \viiiSii'(ii)ij) >Sjt(innir. Crown bright hay, or chestnut, lilackening on the fore- head, often with oh^cnre median ashy line, .and usually streaked with Iilack ; cervix, entire sides of head .and neck, and the hreast, strongly ashy, with vague dark aiirieidar and maxillary markings, the latter hounding the whitisli chill, thcashy of the hnast ohsoletely streaky ; helly whitish ; sides, Hanks ami (•rissiim strongly shaded with brown, .ami faintly streaked; h.ick and rump lirowii, rather tiarker th.in the sides, boldly streaked with black and pale brown or grayish. Wings so strongly edged with bright b.ay as to .appear almost uniformly of this color when viewed closed, but inner second.-iries showing black with whitish idiiing; t.-iil likewise sironirlv Soiit/ tSjxtrrnir. IJelow, white, slitditly shaded with brownish on the flanks and crissum, the nnnu'rons streaks jnst nu'ntioned belnj; dusky with brown edges, I'ormiiiL' a pectoral blotch and also usually co.alescinjr into maxillary stri[)es bounding' the white throat ; crown dull l)ay, with line black streaks, divided and bounded on either side by asIiy-whitisH lines; vague brown or dusky and whitish inarkiuirs on the sides of the head ; the inter- .scapular streaks i)lack, witii bay and ashy-white edgings ; rump and cervix grayish-brown, with merely a few ba^' marks ; wings with dull bay edgings, the coverts and inner (juills marked like tlie interscapulars ; tail plain brown, with darker shaft lines, on the middh- i'eatliers at least, and often with obso- lete wavy markings. Very constant in })lumage, tiie chief diU'erences being in the sharpness and breadth of the markings, due in part to the wear of the feathers. (l-lJii ; wing about 2A ; tail nearly or (piite 3. Eastern United .States ; one of our most abundant birds everywhere, and u well known l)Ieiising songster. WiLS., ii, 125, pi. 1(5, f. 4; Nutt., i, 480; Ald., iii, 147,1)1. 181); l>i).,477 mklodia. Oiss. The Kastern sonu; sparrow is simply one varii-ty oi' ii lard distril)nted from Atlantic to I'acilie, and which in the West is split into numerous geographical races, some of them hioking so dill'ereiit from typical inclodin that they have been con- sidered as distinct si)eeies, and even placed in other genera. This dillerentiation all'ects not only the color, lint the size, relative proportion of parts, and |)articularly the shajie of the bill ; and it is sometimes so great, as in case of M. iitsiijnix, that less dissimilar looking birds are connnonly assigned to dill'erent genera. Ni'vertlie- less, the iiradation is comiilcte, and elU'cted by imperceptible degrees. The follow- ing varieties have liecn described, and may usually lie recognized. V^ar. FAi.i.Ax Hi)., I'Sl ; C'noe., 21.'). Kxtremely similar ; wings and tail slightly longer; paler, ;^rayi'r ; thi' streaks not so ohviously lihicMsh in the centre. Whole of Hocky ^b)untains and (ircat liasiu ; scarcely distingnishalile. V'ar. oirrArA Xrir.. i, 2d ed. i").si ; Friinjilhi cincrfu, Aid., iii, 14'), pi. \H7. Darker ami more I'ufoiis, the colors more lilendeil, from indistinctness of the streaks; helow, ipiite brownish, except on middle of belly. I'acilie coast, U. S., and Itritisii (.'olumliia. Var. miiNA IJo., 480 ; Coop. . 211. Similar, but larger; color more fuliginous. Sitka. Alaska. Var. Mi'.i:i!Mv\Nii l\u., I7.S; ("ooi-., 212. (irayish, the streaks numerous, broad, distinct, mostly lacking pale eduimj:. California. \iu\ (iori.im lio.. 171). Similar to tlii' last, in distinctness of the black streaks, but very small, midcr '» ; wing little over 2; tail 2\. California. AinmnilrninnH samiidis lJi»., l.)."). pi. 71, f. 1 ; Coop., I'Jl, is the same bird. ■I 140 riiiNdii.MD.T;, ]i.N( iii:s, ktc ■fil'.N. ( (t. rl. Var. iN>ii.\i> lii>., 'I'raiis. {'liiiafiu Acad. IM'.'.', .'ll'.i. pi. :.".l, f. 1. I'liiiiilicoiis Imowii. not iiil()iis. Ilic (toisal strc.'iks line; liciicatli. pluiiiln'oiiw wliilo, willi alniust {•(HilliR'iit aNliy-lii'Dwn stiiaks. I.aruc ; 7 ; « iiij;' ami lail II j ; liill sli'iiik'r and very loiiy, .tJU. Ivailiak, Alaska. 70. Gonus PEUCiBA Audubon. • Kdpi' !iiid liciid of wing yellow isli. as in Ctitnniicdhis, wliicli llio spocips muoh roscmlilcs in the color of tlu- nppcr paits ; Iml it lias no olivioiis ycllowisli alioiit till' head; the wiiifis arc not lonuer than tlic; tail, and tlii; tail leather.-^, tliuiigli v»'ry narrow and lanccohitc, arc; not acute at tip. Jlt(cliiii(iii's J'iinli. rppi r parts, iiicliulint and sides evidently streaked. <)\-C>:, wing 2j ; tail -Ih. Southern ."States. NriT., i, 5(!. * • Ivlge and hend «)l' wing witliout yellow. Jiii/oiis-rriiiriiitl FlitcJi. Similar: rather smaller : crown uniform <'hest- iiut, and maxillary streaks sharp, distinct. California. Cass., III. i;5.'>, pi. i'U; 111)., 4.s(;; Cool'., LM.s ijliuki's. i 71. Genus POOSPIZA Cabauis. *,* Southwestern species, with voinided Maekisli tail not sliorti'r than the wings. l)lunilieous-l)lack Mil and I'oel, and few decided streaks, or none. JMiick-thioiiti'd Fiiiili. Face, chin and throat sliarply Jet-hlack ; a strong pure while siipereiliary line, and another hoimding the black of the throat ; muler eyelid also |)ure white ; auricidars dark slate ; no yellow anywhere. IJelow, pure white ; the sides, Ihmks and erlssum shaded with ashy or fidvous- l)rownish, hut no streaks. Above, uniform grayish- brown ; wings dusky, coverts and inner (piills edged with the colors of the back; tail black, with narrow grayi.^li edgings, the outer feather sharply edged and tipped with white and several others similarly tipped. Small, ')-')\ ; wing about I'.l ; tail 2'n. In the yotmg tho head-markings are obscure, there is litth' or no black on the throat, and a few pectoral Kli;..<). Ill.iik Ihr.'iilc.l I'indi. I I Fni\(III,LII)/K, FINfllKS, ETC. — (!K\. 72. Ml streaks. Texsis, Xcw Mexico, Arizona and ('alifornia. Cass., III. l.')0, pi. 2'.>; 1)1)., 470; Cour., :.'(»;) iui.inkata. Jicl/'s /■'iin/i. Xo (Iclinitc l»iail< aliont liead, and ediic of winjj;- ,sli;.dilly yciiowi.sii. roiriiead, line over eyo luul edge.s of eyelids, ineonspieuoiisly while. Jielow white, more or less (inired Avith palo hrownisii, tiie sides witli slijiht spar.se streaks that anteriorly Ixcoine ai;i;i(\!iate(l into rather va^Mie maxillary ^tril)es eiittin^' oil' from the white throat a uhitish line that runs from the corner of tiie liill ; lores and eireiiniocnlar rc;:ion dnsky. Aliove piayi.-ii-hi'o\vn, asliier on head, the crown ami hack witli small sparse siiai'j) black streaks ; winir coverts and inner (jiiills witli much fnlvoiis cdiiin;.''; tail hlaek witli slight pale e(li:ini:s, the outer welt of the outer leather simply whitish. Al)ont l! lonir ; wiiii: and tail ;]. I'tah. New Mexico, Arizona and California. l)i).,17U; Ki.mut, pi. 11; Cooe., JO I iii:i,Lii. « ♦I .1^ 72. Genus JUNCO Waglor. *,* I'lispotteil, iiii-'lic.'iked. tlie ('(jliiis ill lar;jri' di'liiiitc micms ; 2 P> outer tail fcatlicrs Nvliilc ; iiill lle^li-eolored. l.eiiulli. ('>- 7 : wiiit;- and tiiii alioiit '.\. Sii'iirliiril. lilackish-afii, iielow aliniiitly pure white from the lireast. In the 9 , and in lin I in most fall and winter s[»ceimeiis, the upper parts have .-i more grayish, or even a decidedly lirownish ca^t, and the inner (jnilis art' edged with [lale hay. One of oiir most aliiindaut and familiar sparrows, in ilocks, from Oetoln'r to April ; retii'es to high laliludes and mountains, to hreed. Cliiclly Kaslcrn ; hut also fdiiiul in Alaska (/><'//), Washington I'erritoiy (.b'/a/iY'-//) ami Arizona i^C'Ht(s). A wolern \ariely has the mid- dle and greater wing coverts tiiped with wiiilc. forming two conspicuous crosphars. Wii.s., ii, li'H, pi. liJ, f. (i ; Xi rr., i, I'.ll ; Alu., iii, ., KJiS iivi;mai,is. Oic'jiiii ^Snntrliinl, Head and neck ail round, and hrea.■^t, hlack ; midille of hack dull reddish-hrown, and wings much edged w ith the same ; hehiw from the hicast ahrnptly white, tinged mi the siiles with pale reddish-lirow n. In the 9 and young the hlack is ohseiired hy hrownish, hut the species may always he distinguisiied hy an I'vidcnt contrast in color hetween the inter- scapulars and head, and the fnlvons wash on the sides. IJocky .Moiiulains to the I'aeilie; as aliimdant tiiere as /I'/nn'ilis is with us. Aud., iii. !U , pi. Itli^: 1)1)., Iili". : Cool'., lli'.i oui;(io.\iJs. Cincn'ous Sii(iii-I,!r(l. Clear grayisli-asii, fading rather gradually into Aviiite on helly ; interscapulars abruptly, dclinitely. chestnnt or rustj'-hrowii ; lores hlackish ; no fulvous wash on sides ; no chestnut on wings. Uocky Mountains, l'. S., and soiitliward. llu., 1(")7, IdS ; Cour., 201 ; Coir.s, I'roc. riiila. Acad, l^di'i, ."lO cinkukis var. camcki's. ()i!S. The true dm i-< nx, a ^h'sieau liil'd, has tlii' wiiiL;' eovelts edged with rusty lilie liu' li:ir!(. tiie liiil lil.ielv ;illd yellow. JuiiV) il'ir.^alis 1Ii;ni;v, I'roe. I'ilil.'l. Acad. lS.').S, 117, is (•(////(•ryis iippKiaelliliij; (•/;(('/V((.s perliaps a liylili., ill C'lioi'., iili I, liased on s|ieeiiiieiis I [ii'ociired ill Arizona, is iiiteiuieiliale Ipctweeii urvijijuKu and rauif'ii^ — in all proliahility a hyhrid. See Coi i;s, I'roc. Acad. 112 iiiiN.i;, iiNciiKs, Kic. — (!i:n. 7;i. I'liila. I'^f'i*;, p. .'I'l. Siicciiiiciis iiilci'iiii'iliiilc lii'twccii uri'iiniiiis nwl luiiiiinlis have ln'cii ilistiMiccd (lillKiW \v, \'\iir. I'liila. Acail. l.SC'.l, 1 1.M; ), jilnl all tlii'sc rorius iil' ||ir l^'ciius, ill liicl. siciii 111 lie iiasii'iil Npccii's, slill iiii^talili' ill Ci iiiclics Iciiii:, « illi tile loliu', IiI'"MiI-I('mI licli'il, Iniivcil tail aliipiil i'i|iiiilliiiL; llic ratluT |iiiiiiti'i| win,!:;-;, with no yi'lluwi^h aii\ wlii'ii', ami no sIlcaKs (III the lllliliT pails ir/n „ iiiliill. * species willi the eiciwii <«/' IIk mlnll ehi'sliml. '/'/•(v SjKirriitr. l>ill Mack aliovc, yellow helow ; lei^s lirowii, toes Idaek ; no Itliick (III forelicad ; crown cliestniit (in winter speciineiis \\w leallier.s usually skirled with irray), lionlered l>y a irrnyisli-wliile snperciliarv anil loral line, and some vai:ue cliestniit marks on sides of head ; lielow impnridy whitish, tiiiL'ed with ashy anteriorly, washed willi pale lirownish posteriorly, tlie middle of the hreast wilh an olisenre dusky hlotcli ; miildii! of l)aelv l)(ddly streaked with Mack, Iiay and liaxeii ; miilille and lesser winu; eoverls l)lack, eilLTed wilh hay and tipped wilh while, forniinn; two eonspieiKtus cross-bars; inner secondaries similarly varie^fated, other (piills and tail feathers dnsky, with pah- e(lifes. A hainlsdme sparrow, the larjjfesl of Ihcj |'.'iiTinv. .,, , 1 on r - I • I J .!•> With jialer edjics. SmalU-r; h-.th ; wiiii: alioiit ^n ; tail rather less. Sexes alike, hnt very yoiini^ hirtls are tjiiil(( dillereiit, the crown lieiii;,' streaked like the hack, the breast .-md sides thickly streaked with dnsky, the bill pale brown and the head lackiiiij detinitt' black. In this staire, which, however, is of brief duration, it resembles somo other species, but may be known by :i cerlain ashiness the others lack, and from the small sparrows that are streaked below when adult, by its jreneric char- acters. Xdi'th .Vmeriea, e.xtreiiKdy abmidant, and the most I'amiliar species about houses, in i:ardens, and idsi-where, nesting in slirnljlieiy ; nest of fniu dried lmuss, lined with hair; eags 4-5, bluish, .speckled. WiLs., ii, 127, pi. 1(!, f. .') ; Nirrr., i, 1117; Aui>., iii, NO, pi. Kio; l>i)., •17;5. . soci.vlls. 1 FRlNfllLLI !).»;, FINCIIKH, KTC. — (iKX. 7;). ii:i I Vnr. AiiizoN.T, Ci>\ ]■:•*, v.r. Ijkc im iiiiiiiiitiiro S. sDfinlin. I'ulci' tliiin lliis "siiccics, tli<' ;isliinc--H in u'li'Mt nu'iisiiri' liiowii ; tiiiwii i^riiyisli-hrowii slrc.'ikid willi dusky like llic liiK'k. mikI Nliiiwiiii;' ('\iilciil truces dI' licli clu'st mil , Iml iicviT liiM'umin;^ wlmlly (•liisliMit ; lil.'ick IVoiidcl l:i<'kilii:. !iiiil IK) ilcliiiilc iishy sii|)rriili;iiy line, tin- siilcs (if llic iiuwii iiu'i'i'ly li;^lil('r liiDU 11 ; hill liiouii jilmM', |imIc IhIow. Aii/niiii, Mini piiiliMlily nllicr |M)i lions (>r llir s.'iiiic rcuion. A ciiiiniis Inriii, :is il wccf :iii iint'sli'il sl.'iLii' nl' .sr,()'i(//'.s. Sdnic spcciiiiclis, u illi llii'IcMsl (III -^1 nut on the lii'iiil, look iiiiijiikMlily like /idlliild vnr. In-firirii, Init this hist iw l'\ idi'iitiy snnilk'r, without ('licstiiiil li mImuiI lieiid. I'ldow wliitc, iimiuirked, luit iiiiicli washed with paic liniwii on lireast and .sides; sides of the head and iwek with sdiiK! vaj^iic liiowii inafkiiiirs : all the ashy pails dl" s(iri,i//.s replaced liy jiale lu'owiiisli. UaeU luii^ht liay, with Mack streaks and soiiie pale llaxeii edj:iiii:s; inner ^('cdlldal■ies similarly variciialcd : lips of median and ^irealer cdveits rdiiniiii;' decided wliiti.sh crdss-liars. Size df sur/'n/is, luil mow. iieai'ly tin- cdlors ol" i/i'inficihi ; sexes alike; y(HinLr Im' a >hdfl time streaked lieldW', as in focitih'.i. Ivistcrn rniteil Slates, very aluindant in fields, copses and liedi^'es, in lloeks when not lirecdinir. \\'ii.s., ii, 121, pi. HI, 1'. '2; All)., iii, 77, pi. 1C>4; .Ni rr., i, 111:' ; 15i)., I7.i I'Usim.a. ** Western species, «il|i the cidwii nut che-lniil, and strtakeil like the hack. ('Iiii/-riili)rid ,Sjitirniir. Ciiiwii and hack elay-c()ldre(l or llaxeii, distinctly slfeaked with Mack, withdiit evident hay, the dorsal sli'caks noliceahly separated IVdin those of the erowii, liy an a>liier, less streaked, eei'vieal interval; inmp Iirowiiish-Lnay. C'lowii divided liy a pale niediaii stripe; ii (iisliiR'l whitish superciliary line; loral and amienlar i'ei,dons decidedly hfowii ; wiiif^ coverts and inner secondaries variegated like Ihe hack. JU'Iow, white, soiled with clay-color. Hill and feet pale. Small; I'l'-"!}; win,ir and (ail, each, 2A. Ceiiti'al rej:ioii of the rniteil Stales into liritish America. h'iii/nr/::ii pnllida, SwAtNsox, I'anna rii)r.-.\m. ii, 2'>l ; A', s/idt- //((•/•/V All)., vii, .'517, pi. IH.'J. 15i)., 171 I'ali.ida. \'ar. i!i!i:wi:i!ii. Similar; paler and duller, all the niarkiiiiis indistinct; streaks of crown and hack small, numerous, nol separated hy a cervical interval ; no (Ictiiiite markings on sides of head. Si/.i; of the last, hut tail ri'latively longer, rather exceeding the win^s — ahout '2'^^ loiin, thus eipLallini^, if it does not somc- wliat exceed, that of .soriiilin, altlion. In-curi-i, Cass., I'roc. I'hila. Acad. isriC, lO ; lli.., I7."i; Coop., 2()!t. ••* Western species, with the (a'own of the adult dark ash. lilttrlx-clihnicil t^jiiirmir. Dark ash, fadiiiLj iiiseiisihly into whitish (Ui (he ludly, deepeiiiiij; lo black on the face and throat ; iiilcrseapiilars hriLrhl hay, streak»'d with lil.ick ; winij; coverts and inner secondaries vaiie;r!ite(l with the siime colors; tail lilackish, with pah; edii;inu;s ; hill ri-ddish, feet dark. .\ small species, hut ineasniini; (nil (> long", on accoimt (»(' llui i^reat length of 11 riMMill.I.ID.i;, I'INCIIKS, KTf. — (iKN. 7 J. : lli(^ tail (Cully .'h, wliicli irrcally <'xcc(«(ls tlin wiiiu'-i ('2S); the ydiiiitr li'i'k tlic liliuk nil llic I'aci'. ami liavc tlif crnwii washed witli a-liy-Urnwii, ami llu! I)ill (lii>li), S, iriifi ("on:s, Ihis, Lsc.."), IIS, ICI.) l',i>., ITC; C'oiKs, I'roi'. I'iiila. Acad., JNIHI, S7 ; Conp., 210 \ii;ii:i l..vi;is. 74. GonuH ZONOTRIcniA Swalnaon. l•■|cl.^7. itiM. k Hiiniicfi • ,* l''.mlira(iii,n our iar^'.'sl ami him Nuuir-il s|):ino\VM, ■'■'""'"'"• (l! lo 7_|, inches loii^, the rinindcd wiiiv^s and l.iil c.ich I! i>\- ninre ; the under paits with \iiy lew sIreaLs, or none, the middle of the lia<'lv streakeil, the i'nm|i plain, llie \\in:;s with two white ero-is-lpMis. and the head <»!' this adults with lih'U'k. W'liili'-lhrdK'' il Spiirrmr. /'i'iifir)fli/-fii'n/. Adult ^f with llie crown l)la(d<, dividcil liy a lucdiau white stripe, hounded liy a while superciliary liim and i/r/lnii' s/ii>/ from nostrils to eye ; hidow lliis a hiacdv stripe llirouirh llii' ry^' ; Ixdow this a maxillary Mack si ripe houndiuLr the dclinilidy pure while lin-oat, sharply coMlra>led willi llu' dark a-h of tin' hreasl and sides of llu' neck ami Iic.kI. /■.'il'/r of' irlit'l i/illiiii liaik continu- ouslv streaked with bhuk, chestnut ami (nivous- wlnte ; riMiip ashy, iinmarkid. W nij,'s much I<,'e(l with hay. llie white lips of the nmdian 0( nntl fxreater coverts foi'uiin^r t\vo con-picuous liars; (piills and tail leathers dusky, with pale edifes. l)idow, \vhile, shaded with asli\-lirown on sides, the ash deeper ami purer on \ho lii'casl ; hill dark, feet pale. 9 , aiwl innnalure hirds, witii tiie l)!n(dv of the head re|)laceil h\' hrown, the while of Ihe throat less ccnispicuonsly eoutrasled with the duller a-^li of surnumdiuLT parts, and fre(iuenlly with oliscin'o dusky streaks on the hroast and sides ; hnt the species may always he known l>y the yidlow over the eye jind on tli(! e(li,'(' of the wini,' (lliese never heini; in»perce|)liliie), coupled with llio hirixe size and the general eharaclers ahove Ldven. A line spairow, aliundimt throULifh(Mit Ivisterii North America in all situali(His, i;jenerally in llo(d[iilllil;lill-i to llic I'.icilii'. t IliTe lllo>tly li'|j|:iciiij- I nic l(iiriiiihril!<. Nil 1'., iM cil. i, .'(."iCi ; liii., lOll; Cikii'., il)."i. (I'ltlilrii-criiiriici/ Spiirrmr. Adiill.s (if Ixitli srxcs with tin- lorclicnl ;uiil sides III" lli(\ eiMWii lilaeU, (•neliisinij; .'i dull yellciw eiirnii il pulcli ; eil;,'e dl' (lie wiiiu: yellinv. Ah(lV(^, inucli like iil/)ifiilh's, liii! witli less li;iy ; lieluw, Miiieli like II iicnjtiiri/x, lint, the iisliy not so pure; ];ii-:.fer tli:iii eitliei'. Y'lmi'i \\:w\\ (lie l»|:iclv (if tile crown repl.leed liy hrowil, lint there .'ire ;ll\v:iys tl'.iees iif tlie yi'lldw on erowii .'mil wiiiirs. I'.icil'ur eoMst: (to tin' IJoeky .Moniitnins?), tibntulan t. h'rhriHIti (ilricipllhi Ai:i)., iii, liL', pi. I'.t:!; /•' (inrnr'liiilhl, Nirr., I'd ed. i, ."i.'i.'i. I>ii., IHI ; ("i):)i'., l'.»7 cmiionviw. II irrl<.'< Sifirroir. Adnlt Jwitli whole crown, t';ice ;ind thro:it jet-lil.ick ; .sides of the liciid p.de iish, the Mnricniiirs darker iish, hounded liy u hlack 'ine st.'irtin;; lieliind tlii> vyr and cnrviiii,' around them. I'lider parts ne.ii-|y 'iiire while, liut siiixl'tly ashy liet'ore and faintly lirowiiisli-w.ished liehind, I he sides witli a few dusky streaks, the lireast witii a lew M.iek ones con- limied from the Mack Ihroat-paleii ; liack nearly as in corDiiufu ; hill and toes dark, tarsi pale ; no yellow .'iiiywhere ; very iiirirc, tail ahonl .'U ; 9 similar, l)ut with much less lilack on head and throat. 'Piiis and I'lrmri'ii I'eprcsenl, the maximum dimensions ahove i.dven, while the other two spi.ries are ;il or near the minimum. Missonri region; a liird of imposin;,' appc.ir.iiice — for a siiari parrow. i/iicrK Id Xi;tt., i, 2d ed. /•'. /,' .\t I >.. \ii. IJI l.l.TI. \. XU, pi. ISt; 15!>.,4(;l' (ti'.s. Morton's lincli, /•'. niiii-tniii! Arn., iii, l.'il. is ;i South AnMiicaii --|ucic.' of this ;j,eiiiis (/.. iiiiiliiliiiii), eiroiieoiislv attiilinted to Caiironiia. i. 75. Gonus CIIONDESTES Swainson. IjiiIc I'liirli. ]I(';i(l ciiridiisly v;irii'i:iilc(l willi cliotiiiit, l)I;tck iiiid wliilc; crowM clii'stmil liliickciiini,' on lurclicid, dividrd liv a nuMliiui stripe, ami ImmiikUmI hy superciliary >t lilies, of white ; a lilac!; line lliroiiiili eye, and another liclow eye, enclosiinjf a white streak nnder the eye ami the chestnut auricniars ; next, a sharp lilack maxillary stripi) not (|uite reachiiiir tlie hill, cultinj: oil' a whito stripe iVoin the white eliin anh-l'ro\\ n, the middle of the hack with tine iilack streaks. 'I'ail very Ioiil', itscenti'al feathers like the hack, the rest jet Idaek, broadly tipped with pure white in dimiiiishinir amount from tla^ lateral pair inward, ami the outer well of IIk^ outer pair entirely white ; (l.^-T : winir .'U, iiointed ; tail ."), rourded. A Iieautifid species, alim.dant from the eastern ccIl' , pi. loy ; NiTT.,!, 1^0; Hn., -l.'Hi ; ('oiii-., \'X\ (ii;A.\i.M.\CA. I.:>lk I'ilK'll. 76, GcnuB PASSER Auctorum. /■Jiii/Ji's/i .'S/tiirriiif. IJill shaped much as in the purple (inch, with a slijxht basal rull"; tarsus as loiiijr as the miildle toe ; winirs pointed ; tail forked a littl(>,'-I as loniif as till! wiiij^. J ,aliove, re Idish-brown, tiie back biack-streakeil, the crown and under parts brownish-ash, the chin and throat black; 9 lack- inff the latter marks. A species lattdy imported Imm Kiirope, now tliorouixhiy n.atui'alized, and already abundant in many towns ami cities of the Eastern and .Middle States, Ihouirh not yet jrenerally di-persed over the «'' introduction, nidess it limls natural enemies to check its increase. JjAWI!., Aim. Lye Nat. Hist. \. V. viii, ISCd, -2X1; IVoc. r>ost. Soe. 1S(>7, l.'i7 : ISC.s, ,!,s:i ; Com-.s, Troe. Essex Inst. isi'iS, 2s;'. ; Ai.i.kn, .\m. .Nat. iii, (i;'..'i ; I'.i.i.mr, pi. 1- ii(»\ii:sTieiiii liiicli. S( linns nn riilinniilis, iue niiiirlcij iViiin .Massiieliilsells, lull believi'il III have liei'ii e>c.ipi'c| cMi^e-liiiiU. Ai.i.i s. .\m. Nat, iii, (i."i."i. *f ri;iNtiii,i,ii).i;, finciiks, ktc. — (jkn. 77, 7N. 147 77. Qonus PASSERELLA Swainson, I'\).r S/)(irriur. (Jciicral cdlor rcrniiriiicoiis or rusty red, purest and liriirlilcst oil lli(! riiiii|), t.iil and wiiii^^s, on tlic otiicr u|t|icr parts appcarini; as strci.ks laid on an asliy j.'r()iind ; liclow, wliili', variously hut tliickly luarkod cxi'i'pt on (lie l)('lly and i-rissnni with rusty red — tlic markings anteriorly in the I'orni of dillusc eonlliient l)l.)tchfs, on the hreast and sides i'onsistin;j: ehielly ot' sliai'p sa^^ittate spots and point(Ml streaks; tips of middle and ixreater coverts forrninj^ two wliilish win;^-l):irs ; upper mmdilde dark, lower mostly yellow; feet pale — the lateral toes so lenirtlu'ned that tho tips of their elaws fill fir l)eyoiid the hase of the middle elaw ; tiiis is a diaLrnoslie feilnre, not shared hy any other j,,,.,,, nm „r |,„;^ streaked sparrow. A laru'e hamlsonie species. i>'{-71 loii^r ; S|.,imnv. wiiiir and tail, ea'-h, .'> or nin'c ; sexes alike, and ynuii^' not particularly dill'ereut. Ivisterii .\i)rlh Atiicrici, aliuiiliut. Wils.. iii, .");5, pi. 2t, f. 1; Xirrr., i, .")1 I : Aid., iii, l;i;i, pi. jsii; i',i)., iss. P. o'jsrura Vi-AUiiU., Troc. I>osl. Soc. Nat. Ilisl. ix. isdj. p. Ij;', imaca. V;ir. rowNSKMHi. Willi llie same si/i- aiiil p.-itterii of eoloratioii, lint (hn-ker ; aliove, eoiitimiDiis nlive-lii'o'.vii, wiili a ra^ly shade; nniip. tail and wiiij;s ratlier lii'inliler ; iii wliilisli wiii'^-liars ; liclow. Ilic maikiiiirs ol" tiie color of tiie l)aek, close, and illy dclined. I'acilic co;ist. Ai n.. iii, 1 |;i, [il. Is7; Nitt., i, 2cl cd. .■)••'.:'.: Hi).. Isii; (',„,r., :.'lM. X'ar. S( iii-i|\cr, V. .Similar to tlic last ; ;il)o\c conlimioiis slatc-;j;i'ay. with little I'lil'iiiis on wiiiis and t.iil. llic -ipols hclow slate-colored, sparse, small, sharp. K >cky Mi'iiiitaiii region, I'. S. IJu., I'.i:), UJ"). pi. I'l',!. I". :), I {iii"'j iri'i'/iiclnt.'i — lar^e- Idllcd Conn iVom C'ala.) ; Cone.. l'l'J. Oil-:. /'. si'/ii.iiii-r,i Mill I'lii-ii^i'ii'tii ;iic ccitaiiilv not distinct spccilleally from o.acli other, lint it may lie a (|iicstii)n whether they do not loiiii tw(; races of a species dillereiit from ilini-n. In all tlii<'e eases, however, the ditferciice is solely in the lelalive iiileii..ity aiiil pieilomiiianee of certain eoiiimoii colors; and .altlioiiirji the Western Mild !"aslerii forms iumv not ha\e liceii shown to iiiteriiraile, thcydill'er from each other less than some ofilie reeo^ni/,e 1 varieties of .l/i'/(.sy(/iit do from tho Kasl- ern soii;.^ spariou. aiil in a parallel maiiiiei'. 78 Gonus CALAMOSPIZA Bouaparto. f.iirii lidiiHti'i. \\'/i,'/r-ir,'iii/,il Jilmh-hi ril . ^ (.'utirely lihudc, with a larire while patch ini the wiiijrs, and the (piills and '.ail feathers frecpiently marked with white; hill dark horn ahove, paler ladow ; feet lirown ; (i-tU ; wiiiir •1:5 : tail r\. Sexes unlike : 9 rcseinhliiiLr one of die sparrows, lirown aliove. streaked, whiti- ludow, somewhat stieaked. hut Iilways known hy the whitish winir-pateh ; ^ said to wear the hkn k pliimagi! only diirinir the hrcidini: season, like the hoholink (AUiii). In the form of the hill, this intcrcsriiiLr species is closely allicil to the liid-hcaks ( ( ,'iiii/iijt/ii(i ) ; and this, with the siiiLrnlaiiy eiilari:cd leitiaries, as loii;.>- as the primai'ies in the (dosed 'win., iii, lli.'i. pi. iol ; Nirr.. :.M id. 1, .'H'.". ; Hi'., I'.'i': Ccui-., 2:.'.">. . liuoi.oi:. 70. Genua EUSPIZA Bonaparte. Illiiil,-tliili-l)i(iUM. tin- luidillc ol' llif lifick .•■lrf!ik(li_\ . lutdiiiinji on tlu' «ii)\Nn 3ill()\vi.>ili- olivf witli liltick (nndics ; a yellow >iiiiiirili:iiv liuf, .•mil nuixilliiry i)f llic .-.inic : ryciid while : ciir eoxeils .-oliy like tlie cervix : eliin w liTle : ill w ill) ,1 l;ili:e jel-l)l;irk luileli; lliuler ]i;irl> ill ireiK l:il w liile. .-luideil on llie .»i(le>, e\l^ively liiijieil willi yellow on the lire;i>t and lielly ; t' rieli eiiestnul, otiier envi its and inner seeondiirii's edjicd willi paler: liill dark lioiii l>Iiie, I'eel lnown; i'<^—7; « iii;i: ."1 1 . .-Iiarp-poinled : lail l''!. eiii!ii;.dii;ile. 9>ni:iller; almve. likellu'i^, I'll! head and iieek plainer: below, less liiu'etl with ytllow. llie lilaek throal patch w.inliiiL' ;iiid replaced liy sparse >harp iiiaxillaiy and pecloial streaks, wiiiL' coverts not <'he.-tiinl. An elegant >pi cies, of trim loiiii. I:i>tel"iil eidor.s and V( ly miiooIIi pliini.ii:e, aluiiidaiit in the fertile poilioiis of the Ka.-«lerii r. S. ; N. lo ( 'oiiiiutieiil N'ailey ; W. to Kaii>a> and .\el.i:i>ka. AVil.s., iii, Mi, \>\. '.\. r. •_' ; \i IT., i, i(!l : .\ri).. iii, ."i.s. pi. l.'it;: r,i>.. ji'l. amkimcana. 'J'l.nii.'f ikI'.s /liiii/hi'j. "I'plier parts, he:ul and iieek all round, sides of liody ,'inlate-li|iie ; iiack aiui iip|ier snrlaee of wiii^^s tiiij:<'d willi yellow i>li-l)row II : inter.-capiilais .-liciked nmiIi Idack ; siiper- eiliarv and maxillary line, diiii and Ihioal and 1 1 iitr:il line of under parts from lire;i-t to cii.->iim, while; edi.(' of wIhl'. and l'Io>s on lirea>l and middle ol lielly. yellow : .i Mack spoiled line fioiii lower c-niier of lower iii.iiidihU' down the side of the llimal, eoiiiit i linir wiih a element of >lr«':iks in the the upper ediic of the slate portion of the l)iea>t." Ui'.. I!'."". Ai n.. iii, irj, pi. l.'iT: Ni rr., i, I'd. ed. 'rjs. IViiiisylvani:i ; one >pciiineii known, a .-taiidinj: pii/zle to ornilli(doi:i.-t«, in the uiieerlainty whether it is a i^ood species or merely an aliiioiinal pliima_i:e of the l;i.-t. . . . tuw .n>i;m)|i. Itill e\tl H...;f.'. dark, with nil 80. Genus GONIAPIIEA Bowditeh. aiiliraeiiiji laijie species, ol' lieaiilifiii ami >triklii^ colors, tlic sexes ili^siniilar, emcly lie:i\y. nilli the lower inaiidil'Ie a- ilcep as the ii|.pcr or deeper, the eoimiiis-inal aii^de stroiiu', far in a'ivaiiec of the IcMtlicri'd liasc nl' the ImII. the rictus overlmiiL;' "illi a lew lull;: still liri>tles. r.rilliaiit M.ii;.;-.ter.s. linsv-liiviinliil (,' rosin III.-, Ar coverts ex<|iii-ile c.iriiiine or ro^e-red : w iii/js and ""■''•"•'•" "'"''™'> lail Ma.k, vari.pited with white: Kill pale, feet 9alio\(', slreaked with Macki.-h :iiid idivc-liruwii oi ll.ixeii-ldow ii, diaii while coronal and siipeicili.ii v line; IkIow, white, more or less f J ruiNdii.i.iD.r., riNciir.s, kit. — (;kx. 80, SI. lilt tiii^ifctl with fulvous iiiul streaked witli tliisky : ini'Icr irin;/ roirr/s siijl'n/n- i/illiiir; ii|)|)ei- coveits and inner iiuills with a wiiite spot at end ; hill lii'own. YdUiiir ^ at first resenililinir tlie 9. "A-S.i ; win;; ahont I; tail aliout '.'>\. Kar-tein I'nited States, eoninioii. Wii.s., ii, i;i.'), pi. 17, I". 1'; Niir., i, ."»J7 : Aii>.. iii. 211:1. |)j. l'D.'i ; Hd., 11)7 i.rixiN ici ana. lil>irh-]iaek, wind's and tail liiaek : the two latter variepited with wliite hlotches ; iieek all ai'iinnd and nmler parts rich oianire-hrown, I'hanufinL' to liri^dit vellow on the heliv ami under win^' idverts ; hill and feel dark horn. Size of the la-t ; the 9 and vounir diU'er much as in the last spciies, hut may he rccoLTni/cd hy the r!rh siiliilmr-i/iU'iir undiT wiii;^ I'overts ; the iiill is .-horter and more tumid. I'lains to the I'acilic. rnitcd Slate> ; common. .\iii., iii, lMI. pi. •JiH'.; I'lH.. 41»'< : ('. 9 .-mailer, |ilain w.irm hrown. paler and rather ll.ixen hrlow, \vin;:s witii wintey-lirown cross-liars, lull and teet lirowii. "^ iiun^r J at fu'st like 9 : when chanuiuL'. shows confused hrown .and hlue. afterward hlue interrupted with white ludow, rniled .Shiics, ratlierly southerly, hut .\. to Mass;ichu>etts. ;md even M.aine ( /iniin/iinni), Wii.s.. iii. 7s. pi. I'l. f. C, ; .\i ir.. i. .'(I'll : Aid., iii, :.'n|. pi. -.'ol; r,i>., 4II1I; C'ooi"., i';j() c.i:!;! i.r.A. 81. Oonus CYANOSPIZA Eaird. Piiiiitcil l-'imli. .\'iii/i'ii( il. Adidt ,r witii the head and neck rich hlue. the rump. ey(did< .and innhr parts intcn^ij rcil. the hu'cs. hack and win;:- ^.'hissed with L'olden-i:recn, the tail purpli.-h-hlue. 9 aliovc plain ,i:recni>h, Ixdow yellow : yonui: ,t at lir.-t like the 9 . .")A ; wini: 2,' : l.ail 'J\. South Atlantic .and (itdt' States, conunon ; an exi|ui-ite little (acature of matchless liiie>. Wii.s.. iii, (;s. pi. l'I. f. 1. l': .\ii>.. iii. IK!, pi. Iti'.t; Ni rr., i. 177; 1>I>.. .'(t!.'5 ( ii;is. IIV.n/c/v) Xmiji'irii'. Adult ^t with the forehead, cervix, hcnd of wini; :nnl rump puipli-h-hhie. throat .ami himl head du-ky red. helly reddi-h- piirple. wind's and tail du>ky iriossed with hlue; 9 "-imilar to that of ('. 'iiii'iii'i, hut disliniruislied hy the ah-ence of the two white hands lui winirs. and l>y the le^f^ heini; hi ick." Sizo of the Last. Mexico; Cape St. LtK.as. 1J|>., .'lO.'i ; (!(ioi'.. J.'i I \ i:i!si(()i.()i;. l.'iziiU Fiiiili. .\dult ,t lazuli-hlih', olxiaired on the hack, the lores Id.ack. the hi-<'a-t dcliuitcly hrown, the rc>l of tiie under part>, and the wini;- liands, while; tihia' hlue; Itill and feet d.ark. Size of the lir-l. 9 plain lirtnvn iilMtve, wliili-h helow. t!ic hrca>l hrowuir, liie \\iu;:s witli \\hiti>h 1 :>() ri;i.\(;ii.i.ii).i;, ri.\< iir.s, i:n\ — »ii:.\. H2, H'A. l)!irs. l'l,iiii> Id the I'acilir, rcjilacinu: ri/mici; coiiiiiioii. Xl'TT., i, tT.S ; All)., iii. liMi. |i|. 171: IId., .^i) I : ("oor.. :.';>;5 A.Md.XA. /ii'li/') liiiil. Ailiilt J iiidiiro-Miir. iiiliii-c .'iml ((iiislaiit on tlic head, L'laiicinu' iriTciii-li u itii dili't rent liL:lit-. mi ntlici' parts ; w iiiLrs and tail lilack- i>li ulii^-cd willi i^ri'i'ni-li-lilnf : tVallicr- aiMinid lia>c ol' hill Mark: liill dark alii)\c, lallicr paler liclnw, with a cniidns black .-tripe alonir tiu- j^onys. 9 al)()V(' plain warm itrown. Ixdnw wliitcy-liinwn, oh-nlcttdy streaky on tlui lii-ca-l ami >idi'~, wiiiLT fovcrls and inner ijuills palc-cdycd, hut not wliilisli ; nppci' niandililc lila'ki^h. lower pale.willi tiie Mack stripe jnst mentioned — this is a pretty cdn-lant |i almc, and will li the species tVoin any of our little hrowh hirds. Vouui,' J i- like the 9 , hut soon shows hlue traces, and al'tei'wai'd is hhie with white varici.'ation helow. Si/e cd' the Coreiroini;. Ivistern I'niled State-, aliundant, in liidds and open woodland, in i-uminer; a wcdl meaning- hut rather weak vocali-t. Wii.s., i, lOD, pi. (I, f. .'> ; \i;rr., i. I7;i; Ari>., iii, I'l;. pi. ITii; l*.i>., ."iH.'i cvanka. 82. Oonus SPERMOPIIILA Swainson. .}/')!•< Ic/'.s l-'iiirli. Top and .-ides of lieail, hack of neck, hro.ad hand jicross upper part ot" hrca-l. middle of hack, winirs and t.iil, hiaek : chin, upper throat and neck all round, except hehind, laimp. and / ^ \ rem.iininL' under part-, white, the latter tiuL'eil \\ith hrow ni-h-yellow : two w iiiLr-liamls, and eoneealed ha-es o' all the <|uills, al-o white. 9 (divaceous .ahove, hrowiiisji- yi llow helow . w inir- and tail somewhat as in the ^( . licnirlh aliout I inelie- : win;; :.' ; tail h'ss. Mexico to 'l'e.\as. l')]!., "»ii7. S. nJliljiihuis l,.i\vi:., Ann. I/ye. N.it. Hist., v, l.s.'>l, IlM 3ioui:i,i:rii. 821. i-. Genus PlIONIPARA Bonaparte. /ihir/:-/,ir,il I'iii'li. ^ ilark olive Lrreen. jialer helow . j:rayi-h-white on the l>ell\ : hi-ad. thro.at .and hrea-1 nnu'e or less h' ■ki-li : winus .ami tail dusky, unmarked, with oli\aceous trioss ; upper n;.i lilile l)laekis|i, lower pale. 'I'he 9 I icks the lilack of the ^ . hul is otherwise -iniilar. Ahoiit ■I inelie- loiiL' : winir -: tail i'J. A We-t Indi.iii hird, the oe(airrenee of wliieli. ill I'jiuiila. I leari' from advauci' sheet- of Mr. ('. .1. Mayiiard'.s work on the iiird- of l'"liirida, now piihlishiuir. (Not in the Key. ) l!|(t)I,(U!. 83. OonuH PYRRIIULOXIA Boimparto. Tc.fdx Ciinliiiiil. (_' J. IiCiii:tli filidiil Xh; wiiiir '^'1 ; tnil lA. .Mtxico, Texas, Arizoiia, ("ape St. Lucas. 'J.vv , III. 2i>|, pi. ;').'5; 15i)., ">0N; C'ooi'., L';it;. . . . mmata. 84. Genus CARDINALIS Bonnpnrto. Ciiriliiiitl Util-liiril , \'ti>jiiiiii .\iij/itiiii/(ili\ Cniispiciioiisly crcslcd ; tail loiiL'^cr tliaii tin' wiiijjfs, imlli roiiiidi'il. J rich vciniiiioii nr idsy red, (il)sciirc(l with asiiy ini lh»i hack, face lijack, iiill reddish, feet hmwii. 9 ashy-lirowii, paler iielow, with e\ ideiit traces of llie red on the crest, ^\•il)irs, tail and under parts. Jienj.'th N-'.l ; winjr about ;!-; ; tail I: 9 y '^^Efe/'* "" '^^^^'^^ rather less than the J. Mastei-n I'nited Slatis. soMiewhal soutlieru. seldom north to the Conucetient ^'alle_\• ; a liird of >trikinij: appearance and brilliant vocal powcis, loi- (lent ill thickets and undciiirowth. ahiuidant. Its rolliuir notes recall those of the Carolina wr.'n, l.ut are stron-er. Wii.s., ii, lis, pi. '"••■"■• •^"•' 1 'i.'i.i.„.i. •;, f. 1, :.': Nrrr.. i. .'ii:*: .\i i>.. iii. I'.is. pi. Jn;; ; I'.ii., :>u'.\. viiaiiM wis. \'mi-. ii.M I ■^. Like till' ia-l. Inn paler, willi llir Mack iVonllet iiilen iipled at the lia>c of tlic ellllnen. when' llir icil cullies dovvii lo I lie liill. C'lpeSl. I.iica-; ; Ccilu- lado \allcy. iJn., I'mc. I'liila. Acail. l.s.V.I, ;i(l.') ; Ki.lk.t. pi. IC; Cuor., -J-.'.s. 85. Genus PIPILO Vicillot. * Colors of the male liiack, while and elic'-liiut in (Icliiiile area-<. t No white on the scapulars or wiii|j covert-:. Sexes wyy unlike. 'I'liirit,- liiiiiUd'i. M(irs/i Ivi'iui. Cliiidiil:. (Pi.\ri; 11, IIli's. 17, is, 17'/, 1S«/.) .\dnlt mall' Mack, liclly white, sides ehesliiiit, cris-iiiii fulvous liiown ; primaries and inner secondaries with white touches on the outer wehs ; oilier tail feather with the outer \vel» and nearly the terminal half of the inner well, while, the next two or three with white >pots decrea-ini.' in size: hill lilacki^h, lect pale hrowii, iris I'cd in the adult, white or creamy in tin' youiiL', and ^lenerally in winter specimens; 9 rich warm hrowii where the ,( is lilaek, otherwise similar. IV;'// yoiim;' hirds are streaked In-own and dii^ky aliove, lielow whili>li tiuL'ed wilh lirowii and streaked with dii-ky : Inil tiiis plumaire, correspondini,' to the very early speckled coiuli- tioii of thriislic-: and warhlers, is of hricf duration; sexual distinctions may lie noted ill hirds just from the nc-t. and they rapidly liecome much like the adults. J sj ; winu: •"'lL miicli ronndcd : tail I; 9 rather less. Ivi-lcrn rnilcil States, an aliundant and I'.imiliar iiihaliilaut of thicket^, iinderL:'ro\vlli and liriery trails, spciiilinir imnh of its time on the un'oimd, seralchiiii; anionu: fallen leaves; miiiiatory. Ne-t on the ;_'ioiind. hulky, ol' leaves, •grasses and other tihroiis material; vS'JL-^ l-'>, white, thickly speckled with reddi-h. Wii.s., vi, '.m, p|. ."i,; ; Niri., i, .'il."i: .\ri)., iii, lfi7, pi. I'.'.">: ISi>., .'ill' i;in iiii.'oi'ii I II M.^ii s. 1. Ki;iMiii,i,ii).i;, rix(iii:s, kvc — (iK\. n.'). Var. M.i.iNii ('"'ir>. Am. Xat. 1x71. .'iiiC). Siiiiil;ir; -iii):illi'r ; Ic^is wliilc on the wiiiji-< .•ii>il tail ; c'law'4 loiigiT; irit irliifi'. Kloricla. /'. Ifih'')jii.i Ma^naiih, Itiicls y tiie lollnwiii'^ varieties: — Var. 'iiti.'i'iNi-. (h'rijtn 7'("'/(i'i'. \'ery similar to rriilhrniififli'i'iii'in ; win.; eovi'ils Willi -iiiiali roiiiiijeil. aii'l seapiil;irs with larger oval, white spots on tiie outer Well of the Teatliers near tlie eiicj ; white marks on the (|nills very small or waiiliii'^; while <|>ijts on tail leatln'is very small, the outer welt ol" the outer reetriv not while e\ii'pt Jii-t at the del. l'-\t. N. V. v, l.s.'ii'. I". : Ml... .M.'i; (oor.. -.M I. /'. .(;-.7,'.i/n Ai i>.. iii. n;i.|>l. I'.M. \'ar. AKcrii 1 -. .Iri/ir '/'o'i/k-i'. ."similar to the foreiroiii;,' ; the while spots ol' the wili'^ covcats laiiTcr, those of the scapulars still larger anl Icniithcninz iiilo streaks, the interscapiilars also s|iolteil with white; the whili' on the (piills aii.. .">1 I. \ ir. Mi.i.M.oN^x r.ii., .'i! ."(, pi. T.'i ; ( 'ooi'., ■-' I'J, is th.c prevailiici t'orin in the Soiithcrn liocky .Moiiiilaiii ic^'ion. New .Mexico. Arizona, ami ( 'alifoinia. It is precisi'ly like iiitHi-hs, \<\i\ the li'ct ale lar;;er. willi lii;,:hly ilevi'loped claws; the hind claw is decid<-dly loiejer than lsdi;,:it, while the lateral claws reach to or lii-yoiid the middle ol' the middle claw. In this loiin at any rate, the 9 is hardly distiii;;uis|ialile in color from the J , heini; hlackisli with an appreci.alile olivaceoii.s sh.-idi'. thus exhiliitin;; an .aiiproacli to the tyjiical .Mi'xicaii slock. (See t'oiKS, I'roc. I'hila. Acad. I.si'pC, s'.t ; Ai.i.i:n. liiill. Mils. C'omp. /.ool., iii.) * • ( olors Hot delinitcly Mack, white and cheslniit ; no ureenisli ; sexes alike. Itnni'ii 'I'liirlif-r. Cihiuii 'I'nwJuc. Ahove, iiiiifoiiii j:iayisli-l>ro\vii with ii sliirlil oliv.iccdiis shade, the crown iirowii in .•ippreciaMe coiitiasl ; winirs .and tail like the hack, iiiiinaikeil ; licjow, a paler .s|i,iih> ol' (lie color of the liack, uliitcnin^ on the liclly. tinired witli I'lilvoiis and streaked with dusky on the throat .'iikI lireasl. washed with riisly lirown on the ll.inks iiiid crissuni. ^\ ; winvr'5|; tail I.L New .Mexico. Arizona, and sniiliiwaid. 'I'his is the /'. iiii-snh-iiriis III)., ."ilS; ('iiiKs, IMoc. riiii:!. Acad. ISCll, !l(»; Cool'., 217, wiiich is /'. ///M//.S SwAi.NsoN, I'hilos. Ma;;. l.Si'7, I.'! I, of .Mexico, ri'scu.s. \'ar. A I. inc. I i. \. I'.xactly like the la»t. lull the while of the iiiicler parts extencrni;j; fnilhi r up the hrcasi. the ^ular spots more roti iciecl. sparser, ancl hetter delinecl. t ape M. Lucas. Iti.., i'roc. I'hila. Acad. iN.V.t, .Jn.j ; Ki.i.ioi, pi. I ; (.oor., -JilH. •^ i ttHmmmamx ) I'- '-t;, KTKItlD.K, AMKIIIOAN STAIU.IN'US. — OE\, 8(!. 153 Vnr. rnissAi.i'*. Similar to tlio lli-r not wliitoiiim;, llii' f^ulur I'lilvoiiH Htron;; mul, witli its (lusky strcajis, (li-rmili-ly rcslrii'ti'd to tlio tliroat ; tlio llaiilis iiiiil crissuin ciicslnnl or (Iccj) ('iiiiiaiiion lirowii, I'liwanls of !• inclu's U>\\'^; winj^ I ; tail T) ; 9 rather less. Coast ri';;ioii of C'alil'oniia (and nortliward?), uliiiiiilaiit. This is the dark coast lorm, lii'ariiijj; the sami' relation tt> fu-iruH {ini'siili'iiriis) that the coast II;o of wintr, uuiler coverts and axillarios, hrii^ht yellow. Lenjirth .'»ij ; winj^ 2H ; tail 2'/. Valley of tho Uio (Jrando, and prohahly of the (lila, and Houthward." I5i)., I.s7. , . . kui'iviimjata. Family ICTERIDJE. American Starlings. A family of moiU-rate extent, eonliiieil to America, where it ro|)rpsonts the Sliiniiilii\ or Starlin;j;s, of the Old World. It is nominally composed of a hundred and lifty species, half of wliieli may pro>e valid, distrihnted amon}? fifty fjonora or suli^;enera, of whi<'li one-fourth may he coiisiderecl worthy of retention. The relationships are very close with the /'riii'jilliilir ou (he one hand ; on tli.' other, they grade toward the crows (Corc/i/fi). They share with the friii^illine liirds the characters of anlo|)ed primaries, and thin distin- KKV III .N. A. Iini|l.'«> 21* I'.l KTKIIID.r., AMKIMCAN hTAHMMiS. — (iKN, 87. '^' 1 i.i. •^i II frnisliOM lliciii fniiii :ill uiir ntlnr rninilics wlisitsocvcr ; Imt the cli-.tiii('tii IVuiii llir /■'liiii/illiilir !in' not ciisily cxiin'Hscil. In rncl. I know of nr) cliiiiailcr tliiil, Inr ••\iiin|p|c, will i('l(';.'!ili' llic liiilioliiik (Hill cindiitd to tin- liti riilir nitlii'r tliiiii to llic h'liiiiiilliilii , ill llic cuirciil ii('f ol" tilt' iiiiiiolclicil, iiiilii'i-tlt'il liill.tiiat shows a iicciiliar extension of the eiilineii on th which the jiCoiip is coiiNciiieiilly ami |Molialily iiMlinally tlivisiMe. Ill most of Iheiii, Mack is preiloiniiiant. either uniform and of intense metallic lustre, or colli lasted with masses of red or yellow. In nearly all. the sexes are conspic- noiisly dissimilar, the female liein;i smaller, and plain hrownisli or streaky in the iridescent Mack species, olivai'coiis or yellowish in the hrilliaiitly colored ones. All are iiiiLrratory in this country. (Ircjrariniis, f.'raiii\ (irons species, more or less conipletely terri'strial, and chielly paliislritie, not ordinarily eoiispieiions vocalists, Imildiii;; rather rude, not pensile, nests, layinj; I - (i spottcil or ciirioiisly liinned ejrjjs. With the feet strong;, lilted IpoIIi for walkinjf and for jiraspin^x swayiiiir reeds, the \vin;js more or less pointed, ec|iiallin^ or exceeding the tail in Icn^rth. the liili coiiic-acnte, shorter or little lon;;i'r tliiiii the head, its ciilliiifi edjres more or lesn iiiilected. •„• In |i«'n. S7, ill , the tail feathers arc acute; in '.i|, the wim; is iiniisnally rounded for this family ; in IS7, ^i^i, the Mil has iin ordiiiarv friii;;illine character. «7. GonuH DOLICnONYX Swainson. /lofinlhik; Xortlieiii states. //'c^MZ/v/.- Mi.ldji. Stales. IHiihhil; .Sontli- «'iii States. ^, ill s|iriii, the "hohornik" is disperst-d over tlie meadows ol the .Ndrthern Stales to hn'cd, and is a voliihle, spirited son^'stcr. Alter tiie niidsnniiner clianjjre, the "ri'cdhiid" or "licehird" throiiirs the marslies in iniineiise Hocks, with the Idackhirds : has simply a cliirpiii. 1 -).') iipplicd l)y sdiiic to this liinl, liy Dtlicis to llic ('iintliiiii mil, is ii straii;,'ti inisiiiiincr, tlic mtiil.iii Ix-iii;; ii iViiiL'illiin' l)ii., >)2'2 OKV/IVOUL'.S, . 88. OonuB MOLOTIIRUU SwainHon. C'lirfiird. ^ iridi'sccut l)I.ifk, head and nt'cic pnrplisli-hrown ; 7A-H ; winu ovtT 4 ; tail ovci- .'5. 9 7-7 A ; wini,' .'5 1 ; tail 2/; an oliscnrc iDokini; l»ird, nt-arly nniluiin dnsUy <,'rayisli-l)n)\vn, iiut rallicr pali-r luddw, and appearing sonuiwiiat strcalvy, owin^ to darkor slial'l lines on nearly all tlio feathers ; hill and leet Idack in lioth sexes. Tin! yonni; J at lirsl resenildes the 9 , lint is deiidedly streakcil luditw. N'orlh Ann-riea, ahnndant ; f;re<,'a- riiins, puly^'anioiis, parasitic. The sinirular liai)it!i of this bird, prolialdy shared liy others of th(( jjeniis, form ones of this most intorcstini; chapters in ornitholiiu'v. Fiike the Knropean cnekoo, it linilils no nest, layin;,' its ei;;;s liy stealth in the nests of vai'ions other liirds, espeeially warlilers, vireos and sparrows; and it appears to constitute, furthermore, a remarkahlo exception to the rule of conjniral aH'cclion and litltdily amon;^ hirds. A womierfnl |)rovision for the pi'rpetualion of the species is seen in its instinctive selec- tion of smaller iiirds as tiie loster-parents of its ollsprinir ; for tlu; larirer c^j; recL'ivo.s the ;^rcat(!r share of warmth dnrinijf incuitation, and the Instior yonn;^ cowliird asserts its jneci'dcnce in tin; nest ; while the foster-hirds, however reluctant to incnhale the stramre v^'^ (their toni-hini.') heconie assidnons in their care of the fonnd- linLT. even to the ncirlcct of liicir own yonn;;. Tin; cowliinl's e;;;;; is said to hatch sooner than that of most hirds ; this would ohvionsly confer additional advaiitajrc — Wii.s.. ii, 1 l."», pi. IS, f. 1, 2, .i ; Nurr., i, 17iS; Aid., iv, l(i, pi. 212: I'.i)., .'121 I'KciJKis. \'ar. iiii^i I i!i -. l)inirl' Ciiirliird. Siniiiin'; smaller; ,/ the si/.e of 9 /"'•"<•'•■<,■ 9 innici' 7 ; wiuj; .'! 1, ; tail ■_",. 'i'lie liilltTeiice is very slinmrly niarlvcil. Mini appar- ently ciinstniit. Ari/.oiiM. Lower falifurnia, and soiitliward. C'.vss. I'roc. I'liila. Acad. iMil'i, 1,S; {'(»i i>, (//((/., ill); Cooc, -.'(il). 89. Gonus AOEL.«JUS Vioillot. *,*Tlie (^ iniif'oi-ci lustrous Mack, witli the Itenil of tlic win;; red; S-!» loicjf ; winj; P. ."1; tail .".j I. Tlie 9 cvcrvwlu'ie sireakcil; aliove lilackisli-browii with p;ile streaks, iiii'linin|j; on tliu held to lonii iiieiljaii and superciliary stripes; Ix-low whitish Willi very many sliaip dusky -^Irealvs, llie sides of the head, throat, and tiie lieiid of the wiii^t, liiincil willi n'ildi-,li or I'lilvous ; mider H ; winj; ahout 1 ; tail ;t|. The young ^ at lirst like the 9 , Imt hnj;er, a|>l to have a >;eueral hudy or fulvous HUll'usion, and liri^ht hay edi,'iii'^s of the leathers of the liack, wiir^s and tail, and soon showiu}; hlack patches. — Ipoii iuvcsli;raliou of the variations in the character of the wiii;;-patch, u|>on which our three accreilited species rcsteil,hliil. ( ri.Ai i; i\ , .'ill llic li;:s. ) liCssi-r win;: ocivorlH fi'iiilit, liix.'iillv lii'iilirtil liv liiiiw iii>|i-v('||i.'.v, or ln'ownii^li-uliitc, the iiiii|ill(« low of I (ivnlH In in;.' tnliiclv id' llii.-i tdlur ; MHiHtiniiH llir ;;rnili'r row, likt'W i>i', Mil' iiio.stiv siinihir, |ii'oi|ii( in;: a piilrii on tln' wlni; nearly as lai';;tt lis the ml one : ona^ionallv , tiii'if tire traiis of ri-tl on llic i■^\\l^' of tli*' win;; iiml lit'low. In >nnii' I'!;!-!! rn .-ix'cinicn.H llic lioitltiinir Im alnio>t |iiit'f wliilc I'nili'il States from Allanlic to Pacilir, vciy alMimlant. Wii.s.. iv, ito, |il. .'Ill: Niii.,i, HIT: Ai i>., iv. .11 , Jli! ; Hk., .^L'ti. . . iini.NirKl s. N'lll. I.I 1^1 1,'SA |n|i. I.r>^(l' «ili;^ ( iiMll-. Mill lit , Illll'I'tiW I V < >l IK i'iii'lii>ii, mh tliat llic l>lli-M'||i>\v III' lliril liaM'N iliii's ii'l shiiVN liiilili. il' aiiv. I'.'irilic (nasi, Nl I I'., i. I'll III.. I«7 ; Ai I'.. i\. -JH. |il. -.'I.'i ; Hn.. .'••-".» ; < i".i'.. •:*'<■',. \'ar, mil Ml 1. 1.'. Lrs-rr wiii'^ iovciIh ilaik H'I. Iinnliiiil uilli |iiii'i' wliitc. ( aliri.Mii.'i. Nl II.. i. lM III.. I.'^ii; Ai i... iv. -.'7. |il. I'l I : i!i... .'i.'-lt ; Cooi'., -JC't. J)0. GoniiH XANTHOCl'irilALUS Baird. Yilliiir-liuliliil llltirUi!iil. / lijaik, wliiilr lir.'lil (r\ir|il lolTs ) , Ill-rk ailll ii|i|M'r liniisl yellow. aii«! soim limes yilinu i.-li teatliers mi the lielly ami le;rs ; II liir;.'!' while jialeli on the wiiiL', Ininieil liy the primaiy. and a lew of tlii> mill r sceomlai \ . eiivei'ts ; |(l II: \s iiiir .'lA ; tail I]. 9 ami yoiiii;: liiownisli- Ki^.tiN. Vi'lliiwIii'Milcil lllai'kliinl. Itlack, with little or no while on the win^'. the yellow rivslrieled or ohsciircil ; ; Aid., iv, 21. |il. >'i;>; IJi)., ;").'!! : Cudi'., -JilT ; ('i)ii:.s, Am. .Nat., IS7(t, I'.t.'i. . iciKUucKniAJX's. m |( TKUIIi.V:, AMKKICAN MAIIMNON. — (IKN. IM , '.L'. 01. OcnuH BTUUNHr.LA Vicillot. 157 * ,* I'liiiiiti^c liiiilily viii'ic;tiit('il ; ctiili rcMllicr of tlir lnuk MncKiHli, willi a triiiiinal r<'i|ili-.||-li|ii\MI lll'i'M, mill »llMI'|i li|ci\M|is|i-\ I'lliiw liiiiili'I's ; liri'U silllillll, till' |i!ltll'l'll Niiialli'i'; nowii slrciikcil uilli lilink ami liruwii, aiiil \\\\U a |iali' iiinliaii ami Hii|ii'r- i-lliiiry Hli'lpis II liliirkisli lini' lii'liimi rvi' ; HiMTal laliial tail t'catlii'iH uliili', tin; ()tll^l'^4, witli llio iiiiH't' ijilills ainl wiii'.^ ciivri'ts, liaii'nl nr sra||ii|iri| \\i||| liJaiK. ami liniwii or iii-Ay. I\c|;ii' nf \viii'„'. >-|"it hmt cvr, aii'l iiiiiIit pails ;;(iicraily. Iiii;;lit yellow-, llii> hIiIch Mini ci'lssiiiii llixi'ii-ln'iiwii. willi niiiiii'iuii-t Nliai'|i lilackiHli Nli't-aliH, llic liri'a-*! with a lar;,'c hlark iifsniit ( i>li>iiiii' in tin' yoiiii;:); liill liorn riiliir, iif lirrlliiaf ^lla)ll' ; I'l'ct li'^lil lilnwii, vriy lal'ii' ami Ntlnli;^. riai liili;_' liryiiiiil tlir Vt'l'V hIiiiM tail. I.i'iiiitli 1(1 II; win;.'.''; tail .".J ; liili |; ? hiiiallcr ('.»J ; wiiif; IJ ; lull :i), siiiiilar in culur; ynun^ not iiarliciilaily (liUciciil. /•'iili/hn/,-. (I'l.VTi; VI, I'lL'-l. 1. -, •'!. 1. I", -", ;>", I".) TIlc cnjul-S, IIS iiltovc (li'M'rilicii, rich ami piifc, Uic i»ri'Viiiliii^' as|ii'cl lunun : Vfllow nf cliin ti>iiiilly ('oiiliiii'ii lii'luri'ii rami (if iiinlci' inaiiilililc ; Mack liars oil wiiiL'H !in., iii, L'n, pi. IH; Ai'i)., iv, 7tl, pi. l'l'.') ; .Ni IT., i, 17 ; IJn., ."i;i."i .mai;\\. \'ar. M 1.1 II lA. 'I'lie ciiluis iliillcr ainl paler, the |ii('\ailiiiL: aspect ijiay : yillnw of chill Usually imiillilin^f mi sides ol' lower J:nv ; Mack on \\iir_'s ami tail usually resolxeil iiilo dislimt liars allcinaliii;.^^ with ^zray hars. Western [' , S. Snw^ said to lie diltereiit. Ai i>., vii, "i.'i'.l. pi. l.sT ; l«i>.. .'i;>7 ; Coui'., 2711. Oils. Il*(liii'S not appear that Ihe Ived-lileMsled hark, 7V"/';'i///.'t inililnri.f. wuh ever taken in tiiis country. Il is a Smirn American species reseiiililinj; ours, liul Willi red in place ol" the yellow. Iln., ."i;!.!. Suhfniiiilii KTEinS.K. t >,;•„!,, ■t. Non-firofiarioiis, inseetivuroiis and IVui^dvorous species, strictly arlioriiole. of lirilliant or strikiii;_dy contrasted colors, and ph'asin^r soiilt, disliiiu'iiished .-is arch i- li'cts, liiiildiiiL; el.'ilior.'itcly woven pensile nests. With the liill lel.itivcly loniier, slenderer and ninre acute than iii most of the last sulifainily, and llie Icet weaker, i'xclusively lilted for pcrchiuu. 'i'hree of our species are aliiindaiit miirratoiy Miils ill suiunier ; the ri'st inerely re.'icli our southern holder from tropical America. 1 02, Genua ICTERUS Brisson. •The J lilack .•ind chestnut. Ortltiiid On'iilt'. ,i Mack, lower hack, riiinp, hsser wiiii; coverts ami \:>H KTKIMD.K, AMK1!I(!AX MTAULINOS. — (IKN. !»2. !M; I :ill iiinlcr parts from (Ik? Ilnoat, (Icop clicstii'it ; a wliilisli l)ar iutoss tips (»f }^r«'ati'r wiii;r cdVfrls ; liill ami iVct I'lin-hlacK ; alxiiit 7 ; wiiijr .'ij ; tail ."{ ; 9 siiinllcr, plain yellow isli-olivf aliuvr, >ell, ami the skirtK of wtitids. Wii,h., i, (il, pi. t, r. I, -2, .'5, ' : Aii>., iv, H;, jil. L'l'.t; Nrrr., i, 1(!."); Hd., .VIT. . si'uuius. \':ir. Ai riM-, Miieli >iiialU'r ; J lij ; wiii^ iiiuler :t. Texas. Lawk. Ann. J^yc. Nat. lli>t. N. Y. |.->.")1, 11-. • • 'I'iie J liJMik ;i'..l ..riiii^f. Jtd/'uiiurt' {Jii'iilv. (I'oldiii Hull! II. I'irihinl. /fint'/iirsf, ^ with (lie iieail aiitl neek all i.nintl, and tlie liaek, lilaek ; riiiiip, upper tail et)vcrts, lesser wiiii: eoverls, most t)!' llie tail I'eatlurs, ami all tlie iiiuler |)a 'ts iVtini the lliitiat. tiery tnaiiiif, lnil tit' varyiii. more or less ediretl aiitl tippetl willi wlii'e, Init tlici wiiil;' till the eoverls not riiriiiinir a eo'itiniiMiis paleli ; liill uiitl I'eet bliuv- lila.k ; 7.\-N; \vintreets, as wtdl as ill woi/tllaiid, eoiispieiions liy il- liriliiaii* t/olors and spirited Miiiir. ^\'II.s., i, 2."J, pi. 1. f. ;i : vi, pi. .'■(.'i ; Ari>., iv, ;!7, pi. :.'17 ; NiTT., i, l.'^i^ ; III)., .VIS IIAI.TI.MOIJK. Jt'iil/iick''< (trinlr. Similar; tlie .iivin^'c invailiii;^ the .sitlea of th* head aud neck and the f'o re II e a d. leaving oniy 11 narrow spaee on the throat, the lore-, ami .1 line trroii;rh ihe eye. hlaek ; a lar-.n- eonliiiuons white pateii Oil li:e wiiiL', loriii; ii liy the iniiliile ami jjfreater eoverls. 9 tilive-^rniy, Il -low whili-li, .ill (he fore parts of the lie ly ami he.id tinjred with yellow, the wine^s ihi-l,y. wilh Iwo wliile liars, lint t'le tail ami its nntler eoverts ipiile yellowi-h, \'oiiii;_f J .at lir.-t like they , s itip, however showing lilaek ami oiaiiire. I.'a'di'r iaiirer than the liisi. N\ f.-lerii I'liitetl .States, in wtjodland, nliiimlant. re|ilaiiii!,' the r.,.!iiiiiore. Ai u., iv, l:i, jtl. iM«; iin., ^r\\) ; 0.'i>r., 27'.; I'tiiK.-, .\iii. .Nat.. V. |.s7(t, i;7n iiilumkii. I'll., Vt . U:illi.cl.V On. I °°'™'™"^'"^"'^~ irTi-;:ii),v., ami:i;i(an i-TAi.'i.iNtis. — cf.n. 9-J, J'.T. 159 r iicross tips of iijr :\\ ; tail ;5 ; j;s (lusl7, , i, \:>2; IJi)., IIAI.TIMOKK. 'lie. .Siniil;ir; iii;^ llif sidua iKik and tliu ivini^ only :v I tl;c tln-oat, s wliitc i)atili y olivc.;.'-ray, 1 willi yrllow, • ('oVf'i ts ([uitf n^' lilack and in wodillaiid, 1; l?i... .". l;t; lU l.I.dl MI. IfiKtih'd Oi'ifilr. cf oraiifjc ; uinirs, tail, a narrow dorsal iuva and a lariro mask on tlio fact- ami tliroat, hiack ; tips of winir coverts, and im|!j:cs of inan^' • piills, wliitc ; size of the fori'froin,ir, l>nt w in<;s shorter iind tail longer. Tlu' 9 lacks tile lilack mask ; lint the species may lit" dislinL'nished in jiny plnin- ii^e from i-itlier of the lore^roini; hv not havinir the winirs cvideiitlv loiii:er timii tho tail. Valley of the liio (irande and Colorado. Lower California, niul southward. Ca.ss., III. 1:.', |)l. S; liii., .')!(!; Ciioi-., •21,'). cicli.l.vtis. • • • The c? lilack .•ui.l clour yellow. iS'cii(f'.H (h'iiilc. if lilack; liehiw from the lireast, rump anil npp<'r tail coverts, lesser, middle iind under winir coveils. Imth ahove and lielow, and liasal portions of all the tail fcallii is, except liie ceiilrtil ones, clear yellow ; <:re:iler winir coverts tipped, inner i|iiill> educd, wilh \vliite ; in the 9 <|>ecialiy towards the ciitl. and .-.li'on'jly iiitleclecl toinia. 'J'lie typical (Juixrull JiMve a certain erow-like .ispeel. Imt they are rcudiiy dislini;nished liy "icveral I'Mtiires. The feet are hn'iie a;id xtroiifjr, and the lards spend much ol" their time im tlie y;rcinnd, where they walk or run in-^tead of adv.vneinir l'\ leap-.. 'I'liey ^icnerally ImiM nide. Iiulky nests, hiy spotted or sireakecl e;.';is, iiiid their liesi \oeal elt'inls are hardly to lie cMlled musical. The J ol' most of the species is imiroini hi^tfous lilack, the 9 li;o\Mi ami much siualh'r. Then' is only one jieinis (< 'ussiili.i-) liesides the two ot" this eoiintiy ; in ',M. Ihe tail is sliuhlly rounded and shorter tlian thewin^rs; ill !M. the tail Is graduated, and ulioul eijiials or exceeds the wings. 93. Qor.us SCOLECOPHAOUS Swninaoii. /,'ii.i/i/ (!nfr/,lr, ,f in sniniiier hislrous lilack, the relleetions u'reenish. and not iiolicealily dillereiit on the heail ; Init not ordinarily foniid in (hi- londi- lion in the I'. .S. ; jn jjencral simply ,irlo>sy hhck. iie:rly all the feathers skirted with warm lirown aliove, and lirowiiisli-y( Mow Ik low. frecpieiitly I'oiitinnoiis (III the fore parts: the /of the lirst si'ason, liki' the 9 , is entirely rusty lirown aliovi.lhe inner 'piilis edjjfed uitli the -ame ; ,i pale siipercili.ary stripe; lielin\ . niixecl ni-t\ :iiiil irrayisli-lilack. the pi iin.irics ami lail alone : ' I I 1 CO ICTri!It)T., AMFItlf.W STARMVns. — fJFV. O.T, !•!. l.l;i.I< ; hill and feci lilarU al all linios ; ,f alx.iit '.» ; win;.' U ; tail lU ; hill ',' ; vi-ry rli's ; 9 sinallcr. Ka^li'iii Nciilli America, N.W. lo Alaska ( />///), very 'iimmun in llic I . S. in llic fall aii<, in li«'li'a.. iii. II, |)1. I'l, (. ;') ; NiTT., i, r.i'.t : All*., iv, (IJ, pi. 222: Hn., .*>.'il. . n;i;!;ii;iM:r s. /ihir-Ziriitl'l (I'nii/.li'. /,'rcirirs llhirUiinL ."^iniiLir ; llie i.'eneraliii(les- eence ;rreeii as liefure, eliaiii:ini^ alirnptly on the ln'ad to pnipli^li, \ inlet ur ntccl-liliie, tlie (liU'ereiiee (iltviiiiis ; larirer ; f, 1M-I«ij ; wini: •"'-■''■^ : l;iil \-\h ; Itill nnieli stiiiilt r, mkuc like tliat of .\'/'htii.i, ami .•ill'ii.'(tlnr it seems to lie ipiile aiiniher liinl. 'I'lie 9 ami yoimi.' ^f , pi. I'.'- ; 111"., .">."):.' ; C'oor., I'Ts. . . . : liill alfonl If. Texas, Fin. I'll. .. I'.'tt. MAciioi itr.><. J{i,iii-liii'li' inches : |.ir-u-> m arly J. 'niildle toe :iml claw ahoni the same: the ireiieral iridescence ;rreen. purple or vinhl mainly on the head. 9 asl(inishin;:ly smaller than (lit ,^ , l.-nkin;; entirely the irrcat development of the tail, .iml easily |o !«• :iii>t.'ikcii fur .'r.i\ i>h-lirn\\ n. fre(|iiently wlii'cMii'L: , freiiuenily to the Miikllc districts, hut i»>i to New Kii;r|and iis currently reported. Ai i>.. iv, .'1:', pi. !':.'<• : lli>.. .'>.'i.'> ma.h>1!. I'lir/ili (liitililf. (l'l.\rr. v, liLrs, I, .>, I, ."•, I", .>'», I'/. .'»'». 1 t l.'-i;!; vviiiL' averaiiinir ''H : tail •'' t : hn. cither IV. .-i .'< to »; : hill .-ihout I ] ; tir-u-- \l[ ; ^raduiilion of the tail \h or lcs> : 9 ll-'_'; >>irii: ahout .1; tail .dtoiil \\. Iridivscene<' of the male vn-ia!ilc i\ iih aire, imm-om and other ciriMrMsiances, .as I .'x.c-jfx'M i.3dij%*^'.«'. y vtpxia P.W'llli MiiBm. COItVIO.i;, (ItnWS AM) .IA>>. — liKN. '.t|. ini liiil it) llic iidiills ;il\v;iy-i intense, iinliiiiiiix liron/v, pni-|| ; Ui>., , ">.'(.') niM'i i:i:rs. /-) N'ar. M.i. I I -. (ri.Mi; \, I'l'^s. -J. Ci, -.'-i, fl.i.) Siniilai'; ,'' «vei'M;.nn;^ siiiMller, linl iliiiieiisiuns iuosenlatin'^ witii lliosc ^>^ -___ of llie last ; liill rcl:iliM'ly lai'LTer, or at least JoiiLfer, wifli ^^ more atteuualeil and deenr\fd li|>. I'Mmida. (j. Ii iilhm _ — ^'^ \\\i., .'(.'it; ; (f. il'jhi IIS Mil.. Am. .lolM'. Se. IsCi;, ,S| ; ('\ss., Pro.'. I'liila. Aead.. IsCC. |o|; Wwh.w w, il,i, I., l.silll, l:!.".. <'' (M;-., 'I'lie (^iii.iriiliiH iiiiiiis, lalels' descrilieil as a new "^^ t<|iecies liy .Mr. I!id;.'\vay (/. «•. I.'i I ). a|)pear> to lie liase.! U|ioii a speeial plnnia'^e of (J. iniriiiirin.i ; aiiij sinei' it dot's llnl. prove to lie coiilineil, as i(s drs 'rilier Iteli. ved, to any partinilar r.-jri I sli.mld Jn.l-.' il n.>l mlilled lo rank "" '"' '•"H"'!' '.'•"••■•"'' as a '.leo'^rapliieMl \ariiiy. Tin' lirilliMiil cnlcirati >•; is ili;ii rep re>rMlei| in .\niln- lion'.s |ilate, aliove eited. Family CORVID-ffiJ. Crows, Jays, otc. A rallii'r iarije and iniiiorl;inl Caniily, eoinprisinir sni'li I'aniiliai' liirds as ravens, erows, roolis, nia;;pies, jnys, willi llieir allies, and a lew diver;;in'j; lornis not so well known ; nearly relali-ii lo tin- fatnons liirds of paradise. 'I'liere .are In prinnu'ies, of wliieli llie 1st is ^Iiort. ;reni'rally alioni hall" as lon'^- .as tlie 'Jd. and He\cr,al onlei- ones are more or le-:s >innale-altennale tni the iiincr welt toward the end. The tail has li' rc'lriees, as usual aiaon;; lii'j:lier hirils ; it \;iiii's inni'h in slmpc, Imt is •^enia'ally roamled - -sonietinu's extremely <;raihialei|, .-is in the ina;.rpie, :uii| is nol forki'il ill any of nnr Inrnis. 'I'jie t.arsiis li:n seiitella in front, sip.a rated (Hi one or liotll sides I'roiii the ri'^l ul" llir t;ir-al envelope liy a groove, Komelinies n.aked, siiinetiiiies tilled ill liy small scales. 'I'lie liill is sioni, alioiil as loni|, with convex (ailmeii ; it lacks Ijie eommis>iiral an;inlation of (he /■'/•/ii«/////i/" and /e^c/i/ic, the dec|i cleavaj^e of thn lliriiiiiliiiiilif, \\\t' slenderness of the ('n-lhiiilif, >'/>/((/"■. and nmst small iiiseeliv- oioiis liirds. 'riic rictus tisnally has n few stidlsh lirlsth's, aiul there are others alioiit tlie liase of Ijie liill. An essential I'haractcr is kccii in the dense eoverinii of llie nostrils with lar;;"'lonz tufts of close-pressed anlrorse lirislly li'athers (exceptinjf, ;imon;i oiir forms, in ;;eii. '.t?. HX). These last fe.'itnres dislini;nisli the C'lri'iilif IVoui all ii'.ir oilier liiicls e\ceplin^ J'liriil'f ; the nintnal nscinliliiiae is here so close, that I I'Mnml point oiil any nliviniiH ieelinii.'d cliaiactcr of external form to distin- j;uisli, for example, ('iiiiinirux from /.'lyiAoyi/don >-. ur J'li-isinins from I'lii'us. itnt as alrc'idy remarked ( p. 7'.'), .v/:r is here perfectly distinelive, all the Cnrrlilif lieiiif^ nnich lary;cr liinls than the I'lH-iitu-. OvxiiiL; lo the nniformily of color in the Icadinix ufroiips of the family, and an apparent plasljcily of <>i'jani/alion in niaiiy fornis, the nunilicr of species is dilll- ciill to ilclcniiinc. Mild is \eiy variously c-limatcd liy dilliicnl writers. .Mr. (i. I{. (ii'MV admits upwards of two liniidrcit spi'cics, which he di>liilMites in lifly lit N ' lllllli- '.'I i ! \i i ]<'.2 (•«»lrVlli.1,, ntoWH .\M» .lAVS. — liKN. '.t.'i. ti'ili liy III Iras) nlli'-lliil'il, ill Ixilll CIIhcm. 'I'liry li:i\i' lu'l'll i'i ^^iiilcil iii<»t l!ii';.'('lv in tin- Aiixti':iliaii ami liiili.-iii rc;.'iiiiis ; tlio iillicr twi>, ('iiii>tiliiliii^ llic ^'I'l-at luilk df tin- laiiiily. air ninrr iifaily <'i>''iini|>i'lilnii. 'I'Iii'hc an' the Cin-riiiir anil (nirnillnir, rcaUil.V tlNliiij{iii>li- alilr. at Irast mi far an iiiir I'ihiiih air ciiiirii ni'il. Siihf,niiil;i ('(>ll\ IS.K. <',-t fnriiii'il liy tlic .'(il, till an. I .'illi i|iiills ; tlir li';;s siniit, liltnl I'm' walKiii;.' as >vrll a-< |m r. Iiiii^>. As a rillr, till' |illlliia^r is miiiiIiIT nr al Ira-I iiiivai ir;:Mtril lijlii', llii' <'lial'arlrri->lir inliir of llu> JiiVM, liciii;; lirir I'ln*. Tin' srM's all' alikr, ami llir rliaii;Z('M <>t° |iliinia;;i' sliv'lit- AllliiMi'^'li Iri'linirallv n'-rilir, IIii'm' liililh ale lii'^lil\ iiiiliiU'l rasily mi llir ^rmiml, 'I'lirv ari' aiiimi;; tlir most nearly miinixmiiiis of l>inls, ami as a ri>iisi'i|m'm r, in rmiiiri'timi willi llicir lianly ii'itiiii-, tlii'V all' lairlv il'i'MT lllllv llli;4ialm\ . 'I'licir lirslili;^ is \ ai iiiils, ai rui'iliii^ to circiiinNtaiii'i's, liiit llir I'alirir is usually rmlr ami Imlky : tin- ryjis, uf llir avrrajiu oHi'iiic iiiinilii'i', air cuiniiimily Miiisli nr i^it'cnisli, spi rklnl. Alllimi'^li iinl |iii>|>- nly •,'irj,';iiiiiiis. a.s a liili', lliry kIIi'II assui'iair in lai'^r niiiiiliirs, ilia«ii In^illiiT liy ('miiiniinily nf inliirst. In illiisl;alimi nl' this, may lir iiistaiici'il tlu- cNlciiHixc ri">stin'_'-|i|airs ill till' Allanlir Slairs, cmniiarMlilc In tlir innkrlii's nf l''.iii'ii|ii', wliillui iiiiini'iisr ti'iMi|>s 111' iiutts ir.smt nightly, olli'ii iVmii filial ilistanrrs, itrall- ill^ till' lilir line iif till' |M)i'| — . •• Till" liliH'lii'iiliiK triilii'- iif i r"H ■• Ici llirlr ii'|ni>«.'' 05. QonuH CORVUB LinniLUH. *,*Tlii> Hpocit'H tlii-iiii;;liiiiit nnit'Driii liiHlroiis Maik. iiirlinlinu tin' l>ill ami Ifil ; nasal liiistics alunil half as |iiii<; as llir liill. * /I'lii'i /IN, uilli till- tliriiiiMratlu'rH ariito, lrii;,:tli)'iii'il. (liscmiiii'i'ti'il, Itiivrn. Alioiit i fi'cl Idii;.'; win;; lli-JS imjn's : tail alioiit HI. Nni'tli Aiiin'ica ; lint now i-arr in the I'liitril Stairs, ;.'i'tli('r waiilin;: in iiinsl uf llic ,"|il.'inlin;.' the rinw. Wii.s., ix, Lli!, pi. 7.'i, I'. ;i : \i it., i. i'(li> ; All)., iv, 7.S, pi. -i*\ ; ilu. .MK). ('. i;ir,,l„l/ Uii., .M;a. «'oiiAX ( vnr?). W hilv-mi l,t il lldvcii. .Sniallrr; ('(iiiccaicd htists nf ccivical t'l-atlirrs jMllt' wllitr. .SniltliWi'sti'l II r, .S. H|(., ,')(;,'); ( 'i H if. , I'N | . ( l!V l"Hi|.i:i ( I >. ^. •• ('runs, Willi III!' tliiiiat-lVatlnrs oval ami ■j=r.'- -^^:. i,i,.,„i,.,|. ('ii>ii\ I<.'ii.Mli l,s-2il: will'' 1.1-1 I: lail .' alionl «; liill \l-'2, its ii.'ii:lil at l.asr ■/ ; ^(^ tiii'siiN alioiii i-t|iial to till- niiiMIc tor ami t-luw. ^^- Kasli'iii N'mtli Aim-iica, . Iiirtly I". .S., not nl iliiiai'ily tniiinl \\«'s(\\ai'il in tin* iiilriinr, wImtc tin- lavcn almiimls. S\ its., iv, 7'.', pl, i.\ f, .1; Niri., i, I'lllt ; .\i'i».. iv, h7. pl. I'l'.'i : Uii,, .'iiiC. » . . amI':i;ii- am .><. Kh. lilt IliM ..I I I..U i t roKvin.v, i Itows AM> .lAVs. — UKN. '.'•!, ;i7, it;:i N'lii'. ri.oiMMVM* III"., .'ids. rr|iir-|)ai'i> aliniil the ;:a|)t'? Smilli Allaiitit' ami (iiiH' Slates, tinrtli tu New l-Jiirl in'l, riMiiiiinii ; niaritiiiir, pisciviiioiis. A|i|iar(iill\ a iliircriiil liini, as ii iiifriils mhmc taii;.'ililt> tlis- liiicliiiiiM, aliliiiiiL'li ('iiiistaiilly assuriatcil with tlio la^l. Wii.s., v, 27, pi. ."17, f. '2; NiTT., i, '.Mil; .\ni., iv, !•!, pi. I'l'il : lln., ."i71. . «»s>int.V(ii .s. 00. aoiuiH I'ICICOUVUS Uouapiirlo. (Jtiiihi's Criiir. (iiay, ulti'ii lilcatliiii;; mi tlic lit'ail ; vviii;r'< j^lussy Mark, most III' tlir si'iiiii riiilral Irallii'i's Mark ; liill ami Irrl Mark. .Mmiit a I'lmt ImiLr; win;; 7i-M im-jics ; tail M~.'t; liill lij ; iia>al Icatliirs very slmrl I'ni ilii-^ I'ainily ; i-laws vt-ry lapjrr ami tiiiirli niivnl. ('.illilrnillH lull 111 liu- W'inI, \. tu Sill;:!, S. tu .Mt'xiin, K. tu .N'l'linwka, W. In the CtiaHl Kan;.'!': tli<' AiiK-riraii ivpr.Hciil,!- *'" "" ""f^-'- '»'«• tivf of till' I'Jiriipi'aii iiiitrrarkri', Xiiii/'rni/n i-iiriinrnliirh-t ; ahiinilaiit, iiiipcr- fnlly i:i<',i::iii'iii'*. Wii.s., iii, l".i. pi. l'h ; Nj rr., i, iM »•., iv, !_'7,pl. iM.'i ; lll»., .'■|7.'l ; ('imi'., •.'S'.l cni.i Mlil.lNrs. U7. QonuH QYMNOKITTA Mnxiiiuhuii. Ithir Croir. |iiill Miii', very vaiiiiMi' in inli'ii-^ity, iii'arly iinirumi, liiit lii'i^litrst (III till' liiail. t'ailini: on till' lirlly ; llir lliinat uilli wliitiNli sd'cakH; \\in;.'s iliisky nil III' iiimr Wilts; liill ami l<«t lilai'k : J ll-l'.': w in;; alimil il ; l.iil aliiuit 1^ : liill l:\; 9 ."inaliir, iliilli r. ItucUy Muiintain ii'u'iini ; mm II llir siiiiic t-livattMl tlisliiliiition as tlic last, liiit app.ii'(iill\ ratli"!' iiii>i'«- NiMillirrly ; (Iniilt'illy ;;ii'i:,'iriiiiis, ami viTy alMimltiit in Miiiit' plan's, tliiiiivrli still raro in rulIci'tiiitiH. A rcniarkalili' liinl, rninliinin^ tin* furin of a i-imw with tin' rulur ami ratlicr till' lialiits of a jtiy, ami a pi'ruiiirly sliapcil, sli'inlci-, lt'n:.'tln'm'>l aiit'Kni.vi.i s. Kli>. Iii'i. ntii'' I'liin. .Snh/.niiihl i.AUh'l l.lX.i:. ./.,./.,. Willi till' wiii'.;s iiiiii'li sliiirliT than ur alxiiil i'<|iia!liii'_' Ihi' tail, Imlh )'niiiil, Iho tip III' Ihr »ili'4 riiiiiiril li\ till' till 7lli iinilN. 'I'lii' I'l'i'l. as wi'll as Ilir liill. arc nsiially wraki'i' than In tin- Irih' ri'uWM, aii>l (he hinls arr nioii' Htiiclly urlNHifule, ihmhIIv ailvinirin>; liy Iraps whrii mi the ;:iiiiiiiil, In whicli ihcy ilN nl' luinhi mill ^ll'ikill^ Coltil'H, IIIIKill^r wllii'll lilllr is till' iiiiihI priilllllH-Ilt, mill llir llt'llil is rrri|lli'lilly cir^tl'il. 'I'lir st'M'S iili' ti<'Mll\ MJIKr, iiliil llii' l'lltlli;:i'^> iif |ilUMI!l^r ilii lliil :t|i|M'm' III lie its ^Mr:il its i>. iisiimI iiiiiuii;^ iii;:lllv ('iiJMri'il liiiiU, !iltiiiiii;:li miMii- ilillrr- riici'M till' ri<*i|iii'iilly iili>ri'>;ililr. Oiir well kiiiiwii liiiM'Jiiy is a rmiiiliar illiiMtniliini ul" III!' Ii.'iliil- ami liails uC Ilic >|it'i'irs in ;;t'iH'ial. 'I'liry arc ruliliil in lim-l pallH id' till' »ii|li|, ainl rcarli liiiir lii;:lii'st ilr\i'lii|iiiii'iit in llir waiiiii'i' |iiii'|iiins tif Anii'i'ira. Willi one liiiical t'xct'|»liiiii ( I'li'imni ii.H), llic j;cin'ia ul" tlir ( )|i| anil NfW Wmlil arc ctitilrlv ililli'lrlil. It i-- |irii|irr III iili-rlM'. Ilial, wliili' llii' AlMrlicall Ciiiriiiif Mini diin-iiliiiii , U|iii|i wliicli till' riirc;.'iiiii;; |iara;'ra|iliH arc in.'iinly drawn ii|i, air nailily ili.sti'.i;:iii>lialilr, the i-liaiarlrrs ;;ivi'n niav ri'>|iiii'i' niuiljlii'aliiiii in llirir a|i|iliratiiin tn tliruliMli' raiiiily, till' ilillrnnt liixi^imis ol' uliirli .'i|i|ii'mi' to inlfr;.'rai|i' clnsi'ly. 08. OonUB PSILOUIIINU8 Ruoppol. /Irnirii Jill/. Smnl^y liniwii. ilaikci mi lirail, lailinu' mi Im-IIv ; wIiilts ami l.'iil u illi liliii^ii ,L.'ln~^ : Ml! ami Ircl Mark, .Mitii('liiiir> yillnw ; almiil l(i|iiii;r; win;.' IS; tail f>\, in'nli ^latliiali'il ; liiil l|,vcry .-Imil : ims/iil^ im/.n/; liiail iiiirn'>lri|. K'iii (iramic N'allcy anil .siiiiliiwaitl. I'lii., 'i!)i'. . . . .Ml, a Ma|i- iiiar pali'li. ami cil^^iii;.' ><( llic i|iiill>, white ; Millie uliili.-li Imirlics mi Ijic lliriial ; liiil ami lict Mark. I.ciii^ili l.'i III' L'O inches, aiiiPiiliii;,' In the iIcM'Iii|i- iiicnt di' the tail, uliiili is a t'lml or less Inn;:, exiieniely ^rrniiiialed ; win;.' iiImhiI ^, the niiler priniaiy slmii, .-lemlcf, ami lahalc. Arctic .\nierica, ami I'. S. IVnlii I'laili- tn I'ai ilic, cxcejil ( 'alil'iil Ilia : CO ill III nil. \\'ii.>., iv, 7.'i, pi. ',\'t : Nin.. i, I'l'.t; ,\i i.., iv, W, pi. 2-'7 ; Mit., .'■|7t! \iKi.\Nui.i.i (A var. iiiii.s(»\HA. \'ar. M II Ml II. )'i lliiir.liilliil Miiijiiii . Itill \ellip\\ ; nllierwisc precisely like tlie last. III' wliii'ii il i< a pel peliiati'il aiciilelit ! ' 'I'lie I'jiiupcaii .Ma;.!pic snllietillliw slinws the s.'iiiii' tilin;;. aiiil in sniiie nllicr specie^, like /'. mniin, llic liill is iinlilfer- eiitly I. lack in \i'llnH. Calil'iiiiiia. Ain., iv, Hll.pl. 'JJH; Ni i r., i. "Jii I'll., '.Mil ; ltl>.. .'uM ; Ciinf., :.".l.i. Oil". 'I'lie ( 'iiliiinliiiin .Maj.'pie, I'mi Imllurl.ii nf Alli.. i\. Id.'i. pi. •J-Jll. ami Nl rr.. i, •.'•.'••• is the l'iil>i,,'ll,i inlliii. a liia;,'aillceli( spn ies nl' the West (ohmI uC M«'Xirii, errnlieiillsh altl llilllol In ( 'alil'orililt Mini Orciriin. l-'ii. Iim. \\.i^\A I ( i»||\ iD.i;, cljftw.s AM> .1 VVS. — (ir.V. Kid, litl. k;:. 100. QomiH CYANUllUS SwnliiHon. • , • ('i>li'<|iiiMi(iii>lv iir^li'il ; «in;,'-i mill \:i\\ lililf, lihirk-liailcil ; liill jitlil Iri'l, lihii'k. I.i'ii^tli II l:> : will'/ III' lull .'i r,. /lliii Jii'/, I'iii|ili.-.li-lilii('. lit'Ims iiMJc |iiiriili>li-;ii;iy, wliilriiiiij: mi tin- lliniMl, lii'lly ami cii-^siiiii : a Mark nillar ari'u^s iju' Inwrr llnnat and up tlii' nitlcs til' ihr iii'i'k Mini licail luliiiiil llic cit"-!, and a liiaik I'nintlct iMitdrrt'd witli \vliili>li; \\iii;:s and tail |iiiri' rirli liliir, willi Mack liar-, llic irrcalti' ('uvcil-', siTiiiidaiirs and lad I'callii r-, f\('r|il llic ccnlral, Initadly ti|i|iiMl wilji |iiii'i' wliili'; tail iiiiK'li rniiiiiji'd, llic i/radiialiuii nscian inch. IOa>lcrn .N'tntli America, «'.-|iccially llic I'nilcd Stales, cvciv wlicic almndant. NVii.s., i, 2, pi. 1, r. 1 ; .\ti)., iv, ll(>, pi. :';ll ; .\rrr., i. ■JJ\ : Mn., .'nSd. ciiisiATis. ,S/,/lirs ./ill/. SiMity limwn. darker ini llie liead, passini,' insensilily into ricli Miic nil the I'uinp ami licjnw riiuii llie lirca-l : wiiii^s and tail deep pi'iis^ian Mile, willi Mack hais ( waiitiiii.' in very \ luiiiLr l>ii'd>): clot laced with Miinc lijiie tiiiiches, and llinial \\illi Nuine \\liili>h -Ircak-^ : ini wliile (in r;i.- |ii7. >li'llri''< .l.iy: I'niK M'-lr.| v.iiirli, the cycJiiU : tail ninijeialciy rnitiidcd : cir~l almiil Iwn inches joni; when lull ;.ri'., iv, lii7, pi. I'.'Ut; |{i>., .Vs| ; ('uui-., l'II.h. . . sir.i.i.riMi. \'ar. M M iiiii.iii'iM s. /,>i/ii/-i'/'i .^^ (/ ,/i(. Sniillicni i;iiik\ .Miiinitaiii ici;iiiii. Mil., ."i.s_> ; j'a.i .. |i|. 17: ( 'hic, ;;iiu ; ('.>ii.. Ain. Nal. v. I.s7l. 770. 101. OoiuiH APIIELOCOMA CiibaniH. •,* Niil crcNJcil ; wiic^s :iiii| l.iil Miic, mil lialicil. /■'Iiiiiilii Jill/. nine; liaii\ with a iaiLic well-delincd irray palch, liciiy and sides pah- ^.nayish, under taii cdVerlH and tiliiu' hliie in niaiked cdnli-.i-t ; iiincli hiiai'v vvliiti-'li nn t'liiclicad and sides nl' crown: chin, tlirnal and iniddh- oC lireasl xML'tic -Ircaky whili-h: iar-cn\erls dii^ky : tlic Mnc tiial s<'cins In eiicil'ele the licad and neck Well dcliiii d aLiaiii^l the t:iay ol' hack and hrc.-isl ; liill iiiinparalivcly shnil, very slniit at llie !ia>e. .Miuiil 12: \\\w^ 't or less; ^ I I M • iiiivrK.r., nt<»\vs ,\si».r\vs, — tn:s. Inj, lo.'l. I'J<. I'». I'l Ill .la.\. tail iiImiiiI iI, iihkIi i'iiiiiii|*-i| ; hill iilniiil I. I''liii'iil;i (uinl (iiilf Slatt's?), aliiiiKlant. Ni n ., i, iMii ; At i>., iv. Mm, pi. :.':i:i ; lli>., A.si;. i i.i)i:ii>.\na. \':ii'. \\iiiiiii -II. 'I'lir ilinsal jiatrli ilai'l\. ■•iiiiicw hat ;;li)s>>i'il willi liliic, sliailiii^ iiilii llir Mill' i>r >iirii>iiiiiliii^' |iai't-; iiiiiIit jiai'ts rallicr ilarki-r. •«i)iiirtvliat liliiinli- ;;i'a y ; tlir ImII ruMils pair li|iii-li liiil mil riiiilra>ti'il ; tiii tlir liirasl Ihc liliic ami l^iay sliailiii;; iiilii cacli utliri', (In- ;;iilai' am! |icrliii'al Mli'ciiks whitiNJi tiiiil wt'll lii'lliii'il, the Huiicrcillaiy iiiii' ili'lillilr uliitc. lull Mil hital'V nil rnirlii'ail ; 111 II sIiMhIi'I'IT, SiMilliiTii l»in'l>y .Mniiiilaiii ir^;ii)ii. Ilii., ."i.s.'i. |il, '»',l ; ( IIIII-., ."iill. \'ar. <' vi.iKiiiiMr V. < 'iili/iiriiiii .A/'/. 'I'lic ilmwal jiati'li li;;lil ami ili.stiiirl »•* in true jhn-iiUtun, liiil Ilir iimlcr |iai'tH, Inrliiiliii;; lail mvi'i'lM ami tiliiii*, nearly wliili' ; ;:iilar sliraKs wry laiv;r, av'!,'rt'Halcil, aiiil wliilc, i'aii-< Ki't'ti lliat ''::.'li iil'llii' liiii'i' rut'iiis |in>sriits axai'viii;; i'iii|i|iaHiM uf coiiiimni rliar- arlfix. j'acilir (nasi. I . s. Ai n.. iv, ll.'i. |il. -.'.Il' ; lti>.. .1^1 ; Cuiir., .idj. .S'ii//frs .///'/. r>ii;:lil liliif, Miiicciy tliillcr (»ii tin- iiiidilir nf llic hack, hcjiiw uliili', liic llniial aihl hri'a>l liiiirnl wiih hliic. {.ciiltIIi •••: wiiii; (IH ; t.'iil ahiiiil llic >aiiii', niiiiiili'il, llii' LTailiialiuii nearly an iiirli : laiMis I'rJ ; hill 1, its liciulil at hax! nearly A. Mn., .').s7 ; Coui'., iin.'i. . . .mhmiiha. Oils. Niil li:i\iii^ seen lliis sjieeics, I take (he iiaiiie ami ile!sei'i|i. inn rrmii (he wmks I'ilnl, wiiliiiii' raisin;; llie i|iiesliiiii uC ils it-lation- Nliips Id its allies, eslieeially ' '. iilhiliiiiiriiiiis. 102. GonuH XANTIIOUHA Boniiparto. liid (iruiiili .hti/. (irccii, helow ., .'iKO ■ Cuoi-., M)l . . canadensis. I t I ! 1 I YUANMh.r., ir.V<\T(||Klt«. 1(17 Oil". St'Vi'l'iil iliMilinlilll H|ii'('ii'S III' Jiiy-< lia\t' liri'll ii'^rrilicil In our rullllll v, Iml. ii|i|i!ii'i'iitl,\ ii|iiin ill"!!!!!!'!!'!!! i'\iili'iH'c nr cn'oiii'iiu'* iiil'iiiiiiiiliiiii. .S'i(/»iyv/i ;• ('I.AMAI'Olti'.S. \iiii-mi liiilliiii.i I'lismri'S, An iilrriiily iiiliiii.'ilnl (ji, 7(1), till- t'HNciiliiil ('liiii'iii'li'i' III' tliU irnnii), mm ili'll-i|rvrlii|illll'lll (if It Mill^;ili)J :i|)|iilllili|'» ; Ilir xiiiiil liill-'rIrH III' llir jciMiT hiiyiiN (■<;iiiii.i) lii'ili'J ■^IIImII :iiii| Wrak, III' I'Nr rollllill^i -illllily !l llil;;i' lI^•^lly MI:i-s, nnl sr|i;ir.iln| into |i:nlirlll:ir IIIIIHcli')*, 'I'liiH rliMl'iii Irr, liii\vi'\rl', lijijiiMlI'M Nllliji'i-t III Niiiiii- iiiu'i'il.'iililv <>r ilrlci'- iiiiiiiiliii;.;iiulilr In llir ;rr<>ly <'ll\rln|iiii;; llii> latNiis liKi' a Ni>;;iiii'iilr(| ki'IhII, aiii| --linniii;; mi il.H |Mintcril-illtcnitll I'lli'l' II llr«'|l filniiM' wliirr t||(> filfrfHiif llir rll\r|n|ii' inini- |n;r|>tl|C|- ; lllis ^'I'nnM' M iili'iiili;^ ililn :i iiaki'il sjiarr aliiiM', iiai'lially lillril in ln'liiinl with ii I'liW of Mlliall jllati'S, Wit' nllir lliilinr niniljliralinns, lliis rnlnlilinli lliaiKs till' I'liitiiiitni'iiil liii'iU, mill is sntiirlliiii}; laii^ilily ilillriiiil I'lnni llir nnlinaiy n*,ts in llir |in'-.i'|irf nil llii> sjilcs nl' rlilil'i' cnnii'iiiiH iaiiiiiia- iiirrliii^ lii'liiinl ill ii hiiMi'ji i'iil;.'r ; iiml t'M'ii wlii'ii, im in tlic ctlHt* III' /■,'(•< /ii'iyi/ii'/i I ainl .\iii)iill.i, lliiTi' is I'Nli'iisiM' siilMJiv i^inii iif ||ir jaiiiiiia' on till- hiili-s III- lii'hiiiii, till' an'an^n'iiii'iil ilm-s imt i-\iiclly tiiiswi'i' In llir !il snlini'iliT, as (■nliiliiiilily irri'ixi'il, air I'l'W in llllllllirr; nllly nni' nl" llli'lll is ri'|iri'Si'||li'i| in Nnrlli Aiiu'iii'u, iiiirlli III' Mi'\ii'n, Family TYUANNID/B. Flycatchers. While liavill'^' a rln-.c ;;rl|i|al Irscllllpiailil' In snilir nl' llli' rnlT^nin;,' ill^i'i'l i \ nl'nils /ViMNcCfK, till* Nni'tli Aiiirl'ii'aii irjiirM'iilaliM's III' lliis raiiiily ^^iil ''•' in-tiii- ^'llislifil liy till' alMiM'-ili"iiilii' rliai ai'tris nl' twrhi' I'i'itl iris, liimli r \>inj» ciivi'ils lint iimii' lliMii hair as Iniiy; (IS till' Hi'iniirlaiii's, ami liiml il.i« iml ■-iiiallvr than thr niiiMIr rlaw . This la llli I \ i-- prrnliar In Almiica ; il i-. niu' nl" Ihr iiinsi i'\tiiisi\i' ainI I'liaiarlrr- islic ^t'liiijis 111" its ;.'iail'' ill 111!' Ni'W W'nilil, Ihi' 'I'liiiiKjiiilii a. Ill 'rmfliiliilir »\tiuv ii|i|)rnai'liiii;; il in lhr-li'ilintr''-ili|r t^\rr|llil)ll, lint lirrrssaiy In iii-ist iijinii in llii>. rmiiirrtinii, liny (|t'lnn;r In ihr IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V / (< ^ O * L<'. % f/. 1.0 I.I 1.25 — (6 3 1.4 6" M 1.6 Vi ^^ >^ / ^> ;> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) B72-4503 4is >^ i,. m 168 TVItANMD.i:, rr.YCATCIIKIIS. (M S„l,f„u,n;i TVHAXXr.WE, Tnu- T;im:!ts, ]ii("iriiliiii!; tlic liillouini; cliiiractcrs : — 'Wiiiu^:^ of 10 i>riiiiMrios, the 1st iievor spurious iiur \cry sliort. one m- more IVciiiiciitly cmariiiiiate or attcmiato on lliu inner web near tlio end. Tail of 12 reetrices, usually nearly oven, sometimes deeply forlicate. Feet small, weak, exclu- sively fitted for pereliing ; the tarsus little if any longer than the middle toe and ehiw, the anterior toes, especially the outer, extensively coherent at base. Bill very broad and more or less de|)ressed at the base, and tapering to a line point, tluis presenting a more or -^ less perfectly' triangular otillino when viewed from above; the tip abru|)tly dellected and usually plainly iiotchcil just behind the bend; the culmen amooth and rounded transversely, straight or nearly so lengthwise, except towards the end ; the commissure straight (or slightly curved) except at the end ; the gonys long, flat, "f l-L-J not keeled. Nostrils small, circular, strictly i)asal, ^3 overhung but not concealed by bristles. ^I(jutli capa- cious, its roof somewhat excavated, the rictus ample and deei)ly cU'ft, the commissural point almost beneath the anterior border of the eye. Kictus besot with a number of long stilf bristles, sometimes reaching nearly to the end of the bill, but generall3- shorter, and llaring outward on each side; there are other bristles or bristlc-tiiiped fealhers about the base of the bill. The bill is very light, gives a resonant sound, in dried Fi(i.iii). Kniiirjrin.'iiM.nnrpninarics specimens, wlicu ta[)ped, and on being broken open, the upper mandible will be found extensively hollow. ill Tiii'itniiitltv.. These several peculiarities of (he bill are the more obvious and important features of the groiq) ; and will prevent our small olivaceous flj'catchers from being con- founded with insecUvorotis Oscines, as the warblers and vireos. Tlie structure of the bill is admirably adapted I'or thecai)ture of winged insects; the broad and deeply fissured mandibles form a capacious mouth, while the long bristles are of service in entangling the creatures in the trap and restraining their struggles to escape. The slui|)e of the wings and tail confers the i)ower of rapid and varied ai'rial evolutions necessary for the successful pursuit of active flying insects. A little ]iractice in ficM ornithology will euidile one to recognize the llycatehers from their habit of perching in wail for their prey npoii some prominent outi)ost, in a peculiar attitude, with the wings an., 108 TVi!.\\.\i;s. tS'iraJlnir-t. Jed Fli/cufcJici'. Sc!>innr-fiiil. First prim uy alone cm;irgiuate (tig. 110(7) ; crown-;)atch orange or scarlet. Hoary ash, piler or white below, sides at insertion of the wings scarlet or l)loody-red, and other p u-ts of the l)()dy variously tinged with tlie same, or a paler siiado ; wings i)lackish, gener- ally with wliitish edgings ; tail black, several outer feathers extensively white or rosy ; wing about 4A ; tail upwards of a foot long. Young similar, lack- ing the cnnvii-patch, less tinged with red, tail not elongated, primary not cmarginate. Lower ;\Iississi|)pi Valley, Texas and southward ; accidental in New Jersey (Aimor, Am. Xat., vi, .■5()7). A most elegant and gracefid bird. XuTT., i, 27'); Aui)., i, li)7, pi. ."jo ; ]][)., KJ!). . . foijficatus. 105, Gonus TYRANNUS Cuvior. *ji,*Adults with the tail not fordcato, shorter than the lengthened wings, of which several outer primaries are cmarginate or gradually attenuate, and crown with a j'ollow or llanie-colored patch. Young with the crown plain and primaries not cmarginate. Sexes alike in color; primaries said to be less eniMrgiuate in the ? . * Xo olive nor decided j'ellow. Iihii/bird, Bec-iiiarthi. (Pr.ATR rr, ligs. 1, ^i^^"^' 2, let, 2(1.) Onl^' two outer primaries obviously ^i^* cmarginate ((ig. lUI/>). IJIackish-ash, still darker oil head, below pure white, the breast shaded with -.. plumbeous; wings dusky, with much wliitish edging; tail black, broad I3' and sharply tip[)ed ■with white, the outer feather sometimes edged ^" wit'- the. same ; bill and feet black ; very yomig birds show nifous edging of till iviugs and tail. Length about 8 inches; wing 4^ ; tail ."U, even or slightly rounded ; bill small, under an inch long. Temperate North America, Kl;^ 10 N. A. IMUD.S. 2'2 Kinjrliiril. I!oo-iii:irliii. 170 TYRANNID^E, FLYCATCIIEI5S. — OEN. 105, 106. I Imt chiefly Eiistcrii United States to Rocky ^loiinlains ; rare or casual on tiic Pacilio slope ; altundant in summer. Destroys a tiiousand noxious insects for every bee it cats ! Wils., i, (!(!, pi. i;5 ; Add., i, 204, pi. 5() ; Xurr., i, 2(!5 ; Bi)., 171 ; Coop., 311 cauolinknsis. Gray Kitnihinl. Five or six outer primiirics usually emarginate. Grayish- phuubeous, rather darker on the head, the aurieulars dusky; below Avhite, shaded with ashy on breast and sides, the under wing and tail coverts faintly yellowish ; wings and tail dusky, edged with whitish or yellowish ; the tail feathers merely indistinctly lighter at the extreme tip. Larger than the last ; about y ; wing 54 ; tail nearly 5, more or less emarginate ; bill very turgid, an inch long. West Indies ; Florida regularly ; N. to Carolina rarely {Axd- tthon), to Massachusetts accidentally {Allen). Ari)., i, 201, pi. 55; IJd., 172 DO.MIMCKNSIS. * • Olivaccotis and yellow ; belly and niidcr tail coverts clear yellow, back ashy olive, cliaiigin}^ to clear asii on the head, tlr/oat and breast, the chin whitening, the lores and aurieulars usuall}- dusky, wings dark brown with whitish edging, tail black or blackish, hill and feet black. Very .young birds paler below, with rufous traces above. 8-0 long ; wing nearly ."J ; lail about 4 ; bill j-^. Arkanxax Fh/catchcr. Several outer prinuuies graduidly attenuated for a long distance (tig. 110c). Outer web of outer tail feather entirely white. Ash of the fore parts pale, contrasting with dusky lores and aurie- ulars, fading insensibly into v/hitc on the chin, and chang- ing gradually to ■jellow on the belly; olive predonunating over ashy on the back. Western U. S., abundant; acci- dental in Louisiana, New Jersey. Nutt., i, 27;} ; Aui)., i, l'J9, pi, 54; Bi>., 173; Coop., 312. . . vekticalis. Cassin's Fli/calchcr. Several outer primaries abruptly emarginate for a short distance (fig. WQd) . Outer web of outer tail feather barely or not edged Avith whitish. Ash of fore parts dark, little dilVerent on the lores and aurieu- lars, changing rather abruptly to white on the chin and to yellow on the belly ; ashy predominating over olive on the back. Southwestern U. S., and southward, conmion. Ti/rannus cassinii Lawk., Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist. N. Y. V, 3i), pi. 3, f. 2; T. vociferans Bi)., 174; Coop., 314. . vocifekans. Couch's Fbjcatcher. Very similar to the last ; tail dark brown, like the wings, and obviously forked (about ^ an inch ; in cassini'i the tail is quite l)lack and slightly emarginate or nearly even), all its feathers with slight pale edges, and their shafts pale on the under surface ; yellow of under parts very bright, reaching high up the breast; throat as well as chin extensively white. A universally distributed S. and Cent. Am. species, of which u slight northern variety (7'. co«c/f/t Bi)., 175) reaches our Mexican border. S. Arizona (Bendire) ; Coues, Am. Nat. vi, Aug, 1872. . melancuolicus. Fl(i. U2. Aili!iii6ii8 Fly catcher. 106. Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis. •,*No colored patch on the crown, but head slightly crested; primaries not einaigin.ite. Olivaceous ; more or less yellow below, the throat ash, the primaries TYBANNIDiE, FLYCATCIIEUS. — (JEN. 10(), 1U7. 171 • mar^iiicil with clie.stmit ; tlio tail feathers the same or mostly chestnut ; wings rounded, iiboiit as long as the nearly even tail ; feet black, bill blackish, usually l)ale at the base below. Fig. 1 lli((. Great Crested Fh/calcher. Decidedly olivaceous above, a little browner on the heii.i, where the leathers have dark centres; throat and fore breast pure dark ash, rest of under parts bright yellow, the two colors nieetin<^ abruptly ; primaries margined on both edges with chestnut : secondaries and coverts edged and tipped with yellowish-white, tail with all the feathers but the central pair chestnut on the whole of the inner web excepting per- haps a very narrow space next the shaft ; outer web of outer feathers edged with yellowish ; the middle feathers, outer webs of the rest, and wings except as stated, dusky brown. Very young birds have rufous skirting of many feathers, in addition to the chestmit above descril)ed, but this soon disap- jjcars. Large; 8^-1)^; wing and tail about 4 ; bill !{ ; tarsus if. Eastern United States, west to Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas, north to Massachusetts ; Mexico and Central America in winter. An abundant bird, in woodland, of loud harsh voice and (juarrelsome disi)osition, noted for its habitual use of cast otf snake skins in the structure of its nest. WiLS. ii, 75, pi. 13; NuTT., i, 271; Aui)., i, 20i), pi. 57; Bi)., 178. . cuixirus. Axli-tlivmletl Ffi/cctfcher. Rather olivaceous-brown above, quite brown on the head, the throat very pale ash, sometimes almost whitish, changing grad- ually to very pale yellow or yellowish-white on the rest of the under parts ; primaries edged as before, but secondaries and coverts edged with grayish- white ; tail feathers as in the last, but the chestnut of the inner webs hardly or not reaching the tip, being cut off from the end by invasion of the dusky. In young birds, in which the (juills and tail feathers are more extensively rufous-edged, this last distinction does not hold. Southwestern U. S., Mexico, conunon ; very near the last species, but apparently a ditferent bird. It is rather smaller, but witli longer (i) tarsi ; the bill obviously narrower, only about as wide as high at the base ; but in Cape St. Lucas specimens {M.perlinax 15i)., Proc. Phila. Acad. 1851), 3U;} ; Cooi-., 318), again, the bill is shaped as in crlnititK, although smaller. Ti/funnitla cinentscenn Lawk., Ann. Lye. X. Y. 1851, 10!); M. 7iiexiciinit,'i Bu., 171); Coor., 31(i {not of Kaui', Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, 51) cineuascens. Laivrence\s Flijcatchev, Very similar in color to crinitus, but much smaller; about 7 long, wing and tail about 3^ ; wing coverts and inner quills as well as the primaries edged with rufous (rarely yellowish on the inner secondaries) ; no chestnut on tail feathers except a narrow bordering on the outer webs, and, in the young, an inner murylnimj also ; bill broad, flattened. Texas (?), Mexico and Central America. Bi)., 181. lawuencei. 107. Genus SAYOBNIS Bonaparte. *„• The throe following species do not particularly resemble each other ; most authors place them in separate genera, and even under ditt'erent subfamilies. Tiic discrepancies of form, however, are not startling, antl for the purposes of this work 'I 172 TYIIANMD.T., KIA CATCH KKS. GKX. 107, »' i !i tlic siiccics iiiiiy lit' projicily put toj^elliiT, as they ii^icc in pieseiiting a cortiiin iisiK'cl not slul^vn liy tlif oilier North Aincrican groups. Fig. l\ob. JS(ii/'s Fh/calclK i\ (m:i\ ish-hrown, piiliT hclow iuid cliniifiiiiir to ciiuui- moii on tlu! l)C'lly iin ; 1)1)., IS"); Cooi'., 320 nighicaxs. /'eicec Pcu-lt. Vlmhc. Dull olivaceous-brown, the head much darker fuscous-brown, almost blackisii, usually in marked contrast with the back ; below soiled whitish, or palest possible yellow, particularly on the I)elly ; the sides, and the breast nearly or quite across, shaded with gra3ish-l)rown ; wings and tail dusky, the outer tail feather, inner secondaries, and usually the wing coverts, edged with whitish ; a whitish ring round the eye ; bill and feet black. Varies greatly in shade ; the foregoing is the average spring condition. As sunmier passes, the plumage becomes much duller and darker brown, from wearing of the feathers, and then, alter the moult, fall si)cciniens are much brighter than in spring, the under parts being fre- quently decidedly yellow, at least on the belly. Very young birds have some feathers skirted with rusty, par- ticularly on the edges of the wing and tail feathers. The species reijiiircs careful discrimination, in the hands of a novice, from any of the little oliva- ceous species of the next two genera. It is larger ; ();J-7 ; wing 3-3^ ; tail about the same, slightly emarginate ; bill .^ or slightly more, little dejjrcssed, not so broad for its length as is usual in (JontoiniK x\\\i\ Enipidonax, its lateral outlines straight ; tarsus e(iualling or slightly exceeding the middle toe and claw, these together about 1;\ long; point of the wing formed by the 2d to Klii. 111). Gi'iieiii' cli'tails in llic siii:iller Flvrati'liciv. ■ k V 4 TVIiANNin.K, FLYCATf'lir.IiS. OKV. 108. 173 V 4 r»tli (|uill; 1st shorter lliaii (itli ; '.'>(\ ami Ith irt'ucrally rather the h)ii!:est. Ivisteiii Xortli Aincriea, very aliiiiidaiit, in open plaees, tiehls, ah)iiir streams, ote. ; one of the very earliest arrivals in si)rinLr, a late loitei'er in the I'all ; winters in the Sontiiern States. A'oiee short, alirupt, nnlike the drawlin;^ Hole of tli(! wood pewec. AViLS., ii, 7 ; tarsus, middle toe and claw toirether oidy iibont 1] ; bill 3-:J. North Amer- ica, iipparently nowhere very abundant. Xurr., i, 'l&l ; 2d ed. 21I.S ; Ai;i)., i, 212, 1)1. ,")S ; 1)1)., 18S ; Cooi'., 32.') houkams. CoitCK' F/i/va/c/icr. Somewhat similar: colors more muform and uioro clciirly olive ; below, fading' insensibly on the throat and belly into yellowish white, and lacking the pecniiar streaky appearance; cottony tnl'ts on the flanks less conspicnous ; winu-formnla entirely dill'erent ; second, tiiird and and fourth (pdlls nearly eipial and longest, first abr(i[)tly shorter ; tail longer, about 'i]^l. Mexico; north to Arizona. Cau., ^Ins. Ilein. ii, 72; C<)i';s, Proc. Phila. Acad. 18()(), (iO ; Ell., 1)1. 18; Coop., 021. . . i'i:i;tinax. ** .Si)ecies nnder 7 long, without an evident cottony white tuft on the Hank. M'ood Peircc. Olivaccoiis-brown, rather darker on the head, ludow with the sides washed with a paler shade of the same reaching nearly or (jiiite across the breast ; the throat and belly whitish, more or less tinged with dull yellowish; nnder tail coverts the same, usually streaked with dusky; tail and wings l)lackish, the former unmarked, the inner quills edged, and the greater and ndddle coverts tipped, witli whitish ; feet and upper mandible black, nnder mandible usually yellow, soiaetimes dusky. Spring specimens are purer olivaceous; early fall birds arc brighter yellow below; in i 174 TYltANMD.K, FLYCATCIIEKS. — OKX. 108, 109. .summer, Ix-lort! (lie now worn fciitnros Jiro renewed, the pluniiigo is quite brown, ami dinjry wliitisli ; very young birds have the wing-I)iirs and edging ot'(iuilis tinged with rusty, the feathers of the upper parts skirted, and tiio h)wer plumage tinged, with the same; but in any plun)agc tlic species may bi! known from all tlr birds of the following genus, by these dimensions : Lcngtii {\-i')S ; wing o{-;5ii ; tail 2^-3 ; tarsus, middle too and claw together hardly one ineh, or evidently less; tarsus alone about J, not longer than the h/'/l. N'ortli America, in woodland : extremely abundant in most United States localities, May — Sept. Mnsriaijta rapa.c Wii.s., ii, 81, pi. l.'J, f. 5; ^f. n'iriis Ai:i)., i, 231, pi. (Jl ; Xurr., i, 285 ; C vireim Bo., 190. viuens. Var. KicnAKKSoxii. Wcslcrn Wli>. lilll; Cool' 0. IIAMMONDII. \\'r/;//i/'s l''h/i:ifrlit'i\ Colors not laiiu:il)ly dill'ereut tVoin thoso of fniillii or iiiiiiiiiiiix^ hut outer wel) of outer tail feather ahriiptly whito in decidod contrast. ( ieneial dimciisioiis approachini; thosu of (icniUciis, owing to leiiiilii of winirs and tail; winu; lifl to nearly.!; tail iK-l'l; tarsi ahoiit '1; l)ill ahoiit .], extremely narrow (much as in Sdi/oniis fnscus), its width at the iKislrils oiilv ahout ^ its ii'iiirlli. Southwestern U. 8. 1>I)., 200, '.122 ; ( 0((1' Oil: OliSCUltUS. 'J"he r('r>'.';(iinL; aceoiiiit, carcCiilly i)ro[)ared after extuniiiation of a li'reat anioiuit of iiiateri.al IVoin all [larts of the co\uitrv, will |)rol)alily sulliee to (lelerniiiio iiiiiely oiU of a liiiiuli'ed speciiiu'iis ; liut I eonl'oss it does not entirely satisly me, and, as it does not fully answer all the re(iiiirenieiits of the case, it must ho re,i;:U'(led as provisional. At tlio siune time 1 must say, that the only alternative si'ems to he, to consider all the foregoing (excepting ut'wlicKK mid Jlucicentrin, purliai)s) as varieties of one species ; lint lor this 1 am not i)rei)are(l. 110. Genus MITEEPHORUS Sclater, Jhiff'-hrraslid FJi/i-nlclicv. Coronal feathers and rictal bristles lonirer than in Eiiip!tlnH ; middle toe and ehnv .4,5; bill .40. Fort Whipjjle, Arizona. Einpidonox j)i/;/i)ia'i(,s CovKS, Ibis, 1(S()'), f)'M ; M. juil/rscfus Coiks, I'roc. Phila. Acad. 1} ; tail 2A. Valleys ol' tiie Hio (iraiide and Colorado, and southward. Cass., 111. 127, pi. 17; l?!)., 201; Cooi'., WM. . . iiitiu\ki:s var. mkxk.'amjs Vu III. Vrniiili.iii l''lv CMh'lllT. Order PIOAEIiE. Picarian Birds. Tliis is a miscellanooiis assortment (in scientilie lan'^iiM;j;(', " a ijolyniorpliic p;ronp,") of birds of liii^lily iliversilied forms, grouped tondiier more hi'e;iiis(! they (IKfer from other birds in 011.1 way or aiioliier, tliiiii on account of llicir resemblaiH'e to Ciieli otlier. As eommonly received, this oriler inchidcs all the iioii-pisscriiio Iiisrs.'iofe.f down to those with a cered l)ill ([larrots and birds of pi'(!y). Kxebilinif the parrots, which constitute a stronjiiy markeil natiiral tiroiip, of ei]ual value with those called orders in this work, the J'irari'i' currespoiul to th(! .SV/v'.w/v.s' ami tSrdiisoroa of anthors, inelndinuf, however, some that are ol'len referred to C'ldimt- tiircs. This "order" S^'UinnreH, ov Z'/;/'*'/'"'';///. containiirj; ad the liirds that have the toes arranged in pairs, two in front aiKl two bciiind (and some that have not), is one of the most unmitigated intlietiDiis that ornithology has snlferod ; it is as thoronghh' ininatnral as tlie divisions of my aidlicial key to (air genera. As at present constituted, the I'lcari'i' are iiisiiseeptilile of satisfactory definition ; but we may indicate some leading features, mostly of a negative eharacMer, that they possess in common. The sternum rarely if ever conforms to the [larticiiiar Passerine model, its posterior border usually licing eith(a' entire or else doubly notched. The vocal apparatus is not highly ilevelopeil, having not more than three pairs of se|)arate intrinsic! muscles ; the birds, consciiueiitly, are lu'vcr highly musical. There are some modifications of the la'anial bones not oliserved in I'usficrpi^. Ac- cording to Siindevall, they, lik(! lower birds, lack a certain sp;>ciali/ation of the flexor muscles of the toes seen in I'lOturrrn. The feet are very variously modified ; one or another of all the toes, except the middle one, is susceptibh! of being turned, in this or that case, in an opposite from tin; customary direction ; the fourth oik! being frequently capable of turning eitli(!r way ; while in two genera the lirst, and in two others the second, toe is delicient ; .and, more()via', the tarsal envelope is never entire behind as in the higher /Vn.sc/vs. Another curious [leculiarity of tlu; feet is. th.at the claw of the hind toe is smaller, or at most not larger, than that of the third toe. The wings, endlessly varied in shape, agree in possessing ten developed iiriinaries, of which the first is rarely spurious or very phort. A notable exception to this occurs in the /'/>/. A very general and useful wing-character is, that the greater coverts are at least half as long as the secondary ((uills they cover. and they sometimes reach nearly to the ends of these (inills. This is the common case lunong lower birds, laii it distinguishes most of the Plrnrin: from Pasuc.rcs; it KKv ro N. A. iiiiiDs. •_':? 178 ncAiii.i;, ricAiiiAN uiuds. is not slmwii. lidwcvcr, ill llif /'iilihr mul some others. 'J'lic tiiil is iiHlcliiiitcly viuicil ill .s|i!i|ic, liiit till' iiiiiiilici' ol' its I'l'iiliii'is is ii ^Odil cjiii' to tiic order. 'I'lici'u iii't' not oriliiiiaiiy iiioic tjiiiii h n pcilVct icctiiccs, iiml occiisioiiMlly iIk'Ic iirc only <'i;f|il ; tlic woddiM'ckcrs Iimvc Iwi'lve, Imt one piiir is uljurtive; llicit' are twelve, liowi'vr, ill tile kiiinlisiici's, iiihI sonic otlicrs. Willi this sliiilit sketch of sonic IcMdiii;^ Iciituics of the ronps mtiy be here talnilated. with remarks ealcuialed to g\\i\ nn iden of their composition : — I. CYl'SKU — inclndiiifj; only the three families CitpKclliUv, Cajirhiiithjidif, and Trorhi'lidir — the .swifts, ^goatsuckers, and hiiniminj^liirds. They are hirds of re- markalilc volitorial powers; the wing Is pointed, mul very long, in its feathers anil terniiiial portions, though the upper arm is very short. The feot are extremely .small and weak, ami are scarcely if at all sorvit'calile for progression. Tiic liiiul toe is sometimes versatile (among the swifts) or somewhat elevated (in the g(jat- suekers and some swifts); the front toes are frequently connected at base by mov- iible webbing (goatsuckers), and Sfimetimes lack the normal number of phalanges (among swifts and goatsuckers). The variously- shaped tail has ten rectriees. One family (hummingbirds) shows the tenuirostral type of bill ; the other two, tlio flssirostral, on which account they used to be classed with the swallows. 'J'lie sternum is broad, with a deep keel, entire or doubly notched (rarely singly notched) behind ; the syrinx has not more than one pair of intrinsic muscles. II. C'UC'L'LI — comprehending the great bulk of the order; in all, about fifteen fnuiilies, rather more than less. They are only readily limited by exclusion of the characters of the prt'ceding and following groups. The sternum is usually notched behind ; the syringeal nuiseles arc two pairs at most. The feci arc ijcwndl)/ short ; the disposition of the toes varies remarkably. In the Cvliiiltf, or colics, of Africa, all the toes are turned forward. In the I'l-oijotiiihr, the second toe is turned back- ward, so that the birds arc zygodactyle, but in a dillerent way from all others. Families with the feet permanently zygodactyle in the ordinary way by reversion of the fourth, or partially so, the outer toe being versatile, are — the ('iirnlidd', or cuckoos, with their near relatives the Jiidirdtoiu'dir, or guide-birds of Africa ; the lihiimjihiistiihi', or toucans, confined to tropical America and distinguished by their enormous vaulted bill; the J/".sv)y)/ir((j//V/(c, plantain-eaters or touracos, of Africa; the Uiivcuuiihf and Capitunidd', or barbels of the New and Old "World respectively ; and the (lulbnliihi', or jacamars, of America. In the remaining groups, the toes have the ordinary position, but sometimes oll'er unusual chai'actcrs in other respects. Thus in the Alivdinida' (kingfishers), and Moniolidn' (motniots or sawbills), the middle and outer toes are perfectly coherent for a great distance, constituting the xi/itdiirti/h' or aiiinodiicti/lc loot. The Bi(rci-otiil'i\ or liornl>ills, of the OUl World, characterized by an inunense corneous process on the bill, are near relatives of the kinglishers; so arc the Todidif, a group of small brightly colored birds of INIexico and the AVest Indies. Other forms, all OUl AVorld, are the Menipidd' or bee-i'aters. CArKiMii.diD.i;, (joMsicKr.us. 175) tlio ff/iiiiiiilii' or lii)r)|)i)r'iiireil liy reversion of the fourth, except in two triilactj'lc i/enera ; there is a moililication of the lower eml of the metatarsus, corrcspondinij; to the reverse position of the fourth loo, iiml the uppiT part of the same hone la perforated by canals for llexor tendons. The hasal plialaii;j,('s of the toes are short. The winii I'lH ten primaries, with short coverts, contrary to the rule in this order; the tail ten rectrices, soft and rounded in /////;//(/"' autl I'ifiiniiiidir, rijfid and acuminate in /Vc/i/'c, where also a su|)plementary pair of spurious feathers is developed. The nostrils vary : they are larj^e and of peculiar structure in ////i- f//fi"', usually covered with antrorse plumules in the rest. The i)ill is straight or nearly HO, hard and stroni?, acute or truncate, the niandiltles e(inal ; the ton^jiuMs lumliriciform, and very generally extensile to a remarkable dej:;ree, liy a sin vading birds; for the young are downy at birth, as in J'racoces, instead of naked, as is the rule among Altriccfi. The plumage is soft and lax, much as in the owls; the birds have the same noiseless lliglit, as well as, in many eases, nocturnal or erepuseular habits ; and they sometimes bear an odd resemblance to owls in their general appearance. An evident design of the capacious mouth, is the caiiture of insects ; the active birds ijuarter the air with wide open mouth, anil their minute prey is reailily taken in. But they also secure larger insects in other ways ; and to this end the rictus is fri'Oiientlv stroniilv bristled, as in the I'l/rainiidir. Our two genera are readily discriminated by the enormous rictal bristles, roumled tail and comparatively short wings of Ant ronlovnis, ihc slight bristles, {^ /^ [} foiked tail and long pointed wings of ('/lordcilrs ; they each repre- ^ (j ^ sent one of the two sections of the subfamily. In both, the feet are ^ so extremely short that the birds cannot perch in the usual way, but v;^ sit lengthwise on a large branch, or crouch on the ground. They Ki(i.iir>. v.oncs^ or lay two lengthened, dark colored, thickly spotted eggs, on or near -'''""""K""' the ground, in stiunps, etc.; the sexes are distinguisuable but nearly alike; the colors are subdued, blended and variegated ; the voice is peculiar. Migratory. 114. Gonus ANTEOSTOMUS Gould. * The rU-liil hrintlcti iritli lateral Jilatiients. C/iur/^-in'/r.f-in'doir. Singiilarl}' variogatcil ■\villi black, white, brown, tawny iwid rufous, the proviiiliiig tone fulvous; a whitish throat-bar; several lateral tail feathers tipped with Avhite in the ^ , Avith rnl'oiis in the 9. Large; a foot long; wing 8-1); tail 5i-(!i, slightly rounded. South Atlantic and (julf States, strictly ; resident in Florida. AVils., vi, i)."), pi. 54, f. 2 ; Ni TT., i, (512 ; Aiii)., i, 151, pi. 41 ; Bd., 147. cauolixensks. * * The rictal bristles ximj^le. ]Vliij)pooriL-iU. Nitjld-jttr. Upper parts variegated with gray, black, w hitish and tawny ; black streaks sharp on the head and back, the vxv.AK. whipiH.mwiii. iioVn- vocifkuus. JS"itt/(iirs ]]7i/j)j)Ooncin. Somewhat similar; small; about 8 ; tail under 4 ; much paler in tone ; crown barred transversely ; throat patch very large ; tawny prevailing over black on the wings ; terminal white tail spots short. Kote dillcrent, the lirst sylla])le l)eing omitted. Plains to the I'acitic, U. S. Ald., vii, 350,pl. 4'J5 ; Cass., 111. 2;>7 ; Bo., 149 ; Coop., 340. kuxxallii. f- 115. Genus CHORDEILES Swainson. j\^i(j/i(-/i(tirJc. JiiiU-hat. Above, mottled with black, brown, gray and tawny, the former in excess; below from the l)reast transversely barred witii blackish and white en- pale fulvous ; throat with a large white {$) or tawny ( 9 ) cross-bar ; tail blackish, with distant pale marbled cross-bars and a largo white spot (wauting in the 9 ) on one or both webs of nearly all the feathers toward the end ; quills dusky, unmarked except by one largo white spot on Jive outer primaries about midway between their I)aso and tip ; in the 9 this area restricted or not pure whiter Length about 9 ; wing about 8 ; tail 5. Temperate North America, al)undant. This sj)e(Jes tlies abroad at all times, though it is perhaps most active towards evening and iii dull weather; and is gener- ully seen in companies, busily foraging for insects with rapid, easy and protracted llight ; in the breeding soastm it performs curious evolutions, falliuir throu"h the air with a loud boominir cry. Eggs 2, elliptical, l.i by I, liuely variegated. WiLS. NuTT., i, ()19 ; Aui)., i, 159, pi. 43; Bi)., 151. Vur. iiKMtYi is tlio lighter colored form prevailing in the dryer or lur.voodod portions of western L'nited States ; the gray and Ciilvoiis in excess of the darker luics, the white patches on the wing, tail and throat usually larger. Cass., 111. 2:33; Bi)., 153, 1)22, pi. 17; Cone., 311. Ti'xax X!ij]il-]iaii:k. Similar to the first; smaller; wing 7 ; tail 4 ; tine gray mottling much i)redomiuant above ; below rufous prevailing over the dark bars ; many broad fulvous bars on the tail, besides the white spots ( i) wanting in the 9 ; primaries all sprinkled toward the base with nuuierous fulvous spots ; the large white {^) or tawny ( 9 ) area nearer the tip than the bend of the wing, and on only four primaries. Southwestern U. S. and southward.; un()uestionably diilbrent from the common bird of this country, but in adopting the numo texeanis, 1 must say that I have not inves- FKi.ir.. Ninlit-hawk. v, G5, pi. 40; f. 1,2; . . . VIlKilNIANlS. I It 182 CYPSELID.E, SWIFTS. — OEX. 110. ti^jf.itcd its rcl.itioiisiiips to tlio South American form. Lawr., Ann. Lye. v. la J 1, Hi; Cass., III. 2;J8; Bo., 151; Coop., 344 texexsis. Family CYPSELID^. Swifts. Fissiriisli-<(l I'inirlii' : bill vciy small, flattened, triangular when viewed from •■iliovc, uitli -ircat giipe rcaoliing below the eyes. Wings extremely long, thin and liointi'd (ri'e(incMlly as long as the whole bird) ; the seeondaries extremely short (nini'?). Tail of ten rectrices, variable in shape. Feet small, weak ; tarsi naked or rcathei'ed ; hind toe fre(iu('ntly elevated, or versatile, or i)ermanently turni'd side- ways or even Ibrwanl ; anterior toes conii)letely eleft, the basal phalanges extremely short, the iiennltiniate very long, the number of i)halanges I'recinently abnormal; claws sharp, curved, never pectinate. Sternum deep-keeled, widening behind, its posti'rior margin entire. Kggs narrowly' oval, wliite. For pterylosis see i-latk i. '*(.)ne of the most remarkable points in the structure of the Ci/pseluhn is the great deveIo|)ment of the salivary glands. In all the species of which the nidifi- cation is known, the secretion thus producetl is used more or less in the construc- tion of the nest. In most eases it forms a glue by which the other materials .are JoIiumI together, and the whole nest is allixed to a rock, wall, or other object against which it is placed. In some species of Culhiadin, however, the whole nest is made uj) of inspissated saliva, and becomes the 'edible bird's-nest' so well known in the Fast." (.S( LATKl!.) A well delined family of six or eight genera and about lifty species, inhabiting tem[)crate and warm parts of the glolie. Thej" are rather small birds of plain l)lnmage, closely resembling swallows in sui)erficial respects, but with no real alllnity to these (hcincfi. The family is divisible into two subfamilies, according to the structure of the feet. '^^J\ Sithfumilii CYPSELTNJE. Typical Swifts. w Km. IIS, noiii (if Cvpseliiie fool. IkMtio of the phalanges .abnormal, the 3d and -Ith toes having each 3 joints like the 2d ; hind toe reversed (in Ci/pni-lKfi, where nearly all the si)ccies belong) or lateral (in I'ldn/plilo) ; tarsi feathered (in Ciipsclim) ; toes also feathered (in Pitii'iptila). Contains only tliese two genera and nearly half the si)ecics of the family. Of l'). Tarsi never feathered. In the princii)al genus, ('/id'lxrii, containing about half the species of the subfamily, of various i)arts of tlic world, the tail feathers are stiffened and nuicyoiiali' bj' the projecting rhachis. The other genera are Colhmilia and DeniJinrhi-Iidon of the Old World ; Ci/jitscluide.-^, and the scarcely diU'erent Xepltoxetes, of the New. 117. Genus NEPHCECETES Baird. lilacli Swift. I'jlackish, nearly uniform. Length iiciirl}^ 7 ; wing as much ; tail about 'A, forked, stitKsli, but not muoronatc. AV^osteru America. Bi>., 142; Elliot, pi. 20 ; Coop., 34!) nigku var. uouealis. 118. Genus CH^TURA Stephens. Chimney Swift. Cliimney ''Swalloir." Sooty brown with a faint green- ish gloss Jibovc, below paler, becoming gray on the throat ; wings black. Lcngtii about 5 ; wing the same ; tail 2 or less, even or a little rountletl, spiny. Eastern United States, migratory, very al)uiulant in summer. Like the swallows, which this bird so curiously resembles, not only in its form, but in its mode of flight, its food, and twitter- ing notes, it has mostly forsaken the Avays of its ancestors, who bred in hollow trees, and now places its curious open-work nest, of bits j.„,. „,, ^^^,„„„„,. ,„,„ „.,^|, ,„„,,„„„to of twig ghied together, inside disused nctnx. chimneys. AViLS., v, 48, pi. 39, f. 1 ; Xitt., i, tiOO ; Anx, i, KU, pi. 44; Bu., 144 PELASOIA. ]'(iitx's Swift. Similar; paler; the tin-oat whitish; smaller; length 4* ; wing the same, raciiic Coast, U. S. Seems to bo diU'erent from pehisiiia, but perhaps the same as a S. Am. species. Bi)., 145 ; Coop., 351. vauxii. Family TROCHILID^. Hummingbirds. Tciiiiirostrdl J'!i-((riii'. These beautiful little creatures will be known on siglit ; and as tlic; limits of this work precluile any adeipiate presentation of the sulijeet, I prefer merely to touch upon it. Tlie hunnners are peculiar to America. S[)ecies occur from Alaska to Patagonia, but we have a mere sprinkling in this country; the centre of abinidanee is in tiopical .South America, particularly Xew Granada. Nearly five hundred species are current ; the number of positively specific forms may be estimated at about three innidred. The genera or suligenera vary with authors from lifty to a hundred and lifty ; i)erhai)s half the latter numl)er of generic names may be eligible. The birds appear to fall naturally into two groups ; one of these, I'hii'ilioriiit/n'nii', rejjresenting about one-tenth of the wlude, is composed : : !• '■ f i I 184 TitocirirjD.K, iii'MMixaiiiRDS. — fii:v. 11!), 120, 121, 122. of duller eoli)rcil spoeios especially inliabltiirj; the dense forests of the Amazon ; the other is the Suhfamil;/ THOCIIILTN.i: . 119. Gonus HELIOPJEDICA Gould. Xmiln^ Thimmhi'ihu'il, Tarsi foiitliored ; tail nearly even ; first primary not alti'Miiiite ; tVoiital foatliors ending abruptly at base of bill ; $ above, and tlu! throat, metallic gras.s-grccn ; below, cinnamon-rnfous ; face bliie-blaek ; a white strii)e through the eye ; wings purplish-dusky; tail pnri)lish-clicst- nut, the central feathers glossed with golden green ; bill llesh-colored, blaek- tippcd, 9 shininjf green aI)ove, including central tail feathers; below, and tlie face, pale rufous, whitening about the vent, and the sides greenish; liead-strii)es rufous, whitening on the auriculais ; tail feathers, except the central, chestnut, with a dark terminal spot. '.\\ ; wing 2J ; tail 1^; bill ;|. Cape St. Lucas. Ama::iJ!(i xaii/nsii imd J/eJiop(pdica ats/aurt'cdiidd JjWVii., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 18(!0, pp. 105, 10!) ; Ell., pi. 22 ; Cooi'., 3(55. xaxtush. 120. Gonus LAMPORNIS Swainson. Jihtrh-thrcxitrd IlnmmhvjJilnh Tomia serrate, near the end ; bill depressed, not (piite straight; no metallic scales on throat ; (J golden-green above and on the sides; below, opacpie l)lack, with white ilank-tufts ; wings and tail duskv-purplisli. 9 wiiite below, with median black stripe. U ; wing 2.}; tail 1-,' ; bill nearly 1. Straggler to Florida. Bi)., i;30, !)22. . maxuo? 121. Gonus TROCniLUS LinnoDus. Ihthtj-llirnalril lfniiiiiun;/fjird. $ with the tail forked, its feathers all narrow and pointed; no scales on crown ; metallic gorget rellecting ruby- red, etc. ; golden-green, below white, the sides green ; wings and tail dusk^'-puiplish. 9 lacking the gorget ; the throat white ; the tail somewhat double-rounded, with black bars, and the outer feathers whitc-ti[)ped. 3^ ; wing I'n ; taillj; bill n. Eastern North America, abundant in summer, generally seen hovering about flowers, sometimes hi Jlockti, Feeds on insects, and the sweets of i'owers. Xest a beautiful strucliu'c, of downy substances, stuccoed with lichens outside; eggs two, white. Wils., ii, 2(), pi. 10; NuTT., i, r)88 ; An).. ''0, pi. i'))) ; Jin., 131 coLuniiis. Jildck-c/iiiiiicd JIui , _,iril. Similar; tail merely emarginate ; gorget opacpie black, rellecting steel blue, etc., posteriorly. 9 with the tail simply rounded. California, Arizona and southward. Cass., 111. 141, pi. 22; Un., l;!;?; CoOI'., .'U').'? ALKXANDIII. 122. Genus SELASPHORUS Swainson. * Xo inet;illic Scales oil crown ; ^ thrnat scales not niiicli prolnngeil into a rnll'; outer primary attenuate; tail graduMted, tin; midille feathers liroader than the latiaal. I TI10;^IIILII).K, irU.MMIXC.lllllDS. — (IKX. 122, 12.'^. 18") . Itn/oim-hdclcal Ihimiahx'jhh'il. $ chiolly ciiiiiiMDii-riitbiis abovo, l)olo\v and on tlio tail; traces o(\[exico to Alaska; al)undant; the sole boreal reprtisenlative of the family. Aui)., iv, 201), pi. 2.") t ; I'll)., l.'il; Cooi*., ;].").") iiui'u.s. Jh'oad-tailed J/itiiti)iiji>j/jird. Outer primaries nuich attenuated, outer tail feather linear, very narrow ; others l)road ; ^ glittering green, with nnich white below, the gorget purplish-red, etc. ; wings and tail dusk}'- purplisli, most of the tail feathers with rufous edging basall}'. 9 with no gorget; no green, but much rufous, below; 1; wing 2. Koeky Mts. to lat. 42^ ; W. to Sierra Nevada ; S. into Mex. Ud., l;!") ; Cooi'., o.')?. i'Latvceiicus. ** Crown of J with nu'lMUic scales like the gorn'ct, wliicli is prolonged into a rail"; outer primary not atteimale; tail of ^J Ibrked, tiie outer I'eatiua- abruptly narrow and linear. {Cali/jiti .) ^inna IfitiaiiihKjIilrd. ^ above, and the breast, green ; crown and gor- get ruby-red, etc. ; 9 lacking the scales ; the tail slightly rounded, black- barred, white-tipped. Size of the last. California; resident, al)undant. Xurr., i, 2d. ed. 712; Aid., iv, 18.S, pi. 2.')2 ; lii)., l.'JT ; Cooi'., lij.S. . anx.v, Costa lluiinnni'jhlrd. ^ above, and on the sides, green ; niootly white below ; crown and gorget puri)lisli, stecl-blno, etc. ; tiie latter nuich pro- longed into a rn(F; tail lightly forked; 9 like that of (iiiun ; s-naller ; about .'U ; wing under 2; tail 1^ ; bill r!- ^'alley of the Colorado: S. and Lower Calilbrnia. r)i).,i;38 ; Cooi'., .'UiO cost.e. *** Crown of ^J not niefMllic like the gorget, uliicli is prolongei' into a rull"; outer l)iiuiarv of J attenuate ; tail graduated, the feathers rounded at ilie end, the lateral i)lack-l)arred and wliile-tip|)ed (in both sexes). (Allliis.) Jfelo/'sc Jli!i/n/iiii'//jird. ^ golden-green aI)ovc, including crown ; gorget lilac-red, bordered with white; below white; sides with green and rufous; tail feathers cinnanu)n-rufons at base, the central otherwise like the back, the others black-barred and white-tipped ; 9 similar, lacking the goi'get ; outer prinniry not alteniiate. ^'crv small ; 2!^; wing 1^; tail 1 ; bill i. Texas and southward. Elliot, pi. 21 ; Cooi'., olJl iiklois.k. 123. Gouus STELLULA Gould. Ci\ with wliitc ; about 11 ; wing oj ; tail (i','. Valley of the Rio Grande, southward. Ud., GU, pi. 40. . . mkxicanus? Family MOMOTID.ffi. Sawbills. Feet sj/ixhiftiilr In/ rdlicsimi af lliinl uiii) JhndJi tacs; toinia scrrdlf. A very small family of tropical ^Vmerican birds, comprising about lifteen siiecies. Neitlu'r this nor the foregoing has really rightful |)lace here, but they come on our border, and are in- cluded to illustrate the suborder. In the following species, the central tail feathers are hjug-exserti'd. and sjiatnlate by absence of webs along a part of the shaft — a mutilation clfected, it is said, by the birds themselves ; the liill is about as long as the head, gently curved ; the nostrils are i-ouikU'iI, liasal, exiiosed ; the wings are shoit and rounded; the tarsi are scntellate anteriorlv. IJl. nilK-lMM.IlMl Sawhill. ALCEmNin.i:, KiNorisiiKus. -(1E\. 112. 187 112, Gonus MOMOTUS Lesson. lihie-hcdih'd tS'ijrf/i/f. (riToiiisli, latlicr pulor hi'low ; piiror on wiiiir^^ ami tail ; tlio civstt'il crown hlno, oncirclcd with liliick ; face mostly hlack. 1.") ; wing 51. ^Icxico. lin., 1(!1, pi. Ill ckullkicki-s. /=i5^' Km. 122. Sviiilaclvk' Ibiit. Family ALCEDINID^. Kingfishers. F^'t fti/u'lacti/h' hi/ rolicsioii (if third uiid Jhnrth Uw.^; Itnain tiiiiipl<\ liill lon^, large, slraif^lit, acute (rarely' liooked), " lissiro.-itral," the ga|)e l)cing doep ami wiile ; toiijriio vuilhncntary or very small ; nostrils basal, rcuehod by the frontal featiicrs. J'\'ct very small and weak, scarcely or not amhiilatorial ; tarsi extremely short, roticidate in front; lialhix sliort, llattcned tmderneath, its sole more or less continuous willi tiio sole ol'tiie inner toe ; soles of outer and middle toe in common for at least half their lenjitli ; inner toe always short, in one genus rudimentary, in auotlier wanting (an ahnormsd modifica- tion, overlooked in iieiining ;! s'i. p. 1'.) ; hut see S S I ) ; wings long, of 10 i)rimMries ; tail of 12 rcctrices, variable in shii|)e. "The kinglishers form a very natural family of the great Picarian order, and are alike remarkalile for their brilliant coloration anil for the variety of curious and aberrant forms which are included wilhiu their numlicr. . . 'Their characteristic habit is to sit motionless watching for their i)rey, to dart after it and seize it on tlu' wing, and to return to their original position to swallow it.' . . The Ali-itJ- iidihr nest in holes and lay while eggs. It is, however, to be remarked that, in accordance with a modification of the lialiits of the various genera, a corresponding modification has taken i)la(e iu the mode of nidilicati(}n, the piscivorous section of the family nesting for the most i)art in holes in the banks of streams, while the insectivorous section of the family generally nest in tlie holes of trees, not neces- sarily in the vicinity of water." (SiiAiiiM..) The nearest allies of the kingfishers are considered to he the horuhills and bee- eaters of the Old World, and the sawbills and todies of the New. One would gain an imperfect or erroneous idea of the family to judge of it by the American fragment, of one genus and six or eight species. According to the author of the splendid mon<)gra[)h Just cited, there arc in all 12') s[)ecios, belonging to 19 genera; the latter ap|icar to be very jiidici(jnsly handled, but a moderate reduction (jf the former will be reiiiiircd. They are very unei|ually distributed; C'cri/lc alone is nearly cosmopolitan, absent oidy from the Australian ri'gion ; the northern portion of the Old World has only 2 iieculiar species; ;! genera and 21 species are characteristic of the Ethiopian I'egion. ouc genus and 2.'t species are confined to the Indian, while no less than 10 genera and fill si)ecies arc peculiar to the Australian. Mr. Shari)o recognizes two subfamilies; in the DarrUniino' (with 11 genera, and 81 specii's) the bill is more or less depressed with smooth, rounded or sulcate, eulmen. In the Suhf„Mt il;i MA '111) I XI .V. /•;, the bill is compressed, with cariiiate eulmen. The American species all belong here. It is the more particularly piscivorous section; the Dari'huiiiui' feed for the most part upon insects, rei)tiles, and land mollusUs. PSSI is.s AI.fT.DIMD.i;, IUN(lllMli;i;S. (iKN. III). 1 ! I h : ; 113. Gomis CERYLE Boio. Jif'lliil /x'lii'/jix/iir. rpp''!' p.'irts, linnid pi-ctoral bar, aiul siilos uiidor llio wiiiirs, tliill l»liic with lint' liiaclv shaCt lines; lower eyelid, s|)()t before eye, ii eervicid eoihir find inider piirts exeept as said, pnre wliite ; tlio 9 witii a elie.slniit belly-band, and the sides of the .same color ; (juills and tail feathers black, speckled, Iddtehed or barred on the inner webs with white ; (inter webs of the secondaries and tail feathers liko the liack ; win., 1511, and Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, pi. 7; Coop.. 33!) amkuicaxa var. cauaxisii. I.illcil Kin,-II>lior. V. I'lii. 121. Cabani.-' Kiiigll^lier. h ; Family CUCULID^. Cuckoos. Ffi't zj/f/odachih' b>/ rorcffiioi) of the fourth too. This character, in connection with those given liclow, will answci' i)reseiil purposes ; aiul in my ignorance of some (jf the exotic forms, I cannot attempt to give a full diannosis. Tlie family is a iargi' and important one. It comprehends quite a nnniher of leading forms showing peculiar n)inor modifications; these corres[)on(l in great n)easure with certain geograpliic.-il areas of faunal distriliution, and are generally held to constitute sublainilies. Three or four such are confuied to America ; about twice as many belong exclusivel}' to the Old World; among them arc the ('ncuh'ii'r, or typical cuckoos allie rniiiulcil uiiiL;-!. r.ill oxcct'il- iii^Iy <'i)iniii'i'ssi'(I, till' tiiipcr iiiaiidililc rising inln a thin MTticai cicst, llic sides usually siilcato, llic ti|> di'llcclcij. I'lmiidiii' unirdiin (lilack), lustrous, ihc rcatlicrs ol' till' licad and neck ii'iiiillii'iicd, lancoolati', distinct, witli scali'-likc niai'jfiiis; I'aco iiaki'd. TtTi'i'strial. Xi'st in IjusIics. Uni' genus, and two or lliive siioeies, of lliu waiiiuT jiaits of AiiR'iii'a. 120. Genus CROTOPIIAGA Linnrous. All/'. About a foot long; wing (! ; tail S. Florida (and (iiilf?) coast, sonlliwanl ; accidental iiortli to l'i)ila(lcl[)liia. (J. mi! and (', rii'jh-nstrls III)., 71, 72 AM. Siihfmiiihi SA('l!(tTIfi:in.\\i:. (irn,,,^,! C\irl;„,x. Tail of /''» fcatlicrs, giailuatcd, lunger llian the short, roinidcd, concave wings. Hill alioni as long as the head, conipressecj, straight at liase, tapering, with dellecled tip, gi'ntly I'urved culnien, ami ample rictus. Feet large and strong, in adaptation to tcriTst rial life ; tarsus longer tiian file loos, scutidlate liefoie and liehiiid. One West Indian genus, Sanroji/Kdja, with tlireo or four siiecies, and the following, with one or two : — ( 127. Genua GEOCOCCYX Waglcr. (irnu)iil Cacknn. C/Kipnvriil Cock. Jtoiid JliniiKr. SiKih' IClllir. l\nsano. Most of the foatliers of the head ami neck hristk'-tipix'd ; a naked urea around eye ; crown crested ; pliiiiiage coarse. Above, lustrous bron/.}' green, the crest (hirk bine, everywhere sharidy streaked witli wliitish or tawny brown; sides and front of the neck tawny, with sharp black streaks ; otiier under parts dirty white ; quills and tail feathers much edged with white; central reetrices like the back, others darker green, violet, etc., with broad white tips. Nearly 2 feet long; tail a foot or more; wing ()-7 inches; tarsus 2; bill Ij-J. Sexes near!}' alike. T(!.\as, New ^Fexico, Arizona, Cali- forniii and southward. A l)ird of remarkable aspect, noted for its swiftness of foot; aided by its wings iudd as outriggers, it taxes the horse in a race; feeds on reptil<\s, insects and land molliisks. Cass., 111. 2i;>, pi. ;>(! ; lit)., 73 ; Coor., ;5(i3 cAMioiiMAMs. Suhjhmih/ COCCYZIX.E. Aiiwrinm C>n-l.:,os. Tail of Ion soft fi'athers, iinu'li graduated, little longer tiiaii the wings, whieli are somewhat pointi'(l, altli(!■. Aid., iv, ;>0(), p|. 27(! ; I5i>., 77. ki!Vtiii:()1'iitiiai-.mls. Yi'lhir-liHli'd Ciirbn). liill extensively yellow hclow and on the sidos. llelow', piiro white. ANings extensively einnanion-riil'oiis on innor webs of the (piills. Central tail feathers like till' hack, the rest hlack with large white ti[)s, tiie onterniost nsnally also edged with wiiite. Sizo of the last. Tnited States, rather more southerly than the last speeies, and chielly Eastern ; also, I'aeilic Coast {C'oojier, JSlntlall). Wils., iv, 13, pi. 28; Nirrr., i, b'A ; Aui)., iv, 2!t;!, pi. 275; Ilix, 7(1; Cool'., ;571. . . . AAlintlCANUS. ' JfdiK/rort' Ciirkon. Hill much as in the last. J>elow, pale orange- brown. Aiirienlars dark, in contrast. Tail as in the last, hut outer feathers not white-edged. Si/.e of the others, or rather less. West Indies and i'Morida. Ai;tt., i, or)S ; Ai;i)., iv, iSO.'l ; pi. 277; Hi)., 78. . si-.MctJLis. ru;. lie. Vclldw-billi'il Ciicl>0(i Suhnrtlcf PICI. Pkiform JJinlft. See p. 1711 for characters of this suborder. Family PICID^. Woodpeckers. Tlies<' birds liaxe been specially stndicil, with more or less gratifying success, Iiy Malherlie, Snndevall and C'assin. There are nearly two Imiidred and lifty well delerniiiiecl species, of all parts of the world except, ^ladagasear, Australia and rulynesia. Their separation into minor gnaips has nut been agreed U|)on : our 1>I('II).1',, VOODI'KCKKUS. l!ll ■I 4 siu'cios !M'o cnimiiDiily tlnowii into tliicc div i'-imis, wliidi. liowrvcr. I slmll iii)t. l)it'si'iit. Till' ivdiv-liill luiil (lie lliikcr stimil iiciirly at cNlrciin's of tin' rainily, tin- little (livci'sity of \Nlii(li is tiii'icliy cviili'iil. One of our j:t'iii'ia. without vciy ol)\ious cxliTiiiil iK'cuiiiii'itii's, staiuls a|)art fruiii the ic^l in tlic cliaraclci- of tlnj toiiiiuc — ii I'ai'l tiiat sct'ins to liavi' cscapiMl itviiiial allciilioii. Ill oi'iiiiiary /'''■/ tlii! '• horns" of ilic toii;;ui' iirc fxtraoriliiiariiy iiroduccil liackuanl, as slender jointed liony rods ('Ul'linL>' n|> over the skull iie'hind. Iietweeii tlie skin ami llie hone, to llie eyes or even further; these ro(ls are enwraiiiied in hi^lily de\('loiied. specialized iniiseles, by means of \vliieh the liirds thrust out the toiiune soinelinies se\eial ilielies lieyond the liill. 'I'his is not the ease in Sjilii/riijiii-iis, whi'ie the hyoid cornna do not exti'lid lieyond the hase of the skull, and the loiiuuc ('oiisei|iielitly. is liul little more eNtensilile than in ordinary hirds. I have detirniined this liy I'xamination of all our species Imt one. in the llesli. 'I'he tonune of .^ji/ii/i'djiiriis is hesel at the end by numerous hnishy lilaiiients, instead ol' the few acute hailis commonly ohserved in the family. (See also nnd'T ncn. l.'l.'l.) In most of onr s|)eeies the liill is perl'ectly siraijilit, wide and stout at the base, ta|ieriii.ii; reii'iilarly to a e(jmpi'essed and vertically trun<'ate tip, chi-^el-like, ami stremilliened hy sharp ridi^es oil the side of the uppi'r mandilile — an admiralile tool for euttinu' into trees ; and in .all such, the nostrils are hiddi-n by dense tnfls of antroise feathers. In others, like the llicker, the bill is smooth, barely curved, the tip acute and the nostrils exposeil. The claws ai'c alw.ays larii'e, stroiin'. sharp and much curved ; the I'eet do not iireseiit strikinij niodilications, except in the tliree-loecl nciiiis /'imiilci. The winij;s oiler iiothiiiji' specially iiotewoilhy, unless it be the shortness of the coverts, in oxei'ption to the ricaiian rule; and the shortness of the lirst primary, which iii.iy I'uirly be called s[)urions. 'i'he ri'inarkalile character oi' the tail has been already mentioned. This member oilers indispensable assistance in clinibim^-, when the stilf strong (piills are pressed auainst the tree, and form a secure sui>|)oiL To this end, the nniseles are highly de\i'Iopeil, and the last bone {rnnicr or jii/f/'i.sli/li') is larji'c and [x'culiar in shape. W(jodpeckers rarely if ever hang head downward, like Xuthatches. nor are tli(> tarsi applied to their support. S]iccies are abuiio). •• 1 T f ! l!l-> riciKi;, wooDiT.cKi'.iM. — (ir.v, Ii'It, l.'l(», I.'il. 120. aonus CAMPEPIIILUS Orny. WhUc-licdihtl Will III iii'clcr. riiiroiiii hlack : whole Iicail wliilc, in- (he ^ will) ii scMi'lct niiclial liaml ; ii lai'Lic patili ol' wliilc (»ii (lie win;:', comiiuiiily resolved into a iiuiii lilotilies ; ahoiil !• ; wiiiiT ") ; fail li.L Moiiiitaiii- ol" ("alU'oniia, ()i'ei:()ii ami Wasliiuuloa. Cass., .loiirii. Pliila. Aead. JS." V ■>■) . i>,. I >i>. Cooi-., ;!.S:.'. ;m;; Im,l., pi. 21 ; Ai,iior,.\i;VAiis. Spolted and crusswise liaiidcd, bill iiul slreMKi'il licil-riii-I:ii(Ji(l WoniJprr/iTr, Ilo.ad Maek on loi), willi a larire .silUy wliito aiirienl;ir patch eiiihraeiiii^ Ihe eye mid extending; on the side of the iieel<, bordered ahove in the (^ liy ;i scarlet stri|)e nol nieetinii' its fellow on the nape; nasal leathers and those on the side of the nnder jaw white ; Idaelv of the erown conneeted aeross tlu; lores with a lilaek stripe rnnnin;.' from the corner of the hill down the sitle of the throat and neck to he dissii)ated on the side of the breast in hlaek A I'lCIDK, WOODlM'.CKr.lJS. (IKN. 1. 11. 108 4 Hpitt-t contimnvl less Miickly iildii'j tin- wliolc si(lt^ iiiul on tlio crNsiiin ; iimlor |i;irts DtliKi'wi-in ^ (ill- 1 wliili' ; cimiIimI tiil I'lt it!i"is liUdt, otluM's wliili', lilii;-!;- Icirn^il ; l);i(^lv mul wiii'^-t l)irn'il witli liUi-U iiml while, llm lur^cr (luill-j ami 111 my i'i>vt'rts with thiMvhito liiirn i't'si)lv(Ml into piiriMl s|iit-i; M-S^ ; cxti'iil. H-l'); wiii'^ n ; t;iil .'U. I'iiu' mw.iiii|h ;m I Ihitcih ol" th'^ Sna'h Atlantic iiml (Jriilf St;ilos; Xorlh to PoiiiiHylvMnii. Wii.s., ii, 11).$, pi. l.'i; \i;iT., i, r*?? ; Airi)., iv, 2,'»1, pi. i(!l ; ni).,!l(! iioitr.Ar.is. Texan Wd'ufper/cur. Crown l)l;ii;k, IV('i|iiciit!y spccUhMl with whito, in tlm jf tht* liinil hi'iid iiml iiipn cxlcn-iis'cly crinison ; sid-n of tlio hcail wiiitcf, with .'i Ioml; ItliiL'U sli'ipn iVoiii llio l)ill iiiulcr the cyiN wiioiiiiii; hiihiiul, thnro Joiiiiii'^ 11 idiick postociiJMf stripo iinil spn'adinir ovor tito siili! of tho noiik; iiiisal foalluM'.s nsiialiy hrown ; iiniicr parl-^ raiiunu'j^ from soiled wiiito to smoivy ;.'ray, with iiimn'roiH lilack spots on the sides, l! mks and crissnm ; lateral tail feathers perfectly liarreil with l)lael; atul wliit(^ in eoiial iiiiioimts, th(i contriil ones Ulaek; hat^k and winL^s as in the last speeicvs. Small ; about. 7 ; winijf .'5A-I ; tail imdiT A; hill ij-s- Sonlhwesterii IJ. S. and southward. I5i)., iM ; Cool'., .'{7!t .';c,\r,Ai!i.s. Var. Ni'ri'AT.iai. llallier l.ar;;('r ; more white, tills nillier prevailiir^ on tlii^ l)aek over the iilaek liars, the liiml iioek ehietly white, the iiiisal tails wliiti', the lateral tail leathers, especially, sparsely or iinpeil'eetly barrel I The Calit'oriiiaii co.ist ra(u> ; Ho., it.'J ; Coop., .'ii'rt. I'irnn //(ivt.in/o/.s, IVoiii (Jape; St. liUeas, is a loi'al lorni lik( HH ttidl! itii ratlior lari£i!r l)ill and fe<'l ; 1)111 1 men. Xantis, V I'hila. Acad. l.S.V.t, 2'.»M, ;)()2; C\sA.,ibliL l«(J:t, 1!)"); Coop., ;i.sl. /'. jiiirnis CAiior; /'. liiuMi! .Scr.ATiaf ; /'/'. nitijahtu and orinnbn: Cassis, all lic'lon;..^ to ni'iihirin. *** Spotted and leiiifthwiso streaked, hut not handed, t Usually 9-10 lonj^ ; outer tail reulhers wholly white. Ifdii'i/ Wondpcch'r, Hack hlack, with a loiij>; wliitd stripo ; quills and vu'n;/ rmrrf.'i with a profusion of white spots ; f(Mir iiiidille tail feathers Mack, next pair hlack and while, next two pair white, as stated ; under parts wdiito ; crown and sides of head black, with a white stripo over and behind tlio eye, another from the nasal feathers runiiini; bidow the eye to spread on the side of the neck, and a scarlet nuchal band in the jj , waiitin;^ in the 9 ; young with the crown mostly red or bronzy, or even ytdlowish. Eastern North Aincrioa, abundant. Wing nearly ."> ; tail ',\.^ ; bill IJ ; whole foot ]'i. Varies greatly in size, mainly according to latitude. Large whiter northern birds are — J\ IciicdiiicIus Ijodd., 1*1. Knium. .'51.'), f. 1 ; P. ca)Ht., ., iv, 2.V.I, pi. 2i!.") ; IS'i rr., i, 2d ed. (ISI ; var. minor Hd., 85 viLi.osus. KKV TO N. i 104 viciu.r., wooDi'Kf Ki:i;s. — fiF.x. \"2, 1.".*) I'll foot I'l plilccs. Var. iiAiiiMsii. I'^xaolly liko rilhisns, cxc'i'iiliiiij; fcwpi- wiii<:-spots ; fjoiiprally »oiir^ on the coverts and inner (piills; with spci'inK'ns enough we can see the spots disap- pear one liy one. (ienei'aliy white holow, lint in some regions snioiiy-gray (a tiling not oliserved in Eastern liiids, Imt apparently dne, sometimes at least, to soiling with carhonaeoous matter). IJoeky !Monntains to the Taeide. Aid., iv, -il^, \)\. 2(11 (dink- liellied) ; ^'rrr., i, 2d cd. 027; l$i)., 87 ; Coon., .'!7."). ]'. lii/losr(i}}iis Cahams. tt I'snally 0-7 long; ontertail featiiers hai-red with hlack and white. Ddiriiif ]\o(i(/jte(J:rr. Exnctl}' liko P. vi/ldsiix, except in the above respects ; wiiijj; iiiuler 4; tail tinder 3; bill about n; whole Kiistern North America, abiimlant in orchards, and all wooded Wir.s., i, l,').!, pi. !); NiTT., i, 570; Aid., iv, 24!), pi. 2(;;5 ; J'.d., Mil. /'. iiicridlniKilin Swains., F. Jj.-A. ii, .'JOH (small sontherii race) ; /'. iiif'dirniK.s Id., ihid. l]()S ruiu-.scr.Ns. \'ar. (iviKOM.Kii. liearing the same I'clation to 7'. /)"//rxcr)/s, that hdrrisii does to /'. rillnsii.i, and inhahiting the same legions; the wing spots lew or wanting on tiie. inner (|iiills and the coverts, tiie helly smoky-gray in some localitii's. Ald., iv, 2.")2 : 111)., !)1, 1)1. M') ; C'ooi-., ;)77. J', inciidiouulia Nltt., i, 2(1 ed. O'.M). 132. Gonus PICOIDES Lacepede. *,»* Three-toed ; the hallux absent. Crown with a yellow patch in the ^ ; sides of lieail striped, of body barred, with black and white ; under parts otherwise white; (piills with white spots; tail leathers nnbarred, the outer white, the central blacl.-. bength 8-!t ; wing M-") ; tail ;i]-l. Jil(irk-liarh-cd Wood pecker. Back imiform black. Arctic America to the Xortherii States. Ai:i»., iv, StK!, \\\. 2()S ; Xutt., i, 078; Bd., !)8 ; Cooi'., 384. /'. ti'!(l(ii-ti/his HoNAi'., Am. Oni. ii, 14, })1. 14, f. 2. . aiicticis. Jhnided Wondperkev. Back with a white leiijitliwise stri[)e, banded with bl.'iek tips of the leathers. Arctic America into Xortherii States. /*. Itlr- fii)Ki:.s. milhiiiisdii's Woodpecker, (llossy l)laek ; sides and crissum mixed black and white ; belly yellow ; rump white ; tail black, unmarked ; wings black, L 19fi ririDjT;, -NvoorrKCKEiiS. — cf.n. 134, 135. witli a larfro oblique wliitc l)iir on llio covciLs, and a l'v^\ whhc spols on llic r(li)., 105; Cooi'., 3113 williamsonii. 134. Genus CENTUEUS Swainson. * ,* I'iick and wings, cxerpt larger fiuills, elosely banned with black and white ; I>iin.!iri(s \\\\h large white blutclics near the liase, and usually a few smaller spots; bfldw, iuiniaciihite, except sagittate black marks on the Hanks and erissum ; the belly tinged with red or yellow ; i)-10 long ; wing about 5 ; tail about 34. linl-lnUied Waodjiffler. "\\'hole eroAvn and nape scarlet in the $ , partly so in the 9 ; sides of head and under parts grayish-white, usiudly with a yellow shade, reddinhnj on the belly; tail black, one or two outer feathers white-barred ; inner web of central feathers white with black spots, outer web of the same black Avith a white space next the shaft for most of its len<:th ; white predominating on the riunp. Eastern United States, some- what southerly, rarely N. to New England ; common. "\Vils., i, 113, pi. 7, f. 2; KuTT., i, 572; Aid., iv, 270, pi. 270; Bd., 109. . . cakolims. YeUov-factd ]\'oodj.(vl,cr. Extreme forehead and a nuchal band yellow ; eroMii with a central square crimson patch, wanting in the 9 ; rump and upper tail coverts entirely Avhite ; tail feathers entirely black, except white touches on the outer pair; lower parts sordid whitish, becoming yellow on the belly. Texas, southward. Cjldviveii/n'x Bd., 110, pi. 42 ; 1'. ciurifrons, Wa(ilf.1{, Isis, 1!S29, 512 ; Coop., 31)!). T au1!11'1!ONS. (ilia Woodperler. Jso yellow about the head; crown with a. sqiuire crim- son patch, wanting in the 9 ; rump and ujjpertail coverts barred with black; tail feathers nuuked as in (■(noh'ii>t.'< ; head and under parts didl broAvn, beconnng yellow on the belly. Valley of the Cohnado and Gila. Bd., Ill ; Coop., 3!)!) uropygialis. 136. Genus MELANEBFES Swainson. Hed-headed Woodpcvlcr. Glossy blue-black ; rump, secondaries and under i)arts from the breast, pure white ; primaries and tail feathers black ; whole head, neck and breast crimson, in both sexes, grayish-brown in the young ; about !) ; wing 5 J ; tail 3J. Eastern U. S. to the Kocky Mountains ; Calitornia? A very abimdant and familiar bird, in orchards and gardens as well as in the woods, conspicuous by its gay tricolor plmnage ; migratory in northerly sections. Wilr., i, 142, pi. 9, f. 1; Nutt., i, p. — ; Aud., iv, 274,1)1.271; Bd., 113; Coop., 402 euytiiiiockpuali s. Cidlfhrnian Wijodjiccker. Glossy blue-black; rump, bases of all the quills, edge of the Aving, and under parts from the breast, Avhite, the sides Avith sparse black streaks ; forehead sijuarely white, contimious Avith a stripe down in front of the eyes and thence broadly encircling the throat, there i' k k ,_,- - >«.■.-. i $% 1 J ■:^; I L. PICID^, 'VVOODrECKEliS, — GKN. l.'U), 137. li)7 l)cc()niinjr yellowish ; this cuts oil' tlic l)liick aroiiiul base of hill ami on Iho chin conii)Ietely ; crown in tiic J crimson (Voni tlic wliite front, in llio 9 separated from the white l)y a hlaek interval ; fretiucntly !i few red leathers in the black breast-i)atch, which is not sharply delined behind, but changes by streaks into the Avhitc of the belly. IJill l)!ack ; eyes white, brown in the young, Avhich arc not particularly dill'erent, ))Ut have tlie head markings less defined. Size of the last. Kocky IMountains to tlie Pacific, U. S., abund- ant ; noted for its habit of sticking acorns in little holes that it digs in the bark for the purpose ; whole branches are frequently studded in this manner. Cass,, III. ii, pi. 2 ; Bd., 114; Coor., 403 fois.micivoih s. Var. ANorsTiritoNS is said 1o lia\e llic white IVontal bar narrower and the bill soniewliut dillereutiy shaped. Cape fSt. Lucas. Cool-., 40o. 136. Genus ASYNDESMUS Coues. Levis' Woddjierlir. lihuk, with bronzy-green iridescence; wings and tail the same, uinnarkcd ; fico and sides of head dusky crimson ; cervical collar and under parts hoary-ash, becoming crimson or bloody-red on the belly ; the feathers of these paits of ii peculiar loose bristly texture ; sexes alike ; young plainer black al)ove, with little or no crimson on face or below. About 11 long; wing (ii ; tiul 4i. Wooded and especially mountainous parts of Western America; a. remarkable looking bird. Wii.s., iii, .'il, pi. :i(); NiTT.,i, 577; Am., iv, S^O, i)l. 272; Ud., 11,"); Corics, Troc. l*hila. Acad. ll^(JO, 50; Cooi'., 400 tokim ati'.s. 137. Genus COLAPTES Sw^ainson. *jif* Under parts with nnnierous eitcular black s|)()ts on a pale gromid. A largo black pectoral crescent. Kump snowy wiiite. liack. wiiiu' eoviats niid innermost (jiiilis brown with an olive or lilac shade, and thickly barred witii black; quills ami tail black, excepting as below stated. About a foot long ; wing about ; tail 4i, (,'ohlen-u'iuf/ecl Woodpecker. Flicker. Wings and tail showing golden -yellow underneath, and the shafts of this color; a scar'et nuchal crescent in both sexes ; $ with black maxillary patches, wanting in the 9 ; crown and nape ash ; chin, throat and breast lilac-brown ; sides tinged with creamy brown, and belly with yellowish ; shade of the back rather olivaceous. Eastern North Atneriea ; Alaska (JJall). A very abundant and well known bird. Wils., i, 45, pi. 3, f. 1; Nl-tt., i, 501; Aud., iv, 282, pi. ''"'■'■'-■ f-i'i''n»i"j.'."iw,Muii„.,kor. 273; 15i),, 118 aiuati s. Gilded Woodpecker. Wings and tail showing golden yellow underneath, i l!l« I'SITTACI, l'Ai;i!(»T.S. and tlu! sliMt'ls of tliis coldr ; no luicliiil iTiiscciit in citlior sex; ^ with sciirlct iniixilliiry ])Mtflics, wiintiiiLr ill tiic ? ; crown lilac-hrowii ; cliin, throat and bri'ii.st asii ; .sides lin.u'i'd with c'ri'aniy-l)rown, and hclly with yellowish. C'olorado N'aiicy, Lower California, and sontlnvard. 1)1)., \2o, and I'roc. I'hiia. Aead. l.s.V.), JJUi ; Ki.mot, pi. 2() ; Coor., 410. . . ciii;Y!S(>iim:s. Jied-xlidj'ted or Mexican Wnixlprv/itr. W'inirs and tail showing orange-red nndei'neath, and tiie shafts of this eolor ; no luichal crescent in either sex; (J witli scarlet maxillary patches, wanting in the 9 ; crown lilac-l)rown ; chill, throat and hreast ash; under parts shaded with lilac-hrowii ; no yellowisii on tiie belly. Western North America, iSitUa to Mexico. Aid., iv, 2!»U, pi. 274 ; Xurr., ii, UUo ; Bo., 120; Cooi'., 408. . iii;xi('.\M;s. Or.s. It will be noted, liow curiously these species are distiii., vii, '.ilH, 1)1. 4114 ; C. hijhridiix of IJaikd, 122, is a form from the ^lissoiiri region in wliicli the eliaracters of iiicciaiiiiis and unrutiis are blended in every conceivable degree in dilfereiit specimi'iis. IVrlia[)s it is a hybrid, and perliai)s it is a transitional I'oriu. According to 3Ir. Allen. Florida si)eciiiieiis of anrdlnn somi'times show reil touches in the black maxillary patch, as is Irciiuuiitly the case with Kansas exami)les. Order PSITTACI. Parrots. I'"eet pei'manently zyiiodactyle by reversion of the fourth toe; bill short, extremely stout, stronuly eiiiguathous, and furnished with a (frc(jueiitly feathered) cere, as in the birds of i»rev ; wings and tail variable. The [jarrots, including the macaws, cockatoos, lories, etc., form one of the most strongly marked groujts of birds, as easily recognizable by tlieir peculiar external appearance as defined by the tecimical i)oiiits of struetin-e. They wore formei'ly included in an order .S'cioi.wrcs on account of the paireil toes, but this is a comparatively trivial circumstance ; they have no special alUnity with other zygodaetyle birds, and their peculiarities entitle them to rank with grouiis called orders in the present volume. They might not iuaiitly bi' styled fnnjicitnu'n Jtdjiliircs ; and in some resi)ects they exhibit a vague analogy to the (luadrumana (monkeys) among mammals. The upper mandible is nmch more freely movable than is usual in birds, being articulated instead of suturally joined with the forehead; and the liill is commonly used in climbing. The Itoiiy orliits of the eyes are frcipiently completed by union of the lachrymal bones with i)()storbital processes. The symi)hysis of the lower jaw is short and obtuse. The sternum is I'nlire or siini)ly fenestrated [josteriorly ; the furculnm is weak, sometimes defective, or wanting. The i)riiieii)al metatarsal bone is short and Itroad, and its lower extremity is motlilied to suit the position of the fourth toe. The lower larynx is ix-euliarly constructed, with three pairs of muscles. The plumage shows aftershafts ; the oil j;laii(l is often wanting. " Parrots aliound in all troi)ical countries, but, except in Australia and New Zealand, rarely extend into the temperate zone. The Indian and vEtliio|)ian regions are poor in iiarrots, while the Australian is the richest, containing man}- jienera and even whole families peculiar to it" (Nkwton). The highest authority, FiNscii, recognizes ."i."(4 sjiecics as well-determined, distributing them in 21! genera; 142 are American, 2;i African, and 18 Asiatic ; the ^Moluccas and New (iuinea have 8;!. Australia .Jll,aud I'olynesia 2t). Ornithologists are now nearly agreeil to divide i!Anni!i:s, nir.Ds of ritKV. — riKX. l.'is. lit!) tlii'in into "i finnilics. 'I'lio ('niions llinlitlcss u;r.'irr()1 of Xcnv ZcjiImiuI {S/ri- f/iijiH liithriijililiin) I'oi'm^t out! of tlii'sc, X//'/';/o/;/(/(('. " Tlu' most lii^lily oi'u'imi/i'il ffroup is till" 'J'rii-li(ifilossl(lir, in wliifli tlio wiiolo slrnctiiro is !i(l;ii)t('(l to IIowit- fi'cdinj? liiil)its" (\\"ai,i,.\( r. ) ; it Ih'Ioiiljs to tlic AnstrMJiiui rcuion. 'I'lic rocjijiloos nro nuiiiiiiir oxiiniplcs of ii tiiinl laniily, J'l!i'l '^\v,\t l)nilv of the order, iiowever, is nidde n]) of tlie otiier two less specialized ;iml more generally (listnl)nte(l gioni)s, the r.- or less varieptted with hliie and ye 1 1 ()W. Sexes a 1 i Ue. y'oini;/ simply irreeii. \'.\ : winji 7^^ ; tail (!. Soiitliern Slates; iii)tlio Mississippi A'allcy to the Missouri refrion ; tbrmorly strayed to IVnnsylvaniii and New York, hut of late has reeedod even from the Carolimis; still abundant ill Florida, (irejiarioiis, fruirivoroiis and graiiivoroiis ; not rojrularly mi>rratory. AVils., iii. .si), pi. 21), f. 1 ; jS'utt., i, 51") ; Aun., iv, oOt!, pi. 27(S ; l\u., 07. ca!!OLIN'knsis. l"Ii:. |:!.'i. ( ,'iri>liiKi l'arr"i|iii'l. IS nd I'W an 'y. •a; ive de \ Order RAPTOEES. Birds of Prey. mil cpii/niillioiin, rcrcil ; and feet not •^tifiodnrfiiic. The rapaeions liirds form a perfectly natural asseiiihlajie, to whicli this expression fiirnishi's a clue. The parrots, prohahly the only other I)ir(Is with strongly hooked and tndij cered hill, are yoUe-loed. Tlie /'ii/ilorcn [iivsent several osteological and other analoniical peculiarities. There are two carotids; the syrinx, wlien tlevelopc'd, has hut one [lair of intrinsic muscles. Tiie aliiuentary canal varies with the families, hut dill'ers from that of vegetarian hirds, in ada|>tation to an exchisively animal diet. In tlie higher tyi)es, the whole structure betokens strength, activity and ferocity, carnivorous propensities and pi'cdaceous nature. Alost of the smaller, or weaker, species fee(l much upon insects ; others more particularly upon reptiles, and lish ; others upon carrion ; hut the majority prey upon other hirds, and small iiiainnials, ca|)turc(l in o|)eii warfare. IJepresentalives of the order arc found in every p;irt of the world. They are divisil)le into ./"'"" families. One of these, (ri/pDiianiiiidn', consists of the single reiiiMrkal)le species (t'l/juKji-rninin siT/iciilKfinn, tin? secrel.'iry- hird or serpent-eater of Africa ; this shows a curious griillaldiial analogy, lieing 2(10 sTKioin.i:, OWLS. inoiiiiti'il ftn lon;i 1'',^^, lilvo n cnuic. ami 1i:im sovcral otlipi' more iinportiint sfniptunil inodilicMlioiis. 'I'lic oilier tliri'o f;iiiiilii!s occur in this coiiiitiy ; Jiiid the Ibllowin^ jiccoiiiils are sulllcionily explicit to illustrate the unlcr, without I'lirthcr rouiiirk in this connection. Family STRIGID.ffi. Owls. Head very larijo, ami csi)cclally I)ri)ail fr lo to side, but shortenpil length- wise, the "face" thus lortned further deliued by a more or less complete '"ruli','' or •k (li 'tith of ili do. K hi texture, on eac lookint:; more or less directly forward, set in a circlet of radiatinj^ bristly feathers, anil overarched liy a siii)erciliary shield. External ears extremely larj^e, often i)ro- vided with an operculum or movable Hap, presenting the nearest ai>|)r(jacli, among birds, to the ear-conch of mammals. IJill sha[)cd iimch as in other ordinary rapa- cious birds, but thickly beset at i)ase with close-pressed antrorse bristly feathers. Kostrils large, conunoidy opening at the edge of the cere rather than entirely in its sulistance. Hallux of average k'nglli, not obviously elevated in any case; outer toe more or less perfectly versatile (but never i)ermanently reversed), and shorter than the inner toi'. Claws all very long, much curved and extremely sharp, that of the middle to(^ pectinate in some s|)ecies. As a rule, the tarsi are more or less completely feathered, ami the whole foot is often thus covered. Among numerous osteological characters may be mentioned the wide seiiaration of the inner and outer tablets of the brain case by interveijtion of light spongy diploe ; the commonly l-notched sternum, and a peculiar structure of the tarso-metatarsus. The gullet is capacious but not dilated into a special crop ; the gizzard is only moderately uuiscniar ; the intestines are short and wide ; the cieca are extremely long and club-shaped. The syrinx has one pair of intrinsic nuisdes. The feathers have no aftershaft, and the general plumage is ver^' soft and blended. The Nocturnal Birds of I'riy will be immediately recognized by their peculiar jihysiognoniy, independently of the technical characters that mark them as a natural, sharply deliiied family. They are a highly monomori)hic group, without extremes of aberi'ant form ; but the case with which they are collectively defined is a measure of the diliiculty of their rigid subdivision, and the subfamilies are not yet satis- factorily determined. Too much stress appears to have been laid upon the trivial, although evident, circumstance of presence or absence of the peculiar ear-tufts that many species possess: more reliable characters maj- probably be drawn from the structure of the external ear, and facial disk, the modifications of which appear to bear directly upon mode of life, these parts lieing as a rule most highly developc'd in the more noctui'nal species; while some points of internal structiu'c may yet be found correspondent. One group, of which the biu-n owl, S/n'x Jhttnmcn^ is the type, seems very distinct in the angular contour and high development of the facial disk, pectination of the middle claw, and other characters ; and prol)ably the rest of the family fall in two other groups; but 1 do not deem it expedient to present subfamilies on this occasion. As is well known, owls are eminently nocturnal birds ; but to this rule there arc luimerotis striking exceptions. This general habit is correspondent to the modili- catioii of the eyes, the size anil structure of which luialile the birds lo see by night, and cause them to suller from the glare of the sunliglit. Most speeitss pass the daytime secreted in hollow trees, or dense foliage and other dusk}* retreats, resuming their wonti'd activity after nightl'all. Owing to the peculiar texture of the plumage ■ "^---^"' - '■'"■■•'liiii^iriiiiniii STKKilD.K, ( )\vr,s. — (ii;\. l.'5I>. 201 ,) llioir lliijlit is iK'rrcctly iiiii--('lr--;. like iin' niiuciiiL; sl('[>s of :i ciil : :n\A im ciitircly iMiicirnl iiii;iloiiy liMs hi'cn di'awii iM'tucfii llii'-;(' hii'ils :iiiil tlic rdiiic (■.•iiiiivura that I'liiclly prey stcaltliily in tlic dark. Owls Cecil ciitiri'ly iiiiou animal sulistanres. and caiitni'c liu'ii' pi'cy alive — -small (|M:i(lrn|ieds and Mrds, reptiles and inseets. and even lisli. Like most otlier Kaptoi'es, lliey I'Jeet I'l'iini the month, al'ler a meal, the l)iines, hair, feathers and nlher indiu'estihle siilislanees. nride np into a roinid |)ellet. 'I'ney ari' note(l lor their loml onteries, so stran^'e ami ol'ten so Inu'nlirions. that it is no nder that traditional snperstition i)laees these dismal ni^ilil liirds in the <'ate4'oi'y Wo ol' tliiie's ill-omeni Tl le nest IS conimonlv a ruile allair of sticks Leathered in ll \ai'ions places ol' dinrnal resort ; the cli'^s are several (eonnnonly ;i (1). white, snli- s|iherical. The I'cmale. as a I'nle, is lariri'r than the male, linl the sexes are alike in color; the coloration is commonly hlcndcMl and diU'iise, dillicult ol" t'oncisc description. Owls are amonn' the most compli'tcly cosmopolitan ofliinls; with minor nioilili- cations according to circnmstances, their ji'eneral lialiits are ninch the same the worlil o\er. A dilliiailly <;t' coi'reelly estimating;' the innnher ol' species arises I'l-om the I'act that many, especially of the more iienerali/.iMl types, h;i\e a wide !j;eoiirai)li- ical (listrihntion, and. as in n(>arly all snch cases, they split into more or less easily recognized races, the interiiretalion of which is at present a matti'r of opinion rather than a settled issne. Aliont I'OO species pass lairrent ; this nnmher must lie reilneed liy one-third: out of alioni .'lO i;'eneric names now in vou'ue. pi'ohalily less than om-half represent some slrnctnral pecniiarity. Notulile e\(jtie i;'enera arc; the .Ia|)iinese /'/(o'lilns (/'. Iki liii>i). an ally ol' Slrlx pi-o{)er ; the Asiatic h'llnjKi ; and the extensively ilislriiiiited Old World Allicnc, in its broad acceplalion. I'li;. la. I'.irit nf liMllI Owl. Vvv 139. Gonus STEIX Linnoeus. r,iiiii (hrj, Tawii}-, or fiilvoiis-browii, deliciitely clouded or murblod witli iisliy and wliito, and speckled witli hrowni.sh-hhick ; l)oh)\\', a varyiiiir sliade from nearly pure white to i'ldvoiis, with sparse shari) blackish speckliuir ; face wliito to piir[)lisli-bro\vn, darker or black aI)OHt the eyes, the disk bordered with dark brown ; wings and tail barred with brown, and tinely mottled like the back; bill whitish ; toes yellowish. Facial disk hiirhly developed, not circidar; no tufts; ears very larire, opercn late ; tarsi lonir, scant-feathered, below bristly, like the nearly naked toes; middle claw usually foiuid serrate or at least jagged ; plumage very downy. 9 17 long: wing l."'>: tail "».] ; (J rather less. U. S., Atlantic to I'acilic, southerly : rare in the interior, KKY TO N. A. liniDS. 'id ?" 1 ! i I ' I! It -'111 ■«l IMCIIM., UW r,>. (IK.V. I 1(1. 111. iMicIv .\. I(. New Ijii^l.iiid. W'li.s.. vi, .'.T. |i|. ."(t. C. -2 : Ni ii.. i. i;!!i : Ai i>., i, Il'7, |iI. .".1 : ('as.-, in lip,. 17 : ('( ci'., 11,'>. ii.ammka viii. amkiiicana. 140. Genus EUBO Cuvior. (u-ral lli.niiil < h>l . 1 )i>linL;ni.-l.t(l liy it.- l;ir,;:(' size, in ((inncclion willi llic (•(in.'-|ii(n(.us cii-inl'i- : liir (illn r .-] i < i( > dl' .-imiliir diincn^idns are tni't- l(s.-<. 'riic iiliiin;ii20 viirics inlcriiiinahly. iind no ninci.sc dcsc rii»ti(in will iiiccl all il.> pliii.-ts ; il is a variciiiitidn of blacki.-li, willi dark and li;:lit l)r()\vn, and Inlvons. A white cdllar i.s llic most I'on.^tant color- inaik. \'ai'. ((rrlirus is tlio iiorflicrn bird, very li^lil cdldrcd, and rro(jncntly nearly wliilc, like (lie .-nowy (imI, in arctic spcci- nicn.-^. \'ai'. jKicijicus is a littoral form, very dark colored, with little fidvoiis, " extendi iiii' Ironi Ure«ron northward, coastwise, to Labrador.'' {Uld'iirdi/.) Facial disks coni[)lefe ; ear iion-opercn- "■ v^ "S late ; feet entirely feathered. Lenirtli fe^- alioiit •! feut, rather less than more; Avinu I l-l(i inches; tail !)-!(). This powerful l'r(.. l:!."). reat gray owl ill si/.e, and to none in spiiit, is a common inhabitant of North America at larjic ; not migialory ; breeds in lali' winter ai;d early spring niontlis, building a Ir.rgo nest of sticks, on the brandies or in the hollows of trees; eggs white, nearly spherical, :?{ by 1;. AVii.s., vii, "c', pi. .")(», f. 1; Xitt., i, 124 ; All)., i, 14."), pi. .'ill : Cass, in Ibi., lit; Oxm'., -lis. . . vii!(iiMAM's. 141. Genus SCOPS Savigny. * y'oc.s Iirlsfl;/. iSm'cr/i Oirl. lied On-/. Mo/flcl ()>'•!. Like a miniature Jln/)u in form ; S or 10 inches huig ; wing (1-7 : tail ',\-'.'>h. Oin' p/niinn/i': — (ii'iieral aspect gray, paler or whilish l)elow', above s[)eekled with blackish, below patched with the same ; wings and tail ., i. 147, jil. lo : Cass, in ISd., 'il ; Cooi'., 420. asio. ti SSBB sri.'iiiiD.K, ()\\i,s. — (;i;\. Ik'. -'(i;i (t I \';ir. KKNNK mi II. I,!iru'<' il.'irk nni'tli-wi'-irni tiii'iii; mMicriil culdr si'|)iM-lii'(iu ii, iikiIIIimI mill lilolclu'il Willi lilack : 11; \viii^'7[: l:iil 1. Ala^k:i to \\'M-;liiiinlc>ii mi 1 MmIid ; tlircc siicciiiicns UiiDWii. l'',i.i.i'ir, I'i'dc. I'liila. .\c;iil. l.sCT, O'.i ; 1 1>.. |il. L'7 ; 15i... Trans, fliicauo .\cail. IM)'.!. .".1 1 : (our., li';',. N'iir. .MA< TAi.i.ii. .Small, pale, suullii'i'ii rin'iii; s'kt al the iiiiiiiiiiiiiii aliivi' ^Ini'Ii. Simthwcslcili riiitcd .Stales. ('\>-., III. I'Sii, aiil in lin.. .'iJ. Fi i. li:. SiT.vi'li ()«•!. *■* Tni's pcrfcctlii imli'i'il. Fldiiniiuhitod Oirl. A'lovc, ^rayisli-hrowii. dlisciircly islrc^il^ctl witli I)liH'k, iiiiil liiu'iy sijoc'klcd with wliito ; liciow, iiTJiyisli-wiiitc willi soiiio nifi»ii.s iiiotlliiiir, oacli t'catlicr with a slial't streak-, and several ci'Dss-liiies, of hlack; fiiCG and laiir varied with riifons ; ('di;es of" tiie seapulars tho same, fbriiiini:" a nnliooable ol)li(|iie har; wiiiir t'ovei'ts tijiped, and outtM' webs of tho ((iiili.s .s(|naroly spotted, with white, or riifi)iis-\vhite, and tail featheivs ini perfectly barred with the same. {'i.\-l ; wini^ ^V'-.")-^ ; tail 2A. A small owl with the form and miieh the irencral aspect of an iiniirown .S'. (is/o, but the feathcrinLT of the I'eet stops abruptly at the toes. Mexico: North to Fort Crook, California, where fonnd breedinir {Fcihii-i'). Scl., Troc. Zool. Soc. liS.")8, ltd; ScL. and Salv., //;/(/. IHlIS, ;")?, and Kxotic Ornitholoiiv, vii, OS, i)!t, ))1. 50; Cooi'., 422 i'j,.\m.meola, 142. Goaus OTUS Cuvicr. Ln)iri-c(ircd OirJ. GeiuM'al ])Iiima_i>"e above, a varie|ii(iiiiiis, of ^-1:.' ri:ilii(i> ; car |iails iiiiiiicn^c, witliii .sciiii'.\ ; ( UOI'., ll'll \ I l.iiAlilH Vlir. WII.Mt.MA.M s. 14:i. Genus DRACIIYOTUS Gould. Sliiiit-(iif< il (Jul. |''ulv(iiis (ir liiiliy-lii'owii, paler or w iiilcy-lii'nwn hclow : hrcasl and n|ipcr parts lnoadly and lliiikly stnakcd with dark luown, liclly nsnr.dy spaiscly strcakrd with tlic >ani('. luil not liaiicd no.-sw isc ; (jnills and tjiil hull', willi few dark liand>, and nintliini;': I'aciai area, ic^'s and cris- snni pale, iinniark(, I'. ."> ; Nitt., i, IJii': Ai:i)., i, 110, pi. ;i.s ; Cass, in 1)1)., .") I ; Cooi'., li'T. . . . rAi.rsTiiis. 144. Qonus SYRNIUM Savigny. *#* I.ai';j:e owls, willioiil eai'-!iil'ts, llie racial disks cdiiiplctc ami (ifiiicat exlciit, the eyes cdinparat i\ cly small, the ear paits mudcrale. opcrciilale. tlie t.'ir.-i and Iocs fully fcalliered. (,'if(i/ (>'nii/ Oirl. Alio\(', cinercons-lirown, mottled in waves with cine- I'cons-wldte ; Ixdow, tliese colors rather palci', disposed in strciiku on the hrea>t, \ul)(iis elx'where ; (pnlls and tail with live or six daikcr and lightci' liais ; the jrreat di>k sinularly marked in r<\iridar concentric I'inii's. j\n immense owl, one of the latest of all, innch exceeding;- any other of this country; .ahutit 2A feel loni;-, the wini:' H, the t:ul a foot or more. Ai'clic Am., iriciiularly S. into the northern l'. S. in winter. TxiNAI'., Am. Orn. pi. 2;i, r. ■>: Sw. and Iv'icii.. I\ 15. -A. ii, 77, pi. ;5l ; Am., i, i;'.l), pi. ;!."); >i'i:tt., i, 12S; Cass, in \\\->., M\ ; Cool'., 'I.'5;). i,Ari'oM(iM var. ciM'.itKr.M. liiirnil (hrl. ,\l)o\-e, cinereous-hrown, harred with while, often tinned with (nlvons: helow, sindlar, palci', the markinus in Ixirs o\\ the hreast, in ."/iiii/is (dsewhcri ; (piills and tail leathers h.arred with lirown and whiter with an ashy oi' fulvous 1ini;e. licnirtii ahont IS; Avinsr l.l-ll; fail !l. Ka^tern Xorth America, common. ^VIl,s., iv, (!1, |)1. ;i."), f. 2 ; Xrrr., i, I'M'i ; Aid., i, i;'.2, \)\. ;>(! ; Cass, in 15i)., ;")(!; Coor., lol. . . M:ni:i.osiM. W'csffni Jldrnd (Jirl. Ivesendilinu' the liist, hilt easily distinguished: iiiiiii|1i ; linial di-Us iii('()iii|il('l(' ; eyes and cai' paits iiinilrr- atc ; t'l'cl densely cliithcil. 'I'liis reniark- alile jwl, eoiispieiKiiiH liolli in si/e and e;ll lunsl (if the States. II is not liy any means cxelnsively noetnrnal. Wii.s., iv, .'i."., |il. ;'.L', r. 1 : Ni n.. i, 11(1; All)., i, 11.".. pi. -'s : Cvss. in i'.i.., (!."> ; Cdoi'., 117 M\ KA. 146. Qomis SURNIA Duinoril. Ilnii'h' ()i'-l. Ihnj (hrl. Dark lirown aliove. more or less tliiekly speekli'd witli wliile : helow, closely liarre(I will) Im'owii and wiiilisli, the throat alone streaked; (piills and tail with miineroiis while liars; face ashy, inar^'ined with lilaek. Leiiujth aliont K! inches; win;.r !• ; tail 7, izi'adiiated. the lateral I'eatheis 1 inches shorter than the central. l'l\<'ept in the li'imth iA' its tail, which produces linear measin'cincnls nniisiial for a liird of its Imlk in this family, its ;j;-eneral form is that of the snowy owl. liike that sjieeies, il is a liird of Arctic reirions, coming' sonthwai'd in winter, lint ils ranuc is more restricted, rarely extending' to the Michlle States. Il is the most diurnal hii'd of tile family, r.anirini:' aliroad at all times, and apjiroaehes a hawk more iiesirly than any otlier. W'li.s., vi, HI, ))1. .'lO, f. (i ; Xirr., i, ll'i; All)., i, 1 12, 1)1. 'il ; Cass, in Ud., (1 1 ; ('ooi-., 1 IN. iia [,a var. hudsomca. 117. Gonus NYCTALE Brohm. *JK* Small ouls witJi the Jiead nntnl'tcil, the facia 1 disks coiapjctc. Die cars o| icn al- ia te, 1 lie tarsus ImiLrcr tjiaii llic middle toe. the tail nearly even. I lie :id i|iiill liiliii'e^t. tlie lifst .") (anariiinate ; color ahovo eliocolati'-liiowii. spotted with while, llip tail with transverse wllilc liars ; the ic/"// with llic facial area ami lorcliead \aric!_'atcd Willi white, llic face and siijicrciliary line iirayi>li-wli'i'.', the lower parts white wilh sjiols (ir streaks of the color of the hack ; the ,'/""";/ with llie facial ai'ca and fore- head dark brown, the face dusky, the cyelirows pure while, the lower paiK hrown. paler on llie helly. iiniiiaikeil. (See liiDiiWAV, Am. Nat. \i, 2s>l.) '/'('ii;/iii(il Ill's Oirl. Liirire ; wiiii,^ 7j: fail U,, thus more than half the winir. l>ill yellow, the eere not tumid, the nostrils prescntinir laterally, and ()!)ii(pioly oval. Arctic America, soiitii to the liorders of the I'liited .Stales. 2()(i sriiKiiD.K, ()\vi,s. — (ii:.\. 14S. >y/7.'' h:ii'iiirih,n All)., Orii. Wwj;:. iv, .").")!•, \)\. .".SO; W. Am. i, \->l, pi. :V2. X'/i/(i/r viiliiinhiiii! Cass, i:! lin., .")7. AfconliiiLT to Mr. Uidirway, tho Aiiicricaii liinl is w laek, tlio core tumid, tlic circular nostrils pre- senting initerinrly. I'nited States and .soniewliat northward : Mexico. Common. A'//'/'//'- iilhi/'ruiis Cass, in IiD., .')7, and 111. 1roc. I'liila. Acad. 1S5l'. l'IO ; Cass., III. ., .'i.S ; Coor., l.'ili acadica. 1' 148. Genus GLAUCIDIUM Wagler. *** Very siiiiilj ; lieail iiiitiirii'd ; facial disk nearly olisoleto ; car p.irt.s moderate ; tarsus liiHy I'e.iliiereil. tee-; lliiekjy liristleil; wiiii^s sliort and nnidi rounded, -Itli (liiiil Iduuc'-t. tlic ;i oilier imes eniaru'inate : tail rather hjULT, even ; claws strong, NJiarp. nuicli lurxcd. /'//'///'.'/ Oii-I. Aliovc. uniform hrown, everywhere dotted with snndl round white spots, and with ;i eollai' of mixed white and lilackisli around tho lia 'k ol' tiie neck : lirea>t with a mottled hrown !iand sc[)arating tho whito throat from th" rc-t of the white under parts, which all havo louiilhwiso r('ddi>h-l)rown streaks: Minus and tail dusk\' hrown with round white sj.ots on ix'lh wehs. laiiic-l on the imier; under winir coverts white with hlack mark> disposed in an oldi(pie har. $ 7, or a little less; extent 14A ; wing .")■'; tail o; 9 largei' : 7;|.. extent l.')A,ctc. Iris anil soles yellow; toes ahovc, hill and cere, grecnisli-yellow. The shade of tho upper parts ranges from pure deep lii'oivu to pale gi'ayish-hrown, sometimes with a slight oliva- ceous slauh'. Iiocky .Mountains to the I'acilic, U. S., couunou ; a crepiis- cularaud rather diurnal than strictly nocturnal sijccics. Sin'i:!ti jKinnt'rhididcs All)., i, 117, 1)1. oO. (t. uifar.ciitnui Cass., 111. ISil ; hy next the shafts, white or tawny on the edges of the feathers. es[)ecial!y the inner: tail in hoth plumages alike closely ami continuously harred with brown iind rusty-red (same as the color of the U[)per parts in tho red plumage, conspicuously dillerent in the gray plumage), the latti'r sometimes fadinu' cm the inner wehs. South and Central America and Mexico to the *^ \. ^*>**toi««^iMSto.* «)ikMMiMmii'^»*'-'.Mi»imr: sTi;i(iii).r., owi.s. — okn. 1 1'.l, IT)!). 207 < t. I'. S. Ixmlcr; Arizona (Jlcud/'n). CoiKs, Am. Nat. vi, 370. (Dcscrihcd iVoni ('xtrfi-liiiiitiil spoc'iiiK'ii.s, No. o.s,^^!), .Miizallaii, ami 4."), 05"), Costa Eii'a, traiisiuittc'tl by tlic Siuitli.sonian for the piii'i)().so.) . . . Fi:i!i;i (iiNKi .\i. 140. Gemis MICEATIIENE Couos. Wliil)teii's Oirl, AliovG liiilit brown, thickly dotted witii angnlar paler Iirown marks, tlio back altjo olisolctely marbled willi darker; a eoneealed white cervieal eollar, Ibrinin*^ a I)ar across the middle of the fealliers, which are plnmbeons at base and brown at ti^) ; (|iiills with ")-(! spots on each web, whiti? on the inner webs of all and outer welis of several, brown on the rest ; coverts with two rows of white spots, brown spots interveninii' ; outer secondaries with a few white spots, and scapulars sliowinii a whit(^ stripe ; lower wiiiii' coverts tawny white, with a dark brown patch; other winii- fealhers dark brown with pale ashy dots near tlu! ends of the secondaries; tail feathers with lisiht s[)ots forniiiiii' live broken bars, and a narrow terminal bar; feathers over ey(>s wliite, with black-spotted shaft; mider eyes liiiiit Iirown obsoletely l)arred \\ith darker; iiristles about the bill blai'k on their terminal half: chin ant. uoal v.hitc, becominir liyht brown below, tlu' while formiiiir a broad cresceni ; sides of neck narrowly barred with ashy and brown, and breast im[)erfeetly barred and blotched with the same, towards the abdomen fcn-niinii' larire patches, margined with gray and white ; tibia' narrowlv barred with liiiht and dark brown; tarsal bristles whitish; bill [)alo greenish ; nis and soles V! low, Length (ij ; extent li'>\ ; wing 1.] ; tail '2\ ; ga[)e of bill ?, : liill -f^ high, - wide at base. Facial disk imperfect : no ear tufts: wings very long l)ut rounded; od and 4lh quills longest, 2d (■(pial to (ith, 1st ii the od ; tail nearly even, with broad-tipped feathers; /f'r.s7/.s' near/;/ hare of fciiiJtus. s[)arsely bristly. like the toes; middle toe and claw aliout as l-i ig as the tarsus: claws remarkably small, weak, and little curved. Co'- rado Valley and southward (Fort Mojave, Cooper; Southern Av'r/.uir.i, Jieiidira; ]\Iazatlan and Socorro, ^'/v///.n'o»). A diminutive owl of remarkal.!(! characters, oidy lately discovered. Cooi'i'.u, Proc. Cala. Acad, l.stll, U.S, and 15. Cal. -142; CouES, Proc. Phila. Acad. isCd, .Jl ; Lawk., Proc. Post. Soe. 1^71, p. — ; Elliot, pi. 2!) wiirr.Mni. 150. Gonus SPHEOTYTO Glogor. Iliirroii-iii'j Old. ^Vbove, grayish-lu'own, with white, black-edged s[)ots ; below, tawny-whitish, variegated with reddish-biown, chielly disposed in bars; face and throat whitish; crissnm and legs mostly unmarked: (juills with numerous paired tawny-white spots, and tail feathers barnd with the same; bill grayish-yellow; claws black. !t-10 long; wing. (!^-7A : tail ;)^-4. N(»tul'ts; facial disk imperfect ; tarsi very long, extensively denuded, bi-istly like the toes. Pi'airies and other open poitions of the l'nite(l States west of the Mississipj)!, abmidant ; li\-es in holes in the ground, in piairie- dog towns, and the settlements of other burrowing animals, using their deserted holes for its nesting place, 'flu're is certainly but oil" species in this f .' i I ■'(IS rAI.COMD.K, DH l.'NAL IJIKDS OK I'KKV. (•oiiiidv : it is iiicrciv ;i varictv of tiic S. Aiiu'i'icnii liird. ]>i)\Ar., Am. Orii. pl.T.I'. J; .\rir.,i. 1 1 ■■> : Ai n., i, 1 ll', pi. ."SI : .U/iciir^ /I'/po^/icn tuu] A. cmtic- iilnrlii Ca.-s. in I'.d.. .")',>, (Id; ( 'oui'.. i;!?. I 10. cumculaima var. iivi'oc.ka. Family FALCONID^. Diurnal Birds of Prey. ('iiiiiiniriiiv;' till' ureal luilk ol' Ihr orilcr. this lariio I'auiily may lie licst (li'l'mccl hy r\iaii~iiiii (I I' iIm •cial Iratiircs niai'kiim' tlii' otiuT- 'J'l is iioihiiiu' ol' tlio Lirailatdrial aiialii;iy cxliiliitcil liy tilt' siiiuiiilar (ii/ji'iijcriiiiiihi' ; till' nosti'ils arc imt i-omiiK'li'iy iicrvidiis. nor tl iml till' (ilivioiislv I'lcvatcil. as in ('iiilmrlhhr. aiH oilier [leeiiliaritie^ ol" the Aiin'riean \iiltiires are not shown, (iwls, we iiii-s their [leeiijiar physioenoiny, the eyes lookinn' 1 Coiniiarinu' witii tin; ateraliv as in onliiiarv liirils. tlie ili^k waiitiim (exeejit in the Ch-i-ns Lri'oii[i, where it is inii)erleet ). the after- •-hali |jre-ent (e\ee|it ill /'•! iiilinii ) . the outer toe not versatile (exeept ir. /'iiiidiiin), ami not >horter than the inner. The external ears are nioilerate and non-opereiilato. T le eve^, as a rule (lint not always), arc sunken lieiieath a proJeetiiiL!; sniiereiliary heir. ronrerriiiL;' a ileeideil and threatoninii L;;aze. The hill shows the raptorial type ihvays rnrnisiieil with a cere in which the nostrils are •ca^ional cxeeptiuns owiiiLi' tu nakedness or dense soft ill its perfection, a nd d. 'i'lie lores, will featl leriii;^'. are scantily clothcil with radiatinir liristk's, which however do not form, as in the ouN. n ilcn>c a|ipressed mass hidinj^: the liase of the hill. 'J'he feet are i-linnn', with widely separable and liit;lily contractile toes, and large shaip curved claws — etlicieiit iiistrninents of iirehcnsion, ollenee and defi'nee. Tlie toes ai'O generally seahioiis underneath, with wart-like pads at (ho joints, to prevent slip|)ing, ;ind commonly show a liasal wcli. The podotheca is very vaiiahle ; the whole tarsiw is freiinently feathered, and nsiially partially so; the horny covering takes the form of sciilclla, or reticulations, or rngous grannlations, and is occasionally fused. The capacious gullet dilates into a crop ; the gizzard is moderately nmscnlar ; the intestines vary; the eieca are extremely small. The syrinx Infs one pair of intrinsic nniscles. There are several good osteological characters. liirds of this family alioimd in all parts of the world, and hold the relation to the rest ol" their class that the carnivorous beasts do to other mammals. There are upwards ol" liiiil good species or very strinigly marked geograiihica! races, justly referable to about TiO full genera. In round numbers. 1,000 siiecilic and 200 generic names have lu'cn inslituted for Falconid'i'. No unexee[)tionabU' sub- di\ision of the t'aniily has yet been proposed; and as this jioint is still at issue, I deem it best not to present subfamilies. Instead of an attemjjt in this direction, which would necessarily be premature, I w ill endeavor to give the student a general idea of the coinposition of the family. 1. The Olil Wurlil riiltiii-('s form a group standing somewhat apart from the others in many jioints of external sti'uctnre and habits, although eorrespondeut in more essential characters. I'litil Prof. Huxley's sikhh'ssI'iiI exhibition of this fact, they were usually united in a family, ]'iilhiriil(i\ with the American vultures, from which, however, they ililler decidedly, as stated beyond. It is a small grou[) of six genera and about twelve species. The bearded griliin, (•'iijiiii'tus hurhntux. is conspie- nons for its ra[)torial nature. The other geiu'ra, more or less decidedly *■ vnltnrine," are Viiltin\ (H'niiiji.t. (•'i/is. Xmiihrmi and diipiiliiciiir ; the eharacleiistic s[)eeies are — I', niniiiii'liiin. <>. Km'ii'nlni'in. (i. I'ulrns. .\. jiriTii'ijilcrn.i and (i. (imjitlcii.ii.s. •_'. The genus l'iiliilr)riis (beyond), illustrates a small groui) of hawks partaking vKd>,ji,r^si«iif.»TWM*aate«ste<«w«K»fc!^^ FALCOXin.K, mUUNAL HIltDS OV IMIKY. 20U somewhat of a viiltiiriiio natufo ; they feoil much upf)ii carrion, arc rather shijjgish in hahit, ami hick the spirit of tlie typical iiawlv^i. Di'tails ol" rorin vary in tiio three genera Pnli/horns, Ihi/ctci; ami Mili'ii. The hurrk'rs are another small group, in which a rntl', f()rinin'4' an imperl'ijct facial disk, as in the owls, is more or less developed. It consists of the genus Citrus and its subdivisions (to which some add I'dh/bDrfiirlcs, of Africii), C(>ini)risinfj; about fifteeu species oC various |)arts of the world. (Jur species is a tyi)ical example. 4. 'r\H'jisli-Iir large size, iieavy-l)odied, of strong but ri'ther measured lliiiiil, inferior in spirit to tlie true hawks and falcons, and as a rule feed upon humlile game, wiiicli they rather snalcli stealtliily llian captiu'e in o[)en piracy. The I'xtensivc genns 7)"^'') with its subilivisions, and its eoni[)anion Archihiil(>i,. \y^^\\y the buzzards; they include, however, a \ariety of forms, shading into other groups. With them nnist be associated therv/Zcs',- for the popular estimate of these famous great birds as something remarkalily dillerent from ordinary hawks is not eoulirmed by exam- ination of their structure, which is essentially the same as ihal of the buzzards, into which they grade. Although usually of large size, and i)ow<'rl'ul physitiue, they are far bel(jw the smallest falcons in raptorial character, prey like the buzzards, and often st()o[) to carrion. The genus Aijuilii may stand as the type of an eagle; its several species are coiilined to the Old World, with one e\ee|)tion. ffdia'rtns vc[)- resonts a decided nindilieation in adaptation to maritime and piscivorous habits. A celebrated bird of this group is the harp\ I'agle of South America, 'J7irti;i)i(iii.s f>r tliis group ; the several (itlicr jiciicni uMKilly iiilciili'd arc not vci_v iliUcrciit. 'I'lid'e jippoav to lie a1)out scvuiilv-livo sixcics, of llul^t [laits of tlic world. ;•. Lastly, the true /(ili-an.-i arc jiroiiiiiiciilly (li>tiiii:iii>lic(l liy tlio prosoiico of a todtli licliiml a iiotcli of llic upper niandililc. in llic forc^jo'uiij; 'lird.-. the toniia l)cinut it is hoped that he will detect the imperfection of the arrangement, and that his studies will soon convince him of the impossibility of expressing natural relationships in any linear series. ^\'itll this hint, the inviting problem is left open to stinudate investigation. 151. Genus CIRCUS Lacopedo. MamJi Harrir:)-. Adult ^ pale hliiisli-asii, nearly iiiivarioil, Avhitcning helow and on upper lail coverts; (piills blackish townrtl tlio end; lG-18 ; Aving 14-1'); tail 8-1 > ; 9 larger, above dark brown streaked with reddisli-hrown, below the reverse of this; tail banded with these colors; the innnatiirc $ is like the 9 , thougli redder, but in any plumaixc the bird is known by its white upper tail coverts, and generic charac- ters : (ace with rnlls ; wings, tail and tarsi very long, liie latter seutellate i)el'()rc anti behind, and twice as long as the middle too ; nostrils oval, etc. North America, abund- ant. Xests on the ground. WiLs., vi, (17, pi. .'il, f. 2 ; Xfrr., i, lO'.l ; Afi)., i, lOf), pi. 20; Cass, in Bd, 38; Cooi'., 4811. . cvankus var. ih'dsomis. Kici. l:!'.i. >Iiii>li U.iriic-r. ' falcomu.t:, dilun'al hiiids ok pkkv. — (!i:\. ir)2-15l>. 211 152. Gonus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson. Everrildilc Kile. Adult $ l)liK'kisli : covorts and l)iiso of tail feathers Avliitc ; c'cm and fciet yellow ; hill and claws lilack ; iris red; 1()-1S ; winj;^ 13A-1.5i ; (ail (1^-7^, einiiriiinati! : liill ahont 1, cxlremch/ N/c/c/e/' and with a lonj^ hook; tarsi sentellate in front, llie l)are part shorter than the middle too; claws very h)n,i^, gently enrved. 9 and yonn. Dill very short and deep, the eoinniissure with promi- nent festoon: nostrils small, circular ; tarsus short, sentellate anteriorly; outer and middle toe webbed : claws short, stout, llattened beneath. S. At- lantic and (Julf States, X. to Illinois { It'/'ih/n-iii/). WiLs., iii, NO, pi. '2'), f. 1 ; XiTr., i, !)2 ; Aid., i, 7."), \)\. 17 : Cass, in 15i)., ;'.7. mississiitiexsis. 154. Gonus ELANUS Savigny. White-talh-il l{!lp. JJlurk-s/ioiiIi/i'reif h'/'/e. Head, tail and umh'r i)art3 white; back cinereous; most of the winir coverts black; bill black; Icii's yellow ; younir varie., i, 78, pi. 18; Cass, in 1)1)., 'M flucatls. 156. Genus ACCIPITER Brisson. *,* Tarsi. < I'catliereil liut litth' way down in front (in licii. l-'i7 tlie feathering reaches half way to the toes) ; ioes long, slender, iiiueh webbed al base and i)aiUled r ■rV } [ 1 212 r.Ai.fOMD.i;, 1)11 li.NAi, i!ii;i)s or mii.y. — (.i;n. 15(i, ],')7. iiniU'iiiciilli ; liciL'lit of liill ;it liiisc jiic.'itcr tluiii chord of ciiliui'n ; 'Itli tiuill loiificst, 2(1 slidi'tcr lliiiii ''III. 1st vci'v -lioii. 'V\w two foUowinii; spccioa arc oxiictly silikc in cdldi' ; (iiic is !i iiiiiii;ittiic dl' tlic other. The oidiiiiii'v iiluiiiMU'o is dink brown aliovo (diclJC'st on the head, the oc(ii)ital leathers sliowinji white when disturbed) with an ashy or iiliinilieons shade whioli increases with ago, till the general cast is (juite lihiish-ash ; helow, white or whitisli, variously streaked with dark brown and rusty, linaily changing to browiiish-re(l (palest behind and sliglitly ashy across the breast) with the wliite tlii>n only showing in narrow cross-bars ; chin, throat and crissum mostly while with blackish pencilling; wings and tail barred with ashy and brown or blackish, the (juills white-barred basally, the tail wliitish-tiiiped ; bill dark; claws black ; cere and Ccet yellow. Sliinit-sliiiiiicil lluirh. '' Pii/cdii J/(iir/:." l'\'cl cxtreiiieiy slender ; baro poilion of tarsus lonj^cr tliaii iui(l(lle toe; sciilella irccjiu'iitly I'Mseil ; tail s(iiiai'c. (J 10-12 ; wing- ()-7; tail;j-(5. 9 12-14; wing- 7-8 ; tail H-7 . WInilc foot oi or less. A'ortli America, ahuml- :^:^^M\^ ant. Fairo vchxVu'iLS., ~, f. 1 ; Sw. and I'Ki. 11". (.■im.|.it's Hawk. pi. 4(), t. 1 ; !Sw. and Kick., F. 15. -A. ii, 74 ; Ni IT., i. iS7 ; Aui)., i, 100. pl. 2."): CASs.iuDi)., 18; (."oof., 4(J(! rLscis. (Jonjicr'.'i Jhwk. Cliich'cii Ilfiirlc. Feet nioileratel}' stout ; bare portion of tarsus shorter than middle t(te; scutella remaining distinct; tail a little rounded. $ KI-l.S ; wing !)-IO ; tail 7-fS ; 9 18-20; wing 10-11 ; tail 8-1). Whole foot 4 or more. X. Am., especially U. S. ; common. IJonai'., Am. Orn. i, 1, pi. 1, f. 1 ; Aid., i, !I8, pi. 24; Cass, in Bi)., 1(3; Coor., 4(14. J-'(ilco ciKijjtri i\m\ F. slanJeil Is'vtt., i, !)0, 111. A, nw.ctcanii.s Cass. ill 13i)., 17: Cool'., 4ti5, is the same bird cooficitii. 157. Gonus ASTUR Lacopedo. Goxhmrl-. Adult dark bluish-slato blackening on the head, with a vvhilo superciliary stripe; tail witjj four broad dark bars; below, closely barred with white and pale slate, and sharply streaked with blackish. Young dark brown aiiove, the feathers with jjale edges, streaked with tawny-brown on the head and cervix ; below ftdvous-white with oblong brown markings. 9 2 feet long; wing 14 inches ; tail 11; ^ smaller. A large, powerful, and, in peifect plmnage, a very handsome hawk, inhabiting northern Korlh America; the northern half of the United States chielly in winter, but also breeding in mountainous parts. WiLs., vi, 80, pi. 52, f. 3; Xutt., i, 85; AuD., i, !)5, pi. 23; Cass, in IJo., 15; Coor., 407. A variety of the European Astur puhiiabavlus.* atuicai'ILLLS. FALCONID^;, 1)11 IJXAL l!Il;l)S OF I'liKV. — (JKN. l/)8. 213 158, Genus FALCO Linncciis. *Tiirsiis iiKii'c or less rcMtlHTcil jiIiom', I'lscwhiTc irr('j;iilMi'ly ivticnhik' in sniiiU pattern; 2(1(111111 luiii^i'st ; Jstiiloni' dcfidi'diy i'ni:u<;iii;itt' cm inner wi'li. Jerfi.ih'oii, or (I'l/rJaJcou. 'J'lirMis fiiiliiciid fully liiiil'-way down in ii'oiit, Avitli only a narrow bare .stiii) Ix'liiiid, and loiijior tli'u middlo toe ; 1st (luiil f^liortor tliaii 'M\. Upward of 2 tix't 1oiiU ; Cass, in l>i)., 1.'5. Invar, isldiidiiiis, dnvk markings proilominate, and the hill and elaws are dark ; the erown is lighter than the I)aek, and the dark maxillary patches arc slight ; 8, (ireenland ; Iceland; N. Kur. and Am. ; S. to U. S. ill winter. Cass, in lii)., l;i ; Elmot, pi. ;U. Var. r/i/r/alco is like the last, hut M'ith the erown darker than the hack, and the moustaches heavy. Other strains are sometimes recognizeil hy name. 8i'e Xkwtox, I'roe. Phila. Acad. 1S71, !l,") ; KiiKiWAV, i/ji'd. IfciTO, 140; Baiud, Trans. Chicago Acatl. i, 271 sackii (Forst. 1772). Lanier Falcon. Tarsus feathered a third way down in front, iiroadly hare hehiiul, and longer than middle toe; 1st ijuill shorter than third. Afoot and a half long; wing i;5-I4 ; tail 7-S, Above, plain hrown, the feathers hordered with rusty, the nape, forehead and superciliary line white ; helow, white, with brown niaxillaiy patches and other streaks on tiie breast and belly, tiie Hanks barred; tail barred and tii)ped with whitish; adult with yellow iris and yellowisii legs; young with brown iris and bluish legs. Western United States and southward; E. to Illinois {b'ar;/('nf, lluli)., 7, 8. . . communis. ()i;>. /■'. i-iijiijiihiriti, !i liird ol" this section of tlic p;oiiiis, adinittc'd to oui' fiiiina iimlcr the niiiiu' of /■'. ininnifinn (Cass, in l)i>., 10 ; l^i.i.ior, pi. 1)2), docs not !ii)i)c:ir to iiiivc liccii taken witiiin our limits. ** Tarsus scarcely fcatlicrcd aliovc, witli tlic plates in i'roiit enlarfj:cd, appearing like a douliie row of alternatinu' x'liteli.a (ami (jl'leii witli a lew true scutclla at base) ; 1st anil L'uil (|nills iiuaruinate on inner well. P/'jcnn /■'iilciin. Pi'jeoii llmr}-. Adult $ aliovo asli3'-l)Uie, .soniptimos almost hlackisli, soiiicliincs imicli paler: below jial(> fulvous, or ocliraeooiis, wliitisli ou the throat, tlic breast iiiul sides witli lariic ol)l()iiir dark brown .spots with black sliid't lines; tlie tibi..' reddish, streaked with brown ; inner webs of pviniarics with about 8 transverse white or whitish spots ; tail tipped with wiiife, and Avith the outer leather whiteninii' ; with a broad .subterniinal black /one and .'l-l: blae]< bands alternatinLT with whitish; cere iri'eenish- ycllow, leet yellow. 9 with the up[)er parts asln-brown ; the tail with 1-5 indistinct whitish bands ; about 1,") ; winj:; 8; tail 5 ; $ smaller. X. Am., p'uerally distributed, common. Ob.serve that ^[rripiley fiiKciiK is also called "jiiLreon hawk." Wii.s., ii, 107, pi. 15, i". .'1; .Sw. and Ricii., ii, .'l') ; Xutt., i, ()0 ; All)., i, 88, pi. 21 ; Cass, in i)i)., !» cor.iAiiiAiiii'S. lilclnirdxDii'K Falcoit. ,Similar ; sexes nearly alike, i)oth lijihter and more eartliy-browii thiin the 9 of the last ; head nearly white anteriorly ; streaks on the checks line and sparse, those on the breast broad and shar|), light brown, with black shaft lines; tail with (5 ashy-white bands; 9 above with p.airs of ochraceous spots on the feathers, and secondaries witli three oelira- ecous bands: wing H ; tail (! ; tarsus nearly IJ ; $ smaller. Interior X". Am., especially from the ]Mississii)pi to the lioeky ^louiitains. Very near the last; both are very closely related to /•'. (CsaJini of Europe, the fewer bars of the wings and tail i)eing a principal character. KioawAV, I'roo. Phila. Acad. 1870, M5. /'. (vmlnn Rich, and Sw., Fn. Bor.-Am. ii, 37, pi. 25 ; Xitt., ii, 558 ; Coci:s, Proc. Phila. Acad. LSOO, 42. imciiaud.soxii. Ji'ns/'/-rroi'-iti'<} Fdlam. >Sp"nvir Ifairk. Crown iishy-l)Iue, with a chest- nut patch, sometimes small or altogether wanting, sometimes occupying nearly sill the crown ; conspicuous lilack maxillary and auricular patches, which with three others around the iiajjc make seven black [ilaccs in all, but a part of them often obscure or wanting ; back cinnamon browi', in the ^ with a few black spots or iion(>, in the 9 with numerous black bars; wing coverts in the ^ ashy-l)lue, with or without black s[)ots, in the 9 like the back ; quills in both sexes Iilackish with numerous p:ile or white bars on inner wobs ; fail chestnut, in the ^ with one i)road black suliterininal bar, ■white tip, and outer feather mostly white with several black bars; in the 9 the whole tail with numerous iiniierfcct black bars ; below white, variously tinged with bull', or tawny, in the J with a t'ow sni;dl Iilack spots or none, in the 9 with many brown streaks ; throat and vent nearly white and iniinac- nlale in Iiotli sexes; bill dark horn, cere and feet yellow to bright orange; ? FALCONin-K, niUHNAL nillDS ol' I'KF.V. — (IT.N. 1">1*. ■_'i; I I'.. II-'. ^iMiniw ll.iwK. l(t-ll: wiiiir 7; Inil "), nioiv or less. Xoilli Ainorica, cvcnwlicn', very iilimidniil. 'litis clciiMiit lilllc lunvU will lie iniiiK'diiilcly iccoiiiii/.t'd hy its sniiiU si/.c, iiiid c'litii'dy i)ocidiiir colonitioii, idthoiiLiii the iiliiin;iL:'(' varies nlnidst iiilciiniiialily. Ildwivcr tlii' (.'aso may lie uitli tlio A\'c.-1 Indian and olluT cxolic lornis, no races have hern discovered in tliis eonntry siillicienlly marked to rc((niro designation by name, lint we may, perhaps, with :\Ir. IJidgway (Proc. J'liila. Acad. 1.^70, ]•!!)), recogni/.e var. /sd/jc/h'nus, as a Middle .\merican coast form oei'nrring in tiie (Inlf States, although of course it shades directly into ihe ordinary i)lnmage (no rnfons on crown ; se\('ral latei'al tail featheis variegated, the black zone an inch wide; black s[)ots on back and sides very sparse ; l)i'ea>t ochraceoiis ; 9 with the black bars above nnnsnally ln'oiid, upon a fei'rngiu<'oiis groiuid). AViLs., ii, 117, pi. li;, f. 1 : iv, .')7, pi. ;!l', f. _' ; Xirr., i, .VS ; Aro., i, iKt, pi. '22: Ca>s. in 151)., i;}; Cooi-.. 1(12 si'ai:vi:i:h:s. Fiii(nr of head ; wings and tail with numerous white liars; under wing coverts bully with numerous black spots ; throat and breast white or tawny ; belly with a broad black /.one; til)i;e and crissuni orange-l>rown. Length 15 or more: wing lOA : tail ~i^, A widely disfri!)Uted South and Central American spi'cies, reaching just over our Mexican border; it belongs to the same st'ction of the genus as the sparrow hawl . but is not at all like this or any of Ihe foregoing species. Cass, in Ud., 11, pi. 1 ; l)i;i;ssi:u. Ibis, lati.'), iJo^ ; Coles, I'roc. I'hila. Acad. 11. fk.mokalis. 150. Genus BUTEO Cuvier. * Fire outer primaries einai'uinate on inner weli; lijll liiiili ; no>lrils oval, liori- zontal. witii eecenti'ic (uhcrcle; feet robust. (SiiliLicniis Criixircf.) Jlarris Jiii;j;:(ir(l. Dark chocolate-brown, nearly uniform ; wing coNerls iuid tibiie brownish-red: upp<'r tail (>overts, base and \\\) of tail, white; young duller brown, varied with fulvous; 9 nearly 2 1 ; wing l.'i ; tail 10; (J smaller. A South and Central American species, reaching our Gulf border, ^'ery dill'erent from any of the following species; api)roaching the Poli/ltnr! in habits. AuD., i, 2.'), pi. 5; Uo., 4(). I'McixcTrs var. hakkisii. ** Fijur outer primaries emarginate un inner weli. Cooprr'K Jiiix^ard. Very pale; below, pure white, the til)iie tawny, the throat, breast and Hanks with a few dark streaks; a blackish patch on uudt»r wing coverts; crown and hind neck with the feathers largely white at bas(>, with dark tips and streaks; upi)er tail coverts white, rufous-tinged, dark- barred ; tail mostly white, with ashy clouding, marked with rufous and darker in li-niitliwise pattern, and with dark snbterminal /one; liack dark brown with an ashy shade; SIA ; Aving 1.5; tail '.b Santa Clara Co., Cala. ; 2ir, IV\l,('il\ll>.T,. DUKN'AI, IlllIIIS Ol' IMtKV. — liKN". 1')!). one sprciiiicii kiKiwii, wliicli li:is iii)t lii'cii rcCcrrtMl (o ;iiiy l:ieliisli, nearly niiirni'in, tiie tail nearly (■(nieolnr with tli(> rest of tlie plnnia^e, or nioltleil lenirlliwise witli asliy, rnl'ons and white, ami haviuir a dark siihlerniinal har ( in the yoiinir hrown handed with hlacU) ; iiuier wehs of (piills extensively white. Of nearly iho si/.e and furni nt' the fullowin;; speeies ; lihial leathers reniarkal)ly lonjj; and Ihiwini:. " lioni-iana ;" Am., ( )rn. l>iou'. i, I 1 1 , v, .'ISO, pi. ,S(!, and I?. Amer. i, ."iS, pi. ^; N'l I'l'., i, lit."). An oli-cnre species, varionsly intcrpretccl hy diU'crcnt writers. See liAWi;., .\nn. Lye. X. V.v,Ji'(); Cass., III. 101,, and in r,i)., I'l ; IJnvANT. I'roe. IJost. Soe. .N. II. viii, 1()1» ; I'oiios, Troc. IMiila. Aead. iNCd, 4.'); K'iixiwav, ///A/. ISTO, 142; Cooi'., 47;). DiU'erenl "hiaek haw lis" appear to have received this name, hnL Mr. l{id^•\vay informs me that he lielievcs he has (he trne /i(ir/iiii/i, i\\\i\ that it is a ir'>"d species. IIAULAMI. Iti(l-lii/h'il r,ii::::(inK Ih n Umrl;. ,\dnlt dark hrown .above, many leathers witii pale or tawny margins, and npper tail coverts showing; much whitish; Iielow while or reddish-while, with various spots and .streaks of dillerent shades of hrown, u-ener.dly forniintr an irre,i.ndar /.one on the ahdomen ; tiiU (ilitirc Jiri'jlil rhi sliiiit ml, with snlitcrmin.al lilack /one and narrow whitish tip, hclow pe.arly i;i'ay ; winu; coverts dark ; yomiir with the tail jriayish- lirown barred with darker, the npper parts with tawny streakinjj;. A hw^a stontly-bnilt hawk; ? L'o ; win.ir la-i ; tail .SA ; $ 20; wini,^ 14; tail 7. Wir.s., vi, 7(i, 7.S, pi. ,")2, f. 1, 2 (adult and yonnir) ; Nrrr., i, 102; Aud., i, ;12, pi. 7 ; C'ass. in r>i)., 2."). 'Phis is the ordinary bird, .abnmhint in Kastern North America, where it is snbjt>et to comi)aratively liltlo variation. Ill the West, a form with the throat dark coloroil, and llu^ under parts exten- sively rufous, is Ji. niniituiiKs Cass., Proc. Phila. Acad. liS.")(!, ,"»;», imd in r>i)., 21") (but not of XriTAi.L). Cooi'., Id',) ; It. " smiinxiDiir Cass., 111. DS (^iiof //le /nic Kirctiiisnuit ; see bolow). Another western, nudanotie form, in which tlio whole i)luma^ii'e is dark chocolate-brown, with tho tail red and .som-'times ii larjjje red patch on tho breast, is Ji. vahinis Cass., Proc. Phila. Acad, vii, 1(^."),"), 2.SI, and in 1>I)., 22; liirnred in Pacific li. ]{. K'ep. x, i)t. iii, pi. 14; ('()i:i:s, Proe. Phila. Acail. IcSCii;, 44. An unpublished variety IVom C.ape .S(. Ijucas is Ji. hicusaiiKK KiDdWAV, Mss. . . lioitKAMs. Hcd-Shniihh-vfd J>ii::::in(l. (Ieneral plnmajro of the adult of a Yivh fiilrons cast; aI>ove, reddisli-brown, the feathers with dark bi'own centres; below a liirhtcr sli.ade of the s.ame, with narrow dark streaks and white bars; (juills and tail blackish, couspiiaionsly banded wilh pure white, llic. hciid of the ir/'ii'j onni[i('-liriiir,i. Y(.nm]S. p!;iin dark brown al)ove, below white with dark streaks; (piills and tail bancd \vilh whitish ("winter t'nWim,"' /<\ /ti/eiiid/is \\'ii,s., iv, 7;i, 1)1. .'!."), f. 1 ; Ai 1)., Orn. Iiio.ir- i, •i'il, pi. 71 ; /''. hiifcoiif/'s Xirrr., i, 100). Nearly as Iniii/ as />', fjonn //'.■<, but not nearly so heavy; tarsi more naked ; 9 22 ; wiiii^- 14 ; tail !( ; J lit ; winij 1."! ; tail 8 (averairi;). Eastern North Ainerici, very aiinndant. \Vii.s.,vi, Nli, pi. .").'), f. W ; Nirrr., I'AM OMD.K, 1)11 l!\AI. IllltDS (»!' I'liKV. (ii:N. l.'i'.l. 217 i, lOd; AiTi)., i, 10, pi. 1» ; (!ass. in I'.i)., 2S. In iiiliilt i)liiiii.'i;,'o, (his liand- soiiic liawk is iimiiistMkiililc ; Ixil tlic sdidciit iiimv r('(|iiii'c (o IodIc closely iif'lor tlio yoim^'. Tlio wostcni lorm, even (linker "red" tliaii Uw. eastern, is Jf. clt'i/iDin Cass., I'roe. I'liilu. Aead. IS"*,'), 281, and in I'lD., 2.S, liifiired in r. II i;. IJep. \. Cala. Konle, pi. 2: Cool'., 177 i,ini:ati;s. liiiiul-ldHcil r>ii::::iir(l. IMaek or lilaekisli, upper parls witli an indelinile iininlier of piu'e wliite spots ; hases of i)riinaries white with hlaeii hars ; tail of llio adult with three hroad wliite hars, of the yoiiiiL!,' willi several niirrower iniporroet ones; yoini,!,' varied with rusty? Sniidler than any of the fore- ^oinir, more siiufhtly hniit, and otherwise; ohvioii^ly diHereni ; ahont l.S; winy 1'); tail ;i. California (('(in/irr), Arizona ( Cnitr.-i), and sontliward. ScLATKK, Trfins. Zcuil. Soe. l.s.")S, 2ii;'>, pi. .V.I (.Mexico); CoiKS, Proc. riiila. Acad, isoil, li); (.'ooi-., 17;t /onockucus. *** T/iri'c outer (|iiills eniiirLiiiiale uii iimrr weli. iSircn'nsnii'.t Jiii::::(ir(l. l^xtreniely v.ari.ahle in color, hut nsnidly showing 11 I)roud dark pectoral hand contrasted with liLtht snrroiinilins nearest Ji. nihjiiris of Kuropc. Ji. viiJijiirln S\v. and liicii., V. B.-A. ii, 17, pi. 27; Xurr., ii, f),")!) ; Auo., i, 30, pi. (> ; Fnh-ii hnlcn Ai;i)., Orn. Iiioir. iv, 2(tS, pi. ,'572: /*'. uinnfdiiini Nurr., i, 2d ed. 112; />'. .smihisn,,; Cass, in I5i)., lH (not, of 111. it.S) ; Coop., 47(; ; V,u., P. \l U. ]{ep. x, pt. iii, pis. 12, l.".. //. hti/ri/h' Hoy, Proc. Phila. Acad, is.j;-,, .t51 (AVisconsin) ; Cass., III. i, H'.i, 2.-.7, pi. 41, and in P)i)., 21, is tlio i/onii'/, diU'erin";' matcri.ally in color. />'. /'iist'ijiKi/iis Cass., III. 102, lilS, pi. ;}1, and in I'.i)., 2:\ (Canada ; Xehraska ; California) ; Cooi'., 17 1, is a melanotic pininaiie. ... .... swainsonii. ./iroml-ir/'ii'/cil /ji(::;:ar(L Ahove, mnher-hrown, the leathers with ])aler, or even with fulvous or ash3'-white, odirinir, (hose of the hind head and nape cottony-white at hase ; (jnills hlackisli, ir.ost of (he inner webs white, harred with dusky ; (ail with about three broad dark /ones al(eriia(ing with narrow whi(e ones, and wliite-ti[)ped ; ronsji/ciioiin diislci/ >ii(i,r/II(iri/ jiafc/ics; under parts whue, or lawny, variously streaked, s|)otted or Imrrccl with rusty or rufous, (his color usually predominadnir in .adult birds, when (he white chiefly ajjpcars as oval or circular spots on each feather; throat gcncr.ally whiter than elsewhere, naia'owly dark-lined. In (he young, (he upper i)arts are duller brown, varied witii white, the under parts tawny-whitish with linear and oblong dark sjxjts, (he bail grayisii-brow.i with numerous dark bars. 9 18; wing 11; tail 7: ^ less. lOastern North .\inerica, and (hroughout Middle America (o Panama ; cominou. A r.adicr sm.aLl but stout si)ecies, with short broad wings, very dill'erent from any of (he foregoing, and easily recogni/ed ; (hi; maxillary patches are a strong feature. Wu.s., vi, !)2, pi. ;>1, f. 1 ; Xurr., i, 10.") : Aiu., i, I.), pi. 10; Cass, in P)i)., 2!». J'^dlco la/if<.shitiis Wihs., /. (\ (later copies) ricNNsvLVANiccs. KKV TO N. A. DIUDS. -'8 .■ I 5^18 I'Ai.cdNiD.i;, r)iii!N.\r, iiiiids nr i-iM.v. — (ir.\. llJO. t)!'.-*. I CMIIIKll llillllll Itlltl'li liXl//ilrril.1 (('X'''*,, ri'oC. I'llilll. Al'ild. 1M'),'>, 'JS-J, Mllll ill ltl>. ,•">() ; Foil I''illiii()l'(', N. M.) :is M \ :ilii| s|i('i'it's, iiltliuiiuli I iilii liiil i)l'('|i,'ii'i'i| to tissi^ii it IIS II syiioiiyiii of iiiiv olio of tlii' ron'i^'oiii;^. 'i'lic ly|it' iiinl mily rccdjr. ni/i'u\x ; wiuiX I'i l"^: lail n Hi. I'diii' oiilcr |iriiiiaiif> fiiiaiLiiiiati' mi inner wrlp. Hoiiijli-lt iiijiil llit::::(inl. I'u'low, wIiKc, viirioiisly (lark-iiiiirkcd, ami (irtcii with ii iu'oiul lil.'ick nli(l(iiiiiiiiil /.(iiic ; ImiI liciicrally no rcriii^'iiicoiis. Nuilli Amci'icii ; iiliiiiKlaiif . 'I'lio hliick iia\vl<, .1. sdiicll-JulKnniix, is a iiiciaiiolii' slate, in wliieli Ilic wliole |)Iiiiiia_ire is nearly unilorin liiaeUisli. 'I'liis docs not apjiear to liave lieeii olisi rvcd in tlie I'Jiroiiean hird, ol' wliieli mirs is a vai'it'ty. 'I'lie name ad()})led, it must Ik; oliseived, is not intended to (liscriminati^ this black i)hiniii."., f. 1 ; V, -JK), jil. 'i.">, f. 1,2; /'. ii/;/Pr WiLS., vi. .S:> ; JJittro hi;/i,ijiis S\v. and IJicii., F. I'.. -A. ii. rr2, pi. i>.s ; Xirr., 1, !I7, US; Aid., i, Ki, pi. II. Cass, in lio., '.'>'2, '.'<■'>; Cooi'., is.'i. , i.acoi'IS var. sancti-.ioiianms. J'\'rni(). S. Arizona, iireediiig (/iciidirt', in ejiiK/.). ^1. ji/'i;//'i/(i S(;iir.., Mus. I'.-IJ. AMitrimr, \ ; Scr.. and Sai.v., I'roc. Zool. Soc. I.SC.'J, l;U). (Xot ill the Key.) I'LAijiata. T HM r.\r,(i>Mi).i;, diiknai, niitns oi- imikv. — (ir.N. li!l, 1'!-', H!.'t, Itil. 21!' 161. Oonus ONYCIIOTES Ridgway. (Iriilni's /lii;:::iir|icciim'n known, snintosed to conn! from C'alit'ornia. KiixavAV, I'roc. I'hila. Acad. I.STO, ll'.t. . (ii!i;i!i;i!ii. 102. GonuH PANDION Suvigny. Osprii/. /■'/■•>// Ifiiirk. riuniai;c lackinir artershai!-;, compact, imhriciited, oily, to resist water; tiial of the leijfs siiort an 'lose, ik.' t'oi'inini,' llie llowin;;- tnfts seen in most other u'enera, that of tiic head ien,i,dliened, acnminate ; i)rimary coverts still' and acmninate. Feet innnens(dy iari,'(! and stronjjj, the tarsns entirely nakeil, i:rannlar-reti(adato, the toes all of the same lemrtli, niiweitlied at liasc, very scai)rons nnderneatli, the outer versatile; claws very larire, rounded nnderneatli. ilook of tin; hill loni:' ; nostrils touchinj? cdire of the cere. Aliove, dark brown ; most of tlu; head and neck, and the under parts, white, latter sometimes with a tawny shade, and streaked with Itrown. 2 feet lon,;,^ win;,' l-S-i'O inches ; tail S-IO. Temperate Xctrtli America, abundant; miiiiatory, piscivorous. \Vii,s., v, l.'i, pi. .'17; Xirr., i, IS; Ai:i)., i, ()l, pi. If); Cas.s. in 15i)., It; Cooi'., \')\. . iiai,iai;ti;s. 103. Genus AQUILA Auctorum. (I'lilili'ii /un/li'. Tarsus com})letely feather(;d. Dark brown with a pur- plish gloss; lanceolate fc^atiicrs of head and neck, i^olden-brown ; ()uill.s blackish; in the youii,_% tail wiiilo, with a broad teiauinal black zone. About '.') feet lonir ; win;,' u|)ward of 2 feet; tail a foot or more;. Xortli America, rather northerly, in winter south ordinarily to about .'i.')^. ^^'lf.s., vii, l;'), pl. ■).'), f. 1; Xirr., i, Oi' ; Ai:i)., i, .')(), pi. 12. A. atiKuleiniin Cass, in Ijd., 41 ; Coop.,-!!!! ciiuvsaktus. 104. Gonus HALIAETUS Savigny. lidld Emih.. Tarsus naked. Dark l)rown ; head and tail while after the third year; before this, theses parts like the rest of the plumage. About the .size of the last species. Innnature birds average larger than the adidts ; th ; Aui)., i, 57, pl. 11; Cass, in Bd., 43; Coop., 451. . . licicocki'uallts. i \\ 220 CATHAliTIDvT':, AMEUK'.W MI.Tl KKS. — (iK\. IH'). Oils, 'I'lic (irci'iilMinl ScM 1",!il;|,.. ff. iillu'r;il,i ; aiid tlio Xortlieiii So;i EM1. :>I, oh)^ both usiiiiUy attriliiitccl to our r;iui;;i, ii'iii;iiii to he dctcftcil, tlii' foiiiiiT in X. K.. tlio liitter ill X. AV., ijorlioiis. II. iiiliKjiciiH liiis 1 I I'octrici'S, and \n otherwisu tli.stinct. I!;il.l I■;:l^'!l■. 165. Gonus POLYBORUS Vicillot. ('iirai'dnt Jin::::ii.rrts, with yellowish-white; anrieiiiars whitish; tail whitish, narrowly hliijk-liarred and with liroad hlaek terminal zone; primaries like- wise harred with ^vhilish ; feet yellow ; hill ;:recnish-while. Length :^;j ; wiuj: 1")-17; tail ahoiit 10. .Southern horder, Florida to California; a reniarkahle form, allied in some res|)eets (o the vultures." Aui)., i, 21, pi. 4; Nltt., 1, r)2 ; ("ass. in Bd., -15; Coop., \\)-1. TiiAiiUS var. \ui)i;i'.oNii. Family CATHARTIDiE. American Vultures. Head, and part of the neek, more or less eoinpletely hare of leathers ; eyes flush with th(! side of the liead, not overshadowed liy a siii)eieiliary shield ; ears small and siiiii)le. J Jill lengt honed, coi'traeti'(l toward the liase, inodiTately hooked and comparative!}- weak. Nostrils very laifje. completely perforateil, through lack of a bony seiitum. Wings very lonj.''. ample and strong; tail moderate. Anterior toes long for the order, welibed at liase; hind to(> elevateil, very short ; claws compara- tively lengthened, obtuse, little eiu\eil and weak. 'Vo thesi' exteinal characters, which distinguish our vultures, 1 may add, that there .•ue nninerous osteological peculiarities. A lower larynx is not develoix'il. The cajjacious gullet dilates into an immense crop. The cu'ca are extreniely small. The feathers lack an attershaft. rVitiiiWV-™****-*''*****"-^'- CATHAKTID.K, AMKliKAN' Vfl/mtKS. 221 Tlic Aiiu'ricaii vnlliircs (liHiT in so ni;niy os^j;'nti;il vcsp.'cts from tliusi' of tin; Old AVoi'M, lliMl they fdioiild im(|iu'-.tiini:ilily vank as a scparalc I'ainily, wliatcvur may lie tlic i)ni|)ricty of iiiiitiiiL;- tlic ollicis willi tlic Ftdcitiiiild-. \\\ a certain sciiso, they rcprosfiil tlii" <;alliiia(i'oii.s tyiio of striictiirc : uiir siiccics of ('niJuirlvK. i'oY instiuico, hi'ar a curious sinnrfuial rc;ers of carrion and animal refuse of all sorts — I'dieient and almost indisponsiililo scavengers in the -vvarni countries where they abound. They ai'c uncleanly in their mode of feediuLr; the nature nf tlu'ir food renders them ill-scented, and when di>turheil tliey eject the f(etid contents of the cro|). Althi>u;j,h iKit truly urcLiarinus. they assemlile in multi- tudes wl'cri' food is pU^nty. and some species lirei'd in eonnnunities. When liorLii'd, they a|)pear lu'avy and inijisposril to excrlinn. n--iialiy [la^siuLr the period of diires- tion niutionless, in a li-^tless altitude, witli tlie wiie^s half-spread. IJut tliey spend in the .air; thi'ii' lli;iht is easy and liraceful le tridund. Ihcv most of the time on win: :. circiuii hiuii in the extreme, and ('a|)alile of heinir indefinitrly prutraeled. (In tl hahitually walk instead of iirnoressin^; liy leajis. I ossessuiii no vcical apparatus the vulluri's are almost unite. emittiuL;' only a weak hissi;in' sound. The phuaaLii' in t'dlhoiii'!' is somlire and un\ai'ird; it-; iliaiiLics are slinlit ; tin' sexes are alilic in color; the 9 is not lariicr than tiie J. 'I'he fanidus condor of the jVndes. .Sov,/-. hiiii}iliiix 'iri/iiliii.t. the kini; \ ulture, .s. jio/'ii. and the loliowiiei species of Ciilliiirh'!*, with their one or two Siuilli Ami lericau aualouues. ci).,.'>: Coop.. 4!tl!. CAMroii.NiANis. Titrki'i/ Jhcryiril, JMackish-brown ; (piills ashy-gray on their under sm-race : head red : feet llesli-colored ; i)ill white. Skin of the head corru- gated, sparsely beset with iiristle-like feathers; plumage connnencing in a circli! on the neck : nostrils very laige and open ; tail rounded. Length about 2A i'eet ; extent (! : wing i' ; tail L V. S., from Atlantic to I'acilie, and somewhat northward : abundant in more southern portions ; resident as far north as New Jersey. Nests on the ground, or near it, in hollow stumps and logs, generally breeding in coninnmities : eggs commonly two, creamy w'.iile, blotched and speckled, i'',' by 1;. ^VII,s., ix, i)l. 7."), f. 1 ; Xi rr., i, ■U) : Ari)., i, L"), pi. 2; Cass, in lii)., 1; Coor., ;")(».'! aika. Carrion Craw. Blackish; quills very l)ale, almost whitish, on the under surface; liead dusky; bill and feet grayish-yellow. Skin of the head as in the last si)ceies, but plumage running up the back of the neck to a jjoint on the hind head ; nostrils as before ; tail square. Smaller than (iiira, in linear dimensions, but a heavier I)ird : length about '2 feet : wing 1;\ ; tail H. The dill'erence in size and shape betwei'U this species and (iiini is strikingly dis- played when the birds are Hying together, as constantly occurs In the South- ern States ; there is also a radical diirerence in the mode of llight, this si)ecies never sailing for any distance without llaiiping the wings. }s<'stiiig die same : eggs similar, but larger, or at any rate more elongate; :]\ by 2. Chielly South Atlantic and tJulf States, there very numerous, far outnumbering the turkey buzzard, and semi-domesticated in the towns; X. regularly to North Carolina, thence stragirling even to Massachusetts (J/l/soii ; I'itnam, I'roe. Ki>.. [i. li ; Ci.ir.s, I'roc. I'hila. Acad. l.'SOC, p. Ill ; Ai.li;n, Dull. Mas. t'omp. Zool. ii, lfs7i, p. .'U^. coLUMniu.T:, pigeons. 22:5 Order C0LUMB5;. Columbine Birds. An ossciiti;!l cliMi'Mctor of hinls of tliis onkT is s.'cii in the strnctnro of tlic liiii : liornyiind convex al tlic lip, soiiicwliat coMtractctl in the continnity, riu'nislu'd at the base witli a soft swoIUmi iiicniliranc in wliioii tlio nostrils oiion. Tliere arc Ibnr toes, tinx'c nnti'iior, gi-ncrally cU't't, lint occasionally with a sliirht hasal wcl), ami one behind, with few exce|itions perfectly insistent or not olivion-resents one, Diihdir ; another, DIdiiiiriiliiJii', consists of tin- only less singular tooth-hilled pigeori, iJiihnii-iilns stri'ji- rcxf ris, ol' t\\c Navigator Islands; the third is Uk' ('uhrniliiilif. Sonic, lii<(> l.illjc- l)f)rg, enlarge the order, under name of I'lillayfrir^ to receive the ('rm-iihr (see beyond), .Miid Mcr/djioiliilir. liig-feet or mouud-birds of the Ivwt Indies; mainly on account, it would a|ipear, of the position of the hallux in these families; but the balance of evidence favors their reference to the gaHinac(>ons birds. Tlu>re is no question that the columbine arc very closely relatcil to the rasorial birds, but it seems best to draw the liiu^ betw(>cn them as aliove indicated; ami I shall accord- ingly close the great lu^essorial series with the Family COLUMBIDiE. Pigeons. 10 is- 1- ies lie nil oe. lio !•"», 'S. is hat ler- ■l-.s. The faniilv niav be i'v: micd snuply oy exclnsum I lie I)lihiii<:ii!iilii' and I)!iliilii\ Wit I one exci ption onr species u ill be immciliatelv rccounizeil by their like: to the familiar inmat(lrict of which XcwCiuinca is the centre, where more than a fourth of the siiccies occur. 31r. Wallace accrominenl and characferi-tii- featu!<^s of the Vvifauna." (Xr.wroN.) There are three prominent grou[is ol' pigeons. The Trcrniiin'i' are I'xclusively frugivorous and arlioi'icolc spinaes, with short, sol't, broad-soled and extensively' feathered feet, It rectrices, and soft lustri'less plumage, of which green is the characteristic color. These are all OM ^\'orM : the genera are Tivmn and Plllonn- juis, with their sul)divisions ; ••.")! s|iecics are conlincd to the Austro-JFalayan, while 2S inhaljit the Indo-Malayan. suliregion ; in India I i. and in Africa (i species are ionml ; ■"iH inhabit the I'acific I>!ands. and m occur in Australia or Xew Zealand, wiiiU' Xew (Jninea h:is II species." (\Vai.i. \rr.. ) The (idnriiui' are more or less terrestrial si)ecies, of both hemisiihcres. embracing a considerable number of more varied generic forms. In the Xew (Hiinean (I'mrd ror'niaiii there are HJ rectrices, and the head is (•rested ; in the siu'^ular ('■iln nus iiirdlnu-icii. fetithcrs (jf the njjper parts are acinninate, elongate and even pt'ndnlons ; each of these is sometimes made the tyiie of a family. 'J'here ari' several other Old World' foi'uis, such as Trii'i'iii, J'Ikijis, I[iiiii'iijili(iji>i. (if'ijif.Kps, I,iijili()jili< - • • - , V\i,. 11".. WiM l'i^'ri>ri. ashy, the inner webs basally lilack with a chestnut patch; bill black; feet yellow: 9 and young duller and more brownish or olivaceous above, below dull grayish, with a tawny tinge anteriorly, or c|uile gray : very young have the feathers skirled with whitish ; l."i-17; wing- 7-S ; tail about the same, cuneate, of 12 narrow acuminate' feathers. "Wanders continually in search KEv 10 N. A. initiis. •-':• 22G coMMiiin.T-., riOKOxs, — r,i:\. IC,[), 170, 171, 172. Fii;. llii. C'aioliiiii Dnvc. of fi)., 004 c.\uoLixi:.\sis. 170. Gcmis ZEN-fflDA Bonaparte. Zciuiidd Dove. Olive-frray with a reddish tinu'e, crown and imder parts vinaccous-red, sides and axillars bluish: a velvety black auricular spot, .and others on the wing coverts and tertiaries ; secondaries tip[)ed witii white; neck with metallic lustre; middle tail feathers like the back, others bluish with whiter tips, ii black band intervening; 10; wing 0; tail l, rounded. West Indies and Florida Keys. Ijonai*., Am. Orn. ii, pi. 1.5, f. 2; Nltt., i, 02.5; Aui)., V, 1, pi. 281 ; Ui)., (502 amamilis. 171. Genus MELOPELEIA Bonaparte. \Mille-ir!n(jvd Dove. A broad oblicpie white l)ar on the wing, formed by ends of greater coverts and alula. Tail feathers, except the middle, broiidiy tipped with white ; general phnnage resembling that of the Carolina dove; 11-12; wing (5-(U ; tail ,5, rounded. Southwestern U. S. and southward. Vohiiiiha trudeaul Avu., \\'\, 'Sbi, \A. ■i^^i\. B:;., (iOo. . . LKUcorxKUA. 172. Genus CHAM-ffiPELEIA Swainson. (rroniid Dove. Grayish-olive, glossed with blue on the hind head and neck, most feathers of the fore parts with darker edges, those of the breast with dusky centres; forehead, sides of head and neck, lesser wing coveils and under parts pnri)lish-red of variable intensity, paler or grayish in the 9 ; under smTacc of wings orange-brown uv chestnut, this color sulfusing the quills to a great extent, upper surface spriidvled with lustrous steel-blue m coLUMnin.'E, I'lOF.ONS. — ciKX. 17.'5, 174, ITf*. 227 spots; middle tiiil foatlicrs like tlio back, others l)liiisli-l)l;ic'k ; feet yellow ; bill yellow will) dark tip; diiniinitive ; (J-liA ; wing SA, with inner second- aries nearl}' as long as the primaries; tail 2',', rounded. Soulhern U. S., Atlantic to Pacific, but cliiclly coastwise; X. to the Carolinas, anil accident- ally to Washington, I). C ; connnon. Wil.s., iv, 1 '>, i)l. •[(! ; Ni tt., i, ():)!') ; Ari)., V, 1!), pi. 283; lii)., (!()(!; Coor., .'}1(). Var. 2)alh'we)in IJi)., Proc. Phila. Acad. 18511, 305 ; Cooi'., 517 ; Capo St. Lucas. . . I'asseuina. 173. Genus SCARDAFELLA Bonaparte. Srcilif Dove. General coloration much as in the ground dove, but all the body-icathers with sharp dark border producing a scaled appearance; tail long and cuneate, with (M?) narrow acuminate feathers, as in the common dove, broadly tipped with white, except the middle pair; wing shaded as in the ground dove. Small ; 8 ; wing and tail about 4. Mexico to U. S. border. Bo., (105; Klmot, pi. 37 ; Cooi'., 511). . squamosa var. inca. 174. Gemis GEOTRYGON Gosso. lu'i/ Wi'-^f Ddvc. Above, vinaceous-red with highly iridescent lustre of various tints; below pale pm'plish fading to creamy; an infraocular stripe and the throat white; 11; wing and tail almut (I, latter roimded. West Indies and Key West. CnJionliu inonhnia, Aun., v, 14, pi. 282. Nutt., i, 2d ed. 751!; Hi)., (i07 maktixica. 175. Genus STARNCENAS Bonaparte. Ulue-headcd G'roinid Ddvc. Crown rich blue bounded by black ; a white stripe under the eye meeting its fellow on the chin ; throat black, bordered with white ; general color oIivaccous-clK)colatc above, purplish-red below, lighter centrall}' ; 11; wing 5A ; tail 4A. West Indies and Florida Keys. A remarkable form, grading towards the gallinaceous birds in structure and habits ; bill short ; wings and tail very short, former rounded and concave, latter nearly even; legs very long and stf>ut ; tarsus bare, reticulate; hind toe not strictly insistent. Aun., v, 23, pi. 281; Nurr., i, 2d ed. 701); Bd., G08 cvaxocephala. I I • 228 calling;, OALLINACEOrS llIItDS. Subclass IL AVES TERRESTRES, or CURSORES. TElUiESTJUAL llllWS. Tliis second serii's iiicliulcs !il! living birds, lictwcoii tho CnJiniilii' and the Lam- C'llirostrcs, oxoi'iitin^. pvolialily, the ostrielies and tlicir allies. J^ikc the other two divisions called "sulielasses" in the jiresent work, it is insnseeiitihle of delinition l)y cliaraeter.s of more tlian the slit^liti'st niori)hologieal importance, and conse- quently has nothing of liie taxonomie value conniionly attaching to groups so named. It may he considered, however, to represent the Ideological generalization, that a certain miniher of liirds, diilering greatly in sirncture, are collectively modified in a way that lits them for similar modes ol" lile — that several dillerent types of structure are bent to subserve a particular cud. In a certain sense, there- fore the Citrsdirn may be said to hold together more by analogical relationship than by special morphological aliinity ; and among them there is certainl}' greater diversity of structure than that existing between some of them and the birds standing upon the couliues of Jiiacssnrvs and XkIhIoick. On the one hand, the gallinaceous birds shade directly into the columbine, while on the other, the G'mUutori's arc perfectly linked with the Xatuton'.-^ by means of tlio llamiiigf)es. As implied in their name, tho birds of this series are especially terrestrial in habit, spending most of tho time (jn tho ground, not on trees or the water ; although most of them lly vigorously, and some swim well. A character of general applicability is tho combination of long or strong legs (as compareliy pioeesses. 'J'he win;;s are short, stout and concave, confiiiin'^ i)ower of ia|iid, whinini:. but, iniiuotractt'd, lli^ht. The tail varies extremely; it is entirely wanting in some {genera, ciKM'iuously (U'veloped in others; the rectrices vaiy in nnuiber, liut are connnonly more than twelve. The stei'uum, with cirtain exceptions, shows a peculiar eonfoiniatiou ; the posteri(jr notches sei'u in most birds, are inordinately enlariicd, so that the bone, viewi'd \ertically, seems in most of its extent to be simply a narrow central i)r()jection, with two lorn; backward processes on each side, the outer commonly hammer-shaped ; this form is modified in tiie tinamous, curas- sows, mound-birds and sand-ni'ouse, and not at all siiown in the iioa/.iu. The palate is scliizojj'nathous ; tlicrc; are other distinctive osteolonical characters. As a I'ule, tiie (liiiestive system presents an ample special croi). a highly nui>cular iri/zard, and large C(eca ; " the inferior lai'ynx is always devoiil of intrinsic nmscles" ( //c.iVi spnct'^, ami rclaloil io the plovcr-i in otiiris. A siiiLiuiar circnnislanct! is a lack of tlii' uxlcnsivc vcitdiral iinciiyldscs n--n:il in liirdsi, all the vorlotini' rcinaiuiiifj; distinct {/'nrhir). 'i'lic croi) is said to 111' wanliiiii i" some, as is also tlio liind toe. 'riiiTi! arc sonic twenty cMiTcnl species ol' the principal jxcnns, Turin'.r, to which (Iray adds the AlVicaii Orl'iX'Ins iiiilj}'rfiii'i\ and Ihu Australian I'lili'iii'imux lorijiniins ; the latter is placod, liy some, «illi liie (.'nilhr. ■I. The sand-uronse, I'li'i-nrli'ilir, inosculate with the piixcons. ;is the Tnrniciihv do with the plo\ers. 'I'he di;4'estivc system is fowl-liio' ; the sternum in I'/rrnrfi's departs IVoni the rasoiial type to appi'oach tlie cohiniliine, liie moililieation lieini; even more maiked than in the next family; the ptcrylosis is pijreon-likc. lackinLT ariersharts (///m'/d/), or havinu' small ones { .\'il:scli). The winu's arc very lonjx and pointed, the Ici'l short , with reijneed hallns, and varialile li'iilhcriMLT. Conlincil to MiMope. Asia and Africa: the princi|ial ucnus, I'lirnclfK, has alionl a do/cn spi'cics ; the only other, Siirrliiiiil(':<, has two. !'>. The moiind-liirds, Mi i/ii/mdiihf, as the name implies, h.avc l.arLie feel, with little ciir\('d cl.aws, and Icnulhcned insistent halhix. They share this last feature with the Ci-ih-iilii ('leyond) ; and the osseous stru( line of these two families, except as re:.r.irds pnciimalieily. is strikin^jly similar. I'lotii >-how a mollification of the sternum, the inner one of the two notches heiiie; less instead of more than half as deep ;is the sternum is louir, as in typical ddllin'i'. Coulineil to Australia and the Ivist Indies; Mi ijajuxlin^ is the principal gi'iuis, of a dozen or more species; there arc three others, I'acii ol a species or two. 0. The guinea-fowl. Xmniiliilir, of which a species, Xinni'ilii vwlrmiris, is com- monly seen in domestication, are an Afiicau and Madajrasi'an type. \Vliilc the forel'iplii"< /iii>teMt, ahont :\ tlio midillo too; tail graduated, longer tlian tlie wings, id' lii featlieis. Length nearly 2 feet; wing HA incjies; tail 11; tarsus 2;i^ ; niidille toe tlio same. Dark olivaeeoiis, jialer and tinged witli lirownisli-yelhiw hidow, plinnlieon.s on the head; tail green, tip|)ed witli wliite except on the middle pair of leathers; hill and feet [ilnmheoiis. Mexico, to Texas. <), rt-liiln Lawk. , Ann. Lye. X. Y. lb.")l, 110 ; (). poUorciilnihi Cass., 111. I'tw, pi. 11 ; (). llHICCItlln r>l)., (ill VKTLLA. Family MELEAGRIDJE, Turkeys. Head and upiier neck naked, eaniiienlate ; in our species with a de\\hi|) and erectile process. 'I'arsi naked, sentellate lielore and licliinil, spurred in the J. 'fail broad, rounded, of I l~l.s leatiiers. riiiniage coinpaci, lustrous ; in our si)eeie.s witii a tiil't of iiair-like feathers on the breast. One genus, two species. Jf. ncclld- liis is a very beautiful s[)eeies of Central America. I 177. Gonus MELEAGRIS Linncciis. Tiivkci/. Upper tail eoverls ehestntil, will: i)aler or whitish lii)s; tail feather.s tii)peil with hrowni-sh-yellow or whitish; .'J-t feet long, etc. Wild in Texas, Xew .Mexieo, Arizona and southward: domesticated elsewhere. There i.s reason to believe that the Mexiean bird is the oriifiiial of the domestic race ; it was upon this form, im[)orted into Knroi)e, that Linnfens impo.sed the name (jaUnpavi) (Fn. Snee. Xo. llhS; Syst. Nat. i, 1 7(ii!, 2()S), which has generally been a[)i)lied to the following feral variety. M. r i •2:]j TKTIIAONID.K, (IKOUsi;, TAi; I'ltlDUKS. — (IKN. 17H. iiif'.rictni'i (iol l.l>, I'roc. /ool. Soc. \K',I], CI; I'll)., (IIS; lCl,I,|f)T, pi. .'tH ; ('mil'., "cM (iAI.I.orWO. \ar. AMiiiii \\\ l)\i;i ., 'I'ljiv. 1 7!il , •JIH). d'nllnpin'o xi/lrr.ilris Ia: (.\tSTi:, I'roo. riiil.i. Aciiil. IN.'.T. 1711 ; .1/. ;/"//'./"('•-. A 111., V, I-.', Ills. 2.S7, 1'XM; NriT., i, (l;l{» ; Hn., (Il.'i. riipci' tiiil coverts willioiil lijilil li|)-<, iind cinls id' lull rcMllicr-* sciirccly [iMlcr. This is llic (iriliiiiiiy wiM tiiiiii'v ol" Ivislcni North Aini'i'ii':i ; N. to ( aiifid;!, wlicri; it is siiicl still to occur; !iii|i:ir(Mitly cxliriiiilcil in New l'ji;j,l;iiiil. N'.NV. to Hid Missouri, imd S.W. to 'i'cxiis (Ah'IhIi'ih). TIic sliLtlit (lill'crciiccs Just notcil seem 1o lie riiiiMrKiilily const ant. mimI Io Kc rarely, ire\cr. slimvii liy t lie oilier I'oi'Mi, altlioii .;ii, MS usual ill (loiiiestic hirds, this last \aries iiileiiiiiiialily in color. Family TETRAONID^. Grouse, etc. All Hie rcniMiiiiiiji ^lalliiKiceoiis liirds iire \eiy closely rcl.'itcil, and tliey will proli- tilily coiistiliilc a siicjle family, alllioii^li the term 'I'lh-niniiilir is ii>iially restiicl<'d to llic true irroiisc as helow dclineil ( 'I'flrdiiin'iin'), the pai'tridjics lieiiiy; ('reeled into iinotliei raiiiily, /'( ril!ri'(hi\ willi several snld'ainilies. I'liil the i^roiise do not appear to diller more I'rom the partridges than these do i'roin cicli other, and they are all variously interrelated; so that no violence will lie oU'ereil in uniliu;j; them. One >;roup of the partridges is conliued (o America ; all the rest to the Old World. The leadim; I'orius amoiiii' the latter arc /'i;v//,i', the true partridLje; < 'nfuruiXy Ww iiui: (jiiail ; Friiiicoliiiii.i, the I'raneolins: with ll'ithihn^ and ('iuthIiIx. In all, perlia|iH a hundred species and a dozen ^•encra. \Vitliont attcmptinij to I'rame ii laiiiily dia;iiiosis to cover all their nioililicatioiis, I will pri'cisely deline the American forms, as |W(J siilil'amilies. Siil,j\ni,!lii 'IKIU. \().\l\. /•;. (,'roiisi'. Head completely feathcroil, exceptinu;, usually, :i naked strip of skiu over the eye. N'isal fossie tlensely feathered. Tarsi iiioro or less perfectly feathere(l, thu feathcrinu; sometimes extendiicj; on the toes to the claws : the tcK's, when naked, with frinjiodike processes. Tail variable in shape, hut never f(jlded, of lli-2() feathers. Sides of the neck frequently with lenj^thened or otherwise modilied feathers, or :i hare disteiisilile skin, or lioth. The true jironse are coiilined to the northern heinisphere, and reach their lii;^hest development, as a f^roiip, in North America, when! singularly varied forms occur. The only Old World species are — tlu> great Tclnio itrmjiiHnx, or capercailzie of Kiirope, and its allied Asiatic species; '/'I'Into ti'tn'x, the "black game" of Kiiroiie, with curiously curled tail feathers; 'I'llrno fiiklininth of Silu'ria, the represen- tative of our spruce; partridge ; llniiaxd hclnlind of Northern ICiirope and Asia, like our rnll'ed grouse; and two or three si)ecies of (itarinigan (Ldijiqnix). 178. Genus TETRAO Linnccus. •„* No peculiar feathers on the neck; tarsus feathered to the toes; tail mod- orate, little rounded, of 1 (i I'O broail feathers. AVoodlaiid birds of northerly or al|iine dlstriliiition. Our species diller materially from the iMiropean capercailzie, 7'. iirii'iiiJIiis, typi; of the genus, and miglit l)c properly se|)arate(|. * Tail normally of Id (II is) leathers, {('iiiiin'f.) Canaiht (ironsp. ,'^/iriicr Piirtriihjc. ^ l)el(»\v mostly lijack with iiimierous wliitc sjujIs ; above, veriniciilulod v. ith blackisli and slate, and kIMil TKTit ADNiD.v,, (iiioi sK, r\i!i'i;ii)iii:s. — (ii',\. IT'.t, isti. 2'.V.\ itlicrcil, tlio I'li;. 117. ( ;iiia tiiwiiy, csix'i'i.illy oii the \viii;j:-i ; ijiiills v:irii'L;-,it('(| with l;i\viiy ; tail willi !i Icriniiial (ii;iii;j;('-lir()Wii liuinl, it-* iipiicr coviTts jtlaiii ; I."i-I7; wiiij; 7; tail ") ; 9 rather h's-*, iiii coii- tiniioiis lilaciv l)(>h)\v, hut varici^'alcil with lilacUish, white and tawny; uixive, iiiiieli a-i ill (he ^t , l)iit iiKire tawny. \. Am., iiortiieily; in Ihit. Am., \V. to Alasjia; in l'. S., W. t<. Uoeky .Mts. ; S. into tiie noilhern tier ol' stales; Maine, and easiiaily tit Massaejni-etts. Nirrr., i, (!(i7 ; Aid., v, N."., |il. 21M : ]Ji)., (122 ( anai)i;nsis. \';ii-. I liANKi.iMi. 'I'ail less roniideil, laekiiiu Ilii' tei'iiiiiial ()r;iii;j;e-lii'c)Wii liaiid, mill its upper coverts eoiispicu(iii--ly wiiite-t ipped. h'oeliy mid CaM'iiile .Mis., I'. S. 1J|>., (;•_>;;; Cn.)!'., ■.L".l. **Tail iii>niialiv ol' L'O (IS -J^?) I'eatliei's. {l),'iiilrii'j'ii>iis,) DksLi/ (,'riiiisc. J hiaelvisli, more or less varieiz'ated witli slate-i^rjiy, oi" a peeiiliar slaty-hlaek ; throat and sides marketl with white ; lireast hiaek ; Ixdly slal(! ; tail cloiiiled with slate and hlaeU, .and with a hroad terminal slate liar; lS-2(); wiiiirH-K); taTl 7-S ; 9 sinaiier, not partieiilai'Iy dilleront in (U)lor, lint not so iinirormly darl<, havinii' oelirey or reildish-hrown varie!j;a- tioii in pl.iees. Koeky ami oilier .Moiinlains, T. S. to tin; I'aeille. Xirr., i, (!()(>; Aui)., V, Nil, pi. l'H.'i ; Hi)., (I2i> : (.'iioi'., .''iiid. . . . ouscuitu.s. Var. lariiAUDsoNM. Tail nearly s([iiare, eiilireiy liiaek', or with only a slii;liL sli' tippiiij;. ('I'lilra! Uorlvy .MoiiiiImIiis and iiorlhwaiil. Coor., .Vs-_'. 170. Gonus CENTROCERCUS Swain.son, Sii;/r Cif (lie I'hi'uiK. Tail very loiiir, ('(|iiallim,' or (vveoodin.i^ lie wiiiiTs, of twenty sliU'eneil, ;^radiiated, narrowly aenminate feathers; sides of lower neck with a patch of peculiar shar[i scaly feathers, the shafts (if which lorminale in bristly lilanuMits, sonetimes ;>-l inches long in tlio ^ ; tarsi full fealhercd. W-ry large; two feet or more long, wing and tail each ahoiit (not; 9 iiinch smaller. Aliove, variegated with lilaek, gray and tawny low, a large hlack ahdominal patch in the adult. Conlined to the ster' laiiis and sage-hrnsh {Arfcniisiii) tr.icts of Wesl(!rn l^ S. ; S. to alit III. 58; N r., 1, (.Mojave river; (JiKi/icr). Sw. and Rich., F. 15. -A. ii, o.VS, ()(i(i ; All)., V, lot!, 1)1. 2117; ]>i)., (121. iuoi'HASianu.s. 180. Gonus PEDICECETES Baird. *„* Neck without pe(Miliar feathers ; tail very short, of sixleiMi narrow, soft, true rcetriecs, and a middle pair, ai)pareiitly developed coverts, projectiiij^ an inch lieyoiid the rest; tarsi fully I'eatliereil. liCii^th ahoiit IfS ; wiiij; H-'J; tail .') (I. JSi'low, white, with mniieroiis d.'irk marks; atiove, varici^ated with lil.ackish mihI wiiite, or tawny; (|iiills dusky, with white or tawny spots on the outer web; central tail I'eatiier.s like tiie hack, olll ile on the inner wel). Scxiss alike, Ki;v ni N. A. mans, mi 1 234 TKTIiAOMD.r,, (ili'USK, rAliTlilUOKS. — (IKN. IN I, JK'arlhfi II .'^/i(tij!-/>ii'/i(I (iiovfc. The ni!irl/(/. 1«()1, . ■)(!!. . imiasianem.us. A'ar. coMMiiiAMs. C., v, 1 10. pi. !'!•«. ]!i)., C.-JO. J', mhiwhiiiinin Ki.i.niT. /. r. ; Coor.. i'l,"!".'. 'I'liis is tiie ordiiiaiy l'. S. lijid, alniiidant fin the prairies IVoni A\'i>e(iii'^in and Kansas westward. !t is .'leein-ately diseriniinated from the dark northern form liy I>r. Siiekley and ^Ir. Klliot. wlio, however, incorrei'lly snppose thai the two forms sire distinct species; they are !orc(l skin, oapal)le of j:feat distension; tail short, rouinlcd, of ci;;ht<'cn stillisli, not acuminate, feathers : larsi liarcly feathered to the toes. Lenizth ItJ-iy; ■vvinj^ J^-'.l ; tail about T). Ahovc, variciralcd with hlack, brown, tawny or ochrey, and white, the latter especially on the \vin,i.'s ; helow, pretty rejjfnlarly barred with dark brown, white and lawny; throat tawny, a little speckled, or not ; vent and crissinn mostly white ; ipiills fnscoiis, with white spots on the onler webs; tail fnscons, with narrow or imperfect white or tawny bars and tiiKs; sexes alike in c(dor, bnt 9 smaller, with shorter rii;. lis r....i ..r vni-m \W\\. neck-tiifts. This w( II known bird f;>rinerly ranjreil across the I'nited Slates, in (([XMi ('(Minlry, from the Atlantic to the Kasterii foothills of the IJocky Mountains, and now abounds on the i)rairies. from Illinois ami \Viscnnsin, to .Middle Kansas at least, if not found on the dryer plains weslwanl. It has liceu almost extir[)aled in the Middle and Eiisteru States, thoujrh it still occurs sparinjrly in isolated localities in Xew York, New .Jersey, rcnnsylvania, Lonj; island, Nantucket and .Martha's ^■ineyard, etc. lis abundance, and the oxc(dlenc(> of its llesh: reinh'r it an object of comnn'rcial importance. Thoiifrh there may be little pi'obability of its cxruKlion. h-iris- lalion Mirainst its wanl(Mi or ill-timed deslruclion would be a nu'asnre of obvious propriety. Wii.s., iii, 1()|, pi. 27; Nitt., i, (!i'>i'; .\ri)., v. H.'i, pi. !'!•(; ; IJi)., (;i>,s crnuo. TKTKAOXID.K, (iKOl.'SK, I'AinUIIMiKS. — V.ES. 162, IS.".. •ii) 1 182. Qonus BONASA Stephens. Riiflhl Grouso. I'lirlritl'je: N'cw ICiiitImikI and Midillc Stiitos. JVirnsinit; .Soutlieni States. Sides of tlio neck willi u tuft of iiuincroiis (lij-.'iO), hroad. soft. "■Icssv-lilack fcatlicrs; head with a full soft cresl : tail ahout as loiiir as tl le w ings, amply niiiiidcd, of (iiorinallv) eiditcMM soft liroad featluMs; tarsi naked helow. Len<;tli KI-l.S; winur 7-iS. Si'xes nearly ■alike; varieirated reddish- or uray- ish-hrown, llie hack witli minieiMiis, oblonjx, pale, blaek-edired spots ; lielow, wliilisli iiarrc d Willi 111 ■own tail with a liroad siiliterniinal Mack zone, and tipped with irray. A woodland liird, like the s[iccics nf '/;-// •(III, a iimdaiith' dislrihiitcd over Kastern North America, well kixiwn under the above names in diliereiit seclidiis; lint it i i neither a partridu:e nor a pheasant. Th il drnmminj;" sound for which this hinl is noted, is not !' is prudiiced liy rapidly lieatinif the wiiiura vocal, as souk? sup[)ose, tdgelher, or airaiiisl soiik' hard dhicct, a-< a fallen h Wii, I!): N I'i'ijfii'ii. Var. i\'uiiiii. IIT, I, li.)« At 1) V. 1 il. I'll; i>i>. (;;'.!). , vi, IC, pi. iMiJi:i.i>is. slMt\ iiay till' pi>'\ailinLr sliaile. Ivmky M. iiiiitaoi l)n| ,, vMllM. k~, l.illl Dailv ■|": \\i, is-j'.i. 1 Is :>i>. ',IL'.' cliotiiiit-liiduii till' prcvailiii;^' s, iiad> racilie Cuusl Dili (,i.\», iliiil. t; l!i> (' 183. Qonus LAGOPUS Vieillot. * ,* No peciiiiMr leal her-; on neck ; tarsi and to,'-; deiisi'ly feathia'cl; tail short, little roinicleil, iioiiually of II liroad feathers, with hiii!.;' upper coverts, some of which re-ieiiilpje rectriccs. r>oi'eal and alpine ifi'uii-ic, shiipcil nearly as in ('miitfc, remarkalile fur the .seasmiul ehan;j:es it\' phiiiiaiie, liet'iimiiiu' in winter snow-white. There are only live or six species, at most, and prolialily fewer; we certainly iiave tin thice here jiiveii. jr//7';*e I'liiriiilijiiii. Tail Mack ; no Mack stripe mi head ; hill very stout, eiilmeii '{, or more, its de|ith at liaso as miicii as the distance fnnii inisal fossa to tip. In summer, the fore parts rich eliestnuf or oraiiL'e-hrown, variegated with Maekish. the upper parts and -Ides liarred with Maekish, tawny and white: most dther parts white. l.'i-17; wing S ; tail ."i. IJritish America, into northernmost l'. S. Ni rr.. i.lITI; Ai;i)., v, HI, [)1. 2!i:t ; 15ii.. iVX.\. I., siiliili Sw. and Uicii., V\\. rxir.-Am. ii, ."(."il. . . alius. Jiorh J'ffirnii'/ini. Tail Iilack ; J with a Mack transoeular stripe; hill blenderer, eulmen .ahoiil '-;, depth at liase less than distance from nasal fossa to tip. In siininier, the general plumage irregularly handed with hiack, reddish-yellow, and white. Kather smallet' than the foregoing. Arctic I II (I iJSG TKTllAOMD.r,, OliOUSE, I'AliTlMIKiKS. tlKN. \H[. Anicric'!!. S\v. iiixl IJirii., I'li. 15(ir.-Aiii. ii, .">.") I, pi. CI; Xtir., i, (ilO ; All)., V, \-2-2, pi. :'.ul ; Hi)., »;;;."). //.. anierlvdinis All)., v, 1 1'.t. pi. ."JOG; l)iis('il oil L. iiiiiIks S\v. aiul Ivicii., Fii. lior.-Aiii. ii, ;ir)0. . i;I'1'i:stkis. \\'/ii/i-/iilh'il J'fariiiii/ini. Tail wiiitc at all seasons; in winter, no lilack anywiicro ; in sniimicr, liarrcd with dark Iirown and ofhrcy ; iiill slender, and otiier iimportions nearly as in llie last. A species of alpine distribution ill western Xoitli Ameriea, tVoin tlie Arclie re^doiis to New .Mexieo (lat. 'M°), Sw. and Hicii.. Fii. lioi.-Ani. ii. ',)'^^'l, pi. (!.'!; Xitt., i, (111'; Aid., v, 12j, pi. oU2; r>i). ,(!;]() : Co(»r.,")42 ijuci uus. SiilifiiwH'i f)I>(i\T<>rilal lu^sic nut liUcduitli feathers, ilic noslrijs covcicil wllli a nakcil scale. Tarsi ami toes nnlicd. the latter scarcely of nut fiin^eil. ( lar partriilui's may he distinunisheil. ;iMi(aiLi -Vimricaa Ifilllnn. hy ijic lun'^oing eliaiaeteis. lai'. hut IVuui tho--c of the Old Wuild; ainl il is highly iliiiadhalile that, as a iiidiip. they are sepaialile IVoai all the furms ul' the latter hy any decided pecnliaiities. I lind that the -*iS", \^h, priMci|ial supposed character, naaiily. a tuuthinu' of the under iiiandiiile, is very faintly iii(|icated ill suMie lurins. and entirely waiit- \\\>l ill others. J'ciidinji final issue, however, it is expedient to recon- 1 ze the firoiip, so strictly limited {•coiirapliically, if not otherwise. Several Iteaiitifiil ami imiiuitant jiciiera occur within our limits, hut these partiidiics are most mnneroiis in species ill Central and South Aiuerica. 0(/o„/.,/,/,.„/(n is the leadiiiji {;eims, with perhaps la s|)ecies ; A'((y/M/e/,«„7-/.r :iiid I), „ilrnialler than the ^ . !i-l(» ; winjr lA-'' ; tail •J-h-'.). Eastern I'liiteil Slates to hii:h central i)lains ; the charaeteristic jranic i)iril of this conntrv. Kir.ufs white. Wii.s., vi, l'1, jil. 17; Ni rr., i, (147; All)., V, i')!!, pi. 2sii ; I'.d., (IKi vii;(;imanls. V:ir. 1 r.iiitiHAM's C'oii;s, ?(. r. IJatlier siiKillcr. the,/ mIkiiiI the size (if the? riiyiiiiiiiii'n, liiil hill relatively lariMi'. ami jet-lihiik ; eniors (hirli>., (ill. Si/e uf Jlnridii- inis; colors pnler, the ]ire\;iilinn' shade rather jziay than lirown ; iiiumt [larts much varie;iate(l with tawny. Texas. Ons. Anioii'i the thoiisiinil-^ ol' liuli-white-; yearly ilotroyeil, alliiiinlic or nielau- otie, Mnd other alindrniMJIy eojiireil sii((iiiien<. are l'rei|U(iilly luiind ; Imt the ]iereenlML;e (if these eases is nuthiiin' UMllsii;il. ."..il tile siiortslii;iii Millet he eiiiitiolied aiiainst siiii|i(i>in!; that, siieh Mids liiive !iny status, in a seientilie point oC \ie\v, lieyonil their iliu-tratinn <<[' etalMin peil'eetiy wi'li known \ariations. Sueli s[ieei- niens, howL'\er, are interest inu' and \aliniliie, and slionld always he [iresiTwd. 185. Gcnu.s OREOKTYX Baird. J'hiiiicil J'ni/rii/'jr. Muiiiildlii (Jiiiiil of. the Caiilorniaiis. With an ■'irrowy cn'sl of two sleinler keeled feathers, ;j-l inches Ion:.' in (he ^ when fully ilevcloped, shorter in the 9 . An clcirant species, nuich larirer than the lioh- white, inhahiliiii; the inonntainoiis pails of California and Oregon. A foot lonir; wini:- over .") inches; tail over ."5 ; whole foot alioiit ;i ; 9 rather less. Hinder half of liody above, with winirs and tail, rich dark olive-lirown, the inner edi.fes of the inner (piills lirownish- white ; hinder half hidow pnrplish-chestmit, barred with white, hlack ami tawny : fore parts above and below slaty-bhu; (al)ove more or less glossed with olive, below linely marbled with black), tin; chin .and thioat purplish-chestnut, edited with black and bonnded by a white slriiie nieetinii- its fidlow nndcr the bill ; 9 snlliciently similar. Aid., v, (iii, pi. I'lil ; Nirr., i, iM ed. T'.H ; 15i)., i;i2; Cooi'., •'•^•' I'lCTLS. 111.. I.il. I'liniii'il I'Mlriilitt'- 180. Genus LOPIIORTYX Bonaparte. *,* With an eleizant eri'st. reenrved helniet-wisc, of .several (fi-10) keeled, cluhlied, ;^lo-sy Maek imbricated feathers, more than an iiieh loni; when fully devehipcd : in the 9. smaller, of few.T fe:itliers. linlk uf the boh-white. but lonjier : 111 llj ; win;^ 1 or more ; tail .i or more. r., rAKTi:ii>(;i:s. — (ii:\. I.s7. ('(ilifiimi'ii. Piii'h-i'hir. Vitllii/ (hiiill (if the Calituniiaiis. ^ witli ii sniull wliitc line from l)ill to cyt' ; lorilu'iid wliitisli with Mack lines; on-ipiit .sniiiUy-liruuii ; nuchal ami cervical t'catlici's witii very darlc ediriiiir and sliall lines, and I'lic uhiti>li s|ieckliiiir ; ircncral color ot" upper i)arts asliy with .stronir oli*e-ln'own ^j^Ioss, the ed,i:in,i:: of liie inner (piills hrowiiish-oranLre ; fore hreast slaly-l)lue ; under [)arts tawny deepening; centrally into rich •jolden-hrown or oran,ij:e-chestnut, all the feathers sharply edjied with jet- hlack : sides like the i)ack, with sharp white stripes ; vent, Hanks and eris- suni tawny, witii dark .>trip<'s, IW-sides lackinjj; the delinite head-inarkinirs, the 9 wants the ridi sienna color of the under parts, wiuch are whitish or lawny, with Mack sendcircles as in the ^ ; the Itreast is ()live-., v, (!7, pl.i".iii; Xirr., i. lM cd. 7Mt : 1'.i>.,(;M: Cooi-., .') lit. . cai.iioiink is. (•"iii/zd's I'tiilridijr. Aii::iiafl lines, lint few dark ediLriuLTs or none, and no white speidvlini;; treneral c(d(U' of upper parts "lear ash, the <(li.dni,' of the inuei' (pulls white ; fore hreast like the hack ; luider parts whili-h, middle of Ixdly with a lar^re jct-l)lack patch ; -ides rich pur|/lish- cliestnut with sharp white stripes; vent, llanks and crissinn white with dusky streaks. Iiesides lackiiij; the detinite head-niarkiuirs, the 9 wants the Mack ahdoniinal area, where the feathers are whitish with dark lenirtiiwis(! touchi's. New Mexico and Arizona, both in inountains and valle s very ahundant ; K. to I'eeos and San !. ;ario, 'I'exas. l)ey(Uid III.. I.-.J. (. iiiiImI- I'.iiiri.i.'c. which re|)la( . d !)y the .Ma-s(.|i;i partrid^'c ; \\. to Coloiado 1{. and >!ii:lilly lieyoml : N. to ii.') and piohaMy a little fin-ther: S. into .Mexico. Cass., 111. I,"), pi. ',» ; ('(.rr.s, IVoc. I'hila. .\ead. KS(')(!, .V.I. and IMs. IsCd. lii; i5i).. (', |.". ; Cooi'., ,"»,");> (> wiiiDi.ii. 187. Genus CALLIPEPLA Wnglor. Sviilcil Ph; crissinn ru>ty with dark streaks. 9 not pirti(adarly diirerent. H-IO; winir •"» : tail 1. Texjis, .\ew Mexico, .Vri/.ona and south- ward. Cass., 111. 1l".I, pi. Ill ; I'd., C. 1(1 ; Cooi-., .')."»(;. . . st^UA.MATA. CiK KAI.r.ATOIir.S, WADIMi lilUhS. — (iKN. 1^8. j;;i» ' with !i ; orripiit mil sliiil't shy with -(triuiiro ; into rich wit! I jcl- iiiitl cris- ii;irkiii,i-'^i vhitish or Lower o Hiver; )., V, (i7, •OltMCt S. iiu' ; i'oro- [)ut clu'st- witli (hirk or iioiic, color ot" l!.r of the tlic I>acU ; lly with !i [niri/lish- ■s; vciit, y >trciil\S. iiiurlsiiii:^, rcM. whcri' ■iiLrthwisc liotli in lint; K. <. hcyoiul iirtriil;.'!' ; V :i litlh- ii. .\c;ul. (;amiii:i.ii. (lIMVisll- ith wliitc cdiriii^' "t |uiils. ami irticiihirly mil soiitli- -(.il AMATA. 1?R. Gonus CYRTONYX Gould. Jfdxsciiii ]\iili!ihii\ (J with tlic hciul .'iiijriiiMrly striped wilii hliicU aiid white; the upper parts variej:ated with M.icU, wliile and tawny, and willi l)airctl IdacU spots on tlie wini,'s; helow vcdvety l)lacl<, piirplisli-chestnut aloni^ ^'- - 'J54i^^ tlio niiddh' line, and with ninnerons siiarp circ.ilar white spots; '.l-lo lonir ; win;,' (! ; tail i\\ tarsus 1{. 9 sniallei', ami entirely dill'ei'ent in coh.r, Imt easily recoirni/ed hy the peculiar j^cneric characters; tail very >-iiort, sol't, almost hidden hy its coverts; wini: coverts and innci' (piills liij:hly de\(doped ; toes short; claws very larsre ; head with a short, lull, soft, occipital crest. Texas. 1..,. r.;, m.-,.,m i'.„i i.i.,. New Mexico, Arizona and sontliward. N. at lea.~t to .").">". ('a>s.. ill. I'l, pi. I : I'.i).,tll7: Cool-., 'j.Vs massk.va. Oits. 'I'iie Welcome r!nli'iclj:;e. /■,'((/)nv(7((p;ui' is iiCMcr.llly ol' Colisiilel'- iilile ieiiulli. lint in sexeial L;ciier;i tlie cuds nl' liii. fcMllurs ifiicli l<> tiie joint, while ill otlu'ls tile liliiie :nc coiii|plctely IimIIk red. 'I'lie li'L's :ire i|sii;i!ly loiiu' ; .'is ;i rule the neck i^ IcML'thi'md /"/// / m ■■■.■< n ; :ind the leiiirlli ol' llic Kill is ;il>o in smiie measure eorrespi indent. Ill its ciiiTellt Mcci'litMlinii. the niijcr docs not ;ippi':ii- sus<'c|p- tilile of t'uither, or of ;iiiy very exael, ileliiiilioii. IJi-ides its scver.il lc;idiiiLr and cli.iiactcrislie •,n(vii|w. it conliiiiis a miiuhcr of siii^uhir uiitlyiii^;' I'litiiis. mostly ri'presciitcil each liy;i siiii^lc lJciius. the location of \\hi<'h has not liccii satisfactorily detciiiiiucil. Present indications are. liowe\cr. that all the •jrallatoi ial hinls «ill fall ill one or a:ii>tl llu icr oi III I'll' \x rroiijis. to ili\ ciil;iiiially ilc-.i;;ii:i|cd as siili- c iiia\ lie a|ipici\iiuatcly orders. All of these occur in this coiiiitiN ; their naliiii indicated, .'is follows : — - I. I.IM I( ( )i,,K. Sli'iri-hn-ili. Coiniiioiilx known as the ;ii'.it •• plo\ci'-siiipe piroiip," from the circnmstaiiee that the pln\ialliic and scolopaiiiie hiicls form the l>iilk of the di\isioii. 'I'iic species aM'rane of small size, with rounded or deprcsseij (iicM'r extremely coiii|pressed) hody, and live in o|>eii plai-es on the ;.;roinid, iisiiallv liy the water's edi;e. With rare exeeptioii-;, the head is coniplclcly fealhercd ; the jieiieral plerylosis is of i\ nearly iniiform pattern. The o^teoloiiical charaelers are sluirecl to some extent liy certain swiniiiiiim hirds. as >_riills .-lud auks; the palate Is sehizo^inathous : the e:irotic|s are donlilc ; the s\iiiiL;eal muscles, not more than one le eL;';is, .•i\('ra:iiiiu; loin. rule pair. 'I'lie pliy-ioloi.de:il natnit' is pnecocial : ll are laid on the .uroinid in a rnile no.t or hare depression ; tin- ,\onm;' hatch clothed 210 (il!.\IX.\T()I!KS, WADINCi lUUDS. iiiiil ;iIj1c 1(1 run !il)f)ii). Tlio fooil is insects, worms, and other small or soft aiiiinals, I'illii'i' |iicla'ii M|) from llii; sinraci', or prohoil for in soft sanil or innil. or forcecl to rise liy staiii|)iiii^ willi the Ibct. on tiic j^roinul ; from tliis latter circmnstanci', the liirds liavc liccn naMUMJ ('iilrainns (sfanipers), \\'illi a few cxccplions, tiic \\\u\i is loiij;. tiiin, Hal ami pointcil, with narnjw stilf iirimarii'-*. rapidly ;_'raihiat('(l from 1st to |(Jth : secondaries in turn ra[)idiy li'nLitiieninLr from williont inward, the posterior liorderiif tiie wimr tiins ^iiowinir two salient points separated jjy a deep cmari^ina- tion. The tail, never lonir, is connnonly ipiite short, and lias fioni \'2 (the usual nnmlier) np to •_'n or even :.'(; fi'atjiers (in a rcmarJialilc uroni) ot" snipe). The le;j;s are connnonly lenu'lhened, sometimes eslrenu'ly so, rarely ipiile short, and are nsnally slendei- ; they are indill'erently sentellate or retienlate, or holh. The feathers rarely i-eaeh tlie snlfraLTo. The toes are short (as compareil with the case of herons !uid rails, of the next i;ron|)). the anterior usually semiiialmate, fre- (jnently cleft to the base, rarely palmate or loliate : the hinder is always shoil and elevated, or alisent. 'I'lie hill varies nmeh in h'nuth and contc^nr, lint is almost always slender, contracted from the frontal legion of the sknil, and as lonij; as, or nmi'h lonirer than, the head, represontimi the ■• pressirostral " and " lon^iirostral " ty|)es of (nvier. I'urlherniore. it is L;-enerally in larLi'e I'art, if not entirely, covered with sottish skin, often nnanliranons and sensitive to tiie very ti|i. and only rarely hard thron;ihout. Tlu nostril is -generally a slit in the meniliranons (lart, and prolialily never feathered. Most of the families of this di\ision are well represenleil in this country, and will he found fully characteri/ed iieyond. The cxlra-limital ones are: — ()liiliilii\ linstards, an important j^roni) of Kiu'ope, Asia and Africa, cont.aininij; some 20 species ; it has a certain Lrallinaceous hent, and stands, like the Tiirnirliln', near the houndary hue of the two orders. 'I'iie remarkalile jieniis C/n'miin, oi' two South Aru'rican species, forms the family C'/iiniiido' (or sheath-hills, so called hecause the hill is invested Ity a horny sheath formiuLra false cere), with some gallinaceous rela- tionshi[)s. and appears to hcdonj; here, near the oysler-catehors. The 'riiinni-nriiUi', or '■ lark-iiartridii'cs," as they are called, consistinLt of the South Amerii'an f>ener;i Thin'x'iiriix and AUiiijis, of few species, .appear to lie plover-like liirds, near the glareoline irroni) of the latter. 'l"he siuLiidar African llrnnuifi iirili nhi. rei)resenting a family DronKnIiiln, ol' nncertaiu position, is sometimes placeil near the avocets, sometimes with th.e herons, and is occa-^ionally remmiMl to another order. 11. Ill'.KODIOXl^S. Jfrrciis (del tlwir ;ii't, iMiiioiitly i><- sly elevated, the siieeies o./ical niitnvc ,e nest. The jiroeiii-ed by III ill w:vit, or alUers). The wediieil sliillie, ,., lures, and it on!ary;es ro<^iilariy to the forehead, wliere tlie slviill contracts iiradiially in sloi)iii;4 down to meet it. The palate is dcsnioniiathons. The wini;s normally show !i striking; ililference from those of Lhaiml'f, l)ciii<^ loni;, broad and aiiii)le, miieU as in the next ;^roui). The herons (Ar(li'i in some forms. The wings are usually short, rounded and concave; the tail is very short, fcw-featlu'red, often held coi'ked up, and wagged in unison with a bobliing motion ol" tlii! head that occurs with each step taken. The Ahxtoridi-s are schi/.ognathous. 'i'his conntrv alibrds typical n-presentativcs of the two leading forms, that of the cranes, ami of the rails, coots ami gallinules, as given beyond ; there are, however, a number of remarkable outliers, that may Ik; biielly mentioned, as follows;— 'I'lie kagii, Itliiiinrliiiliis jiihnliia i)[' New Caledonia, and the i",irU', Kuryiii/ijii Iwlias of (iiiiana, are each the t vi il single rcpri'sentative of a family which seems near the cranes in piineipal osteological charaiters (llnxlo/), allhough pterylogra|)lii- cally they are more like herons, both possessing powder-down tracts (Jiatilrtf) ; and Euriijiii'id, in particular, resembles herons in other resi)ects. More closely allied to the cranes are the truin[ieters, I'suji/iiidd'. of one genus ami few species of South America, with the cariamas, C'driamitld., of the same country, re|)rescnted only by the Cirianiii (•/■/.s/h/u and the Chnuija hiirmeisfi'rii. The horned screamers, I'liliiiiiciliiihr, of South America, consisting of three species, I\il(iiiii'd<>n ciiriiKln, Vhdiiita rhiirdrid and ('. ilcrliiniid, seem to be nearer the rails, and also closely approach the water birds ; one of them is by some considered the nearest living hi:\ To .N. lUUlis 1. ! I J \n ii ., 242 riiAi;Ai)i!iii).v,, ri.ovKii. iilly < ' tlic iiU'sozoic Arrlm iij:lnlrr fJMICOL^K. Share JUnls. (Spo p. i\\\^.) Family CHARADRIIDiE. Plover. This is a lar<.'e and im|)urtant I'amily of ne.arly a hniidretl species, of all parts of the vdild. Its limits are not settled, there beinji' a few forms sometimes referred here, sometimes made the types of distinct families. I exclude from it the genera Tliiiiiiruriin, Allii'iis, .'ind (liimiia, noted on a |irecediii^ jiai:!'. Tiie <;lareoles ((lJ if not (iliiriiiliilii ) are a remarkable Old World form, like lon!i'-lejrij;e(l swallows, with a cnckfio's bill ; the tail is forked ; there are four toes ; the win^s are extremely lonji and pointed ; the tarsi are seutellate; the midille claw denticulate. The eonrsers. ('urmriitm', are another Old World type, near the l)iistards, of one or two ;j;enera and less than ten species. In both of these the t;ape of tlii' month is l(m small base of tin; bill, usually fully feathered. Size moderate or small. Onr species (exceptiiiii' J/(// /•/;((, if I'eally bel(Uiginf Chili, are peculiar forms. Species of Clirt/nsid, LnhirinivlhiK. and J/njiln/iliriis have tleshy wattles, or a tubercle, often developed into a spine, on the win<;, or both ; some of these, and others, are crested. These are [Note. The Bonus Oriis. Intiilvnrtcnilv iiiinOii'ioil 'Wt in tlii' K<>y. will lii> Innnil nr\l iitlor jffim- 'i'lH ) BBSSSS ciiAUADUiiD.i:, n.ovKU. — (ji:n. is'i, l<)(). 2[;\ iill lu'iir ]'peeiiled, veiy lar;:;c at one end and pointeil at tiie otiier, plaecci with tlie small ends tojfethcr in a slij^ht nest or mere dcpressinn in tlie ui'ound. The sexes ai'c generally similar, Itnl the clian^os with aj;e and scas.m are iireat. Oiis. 'I'he lMn'o[iean lapwinn', I'didlns (•/•/.s/if/Ks, is reported Ity Mr. Dall from Ala--ka. where, however, siieeimcns were not taken. (.Vlaska and its l{e-,onrce-. p.,'i.si;. ) 189. Genus SQUATAROLA Cuvior. llliick-JielHed I'loccr. Bcclte-hediled I'/oirr. Wlil>ill!ii2. ^rrcnt lliicks in llic TmII, ii well-known uiul lii^'lily-nilcd <,'!inio Itinl. It is very nciir (lie i'Jiiiiiiriin sitccics, hut sccnis distinct ; tlic iixilliirs iiro frray, nut wliitc. It Miiiiciirs to \>v ji vjiricty 1. ;il(; ; Cass, in lii)., (i'.Mi Fiil.vis viir. viitdiNlcu.s. 101-2. Genua ^GIALITIS Boio. •,* l'liwii!i;ie not spcckh'il ; hclow, while ; head niiil neck wilii liliick hands in the hreediufi season. * 'I'arsns aliout liaM' !is lon^ aj^ain as the midille toe. (^/■.';//((//7/.>(.) h'ililier PInrcr. K'ninp and ujjper tail eoverls tawny or or!in;j:e-l)rown, most o( the tail feathers white at base and tip, sntlnsed with oranjjo-hrown in a part of their len^'th, and with l-.'i hlaek liars; secondaries mostly white, anSi'/iu'pitliiiiifi'd IVorcr. liitnj IVorcr. Hhi'iuerh. Dark ashy-brown with an olivjiccons slitide ; very broad coronal and pectoral black biii's, in the adult of both sexes, that on the breast grayish-brown in the young, I)ut .still evident; edges of eyelids bright orange; bill moderately short and stout, orange or yellow, black-tipjied ; legs ycdlowish ; toes eonspicuously semi- palmate. About 7 ; tail about h as long as the wings, rounded. North America, abundant. Hreeds northward. Wii.s., vii, (i."), pi. .')!», f. 3 ; Nutt., ii, 21; AuD., v, 21.S, pi. .■520; Cass, in liD., niijuihiififKn), and the hind head is linjrcd with I'nlvoiiH, as in iri/sonhis; it may lie at oncc^ rccoLnii/cd hy its entirely black hill, slend<'r, ahonl n lonir; h'L's dark; several lateral tail feathers entirely white; (lA-? lonfj; ; winir l-lj; tail 2 or less. Calilurnia coast, when! I found it atiinidaut in winter: Ihis, ISlKI, 21 \. It IicIoul's to a dillerent snh-group from the foreiroinir, and appears to he identical with tin; connnon Kentish plover of lMiro|)e, ^1. aiii/imin ; hut 1 have had no opportunity of a direct comparison. Cass, in l»i>., (!I)(i. . . canti ana. *• 'I'arsiis alioiit, twice as lun;j; as llie niiilille tne. (/'uiliisun/s,) Mounldlit IVorcr. l>ill hlack, slender, an inch loni: ; middlt! toe .-ind claw the same; tarsus l'^ ; lihiu' hare over A ; ahont !• ; winir to l.."iO in the jrrcater .axis, liy 1.10 in th(! transvers(> ; color an olive drah with a sliirht hrown shade, thickly marked, especially toward the larircr cud, with small sharp spccklini; and fine dottinir of hiackish, dark hrown and neutral tint. (Descrihed tVom two sj)ecimens in tlu' Smithsonian collection, taken hy IIavdi'-N, July, IS.V.), in Nebraska). C/idrddrins ninii/innis Aid., v, 2\'->, pi. .'!I8 ; .K'lidlilii^ nutiildnits Cass, in Hi)., (Iil3; I'ddu-wci/s IIG; Elliot, pi. ;ii». . . . i/diiiis Col T.s, Troc. I'hila. Acad. IStJl!, vsiATK IS var. .montanus. ' 193. Qonus APHRIZA Audubon. Surf Ii! I'll. Dark ashy-hrown, streaked with white on tlie head and neck, and in summer with che.'tnnt and hiaek on the I»ack ; up[)er tail coverts white ; umler parts ivhilo, often ashy-shaded, and v.ariously marked with blackish; tail hlack and white; bases and shafts of primaries, most of the secondari<'s, and tips of <;rcater coverts, white : bill black, licsh-colored .at base below; lejrs dnsky-irreenish ; !»-10; win;; about 7; tail .'i or less; bill 1 ; tarsus 1|, reticulate; hind toe jjresent ; front toes cleft to the !>aso. Varies greatly in plnmaire with .ago and season. A remarkable bird, appar- ently a plover, connecting this family witii the next, and also related to the sandpipers. Extensively dispersed on the coasts :ind islands of the Pacific. Cass, in IJu., ()'J8 ; Aphrha lownsentlii Aud., v, 22f>, pi. 32:i. . viKOArA. ,i 1 1 ' I I V 2lf! II.1.M Ar(il'((|>M».l., OVSTKU-C.VTCIIKUS, TUUNSTONKM. (iKN. I'.M, 111.'). Family H-ffiMATOPODlDiE. Oystor-catchors. Turnstouos. A .".iii.ill laiiiily ol' two ,i,0'iiriM aiiil six or nielli species, witli tlic hill Imnl, aiitl cillicr ai'iilc Of ti-(iii(Mti', the iiiisal i'ossa> hIioi'I, Itroad and shallow; tlio lci.'s slmrt, stout, liii;Lrhtly-i oloK'd, 'I'iic t\Mi rollowiiij; ;::cii('ia dill'er minli. J/ii iii'ifi'jiiis is .'I-lncd, with iiiiicli liasal wrhhiiiir, the laisi iclicnlatc ; llit^ liill loiiiTiT than the laisiis, sloiit. straiyiit, coiisliictcd toward Ihci hast-, i'oiiipn'sscd and ti'iincalc at the cml, somewhat liUc a woodpeekcr's ; it is an ellicient instrument for pry inu; open IhcHlieilsor hivalve niolhisUs. ,S(ir/isilafi is l-loed, with no ohvious hasal welihinij;; the tarsi senlellate in IVont, tiic! hill sharp-pointed, nol lonij^er tlian thetai'sus; its seienlilie and scrnaenlar names aie hdih derived iVom its enrions haltil of tnrninif oser pehhies aIonrown I'll., I.'.T. Hill ol Oy-liM I'lilrhcr. 104. GonuB IliESMATOPUS Linnimis. Held and ueek hlaeki^li linireil with hrown or ashy; heliiw iVuni the lireasi, eyelid, rninp, tips of i.'reat('r wiiii;' eovert.s, nio>t see- oudari«-s, an|i color : 1 7-1 H ; win.ur 10; tail |.^ ; hill .'5. Atlantic coast ; California (Conjirr). Wii.s., viii. l.">, pi. (i i : Nirrr., ii. 1."); Ai d., v, I'.'Wi, pi. ."ti'l ; Cass, in i)i)., (ilH' rAi.i.iATi s. lihirh Oi/slir-ciihlH'r. .Nearly nnilorm hiackish or sooty iirown ; i\w head and neck freijuently with an .a^liy shade. Si/e of the foicpiing. I'acitic! co.ast. Ca.vs. in 1>I)., 7(10. //. lnifuKiiHla Ai \>., v, 2I.>, pi. .'J^'). NKiKU. t)iis. //. Iitirlniiiiii! Ai !>., V, -Jl.'), pi. ;i2(;; Jl. til,,- C'a.-s. in 15i»., 7(H) (if really distinct IVoni the ia.>.t, which is iluuhlftil), l.s a South Auierican species inipro|)erly utlrihulcd to our lainia. 105. GonuH STREPSILAS Linnooua. '/'iiriistfDic, Jinnit /linl. {'(iHi-o-IkicIc. Adidt in sununer pied ahovo with hiack, whito, hrown and chestnut-reil, tin; latter color wanlintr in winter, and in younj,' hirds ; hclow, from tins hreast (which is more or less complctcdy hIack), throat, most of the secondaries, hase.s and __^_^ i ^^^J ( j shafts of primaries, and liases and lips of tail feathers, white ; hill hIack ; foci oranirc ; ^~\^ ; wing.')A-(I ; t.iiliM; ()ill ;, almost recni'vcd, with ^^'^^..^ asccndini:- LToiiys ; lai'sus 1; tiliiie hare hut a little ii.i. i.'>-<. iiiii <.r ■rMin>ioiir. way. Both coasts, ahundant dnrinu: the mij^rations. \Vii,s., vii, .'$2, pi. Ul „ f. 1 ; XcTT., ii, 30; Aud., v, 2;31, 1)1. 32.'}; Ca^ss. in 15i).. 701. iNTKuruKS.. r; I!t;< I i:\ iiioRTrtiD.r,, amukts, .stii.th. — ur.s. H'l!, I!i7. -'17 \'lir. MII.ANiii l.l'll Ml ■*, llliiil.-lii :iih il 'rni'iisltiiii'. Willinllt llliy i if I lie cllol hill CnldlllliiiH of llic lll>^l, (llf pMrts tll.'lt lire picil in iiilrrjirr-i liciiri lilMrki'll ; llli' wllili' |i:iit.s, liiiwi'ViT, as lidiiri'. A|i|iMi'ciitly n lu'i'iiiiiiiciit iiu'l:iiii>iii. I'iK'ilIf C'oiiHt. t'.VMK. ill I'.n.. "Ml'. Family llECUllVIIlOSTRIDiE. AvocotH, Stilts. /\lliitili'r sIiimII iMIililN , ('Ii.'II'im'Ici i/.i'(| \i\ lln' iaI lililr l(ii;;lli nt' llii' slimli'i' li'U's. mill till' «'\tr('iiii' sl('iiili'nir>s nl' llir l<>ii;; iinilr liill. wliirli is cillici- Hli'iiiirlil or Clirvnl U|i«;i|i|. /,'i I'll rri'rii.sl I'll is l-tcinl. iiml rilji-wi'liliccl ; llic liill is licriiliMJIy rt'ClirVnl. Il;il1rli(il, lllKJ t;i|icrs|(i m n il('-lii\r |inilil ; llic 1iim1\ !-. (Ii|i|r--('il ; llli' |p|iiiiiii>i(' iiiiili'iiit'iilli is lliickniiil SIS in walci' liinls, 'I'iir siiccics swim well. /////(((()/n/;/(.>i is ."i-tncil. scllli|i.'llnillli'. Ilir Mil IMMI'lv sll'ai;j;lll. !llli| not llalli'licij ; ill relative leiiu'tli nC !(•;_' it is |ii'iilialily imt siii|iasseci iiy any liinl \\li.il«i»'\ei-. Tliese two jielieia. eacjl nl' lliiee ur liiiir s|ie(ie^ iil' Valiiills palts of llie \\ illcl, willi Hie ('Idihirhfliii'hiin jiffhirnlis iil' /\ii^t lalia. 'S. ad lie; M. Illy rly )V0 ill 1". OS. 107. GomiH IIIMANTOrUS Diissoii. S/il/. I.on'isliiinhs. f,inr,i( r. (i!ii-s\- hhick : t'orclieai], sides ot' iicad and iiceU, riiiii|) and under pafis, wliile : tail while or asjiy ; liil! I> ieixs eaniiiiie. ^'omii,' willi liae!< and willies lirown. i;!-!"*; wiiiii; •'^ -'.' : tail ."l : tarsus t. I'nited Slates. \\'ii,s.. vii, Is, pi. ■.S, f. 2 .\i I >., VI, .il, I 1, pi. .'..•.I : Nil r., II, •"* ; Cass, in Hn., 7n|. MlilMCOI.I.IS. Pam. PHALAROPODIDiE. Phalaropos. This is likewise a small familv; tin' liii ee species eoiiipiisiii^ it I'eseiiilile saiiilpipeis, Inil are iiiiiiie- • liately liistillLtuishecl liy the Inhale feet ; t he lues ale I'lirnished with plain or seallnpeil nieilllpiaiies, like 1 hose of emits ami irielies, lail not so hroad. 'I"he lioil\' is ilepiesseil, anil the under pliiniat;e thick aiicl ilnck-liketo resist w.ater.on which the liircis swim w ilh perfect ease and ; Ni re. ii, 2 1.') ; All... V. 2!l!t, pi. ;ill ; Cass, in I'll),, 70.') \vii,.s()Mi. 100, Genus LOBIPES Cuvior. \uif/i(iii /'/iiiliirojit'. ^Icnl- liraiies scalloped; liill very .-li'nder, sul)iilale. Leiiirth aliout 7; wiiiLT-lt; lail 2: hill, larsu> ami iiiiddh toe, e:icli, under 1, Mack. Adult d.irk opa(|Uc a-^h or j:rayi>h-lilack, the Itack variegated witl? tawny; tipper l.iil coverts and under parts mostly white; side •>( the he.ad :iiid neck i\illi ii Itro.ad. stripe of rich chestnut, ircuerally iiK-etin"; o'l (he ji"_'ulum ; hriast otherwise wiih a.-hy-irray ; yoiiiiL' lackini;' the cheinut. Northern N. .\m., U. .S, diiriii;: the miLrratioii. IJonai'., Am. (>rn. iv, .s2, pi. 2.'f, f. 2; .\i rr., ii, 2..!t; Ai i),, v, 21'."», pi. ."i 10 ; Cass, in I'.n., 70(1. . . iivi'Klilioiti:! s. Khr. I'.l. Wil«"n'- I'ii.il irii|,, v, 2111, pi. .".;!'.•; Cass. /*'^^ iJ /\ ill IjI)., 707 1 I i.iCAltns. ^ ... \* Family SCOLOPACID^. SnJpo, otc. ' ^ Siiii.e :niil llnir .illivs rum, a .vcll-iUiiiii'd aii'l iieireilly nalur.'ii a!«seiiil.lii;ie, out* ^ ol' liii' l\\u l;u;_'csl iiiniei.liiie I'aiiiilie-, iijfreeiii;.!; willi plover in most esstnliul M'.-^pc t-. yet Well
  • tiii^iii>lieil I'lnia the phnialiiie liirds. In ;j:eiieral, the hill Is uineli eluie^iiteii, IVeijii •nil'- stM-rai liines l<.n;:iT tliaii tlie head, •■nil in those eases in wliieli it is .MS siroi'? ••s in plci\cr. il does not show the partieuliu', soiaewhat pi!;eoli-like. .shape descrilicil under ('Ifirinln'iii" l.ein;f sKiider Mild sol't-skltllied t!ir(.iii:li<.Mt. It is lieniTiilly slrjiijiiil, hut l'rei|ia'ntly eiir\(d iqi (.r down. 'I'lie Uii.al ;iruo\i's, .always l.iiiii and iiairnw ehanii<''s, i!ui;;e iVoin oiiediair to alniKst liie whole lcii;;lii ol' (lie hill ; similar yjrooves iisnaPy oi ciiiiy llie side- of (he iincjer niaiidil.le ; tlie iaierr.iiiial space is eon'e'^poniliii^jilv lun^ and narrow, and nearly naked, 'i'his leii;j;lli. sleiiderne-,,,. grooving, and pcailiar .s. (i.-iiV/ci ;i( .m ar*' the priim ^^im BOMWM MiaMM * V 200. SCOMil'ACID.r., SNII'K, r.Tc. 21 U very .slender, idtllc t()e,-('iieli, V purls while ; idiiiir into rieli wliieli also Viiri- 111(1 sllildl-S till! kiiiLT llu'se la.sl W'll.s., ix, 7i*, 111., ii, iM.'i ; ill ; C.vs.v;. ill . WILSON! I. IPES Cuvior. irojie. ^I( Hi- ll 7 ; wiiiL' -1 } ; AdidI (lai'lv ly ; iijiper tail il iieeU <\illi a .niliiiii ; lii'( asl lierii .\. Am., . f. 1'; Ni IT., IIVrKIMlOUKl s. lout, ll.'lltelied, 1 , ye!lliis ul' ilic sfolujiaeine liill. 'I'lie '^ape, nevi'r ample, is •.'er)eially very Hliort and narrow, reaeliiir^ little, it' any, luwond the liase of the hill. The n')-.trils all' short iiarrnw slits, e\pi(«eil, 'I'hi' head is euniplelely I'ealhered I" the hill (exeept in one species), at the hase nf which the ptilosis stops ahl'llpt ly, without foi'inini^ projeeiinu antia-. The winurs eonnaonly show the thin iMiiniecl euntoiir di'serilied iMider /,///< ''.(,/<(■, Imt tliev are oeeasiumdly short and rcinn'led. 'I'he tail, nlways short .and s.ili. lias as a rule 1 u' reelriees; in one lieiiiis, howevei', there :iro IVoni I'-'ti) •.'•".. The ernra .an- rarely leiithered to tlu' snirra;.'o. The tarsi are Kcaitellate liel'.ire ami hehind, and retieiilale on the sides, exeept ill the eiirlews, where lliey are ■^eiilellate only in front : tlie\ are pruliaMy iie\er entirely retieidate (the noriiia! state in plovta). 'i'lie iiaihix is ahseiit in only twuor three iiislania's; the anti'iiiir toes eninnionlv show one hasul weli. and njlen two. Iiiit in many speeii's they are entirely elet't. 'I'he seiijcipaeine liirds are ol" niediiini and small size, ranking; with plover in this respeet ; none attain the .'neraLre stature of lli rudinnci. 'I'he LTeperal et'onuniy of these liirds is similar to that of jilover ; a eliiof peeiili.aiity ' in;.: piolialilv their iiiimIc of procairinu; food, liy feeliii;;' for il, in tlio in.'ijorily of eases, in the s.and or itiiid with their dejie.nlely sensitive, prohedike hill. The e^Tifs are eoniinonly four. paili-i'oi.>red. pointed !it oin- end and luoad at the c'her. placed with the small ends ImjiIIici- hi a sliulil nest or mere depression on the irroiind : tlu; younj; run .•dmiit at liirtli. The sexes, with very r.are exc.-|itions, are alike In c<,!or or nearly so. and the 9 i> usually a liltic laruer than the ^ ; liiil the sexual distinctions are very rarely --troii;^ eiionj^h to he perfi'ctly relialile (rennirk- nlili; exception in jien. "Jlsi). Color distinctions with a;_'e, likewise, arc rarely marked; Imt on the eontrnry, seasonal pliima^ies are. in many eases, as tlii'oii;^lioiil lliu sandpipi'i's. very stron;,;ly indicated, the nuptial dress hein;; entirely dill'ercnt from that woin the rest of the year, i'xeeptiiiir a few species that frei|uent dry open jilaees liki- many plover, these liirds are found hy the water's ed^e where the }j;romid is soil and . I''ew hiids surpass the snipe in Hapid ipialityof llesh, and Many kinds rank lii;;li in the estimation of the spcu'tsniaa and epicure. The family :s cosmopolitan. Init the majority iiihahit tin' northern lieniisphere, liroeclin;^ in lioreal rejjioiis. Tlierc nr>- ahoiit nineiy well- letermined hpceics of scolopacine liirds. reft-rahle perhaps !o tine'-n tenahle ;ienera. altliou;jli many more than ties are often employed. \'aiions attempts to di\ ide the ;_f|oup into Niili-familie:i have nu I with little siiceess, (iwin;^ to the close iiiter;;radation of the Hever.al types. All the le.idiiiu I'orins of the family, uith most of the lesser i;enera, are fcpreseiited ill this eoiintry. and are indicateil liy the specific ileseriptions •^i\(>il lieyoml ; while its eiiiire composition may he pointed out and rendered perfectly ilitelli/ilile liy a In ief siiinmaiy ; — '(. In 'I'liiili'iirl, (•^{•t\. 21)1 •_') and /mr sitipf CJo.;) the <'ar appears lielow and not liehiii'l tl ye, which is ,ilaced far hack :tii I liiudi Up; and if the hmin he cxanilned. il will lie found iirioibly tilled oxersothat its aiialomieal hase looks forward. The 'ill is perfectly si rai','!il and niiieli lonjier than the lie:i I, .hep ;iiooved |o the \i y > l|i|, which is either kllolilieil. or wiilelied jllst iicllillil ilie li|i. where there is a furrow in the llalleneil eiilmeii. The memliranoiis covering is almii'lanlly Niipplied with iier\es; this ori^aii eoiistitulis a prolie of de'icale sen^ihility. an elllcielll in-l I linielil of loileh. nseil to Irel for l'o,,il heloVV the surface ol' the ^'roliinl. Kl.V 10 : A. Illlil». ,1;' 50 M oi.oi'AciD.r., sMi'i;, i;tc III the illifcl st;il('. llic Mil'l skill sliriiiks tiLrlit liki' |i;il('limi'lit t(t till' liDlli'. .'Uiil ln'CDiiics sti|ililc(| with >(lil:ill |>il'<. Till' ;:;l|K' id" 111!' lilDiitll is cxIrcllU'ly sliml Mini iKiirow ; llii' Iocs Mi'c clcll ; the li'Hs, neck !iiiil wiir^s :irr ('i)iii|):irM(iv('ly sliuit, tiiiil the liu'ly is r;itliiT lull. Tiu'ro arc iii> olivimn sciisoiial or scsiiiil (lill'i'iciu .s in piiiiiia^'i'. N'ol (•(•iii|ilt'ti'ly ^rri'ifarioiis ; no siicli lliiclils of woo'li k aiild World, has the hill c\actly as in CiiUinnifi, Imt is distinirnished l>y more pointed wim.'s, mihI (lillcrenlly propoitioned le,i;s, with 'la'-al wclilpiiiif of llic toes. It sl.'inds exactly liclwccn liic true snipe and /'. The i/nihri'/n C'l:!), in which wc liml the shiiic \cr\ loicj, wholly jridoved, and (•\lreincly sensitive hill, wlii'li. Iiowi \cr. is not dilated at the end. nor furrowed (III the (ulnien, and is licnl .-•li'ilitlii upward : the jiapc. :is licfore, is cNcreiliii^rly con- stricted. The toes show a tiasal wcli. These ;irc rather laru'c liirds, with the colors and ^rcner;il aspect of curlews. Imt the hill is not deciiivcil and the tarsi arc si iilcl- lale 111 hind. 'I'hcy l'rei|nciil iiiMishcs, l.ays and estuaries, and arc aiiioiiir the liiiscclhiiieoiis ass(>rtiiicnt of hinls tha' are i(illccti\ely dc^iun.atcd '• liay-snipc." There are only \\\v or si\ spiries, nf the sii,'^!r ucniis l,iii(ii;:ii. The T, nhia ilniriii of various parts of the Old World, with the liill rccnrxeil iilinost as in an avoci-t, stands liclwccn the j^ndwils and tattlers. ('. The .M(/i'/yi//i( IN (ucii. •Jii,"( ;.' I J ) arc a rather c\tciisi\ c j;roiip. iiotalije lor llio variation in niiiior details nf fnini. that it shows with alniost every species- m cir- ciinist.'iiicc tliMl has caused the crcclion nf a nunilicr of uiiv\ai ranted n,.|i. |-.|. Here (he liill retains iniicli of the scn>ili\enc>s u\' .x snipe's, and the '_'ape likcwi i is niiicli con->triet, d ; Inil the hill is much shorter, avera<:;ine almiil cijiial to the he:id. One tri\ ial circiini-<|;ince iiHurds ii j:ood clue to this irroiip ; III.' tail l'e;itliers urc plain Colored, or w ilh simple cd;.:iii'_'s. .n hile in ulni'iM all the species uf other ^iioiips tiiesc feathers are liaiied crosswise. In this ;.Mimp the scasnnal chaiii^'cs of pliiina;;!' are very ^reat : the pripoitioiis of the let;s, and weliliiiiL; of the toes, are Viiiialiie with the species, Imt as a rule, the toes arc cleft to the liase (not so in '-'il'i. I'llil), and four in niinil'cr (c-.cept l'I'J). The -audpip 'I's I ilonii parliciilarly to the iioithcrii In nii>phcrc. and lined in liiiili laiiiiides; they perforiii exieiisive nny;ra- lioiis, aim ill winter spread over iiiost of the Wiuld. Aiiloiii; ihcin an the most diininiitive of waders. They arc prohahly without exception •j.rc^iarioiis, aiid ot'tcii lleck the licach ill vast niiillitiidcs ; they live liy prclcniii-e in o/k,/ wet places, rather than in fens and iiiarslies, and fceij liy proliiiiu, like snipe; the voice i-. ii.ellow and piping;. 'I'hcy are pretty well disliii;;iii-licd from liotli the fori'^^oiiiy;, Ihoii.uli iTcii. 'Jit;i ciiiinecis with the snipe Ihroiiu'ii -'>l ; lull snadc diri'lly into the followiii;j; ^roiip ; for instance, ;ieii. "-Ms 1'.' iJn. if not also I'lT, liaxc heen callcil I'liiiijii, and "sandpiper." Nearly all Ihe foi ..s of sandpiper are dc crilicd in detiiil licyoiid. There are in all almiil -.'ii -;,vcies. Tne only j;encrit loini- iml, li UM IWI WI lMi W I SfOr.DI'ACID.r,, SMl'K, KIT. (IKS'. 2l)l, 251 roprcMciiliMi ill tliis cDiiiilry iiri' llic l.hnii-nbi /iliifiirli'iiirhn, the in'riiliMrily "i' wliicli is cxiirc-iscil ill itH iiuiiic ; ami tlic EiifiiKirlniiifhun jn/iiiiiifiis, ;i woihIci I'lil .'iiid ','xci'('(|iii;^|y r;ifc spccii'-i, ill wliicli the liilt ir< cniimiiiIc I aiiij ll.ittciicil at tiu' cml, soiiicwiiat as iji tlu' siiooiihiil. Tlii' >-iii;;iilar /'/lil'mrii'lnin jkkjikix ^Jioiild perhaps rallior (•(unc lien' than atiioiiLr (I. The hiH/i'is, with whirh it- is raiij;i'(|, li'-yitiil. In tiii-i, thi' laru'i'st ami most varioil ^jroiip, the liiil has cDiiiiiMiMlivcly liltic ol" the si'iisiilviicss nl" tliat of ail t)io rori'iToiiiif. ami the \s:\\h- is 1iiiil;i'|', cxti'iiiliii;^ oliviiiiisly Ipcyoiiil the liasc of th(! ciiliiicii, ami siiiiictiiiii's to neatly lielow the eyes. It, varies iiineli in lelivrtli aii'l Hlia|)e, lull it is ».•<»(/// 1/ hmjier tiian tlie hiMil. anil \ery slcinler, mit nl'ti'ii ^n'ouveil to the ti|), ami is either stiaiu'hl. or lieiit sli;^htly iipwanl. The lioily and its nieniliers are eoinnionly inori' elnn^ale than in the lore'j;oiiii;, the toes have a Itasal weh or two. .'I nil Ihr liimler is alw.iys present. The tail is ii^iially barred. They are iiois\-, re-l!es,s liirds of the niar-^hes ;iiii| ~and-(lals and iinid- il" estuaries, anil apparently do not probe lor food to any extent ; they ji'ain their name i'roni their liar>li voier-. The yello\vsh:inU> is a typieal example of the nioiip ; most of the species cluster close about this I \ pe, and oiijiht to iio in the single LTeiiils 'I'uliiiiin. ( len. L'l 7, •JU*. "il-'O, are aiiodier sliu''l i;ronp. The only exi ra-liniital form is the J'rosolidiiid Iciiriiiili'i-ii, of t!ie Samlwich 1-lands, a enrions ypecics, apparently near ;i'J(). There are about bs species in all, nniv('i--ally dl--l ribnieil. I'"inally, c. The oirlrir.'i (<^ni, 22l') are disiiii^uished by the downward ciirvalnre, exlreino slendernes-,, :iiii| n-.iially ijiial leic^lli of the bill, wilh lln' slii;lil scntellatioii of thi! tarsns. In ^i/e and ueneral appe.ir.ince they are near tlu' LCodwits; they inhabit, all parts of the world. They all belme^ to the i.r,.|,iis XniiirniK.i, which has a'lont a ilo/ell species — except ini;' the I hiil'iiiii/iu'lid slrnllii rsii of .V si a, which is a thl'ec-toeil cnilew, not showiii;,' the cwloialion characteristic of the rest. 201. Gonus PIIILOIIELA Gray. Aiufrii'iii ]\'ii'i at base, ^froovcd 1 ariy its w iiolc IciiLdli, the (ip Unoliin d ; uape \■^'l■y .sliorl and iiarron ; ear under the eye, wliicli is set in liie ItacU upper corner of the head : colors above vaiie;fale(l and liannoiiioiisjy lilemleil black, brown, irray .and nisse) ; Ixdow p.ale \variii brown of vatiablo 253 fi(<»i.(>r\(iii.v,, sNiiT., r.Tc. — «iK\. :.•(»•_', 2(t;5, 'JOJ. sliiulc; j; 10-11; 9 ll-li': cxlciit If.-ls ; winir \\-'>\ l>ill -M-.". ; (arsiis Ij; midillt! l(U' ami flaw U: wciirlil Ti-lt o/. lioi:-;, sw!mi|i> . wet woodlimil mid fields, Kii-lcrii I'. S. ami Canada. Wii.s., vi. Id, pi. IS. f. 2; Nirr., ii, 1!H; .All)., vi. i.'i. pi. ;!.".2 : ('.\.-«>. in I'.n., 7(",i minoi;. 202 GonuR SCOLCPAX LinnnDUH. /■^iirnjifiiii W'oiidiiic/,-, l-'irst primary all('Mia(ic Irratisc; liiil llicro arc scvcial aulln ntii- instances of its captnre in thi.>< connlry, and it is nn(iiiesti(inaldy entitled to a idaee In re, as a straL'ulei' lioni I'lnrope. See Fil'.wis, .\inerie.in Spctil-inan. ed. of lxi',s, p. liili, Innlmile (New .lersey) ; h.vwi:., Ann. Lye. >. V. \SM, -J'J-J (Khode island :ind .\e\v,lersey ) ; lUiiM), .\ni. .loiirn. Sei. ,\li, ISdCi, I'.'i ( .Newtninidl.ind ). .'^purtsinen who ^^et a liini of this .sort, will poi't llie fact at once, ( )!' all the snipe- like I'irds of this eonntry. called "Scolopax," the present is the only one to which the name is strictly appliealde Kr.sri(i>i,,\. 20.1. Oonus OALLINAGO Loach. Aimricini Sinjir. \V ils InnLitT than the head, perfectly .•"tr.aii.dil. >-()rt to ihi' end. where it is somewhat widened and i:roo\cd on lop ; fiape nairow. not rcachinir hevond lpi>e of cidmcn ; cai' nnder <'ve ; tiiiia' feathered not <|nile to the Jnint : tarsus ;i Utile >h(irlcr than middle toe and daw ; Iocs peitectl\ free. <'ro\\n Mack, wilh a pale middle stripe; \y.w\i v,'.rie(l with Mack, Iniirht h.iy ami tawny, the latter formiiitr two len;,'thwise stripes on llu' scapulars; neck anil hreast speckled with lirown and dusky ; liniiij,' of wind's li.arred with Idack iiid while; tail iisii.aliy of 1'! fciilhers, iiarred with Idack. \vhite and cliesiiiiil ; sides waved with dusky ; lielly dull while : ipiilis lil.ackisli. the outer uhite-ed^eil. Lcni^lh H-". I ; wiii-rs t A-.') [ : hill alioiit -M ; whole naked portion of le;; ami foot alioiil ;i. 'I'his is the jreimine snijie, of nil the liirds loosidy s(i called; its name of "Knirlish" snipe is a niisiion'.er, as it is indi<|enoiis to lhi.s coimtry, and distinct from any Knropenn species, thoiiirh ilosely resemldini,' one of them. ( )pen wet places of .North .Amcrii.i, a! lart'c ; mi^iratory. Wil,.s., vi, IS; pi. 17. f. 2; .\i;rr., ii, 1S.'»: .\! i.., v. .l.'i'.i, pi. ;;.'')(>; Cass. in Hi)., 7tMI. ,Srn/iii)ii.i- tlniiniiinndi! and N. tlninitusil Sw., V. II. -A., ii, 401 ; >'. Iniciiriis In.. //r. /Irmrn-fntrk. Ihiiritili( r. \ very snipe-like liird, with the hill ex.actly as in d'ulliiin'/ii, Iml readily ili.>liii;ruis|ieil fill. Iltl. .\Mli'i'ii':ili Slll|i;i' liin'c \i|n\;iiils (if J 111' an iiirli ; liirsns luiifrcr tliMii iiiii>s t'diitii't'li'il liy an iviilt-nt. nicniliianc ; tail nl' 1:.' t'callicis. Tail and it- cnvcils. at nil scasoii-i. nmspif- ncnisjy liarii'tl with MatU and wliilf (nr lawnv ) ; iinin;.' i>\' win;:-;, and axillaix, tli«' siiMK' ; <| nills dii.»llial't nl' lir>t iiriiiiarv, and lips (if M'iondaiics cxi rpt \\w liinir inner dncs, while; liill ami iVfl irircnisji-lila" k. In siininnr, Itniwni-li-Mack alMivr. vaiii'iralcd willi liay : liclnw. Iimw ni-li-rcd, varir^'aled willi dii^Ky ; a lawny >npiriiliaiy stripe, and a dark one iVniii liill to eye. I'l>^ l>a. I!i'i'. M illi I'inl !>!' I>'ll rniln iiIm'Vi'. Ill winter, plain Lfray aliove, ami on tlie lirea-l, willi lew or no trace-: ol" Mack iind liay, tiie helly. Mm- over eyi', and under eyilid. while. I(i-Il ; wiiiLr .'"-"'A: l.'iil -A: hill ahoiit l'] ; tarsii-* 11; iniildle toe and eliw If. A \aiiety of ihi^ hird i> ahiio-l a loot loii'j-, llie hill np\\ard ol' .'! im lies { .]/. .viu/iijiiKi IIS I,\wi;., ,\iiii. I,\e. lN."i-J. I, pi. I; ( 'as>. in IIil, 71:.'). North Aineriea, ;it l.ir,Lre : ahimdanl, ini^'ialoiy ; it L'enerally Hies in laii^e eoinpael (locks, like the sandpipers and -hore-hinis L'eneiall\-, rather than siiiufly or in wi>p^ like tin' true snipi" ; and pict'ei'^ the '-hore> ol' hay-, and eslnarics, iiisteail ol' wet meadow^. W'li,^., \ii. l.'i, pi. .'iX, I'. I ; Ni i i,, ii, l.si ; At It., vi, lt>, pi. ;i."il ; Cass, in I'.k., 7 1 l' tiuisi;! s. 205. OonuH MICnorALAMA Dnird. S/'lf S'liiifjii'jii r. liill inilcli as in the last ijcniis, hut sliorler. less evidently widened at the end and iiol so distinctly I'm rowed on lop, .-.onic- tiiiies pei; niiddh- toe I. l.emjlh S V ; winL'o; tail L' | : pliiinaL'e re.seiiihliiiL' that of the last speci .s, its chaiiL'es the same. Adnit in siininier : ahovc Idaekish, each leatlier edi.'eil ami tipped with white am' tawny or lia>', which on till' scapulars heeonies scalloped; iiiiricniars clie>hni! ; .i dii>ii\- line iVoin hill to eye, ami .-i liL'ht rcddi-h superciliary one ; upper tail eoNcrts while w ith dii-ky hais ; priinarics i)., 72il; CoiKs, I'loc. I'liila. Acad, istll, 171. iiiMA.srori s. 200. Gonus EREUNETES Illigor. Sciiii/rihii'i/i'l S'lii'liii/i'r. I'rcj). I'dll, tai'siis and niiddli' toe willi its flaw, ii/)(iii/ (M|ual (() I'acli otlicr, an incli or liss lonir, l>iit liill very \ari.'dilc, and apt to he sliortcr — rl-^ "• i '"'I scmipalniatc, willi two csi i|. nt i( Icn^lli ")A-(I.^ ; winir ••i--' f ; ••'•'' 2, d()nl)ly cinaririnatc, the central I'callicrs pi-oJcctJMtr. Adnll in sinnniiT: ahovc varici^atcd witii hiai'k. I);iy, and ashy or white, (•;icli leather wilii ;i Itlack lield, reddish ed-.'e and whitish tip; rnnip, and upper tail coverts except the lateral onis, ldai!h ; tail rcjithcr.s ashy-ur.iy, llie central darker; primaries dusky, the shal'l nl' the lirst while; a dusky line iVoni hill to eye, ami a white siiix-naliary lino; li( low, pure white, usually rid'escent on tiie hreasl,and with ^J^^^ more or less dusky specklinir on the lliroal, Itrcast and sides, V ^""^ in younir hirds usually wanlini,'; in winter the upper parts mostly plain ashy-i^ray ; hut in any plum.ii^e and under any variation, Ihi- species is known hy its small si/e .and lie:, |..-.. seniipalniate feet, 'i'lie extreme v.ariatioii in the leniith ., v, 277, pi. .'5.'!(I ; /■.'rcinicfrs /n /ri/i<(ifiis ('ass. in 111)., 721 : h\ piisi/fiis C'oiKS, IVoc. I'liila. Ac;ld. ISC.l, 177. \:w. ncn'tfi'iifa/ia Lawk., /7>/V/. 18(11, 107 ; Elliot, pi. 11 rusiLns. 207-11. Gonus TRINGA Linnaeus. * liill, tarsus, Mini midilie toe willi claw, of alioiit enual leiijrtli. ( .1' ''»//-'i//(((.s'.) I rpper tail c(i\ci(s (cNcepI llie latenvl series) lilaek or \cry l— '>il ; tail 2 or less; hill, tarsus, and middle toe with claw, ai)out '\ \ hill l)la<'k ; ]('<;s dusky-irreenish ; upper parts in summer with each leather lilaekisli centrally, edireil with lirii.dit hay, and tippeil with ashy or white; in winter, and in the younu', simply ashy ; quills hiackish, the shaft of the liist white ; l.ail feathers trray with whitish eilires, tln^ eenlral liknkish, usually with reddish cdi^'cs ; crown not eniispicuously diU'ereiil from hind neck; chestmit odufin^'s of scapulars usually scalloped ; hclow, white, m.irked as ahovo sl.aled. North America, very ahumlant ; this species .and the last tire usually eoiit'ouuded under the common name of " saiKlpccps," and look much alike ; hut !i irlance at the Iocs is sullii'ient to distinirui>h llieiii. 'I'riinia niiiiKlilld Vidm.i.ot; ('oiks, I'roi-. I'hila. Acad, isill, l:i| ; '/'. jiiisif/.i Wii>., v, IM, ])\.'M, f. I; At I)., V, 2S(t, pi. ;j;<7; 7'. t,iii,ii/ ; NiTT.. ii, 11'.'; 7'. irilmml Nri r., ii, 121 ; Cass, in lli>., 721. mini rii.i.A. iill. tai'sii^ iiid mil' !!(' ten', oliv ioii-^lv iinl ol' chiimI IchljII i 'r;ilsii-< ^lidilcr tlinii liiidillc liif ; tiMn' rr;illiriiM|. ( Ai'/ini/illii.) /*iir/il(' Sinii/jti/if r. I>ill little Idiiiicr llian luMil, iiiiicli l()iii,f('r lliaii tar SIIS, Hlrai^lit or iifai'ly sn; liliial l'catli('i'> Iniii;-, rciU'liiiiir lo the Joint. tli(iiii;li (lie h'lrs !irc rcailv Imrc a liltl< AC ; tarsus siiortii' than micldif ti .S-'.t ; wiiij; ."• ; tail I'n, loiindt-d ; liill I| ; tarsus ',' : middle toe 1 or a little nion*. Adult : aliovc asliy-lilacU with purpli-h and \ ioht iclicctions. iuii>t of tilt" A-athii's with pale or white "di.'ini;' ; seeiuiilarii^ mostly while: line over eye. <'yelidr., and under pailx while, the lireast ami jiiL^nlnni ;; pale ea>t of the color ol" the hai'k, and .-ides luirked with the san n u inter, ani iiiosl immature l»irds, the enlurs are similar Iml imieh duller: ver\ Nouuir ^r)!) i>(<)i,us iiiil sliiillcl' tli:iM liliilillc tiic ; tilii;i' Ipmic licloW. ■>- liill sliLililly ilc(iil\«i|, iiiiicli liiii^fiT tliiiii liiisiis, (I 'if 111 ml.) Aiiiiririiii /hiiiliii. Iilii<-l:-hfll!iis. ((Hiipn'^- I'd mI tlic 1i;im', nillicr «l('|ii('.s.s('(| ;il tin- riid. Mini ii-ii;dly ti|>|>rfci:il>ly dt'fiirvcd ; .s-H ; wiiiLT M-.') ; tail 2-'2\ ; liill U-l'} : liltiii' Itiiri' .liiciiit .\ ; liirsns I nr ratlicr iiKiri- ; iiiiddio toe iitid claw 1 or ralluT less. Adidi in ^nnmicr : aliovc. clirslnul, t'ach Italiici' will) a ccnlnd lilack lii'ld, and ini»l of llu in w liili>li-ti|>|)i'd, niiii|) and n|>|n'r tail lovcrts liiarUisJi, tail Iratlicrs and wiiiu; ('(ivcit-* a.^li^-^^ray, y (.y y-,/.^ (|nills dusky witli pale slial'ls, sccdiid- /iC''-- aii( s ni'islly wiiili', and inner j)!'!- iii:iii('s cd^jcd witli tile .•~anii' ; under parts wliilc, Ittdly witli a liinad, jt't- liL'irU ari',1, iirc'isl and Jii^idiiiii lliirjviy streaked witli dusky; Mil and I'eet lila<'U. Adult in winter, and yoiinu : alxive, plain a^liy-irray, witli 7, f. .! ; Ni rr.. ii, KHl; Aii>.. V, L'litt, pi. ."i.'iJ ; Cass, in I'.u., 7111. ai.i'Ina var. amkkmana. •1- K Hill iiiiu'li ilceiiiM'd, sli;^lilly li)ii;j;ei' tliaii taisu-i. ( Aiiriil.u-lu ihis.) ('iirli'ir Siiinljiiitir. Itill Ioniser than lie.ad or t;iisiis, eoiiipres>ed tlii'oiiiih- oiit, deeiirved ; size ol" tlie last; lei^s loii^icr ; tiliia' liare 'f ; larsiis 1 .\ ; middle to(; and elaw under all iiieli ; liill almiit \\. Adidl in Miniiner: iihovo, jjreeni.>li-lilaek, eaeli feather tipped and eil^ied with ycdjow isli-red ; Itelow, deep lirow nish-reil ; upper tail coverts white with dusky liars ; tail ashy-gray, with greenish ghiss; wing coverts a-liy \vitli reddish edgings and dusky shaft lines; (|iiills dusky, the shafts whitish along their central pitr- lioii ; liill and feet greenish-lilack. Adult in winti'r, and yoiing; similar; alio\e, dniler lilacki>li with little. rc(ldi>li ; lielow, white, more or less Imtly- tinged, the jngiiliim diisky-strctikcd. Atlantic coast, extremely rare, little more (liaii a straggler; Kiimpe; Asia; Africa. .\i i r,, ii, KM; .\ii)., v, L'C.i), pi. .i.i;? ; Cass, in Hu., 71S si itAi;i;i ata. •I- -K -H liill peiCectly straijilil. ( 'I'lin'i i.) Jted-liii'iislcil Sill e(|nalliiig or r.itiier exceeding the he.ad, str.aighl. coinpar- atividy stout ; Iocs evidently shorter than tarsus; large, lO-l 1 ; wing l!-l!.i ; tail •l^^, nearly s(|iiarc ; liill alioni lA {\ery v.arialilc); tarsus !|; middle toe and cl.aw I ; liliia' li.are A or more. Adnll in summer: almve, liidwnish- hlack, i'ali on the sror.oi'.vriD.r,, sniim:, kit. — iii;\. Jl-', 2l;>. :)7 sc.'i[)uliir.s ; Itclcnv, uiiilorin l)rii\vuis!i-n(il, miii-li a-* i:i tin' ndiiii, I'uliii'^ into wliilc! 1)11 (111! tliiiiks iiml crissuiii ; ii|)|i;'r t:iil cdvitIs w'lili' willi dnsUy li.ics ; tiiil I'li.itlicrs iiiid si'cdiid.iric.s i^r,iyi-*li-;Hli willi wliili' cil^cs ; (|iiill-i l)l;icki-ili, j^ray oii the iiiiuT wchs ami witli wliili! sinl'is; liill ami ri-ct, Mickish. Voiiii,;^: al»(iv(! clear asli, willi uiiiin'i'diis lilacl<-aiul-\vliiti' si'inicinrli'H ; liidnvv wliiti', iiioro or loss liii'^'cil with ri'iidi-ili, diisUy-s|)(«clvl('d mi lircasi, w.ivy- Iclrrrd nil sides. Allantic coast, aluiiidant. Wii.s., vii, .itJ. 115, pi. ,'i7, f. 2, .') ; NiiTT., ii, l:i"»; Ai d., v, 2'ti, pi. .'L'S ; C!vss. in IJu., 71."». . iwiiri's. 212. Ooniis CALIDRIS Cuvior. Siiiidirliii'i. Uiidih/ /'/iirff. .\o liiiid toe; otlicrwise, loi-iu exactly as ill 'J'riii'/ii proper; 7A— S ; wiiii^ lA-,"); tail l'| ; liill alutiil 1; tarsus 1 or rather less; iniildli; toe .and claw J. Adnll in siiniiner: head, neck .and upper parts varied witii lilaek, ashy and hri^lit, icildish; liclow iVoiii tiie hreast [iiire while; tail i xcept central feathers lii^iit ash, nearly white; primaries j^'ray with Mackish ed;,'es and tips, the, .di!il"tsol" all and liases of most, while ; si'condaries while exeepl a space at tlx^ end, and i^reater coverts liroadly while-tipped; hill and I'eet hlack. Adult in winter, andyoiini; : littli; or no rcddisli ; speckled with Mack and white, or ash .and wliite, lielow white, sometimes tawiiy-lini.'ed on the jni^nlnm. iN. Am., coastwise, jil.iindant. Wii.s., vii, M, 12!l, pi. .'»'.•, f. I ; pi. t',.',, f. ;', ; Nirr.. ii, I ; An.., v, 2.S7, pi. 'MS; Cass, in I'.d., 7--';'.. . . aim;n\uia. itiili'i'lin;,'. \ " 213. GonuH LIMOSA Brisson. (,'rc'i/ Miiihhd (Jiiihi'H. Murlln. Tail liarred lliroiiL.'lioiit with Mack ami rnfons ; riinii) and iipjier tail coverts like the l>ack ; no pure white anywhere. (Jeneral pInmaLre rnfons or cinnamoii-ln'owii ; ludow, nearly unmarked and of very variable shade, nsnall}' deepest cm the liniii;^ of the wiiij^s ; above, varieiialed with black and brown ori^ray ; (piills rnfons and black ; bill tiesh colored, lai'i^ely tipped with black ; feet dark, liarii'e ; 1(!-L'2 ; wini,' about il ; tail about .'>A ; bill t-ri, irroovcd lu'jirly to the end, usually sllijlilli/ reciirveil ; tibia- bare 1-U; tarsus -M-.'M, Maitellate before .and behind; toes 1 1 , stout. Tem- perate North America, abiindar.t ; conspic- iions by its si/e .Mnd i.iloratioii anionic; tlu) waders that tlironj; the siiores and muddy or saiiily bars of bayn ami estuaries dnriiiij; till' minriition ; breeds in the IT. >. .as well as northwartl. ^Vll,s., vii, 'M), pi. Til!, f. 1 : Ni ir., ii, I7;i ; Ai i>., v, .'lol , pi. .'! IS ; Cass, in iio., 7 10. ikdda. kKY III N. A. IIIKllS. :l;I Klii. llW. OlVMl M:mIpIi'.| (;,.,l«il. 2;.M ,»*((H.nrA(ii).i:, .-Niri;, i.k'. — nv.s. :.'ll-'J|t!. \\7ii/t-f(iiliiH()ii, ill wiiilcr \vliili>li; iiImivc, ;rnu isli-lirown, the IcmIIkis with darker rt'iili-cs, ;Mid lplarUi>ii sjiiift lines ; .-ides and eri>siiiii witli saijiltate lilack marks. Alidiit liie >i/e lit' the la>t. A widely di-liiliiited ( >ld Wiiild siu'eies, and ;i very near relative df A. rufn ol' lliiidiie, lately diseoveretl ill Alaska ( hall). 111)., Trans. Chieairo Acad, i, ;>l'0, 111. ;iL' iian'VoiAi.is. //inlsniiimi or Jiliirh-tdih'il (I'liihri/. Uliiij-luili irTr., ii, 17'); A i D., v, .'!.") "), [il. .'ilD; ("ass. in Ui>., 711 m.DSoxicA. 214-10. Gonus TOTANUS Dcchstoin. ♦Toes Willi l' Milii'(|ii;il wi'tis ; l('i,'s lijiiisii ordaik. (SijuiiiIk min.) Wilhl. /Si iiii'/)(iliiiii/i(l Tiillhr. I'lill straight, comparatively stout, irrooved little if any more than half its leiifitii : toes with two eonspieiions li.asal wchs; li'-l(i; winjr 7-S ; tail . 2A-;> ; hill or tarsus l'--_'-J ; tihia- hare 1 or more ; inlddlo loo and claw \\--2. In slimmer, j:ray aliove, with numerous hlaek marks, white hclow, tlio jii<.Milnm streaked, the lireast, sides and erissnm Itarred or with arrow-shaped marks of dusky (in winter, and in 3'()Uii<^ liirds all these dark marks few or waiitiiii:-, except on Jiiirnlnni) ; upper tail coverts, most of the secondaries, :iiid liasal half of primaries, white; ends of primaries, their coverts, liiiiiiLT of winirs, and axillars, hiaek ; hill hliiish or dark. Ti'mpenite X. Am., ahniid.ant ; resident in the l'. S., con- spicuous in till! marshes of the Atlantic coa>t. ^^■||.s., vii, •_'7, pi. ."ifi, f. ."• ; Nrrr., ii, Ml ; Aud., v, .">-'!, [)l. .■!I7 ; Cass, in \\u., 7211. sK.MirAi.MArA. ••Toes wilii inner wel) vi'i'y small; leiis yi'llow or jireeii. [(,'liillis.) (I'red/ir '/Vll-Zuli'. (I'rcufir ydtmr-.s/idii/i's. S/oiic-siii/ir. 'I'nllUr. liill slr.'iiirht or sliuditly lieiit upward, very slender, irrooved lial!" !• : leiiirtli or less, lilaek ; leys loni;' and slender, yellow. In summer, a-^liy-lircwn abovo varied with hiack and speekh'd with whitish, Ixdow white, jn^Milnm streaked, !ind lireast, sides :ind crissmii speckled or harred, with Mackisli, these Latter marks fewer or wanting.' in winter and in the yoiinj:' ; njiper tail coverts wliiti^ with dark liars; tail featlu-rs marhled or liarred w itli ashy or white : (|iiills hlaekisli. Iiar,u;e; leiiylh over \1\ winir over 7; tail .'! or more ; liill i' or oiH' ; l;irsiis ;d)oiit l'.\ ; middh- toe and claw 1'. : tiliia- hare lA. N. .Vm., m ^^ scoi.oi'AciD.K, sxiim;, inc. — (IKN. I'll-'JUi. ■J.V.t ahiindiiiit, mi^niloiT ; liUf llic lust, a rollcss iini>y ilciii/cii dl" llic maislics, liavs and fsliiaiics. Wii.s., vi, .'tT, pi. .'iS ; Ni ir., ii, 1 IH ; .\i d., v, .'Utl, pi. .'il'i; Cass, ill I'.d., 7.">1 Mr.i.AMti.Kict s. I'm. ITii. ihiMtiT •|Vllt:ili'. Ar.s'.sT/' 'rtll-liilc. Yilliiir-sh:' l:s, A iiiiiiial lire (pf tlic last ; colors prc- cisclv the same; Icii's coinparativcly loiiucr ; l)ill u'l'oovcij I'atiu'r fiirtluT. Ii('ii;;tli iiiulcr 1 1' ; \viii;r iiiidcr 7; lail iindiT ;> : liill under 2 ; tarsus alioiil -* ; middle (oe and elaw, and liare liliia, ea I I ; Cass, in IiD., T.'.l'. . . ri,AVii'i:s. (irciii-x/iiiii/.-s. Si/e and I'onu alinost exact l\- as in tlie last species; hill lonirer, alioiit L'l ; colors nearly the same, liut bill and U' ; tail 'IS; hill, tarsus, and middle toe, eai'h ahout 1-1 I ; lihia' han^ ri- Hark lustrous (dive-hrown, streaked cm the head and nock, elsewhere tiindy speckled, with whitish ; Ixdow, white, Jiiguluni and sides of neck with hrownish suirusion, and dusky streaks ; rump and upper tail coverts like the hack; tail, axillars and liiiiiiir <>f wiii,i:~i hcauti- >^J^.^fv5r,rafc. fullv harre.I with hiack .ami white; ^mja ^- ■■L •'>^&d'^!^- ^^^ (piills entirely hiackish ; hill and feel hlackish ; yoiini,' duller ahove, ic^s speckled, juiruhim mcM'idy sull'iised with iirayish-hrown. \. America, ahuiidant, mij^ratory ; a shy, ipiiet inhahitant of wet woods, moist meadows and seeluiled pools, rather than of Ihe marshes ; hreeds in mountainous I'M.. 171. >..lil:irv ■I'.itlliT. portion )f the IJ. S., and noilhward Wii s., VI, i. 111. 'tS; Nl IT. l.')',!; All)., v, ;{()',), pi. ;>l;); (Jass. in I'lD., I'.V. soi.rrAUii s. ^ '^*«»" n!^ &.;^^ o.3,^t>T.% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / (./ A o ^^ &p /i%^#. f/j f/^ ^ 1 1.0 1^ IIIIIM IIIIIM l== I.I III 1.8 i.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► V] ^" ^l V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 % O V 2r.o SCOLOPACIDvi:, SNIPE, ETC. — OEN. 217, 218, 219. 217. Genus TP.ITTGOIDES Bonaparte. Spotird Sdiitljtiper. V>\\\ sliort, straight, grooved nearly to tip; 7-8; ■\ving about \ ; tail about 2; bill, tarsus and middle toe, each, about 1. Above, olive (quaker-color ; exactly as iu a cuckoo) ^vitll a coppery lustre, iinely varied -with l)lack ; line over eye, and entire under parts, pure white, with numcroMS sharp circular black spots, larger and more crowded in the 9 than in the ^ , entirely wanting in very young birds; secondaries broadly white-tipped and inner primaries with a ■\vhitc spot; most of the tail feathers like tlu! back, with subterminal black bar and Avhitc tij); bill pale yellow, tipped Avith black ; feet flesh-color. N. Am., extremely al)uiulant everywhere near water, and breeding throughout the country ; famil- iarly known as the sandlark, peetwect, teetcr-tail, tip-up, etc., these last names being given in allusion to its habit (shared by allied species) of jetting the tail as it moves; a custom as marked as the continual bobbing of the head of the solitary tattler and others. Nest a slight ail'air of dried grasses, on the ground, often in a field or orchard, but generally near water ; eggs 4, pointed, creamy or clay colored, blotched with blackish and neutral tint. AViLS., vii, fiO, pi. 59, f. 1 ; Nutt., ii, 102; Auo., v, ?,m, pi. 342; Cass, in Bd., 735 jiaculahius. Fki. 17-'. Siiotluil >aiHliiiiicr. ' ' 218. Genus PHILOMACHUS Moehring. ^".f {$)• li^'ei'e (9). Bill straight, about as long as the head, grooved nearly to tip; gape reaching behind culmen ; outer and middle toe webbed at base, inner cleft; tail barred ; $ in the breeding season with the face bare and beset with papilkv, and the neck Avith an extravagant ruif of elongated feathers; plumage endlessly variable in color; about 10; Aving Oi-7 ; tail 2i-3 ; bill l\; tarsus l;f; middle toe and claAvl^; 9 smaller, the head fully feathered, and no ruff. A Avidely distributed bird of the Old World, noted for its pugnacity; occasionall}' killed on the coast of Xcav England and the ^liddle States; some half dozen instances are recorded. Nutt., ii, 131; Cass, in Bd., 737; Laaa-u., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1852, 220 (Long Island) ; Bkeavsteu, Am. Xat. vi, 306 (Massachusetts). . pugnax. 219. Genus ACTITURUS Bonaparte. Bartmmiua Sandpiper. Iplaiid Plover. Field Plover. Bill straight, about as long as the head, grooved i its length, the gape very deep, reaching nearly to beloAv the eyes, the feathers extending on the upper mandible beyond those on the loAver, Avhich do not till the interramal space ; tail very long, more than half the Aving, graduated ; tarsi much longer than the middle toe and claw ; tibiiv bare nearly the length of the latter ; length 11-13; Aving (i-7 ; tail 3-4; bill 1-1 j ; middle toe and chiAV the same; 1 ■thhtii scoLorACiDui:, snu'k, ktc. — gex. 220, 221. 2G1 tarsus about 2. AIjovc l)lackisli, Avith a slight grocui.-li rciloctiou, varie- gated Avith tawny aiul wlii(i.-rca>t('(l s.iinlpiin'i-. \ 221. Genus HETEROSCELUS Baird. Wamlen'n;/ Taltler, Bill straight, stout, compressed, grooved about n 'Is length, gape reaching beyond base of culmen ; legs rather short, rugous, reticulate, scutellate only in front of the tarsus; outer toe with an evident basal Aveb, inner Avith a rudimentary oiu- ; lOA ; Aving Gi ; tail .")[ ; bill \h ; tarsus \\ ; tail unbarred ; plumage variable, generally uniform plumheons- gray above, bcloAV white shaded on breast and sides, or barred on the latter, Avith the color of the upper })arts. A species of almost universal disdjhiition on the coasts and 'slands of the Pacilic, described under at least twelve ditlerent names, Avithout counting its various generic appellations. //. brevipe.'i Cass, in Bd., 734 incams. 262 SCOLOl'ACID.T., SMPK, ETC. — OEX. 222. Fir,. 171. I.mig-liill.il ( uilfw. 222. Genus NUMENIUS Linnocua. Lille(l (Jiirleir. tSirh-h-hiH. VnW of cxfnnno lunirth ami ciirviiliiro, moasiu'iiig IVoin 5 to 8 or '.) inches ; total length about 2 fcot ; wing a foot or loss; tail aI)out 4 inches; tarsus 2A-2:i', scutcUatc only in front. I'hnnagc very similar to that of the godwit ; prevailing tone rufous, of varying intensity in dilferent i)irds and on dillercnt parts of the same I)ird, usually more Intense under the wing than elsewhere ; below, the juguluin streaked, and tlie ijreast and sides with arrow-heads and bars, of ihisKy ; above, variegated witii blacli, cspoei- allv on tlie crown, back and winffs ; tail barred tliroughout with Idack and rufous ; secondaries rufous ; piiniaries l)lackish and rufous ; no pure white anywhere ; liill bhick, tiie under nrindilile llesli colored for some distance; legs dark. Teuipcrato X. Am., aliundant ; breeds in tlie U. S. "WiLS., viii, 23, pi. ()4 ; Xurr., ii, itt; All)., vi, o.l, pi. .')r),j ; Cass, in \\\^., 71.']. . . . loxciiuo.stuis. HndKonhin dnvJew. 'Jack (JnrJeir. ]>ill medium, .'3 or -1 inches long; length 1(1-18; wing ; tail oA ; tarsus 2.j-2i. Plumage as in last species in pattern, but general tone much paler; quills barred. X'. Am., abundant; breeds in liritish America; U. S. ehielly during the migrations. Sculojxix f)orc'(ih's WiLS., vii, 112, pi. oO ; A''. tnleniu-iJuoi X'ltt., ii, 100. Auu., vi, 42, pi. .')")(!; X'rJT., ii, i)7 ; Cass, in Bn., 744. .... iiudsonicl'S. EscfilnidHX Ciirleir. Dowj/i-bird. Bill small, under i5 inches long; length 12-1.5 inches ; Aving under !) ; tail 3 ; tarsus 2. IMumago in tone and pattern almost exactly as in the last species, but averaging more rufous, especially uuilcr the wings, and primaries not bar.ed. X. Am., abundant ; distribution much as in the last species. Swaixs., Fn. B.-Am., ii, 378, pi. (!,5 ; XiTT., ii, 101; All)., vi, 45, pi. 357; Cass, in Bd., 744. uouealis. ,St(bor(Jer IIJJJIODIOXES. Herons and their Allies. The character of this group lias been indicated on p. 240. Family TANTALID^. Ibises. Spoonbills. t'nih'r fills head I associate the ji,onci'a TantnlKfs, I'/Kfaha and Iln's, with its subdivision.'^ ; all of these, especially the Ih'st, are very nearly related to the storks (Cicoiiiiilii) ; the la.-;t two airpce more closcl^y with each other, in the rcinarkai)le smalliiess of the foiiiiiie, anil other characters. In all, the iiterylosis is more or less completely stork-like. The iiead is more or less perfectly ban^ of feathers in the ailult stale, downy in yoiniii'. IJiids of meiliuni ami Aery large size, long- legged, long-necked and sinali-ljodied, like the cranes, storks and herons, with ample, more or less rounded wing-;, o. which tlie inner quills are very large; tail very short, usually, if not always, of 12 broad rectrices; tihiic bare for a long distance ; tarsi retiiailate, or seutellate in front only ; toes four, the anterior webbed J tantalum:, ir.iSES, spooxiulls. — okx. 224, 22')-(). 2G3 iit liiiso, tlio liimlor IcngtliciiPil nml iii-;orleil low down, m-^ in stork-; n\\<\ liorons (not I'nuu's) ; niiildlc cbuv not pcftinutc iis in the lieron-i. Cliiclly huMi-ilrinc nml pnlns- trinc inliabitiints of tlic warnu'i' p;irls of tliu glulju, fuelling on lish, i('i)tilt's and otliiT animals. Tlio sexes are alike ; tlic yonng ilillerent. The inaniCest niodilicMtion of the hill is the prineipal external character of the three sublaniilles into which the group is ilivigihle. Stihfuuuhj TAXTALIX^i:. Wimil Ibises. lUU long, extremely stont at base, where it is as broad as the face, gradnally lapeving to the deenrvod tip, withont nasal groove or membrane, the nostrils direetl}' perforating its snl)stance. One genns and three or four '. species of America, Africa, Soutliern Asia, z;^- and part of the East Indies. '^y 224.. Genus TANTALUS Linnocus. Wood This. Adult Willi head and '■■'"•'"■'• "-"i"''^- part of the nook naked, cornigalo, Mulsh; logs bhio ; bill pale groonish ; plumage entirely' white, oxcopling tlie quills, tail, primary coverts and alula, which arc glos.sy black; J'oung with the head downy-fouthered, the pluniago dark gray, the quills and tail blackish ; about 4 foot long ; wing 18-20 inches; bill 8-1); tarsus 7-8. Wooded swampy places in the Southern states, X. to Ohio and the Carolinas, W. to tlie Colorado, aiiimdant ; grega- rious ; nests in trees and bushes. AViLS., viii, .'511, i)l. (ill; Xirr., ii, 82; AuD., vi, (51, pi. o()l ; liu., (!S2 loctlatou. Snhfmnihj IJilDIX^E. Ibises. Bill long, very slender, curved thnjughont, and grof)veil nearly or quite to the tip (thus closely resembling a curlew's). There are al)Out twenty species of iiiises, among which minor details of form vary considerably, nearly every one of them having been made the tyjieof some genus. They probably iorm two genera, 1 bis, with the tarsi scutcllate in front, and (u'lrintirus. with the legs entirely reticulate. Our si)ecies vary in the nakedness of the head, which in one is little more tiian in the liorons, and in none is it complete, as in tlu' preceding and following genus. 225-6. Genus IBIS Moohring. Gl'isst/ JhiK, riinnago rich dark chestnut, changing to glossy dark green with pur[)lish rellections on the head, wings and elsewhere; l)ill d;uk ; young similar, much duller, or grayish-brown, especially on the head and neck, Avhieh arc white-streaked. Claws slender, nearly straight ; head bare only about the eyes and between the forks of the jaw. Length al)out 2 feet ; wing 10-11; tail 4; l)ill 4i : tarsus.".,!; niiddio too and claw .3. V. S., generally but irregularly dislriI)utod, chieiiy soidhorly and especially coast- wise ; N. casu;dly to Xow Kngl.md. Bonai'., Am. Orn. iv, 2.'!, pi. 2."); NiTT.,ii,8.S: All)., vi, .')(), ."iriS : Ud., OS."). . iai.cinkli.us var. okdii. ^ 2G4 T.VNTALID.K, HUSKS, SPOONIJIIXS. — OKV. 227. U'li/'/c Jf/is. IMiiniaiiro pure; wliito, outer priiuiirios tipped with jrlossy black ; l)ill iiiid feet reildisii ; yDiiiig didl hrown or j,n'ay, the logs I)Iiii.sli, the bill yellowish. Ciuws curved ; lace iuul tliroat l):ire in tiie adidt. Si/.e of tlio last or rather larger ; bill 7 ; tarsus -1. South Atlantic and Gulf States, casually \. to Long Island {Lawveacc). AVils., viii, 43, pi. tlG ; Nutt., ii, .SO; All)., vi, r)t, pi. oGO ; Ud., G8-1 \lba. Scdrh't Ih!<. Pluniage rich scarlet, outer prinmries tipped with glossy black; bill and feet reddish. Young ashy-gray, darker above, paler or whitish below. Size and proportions nearly as in the last species. Tropical America; accidental in the U. S. (Louisiana; seen at a distance, not \)Yo- cuvcd, ^l III I nfjon ; Rio Grande, fragment of a specimen examined. Cones.) WiLS., viii, 41, pi. (Jl! ; Xutt., ii, b4 ; Aud., vi, oo, pi. ',>')\) ; IJu., ()83. uubua. SiiJifii in //.'/ I 'LA 1\ 1 1. ETWE. Spoonhilh. Uill loii^-. jiorfoctly Hat. roiiiarl\al>ly widened, r, § ',)) arc extremely narrow, often only two feathers wide ; there are lateral neck tracts; the lower nock is fro([nently bare behind. ISIoi'o obvious ch.aractors are, the conii)letc foathering of the head (as comijared with storks, etc.) except definite nakedness of the lores alone — the bill a|ipoaring to run directly into tlu; oyos ; a general looseness of the i)lnmage (as compared with Liiiiimhr), and especially the frecpient development of remarkably lengthened, or otherwise modified, feathers, constituting r ARDEID.K, IIKiiONS. 265 tlio hi'itiitiriil orosls and dorsal plimips that ornament inanv spocios, liut wliicli, as a rule, arc worn onlj' diirinij; tlic lnccMlin;;' season. Tlicsc fcatni'i's will snilico to dctcr- niiiii' tlio ArilriiJii', taken in connection witli tiie more ffcneral ones indicated under head of Ili'rodi'iiii's. and the details iiiven lieyond. Tiie lioat-liiiled lieron of Central America, witli a siiiijnlar shape of the bill that has sn;j;Lrested the name, and tlie fonr i)airs of p(^wder-down tracts, constitutes one snl)iamily, ('(Hicrfimi,!"'. Tlie still more reinarkahle liaJifiun jis rex, of Al'riea, with an cMornious head and liill, tliielc neck, and ono pair of such tracts, is probalily assinn;\lile iieri' as a second snl)lamily, Hild'niri'pinir ; but it ap|)roaches the storks, and may ibrni a se[)arate intermediate family. Tlie disputed vtxtiOi een already nieiiti()ne(l ; those liv(^ forms aside, the herons all fall in the siucrle Siihfain:iii AUDEIX^E. Tmc Ifcm,,.-^. ]>ill l()ni;er than head, straight, or very nearly so, more or less compressed, acute, cnltrate (with shar[) cut liuu: edii'es) ; npiier mandible with a lonj:; e;roovc ; nostrils more or less liueai'. pervious. IIcikI narrow and clonuate, slopinit down to the bill, its sides llatteneil. Lores naked, rest of head feathered, the frontal feathers cxtendlni;' in a ronndt'd outline on the base of the cnlmen, genei'ally to the nostrils. Winii's broad ar.il ample ; the inner quills nsnally as lon_ structure of sticks. The eggs vary in number, coincidontly, it would seem, with the size of the species; the larger herons generally lay two or three, the smaller kinds five or six ; the eggs are somewhat elliptical in shape, and usually of an unvariogatcd bluish or greenish shade. The voice is a rough croak. The sexes are nearly always aliki; in color (remarkalile i'xce|ition in gen. 2.'l.s) ; lait the s|)ecios in which, as in the bittern, Ki;v ro N. v. luiais. ;J4 ' 1 4|: 2nr, AKDr.lD.K, lir.lIONS. tlic 1)1iiiii:i;j:i' is nc'irly niicliaiiLiC'iMc. iirc very few. Iiidi'i'd. proliiiMy no liir(ls sliow jj;n'!it('r clianiics oi' iiliiiiKiu<'. uitli .'ilic uinl scmsou, tliaii iii'Mily !ill tlio licroiiH. 'i'licir licMiitiCiil iilmiii's iiic only worn duiinu' the bri'oilin^ kcmsoii ; tlio yoim;| iiiv:iii;il)ly luck tlicni. ;iii'l llicrc lire ^-lill nioii' rmiiirktililo clmnjft's of plinniifjc ill iniiiiy ciiscs. Th'is, tlic yoiiii'j; iiiiiy lie [iiiri' wliitc wliilc tlio iuliilts tuv durlc (•olorcd, as in tlic small l>hic licron ; and soinctinics c\cn, as in tlio remarkable case ol' oiif riMldisii c^irct. imi^t individuals cliaiiiic IVom white to a dark [iliiniMLic after two years, wiiile otliers aiip/ar t(j remain wliile their whole lives, Fi(i. ITii. (ivpat r.liio iroi'on. and others iijxain arc dark from the nest. IMaiiy specii's are pure white at all times, and to these the name of " egret " more particularly belongs ; l)Ut I shuiilil correct a prevalent impression that an egret is anything partioularly dilfcrent from other herons. The name, a corruption of the French word "aigrette," simply refers to the plumes that ornament most of the herons, white or otherwise, and has no classificatory meaning; its api)lieatioii, in any given instance, is purely conventional. The colors of the bill, lores and feet are extremely variable, not only with age or season, but as individual peculiarities; sometimes the two legs of the same specimen arc not colored e\:ictiy alike. The ? is eomiiKjiily smaller than the jf . The normal individual \arial>ilily in slatiire and relative length of parts , Ai!i>i;ii).K, iii;i;(»\s. — (ikn. 22S-;iJ. 2G7 is vory <;ri';it ; .-iikI it lisis cm'ii lircn iiotcil that ;i ■iicciincn iiimv have one Ic^ larj^ur tiian llic fjliiiT, anil t!u' loos ol one I'uot loiiu,'*'!' Uian llioso of tli<( otliiM' — a cireiim- slaiK'f pcriiaps n'siiltiiig IVoin llic cuiiiinuii iialiil of tlicsc liirds, of staiidiii;.^ for a loiiji tiiiu' (jii one k';'. 228-34. Goims ARDEA Linnajus. *SiiocMcs of lan^c size, and varicil dark colors. (.!/•(/<■((.) (Ifciit nine I/critn. Vnwk witliotit ix'ciiliar pliiiiics at any season, Imt .scai)iilars IcngUuMicd ami laiiccolatcs ; an o('cii)ilal crest, two feathers of which arc long and lilanicntoiis ; joni^' loose feathers on the lower neck. Length iihont 4 feet ; extent (! ; hill i')\ incites; tarsns (ii ; middle toe and claw ij ; wing 18-20; tail 7. 9 ninch smaller than J. Adnlt of l)oth sexes gniyi.sh- l»hio above, the neck pale pnr[)lish-i)rown with a white throat-line, the head hlack with a white frontal patch, the nnder parts mostly I)lack, streaked with white ; tibiiu, edge of wing, and some of the lower neck feathers, orango-brown ; bill and eyes yellow, cnlmcn dnsky, lores and legs greenish. The yonng diller eonsideral)ly, I)nt arc never white, and cannot be confonndcd with any of the snccceding. Entire temperate Xorth America, abnndant ; migratory in northerly portions. \Vils., viii, (18, i)l. ().'); Xurr., ii, 42; Aui)., vi, 122, pi. 3(!U ; J>i)., ()()« heuodias. Floridit Heron. Similar; larger; bill (iA ; tarsus 8 or more ; tibiic i)aro nearly J their lenglh ; middle too not n the tarsns ; below, white, the sides streaked with i)lack; neck ashy; head, with the crest, white, the forehead streaked with black. Southern Florida ( Wnrdenuinn). lin., G(Ii). It seems improbaI)le that this is anything more than a special state of the last si)ecies, but as it is useless to exchange one doubtful opinion for another, I retain it, pending tinal determination "wukdkmaxmi. ** Specit'S (large or small) \y1uIo at all times. {Aadahonia, Ilerodids and Garzetla.) GreulWInle llevon. Size and form nearly as in the foregoing ; no greatly elongated occii)itaI feathers nor lengthened scapulars ; l)ill ()i ; tarsus 8^ ; tibia; bare 0. Color enlindy pure white; bill and eyes yellow; culnieu greenish at base ; lores ))lmsh ; legs yellow, greenish in front. Southern Florida. Auu., vi, 110, pi. ;5G8 ; Xurr., ii, 30 ; Bn., 070. occidkxtalis. Uveal While Egrel. While Hewn. Xo oln'iously lengthened feathers on the head at any time; in the breeding season, back with very long plumes of decomposed feathers drooping far beyond the tail ; neck closely feathered; plumage entirely white at all seasons; bill, lores and eyes, yellow; legs and feet black. Length 3G— 12 (not including the dorsal train); wing lG-17; bill nearly .5 ; tarsus nearly G; rather larger speci- mens constitute var. califovnica Bi)., GG7. Distribution the same as that of the snowy heron; abundant. WiLs., vii, lOG, pi. Gl, f. 4; X'utt., ii, 47; Ali)., vi, 132, pi. 370; Bd., GGG eoketta. Lillle While E'jrel, /Snotci/ Ilevon. Adult with a long occipital crest of 268 Ai;i)i;ii).r;, iii;i;(tN,s. — (ii;n. 22iS-ai. ilccdiiiposcd I'catlicr.s, iiml similar (l()i>iil pinnies, Intttr nnirved ^vllcll por- fVct ; biniilar, Itiit not rccinvcil i)iiMii('s" on tlio lower iieek, which is haro lu'hind ; loics, eyes and toes yellow; liill and lejj;s hlaek, former yellow at base, latter yellow at the lower i)art l)ehiiid. I'lnmajic always entirely white. Si/e ol' the little hine heron. S. States; C'ala. ; ^Middle States, in sunnner; N. oeeasionally to ^'ew England; ahnndant. ^^'lI,s., vii, 12(1, pi. (12, f. 4; NuTT., ii, -111; Ald., vi, 1 (;.'{, pi. ;J7t; 15i)., (idiK . . . caxdiimssi.ma. •*♦ Specius under .'i i'ect lonif, of varieil djiilv colors wlieii iuhill, in sonic cases white when young. {Ili/drtdHisxtt, Flurtda and liiiltirhJiiti.) jAiiiifiidiKi K[iri'(. Adult slaty-hlne on the hack and Avin//re v:hUc, but generally showing blue traces, by which it is distinguished from the snowy heron, as well as by the color of the bill and feet, though at iirst the legs arc grcenish-bluo with yellowish traces. S. Atlantic and Gulf States, abundant; N. casually to New England in summer. "WiLS., vii, 117, pi. 02, f. 3; Nutt., ii, 58; Aud., vi, 148, pi. 372; Bd., 071 aEuuLEA. Green Heron. Adult iu the breeding season with the crown, long soft occipital crest, and lengthened narrow feathers of the back lustrous dark green, sometimes Avith a bronzy iridescence, and on the back often with a glaucous cast ; wing coverts green, with conspicuous tawny edgings ; neck AiiDEiiu;, iiKuoNs. — (!i;n. •2'!")-(), ::'.")7, :.'<;!• purplisli-clicstiiiit, (111! tliroiit-liiic variegated witli dusky or wliitisli ; under parts mostly dark hrownisli-asli, l)elly variegated witli while; (jiiilis and tail greenish-dusky with a jfjaneous .^hade, ed^-e of tiii' winu' white ; some of the quills usually white-lippi'd ; hill j:re( iiish-l)laek, mueii of the umU'r mandil)lo yellow; lores and iris yoUow; lei,fs Lrrei'uish-yellow ; lower neck witii leuiithened f(>atiiers in ("rout, a liare s[)a('e hiliind. Younu; with the head less crested, the hack without Ion;,' plumes, l)ut fj;lossy irreenish, ueek meridy reddish-lirown, and whole under parts white, varieeated with tawny and dark hrown. Lcnj^th I(i-1N; Minir ahout 7; hill '2.\ ; tarsus J; middle to(! and claw about the same; tihia' hare 1 or less. U. S., and a little lieyond, al)uudant in summer; resident in the South. Wii.s., vii, lt7, i)l. (il, f. 1; Nltt., ii, O;) ; Aud., vi, It),'), pi. ;j(J7 ; IJo., (I7(!. . . . vikksckns. 235-6. Gonus NYCTIARDEA Swainson. JV/;//if J/croii, (Jim-hird. Siindn-k. Xo peculiar feathers oxceptinir '!—?> very lonj^ lilameiitous plumes spriniiin^' from the occiput, irt'nerally iinhricated in one bundle; bill very stout; tarsi reticulate Ixdow in front; lenuth about 2 feet; wing 12-14 inches; bill, tarsus and middle toe about ."). Crown, scapulars and interscapulars, very dark glossy green ; general plumage bluish-gray, more or less tinged with lilac; forehead, throat-line and most imdur parts, whitish ; occipital plumes white; bill black; lores greenish; eyes red ; feet yellow. Young very diU'erent ; lacking the |)lumes ; grayish- brown, paler below, extensively s[)eckled with white ; (juills chocolate-brown, white-tipi)ed. U. S., and somewhat northward, abundant ; resident in the South, migratory elsewhere. A. n>/c/icorax WiLS., vii, 101, pi. (!1, f. 2, o; Aui)., vi, 82, pi. 'AM; A. (/iscom Nutt., ii, [)i ; X. yavdcni IJi)., G78 ; A. iiiCL'ia JIodd., Planches Enluminees, \);]\). . (inisr.A var. n.kvia. Yelluw-crowncd J\'i'j/.,(J71. IvvDicorr, Am. Nat. ili, IC!). .minok. vu,. it:, p.iiiriii. 238. Goniis ARDETTA Gray. /,i-(i.:f liillcrn. X(i pi'ciiliar fc'itlicrs, hut tiiosc of the lower neck loiii^ and loose, as in tiie hiltern ; si/e veiT small : 11-11 inelies lonir ; wini^ l-.") ; tail 2 or less ; Ml! 2 or less; tarsus uhoiit I'li. Sexe.s (lis.-.imiliu'. ^ with the slightly crested crown, hack and tail, Jjlossy ijreenisli-lilack ; neck hehind, most of the \\\\\\i coverts, and outer cdnes of inner (piills, rich chestnut, other wiuix coviTts hrownish-yellow ; front and sides of neck, and mider parts, hrownish-yidlow, varied with white aloni,' the throat-line, the sides of the hreast with a hlacki.sh-hrown patch; hill and lores mostly pale yellow, the culnien hlaekish ; eyes and soles yellow; leijs greenish-yellow; 9 with the hla'ck of the hack cntireh', that of the crown nu)stly or wholly, replaced hy rich puri)lish-(Iiestnu., the ediics of the scapulars forming a hrownish-white stripe on either side. U. S., common. AVils., viii, .'57, i)l. ()5, f. 1; Xltt., ii, (ili; Auu., vi, 100, pi. 3GG ; liu., 1)73. . . kxim.s. Family GRUIDJE3. Cranes. As iih'pady intiinaloil, cranes are rehitcd to rails in essential points of strncttnv, tlioiijili more resenihling herons in their general asi)ect. Tho}- are all large birds, some heiiig of innnense statare ; the legs and neck are extrianely long, the wings ample, and the tail short, usually of twelve i)road leathers. The head is generally, in part, naked and papillose or wattled in the adult, with a growth of hair-like feathers, or, in some cases, an ui)right tul't of curiously bushy i)lumes. The reneral phnuago is compact, in striking contrast to that of herons; luit the inner remiges, in most cases, are enlarged and llowing. In some; species, the sternum is enlarged and hollowed to receive a fold of the wiudpipe, as in swans, liill ciiualling or exceeding the head in length, straight, rather slender but strong, compressed, coii- traeted opposite the nostrils, obtusely pointed ; nasal foss;u short, broad, shalhjw ; nostrils near the middle of the bill, lurge, broadly open and comi)letely pervious ; (iiiiiD.T,, ciiANr.s. — (ir.N. '2'2'.\. .\i;.\Mii>.r., < hiiii.an. — «ii:n-. I'.'i'.t. 271 tihiic niikcil Cm' II >r\v,\i distiuu'c ; liii'si sciitcll.'ili' in iViint ; Iocs siuirt, wclilii'd al liMsc ; IimIImx very sliolt, lliu'lllv ('1('\ mIciI. ,\Imi||I II ^pcricx of Various parts of llic wdild; (inly ■-' of tlicni Anu'riiMn. Most ul' tiicni lali in llic ucnu-* l-'ru.-*: tin' elegant •' ilrniDiscllii " cranes ul' tilO Old World, Aiillii'njux'di t rinin and ii'ii'ntlimry ami till' Al'rican llaluirint jinrnniini, iiro tiu' iirincijiul I'xci'iitions. 223. Gonus QRUS Linnccus. \\7ii/(' fir Wlinojiiiiij (Jraiic. Adult wilii the Karc jKirt of the licad cxIcMilinu: ill ii point ou (he (icciput aliovc, ou cacii side Ixdow tlic cyi's, an'l very liairy. Hill very stout, iroiiys convex, asccndinir, lliaf par) of" tlic under luaudiltle as deep as the U|)per oiiposite it. Adult pliiuiaire i)uro wliile, witli Mack primaries, priinai'y coverts and alula: Mil dusky ,!:'rceni>ii ; Icl's Mack; liead c;,riuinc, tlie Iiair-like fij^itiiers Maekisji. '^'diniL:' witii the liead I'eatliered ; , I : Ari>., v, 1n,s, pi. ;;i;i ; lin., c,")!. . a.mkimcanus. J>r()ir)( or iSi)., (;.')7. , scohcn-ACKi s var. ciKiANTiU's. I I' 272 itAixiD.i;, HAILS, ivrc. Family RALLID^, Rails, etc. This is !i l.'ii'irc Mini iinpoitMiit rjiiiiily. !iliiiii(l;mljy roprcsciitpil in most parts of till' woilil. Tlicy Mil' liii'.ls of iiu'iliiim ami small sizo, irciicrally with eompri'ssod lioily ami lar;j;(' strong; U'l^s (the iiiiisciilarity of llic lliijilis is very iioticoalilc), t'lialiliiii; tlioin to run rapidly and thread with oaso the mazes of the reedy marshes to which they art; almost exehisively eonfmeil ; while liy means of their very long toes they are pre\ented from sinkinij; in the mire or the lloatinij; veLi'etation. The \vin<;s are m'wv loni; and [lointed as amoni^ Limiviiln^ heinii in faet of the shortest, most roimded and eoneaxe form found amoni!: waders; and the lliiiiit is rarely l)r(jtraeteil to any frreat distance. 'J'he tsiil is always \-ery short, j(friiinln are an (Jld World type of some ;J.') species, ranking with some .authors as a distinct family. Mr. (Iray makes the African /[iiiiiiiifonn's liit'matopiifi the type and single re|)rcscntativo of another snlifaniily. Excluding the Ptirriibf and llcllars feeble and vacillating, though the migra- tions of m.any species arc very extensive. The (lank-feathers are commonly enlarged and cons[)icuously colored ; the thighs are very nnrscular ; the tibiiu arc generally if not always naked below; the toes are long, completely cleft, witliont lobes or any obvious marginal membranes. The bill occurs under two principal niodillcations : in lidlhis proper it is longer than the head, slender, compressed, slightly curved, long-grooved, with linear nostrils; in most genera, however, it is shorter or not longer than the head, straight, rather stout, with short broad nasal fossiv, and linear-oblong nostrils — altogether somewhat as in gallinaceous birds. The culmen more or less ob\iously parts aulial extension of (he frontal feath(>rs, but never forms a frontal shield, as in (he coots and gallinules. Of the .'!5 T RALLIDVE, RAILS, ETC. GEN. 240, 241. 273 American spocios {Sclnter and Sah'in) only 7 occur in this country, one of which is merely a straggler. There are some 25 Old World species. 240. Genus BALLUS Linnseus. Clapper Rail. SaJt-waler Marsh-hen. Mud-hen. Above, variegated with dark olive-brown and pale olive-ash, the latter edging the feathers ; below, pale dull ochrey-brown, whitening on the throat, frequently ashy-shaded o.i the breast ; flanks, axillars and lining of wings, fuseous- g r a y, Avith sharp white bars; quills and tail plain dark- brown ; eyelids and short superciliary line whitish ; yoiuig birds are mostly soiled whitish be- low; when just "- from the egg, en- tirely sooty black. 14-lfi long; wing 5-fi ; tail 2-2 i ; bill 2-2 i ; tarsus lr;-2 ; middle toe and claw 2-2;V ; ? smaller than the $ . Salt marshes of Atlantic States, extremely abundant soutiicrly ; N. regularly to middle districts, sometimes to Massachusetts; Great Salt Lake {Allen). Eggs G to 10, Ij by Ij^, whitish, creamy or l)uir, variously' speckled and blotched with reddish- brown, with a few obscure lavender marks. 7?. crepitans WiLS., vii, p. 112 ; NuTT., ii, 201 ; Aud., v, 1G5, pi. 310 ; Cass, in Bi)., 747. LOXGiuosTms. Iiinrf Hail. Fresh-icafer Jfir-'h-hen. With a general resemblance to the last species, but much more brightly colored ; above, brownish-black, variegated with olive-brown, becoming rich chestmit on the wing coverts ; under parts rich rufous or cinnamon-brown, usually paler on the middle of the belly, and whitening on the throat ; flanks and axillars blackish, white- barred. Rather larger than the last. U. S., chiefly in fresh-water marshes. WiLS., vii, pi. 02, f. 2 ; Aud., v, 100, pi. 300 ; Cass, in Bo., 746. eleoans. Virginia Hail. Coloration exactly as in elegans, of which it is a perfect miniature. Length 8i-10i ; wing about 4; tail about IJ ; bill IJ-IS ; tarsus H-IA; middle toe and claw IJ-l!^. Temperate N. Am., common, migratory; many winter in the S. states. WiLS., vii, 109, pi. G2, f. 1; NuTT., ii, 20,'> ; Aud., v, 174, pi. 311 ; Cass, in Bd., 748. . virginianus. Clapiior llail. 241. Genus PORZANA Vieillot. Carolina Hail. Commnn Rail. Sora. "Ortolan." Above, olive-brown, varied with black, with numerous sharp white streaks and specks ; flanks, axillars and lining of wings, barred with white and blackish ; belly whitish ; KKV TO N. A. lintDS. 35 T I i 274 KALLII)^:, RAILS, ETC. — tiEN. 242. l-'iii crissum rufesceiit. Adult with the face and central line of throat black, the rest of the throat, line over eye, and especially the breast, more or less intensely slate-ijray, the sides of the 1)reast usually with some obsolete whitish barring and speckling; young without this black, the throat whitish, the breast brown. Length 8-0 ; wing 4-4A ; tail about 2; bill g-^ ; tarsus IJ; middle toe and claw I'n. Temperate X. Am., exceedingly abundant during the migration in the reedy swamps of the Atlantic c;,r,.im. li.ui. sttitv.s. AVii.s., vi, 27, pi. 48, f. 1 ; Xurr., ii, 201) ; All)., V, 14.'), pi. .30G; Cass, in J5d., 74'J cakolina. Yellow liuil. Above, varied with blackish and ochrey-brown, and thickly marked with narrow white semicircles and transverse bars ; below, pale ochrey-brown, fading on the belly, deepest on the breast, where many feathers are dark-tipped; Hanks dark with mnncrous white bars; crlssum varied with black, white and rufous. Small, about (5 long ; Ming oj ; tail 1 J ; bill .J; tarsus I ; middle toe and claw IJ. Eastern N. Am., not abimdant. UoNAP., Am. Orn. iv, i;5(), pi. 27, f. 2; Sw. and Rich., Fn. B.-A. ii, 402; NuTT. , ii, 215 ; Aui)., v, 1.52, pi. ;)07 ; Cass, in Bd., 750. NovEnouACEXsis. Jihich Ihxil. Blackish; head and under parts dark slaty, paler or whitening on the throat ; above, speckled with M'hite, the cervix and upper back varied with dark chestnut; lower belly, crissnm, ilanks and axillars, white-barred; quills Mith white spots. Ver}- small ; about 5^ ; wing 2:^-3; tiiil IJ ; tarsus J. S. and Cent. Am. and West Indies; rarely observed in the U. S. Washington, D. C, (Cones and Pren(is,s) -, Kansas, {Allen), AuD., V, 157, pi. o08 ; Cass, in Bi)., 74i) jamaickxsis. 242. Genus CREX Bechstcin. Corn Crake. Yellowish-brown, varied with black; below, cinereous- whitish, palest on the throat and belly ; wings extensively rufous both ai)ovo ami below; flanks and crissnm barred with the same ; 10-11; wing 5.J-(5 ; tail 2; bill 1 ; tarsus I'n. Europe; Greenland ; accidentally on the Atlantic Coast, U. S. Cass., Proc. Phila. Acad. 1855, 2()5 (Xew Jersey), and in Bn., 751; Baiud, Am. Journ. Sci. 18(5(1, xli, 25 riuxEMSis. Suhfamil;/ GALTAXULIN^E. GaUinides. Forehead sliieldcd by a Ijroad, bare, liorny plate, a prolongation and oxi)ansiuii of the culinen. Bill otlicrwisc nuicli as in the shorter-billed rails, like J'orzdna; general form much the same, thoujih the bo(l3' is not so compressed ; toes slender, shnple or sliglilly n\argine(b The two following genera diller considerably, and each becomes the type of a sebl'amily with those who elevate the gallinulcs to tiie rank of a family ; but this docs not seem to be required. In GaUiiiuhi, the nostrils are linear, and the toes have an evident marginal membrane. Porjih'/ri') (not ''I'or- phyrula") lias broadly oval nostrils and no obvious digital meml)raiies; the legs are notably longer, with shorter toes; the bill is tliieker, etc. There are about thirty species of gallinules, of various parts of the world. I ^r UALLIDiE, KAILS, ETC. — OEX. 243, 244, 245. 275 243. Genus GALLINULA Briason. Florida GuJUnule. Iloiul, nock and nndcr ])!irts, jfriiyisli-hliiok, darkest on the former, paler or whitening on the belly ; hack hrownish-olive ; wings and tail dusky ; crissuni, edge of wing, and stripes on the flanks, white ; bill, frontal plate, and ring round tit)iie, red, the former tipped with yellow ; tarsi and toes greenish. 12-15 long; wing (i^-Ti ; tail 'o-',\\ ; gape of bill about \h ; tarsus about 2. S. Atlantic and (jlnlf states, N. sometimes to oMassachusetts. Boxap., Am. Orn. iv, 128, pi. 27, f. 1; Xin., ii, 223; Aui)., V, 132, pi. 304; Cass, in Bo., 752. . (ciir-ouoi-us var?) galeata. 244. Genua PORPHYRIO Temminck. Purple Galliniile. Head, neek and under parts beautifid purplish-blue, blackening on the bell}', the crissum white ; above, olivaceous-green, the cervix and wing coverts tinted with i)lue ; frontal shield l)lue ; bill red, tipped with j-ellow ; legs yellowish. Young witli the head, neck and lower back brownish, the under parts mostly white, mixed with ochrey. 10-12; wing ()J-7 ; tail 2i-3 ; bill from gape about Ij; tarsus about 2}; middle toe and claw about 3. S. Atlantic and Gulf States, X. casually to Xew England (Maine, Boaiidmax, Am. Xat. iii, 4'J(S). AVils., ix, (ill, pi. 73; f. 2; NuTT., ii, 221 ; Aui)., v, 128, pi. 303 ; Cass, in Bn., 753. mautixica. Suhfumibj FULICIX^E. Coots. Bill and frontal plate much as in the gallinules; body depressed, the under pluinaill very large and thick, entirclj' invested with membrane (without the horny terminal nail of the AHUtifbr) which extends around the eyes, and abruptly bent downward at the midtlle. Legs and neck exceedingly long. Tibise largely bare below ; tarsus broadlj- scntellate, much longer than tlie toes. Front toes completely webbed ; hallux very small, or wanting. Wings moder.itelj' long, ample. This is a small but very peculiar group of about six species, inhabiting various warm parts of the world. The external characters are so nicelj' balanced between those of wading and swimming birds, that tiie flamingoes have been ijlaced inditl'er- ently in both groups ; but nearly the whole organization corresponds essentially with that of the duck tribe, the grallatorial relationship, in form and habits, though so evident, being ratlier of analog}' than of atrmity. In length of legs and neck these birds exhibit even an exaggeration of the characters of cranes, storks and herons. The bill is uni(juc in shape ; its abv.'.pt bend brings the ui)per surface iu contact with the ground in the act of feeding. The nest is a heap of earth 278 ANATID^., GEESE, DUCKS, ETC. — OEN. 24G. mill other material, wliirli tlio birds liostride in an unji^aiiily attitude ; hut it is not liijjli cnougli to permit their lunjj legs to dangle, as represented in some popular accounts and picturial ctlurls. Tiie young are said, on good authority, to take to till! water as soon as hatched. 248. Gonus PHCENICOPTERUS Linnaeus. Aiiicriran Fhunimin. Adult i)liiina ; tarsus 12; middle too and claw .'5 J. Florida and (Julf coast; X. casually to S. Carolina (Andnhnn). WiLS., viii, 45, ])\. (j() ; Xltt., ii, 70; Acn., vi, KJ'J, pi. 37i5 ; Bu., l)S7. kuueu. Family ANATIDiE. Geese, Ducks, etc. Bill Inmi'llafe, stout, more or less elevated and compressed at base, widened or flatteuod at tij), invested with soft, tough, leathery membrane, except at the end, which is furuislied witli a hard, horny ''nail," generally somewhat overhanging, sometimes small and distinct, sometimes large and fused ; that is, ch.anging insen- sibly into the general covering. (Tliis soft covering is regarded by some as a jirolonged cere ; but this is purely tlieoretical.) ISody full, heavy, llattenod beneath ; neck of variable length; iiead large; eyes small. No antiiu, the frontal feathers encroaching on the culnien with a convex or pointed out- line, and rormiug otiier projections on the sides of the bill, and in the interramal space, which latter is broad and long, the mandibular crura being united only at the end by a broad short bridge; no culniinal ridge nor keel of gonys. Nostrils _ suijbasal, median or suliterminal, usually broadly oval. Fi(i. itiitially a saccular produc- tion of a highly vascular jiart of the lining niembrane of the cloaca. * * * hi the iiassive state it is coiled up like a screw by the elastieitv of associated ligamentous structure. * * » A groove eommeneiiig widely at tlie base follows the spiral turns of the sac to its termination ; the sperm ducts open upon paiiillie at the base of this groove. This form of penis has a muscle by which it can be everted, protruded and raised." {Oiri'ii.) Among the most interesting structures of the Amitiila; are the curious modifications of the windiiipe, iirevailing almost throughout the family. In a number of swans, this organ enters a cavity in the keel of the slernum, doubles on itself and Www emerges to jiass to the lungs, forming either a horizontal or a vertical coil. In some geese tiie windpi[)e coils between the pectoral muscles and the skin. These vagaries of the windpiiie are not, however, contined to the present family, occurring in some of tlio cranes, certain (lnllhvr, and also, it is said, in the curious snipe, li/iynrhd'u cine species, as the iiiergaiisers, pursue fish and oilier live prey under water, wc hav(! the prin<'ip.'d modes of feeilin;^. Nidilication is usually on the ground; .sometimes in a hollow tree; the nest is often warndy lined with live feathers ; the eggs are usually of some plain pale color, as greenish or creamy; the clutch varies in numher, commonly ranging from half a dozen to a dozen and a h.alf. The young are clothed with slillish down, and swiin at onc(.'. Among the ducks and nu'rgansers. marked sexual diversity in color is the rule-; the reverse is the case with swans and geese. A noteworthy coloration of maiij' species, especially of ducks, is the sjn'rnlnni ; a hrightly colored, generally iridescent, area on the secondary ijuills. Most of the s|)ecies jirc migratoiy, particularly those of the northern liemis[)here ; the llighl is iierformed iu hands, that seem to preserve discipline as well as companionship; and with such regularity, that no birds arc better eiititle(l to the claim of weather-prophets. There are upward of 17.") s|)ecies of this family, inhabiting all parts of the world. They dili'er a good deal in minor details, and reitresent a number of peculiar genera aside from the (ordinary types, though none are so aberrant as to endanger the integrity of the group. It is dillii-ult to establish divisions higher than generic, because the swans, geese and ducks, if not also the mergansers, arc closely united by intermediate genera. Ihit the five groups presented as subfamilies in the following pages, and rc[)resentiiig the whole of the family', ni.ay be conveniently recognized, and are readily dislinguished, so far as our species are concerned, by the characters assigned. Suhfamili/ CYGXIX.TJ. Swans. A fitrq) of bare sJdn letuTcii flic ri/p and hill ; tursi reticulata. In the swans, the neck is of extreme length and flexibility ; the movements and attitudes on the water are proverbially elegant and graceful. The bill e<[uals or exceeds the head in length ; it is high and compressed at base (where sometimes tubercnlate), flatter and widened at the end ; the nostrils are median. Some of the inner remiges arc usually enlarged, and when elevated in a peculiar position of the wing, they act as sails to help the course of the bird over the water. The legs arc placed rather far back for this family, so that the gait is awkward and constrr.iueil. The tail is short, of 20 or more feathers. Although the voice is .soiKjrous at times, an habitual reticence of swans contrasts strongl}' with the noisy gabbling of geese and ducks; it is hardly necessary to add, that their fancied nmsical abilit}-, cither in health or at the approach of death, is not confirmed by examination of their vocal apparatus; this is in many cases convoluted as already described, but there are no syringeal muscles nor other apjiaratns for modulating the voice. There are eight or ten species, of various countries, among them the celcbr.ated black swan of Australia, Cltenopsis atratus, the bl.ack-necked swan of South America, C'/gnus niyricollin ; and the Cosroroba anatoideH of the same country, a species with feathered lores ; in none of these does the trachea enter the breast-bone. Our two species belong to the subgenus Olur, distinguisheil from Cijijivis proi)er by absence of a tubercle at the base of the bill. The sexes arc alike throughout the group. 281 247. Qonus CYQNUS Linnoaus. *,* Ailult plmnugi! outin-ly wliito ; yi>in.ri'r, llni Ii.mI iiiil iieclv w.isli'l witli rusty brown; ntill younger, gniy or Jishy. Dili .'ukI iVci hliick. L(Migtli !-.'• foet. Trit)j>j)ff/i'r ,SiV(in. Tail (iioriuiilly) of 21 teulliors. Xo yellow .spot on hill, which is riitlicr loiigor thiiu the head, tlui nostrils fairly in its hasal half. Mississippi Valley, westward and northward; Canada (C. piiKsmovei IIiNCKs). Sw. and Ricu., Fn. Uor.-Ain. ii. Kit; Xurr., ii, ;)7() ; Aui)., vi, 2l'J, pis. 382, uS;} ; l)i)., 7.")8 duccinatou. l-'ii;. \-l. Amariran swan. Wliislliiiii Sircnt. Tail (normally) of 20 featlicrs. A yellow spot on hill, which is not lonirer th;in the iiead ; nostrils median. X. Am. C. bewiclcil Sw., Fn. l)or.-Ani., -iOj ; Cfi-nis'SvTr., ii, ;5(!(!;,C. bcwkkll NuTT., ii, 372; f '. '///^r-/vVvn(».s' Auo., vi, 22(!, pi. 3.S-I: ; I>i)., 7.58. . . ameuicanUS. Siibfamlhi AXSERIN.E. f.Ve.se. Lores foiiiplcfch/ fi'Klhcriil \ l<(rsl i-iiliri'l;/ Mifnlnti'. Xcck hi leii<|tli between that of .swans and ol' ducks ; cervical vertebra' about 10 ; body elevated and not so much llattened as in the ducks ; lous relatively longer ; tarsus jjenerally excee(hng, or at least not shorter than, tlie middle toe; liill generally- rather short, liigli and compressed at l)ase, and taixainu' to tip, which is less wi(U'ned and flattened than is usual amouL!; ducks, and almost wiioUy occu[)ied by tlie liroad nail. The species as a rule are more terrestrial, and walk lieltcr, than ducks; they are j;;cnerally herbivorous, althonuli several maritime species (ifcn. 2 til, ami an allioil .South American group) are animal-l'ee(lers. and their llesli is rank. l$otli siixes attend to the young. A notable trait, shared l)y the swans, is their mode of resenting intrusion by hissing with ontstrctclu'd neck, and striking with the wings. With some exceptions the plmnage is not so l)riglit and variegated as that of ihicks, and the speculum is wanting ; there is only an annual moult, and no seasonal change of l)lumage ; the sexes are generally alike. ^lost of the geese fall in or very near g(Ui. 2 l.S and 2.")0, and are modelled in the likeness of the domestic breeds. Tiio more notable exotic forms are: — the Australian ^litxi'i-inuis mdanolvnca and Ccreopsin iiord'-Iiiilliinillir, tlie former having the feet little more than semii)almate, the latter scarcely aipiatic, with very long legs, nnich bare above the sull'rago, and the bill small, very membranous ; the African I'livtivptei'its ijkiiiIjchhi'.s, a purplish-black KKv TO N. A. nntns. 3(i S82 ANATIDA;, (iKESK. — (iKN. 24H. bird Nvilli spurs on the wiiij^s ami a tiiljiTclc at the base of tlm hill; tli'! Asiatic. Cyiinjim's rtjiinoklex, rrL'(]iu'iitly doiiK'sticutcd, a triu' fjoosi; with a swan-like nspcct; llic K^^yptian };j()(>sc, CliriKilnpi'.i' iiiiiiii/iiini, 'I'lic j^ci'sc ai)p('ar to pass diivctly into the (hicks throniih the raliici' larjrt' shichlrakc jj,r(Jilp, the species of which resemble the latter in many exIeniMl fcMtnrcs. but arc more esHcntially like geese. Charac- teristic I'xaniplcs of this ^roiip are the iMn'opcm 'J'ldhinrt riiljiKiixer and Cusarm riilila; there are several others in the southern hemisphere; our long-legged arborlcole genus DeiiilrovijijiKi belongs in the innncdiate vicinity, while the domes- ticated nmsk duck, ('niriiid nnisr/difit, is not I'ar remove(l. Through such foinis as these we are brougiit directly among the ducks proper. 248. Ocnus ANSEB Linnocus. *,* JiiU and feel light or bright colored ; plumage vlillo, or much variegated. Anierlcdu WliUe-froiilcd (tuose. Bill siuootii ; tiic Intniiuu nuxleratol}' pxposctl ; tail normally ot" Ifi feathers. Umlor |)arts v. iiito or gray, exten- sively blotched with black ; back dark gray, with piihu" or hrowiiish edgings of tiie feathers ; upper tail coverts white ; head aiul neck grayish-brown, the forehead eoiispiciiously i)iirc white (in the adult ; dark in some states) ; bill pale lake; feet orange, with pale claws, Al)()iit 27 long; wing 1(1-18 ; tail ,5-() ; tarsus 2^-.'{ ; middle toe and claw aI)out the same. North America ; only diil'ers from the European iu an avenigc longer bill (l:|-2, instead of lA-1^). Sw. and Rich., Fn. B.-A. ii, 4()() ; Nutt., ii, .IU! ; Aud., vi, 20!), pi, 380 ; Bi)., 7G1 ; A.froiitaUs Bo., 7(!2 (young), aliiifiioxs var. OAMnKi.ii. / Jihie Goose. "With nearly the size, and exactly the form, of the next species, but the plumage ashy, varied with dark brown, tlie head, upper neck, tail coverts and most of the; luider paits white, the wing coverts silvery- ash. Questionably the young of the snow goose. WiLs., viii, 89, pi. (5!), f. 5; Cass., Proc. Bhila. Acad. iSoO, 12; Ell. pi. 4-1. . . c.r,uuLKscF.Ns. iS'iioiv Goose. Bill smooth ; the lamiiuu very prominent, owing to arching of the edges of tlie bill. Adult pimnagc pure white, but in most specimens the head washed with rusty-red ; primaries broadly black-tipped ; bill lake-red with white nail; feet the same, with dark claws. "Young, dull bluish or i)ale lead colored on the lieail and iipi)er parts of the body" (C^N.s/n). Length about 30; wing 17-l!l ; tail ;")*-()*; bill 2i ; tarsus 3i. North America; U. S. in winter; extremel}- abmidaut in the West, much less so in the East. "Wils,, viii, 70, pi. 08, f. o ; 8w, and Uicii., Fn. B.-A. ii, 4G7 ; Nltt., ii, 344 ; Aun., vi, 212, pi. 381 ; Bu.,7G0. . hyi-kubohkus, Var. Ai.UATLS. Lexser Snow Goose. Smaller ; " length about 25 inches ; wing li)i ; tail 5J ; bill 2 ; tarsus ;5." Western N. Am. Cass., Proc. Phila. Acad. 1850, 41 ; 1801, 73 ; lii)., 700, '.»2') ; Elliot, pi. 42. lioss' Goose. Bill studded at the base with numerous elevated papilhe. Color white, with black-tipped quills, exactly as in the snow goose, l)iit less than 24 long; wing 14-1.5 ; tail .5 ; bill 1.^ ; tarsus 2i. Arctic regions (U. 8. in winter?). "ILn-ned Wavey" oi Ifeiinie, Journ. 442 ; A. ross/'i Bo. ; Cass., Proc. Phila. Acad. ISGl, 73 ; /•Jxauf/ieinops rossi'i Elliot, pi. 44. uossii. ■fiatic, |)cct ; into 'llll)lo ariK'- tidfia Dincs- fonns ANATIMK, !iiisli-;.n'iiy, witli lavondiT or lilac tintiiii.', mid sharp Mack cres'-ciitic iu;iiUs ; licad, iiapo and tail wliito, foniior oiU'ii washed with ainhor-yoUow ; throat hiaclv, wliito-spockU-d ; (piills varii'il witli Itlaclc and white; '.'.'j-l'S ; wini,' i."i-17 ; tail .')-(!; hill 1 A ; tarsus ;5. N. \V. coast; ahuiidaut at mouth of Yukon. ChlorplKKjit cdnd'ilcn Ui)., 7(;« ; Kt.r.., pi. ■!.'»; Dai.l., Trans. Cliica!.'n Acad, i, 2!lt; ; Phlhirfe cdiKii/i'ffi liAW., I'i'oc. I'hila. Vrad. i.STi), l.'li cA.NAtiicA. ii«,^'iia,>gW^; V, 1;.' ^■ I'm;, is i:iii|nT"r t; 250. Genus BRANTA Scopoli. *^* Bill and feet hlaek ; head and neek i)iack, with wliite sp.ices. liavnacle Goose. lUackish ; tail coverts, sides of rinnp, forehead, sides of head, and throat, wiiiti; ; interscapulars and win;; coverts hluish-j^ray ; under parts plumheous-white ; 2)S ; winjjf 17; tarsus 2f ; hill lA. Europe; very rare or merely casual in X. Am. Bd., Am. Xat. ii, 4!) (Hudson's liay) ; Lawr,, ibid. V, 10 (North Candina). NuTT., ii, 355 ; Aun., vi, 200, pi. 378 ; Bd., 7G8 LKUCorsis. Brant Goose. Head, neck, body anteriorly, quills and tail, black ; a small patch of white streaks on the middle of the neck, and nsually white touches on the under eyelid and chin ; upper tail coverts white ; back brown- ish-jj^ra}'' ; under parts the same, but paler, and fading into white on the lower belly and crissum ; black of jugiduin well deliucd .igainst the color of the I'li;. \^U (I. Itiant (ioose; A, v;ir. iiii/rifi'fii>t ; 2 ft'i't Iniijr ; wiiiL' i;i; l:iil ^i : liill 1^; tiirsiiH '2\. IIikIsoh's ISny ; Arctic and Atlantic (and I'acitii V) Coast, S. in winter to Carolina or I'nrtlicr ; ooninion. Wii.s,, viii, 1;>I, pi. 72, I'. 1 ; S\v. and IJkii., I". 15. -A. ii, M'A) ; NiTT., ii, ."».')Ii ; All)., vi, i'(i;i, |)|. ;;7!t ; IJn., 7(i7 iir.iiMci.A. \'ar. NKiiiHANs. Illnck Hi-imt. Similar; lilack nl' Jii;^\iiiiiii cxtriidinfi over most of till' under |inrts. jiiiKlmdiy t'adinj; licliind ; white neck iiatehes usually lar>;er and meeting; in I'l'iiiil. llotli coasts; veiy a)iundaiit on the I'aeilie; not eomnion on tliu Atlantic. I.awii.. Ann. I.vc N. Y. islC, 171; ('.\>-., III. :>-l, |il. 10; III.., 7f.7. ('iiiiiii/il ( I'liiisr. ('niiiiiiiiii ]\ ill/, (I'oiisf, Tail noiinidly IH-|'catlicrcd, (Jrayisli-lnown, ImIiiw paler or w lHtisli-j.n'ay, Idcacldiifr on llie eri^^nni, idl I lie feathers with Iij:litcr edi:('s ; h<';id and neeU lilacli, with a liroad while pateh on the tln'oal luoniitiiiir each sid(\ (d' the head; tail MaeU, with white upper eoveits. Ahoiit ;'>(!; Willi; IH-l'O; tail (1^-7^; liill r,'-:.'; taisiis usually over o. X.Am., aliiindaiit ; V . S. chiclly in winter, hut also occasionally in siiinnier, Itrecdinj.' s[)arin., 7()l ca.nadknsis, Var. i.iUTopAiii'.iA. liliick of neck lionnded liclow liy a while jui;nlar collar; uniler jiarls latlier darker ilian is iisaiilin the Canada j^oosc. well dclincd airainst the while of IIk' JMiiiil iim and erissiim. .^i/c of the last ; tail t'eallicrs IH. Cass., III. •21-2. pi. -l.'i ; lin., 7i;.".. Jl. urriihnlnlls I'.i>.. 7(:(; (in text). Var. ni rriiiNsii. 'J'ail usually K'l-I'cathered. Colors cNjictly as in the Canada goose, hut size less. Aliont 2\ I'cct loiiir ; winu l.")-17; tail ;'>- H ; hill I'j-I^l; tarsus rather under '?>. X. Am., hut eliiclly northern and western. .Sw. and l!i( ii., F. 1>.-A., ii, 170; Nirr., ii. 'M'<2 \ Aud., vi, I'.ts, pi. ;j77 ; ]ii,., ~W,. 251. Genus DENDROCYGNA Swainson. *»* Dnck-likc ailioricole licese, with the hill loniicr than the head, tcrininatccl hy a prominent nail, the Icj^s very lon^ with tlii' tihia^ exteiisiv<'ly demided lielow, the hind too len it'ddi^li. Si/c (irtlicliist. Sniilli iiiui t't'iilnil Aiiiciiiii and Mexico, lo Tixiis (Si/nt//). Lawi;., Ami. L\i', N. Y. l.s.'»l, 117; 15i)., 77(1 Ai II MNAl.is. SnhjaniU'l . I .V. I 77.V. /,'. J>'n;r IhirlH. Turn! »viilclhil(> ill Jhiiit ; In'inl Inc nlmiilr. Tills cxpn-MMioii Noiiiii'iiti'H (lio prcsi'iit Liroiip t'idiii nil the North Aiiiciicjiii ('xiiinpic-i of the lori'ijoliii; mii'I sucrccilini^ siili- raiiiilics, iiillioiiirli not a pi'ifcct irni<.'iio-.i><. 'I'lic link mid I(';j:-* arc shorter than they .'ivi'riijft' ill ficcsc, while the feet aro siiiiillci' tli;iii in the sea-diieks, the toes niid their welis not heiiiiJ so hiiihiy developed. None of the .l/i((////((' iire extensively niaritinie, like most ol" the /■'»//;/»//ct of this species, tint nearly as hii'U'c as a j^'oosc, i.s occasionally taken on the .Vtlantic coast. It is iini|iiestional)ly part mallard, lint the balance of its pareiitai;'e is niiknown — siipposeil to lie iniiseow. (.1. iiin.riiiKi (iossi:. Birds of .I.amaica, ;!li;) ; Fitlhj,,},! rlnln r,i;i.i,. Ann. Lye. \. V. l.s.c'. iM'.l.) A. ijlDci/mis or A. Iiri'ircri of Ai n., \i, I'.'n'. pi. ."kS? (-1. (iidliilKniii lA' Iicjnap.) is .supposed to lie a liyhrid hetwcen the mallard and i;ailwall. The inallar., 782. sruErKUUS. 255. Genus MARECA Stephens. *„* Bill shorter than head, grayisli-bhic like the feet; tail 14-lG-feathcred pointed, but har(ll_v or not half as long as the wing ; top of head white or nearly so, plain or speckled, its sides, and the neck, more or less speckled ; fore breast light l)rownish-red ; belly pure white ; erissuni ahruptlj' black ; middle aud greater coverts white, latter hlaek-tip[)cd ; speeuluni green, black-bordered ; 20-22; wing 11; tail."); tarsus 2 ; hill I'-l^; 9 known by the wing-markings. European Widyeon. Head and neck reddish-brown, scarcely varied ; top of head creamv, or brownish-white, its sides with mere traces of "I'cen. f ANATIDTi;, DUCKS. OKX. 2o()-7. 287 iiy i\. IS Europe; casiiull}' on tlio Atliintic coast, Grconlaiul to Florida; California {Cooper). (iiUAun, Birds Long Island, ."SUT ; lU)., 781:. . . ri-,NKi,ni'E. AiJierican Wldijeon. BaJdjHitc. Head and nock grayish, diisk^'-spockU'd ; top of head white (in full plmnagc), its sides with a broad green patch. N. Am., ahnntlant. Scarcely distinct from tiio last. Sw. and Eicii., F. B.-A. ii, 445; AVils., viii, 8(!, pi. (Ji», f. 4; Ni rr., ii, 38!); Auu., vi, 25t», pi. 381); Bi)., 783 . . amkuicana. 256-7. Genus QUERQUEDULA Stephens. * Siiljcrcsted ; Iicad and iippor neck clicstiuit, witli a hroad i;l()ssy green band on each side, wliitish-bonlcreil, uniting and blackening on the nape ; nnder parts white, the fore breast witli circnlar black s[)ots ; kk;. i87. aiikmi- iipi)er parts and flanks close!}- waved with blaokisli and while ; crissiun " '"' " *''"'"' black, varied with white or creamy ; specuhnn ricii green, bordcreil in front with bully tips of the greater coverts, behind witli white tips of the secondaries; no bine on the wing; bill black; feet graj-. 9 dill'crs especitdly in the head mark- ings, but those of the wings arc the same. Small; ll-lii; wing 7}; tail ;ij ; bill Ij-; tarsus Ij. {Xrtt!„n.) I'JnfjUxh Teal. Xo white crescent in front of tiic wing; long scapulars black externally, creamy internally. Eurojie ; acci- dental on the Atlantic Coast. CouKS, Proc. Phil. Acad. 18G1, 238 (Labrador) ; Bi)., 778 cimxca. Green-yhii/ed Teal. A conspictu)ns wliitc crescent on the side of the bodv iiist in front of the bend of the wing ; scap- Fuj. ISS. (jiceii- . *' ' . * \viii;;v,i Tiai. uhifs plain. X . Aui., abundant. \Vils., viii, 101, pi. 7(1, f. 4; X'uxT., ii, 400; At;b., vi, 281, pi. 31t2 ; Bu., 777. . cauolinknsis. ** Wing-coverts in both sexes sky-blue, the greater white-tipi)ed ; speculum green, white-tipped; axillars and most under wing coverts while ; scapulars striped with tawny and blue (not in the 9 ) or dark green ; fore back barred ; rump and tail dark, i)lain ; crissuni dark or black; bill black; feet not dark, {(^iitri/iifdnla.) Blite-iiuDijed Teal. Head and neck of the $ blackish-plumbeous, darkest on the crown, usually with purplish iridescence ; a wliite crescent in front of the eye ; uiulcr parts tliickly dark-spotted ; 9 with head and neck altogether dilfereiit ; under parts much paler and obscurely spotted ; but known by tiie wing-markings from any species except the next one. 1,')-1(1 ; wing 7 ; tail 3 ; tarsus 1^ ; bill li-l'n. Eastern X'. Am. to tlie Rocky Moimtains, abun- dant; also, Alaska (Dall). Sw. and IJicir., F. B.-A. ii, 444; Wir.s., viii, 74, pi. (!8, f. 4 ; Nutt., ii, 3i)7 ; Aui)., vi, 287, pi. 3!)3 ; Bn., 770. niscous. Cinnamon Teal. $ witli head, neck, and wlu)lc under parts, rich purplisli-clicstmit, darkening on crown, chin ami crissuin, and blackening on middle of belly ; rather larger than tlie last ; bill longer, I'n-l'^ 9 witli the chestnut replaced by mottled brown and tawny, and ditlicult to distinguish from 9 f//.sro/'.j ,■ but dark(>r, usually with some chestnut traces; head, and especially chin, more sjiotted ; bill longer. A generally distril)Ute(l S. Am. spccit?s, now abundant in the U. S. west of the Rocky Mountains ; of casu.il occurrence in the Gulf States (Louisiana, l*!littr ; Florida, Mni/iianl). 288 avatid.t:, Durivs. — cir.N'. 2.">S, 2.")!». Cass., Pioc I'liilji. Acad. 1848, l'.),-), jiml 111. 82, pi. 25; Lawu., Ami. I>yc. X. Y. 18.J2, 220; 15i)., 780, and Staiisl)iiry's llt'i). ;)22. cvanoi'TKKA, ):v- 258. Gonus SPATULA Boie. Shoveller. Broad-hill. Iiill {wico as wide iit tlic cud as at tho base ; with very numerous aud prominent lamina.'. Head and neck of $ frrcen ; lore breast \vliit(! ; hclly purplisii-chestnut ; win;,' coverts hiue ; speculum green, bordered with black and white ; some scajjulars blue, others green, all white- striped ; bill blackish ; lect red. 9 'tf ■ \,--'~[ known by bill and wings. 20; wing ~-iC^V s-'^i^"-: ^.^ abundant. WiL.o., viii, (55, pi. (57, f. 7; Xrrr., ii, ;57a ; Aud., vi, 2'J3, pi. 3S)4 ; 15i)., 781. . . clypeata. 259. Genus AIX Swainson. 6'nm!))cr J)i(<;k. M'ooil Duck. Crested ; licad iridescent green and purple, with parallel curved, white sui)crciliary and postocular .stri[)es, and a broad, forked, Avhite throat patch; 18-20; wing SA-HA ; tail •1^-5; tarsus 1}-H; bill IJ; 9 with the head mostly gray. X. Am., aiiundant, breeding in most sections, nesting in trees. WiLs., viii, !I7, pi. 70, f. 3 ; XuTT., ii, i]\)i; Auu., vi, 271, pi. 31)1; Bd., 785. . spoxsa. I'll,. IMI. -iiiiinici' Duck. Sid)fiim!l;i FCLIGULTX^IJ. Sm Duels. Tarn! nrntcllnic in front ; hind tnc InJxilc Tlio large iiK'nihraiious flap depomling from till' hind toe distinguislies tiiis groiii) from the preceding, prol)al)ly witliont exception. "While tlie general form is the same as that of the Anatiiife, tho feet are notably larger, with rt>lativc shorter tarsi, longer toes, and broader webs, and placed somewhat further back, in conse(|nence of which the gait is still more awkward and constrained than the " waddle " of oi'di'iary ducks; but swimming i)owers are enhanced, and diving is lacilitated. A large number of the sjjecies are exclusively maritime, but this is no more the ease with all of them, than is the reverse with tho river ducks. These birds leeil mr)re upon mollusks and other aninud substances (not, however, ui)on lish, like the mergansers) than the river ducks do, and their liesh, as a rule, is coarser, if not entirely too rank to be oaten ; there are, however, single exceptions to this, as in the case of the canv.as-baek. The sexes arc unlike, as among the AmttiiKv; and l)esides the diderence in color, the 9 is often distin- guisiie(l by the absence or slight development of certain tuberosities of the bill that the ^ of several species, as of scoters and eiders, i)ossesses. A large majority of the sjiecies inhabit the Northern Hemisphere: there are some fort y in all, exhil)iting a good deal of diversity in minor details, Imt to no sucli extent as tiie number of enrr.'ut genera W(juld imply. Among notable exotics, we have the soft-billed IlyineniiUeinns )nahtcor/i>jiicliits of Now Zealand, and the short-winged MicroplcrtiK BgBBS ANATU)i«, DUCKS. GEX. 2()()-l. 289 •c 1, * .w cinereus of South Amorica, both rolatod to our gou. 2(!i ; tliorc. are but very few others. The genus Ei'iKuidliini is the type of a smali remarkable group, as noticed beyond, sf)nietinies consiiUn'ed as a sulil'aniily. lirjinnt hihula of Australia, witii a fleshy appendage under tiie bill, the African 'r/ni/dssurnix IcHrimotii, the Nesonetta aucldandka, and several speeies of ErinDtntiirc, eompose the subgroup. 260-1. Genua FULIGULA Stephens. * (J with the head, neck, and body anteriorly, black, the former glossy ; lower back, I'ump, tail and its coverts, blackish; below, while, with line black waving on the sides and lower belly; ? with the head and anterior parts brown, with or without i)nrc white around the bill, and other black parts of the ^ rather brown; (J 9 '^''11 black and blue, or dusky; feet livid. {Fnh'j-.) Greater Scanj) Buck. ]i!- the end, broad and depressed, shorter than he.ad (2 or less), the nostrils within its basal half; color of head rich pme chestnut, with bronzy or red KK.V TO N. A. IlUtDS. ;!" -^-mmm 290 ANATIDiT:, DICKS. GEN. 202. reflections ; of l)ack, mixed silvery-gniy ami lilack in abont equal amount, tho (lai'lv waved lines unhroken. N. Am., abundant. WiLS., viii, 110, jil. 70, f. (J ; Nltt., ii, 431 ; Am., vi, 311, pi. 3'J(! ; Hi)., 7il.3. fkimna var. ameuicana. Caiwax-back. Bill blackish, high at the base and narrow throughout, not shorter than head (2A, or more), the nostrils at its middle; head much obscured with dusky ; black waved lines ol" tho back sparse and much broken up into dots, tho whitish thus predominating. X. Am., especially al)undant along the middle Atlantic Coast in winter, where from feeding on the wild celery ( VaUUnerkt) its llesli acHjuires a peculiar flavor, though not particularly excellent under other circumstances. AViLS., viii, 103, pi. 70, f. f) ; Nuxr., ii, 430; Aud., vii, 2'J9, pi. 31>,5 ; JJi). 7!»4 vallisneuia. 262. Genus BUCEPHALA Baird. *»* S ^^''"' tlie head piitly, dark coli)roil, iritlcscont, with luriic white patches; lowiT neck all arouml, muler pails, iiicliuliiig siiles. most of the scapulars, wing coverts aiul seconilarics, wlilte ; lining of wings and axillars dark ; most of npi)('r parts black ; no waving on back .'iiul sides. ? with tlie head less pnliy, bruwn or dark gray, witli traces of the wJiite patciies, or not; somcwliat less white on tlie wings ; fore breast and sides with gray, tlie featlieis iialer-edgoil. Bill much shorter than head, very high at tlie base, taiiering, willi median nostrils. Goldeit-i'i/e. Garrof. $ with the head and upper neck glossy dark green, and a white oval or rounded loral spot, not touching the base of the bill throughout ; white continuous on outer surface of wing; bill black with palo or yellow end, with nostrils in anterior half; feet orange ; webs dusky ; eyes yellow; head uniformly puH'y ; 9 with head snuily-brown, and no white patch in front of the eye. Length Ul-iy ; wing 8-9. X. Am., abundant. Our bird does not appear to dill'er in the least from the European. Wils., viii, 02, pi. 07, f. 0; Nutt., ii, 441 ; Aui)., vi, 302, pi. 400 (describes tho next species as summer plumage) ; Bu., 7110 claxgui.a. JJarrow'x Golden-ei/e. liucl'i/ Mountain Garrot. Very similar ; gloss of head purplish and violet; the loral spot larger, triangular or erescentic, applied against the whole side of the bill at base ; white on surface of wing divided by a dark bar ; rather larger than the last ; 19-22 ; wing 9-10 ; occipital feathers lengthening into a slight crest; bill shorter; 9 probably not distinguishable with certainty from that of tho foregoing, unless by the dark bar on the wing. Arctic America to tho N. States in winter, not common. Also N. Europe. It is doubtfully distinct from the last, with which, however, I am not prepared to unite it. Sw. and Kicir., F. B.-A. 450, pi. 70 ; Nutt., ii, 444 ; Bi)., 790 ; Elliot, pi. 40, and Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1802. . islaxdica. linffle-lieaded JJtick. liutter-hall. Spirit Duck. Dipper. $ with the head particularly pufly, of varied rich iridescence, with a large white auric- ular patch continent with its fellow on the nape ; small ; 14-10 ; wing 0-7 ; bill 1, with nostrils in basal half; 9 still smaller, an insignilicant looking duck, with head scarcely puily, dark gray, with traces of the white auricular patch. N. Am., al)undant. Wils., viii, 51, pi. 07, f. 2, 3; Nurr., ii, 445; AuD., vi, 309, pi. 408 ; 1'.!)., 797 alukola. 1^ AXATIIXE, DUCKS. — GEN. 2()3, 2(54, 2()5 , 200-8. 21)1 thu f. ; VXA. not niich okcii idiiiit wild iii-ly ;tt., ;uiA. 263. Genus HARELDA Loach. Lanrf-frn'Jed Duck. Sonth-midlierJi/. Old-uu/p. Tail of 14 narrow pointed fciidici's, in tho ^ in snnnuei- the contnd ones very slender and inueh elongated, nearly or (iiiitc equalling the Aving; nail of bill oceupying the whole tip ; seasonal changes remarkable. , pi. 72, f. 4; NuTT., ii, 448; Aui)., vi, 374, pi. 40!); Bd., 799. . . torquatus. 266-8. Genus SOMATERIA Loach. * Bill witlioiit frontal process, not feathered to tlio nostrils. {P'lhjKlirta.) tSleller's Eider. Head white, \vitli a pearly gray tinge, a green occii)ital ^mt^pmmm'^ 292 ANATlDiE, UUCKS. — OEN. 206-8. band, and 11 liliuk chin-patch and oye-iin;;; colhir round neck, and nppcr parts, lustrou-s velvety black, the lengthened curly scapulars and tertiaries silvery-white on the inner M-ebs, the lesser and middle wing coverts white, the greater coverts and secondaries white-tipped, enclosing the violet speculum ; under parts rich reddish-brown, blackening on the belly and crissnni. lading through buil" to white on the breast and sides, where there are black si)ots. 9 reddish-brown, blackening below, varied with darker on the head, neck and fore parts : tijts of greater coverts and secondaries alone white, enclosing tiie speculum. Length about 18; wing 8. Northwest Coast. NuTT. , ii , 4o 1 ; ..-■SSST ■■'•-,-_ Aun.,vi,o(!8, pl.407 ; .. ^r=.:-J^ ' IjD., 801. STKLLEUII. •*lJillwitliuutAoiital liroccssos, feathered to the nostrils. {Lamjiro- nelta.) jSj)e(i((cIcd J'J i d e r. (J black or blackish, the throat, most of neck, fore back, wing coverts, scapulars, ter- tials and llank-patch, white ; nape and occi- put green ; a whitisji space round eye, bounded by black ; 9 said to be brown, varied with darker, the chin and throat whitish, the eye patch obscurely indicated ; after the summer moult the ^ is said to be like the 9 . Length about 2 feet. Northwest Coast, common about St. Michaels. Dall, Trans. Chicago Acad, i, 21)1) ; Elliot, pi. 47 ; Un., 803. fisciieuii. *** Bill with frontal processes, not feathered to the nostrils. {Somatcria.) Eider Duck. Bill with long club-shaped processes extending in a line with the cidmen upon the sides of the forehead, divided by a broad feathered interspace. $ in breeding attire white, creamy-tinted on breast and washed with green on head ; under i)arts from the breast, loAver back, rump, tail, quills, and large forked patch on the crown, black. 9 with the bill less developed, ";eneral plumage an extrcmclv variable shade of reddish-brown or ?te;,- Kic r.ll. S|a'rl;ifl<'(l Kiilt'l-. ochrey-brown, speckled, mottled and i)arred with darker ; ^ in certain stages resembling the 9. Length about 2 feet ; wing 11-12 inches. Arctic and N. Atlantic Coasts, abundant, S. in winter to New England connnonly, to the Middle States rarely. This celebrated bird, semi-domesticated in some places, yields most of the prized eider-down of connnercc, which the parent plucks from the breast to cover the eggs; eggs commonly 3-4, pale dull greenish. Wils., viii, 122, pi. 71, f. 2, 3; Xl'tt., ii, 407; Aud., vi, 34'J, pi. 405; Bo., 80lt. The American bird has lately been separated from the AXATID.i:, DUCKS. GKX. 2()'J. 293 European iiiulcr imiue of iS. tb'esKeri, by Mr. Sliiirpc, but I doubt tho exclusive pertinence of llic iissiufiuMl cii;init'ti'is. . . SKii.LissnrA (var?). J'acijir, Elder. Precisely like tiie lust, excepting a V-sliaped black mark on tho chin ; may re(iuire to be treated as merely a variety. Arctic and North Pacilie coast, com- mon. Bi).,yiO; Elliot, pi. 48. . . . V-NUiUA. Kinij Eider, Bill with broad srjuarish nearly ver- tical frontal processes bulj^- ing angularly out of line with culmen. $ in lireed- ing attire i)lack, including a forked chin-patch, '' i*^-* ' ll j#| frontal band, and small ^f—^' ^ space round eye ; the neck and fore parts of the body, part of interscapulars, of i Aving coverts and of lining of wings, and a Hank patch, wiiite, creamy on the jng- ulum, greenish on sides of head ; crown and nai)e fine bluish-ash. 9 resembling that of the counnon eider, *'"'•'"■-• '^i''"'- i'>"=i>- i>p->- ";,'., j; lower %., 9. but bill dillerent. Size of tiie last, or rather less. Both coasts, arctic and northerly; S. in winter sometimes to New York. Xltt., ii, 114; AuD., vi, 347, pi. 404; Bi)., SlU si-kctabilis. 289. Genus CEDEMIA Fleming. •»* Embracing the black si'a-diicks, surf-ducks, scoters or "coots" as lliey are variously called : niaritinio niolhisk-cating si)ceios, scarcely lit I'or food; ^J Mack, relieved or not liy delinite wliitc patches on head or wings, or both, with lirii;litly parti-coloreil hill, very hroad at tlie end, singularly gibbous at base, but of ilill'crcnt form in each of the following species, unnecessarily causing their soi)aration into the three genera, mentioned lielow ; 9 sooty-l>rown, etc., bill sim[)ly turgid at l)ase, uuieli widened at end ; hut niaj* be knijwn by having the nostrils at the jniddio of the bill or beyond it, the nail broad, fused, c:'cui)ying all the tij), the frontal feathers reaching further on culmen than on sidi's of upper mandible, and forming no reeiitranee at its bacli upper corner; young ^ resembling the 9- U"i" tlu'ee species iidial)it both coasts, and sometimes the larger inland waters, hreetling northward; they occur abiuidantl}- in winter along the whole length of the U. S. ^bnericdu lihick Scoter. Bill scarcely encroached uj)ou by the frontal feathers, shorter than the head, black, the gibbosity superior, circumscribed, orange { i ) ; nostrils at its middle ; tail normally lO-feathercd. ((Kdemid.) Plumage of J" entirely black. 9 sooty-i)ro\vu, paler below, becoming I « I! 2!)4 an'atid.t;, ducks. — c.v.s. 2(U». V\i;. I'.il. I'enuilr lllai-k S'-.it.T. u illi oiillhn' nT Ijill viu\wcl IViJiii brl.iw. grnyisli-wliitd on tlio l)(>lly, tlicro cliisky-spoekled, on tlif sides aiul fliinks cliisky-wavod ; throat and .siilos of lioad mostly contiinioiis whitish ; l)ill all hlack' ; I'oct livid olivacoons, Mith ijiack avcIis. $ nearly 2 feet loner; wing ahont 10 inches: 9 ].S-i;» inches; wintr 8-!); cape 2; enlnicn 1;|, Did'ers from tiie European in the shape and colonition of the protuberance on the hill. WiLS., 'viii, 135, pi. 72, f. -' ; NuTT., ii, 422 and 12;) ; Ari)., vi, ;i4;i, pi. 40;;; 15i)., SU7. . AMKUICAXA. Velvet Seoter. 1 1 li ite- le/'nijeil ,S'll rf- (liiclc. Bill hroadly encroached upon by the frontal feathers, on the culmen nearly or (|nite to the nostrils, and on its sides to a less extent, shorter than head, i)laek, l)roadly oranire-tipped {$)\ nail hroad and truncate; giI)ltosity superior, eircnmscrihed. (Melinielfu.) $ black, with a large white wing- patch, and another under the eye; feet orange-red, with dusky webs. 8izo of the last, or rather larger; 9 smaller, sooty-brown, jialo grayish below, with much whitish about head, but showing white speculum; l)ill all black. Said to diller from the European by greater encroachment of feathers on bill, but the ascril)ed feature is not iingible. Wils,, viii, 137, pi. 72, f. 3; NuTT, ii, 41'.l; Aud., vi, WM, pi. 4Ul ; ^^. velcelhui lin., 80"). Also, Fali- giila b'uiinoilata IIkuueut, Field Sports, ii, 2d cd. 3(!() ; O. hintacuJati lii)., 808 (unmatnre) fusoa (var?) Surf Duck. Scd Coot. V>\\\ narrowly encroached upon b}' the frontal feathers, on the; cidmcn nearly or i\\\\W to the nostrils, but not at all upon its sides, about asi long as head, with the nail narrowed anteriorly, the swellinir lateral as ■iupei-ior \''^^~^ as well nostrils beyon d its middle ; bill of $ orange-red, whitish on the sides, with a large circular black S})i )t on each side at the i)ase ; tail nor- mally 14-feathered. {Pcllonella.) $ black, with a triangidar white patch on the forehead and iino thcr on the nape; no white on wings; feet orange, with dusky webs. M p^a BBSE mamvymtnumm ANATIDiE, DUCKS. — OKX. 27(». 29') Size of tlic first; ^'iipc of l)ill iihoiit 2A ; 9 siimllcr ; Itill black, sIiorttM-, giipo iihoiit 2\ ; ffiitlit'i's of t'lihnc'ii liimlly or not roadiing nostrils; feet (liirk, tinged with dnsky-rcdilisli ; \vei)s bhuk"; pluniage sooty-bi'own, below silvery-gray, sides of head with much whiti-iji, chiclly in two [)atches, one loral, the other uurieniar. Wils., viii, -lU, pi. t!7, f. 1; Ni:tt., ii, 41(i; Aui)., vi, 337, pi. 402 ; Bi)., 80(! i'khspicili.ata. ^'ar. THOwiiKiDGici. 'Witli the bill lon;j,cr, exceeding tlie liead, and of sliglitly (lillerent sliape ; leathers falling short of nostrils; liape alioiit 2 ,' ; white fidnlMl patch small, its posterior border anterior to a line lietwecn the eyes, instead of reaching or passing beyond this. C'ala. Bi>., XUO ; Ki.liot, Introd. 15. A., >«o. CI. 270. Genus ERISMATUEA Bonaparte. *jif*Keni;ivkablj' distingnislied from other FnllijiiliiKi' liy the stid'ened, linear- lanceolatc tail feathers (l(j-:i(» in mnnl)er) exposed to the base, by reason of extreme shortness of the coverts; bill broatl, llattened, the nail large, overhanging. lluddy Duck. The ^ in perfect plumage with the neck all round and the npper parts brownish-red, the lower parts silky silvery-white watered with dusky, the chin and sides of the head dead-white, the crown and nape black ; but not often seen in this condition in the U. S. As generally observed, and the 9 at all times, l)rown !d)ove linely dotted and waved with dusky, paler and duller below with darker imdulations and sometimes a slight tav.uy tinge, as also occurs on the sides of the head ; crown and nape dark brown ; bill dusky; erissuin always white. Length 11-17; wing o-(> ; tarsus 1|. N. Am., abundant. Wii.s., viii, 128, 130, pi. 71, f. ."), 0; Nurr., ii, 42(); Aun., vi, 324, pi. 3!)'J; lb)., 811 uuniDA. St. Jhuilixjo Duck. (J head anteriorly and chin black ; hind-head, neck and breast deep ferrugineous ; above brownish-red, blotched with black; below lighter ferrugineous; speculum white. 9 similar, but less strongly marked. 13^; wing (5^ ; tail 3.'J ; bill 1;\, smaller and less cx[)anded than in the in'eceding. S. Am. and W. Indies, accidental in U. 8. The only known instances arc Lake Champlain (Caijot, Proc. 1>. S. X. II., vi, ;)7.")) ; Wisconsin (Kumlein ; iltld. xiv, 1")4; Am. Xat. v, 441). D. doiuhilca Bd, *J25 ; E. orlijyoldes Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, 40o. . . uomimca. SnhfamUy MERGIXuE. Mergansers, Eill more or less nearly cylindrical, the nail hooked and overhanging, the lamelhe highly developed into prominent retrorse serrations. Excepting these characters of the hill, the tishing-ihicks arc simply Fiiliijiilina', somewhat modilied in adaptation to a more exclusively animal regimen ; the principal point in their economy is ahilit}- to pursue fish under water, like cormorants, loons and other birds of lower orders. The nature of their food renders their llesh rank and unpalatable. The gizzard is rather less muscular than in most ducks ; the intes- tines and their cieca are shorter ; the laryngeal capsule of the males is ver^' laige, irrenular, and partly membranous ; the trachea has otiier dilations. Birds of this group inhabit fresh as well as salt water, and are aljundant in imlividuals if not in species. There are only about eight species, chiefly of the Northern Hemisphere ; but several occur in South America. I 290 AXATID.i:, Mi;i:(l.\NSF.ItS. OEN'. 271-2. Oils. Tlio smew, nr wliiti' null, }r'nii'Jliis nlhi'lhis, of iMiropp, has 1^ 'i>m attrilmtod to N. Am. upon insiillicirnt cviili'iicc, tlioii^li very i)t).ssilily nccurriii:.;. Wii.s., viii, 1:.'(1, pi. ;i, r. 1; Nltt., ii, '1(17; An.., vi, IOm. pi. Ill; lii.., m17. 271-2. Gonua MERaUS Linntcus. • liill not shorter thiin head, mostly rod. {Mi'i-ijus.) M('i'f/(ni.-<('i\ Goosmidcr. F/'s/i JJurk. No.sti'ils nearly median ; frontal feathers reacliiiiiu|)leli' weMiiiiL; (if tlio Imlliix, is not elsewhere observed ainonjJ! hinls. It is represented hy six geiieni, nil North Anierican, eaeh the lyi)0 of a family. The nature is altrieial thron!j;hotit the order. The ejiiLfs are very few, freijinMitly only one, nsually if not always plain-colored, and encrnsted with a peculiar white chalky snhstancc ; they are depositeil in a rnde Imlky nest on the j^roinid, on rocky lcdij,'es, or on low trees and hushes in the vicinity of water. The dieteli(! rcLfinion is exclusively carnivorous, the fooil liciiif^ chielly fish, sometimes pursued under water, sometimes plnne provcntriculus with numerous solvent glands, a small and very moderately muscular "gizzard, rather lon<5 and slender intestines, witli snndl co'ca, if any, and an ami)le j^lobnlar cloaca. The touniie is extremely small, a mere knoli-like rudiment (as we have seen in the piscivorous kinglishcrs). The characteristic gular pouch v.aries ■rreatly in development. The condition of ''"'■ '■"'■ '''"'ii'''''"''"' '•''">'• the external nostrils is a curious and unex|)lained feature ; they a|)i)ear to he open at first, and in acme species, like the tropic-bird, they remain so ; but tliey are gener- ally completely obliterated in the adult state. There are probably no intrinsic syringeal muscles in any birds of this order. JJut the most notable fact, in connec- tion with the respiratory system is the extraordinary pneumaticity of tiie body, ■which reaches its height in the pelicans and gannets; it is described liy Xitzsch sul)stantially as foliinvs : The interior air receptacles are of an ordinary character, but the anterior oi' these cells are more subdivided than usual; from them, the air gets under the skin through the axillary cavities, and dilfuses over tiie entire pectoral and ventral regions, in two large parallel iiiter-conmuinicating cells on each side, over which the skin does not lit close to the body, but hangs loosely-. It is further remarkable that the skin itself does not form a wall of these cavities, a very delicate membraiu! being stretched from the iuwardl}' projecting bases of the contour-feathers. Thus there is yet another, although a veiy shallow, interval between this membrane and the skin, this also containing air, admitted from the larger spaces by ninnerous minute orilices close; to the roots of the feathers. This snbcntaneoua areolar tissue is that ■which, in ordinary birds and mammals, holds the deposit of fat, no trace of which substance is found in these birds. The pterylosis of jSVc'/iocyxw/cs adheres throughout to one marked tj'pe, there being little variation except in the density of the plmnage, which ■would seem to accord with temperature, the tropical forms being the more sparsely feathered. Excepting one genus, the gular sac is wholly or in part bare. The contour feathers appear to always lack aftorshafts. The remiges are from 2(! to 10 in number, of which 10 are alw.iys long, strong, pointed primaries. There are nsually 22-24 tail feathers in the pelicans, but 12, 14 or Hi in tiie other genera. All have the oil gland large, witli a circlet of feathers and more than one orifice; sometimes, as in the pelicans, it is protuberant, heart-siiaped, and as lai'ge as pigeons' eggs, with two sets of six orilices ; in the gannets it is flat and disc-like. The palatal structure is desmognathous ; there are no basipterygoids ; the maxillo-palatines are large and spongy' ; the mandibular angle is truncate ; other KI'.Y TO X. A. mUDS. M 2<.)8 NLI.in.i;, (iA.NNKTH. — (iKN. 27.'J. crtiniiil ('liMI'tU'ti'l'H li|>]i('!il' llliilcl' l\M> iis|ii'('|s, (iii(> ln'ciilinr In llii' liclioillH. Ilir (illicr ('(illlllluii III llir ri'sl III' llic ii|'<|i'l'. (ill\l,I.V.) 'I'lii' sli'i'lllllll is ^il(ll'l iitnl lil'oMil, with Irunsvoi'Hc, ciilii'i' or ('iiiai';;iiii(l(>, posli-i'ioi' Imiili'i'; tlic ii|ir\ ul' Ilic riii'i'iiliiin ('oiiiiiKiiily. it" not iilwnvH, iiih'IivIosin wiih ihc slriiiMJ kci'l. 'I'lic ii|i|icr iinii Iioiich lll'4' very Inli;^ ; llic tilii.'l dncM nut 'li'\c|i)|> llii' loli;^ |il'ii\irii:il llpnltliysiH si'cll ill Iliaiiy /'i/iiiijiiiilis, 'I'lic (Miotids all' ijoiililc. 'I'lu- species of liiis orijt r an- lew — a|i|p:iieiitly not over lil'ly. of wliieli tlie eoiiiionintf^ roiiresenl lialf — very ^reiieraliy ili^liilmteil over llie world, Family SULID-ffiJ. Gaunots, llii! rather lousier than the head, eleft to lieyoiid tlie eyes, very sloiil at tiie liase. liipeiinif and a litthi deenrved toward llie lip. wliieli howexcr is not liooived, the loinia irre;iiilarly nerrate, or rather hieerate. Nostrils alioi'tivc. '>ung l)cin;r ditl'erent. 273. Genus SULA Brisson. CiDiimnn Gauiiet. Solan (Idosc. Wiiitc, with black prinmi'ios, llio liciid washed with aiiilu'r-ycllow ; hill not yellow; lores, sac aii., 871. . hassana. Jioolii/ (idunef. IJrown ; below from the neck wliit(! ; l)ill iind fcot yellow. Yoinijr : grayish-brown, merely paler below ; bill dusky. IJatlier smaller than the last. S. Atlantic and Gulf Stales, very abundant. Nutt., ii, .")()(); Auu., vii, 57, pi. 42(!; Lawi!. in lin., the hill, capalilc of lupliliii^' scvi'ral (luarts when clisii'nile.l ; Its Htnicturn is us tbilow.s : 'I'lic c()\('iinij is onlinary skin, Iml \iry ihin ; iIm- liiiinj; is Hkiii niodillcij soniewlial like inni'oUs iiii'inlpraiie ; Jpct ween these '• is inlcrposcil an (Minally thin layer, coinposeil of two sets of very slciidcr inusiailar tihres, separated from each other, iiinl riiiiniii^' in (pppipsiie direeiioiis, I'lie outer lilpi'es run in faseieles from tin' lower and inner ed^c of the inandilile, those from ils hase passiii;r, downward, those arisinn' more anteriorly passing' u;radnally more lorward, and reach till) middle line ipf (he poinli. The iniicr lilires ha\i' the same origin, and pa.-s in n coiitraiy direction, haikwaiils and downwards. l'"roiii the hyoid l>oiie to the jiiiu'tion of the twD crura of the mainlilile, there extends a thin hand of lng. the 2d primary usually longer than the .'!d, both these exceeding the 1st. Tail rather long, large, more or less fan-shai)ed, of 12-14 vcr}- still', strong fi'atiiers. denuded to the base !)}• extreme shortness of tlie coverts ; tims almost *• seansorial" in strnc- Inre, recalling that of a woodpecker or creeper, and used in a similar way, as a snp[)ort in standing, or an aid in scrambling over rocks and hushes. 'I'lie body is compact and heavy, with a long neck ; the general configuration, and es[iecially the far backward set of tin' legs, is much like that of pygopodons l)irds. While otiier SU'ijanoiioth'n can stant soon after ; these are curious long filamentous feathers (considered by Nitzsch (Uoplumaceous), on the head and neck, and oven, in some cases, on the upper and under [larts too. These feathers are eonnnonl\- white, as Is also a large silky llank-patch aciiuire(l by several species. Manj' cormorants are also crested with ordinary long slender feathers ; the crest is often double, anil when so, the two crests may be either one on each side I*' the head, or tlK\v may follow each other on the middle line of the hind head and nape. Our s|)ecics illustrate all these various featherings. The n.aked parts about the head vary wiih the species and afford good characters, especially con- sidering the shape of the pouch, as noted by ]\Ir. Lawrence and I'rol'. Schlegel : the skin is usually brightly coloi'cil, and sometimes caruncnlate. The c I's, as a ridi', arc green — a color not connnon among iiirds. Twenty-five species of cormorants may be considered established. Their study 302 CiUACULID.i:, COUMOIJANTS. — OEX. 275. is (lidiciilt, owing to the groat cliangos in pliunago, tlie high normal varialiilily in size, and tiicir close inter-ri'lation, which is sncli that tlie single genns Gnicithts (Iocs not appear oapahle of well foumled division. Species are I'ound all over tlie ■world, I'xcepting tlie uttermost polar regions, and are usually very aliuiulant in individuals ; the}' are all very nnieli aliivc in their hahits. Many are maritime, hut otiiers range over I'resh waters as well. They are eminently gregarious, especially in the breeding season, when they congregate by thousands — the boreal kinds generally on rock-iiegirt coasts and islands, those of warm countries in the dense fringes of shrubbery. They often migrate in large serried ranks. The nest is rude and bulky ; llie eggs are connnonl}' two, of elli[)tical form and jjale greenish color, overlaid with a white, ciialky substance. They feed principally upon lish, and their voi'acity is proverbial, though jirobably no greater than in the cases of allied birds, rnder some circumstances they have shown an intelligt'ut docility; witnesF their semi-domestication by the Chinese, who train them to lish tor their masters, a close collar licing s]ip[)ed around tiie neck to prevent them from swallowing the booty. r.is. Diinlili'-MTsloil Ciirniiiriiiit. 275. Gonus CVRACULITS Linnteus. * Tail of 11 fciitlH'is (and gnlar sac heart-shaped behind) Common C'Drmnranf. SIkcj. (Ilossy «'. ^m., at laige, tile eonmionest species. Sw. and Kicii., F. IJ.-A. ii, 473; .Ntrr., ii, 183; Aci)., vi, 423, pi. 41(3 ; Lawk, in 15i)., 'i'; uaiic nearly I . Tlif plinuage is exactly tlie same, exeei)tint:'. pidiiably, that wiiito [ilunies are not developed. There art' said to l)e certain (liUcrences in tlie lile-cojors of tlie iiills (blue instead of yellow on under niaudil)le and edges of upper — ■^linhilm/i). hut none show in my specimens. Tiiis is sim|ily a localized southern race of (tiUqilnif:, smaller in general (liuieiisiuns, with relatively lari;er bill, as usual in such cases; tlie sac seems to be more extensively denuded. Kesidcnt on tiie Floriihin and (lulf Coast, breeding by thousands on the mangrove bushes; in sunnner. ranging up the Mississii)pi valley to Ohio (^b'(/'?//'//() and ahjug the coast to North Carolina {Cuius). Aid., vi, 430, pi. 417; l.Awu. in l>n.. .s7'.l. Mexican Cormorant. Resembling the last ; lustre more intense, rather violet-purplish than green ; long tilamentous white feathers on head and neck (but no detinite black lateral crests?) ; sac orange, irJiite-eiJijeil. iSmall ; length about 24; wing about 10; tail (!, thus relatively long; tarsus under 2 ; gapo of bil' under 3. The sac is not strongly convex in outline behind, the feathers passing across in a straight or even convex lino. Central America and West Indies; Texas; up the Mississippi to Illinois (Jihli/irai/). Bkandt, /. c. "jO ; Lawii. in Ui)., 8711. . . . mkxicanus. tt <^iuhir sac heart-shaped behind, owing to a narrow pointed forw.ird extension of the feathers on the middle line. Brandl'ti Cormorant. Deep lustrous green, changing to vi(det or steel-bluo on the neck, the back proper like the under parts, but the sca[)nlars and wing coverts showing narrow dark edgings of the individual feathers (much less conspicuous than in any of the foregoing species : notiiing of the sort is seen in any of the following ones). Sai- dark hJuo, surrounded Jnj a i)., 880 rKXiciLLATUs. J^oxap., Consp. Av. ii, 1(!7 ; Lawk, in Pi)., 877; Elliot, i)1. 50 I'EUsriciLLATUs. livd-faccd Connoran/. Frontal feathers not reaching !)ase of the culmcn, the bill being entirely surrounded by naked red skin which also encircles the eves, somewhat caruuculate, forininij a kind of wattle on each side of the chin; base of under mandible blue; feet black, blotched with yellow. Crown with a median black crest, and nape with another, in the same line. In the specimen examined, a large white ilank-patch, but no white plumes on neck. Plumage richly iridescent, mostly green, but violet and steel-blue on the neck, pur[»lish, violet and l)ronzy on the back and wings, the feathers there u'il/iouf detinite dark edgings. Length 33 ; extent 48 ; wing 12 ; tarsus 2ii ; gape of bill 3. Kadiak, Alaska; described from the single recognized specimen, Xo. 52, 512, Mus. Smiths. List., the same noticed liy Baiuh, Trans. Chicago Acad, i, 321, pi. 33, believed to represent the Pludarrocorax hicris- tiitnn of Pallas, Zoog. It. -A. ii, 183. Probably the "red-faced cormorant," ]\'lev(nii(s itrile, of Pennant, Latham and Gmelin, but as this point cannot be decided, I accept Baird's ideiitilication iucuistatus. Vlolct-(ji'een Cormorant. Frontal feathers reaching culineii ; gular sac inconspicuous, very extensively feathered, the feathers reaching on the sides of the under mandible to below the eyes, and running in a point on the sac far in advance of this. Small; length 24-28; wing 10-11; tail dor lens; tarsus 2 or less; bill along gape 3 or less, very slender, and smooth on the sides, its depth at base about i. Deep lustrous green, including the back; tlie scapulars, wing coverts and sides of the l)ody iridescent with purplish or coppery, the neck with rich violet and blue; gular sac orange ; feet black; Two median lengthwise crests as in the last two species. Among the speci- mens before me, one has no white Hank-patch, but a few white scattered plumes on the neck ; another, marked ? , has none of these, but a largo snowy tuft on the Hanks. A third, labelled "bnirdil. $ , Faralloncs, Apr.'Ol," has both the tlank tufts and the neck plumes ; it is very small, the wing being under 10, the tarsus I'n, the gai)e 2i5, and the bill is extremely slender; it possibly represents a small southern race, bearing somewhat the relation to msmmm m B^g^^ rLOTin.E, DAISTKltS. (iE\. 27(>. 3or) vioJdcrns tlitit Jl.jruJunnn does to dilnphits. Piicitic Const, N. A. — Pchcanufi 7'iolacenK ViM., i, 57")? (iracitlu.s viohiccKs L.wvu. in Bu., . bairdii Coor., I'rof. Pliilii. Acad. 181)5, 5, (! ; Elliot, pi. 4*J violackus. Family PLOTID.ffi. Darters. IJill about twice as long as the lioad, stiaiglit, slondcr, very atnito, naragnatlious, the toiuia with line scrratures. (liilar sac moderate, nalved. Nostrils minute, entirely obliterated in the adtilt. Wings modi'rate, the 3d (luill longest. Tail rather long, still', broad and Ian-shaped, of 12 feathers widening towards the end, the outer web of the middle pair curiously crimped (in our si)0<'ies). There is an occipital style, as in cormorants, Imt it is very small. The digestive; system shows a remarlval)le feature ; instead of the lower part of the (esf)phagus being occu|)ie(l by the proventricular glands, these are placed in a small distinct sac on the side of the gullet. As in other Slcijunnpndc.x, the gizzard develops a special pyloric cavity. There arc no i)roi)cr C(cca, but there is a small rounded termination of the rectum {AmUibmi). The darters are birds of singular a|ipearance, somewhat like a cormorant l)ut much more slightly built, and with exceedingly long slender neck and small con- stricted head that seems to taper directly into the bill. As in the cormorants, there are long slender feathers on the neck ; the sexes are connnonly distinguishable, but the 9 is said sometimes to resemble the ^ . Other changes of plumage ajipear to be considerable, but not well made out. The feet arc short, and placed rather far back, but the birds perch with ease. Unlike most of the order, they are not mari- time, shunning the seaeoast, dwelling in the most imi)enetralile swamps of warm countries. They lly swiftly, and dive with amazing ease and celerity. Thej' are timid and vigilant liirds ; wlun alarmed the}- droj) from their perch into the water below, noiselessly and with scarcely a ri[)ple of the surface, and swim beneath the surface to a safe distance liefore roapiiearing. AVhen surprised on the water, they have the curious hal)it of sinking (piii^lly backward, like grebes; and they often swim with the bodj- submerged, only the head and neck in sight, looking like some strange kind of water serpent. They feed on lish, which they do not dart down npon, but dive for and pursue under water like cormorants and loons. The eggs are three or four, pale bluish, with white chalky incrustation. There are only three or four si)ecies : the African /'. Icvdilhaitii ; the /'. nwlioi'iiidstci- of Snuthern Asia, with the Australian /'. n'lcn-hnlhiiKUif, if distinct from the last ; with the following : 270. Genua PLOTUS Linnaeus. JJarltr. An/uu;/ii. tSiidh'-hinl. Wakr-ttirke)/. Glossy grcciiish-black ; a broiul gray wing-band formed l>y most of the coverts ; lower neck behind and scai)ulars speckled with grayisii-wiiite ; tcrtlarlcs striped with silvery ash; tail i)alc-tipped ; lilamentons feathers of neck pnri)lish-ash ; 9 with parts of the head, nock and back brown, the jugnlum and breast fawn-color sharply niarginod with rich brow ii. Leiiglh about iill ; extent nearly 4 ; wing 14; tail 11; bill 3] ; tarsus U. S. Atlantic and (inlf States, connnon ; in summer to North Carolina {Audiihon), and up the Mississipi)i to .S. Illinois Ki;v ru N. I I 30() TACIIYPETID^, FltlOATKS. riIAETIIOXTIl>-E, TUOl'IC UIUDS. — OEN. 277. (fiainiicoH) ; Fort Thoni, New Mexico (Ileiiri/). Nutt., ii, flO? ; Avo., vi, 44;5, pi. 420; Lawk, in J5o., 883; P. mdanoijaMcr WiLS., ix, 71), 82, pi. 74, f. 1, 2 ANIIIXGA. Family TACHYPETIDiE. Frigates. 15111 longer than the lieiul, stout, straight, wider than liiyli at the l)ase, thence gradually compressed to the strongly hooki'd extremity. ]S'o.strils very small, linear, almost entirely closed, in a long narrow groove, (inlar sac small, but ciipable of considerable distension. Wings exceedingly long and pointed, of about 31 reniiges, of which the 10 primaries .ire very powerful, with stout (juadrangular shafts; npfjer and middle portion of the wings greatly lengthened. Tail very long, deei)ly forked, of 12 strong feathers. Feet exceedingly small, the tarsus, in particular, extraor- dinarily short (§ 7;'), p. '1')), feathered; middle claw pectinate. IJullc of bod^' slight compared with the great length of the wings and tail. Here only in this order is found the on uncinntitin, a peculiar skull-lwne occurring in nearly all the petrels, the turacous (^Mnsapliayidn-, p. 178) and many cuckoos. The frigates are maritime and pelagic birds of most warm parts of the glol)e. Their general contour is nuiipie among watcr-tiirds, in the iunueuse length and sweep of the wings, length of the forked tail and extreme smalluess of the Icet. In command of wing they are unsurpassed, and but few birds approach them in this respect. They arc more nearlj' independent of land than any other birds excei)ting albatrosses and petrels, being often seen hundreds of miles at sea, and delight to so.ar at an astonishing elevation. They cannot dive, and scarcely swim or walk ; food is procured by dashing down on wing with unerring aim, and by harassing gulls, terns and other less .active or weaker birds until tliey are forcetl to disgorge or drop their prey. Tlieir habit is gregarious, especially during the breeding season, when thousands congregate to nest in low thick buslies liy the water's edge. The nest is a shallow flat structure of sticks; the eggs, two or three in number, arc greenish-white with a thick smooth shell. "The young are covered with yellowish- white down, and look at first as if they had no feet. They are fed l>y regurgitation, but grow tardily, and do not leave the nest until they arc able to follow their parents on wing" {Aii(1i(hoii). The following is the principal if not the only species. 277. Genua TACHYPETES Vieillot. Fviijdte. JMan-df-war Jiinl. $ brownish- black, glossed witii green or pur|)lisli, duller on tlic belly, wings showing brown and gray ; 9 with white on neck and breast. Fiu. nil). KiiKiiio. Length about 3i feet ; extent about 8 ; wing 2 ; tail 1 J ; bill 5 or (> Inches ; tarsi 1 inch or less. S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast. Nutt., ii, 41)1 ; Aud., vii, 10, pi. 421 ; Lawr. in Bd., 873. • aquilus. Family PHAETHONTIDiE. Tropic Birds. Bill about as long as the head, stout, straight, compressed, tapering, acute, paraguathous. tJular sac rutlimentary, almost comi)lelcly feathered. Mostrils LONUU'F.XNES, L()XO-WIN(iKl) SWIMMKItS. — OKN. 278. 307 sninll. linoar, but rcniaiiiing p:itiiloii-(. Tail witli tlie two iuuMIp feathers in tlie adult liliimontoiis and oxtraordliiarily prolonj^cd, the rest short and broad. Tlic tropic birds resemble a large, stout tern in their general liguro ; the bill, espoeially, being almost exactly like that of a tern. The principal external peculiarity is the development of the middle tail-feathers; the feathering of the gular sac and the permanent patulencc of the nostrils are other features. They are graceful birds on t!ie wing, capal)le of protracted llight, venturing far from lanil. They are gregarious at all times, and nest in communities along coasts and on islands, in rocky places or among low trees and bushes. As implied in their name, they arc birds of the torrid zone, thougii in their extensive wanderings they visit Southern seas, and have even been reporteil fi'om latituilc lO" N. There are but three Avell determined species: J'. Jlavirostrin (below); J', utlwrens, iim\ P. rubrkamla. 278. Gonus PHAETHON Linnceus. Trnpic Bird. Wliitc, satiny, rosy-tinted; lonj; tail feathers reddened, IjlacU-shafted : sides of licad, win^s aiul Hanks varied witii l)lack ; bill orange ; tarsi yellow ; toes and webs l)lack ; yonng with more black on ui)[)cr i)arts. Wing 11; hill V[--l ; tarsus 1; tail 1-.'), its middle feathers up to Ifj-'iO. (Jnlf Coast, rare or casual. P. (Vllm-em Xltt., ii, 503; Aui)., vii, (!4, pi. 427; i*. y/(a7";o,s//'/.s BiiANDT ; Lawk, ill Bd., 885. . . . flavikostui.s. Order LONGIPEMES. Long-winged Swimmers. Wings long, pointed, reaciiing when closed beyond the base, in nian3' eases beyond the end, of the tail, which is usually lengthened anil of less than 20 rec- trices (oftenest 12). Legs more or less perfectly beneath centre of equilibrium wlien the body is in the horizontal position ; the crura more nearly free from the body than in other Xalutorea, if not completely external. Anterior toes palmate; hallux never united witii the inner toe, highl}- elevated, directly posterior, very small, rudimentary or absent; tiliiic nake(l below. IJill of variable form, but never exten- sively membranous nor lamellate, the covering horny throughout, sometimes dis- continuous. Nostrils variable, but never abortive. No gular pouch. Altricial. This order, which maj' be recognized among web-footed birds by the foregoing external characters, is less substantially put together than either of the two preceding — not that its components are not sulliciently related to each other, but because the essential points of structure are shared to a considerable extent by other groups. Thus the osteological resemblances of longipcnnine birds with loons, auks, and l)lover, are quite close, as noted bj' Iluxley ; while the digestive sj'stem agrees in general characters with that of other lish-eating birds. In some of the lower members of the order, the tibia develops an apophysis, as in the loons ; while even in external characters, one genus at least, Jlidodronia, resembles the Alci'itt., ii, ol2; iS/erconiriits calaractcs J^awk., Ann. Lye. X. Y. liS'i.'!, 71, and in 1)1)., 8;5b ; JjtqJiaf/ns diut CulKs, I'roe. I'liila. Aead. iNC;?, 12,j. . skia. **liill and tarsi I'chitively longer tiniii in tl.e ibrciioiiig ; central rei-triees luialiy l)rojeetinp; far beyond tlu; I'est. Siiialler and less rolnist. {.Slcrfunii-inti.) I'uiiniriiie Jd'iyer. .Middle tail feathers linally i)rojeeting abwnt 4 inches, hroud to the tip. Length al)oiit 20 inelies ; wing 11; bill \h-\'\; tarsus about 2. Adult : back, wings, tail, erissum and lower l)ell\- blaekish-brown, deepening on the top of the head and slight occipital crest to browni.-h- blaek ; below, from I)iil to belly, and neek all round, pure white, excepting iieuminate feathers of sides of neck, which are })ale yellow; quills whitish basally, their shafts largely white ; tarsi al)ove blue, below, with the toes and ■vvel)s, black. Xot quite adtilt: as before, but breast with dark spots, siiU's of the body with dark bars, blackish of lower lielly interrupted ; feet Idack. Yon)i;/er: whole under parts, with u})per wing and tail coverts, variously •marked with white and dark; feet blotched with yellow. I'uini'j: whole l)lnmago transversely barred with dark I)rown and rufous; feet mostly yellow. DhkIcu nta/j'^ (coming next after the barred plumage just given?) ; fuliginous, unicolor; blaekish-brown all over, (luite black on the head, rather sooty brown on the belly; sides of the neck slightly gilded. Xorthern N. Am., ranging S. to the Midille States in winter. 8w. and Kicir., F. U.-A. ii, 42!); Xirr., ii, 31") ; Aid., vii, hsO, pi. 451 ; Lawu. iulkl., 838; Couks, ^. c. 12'J ruMAToiniiMs. PamNi'tic, or Ii/ch(irds(»i\'i Jai'ijer. Middle tail feathers linally i)rojeeting al)out 4 inches, taperiiii/, (icimu'iude; smaller; wing 12-10; tarsus l.','-i;;; bill l^-li; tail 5-(], the long feathers up to !) inches. Adult: upi)er parts, including top of the head and slight occii)ital crest, and crissuin, blackish- l)rown, deeper on wings and tail ; chin, throat, sides of head, neck all round and under parts to the vent, white, the sides of the neek i)ale yellow ; (piills and tail feathers with whitish shidls ; feet blue and black. IV'^'/r-/'.- clouch d l)el()w with dusky in variable pattern and amount. Yduihj : barred ei'oss- wise with rufous and dusky; feet mostly yellow. There is a fuliginous stage, precisely as in the last species. Xorfhern X. Am. ; T'. S. in winter. LcMris vicltavdfionil S\v., F. B.-A. ii, 433, pi. 73 (in dusky })liunage) ; NuTT., ii, 319 (dusky) ; Aun., vii, 11)0, pi. 4r)2 ; iSterconirlus n'r/nirdsnnii CouKs, /. c. 135; Lcstris ccpplnin X'lrrr., ii, 318 (adult); iStciTonirins 'parasiticus h\\y\i. \\\ V>D., i<'.][) ; Coi ks, /. r. 132 rAUAsrncLS. Arctic, LoiHj-taili'd, or JJitJ/uii's Ja'iijcr. ^Middle tail feathers linally pro- ;ii() LAIUI)^, GULLS. joctiiiir ''* or ID iiu'lios, very slender and alniost lilainontnns for a groat part of tlieir leiiirtli ; smaller still ; winij about 12; tail about (! ; tarsus li-lH ; bill 1-lJ ; pluiUMiri' as in the last. Same habitat. Lc'^frin ])arcisi(ieun iiw. and Kicii., F. 15. -A. ii, 4;J(>; \i;tt., ii, .'{17; Aid., vii, lii2, pi. 4.').'5 ; .S. cop- jj/iiis Lawk, in Ijd., SlO ; iS. hajjonii CouKs, I, c. IIW. . . . huito.mi. Siihfnuiihj LARIN^E. Oulh. C()veriii little (usiudly) ; very old birds are likely to be larger, with espec- ially stouter liill, than young or middle aged ones. There is, besides, a certain ])las- ticity of organization, or ready susceptiliility to modifying inlhiences, so nuirked that the intlividuals hatched at a particular s[)ot maybe appreciably different in some slight points from others reared lint a few miles aw.ay. One pattern of coloration runs through ncarl}- all the species : the\' are irhite, with a darker mantle (stra^iidnm; § 38, p. 17), and in most cases with black crossing the primaries near the end, the tips of tlic quills white. The shatle of the mantle is very variable in the same species, .accord- ing to climate, action of the sun, friction and other causes ; the pattern of the black on the quills is still more so, since it is contlnnaUy changing with age, .at least until a linal stage is reached. Incredible as it may appear, s[)ecies and even genera have been based upon such shadowy- characters. One group of species has the head enveloped in a dark hood in the breeding season, the under parts tinted with peach-blossom hue. The sexes are always alike ; the moult appeal's to lie twice a year, so that a winter plumage more or less dillerent from that of summer results ; while the J'oung are never like the old. The change is slow, generally requiring ' IjARWJE, gulls. — GKN. 2«l-r). 311 2-3 years; in tlio inti'iiiii, birds aro foiintvi'iis niid A. ihiili-nplrriis ( y()iiiiir<'r) Lawi:. in I'.i)., >-','> inclies; I'nd priinury willi a wliite suli- iipieal spot, iiiid, like the relii.iiiiiiii,' ones (li.'it ,ire crossed willi lil.'iek, liiivilii^ (lie tip while (when not ipiili' iniitnre, the 1st widi siiiiil! white tip miuI siiIi- apieal spot, the 2iul with white tip alone). In winter, head and iieeU strciiUed with tliisky, Yninni : whitish, variously washed, iiiottle(l and patched with lirown or diisUy ; (piills ami t;iil lilaeU, w illi or without white tips ; liilj lilacU. N'ery lai'i^c ; ei|iialliii,i,' or even cxeeedinif A. i/lniiriis. N. ,\||antic; S. a' tlio IJ. S, coast in wiiilci ; Florida {Amhilinii). Xiir., ii, .'!0S ; Ai:i). 172, pi. l")!) ; I>A\vi;. in I'.i)., s I t maiiim . . Oiis. y.. /'KNcirs', !i iMUopcuii species lieaiiii;,Mlic same relation lo iiKiriiiim lliat, hiii'iiplmtx does lo 7/(/i(('(/,v, lins Ik'cii attriliiiled lo this eoiiiitiv, upon iiiMiilllcioiil evlilenei'. lioNAC, Synopsis l". S. liirds, No. l",IS ; Niir., ii. .'i(L'. Ihrrnvj dull, ('niiiiiinii (lull. Vwi llesli color; hill yidlow with i-ed Ki)o( ; iiiMiitle pale dull Idiii' (darker than in i/lnnriis, hut iiothiiii^ like tlio deep slate of //Kirniiis — niiicli Iho saiiic as in all th(! rest of Iho specios) ; |)riinaries marked as in niiiriiin.'i (hut the i^reat majority of Hpecimcns will ho found lo have the not (piite mature oi- final condition) ; leiiu:th 22-27; wiiii^ 1.')-1S; tarsus 2{-2',' ; hill ahoiil 2] hmuf, ahoiit r,-'l deep at the hase, and iihoiit the same at (he protul)eraiicc. In winter: head and iiiiid ueidc streaked with dusky. )'niiii'_i: at llrst almost eii(ir(d\' fuscous or sooty- hrown, the feathers of llu! haidc and wings with paler cdircs ; hill hlaidv ; (piills and tail lilai k, white-tipped or not ; size at the mininimn ahove uiveii. As it grows old, it gradually lightens; the head, neck and under parts arc usually- (jnile whitish, helorn the markings of tlu; (jiiills an^ ai)paren(, and hefore the hliic hegiiis lo sliow, as it does in patches, mixed with hrowii ; tli(! l)lack on the (ail narrows to a l)ar, at the lime the primaries are assinning their characters, l)iit this har disapi)ears hefore the primaries gain their perfect i)atlcrii. At one time llie hill is flesh colored or y. anjciitdlnnh's Bonap., Syn. \o. 22'.l ; Kicii., F. 15. -A. ii, 117. Nutt., ii, .">() 1 ; Auu., vii, 1(!.'?, pi. 4 hs ; Lawi:. in Hi)., -Sit. . . akcentatus. Var. occiDi.NiAi.is. Mantle iiotalily darker, rather slaly-liliic than grayisli-liliic ; liill stouter, especially towards the end, the depth at the |)rotiil)eraiice usually rather greater than at the hase; greatest depth J: at the iiostrils J. I'.Mcilic Coast, ahmidant. Aid., vii, KU ; Lawk, in lin., n 15 : Cot i;s, /. c L".)(i ; ICia.ior, pi. ri:.'. The I.AItlD.'K, «IIIM,S. — (1K\. 2Hl.r». ;n;i 'ir onliiiiiry (':ilii()riiiiiii li'ml i>i (listiiinniHlicil liy llic iiliovc iiiirtii'iilurs ; 1ml couiircls (lircclly willi (//v/i/i/K/'/.w liy llu' Nculli I'Mcilic striiiii (/,.'/■//•' ii/m lliiANur; IIaiimi, 'I'l'iuH. {'lii(Mn;() Aciid. i, It2l), Mild the Siliciiaii liiid (A. I'lii-liliniiuis l'.\i,i.. ; A. (il'(J(!nl(lliiK VIII'., MlliniMxilir, SrilUKNK). JUiuj-IhIIciI, (,'uII. Adult pliiiinij^i! precisely \\\w Unit (if the lust species, ami its eli:iiiji;es .siilistuiitially tin- sjiiiie ; liill '//vv/(/V/-yell()\v, eiieireleil willi 11 liliirk liinid near tll(^ end, usually ediuplele, sniiieliliies ilet'eclive, tlie lip and most (if (lie eiitliiij; ed;j;es of llie liill yellow; in liii^'li eondilinn, tlie aiii:l(( of tlie nioiilli and a small spot lieside (lie lilaek, red ; /!'V o^■(■(>'v•o/^•^, oliseiired with dusky or Idiiisli, and partly yellow; (lie welis iiriiilit elirome. (Oliserve the coloration of the feet in this and in cinvh Ifrrii., V 15. -A. ii, 121; Nrrr., ii, ,".00; Aid., vii, 1 ")2, 1)1. 1 Hi. Cori-.s, /. - . ;J02 di'.i.awakcnhis. Var. cAi.ii ., «((;; Cm i:s, I. c. .'too (excl. syn.). (Type specimen exaniined.) A)iici'!c(iii 3I('ii) (lull. Small; Icnglii 1(!-18 iiiclurs; extent about 10; wing l.')-ll; bill 1;\, slender, its dejith hardly or not over .-^ ; tarsus about eipial to the middle toe and claw, both about l.'J. l>ill bluish-green, yellow- tiiiped, without any red or black; feet dn.sky blui.sh-greeii, webs y(dlow. jNIaiitle considerably darker than in dclttiriireiisis, Arctic, and Western N. Am., in the interior aiul along the Pacilic Coast to California; I am not aware that it occurs on the Atlantic, or anywhere in the United States east of the Itocky Mountains ; Xiittall and JJonaparte seem to refer to tli(! pro- ceding siiecies in giving this range. It will be seen at once to bo dill'erent from any of the foregoing : and it appears to show constantly .some slight discrepancies from the European L. c(niit.'<. L. caniiN (adult) and X. br(tr/ti/r/u/nr/iHs (young — type specinuiii examined ) ]{k;ii., F. JJ.-A. ii, 420, 422; Xurr., ii, 2!)'J, 301; CouKS, L c. ;{02 ; liissa septentn'oiHt/is (adult) and L. siickJeiji (young — types of both examined) Lawk., Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi, 2(1"), 2(54, and in I5i)., 854, 848. canus var. ituAOiiyiMivNciius. ft Feet lil.'ick, stout, rough, with short tarsi and excised wolis. (/'mjupliila.) Ivovi/ (t'lill. Adult plumage entirely pure white, the shafts of the primaries yellow ; bill yellow, more or less extensively greenish or dusky toward the base; foot black. Youikj : more or less spotted and patched Kiev TO N. A. IIIUDH. 40 I a mmmmmm I I |) ^ 314 LAIUO.K, CULLS. — (JKN. 2tSl-'). Willi hladvish, and hill ofli'ii hliU'k. Length lfi-20 iiielics ; wing 11-13; bill IJ-li ; tavi about tlio .-saino, and rather shorter thiiii the niidillc too and claw, (^nite diU'crent Ironi any ether species. Arctic America and Europe, coastwise, rarely S. to U. 8. in winter. Sw. and Kicii., V. li.-A. ii, 411); Xttt., ii, 301 ; AuD., vii, 150, i)l. 44.") ; /'(n/oji/iilacbtinicd and J'. br(tclii/(arsi Ijawu. ill 1)D., KiiuiiXEUS. ** Tail of tile adult almost entirely black, {niasljuis.) }\7iitr-/if(ulcil (lull. Adult with the head white, s the neck behinil ; wings and back varicuisly patched with black; dark spots before and behind the eyes ; (|iiills mostly black. Arctic America and Kiirope, chiefly coastwise, very abimdant ; in winter, commonly 8. to the Middle 8tates ; breeds from New England norlliward. 8w. and Rich., F. 15. -A. ii, 423; Xurr., ii, 2!I8 ; Aid., vii, IK), 1)1. 444; Lawk, in ISd., 854; CoiKs, /. r. .">04. . ruiDACTVLfs. \m\ KoTZKisri. It is a curious fact, that the eoiiiiiiou kittiwake of the North I'aeilie usually has tiu' liiiid toe iictter formed — soiiietinies nearly if not (luite as loiiiX as in ordinary gulls, with a nearly or iiiiite perfect. tIioii, I'roc. I'hila. Acail. 1KG2. .".d.j; Ki.mot, pi. 54. larid.t;, (iULLs. — (ii:N. 2.sl-'). ;515 Short-hltled KUlhrnhi'. Itfil-lfjucil ICiiHimki'. \\\\\ v(>ry short, stout, wide niul doep at tlio bus , witli very convex I'liliuoii ; its color clcur i/clloir; feet corul-r"'l, dri/inij i/elfow ; tarsus only about two-tliirils as lon<^ as the middle toe and claw; liiiid toe very small (little if any larircr than in an Atlantic kiUiwake, smaller than in the best marked var. ko/;:i'//in'), its rinll- nientar\' claw siiowiiiir as a little l)huk six-ek. I do not know the yoMni^ l)ird, in which tlu^ color ot" th" l)i!l and feet is pi'obahly materially dill'erent. Adult with the mantle leaden-irray, much darker than in the eomnion kitti- wake ; jjattern of the primaries essentiidly the same as in that species. Wimj; i;}; bill li-lj, its depth at base A, at allele little less; tarsus Ij; middle toe and claw nearly 2. Xorth I'acilic Coast, al)undant. This is un(pies- tionabl}' a dillerent bird from the lorc^Lrointif, and in adult plumage it would seem impossible to mistake it. Here belong the following names: — 7»V.s-.s7( hirrinniln'n Uuandt; Lawu. in Ud., S.").") ; Dall and J>an.\., Trans. Chicago Acad, i, 'M'} (In-eeding by thousamls about St. CJeorge's, Alaska) : Lanis hrdclii/rlii/nrlnifi (Joild, I'roc. Zool. Soc. IS i;!, p. , mid Zooi. \oy. Sulphur, ")•), ]»1. ;U ; li!sii(i hraclii/rln/iiclKt UoxAi'., Consp. Av. ii, 22(> ; CouKS, Proe. Phila. Acad. 18(52, oOO ; Jl. hrcriroMrlx and Jt. iih'en Lawi;. in Bi)., S.j5 ; I!, nireti Elliot, pi. 5 t (not J^arns nicenf^ 1'all.). nuKViitosTiiis. IJ. Species of niodimii to smallest size, of less rotiust form and slenderer liill than most of tiit; foic'^oiiig ; in tlie breedini;' season the vhilo of tha innlcr purts ros>/-liiifcit, Unit I/k' hiiiil CHi'i'lujicil in : tarsus 2 ; middle toe and claw IJ ; bill about 1;,', the tip elongated and decurved, so that the i)oint comes down nearly or tpiite to the h-vel of the smidl, acute jirominence of the gonys. Mantle grayish-i)lumbeous ; hood dark plumbeous ; eyelids white ; blai'k on l)rimarios taking in nearly all the 1st (juill, Init rapidly decreasing to the Oth ; the white tips ver\- small, few, or want- ing; liill an, pi. 71, f. 1 : J,, atririlla Xi rr., ii, 21*1 : Airi)., vii, l.">(), pi. 4l;{ ; Lawk, in liu., S,")() atimcilla. Fran/cliii's 7i'r/,sy (,'iil/. Tarsus al)ont ('(jual to the middle toe and claw. Medium; U-Ki ; wing al)ont 11: bill l.l-li ; tarsus \% ; bill and feet 1 < •61G luUimJE, GULLS. — GLN. 286. carmine, former usually with a hlark mark near the ciid ; mantle blnish- pliimI)eoiis, the ends of the secoudarios white nearly an inch ; hood blackish- plunibeoiis, with white eyelids. Final pattern of primaries: — shaft of 1st entirely white, of next 5 Avhitc exccpc in the portion of the quill occupied by Idack ; 1st with its outer web and a bar on the inner web, black, leaving the tip wholly white an inch or more, rest of the feather pearly white ; next 5 crossed I)y a black bar on both webs, 2-3 inches wide on the 2nd quill, narrowing to a mere spot on the 0th ; tips of all these broadly white. Younger birds have much more black on the wing, in a dill'ercnt pattern, and the tail washed with bluish (67/. citciiUatits LicuT. ; Lawk, in Bi)., 851, pi. *J5 ; CouEs, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1802, BUD). Central America and Mexico in winter, migrating in the interior, west of the ^lississippi, to the Arctic regions ; abundant ; has not been observed in the Atlantic States. Larus J'ran/ilini liicii., F. B.-A., ii, 424, pi. 71; Nutt., ii, 2*J3 ; AuD., vii, 145; (J li. franklin i Lawu. in Bd., 851 fkaxklinii. Jionaparfe'n Gull. Tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw. Small ; 12-14; wing K^-lOi ; tarsus IJ; bill IJ-IJ, very slender, like a tern's. Adidt in summer: bill black; mantle pearly blue, nnich paler than in tho foregoing ; hood slaty-plumbeous, with white touches on the eyelids ; many wing coverts white ; feet chrome yellow, tinged with coral red ; webs ver- milion. Primaries finally : — the first 5-(') with the shafts white except at tip ; 1st white, with outer web and extreme tip black ; 2d white, more broadly crossed with black ; 3d to Gth-8th with the black successively' decreasing. In winter, no hood, but a dark auricular spot. Youmj : mottled and patched above with brown or gra}', and usually a dusky baron the wing; the tail with a black bar, the primaries with more black, the bill dusky, nmch of the lower mandible llesh-colorcd or yellowish, as arc the feet. N. Am. ; breeds in the Arctic regions; very abundant in the U. S. during the migration. iS/ei'na j)hil(((lelj)hia Out), Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. ii, 319; (J/i. pJilla- (l"lj)/tia Lawk, in Bo., 852; X. bonaparici Eicii., F. B.-A., ii, 425, pi, 72 ; NuTT., ii, 294; Aud., vii, 131, pi. 442; Couks, /. c. 310. i'iiiladklimiia. Oiis. The sexes of tliis gull are alike, as in all other cases. Aii(lul)on is wrong in (igurinii the 9 with si brown hood. But it is a question whet licr tiic " hrown- licatk'd gull," Lams cajiistratus of Box., Syn. p. SoK, No. 2'J3 — Nltt., ii, 21)0, should be considered as this species, or as the true European bird, L. riih'biDidns, erroneously attributed to tliis country. The Knr<)i)ean beast (!ull, //. viiimfiiK, lists been inlioilaccd to our fauna upon erroneous inlurniation, the single authority (SAnixi;) for its ocenrreuco having doubtless mistaken the last species for it. Kicu., ]"'. B.-A. ii, 42G ; Nltt., ii. 289 ; Lawk, in Bd. 8uo. Sec Coles, /. c. ;511. 286. Genus RHODOSTETHIA MaegiUivray. ']Ved'je-taile(l, or lioai^'' lios)/ Chill. Adult : white, rosy-tinted ; a black collar, but lu) hood; mantle p(>arly-blue ; imniaries marked with black; bill black; feet vermilion ; length 14; wing 10^ ; "bill along the ridge '^" very slender; tarsus little over 1; tail 5J, cunnitc, -ho graduation being one LARID.i:, TKHNS. — OKX. 287-8, 817 inch. Arctic America, apparently very rare ; I liavo never seen a specimen, and do not Ivnow of any in tills country. Krcii., F. B.-A. 11, 427 ; Nutt., ii, 2t).j ; Auu., vii, 1.'30; Lawi;. in Bd., SiiG ; Colks, J. c. 311. . liosEA. 287-8. Gonus XEMA Leach. Forlc-tailed Gull. Adult: white, including Inner primaries, most of secondaries, and greater coverts ; head enveloped In a slate-colored hood, succeeded by a velvety-black collar; mantle slaty-l)lue, extending quite to the tips of tlie tertlarles ; whole edge of the wing, and llrst .') i)rimaru's, black, thcii- extreme tips, and tiie outer half of their inner webs to near tho end, white ; bill l)lack, tipped with yellow ; feet 1)lack ; length 1,')-14 ; wing 10-11; bill 1; tarsus 1\; tall ^), forked i\\\ Inch or more. The changes of plumage arc correspondent with those of L. phihuh'lphiu ; In the 3'ouug tho tail is often sim])ly cmarginate. Arctic America, both coastwise and in tho interior, common, but still rare In collections; in winter, S. occasional!}- to New York (Audulxni) and Utah (Allen). Kinr., F. B.-A. 11, 428 ; Nutt., ii, 21)0 ; Aui)., vii, 127, pi. 441 ; Lawk, in Bi)., 8.")7 ; Couks, I. c. 311. sahixki. Smdlow-tuiled Gull. Head and nearly all the neck grayish-brown; a white spot on each side of the forehead ; mantle gi'aylsh-wlilte : lesser wing coverts white, greater slate, white-bordered; 1)111 black at the hase, white at the end, much bent ; eyes and feet red ; eyelids orange ; claws black ; tail white, very much forked. Length al)out 2 feet. "California." This bird appears to be exceedingly rare ; no one In this country has seen it. The de- scripticm is compiled from the original account. LavuK furcafus Xr.iioux, Kev. Zool. 1840, 2i)0 ; PuEVosT and Des ^Iuks, Voy. Venus, pi. 10; Crcaf/rus fnrca/us BoxAr. ; Lawk, in Bd., 8")7 ; CouEs, /. c. 312 fukcatlm. Suhfamih/ STEliXIX^E. Terns. Covering of bill continuous (no core), hard and liorn}' througliout ; hill pard/jnathiiiis, relatively longer and 1, -I -.1 II .ji • VHi. -Ol. Ui)>c;itc Tern. slenderer than ui the gulls, very acute, the (.•omiiussure straight or nearly so to the ver}' end ; nostrils generally linear. Tail never squaie, almost invariably forked (often dei'ply forlicate), in one groui) doublt'-roandcd. "Wings extremely long, thin and pointed. Foot small, weak, scarcely anibnhitorial. The terns are not distinguislu'd from the gulls by any strong structm-al pecu- liarities, but they invariably show a special contour, in the i)rodnetion of which the longer, slenderer and acutely paraguathous 1)111 is a eons[)icuous element. Only one species has the bill in any noticeabh; degree like that of a gull. A few of the terns are as large as middle-sized gulls, but the normal stature is nnich less; and they are invariably of a slenderer build, more trim in shape, with smoother, closer-litting plumage. The great length and sh!U|ini'ss (jf tho wing relative to the bulk of the lu.dv eonfi-r a dasli and buoyancy of lliglit wanting in tlie gulls; in Hying over the water in search of food, they ladd the 1)111 pointing straight downward, which makes them look curiously like colossal mo»(initoes ; and they secure their 318 larid.t;, teuns. pre}' by (InrtiTiu; impctuoush' upon it, when they nrc usually submerged for a iiKtincnt. 'I'lu' hu'ut'r kinds feed i)riiicip:illy upon little fish, procured in this way ; but most of the smaller ones are inseetivorous, and llutter about over marshy spots like swallows or nightliawks. The general ai)pearanee and mode of flight have suggested tile name of "sea-swallow," the ccjuivalent of whieh is a])plied in nearly all civilized languages. A forking of the tail is an almost universal character. In the Caspian and niarsli terns, the black tern and its allies, and some others, the forking is moderate, and not accompanied by attemiation of the lateral feathers ; but ordinariiv, tiieseare remarkalily li'ngtliened and almost fdamentous, as in the barn swallow. It should bo oliserved that in all such cases the narrowing elongation is gradual, and conseijuiMitly less evident in the young; and that it is very variable in its dexcjdpnienl. The nod/(li- is imperfect in young and winter specimens, and tin' former show gray or brown itatching instead of the pure final color of the mantle. In all those species in which the bill is re(l, orange or yellow, it is more or less dusky in the j-ouug. The changes are probably greatest in the black terns. The general economy is nmch the sanu' throughout the group. Tiie eggs are laid ill a slight depression on the ground — generally the shingle of beaches, or in a tussock of grass in a marsh, or in a rude nest of sticks in low thick bushes; they are l-.'i in number, variegated in color. Most of the species are maritime, and such is partieidarly the case with the noddies; but nearly all are also found inland. They are noisy birds, of shrill penetrating voice; and no less gregarious than pnlls, often assembling in multitudes to breed, and gener.'iily moving in company. iS|U'cies occur near water in almost every part of the world, and most of them are wiilely distributed ; of those occurring in North America, the nuijority are found in eorresponiling latitudes in the OM World. About seventy specii's an; currently reported; these nmst b(> reduced nearly one-half; the true nnmlier is LAKIU^:, TEIJNS. — (iKN. 289-92. 319 apparently just about that of the <^ulls. Sonic twenty "genera" have been iniposi'tl upon the terns — three-quarters of these are of no account whatevei-. N. B. Understand )(7((7e, thn pileuiii bhick, llic quills nilrercd-dnskj n-ilh himj white strqit', unless the deserlptions state otherwise. 289-92. Genus STERNA Linnaeus. *Bill remarkably short, stout i nd obtuse, hardly or nut half as long again as the tarsus. {Gdocheliilon.) G KU-billcd, or J/arsh Tern. Bill anil foot black ; mantle pearly irrayisli- blue, this color extending on the rump and tail; primaries wilii the while stripe restricted to their base, their shafts white. Length L")-l.">: extent sibout 34 ; wing 10-12 ; tail 4, forked only 2 or less, the lateral feathers little narrowed; tarsi l-lj ; bill IJ. Eastern United States; apparently not abundant in this country. Europe, etc. >S. avaiiCft'W'iLfi., viii, l-i:'), pi. 72, f. () ; Lawk, in IJi)., 859 ; S. aii'/h'ca Xutt., ii, 2G9 ; Aui)., vii, 81, pi. lliO ; GdochcJUon amjUcu CouKS, Proc. Phihi. Acad. 18()2, a-Htl. . . a.nci.ica. ** 1)111 of an ordinary stcrnino character. t Occiput slightly crested. Feet black. Size large. {Tliijhi.isi;iis.) Cdxphin Tern. Dill red. Mantle pearly grayish-l)lne ; cap extending below the eyes, but the under eyelid white ; primaries viUmiit any white band. In winter, black of the cap ciiielly restricted to the occiput ; yoinig, Avith the bill dusky and yellowish, the back, wings and tail jjatched with brown or blackish. Much the largest of the terns; length 20 or more; wing 1.5-17; tail 5-(), moderately forked, without narrowed featiiers ; Mil 2i-2'J, very stout, '\ or more deep at base, i wide opfxisite iu)strils ; tar.sus IrJ-l'i ; middle toe and claw rather less. Arctic America and Europe, 8. ill winter to the INIlddlo States; apparently not abundant in this country. L.vwK. Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1851, v, 37 ; Couks, /. c. 5;)7 (var. /injicrd/nr), and I'roe. Essex Inst, v, 308 ; Elliot, 1)1. 5(5 casi-ia. Ifoi/dl Tern. I)ill orange. Mantle pearly grayish-blue. In winter, bill duller colored ; cap mostly restricted to occiput: rumj) and tail shaded with the color of the mantle. Young, with the crown nmch like that of tlie adults in winter; upi)cr parts witiiout bluish, or this only showing in patciies, and variously spotted with dusky. Scarcely xhnrter than the last, owing to length of tail, but much less bulky; length 18-20; wing lt-15; tail (1-8, deeply forked, with narrowed lateral feathers; tarsus about Ij, middle toe and claw rather more than less; bill 2}s-2'i (in the j'oung sometimes only 2.1), ii-'i deep at base, the gonys about 1 long. Atlantic Coast, l^. S., to New York (Z<^;«Te»('e), al)uiidant southerly ; California? S. c(n/iniii Xitt., ii, 2()8 ; Atn., vii, 7(), pi. 429 ; S. re;/ia Gamiikl, Proc. Phila. Acad. 181S, 128; Lawu. in IJi)., 859; T/iahisseuff re;/im Cuui:s, J. c. '):\!^. hixma. E1('(j(in( Tern. Similar to the last; mantle very pale ; under parts rosy- tinted in high plumage. Smaller and somewhat ditl'erently proportioned; bill nmch slenderer ; tarsus obviously longer than middle toe and claw. Length about 17 ; wing 12-13 ; tail (j-7 ; bill 2i, under A deep at iiase, the gonys about lA long; tarsus rather over 1 ; middle toe and claw under 1. I 320 LAUID.i;, TKHX.S. 2S'J-!»2. Fill. 'IK. Satidwiili Tern. Ciilil'oniia, Mexico, Cent, iiiul 8. Am., ami Africa. S'. galcricitlata LiciiT., Veiz. lHi>;J, «1; ,V. c/(v/«;j.s Gamu., IVoe. Pliila. Aead. 1848, U\) ; Lawk. in l»i). H(i() ; 'rinilassenn eJe;/(nis CovKs, I, <•. ."» |(). . . . ciALKKicxLATA. S(inil.'-iclt 'J'ern. Bill Mack, tii)pod witli ycl!()\v. Plumairc as in re'j'iiiH or 'jalcricttlalii, hut mantle extremely pale; smaller; lenjrtli l.")-lti ; wing alioiit 12; tail 5-0; lull L'-2i, the yelloAV part from ;,' of au inch t(j a mere point ; tarsus 1 ; middle toe and elaw 1 i . Atlantic and Gidf Coast of U. S., abundant. Europe. iS . hni/sil Xrrr., ii, 27(5 ; IS. ccui- t'uira All)., vii, 87, pi. 431 ; S. (fiiJlavliJa Cauot, Proc. T.ost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1847, 257; Lawk. in 1jI).,8(!(); T/tdhissctts arnjldridus Corns, /. c. 540. . . . cantiaca. tt Occiput not crested. Feet not liluck. ^Medium and small. {Stmitt.) CuiiiMOti Tern. ir//w»V Tern. Sea SwaUnw. liill red, blackening on the terminal third, the very point usually light ; feet coral-red. .Mantle pearly grayish-l)lue ; i)rimary shafts white except at the end; below white, washed with pale pearly plumbeous, blanching on throat and lower belly. Tail mostly white, the outer web of the outer feather darker than the inner web of the same. Length of $ 144 (13 to IG) ; extent 31 (29-32) ; wing lOi ('J.-J-ll.'l); tail () (5-7); tarsus:? (n-A); bill 1^ (li-A); whole foot averaging li? ; 9 rather less; averaging toward these minima : young birds may show a little smaller, in length of tail particularly, and so of total length ; length 12+ ; wing '.•+ ; tail 4+ ; bill l^-f-. In winter, this species does not a[)pear to lose the black cap, contrary to a nearly universal rule. Youutj : bill mostly dusky, but nmcli of the under mandible yellowish ; feet simply yellowish; cap more or less defective; back and wings patched and barred with gray and light brown, the bluish showing imperfectly if at all, but this color shading much of the tail ; usually a blackish bar along the lesser coverts, and several tail feathers dusky on the outer web ; below, pure white, or with very little plumbeous shade. X. Am., al)undant ; l)reeds at various points along the Atlantic States, and northward. It does not differ in the least from the European. *!>'. ////Hz/f/o Wils., vii, 7(i, pi. (iO, f. 1 ; Auo., vii, 'J7, pi. 433; Nltt., ii, 271 ; S. wilxoni Laavk. in IJn., 8(51. . iiiuuxDo. ^hr.'iter'n Tern. Like the last; larger, tail longer and wings shorter. Wing of adult !)i-10A ; tail fU-8, tlnis often beyond the extreme o( hiritndo, and nearly as in niacrotira; bill l^j {l^-l'i), and about I deep at base (in hirnndo rarel}' if ever so deep) ; tarsus seldom down to J ; whole foot about 2. Little or no plumbeous wash Iielow ; Inner web of the outer tail feather darker than the outer web of the same. Young and winter birds may be distinguished from hirnndo at gunshot range ; the black cap is almost LAltlD-E, TEIJNS. — (iKN. 2Si)-92. 821 i lit cpf r. -liM-'s Tcni. ontiroly wanting, and in its piano is a hroatl hlack l)an(1 on oaHi sido of tlui head tiirongli the oyo ; several lateral tail leathers are larir<'ly dnsky on the //;»r'/" welis ; their outer wehs are M'hite. {S/rni'i hnrcll!! Ai'iU'noN, vii, lo;], pi. .').')4.) X. Am., at larire, abundant. >'. hlrnndi) S\v. and Hicir., F. B.-A. ii, 412 ; S. Jhrster! N'utt., ii, 271 ; li.wvii. in Bi)., 8(;2. See Couks, IVoe. Piiila. Acad. 1S(;2, 543,514; \u., ihid. 1871,44. . . . foustiimi. Arctic Tcv)). Bill oanninoor laUe-red throwLrhont ; feet vorniilion. J'lnniaire like tliat of /lirnmhi, Imt much darker below, the plinnbeons wash so heavy that these parts are bnt little if any paler than tlie mantle; crissnni jjure white in marked contrast; the throat and sides of tlie neck pale or wiiite. In ■winter, cap defective; in young, the same; npjx'r parts i)atclied with ijrav, brown or rufous ; under .."^ parts paler or wliite ; a dark bar on the wing ; outer webs of several tail feathers dusky ; i)ill blackish or dusky-red with yellow on the under mandible; feet dull orange. Suialler than /i/'noufi), ])nt tail mncli longer. Length 14-17; extent 2, 23. S. pike!. Lawi:., Ann. Lye. 1853, 3 and in Bo., 8(53 ; CouES, I. c. 550 i.dxniPENXis. lioKCdte Tcvn. Bill black, us"ally orange at !)ase below. Mantle very pale pearly l)lue ; primaries with the white band broad and usually extending to the very tip; below, pure white, or rosj'-tinted ; feet coral-red. Changes of plumage as in other species. Length 12-1(5 ; Aving 9-10 ; ('iil')-S; bill l^-l'it, very slender ; tarsus 3-»- Atlantic Coast, U. S., abundant. S. dong- alVii XuTT., ii, 278; Aun., vii, 112, pi. 437; S. panrd/'scn Lawu. in Bd., 803; CouEs, /. c. 551 i'auaois.ea. Lcaxt Teni. Bill yellow, usually lipped with black. .Manlle pale pearly grayish-i)luo, extending unchanged on the rinnp and tail ; n n'/ttfe frontal crPKCCid, separating the black cap from the bill, bounded l)elow by a black loral stripe reaching the 1)ill ; shafts of two or more outer primaries fjlitck on KKV ID N. A. IIHiDS. 1 1 4 322 i,Ai;ii),i: TKIINS.— (IKN. 2iH!l-!l2. Fl(i. 'Jill. Alcritiail TiTii. tlic uppor siirfiic'o, -wliitc uiuk'nicatli ; feet oraiiiro. Young; cap loo (li'foctivc to show tlif c'lcsccnl ; liill (l;irl<, luiicli of llu- iiikUt iiiiiiulildo pale; feet ol)scur((l. \'(iy small, only i^-H ; win^r (!-(i^i ; tail 2-3^ ; bill 1-lJ ; tarsus n. U. S. anil sonu'wliat northuaril, cliiclU' coastwise, nhundant. Apiu'ai's to l)c perfectly distinct from the European bird. *S'. mliiuta \\'ii,s., vii, -so, pi. ()(), f. 2; All)., vii, 111), pi. 'loll. S. siipercilidn's \iv.]iAA)T, Diet. Deterv. 1819, xxxii, 17t). ,S. arr/ented .Maxim., ^'oy. i, '17; Xirr., ii, 2H0. s()N, ISIT ; C'oi'Ks, /. c. r;52. S. froiata (jA.Mit., I'roe. Pliiia. Acad. INt.S, li'fS ; TvAwi:. in lii)., N(i4. .sri'KKiii.iAUis. Tniilean's Tern, liiil oraiiL'e, crossed Iiy a hIacUisli hand, the t\\) yellow. Entire plumage pearly grayish-liliie, little if any paler below than above but whitening on tiie head; a black band through the eye; no blackcap. Size and proportions precise!}' as \i\ fovslirl (excei)ting shorter tail?). South and Central America, rare or oidy casual on the Atlantic Coast (New Jersey and Tiong Island, TrwJt-dti). Aid., vii, 105, pi. 4.'!,"); Lawu. in III)., 8()1 ; CoiKS, /. c. .")12. . . . tuidkali. "S^^.^^ t+t ^0 wcipital crest. Feet and bill hhu-lc ; colors ilarker th;in in any of the foregoing. Size niediinn. {Iluliiiliiiiti.) Ah'Jttidu 7)rii. Top of the head black, with a white frontal crescent ; back very dark ash, or dull slaty-blue; under parts similar, paler; tail white; chin and sides of head, e!)., 8(11 illiuixosa. Bridled Tern. Slaty-gray, blackening oii crown and quills, the color of the head separated from that of the back b}' an ashy-gray interval on the cervix ; white frontal crescent very narrow, with long horns reaching bej'ond the ej-es, involving the upi)er eyelid and forming a superciliary line ; black loral stripe reaching the bill; under jiarts, and most of 2-3 outer tail feathers, white; smaller than the last, and easily distinguished. Central America, and various warmer parts of the world ; I introduced it to our fauna upon the strength of a specimen from Audubon's eolleetion, now in Mr. Lawrence's cabinet, labelled "Florida." »S'. inioslhcctus ScoroLi (tide 4 ift i,Aifii),T;, TKiiNS. — (!i:n. 2!>;», 2'.>l. :\-2:\ Gray); •"^'. p'/no i/'iixi.'^ o? avthoma: /fnHjiItin'i (llsmliir Cocks, Iliis, 1804, 3112 ; L.\\vi;i;n('K, Ami. T>yc'. X. Y. viii, Id") ; Ki.liot, pi. aT. axustii.kta. 7'/" //((.) 203. Gonus nYDROCHELIDON Boio. Bhivk, or ,S/i(»i-l,, simply forked; bill 1-1 J; tarsus 5; m iddle toe and claw li. X. An -hiell y inland, breedmg 111 marsiiy places. ])hiinl)va \\n. WiLS., vii, S;i, pi. (!(), f. ;5 (young) ; //. jiliiinhcii La in IjI)., 801; S. niijra X^utt., ii, 282 ; Auu., vii, lit!, pi. 4.">8 ; II. JiKsqvH CoiKS, /. c. IthX. . . I'lssiriis. 294. Gonus ANOUS Loach. JVfiddi/ Tern. Frontal feathers in convex outline on the bill (the antia", shown by all the foregoing, here wanting) ; webs remarkably full ; tail graduated laterally, cmarginale in the middle, the feathers broad and stitlish. fuliginous, blackening on (piills and tall, Mith a plumbeous cast on h-hlack or dnil hrowu ahovo, varied with white ; hill 3ellow, diisky-tipped. Length 1(1-20 inches; extent 3-4 feet; wing 13-1,") ; tail -1-5, forked ; umlcr niandihle 3]— M, uj)[)cr 2^-3. Coast of South Atlantic and (Inlf .States, vcr}' ahniidant ; frcipicntly to the Middle Stales, ■•ind even straying to >i'ew ICngland. WiLS., vii, y."), pi. GO, f. 4 ; i\UTT., ii, 204 ; Ai;i)., vii, 07, pi. 428 ; Lawii. in Du., 8()ti. muua. Family PROCELLARIID^. Petrels. Xostrll.-f tiiliiiliir. IJill epi^nal hulls ; its covering discontinnons. cuiisi>tinL!: of several horny [licces sei)araled liy deep groovi'S. Ihilliix small, elevated, fiine- tionless, appearing merely as a sessile claw, often minute, ahsi'iit in tw(j genera. These are oceanic birds, rarely landing except to Iireed, unsurpassed in powers of flight, and usually strong swimniers ; cxceiiling the sea-runners, mine of them dive. AVith the same exi'i'ptioii. the wings are long, strong and poinleil, of 10 still' primaries and nnnieroiis short secondaries; the humeral and antc-lirachial portions are sometimes t'Xtremely lengthened. The tail is short or niodeiate, of less than 20 feathers, of variable shape. The feet are usually short, Avitli long full-webbed front toes, and a rudimeiitary hallux, as above staled, or none. In size, these birds vary reinarkalily, ranging from that of a swallow ui) to the iminciise albatrosses, ludbably unsurpassed by any birds whatever in alar I'xpansc, and yielding to few in bulk of body. The iiluniage is eoiiiiiact and oily, to resist water; the sexes appear to be always alike, ami no seasonal changes are determined ; but some color variation with age, or according to individual peculiarities, certainly occurs in most cases, and in the J'lijjint. for instance, in which some currently admitted siiecies are unil'ormh" fuliginous, it is not i>roven that this feature is not temporary, as in the jai'gcrs. The food is entirely of an animal nature, and fatly substances, in partic- ular, are eagerly devoured ; when irritated, many siieeii's eject an (jily lluid from the moulh or nostrils, and some are so fat they are occasionally used for lamps, by running a wick through the lujdy. The eggs are few, or onl^' (Jiie, laid in a rude nest, or none, on the ground or in a burrow. I'etrels are sili'iit birds, as a rule. w I'liOCKLLAKIlD.K, ALllATKOSSIOS. (IK.V. SiMUT. 325 cuiitrastiiiir \\ itli ^ulls iind terns in tliis piirtiiiihir ; niuiiy or iii')>t ari' ^iri'^iiiion^, C'oni,'ii'y;:iliii;X I'.v tliijiisiinds jit llnir liiciMlin^jr |)liici's or wlicrr food U iilculy. liirds of tills Ciimily iilioiinil on all seas ; Iml tlu' ;iroii|) is yi't ini|i('rriclly known. Uonaiiarti' j^ave 01) sjn'rics, in \frin- eipal if not the only petrel-mark, and these orj;ans are nniijiie in openinn; directly upward, the nasal tnlie lieinj^ verti<'al instead of horizontal as in all the rest. i ,Si(l,f,iiiiil;i l>lOMEl>i:iX. /•;. . Vhiili-ossrs. A\i.iti\ll.'< ilisciiiiiK'i'/i il. plaecd one on eaeh side ol' the liill near the base. No jiiiid toe. Of l;ui;e>l >i/e in this fMmily. 'I'liiTi' are ei^ht unipH'^tinnahie speeies. uith two or three (loniilfid or ohseure ones. Only three ha\i' proven their ri^iil to a place here. As .Mr. Lawrence observes (I>i>., .s21 ), there is no well aiithenlicaled instance of the occurrence of the ^^real wandcrin;^' albatross, />. rxnliins, oil' our coasts; but it has been taki'U in Mniopi', anil is liaiili' to apjiear at any time. Il is dislinnnisiied from tile fust si)ecies following; by its <>;ri'al si/e, and the outline of the iVoiital feathers: deeply concave on the cnlmen. slronudy convex on the sides of the bill lo:i point nearly ojiposile the nostrils. The ycllow-noscd .'dbatross, I). rlilnrnrli/iiicliK of AiDCltoN, vii, I'.MI ; Lawk, in lin., 822, is the I). I'lilniiiKitd. a siiecies of Au-.lrMliaii and other Southern seas. .sv/W to have been taken "not far from tic Columbia river," but there is no reason, as yet, to believe it ever comes within a Ihonsand miles of this country. It has the liill black with the cubucn. and under ecl^^c yellow. Oilier well known species of Southi'rn seas are I), ciiluriirli^iiifliii. ninhi and hk hi imiihriis. 296-7. Genus DIOMEDEA Linnrous. *•'>'■<*- ><-.. -ii.ti im.i..i aiii.iu 3 feet; extent 7; wing 20 indies; tail ,")j ; tarsi ,")■;. Adult |)luinaL^' wiiite, witli a yellowish wash on tlie iieiul and neck; primaries black; oilier i|uilis, the wing coverts ami tail feathers, marked witii lilaekisii ; l)ill and fed pale. Young dark colored, resemhlimr the ne.xt speeies. Olf the Pacific Coast, ahnndant. Cass., IN. 2.s;», pi. .')(); Lawi:. in Ud., ,s22. . . iikaciivi i:a. Jihn:k-J'()oled AUiativxs. \\\\\ about 1 (never .5) inches long, extreme l_v stout, with tlie euhuen almost perfeetly straight to the hook, which is com- i' 1 :h 8S6 l'l!<)('!;i,I.\I!III) v., IT.TUnt.s. |iMr,iti\('ly siinll jiimI \vc:iU : tin' Imriiy picM'c I'driiiinir llic ciilmcii V(>rv I)r():iil, cspcrially iit li.isc, uhriT i| ovi'iliips Iln' l.iti tmI |)ic<'i' ; dcplli of liill at Iiuho 1.1, its wiillli tlitTc l|. Tail cniilaiiicil alidiil ."» limes in tlic wiiiLT. (iiiicral iliiiK'iisiniis (if the la^t species, or rallier less ; tail loMirer, Atliilt plniiia;;(! dark liiowii, paiei- ami u'i'ayi'r, or rather piiinilH'oirs licjow, lij:lileiiin;; or even wliitiMiiiij; alioiit tlu- licad ; tpiills l)la(U with yellow shafts; lii|| dark; feet lilaelv. A liiial pimiiairt* may he li<.'liter than as desciihed. \m{ is never white; and other characters seem to prove the validity of tlie species. Pacific (jtast, very alxindanl. Ai i>., vii, i'.i.S; Sciii.khki., M. I'.-l)., /';o- vrlltii'liv, ',V.\\ SwiMior., |l»is, iMi;'), II)! ; ('<)ri;s, I'roc. I'hila. Acad. isiKi, 17.S; Cass., III. 210, pi. .'5."i. I>, ijHibosii ( 1(111, i>? . M(il!ll'i;S. • ' Sides of under niMiidilile with a Ion;; eoliai'd i^roovc ; )ii 1 1 coiiilPMrali\'ely slender, slrmiuly compressed, with sharp culnKai ; IVunlal leathers lorniin;; a ilccp reenlrance on the cninien. a strong saiienet! on the sides of llie lower niamlihle. \Viie_' alMiiil twice as lonir as the cnneatc tail. (I'hiihrlnn.) Sunli) .Vhiilnixs. l''idi_iriii<>iis hrown. nearly uniform, in some enscs li'.diton- inji: on various parts; (juills and tail l)laill hlacU, tiie groove yellow; feet yellow. LenL^iM ,\'\f winir L'(»--_'L> inches; t.iil jil-ll, its u'raduation .'U-l] ; tar at iiase i ^, d(>cp, hut only '] wide. I>. J'usni ,\ri)., vii, I'iKl, l.Vt ; // //- ()sii IjAWI!. in l>i)., X-'.') ; /'/i"fjrlri"j'iih)/iiiiisiii\)vi.s, I.e., 1 u. fulii.in(JSA. s„hf,iniihi rnocKi.i.Mnixj:. jvinis. Noslrils imileil in one donl)le-h:urclle(| tiilie laid horizontally on the calnu'ii at base. Hallux present, llionLjh il may he iiiimite. I''iv(' >j;rotips of petrels may ho distinguished, ailhiiuuh they t;rnde into each other; foiu' of tlicm are alMuidantly represente(l on our eoM-.ts. 'V\\r /'ihii'irs are lariie eull-|ili(. species (one of llieni nii^hl he taken for a ;j:uII were il not lor the nostrils), usually while with t\ darker mantle, the tail larire, well lornieil (of ll-K! feathers), the nasal ease promin(>nt, with a thin iinrlition. 'I'hey shade inlotlie uroup of which the Ljcnn-i . h'slrrlatii is typical, cnihracin^ a lar.. •Ills, sii.iiv aiimIi-".'*-' I'liorKi.i.MiiiD.i:. n/niKi.s. — (ikn. i'.tH-.'luo. :v.>7 llif winnH cxliciiicly luii;_'; lljc IVd l.ii'^c. 'I'lic cIc.mhI lillli' ••MoIIht CaifrH cliiilvcns " (»r *• Nioiiiiy pflicU" (ocihh 'I'liiil'issiilyunni n|' MiilliiirH; Hell. .'!u:i-s, l)cynii(l) lire ti riiiii'lli ;^ri>li|p, lii;irl»i'(l l.y llicir miimII s\/.r. >li.;lil Imilil, mikI olIliT ohai'iiclciH ; tlicir lliulil is pi'i iiliailv niiy aiiil IlicN- rrini;, inoic lilvc llmt oTa luiUcrlly iIimii uf (inliiiiirv liinis ; llit'v nil' mIiiiusI iilwavs ■.(■cii nii wiin,', !i|i|iiar to swim iiltic if any, and smni', if nnl all. IhitiI in \ liulcH ill the ^'jiiiinil. aip|pai(ntly like hanU >\vallipw<. ,'Srt' Lilif oilier iii'lnls Ihcy i^allii'i' in tiiP(i|i-< alioiil .'?S. " X^^^SKS^^^- rf*'*** >^-%J-' , till' ri'l'iisi' ipf till' cipok's uallry. Sipinc of llii'Mi, liki' ;^iii. .".(i7. Iia\c irmarkaMy lipii;;' li"^s, with I'llscd sriili'lla, Hal nlilnsc riau-.. ami llir hallux cMcriliii'^ly miniitr : in the ri'sl, the liil an' of an oi'iliiiary rliarartrr. 'I'lii' rMilir ^I'liiis /'/•/'//( lyipitii'^ a lil'tli 'jriiii|i. nl' IIm' or six spccirs ; lirrr llir liill i-^ rxpaii'li'il, and I'linii-'lH'd willi slionu lamina', liki' ii diu'k's ; tilt' colors arc lp|iii>h and wliiti'. I Ic. Jii'.P. Sl.pllipl I'l'lirl . I.c.lili'-). at 208-300. QoiiUH FULMARUS Loach. * Tail in-fcathi ri'd ; Kill lonuir than the tar>iis. {(hsi/nii/d.) (I'iiiii/ /''iiliiiur. Tlic l,'ir;.'t's| of the ix'lrcls, ('(|ii:illiiii^ iiiosl of the aiiia- ll'osscs ill si/c ; IciiLitli '•'> Icrl ; c.xtciit 7 ; wiiiir -" iiU'lit'S ; tail S ; l,i|| |, tin; iiii.Hiil «'iiso iii'ai-ly 1'. I'liiiiiiiu't! fl.'irk diiiu'V ,iri':iy, paler lielow, olteii wliiteiiiiii,' ill plaies ; liill and rcct yelliiw. I'acilir ('oa>l; "eoiiiiiion oil' Moiilerey" (('iKijirr). NriT., ii, .'lilt; Aid., vii, :.'0-* ; !,\\\i;. in Md., n:.'.'). (iKiANrcis. **'rail rj-I l-reathereil ; liill not, longer than the taf'^ns. (l'iiiiiiiirii.-< -awI /'ri'iril/n.) /''n/niiir. Iiill obviously sliortcr tliaii llic larsiis. Adiill wliite, the tiiaiitle |)ali' i)eai'ly liliie, ri'ei|iu'Mt ly cxliMidini^ on the iieek and tail : i|nills lil.iiki>li- lii'own ; usually ii dark spot Ix'Torc the (\V(! ; liill yellow, I'eet llie same tiiiired willi to IS; wint,' ll-Kl; tail l-."i ; tai'siis .'ilioiit :.' ; liill I:'i-lrli alioiit ■,' deep and almost as w ide at liase ; nasal tnlie.s •',. I'^xlraor- diiiarily aliundaiil in the Xorlli Atlantie; S. to l'. .S. in winter. N'l rr., ii. ;;;il ; Aid., vii, l'DI, pi. I."!."!; Lawk, in r>i>., >>:.'.') (ii.AciAi.is. \'ar. I'M II K I s will [iriplpalply average I'lPii^iileralily darker on the maiille, with a weaker liill. N. raeilie (oast. Ai i>., vii, L'O.s ; Lawk, in l»i>., .SL'ii ; ('oii.>, I'idc. riiila. Aead. iMiC. L'M. \'ar. itoi)i;r.i!Si!. 'I'lie mantle dark, I's in iiiuujh-mt. lint miieh restrieled, mip>t of llie wini; coverts and iniiei- (jiiills heiie^ while ; |primaiies mostly white rpii the inner 'Vi'lis, their sh.'il'ts yellow. A pailieiijai' eoiiilitinn ol' the la^t \ariety? N. I'aeiliir Coast. Cass., I'loe. Phila. Aeail. iM.l'. L".Ml ; Cot i;-. !liis. Adult wliite, with pe.'irly liluo m.'iiitie; primaries pe.'iriy whitisii iiasally, wliile- tippcd, crossed with delinito lilack, miieli as in a lierrinu'' ,mill ; usually ;i small dark spot i)cf(;re the eye; feel ycdiow ; Mil yellow, oliMiiied on the (ulie, at I I ii ii f ' I 328 rUOCRLI.AUIin^F, PETKELS. — 0R\. .'}01, 302, iU).!, 304. tip, ^111(1 oflon !it lnwo. (^lmii2:(N of pliiin;icro iis in tlic forcffoing ; sizo tlio siuno, hut liill 2 loii^s scMivoiy 'I \vioiit rl loiiir. I'acilic Coast; only casnal? J', (cinttrns/ris Aid., vii, 210; Lawu. in IJi)., )S2(! ; /'. if/>ici(ilniilt's Smith ; IVidlussolca r/hirhiJoi(les Ri;irir. ; Cdi'es, /. c. 30 ; P. ,vi)it/iii Sc'iii.KCiEi. ; J'riocclht ijarnoli IIoMM. anil JA^(^ . . TEXUiuosTnis, 301. Genua DAPTION Stephens. Piutddo Pefrel, (Jape l^hjooii. ru:. ...|n. sl..,Hl.r.l.ill,„ 1 nlm.r. Spocklcil ilI)OVl! with Maclvish .•Ulll wi)iti> ; \\\\'\U\ Ix'Iow ; tail lilaclv-harird ; l)ill i)lacl\ ; I't; \\'\\\)i 11 ; tail 4.]; hill 1;^ ; tarsus In. Accidental on the Coast of California. Lawi:., Ann. Lye. X. Y. 1853, (!, and in Ui)., 82., .S31 |'ki.a2i> ; Ai:n., vii, 21!', pi. 4r)!» ; Lawi:. in Ud., S.lo. . . LKicouitiioA. liUirk J'vlri'h Coloration as in ilie last sp(>eies, l>nt no white any wliere. Very l.irfre ; it ; extent IHA ; winir •>'! ; tail i, fhrh'i'd .'in inch or more; tarsus l\ ; hill il. Coast of California. /'m- cdhifiii iiieJiinld lloxAi-., Compt. Ifcnd. is.lt, Mi; I. c. 7(5 (descril)cd from Xo. i;5.02.'), Miis. S. ].). As/ii/ Petrel. .Somewhat siniihir to the last, like it havini,' no white any- where, hut pinuiheous rather than fnli<:inons, and murk smaller. Leiiiith about 7| ; winj^ .aliont ."> ; tail '^.[, J'orki'il al>out A an inch; tarsus under an inch; hill i. Californi.i. Tlniht^slilrnma mchinid Lawu. in Bi)., .S21(, pi. 90 (hoc Honap.). C. hoiiiochrna Coi;i:s, /. r. 77 ; ICi.mot, pi. 87. homociiiioa. Kid. -.'II. ISlark I'flri'l. (J. mi'htntd Coi'KS, . . . MKLAMA. 306. Gonus OCEANODROMA Roichonbach. Fork-fii/liil Pcfirl. liluish-asli, paler lielow and on the j^rcater wiug coverts, dusUy around the eye; <|uiils and tail lirownish, outer weh of tho external tail feather wiiite ; hill hlaek: feet ilark. Lenj^th about 8; wini.' (5; tail 'X\, favkpil ; hill "-; ; tarsus ;. \. I'acitic C'oast, common. Cass., III. i, 2!H, pi. 17 ; Lawu. in lii)., .S2'.t iuucata. Ifnnihi/'s Petrel. "Front, cheeks, throat, collar round hind |iart of neck, breast and ai)donien. pure white," (piills black, other parts ilark i;ray. Size of the last. X.W. coast. I have never seen this species, of which there arc not to niy knowledtre any specimens in this country. '/'/iiilos.iiilnniKi linnihi/i (iiiAY, I'roe. Zool. Soc. IH.');}, (12 ; Lawi!. in Ud., 82',l. . . . itoiiNnYi. 307. Gonus OCEANITE3 Keys, and Bias. \VH.'«)ii's Petrel. Daik sooty brown, pale jrr.iy on the wiujj coverts; the upper tail coverts, and fre(|nentlv the crissum and sides of rump and base of tail, vhlte; bill and feet black, but webs with a i/ellotr spot. Lej^s very lonir ; tibia' bare au inch or more ; tarsi "booted," much lomrer than tin- t-u's ; claws flat, obtuse; bill small and weak; hind toe very minute, liable to lie overlooked. Ijenu;th 7-8; winj,' about (> ; tail 3, nearli/ ereti; tarsus Iff, middle toe and claw IJ; bill only A. Atlantic Coast, common. Proc. Drediiirii Kuilf,, Mouoj;. 13(1, pi. 10, f. 1 ; (Jceain'tes ixetnu'rit Con:?*, !. r. 82; J'ror. pelaiilcn Wil.s., vii, ItO, p|. (!(), f. (> ; '/'/inliis.iiilruiiKi irilsoni Nurr., ii, 322 ; Aud., vii, 223, pi. 4(»U ; Lawu. in llu., 831. . ockanica. KRY TO N. A. IIIHIIN. 42 ^f^^^^mmmmm I r 11 330 I'KOCKLLAKIII).*;, I'KTKELS. — OKN. 308, 309-10. 308. Oenus FREOETTA Bonaparte. Whife-bcUlkd I'efn-I. l»liickif4, 119 ; Priofutus cinereii.s Coles, Proc. Essex Inst, v, 303. 2\ijliinis kit/dii Cass., Proc. Phila. Acad. 18()2, 327 (err.). . mkla.nuuus. ••Nasal tubes obliquely truncate, with tiiiek septum. {Pitjinits.) t Below, white or nearly so, tlic upper parts diHerent. Cinereous ,S/iearira(er. Above, pale brownish-ash, interrupted by paler or white edges of the feathers, most of the upper tail coverts white ; below, entirely pure white, except some slight gray touches on the thinks : on the sides of the head and neck the ash and white gradually mingling; lining of wings and axillars white ; quills dark with largo white spaces on the inner webs; bill and feet mostly yellowish. Younger itirds are darker, the bill and feet obscured. Length about 18 ; wing 13 ; tail 5A, outer feathers nearly mi inch shorter; bill IJ, n high at base, nasal tube only about i its length; tarsus 11 ; middle too and claw 2.^. A common bird of the North Atlantic, not hitherto introduced into out fuuna. Proc. kuhlii BuiE, Isis, 1835, — \ BOOBH HHHg PROCELL.VUIIO*, PETRELS. — GEN'. 309-10. 381 257. Piijflniis h-i(/ilii BoN'AP., Coiisp. Av. ii, 202; CouRS, Proc. Philii. Aoiul. l'?. outer feathers an inch less ; hill 2 ; tarsus 2} ; middle toe and elaw 2^. Whole Atlantic eo.ist, abundant. P. chicreuH Xlttt. , ii, Ml; Aui)., vii, 212, pi. l.")!! ; /*. Di'ijor Lvwu. in Ho., 8;?;}. . major. Fienh-fiiotcd Slit'((ririiter. Similar to tiie last; no white on upper or under tail coverts or l)asos of (piills; bill yellowish flesh color, with dark tul)e, cul- meu and hook, short, very stout at base, with turgiil tulie; fed Jlrxh color. Size of the last, but bill oidy IH, hciirht or width at base nearly n ; tarsus 24; middle too and claw 2rJ. San Nicholas Island, Cal. (No. .'U,i»(!4, Mus. Smiths. Inst.). A doul)tful species ; I have little faith in its validity, i)ut cannot refer it to ■•luy species known to me; it looks like one of the following section (-^f) passing to a bicolor plumage. CocEs, /. (^ 131. . cuKATorLS. Miinldi Slipiirii'dlcr. Blackish, this color extending below the eyes, leaving the under e\-elid white ; under parts, inclnding crissum and lining of wings, white; bill grcenish-l)!ack ; outsider of fiot m )stly blackish, inner side dingy orange ; about 1.') ; extent 33 ; wing \)h ; tail 4, graduated if ; bill l^-U, l>ut nearly h dee^) at l)ase ; tarsus under 2; middle toe and claw 2 or rather less. \'ery distinct from the rest. X. Atlantic Coast, common. Nrrr., ii, 33(5; Aun., vii, 214, pi. 4.")7 ; Lawk, in lio., 834. anclouim. Ihiski) Shcariralrr. llcscmbling the last, but rather grayish- or plum- boous-black, the dark color not reaching below the cyos ; crissum mostly white; bill dark leadcn-ltlue ; much smaller and otherwise distinct. Length aI)ont a foot; extent 2(> inches; wing 7.1-8; tail 4j, graduated an inch; bill 1.1; tarsus 1 I; middle to(! and claw under 2. S. Atlantic Coast, as far as the Middle States, common. .Virr., ii, .337; Aud., vii, 21(), pi. 458; liAWK. in Hi)., .S.3.") onscuuus. Jihick-vcnlcd Slieanfdd'r. liikc the last; crissum aud lining of wings mostly blackish ; sides of head dark i)elow the eyes ; rather larger ; bill !■• ; wing!!; tall 3!{, thus shorter; tarsus 1|; middle too ami claw 2i. Cai)0 St. Lucas (Xos. lt>,!l!IO-l, Mns. Smiths. Inst.). Seems to 1)0 distinct from the last, l)ul may I)e the same as an exotic spiM-ies of prior name. Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 18(54, 13!* oi-lstuomelas. ttBolow, (bilk, nnicli like liii- upper parts. Soot;/ S/irarii'ii/ir. Dark sooty brown, l)lackening on the quills and tail, piilcr aud grayish iielow. usually with some whitish on the lining of tho wings ; bill dark ; feet d.irk out-side, p ile on the inner !ispi!ct. Limgth 18 ; extent 40; wing 12; tail 4; bill 1^-2; tarsus 2i-2i ; middlo too and claw ■M2 I'VGOl'ODKfS, DIVING lUHDS. I' I m^^ 2i5. X(itli Atliiiitic, iihiiiKlaiit ; S, at least to Carolina (Cones). A special stato (A' J', miijov.* Stkickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1S;5:?, 12!l; DkKay, New Ycrk Birds, 2.s7, pi. I.'IO, f. 2i>.s ; Lawk, in 15i)., ,s;U ; Coues, I'loc. I'liila.Acad.l-SW, liiJ. . I'ULICINOSfS. JJar/i -bodied Sliear- icatcr. Similar to the lasit ; t'ii<\t llosh color, sliirlitly ol)seiired out- side ; liiiiiit!: of winjrs mostly white; smaller; Flc. -Mi. S.'iily Shfiiraater. willg 1 1 , ctc. CupC St. Lucas. Very doulitful. I allow this, and several others, to stand, because it is still unc'SJi€anrali'r. Plumage as in the foregoing; size less; tail shorter; hill smaller. P)ill dusky-greenish, with yellow; feet yellowish, hlackish behind and under the wel)s. Length about 14; wing 10; tail 3^, graduated an inch; l)ill Ij; tarsus under 2; midiUe toe and claw 2:\. N. Pacific Coast. Temji., Piauciies Color. No. ."i^T ; Temm. and Sciil.., Pn. Japon. 131, pi. 80; IJonap., Cousp. Av. ii, 202; Coles, /. c. 120; P>aU!I), Trans. Chicago Acad, i, ISOU, 322, pi. 34. f. 2. /•*. IiuxUs, citr/lini.s and brevieciudii of autliors? tem-iuostims. Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds. In the birds vl' tliis order the natalorini plan readies its liigliest development. All the s|)eeies swiai and dive with perfect c'ase ; many are eapMl)le of remaining long suhnierjii'd, ami of traversing jiieat distances under wntiT. [n-ogress lieing etl'ecteil by the \viiij;s as well as by the feet. Few other l)irds, sueh as cormorants and anliiiigas. reseml)le the /'//'/oyiof/cx in this respect. Tiie leixs are so completely posterior, tiiat in standinii 'he horizontal position of tiie axis of tlie body is impos- sible ; the l)irds rest upri<;;/ jr nearly so, tlie wIkjIc tarsus lieinji often applied to the ;ironnd, wliih' tiie tall all'onls additional support ; prouiession ou laml is awkward and constrained, only aeeomplisiicd. in most eases, with a slmtllinu; motion, when the belly partly trails on the ground. The p(>nlunia!i(? is thiek and C'0)ni)letely water-proof; once oliservinj^ some loons under jxiculiarly lavoralde circumstances in the llnijtid water of the I'aeifie, I saw that huliliies of air clung to the i)lumage whilst the liirds wi're under water, giviuir them a heautiful spaniiled aiipearanee. The i)terylosis shows liolh contour aus to prevent their undue compression under water. The toi) of the skull has a |)air of crescent ic deiiressions for lodg- ment of a largo gland ; the palate is schi/ognathous. The stormun has a dill'erent shape in each of the families. There are two carotids, except among the grebes. The digestive system shows minor niodilicatious, but accords in general with the piscivorous regimen of the whole order. The sexes are alike ; the young dilfereut ; the seasonal changes often great. A part of the order arc altricial, the rest priccocial. There are four families of I'l/iinjioihs, shari)ly distinguished by external characters; three of them are represcnteil in this country. The iiengnins (.S'y>/(('n- isi-i(hi) are confuu'd to the seashores of the southern hemisi)hcre. This group is well marked by the solidity of the skeleton, and the llatness of most of the bones, with many peculiar osseous details; by a very special ptilosis, both in the lack of ti'acts. ami the structure of the t'ealhers themselves, many t)f which ai'c curiously scale-like ; by the completely posterior set of the legs with extremely short tarsus, and especially, among external features, by the reduction of the wings to mere pacldlcs, lacking specially formed remiges, unserviceable for llight, but highly t'llicient as lius to aid progress under water. There are twelve s|)ecies of penguins, referable to three or four genera. One of the most singular facts iu ornithology is, that sonu- species of penguin do not lay their egg iu a nest in the ordinaiy way, but carry it about with them in a pouch tem|)orarily formed by a fold of the abdominal integument ( Vi'rn'uit.r) ; thus atfording a wonderful amdogy to marsu- pial manunals. The authoi's monograph of the Sjiln'iiisciilif will be found in the Proceedings of the I'hiladelphia Academy, of the present year. Family COLYMBIDiS. Loons. Bill stout, straight, compressed, tapering, acute, paragnathous. entirely horny. Nostrils narrowly- linear, their upper edge lobed. Head completely feathered, the antiie pnjmiuent, acute, reaching the nostrils; no crests nor mil's. Wings strong, with stitf primaries and short inner (luills. Legs comiiletely posterior, buried, feathcre(l (jn to the heel-joint; tarsi entirely reticulate, extremely compressed, the back edge snxxjth; toes four, the anterior |)almate, the posterior semilateral and having a lobe uounecling it with the base of the inner. Tail short, but well formed. i 334 COLY5IBIDAE, LOONS. — r.EN. 311. of many featliors. Back spotted. Loons arc larijo lioavy birds with broad llattoiicd body and ratlicr lon^ siniKHW ncclc. abundant on lln' coasts and larijcr inland waters of tiic Xortlicrn llcnii-^iiiicn' ; tlicy arc noted lor tlicir powers of diving, lieing able to evade tlic sIidI from a gun by disappearing at the (lash, and to swim many fathoms under water. Tliey are migratory. I)rceding in high latitudes, generally dispersed lurther south in winter. Tlicy are pnccocial. and lay two or three dark- colored spotted eggs in a rude nest of rushes by the water's c(lge. The voice is extremely K)ud, harsh and resonant. Tiie 9 is smaller than the ^. There is but one genus, with only three well-determined species. 311. Genus COIiYMBUS LinntBus. f/riiif .Ynrf/if'rn J)hp)\ or h,n)i. IMack ; bolow from the breast white, witli dark touches 011 tlie sides and v<'nt : back witli niiinerous s(juarc while .spots; head and neck iri(h'secnl with violet ami green, having a patcii of sharp white streaks on eacli siile of the neck and another on the throat ; bill black. Voinig : dark gray above, the featliers witli paler edges ; below white from the bill, the sides dusky ; bill ytdlowish-grcen and dusky. Length 2i-3 feet; extent about 4 ; wing about - — I-'" 14 inches ; tarsus 3 toe and ehnv 4 or more; bill .'5 or less, at base 1 deep and J wide; the eulnien, eoniniissure and gonys .-dl gently cinved. N. Atn., abinidant ; the whole l'. S. in winter. Wii.s.. ix, i*<4, pi. 74. f. 3; \i;tt., ii, .')13; All)., vii, 2.H-.>, pi. 47(!; L.vwi:. in l>i)., imtiu.i, the bill is short, stout, and bent at the end, the lores are broadly naked, the frontal feathers are bristly and there are no ruffs or crests ; in all the rest of the grebes the liill is slender, straight and more or less acutely paragnafhous, the naked loral strip is narrow, and the soft feathers of the head form lengthened tufts of various kinds. ,1* Hi 3.ir. I'ODICIPID.K, ORKnES. OEN. 312-4. Wl'-lfTh I. 312-4. Qonus FODICEFS Latham. • L:iry;c, with very loiij; m-ck ; liill very jslcinlcr ami Hlwirp-pnintoil, loiii^or tlmn the liciul, stnii;;lit <>r aliiio-it rcciirvcMl ; tarsus as long as the iniddlu toe ami claw. No colnrcd riiils at any season? (.I-Ji-liniDjtlioriiK.) Wcsfpni (ii-ehe. Lcii<;tli about ;>(• ; extent 3(5; winjr 8-9 ; l)ill and tarsus, each aI)oiit 3. Aliovc . \ l,i>.kisli-Mfray, witli palor od<;es of llie feathers, l)l,i(kui)iinr on the liind neek and top of tho head, the loral rej^ion gray ; (jnilis ashy- l>rown, bases of (ho primaries and most of tlie secondaries wliito ; below, from bill to (ail, pure silUy white, witii dark tonciics on tho sides ; bill obscurely olivaceous, liriu;liter aloncrveil. I'acitic Coast, II. S., al>undant. /'. ocn'ilpiifdlls liAWu. in Hi)., .s!>4 : ^I'rlini'ijiliorKs orcitloitiillx CouKs,/. c. i->\), ocgidkxtalis. Var. ci.AUKii. .Similar; loral rt'tjion wliitc ; Mil briglit yellow, the ridge black, shorter, slenderer. «'Xtreniely acute .•iml alniosl ret'urved ; smaller; length 2 feet or less; wing 7; tarsus 2\ \ liill 'Jj. Same habitat. Lxwit. in I5i>., Hit."); I'oiiKS, /. c. •>•!'.) and lOl. •,*'i"he foregoing speeies has heen united with the ordinary l>ir(l of Central and South America (/'. nidjor, (■(Hiiuntfiisis. birnrnis and h'ltojiti'riis) by Dr. Schlegel. This seems premature, but it may be reiiuired if ocriih'utali.t proves to assume the red neck and other coloration of innjor. ** Medium, with moderately long neek; bill not longer than the head, shorter tlmn the tar.sus, moderately stout and acute ; tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw. C'onspieuous crests, rutl's or tufts, in the l)recdiug season. (Poiliri'jis.) Cri'.s/pil (irt-be. Tarsus cipial to the middle too without its claw; bill equal to tho head, about f; the tarsus ; crests and rntf liigidy developed. About 24 ; extent .'U ; wing 7A-SA ; bill 2-2^ ; tarsus 2.^-2^. Adidt : throat and sides of head white changing to brownish-red on (he ruJl", which is tipped with black; fore part and sides of neck like tho ruif; top of head and long occipital tufts dark brown, as are the ui)per i)arts generally, the feathers of the back pale-edged : prim.iries brown, part of them and nearly all tho secondaries white; nmler parts silky silvery white, ?''////o«/ dark mottling, but the sides dark-marked. Young : without any lengthened colored feathers on (he head or neck. N. Am. at large; IJ. S. in winter, but not nearly so common as the next species. 8w. and Kicii., F. IJ.-A, ii, 41!); Xutt., ii, 2.'t(); Ai:i)., vii, 3().s, pi. 47i» ; Lawk, in Hd., 8!»3. P. conperi In., i/tid.; C'oiKS, Troc. Phila. Acad. 1^02, 230. /I*. aJiiN's Salvadoui ; Elliot, Introd. No. W, with tiguro of head ckistatus. T{p(l-necked drtlte. Tarsus about i the niiddio too and claw; bill little shorter than tarsus; crests and rnlf modera(ely developed. Medium; leng(h about 18 ; wing 7-8 ; bill Ijj, to nearly 2 ; tarsus 2 ; middle toe and claw 23. Adult : front and sides of tho nock rich brownish-rod ; throat and sides of ^ roDiciriD.r,, uitKiii-.s, — (ii".\. 312-t. 337 to L'S - Iiond nsliy, wliitoning wliorc it joins tlio dark color of the cidwii, tiic fcatiirra ullijlilh/ riitli'd ; top of head with its sli'iht oLripilai irots, upper parts fi;(Miorall_v, and winj^'s, as in liic last spi-cics, lint nnidi loss white on tiie inner quills; lower [)arts pale silveiy-ash, with dark sides (imt pinv white, lint watcfod or ohsenrely mottled, sometimes olivionsly speekletl, with dusky) ; bill black, more or less ytdlow at base. The yonni; will lie recognized by those last characters, joined witli the peculiar dimensions and proportions. X. Am. ; common in the V . S. in winter. /'. ri(/in'/h's Sw. and Kkii., F. H.-A. ii, 411 ; Nutt., ii, 'J.'i.'J ; Acd., vii, ;H J, pi. 4X0 ; /'. r///,sr/;/» //'» L.vwit. in !>!>., 8'J2 ; J'. hollmU! Kkimiaimit ; ('<)i;ks, /. c i'.W. Our bird appears to difler constantly from the Hnropean in being larger, with the bill dispro- portionately large, and diUcrentiy colored. . (ii:isi:i(ii:N.\ var. iioi.uki.i.ii. J/onii'if (t'rc/je. Tarsus about eipial to the middle toe wilhont its claw; bill nnich shorter than head, little more than half the tarsus, coin/in ■^seil, higher than wide at the nostrils, rather obtuse ; crests and rntls highly ilevcl- oped. Small; length aliout 14; extent 2t; wing (I or less ; bill aliout '{ \ tarsus 1]. Adult: aliove, dark brown, the iV'uthors palor-edgcd ; below, silvery-while, the sides mixed dusky and reddish ; most of the secondaries white ; fore neck and np[)er breast iirowuish-red ; h<'ad glossy blai'k, including the riid"; a broad band over the eye, to and including the 1(I, pi. 481 ; Lawk, in Ho., .Sit.'i coitxtrrrs. J'Jared Grefje, l*ro|)ortions substantially the sanu? as in the last s[)ecies ; size rather less ; bill shorter and more tivnto, i/rjiressnl, wider than high at the nostrils. Adidt : above, blackish-iirown, tin; feathers with scarcely or not [laler edges; below silk3"-white, reddish along the sides; all the prima- ries eliocolate-brown, most of the secondaries white; head and neck all round black, the auriculars lenglliened into a rich golden-brown tuft, but no obvious crests or riill". Young: known from the last by tiie diirercnt shape of the bill. Arctic America, chieily western; ronniiDii in the Pacific States in winter; has not been observed in the Atlantic States. P. (iiiri/ns N'lrr., ii, 2,")(i ; Ai;i)., vii, ;522, pi. 4.S2 ; /'. riili/oniirns IIkkkman-v, I'roc. I'liila. Acad. 18'i.'), 17!», and Tac, U. R. Kept, x, Cala. Route, pi. H (young) ; Lawk, in 15i)., H'Jli ; Colks, /. c. 2.n. All the American s[iecimens 1 have seen, diller from the European ones examined, in having less white on the wings , At uiri s var. CALiFoitMCfs. *** Very siiuiil ; Mil luucli shorter tliaii the head, |; or less of the tarsus ; tarsus aliout ^ the niicKlle toe and claw. No colored ciesls or riill's. (Syllivuriidiis.) Sf. Do))i!n;/o Gfclic. Adult : top of head deep glossy steel-bliK- ; rest of head and neck ashy-gray, di-cpest behind, the throat with whitish; upper parts brownish-black, with greenish gloss ; primaries chocolate-brown, a great part of most of them, anil all the socondjiries, [lure white ; under parts silk^-white thickly mottled with dusky. Length '.4 ; wing W'i ; bill jj ; KKY TU N. A. UUtDS. 48 3;j8 .\r,(ii).i;, AiKs, — (ii:N. ."•!.'). larsiis 1}; iiiidillc luc and claw 1'}. Cciilral America, \\'v>l Iiiilics and Mexico, Texas, Soiitliciii Cuidiatlo, Lnucr Caiiluriiia. ,^i//fit<)c;/iliis ilmni- »/(//.s ( ol I.S, /. <\ L'.'Il' IXIMIMCU8. 315. GoniiH PODILYMDUS Lesson. I'li'd-bUhd (trihc. Ihihcliirh. />ij>j)'r. /tirtld/ijxr. W'dlcr-vilili. lienirlli 12-11; wiiiir ahoiit .'". ; hill 1 or less; tarsus U. Adiill, : hill hliiisli, diisUy on the lidire, eiicircietl with a hiaek har; throat with a lo:;:; hiack iiat<'h ; upper parts hlaekisli-l)r(iwn ; |)riiiiaries ash^'-hrown, secondaries iisliy imd white ; lower parts silky-while, more or less mottled or ohscnred with (hisky ; the lower neck in front, lore hrea>l and sides, washed with rdsty. '^'onnt; : lackintr th(> throat patch and peculiar maiks ol' the i)ill, otherwise not p:Mti ; Am., vii, ;524, pi. IS.I; l>AWi£. in Ud., M'.t)^ I'odicki'S, Family ALCID^. Auks. Ft'ct tliii'c-fiHMl, p;ihiiale. Iiill lioniv. ncin-lanieilale, orcxlrcincly v.arialilc shape, oflen cinicmsly ap|icnilaLre(| ; nosliils v.-uiahh-, Iml not liiiiuJMr. Wiu'js and tail short ; lar>i shorter than llie iiiicjtlle toe and claw. Vt>\\\\ iicavy. Iliicksct. IJuds nl' this I'aniily will lie iiinnel(i-7 the hill is 'liiLth, compressed, with curved vertical colored jrrooves, the nostrils densely feathered; in ;ihs-2."i, the feathers are remote! fiom the nostrils, anil the hill reaches its inaxinnuii of ili\crsity .and sin|;iilarity of contoiu"; in the rest, the hill is of simpler shape, Ki(.. Ji."i. i.iiai Auk. nsnally eoiiieo-elonu;ate, with more or less I'led nostrils. 'I'he liener.al coloration is siniide; hut many species perfectly featlieieil n i'.' .;s uii lian.' Icip^i's, In rills of rocks, or ill hiirruws; ami arc altricial. 'I'lic viiicc is liuarsc; the lli^lil swill, ami linn, iicil'ipriiicd with vi;,'<>riiiis rajiiil wiii'^-licals ; one spccii's is ilcprivcil dI" lli^^lit owinjf to Ilic sliorini'ss nf the winus. allhoii'^h these inemlievs are well ripinu'il with |ieilecl ieiiii;,ies ; all swim aiiil ilixewith i;reat I'aeilily. They are einineiiily ^ii'c^arioiis, ami iiiu-itly ini;4rat(»ry. All the species are ri'pii'^eiileil in this ('(iinilry. 'i'he niinilier cf species jiiveii l>y llramlt in |m;>7 ( IlnM. Aca'l. Sei. St. rclerslinr;;), by Cassiii in l.s.")N ( liainl's I!. N. A.) ami hy inysi'lf in !■ '.s (I'n.c. I'hila. Aea.l.), inii-l, lie inatciially rediicc'l. as liramlt liiinseH' has since shown (i-ji. rit. iM'i'J), ami as I now ailinit. Only Iwciity-inii! are um|iieHtioiialily valiil. f 318. QonuH ALCA Liiuuoua. (irail .\ii/,\ ( 'dloralioii as in tlic iicnI species, hiil a lai'L"^!' \vliile ai'ca liclofc till! eyi' ; leii;;tli alioiit .'111; wiii,:^ li ; tail ;> : liill ;>, ahniL' .-'''1"' '• ''** (Ifptli I'rl. NiiT., ii, ;■).'»;!; Aid., vii, I'l.'), pi. li!.'), Cass. In i5i>., lino. Special interest attaclies to tiii.s liinl, wliicli is mow on tlie poiiitol" fxtiiietioii, lar;rely tlif()ii<,'li iiuiiiaii ii^eiuy. It roiiiicily iiiliai)iteil this coast from Massa- cliusctts iiorlliward, .as uttested l)y earlier ohservors, and liy tlic |»leiiliriil ofciirrciKH' of its lioiies in slicll-Iieaps ; :ils(», (Ireeiilaiid, Iceland, and tin! N. \V. shores of Miirope, to the .Vrctic Ciicle. ( )ii our siiores it, was appar- ently last aliv(? at tiit; l"'miks, ;i small island olf the S. t,'oasl of Xcwfoiiiid- laiid ; while in Iceland, its livill^' history has hceii liniii;,dit ilown to Isll. Of lal(! years, it has heeii ciiiTcntly, lint, as it appears, preinatiindy, reported cxlini'l. Mr. U. Dcanc has recently recorded (Am. .Nat. vi, oiI.S) that a specimen was "found dead in the vicinity of SI . Aiiunistiiie, lialirador, in NoviMiilier, INTO;" this one, thoiiirh in poor condilioii, sold for $20l(, .•mil was sent lo ICnropc. I know of only four specimens in this country — in thu Smithsonian Institnlion, in IIk^ l'hiladeii>hia Academy, tho ('amiiridi.'(! Museum, and in Vassar Collejfc, l*oni,dikecpsii) Ctlu' latter the oiiiriu'd ol Aiidnhon's liirnres). There is an c^lt in each of the lirst two inenlioiied C(jlie('tioiis. Alioiit liO sUins appe.'ir to bo preserved in various lunsciims. Sco Stkkx.stki 1", N'iddeiisk. .Meildtd., (-'opcnhai^cn, l.S.")i;_7, .■(.■{-IIO; Nkwton, Ibis, l.S(i:i, p. — ; (J()i;i:s, I'roe. I'hila. Acad. LSii.S, 1.'); ( )i;'i'()\, Am. Nat., iii, .'j.'>!» i.Mno.SM.s. 317. Gonus UTAMANIA Loach. /'a.:nr-fjil/iil ^In/,-. 'I'lnhrr. r»rownish-bla('k, browner on ihu licad and throat; under parts from the throat (in smniner ; from th(> bill in winter, and in i/oim;/), ti[)s of seeoinlarics, and sharp line from bill to eye, white; 1)111 black with a white iiirved line; month veil ow IC-i:); wiii'r T-S; tail ,'5-l!.;l, ^M'adnated 1 or moro ; tarsus 1-1 j ; liill l;\,.'ilonLr J."t|'>' -h "early 1 doop. N. Atlantic, e.\tn'mcly abiind.Mit on rocky shores and islands with 840 Al.< ll>.I.. At KM. — the Miilille Staltw. \. I'iitilif, tasiially. Ni TT., ii, 517; All)., vii. -.'i;, |>l. jr.i; : Cass, in |!i.., '.Mil; Cnii-.s, /. <■. IS, mill op. lit. IfSdl, 2t!i ToiiDA. ;«18-0. Oonus PRATERCULA Brisson. • \ul crostcil ; <'\<'lii|s a|i|>cii>lM'_'i'('(/ aiithciilic on oiir Alianlic ('oa.-l. Mnnimu i/hir/'ah's Ai;i>., vii, '-'."H!, pi. 'HJ.'l ; .1/. rnnilriihtin ('\ss, in III)., iML' ; ("oi ks, /. r. 21. . cokmci lata. Common J*>i(/in. .sVv/ I'm-nit. A thick Itliiiit o.\c'ro«coiut' on t-yclids. niiii-k of ihroat not reaehinir the hill. l.'U ; winjr (ijl ; tarsus I ; hill l'. depth lit lijisi) 1,^. N. Atlantie, hiredin;^ in vast niiniliers, in Inirrows ; c;:;^ L'AXi'J, I'lll. Jll!. <'• Ilnll I'lllllll. liroadly ovoid, roiiiial on the Allaiilic ( Maine, Aik/.), Mitr- iinni cin/Kifiiti Ni;tt., ii, ."i,!!! ; Ari)., vii, 2;U, pi. •|t;2 ; Cass. ill ni>., WI. . . fllMtllATA. i^J 320. QoiiuH CERATORIIINA Boimpnrtu. //nni-fiillri/ A Ilk-. (ilossy l)laekisli, IhIow a>li_v-;;ray, breast and lielly wliile. Ailnll with two Heri<'s of slilljsli lan- ceolate wiiile I'ealliers on eaeli ''''•■ -i'- f"'!'''''!''!'!.! i,ii, ,.r vnv jMiinKTnni'd Punin. Hiilo of the heiid, and a s|,ait iiprij,'!)! lioin at l»ase of enlrnen ; iniinatnio birds withont these lateral eresls. and with soft Mi.'nil.raiK-, more or less Itid.u'in;,', in place of the horn; some specimens ( 9 ?) in poifect plnina^'i! have no tract* of a horn {('. siirhhiii r.\sn. in I'.d.. ".IOC, ; S,ii/miifi,rr/iim «Hf/.%/ C«n.i:s, /. r. :\2; see Ki.i.ior, Introil. \o. ii)2, with liirs. ; I'.iiavdt, FliiM, .'In .'1. Viirii.iH hInROH nf ilii. |,i|| „r n..rn-l.ill.-l Auk. /. c. 2.'}!>. Fiirs. 21«-21 .show several conditions). r.en<;th l.'i-j ; winir 7[ ; tail '2i; tarsus Ij; bill 1.^, incliidinir horn : nostril to top of honi soinelimes h I'lifilic Coast to Cala. ; breeds .S. |„ the Farallonos. I 'ri>i ornd-Nfiih'.H Aui)., vii. 2(1 1, pi. .J71; Nurr., ii, .'i;!,s ; (Wor/iimi mouovenila Cass, in 1J|>., l»()5; Cera/or/i>/nc/i,i iiioiioani/it CiHiKH, f. c. -2S. . . MO\(x;i:(tATA. 321. Oonus PIIALERIS Tomminck. Parrnqnet Auk. Hill smooth ; upper mandible oval, inider falcate, ricriis recurved. Hlackish, below paler, f,'ray, white, or varied ; adult with a scries of lil.iuicntous white feathers behind each eye; bill red, yellow-tipped. I . I! .i' :ft 1 I i I mmm^ 312 ALCID.K, AUKS. — OEN. 322. !• ; wiiiir •">] ; l.irsiis 1; hill n. X. I'acitic. The curious Mil is used lo pry open liivjilvc iikiIIh^Us ( liviiiill). .N'riT., ii, .').'! J; Omhri'd /isittin'itlit Cass, in l»i),, IMO- Sini'ir/i'/nc/iiH /ist'/litcuhts t'oiKS, --. /. c. 3ti ; Ki.i.ior, pi. 70 r.siTiA( ri.A. 322. Gonus SIMORnYNCn JS Morrom. Cru-^/nl ^liti,-. A'liilt ill simuiu'r: i)liickisli, pulor and jrni_vi>li below, A rciMU'vctl frontal crest of 12-2(1 narrow featliers, dark ; a liundle (»f len:i.'lliencd ki... ■:::. i'.in...iiiii vuk. lilanienlon> fealiici's over and lieliind each eye, wliite. liijl red, yellow-tipped, with sinifidarly irre^rnlar lielus, sides of lower niandiitle wholly naUed. ami a horny di'veliijinieiit at the C(»nnnissnral a!i;:le. I'lmli i!a n-i.sliitiUa \v\i., vii, 253, pi. 107 ; Cass, in Hi>., i)U() ; Sini'irln/ndiitH crishitcllus (JoiKS, /. e. 38. Km l-'lc;. ■.'.M. ( ii-lr.l \iik: iiniii:iliiii'. 'JJ.I. Cri-'li'il Auk: M'MiIl in puiiiint'i-. Kij;. 2'f".. In wini 'r, Mil dark, without tiie Iiorny plate: /'riti diifiiu 1'ai.i,. ; >iiiiwrfti/ii(Ait ■ dnhliiH ( '(>ri:s, /. c. p). V(Miii_!jrer liirds wilji a whiti' sjxtt untler the eye, l>ase of lower inandilde featherid, irsipe straiirhter, and no iioriiy platy ai. lijo a:i_ij;lc. .\h-ti (ctrarulu I'am.. ; I'lmlcris lilnfiiln Cass, in )ii>., !i()7 : ,Siiiinrhi/)itlntH le/rdfiihisCovv.H. I, c. 13 ; Km.iot, pi. (>7. Kijr. 221. Sic ni;\M)T, /. c. 221. All till! forejroinjr sta ( res* , i)il! daik V \S. nts.siiil ColKS, /. f, Vlii- -i-i'i Wliiikncil iiiik: ihliill. Vm. ijcl Tlie f,itiii>. ymiir;. i- . M., 'r.. ('hiea"o Acad. 1,321, pi. 31, f. 2; Jh-u /,i/>/wir(f (Jm.?). X. Paeilie. /'/idlrn's vdiiilfirlnttmi Cass, in 15i)., !M)H ; Sinini/ii/iir/iiis ciiin/sr/Kiflcus CiUks, /. c. II; ('n'(f >nysUu:eii rAl.l, ; MuniKni kiijh rcilinKUin lAvm . (;A.M'J.st;UA'm.'lH. ■ BMIIMIU,!.^ *l .\r,cii..r., Ai Ks. — ci'.N. .!:.'."., ;5i»J, 'M') aj;5 /\'ii'Mj!lh'(/, or Lmsl Auk. \v\\ siiuill : iiiidcr 7 ; wiiiu: I <»r I<'>- : tiirsiis n ; l)i!l ;. No hu'lv isli, witli iiKirc or li'ss white on scapulars; hclow wliito, \n\vv or iiuuli varied with dusky ; Iiill of adult in > sinniuer with a iitll • knoh at liase. N-Paeilic. V J'/i II / r ris II txl ! riml r I X I'l'i. '.'JT. Knul.l.iMi.,! Aiik ii.liili, In;. ■.•'.'•. Tlii' -.■inn., yiniiK. All), vii, l^')'» ; pi. ■Ki.H ; /'. iiiirrnnn,.^ 15|; andt ; ( 'ass. in III)., IMt.S ; .S'. nilini- crrns C'oi'r.s, /. c. 1(1. Cn'ii inisHhi V\\,\.: /'. jmsiHa ('Af.s. in lii)., !l()!t; ,S'. y/«,v/////.s Ki.i,,, j)|. I'l.s ; Cocks, /. r. I'.i (yonni: oi' winter speeiinens). itmi.m s. 323. Gonna PTYCnonnAMPHUS Brandt. Alriifi'iin Anl:. lilaciii-h-cinereon <, paler lielow, while on breast .■iiid iM'liy ; 111 lonj,' feathers aliont head; hill eoiiie, aeiite. ahoiil H the head, wrinkled at hase, nostrils sealed; !• ; win;.' "i ; tarsus 1 ; hill ■','. -; deep at ha-e, :\ wide. I'aeilie ('(ia>t to F.. Cala. Cass, in I'id., '.ill) ; Ki.i.k.i. pj. (i'.l ; Cull'.s, /. c. 'fl. Mi'i-i/iihis niss.'iii (iAMIll'.l \i.i:i IICI s. 324. Qonus MERGULUS Auotonim. ,S,-ti /t,,rr, or />,/)7'/./V . (J|o.;sy lillie-iil.ack, lielow from the hrea^t (in winter, and in vonii:,', from liie hill) while; s.'.apniars white-striped; secondaries white-tipped ; white >peek over eve; hill li|aey («o Klori: .\i IT., ii. .'»;5I -, All)., vii, i.")7, pi. Iliit; Cass, in III... HIS. , ai.i.k. 326. Qomis SYNTIILIDORIIAMPnUS Brnndt. ^. \ * ,* 'I'ai-.! Miueil niiu|presscil, lin.ailly scillelhite in ^ IVdlit and on llie siiles, not sjioiler tliaii liijildli' toe willioiil lis claw; l>ill conipif-sccl. sIkhIci- IInui licad or tarsus; i>()>lrii.s IhdmiIIv oval, reached liv fealliers. l.chnlii .'j ll;exlrntlii' )sJ;\vMeV) .1]. ladl:;; lull i.iiili.'tr...i. yl\ larsiis 1. lieail and iicik lilaek or Maekisli, with wliilc strip,, over eve ami iimiieious otliersi.n n.-ipe .and siile oC neck; nppi i- parts and si.ics nmler ilie wiiiL's lilack or liliickisli-iii Iicous; other under part ■> white, iVoni the throat in Hiinnner, rroni the liill in winter, and in yminu I'ii'ls. Hhiih-llirixihil (iiiilh unit. Not crested. While siipcfciliaiy slripc not rimninj; in .'ulvance of the ey( . Itill stoiil, olilu-c, at hase .j </r/iinnp/in.'i iiiiti(/ui(s Cass, in Hi)., !tl(!; aS'. aufi'i/Kiin Couks, /. <•., '»(;. lii-irhi/rlminphuK />m'7///yj^'»7(.s' BitANDT ; (,'ass. in Hi)., 'J17 ; CouKS, /. (•. (17. . . axtiqits. TeniDihir/.'s (iiuJh'iiiiil. Adult in tlic i)r('('(lii)i,' scmsou (Tcslcd. Wliito suiH-iviliiiry striiH' adviincini^ far in front of llic I'.vc. Hill slcndi'icr and moro acute, scarcely or not i as deep ut base as long, yellow, willi Mack on euliuen. .«.««,^ H I Kill. .*:ill Mack; aiiove nciirly uniform cinereons, hclow on 'rely while except idoiig the sides: this is lirarlii/rltiitiiplius /ii/jioleucn.'* Xanti.s ; ('oiks, I. c (II; Ki.i.ior, pi. 72; I'n'd irai'cri Sai.vadoiji ; Cocks, /. c. (id ; Kmjot, Introd. No. 17'.', with lig. of head. Whole I'aeilic Coast to Cape St. Lucas, aluindant. Ji. tnn- iiu'iicfiii Cass, in I'd)., '.)1(); ,S. iriiniih-ii.sKhic CoiKs, /. c. wiumizuslme. 328. Gonus BRACHYRHAMPnUS Brandt. •.^TaiNi littli! eoMjpresseil, entirely reliciilalo, oliviuusly slioitcr tlian tlicmidille toe witlioiit its eia'A' ; Mil >lii)rlcr tliaii lieml, very sIcikIit niul aculi', with iiillected tonii.'i ; nostrils minute, overlaid iiy t'catiiirs. No crest. MtirhJi-d (,'i(i/fi')nof, or Mnn-eli. pi. 47.") (winter and summer, nol old and young as supposed) ; l^n'd iiKiviimr tia Ni'i'T., ii, h'l') ; //. iiiiiriiinni/iis ('ass. in Hi)., HL'); ('oiks, /. c. Ill; /i. irnnn/tli Hua.ndt ; Cass, in Hi)., !tl7 ; CoiEs, /. c. ()3 (winter, not din'erent species us supposed) . .maumouatus. I\llllit::'s Miirrcli'f. Descriiied as ditfering from the foregoing hy its imah shorter Mil (only 1 ^'long gape), deeper ill liase, ami lateral tail feathers white. Mack-striped lengthwise. N. I'acilie. I'nkiiown lo me ; no recognl/ed specimens in American eolleit ions. //. kUllil::!! Hiiandt. 1^37, ."Ml! ; l.Sd'.t, 213; Cash, iu Hi)., ViM. Hrandt hohls that Audid)on's lig. 2 of pi. 470 represents this species, /fria ftfcrinistn's \n. >iis, /ool. ,Iom-n. vi, 1H27, 3.J7 ; Voy. Hlossoin, 32 Kirn.nv.ii. 327. Genus URIA Brisson. •«*Tar«i -i.'in'Iy ri'tieiilate, little. IT aii\ , slualei- tiKin miiMle toe witiioiil its uuw ; bill -.iruiglii, snioulli, aboiil equal to larjus ; nostrils incoiiiiik'tely iVatliered ; Ai.cii>i;. Ai Ks. — (!i;n. 'Ml, ;>-'S. ;5tr» outer daw smoutli ; tiiil CDiitniiKMl lcs-« tliaii :i liincH in li'iiL'tli i>r wIiilt. In siiinnuT, tihii'k, witli wliili' on wintx^ or lifad ; in winter, larui-ly wiiili; ; liill liliicii, feci rrii. Lcni^th 12 1.'.; wiiiic .'.j 7]; tardus i; 1'; --^ i)ili III:;. /iliir/c (r'liil/f'/iuif. Sfii /'I'l/iiiii. A Vri l!ir<;.k i.Miiii'inni. \. Atlantic, very alnindant. S. in winter (o New .lersey. I\i:l's laid in lis.Hiires of rock, '2 (.">?) in nuniiu'r. L'iJXli in size, nearly elliptical in shape, <.'r<'eni>h-wliite, variously Motched with liiown and purplish. .Arctic Seas: rare or casual in the .\. I'acitic? Nirr., ii, 'rJ'.'t ; .\ii>., vii, 272, pi. 171; Cass. 'in I'll!., '.Ml. ('i)ii;s, /. c. I'.s ; and np. III. I'^tll, L'.').> (IKVI.I.i;. /'n/inii (,'iii/li mil/. A larp' while .area Ki.; J II I'i;;...!! i.iiiii.tiiM,. on upper surl'acc of winys oidy, partly divided liy a Idack line; head and neck with opaipie asiiy shad^■ ; tail feathers 1 I (always?) ; liill ratlnr olilusc ; wi/.e rather ;;ri'ater, win;,' aliout 7. N. I'acitic. Cass, in Iid., '.Ml'; (oiks, /. c 72 (khmiia. Soiifjl (iiillh null. No while on the win^rs, l)ul u-ually whiti-h patches (HI the head. !,ar;j:er; ^^ wiuL' nearly .s ; hi 111. Ur;. North ^ ^^ I'acilic. Cass, in 111.., !M;i,p!. '.17 ; *=^~ CulKS, /. c. 7.'!. . . . CAItllO. • Ill Its alliered ; Km. 'J'W. Siioiv liiiilli'iiiHt, 328. Oonu8 LOMVIA Uraiidt. •j'Tarsi .>iciitellale in IVunl. nini'li sliorle; llian i.iidillc lue willnpiu claw; liill wilii dei'Ln-\eil coiniiiissuro, nuieli lonijer than tarsus, its en while line IVoui hill to eye. ( 'iiniliinii ( t'llilli'iiinf, or Mnvfl'. Depth of liill at nostrils not ne.arly k the Icnirlh of cidnien ; toiui.i of upper lu.'indihlc at lias(> teathei'ed, not uotic(>- .ilily ilil.iled, nor liri^'htly colorrd. In some cases, cdj^es of e\idii|s, and line lii'hind eye, while. \. Atlantic, .\rctic .nid I'acilic coasts, .'^. to .Vew , lersey and California; hrcediii;.' in myriads on rocky i^l.inds. Kiru' siii;;lc. on liaro led'.(cs ; ;i-;5A loii^', liy \l-2i. hroad ; the ground color var\ iiig from wliitti KC.V lo N. \. llUillS. I I V\U. iW. ('IIIMIIIMI l.llilll'llliit. ^m h' l;«i ikt' .'MC AI.CID.K, At KS. C.y.S. i'.L'S, t(t (lurk iriccii ; soini'tiiiH's [icirt'ctly phiin. ii-ii,illy rnnliislicully .strcnkcd or 1»I()U'Ii(m1 ill iii(«'riiiiiialtly varyintr ii:iil>rii. S\v. .'iml Ificii., 1". 15. -A. ii, 177 ; NiTT., ii, r»2('>; Aid., vii, 2t!7, pi. I7.> ; I 'ria laniriii and r/iil;^ ANT, I'ldc. I)()st. S(t('. X. II. lNi;i,|>. 1! ; ('<)i:i;s, /. c. 7!l. Tiioirj;. I'liicL-liilli il . (If /Irinniic/i's ( luilh iiinl , Dcptii of I'ill al niisli'ijs aliiiiit \ tlic IchL^lIi dl' (-idnx II : liiiiiia of upper niaii- dililf al l>:i^ • dil iIimI, denuded, usually yelliiwisii. I )i>-triliiili(Ui as in tla^ hi'^t l-ic. JIT. TlihU liillnl i.iiill sperie«, I'rid liiiiiiiihi i ;">\v.anil IJlCII., i'\ 15. -A. ii. 177: Nt ir., ii, .">j:i : Aid., vii, I'tTi, pi. 17l': r.tirni C'ass. in l>l)., I'll: Lnitiriit sriirlidii ('(Ill's. /. c. SO ai;i;a. l^^^^dvii'A. Mill I HHilliiiAaMkMi SYNOPSIS OF THE FOSSIL FORMS. TluTc i-i ;il |iri'.s('iit nrj sMlislMctoiy cvLlcinc ,>[' llic cNisicnci' of IJinls in lliis coiiiitiT cMilicr llwiii llic C'lvliu'coiis iK'iiod. 'I'lic fiMilpiiiits in tlic sMinlstoiic of tli<' <^''>i cliciit Valley, ^vlli(•ll have liccii a1lrilnit<>.l lo Uiiils, were iin>liMhl\ all iiiailo l)y Diiiosamiaii IJcptilc-. Tlu! s|K'C'ii's which jiavc hccii ih-sciil'i'd fioiii the ( 'n t;ircoiis ruiiiiatloii arc iicarlv all known only IVoni I'laLiMicMlaiy i-viiiains. 'I'liosc IVoiii the 'I'crliarv and I'osl- tcrliary arc ucncially rcpicscnlcd by heller |)rcscrvcil specinicn-^. The Ibllowinii' synopsis has hceii revised liy Ihc aeconiiilislied pal.i loloLiist who lias ih'scrihcd nearly all the known species. 'I'lironuli his eoin-leons allen- tions, the list has heen I'onipleteil lo tlii' dale on which Ihcsc panes i;-o lo jircss. This lirst, eonnecled ae<'onnl of the I'.xtinct IJIrds of North Anu'rica will nni|nes- tioiialily he very largely snpplenienlcil hy riilure diseovcri^s. Work in this lieM of research was never more actively and sncees^^fnlly proseciiled than at |jrc>cnl, iuid new species are almost conlinuallv lieinti- l)ron''hl to liiihl. PICARI^. UINTORNIS LUCARIS Marsh. American .loiiriial of Science, i\-, -.'.V,). Oct.. j.sTJ. Tliis liird was ahiiul, as lai-oc as a I'ohiii, and apparently rdatecl to tjio Woodpeckers. 'I"|i( ly known remains arc (Voin tin- Lower 'rcftiary foriuiiliun of Wyoiiiiiiii- 'renilory. Tliey are preservcil in the iihischiu of Yalo College. RAPTORES. AQUILA DANANA Marsh. Anierican .lonrnal of Science, ii. Ii'."). Anirnst, |s71. This species was nearly iis lariic as the (ioldeii Iviiiie (J. r/iii/s/nfos), Tlio only known reniains were loiiiid in tin; I'iioceno of Xehraska, iuid arc now in the ^ale miisctim. BUBO LEPTOSTEUS Marsh. American .lonrnal of S<'ience, ii. li'd. Anunsl. l.sTI. A. .'^pecies about two-thirds as !art:(> as tin- (ireal ironicd Owl (/>'. rhyln- i(iinis). 'I'hc remains were discovered in tlu; Lower 'I'ertiary lieds of Wjtoming, and aro also in the Vale niiiseiiin. GALLING. MELEAGRIS ANTIQUUS Marsh. American .lonrnal of Science, ii, li'il. August, l.sTI. Tills spoeios was nearly as lari:c as the A\'i!d Turkey {^f. ;/al/op,ifn). Tlio remains represent i nix it were found in the Miocene of Colorado, and arc preserved in (he Vale inusetini. (347) ' It 1 f 3iS KUSML uiuns. MELEAORIS ALTUS Marsh. I'locci'i line's of llic riiilMilclpliiii Acsiilciiiy, II. Marcli, 1H7(>. — Aiiicrii'.-iii Nnliiiiilisl, iv, ;'il7. .Inly, l"<7n. — AmiTic-m .luiiriiiil of Sciciicc, iv, I'tUi. Oct., |x7l'. { M. mi/iii-liiin i'i>\>r. Syii()|)sis I'.xliiicl l!;itr;iclii;i. etc., 2:l',l.) "Ucpn'sciiti'd \ty poilidiis of tlircc skclctdiis, of (Uirtrcnt iijjcfl, wliicli 1ic1()Ii;,'(m1 to Iiii'ds alioiit llic size of tin- AVilil Tiirkcy, allliniiirli proportionally iniicli taller. 'I'lic til>ia' and tarso-inctataisal hont-s were, in fart, so t'lmi- fXatcd as to rt'sciiihlc )lios(^ of wadinir liirds." I'^roin tin- l'ost-plioct'n<' of New .K'rsi'y. Tim remains arc mostly in the nnix'iiin of ^'ali! ('ollei;e. MELEAGRIS CELER Mnrsh. Ainei'ieau •luurnal of SciiMie*-, iv, 2<>1. Oet.. |n7'.'. A species mncii smaller tiian tiie forei^'oinj:, Imt with lejrs of slender pro- portions. Also from the rost-i)Iiocene of New dersey, and [ireserved in the Yitlu niuseiim. GRALLATORES. GEUS IIAYDENII Marsh. Aiueriean •louriial of Scicni'o. xlix, L". I. March, lsi7(). A species ahout as lari^e as the Sandhill Crane {f>. i-'iiiiiiliii.-. Nearly as larire as the precedini; species, l-'oinid in the Isocene deposits of Wyoiinnj:, and now in the iiMiseiim of V.de CnllcL'i'. ALETORNIS PERNIX Marsh. Aiiu'iican .lomiial of Science, iv. ".'.'id. Oct., |.s7l'. Ahout half the si/e of tlic above, and from the sanu' locality . ,Vlso in the Yale inu.seiuu. ALETORNIS VENUSTUS Marsh. Aineiieaa .louinal of Seienei-, iv, '.'.'ir. Oct., I.s7l'. A smaller species, about .as laiire as a ("nrlew { .\'iiiii)>)iiiis). Vhim the same Iccality, ami likew i.~c in the ^'ale mus< uni. ALETORNIS GRACILIS Marsh. Aniciican .lournal of Science, iv, •.♦."iM. Oct., I.s7".*. A bird about the si/.o of a WoodciH^k ( l*/n'f<>/iehi iniii'n). '/i-om thi< same formation and locality, and now piv.served in tin- mu.seiim of Vale ('olle<;e. I mamm I'osMi, iiiuns. ;ti',i r ALETORNIS BELLUS Marsh. AlllrlicMli .lollililll of Sciciicf, iv, '2'>X. Oct., |.S7'.'. A slill suialkr sjx'cit's, itmlialily Ix'liniL'iii.i.' to :i diircriMil u'<'iiii-i. Fruin tlin siiiiu! locality, ami also in tlit* ^'al<> innsciini. TELMATORNIS PRISCUS MarHlu Aim riciiu .liiiiiiinl ul' Sciciicc, \li\, :.'lo. Maicli. \s~{). A species alxtiit as lariri^ as liic Kiiiir Kail ( Nnllns rli'/niis ), .uiil |irolialp|y allied to tlic llnlliiliv. Kroiu tlic ("rolaceoii> loriMalioii. I'diukI near llorn- erstowii, X»'W .Jersey, and iireserveil in Ihe Vale nni.-einn. TELMATORNIS AFPINIS Marsh. Auieiic.in .Ininnal of Seieiic-c. \li\. -II. Maifli, \s~{\. A soniewliat smaller species iVoiii ilic sanu- foniialioii ami locality. Also in Ww iiiiiseiiin at Vale. PALiEOTRINOA LITTORALIS Marsh. Aiiieiieaii iloiniia! of S<''uMiee, \li\, 'Jos. ,\I;ireli, |s7(t. Ahoiit e<|uallin^ a Curlew in si/e. Tlu! remains wore !oniid in tin- Creta- ceous ^recn-sand, at tlie aiiove mentioned locality, and arc now pi-cservcd at Vale. PAL^OTRINGA VETUS Marsh. Ainorioan .lournal of Scicnee, \li\, '.'Olt. M:iieli. l.sTo. A smaller species, from the same formation, fonnd at .\rneyto\vn. New Jersey. Tlic Unown remains :ii'e in the I'liiladelpliia .Vcademy. PAL.a30TRINQA VAOANS Marsh. Aiiiericaii .Iiumii.iI of Sciciicr. lii. ;.i..i. .May. I^TJ. Intei'mediate in si/c hctween the two pieci'dinii species. Discovered in tlio same formation, ni-jir llornerstown, .New Ji r>ey ; now in the muimumi of Vale Collei;'e. NATATORES. SULA LOXOSTYLA Cono. 'fraiisaclio'is of ilir .\iiu'ri(Un riiilM>..iiiliic:il Smit'ly, \iv, -;>•'. Dec., IhTo. A species Mot so I.arire as the coiiiuioii (Jannet {S. Iiiissiniu). l-'rom the .MioceiKMif North Carolina. Ucniains prc-^crved in I'rot'. ( 'o|k's collection. ORACULUS IDAIIENSIS Marsh. Aiiierif.i!! ■louinai nf Sricmi'. \li\. -Jlil. .March, l>i7o, A typical ('ornKnant. rather smaller than (I. nirfm. From the Pliocene of Idaho. .Most of the known remain-; are deposited in the V.ah- mnseuiii. GRACULAVUS VELOX Marsh. AnierieMu .loiniiMl of .Science, iii, ,'{(').".. M'ly, 1m7l'. This liird was relaliul to the Cormorants, and was rather sm.ilK-r th.iii (liiii iiIhs cdvhit. The remains were found in the u'reen-sand -^ the ( 'leliiceoMs formation, near llornerstown, New .Icrsey, and arc now ut Yale (.'ollegi-. 8A0 I'dssir, iiirins. Iti GRA.CULAVUS PUMILUS Marsh. Aliiri ii;ili .liilll iimI 111' Srielii'c. iii, ilCI. M.'iy. I>*72. A smaller «|icrifs, IVniii the saiiu; foriii.ilidii and localitv. 'I'lic rcinaiiis art- ill till' Vale iiiii^ciiin. GKACULAVUS ANCEPS MiirHli. Aiiiiiii:iii .Iciiiium! (if Sriciict', iii. ;!!; I. .M:i\. I'>7J. Apparfiilly a .s|ic<'i('s cif ('(iriiioraiil, iiImiiiI as lari^c as (,'ittfiihis n'ofurrii.'i. From tlic ('rclafi'iiiis of Western K;!iisas. Ueiiiaiiis in the ^'ale Colle'rc liiii>enni. ICIITIIYORNIS DISPAR Marsh. AtlUM'ieali .liiiirii:il i<\' Science. i\. .iiiiicniliN. :'>ll. (let., \s~2. A liini alxiiit as larijc as a i>iufeiiii. and dillerini: IVoni all known hinls in U.wlw^ fiir'iii''"'-'' i;rlil)fi\ The remains were loiind in tlie ( 'relaeemis siiale of Kansas, and are in I lie mnseiim ol' ^'ale College. PUFFINUS CONRADII Marsh. Ainerii'uii .loiinial of .'^eiciice. xli\. iMl'. Maicli, |s7o. A sliearwaler alionl (lie size of /'. riiifrcus. {''roni llie Mineeiie of Mary- land, and now preserved in tlie iiiii~eiiin of the l'liiladel|iiii;i Academy. CATARP.ACTES ANTIQUUS Mnrnh. Aiiieiieaii .IoiiiiimI (iT Seii'iice. xli\, 2{'-i, Mareii, J.sTd. A ( iiiilleinot ratlier laiirer tliaii tlie Common Miirre ( /.ntiir/'ti fnn'/f). l-'rom llio .Mioeeiie of Ni.rlli C.irolina. Deposited in llio lMiiladel[>liia .\eademy. CATARRACTES AFFINIS Marsh. Amtriean .loiinial ol" Seiciiei', l\-, •_>.'»',!. Oct., l.sT'J. A speeies alioiit as JaiL'e as the piecediiiuf, and nearly related. I''rom tll(^ I'ost -pliocene ol" Maine, 'i'lie original speeiincii is in tlie I'liilatlidpliiii Academy. HESPERORNIS REQALIS Marsh. Aliieric.iii .loiinial ><{' Siiiiirc iii. ;l(;il. .Alay, l.s7-_'. '1'lii.s liird was a gigantic Diver, rehited to the liooiis {('ohitiihiihr). Tlio olvcleton measured alio'.it live Ceel nine inches in length. 'I'lie known remains were lomid in the upper Crelaceoiis shale ol" Western Kansas, and are now in thu Vale miiMum. LAORNIS EDVARDSIANUS Marsh. Allierieall .loiiriial of Siieiice, xlis, JIK'i. .Maicli, i.s70. This sp<'cios was ne.'irly as large as a Swan. The remains were di.si'ovorcd in the Middle Marl lied, of C'refaeeons age, at nirmingham. New Jersey, iind ari' now in the niusenin of ^'ale Collei^e. i ADDITIONS AND ( ()!;i:i;( TK )NS. Jl iMisiimciiiiN, fiiisniid. l''iir Onlrr Scniisori's C'li' /..viinilnrivli' liinl-. 1". 'J, (( 111.— 'I'lif I'liii lilri./lii'lilil Wrvv nut r(ill>illiricl !|s In I. iiillillL.' Ii> /.•'»(! ///( ■■»/(•■ s H In II (111 I'liiirlli Miiti'iMT 111' lliis |i.ir.i;;i'ii|ili \v:i» jnhinil. I'. I'L'. lilNl l\v.iluii>. /■.,;• 117 ;v./i; I'.M; /,„■ 177 /•.,(,/ Wi!; ./. /. I.".l; iii.-n-l I l:i, I.M, IMI. •J-SJ-W-i, TMK I'. :!i>, hi^l liiii' lint oiir. /-Mr III) rill, I s\. ^■^lli^ iiii|Mirl ml itimi- h ;il>u ii|Miili il in ll^; il, win I'l' till' |i|iMhiii\ In i|ni'~rii>ii b. dmiUIi'iI.) r. .'l"i, I'iitlilli lini'. .Irt.c In iiisiil niirlv. I'. ;1M, end 111' nhitli liiir IVmn hiillniii. .\fh /■ Si il-nn-, /„,s. rt ul' •.uiiic .-in I Inn-. I', ."ill. Irnlli lliir. .[I'h I- nil iiisiii jii'i't'icl. r. I", )! ■■'I, 1 1- mil Mill'. All I r ( 'Ml' I /»,«m7 .'I mi 1 .1 -|ii rii> III' AiTij.ihi' i i.",iii. 1'. I'.', § .sil, luiii'ili llnr. .[I'll I- 11 iiisiii wlnii |iri~inl. Ni \l lliir. 'iih r '.'t, iiis,,i xvlim llr\ rliijiril. I', .'i"!. IllinI llnr. .\/l' r llrlmiL'- In lln- Co/.'; iMIIlil^ I'irilhr. nl' lln- -llll-unlil- I'irj. Ill' llli' iiiiliT ricailii'. I*. ."iX. .\ nil 111^ '• Mill irrvliil inn-. ii>ri|" in^i li ; — I. <•., Imn- cll.il ii- - tin' pin i' ( 'il' n \\ m-U i jii-l cliiil. ii|i. I'll., iipn'- riiMlnin — llir work .in>l riinl. 1'. .'I'.i. AiMiini; •• Works n I'l'i'nil In" himri : — S\\ . Mml linn.. I'. IS. -A. 11. Sii-iiiii>tiii, \V., ami /i'/i7('(/-.'.sii». .1. : I'miii:! llurr.ili-Aiiirili mi.i. VhI. li. Ilo. I>:'.l. r. III. .Uhr IlviliMrlirHiliin, /'■)/■ '.".iL" )•■.(.' L.".':'.; nil- r ll.ilijilini. /'..;■ L".i:i /■,.!./ j'.ij, r. i;;i. /'..I' (Il 111 IIS :.'i,"i, svMi'tiKMiA L'l I iiml liiiv m ni'iiii i - '-'111. I'M'' 'I'm »\i s L'l I 11. I". (I.'l. I'm' l''ri,i\ l.'ilii, .'iiiil AvriiYA :.'ill, /•«.(./ Ki i.iiii i,\ L'liii.l. I'. 7."'. I'lirri.l.illiil riirimli. Sprriiiniis l.ilily riTcl\ ril liiillc.'ilr lli.il tin' \il/.in:i liiiil ciiiisliiiiii's il vtii'Ifly 111' //. riirri'riir"iis : llir I'lilluwln;; Is :i ln-ilfi' iji'scripdun ili.iii (Iril 'jivi ii In (lir (rx(. — V:ll'. imhuifi ItllxiW Ms. .\lMi\r, •ri-,i\ |s|i-li|-ii\Mi. iir.iil\ niiil'iinii : wiiiu r.ivrrls inn I i|llills wllli sIIl^IiI wllllKll i 11^:1111,'. llir rili:r uC llir \\ lllu' ilsrIC wl.ili' ■ !:mI I'lMlliiTs Uilll s|i|;;||t wliiljsli dps; lirlilW, ,'l pllli'T slnliln 111' I III' riiliir nl' lln' lljiprl- pMll-. I .Ir lll|-ii:lt i|iillc wliiii^li. llir itIssiiiii s1I;.'Ii(I,> riil'nsi-iiii. ilir lii'r.-ist .'Mill lirllv Willi iili-ciii-i' lirk ivi'My spills (III till' m':i\ isli-wliili' lii'oniiil ; 111) uliviiiiis iiiM.xilliir.v sHi-.iUs, Inn v.ilihi' siiiKliiiL;' nil till' rlii'i'ks : 1)111 likii'k: I'mt lilMikisliliniwii : liill I!: win:.' I',: (mII.'i: tn'siis ||: iiilililli' tut' Mini rliiw l.\. ( Drsrilliiil I'l'iiiii ill'isli. Mils. .Siiiillis, Insl., 'I'ln.un, .Vri/.niiM. liiinlii'i. ) r. 77. h'liiiiifoil's .V'/'i'/'i. .\ilil to the iiiiiil.iliiin : I'lilsinvM. Mils. |s7|. lMI. !'. s.l. Alli'il ('filler IIVi/(. Ill Mil priiliMliilil\ ilisiiml rrmii lln' pn riiliiiLr ^pi rii s. I'. .s7. Ahmkiiii IIViH. Mmv Ii.' Imsl liTMlril Ms m VMi'lrty 111' lln Wliilir Wrni : Mini !liis 1m-I iiniy 111' nuislili'i'i'il ms Ainn'lliiirii liiiiiliiibili s \:\r. h;h nfilis, 1'. I:.'!'. I'hilllllfllS \')l'n. .Vllllilillll.'ll lllMll'liMl sh.lWslllMl -I pl'nlllillly llli- is M N.llilly 111' r. S'llll-ifiiis, MS intiiiiMli'il in lln- tiM. 1'. Uli. /'../■ (irinis ( 'riaiiiusinv Siiipiili cc-ii/ C'liiis |.iim\ Lintniii-. 'I lir IJiil (in -sliill 111 ly 111' nnisiilnnil Ms VMi'. miinii iii'i nl' tin' Kiirnpi'Mii l.nrin nirfirnnh". CI". I) ;t."»j ADItrilllNM AND COIiUKfTIONH. r. l:lii. ilrnii-i i'""'niit I'huh. It I- li.inll.v iii(r-.Mirv I" ii'cintnl/.i' liy iiiiiiii' inurr tli:iii niic viii'lfl,v 1)1' IliN lilnl — "iiuiiiiislils" luinn irlriicil ii( li i'ltfiii-u(i.i |iri>|Mr, iiiiil •• lilluijili-." lo viir. iirimiiiiiiliii. v. l;i.'i. Ilnlrtl's Hiiiiliii'i. ,\> \i\y ■.Imiiu;!) Iiliitiil In lln- li xl, Ihr »ii|i|mi>iiI »|ir(liiicli'< "I" ('iiilriiiiijr li'iinlii fniiii .M,is>.iir|iii-cll"< iin iml lliK »|iiriis mI all, liiit ii /'i/.«si ;v/i/i(,>., :i|i|iiiiciii|>' lifW. ( /'. I'riiifiiin M \\ s Mill, Am. Nal. vl, \^7J, |i. (I;i7 (. Allliiiiii;li lirtrrcily iiwarr uf \h\•^ iil tlriD' III' w I'lliiii;, I I'rt'i'.'iliiril ri'mii {iiilii'l|i.'il liii; piililli Mlimi nl' I In' Cul. I Miitiiii' to I'mrlrll, tli:it II srriiliil >|irrillirll iil' " ( 'rlit I'liiiv x " will liiMI'lir I'lillllil. I'. I.'lll. SI. l.uiiiK ,S'/ii(CCiiic. lliilllillr"."! iililv II Vill'lrly iil' /'. rimlrnhtH. I'. I III. (iiiiiil ilUllliil'II.V CiilllrililN riilMlir >|iriillr Vllllilily nl' I'liirmi fiLiniiiii, lull I am lliil |irr|i!ii'i'i| tiiyii'lil my pii<4 1'liini' I'riMn ii ilralrr's slnrk. In rxrlianm' fur a s|m rliinii nl" 7'. ruhiinis s|iiiill In stiilllnt;> 1*. l'l)7. J''i rriiyiiiiiiiis Oirl. Tn llic rxlraliinltal s|ir<-iin<'iis iIi'sitIImiI, mlil : — Nn. ill.'is.'i, Mils. Snilllis. Inst., tVnm 'riirsiiii, Arl/.nna, sliiri' traiisinlttril In nii' liy t.t. ('. Itrmlli'i', I'. .^. .\. It Is till' s|ii'i'liiii'ii III' wliii'li Mimi' IVaiiiiiriits rni'iilsliicl my imlr In Ilic Anni'lraii .\atiinilisl, ns <|l|iitl'll III till' ll'Xi. I'. L'l.l. lliirfiilfuii. 'I'lir s|M riniiiis riiim tin- Markrii/ir's riMi' riuinii, iniliriil l.y llainl (/. 1'. ) ■illilrl' liaini' 111' /•'. .'(iii'i )', liaM' sliiri' I n ilrtri'iiilin il liy I'liil'. Niwluii tn lir iinllslln- unlslia'ilr I'l'iiin milinai'y var. Lilmiilliiin. I iiinillril in si:iii-, thai \ ar. iiijihilin \- a N. I!iii(i|iraii I'linii, iinl I'lrnunl/.nl, I lii'jii'Vi', t'inin I his riiiinl I'y . Till- iiaiiir .i'«> )• lias )iii(iiil\ (i\riall tin- nthi'i's as till' s|ii'rlllr ilrslirnalinii. I'. L'liL'. I'ltlliiiihH liKrriii'iiiiiiin, llirii' is rrasnn In In liiM', may Im' a valiil s|Mriis; ii ilnrs iifl. linwi'Vi'i', nniii' williiii mil' limils. I'. \1\'*. .Uti r (irillls I'll \I.M!ii|'l s iliSi II Itliss.ill. I'. ■-'711. /.'(_/'.. I'c (iiti iiii; iiisirl:— .si iinian ii .\I.I.( 'TOUIDKS. Cn.wis, 1,'mis wd <>rni:ii .Vi.i.iks. Si:ic ji. I'll. iM>i;\ \M> (;i,<>- Al.'l \i)ll:. \ ri'H C'lirll-h -MIIIIIUII-, mil lit tlm IhkIv ••! Ilii' Uurk, nni liiln»li|i'<'i| ■■ N'li " ri'l'i-r- l>i niiiuhrr Ki'Iiim; ■•|"rrli'r- In /lkiij/cii/iA hC liilriiiii-, N I 11.' .Kitiilili-. Nil I'll. lUiiiltiii-. Nil i;i IMnliil 1, Nil .»>.' Alliiiilv. II. i^ii.ililt iiri|iii.i't ii'l:i II. III. i i'i- .Virrl.i'iii.i'. I.'il. \;.'..1jii» AXMlllll. N.I l.'l Al\. N.I Alii. . /./ il:i., Willi: f.MUl. I'.'ll lllllll.,' I.I lllli Wllltf> A 111. Aiii'k.iii ^^ ii..i. •■; Altiii.li.l.i Alli.ili'i Al.:l. N.i llll \|.|.||llll.|.|.. Illlli, In". AI' I.I.I. ll« Al.il l.--.'.'ll,.l.'Vi. Ali'l.iiiil- III. llll-. till ill |. III'. .1|<<. ii.ili.li M-. |ii'iiii\. .II" \i'.iil-ll|n.;g|M. Alrlin.lll Xllli. Ill Trill, I.'.'. Aliii.'-Tiiiii-ii. ;i AlliiH Kliii't . " ri'ilainiiiK In I'liiii li.iii III mill lllllll All.-ii' .iwhi I I Aliu.iiriv.|.i.i Wi. ;i.-ii. Or.'hai'ilOn. ill' till alllni-), Altili. |.>. Ill 1. III. Illri).. fi'iii'i'il in Alirirl.il.K. Il.ivliiir iliii mil III i. .it Allllri.-. Aliili, n llii>l III u inK, ( :<*. MinrliMii \\. Illink il.-.'i; ir. ■."II. I rii|.|.ri Iti.iw II r , i«i. I II. k. 111-. I>1. I»l| I. 7T llllllllll. ^Vl Fi iiiiiiw I. •:•>. 11..1.11111 ii. I ii Mi. l||..||...ll, I II Mi'vt iiiill. ;l ■• I'lilmlui.'. Jill. ■^iiijii., -J I-' •■I111I111K-, I'll. >««iiii.i. \iiilllii.r. i"'i. \ili'v|.iilii' III-. N I Xllki. .11-. W iilili 1. Iim. \iiril, \iiii. iilir, l'i.rtiiliiii|..{ lit Mil' II. i II Ii \llrii'lll.ii<. II. Ill, I. 11' li'iillii'r- I II. Ii .\iii 1)1111-11', Nil. I.'i Aiiliiiiiiliil Tii'i. Iiiii'k. JK|. t\.irlil. I. nil Xiiuli' llll. Iin. ) II. Ii. Aluiil ili'.l. 11 II 'III iilii'ii|ill> . Viiliiiiu' I, nil. \.ii, l«;i \iii-..il 1. itl I 11 ■'(11 i| l.inl. \liii 1 Mllill.ii.iiuliii-I. I"'! \li..llllilr 1. N.. \\r* ilrri'il'. Il'l. iii|ii ilii'.i.. .'M. Iiiii'-li.'-. U". \Mlirl. .'ir A\ II I. II \iiii |iil. \ \>ll II . ". I'i'il il iliiK In llllllllll. .V\lll:ll- K, / Aii-i'l, Nil .\ll-i-l lll.r. A I llii.li.'iTT \.il Iiit.il, .1 ll.nli'r Mill).' 'OVt'll , ) .VI. XUIlva, Nil, .••II. ll.llll 1.1114"!' -I « II. ii \lilllllKi' !. il.ii-K.r. iiii I'nlllii I iiiiiiii.iii I' , :i|ii. Iiiii.i.'l. T.iwlii.-, lij. Vrrilati'. 11 lliilt"li,i|ii"l \l. •I, Nil .Snli-i.l.i'. \r.| .1 . J.. Anl.ll 1, Nil 'W. \ri.la'. lin \ri/.iiiiiil lllllll III. Ml • .iil.llliii h. \)1. lllllll. ji- Aikaii-a- I'lv ,1 llll-, ITn ii'.l.lilii.'ii. I : \liillalill.i. S.. .Mil Arlii'iil 111. .11. II ,\-li.i-.i|.iri'.| •• iii.||ii)ii A-h llii'i.it.'.l l-lvi' It \-li> l'itivl..l.':i \-liii, N.I Ii7. \-liiiiiia. N.I. I.Kilii- \ -\ inli'-iiill*. N.I I til, Atti'iiii.iti' iiiiil ; iniiiliiii.'. i Iin. I' a. 1. 1 llu tin \l.l il|itl\ irill'iiili'.l. Alllii . I mil I Nil ijj xrv iti «. « iiiHiM, llll.l l.iuli. Illllll.ltl M'llll Haul. I, - iii'lp |ii'i. 'lliiiilii. I"i", llamli' ik. t II. .1 ..I V\'.in.|| kii| II 111. I I lili'il llil/< 11.1. .'IT l-i.'. .III. iy> It ink oivall.in. Ill It.n Itai'li. II ml .jiiiiii I .il' a t .'iiiii, S .'t. It irlii.'i'l. II. l-iiiitfiml li.li'lnlli', I :|. llllllllll'. II l.iiiiiiia III' ll.llll, t vi- llain lilt I. Jill, ■"tt ill. lit. III It irii.ii |i' i».iii-i', J" I. Itaii'il Oil I. .'III. Ilainnt'-i iiil.li'ii I'Vii. ■i^n. Ilarli.iiiiiaii '< iii.||ii|iiii'. .'iMI. \li ll.li||i|l'l tUnM. II II III li.iiii' al 11 I r ikiill. III'. Ill I'll -llll W .11 llll 1. llll, Itat tt HUi'.l lliliilliiK, I HI. I'll lll'.lk. ' Itlll It iii.'iiim. Ill 1. Itl.i'lli' lli'.l.ll'.l I'lnti'l. .Ml. Iti.ir- Kini'li. III. Niri'. .'1. Iti'lli'il Unull- '. I"i4, Iti'i lall'lli'l'- W lini, nt. iti'tt |i kV U ri'll. "li. IIIK mark IllMil. .•■>'!. Hill, i t) 1 1 Itll.l. l-'iallii'ii..! Viiiiiial, ( .'. Itll.l III I'm. I I'l llilli'iii. .'i.'.i 111 I. k II I. .'~l I'h. Ill llll, 17 lllllll. mill. II. I (ilM) mmmmmmmmimmmK^mmmm m IMAGE EVALUATION - eST TARGET (MT-3) V ^ / // O .

    \>li r-i'.-iicliiT, -Jli;. I'mitmI = Am. IMi. l'flnl,.a'.i. l'Ml.iKmi\>. llil. I!;iil.'i7l.' S.-citur. ■.",':;. >kiiiiiiii-r. :i-l. swin, is;. Tern. .l-.;.!. \iilliiic=( ;inil. lilack-i'liiiiiiiMl lldKiiiiidKliiiil. IM. >li,ii i(i\v. 1 1:>. lilid'k-cic^tcd 'r((l(li'(l.-L', W). r.l;«-k-i;icc(l Ki(icl(. \M. lilirk-l.i,.(|..l AlljMlros.-. ."'ri. r,l;ick-l(r:Ml.-J>:'. Jtlackld-Kilol (,iialc!(lcluT. TK. (.iii-bcMk. ir.i. (;((ll. :;i.'>. Tat ii>tt»in'. -JIT. \i(i'... 121. lil.dk-dc.kcd Still = Mill,'.;iT. l!l.((k-i»in Wmi-Mci'. Kki. JilM.'k--li.i((l.lrrc.l Kile. -Jll. r.lai-k-laili il (;iMl\v(t. 'J.'jS. she icw.diT. :!;>n. l;l;ii-k-llir.i;il(cl Jihie Wail.lcr, ll.s. llaididL,'. IIS. IKviT. ;;:;i. l-i(d'l(. lid. (.CIV W.illlll'C, iis. Civl'iiWarl.h'C.HT. (ddlli'dioi. ;;i:!. lldidididuliicd.lSI. lUacl.-vcddod .Sluaiwidcr. .'l:!!. l!lack-\vli(-kc(fd Viic.i. l-.i(l. lihuidid^''- l-'iiM II. l.">:i. IHa^iidi-, N.i.'2S2. iiliic (CdW. l(i.l. (;Mldci|.\vii);;od WaililiT. !d. (i.i(i-d. i>i. (iniMiiiik. ll!i. ll.iwk = Mai>li Iliin-icr. ild. llciMd. JUT. -ids. Jav. |i;."i. Mi'.ddlaid WacliliT. Id."). (JiKid.-j;;.-'. Vidlnw-hacki'd 'H'aililor, HJ. Itliic-l.ill.-J-'.i. ]lldidiinl. 7(1. I'ddd-ovcd Vi'llcnv Warlilii-. 117. lUiii'-tri'iv (diali-atrlicr, T.s. UUiodica'di'd Ciacklc. Kid. (iripddd Dove. 2-27. IMiri'on. --7. Sawl.ill. 1.^7. \ilCM). 121. lHue-.'^tiickidfr. 217. Bliie-\viiij:oil Teal. 2,^7. Vi-llijw W.'ii-hlor. nt. ]5(iatdiillcd llcrnii. 2(i.) (in text), li.iar-lailcil (.racklo, lllu. lt..lM>liiik. I.'il. li.ih-whili', 2:!(i. llo^'I!dll.2"ni. ItiiKMdklM-. 2."il. liiilicdiiaii Wawviiiu'. ll.'i. lioiialiaili;',- l-'lvcad-licr = Cana- di.'iii I-',. Kill. (:iill,:l|i;. tiaddjiiprr = White- r([idii('il .s.. 2.V). ISona?.-!. Nd. 1^2. Jiiiidiv (iaiiiii't. 2:i.<. ••lidd't," "l I'd," §S1. Itdtaiirds. No. 2:!7. liraidivotd-. No. I|:i, ISi-acirvildiiiiiilids, No. :t2li. lii-,(iidr-('oiincicaiit,3ua. lirant lliid 2lil. tioo>e, 2Si. Branta, So. ibu. ISreast. ». .•^wclliii;.' iddcrior iiait or Kicliii "id. 5 :ili. Ilieiit. M'd liiaiil (.oo-d, lircv, er'- llhiiklind. Kid. >|i,iiio\v. Ii:!. l!rc\v.-lerV l.iiidi i, l.d. lindldd 'I'did. .122. 'rildiod.-u. .-d. Itvoail-liill. 2>s. Ki'oad-I.'dlcil llillddiill.^'liil'd. Is.'i. Ill o;id-\i id;;i-d l!d//.aiil, 217. llroiddill-. /'/. Idniiclii. //. l-'oi k of llie \( iddidid'. ^ 2. lilollieilxdovo Niltci. 12d. lllow d ('laid'. 271. ( rie|ii'r, M. .)av. nil. I.ark. 11(1. I'elican. :;iKI. Tliid-li. 7.".. TowhiT. 1.V2. r»ro\vii-li.-i(di, 2.'i2. l>ro\\ iidieaded ( reepcr Wren. .s.*». Niilhali'h. .-:i. \V liie.ker. lli.V Tlriiiintf-irs (itiilleniot, :ili>. Jiiil.o, No. 11(1. lidlio ld|il.i>le(i>. :;i7. r.d.i'liliid.i. N,i. 21)2. Iliidvli.-. No. 27. IJdlldd-i-a.-ted l-lvi-alelier. 17(1. S,'ilidlii|.dl'. 2ld. Ilnltledieaded |)idd>,21id. lldH'oii'.- .Iiir^ur. :idli. I'.dll-lial. Id. l!lllllilddll■^. 121). 12S. l:idMii'ad.2l:!. Hullo, d>'s Oriole. Ui". I'.iiiiliii;:-, I2i;. l:i:;. l;;i. i;:."i. l:i(l. liii|iliaKd^. No, 2711. J*.iir;rodi;i-Ier. :il 1. lldfKui. 12:i. I'.dtro\\iim' ( i\\ 1. 2d7. I!d-li (.lil.iiN. 2211 (ill text). Iliildlier llird. iS'. Kdle.i. No. l.V.P. r.dloiide-. No, 2:it. r.iitler l!.dl.21id. lid/. /.aril.-'. 2iJli.21."i-20. c. Cllilldis' Kdv.;ll>liev, ISS. ( 'allot ■-'rerii = Mild UvicdiTeni,;)20. ( adiileaii Warldei'. W. (:,dadio-|ii/.a. No. 7,"^. ( .diiiiiii-. II. Jianel of reallier,§:!. (aliilldritiide, .*^S. ('.ili-areods, II. Clialkv. (_';dico-lia(di.2l(i. ('alidri>, So. 212. ('alilidiii.'iCn lie =^ K;ived G.. :i:i7. (.Kll.ld.'i. .Ii(\. Iiid. MiM-kiimbird. 7.V I'artriit'e, 2:;s. (,>iiail, 2.;.''. Squirrel H;t\\ k — Verni- ^■iiH'oii> lldz/.ard. 21s. Villi die. 222. W..o,liieeker, Iml. ('idlio|ie IliiiiidiiiiKldi'd. [Ki. Callilieiila, No. |S7. Cani|u'phiid-'^. No. 1211. ('anii'lolaaiiU', No. 2df. ('aiiiii\ loiliMiidiii^. No. l.^. Caiiit-elialiad Adk -- Wlikskered Aiik. ;U2. Canada Klveatelier, 1011. lioo-e. 2S1. (iroii.-e. 2.12. .Lay. IHd. t'analiciilii^. n. (ii-oove. ('aiioii Towliee. I.')2. Caiitliu-. ». Corner of eveliil.s. Canva-diack. 2lid. Caiie M.iy W.iililel', l(i2. (',i|ie l'i;:i'dn. .'Vjs. ( aiiiiinlll^ida'. 171': dnie, ISO. ( aiml. II. Mead. $:M. C.iraear.'i l'>n//r.ild. '22(1. Carl lied Waililer. Id."). ( .'lid Ida 1 Itedliird. l.'il. C.'ii'didalis. No. 81. Carina, ii. i pi., -le. Kiiel or ridge. Cai'inala'. (Ill (footnole). Cariiiate. ii. Keeled or ridf-'ed. Carnivorod-, ii. I'le.^h-eating. (aroliiia Dove. '2'2il. l'ario,|(iet. 11)11. Kill. 27:1. 'I'ili M'. SI. Wa.wvidf;. llil. '.\'ien. sd. (.ai'otid Arlery. IMineipal iirtery of the neck, (■.•ii'lial. II. rerttiining' to earim.s. ( aiiiodaen-. No. .W. ( ai'ldi.'^. //. Wri-I, § .Vi, .'ill. Carrion ( row, ■2''2. Cainneli'. )/. .\n\ nalnral lle^lly onl.ui'owth. § 11. e. Caninenl.'ile, ii. Ilaviiif; natural lle-hy oiitxi'owth-. Caspian 'rem. ;ilii. Ca.'-.-id''- .\dk = \\lii-kei'edA.,iil2. ISnllliiH'h, I2S. I'iiieli, lid. :;.V2. I'hc.'ilrld'r. 17(1. I'liilile riid'h. '2,s. \ iri'o. 1'22. Catarrai'ti'.- allini.^, il.'iO. aiiti(iiiii>. ;i.*i(). Cntblril. 71. Cathartes, Xo. Kid. Catliarlida'. '22(1. C'dluM'iies. No. '2(1. C, d,..'). T.'iil. § il."i-7d. C d.il-". reilaidiiig to the tail. Ciil.'r lii'i, '!■'. Ceiitri of jJ'i tv. S .:.. Celitroei " No. 1711 CuiilrodV.\, . . I'.l. CeiitnriH. No. 1:11. Ci'iatorliina. No. ;i'2i). Cere. »., * IS. Certhia, No. 17. Certliiida' diia', s;). Ceithiola. No. 12. Cervix. II. Sei'iiiV of ncek, § in. C'.Mvle. No. Il:i. ( lia'liii'ii, No. lis. ( hatdi'ina', LSI. ( hania'd. No. 11, Chaniaida'. 71'. Cliania'iieleia, No. 17-2. ( li.'i|iairal Cock. isii. ( har.'ietel'. ».. J l.'i. ( Idirailriida'. -ina'. 212. Chai'aili'iii-, No. IliO. Ch.'its. Ills (.'d>o 7iij. Chatterer.^. See >\'.'i wvings. ( h.'inh'l.'i-nids. No.2.'il. Clienv r.ird. 1 111. Che>tniitdp,'d'ked ( hiekadee, SI. Che-tnnt-eollared I, ark Hunting, i:il. Clie)-lnul->ided WarhU'r. 101. Chewink. I."d. Chiac'al;d'a.2M. ( liirkadee>. 711. Chiekell II.'l\vk.2l2. ( liininey Swift or swallow. 18.3. Chiiihird ei' Chiiiiiing Sparrow, 1 12. Choiide.-le>. No. 7.'). Chol'delle>, No. 11.-). Chrd'eoeepliallis. No. 2.s:l. Chrvxiidiliis. No. (12. Chu'ek-wiir-'WiddW. ISO. Cleiiniida'. 211. (ilia. II. jil. liiirliie<'l.<. § .'!. (Hairs.) Cini'liche, 7ii. Cinclii'-. No. 7. Cidereoii,'^ .'^he.'irwaler. :{30. Snow llird. 111. 'rhriish, 7.'). Cinnanion 'I'e.d. 2s7. Cireninoi'hital. a. .iSround the ev.'s. § II. I). Ciren-. No. l.-il. Ci^tolliorns. No. •2."). Clani.'ilore^. Ii;7. Chippei' liMil.27:i. Clarke'.- Crow, |(i:i. t.rehe, .'1:111. ( l.'ISS. 71.. § 1(1. • viele. )). Collardione. § 2. ..iv-eolored Sparrow, U;i. Cliil' Srtallow, lU. mi m HBBi IM>i:\ AM) (il.OSSVlJY 355 1 1 4 Cloiii-a. H, liiiM iif lir-'e ^nil. CliiMilijl.d. riMhuilin,,'t.p|hc-llin. C.ilih, .ll.'. (_:iiriv:,'lMl, (I. I'lTlllillin^' 10 tllC iMii.' CniM-y V, II. I.;ls1 lail-linnc, § il.i. CinTV/.ina'. !>'.». Ciii-i'V/.u.-. N'.. !.!■-■. Ciii-kul' till' ri. Mil.-. •::!>. C'u'iMiin, Il.i III- '•"■i"i. Iiilr.-linal (■iil-i|i'--iii'. j ■-• C.nvliiilir. nil. Ciiltin-i'ari-iiT, :!1J. f.i|i|il.'s. No. l:17. (■..lliiiii, II. N.vk. § :!■-•. C.illiirici. Nil. ."ll. (■nlllllll..M. No. Ho. ColiMiiliiu.-J-.':!. Cohniiliiaii .M iir|iii', int. CiiIiiiulMtln'. -1 1. (.'oh-iiilnila'. ":.>\. Cil'viiiliii-. Su.:!ll. (. oniiiiis-iiro. II. I.iiii" of clo-nrc (irmoiiili; .il-o. coniei- ul'iiioiuU, § :> ••■ Common Cormor.int, :!i)3. (■ro->ljill, l-.M. (row, |i:j. D.ive. J-.'l. (i:iiinMl.-.;'.iS. (oiillniKil. lil.'i. (.nil. .n-j.. rulUii. ::io. li:iil.-.;7:i. Tto'ii. ;!jo. Willi (lo.i-c, -.'SI. Comiircssi'il, II. rialleiii'il sulc- WliVS. C'oniio-lr.-il, II. Ilavin.u' a ronr- >ii:i|ioii lull. § n;. Ciinirii-lral liinls, IJ'I. CiiniiiTiiriil Warlilrr. 101. Coiiiiiiuily. ». r.irl of a tliin.i,' iu'lvvi'io'i ils IMHI-. ('onlo|iu-. No. ION. Ciililllil-. Nn. l:',s. (.'iioiH'l'.- llll/.zaril. 'Jl.'i. FIviMli'hcr^dlivi'.-iili'il !•'.. IT.l. Sani||iiiPiM'. -J.Vi. Taiiaiivr. III. Coot. 27."l. Cnnl- (S.M). -Jli;!. Corai'iii.l.//. or n. llniii' coiiiioi'liiig .■ilioiilil.M' Willi r-lmaiiim. Cormorant-. :>o|. Corn t>rakt'. -JTI. Coriii'iins, ((. Horny. Cornii. II.: III. I'oriiiia. Horn. Cornna. ii. Crown: miiliilo ot" pilioiin, $ 11. a. Coriiii-i',ill'i-inii.». Ma -sol' while liraiii Mih-laiii'i' I'oniH'i'limr riirlit anil loll iiiMiii-iilii'ri'-. § i. Corviila'. ini : -ina'. 10.'. Corviis. No. '.i."i. Co-ta llnnnniimliiril. IS.'). Ciitiirnii-iilii<. No. i;7. Culvlo. No. 17. Ciiiirli'- l-'ly.'alclii'r. 170. Cono.-' l'lyi-ati-li(M', 17.!. Cniirlaii. '^71. Ciiuliiril, |.Vp=Cowiion Uird. I.Vi. Crai-ii|a>. -Jll. Cr.ini-^. ■Jll.'.!70. Cia'iiri'N. >i'i' Uiiti'O. No. I.V.i. CriNm'rns, No.'J.s.-;. Creeiiors. s:i. Cri'iuilati'. 0. Wavv-oiluoil. Crc-t, II.. § II, r. Crcsleil .Viik, '.Wi. l-'lvi'ali-lii'i- = (iri'al Cro,-t- i'll I-'., 171. (iri'lio. Sill. Titmouso = TiU'toil 'J'.. W). Crex. No.-ilJ. Crim-oii-l'ronli'il Kini'li. 1-Jli. Cri-s.il. II. I'ortaniinu' to nnilcr tail nivort-i. Cri.-s.il Tlirn-li. 7."i. Cri.i^nm. ii. Cnilcr tail oovert-, § :w. § nil. Crista, ii. Crest. 5 H. t'. Crow-lil.ii'khinl, l.-,:i. Crow-. 101. li.J. Criii^. /*. Ll'i? from knoc lo liei'l. § 7-J. a. Crvio^' l!iril.-J7l. Cii'rk I>s. Ini-nli. 17s. isl; .iila>. I.-s. ( iilmon. II. To|i riiljto ol liill, § .'ill. Ciil:iiinal. II. iV'ilaininu' to ciO- lllLOI. §.VJ. Ciillrali . 1/ Like a knile-lilaili'. Cnllriro^i-.i'.!. n.. § Hi. Cuav./; . II. \Vi'iljo--lia|ioil. CiiiH'it'irin. ii. \Vt'il;^i'-.-lia|ti'il. Cuni-'Hurm. //. (Jno ol' L!io wri-t- liono-. § .M. Cii|iiiliinia. -No. isl. Cin'a>-iiw>, 'J. 11. Curlew Samliiiper. 'J.'rI. Curlew^. -J.'il. 'l-'d. Cur-ore-, ll-^. Cnrve-liilleil ■I'lirii-li. 7."i. .'iril. Curviro-tra, No. .'i.i (/.i;/i' l.ii\ia) anil |)..'l.'il. Culii'Ie. /(. Oiiterino-I laver of .-kin. <'IItis. II. Skin. Cnlwaler. :\1\. Ciivier'- Kin^rlft. 7s. C\'an i.-|ii/.a. No. si. C'v.inuiii-. Nil. ion. cVu'iiina'. -J-o. Cy;;nn-. No. ■2I7. C'vmiii'liini'.'i. .No. ;j05, CVpsi'li. lis. 17'.i. Cyp-eliiLe. -ilia'. Is'!. Cyrtony.\, Nu. Is-. D. l>:ib-i'liii-k, :l::s. K.ilila.No.'i'i:. I) il.liun, No. .nil. Dark-tinilietl sliearwater. '.\.M. DarliM'-. :;o.'i. D.iv i*niir I, No. .'l.'i. Dentiro-tr.il. ii. Il.n in;.'a liill Willi tootlii-il or niiti'he.l luinia. S I'l. J)oiire--eil. «. Klalleneil n|i ami ilow n. Deniril. ". ri'i'tainin.t,^ to -kin: I'lilaneoii-, ^ s. I)e-neiL''n;illion-. ii. I[;ivinjr tin lialati'-linne- iinileil. Diaiilir.iL'in. ii. Mnsrnlar pari il ion lielweeii liroa-t unit lielly. § 'J. Dieil ipper, :;:;s. Dieletir, ,1. I'L'rtainin;; to I'ooil. l)i;_'il. II. i''in;:er or loo. Diiiti'-'railo, II. Tliat walks on Iocs onlv. nionn'ilei, No. ■!:»!. Uiomeileina', '.'>l'i. Dipper, 77. (Iluek. -JIIO). ((irelio. :!:!S.) Di-k, II. .Sctol'raiUatingfeather.s. 5 II. f. I>;-lii'hon-, II. Two-roweil. § il.i. Uinrnal I'.inls 01' I'rey. 'Jns. I)iv.'irie:ile. ((. lir.ini'liing off. Divers = l,oiin-.:i:li. Divini; liinl-. :::1'J. Doliiliony.x. No. s7. D ir-al,o. rerlainmijto tlieltai'k. Diir-al Wooiliierker, I'.it. Dor-nm. ii. l!:ii'k; part of no l:iolin, i) IIS. Doiilile-i'i'i'-leil Cormorant, :iO:i. Doiu-li-liinl. 'Ji'i'.'. Dovekie. :lll. D.nes,-Ji:;. Dowil'her. 'J.'rJ. Downv \VoiHl|.ei'ker. lilt. Dni'k'll;iwk. -Jfl. Diii'ks. 'J7S. -js.'i, J.ss. itnnlin. ■-•"'li. Dii-kv Din-k. 'Js,'i. E. K.'ii.'les.-Jil!i. •Jp.i. i:.ireil (,r,.|ie. ;1:17. l-:a-lerM I'.liiel.inl, 7il. i:.l\e swallow. Ml. i; -ilv-is. /,. Moiill. S 10. Ki'li'.pi-le-, N 1. ins. liirrels. -JOT. '."is. l:iillT-.J;il.'J:i'.'. lailiM- Dnrk. i'.fi. Klann-, No. l.'il. Kleu'aol 'rern. :il:i. Kinari-'inale. <(. sli>;litlv I'orkeil; .il-o. in 'i-ei|, J on. e: lilt. IIU. KnilieriKiL'ra. No. so. liiopenir lioo-e. Js 1. i:nipi.|on:i\. No. loo. i:ouli-li".>iiipe" --Wilson's S..'2.-i'2. .''p.'iiroH . 110. 'ro.il,2s7. Kpif-'astrinm. ii. I'it of .-tomaeli, it ;in. Kpii;lolli-. n. Ilri-tly llap on top of winili'ijie. § -. i:|iiL'iiailion-,,/. Iliink-liilleil. §1.1. I^jiipli\-is, //. (;ri-llv or liiio>- i-;ip on e'liil of a bone. ■;;■_' (I'ooinoie). I^pillii'linni. //. Miperliri.il layer of iiinron- niemlirane. a- entielu i- of -kin. § s. lOreinopliila. No. -Jll, Krenniie-. No. ■.'nil. I'Oi-matnr;t. No. ■_*70. l-I-ipiiman-\ Curle\\ . 'J''--. Knropean l .olilliiieh, ml. Wiil-i .-IS-,. W Ii'oi-k, -J.'..'. Knspiza. No. 7:i. KMoiiii-i.ro-lie.ak. \il . Lvel'Klaile Kile. 'Jll. I'ali'lile. ". Sevllie-sli.'ipeil. l-'.il 'inello-. No'. 2^1 (Willi Ibis). I'.al No. l.'.s. r.llrolliil|...-.iOS. l-'aliou-. -Jill. ■1\.\. l-'.imilv. II, i 10. l-'a-.-ia. II. Uioail li:in.l ol' eolor, § II, ll. I'a-elale.rrit, 7:i. r.i-i'iile. fi-eii'iilnm. ». liiinille. I-'ealtier-. ii . Peeuliar eoverin.ij of bir.l-. §:!. K ■:il. II. I'erlaininjr to thi^'li. l-'emor;il Kali'on. 'Jl.'j. I-'einnr. ii. 'riiiii'h-bone. I-'erruuMiieon- Iln/zanl. -JIH. ( iwl. -JiH. :;."i.>. ribiila, II. Smaller outer lej,'-bone. i'il III 1.: PI rk. I.'i7. iver. -JS 1. •-I arrow. t:l. I'll rv lii ilbiril. ."ll (v:ir. iiriien s). l-'il linen oil-. II. ■I'lirea I'like. I'll iplin v.y.ii. II lir-like 'e.illie '.§.')• c.. oplnin.aeeons ".51. Kinelie- I'JO .'( .^ '/■ I- ire-bii'i 1. l.'is. l-'i- -ll'o- leP b ral. 11. 11. S HI. II;ivil 'A ilei iiiy- l''i I'i - 1 ro- ll Ci'i III! r:ll liir Osi- IH. ll'il. •k. :i'.Mi. 1-. IJil. iin.-. II'. Il.i wk. -Joo. 'JIO. l-'l iiniin. Ol'-. '277 l-'l imiiii 1 ite.l Owl. 'Jo;!. P'l ■-li-l'i ileil sli ' irw.'ile •,:i.'!1. I'l ■xnre II. A lieiiilin ,-; a lent I'l rker. 107. I'l l''l lekill iriila. .' fowl. No. Jiio Js'i). V\ )rii|a ( orinor (row. 1 (i;illiiin iot,:!0.'!. e'.''J7.'-.. (iroii-e i:i. Crossbills. I'J \i\\. Crotopliafa'a. No. ]-.'il: -ina'. ISil. lieilpoll. |;!l. Shearwater. D«';irf Cowliiril. I'l Heron. '^117. Jav, Pi.i. Fheati'herV. bo. Klyeatehinji'l'liru-hes. I Pi. Thriisli ^var. naiui-), 'i !:'.fc "?;■ ;<.■)(; Kl.vi'i.li-liiii>.' Warbler-, lii^. I''l>-ii|illii't rc'ik ^ iMc'Uii lliniii. V"<'tl!irh', /f. Miiinlt' -iir ^i■^'^(•|■nl;^ v;iriinirt >iili-lniM'r-. ;; 7. § >. Kuillciilf, ". Kri plv lorki'd.J To. Kiirk-lailiMlFlvialcliiv. li;',i. i.Tiii.;;!:. I'flivl.ilj'.l. Fmi-Ict'- 'rcni. :i-.'ii. K"--,i. ii;i-,il. S.'il. >ru.--;i.;iilitili.) K(.>.-i: liir.|-.;:i7. Kn\ ■*|i,ll rnw . 1 17. KiMiikliii'- i.rciiiM'. ■.".:'.. i;.i-> (,iill,:il.'i. FniiiTc'iila. Nm. :;i>. Krivclt:i. Nil, ::iis, Krciirli .Murkiii^lilnl — Thvii-ln'r, 7,'i. l-'t't-Miiiii, u. CIiiTk-^lriin', I'ri'-li-wali'i' ^la^^ll-lll'll, ■J7.!. Kiii'iili'-. :iiHi. Kriii^'illiilir. i;i'.. l-'rOH", U. l-'iM-rln'Mii. § tl, M. F'riinla'. i/, I'fi'laiiiiiiK '■• "'•' l'"'"^'' lieail. Fill l-liinl, '213, Fiilii-i. Nii.JI,-), Klllh'ilia-, -7."i. Kiili'-'iila C-Fiili.v"), No, -JilU, l-'iiliiruliiiii'. -J^s. Fiili.\ = l-iiii-ul,i. Nn. -iiili. Fiiliiiar I'.Ircl, :1J7. I'liliiiar-, :IJ7. Kulrnain-, Nn, ■,;'.i',i. Kiilviiii.'. Tree luii'k, ■J>l. Kmriiliiin. n. .MiTiy-ilinu^'lil, %:';!. Fusirmin, n. ,'liain'il ; rigar^liaiiL"!, (iailwall, -Jfii. Calnhui'- Wiii>il|itM-kcr. IIH. (ialliiiai'diii- liinl-. iii. IJalliiia', ■iJ>, .■;i7 (iailiii.'r.'ii. No. Jii.i. li.illiniil.'i. No. ',>I.I. i;,illiiiiilc-, JTI. (iailliiiilina', ',;7I. (iainijel'.- I'.ivlriili:<', -.'.W. Spaiiow, III. (iaiini'ts. J'.i.s. liai-rot, i'.K), . (iar/.tll,!. No. i.l, i:a-tia'iiin. ». fmler iiarls. § liH, (.iMM', -J.^. -J.-l-l. (.I'loi'lirliiloii, No. -.S'.i. (it'll a. /!., /'/. '-ri'iia', ' lii.fi'k-^, $ 41, li, Gi'iiilo-uiin.irv. J7. i;ila \S Ipn-klT, I'.BI. (iilili'M XNoo.lpiM'kcr. I'.i7. (ilai'ial I'Mlliii. :!|ii (il,-iiirii|iiiin No. IIS, (ilaiii'oii^ (.all. :;il. (tIaii<-oii'^-\\ iiii:i'il * l 1. (;iii--v ihi-.-ji;;;. (ilolli- — 'I'otaTlll.-, No. Jl,'!, (;ilalrali-lli'l>. 7^, (;ii,atliollii"'a, n. t'ovi'ri.i;.'or an. ilcT law, § l». Ii, (i.>!il-iirk('i-s, '711. l.MI, (.(iilwil-. -i.')", i^o. (iolih'ii i;ai,'l(', -Jill. IMoviT, 'Ji:!. lioliiii, l.-.s. W.irlili'r. '.'7. Col.lni-i'l kill WavliliT, iw, (ioliloa-iTowiii'il Kiii;.'li'l, 7^. ."^Iiari-ow, 1 1,'!, 'I'lira-h, lii."i. (.oMl'll-ONO, -Ji'ii. (oiMi'ii-w iiiL'iil \Vooi||iiM'krr. I!i7, IliiMllnihi'-. I'll, l::'J| IHi (Olj:-.), (■iiniajilii-a, No. .-ii. Cloii.vM. II, OiilliiK' ul iiianililiiilar eviiijiliv -i-, S i;i, (;oi"i>aiiili'i', '.".I'l Uooee. ^5U^■ (.icest'. INDK.X .\.\l) (il-OSSAUY, t.o-liawk, :;i-.', t.oalilV -|. arrow. 1:11). (.rai'f'- Warl.lir, IIW. (iriii'iilavu- .'iiH'i'|i^,:).'iO, I'linillu-. i'l.iO, vilo\,:il"J. (Ir.'iialiila', :;ii|. (■rai-uiii-. No. ■J7.'i. (Irai'alii^ iilalii'ii.-i>, I>|:>, (.raoali'. i/.. ij 7ii, (.rallatiiri->,'i:;'.i. JIS. (iranalar, »., tj ,■<, (;r,aiialali', § 7'.i, tiia>,- Kiiirh. l:!(l, .'*nt|u', 'J.'i.'). (Irav Diii'k - (.ailwall. '>ii, ■ ll.iuk, ■.'l'~. Kiii'jiiinl, 17a. ItllHril (Iroa.-r, -J.k'i, .-iiil.i',-.;.''i. \irrii. VI'.. (.r;iv -h.ark, 'J."!!!. ( iia\ -rrow 111 li riiii-li, i;;a, ;j.vj, (irav-r.al-i'ii l-'ilirh, Kill, liiriil .\iik, :i:i;i, lllaik-.iai-ki'il (iall, :;L'. I'lllll' lliM'oll. -Jlo. ( aroliiia W riMi, ,sii. Cri-li'il I'lM'.il.hcr, 171, (,r.i\ 1 1« I. -.iiil. Iloi- 1 n\\l, Jii-J, M.irlili'.l (o.,l\vii,'J.-i7, Norllii-ra Kivrr, ;;:il. Mirik,', \■l:^. Wliilv Kirri'l. •-'ii7. Moron, -Jio. (treatur si';iii|i litn'k, Js'.i, >lii'.ir\v.iii'r, ,>.;i, 'I'llMiilo, -J.-iS, \i ll.i\\.-l k-,--'."iS. Cri'al-I.'iili'il i.iai-klo. li;n. I.relii'.-. .■;:;.■■ liivi'ii lllai'k-caii|iiil I'lvciili-lii'r, lini, (iri'cii (■i-c,.<|i..il l-'lvi'ali'lier, 171, Kiii.-li, l.VI." lli'roii.J'N. (iri'i'iilaiiil .-iM FaLTlo. :;-J0, (irvinlrl-. 117. Cr -hank-.-J.Vl. liroi'li-l.ail"'! I'iiirli, l.Vi. (.ri'i'M-w iiiiri'il 'rr.al, 'J.>7, (irii^lirak-, l-ii'., 1J7. liroiiiiil < nikiio, I V.I. Kovo, ili\.-'.iri. Wron, 7',i. (iroiisi', •iWl. (iriiUor"- l!ii/.,tari|, -jr.i, Ciniihi', ^711. Gill-, No. ■'.■'.',. Ii;i\*iU'nii, ;:is, pn'i.iva.-^, :)lt<. (ill in-, i\\. (iiiiiiea-rii\vl. 'iilO, (iiil.i. II. r|i|i('r lliriiat, § 10. (Jiilar,'/. I'ril.iiiiinnlii llic Ihroal, (iiill-lMlli'ilTriii,:il;i, (iiill.^'. :;iis. ;iin, (Jiiltiir. », Tliroiil, § 40. (ivninokJIt.'l, No. Ii7, (jlyrlali:oii, -Jl:;, :;.v.>. H. na'niantii)ioili. ll.i|o,.\|,ii.|ia. No, ;lii:i. Ilalo.lroinina', :;t:> in li'.xt). Il.iininoliil'- I'h.Mt liiT. 17lk ll.iiniilali'. 11. Ilooki'il. llaiiiiilii>, II. Ilookril IViajre ol' a li.irlinli'. «:!. II invno-l. l.'iS, ll.nvila. No.-.'i;;. Marian'- Un/zrinl. -iUi, Marlii|iiiii Umk, 'Jul, Mar|'iiili\ iii'liiis. No, 4. Manior-', ■Jim. Man-i.-'.'' I'.nzzanli'JI."), Sparrow, 1 1,5, WooilpL'ikcr, r.U, ll,'i.-laU', II. >iiiarlH'ail->liain'i|, §11, il (ro.iiiiiU'.j Hawk owl, -Jii-'i. JlaHk^.'JiiH, 'Jii',1. 'JI'J. Jll■^'llllall'^ .'•oIlK >|i,inow, l;l!l. (.nil -- Wliili'liL'aiU'il (..,::il. Miliopaalii-a, No. lln, Mi'liiiii,llio|iliau',i. Nii.:;i, Mi'lniillii'iii-, No. :;.■;, IIi'|oi-L' lliiinniin^cliiril. l>,"i. lloinloi-k Wailik'r, liil'. Mi'ii Hawk. 'Jin. lliiirv'- Ni;;lil-liawk, I>1, lIoii-|i>\\ ■- .•sparrow. Ia7. Mr). alii' ■raiiaKor. lU, Mnniil 'I'liin-li. 7J. M.roilia-, NoJ.i-J, lloroiiiiini-. -Jin. 'Jli'2. Iliaoii ..-Jill. Ji'.l-,"!, lli'iTiii^'(.iiU,:;|-J, lli-iu'ripl .1. No. ."i.-i. llo-pi'iiii'ii-lila. Mil.;:, ol' No. 1. Mi'-|ii'roiiii- iTi;ali-.:;."iii. Ill U'losialn-, No. -JJl. Ili.u'h Mill, lor = I'liikor, l:i7. Ilinianlopii.-, .No. 1:17. ilirnniliniila', IIJ, lliininlo. No, II, lli-lriolliilis, No, 'Ji;,">, Mo.aziii.'JJ;i. Miiiu'\' ( ri'i'iicr. 1 10, lliioili'il l-'hi'ati'lii'r. lii'i. iliill = I'laiiklin'.- Uo-v (i., :iir>, .Mi'iiran-i'i'. 'J'.it;. 1 11 loll', l,V.'. « arlili'r= II. l-lvcatclici', ilorn-liillfl .\nk. :!11, . " llornliv'- I'flii'l,.-;-!!!. Ilonic'i'l (.rrlu'. :):i7. r.ark, .-0, iiwl = Cri'al ir. (I.. JliJ. I'nilin. ;il(i, Iloll-L' I'llllll. IJ',1, Wivn.-i;. llnil-onnan Cnrlow, 'Ji^J. (.oilwit, ■J,"iS. lliitni'ral, ri. rcrlainiiig tu llio n|i|>i'r arm. Ilnnii'i n-, ii. rppor arin-Iioin.', 5,")."», llllllllllinu''llirl|^, l>:i. Huron Si-oti-r Whitf-w iiiL;i'il i|i>. Mill. 'hill-' (loo.-o. J.si, Ilnllon'- Nirt'o. ij:!. Ilvliiiil, II. Crii.^s lii'lworn lwi> -li.'i-ii-, ii'JJ. Il\i|r,ina--a, No. 'J:::;. llMlroilii'liiloii. Nii.'J:i:(. Ilvlori. hl.i. Sniijr. or No, I. Il>ioi..iiin-, No. 1:111. Ilyoiii.i/. I'm t I 111 in;; to ton ',Mii'. I 111, ll'v poi'lioml- iniii, II. I'laiik, s :;s, il\ poirnallioii-, 1/. Il.iviii.i; uiiiU'r nianililili' Inii^riT than iipja'i'. Il.vporliachi.-. «. .Mler.-lian, §3. IliiiliiKi', Ji;:;, Iliir-. No. Jjn. lliiM'>, JiiJ, 'Ji;:l. Ii'i' i;nll.:;il, hilainl l'.ili'iiii = (;yirali'on.'J13, liiillt\ oiaii- i|lspai'.*3,'t0. Irloi ia. No. :!0, li'loriihi', h-i:!. li'li'riiiia'. I11.1. Ii'tirina'. l.-i7. ll'lll 11-, No, IFJ. Ii'linia, No. I.-,,), hiihi ii-ali'il, II. Kixi'il shin.L'li'wi^o, Imperial 'J'orii = Morna ra.-pia. var, inipL'rator, .''lo (ill ti'M), WooilpiM'kci' = Caiiipo- pliilti- itiipcri.'ili^, r.il, Iiii'i-i'il, ((. (lit aw.iv. Narrow in;: alnfiplly, i- i;o. r ; ti^'. llo. Ini-ninlii'iil. (/. Ovuilving, § ,-7. Iinli.iii lion, -Ji;',!, Iiiili^'o ISuil. I."i0, Inli'rioi- inaxillarv, »., § II, Inrraoiliilal. u. I'liiler llie eve, 5/M-l). f .*-„.;^:.^_...._ INDKX AM) (iL()S>.\l;V. OOI t i:.i>v ^ In.-i'-'^Hi-i's.iKi. In-i-tnit. a., § S7. Iiih'nii;i\ill;ir\ . Si'i' iiroiiiMXill;iry. InlniuKlo. H.' Aiiv boiiL* of liii^rer Ml- Inc, J 7i, 1'. Ilili'l'Dihiial. r(. ll;.'IWfOll tlilM'Vos. lllliMlMHial. ((. ISi'lWi'.'ll I'lilk- nl' lln- lower |.i\v. § U.I'. lliliisia|illl:iV. II. liulwi'i'll .•sllnlll- i\vv>. j<:is. hidi^ci'iil. ./. or rlianw:ilili' f,'lil- liMlll'J- I'uliir. § II, il (InulllnliO. IviMv (iiiii. ill ;. Ivui'V-biUi'd Woii.liiu.ki'i-. I'.iJ. .liU'U CurU'w. J'iJ. .*»Ui)H'. -J."),"). Jackilaw. |i;ii. .Ial'>.'ur.-. :lii>. .law, /I.. )( II. .lav-. |i;i. l(i:;. .Icilal i,-.'l:). .Iii-'iiiuni. II. l.iUMT thruat, § lit. Juiicn, No. "-. K. lu'nnic'oit'.^ Owl. -.Mi. Wariil.T, 77. ;i:>l. KiMiliii'ky V.'.ii liliT. lui;. Kfv Wi'-'l I'if,'! ! liiiVi;). --7. Kii'li'.-r I'Inv.T, -21;. Jiili;;- KhI(m-. -IW. liail.-.!7:!. Vullin-,., ■:■:.>. KiiiLJibinl, ilia. l\in;:ll-iHT-, lr^7. Kiii:rka-, 77. Kirtlaiiil'- Waikl. r, liil. Kile-, -iini. -.ill. Killiw.ik.' Lull. :ill. Kililil/,'.. .Miiiri'l.l. :;il. Kiioli.liJIl.Ml .\iik,:;i:i. Kiioi, Sr,. lvoL/,i'l)Uu':i Unll, .'Jl t. L. I.alir.i.lor Duck. Jul. La;ro|iii>. No. |s:l. ].,aiii<'llaU', II. llaviui,' lami'lla'. § 17. Lauu'lliro-ti'al. K. liavin;,' lanu'l- lalf iiill. § I'l. ].,aiiielliri>>ir<'s. ■J77. I,aiii|p"nii-. No. IJii. I.aminniu'Ila. No. li'u. J/tiMcolali'. II. I.a IH' c - lu'ail - .~lia|.o.|. La'iirr rali'Mii.'il:). J,alliiila'.-iila., I.'l. l.aoini> I'lh .irii-iaiiM>, :).'iiJ. Lapl lllil Loll;;--|iur. l;!.!. I,a|i\viii:r. -Jl.i. I.ar.uc-l'ilicl Walrr ■ri,ni..-ii. l(.k J.ai'iila'. :;iis. J.aniia'. :i|ii. Lark Uiiiitiu;;-. 1:11, 1 17. iMllI'll, III,. I,.avk>. ss. |."i7. Lanis. No, i.-^l. Lai'.viix II.; pi. laryii'.:i!.<. .\il,ini's ii|i|>lc*; hollow iMi'tila^'iiioiis or^'iiii at eitlKM' cnil oT wiiiil- liipo, §2. I.airnhiii};- (lull, :ll."i. Lawiviifu'.~ l''lvratclicr, 171. tiolillliic h. l.«. Lawver. '.'17. l.aziili riiirli. I III. •I,i'.iili'> l'rlr.l.:w:i. Li'.a.lon Tihiiou^,.. ^2. Lu.iA .\iik. :l|:l. r.illi'iii. -2711. Fh.'alrlicr, I7.">. dun. :l|i;. rutr<'l. ;ws. , Sanil|ii|ii'r, 2.")1. T.'rn.:lJI. Titnioii-c. fii'. Viri'o. li:!. Ijcconttj'.s >|)aT-r tw, 1:17. Tlini>h, 7.'», Lc-sor Ili'iliioll - l!i.i||,oll, i:in. ."-laiip I'liik. 'Jv.i. .•lia|.... laniii' lliiiiHii!ii.i;liiril, Istl. ;>.'rj. I,iiini.|-. IJ7, kill. l:il. Liiiola. No. iillii-. I.iUlc lilai-k-lii-.iil. -JSM. Mliii. llviMii.-J.is. Wliilr Iv-rcl. IDl. J.olialr. «. I'ini-lii'il Willi iiiiiii- br;iiioii< Map-. § sii, I,olii|»'-, No. bi'i. l.o-i-ock-=l'il.'.- I Woo.liiiTkrr. l.o^'j^frhcail >liriki*. \l't. I.oiiivia. No .Us. Long-bilU'il (iirli'W. jn-.'. M.ii-li Wren. .-7. Till ii-li. 7."i. l.oiiLr-i're-li'cl ,lav. bi.'i. l.oii^M'.iri-il iiwl'. Jill. J.(in^'-i'\-i.rli'il. Saiil ol'tail IValh- <'rs abruptly ioiigor than tin.' rf>l. I.,on,iri|n'Uiii'^. :lii7. l.oiiL'iro-iral. u. § HI. I.on^-liaiiks. -217. l,oii(.'spur. I ):l. Long-taiU'il (li.il. lUs. Cliii-kailiM'. .SI. Illlrk.J'.ll. .l.ai:;."T, .lo'.i. I.oiiLr-winuL'd .Swiiiiiuers. ;1I17. Loon-. :l:l:(. l.o|,lio,|y|i.s, Xo.27'.'. I.o|ihopbaiios, No. \->. l.opliorly\. No. isi. J.orr. //.* >pai'r liL'twueu o\'t' ami bill,§ II. b. Lorilni. >ri' I, on'. Ijoiii-iaiia iv.;irl. J'.S. >briki' = ^.o^'^•c^lll■all >.. Ii"i. •r.ina'.;i'r. IIJ. r.oxia = ( uiviriKlra. No. .V.i. I.m-y'- Warblrr, III. Luiiila, .No. ;ilu. M. :\r.Mci-aii"- (iwi. •211.1. Marrow n's ItuiihllL''. I'll. Marrr.ilrtl. o. .soaknl lo -,i|'inr-,<. JIar-illivrav's W.irbirr, Iii7. Marroiliain'phi.-.. N.i. Ja|. Mauiiolia Wai-blrr. Iiii. Maurniini. //. Arrrlaiu w ri. l-lioni'. § .Vi. Majrpii', ini. M.il.i. II, siilcol' luiprr iaw. Mall ii-ii. -i-s.-!. Mamlibli'. /I. .Jaw i,ii.-.iiallv iimlrr .j.iw), §11 .M.inilibnI.ir. ii. rcrt.iiniii.i,' to Ihr inaniiiblc. Mam;rovr ( in-koo. IMi. .Mank- >bcarwalrr, :i.ll. .Maii-ol-war ISinl. :liiil. ^I.-inlli'. II. .si'c Mr.iuailum. § Iks. Marbkil < io.lw ii, -.'.'o. l.iulU'moi..'i||. ^lavblinj,'. //. l-'nu- -potiinir ami slrrakimr. S II. il irooiiioifj. M.arrra. N... j.V.. Mariiinal Ki in,L;L'^', § !io. ,Mai lin. •J."i7. >Iar,-b lilarl biriN. l.-.l. Ilairirr in- Hawk. Jpi. Itoliiii = 'I'owlifo Itiiiiliii;,', l.-||. 'I'l'iii, :ll:i. Ur(Mis..s7,ss. M.irlin-. III. .Marvlaud Vfllow-tlir.iat, 1U7. Ma--rna 1'aiiri.I,i.'i'. 2:i'.i, .Malrix. II. MiukI; li.-suo or or- ;.Mii rohi liniiii^ -ouu'Iliin;,; ami ilflrl niiliilii; II - iialiirr. .M,i\illa, ». .//^ iiiaMlkr. I .i-iu'rally ('• I.".. .Mi'l.iliival. ((. rrrtainim,' bi Iho -Il ink, § 72,il. .Mi'l.il ii-us. II. slnink; biol (Ir;.') bclwcrn liirl ami ba-r ol' loi'.s, § 72. r. .Mexican I 'ormoi-anl. ;lii:!. Ci OS-bill. |-2:i. liirkrr, P.i.s. (...Miiurb. l:;;l. 'rr.i._'oii, |sil. \Voo,||,|, -kLT, las. Wr.ai, s.-i. .Miwv (lull. :l|.l. .Mirr.illiinr. No. I I'.i. Mirio|ial.im.a. N.i.jo.-.. .Mi;'r.aioi\ 'riiru-li -= Kobiii. 71. M \\ ulu-. No. im. MiiniiM'. 7:1. Mimii-. N... :l. Mi--;--i|i|.i Kilr. -211. Mi--ouri Selkirk. '.'1. Milrrpliorii-. No. ||ii. .Mniohlla. No. :lil. .Morkiiubinl. 71. ^lorkinir 'rbruslios. 7:k Jlollipilo-r. ./. .Sol'tlv ilowilv- Iciliirruil. .Mob.iliiu-. No. ss. M.imoliibr, isr,. .Mmnolu-. No. 112, .Morrlrl's Kilirli. I.'.il. .Morion'- Kimb. l|."i. Mol H'illi.la-. .s|i; .ina'. '.ill. .Mollirr (' iii'v'.s (.liirki.'n. :12s. Molmol . Isil. Mo|i|r.|llwl,-2ll2. Monmlbii'il-. J:lil. .Monnlain ( liirkailor. s|. Morkiliirbir.l. 71. I'lovi'i'. 2l.->. 1^1. lib 2.17. Mouriiin;: W.irbbr. |ii7. Jlnroil^ mrmbram'. ii. I.iiiiii.L' ol" aliniriil irv .'iml -onir oibrr in- li'iior Ir.i'l- i.r (lir boilv. Mm'ronili'. u. .s|,im.'.tipp'i'i|. Mml-b.'ii.27.1. .Miinr. :i|."i. .Muii'clri. :ill. Mviaili'-li'.sNo. ■,■>. Mvi.i.b'-lina'. Ipl. M\ iarrhil-. No. Inn. Mvio.lio.'h'-. No. III. .Myrllr ISinl. ;i:i. N.'i-bvillc W.iibli'r. (i|. N.ilalori-, 2711. :il'.i. Nallrlt'ni.s, No. l.Vi, I ' » IV,H Ni'hiil.'iliiin. II. ( liimliiij,'. Xi rvs. Nil. .;'.i. Ni'lili.inMi'-, N.i. 117. Nctriun. Nil. -'.'i;. Ni'W Wiiilil Wiiililci-.lil. N(!W Vi.rkriirii-h^\VatiM-Tlirii>li. \i(.'lil lliTuii. -it':!. NiK'litli.i»k. 1^1. .Nui'liiiii.il r.i'il- iif I'ic\. Jiio. Nn.|i|,vri'i-ii.:w;. N'nili'. H. .^^wi'lliiij;; hciii'i' inijii, §:•-'. r. Niiii-iiii'liiiliiiii-t l'a-M'^l■^', 111.. \'iin|i:in'il- I In. Nuithurii I'h.il inilic-.M-'. .--.•:i i;;i-|.',-JJil. .-h!ir|i-i:nii'il -'. Niitt;illV MML'pii'. Ii;i. \Vlii|ii iwill. ISI. \V liiiiiki'i-, r.i:!. Nvi'l:ilc, Nil. HT. Nvi-liM, Nil. Il.'i. NvlhiTiiiliiis. Nil. ■Jilii. N'vi-tiarilra, Nn. J.;'!. Orc.anilcs, Nil. :!iiT. (),-caiiiiilriiina, Nn. :',!«). 0.-ci|iiit, /I. llinil-hr.iil. § II. n. Oi-olMi~, II. .■•mall .-liarp nniiiil i-put. il ;fiiiitniili>). ()i|iiiilii|iliiiriiia'. ■.':|il. (Kiliiiiia. Nil. -J '.'.I. (lN.i|ili.ii;u^, II. Ciilk'l. < HI-LM;niil. II., ^ 7. <)lil-\vil\-, J.il. Olil Wmlil Vulliiri'-. •Jii-'. W.irlilcr-. 77. (.Ilivi'-liai'UiMl •I'liiii-li. 72. Tinu-Ii (var. u~tu- lalii-).7:l. Olivc-siik'il l'"l)-cati-liLT. 17:i. ()li>r.i-.'). OlTii~i''ii|ilns No. -J. Oholi'-, l.-i7. Ornilhiilii'.'v. H. Sricni'i' or Itinls. . ()[|/.i'l = l>i|i|iiT. 77. Ovary. 11. Oriran lliat inaki'- I'^'jis. Ovi'n'-liinl. 111.'). Oviilui-I. II. 'I'nln; Itnit c.-irvic,.! i';:,!,'- In aim-, 5 i Oviiin. II.; jil. nva. Iv^'g. (l\vlv-.;iiii. Ox-liil-il.-J.Vi. Ox-i'vo. -.M). ()\>lfr-fali'h('r, ilil. rai'illi' Oivci'. :!;."!. Knlcv. ■J:i:i. l-'iilinar. :;J7. rairii)>liila. Nn. -2^,. I'aintfil Kiiirh, Mil. Klv(.'a'i-lier. IM)i;X .\M) (iLOSSAlJY. I'ainliMl (Jn.iH'. -.'s:!. I. .'irk Hunting, 1:11. I'al-.'inn. \>.i. I'ala'iitiinu-.i litl'irali-. :;i'.i. va^'an-. .■Il'.i. \rlii-. .ll:i. r.ilati', II. linii\ ninf lit' innnlh. IV'il.'ilini-. II. t'cVtaining In |ial.itt'. I'al ilini-. 11. liiinu in nmr nl' I illi. I'alla^'.- Ciirniiivant. :ilil. Till ll-h= lllMlnit Tlllll^ll. I'alin W.irlil.a-. mi. i'alnti'iV^ Tlirn-li. Si-c Aililitinn-, |i.:;.-il. I'.il|.i'lii-:i. II. I III. -a\ i:vi'-liil, Sll-li. raii-TiM-. II. .>\vi'(it-lirrail : Inlni- l.'ili-il ;;l;inil nrar .-Ininaoh, lliii M'civlinn 111' wliicli aiil.'* liigr.-- tiiin. raiiilinn. Nil. li;-.'. l'.iii\|iiil,i. Nil. I|i:. l".i|iilla. II.: III. -w. Small lli'-liy lirniniiii'iii'i-. l'.i|iilln.-i'. (/. ir iviiig iiapilla'. Para.uniiitlinii-, ii. II,i\'ing tin; nninilUjli'.s mi'ctingat tlin |iiiiiit. § l.-i. I'aia-itir .lai'giT. :iii;i. I'ai-ani-lii'iiinni, 11. ."liilo nl' iii'i'k, tj I". I'anila', 7:i. I'ailiia'. sO. I*;irkiiianir- Wron. S7. I'ai'i'oiiuet. 111'.'. Aiik,:ill. I'aiTiils. Ills. I'.ii'liiiliri's. -J:;.-). I'ainla. Nn. :ll. rani-. No. I.i. Ta-MT, Nn. 711. r.l^-i'r.-nllis, Nn. ('i.'! ;ltlil p. :)7vl. I'a--iMi-lla. No. 77. l'.l--l'll'-. I'lTi-llIT- l'ni|ilT. nil I'alrlla. ii. Km ap, j 7-'. I'ralioilv.liii-il. 111. Pi'.li''>'lv.:ivl. Iti.il.li-ili Kfrrot. rc'linali'. II. 'ronilii'il liko a rninl), v; I'l . roi't'iial s.iniliiipi'i', -i.Vi. I'erlns. II. r,i'i'a-t. § :il). rciliiiM-ctos. Nn. 1SI». I',Tp.-J.-||. I'lTlUl'l't. •.Mill. I'l'lri'aiiiila'. ■ins. I'i'Ii'i-aiui-. Nn. -271. i'l'lii'.iii.-. JUS. I'l'liilna, Nn. 20S. I'l'liclnpilla-. ■_' il. I'rn.i-'iiiii,-. :;i.; (in text). I'l'iiiia. II. ('niitnnr I'eatlipr, § .'i. I'i'iiii,'iia'nn-.-). -Jir.i. \'i'<, II. l-'nnt, 4 71 etsci/. I'l'tiTl.-. :;j|,:ijii. I'l'tini-lifliilim. No. 411. I'i'lli'M'.l, Nn. 711. I'l'Wi'i', 17'J.47;l. Towit. 17'J. I'liii'lirliia. No. 'JUT. rila'innu'pla. No. .')!. I'liarllion. No. •.•7s. I'li.il'lliiinliila'. .'in;. IMialrinx. /I. ; /il iilial;ingi'.i. Any lioiui 111' a llngi'i' or toe. § .'i.'i, riialai'opi's. -Jl". I'llalarniioiliila'. '.'17. riial.-ii'oims. No. ■M\. riialiTi-, Nii.:lJl. riia-i;iiiiila'. '.'in, I'liii.i-ant-. -J 111. ■-•:!.'). I'liila.ti', Nil. -Jill. I'liilailclpliian \il'i'n, I'Jd. I'hilolirka, Nil. '.'ill. I'hilnimiclin.s. Nil. -Jls. riiii'lic. 17J. rimMiii*o)iti*i-itia'. ■!". ;;."ii. IMiii'Mii'iipti'in-. No. ill;, I'lioiiipai'a, No. Willis. l'liyllopiii'ii-tii. No. 8. rii'a. Nil. '.ill. I'ii'ai'ia'. 177. rii'ai'ian ISiril-. 177.:il7. I'iri, 1711. PHI. J'irii'orviis. No. illi. I'ii'iilir. mil. I'ii'oiilc-. Nn. |:1J. I'li'liira. II. ratloni ori'nliii'alinii, !; II, i| (I'nolnoti). I'i.ii-. Nn. l:il. I'lcl Dark. ilil. I'ii'il liilli-ii (.iclip. :l;is. I'i^'nni I'al (ll.iuki. ill. (■mill' I, .il.'i. Hawk. ili. IMgi'on-. iii. I'lkc'sTinii.iiil. I'ili'ati'il Wn.iilpiM'ki.r. IK. rili'iim. II. Top 111' lu-ail. § II. a. I'iiio itrn-lii'.'ik. Ii7. I.inni't vKiiii'li). liil. W.ii'lili.i', mi. I'inc-ii'ii'ping Wai'lik'i'. KU. I'ini.'nl.'l. No. .Vi. I'iiiinii, II. I'ai'l 111' wing beyoinl I'arpn-. $ ."m ;itiil § .")';. rinnali'il i;i'oii-i'. Ul. rint.'iil 1 I'l'tri'l.lW.s. Tint 111. isi;. I'ipiln. Nn.S.-i. I'i|iiiig I'lovcr. ill. Tipil. no. I'i-i'ivoi'oii-. II. I''i-li-i'ating. I'lag.i. II. .siripc. § II. il. riain 'riliiiiin-i>. so. I'lani'-lii'ii-. Siilig. of Nn. 1. l'l.inligi';iili'. I/. W'.'ttkingon wliolu -nil' of t'nnl, ^< 7.1. 11. n.ilali'a. Nn.i-i7. I'kit'iliMiia'. i'il. I'li'i'tropli inc-. No. (l;i. I'lnlnla'. lio.-i. I'lnlll-. No. i7ii. I'lnvlT. ili. riniiK.gi'. § II. I'lnmlM'nii- (In.'iti'ati'lior. 711. Virco. Iii. :i.-il. I'lnmi'il I'ai'l i'i.|-i'. i,17. I'llinillla, II. Down-ri'.'illici-. §.'i. I'liimillai'coii^. II. or il o \v n y ^Irllilnif, j I. Pnciimalii', n. I'rrniL'jiti'il with ail'. I'oi'lianl. isii. Po.la^oi-v-, No. llii. I'liilii'iMi-. Nii.:ll:i. I'oilii'il.i.la'. :l;l.-i. I'oiiih nilin-, No. lil."!. I'nililini.ll. •I'ncn. ('iill(V'livi'lv.§St. roiliillii'ra. n. (■ii\'('rillg ol' I'nnt, § 7il. I'nliiiplila.Nii. in. rolioplilina., 7S. I'lilvlioin-, No. Iii.'i. ANii p. ins. I'olygiiiial.ii. (Il'mori'lliaiiil-i.li'.s. rolvmnrpliii'. II. nr niaiiv I'ni'iiis. l'oly-l|:'t,'l. No. iiiii. I'oiiiavnii' -lai'ii'cr. IIOII. I'onl'i'l'U'-. No. Illi. rnn-piza, Nn. 71. I'orpiivi'io i,n.it rnrplnnila), Nn. ill. ■ I'ni'zana. No. ill. I'li-loiliital, II. Ili'hinil tlii' eve, § II. II. Powili'i'-ilown t'catlicrs. § li. I'ra '1'-. liinls Ihat riin alinut a! Ini'lli. I'l-a' 'iii'ial, II. .Mill' In I'lin aliont at liirlli. I'raii'it.' Urn. i;il. Waililoi'. mi. ProiiKixilliiry. ii. I'l'lmipal iippLT iaw-liiiiu'. ^ II. ri'i',--irii-li'al.ii..§ Ili. rrimaiy. ii.! pi. -ics. (^iiill ol' pinioi'i. {} 111. I'ri.ii-i'll.'i.No. ilnii. I'l'iotlnii-. No. I'liia. i'roccllai'ia. No.lllll. I'l I'llariiila'. :lil. I'lori'll.'ii'iina'. itiii. ri'ogm', No. 111. I'rolhonotary Wai'blei'. '.Hi. ^n IM)i:.\ AM) (il.oss.VUY. •doO y rn)tnnot;iri:i, No. :i-J. I'l'ipvi'iitiic'uhis, H, I'iirf orKlillct iH'Xl III ;,n/zai"(i wlUMu iivc rul- vi'iit ^'l;iiul>. l',-allii|i.iru-. Nil. II. I'-il'iihiiiii-. N(j. \ix. r-illaii, r.i.-*. I'r.inui;;;!!!. J;l."i. I'Irniiliilii'. -Jill. I'tiTvl.i. /I. I'l.ifc wlicru ro;(llnM> Hiiiw nil the .-kill. § '.I. I'li'ryliij,'ra|i|iy, ». Accniiiit of Ic-i'llii'is, § ;r. l'l(M-vlii.-i.-, II. Muilc c.r iVallioriiif,'. § ••'■ I't:liii;iilivilili:ii. llli. I'li|ii-iinV>, IM. I'lil.i-i-. /I. l'iuma,i;ii. § '.i. rivcliiii-liaiiiiiliii-. N". .H.'i. I'lllliiiii-. Nil. ;;|ii. I'liiliiiii.- foiiraitii. ;i.'in. I'mirialc. II. Dnllvil; iiitlcil. I'uiii-timi. II. .\ iMiiiit. riir|i|u l-'iiu-li. [■!>. (.alliiiiilii. JT.'i. (.rai-kln. Iiici. .Marliii, III. Saili|)ii|irl'. -J.*!.'!. rvKiiiv A Ilk = l,iM>t .\iik. :u:!. " Niillial.'h.sl. (Iwl. -.ini. I'yS'ipDili'^. ■■■I-. l'y:rii|hHlnii>. (/. Kiiin|i-riiitliMl. I'ypi-lylc, II. I.a-l l.iil-liniii'. I*\ ranuM. -Nn. 1:1. I'yicMTiilialii.-. N.I. 111. I*,\ rrliiila Nn. .".7. I*\rrluilii\ia, No. ^o. Q. (,lii.-i-liiril.-Ji;il. (.iiiail. j;;';. (Jiu'iiiiicdula. Nil. 'J")?. (Jiiiiii'iiii.\. II. Sl'I 111' livi'. aiTanj;eil lliii- :■: (^itisi'aljna-, l.'i!!. (}lli.^i'alll-, N.I. III. R. iiailiu^. /(. (lulcr bone of I'oreann, § ."i.-i. liali, |)iii'k,-i.-i:i. I!mi1-,JI1. •.'?.>. li.iiiiiki'. -ilia'. ■:;>. I! ililis, No. 2111. li iiiiii-, //. liraiuili .11- I'lirk. Ifaiil.irii-, I'.i'.i. :il7. I! ilila', ii'.i (rn.ilnolr). 1! uiroiis. ft. Il.iar.-i'. Iiiicii>. \i;-2. Itiz.ir-hillc.l AiiU, .'l:!;!. Iti'.'nix, II.; III. i-ei'li-ic'i'.-. Tail- IcilliiT-, § i;7. li.'.'uivf.l. (/. Ciii'Vi'il upwanl. li.M.nivirii-lr.'i. No. llili. I{i'i-iir\iro-Ii i.la'. ■HI. Hi'.l Ci-o-sliill, li:i. (iivl. -JiiJ. riialaiMiic, -J IS. Iiei|-,aiiii-\vliili'-.-!ioiilil("i(Ml ISla.'k- liii'il. I.Ti (v.ir. nii'iil.ir). l{tMl-h;l('k('il Sitll.jjiilU'r. -i.'lli. lieil-hL'llii'il Niilliiih'li,,s;l. \\'.ioil|ic'iki'r, r.ii;. Ri'il-billcil l'ii,^t'oii. JJ.*). licilliir.l. I I.' Ucil-lnva.-lcil I. ark. 1.". .Mur.LMii-i'r. 'i!)ii. Saiiil|ii|iiT, -J.-iii. .^lli|M'. -J.VJ. Ti..al = (.;iiiiiaiiioii T. Wooilpcckcr. Iii."i. I!,.iI.d.pkailiMl Wo.i.l|n.,.kci-. I'.iJ. I(.'ilili-li l-:i.'rcl.-Ji;s. li.'.l-cveil \irco. llil. lii'i|.iaiM'i| (:iiniioraiil..'ini. l.'i'.l-hcail. 'JS.i. Kr.l. .cail.Ml Woo.liKvk.M-. liii;. li.'.l-lciifriil Killiwaki', ;ll."i. lini-iu'i'ki'il (;ii'lii".:!:ii;. lii'il-poll l.iiiiii't, i:iii. Reii-shal'ted Wooilpecker, 11)8. l!fil--liou|.UTfi| llla.'kliinl, I.'h; (var. Kubrriia- tor;. 1!u>'./.ai'il, Jill. Ki'iM.'Ml. 110. lli'iilailrii liii/zaril.-Jli;. lii'illhioali'il llivcr, iliri. lii'il-HihL'cil ISlarkliinl. l.'.i;. lii'i'ilhini. l.-||. Kri-sv. -21.11 K'r^ilili'll. II. il;iliit III' life, lic^riiliiia'. 77. I!rt.'ulll-, No. '.I. |[i-iiir\. II. I III. nMiii;:«"i. tjiiill- of Willi.'. § 'U. S I'lll. Itftirulation, II. .Mo-;ii<-. § 7-s. 1,'cliMrM'. ». Diri'iMoil liaikwanl. i;iiai-lii-, II. I'ai-I 111' M',iiiii>. § :i. lfliain|iliiilhera. ii. Covi'i-iiij; ol' cillMM- j i\\ , § lf<. Ii. Iihiiiolliera, 11. Covi'rin;^ ortiii|u'r law. ji IS, li. i;iiiiilo~lflliia. No. 2SI1. l!liyai'o|iliilns. No. -.Ilii. i;ii'viii'lio|iMia'. :;j.;. lilivii. Ii.i|.-. Sti.-i:u. Kii'i'liinl. l.-il. l!i.liaril>iiii'.- r.ili-oii.-Jll. .laru'iT = I'ara-ilii' .l.,;;iili. (J» ; = Tunijiiialiii's ().. -Jii.-i. I'fWL'O. 171. I.'ii'lll-. II. Cai"'. I.'llli;- I'loMT. -.'II. Ifia--lnlii'il <.iill,.'U:!. MiiiLtiu'i-k, -.Ml. liiiiu-iiiM-ki'il Diii'k. -Js:!. i;iim-l,!ili'il Ka(.'io^ •■■li'li'ii Kai-'li'. Mailiii.-J.-is. Kill (iramli' .lav. luii. I{i,->a, No. -.'SI.' liiviT l.iiik-.-.;s.-,. li'oail-riiiiiiiT, l,-'.i. Koliiii. 71. Itoliltl '•tlillf. J.-l'i. Work I'l.iriiiiiraii. -l.'i'i. \\'ri'ii. s.-,. ]^lll•ky Mount lin (J.irrol. i'.ill. Iliiiij-M'i'.- l-'iiliiiar, .'!-i7. Ko.sfali' >piioiiliill,-Ji;i. Tltii. :;-J1. lioso-liroa-li'il (.lo-lioak, lis. liiLSs' (.11.1,-1'. -JSJ. lio-v (lull..'!!!;. T!ii-ti-liaiiiiis, No. l.VJ. l!ii-lrilin. 11. ISill. whi.'li -I'l'. KoilL'll-l.'up'il I'.ilz/ar.l.Jls. IIiniLili-w iii;;t'.l .s\\ allow . 11;. lioyal 'I'lTiLillii. Kiiln -i-niw iii'il l\iii;.'li'I. 7s. liiili'v-llii'oali'il lliiiiiiiiin^'liinl, ls|. liuililv liiii-k.J'.i.-i. ' riiivcr. ■J.''i7. Itiiir. iW. liiUl.ii. I.iini.'a'alliPi--ol'j.'iila.§ in. liiill'r.l(iiiin-i\ -J ;."i. liii!'oii--liai'ki'.l lliiniininsliii'il. Is'i. l!iiroii.--iTii\vnf.l l-'iiirh. lln. lin.u'ii, II.; pi. -a'. W'liiikh'. Ituiroii- 111' rni:"..-!', n. Wrinkli'il. liii-ly Ci'ai'kli', I.Vi. Hilsly-ri'o» noil I'ali'oii. -21 1. s. Sai|ilip-liai'k.:il-J. Mi'.'i' ( o.'k.'j:;:). Sa^'illati'. //. .\i'rowlii'.'i.l--liapi'.l, § II, .1 (I'.iolnoli'). .■siilpiiii'li'-, No. l;i. ^all-waliT -Mal'-li-lien. '27:1. .'sanil Mai'Iin. 1 1 1. .saiiili'rlin,u'. 2."i7. Saiiil-i:i'oii-i'. 2:111. Naml-liill (■i;ini'. 271. Saiiil-laik. 2i'iii. Sainl-iiipi'i'-. 2l'.i, ■i:i.;-ii. '21111. .•Saiiilw li'h TiTii. :!'20. .•^:iililv .M.iikiii..iliiril. 7."i. .'Sap-ii.'kri'= Vi'llow-liullii'ilWood- pt'i'ki'i', lli.'i. Siiiii'olln'i'ina'. Is'.i. Siivaniia sparrow, l.'i.'i. Saw-bill.s, 18(1. .'-aw-ivlu't (Iwl. '21111. .saxii'ola. No. .-1. f-asii'iiliibi', 7il. .saMii'iii-. No. 1117. >a.\ '- I'l.M'al.'lii'i'. 172. M'iilii'on-. 11. M'aliliV, si'urlV. §S0. M-ali'.l r.iilriili;!'. 2.1S. M'aly Dovi'. -227. Si'aii-oir-. Sl'I' ;l.'il. Si'.'iplioliiiiai', II. dill' 111' Mil' Hri-t III. Ill' 1. sj .''i.'i. Si'apnla. ii. slinulilci'-blaili'. .si'.'ipiil.iri'. II. Wejiiiiii or Mil' .-lionl- ilri'-bladi'. s.'.'ipnlar-. ii. I'l'alllri's ovi'l' -liniil- liur-lilaili'.-, !!:;s, 5 ill. "-I'lipii-. II. M.'in ..r a rcallii'i', § .">. .si'arilari'lla. No. 17:1. ^I'ai'ion-. II. samr a- -I'.'ibrons. ficarlil llli-. 2111. ■|'.'iii,i).'i'r. 111. .Si'aiip Iiiii'k. 2>:i. Sl'I -llil, ih'.i. s. lii/.o^'iLiiliiiii-. II. Ilaiiin; iho pal 111' lioiii'- -I'pai'.'iti'. s.'..li'i'.,pliaL'^ii-. No. 11:1. s.'nl..pa''i'oii- (onrlaii. 271. S.'ol'.p,'i.'i.la'.2l-'. s.'.il.ipai'ini' l!ii'.|-.2|S. S.'..l.ipa\. No. 2112. .Si'iip-. No, 111. Si'ot.'l'-. 2:1:1, Si'i.ir- (I11..I1'. l.V.I. Si'ii'i'i'li ()«•!. 2112. .sri'oinni. 11. Hair liol.liiiL;' li'-li- i'l.-.S2, M'lilillaii'. II. I'liriiii-liril Willi -I'lll.'-. j77. .--I'lililluiii, II,.' /i/. -I'lik'Ila. scab', .S('a li.ivo. :i|:l. Dui'k-, 2>s. 21i.'i. I'ari'ol. :l|ii. I'iL'i'Oll, lli.'i. Swallow-, 112(1. Si'a-i'.iol-.'2'.i|. Si'.'i-niiiiicr-. 1121 (in (i'\i). Sfa-bori' >pal'l'ii\\. lll'l. ,-.'a-ii|i' Kiii.'li. 1:17. sci'oiiilary, II : /if. -I'l'iiiiilarii'-. (.mill- ,i.'rii\\iii;j on llil' riiri'ann, Si'iiirn-. No, ;lil. Si'la-pliorii-. Nil. 1'2'2. si'iiii- (ill ronipo-inon). llall". .si'iiillllilai'. 'I, Cri'-i'i'lilii'. ij II, i|. .'-I'niipabnaii'.ii. Mail' wobbi'il, Jsii. .St'lnipalinalril >:iliil|ii|i.'i'. 2.''il. I'loVl'V. 211. ■raliliT. 2.'is. S('ini)iliinii'. § ."i. so iiiiin. II. I'.iriiliiiii. si'iiii Kini'li, lln. si'iiali', II. saw-liki'. Sl'I ai'i'oii.-i. II. I!i'i-llv or bri-lle- liki', si'iiiplia,!r:i, No. II. Si'i.,pb,i'_.^iiia'. Ills, sliai;'. 1102, sliaip.-hiiilii'.i Hawk, 212. .sliarp-taili'il lini'li, MS. (.roll-i'. 2,11. .slioro-liinls. 2:111. Sli.ii'i'-bii'k. Sli. Sliovl-bilb'il Killiwaki'. .'M.'i. .Mar.-b Wron. 88. sliort-i'at'i'il Owl, -2(11. .'-liiirl-lailcil Allialio-s,li'2.'i. Torii, li2:i. Sllovi'llrr. 2SS. shriki'-. 121. Slinill.'i'.2>li. siaha. No, 11. sibi'iiaii riii'li. 1:1(1. sii'kli'-liiil. 2112. Si.'kli'-liilli'il Tlini-li, ::>. sii'hi'i'- .lay, pal, sil-'nioiil. ",' sliapi il liki'iin >*. Sinioi'ltyni'lin-. No. 1122. .siiH'ipiii. II. Kiii'i'lioai-l. .sininili'. II. \\;\\v. Sill,,, N.i, PI. Silliibl'. s>. skininii'i',-. 1121, Skna (.uUh, 11118. 1 If I 4 360 Sli'ii.lrr l>ill('.l Kiiliiiiii'. :i-J7. Niilli.itrli. 8:|. .sin-iir^v.-iti'i*, ;r!-J. Siii.ill-lii'inlcd Klyc.itclii'i', mil. Smi'W, Jii. Ml.lkr-liU'il, :)(P."i. ■ Miiiki'-killiT. is:p. Mll|ri'. il^-'.l, -.'.VJ. !Sii >wl)iri|. 111. Sjiiiw liniltill;.'. I.l.l. ( 11111 -1', J*-.'. Mlii\Vll:lki'. Mi. .sii.iw V lli'i ■.'■17. (>Ul.JII."l. I"l nil-, Ji:i. Snlillirv 'r.ltliiT, J.V.I. Viiiii. IJI. SimiJtiTi.i. Nil. J iS, x^'U'^ >iMrpnv. |:;;i. Si.iilv .UliMlni--, M'i. li>iiUi'in<>l.:SI.'i. .Ml.' irwiiler. :i:ll. 'I'lTll, 'HI. Siirn. -iT.;. Siilllll-:.iiUllirllv, -J'.il. .>i,i luMi Ciirl.'U = Wliito llii3.'.;i:i. .•>|i.irniu ll.iwk.JII. .•<|.:iriiiw-. til. l;;"i, I'll'. .■<|i,'ilul;i. \n. •.'.-,•-. S|i .ml 111'. II. >iiiiim--li:iiii'il. .>«l..vi.-. ijJI. >|ii'i|:ii'li'il KiiliT. ■i'li. .S|j.'i'uliiiii. 11. Miriur; lii'ifilit rnl- iirril ;ii("i nil ilih'k'*' will;.'.^. .'^]M'i'tnii|iiiiIa. N". ■'^"i. .Slihriii-i'lila'. :il:l (ill ti'.xl). .S|.lii'i.ly|M. Nil. l'"iii. S|iliyni|iiru-^. .Nn. M:t. !i|>nial. 11. I'l'itaiiiiniflollir liiik- IlillllV Sl.i,ii'-I lili'il Swilts, IS!. S;iil'it liiirk.-.:iiil. .Siiiz.'ll.i. Nil. 7.1. Sjili't'ii, H. A va-i'ulav iiliiliniiiiial ll.^Mll. J) i. .Slillnllllill-, ■_>'«, '."11. .Slioltl'il S lIlilliilllT, 'JlW. ■Iimli.'i', I'VJ. S|iriu'lail. 'is I. SpriH'i' r.irlriiliti', •I'M. ."•imi-iiiu-, (I. Si'i' § .")S anil § i:j. Siiuuu'ius. II. ."^I'aly. .s iiial.iriila. Nn. l-<:i." .^'ltia\\ k, ■Jii'.i. Maki'-ilrivi'i-. -i'l'.i. .siuliii;.'-. I.'ii. .•*t'iniu iia-. Nil. 17."i. .'.'i'. sn'traiinpii'li'-. iM. sti'.'iii iiiii.-^. Nil. I'l^. sii.|'.'i,|..|.li'i'v\. Nil. I.-*. ."•Ii'llui-N I'liili'i'. -i'.M. .lav. |i-.."i. SU'lhila, N.'i. I-J!. Slon'i.i'.ii-iiis. Nil. •J.'-lii-ill. Mri;riila', i-ia. «al jiiiiil. Sill I, Nil. -^7:!. Siila lii\ii-lyla,:ii:i. INDKX .\\I> fir.DSSAKV. Siili'.'ilc. II, l''inrii\vi'il. Siil'ii'^. ». Kiu'iiiw. Siiliila', -i'.i^. .SI iiiiiiL'i' Dui'k. •.I'*^. Iti'illiinl. 111. Wai'hli'i'. '.17. Vi'll.n\l.ii'l,'.i7. Sn|ii'r(iii i'iiiii|iii'iiiiin,). Ovi'i". ln'- yiiml. 1 i' Ihaii. sil|ii'lrili,iry. ii. I Ivi'V llir cyr. sii|iiaiirliil,il.ii. ( ivi'i'llu'i'vi' -iii'k- I'l-, Ji II. 11. sinr liinl. -J 1.1. l)ii"k.'J'.i|. Siiniia, Nil. IIH. sHaiiiMiii''* lluzziiril. '^17. \ 111 '11, l.'l. WarliliT. '.i:l. sivallnw-. Il-J. swalliiw-lailuil Kh-i'ali'liiT. Hill, iliill, ;il7. Mli'.'JII. S\v.im|i S|ianii\\. |;ls. SW .111-. 'JMI. s«il1-. IS.!, ."^wiiimiiiii; Itinl^, '27'!. >.\ II yi'lii-. Nil. :ill. >vl\ i.i. 77. Sylvii'nliihl'. (11. s\ h i"iiliiia'. '.i-l. s\ l\ iiila', 77. sylviiiia'. 77. S\ iii|iiii'iiiia. Nil. '21 1. syiiii'ln -i.s. II. .\ ariiwiiiftl'i'-'i'llii'i'. >\ mla lyluii-. S -'.i. S'vilu-lli'-'iiill-. § .s;!. syiinililnirliaiii|»liii-. Nil. iiJ'i. sV.llui'.il. II. I'l'lllillillL' 1. 1 liiWIT 'I ir>.i\. .S.\!'iii\. II. l.nwiT laryii.\; llii' V'H'al i»r;-^iu ni" liinls, -iliiali' wiu'i'i! \\ iml|ii|ir I'lii'k^ into liriiii- I'hi. S\ railini, Nn. 1 1 1. T. Tiiclivcinola. Nn. I."i. T,ii'liV|u'l,'-. Nil. -277. Tarlivpi'llila', ilmi. Till .r;,"'l'>. 111. ■I'aiia^'i'i.la'. 111. Tanlali'la'. 2'.J. Taal.iliiia'. 2ii.l. T.liilalil-. N. 1.221. Tarsoni.'larMi-, ".. § 72. i'. Tarn-, 11. shank, « 72, c, S ,'v!. Talll.'i-s. 2."il. 2.'i~-'.i. Ta\iiiMni\ , 11. CI i.-siili'ali'iii. § 12, § 1 i. Ta\viivTlii'n>li = Wilsi.n's T., 7.i. Ti'al. 2.S7. 'I'erlrii'i'.i. II. I pi. Ciivrrls 111' will;,' iir lail. Jj.V.i, 5 liil. Ti'i'li'i-lail, 2iHi. Ttiiiiinii'iilarv, ^ \\. Ti'iiii il.i.lvU''-. N...2I. Ti'lni.itiinii- allinis, .ilil. prisi'ii.-^, .il!). Ti'lMilcs. Su.'Talll.'i'.-. Ti'iiiniini'k'- (inilli'iiml. :lll. Trni|iin'.i, 11. ; /, N.i 217. Tnirliiii la', isl: -imu, ls|. Tin -liila-. Nn. 121. Tii.ul'.ilMi'-. Nil. 22. Trinllnilvli'la'. SI. Trii„' 'N... 12:1. Trit^'iiiiiila'. Is I. Trii.'nii-. is.i. TiM|ii.' Iln.l. :lli7. 'l'rii\vliriil-'i''s siii'l' Dark. 2:i.-|. Trinli'an'- Ti'iii. ;!22. Triitii|M'li'r sw.tii, 2sl. Ti niii-ali'. 11. lilt -i|iiari'ly nil'. Tnini'ii>. 11. li .ih ailliiinl its imniilii'i-. § 1.1. Tivii;;ili'-, Sn.22ii. Tiillril Tiliii.iii-i'. SO. I'lilliii, ;ll>i. Tii'iliila'. 71. Tniiliiiai'. 71. Tni'iliis. Nil. 1. Tiirki'y.2 11. Tiiikry Itii/./aril. 222, Till iiii'iila'. 22'.i. Tiii'ii>liiiii'. 2iil. Tvlaii,ii./i/. I'ail- niiili'r tlictnus, JjSil. Tyiiii'al. §21. T\ raniiiila', M7. Tyi'.iiiiiiiia'. Ills. T"\ r.iiiiill-. Nil. lO.'i, TVraiil-. 1'17-s. u. riiitni'iii- liii'.iri-. :il7. riiia. II. .\ liuiii' 111' till' rnn'ann, rilr.iiiiariiu' .1 ly (.\|ilii,'lin'niiia iil- liaiii iriiia). ini. riniiilii'ii-. II. I*it. § ;t, rii.h'i- ii.iil-. § :iii. rilL'llirlll lU'. //. (;ia\Vl!ii. (■|il,iiiil I'inver. '21111. I'lipi'r parts, § ill. Ii'ia. Nii.:i27. rriipy^jimn. 11. Ilninp. § .'IS. rtani'.iiiia, Nn. lit;. Valli'vl^iail. 2:1s. Vaiii'. II. Wi'li 111' a rralhi'r. § .1. Varicil Tlini-li, 72. Vai'ii'ly, §22. Vasi'.niar. n. H.-ivin^ many small Illnnllvi'-Sl'ls. § 2. Vanx's Swill, l,s;j. :.-i2. \'«'('rv. 7:i. Vi'lvi't Sriiler. 2'.il. Vi'iitrr. II. Ili'lly, § :!!l. Vi'iitial.ii. I'l'itiiininirtntlieliplly. Vcrinii'iilalinn. n. X'l'iv lino I'l'oss- wisc; markiai.'. § II. il (Imitmito). X'l'riniliiiii I'lyi'ali'lii'r, 177. \i'i -atili'. 11. L'apalili' nl' tiiriiini; eilUi'r way. Vi'iti'liriti', 11. iir II. liai.'klioueil animal. 'I'^mmmm ^^mmmmmmmmm IXDKX AM) Or,Oss.\l;v 3G1 V.Ttox, H. >[i.|.ll" nrpilciim, 511.1. Vi'Xilliiiii. n. W'l'l) or viiiic nl' :i fcitluM-. § :i. V'ioU't-i^rouii Cormoi-aiit. ;J04. Swallinv, Hi. Viroo, \n. .1:1. \ii'.!niii,l:i', 117. A'iii'cis. 117. Vii-Kiiii'i Nii.'litiii!,':ili'. l."il. I',irlri4,'i>, 'Jli. Ifiiil. ■.'71. Vlrifiiiiii'.-* Warl)liM-. ill. Vlttii, )«. Uriiacl band of color, §41,il. VoniiT, H. A skull lioiiu; la.-l lail bone, § i"i. Vultiii-u.s, ■ilt). w. Wallers, iivi. WaKliiil-,^:!. 'Ml WanikM-intf Alhalross, ■.\-2:,. Mi.'ar\(,il,T. .i:)l. T.illlcr. -Jill. Wai'lili'i-s, 77. 111. M lo i"!i. Wai-liliii).' \'irco. Ijii. \Vasliin«toii !•; i^'le — Italil Kaglc. Waler (n>/.v\. 77. 'l'h^n^ll, liili. Till ki'v. ;:ii,-i. W.i^'-l.iil, 1(1(1. Watcr-widh. :>:W. U'.awvini;-, 11.".. Wei|ge-t:iiliMl Cull,. ■ill!. I'l'licl, ;;.'H. Western I! ii-rnl 1 iwl. -Jul. Ulii.-l.icl. 71;. Cirehe. :!.;ii. (lull. :il'j. Mi'ailinv I. ark, l.")7. Nonii.iri'il, 11:1. Tiinioii-e. s|. Warbler, '.i7. Wariiliiit; Virco, 121. AVooil iv-uee, 171. Wbeatuar, 7ii. Whiippoorwill. ISO. Wlii|itonikellv, IJil. WliiskiM-eil .Vuk,:)l2. Wliiskiy-ja''k, l(i(l. Wliislle'-win^^ = (iolilen-eve. Whistling FieM Plover, -ii:!. Swan, -JSl. Wliile (■raiie.J71. Curlew - White IhU. • ii'oii^e — I'iariniL'aii. Heron. -2 17. Nun.-.': III. Owl - M.oWV Owl. Wliile-bellieil Nuilia't.-h. sj. I'e(ivl.:l.li. .-<» illow. 11:1. While-erow iie.l I'iu'eoii. 'jj.'i. S|i,urow, 111. While-eveil Vireii, IJJ. \\llile.|Vollle.| li -.isj. Wliile-iiua.le.l lviL.'li>, 'Jill. Cull. ;ill. W.Miili ker. I'M. AVhile-nerkeil Kiveii. |i;j. \\liilu-runijieil >.inil|ii|>ei-, J.M. Mirike. I-J,-|. Wliite-taileil Co.lwii, :;.-,s. K'ile, -.'ll. 1'lMrinii.Mn, 'Jlil. White-tinoateil s|,;iirow. 111. .■^wilt. Is-.'. \Vren,s.-|. Wliile-lnl'leil ('oniioiaiit. ;lii-.'. Wiiile-wiiifc'eil ISI.ielJiir.l, 117. Cros-liili, l-J'.i. Itove, -J-.'ii. Cnll. .'111. Mill' Duek, i:\\. Whitney's Owl, -.iii?. AVhooiiln',' Crane, ^71. \Vi.l-eon-.-.'s.;.7. WiMOooM'. ■>!. I'i^' li-r.. Tinkin. ■2:il. \Villet,-J.-,s. • Williani-oi,^ Hoo.liie.'ker. lll.j. Willou |-|arini;:aii. J.i.".. \Vil-oii's I'elrel. :;j;i. l'li:ilaro|ie, HH, I'lover. -ill. t>ni|ie. -J.VJ. Tern. .'Ijn. TlHU-li. 7,1. AViiiter Fali'oi,, Jii; ;hi text). Wren. s7. Wlpoi-1 I luck. 'J-^s. Ibis. -Jd:!. I'ewee. 17:!. Tlirnsh. 7-.'. Wren = llou.se Wren. W 1 k. 'Jill. 2.">l. O.-.i. Woo.|linn-e's .l:iv. Iiiii. \\'no Iperkers. lilll, Worni-ealin;; Warliler. ic). Wren-tils. 711. \\' veil-. SI. WriKhf- riyeatrher. KH. -X-iiill '|i|ialn~. No. (III. Xanlhoiir.-i. No. liij. \anliis lliiinniiiii.'bi(-il, 1M|. Aeina, -No. :;s7, Y. Yellow |(-ii|. -J7(. i;".l-|i-ill Wail.ler. Ml. \\'.iu'l,-iil.nii. W .irblei-, :i7. Vellow-be-llieil I''1m-,iI -her. 17,-,. Wo,.,||,e,-ker. hi.-,. ^ellow■hilIell ( ui-Uoo, hii), l.oon..-;:il. .MaKpie, nil. Vellowbiril. l::i. Vellow-breasie.l Chat. Ids. Vellow-erowneil Niuhl Heron. iiK) \\.-|lble|-. W. Vellow-raeeil W 1 ker. lllll. ^ellow-heaileil IJIarkbinl, l.-|il. Tiliiioii-e. s-.'. ■^ellow-uo-eil .\iha(i-i,--. ;;-_>.-, j,, le.vt). Vellow-runipeil Warliler. (111. Vellow-sliarie.l Wooihieeker = I-'lii-ker. 1(17. Vellow-h.ink-. -.'.-,(1. ■^ ell i«-liii-oal. 107. Vellow-lhroateil Vireo. 1-JI. W.irbler, 10.1. ■\ello\v-\viiii.'eil Sparrow, 1:17. Vui-ker = Klieki-r. II17. Zeine.hi. No. 170. /eiKuilura. No. KKP. Zenai.la Hove. J:!-;. Zonolriehia. No. 74. Z\ L'oilai-tyle, n. Voke-topil, § ,S4. ZyL'oiua. 11. .Malar bone ami in eunnoi-tiouri. C-9 ^F^ THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. 'J'liin Jllitnlrolcil MdiiIIiIi/ Miiijir.'nii' I'J' Xi^~'-'i. Kvcry nilinUcr of llic Nai iiiai.i.st (•(Piil;iiiis CI l;iry;c Svii i);i.ycs oC ri iiiliiii: niiiltcT, illiis- ll;llc(l liv |il;il('s iiilil WiiDilcills, All the li'iiililli,' Nlll lirulNls ill the C.Pllllll'.V (•(il'iliiilly Mlpport ll mill conlnlMiU' to Us piijics. Tlic iiiiii iil' llic lAlilurs Is to iiiiikf L'Vci'.v iiiiiiiln'i' ol llu; MiiiiMziiic ol iMijioi'liilicc lo nil iH'i'.-oiis iiiliTi'slcd ill Xiiliiriil lUftnfij. mihI to keep its renders inroriiied ii'. to the liitesl discoveries mid iidvaiices iimdc in tliis pidi;i'<'>si\ i' mid popiilm' science. No tciiclicr or stiidi'iit cmi now coii-iider liiiiiscll' posted liy simply sindyliiLr llic liilcsl text hooU^, I'oi' they iii'e ncccssm'ily "/•/ :diiiosl iis soon iis i-.»iied. Miid it i> only liy kccpiii^i ililoiincd ol' the d,-iily |il'o;,'i'ess of scii'iice lhi'oii;;li the llicdiiini of such MiiL:.'i/.ilics lis llic NauihiisI iIkii il is possihlc to keep up with the limes, licsides llic Iciidiiiu' iirliclcs in eiicli iiiiiiilicr there :iic tlic lollowiii'; s|iceiiil hciiiliiiLCS, under which the Mis-'elliiiicoiis iiiid short liolice- lire .m'olljied — l!i rh n-s utiil I'mul. .\',Hri ti. Jli^liiti'l, liinhijii. y.(,i:lni'r.s. liy ]!. II. Wmd, M. 1). Tin: liAi i m.s.nam: ami Nau iiai. Si.i.kctkp.n. liy I'lol'. N. S. Siiiilcr. Dis.missm. (If TIM' I. All: liuTAMsr ui' nil; 1)i;ivm;imi:\t oi- .\iii!I( i mi iti;. liy I'l-ol'. .\. (Iriiy. 'I'm; MoiMAi.ss Ol' ('(ii.oiiAiiii. liy ,T. W. I'osici-. |,I,.l). 1i,i;iiiaiii)n and iiii; Ki.oiia oi' riiio I'l.AiNS. I'y l!ev. !■;. 1,. (ii'cciic. 'I'm; KoiiMii! Uanoi; in iin; litiiAi.o. By ,1. (I, lleiidcrsun. 'I'm-; r.UKAiiiiMi I'liiiKs or 1j;a\i;s. Willi /ilnir : liy I'rol'. '1". 1). liiscoc. Aijikius I'lii;- N(iMi;vA OK nil; I'liAiiiiis. liy I'l'ol'. II. W. I'mkir. I .Nii'nioin v nv No.Mi.Nci.Arini; i,\ Iti'.iiAltl) lo MicnosiofKAi. ()ii.ii: its Fai-na. IIIuk- tfiiinl : liy I'l'ol'. K. 1). C()|ic. A Nkw Kxro/oox i i;om Tin; V.i'.\.. Jl/n.-ifntnl : liy liev. Smiiiicl Lockwood, I'li.l). On tiik I'si; of .MoNociinoMAiic .sixiiiiiir as ax Am to Iln.ii- I'owfi! DKfiNiiiux. liy Dr. J. ,1. ^\■oodwll^d. ol' l. S. A. Mi diciil Miisciini. .Somk of rin; Famii.iau Hums ok India. liy I!cv. II. .1. liiiici'. 'I'm; CiiMois IlisTonY of a lii ■itkkki.y. liy S. II. Sciidder. Ii. S. Ox nil; (;i;oi,ooy ok nn: Isi.\xi) ok .\i;rii)Nf(ii. i;ic. Willi u mitii: liy rrof. N. S. Sli:ilcr. Nfw Im.mi;i:~iox Ii.i r.MiXAriox. Iltttxlfittid : liy l{. Il.\\'md, M.l). (\\rsH OK Till' l)f ifiiioUAiiox IX soMK oK oil; .\Aii\f. Ci!Ai'i;-viNfs. i.rr. Ilhis- tmlfil : liy I'rol'. C. V. Kilcy. Sfiji oia ano lis IIisioiiy. mi iiddrcss luroic the .\. .A. A. S.. by I'rof. A. (Iniy. I-'ack I'iins in I;i:a/.ii.. Illiisifuliii : liy I'rol'. C. I", limit. On Aiioi;ii;iXAi, Hi.i.Ks Known as '• I'iimmk is." llliinli-iilnl : liy J. (i. llciideison. Coxiiii- lifiioNs ro iiiK Natikai. IlisidiiY OK (iiiio. liy I'rol'. .Imiics Orion. Ox iiik Vf.(;i;rAnox ok iiik Wamasii Vai.i.ky. liy Kolierl ]!iily:w;iy. Kossii. Ixskcis i hum ink lioi'KY .Morxi'AiNs. ' liy S. II. .Sendder. li. S. (ii;oi.()oi( ai. Am; of Tin; Coai, ok Wyo.minh. liy I'ldl'. K. 1). Cope. KffKCTs oK K.\nnoi;i«iNAiiY Skasons on rm-: DisiimtirioN ok ASIMAIS AXI> I'l.ANTS. liy I'l-of. N. S. Sllillcr. 'I'm-; CAlIl-KNTfU liKf AND It A 1. 1 1.MOIIK Oliioi.K. liy Kev. S.iiiiiiel Lockwood. On iiik Cai.ii'oiinian 'I'liiN ia. Jlhtslniliil : liy I{. K. (..' Stcmiis. Tiik Aikixk ri.oiiA ok Coi.okado. liy Kev. V.. L. (ii'ceiie. On Oiuiaxic Viaou AND Si;x. liv I'rol'. llciirv Ilarlshoriic. On riiK (.'iiania ok rm'; Mot'.XD liiii.DKiis. IlliislratKl: liy J. \V. Foster, LL.D. TERMS: Subscription $4,00 a year in advance. $2.00 for six months. Siiifrlo mnnlM'rs ::.-) immiIs. liuuinl volinin's ^.'p.dll cMcli. Ciivor- for liiiidiiij.' "ill rent.* cicli. Suhsi'iipticii to Vol. 7 vlsT.'i) iind the il inei-i'diii;.' vols, iiiilMniiMl I'm- $jl.iMI. cr IioiiihI I'oi- !*'.!7.iki. ('riie Ii.iiiikI vcilunies form a luiiiflsmnu illii^tralnl work ol' releriMi*'*- |]i;il -lioiiM lie in every lilirai-y.) A, S. PACKARD, Jr. and F. W. PUTNAM,, Editors and Prourlelors, Salem, Mass, 1{. II. WAHI), of Troy, X. V., Associate Kdilor of Dcparlinciit of Microscojiy. Address AMERICAN NATURALIST, Salem, Mass. For sale niicl ^^lJ^(•ri|■tio^.■i taken at any lionk oi- I'ericulical f-hne. [riiiiiii AM> iMi'i;ii\ i;ii i.iininN.] THE ONLY AMERICAN TEXT BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGYj A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF INSECTS, lllilMi A fcll'll.Ml ISTimix (Tlov TO Ttli: Ml HV (if i:n|(1> 1 VM> \ TUi:Mr«K i>\ iN.pi liidix AM) iii:\i:i [( lAi. i\-.i: llic .lAws. Sl„l,' lluiinl „/ ,l',irinilhii-v. 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I^AClvARn, .Jr., M. 1 )., .Iiilhtir of llir Ciilili: to llll' Sliitlii of In.icets. This lilllc vuliimi' by l>r. l'ac'l,anl will \w is>iif.| liy (lie IT A. T tJ K J^ L I S T S' J^ C3- El 3Sr C -^ ill DeciMiilicr. InT-J, ami will ((.iilain a iinimlar a''i-(imil of tiie inoro coiiiiimii immm'Is nf ,,ui' ('iinnlry. cm- IjnU'illii I'llllliU'ls nil BEES AND THEIR PARASITES, MOTHS, FLIES, MOSQUITOES, BEETLES, etc., etc., wliilc a CaliMi.lar will irivc a Lri'iiiTal ari'iiiiiit ni' ihc more cinnnnn iiijuiinii.. ami hcni'lli'ial in-crts ami thoir liiiu' ill' aiiiH'ai'aiii'c. li.ihil-. !■[.■. The volume will be a 12mo of upwards of 200 pages, profusely illus- tratcil by Wnnili-iil-. ami is iiiti'mloil liir the jrcncTal rcailer ami Ihu yi.iinjr .-Imlent. IIhti'Iiv lillinL' i gap ill till.' onliim(ilii!,'ii'al lili'ratiirc nl'tliis ('(iiinlry. wliili' the will bring it witliin roai-li nl' all. .'^ea'I nnler- hi 77/ A' xArrh'Afj.^rs' Anr:xcv, .s<,ie,„. ^^,ls.■^. Record of American Entomology. A YEAR ]300K OF PROGRESS U AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY FOR 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871. Price of Parts for 1863 and 1869, 75 cents each. For 1870 and 1871, 50 cents each, or the four Parts for $2.00. AtMrpss THE XATnUfJSTS' AOEXCY, Sah-m, Mass. 'l II: TllK lilllDS OF FLOIMDA. 'I'm-- WorU will 111' iii:M, coiiliiliilii;; KINK CdLi'iii;!) I'I.mi.s of iiiwin- lilllr known sik'cIcsoI' liirilsiind ciriis. Tpwiirds of 'J'lit s|n-clcs (pT r.irds ruiMid III rioi'iila \>y tlic iUillmr will lie ilcsi'i'ilicU in drlail IVcim tlii' spt'cliiR'ns, iiiiil llic olixi'valioiis on llicii' lialilts, clc, will li',' ciiliruly IVoiii lliu anllior's orl;;iiial iintcs. Tilt! usual iiiTaii;:i'iiiinl>! will ln' inadc willi tliu liadc and pailifs ran miIimtHjo lliroii;;!! any l)(i()k"V«'I<>S>lll<>llt illlll IlilbitN; with I'eniarUs n|ion siUili'i'i'anean lH'c in ucni'i'al. iiY .1. M. iM.i'H.Aiii», Jii. A.>» F. ^Y. pv'rxxyi. Sro, GS TAGBS, 2 STBEL 'J'LATJ^S A.V/) /; hOODtUTS, FULL CLOTH BINDING AND APPROPRIATE STAMP IN GOLD ON SIDE. PRICE sii^l.^T) A COPY. Published by the NATURALISTS' AGENCY, Salem, Mass. IPTJULIC^TION OB' WORKS OX NATURAL HISTORY. THE ZSTA.T'CJI^.-A-I-jISTS' ^a-EITO"Z" HAS, i)v US loxMx i'loN vmi THE SALEM PRESS, unriviiUeil fariliiii's fur tlic |ivinliiig of wnrks on Natmiil lli-tniy, wliilo tlie M'vonil mtist-i ami ciipravers cinpldyL'il ill illii~liiiiiii); tlio NAiritAi.isr, iiml iitlicr iiiil)lii;:itiiiii.~ i>Mii'(l IVmii tlii' saleiu I'ress, fiialile us to liave any ilosiivil ^tyll,' ol ontriMviiii; I'xeiniti'il with desiiiitili at tlic lowcfl prices. Tlie valiialjli; niciliiim ol' aiverli.-iiig funii.-lieil by the .N'A'riiiAi.isr. and the coiinoctiou of the Agency with the trade lliroutrlnMit the I'uuntry and with the leading lioiiyes of Kiiropc, enable us to iihice a work on the market at once, in a thonni^'h and desirable manner. With these favorable eondilions at hand, we ieiiiie>t authors of proiiosed publications in any department of Natural History to comiuuuicate with us iu relation to the priiitiiij,' and piibliiation of their works. tt AMress NATURALISTS' AGENCY, Salem, Mass. f ! ) a \ I i ' h