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CHEMICAL CONTEIEUTIONS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CANADA. 
 
 Br 
 
 CHRLSTIAN KOFFMANN, P. I„st. Chem. 
 
 ON Canadian apatite. 
 Manner in which the Samples anabjzed were selected. 
 
 The sanipIoH were in hII cases ^^ood-.si.e.l hand specimens ; in seloctinff m r 
 
 the same such pieces were taken as were most free Lrnt^,^^"^ 
 mmcra admixture, or, in other words, apparently the pure t of S ^'""'"^^• 
 h:Cr;r"""T" ^^^''-rC-uaHya veryL4 one!) from t f h 
 t was talcen As a rule, therefore, the various analyses may l,e s. id 
 
 in their greatest practically attainahle state of purity; such, indeed -J 
 might he secured by careful cobhi„g,-and not thetmpos tion^of a 
 average sample of any particular output, and the reader is cautioned 
 aga.nst accepting the .-esults in any other light. In some i.stZes 
 
 lep lesont a fair average of Uie vein ; in othei- cases, by the exercise of 
 
 vm- e v!;. ''.T" .^' '1"?' ^""•'^'^ '■'' l"**"""^' ''"•^- quantities of the 
 ya ety almost, 1 not equally, as pure as the sample examined. The 
 
 togetlior with others of a similar tenor, under the various analyses 
 
 !i 
 
2 n 
 
 OEOLOOICATy SITRVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Hrief allusion 
 to methods 
 employed in 
 the mialyiiis. 
 
 Brief allusion to some of the Methods emploi/ed in the analysis. 
 
 The fluorine \v!is dotorminctl in Jiccordjinco with Wiihloi-'H method, 
 as moditiod by Frosonius. (Frcscniiis' (Juiuititiitivo Choinical AnalysiH, 
 sixth (Jormaii edition, Vol. I., j). 431.) The apatite, reduced to an 
 impalpable powder and intimately mixed with finely ]>idvori'/ed quartz, 
 is deeomposed in a flask with eoneentratcd sulphurieacid. The fluorine 
 being estimated by colleelin;^ and weighing the fluoride of silicon 
 evolved. 
 
 The phosplioric acid was estimated by Sonnonschoin's process of 
 precipitation with molybdic acid — subsequently precipitating as phos- 
 phate of magnesia and amiixonia, and weighing as pyi'ophosphato of 
 magnesia. 
 
 Explanatory 
 remarks. 
 
 Explxnatory Remarks. 
 
 By the term " insoluble residue" is implied that portion of the apa- 
 tite left undissolved by the action of hy Irochloric acid ; the mineral 
 having been previously treated with hydrochloric acid, and evaporated 
 to complete dryness. 
 
 The term "variety" has not been employed in its strictest sense, 
 inasmnch as all the specimens here examined would, pro])erly speaking, 
 come under the one variety, fluor-apatite ; 1 have, however, permitted 
 myself its use in a wider sense, referring more particularly to texture. 
 
 It has been assumed, as is indeed most probable, that the whole of 
 the phosphoric acid is present in combintition with lime, and that any 
 excess of this latter beyond that required for the phosphoric and car- 
 bonic acids, may possibly— conjointly with the magnesia, alumina, and 
 in some instances a portion of the iron, — pertain to associated foreign 
 mineral matter. 
 
 Annlysis of 
 apatite from 
 Storrington. 
 
 Apatite, var. 1. 
 
 From the fourteenth lot of the sixth range of the township of 
 Storrington. 
 
 The sample was received from W. J. Morris, Esq., who informed me 
 that ho was disposed to regard it as representing a fair average oi a 
 quantity of some throe hundred tons extracted ; that about twenty tons 
 of the first two hundi'ed taken out contained some mica derived from 
 the foot-wall, but that this appeared to have since run out. The vein 
 ranged from seven to fourteen inches in width. 
 
CANADIAN APATITE. 3 H 
 
 Massive, compact. . Lustre dull. Colour greyish to reddish-white, 
 witli reddisli-brown coloured stripes or bands, which impart to the 
 rock a stratified appearance (in some specimens those markings ai-c 
 less distinct). This variety of apatite may not ina])propriately bo said 
 to resemble, at a first glance, a tine-grained " variegated sandstone." 
 Tough. Fracture unove-.i. Colour of powder white with a faint 
 reddish tinge. Specific gravity 3'1393. 
 
 After drying at 100° C, its com])()sition was found to be as follows : 
 
 rhosphoiic iicid ' 40-373 
 
 BMuoiino « 3-311 
 
 Chlorine ■> 0-438 
 
 Carbonic atid ■• - 02G 
 
 Lime 47-828 
 
 Calcium 3 • 732 
 
 Magnesia 151 
 
 Alumina 0-(J09 
 
 Sesquioxiile of iron - 1 T) I 
 
 Alkalii'S ? 
 
 Insoluble refiidut' 3-890 
 
 100-509 
 
 1 Equal to 88-138 tribiisic piiosphate of lime, 
 i Equal to 6 79G fluoride of calcium. 
 
 3 Equal to 685 chloride of calcium. 
 
 4 Equal to 0-059 carbonate of lime. 
 
 Apatite, var. 2. 
 
 From the "(rrant Mine," situate on tlie south-half of the eighteenth Analysis of 
 lot of the twelfth range of the town.ship of Buckingham. The property luckinghanl. 
 of the Buckingham Mining C()m])any. 
 
 In the earlier stages of the working about two Imndred and fifty tons 
 of this variety were taken out; as the shaft increased in do])th, this 
 particular kind was not, nor has it so flir, since been met with ; it is 
 however inferred, that it will be found again with the other phosphate 
 which lies near the surface, and has yet to be removed. 
 
 Massive, vitreous. Brittle. Fi-acture uneven, angular; in some 
 specimens sub-conchoidal. Lustre sub-viti-eous. In thin splinters 
 translucent. Cohmr pale greenish grc}'. Colour of powder pale 
 greenish-white. This variety of apatite closely resembles in its aspect 
 " porcelain Jas])er." It is not unfrcquently penetrated by thin seams of 
 calcite. Hardness 5. Specific gravity 31493. 
 
4 H OEOJ.OorcAT, SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 After drying at 100° ('., its coiupoHilion wuh iouiid to bo an follows: 
 
 Pliosphoric ncid i- 41 OSO 
 
 Fluorine* 3-474 
 
 ChloriiM" ' • 2G0 
 
 Carbonic aiid^ 0-370 
 
 Lime 49 • 1 Gl 
 
 Calcium 3 -80:! 
 
 Magnesia - 15H 
 
 Alumina 0-705 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron 0'126 
 
 Alkalies ? 
 
 Insoluble residue 0-370 
 
 99-506 
 
 1 Equal to 89-G82 tril)a8ic pliosplmte ol' lime. 
 
 2 Equal to 7-131 fluoride of calcium. 
 
 3 Equal to 0-40G chloride of calcium. 
 
 4 E<iiial to 0.84(1 carbonate of lime. 
 
 Apatite, var. 3. 
 Analysis of From the sixteenth lot of the third ranjjo of the township of North 
 
 apatite from -^ ' 
 
 North BiirKess. RuriresH. 
 
 Massive, confusedly crystalline, weak-defined schistose te.xturc. 
 Fracture uneven. Lustre sub-vitreous, in parts dull. Colour dull 
 red. Colour of powder pale red. Specific gravity 3-l(J03. 
 
 After drying at 100° C, the composition was found to be as follows : 
 
 Phosphoric a(Jd' 39-04G 
 
 Fluorine 3-791 
 
 Chlorine' 0-476 
 
 Carbonic acid< - OiiG 
 
 Lime 4G-327 
 
 Calcium 4-2.^)8 
 
 Magnesia • 548 
 
 Almnin-i I - 190 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron 1 • 290 
 
 Alkalies ? 
 
 InsohiLle residue 3 • 490 
 
 100-512 
 
 1 Equal to 85-241 tribasic phosphate of lime. 
 
 2 Ecjual t<» 7-781 fluoride of calcium. 
 
 3 Equal to 0-744 chloride of calcium. 
 
 4 Equal to 0-218 carbonate of lime. 
 
CANADIAN APATITE. 5 n 
 
 Apatite, var. 4. 
 
 Promtl.o "Kitcl.ioMino," situate on the seventh lot of the Hoventl, Anal.., of 
 lange ol tlie townshin of" Portland npatUo from 
 
 mi • ' Portland. 
 
 TluH specimen wa. collocteU by Br. B. J. Harrington, who informs 
 me hat at the spot whence it was taken, the mass, as exposed, mea- 
 sured nearly twenty feet across, and in the whole of this thickness the 
 only a],parent foreign mineral admixture consisted of n few crystals of 
 pyroxene and mica, and that, consequently, this specimen mi.-ht be 
 regarded as representing a large portion of said exposed mass. 
 
 Massive, lamellar; the laminro varying in thickness from one to eiffht 
 mdhmetre., the faces of the same are not unfrequently coated with a 
 more or less delicate film of calcite; the coherence between the indi- 
 vidual plates varies; when struck the rock has a tendency to split along 
 he hno of laminaticm rather than across. Brittle. Fracture across 
 the lam.na> uneven, angular. Lustre of this fracture vitreous, that of 
 •the clean surflice of the lan.ina. resinous. Colour bright sea-green 
 Co our of powder white with a faint greenish tinge. Semi-tran.par- 
 3"l884" «P'"'tei-8, transparent. Hardness 5. Specific gravity 
 
 The following interesting fact in connection with this apatite is 
 perhaps, not altogether unworthy of mention ; after a short exposure 
 to a low red-heat in a covered crucible it becomes perfectly colourless 
 Its lustre being not at all, and its diaphaneity very slightly affected. ' 
 
 After drying at 100° C, its con. position was found to be as follows: 
 Pbospfioric acid' 4i • 139 
 
 *''"""»*'' "''.'.'.''''.''^'. 3-8G3 
 
 Chlorine' ^l.g'jg 
 
 Carbonic acid< ^ 223 
 
 ^''"^ .'..'..'. 4i.-335 
 
 <''alcium 4. jgg 
 
 Magnesia o-\80 
 
 ^''""'°'* ..'.'.'.'".'. 0-5G6 • 
 
 Scfiquioxide of iron . ^j,^ 
 
 Alkalies o 
 
 Insoluble vesidue 0-060 
 
 »9-884 
 
 1 Equal to 89-810 tribasic phosphate of lime. 
 
 2 Equal to 7-929 fluoride of calcium. 
 
 3 E(iual to 0-358 chloride of calcium. 
 
 4 Equal to 0.607 carbonate of lime. 
 
fi ir 
 
 OEOLOaiCAI, SCRVEV OF CANADA. 
 
 AniilyniM uf 
 iipat'tH from 
 lA>uiihborough.| 
 
 Apatite, luir. 5. 
 
 Krom the tenth lot of'tlio tenth vaw^o ofthe township ofLou«^hhomiii,'li. 
 
 VV. J. Morris, K..([., hy wiioui the speeimen was presented, stated thai 
 tho vein from which it was taken — and ofwliich, in his opinion, it might 
 be considered a lair sample, — had a width of about seven feet. 
 
 Massive, conipact. Lustre dull, in jtarls sul)-resinous. Hrittle. 
 Fracture uneven, angular. Colour dull-i-ed. Colour of jjowder 
 reddish-wliite. Interpenetrated by delicate tihuH of specular iron. 
 Specific gravity 31() U. 
 
 After drying at 100° t-., its 'composition was found to be as follows: 
 
 I'hoNphoiic acid ' 40-808 
 
 Fhioiine" 3-731 
 
 Chlorine' 0-428 
 
 Carbonic acid^ 0-105 
 
 J^ime 48-475 
 
 (Jttlcium 4-108 
 
 Magnesia 158 
 
 Alumina 0-835 
 
 Si'S(|uli)xi(le of iron o • 905 
 
 Alkalies ? 
 
 Insoluble residue 1 • 1 50 
 
 100-823 
 
 1 Equal to 80-219 tribasii; jjhoHpliate of lime. 
 
 2 Equal to 7C5H fluoride of c-alciuni. 
 
 3 E(iuiil to OCGO ililoridt' of calcium. 
 
 4 E(iual to 0-239 carbonate of lime. 
 
 Analysis of 
 apatite from 
 .Portland. 
 
 Apatite, v<(r. G. 
 
 From the " Watts Mine," situate on the sixth lot of tho tirst range 
 of the township of Portland. The propei-ty of the Buckingham Mining 
 Company. 
 
 About seventy per cent, of tho phosphate raised from tliis mine 
 consists of this variety, the balance is similar to that described below, 
 vv^herein tho compact ciystalline jihosphate preponderates, sometimes 
 to the almost total exclusion of the liue-gramilar. 
 
 Massive, crystalline-granular. Fi-iable. Fracture uneven, granular. 
 Prevailing colour greenish-white. Colour of powder M'hite. Lustre 
 glimmering. Specific gravity 31G7(J. 
 
 The texture of this variety varies from a verj- fine-granular crystal- 
 line, greenish to greyish-white, homogeneous, somewhat easil}' friable 
 rock, closely resembling a disintegrating sandstone, — to crystalline 
 granular, with imbedded rounded fragments of semi-ti-ausparent sea- 
 
CANADIAN APATITE. 7 H 
 
 groon apatite, coiiHtituting what, jtorliaps, might not inaptly l»o 
 (loHignated a conglomorato — thonco j)assing on to a condition in which 
 the I'ragmcntH hccome nioro nunu'rous and hirger, to tlic almost total 
 exclusion of the tinc-granulai- matrix. 
 After drying at 100° C, its compoHition was found to be as I'oHowh: 
 
 I'hoBphoiicacid' 40 •MS 
 
 Fluorini'* :»-377 
 
 Cliloiiiio' (»()8G 
 
 Carbonic ncid^ • H55 
 
 Lime 40 • 04 1 
 
 ( 'alciuin 3 • (jou 
 
 Magiic'Hia e • 205 
 
 Alumina o-'iOT 
 
 Sf8(|nioxi(lo itf iron 'J-08:t 
 
 Alkalies 7 
 
 Insoluble rusidue l-eso 
 
 l»9-C65 
 
 1 Equal to 88-455 tribasic pliOHpliatc of lime 
 
 2 Equal to 6-932 rtuoridc of cali-ium 
 
 3 Equal to 0-134 chloride of fiiKiuiu. 
 
 4 Equal to 1-943 carbonate of ^lime. 
 
 Apatite, oar. 7. 
 
 From the " Gi-ant Mine," situated on the south-half of the eighteenth Analysis of 
 lot of the twelfth range of the township of Buckingham. The property Buokinglmm. 
 of the Buckingham Mining Company. 
 
 About five hundred tons of this variety have been taken out at this 
 mine ; it is still met with, but not in such large quantities. 
 
 Massive, crystalline, tine-granular, with occasional imbedded rounded 
 fragments of semi-transparent sea-gi-een apatite. Prevailing colour 
 greyish-green. Lustre glistening, due to the presence of intennixetl 
 grains of pyrrhotite. SomewhaL tough. Fracture uneven, granular. 
 Colour of powder greenish-grey. Specific gravity 3-2441. 
 
 In selecting the material for analysis the aforementioned imbedded 
 rounded fragments were excluded (as also in those specimens upon 
 which the specific gravity was determined), the object being to 
 ascertain the composition of the granular matrix ; it need hardly be 
 remarked that theii" presence would have raised the percentage of 
 tribasic phosphate. 
 
 I 
 
 
8 It (lEOLOdlCAl, HIIUVEY (»F CANADA. 
 
 After dryni',' at 100° (-., itn comitoHition wan found lo bo an follows: 
 
 rhosplioiiim-id' 34-032 
 
 Fluorine'' 2 865 
 
 Chlorine' oKtl 
 
 CarlM.nic fU-iiH 2 HlH 
 
 iSulphur'* 3 • 507 
 
 Lime 44-198 
 
 Cftlciuin 3-0(!2 
 
 Magiiosliv O-t'22 
 
 Aliimiiift I!t79 
 
 Nickel, (■ol)alt iiiid coitper pii'Hont, hut were n()t<lc('(l 
 
 Iron 5;i70 
 
 SeH(|iiioxi«le of iron <»-l2() 
 
 Alkiilies ? 
 
 Insoluble rcHldun 2-000 
 
 100-544 
 
 1 K(|iinl to 74'2i)r) triliaHif i)hoR])linte of Hine. 
 
 2 K<nml to n-SOO fluoride of ciiliiutn. 
 
 3 K(|ual to Oins tliloride of caleium. 
 
 4 Kqiml to (! 473 carbonate of lime. 
 
 5 l';((ii(i! to 8-877 pyrrliotite. 
 
 Tho iiickol, cobiilt and <;()j)por kIiowii to l»o prowent, pertain to tlio 
 asHociutod ]»yri-liotitc. In ciilcnliUinjL? the jiniount of tho hitter (in 
 ac'cordanoo with tlic i'orniiiia Kc, S^) corroHpcnding to tho .sulphur 
 found, thoir presence has been ignored, as a conseciuonco, the total iron 
 found lias been somowhat too largely di-avvn upon, so that the balance, 
 whioh was a.ssiinied and calculated to bo ])resont as poroxi.le, is somo- 
 what, though pos.sibl3' very slightly below the actual amount })re8enl. 
 
 Analysis <if 
 apatite from 
 Templeton, 
 
 Apatite, var. 8. 
 
 Prom the "Doctor Pit," situat(^ on tho twolftli lot of tlio twelfth 
 rang(^ of the township of Temploton. Tho pi-oporty of tho Templctou 
 and North Ottawa Mining Company. 
 
 This specimen was colloctod by Dr. B. J. Harrington, who states 
 that so far as the working liad advanced, this particidar kind had not 
 been found in an}- great (piantity, l)ut formed a portion of a vein con- 
 sisting of a crystallino-griumlar, somewliat i'riablo variety, very similur 
 to that described under Ai)atite, var. 6, and a compact crystalline 
 vtiriety. 
 
 Ma.ssive, compact. ' racturo uneven. Lustre feeble, waxy. Trans- 
 lucent. Colour pal> 'onish-whito Colour of ])Owder white with a 
 faint greenish tinge. Jpecific gravity iM750. 
 
OANAhlAN AVATtTlS. !• II 
 
 After drying at 100° C, tliu com|io,siti(>ii was I'ouiid to be a.s follows: 
 
 riioHphoric ncld' 40-812 
 
 Kliioriiic' .'l-fiO't 
 
 C'hloi iiio ■ • 040 
 
 Cailwnic at'icH o-SlS 
 
 Liiiic 4!t-102 
 
 Calcium 3-703 
 
 MannoBiii • (!20 
 
 Aliiminn i)MC> 
 
 S(!H(|iii()xido of iron 0.126 
 
 Alkalies y 
 
 Iimululile rcHiiliie 0-G3() 
 
 '.Ml -7 ■-'".» 
 
 1 KiiUftl to 8!! 098 tiiliiiHicr plioRplinto of lime 
 
 2 Kt I mil to 7'2!»,f) Huoiidti ot'ciilciimi. 
 
 3 K(|iuil to 0'(l(i'J ciiloi'ldt' of cakiuiii. 
 
 4 K(jual to I 177 taiiionatt! of lime. 
 
 The roHultH of thoforoffointj analysoH have hooii ombodied in Table 1. Expianafory 
 With the objeet ol ailoriiin^i^ oiwy reieronce, and laciiitatin^ C(>in])ans(>n, TaMoii. 
 not only the one with the other, but alike with those contained in Table 
 II., which embraces analyses of fluor-apatitcs from some of the })rinci))al 
 p]uropean localities. In selectincj these latter analyses I have only 
 availed myself of those wherein the Huorine lias been determined by 
 direct estimation; further, in transcribinii; them, I have taken the 
 liberty of prcsontiiiif them in a .soinewliat different form to that in 
 which they appeareil, — that is to hay, in analyses A. K C. where the 
 amount of tribasic phosphate of lime, tluoride and chloride of calcium 
 was given, the amount of j)liosphoric acid, fluorine, chlorine, lime and 
 calcium thus representeil has been calculated and atated separately. 
 In liko manner in analysis H. where the amount of fluoride of cah^ium 
 was given, the amount of Huorine and calcium thus represented has 
 been calculated and stated separately. In the other anal}ses vi/,., I). 
 F. G. and n. the total lime found was given and stated as such; in 
 these instances the amount of lime corresponding to the calcium (now 
 stated as such) required for the fluorine or fluorine and chlorine, as the 
 ca.se might be, has been deducted from the total (juantity given : as a 
 result of this altered representation, the analyses do not now foot up so 
 high as in the originals. 
 
10 ir 
 
 UEOLOaiCAL 8UBVLY OF CANADA. 
 
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 OKOLOOrCAL SimVEV OK CANADA. 
 
 Iodine and Bromine in Apatite. 
 
 Iodine anil iodiiio hu8 been hIiowu to be present in certain varieties of upatite 
 
 apatite? from the (lepartniciits of Lot Jinil Turn-ot-Garonno : P. Tliil»ault lias 
 
 found it ill Nassau phosjihato, in Spanish phosphorite from the vicinity 
 of Cogues (Kslramaiiura) and has also established its presence in co- 
 prolites found in the Valley of the Rh(»ne, near Bellegardo (Ain) close 
 to the Swiss frontier : Petersen also found it in apatite from Diez, 
 Nassau, and that from Amberg, Bavaria, afforded II. Iveinsch in addi- 
 tion to iodine a trace of bromine. 
 
 aiMifito'from According to an analysis by P. Thibault, a sample of apatite from 
 
 oflor'""'*"' *'*^ department of Lot, contained :— 
 
 Phospliori'' acid ' 33 . 05 
 
 Limu 47.0!) 
 
 Silica 2.71 
 
 Aliiniiiia, oxide of iron, niiif^iicsia, ) 
 
 chlorine, lluoriiK', iodine ( I „i„'||y), I 12-HG 
 
 carbonic acid (by dill'erence). J 
 
 Wator 4.20 
 
 100.00 
 1 Equal to 72-151 triliasic phonphate of lime. 
 
 It has been suggested tliat the apatite from the departments of Lot 
 and of Tarn-ct-Ciaroniic might jtossibly be utilized as a commercial 
 source of iodine, and etforts have been made in this direction by JL P. 
 Thibault at the Supei-i>hosphate Works of MM. Maxime Michclet ct 
 Paul Tliibault, (;ila Villetto-Paris). The phosphates employed at these 
 works consist ot apatite from the de[tartment of Jiot, coprolites from 
 the Ardennes and Sj)anish jdiosphorito. 
 
 The i^lant at this factory may be briefly describe<l as follows : — 
 
 Brief descriii- Two yudless belts, the one of leather with wooden scoops or cups 
 
 .xiii'tcrpliosphato lor raising the i)owdcreil phos[)hate, the other of gutta-percha with 
 
 Mil-h'ei'ct and Hcoops or Clips of the same material for raising the acid. On motion 
 
 Tnjaut. being communicated to these bolts, the powder and acid are raised 
 
 simultaneously and dropped into an horizontal, cylindrical, cast-iron 
 
 mi.xer where the powder and li(iuid arc thoroughly intermixed by the 
 
 revolving spindle oi" the mixer and its blades, after which the majs 
 
 passes down through a shoot into brick chambers where it solidi'ios 
 
 Roniovalof the and whence it is afterwards withdrawn. The acid vapours geneiated 
 
 n(ixiiiiis).'ases ... . , , . i i i 
 
 guncraicd in m the mixcr and chambers are withdrawn troin these vessels ny means 
 
 llm pniocss of ,, .■ i • i i i . ■ i- i 
 
 siiporphos- 01 a powerlul asj)iratf>r and made to traverse a sheet-iron cylin<lcr 
 '' " ""^' lined with lead and tilled with fragments of cokf, upon which a con- 
 
 stant stream of water is kept trickling from above, and pass tinally 
 into the factory chimney. By this arrangement the acid vapours 
 generated on mixing the powdered phosphate with the acid and which 
 
 
CANADIAN ATATrTE. 
 
 13 H 
 
 Di-olitos i'roiii 
 
 
 are at all times cliBComforting and often (especiiiUy when fluor-apatites 
 are being worked) po.sitively injurious to those exposed to their in- 
 fluence, a!"0 carried ort' and completely absorbed. When phosphates 
 containing i(xline are enipIoj)C(l, the iodine disengaged during their 
 conversion into yuperpliosphate and carried a "V in the slate ol' vapour 
 or as iiydriodie acid, is completely absorbed and by allowing the same 
 liquid to retrn.vorse the coke, the solution may contain a** much as 
 eight grammes of iodine to the litre. It vill be thus seen that it is 
 quite possible to collect all the Iodine which is disengaged in tiic 
 gaseous condition ; the amount thus disengaged however is very tar 
 from representing the total amount originally contained in the apatite, 
 the greater part unfortunately remaining in the superphosphate; and, 
 so far us I am aware, a method has yet io be discovered whereby that 
 port'on of the iodine may be profitably extracted. 
 
 If, howovci', the method devised by M. P. Thibault does not so far 
 permit of the recovery of all the iodine it nevertheless possesses other 
 i:nportant advantages, such as a continuous process of manufacture, 
 considerable saving ol' manual labour, and complete absence oi noxious 
 vapours. 
 
 Fi'om its usually high content of phosjihate of lime Canadian apatite 
 may be regarded as a most eligible material for the manufacture of a 
 concentrated 8uperpIios])Iiate. (ienerally speaking it contains (as will 
 be seen on reference to Table I.) only sui II (juantities of oxide of iron, 
 and not unfrequently the amount is altogether (juitc insigniticant: it is 
 to be remembered that No. 7 is a very exceptionally occurring variety, 
 has oidy been met with at this mine, and ihci e )nly, as stated, in small 
 quantity. 
 
 All the Canadian apatite hitherto met with belongs to the variety 
 fluor-a])atite, and is very similar in composition to that derived from 
 many European localities, as will be seen on C(ini]»aring Table 1. with 
 II. A great deal of the phosphatie material at present extensively 
 employed in the manufacturo of superphosphate, contains more or less 
 fluoride of calcium, this maybe said of Spanish phosphorite, German 
 or Nassau jjliosjihato and niost coprolitcs : when such material are 
 treated with sulphuric acid in the process of suporplios{)hatiiig, hydro- 
 fluoric acid is evolved, which not only causes discomfort, but is in- 
 jurious to the woi'kmen. Kor this reason, at works where no special 
 precautions are taken to ell'ect the removal of the noxious gases evolved 
 in the mixing j)rocess, any phosphatic material containing much 
 fluorine is apt to bo looked upon with some disfavour : its i)resence, 
 however, can be a matter of very little moment when the very simple 
 ami etfectivo device, for drawing off and absorbing these gsvses, as car- 
 
 Ci)llection of 
 the iudine. 
 
 AdvimtiiKCS of 
 P. Tliibault's 
 method, 
 
 Canadian 
 apatite as a 
 material for the 
 inaiiufacture of 
 mipcriihos- 
 |)hate. 
 
 On the presence 
 of fluoride of 
 calcium in 
 phosphatic 
 material 
 oniployeil in the 
 manutacturc of 
 gupcrphoa- 
 phato. 
 
14 H 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 ConciudinK 
 remarks. 
 
 ried out at tho works of MM. Michelet and Thibaiilt (afore briefly 
 described) is julopled. 
 
 It was originally contomplutcd to make some practical and coin- 
 parativo cxporimonts with Kuropean and Canadian phosphate in order 
 to ascertain tho relative facility with which they admitted of being 
 reduced to a fine powder; sufficient time could not be found to carry 
 out this intention. There is, however, no reason for supposing that in 
 this respect they compare at all unfavourably with foreign apatites. 
 
 In the manufacture of superphosphate from mineral phosphates it is 
 almost impossible in practice to render tho whole of the phosphate of 
 lime soluble, more or less (according to iho skill and care bestowed in 
 tho manuft'cture) of the latter remaining in its original unch. nged 
 state. In order to employ the mineral phosphates to tho best advantage, 
 it is requisite that they shoidd be reduced to an almost impalpable 
 powder, and that the mixing of this latter with the acid should bo most 
 thorough. 
 
bre briefly 
 
 I and com- 
 ito in order 
 d of boin^ 
 lid to cany 
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 iipatitcs. 
 pliatoH it is 
 losphato of 
 ostowcd in 
 unch: ngod 
 advantage, 
 impalpable 
 dd bo most