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ALSO, THE DUNDEE COURIER'S SPECIAL AGI{ICDLTDI{AL COMMISSIONER'S VISIT TO CANADA, AND TRIP TO THE PACIFIC. PlilNTKn ANIl PUBLISHRD BI W. & D. C. THOMSON, DlNDEB CoUKIER OfFICK, DunDKK. In ab W ap] for the the fori wai ma in 1 h'st the Pit on Bes Sec ton. Vic PREFACE. In response to numerous requests from readers, both at home and abroad, the reports of the members of the Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News Artisan Expedition, which have for some time been appearing in these newspapers, are now pubh'shed in a more permanent form. By the aid of the classified indexes the information gleaned by the elected representatives of British wage-earners during their tour in the United States and Canada is rendered more accessible, the volume forming an altogether unique book of reference as to the conditions of wage-earners on the other side of the Atlantic. Some idea of the magnitude of the enterprise, and the distance travelled by the delegates in the course of their journeyings, may be gathered from the following list of the places visited, the main body of the Expedition having pursued their inquiries at Montreal, Toronto, Niagara, Chicago, Pullman City, Pittsburg, Washington, Philadelphia, and New York, while detachments on special missions -..'led at St. Paul, Minneapolis, Orange, Holyoke, Bessemer, M'Keespoit, Fall River, Providence, Paterson, N.J., Nova Scotia, St. John's, N.B., Banff. ChilHewack, New Westminster. Edmon- ton, Calgary, Regina, Brandon, Napinka, Winnipeg, Vancouver, and Victoria, B.C. En Ro\ CONTENTS. PART I. DUNDEE WKEKLY NEWS ARTISAN EXPEDITION. Pnlimiiwry Announcements . Biographical Sketches of Delegates Extensioiis of Scheme Pioneer Quadruple Printing Press Viking Ship, SanU Maria, and ThomBon Line Steamer lona Beginning the Journey The Voyage Across • Sights of Montreal Toronto and its Institutions - At the Falls of Niagara Arrival at Chicago • The World's Fair Visit to Pullman City Prospeoi Workingmcn in America House Rents and Taxes in Chicago Enquiries in Chicago The World's Fair (continued) Enquiries in Chicago f continued J From Chicago to Pittsburg - PAOB 25 614 14.15 16 17 18-19 20-24 25 26-31 32-35 36 36-48 49-64 64 66 64-67 67-69 69-77 77-80 PitUburg— Inveutigations in and around Washington . Philadelphia - The Delegates in New Yurk - In Edison's Laboratory Child Labour in America Tour in Nova Scotia - Brooklyn and Brooklyn Bridge North Sydney Mines Tailor Trade in the Stoten . Furniture Trade in New York Holyoke : America's Paper Making Centre Workmen's Houses in Nova Scotia New York Harbour - Sight-seeing in New York Homeward Bound Delegates' Combined Report Reunion of Delegates and Presenta tion of Gold Medals PAOI 80-98 99-110 11M28 ISO 186 141 141-144 144-146 146 147 140 161-162 153-164 165.156 157-161 161 164-166 167 PART XL Voyage Across and Arrival at Montreal En Routt for Chicago Among the Red Indians • . JRICl ULTURAL COMMISSIONER'S REPORT. PAO" 1-2 Over the Rockies PACE 11-12 2-3 Canada and the Cattle Restrictions 12-15 4-9 Scenes in the Rocky Mountains 15-19 911 Oharacteristigs of British Columbia 19-23 IV. PART U.—Continutd, Vancouver Island Agricultural Pests of British Columbia In the North West Territories Alberta and its Ranches The M'Leod Ranching District Quorn Ranche Farming in Red Deer County The Red River District In and about Edmonton From Edmonton to Calgary - PAOK PAGE 23-25 Calgary to Regina 66 25 A Tour Round Regina 57-68 26-30 Indian Head to Brandon 58-59 30-33 Brandon and its Environs 69-63 33-35 Napmka— A Prohibition Town 68-65 35-38 Arrival at Winnipeg - 65-67 38 Ontario Farmers Interviewed 67 39-40 How Canadian Cattle are Shipped 67-69 41-54 Conclusion of the Tour 69-70 55-5C PART III. DUNDEE WEEKLY NEWS AGRICULTURAL COMMISSIONER'S REPORT. Crofters in Canada Agriculture in Illinois Over the Rockies From Winnipeg to Vancouver The Chicago Stockyards PAGE 1 Among Alberta Ranches PAGE 8 2 In Edmonton District S 3 In and around Regina 10 4 Brandon and its Environs 11 6 Brandon to Montreal - 12 FAoa 66 57-68 58-69 59-63 63-65 65-67 67 67-69 69-70 REPORT. FAOB 8 9 10 11 12 CLASSIFIED INDEX. Administration Buildingr, World's Pair, 68 Agricultural Bulldinsr, World's Fair, a ; Representative, 8-7 ; Macliinery, 47. American---Federation of Labour, 134 ; National Game, 128. Newspapers— Toronto, 82; Cliiong.), 74; Pitts- burg, 90 ; Pliiiadelpliia, 123 ; New York, 150. Army, loa ; Army and Navy Department, 112 ; How to Become Naturalised, 136; Climate, 141. Anchor Line Steamer Anehoria, 101. Announcements, 1, 14. Art Palace, World's Fair, 08. Audit >rinm Building, Cliicago, 70. Baiters' Hours and Wages, 132. Baldwin's Locomotive Woriss, Phlladelpliin, 128. Baltimore and Oliio Kailroad, 77, 98. Bartlioldi's Statue of Liberty, 155, 102. Bennett, Ebeiiezer, Engineering Representative 7. Bessemer, Edgar Tiiomson, Steelworks, 82. Board of Trade, Cliicago, 61. Books and Bookbinding, 18. Boot and Shoe Makers— Wages in Chicago, 5( Bowery, New York, 100. Bromley & Son's, Cai-pet Wea/ers, Philadelphia, 129 Brooklyn Bridge, 144 ; Pratt Institute, 144, 159 Brown, David, Itepreaentative of Shipbuilding Trades 1" Brussels Carpet Weaving, 129. Building Societies -Pittsburg, 97 ; Philadelphia, 122. Building Trades and Buildings-Trades Bepresentativ» 9 ; Ontario Parliament, 29 ; Toronto Municipal, 29 ■ Wages, Toronto, 30 ; Building Materials at World's Fair, 43; Beraoving Buildings, 59; Chicago Build- ings, 09 ; Fireproof Construction, 71 ; Stonecutters' Wages, Pittsbuig, 89 ; Pittsburg Bnihtlnge, 89 ; Phila- delphia Buildings, 116; Wages in Philadelphia, 130. Cabinet-Making and Allied Trades— Representative 9 • Wages in Toronto, 31 ; World's Fair Kxhiblt, '41 •' Wages in Chicago, 74 ; Philadelpliia, 118 ; New York' 148. ' Caledonian Club, Philadelphia, 127. Canadbn Paoif Railway Workshops, 25. Canada— Montreal, 25 ; Toronto, 20 ; Niagara 33 • Journey to Nova Scotia, 141 ; New Glasgow, 143 •' North Sydney Mines, 140; Workmen's Houses, 153' „ ,"o'o" County, 153 ; Londondeiiy, 154; Ti-enton, 154' Carbon Steel Works, Pittsburg, 84. ""o", iJ». ''"°80*9l' ■^"''"" (Carnegie, Phippe, & Co., Homestead), Carpenters- Wages, 32-35-74; United Brotherhood, 74- Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, 117. ' ' Carpet Weaving— 129. Cars- Tram and Cable— Pittsburg, 92. Child Labour in America, 141. Chicago and the World's Fair, 85.48,54-77; Fire Brigade, 60; Educational System, 57; Public Health, 00 Water Supply and Drainage, 01 ; Markets, 01 ; Muni- cipal Government, 62 ; Libraries, 02 ; Dark Side of, 62; Police System, 66 ; Relief of Poor, 07 • Chamber of Commerce, 60; Jkrald Office, 74' Chicago to Pittsburg, 77-80. ' ' Chinese Quarters— Chicago, 63 ; New York, 159, Citizen —How to Become an American, 136. Climato of America, 141. Clothing and Food-Chicago, 66 ; Pitteburg, 85 ; M'Kees- port, 95; Philadelphia. 112; New York, HO/uf- Holyoke, 152 ; Nova Scotia, 153 ; New Brunswick,' Columbus Caravel, 17-40. Commerce of New York, 141. Compositors' Wages in Chicago, 76. Conclusions of Delegates, 164. Conductor of the Tour-Portrait and Sketch, 14 ; Testi- mony to Delegates' Ability, 165. Cooper Institute, New York, 148. Cramp^ft Sons, Limited, Wm., Shipbuilders, Philadelphia, Crime in New York, 134. tonsing the AtlanUo-Outward, 20 ; Homeward. 161 ^t^r«;"N:w^Yo'riri48^"r''' ^'""''' *'"'' '^^'''• Delet^tea-Skotohesand Portraits, fl-14; Combined Report, Department of Labour, Washington, 110. Departure of the Expedition, 1& Dolphin Juto Mills, Paterson, 189. Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, 114. Dry Goods Houses— Marshall, Field, & Co., Chloaeo 7B- Campbell & Dick, Pittsburg, 96. ' ^"'™80. 76 . Dundee-Siiccessfiil Dundonians, 20, 32 ; a Dundee Man's ?n mi n= ^^"' C*' "6. Fire Brigades— Toronto, 26; Chicago, 60; New Y rk iso Fisheries Building, World's Fair, 45. ' ' ""• Food and Clothing-Chicago, 56 ; PitUbiirg, 85 ; M'Kees port, 95; Philadelphia, 112; New York i?n. Holyoke 152; Nov.r Scilia, 153 ; srjoT.n'B,' N,B,; Free Trade and Protoction, 55. Free Lunch System, 158. Freemasonry in the States, 94 ; Masonic Temple, Chicagc, Furniture— World's Pair Exhibit, 41 • Offlp« .inH r ■ ^ 78 ; Trade in New York, 148.51, ' "* "'"' "'' Games— Baseball, 128, Gambling in tlie Chinese Quarter, 08. Girard College, Philadelphia, 120. Giasgow-A Native of-Dr M'Alister, Philadelnhla 114 Grand Central Depot, New York, 161. ""»'P°«' »"• Grand Trunk Railway Workshops, Toronto 20 Harper's Ferry, 98-9. ' Health Department, Chicago, 60, 65. High License. (See Licensing.) Holyoke Paper Mills, 151-2. Homestead Steel Works, 80. Horticulture at the World's Fair, 42. Houses— Rents in Toronto, 81 ; Chicago lin ■ pi««.k„ 84; SI'Keesport,95; Philadelpl ™f?'u • •n^"%^°1' „„ "0; Holyoke, 152 ; Nova Scotia, 153, ' * ^"^• Illinois Liquor Laws, 58. Impressions of Deleftates, Combined Report, 164-06 Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 115 ' lona, Thomson Line Steamer, 17. r2°''c'ar'l!„=n f J^r ^''T'°° s'eel ivJrVs,"^^^^^^ gf^s^^a-i^i-fifrfcoujpi; T'"."''5Mr^"^*i,°K-^°"™»-CI'icago, 65 ; New York iio Juto Mills and Factories, 129, ISoTlso ' "• "''• Keeley Cure for Drunkenness, 58. Knights of Labour, 115. Krupp Gun Exhibit at World's Fair 89 Labour— Leader's interviewed, 80, 94'- Dfli>«rf ....>.> < no; American Pederatlon'of. 34 ; 'child 14^*°' "'' Lam^p-Globo Making (George A. ' Macbe?,!";?' ^I'j. Rtta. Law and Order Society, Pittsburg, 88. Leather Exhibits, World's Fair, 48 Legislature— United States, 100 • ' Th« ni.i. t ... 102 ; Judicial SystemVl02. ' I*Kl»l«tor8, T.lhrnries — !>■*''"-"* — 1^.™. __ - Llc-ensi„g-T;rfnto,"29V IlliS!' Sj 'penty&'a's'- Philadelphia, 118 ; New GlMgow, j^l"'"'"'*"". 88 ; liincoln— Scene of President's death. 108 ' Loooiuotlveand Car Builders. (See Baliwav..! Lodging.HouMS-Italtan, Chicago, 65. '*' vi. CLASSIFIED l^DEX-Continued. LogM, Thomaa, Representative of Cabinet-Making and FurniahlDg Trades. * ^ndonderry (Nova Scotia) Rolling Mills, 154. Machinery Hall, World's Fair, 46, 68. Manhattan Blerated Railways, New York, 182. Hanjille Spinning Company, Providence, 130. MarkeU-Clilcago Grain and Provision, 01 : Centre Market, Wa-.hington, 108. Marshall, Field, & Co., Chicago, 76. Masonic Temple, Chicago, 70. Mechanical Industties-ltepresentatives, 7, IS. (See Iron and Steel Workers.) Merchants' Manufacturing Company, Fall River, 188. Mining-Representative, 8; Mining Building at World's Fair, 86 j Mining Machinery, 73 ; Htan.tard Mines, Mount Pleasant, Pa., 98 ; United States Mine Regulal M. ,,"';?^j£°'''^ Sydney Mines, (Jape Breton, 146. Mini, Li'ited States, 114. M-Keesport-Cost of Living, 95 ; ATyplcal Working Man's nouse, 95. Montreal-Arrival at^ 24 ; Victoria Bridge, 25 ; Canadian xt . n1° Bayw.WorkBhopB, i!5.26 ; C.P. R. Station, H2. i Mnlr, Robert A., Mining Representative, 8 Municipal Government— Chicngo, 62 ; New York, 160 Murray, James, Conductor of the Tour, 14; Testliuonv to Delegfrtee' Ability, 165. '' Naturalisa ion— Form of Declaration, 1C6. Natural Gns as Fuel, 81. Naval Kxhibite, World's Pair, 40 ; United States Navy, 112. Negroes— Sunday Services, 86. Newspaper Offlcea-Toronto, 32 ; Chicago, 74 ; Pitteburg. 96 ; Philadelphia, 123 ; New York, 159. New Brunswick— St John, 156. New York-Delegates' Arrival, 180; Police, 180; Working Mens School, 131; Elevated Railroad, 182; Cigar- Making, 182 ; Bakers' Hours and Wages, 132 ; Tombs Police Court, 183 ; Crime, 184 ; American Federation of Labour, 184 ; St Andrew's Society, 135 ; Fire Brigade, 139 ; Cost of Living, 140 ; Climate, 141 • Commerce, 141 ; Cooper Institute, 148 ; Furniture Trade, 148 ; Harbour, 155 ; Riverside Park, 157 • Central Park, 158 ; Free Lunch System, 158 ; Wall Street, 159 ; World Office, 169 ; Italian and Chinese Quarters, 169; The Bowery, 160; Munioi|ial Govern- ment, 1110 ; Grami Central Depot, IBl : The Butterv 162 ; Statue of Liberty, 162. ' "'""'?■ Niagara— Delegate- at, 19, 32-4. North Sidney Mines, Nova Scotia, 148. Nova Scotia— Journey to, 141 ; New Glasgow, 142 ; Tem- perance Question, 143; North Sydney Mirie.i, 146; Workmen 8 Houses, 163 ; Pictoii County, 153 ; Acadia Mine, 163 ; Londonderry Boiling Mills, 164 ; Trenton Steel Works, 164 ; Nova Sootia as a Mining Centre, Oil Wells, Pittoburg, 85. Opium Dens, Chiongo, 63. Orange— Bdlson's Laboratory, ISO ; Machine Shop, 137 : Career of the Great Inventor, 137. Osier, Andrew, Agricultural Commissioner of the Dundee Courier— Poitidilt and Biographical Sketch, 7. Papermakers— Representative, U; Ningara Works. 85- World 8 Fair Bxhibit, 39; Hol^oke Mills, 151. Parks-Pnblic— Philadelphia, 126 ; New York, 167. Patent Laws of United States, 103. Fennfcylvania School of Industrial Art, Philadelphin, U9 • PennsylvaniaRailwayStition, Philadelphia, 128. Pension System— United States, 108. Philadelphia- Mr Logan's Impressions, 111 ; Cost of Food, Clothing, &c., 112; Cramp's Shipyard, 112; Drexel Institute, 114; The Mint, 114; Knights of Labour. 116; City Hall, 116; Carpenters' Hall, 117; Poet >./aioe, 118 ; Publlo Libraries, 118 ; High License System, 118; Cabinetmakers, 119; Wood- carvers, 119 ; Educational Institutions, 119 ; Building Societies, 122 ; Newspapers, 123 ; Sunday Observance, 124 ; Caledonian Club, 127 ; Washington Monument, 127 ; Baseball described, 128; Pennsylvania Railway Station, 128 ; Baldwin's Locomotive Works. 128 • Factories, 129 ; Stonecutters' Wages, 180. Pierce College of Shorthand, Philadelphia, 121. Fitoalrn, Robert, Pittsburg, 91. Pittabnrg— Journey to, 77 ; General Features of, 80 ; Home- stead Works, 80; ICdgar Thomson Steel Works, 82; Carbon Steel Works, 84 ; Standard of Living, 84 Westinghousa Electric Works, 85 ; Oil Wells, 85; Post Office, 88 ; Buildings, 89 ; Weynian Brothers' Tobacco Factory, 96 ; Campbell & Dick's Dry Goods House 96 ; Newspapers, 96 ; Dollar Savings Bank, 97 ; A Pnmilat. Riiil.ll*.» a....l..._ nf . r» a * --! --( i^..i»g .»....», *^ ... J .'.■|.-'it;tirr irtim, ys. Police SvBtams— Chicago, 66 ; Pinkerton'a Detectives, 67 • New York, 180 ; TomU Police Court, New York, 188. Fortralto-Delegates, 6-14; Captain Cummings, 20; Mr King, ohlef officer, s.s. lona, 22 ; George M. Pnllman, n'/^STT ^i^^Kie, 01; Robert Pitcairn, 91 H. 0. Frick, 93; John Wanamaker, 125; D. L Anderson, 126; Judge Martin, 138; S. Gompem, ?o.?„ ^t"A'°1'''" ^^"n"' 13*; I'homns A Bduon. 137-9 ; J. B. Lennon, 148. Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, 144. Piesentfition of Gold Medals to Delegates, 107. Printing-Mnchinery, 46; Bureau of Printing and Offl»**lof ^""'''"S'""' ^^ ' Government PrlnUng Prohibition— New Glasgow, 143. Protection v. Free Trade, 54. Pullman City Visited, 49-54. Quadruple Printing Presses- 16, 46, 76. Quaker City. (See Phiiiidelphia.) Railways— Representative of Servants, 12, 13 • C P R Workshops, 25 ; Grand Trunk Railway Workshops! 26; Wages, 34; Transportation Building, World's f«"' ^ ;.,^'>»'«''' Engine in the World, 43 ; Chicago, 58; Railway Car Couplings, 76; An Eventful Journey, 77; Pittsburg Locomotive and Car Works. 90 ; Westinghouse Air Brake Company, 90 ; Wages iii Pennsylvania, 97 ; liiildwin Locomotive Works, 128 ; A Journey on a Locomotive, 120 ; Elevated Railways, }? •aP'xt''^ Signalling System, 143 ; Grand Central Depat, New York, 161. Renta-'l'oronto, 81 ; Chicago, 56 ; Pittoburg, 84 ; Phila. delpliia, 111; New York, 140; Holyoke, 152; Nova Scotia, 153. Report— Delegates Combined— 164. Reunion of Delegates— 167. Salesmen and Saleswomen, Wages of, 96. Savings Bank— Dollar Bank, Pittsburg, 97. .Scotsmen-Chicago, 77; Pittsburg, 91; Philadelphia, o "l'P7; New York, 186, 149; Holyoke, 151, 152: Scottish SMieties-Pittsburg, 92 ; Caledonian Club, Phil. adelphiii, 127 ; St Andrew's Society, New York, 135. Scott Act (Canada). 148. Selection of Representatives— D. C. Thomson's Letter. 6 : Voting, 6-14. ' ' Shipbuilding — Trades Representative, 11 ; Wuges in VI. Cramp s, Philadelphia, 112; Premium System, 113. ."-hoeblacbs Union, 94. Shorthand and iVpewiiting, 71, 121. Sinclair, John, Representative of Building Trades. 9. Slums, ChioaijO, 62. Smith, Mungo, Representative of Textile Industries 10 Smith, William, Representative of Papermakers, II. Smithsonian Institute, Washington, 105. Soldiers' Monument, Philadelphia, 120. St Lawrence River, 24. St Andrew's Society, New York, 135. Standard Mines, Mount Pleasjint, 93. Star Crescent Mill, Pliiladelpliin, 129. Statue of Liberty, New York, 155. Steel and Iron— Representative of Workers, 18; World's Pair Exhibits, 88; Illinois Steel Co., 72; Homestead Works, 80; Edgar Thomson Works, Bessemer, 82: Carbon Works, Pittsburg, 84 ; Work and W..ge9 in Nova Scotia, 154 ; St John, New Brunswick, 156. Strike, The Great Homestead, 82. Sunday-In Pittsburg, 86 ; Sunday Closing, 88 ; In Phila- delphia, 124; A Model S. School, 124; In the Parke. 124 Sweating m Tailor Trade, 147. Sykes Bros., Manufacturers, Phlladeluhia, 129. Tailor Trade, 81,147. Tammany Hall, 160. TavilfLaws, 54. Taylor, James, Agricultural Representative, 6. Temperance. (See Licensing.) Textile Industries-Representative, 10; Philadelphia Factories, 129 ; Brussels Carpet Weaving, 129 ; Fall River and Providence Factories, 138. Thomson, D. , Letter on the Selection of Representa- tives, 6. Tin Plate Industrv, 39. Tobacco Factory, In a Pittsburg, 96. Tombs Police Court, New York, 133. Toronto— Grand Trunk Engine Shop, 26; Arrival at, 26, Electric Light, 26; Fire Alarm System, 27; Bduca- tion, 27 ; Licensing, 29 ; Buildings, 29; Y.M.O.A. and Y.W.C.A., 80; Labour Questions, 81 ; House tUnti and Living, 81 ; Furniture Trade, 81 ; Carpenters Wages, 32 ; Newspaiwr Offices, 32. Trades Represented by Delegates, 14. Trades Unions— United Carpcntars' Brotherhood, 74: Stonecutters' Aaauchitinn, Ru ; Shoeblack!' Uslss 91 ■ Knighto of Labour, 115; American Federatlon'o^ Labour, 134; Tailors' Union, '47; IntematioiUkl Woodcarvers' Association, 160. Tram and Ciible Care, Pittsburg, 92. Trenton (Nova Scotia) Steelworlts, 154. ijfpewtting M.aliinea— Wages of OiMriitiTMi bo Typemaking Exhibit, World'a Fair 46 ' ^yP^wfl'Ing and Siiortliand, 71, 121. Navy loa~^?l'.'''^«' ^°"'>''' J^"''- ■»« ! Army, lOfl ; fnsV'n^"?' "2; QcTetnment, 100; Patent Laws 85?Un!?7orS!Stir4""""» °""''' ""' ^"■"'O" Uphohtery and Allied Trades-Representative. 9- loronto, 31 i World's Pair Kxhibit,'^41; Ne" York,' Vanderbilt Mansion, New York. 149 V ctona Bridge, Montreal, 25. Viking Ship, 17. Voting for ICIection of Deleeates, 2-14 Voyage Out, 20 ; Homeward Uound, 161. Siikf™ 8?" i?n i P°°' "T' ^''™ »'»""•'• fi6 : Cabinet. 00 las'- r»l^ Ca''P^°'*"',»2' S'^' ": C'ubuilders, wo, 128, Carpet Weavers, 129; Cigarmakeis. 182- Compositors, 76; Kngiavere and Printora 105 • Fao." norners, 7^ 81, 83, 84, 154, 156 ; Jute Workers 140 • Locomotive and Carbuilders, 90 128 ; Mine™ M 147 ^ P«p«makers, 85, 151-2; Policemen. (HJ.So^Pri'nttri ?82-'^Sirrth«'nrt"'^/ BailwayServlmt; 26^,66%, i»^, Shorthand Clerks and Typewriters 71- Hteei and Iron Workers, 72. 81, 83, 84, 154, 15™'; Salesmen Han,£" 140°Tfn' "^ ;* ""ipbuild'ers, 'll2 ; ' Si?k Mm wSSd'cirvtrs', mrisr"''"' ''"= ^'o"' "• '" • Wall Street, New York, 159. Wanamaker, John, United States ex-Postmaster-General, CLASSIFIED INDEX-Continufd. vii. Washington Monument, Philadelphia, 1J7. Washington-Jouiney to, 98; The Capitol, DO; WhiU House 102; Supreme Court, 108; (Sovemmen*. IM • Patent Office l«3; Bureau 'of Printing ?BdKn^T: i,'^'..'°*=..J''*'"""^y Building, 105; Government Printing Office, 105; Smithi^'nian Institute""?"- Navy Yard, 106; Pension Office, 107; Swne of m "uTofTabourTm ""' "-""""•'^ »09 ; Depart. Westinghouse Electric Works, Pittsburg, 85 Women's Ruilding World's Fair, 46, 09 ; Temple, Chicago 58 , Christian Temperance Union, Chicago, 67. * Woodcarvers— Wages in New York. 148. 161 ^"B.HiH?i'~»«**Si' "'"' *''""• 88; Mi"" and Mining r„J «»*'■' ^S. vT;?''»P'"t«tion Buildings, 87, 43 ; Iron and Steel Exhibits, 38 ; Knipp Gun, 89 ; Tinplato fni, 4^-"fa„1i Hoj'ioult.'re, 42; Electrical B'nild.' i^^^V i?^'l^'t"^8Mateiials,4a; Msheriea Building. wiJ""'?.*^?,''/''*' *^' United States Building, 46- Women's Building, 46, 69; Printing and Printing Machinery, 46; Ferris Wheel, 46; AgricuUural Machine^, 47; Leather Exhib t, 48; Books and Bookbinding, 48; Mr Lug.n's Firs't I,uprejL?on., 67- ^8'';'"lTir:,r,6^8""'""«' ''• *""'>'--^ «»"«»'"«. w^I^t-"*' «°°> |fo«|)«ct» in America. 54. Working Man's School, New York. 181 Wright, Carroll D., Commissioner of Labour, Washington, Y.M.C.A., Toronto, 80. Y.W.O.A., Toronto, 30. vou;fl2e.°"'°*^'°'"'''' ^~'**' °' OhristiaD Endaa- ison's Letter, 6 ; PART II. at Repreaenta- DUNDEE COURIER SPECIAL AGRICULTURAL COMMISSIONER'S REPORT. rdefill'ii. T.nivl 11'vnA%.:».-_i.i TTi _- Aberdeen's, Lord, Experimental Farms, 22, Aberdeen Angus Cattle, 44, 62. 66? '"'~'^'™' * : IntendiDg Settlers, 22, 88, 42, 48, Agric,,lture-On St Lawrence, 2 ; Ontario, 3 ; Ohio and Indiana, a; World's Fair Building i'?; Products of 25-'RS„nH'v??°^™'„"'; P'"« Of British CoUmb^' ^, Jis?^"fflri'ilt'69^'"'*'' «»= ^^-"tonT^^*; Alberta and its Ranches, 30.37. '!S'!"Sr"°"P'' } '• Americans Settling in Canada A„.,12V.^5^P*'"»°' Agriculture. 69. ^ "* ■ * ?i" Py'l'M— A Herd of Pure. 6i Anthracite Coal Mines. 12 Armour & Co,. Chicago, 10. BMrI;"RtJ'g™%7°"'"""^' ' • «<""«"""»'. «»• Beaver Dams, 61. S'^'l°9,°'"' "* Environs. 69. ^ndn.°trT?^i;?i''"?'''= C'aracterlstlos, 20 ; Lumber Buffaloes, 66. |Kti^gT:r^ti!i?n?f '°° ^"o ■^-''' ««• Calgary and Distriorso. Campbell, Mr and Mrs Donald. Montreal M Canadian Colonisation 00.765 '"°""™^' ^■ Si;i"'«'^i"!k. 20 ; Hotel Experience at, 28. Chinese Labour, 24. ' Chnroh, North. West Farmers at, 49. EdLn,^t''46""""'"'"' '«=«""«'' Columbia. 20 »/dVan?t^'*"'"'<''^'"M6. *"T37tS'n?i,l^''" '""' """"■»' " ' »""<'■'♦<•". «. ''''''irr."^~^'»"'*v^'"''*'» *'«'■'•. <; Alberta Ranches 82- flirBrh-errcK^^^^ Engine-Dnver King, Charles OarJey 'le for, 28. * ' ' ™' Honses, 60; Demand S^*"^*^!"' *° North. West. 69. t arms-Experimental, 22, 67, 68, 68; A Troio») ifl- Fif»"*°n'"M"E?'™''^2; Onta/io.OT. "^ ***' **' F|'e A, Bailie Nicol Jarvie, 61. Fisheries, British Columbia, 21. Four-Milling-EdniontonCo., 64: Brandon 62 Flowera snd Fruits, 46 47 "■•buoh, oi. Fraser C.inon, 17 ; River, 19. Freight Rates, 87, 63, 68. Galloway Cuttle, 44. Game, 26, 29, 52, 62. Gilrmh, Andrew, Rookford, 9. Go'l3'??rpe'c^„tT'"'''""''"- Great Britain at the World's Pair. 8. Great Divide, The, 16. ' Hnll!}!!l°'lV *1?J°'"! *"<"■' Saskatchewan, 48, 70 Holiday-Making in the West. 61. CLASSIFIED INDEX— Contimwrf. Homeatflada and Towniliips, 27, S2, S3. Homeward Journey, 61. Horses— Wild, 25 ; Breeding, 81, 82, 45, 50. Houses, Farm Servants', 60. Hoover Potato Digger, 6. Immigmnts' Lodtring-HouMg, 55. Impressions, Mr Osier's, 69. Indians, 10, 11, 88, 40, 4*, 40, 67, and Horse Racing, 66. lona, On Board s.s., 07. Kioking Horse Pass, 17. Kincardineshire A, Man's Banche, 81. Kirriemarians, Meetings witli, 9, 68. Labourers, Demand for, 23. Lipton's Mammoth Cheese, 8. Lost on the Hilla, 62. Lumber Trade, 18, 20, 80, 48, 50. Macleod Ranching District, 83. Massey, Harris, & Co., Montreal, 2 ; World's Pair, 6. Menonite Settlement, 64. Minerals in the North- West, 21, 44, 51. Montreal— Arrival at, 2 ; Return to, Oii. Mount Stephen, 17. Napinka ; A Prohibition Town, 62. New Westminstor, 28. North- West Territories, 26-65. Oatmeal Mills, Brandon, 62. Ontario— Crops in, 8 ; Chats witli Farmers, 07. Ottawa, Agriculture Round, 66. Pasture— At Qucn Ranche, 36 : Sheep, 60. Pilot Mound, 64. Plant Diseases, 25. Pleuro-Pneumonia— The Alleged, among Canadian Cuttle «f 1a, 10) 31* Port Arthur, Lake Superior, 65, Police, Mounted, 18, 29, 48. Postal System, 29. Potato Culture, 48. Prairie— A Drive over the, 51 ; A Pioiiic on, 46. Prices of Poultry, Stock, and Agricultural Produce. 20. 24, 60. ' Prohibition Town, Napinka, A., 08. Quorn Ranche, 85. Railways, Canadian, 88. Ranches- UlbowPark, 81 ; A Kincardineshire Man's, 81 : Hacleod District, 88; Quorn, 85; How they are Managed, 87; Black Mnd Ranche, SO. Red Deer County, 88. Red Indians, Among the, 0, 15. Regina and its Surroundings, S6. Restrictions, Canadian Cattle, 2, 12-15, 81. Rob Roy at Brandon, 61. Roads in the North-West, 29, 45, 60. Rocky Mountains, 11, 15-19, 20, 80. Selkirk Mountain Range, 17. Sheep Poature, 50. Sioux Indians, 10. Snakes, Non-Poisonous, 52. Sport, 25, 29, 52, 82. St Albeit Village, 46. St Andrew's Home, Montreal, 06. Stock-Riiising, 22, 24, 20, 54. Sudbury, 66. Sutherlandshire Scotsman, A,, 42, Threshing-Machines, 7, 63, 58. Toronto, Arrival in, 2. Townships and Homesteads, 27. Union Stooliyards, Chicago, 9. University Degrees, 30. Venison, A Good Supply of, 25. Victoria, British Columbia, 23, 24. Wages— Cowboys, 36 ; Farm Servants, 28, 47, 60. Wheat-Growing, 47, 60. Windmills— World's Fair, 9 ; Near Brandon, 63. Winnipeg, Driving Round, 66. Wolves, 25. World's Fair— Dairy Buildings, 6 ; Agricultural Building, 5 ; Massey, Harris, & Co., 5 ; Kemp & Burkee, Syracuse, 5 ; Illoover Potato Digger, 6 ; Agricultural Products, 7 ; Lipton's Mammoth Cheese, 8. Tale, 18. PART III. DUNDEE WEEKLY NEWS AGRICULTURAL COMMISSIONER'S REPORT. Aberdonian, A Successful, 8. Agrioalture— Implements, 1 ; In Quebec and Ontario, 1 ; Illinois, 2. Alberta Ranches, Among, 8. Albert Oanon, 6. Armour & Oo.'s Faoking-Honse?, Chicago, 6. " Billy, the Bunco Steer," 8. Black Canon, 5. Brandon Kxperimental Farm, 11 ; to Montreal, 12. Calgary, 4, 8. Ciumore, 4. Canned Meat— Armour & Co.'s Establishment, 7. Chicago- M'Cormlck Harvesting Machine Works, 2 ; In the Stockyards, 6. Clothing and Food, Coat of, 8, 11. Crofters in Canada, 1. Ban Claire and Bow River Lumber Co., 8. Bdmonton, 8. Elbow Park Ranche, 8. Experimental Farms, 11. Extract of Baef, Armour's, 8. Farming in Canada, 1,2; Illinois, 2 ; Alberta Ranches, 8 ; Experimental, II. Farm Servants, A Scarcity of, 9, 11. Food and Clothing, Cost of, 3, 11. Frater Oanon, 6. Goldseeking near Edmonton, 9. Oovemment Homesteading Regulations, 10 ; and Timber- ontting, 10 ; Experimental Farms, 11, Granite Falls, Minnesota, 2. Homesteading Regulations, 10. Illinois, Agriculture in, 2. Indian Head, Experimental Farm at, 11. Kananaskis, 4. Loops, The, 6. M'Cormlck Harvesting Machine Works, 2. Massey, Harris, & Co., Toronto, 1. Montreal, A-vival at, 1. Mount Hector, 4. Mount Stephen, 4. North West Trading Co. , 8. Ontario, Agriculture in, 2. Ploughmen's Wages, 2, 9. Prairie, Breaking the, 9. Quebec, Farming in, 1, Ranches, Alberta, 8. Regina, Crops near, 10. Rockies, Over the, 8-6. Sandison Farm, Brandon, 11, Timber-Cutting, 10. Toronto, Agriculture n -,r, 1 ; Massey, Harris, & Co.'s Works, 1. Vancouver, Journey to, 4, 0. Wages— In Massey, Harris, & Co.'s Works, 1 ; M'Corraiek Harvesting Machine Works, 2 ; Ploughmen's Wages, Winnipeg to Vancouver, 4. ioealilre Han's, 81 ; 13 ; How tbejr ara 50. 81. 28, 47, 60. idoD, 63. cultiirAl Building, lemp & Burkee, r, 6 ; Agricultural leese, 8, REPORT. Harris, & Oo.'g a, 1; M'Cormiek iglimen's Wages, A DUN "INI The fo. W. ARTISAN EXPEDITION TO THB WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO, ORGANISED BY THB DUNDEE COURIER AND THE DUNDEE WEEKLY NEWS, ■>i» M " A TOUR OF OBSERVATION, TO GET " INFORMATION REGARDING THE CONDITIONS OF THE AMERICAN Wage-Earners. How they Live. What kind of Houses THEV HAVE. WHAT HoURS THEY WORK, WHAT LEISURE THEY ENJOY. WHAT KIND OF FoOD THEY GET. &c."-(Mk D. C. Thomson's Letter, 27th April.) TRIP TO THE PACIFIC. ne f^^Jjf'^^es contain a full account of the objects of the E:^ectltlon, the metho. a^ptedtn selecttng representatives, and sketches of the successful candidates. DUNDKK ; W. & D. 0. Thomson. "Dcndeb Coubibb" and "Dunmbb Webklt Nbws" Offiobb. 1888. The first announcement regarding the Expedition, of which a reprint is attached was made on the i8th of March, and it was hoped the selection of members might be completed in a few weeks, but owing to the unexpectedly large influx of nominations- over 25cx)-the enormous vote in both ballots, and the great interest in the scheme manifested by the public in the shape of letters of suggestion, every one of which received careful consideration, it was quite impossible to arrive at the choice of members before 27th May. Probably there has never been before an election in which there were so many candidates. In a general election there is not half that number. While the method of selection has entailed on the staff of the paper a large amount of extra labour, we have the satisfaction of knowing that the members of the Expedition are thoroughly re^ esentative men, and it is questionable whether a better system could be hit on to choose men who would have the confidence of fellow-workers than by organising the matter through the columns of a great paper like the iVeei/y News, with its 250000 copies a week circulating not only all over Scotland but over large parts of England and Ireland. ':» It will be obienred that a very important announoement is made regarding the Weekly Newt Workingmen's Tour in America, in the reprint from that paper of the 10th June. The result of the inquiries at present being made in America by Mr Frederick Thomson as to how to make the most of the opportunities that can be brought witliin the reach of the Expedition is that it ha» been decided to send a detachment of the members across the whole extent of the Amnrioan Continent to Van- couver on the Pacific Coast. People accustomed to reckon the length of the railway journeys by travelling in this country can form no conception of the enormous distance by a continuous route that must be traversed befoie Vancouver can be reached. Tlie actual distance by rail from Montreal is 2906 miles, and the time required for the run from east to west is six days. Anyone who wishes to form some idea of the space that has to be covered should get the map and see what a railway journey from Dundee, Edinburgh, or Glasgow, for instance, to any point of the compass 6000 miles distant would mean. Eastward it would bring you to the capital of China ; holding southwest land you near the River Plate ; southward set you down at the Cape of Good Hope ; and if the route curved away to the south-east set your feet in the centre of our Indian Empire. The poet's conception of what were the extremes of the universe is expressed in a well-known couplet, but the journey to be undertaken by members of our Expedition, it will bo observed, is equal to a trip either to Oliina or Peru. This important development is an evidence that the proprietors of the WeeM;, News are open to conside every proposal that seems calculated in any way to promote the success of the Expedition, or add to the comfort and pleasure of the members. In this direction they are fortunate in having the advice and assistance of many well-wishers on both sides of the Atlantic, so that the facilities which the members will have affoided them will be of an exceptionally favourable kind. DUNDEE WEEKLY NEWS WORKINGMEN8 EXPEDITION WORLDS FAIR, CHICAGO. A TOUR OF OBSERVATION. (Pr Igment of readers it nothing of the ! will be put to the cannot go he can ittompt, and those of their particular edge of the latest that end by their in the way of any tage of our offer, ia in case it may ling this important th great pleasure, -operation of our {ing our proposal day concern. Wo on to send it n, 3en foreseen, and nion, will be fully !d unless on the Friends on same village or town, in one envelope, erd of the Weekl]/ in next week, but idate may send in form, signed by to Go r^garclinv their joined form muat ekly Newt OfBoe 1 i TO THE READERS. ON THE SELECTION OF REPUESENTATiVFS (From Weekly Nm:i of April 2ilth.) It )ia« been suggostod that n word or ( wo from me at this sMge of the election of ruprosontatives might not be inopportune. At the time of writing it is imposBiblo to name even one man who will bo in the first leot, but judging from the names of men who stand high by the votes already in, the readers arc showing that thuy are titking an earnest and intelligent intoroat in promoting the election of delegates who will be not only a credit to themselves 'ut to the wage-earners of this country. Everyone who has the welfare of the people of this country at heart must be anxious to see the right men chosen. The sum which the lixpedition will cost this paper will be very large— nothing on such a acile has ever been attempted before by private entorprise— but that sum will be small as compared with the monetary advantage which should accrue to the wage-earners of this country if, through having the right men, we are enabled to carry the scheme to a suooe&nful issue. If through the information got by the delegaws the readers of the papers should benefit to the extent of only a pound each it would mean pn increase in the wealth of the country of over a millicjii sterling ! This country is now passing through a period of groat industrial depression, and many workers are feeling the brunt of it. If !„.'",?'/l ^^^- '"i°''™'»"on got, any means could be arrived at for dispelling or even decreasing this depression, which is now sapping every industry in the land, the advantages would be incalculable, the workers would get bettor wagec, the unem- ployed would get employment, thousands now face to face with starvation might get the means of subsistence for themselves, their wives, and families. Apart from this r«J!r^i? tu*"^*' .*.'"^ """"y- Information regarding the conditions of the American wage-earners how they live, what k-nd of nouses they have, what hours they work, what leisure they enjoy, what kind of food they get, should help our people to compare the respective conditions of the two peoples divided by the Atlantic and should point^ to the direction and show on what lines im- provemente on this side might bo effected ttJ'"^. i*'*''^'^" ^"'^ ^° increLe the health and happiness of the people cannot bo measured m money fh?^' ""j-^ ^° supp. .od that immediately the Expedition returns from America this country 18 suddenly to be changed into an I'topia. Progress is often of slow growth. Ihe aporn does not grow into the oak in a flay, but any man who gives the matter a few minutes soiious consideration will readily see that reliable information on the con- ditions of our kin beyond the sea must bo invaluable, and that, wlmtevor drawbacks there may be to lifo in America, with such a go-a-hoad people as the Americans, there must bo many methot'i and institu' tions, the mt; oduction of which would benefit our country. With this fully in view, every the choice reader will realise that delegates is a matter of the utmost im portanoe. It should not bo made in anv Jiaph. zard way. Even a single vote wrongly oast may cause a serious loss to the waM- earners, should it aid any one but a right man to go. No one should record his vote before first reading carefully every line ooii- oerning the Expedition. lam satisfied that the great majority of the readers are fully alive to this, but I have before me complainta which I think call for mention. One is that the oomplainer has been asked to vote for a man who wishes to cross the Atlantic with the Expedition, and then desert it without sending the slightest report home, or returning communicate to his friends and fellow-workers the informa- tion ho has gleaned in America. The other IS that one party who is a candidate would require an attendant to look after him. I think there is little occasion for fear of any such men getting on the short leet if the readers will vote for steady, respectable men who are tnoroughly competent to enquire and report, and who will return to give the beneht of their investigations to tha people who elect them. In any case no candidate who >~ successful in the balloting, and can show that he ia qualified, will have any hesitation in furnishing si-oh information as to his record as will satisfy us. Meantime, while pushing on the arrangemente with all possible speed, I may express the hope that every reader will vote conscientiously, and counsel hia friends and neighbours to do the same, so that there may be no nooftisity for our intervention against anyone ; and, if the results of the Expedi- tion are as beneficial to this country as I anticipate, I shall consider the proiect amnlv juscincd, and look back to its conception and carrying out with the greatest pleasure and satisfaction. D. C. Thomson. Ihrndft Courier and Dundre Wffkly News \ THE MEN Er.E(TED. SKETCH R8 OF THEIR LIVES. INDUSTRIES REPRESENTED. AOTlVifi SOCIAL REFORMERS. [FnOM " DUNDM W«KKLT NiWS" OF 2rTH MaT.] The announcement wo now give of the oandidatea choiien hy the readers of the Weekly Aewt to rcprc- Kent the induntrial claaeei of Scotland, north of England, and north of Ireland markH the flmt and and in gome wayi the mo«t important step in the Roheme —the ohoioo of goo liocha ,. .»i industries sliould have at least one < rf ?-'-,:..tivoeach." That both these induntrics >• : w well repres^p.d is apparent. At first 1'. "a* intended tH. we should send two or '.S'ef men only in addition to the two induslries men./ianed, but the 'nthusiasm in the scheme bo far exceeded our anticipation that we decided to carry the scheme out on a much larger scale, and In its extended form we present it tc-day. To a considerable extent we go on the lines of the departmental division of the Exposition iUelf. wliioliwi.hKve already give,.. Hut in making the olasMifloatioii, which should hc-l|. us to arrive at tha IwHt |K>HHihle reiirosentatioii, ,vo have had the asHi.taMco and avo have had tho i'«|nftti), vrlin have icmhipn themai'lvoii, nosrljr every tredi", the world. Then >l« and thoroughly porlenon to acoom- the mcrnhprR while HJhlo oomfurt, and for thcin, will not inquiry make tho at aiKo have luc^i re of their time an laturn an well. Af iiiBUc, Mr Frodorlc'i lo'.r on lili way to t( day (NBt'i i!ay), 1 matti''.'. Ml Uiat lich Mu aoiitrlbute id to ft nuaoeBMful fioation we took all th the tilling of the in thia globe would I every industry ii !d Statca standi at the world, with an 800,000,000; while \kcH Hixth place. Icbtod to America D for beef, and the [ and farmworkeri it interest not only deri generally. )R. lylor, Arbroath.) ear Arbroath, tho t, was born in 1864 l<'orfar, of which sari tenant. The snnill, on the Earl ^he aubjeol of the at his education at , of which the late There he received er one year at the ir.k •"Htc to Inatrutted in fiirm e duties of cattle- nan became fvlly work. His father being ,, able througl, d«po|,ltum to manage th. f^trm, ap^,int..,i ht, son farm managor, hut this did not imply that he shmihl l„ ,lonP with manual laU.ur. 6» the Jr.. Vi. ,""?"' ."'"''" '••"'<''■■ •»'• I"! '" "vi ' ready «JIS i hand to anything. He is thin ighly Z^fJl 7*ryH>iDg pertaining to a farm, "Lm 111 ., '»»•«'"« »fter to the clearing out of a Si««mr^ *?'■'•"" "' «•«""'"• '"no 'man nnf r» .? '"his Industry and push, is known to he Z,i,^L.i' •^".>'" 'he country. Thoroughly hTn, m! T *,'"' "'" *"'■''"« ""-l management of fm » . J ''•"■IT*"''" 'hat in America he will in. fli«T .f f *.?'"' . '"'l"'''"! '"'«>• He will deyoto iSrf.M u"""*'"" '».•" »Ppl'»ncos connected with ?ud«e hT^"" r *\^ '"ff^enoe" H-t exist, an.l ind r. .il '"?",'■ "«,*"' "l*'' °" 'h« hreeding the U™ 'i "^ ""'' ""^^ "hserre the condition of ta'Tofai n?.u*''''?r '" his wayfortheadvan. wav n,„mJL"ll"" » liome, and which can in any »V promote tho welfare of the farm servants. ANUKKW O.SLER. irt'.'n em MS 434 47J .1.11 (WJ »47 I Mi IM (From a Photogrspl, by Mr Clark, Porfiir.) th^L^'^'^Txr^''^" '^« horn In the year 1841 on Ki^H.?"' M"*"". on the Kinnordy Estate new Kirriemcir— now famous as Thruma--».hiM, «„ tenanted by his father, the late Mr John bsrr F^kffik'"^". ^' ^'f "'tended the schootai raikhillook. but received the latter uart nf l,i. education at Kirriemuir Paiochial Schoor H« thi„ 7"g B ?,'J':^T"o-hipin the omcTof ?h:'la e Mr U B. Brand, solicitor and banker— his offiZ trainrng ,Hoving most useful to him in afte years ^str'l^ft bi/'^'' w '*';'?,« •"'»"•». howeverX tlve a/Mr"-n.l*'' Tex'"" "hoser .s rep«,ent^' = special mutgiuii. " - a-' i-n NKl), M'l.KAN, i'«,.i„y. JAMK.S Ar,' A.V 01iMg„w. A. I)(»WMA.N,(lU*,* W. T. IlKIl), l)uii,4., mtouore .{()M.«4, KoUh, ''A''''V 1111,1,, Hhl„nit„nk,Noone, Mechanical Industrios, &c. We next come to cngiiuiBring and allied Indus- tries. Kv..n the agriculturist does not manage to move far without the ai.l of the miohanio. Th. most primitive implement known-namrlv the woo* '■'«•««* '<"«• in the Second Ebenezer Bennett, engineer, Newc. tle-on.Tvn« wS i° "}' '^''\°J *!•''' department , ex^/i[nce which amply juatifles his seleot.oo. ■ is VSoots- man, having been born at Kirkoa. v in 1861 Having received the rudiments of h .wiedge at AbbotBhall Parish School, he was en rod m an apprentice for seven years to the M ws J. J. Brown & Co. Kirkcaldy. This firm ad a wide reputatioij for the production of general ■ ngineerlM work, and the r specialty was frinting machines* It was a splendid pTaeo for an energetic 1» 1 to learn r^LI'lf;.""''?"'"^. "f 'h« "len that it t >rned out rose to fl . good positions. Not long after -eooming t„?h:p!!f?^""f''u^'"""' Mf Bennottwas ttraoteS to the Clyde, and he got employment in t :o work- shops of Messrs Rankin & Blackmore, marine engineers, Greenock. His next employ^ nt was gained further experience regarding the construe- tion of marine engines Having decided to try his fortu, , England, Mr Bennett got employment with . < Olarke, Chapman. kCr. {Jstsih-ad- Tyne fc a' englneers'and boUermakersrVith ^„. 1 T '.V" T'!u*"»'»8ed for eleven years, and for nearly half of that time filled the position of out- It /?'?"?»"• ''hioh gave him abundant opportunity of obtaining a general acquaintance ^th other Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News trades, aa be had members ofothe- trades under his parsonal supervision. Seven years ago Mr Bennett entered into the sorvice of Messrs C. A. Parsons & Co., electrical engin>:5rs, and at present he has charge of the dynamo department of that firm. Suoli a varied experience malies him well fitted to inquire into engineering matters, and his knowledge of the handling of tools suggests to him the ad- vantage of investigation into the cause why American tools are far ahead of English ones. Writing on this subject he says, "as the tool exhibits are almost certain to form a very im- portant feature of the Chicago Kxhibition, I think that the opportunity for investigation therein offered will be of the most favourable character. A little judicious inquiry might enable us to come to some conclusion as to whether this superiority is due to any superior sharpness on the part of Ameri- can workmen in improving or adopting our old- fashioned tools, or whether it is that patents are more easily procured in the United States than in Britain, or that our cousins are quicker in seizing ideas to their own advantage." Mr Bennett, outwitn the sphere of trade matters, has led a busy life, and he has been an active worker in various social movements. He has taken a leading part in the friendly society movement since he went to Trneside. Becoming a member of the Order of ' Druids (Newcastle Equalisation District), he held the office of secretary for nine years, and for two years he was District Grand Master of that powerful body. In 1887 he succeeded, after much effort, in getting a Burns Club established at Gateshead. It is now a thriving institution, and Mr Bennett still retains the post of secretary. He has been also four years treasurer of the Newcastle Scottish Association. In addition to all this he is a man of first class character, a man who is held in respect both by master and workmen for his integrity as well as ability. The highest votes in the Second Ballot were :— KBBNKZKB BENNETT, Newcastle, 545 WM. JOHNSTON, Newcastle, 497 ALEXANDER ANDERSON, Bonnvbridge, 486 0. F. WHITE, Newcastle, .. . 407 WM. M'LEOD, Glasgow ' 408 JOHN M'BWAN, Glasgow 309 JAMBS RAMAOE. Oreengain. . 801 NHWBYH. WILSON, Sunderland, .. '.. '.' 859 JAMES YOUNG, Kirriemuir,.. ., .. 865 THOMAS HAMILTON, Glengarnock, .. 850 ANDREW HALL, Dalmulr, . ... 313 ANDREW M'CALL. Dunde, . sol WM. LAWRIE, Coatbridge 990 WALTER 8. COUPER, Glangow " 257 JOHN BUCHANAN, Glasgow, 255 JAMES CRUICKSHANK8,Govan ]' 240 DAVID STEWART, Dundee, .. .. .. 244 JAMB8 PKATTIB, Tayport itn Mining, &c. AVe come next to mining. Without mining we could have neither iron noi coal, and without coal engineering skill in the manipulation of iron would not have reached the high pitch of perfection it has now attained. Neither would we be able now without coal to be travelling so freely and rapidly by rail or sea aa we do, or have such factories as we have. Without coal instead of six weeks an Expedition like ours would probably have occupied not less than four months in getting to Chicago and back. There is to be a large exhibit of mining ap liances at the World's Fair, and between that and visits to a lutiiiiig ciistriofc we look forward to information which will benefit a large part of our population, whose occupation is not carried on under the most favourable oonditioD*. It will be of special interest to know how the American miner fares and how his lot compares with that of his kin on this side of the soa. ROBERT A. MUIR, 1I (From Pliotograph by Messrs Prophet, Dundee.) Robert A. Mulr, who has been chosen to repre- sent this section, was born in Dunfermline twenty- nine years ago, and brought up in the small village of Hill of Beath, which is the centre of the Fife coal field. At the age of thirteen years, he ran away from school, and was sent to the pit. The first job ho got was to keep a trap door, then driv- ing a pony, and hang on hutches at the foot of an incline. After a time he was sent to the colliery office for about three years, and then sent back to the pit again, and has been constantly employed in and about the pit since that time, and during that period he has been at all the different kinds of work about a pit, both below and above ground. Since he was about twenty years of age he has attended the evening classes held in Dunfermline High School, where he has been tanght arithmetic, algebra, geometry, freehand drawing, chemistry, machine construction and drawing, mechanics, steam, and mining. When the Fife Mining School was opened in 1890 he was among the first to be enrolled, and in that year he won the first prize for mining and the first prize for mechanics. In the following year he was able to obtain a flrstolass certificate of competency for colliery management. In the beginning of the month of March this year he was again brought out of the pit in connection with the drawing out of the arrangements of a large new colliery which is being put down by the Fife Coal Company at Kelty. This will be the largest colliery in Fife when completed, and probably the largest in Scotland. Mr Mulr has visited most of the best collieries in Scotland. He is a man of varied accomplishments, and has a ready facility both with pen and pencil. The thorough grasp that he posses- ses of the practical and theoretical principle of min- ing is proved by excellent papers on " The Practical Application of Electricity to Mining " and " Coal Mining Past and Present." Speaking of the future of mining, Mr Muir points out in one of these papers that "there are large areas of coal below the sea which will require to be brought to shafts sunk on the land. This will require a special kind of haulage, and one whicii is now making rapid head- way in mining matters— namely, electricity, will hn cAl|pd into requisition, because it is found tliat to put in ropes or chains heavy enough to do the work required there is a great amount of power abaorbeclin o/erooraing the friction of the heavy moving parts." Artisan Expedition to the fTorld's Fair. 9 BaTloll-'"""^ "* ""' '■'»'>"'» ^"'^o 'n the Seoonrl R. A. MtJIR, Hill of Renth WILLIAM SIMPSON HUJ of Bh«m; "= JAMES MURnoCHBell'shill' "6 GEORGE M'MURDOcS *'" J. M'UUIDE.Airdrie ^fls JOHN SMART. Loch^elYy, ^M bet»;!;i*l '""'"'' """"""^ °" this globe can hSeWlV^^^^^ officebu dings tith':*/;'"''"^ *" the Mamn,oth fh„ _, . ""°Bf "'tn a score or more storevg In large extent consSJdnf-^ '"8°, P"*' »'« to a series of bridges or «.„ J I'T, *"•* «t*el, like a ofanironship 'Bvth?«™''^' Vf? *•>" '"liework be much lights w^it bp\« l*"^ *^^ stonework can of the weight of the bund L '"iU"'fr°^oHion common thing to see thi m!" ^"u"^'*' '* "> "e ""■ three or four ftorevs from fv,t°"' ''^^ °° ""o wall neath nothing but a f^r^^f ^p"""'^' ^^'^^ ""^e^ " I beams can be^seen In thl ?^ 'T ""''""'>« «"'' two representative, but a ?^P"'""";t there are Kxpedition will S« .n *" the rnembers of the the American peoDie %"'"'"' '? ^''« ''"'»«« "f having a healthy^d nomf 7?!"' " '°tere.sted in house: "^*'"*y ^'^ comfortable and convenient JOHN SINCLAIR. 'r'^many ^S co'nt,- *•" -"-ction the em^oyme^nts'^of his*"S!, ,• 0"« "f 'o constuot a sniAii i '^^"^'f. time was which works a'^°we'^ ot dowers and only thirteen y«r^Tage"'wUh'^P'"£''; ^•'«" oomrade he manA^o,! f„ * ' .^''° the help of a and was rew^ded I ti '"?',?"■"»" K'eenhouse' securing three pries at t',! /°"r«'"8 """""er by a bad performinTefof i hnv°*^f /"'"''"•'""-net then Mr Sinolafr hL Mcnnl/."/ ^"f'een. Since amateur gardenersTn the ^vVlst of t^lr /"""",«"' «^ri^^r;^:^£?tt%S'iortt: philanthropic mover^eite" -n religious, social, and success onlhe pubUc piktfofm .n l^P^r'/ '''"' siderable intercourse with vL,;^' ^^'^ ''** ''»'' e°n- a visit to the Par?/Exhiblti on I-'*'"''' °' P«°P'«. experiences of his busylife. ^"* *™°"«'* '•>« Ballot :-'""'"« *^^ *''«'^«t votes in the Second SSSS-J^ :: :: :: SS JAMES DAVID, Dundee ' 2" =r^^^fc%/-.-, ;: :: ??? ' •• •• •• .. 100 Woodwork, Furnishing, &c. THOMAS LOGAN. ^6 CambtlfCto hrDn elect^eTJ"'""^ ^— • department of abour is thi^^v'^i'° '«P'-'"'ent this Ho was born and brought u.rrlnJ'K^f "^ "K"- ^,!:.*■L«i"«^'-''«pta'int" both t^iies, 'Sghltt"' i''Li"'»"'r P"""''" 'in hi3 life has been emploved H. • "" *''"* ""^^ "^ turn his hand to K thin?. " V??" *''" e«n engineering and Ts' t'^h^Vr 'T [% 5^ Thomas Logan, 157 «i„„ , „ ^ ' K"'^, is thirty "yeaVs of T^^'' ^*'««t, 0I««. of Glasgow. HelPAr^fi,- * V' and a nativn & r-ochlTead, and ?h«nn'/'"'^? '!'■*'' Messrs "vvlie where he w'as^'or a "hoK timf to Manche.te ? Messrs Kendel k Milne Rph^T^'" .*''* ^^P'or of entered the workslmTof mI":.".'"? 'P-Glasgowf he •■'" tunilture makers,' and "'iiThL'^ '"■'^^^^ * <^<>- employnient of that 'firm for nfaT *'•''? '"the «•■ I-ogan's qualifications are ^ ^*k^'»''* 'ear,. A man of irreproaohabTe J, J\ '''«he*t. esteemed for hia ~ni«l n.» eliaiaeter, and reputation of being a ttLTi '"' has th, * a flrst-olass workmau 10 Duridre Courier and Ihmdee IVeeUy Newx M Mi while tlie honours he hM won testify to the posiiea- sion of exoeptlonat talents, and show how diligently he lias applied himself to acquire a thorough technical training. Mr Robert Donnan, art master, Kent Road Art Classes, OInsgow, has among others written a strong recommendation in favour of the successful candidate. Mr Logan's work at thi-se dnsses during the last five years, we are informed, " has been characterised by ability and care very much above the usual standard. This is evidenced by the fact that every session he has heen successful in winning prizes. I^ast session, in addition to local prizes, lie succeeded in gaining two 'National Book Prizes' for modelling from the life and designing. Tin jo prizes are competed for by students from nil parts of the country, and I consider the gaining of two to be the best evidence of abilty a man could have." Blr Donnan con- cludes— "I am certain the Dundee, Weekly Newt and the workmen of Scotland could not have a better representative." A perusal of the list of honours that have fallen to Mr Logan will strengthen this conviction. In Glasgow in 1889 he won first prize for modelling ornament, and at Glasgow, 1890, first prize for best design for surface decoration. The same year at South Kensington he gained a Queen's prize at the national competi- tion open to Great Britain. At Glasgow in 1891 he had first prize for decoration, and in 1892 gained two prizes for modelling and de.sign, also, as mentioned above, two national prizes at South Kensington for modelling from life and ornamental panel. Specimens of Mr Loiran's artistic skill were shown at the Glasgow Kast End Exhibition, and at present he has a figure on exhibition at South Kensington, and a " Study of a Head " in the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Besides being master of his own trade, Mr Logan is qualified to speak with authority on sculpture, decoration, &c., while from bis connection with art schools he will naturally take a deep interest in American technical institutions. The following are the highest votes in the Second Ballot :— THOMAS LOGAN, Glasgow, 1737 JAMKS LENNOX, Beith PETER MRECHAN, EdinlnirRh A. B. FYFPE, Jun., Glenrtoiok, DAVID IRELAND, Dundee WM. LILBURN, Loohee, H. M. BROWN, Beith THOS. CLARKE, Liverpool JAMES DEANS, Shotta ROBERT HOME, GiMpow, JOHN KELLY, Anstruther ALFRED HTURT, Newcastle J. S. ROGER, Glasgow, fl78 082 7S8 fiOO 64.5 610 405 808 805 2SS 215 211 Textile Industries, &c. We now come to the manifestation of increased civilisation and the consequently increased want of commodities, for increasing civilisation means increasing needs. The savage was usually content with some wild animal's skin wherewith to cloth himself, but civilised humanity must have all kinds of fabrics for personal comfoi t and adornment, and for the embellishment of the home. Only to hint at the subject, is it not the esse that curtains for windows, and carpets and rugs for floors, have become almost absolute necessities of our modern life ? Dundee is very largely er.sagod in two bras'.cheH of tpitil!-. rr.ar.u- faotares— flax and jute— and these along with other textile industries, such as cotton and wool, make spinning and weaving tosether one of the greatest industries of Great Britain. MUNGO SMITH. h 1 (Fiom a Pliotogiagh by Forrler, Dundee.) Mungo Smith is one of the working men stalwarts of the City of Dundee. A giant in stature, his soldierly figure and cheery face ara quite faiuiliar at public gatherings of working men, and :•. 'he famons fighting Fifth Ward he is an ankno-^ieti^ed leader. Born at Cluny, in P«rthshir», he receiveil his education at the Parish School of 'icthendy, and when quite a young man he came to Duiidfe and served his apprenticeship as a powerloora tenter. He then entered the employment of Messrs Thiebault & Small, Rockwell Works, Dundee, and there for twenty-seven years he has beeii at his post, doing his duty in a way which has won him the respect and esteem alike of employers and employes. Somo years after he entered Rockwell Works the concern was acquired by Mr W. L. Boase- and so the greater part of Mr Smith's active service has heen under this well-known leading citizen. Away back in the days of the fight for the franchise, Mr Smith took his full share of the battle in the city, and was one of the speakers at the great Franchise Demonstration held on the Magdalen Green. When residing in the parish of Mains and Strathmartine he was elected by popular vote to the School Board, and served with credit the full term of three years, being publicly thanked for his services, and requested to permit himself to be again nominated, a request which, as he had then removed out of the parish, he could not well comply with. For over twelve years he has been connected with the Ancient Order of Foresters, and, of course, took a close and active interest in the affairs of the Order, serving as secretary, sub- chief, and chief, and being on various occasions sent to reprssent the city at Scottish conferences. A thorough believer in the value of co-operative effort, Mr Smith was one of the promoters of the Dundee and District Co-Operative Coal Supply Society for some years, rendering valuable aid as director and now its chairman, directing the fortunes of this Society. He was also one of the promoters of the Dundee Economic Building Societies, which have been enthusiaHtioally sup- ported and made successful by the working folks of the city, and he has served as director of all these societies, and is still a leading member of the Boards of two of the societies. As the oositions of trust which Mr Smith has held, or still holds, are all elective, it will be seen that he has earned the eKteem of those for whom he has worked. He is dourly tenacious of his opinions, but possesses a pattve Bhrewdne?fi wliieli pfeventa him irom jump- ing to hastily-formed conclusions. Those who havo met Mr Smith as antagonists aver that he will fight bravely for what he believes to be the right, but that without display of bitterness. Artisan Expedition to the World's Fair. 11 inen he ha, learned to mKhel,'f„f'?""' ''"'"' t on. For loni? ho =,. f, """' "^ '"' fecrea- and worked h°"iay un frnV ih'""'"",''" ^"'"■•"-••'N of quartermaster «ergoa'ntHel;«r,''' '" ^''^.P""!' ast c ovolist nnil ««„ * i " *''° *" enthus - countr/andVtLk?„^h^^^ away into the much. A BOod all rnn„ 1 " ""'^ *'""' *" ^O SO working man AIunBo sjrr''".^"u"^*'''' Scottish couams in the States. '"® ''*'' "^ o"' Thnn ?}^^^ Manufactures. makiL 'ri"'*''' ""*=, '" """'"f«<='>-, is in paper. newspapers Tdailvi """P" °f book^and alone there is aompfiL "'"''»"''8. In this office week const.m/d.^'irCj.ret''" '"'% *""« '" « there shoul.l be a ren^uL. *• '2 consrdered that the product of whioh'^.M.-'? °^ *" '"Jwtry, in oUea^ness of wht,;tl,''l*;Vn"e&"^' """^ '''"'« WILLIAM SMITH. development which has influenced tliAf *..a ■ ing trade of Great Hrlfoil u . '® !'» Permak- make a good urof Mr Sm,?h •>", Pf^ption will self of every chance thJ^^^ *• " ?''° »"*" h'm- Hpectingl7ocetroniSrtinV° Mr S^"- Smith IS likew se a member nf /io L- i- Economic Building Socie^;!™o that it w?ll ^h"'''"« lie is in thorough svmDatl.v Z\t\^l '" '"' ^•'*° for ameliorating thiTinro'' the'Cker "■" Jhe following are the highest votes in the Second I Ji'lLUAM .SMITH, Denny ^«i, PERK.'i, DundeB, ' JOHlf Airdrie, .. '., ;; A. SMITH, Hawick,' •"" J- CAMERON, Qreonook l"! PBTEB M'LAREN:G^L,iei„, ;: ;; ;• J™ "DO 550 849 221 215 204 160 ISl (F.o„. a Photograph by M«.„ Pr„p,,et, Dundee.) ti.e^roi'i'iS'h^rnK,? ?„r^' 'tV "-^v - of. Juniper Green, Midlothian T" s-^*" ^"'*«« oeived his schooling at the Par/Ii, a i ,\ ^^ ''''• and when thirteen^^rs o^Jeten't T"' °^??""y' papermills owned by Messrs nfJotV'l'^"'''' '" the wards he was emnloved fL a '" * •^°"8- After- bridge at moulZg Tewinrma'^- '''*" ** J^^nny- returning to"the%ap"rm^a?i*f 'r'*«'''"8^ ''»'- periods of various Ipno-f I, „? ?,' "® worked for penny, and rthgate«'^f^;^;'^«»7 in the service of the CIv.Ie IWr n?^ ^ """"^ *™« ?r-eaiVet«7teY' r "e hl:sii;;"'^Son"<;i'"r^r ^^""^ -■• superior intelligence. He U i,, * ^ i " .""'»" "f movement that affects fl,» ^ J *'"]°.'' "•'"' •"^"y -dhasfou„weu(l Ballot were : ROBERT DUNLOP. (Prom a Photograph by Me«r. Prophet, Dundee.) mo^tivV Sf dS*.'''' ^»\'? 0- Watson, looc li the VTth Br^sh lU^fJ°rr°"'^ department jengerg. Mr AVatson hopftl eniora/unl'ih; engine along some of the AmerioaT^Ss ^' 3^ 348 266 240 214 BaTlo't f- """^ "" *■>« '"^hest votes in the Secon.l p. G WATSON, Dundee JAMES TAYLOR, Glfllxow '30 ROBERT AITKEN^oTgow ^22 JAMES HA8TI2, dlIa«Kow' ""O DAVID TODD, DundT' ^Sg Wur?**?AVG™, Gre'enooki" V " J. 1'. WILSON, Waahington Station,' .V Metallurgy, o theemnlove™ nnfK ''°'^''*" ^n"! respected by been President of thf r ??'^u'« oc^^non^ he ha^ Amalgama ed Assooiitinn^h""^ '^'«'^'. Smelters' garding the regulat/on of"„^' s 'Ts a""/ ;"• leader he is shrewd far o!!„: ® , ^^ * trades the policy Durtuerlh;!"*'' « "opes XotTn ^"t*l'| Ject shows that he wK ippZlt w^t^'^^'mti 14 Dundee Caurier and Dundee fKee/dy News warped by prejudice, that ho will rely on no hear- say evidence, but will nearch out the truth for him- Belt. It may be added in oonolusion that, amongst other atrong recommendations, is one from Mr John Hodge, the president of laat year's Trades Union Congress, who, speaking from abeolute personal knowledge, describes Mr Dunlup as a man who " is thoroughly steady and reliable, and would make an excellent member of the Expedition." Ue has been a life-long abstainer, and though his work is very exacting and exhausting ue has never felt tho need for stimulants. Ho is a co-operator, and may be said to have imbibed the prinoiplu by birth, for hia father was one of the founders of Dalziel Co-Opera- five Society. Mr Dunlop is also a member of the Free Gardeners. The highest votes in the Second Ballot were : — ROBERT DUNLOP, Motherwell, ROBERT WOOD, Glasgow, . . WILLIAM WILKIE, Glasgow, JOHN CUONIN, Glasgow, .. JOHN M'ANNULTY, Mossend, BOBEHT CAIUON, .. 274 168 US lis 115 10 The Conductor of the Tour. JAME.S MUKRAY. James Murray, who will act as Conductor of the Expedition, is a thoroughly tiained journalist. Ho is also a practical printer, having served his appren- ticeship in the office of the Dundee Courier. He afterwards joined the reporting staff of that paper, and eventually rose to the position of chief reporter. (From a Photograph by Meesrs Prophet, Dundee.) A fact which will strike the reader who devotes any attention to the qualifications of the members of the Expedition is the all-round fitness that they possess. They are men who can turn their hand mostly to anything, and evidence of this may best be shown in the following list of departments of labour that they represent : — Mining. Pit-»iDkiDg. Paperiunking. Printing. Ploughman. Powerloora. Fuddling. Railway Work. Sculpture. Shipyard Work. Stonuniason. Steel. Making. Stock-Ureeding. Bteanipower Application Sanitaticn. Spinning of Yam. leehnical Training. Tool-Making. Weaving of Textile Fabiloi Woodcarving. It will be seen that most of the fortunate men have taken an active share in social reforms of various kinds. We have co-operators, members of friendly and building societies, men who are interested both in elementary and in technical education, who have busied themselves in the management of municipal afifairs, and who aie recognised leaders on labour questions. All, without exception, are men who have striven after self-improvument, and that, too, with suooesa. Agricullursl Maohinemaker. Blacksmith. Boilermaker. I3uild«i'. Cabinetmaker. Carpenter. Cartwrlght. Dairying. Decoration. Electrical Bngineering. Farming. Furniture Designing. General Engineering. Horticulture. Ironmoulding Ironworking. Joiner. Locomot'TB BnginedriviDg. Machine Construction. Marine Engineering, EXTENSION £ * M II' OF WEEKLY EXPEDITION NEWS SCHEME. NEW DEVELOPMENT. TRIP TO THE PACIFIC!. A GREAT RAILWAY JOURNEY. (Prom the " Weekly Newt " of 10th June.,' As readers of the Weekly Newt are aware, Mr Frederick Thomson is at pretent in America mak- ing arrangements for the management of the Expedition of Workingmen, which leaves thi- country about a fortnight hence to investigate into the condition of labour in America. On this side of the Atlantic, also, the work of perfecting the organisation of the tour is being actively carried on. Agricultural, engineering, and other experts have supplied much valuable information for the guidance of tlie members of the Expedi- tion, and we also have to acknowledge the assistance so willingly rendered by railway, steamship, and passenger agents, prominent among whom have been Mr P. Fleming, of Messrs Fleming it, Haxton, High Street, Dundee, and Mr Jas. A. Anderson, Panmure Street, Dundee, who have advised as to routes and other matters for the transportation and travel- ling comfort of the party. Many friends have offered their personal assistance as well as letters of introduction with the view of affording tho most ample means of reaching those sources in America regarding which full and accurate infor- mation is most to be desired. The result of these various efforts is that already we find ourselves enabled to announce an Important Extension of the scheme as originally formulated. Mr F, Thomson has just cabled that he lias concluded arrangements for a detachment of the Expedition to make a trip across the American Continent to Vancouver, on the shores of the Pacific, involv- ing an overland journey of some 3000 miles. As indicating the enormous distance that will be Jrluum Expedition tu tite IFurld's Fair. 15 as Conductor of the kined jbunialiat. Ho iig served bis appren- unJee Courier. He g staflf of that paper, I poBition of cliief reader who devotes ons of the members and fitness that they can turn their hand nee of this may beat it of departments of ing. jinking. irniiiliing. ting. ighiuan, erloom. dting. way Work, ptuie. lyanl Work. IBIllliHOQ, l-Maliini(. k-Ureeding. mpower Application taticn. ining of Tarn. inical Tiaining, ■Making. ving of Textile i'tbrio dcarving. 9 fortunate men have al reforms of varioui members of friendly 10 are interested botti lical education, who the management of le recognised leaden ithout exception, are !li-improvf;ment, and lie information for )erii of the Expedl. to aclcnowledge the idered by railway, agents, prominent '. Fleming, of Messrs eet, Dundee, and Mr 'e Street, Dundee, routes and other tation and travel- ty. Many friends usistanoe as well as bhe view of affording ling those source? in 1 and accurate infor- The result o' these ly we find ourselves Ltension formulated. Mr F. it he has oonoludi^d i of the Kxpedition to erican Continent to the Pacific, involv- some 3000 miles, tistanoe that will be \ ' \r1V'""\ "*"'?^u* mentioned that the train leave. Montreal at half-past eight o'clock in the even- !"?• °",.,t*'i Canadian Pacific Railway, and It 18 not till the afternoon of the sixth day tliat It reaches its destination— Vancouver City The engine IS changed at certain points, but the rest of the train goes over the entire route-all along tlie north shore of Lake Superior, across the thousand miles of western prairie, and through the Rooky Mountains and the Selkirks of ^ British Columbia. Twice a day a lialt of half an hour is made 'iul^m^ P»»«en8ors an oj.portui.ity to sSl their legs; but the ourney ts continuous, and the tram rushes on through the dark liours of the night r» Z ''\P.*'""-""i!"? ^»'"' ^''"^'"' to rest, the same as ^ does through the bright hours of the day, and as wo have said, this is tlie longest continuous rail way journey in the world, requires aw" "k for i, accomplishment. Of tlie advantages which will be derived from the journey over this route it Ts not C=Circ^enTy'i:$^^errt%ar7rfr _;^rh*i^se^ hS^XL*'rnd™trtt^^ 'TTl new country, rich in natural resources and a great service can be done by ascertailg what are the advantages that it can give to any who ar>. di. posed to make use of the oVtunTtie. tha? it hai ^L f ,V ^a ''""";" "f 'he journey lies tlirou^h one of the finest wheat-erowini? arpft. ■„ ,i,» „ . i r'\^?,»'°"« '•'« f-thiiif Tthi^rc'e \to:d th; strictly agricultural lands, are large raotsof un! occupied grassy lands suitable for ranching Pur- poses. The city of Winnipeg is a great mar? of industry tlmt will well repay a Wsit, foMt promLf to bo one of the greatest outlets for the P"""'"'" Overcrowded Labour Channels ANOTHER EXTENSION. VISIT TO NOVA SCOTIA. WELCOME FROM AHCOTC AMERICANPOET (Pro,a the Weekly News of 17th June, 1893.) Tf !..» ^ "^S^^ through Nova Scotia It has now been found possible to i,,cl"lt in the ZfTl^luk'"' ^j'P?'''''"". BO that wl,i : o e part of It will be exploring in the extreme west of the great Continent the other will Te Tn tl?e extreme east inquiring into all that the wlritin e Provmcosof Canada havo to reveal. What h^^ T/.^ "^S \^- <=o",=eived when it is rememherel hke 68.1 square miles, an.l tlie seams at nresent being worked are from four to niim L„t *F^ > the Cape Breton or bydn,^ fields rem sx^'^'^f I" Mineral Wealth are not in more cnviabla pn ifiimif.. i i, ores of Great Britarare as a^rdf' !?.',*''« ";»1! nor so accessible as those of Nova Sia •' I?t alone among all the nrovinep*. f lia """"^i '' '" , fuel fluxes .^.d ore oZr dose together alldX!^" ;.; su.r. s.t;'4;:i'' •""• <•"" '"^"■ of Europe. It is noted for its marvellous progress J. t prosperity, and the enterprise of its 'citS. I The route presents a variety*^ of noble and ever changing scenery, which has no equal in the worfd A run across the Western Prairie gives an oppor- tunity for inspecting the innumerable homesteads and farms dotted here and there. Uter on the Rocky Mountains slowly rise into view[ "anj helht. i,?^ ^ *"" I'*'" »P''«''»o» beneath majestic Heights, and through apparently impassable fast, nesses towards British Columbia with' Us exqusUe climate and unsurpassed beauties. «^HUi8ita Other arrangements, directed to make tiie Weeklu Ncm Exped.t on as comprehensive and far reXng as possible are in progress, and we are sanguine enough to beheve^t they will be crowned with success I i'^f ru^^f ^"""^'ng Kfaceful lines. The author Co Iowa -"' ^'""P'"'"' °f ^'"^^'^' Appanvose Wlien from thy varied page I scan Wliereby a band of toilers free llHs wond'rous WurlCa Fair shall see, I fonvard look with liopss of luide. J luit, .afely landed on Uii, side, Tl'^v .vm??" *",'l'»"iJ« fail .enoivn They with fi^h laurel, still may crown • And with a manly, honest heart, inch workingtnan xvill ,i„ his part Joad.i fresh lustie to her fame And bnghten anew the Scottish name. And when before their eyes are spread his glorious f«u'''«, fZ. 1 "/"'"'"'' "' knowledge b,ii,,; tiom which great^od alone may si'dng. .>art;:^iiT^,et*t'riirr:'itS;fr'''^i!.'ri' i^Xs^^^t^n^iuiii^l'virT"^^^ viiices of Canada withr?h " sliil'^J-tl^i':- P- observation aio ijiven in aiinH.«...' '„ T" } **' 16 S Dvndee Courier and Dundee Weekly News A SPECIMEN OF THE COMBINED SKILL OK BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGINEERS AND PRINTING MACHINE MAKERS. ""'"'"'"' ' ""' ■ u iliiiiii,iin«|4.u,liW"Wii|,ili|«Hilui'i.«niii 'I.. THE PIONEER QUADRUPLE PRINTING PRESS. Kj^i^i,Vrr, "';f"'r "f ?« '"E" printing pre,, „o» bring eomplelrf by m atm and p-ecediug 16 „es is a repriul e/ lU prMmimv, ^npUet, i,^a to 4™ objects of Expedition. LIBRARY FOR USE OF DELEGATES. It may be mentioned that ample provision was raade to enable the members of the Expedition to pass the time both profitably and pleasantly at sea. Quite a small library was provided for their especial use, amongst the books included being— "The Ameri- can Commonwealth," by Professor Bryoe, M.P. ; "The Americans at Home," by Rev. David Macrae ; " X1j« Labour Movement in America," by Profegsor Ely ; America and the Americans," by CrAib ; ^ United States Constitutional History," by Sterne- Profit-Sharing." by Oilman; "Wealth and Pro- gress of America ;" "Triiimpliant Democracy," by Carnegie; Booth's "Darkest England;" "United States Pictures ;" U.S. and Canadian Blue Bookp besides an extensive variety of lighter reading. ' Artisan Expedition to America. 17 fLL INEERS RS. NG PRESS. leing completed by ourier and Dundee and 24 pages, at the : eleventh machine "ul investigation by :ic. 'Afc/, issued to Jiow 3. neiioans," by Ornib ; 1 History," by Sterne; ; "Wcaltli and Pro- liant DemoorRcy," by England;" "United anndian Blue Bookp f lighter reading. Viking Sliip, rpmatni of whicli are in tlie vesnel in wliich tlic Norsomnii croBscd the breadth, 15 ft. ; depth, 7 ft. Carrying ChriHtiania UnivrrHity Museum. Type of Atlan_tio about 10(10 a.d. Length, «6 ft , I :i^:tf^;^,»,e^,ta,,Col^bus crossed the Atlantic in H02 ionnage displacement, 223 tons.' Length, in 1893°" lingfllrSSO felt°"h;l'5iK ''i°A*'*! «? ""bers of the Artisan Expedition crc ■• thp A f I. *• To^ns; di.plaof ment!VoSo 'tonT^*'' '*'"''* ' depth, 29 feet 6 inches. ' Tcnnagrdesdwe.yt,' S BEGINNING THE JOURNEY. A MEMORABLE DAY. I Salunlay, tlio 24tli Juno, wm a memorable day III the ftiuiaU of labour in this country, anJ it was oIko the day wliiob tho Imnareds of tiiousaiulti of the roadeia of the Dundee Weekly Newa have been looking forwaril to for soma weeks witli the mosL jiitenao interest. It wan, besides, a moinoiuble day in tlie annals of journaliam, as it wiluimsed what may be termed the inaugiirction of the greatest and most unique enterprise tvcr undertaken in connec- tion with any newspaper in Great IJritain. Tliis was the ileparture of the Artisan Kxpeditioii to America, oiKaiilHed nml despatched by the i)ru. pnetors of tlio IKceW.v Nrwa for tho purpose— in addition to visiting and inspecting tho World's Fair at Chicago— of inquiring into and reporting a» to the wliole conditions of labour in tho United States and Canada, more especially as regards their bear- ing on our home labour probleraa, ond with the view of improving the circumstances of the great mass of wage-earners in this country. The selection of the men to form the Kxpedition called into force a voting power compared with whichthe polling of thelargest parliamentary constituencies of Great Biitain sinks into insigniflcanoe. The outcome of this unique elec- tion was that working men of exceptional ability and superior intelligence were appointed. Since then arrangements for facilitating the work of the Ex- pedition and promoting the comfort of its members nave been actively pushed on, and the original con- ception of the project has been greatly outgrown. A portion of tho Expedition, including Mr Andrew Osier, farmer, Kintyrie, near Kirriemuir, who is to act as Special Commissioner of the Dundee Courier, will traverse the American Continent from ooean to ocean, and visit Vancouver, and this enormous extension will permit of other places of interest being seen. Another detachment of tho Expedition will include the Maritime Provinces of Canada within their tour, where the resources of mineral wealth are such as to deserve careful inquiry. Cordial in- vitations to the Exjiedition have been extended from all parta of America, and the great establishment of the Carnegie steel and Iron Company, of I'ittsbuig IS only one amongst many works where the men-btrs are assured of a friendly welcome. As was natural, the real starting point of the Expedition was Dundee, though Mr Osier was tho ?r^° -r '"""?,• "?"'"S «"t on his journey of lAOW miles .;_. Sunday morniiib-, and at S.ioiTt^. o'n Monday passed Dunnet Head at the entrance to the Pentland Firth RNEY. i. Artisan RTp'AUjnn In Amnriai, 19 SPLENDID PKOGKESS IN AMERICA. VISIT TO NIACIAUA FALLS. after tliuir interotU 311 of tlio Expeilitloii. ied to the station by I (la, ami amoiigat tlioku unfoly (itf were«over»l Dundee, C'ouritr and iiioludiiiB 'Mr Fmnk The iieoeHiiary iiitio- Mr 1). C. Tliomi.011 fates took poH8ei4iiion igi! specially reserved 10 Kxpedition started )!' all asHumbled, t'a liererl ^o give tucir 'iig, jingli.ig oi,t Mr ition, ge been crossed dian to their insti.iots, ic.ilty of oDbcrvation with satisfaction the rains of the previous ranoe of all kinds of !h was readied at rmaker, Denny, and ill of lieatli, succea- he express from the mtingent, consisting »rvcr, (JIasgowj Mr ang ; Mr 1). Urowt,, obort Dunlop, steel- vith these travelled '.cklijNeu-'.h\ whom oduced and han.lei rghwasleftatlO.K. train rushed througl' n and forward stat i ai high admiration stives. During this the whole journey, 3W every telegraph service to the party liassed. Tlie style ;Iand did not, how- I. Newcastle was ere the Kxpedition 111 of Mr Kbenczer ny of whose friends m thence the dele- igh, and by three large and splemlid vhioh is conveying Sangster, captain- Line, and Captain a corilial welcome, ; being made for le was in a few ed and in the best enoe the long sea Commissioner to interesting letter n Tuesday last, in various matters of intends to devote — *- * Cfn:K vt: on Monday passed lie Pentland Firth. ^^^aK WELCOMED ALL ALONG THE FOTTTEL From the Weekly Xcwn of the 15th July, Mr Frederick Thomson, vho remained in Atnenca to s.e the WeekUj News Artisan Expedition fairly started, cabled to us aa follows from Toronto :-" When I wired you on Tuesday last I expected the lona would reach lieio on Wednesday night, but owing to fog n, the river between Fathe; Po.nt and Montreal, the steamer was de- ayed for over half a day, not getting up to SruriV **' "^""^f"' "" 'hoaftermio^ of Thursday. Notwithstanding the loss of the 'I ^fT°°"/ ''^ n'«n>ber8 have made good use I of their time, and amongst other sights and i industries th.y have visited at MoutS and f here are the Canadian Pacific Railroad ^ engine workshops, farm implement, electric ;. and furniture works ; alsi schools, news I paper and other public offices, so have made I a good comraenoeraunt. The Exnedition I goes on from here to Niagara, wlKe I Ztut:% "^' ''' ' ^''>'- then'pr" eld I Btiaight to Chicago, so as to have nlentv I time at the World's Fair. The members ail the''Tt,"'r ''•'i!^'''' "l"^ '^' passage acros ? Zu^ Z M^ ""^"^^ "^."y- ^''oy ^re all i„ t ! n ^^^'•'' l"*^ 'P'"*«' and thoroughly I are setting out to undertake. I intend J ]Ti ^f'"'^ ^'"^"^ I expect to have '. 3 f V" •\''!tVg«'««»t8. An. to tn vel '' miJ anH ^^P^'''*'°" t" Niagara, wliere we part, and I go on from there to New York for a few days before sailing from this side'" Ahe conductor of the Exuedition cabled on Sunday as follows :-S com Pi"''"g ^'«it« to various industries ami Se re^o'n^ '" J^-^"- f'>« Expedition iJZhT - "■ Niagara, which town wa« the memLZ'T^ """''"°' "^"^ «*"«« then ttio members have not only had every facility for seeing the FalU from variou. points of view from which they could b! |-een to advantage, but have been dS t fn nspectingthe various works carrieK^ the neighbourhood. The imn„,. J pulp mills wore of bLJi^L ""' whihh''"'',''' ^'^ p'^r-'*^- from sr; while tho electric works contained much to , interest not only Mr Bennett the Xtr c ongineer from Newcastle, but all t°,o otho .s [as well, and the whole of the mo nbershad tie privilege of sneina the sreat h,^ • w eels which, supply the moti^ p„we 'for al the factories and workshops in the town They also inspected the Niagara Electric Ilailway, the power for which is got from the same source Tho t,„.hi,,^ ^ \ . ™ by ».to teta f,„„ the r7™7V""" bers are all well, but the weather in tha meantime is very changeable wl 1 • straight to Chic'ago "l\TcI I e^Sy'" .n^'"if eager to reach, so as to havo amnil • to Bee the many sights th^reXe Tr^ getting a hearty welcome all alon- the SrinS'JstS'"''"-" '"'' •"^'^^^""^ "- :»b7e ."!:.•--"' "'^ Conductor will no doubt workV turWnp,'''.^^ '"a "^'^^ '" the water- worKs, turbines, &o. Amongst other things I have just arranged in New York for tfe •JO iJundee Courier and Dundee fftekly Netos ArtiHiiiiM vinitiii^ tliu uroiit iihipbiiildin^' yard (if McNHrH Criuii|i, f'liiliKl'.diiliiii, iiiid tlio (fi'iNil pikjtorworkH lit Ilolyoko. I t'liid it is iinpuHHihlo to coinploto niiittorii in tiiiio to got liack to Mnntruikl toHiiil for lioniu to uioitow, ■o I um tciHail direct from Now York on Satur- day tirMt by the atuainur Now York, and will roach iSoulliiinipton in thu ond of next wouk. I am confident thu momhora of tho Expedi- tion will give a good account of thomsolvcs, and if they got on as woU for tho rust of tho journey as they have dono for tho start they will bring home much useful 'nforniation. INTEHESTING LETTER. A SUCCESSFUL DUNDONIAN. aiGHTSEKINO IN THK STaTE.H. Under datu Baltimore, 30tli J.ino, Mr Frcdorick TliomHoii writi'H tu Mr I). (.'. TliomHon aa fuUows : — "I arranged at Cliicngo to leo Illinoii Stcvl Works at South Cliicogo, and I saw Meaars A. H. Andrews & Co., 216 Wabaah Avenue, who have a very large caliinot making manu- factory, and they al.'., lit Toronto, have a muiitx at tliu Kair. I mill tliv otliem to Ki■ Itockod in the oiadlo of tho doei. " tlm delegates wore ipiito refreshed by a few 'ho, V an iX"''. "'""'•• ""■' "" "' »''«"' were on decl^at an early hour on .Sunday morning to flm the stonm.r off the ooant of NortliumI erlai St ffTeali'^wi"".''' P'"*?-.'" '"• ''ortl-wa.'^^^^ heavy HTi.lT'*,*'" '■'""''"»• ""companiod by a neavy swell, but the vessel was buliavinx noblv and WerBtn^ f "*•"".' l"'*''"J> a"'' although we .Ipfnla. '""* *"'' coastline was obtained T' le nnvof M,. r'°" '""" 8*^" ">em over a trip in consideration shown in tlioir behalf hi .i A Whale-No Jonah on the Steamer. nterpreted .si^ninod— "Sorrv I oann ,f • r ^ . toaj^'o in Sight. tLT'st^oa^ '^«:. ""^ri^oio' ^i/Tn^r were below liunied up to t e bridS: 'n a'strt^ot lZ:u7l"T^ 'T^H"^ P'"'^""^ th"at\t ' ity wiliinThf i^T'''''",^"'"'' wa"''"'" carf; frnm li, * • *'"• ' ',""' ^l'° ^ero still sutferi. B from the pangs incidental to what is known iS Tn'J,^' "•"■ T""" "pngratulating themselves that b^ some miraculous intervention all their troubled on " r T^; •""^''>'" 'fy -•""J -on .gaTn'b.' on na Jinnt. The.so fond expectations were, air to the heizht of S nr in f I ' V^°.lfctoa into the on t-rra iirvi', ""Vh""" "'"''•' ."O'"" soon .-vgain be !?,'i,.°T. ?-«■■"<"• t'>e. whale in "a sZtile '"mS showedalarKenart of h« 1 'i" ».»?<" t'^e mood It was then fecSth,,? h. '""'j^ »bove the water, remark was made that witn^ ^"«'° *'"'• "•"-■ '"" there was no nece-sitv f„Ti'' '^"''°'. ^ """ home from Dundee to the A nT-^''^^"'"*"" *'"> «-»'' them, bu Captain Cfm, •"'"' ^'^"^ '" ^''"c'' of was merely w' a" was ■knowf.'^P'r"'? *'""""'> from view Somr;ra**;^»'j'V°'V''' '""We^ed PoiHes were also^bsorvedTn the ?1 ""'"-".T'^ P-^'" •■■age. A number of whif.'T v^ar--^ oi tho pas- in the St Uwrence: P"P°"'«s were also seen rhTeti^^rvS^'cVo:'']^^^^^^^^^ cusion an appeal was made for Assistance o Mr |&!{;ot"tfa-f:vX?l-iVa^,r£ had made smoke analysis a special study and that the conclusion whioh he arrived it offj.. i and careful observation ofYhr^moke em tted f Z stw"aSCn^d*t^t:!^^?ir!.l^«';''^«t^^^ tTf\ •*""* '"f-^^ -'i Captein Cumm'ingsrwh^ c?ar^dha'UTH"^;i? ^'""^ oth" pre^S de Glared his belief that the vessel was on her wky to 22 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News some United Stntos port. Wo passed some distance off, (ind an tlie lona gradually allowed her heeU to the Cliioago, the discussion slackened as that vessel fell out of sight astern, A Large Addition to the Expedition. When loading at Jliddlesbrough the officers flxeicised great viailance in order to prevent any of the "wharf-rats" or "stiffs," as the sailors term them, from getting on board, and obtaining a free trip to America, but altliough they put ashore several wlio had, without permission, fixed up quarters on board, they were not altogether success- ful in this respect, this, no doubt, being due to tlie fact that tlie departure was made somewhat in a bustle and in the dark. On Sunday, Juno 25, a man, very much in the condition in which ho was produced by nature, crawled out from amongst a quantity of bunker coal in anything but a fossilised state, and on the following day the Expedition was further augmenteil by the discovery of no fewer than four unaccroditeil members. One of those was found in a largo barrel used for holding water for the cattle, and another in a ventilator fitted up for conveying fresh nirto the cattle in the 'tween decks. The remaining two were stowed away in the fore- castle—one underneath a fireman's bunk, and the other in the fore peak. When they were brought before the officers four of the men stated that they Nvished to get away from the old country because times were bad there, and they wanted to mako a new start in the "laud of the free." The fifth said that he was bound for Chicago, and that he would join the Dundee Weekly News Expedition if the Conductor would accept him, but, if not, he would beat his way there on the oars. This meant that he intended to conceal himself on the goods waggons or "freight cars," as they are called in America, and obtain a ijraUa ride over the second as well as the first stage of the trip. Suitable work on board ship was soon found for tliese adventurous, •Ithough poorlyprovided-for, spirits. Atmospheric Effects. The delegates were privileged to witness some ▼ory striking and remarkable atmospheric effects In the course of the trip. On the morning of Mon- day, June 26, shortly after the lona hud passed through the Pentland Kirth, a rainbow of great beauty and of exceedingly brilliant colours was visible right ahead. The rainbow was reflected in the sea in such a way as to appear an almost per- fect circle, and when the lona steamed in a manner right into the centre of it, italmost instantaneouily disappeared. Some grand sunsets were also wit- i.eascd. On the evening of Wednesday, Juno 28, when the weather was bright and warm, witli the sea like a mill pond— altliough, by the way, there ocean. The first day, when land is probably still m sight and everything on board ship is novel, passes quickly enough, but it is when the steame is ploughing her way across the broad Atlantic with nothing but Watei', water every«luTe, And not a drop to iliink, tliat time, as a rule, begins to hang heavily ou one s hands. If he is not overtaken by sea sickness, he invariably develops an appetite similar to that of a rhinoceros, but, although the eating of meals forms a considerable part of the daily routine on board a first-class linor, the passengers cannot be always at table, and, as he generally does not reel himself capable of digesting even the lightest novel, the time not given to sleep must be put in somehow or other. By the foresight of Mr D. 0. lliomson, the Weekly News delegates were pro- vide 1 with a good selection of literature for con- sumption ou the passage— literature both of an entertaining and instructive character— which was read with much interest, but there were what might be termed periods of relaxation, and in these the otticeis on board the lona exerted themselves to the utmost of their powers. While Captain Oummings spared no pains in order to make the time pass pleasantly and agreeably, Mr Walker, the chief engineer, showed with [wtdonable pridethe largeand powerful engines of the steamer, and also theeleotrio light fittings, which elicited unstinted admiration. Mr Dykfs, the second officer, and Mr Ross, the third officer, were equally active and energetic each in bis own particular line, while Mr was a fresh north-easterly gale with no scarcity of " white horses" or " cat's paws" on the preceding Jay—the sky in the north-west presented a scene of •urpassing beauty. Just over where the sun had disappeared in a blaze of burnished gold, the clouds were so arranged as to represent a large and beauti- fully-arranged garden laid out according to strict geometrical lines with circles, oblongs, squf.ros, triangles, Ac, of flowers, bordered by perfectshrub- beries, while a short distance to the north was what appeared to be a large lake with finely-wooded islands of various shapes and sizes. Sush a scene will long live in the memory of those who wit- nessed it. Passing the Time. Those whose longest journey can ho measured by hours can hardly reAlise what is involved U\ r passage of nine day* in crossing the western Mil KINO, CHIKF OKFICBR. King, the cliief officer, kept the iiassengers fn the best of humour. His "yarns," as might be ex. peoted, had almost all a nautical bearing, and these were spun at every hour of the day, and night too, wlien off duty ii; such numbers as to lead one to believe that the storehouse of his experience and memory, or, as his brother oflfioers termed it, his manufactory " was practically inexhaustible. Several of his stories were perfect " hair-raisers"- although it would have been impossible to affect himself in this way as he had a serious loss in a gale of wind— and his conundrums were equally enter, taming. As an indication of the latter, and as a proof that he was well up in Scripture history, at least in so far as it was connected with his own profession, the following may be cited :— "When was salt pork first introduced into the navy?" No one ventured a reply, and when all had confessed themselves baffled, Mr King, smiling as "he winked the other eye," said the answer was " when Captain Noahtook/fam liitothe Ark." Another was— "What did the whale say to Jonah?" the answer being Come in out of the wet." It was in this way that the voyage was relieved of any monotony which It might otherwise liave had. The only drawback telt in connection with the whole trip was the want Oi vhe Dundee Wcddy Nciu} at the eud of the wceit, and it was indeed much missed. ■t Artisan ErptAition to Ameriai. 23 rhen land is probably hing on board ship ia gli, but it is when the way across the broad irynluTo, > to diiiik, ins to hang heavily ob ertaken by sea sickness, ippetite similar to that though the eating of lart of the daily routine the passongeis cannot he generally does not !sting even the lightest sleep must be put in foreHight of Mr D. O. 1 delegates were pro- 1 of literature for con- -literature both of an I character — which was there were what might ion, and in these the ;rtod themselves to the lile Captain Cummings make the time pa^a tfr Walker, the chief able priilethe large and lor, and also theelectrio unstinted ailmiration. [ficcr, and Mr Ross, equally active and rticular line, while Mr A Sea of Ice. About one o'clock on the morning of Sunday, July 2, the officer on duty reported the appearance of an iceberg, and the delegates having, in ac- eordnnoe with a previous anongemcnt, been duly Bilvisod of the circumstances, rushed on deck with nn eagerness and agility which some of them pos- sibly would not have disploye.l in the matter of cJiiiroli attendance, in order to witness what was to them a novel spectacle. The berg was of large size, anil in shape was somewhat similar to the toof of a House, ahe lona wa» then ahciut 100 miles to the lOBBKKO, 100 FKET (.SKKTOHEl) HY MR tOOAN). eastward of the Strait of Belle Isle, and as the Strait was opproached, the bergs became more numerous, until from 30 to 60 could be couT.ted at the same time from the deck. These were of various shapes and sizes, some towS m, like church spires to the height of about Im fet a few had'the":;,': Z ^*««"'bl«..oe to the BarR^ck. other" ab^ut.tJvffi^ ir'^ °/ ."'"«,'' J-KS"' ""ff" rising BOruptly from the water's edge, while several nre- sented large sur aces almost flat A number mPgh a so be compared to volcanic mountains All wt^re of course, given a respectable berth. Ear yn the lre^„"?h°e" rfl"^^»?-rtf'^;f;~'^-' here and there, whrd/w^Ve" asily'a o'd^d'^'ut": ltrtl^^^\T? '"'"Jhe Strai/some thicklanSs' Som'^'^T';!,'*'' P^^'i^^'a'-. w«e very numerous. Some of the pieces presented a remarkably beautiful appearance, through the sun striking intT' "An'iT^^ f'l?" 5 b^'ght green hue, withX? tints. An Idea of the density of the ice may be ob- amed from the fact that, when aboSt a%uarlr dae°"'Jlso'h^''S"v "V;«''*'^'l thesteamerT ha' back I Ivin ""^"^ '"" Montreal, steaming slowly r«nf»ii o * ^!""^ ".""'^'^ *° "skc a passage. Captain Oummings, however, carefully and ski! fully navigated his vc-sel through the apnn ent v a'f'tCol;'""?."'^^^'','' """J »' one*oV=lo?rin th^ afternoon, alter four hours' slow steaming, he h^d the satisfaction of entering more open water al- amf kw •'^Y'"','» "''^^^ stranded on the Ubra.lor w ?h 7u "'I'l'*"'', "O"*'"' ''"0 frequently met rnwidtlt ??"'"/;!.'' '?.'' ?''''' ^"^ "bout 150 mil,» i.odT Hnn , ^"^ ° '^? ^''"^l members of the Kx- Bri ishV. if"','"'!*'""' 'f ">»''"«" "ere like the Arr r« °"'''/.'''yu'''"'lJ »«»' " """■"e across the legend '•■'r"'K°*''\"''"'> "^ ^elle Isle with Woaecul^S "^"'i^'^' k"''""'. '-Trespassers will thne w« »«^f"- Ji' ""jy.^' mentioned that at this leaders om! A" *i^ ?,"*,",''" "^ ^""■'o"- <"«> f'e be a Htt?! t eZ)«nrfee irccWyiV^cw, would, no doubt, we havi f^ li "u" u''* 2d of July. That it is not we have to thank the Uulf Stream, and we have lOEBKno (SKKTOHKD BY MR LOQAN) tive Yankee has been ab e to divert its warm l"!!?.".'^.';'".*''^ chorea of Great Biitain."' vlVl »7re f'oun and Zn^ M .i'*".™''^ eu"?nt from the shores of Great B.ita n. For* ^P^. ^'.reffisTic^l'er* ''oTgl:^^- ^ mo^st fantS'f'""' '" T^^ instaifces 7s«uS i^ai* duck^ V T'' '"'?.''''' «'eP>""it«. lions, •want, ducks, &c., being often represented, while ICEBKIIQ (SKKTCHKU BY Sill LOQAN). greatcoats and waterproofs were much i^i evide'iiceT The Perils of the Ocean-A Strikinff Illustration. Ben?T°J!^H'""'*^'^'T"''^ ""•°"8h the Strait of tion of the penis of the ocean. On approaching homewaH7'*''r'"T?'' «'"'""» P»BsedXTonf homeward bound, and signalled to report the Lake Nepigon ashore. A short time afterwards « b^„t was seen approaching the lona from Labrador carrying a p.ece of bed linen as a flag of distress captain onlir^ "" \'"'' ^'"'"'' '« «""«t«ln7h'^ captain of the Beaver Line steamer Lake Neuison ?■'»"'" officer, aiul eight of the craw. The S"n E!'il*° ^"P]*"' Gumming, that he hTlef" eLhfZ '""°° ''*y' 1""^'°"" for Liverpool, with eighteen passengera, SZl cattle, 99 sheen am a general cargo, and that on Saturday short y«ter entering Belle Isle Strait he struck '^ pecc of sub No. 1 hold. ■Fin.ri-„g"tli; steame"r"'sinking""he' urned round and "beached her in Forteau Way. a short distance to the west of Poin Amourr." ■"ning the river, a short dis- tance up. rom the wharves of the greatsteam shipping from lli"'/""°"? ^V'^^' "^"y'-g *h« ^«'l"«y s Mmt.,i * f.'^^ " *,'"^ , "" ^''''''' Montreal is situated to the mainlan.l on the south. While rising lom the levul ground along the banks of the bt Ljiwrence, on winch the city is princinallv built JSridge, which 18 nearly two miles in length, rests on strong piers of solid masonry with gigantic I e stS "" V"' "Pu"?"^ "'•»« in order to^fotet M„ 1, "."■'"''"/.''?"• ''«"8 destroyed by the huee wattsl""' *"'='' "^.'"•"Ugl't down from the uppfr . waters in spring, and the trains run through a ma.ss.ye iron tube, similar to that which covers the Me.iai fetrait 22 feet high and 16 feet wide Tie bridge cost altogether 6,300,000dollars (£1,200,000) t,^,t^ '"'"^' intervene.1 between he r Si A Run Through the City. -. and visitP^lthelarge workshops of the Canadian Pacific ,, Railway Company. Amonp the prominent buadfn^s iseeii were Christ Church Cathodrni (Episcopal tl?e |finest specimen of English Gothic arVSture'n iNMrpn',""..^"""'" F**''""" F«i«h Church of Pflf ?r"'-1'."'*''^'=''"'^'»f8'-'«' «n the Continent ?S'' "'"' "'tting accommodation for from iTooo to .12,000 persons; the Cathedral of St Peter a stil jlarser and more magnificent bniMing, approachii Iconripletion ; the City Uall „„,! Court Ho"e, a la g- |aml Imiidsome edifice ; a splendid Post Office .1,1 I the Board of Trade and Young Men's Ohri»M«n |As«ociati«n buildings, both impo! , g aS well appointed structures. In their tour through the >ty tho delegates quickly noted some names fn con inection with laundries which appeared straleio Pntish eyes, these being sucl. as Long Lee and |rt'ang.Loo, and it was explained to them t fat Chfna feneij were what might be termed " washerwom n '" |o the whole of NoitU America «ll ti,. i i " [eing practically in their Tands! Or at eiuiosiU fe":^,erse^e'„'''^nn '" T^^ *" *"" leaning o^ luquiry it was ascertahied Tha t Ws Z'a^ow °" |on«ected with death in America W en a child Sor on adult it is wholly blnnkTi '"°''' ,""'' |.e_delegates lanM tleai'^asThr^r-t'^l: ^^d t^i;±l%r^S'^/^i^riSr» Canadian., flag, and bunting bei^Xr]:il°/ di^! played, and some fireworks were also seen. Thn fZTTn ° *'°"^'^»'' ^""y 2W.oSl) ?n number! 'nixed in character, the French beinir moro "i^sTaTed ttr t?" /'"j'S'-'-P-king '&> me?cB InH i *'V^ '■*"" "f"*'"' '>""» the iom- merce and manufactures of the city. A larsre ■".mber of the streets have distinctly French namesf RAILWAY WORKSHOPS DESCRIBED BY MR WATSON. Mr Watson, Eiigintdriver, Dundee, visited the workshops of the Cana,lian Pacific C'wly and he ^n, TV "''''/'"' ^'•'" '" P"'"' °f interest was the moulding department. Here they were making wheels for cars and brakeblocks for all sorts of freight and passenger cars. The most of their work was paid by piece. Most of the moulders made from Ss to 12s per day, while labourers earned from J/'*-"" '}V- ^'''"y "o^ked 10 hours per day, sartmg at 7 a.m.. dinner from 12 to 1 p.m., stop at p. m. 'J he same on Saturday. There were a good many Fix-nclimen and a few Scotchmen, the eading h„i.d being a Kirkcaldy man, who was MrX't-' f r^'xi'^ *'' "'^""«"- His name was roun. H f''\""''*r"'"y8«od in showing us ^? 1 -J S . , ^^"^ '" 'America thirty-seven years, and said that their department was. in the mean: tZt "^P ''*"''•■ ^ ''*'' "°' t'me to call at the eng ne shops owing to our short stay there, having to leave witli the 9 p.m. express for Toronto. When arriving at the station, I was delighted to see such a nice entrance to the booking hall, but was surprised to find there were no platforms, np™» '"Ml. floor about the height of the permanent rails ; but, owing to the construc- tion of the cars here, a high platform is not necessary. Thecarsonthe Canadian Pacific Railwav are something the same as the Pullmnn cars thai run through our country. The 9 p.m. express wai composedof SIX of these cars, which made a pretty long train. At 9 p.m. the engine bell began to toll, ana the tram moved away instantly. We were now seated in a very handsome car to take us or INTERIOR OF OAR. 26 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News to Tnronco, a distance of 338 miles. Tnis distance WHS compluted in nine lionrs, and three different engincH were pmployed in this distance. Canadian Locomotives. In Toronto I went down to see the Grand Trunk engine shop, and had a survey of their engines. They differ in many respects in their construction from the engines in our country. They are all outside cylinders and no "sphishers" over their wheels. They have a very large cah witli windows in the side as well ns in front. The foot plate round the boiler only extends about halfway forward. The smokeatove is twice the length of the one on our engines. They have cow catolier in front, and wide-mouthed funnel with large lamp in front of it, and a large bell on top of boiler with a cord attached, which the fireman keeps pulling away at when moving near a station, or approaching level crossings. This avoids noixy whistling, but I would prefer the one about as soon as the other, for these bells do make a loud noise. AVhen in hod I could hear thtm sounding nearly all the night. The moat of the passenger engines are four coupled from 6J to 7 fee*^ driving wlieels and two four-wheeled bogies under tender, all fitted with air brakes. They have not any side buffer. Tha buffer is in the centre, which serves as a drawbar as well. The cars are attached by one link and two pins, one at each end, put down through the drawbars and link. They have also some other kinds of couplings. The freight cars are nearly as large as the passenger ones, and are eoupled much the same way. The employes are paid much higfier than our home railway men. Wages of Railway Men. Fitters arc paid Oil to lOd per hour. Apprentices serve five yearn. Their pay is — first year, 2d ; second, 21^1 to 3Jil ; third, 3^d to 4^d, a.ul rise to 5^d per hour. They start work at 7 a.m., meal hour from 12 to 1 p.m., and stop work at 6 p.m. On Saturdays they atop work at 11 a.m., thus working a 64 hours week. Enginedrivers are paid by mile- age, averaging IJd to IJd per mile. The miles run are from 100 to 1G2. Man running 100 miles are expected to get four hours' rest before starting, and mi!n running 102 miles get twelve hours rest before being called out. Drivers are paid for thirty minutes before train starting time. Overtime caused by detention is paid at the rate of lOil per hour, but nothing for the first hour. Firemen are liaid at the rate of 47 per cent, of the drivers' wages, and are allowed 45 minutes before starting. They get promotion by servitude, firing eight to ten years before being promoted to driver. Cleaners are paid 3s 9d per day. Qoods guards or freight con- ductors running 100 miles average 7s to lOs ; porters 5s 3d per day ; pointsmen froit 63 to 7b; yardsmen 7s to Ss. All servants are paid monthly. MR DUNLOP AT A CANADIAN FOUNDRY. Mr Dunlop, of Motherwel!, reports : — To the Canadian Pacific Railway Montreal workshops we drove by way of Papinane Avenue and St Catherine Street. Mr Mackintosh, the Scotcli foreman, received the deputation, showing us all round tlie foundry, where they were casting car wheels, hammer blocks, locomotive cylinders, and every- thing in connection with their great railway system. The iron chiefly used is got from Three Rivers and othi. parts of Canada, but, point- ing to a large cylinder iust cast, Mr Mackintosh said — " There is 50 per cent, of good Coltness w that." The annealing furnaces, where the oar wheels are placed for eight days, was » point of interest to the delegates. The tradesmen's wages arc from eight to ten shillings a day ; labourers, five shillings. They have no regular system of apprenticeship, and anyone working two or three years about the shop gets a place as a tradesman. This loose system helps greatly to keep down wages. The foreman ailvised no one to come to Montreal in winter, as thcro is always a scarcity of employment at that season owing to the naviga- tion heiug closed for five or six months by ice. Tlioy employ 150 men in the foundry department. Their hours are from seven to six, and they work to six on Saturdays. THE OXFORD OF CANADA. The Expedition left Montreal for Toronto on July 6 hy the 9 p.m. Canadian Pacific western express, starting from Windsor Street Station, a stately stone structure in Dominion Square. When walking along the platform hero one could scarcely realise that he was 3000 miles from home, as the names of the stations shown on the boards appeared quite familiar, these including Ix)n don, Peterborough, Perth, and even Newport, INTERIOR OF RAILWAY CAH. The run of 330 miles from Montreal to Toronto was most comfortably accomplished in the sumptuously- furnished sleeping cars on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the delegates were set down in a tlioroughly refreshed condition at 7 a.m. on Friday, the 7th, at the capital of the Province of Ontario. Toronto, which has a population of 200,000, occupies a somewhat low though fine situation on the north- west shore of Lake Ontario. Being to a large ex- tent a modern city, it is laid out on the rectangular plan, almost universal in America, and its leading streets are wide and well paved, while some of them possess beautiful avenues of trees. Toronto, with good reason, is particularly proud of its educa- tional institutions, and it h.ta the noble aspiration of becoming the Oxford of America. At the head of these institutions is the University of Toronto, a group of handsome and well-equipped buildings, and as a scat of learning unsurpassed by any on the American Continent. After breakfast at Walker House, one of the best hotels :n the city, and in close proximity to the railway station, the dele- gates separated in order to visit the various places of interest in the city. Electric Light in Toronto. M. Ebenezer Bennett, Electrical Engineer, Newoastie-on-'J yne, reports : — Tlie electric iigiitinj! and motive power in Toronto is u^on the low tension ; ! The tradesmen's wages lillings a day ; labourers, have no regular sybtem anyone working two or nliop gets a place as a stem helps greatly to keep inn ailvised no one to come thero is always a scarcity ason owing to the naviga- or nix months by ice, Tlioy lundry department. Their ix, and they work to six on ) OF CANADA. Montreal for Toronto on Caiiailiau I'acific western rVindsor Street Station, a Dominion Square. When m hero one could scarcely miles from home, as tho 1 shown on the boards r, these including Lon rth, and even Newport, Artisan Expedition in America. 27 RAItWAY CAIt. 1 Montreal to Toronto was ilished in the sumptuously- on the Canadian Pacific ites were set down in a Jition at 7 a.m. on Friday, the Province of Ontario, ilation of 200,000, occupies Ino situation on the north- rio. Being to a large ex- aid out on the rectangular 1 America, and its leading ell paved, while some of enuea of trees. Toronto, oiilarly proud of its educa- t has the noble aspiration if America. At the head B University of Toronto, a well-equipped buildings, unsurpassed by any on the Ifter breakfast at Walker hotels in the city, and in railway station, the dele- to visit the various places it in Toronto. tt. Klectrical Engineer, ■ts :— The eieotrio lighting into is uion the low teniioo system, and supplied by two companies, one supply, nig current for incandescent lamps and private motive power, such as elevators, Ac, in m vate buildings, the other for arc lamps for street 1 Rht ing, and motive power for tram cars, &c. The Incandescent Lighting Company, „t t'lie prese t time, IS supplying current tor close ou 13 000 16 candle-power lamps. Tlie cost to the consumer is on an average 6-10tl,s of a cent, or fully idner ? "'filled ':^";?T^"°''".'»'"p- i^^t?;^ Iv.,„i '! T p'"^ '^''"'"" Principlp, having 10 •lyi.amos, of these generating a current of OOO amperes, and 4 at 400 amperes 120 volts Tl.e^ are driven by five powerful steam engines made bv tho Armington & .Sim Engineering Company and run at a speed of 2C2 revolutions jifr minute" The other company, which is called the To onto Elec! trio Lighting and Power Compnny, make their own dynamos of which they havc'no fewer tl a' cSTt t he r sta ion. These are driven from intermedial wide "fTi"'' "■" •^"'"" ">' ^""^'^'^ belts, 36 inohc^ wide, from six very powerful double cylinder engines, rang ng from &00 to 1000 horsc-powor 1 hey supply tho current for arc lighting uHve; a re fi&^wftl l*''r t?'"° '^*'" •="«• Those ca a»o ntted with an electric motor varying from 20 to 80 horse-power and get the ourrent^fro^m'^rfead wins. 1 think there la irreat rnnm tr.,. i™ provement here. The first thngthlt strike one in Toronto is the wMt numhpr „f . i e ^a^fo*""'""? 4"-"- bot'Jsi*!:- inese aie for carrying the w res that oonvev I tlio current for the electric tramcars. This would ' not be tolerated m any of our Scottish or ELlish towns or cities, as at a very little extra cost Cv could be put underground. •" The peope in Toronto ! whom I came in contact with were alf verv oblS ' and anxious to show me all they oou d, o'^^ give^mf ; all the information that was in their power to gi™ ' A Fire Alarm. .>„?ff. 1 i*'*'.?''"?"' "'« city electrician, who was particularly attentive, showed me all round tirei? fire station, or as they term it, their fire hLl He very kindlj introduced me to Mr Richa i Ardagh, chief officer of the department who af^lr I ; a private consultation with Mr Thomson 1,1 . assistant, gave a false alarm. Everything beine rorked by electricity, the instant the al!rrS if ! ?rnmn"l'*'''"''. ''""," "^ °P"'- the halter ™ops : pires ,°nd°Tp m''"^'■ -^'^ !""'""» forward to t"! , piacLs, ana H,e nicM being already at their no-it, [ the horses are harnessed as if by niaeio Vrnr*i ' r instant the alarm is given tni a'u is^'r^ady foT tl iZl ,1! °'l'y ^ r^°'i^'- "^"^ "«" ''carcZ realise I * .f' ""a'"™ has been given till they are on the ^ sy^^t'em th' fl rnld'' Z^Vt' "'■ '\' """'' ' Which agisters ?p'n'ure-r of^th'/b x^f'r^ S I NOTICE. JJp^Not Sj)it on the I'hm: Ti . r . T,".'""" "" '^"^ Work. TORONTO^NTINUED. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. SCHOOL BOARD SYSTEM. LARGE PUBLIc'bUILDINGS. STATE OF BUILDING TRADE. EVANGELICAL WORK. Y.M.O.A. AND Y^.A. IN CANADA. L.ABOUR LEADER INTERVIEWED. WAGES, HOURS TjFlaBOUR, HOUSE RENTS, &c. (From, tlu WceMy News of the 5th August.) •Ju-JUB>*^^ jf TORONTO IN 1834. rewese?ta«v^ ^- •!«"''• Hill of Beath. miners' savs --To !lv ""• ^. ?•"" "r"™"*"' July 7"', modelschonf/an^" 7""^* Parochial, normal, and moael schools and school of practical science and l«Tt.T'"'''ly '"/•'"''^'J *" ^« received wtl. the fo tact Zr^ ff""" "'! *.'*'• whom we came in of whom d fl «1I " '"■"."JP"' wards. all or wnoin did all they could to make our visit a success bv showing us through the ola^sroomr and SnhnnU I , • 1?" .''"• *"'' separate schools. High The ch iren?.°y'?r'T'V''"*«'> """J "'<-• University inecniia enters the kindergarten at nerhana fonr years of age, and the Publif School a^rands sZnl"^p "'""'* ^'"' "K" of thirteen for the Hig^^ So liool. Four or five years at the High Scliod or rollegiate Institution enables him to enter the h^Tl'%' '"^'^'^^^ attends four years, and gains h« B.A. degree. The principles of the vstem of CNIVKHSlTlf Olf TORONTO. national education favour no class or sect. The rich and the poor meet together. Private schools ireTot 28 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News f.| tiuccessful. Tlic High Sohoul is the poor mnu'u college, on account of the general ilesire of the community to exact low focH from students, and in a great many instances to clmrge no fees at all, and it is worthy of note that the highest distinctions in the Univcrsty are most frequently gained by the sons— and the daughters, too,— uf working men. Tlio ratepayers (men and women) elect the trustees, who, 'vltiiln the iirovisions of the provincial statutes ur regulations of the I'Mucation Department, appoint the teachers, and determine the amount to iw expended for buildings, equipments, and salaries. It thus follows that the system of education in Ontario, is e»\yer, and closed with the reading < f tlic Scriptures and the Lord's Prayer or the prayer authorised by the Depart- ment of Education." lint no pupil need join in any exercise of l all teachers who may come to this Province to fill situations arc required to pass an examination in accordance with tho rules of the rrovince. All the departments of this branch of education are thoroughly equipi)cd with models nnd appliances for the proper teaching of the different subjects. Board Schools in Canadu- Mr Mungo Smith, Cundec, reports a meeting with several members of the To mto School lioard in the Secretary's olfice and a visit to the Church Street Public School, there being present Mr Wilkinson, secretary and treasurer ; Mr C. H. Pishop, superintendent of buildings ; Mr 21,585; value of school properties, SrooJJr* Jr"^^ P*"* '° salaries during the year td8,l«)P. Out of this amount there was paid for officers' salaries £3104. This is a very large amount of money, but I consider that they have a thorough educational system in Toronto, and must say I was very highly gratified with the kind reception we got and the readiness to give ns all information, i he School Board of Dundee should send a depnta- tion out there to get a few wrinkles, and I guess they would get them. Toronto has an industrial school for truant boys. Their training is similar to our own. Sunday observance ig very good ; there are no public amusements on tho .Sabbath day Toronto is styled the City of Churches, and it deserves the name, as they are very numerous. All the gentlemen I spoke to on the subject told me the seventh day was well observed by all classes. The Licensing Question. Mr Mungo Smith also reports :— Tho Town Council of Toronto have the power to limit tlie number of licenses. Questioning a friend— Do you find that properties rise in value when they get the license i A.— To a certain extent. But If an exorbitant rent be charged above the other shops they are toW the license will be taken from the house. All publichouses shut on Saturday night at seven until Monday morning, and alsoshut on election days. The part of the town I saw on Satunls ! night was very quiet. Cooling drinks are as much run unon here as beer is at home. Sanitary arrangements are very well looked after in Toronto. Ihe Board has great powers, and, what is more they put them in force. ' ONTABIO PABUAMENT BDItDINOS. £25o''oli>'"''rThl'''" "^-I i''* ««ti""»ted cost of £250 000. (The architect, Mr Richard A. \Uite, IS an Engliihman from the county of Kent. The buildin«8 are situated at tha southern end of Queen s Park and have a total frontage of 500 feet the mam entrinoe forming a double letter E and enclosing within its walls over 76,000 square feet In architectural design it is Romanesque. There is a great dea of carving all round theluilding done m a conventional sty e. It represents the Canadian rnaple leaf, the Scotch thistle, the English rose the Welsh leek and the Wsh shamrock the aVest ^ZT^K f rj"l« ''""8 * «»'»Pt<"ed frieze 70 feat long, 16 feet high, surmounting the three great windows m the centre structure. The stonework represents m heroic size allegorical figures of music agriculture commerce, art. science, law, ph*^! sophy, architecture, engineering, and literature ^^rouped on either side of the arms' of the province! Creilit Valley, thirty miles from Toronto. The main entrance is composed of three nohl« urnl,.- 18 feet by 26 feet high.*^ These arches rest on 'jx clustered colnmns, the caps being 9 feet long, 6 feet broad, and 2 feet 2 Inches thick, all boautitullV carved. Right through the corrido; are the variJi^ oflicesm connection with various offloialg. On tha second floor is the Legislative Chamber which accommodates 91 members. It is elaborately fitted means of ventilation, containing a patent automat o thermometer which keeps the Chamber steady at CHOOL, TOKONTO. ONTARIO PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS. Mr Sinclair, Cambuslang, representative of the buildmg trades, reports :-I visited the Parliament Houses, Toronto, and inquired for the Cleik of Works, who very kindly took us over the buildings and gave all information regarding them. It is six years since they were cnmmnnnad am' h- m"d- - boast th»t they were the onl, bri; have four branches in Toronto. The president is Mr l>. M'Laren, who takes an active mtcrest in the work. Any visitors from the mother country who talie a part in evangelical work will be pleased to see tlie above institution, where they are sure of a hearty welcome. TORONTO YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. Air Dunlop also reports :— At the above Associa- tion in Kim Street we received a hearty welcome from Mrs Bailey, the lady superin- tendent. The obieot is the temporal, moral, and religious welfare of young women who are de- pendent on tlieir own exertions for support. They have an employment buieau, and at present the demand for help is greater than the supply. Classes are conducted in cooking, general improve- ment, dress-cutting, and making, ko, Tlie cooking classes are specially well attended. The boarding house is a feature of the institution. Tlie price for board is from Us to 15s per week, and about 60 boarders are at present there. They have a lecture hall, reading-room, reception-room, and sitting-room, all of which are splendidly furnished. The bedrooms are cheerful and bright apartments, with high ceilings, and perfect models of cleanli- ness and comfort. The whole arrangements are a credit to the lady superintendent. The sat \e table is provided for all, the only difference being in the price of rooms. The board of management oonsiats of a president, 6 vice-presidents, 45 directresses, a secretary, and treasurer. Their duties, assisted Ly all tho members, are the sceUing out of young women who come to reside at Toronto, securing their attendance at Home place of wor! have four ie president is Mr \), ive mtcreat in tlie work, her country who take will be pleased to see they are sure of a hearty )MEN'a OHRISTIAN TION. -At the above Associa- e received a liearty ly, the lady guperin- the tempural, moral, ing women who are de- ions for support. They iu, and at present the ter than the supply, oking, general improve- tking, JEo. The cooking tended. The boarding bitution. The price for er week, and about 60 there. They have a , reception-room, and re splendidly furnished, and bright apartments, feot models of cluanli- lole arrangements are a iident. The sa? ie table ditfcrence being in the of management oonsiats lents, 45 directresses, a 'heir duties, assisted Ly sceldng out of young a at Toronto, securing tee of worship, and sar- in assjclatcs. On leav- lished witli letters of >ciation. Any one who ,ution, if they are on a lada, should not fail to here they are sure of a Sailey. LABOUR LEADER, or of the Kxpedition, Kpedition in Toronto I an interview with Mr ilr Jury is one of the >rs in the city, and is a the District Assembly a boily with a broad, tr to that of the Labour 16 it also a meinbei- ui The t'lrospects of Artisans in Toronto •t p.vsent arc, he stated, far fr m hriglit. The l»l')ur market is over»tocked, and the building trades are jMirtioularly dull, except as r< (ards the Jtonecutters, in connection with wi" 'here is Jt>t now a little stir on account ot the erection M o naw city hall and Courthouse, and the depar- pre o! a large number of men for the States last ail and this sprmg through the long delay in start- tog work. ' The Tailor Trade. Concerning hia own tra.le, he Kaid the tailors Were paiil on a time-log reHombling that in opera- won in Glasgow and other largo towns in Great £> itaiii. In one or two shops tlie men were paid 21 JeiitB (lOJd) nn hour, while m other first-clasa shops •he rate was 20 cents (lOd) an hour. Pant-inakliig wa;i almost wholly in the hands of girls. A man /eceived the cloth from the shops, and hired roomy •i.a wcll-vcntilated workshops in which the girls ■ewoilthe garments for which they were mid from oO cents (2s) to »li {5») a day according to ttfcir ahility, the contractor gettiiik; for his superin- jenileiice, &o., a sum ensuring him a good living. 6irls themselves took out vests to make, and were fRid from $1 (4s) to f l.bO (6s) by the good ghops. Labour Organisations. I annual value of $20 (£4) in the oitics, the rents re- llwe ''*"* '" ""* *°"'"" ""'' ^'""K^' ''^'"6 House Bents and Living. As regards rents in Toronto, they wore, ha said at present at the fag end of a real estate boom, and good houses could be got for a comparatively small sum. The rents of woiking men's houses in or- dinary times ran from $7 (£1 8a) to $12 (£2 8s) a month, these figures including taxes, which wore paid by the landlord. For tEo former figure an ortisan wouhl get a bock-lot house of four or five sma rooms, while for the latter he would get a small house of five or six rooms, with a bath and water closet. A single man who did not rent a house was liable in a statute labour tax of $2 (8^) annually, but It was evaded by 99 out of every 100. Asked I working men could save more in America than in the old country, Mr Jury said that altogether de- pended upon whether a man was provident or not. Ueing questioned as to whether the oonditiong of obour generally were better in America than in the old country, Mr Jury said that employers of labour seemed to have the faculty of getting more out of men on that side of the Atlantic than on the other. Q.-Do you think this is due to any superi- ority in the tools used ? A. -I don't think there is much in that, although there may be something in the gubdivisioil of Inhmir An.I i.. mn ™„,. ii,: " Ml eight hours day. while others, aii.i pirtioularlv difffir":," mo-.H^L*^,'!^?..*.'. *,.'*"? ™*^' »■"' «>« »ose in the iron trade, wrougnt 9 to 9A hours a day, <» 51 and 52 a week, and finished at noon on Satur i/" 1 u *. bakers were amongst the worst off of JI, and had to labour 70 or 80 hours a week- in got, they had just to work as their emplovers gdered them. Thoy had a good orsanisation »me years ogo, when they had a nine hours #y, but as soon as they got a little power •ey were like a good many other people. m did not know how to use it iudioiouslv bnsequently they lost the sympathy of the pnblio. m beinij split up by internal dissension, they were »w working all klmls of hours. Tin; male tailors tre well organised, but they had not been so locessful with the female operatives. As an ' stance of the advance which had been made 1 Ilia own trade, he mentioned that in 1873 the aximnm price paid on an ordinary tailor's log was t cents (7Jd) an hour, while now with no better git was, as he had said, from 20 cents (lOd) to i4d. A lorge number of females were also em- pyeil in boot and shoe manufactures and in book- Jiding, stationery, and printing establishments. ■d likewise m stores, but, exf>epting the wife of a fuor se ler, there was practically no woman em- pyed at a publichonse bar in the whole country. Labour Representation. ?/'tJ''*.S"l*"."",°J '"'"*'"■ "^Tresentation, ho said at the Teohnical Schools Board, which was ap- Inted by the City Council, was composed to the iont of one-third of the representatives of labour ,.« -•■«., v.,,.w (su n luBi, rui-e, anil tna difference mentioneil may be due in some way to the want of organisation in certain trades. Alto- gether, however, I think that employers here are meaner than those in the old country. IN A FURNITURE FACTORY, WAGES OF CARPENTERS. DELEGATES~r NIAGARA. IMPRESSIVE SPECTACLE. THE ELECTRic" RAILWAY. UNDER THE FALLS. • ELECTRIC AND WATER POWER FEAT OF A MODERN BLONDIN. (From the Dundee W eekly N ews of ISth August.) ^^^ll'F'^°"^^^.y>g' employment ii e success uL The poll, however, closed at five Snrolt^lr'''l..J il"*^'.„'='j'''"«'r.»kers. carvers. e successful. The poll, however, closed at five look, so that working men did not get a fair ince of recording tlieir votes. "I wish" he slid Jently "we had the polling hours that you have jtbe old country. You are ahead of ug there " cotitinuation, BIr Jury said that his expenses e paid, but It elected he would have given his noes without any remuneration. For the Pro- icial Parlinment *!""•» l...) mmh-v.! ~.,ff - v • ■ ^ . upholsterers, varnishers, and machineraen. The building consists of two flats. On the ground floor the maohinery for the preliminary proce^es il placed. The other flat is occupied with the oZL' makers and carvers. The class of work that was being manufactured was what I consider second! doss and does not call for any sueoal mention. Oak ig the princinal wn"f that u used 111 the manufacture of " -.liture of every a ligt of the in Toronto :— IP^ 32 Dundtt Vomer ami Irundee JFeekhj Newt Cabinotinakern, 22J cents per hour (lHd)i oarvern, 21 to 3U oeiitB accunling to nlillity (lO^d to Is 3il) ; iipholHtererH, 'Ji't oniit« (Ih 0,^(1); varniHliorH, IHJoc'iibt (U]il). Tlio mimhcr ul' liourH wroii^lit is 65 por wi!fk, ilj liourH per doy, nnil n Imlf-lioliilay onHaturilnyR. No piecework in vtrowf^ht in Toronto, and tliiTO isHoarcely hucIi n tliiiij; as an apprentice to be met with in the furniture trade of 'I'oionto, Kmployers ilnd tiioy do not jiay, and prefer work- men ready made. Carpenters' Wages. Mr Brown, of Guvau (rcpresintativo of Car- penters), has prepared the loUoiving tabular re- port :— CANADA. n Ul8. nf W'rk Town". s S d Hamilton, Lonilon, (Ont.), Montroil, Toronto, Vancouver, Victoria, Wlnni|>eg, hour It day lionr 5.1 S4 liU no 64 53 47 48 4H 41 48 48 48 Wogti. Summer. $ £ N. i>. 1L'.3S = 2 7 I0.N0 = 2 3 4 11.23 = 2 13 OJ 12.5U = 2 10 18.00 = 3 12 18.00 = 3 12 14.57 = 2 18 4i Winter. 9 £ H. 10.57 = 2 2 0(30=1 18 9.00 = 1 la 11.00 = 2 4 10.00 = 3 4 l(i.00 = 8 4 13.20 = 2 U 10 In Toronto they liave no half-holid.iy on Satur- day afternoons. Their wages aro paid fortnightly — on Mondays. They are not allowed anything ext'.a when working overtime — bare time only. They do not join opprentioea to the trade. Young men aro paid according to their ability. They beiiin work at 7 a.m. till 12, dinner till 1, and work till half-past 5 p.m. A f.ve-roomed house rent costs $9 or $10 (£1 16s to £2) a month, and young men pay for board about S^\ a week (1 Is to IGs). Trade is not too good for carpenters at present here, and work scarcely to be had in winter at all. I would not ailvise anyone to come here at present. The Newspaper Offices-Tsrpe-Setting Machines. Several good newspapers are published in Toronto, and these are well supported. Among the leading journals are the Mail, the Olobc, and /■Empire, all with fine offices, which I had the pleasure of a run tlirough. The Mail and Empire are set up by means of Roger's typo- graph, which is wrought by means of a key- board, similar to that of a typewriter. As a key is prei the Niagara Navigation Company. From Queenstown, which is situated on the Niagara Hiver, at the south-west end of l^jake Ontario, a new electric railway runs all the way along tlic very edge of the deep gorge of the Niagara River to Chippewa, about four miles beyond Niagara Fallx, and it was by this means that the delegates travelled to their destination. In winding up the steep incline from Queenstown numerous large peach orohardi and gardens of grapes were passed, and as tlie darkness came on myriads of flre-flies were seen darting through amidst the bushes and trees. We saw very little of the great river, but we ooulil easily hear the noise of its waters rushing long at headlong speed about 200 feet underneath '..s. The fact that wu were running along on the very brinli of the almost precipitous bank with absolutely no protection between us and engulphnient in the rag- ing torrent sliould any accident overtake our jerk- ing car was only too apparent, and more than one gave vent to a sigh of relief when the party was safely set down at the end of the fine new foot anil carriage suspension bridge, with its span of 12(>8 feet. From this point the delegates obtaineil their first view of the great falls, and, although all that was visible in the darkness were two gre.it white sheets of water, illuminated by electric liglit lamps, the noise was almost deafening, and one can easily understand how the Indians gave to the falls the name Ni-a-ga-ra— " the thunder of waters.' SUSPENSION BRIDOK. After crossing the bridge we set foot for the flrat ; time on the soil of the United States, a fact at once made evident to us by a customs official demanding < to know from whence we came and what our bag- gage contained. That right, we all sat down to supper in the Cataract Restaurant, in Niagara g Falls City, which is " run " by Mr Geo. B. Allen, M Artisan Expedition to America. 33 The foreman mentionpd a mail aet 'l8columii' Sreeif appea - ?,es ;i r""} ''''''?'"' '■«"''>"ws were also wit- An Tim,, Ji'""' "i?'" "','■"' "'"" "btaineil of the ITalT • I .'"' *'""' "f "'" "'»t. wax observe.l to •team right up into the spray of this faH, and then I rippuig liea Is out beyon.l the f«^a of tie preo J o 111 oriler t„ have nn upward glance, but were ooii" str^ine, to depart without* having tlie^r dt°° o .'n HlaW- /" r'"^"i"8.'"T'^-»l also Voce Ml ,1 out .^n Hbftky planks and clinihe.l the slippeiy stalls in M er ti. reach a la, go rock at tho veiy edge of tho fall, but t I,. 1 ill, III.,. ,«„..... ...1 11. ' "IB""" '10 \ / FALLS fltOM PIIOSPKCT POINT. Jtupendous cataract until the terrific current com Belled herto turn round and return to the other bank The Canadinn fall w 2000 feet in width, and 154 Jeet high, but the American fall, although 9 feet t,'*' f \nA"i^ ^""^ f'^^* '^■'l^' I' '» calculated that Ibout 100,000,000 tons of water come thundering ■own over these vast precipices every hour, and tlil »ction of the water IS wearing away the rock at tho ate of about one foot every year, the recession in ihe memory of even midille-agcd persons being con- liilerable. Donning oilskin suits the delegates Bescended by means of an elevator to the level of ■ho river, and followinga nn.row pathway under the Idge of the overhansincnllff. th'"' omi-»'".i ~ ■• iunnelcutoiitofthesolidlin,estoneVo'ok7"i'fterp'ene- Irating Its gloomy recesses for some distance tliev iame to a point where thoy stoo.l right behind the alluweil tliem to retail, their footliol.l for only a w wore photographed along with Mr Frederick VVtiM, andMrs 'Ihomson, who aocompani,.d them ui, i^.T^.f™'"./^'"'",''-''" *° Niasari Falls. Ue I lospeot j'ark. belonging to the .State of New York ?r"nm ?!"'V'"'*' '''"■'",'• "'"'"'' '"^'''«^ 'l'« Canadian „f "ni % i"""','?," "*"• ^^'""' at tl'o lower en,l of Ooat Is ami ho American fall was viewed to nnuch greater advantage, and numerous beautiful I„ H r ' \'x\ •^'■"i";"' """"'••'"'^^'l «ith each other, niid the (.oat Wand by means of neat, substantia wooden biidses an,l standing out in the rapids wliero the waters rush along in a wild Z umultuou, race tearing themselves into oa'm a.i hf/ir:7l'*".''*" " Y"'" '^'""K'"8 tl'e'nsolves i" o the horrible abyss below the l-alls. Some distance beyond the outermost island, aii( driven hard Se.tf"'""" ?■ '^'T'^'' °^ '"o'*- ^'"<"' had so far large log on which several daring visitors had carved heir names, hut such was'the position of the log that one could not help feeling thkt some of these m returning had pai.l with tlieir liveVfor vha over fame they might have achieved. SomJ of the rocks on the margin of tho rapids were yisi ed by a few of the "delegates! but^'no'^^, ," ventured more than a safe distance. The Falls could not have been seen under bettei conditions although it may be necessary to explain to sorne of your reailer.s that Niagara was nit Tt^w:Hf "^ f"^ t'i? benefit ofTedXga^s nn L.I '^^*'^, ^"""^ ^^"y were not turned on, for the simple reason that they could never be urned off by mortal hand. 'Jhe first v iew, it m„s? be confessod. wa.s to some extent disappointing/ihe m,?ir*'"'''L"','""'"" '"•'''^"'8 the Falls se!m of much less height than they reaily are, but after one had descended to the level of the river aXxpIored the Nvonders of the place from various standpoint, he stood impressed with his own insignificance and It',.Tv'"f'"-"f"''^^''' ^'^'--'''"^ who formed them haeSi, '"'"}'".'"'? .to mention that one of the hackmen engageil m driving the party round was a negro who made his escape fiom sl.avery in 01,? Virginia forty years ago, and after tr^avelling irossing to the Canadian side proceeded towards tho 2000 miles and crossing the .St UwrenoeVreaohed tupendous cataract until the terrific cnrrenf — , I l^ntish soil. Then he said, " Collv mal«« m„ British ff "** '*;'«r ^'"' J°y ^'"=" I Kot under de bntish flag, and I never cease to bless it yet." In the courae of the day the delegates also visited a paper mi 1 an,l the electrio and water power works tlicy returned by electrio car and steamer to roronto. the 40 miles' sail on the lake in tTe cod of the evening being greatly enjoyeil. When the car was between the railway hridge and the oI,l suspensmn bridge over the Niagara River two mil an^Th„n^''"'"r^'*""""'^> f"' someminue and the passengers ha,l an opportunity of witne-ss- i"g R woimcrrai portormaiice by Galverley, a vounit Canadian, who is said to outdo Blondin, the great rope walker. At the time the car halted the delegates saw Calverley walking on a wi^e rope r 34 Dundee Courier awl Diinilen fFeekh/ MfWi ^trotoliini; over tho ({"rge, with tlio river rtinliln^ along 200 fnot ln'lotv, 'I'liu dniinK pmloiiiuu tlioii fxcoiitoit Homt! Iiolil Kymimiitjo fi'iilH, inotiidiiu tlic nuaiiiMiaiuii of liiinai'lf liy liiii toun witii liin \,<\\\ duwmviirilH, At tlil» ningo inaiiv uf tlin HpiOtntujH, tliinliiiiff probikiily of tlio ilrcinlfiil conHoqiieiicPH of the HJighteat Hlip, tiiinnil nwny HliiuMeriiig /mm tho Higlit, hut tho boll! gymnnxt pulled liimiielf U|> ngivin nnd nnfely ronohod term llrnvi. In runniiin down to Quifcnxtown a gocnl vjiw \vn» alg>> n<^t of tlio fntnoiiH whirlpoiil rnpiih— wIhmo tlio uu- fortunnto ('ftjitiiiti Wohb Wiin drowned iu \m »ttompt to Hwjin thi'in— niid nlHo of tlio whiilpoul itMclf, ro'iud tlio blink of which tin- cltuttio ram run. Every oiio of the doli'g.itcs iiotitd tliiil, throughout the wliolo dny nnd dunns tho run back to Toronto on ft stoaincr, with m'Vfiul hiindrodn of paswngprH, not one pcrBoii the W(ir»o of drink was foun, ond in iinawcr lo iii(|uirii's mi the subject they were infonniMl that in Turoiito 'ho pubiioluiusiH were cloned from 7 p.m. on .Saturday to 8 a.m. mi Monday— although they were open later on Die other evenlngn of tho week— and the want on Huturday eveniuijn of thu aoooniinodatidu afforded by theiu eKtablNlnnpiiti wan not tult either in tha great warmth of huminer or the iharp ould e>- perlunocj in winter. Niagara Falls Railway. Mr Kbunezcr Itennett writes j— Thi» railway, winch in cluotrioiil, in worked upon exactly tlieiinino prinoiple at the electric tramcart Id the ■treetn of 'I'oioiito, tlio oiirimit being tiikiMi frmn ovorlieail wiron on the one side and from the rail^ on the otlier. Tho railway ia laid along tlie edge of the bank from Queeiistown to Chippewa, a diitanco of about thirfeoii mileg all uphill, tho grade being about 1 ill 20. The oo4 of travelling the whole of tho distance U 30 cent! giiiglc, BO coiitH return, and for hhiirt iliHtnncen, buoIi uh from one Htation to aiicitlier, the fare in 5 ouiits. The coiiductoro and driveison these earn work ton liourn per day, and are paid frumllS (!;:») to IjSliO (tl2) per month. ,(S^8^:i-,.;. Mr Oslbr. Mr }^.r. Mit MuiR. Mii ML'RnAT. Mr A\'. Smith. Mr M .Smith. BIr Bhown. Mr Watson. Mr Tatlob. :, Mr T.kn-n-ktt. Ml! OuN!.."" V.n .'^iHOLilH. Mrs 'J'homson Mr F. Tuoubon. ? y ArtUan Expedition to tht fFm-ld's Ft utr. db oek— »iii| tliu WRiit nn ncooriirnodatlciii nffonluil OK not tuK I'iLlirr in the r or tUo iliurp ould ex- s Railway. writes ;— This railway, }(l upon cxnotly tlie nitino iincikii in till! ■trc'()4i) of ig tiiki'ii rriiin ovvrlienil lul fniin tlie rniln on tlie id nIoiiK tlic edgo of tlio Dliipiiowii, a (li^tanco of iiplilll, tlie xrnilu lieing f trnvulliiiK tlie wholu of glc, 50 ciiiitH return, nnd UK from ond Htiition to 4. 'i'liii ooiiductom Bnil ton liiinrx per dav, •ad at) (£12) per month. y,^:^^ [TH. TsoN. Mr Ti.XWB. TH8 I'oWKtt HOIJMB. M. Mulr writes :-Tl.e Co.npnny'a elect, io power lum.Ho B nnlH nioae to the sid.) of tlio Fiill^, and Imn a oapacity of ;t()()0 li„rao power. In itx oonHtruotion many Ulffloulties were met wiHi, but all wore over- com... The »ater in taLon from the lapi.Is jnut above the Falls by a Hume 200 foet long to the gatoH. Heto It plnnges throng!, three tubei 7* feet . inmoter to a depth of (i2 feet on to tho turbine,, below, which are 45 niches In dinmet.r, It is then carried away by a tunnel (iOO feet long, dincliarginu undurneat, the Falls. The power i» co,"'^"^! from tho turbine, by means of verticil shafting, which gears by means of hrovy oug whueh into d hor zontal shaft, and from ther'e infoTho dynam"-? mSu " '"*',"'''■ ";*' * er-'at "umbor of these maohines may bn nsod as ,ieciaslty deniaudH In < esign,ni,' tho house, provision ha^' boen made for down I m iiver In winter by providing a large over- flow, which can be used as require.!. The Paperworks at Niagara. Mr Smith, I),nny, writes on .Saturday, .July 8 •— f.in'v'»Vmi *^'"^l'^'' "'"Niagara Wood Paper t'om- pany s BliU at Niajjar- t.'all«. Th -y uscil to make ro^lrJ''/,''"' ""y ""'■'«'' «»"'•" two ,n!„;?hsago macliniery. Ijiey nro at present driving all tho ^ew eanal'""'" J^'f • '""' ^''^^ »'« constnic „g a new canal in order to got a driving water .uni.lv Rwi'the'm l'™? ,'" '""" '"'■'•">'', «''«'^'«. whioll'wi^l Sower Ti?e?^Jw"' ''°"""' ?"'-'" "" ''^'^ ''""« power, n le turbines are sunk down 175 feet below rom he n^er. The cost will be somrthing ^e 14 m.lhou dolla... moojm). The Com in y has TTere^^a^o"" '""T" T"""* <'»^'"""'"i pape" ma"chine'",|,/-^ rainrs'""Vf'"^;, °" S press roll«, .orty.fi;r"'ryi.f"' cy,?,l„'"''but "° ,f J'/""" . 'vvo sets ot calendersf sevon ;oIls in each set; a,,ne sitter and winding machine It isaHplendid machine, 120 inches wide. a,ul was run,, :.g at the rate of 130 feet per minute iHs dnveu by a Corliss engine, ani speed U regulated by cone pulleys. The machinehouso L In t of Iw .k °" ^''* """K shaft ng is all above tXl!^ ''*"' """^ P"!'''-^ f»' ««<=!» section, vldeh is in the floor. The beaterhouso is on a level wit , the machinehouse. and they work the Horne bea 'ir'e'n'^oo'd'null'^'j^^ "'"^ vcntiuL^rhou:! ,i^ alarthJtil^l;^ ^tie "^tl^ Cj ban gnnd their own wood ; three steai bo lers w th hnechnnicftl Htoke.s, which they ,,y do we The luilding IS wellsitnato,! ...uj. ._;.,",, ."• ^V" rn'»chi """r' ^^ '^"« '^"'k^-'onS withlhe^plendid mschiner^- the Company is putlins in, they ' 'hould have ft magniflocit mill, and be able to point to it as a model oaabll.hmcnt. Tlic prices of wood ,,ul„ they were using were as follow, :-^Mech.i,ic,,I, fl.S Hs4d)percwt.; sulphite, nearly ;to,nts(lS,l) per lb. Canadian Paperworkers' Wages The sl„ft men work 12 hours the (Irst flvo days of he week, and on Saturday they work till eleven 00 ock at nigh -17 hours. The |..bourer. an dav H ,nen woik 10 hours for the flrst .,ve .lays, n d «1 7-. 7->f'«'ii/f.M''''' .'"■'■ ''*•*' ! '•«"»(«! men's, fr;?;, '$'.';; «-.t("'^) .-.a^'intftnt ,nacl,i,iomen, m fiiir ;,'""■ """i"'""' bea(e,men Hi trJ f^*'i(''^) ;■»'"»"«". «1 124 cents Us (Ml to «11 1 ' '; /,n. ?"'''"' "" Pi<-''^"*<"k cutting tags have 2(5 cents (10,1) per cut. Tliey have no fliiishi.ig houfo of age before they got int.. w.nk in tlie mills, tliere being no halftlmers such as we have at ho ne! Ncjtelmien are very well liked in the paper tr. ,le and they an, well t.. tho front in lolling «« ,d positions. There is no trade society or iiS among the pape.makors in Canada. They em I, ? IZvl^'^'u ■'■ ^'"""^ "f '»"""^-. ''"Herbal ad oricki't. Horso-i rotting is aho a favonrito sport Carpenters' Wages, &c., at Niagara, U.S. week H*""" i'"'""''*' °m'>ptvv» woik GO hours per week, they have no hnlf-holiday on .Saturdays Some are wo, king even 12 hours .laily. There /at present a larg. jol, Tower Hotel) g.iing on emi W- ing upwards of ;10 carpenters. A Host.. 0^™ hi» he contract. They pa'y only «2i (!).) for a larof iS l'"i.rs here, while tho same (Irm pay the same annuint for a .lay of !» hours at Boston Wages a^a paid foHiiiKlitiy (Moii.lays). Appre.S a o hLllU^X"uT''\ y^r^ '""" »'•« Pai'l""' - pick up the tia,lo for themselves. They have little or no union amongst them, an.l trade is not very ■7 tlw v' j;'T"S '^'"'^ ''" »•" «"' any al"?wan J If .they work extra hours. The cost of liyine ot Niagara for trailesmen is very dear * On the Way to C:..cago. Pacific ami Wabash ^i'ailfotls,"knS'Uu;i^"atu? sixteen hours. Toronto was left at 7.20 a. m ami very soon after their de,Kvrture the delegkTos hSd more evKlcncns of the superiority of ?he American '?„ *''^ British system ot railway travelling a th<,ugh It has to bo borne in mind that at homo pov sion ha. „ot to be ma.Ie for the running of "o gieat . istauoes as occur on tlip Western ContbiBnt scarcely had they take,, their scats ^len ?1 e'c'o, 1 a..a Suu.lay morning newspapers were off.TP. them .,r Mvie, while book,.' f^uit, confectionery, utlZ '"'^ ^"^'^ ""' '<=»•" ''««'''e tl'em to induce t olJl' r ^ l.'"'"'"""'- About inid..lay, also" they sat dowh ,„ dming Ci»is to a meal which as regards service and the variety .nd qnairty of 'tl?t" viancs. would have done cre.lit to any resta,?rant After a pleasant run thmngh a rich tVuit growing and agricultural district of Ontario' he tram arrived at Windsor, and S had another annoying experience with the U.S. custom officials, every has havi, e to be opened althougl, the examination "wasTf i?m n?'l""' "'""•="?'«■••, '^Vindsor was left a 2 p.m and jve were timed to arrive at the important am flourishing city of Detroit, the terminus of tMs Hection of the Canadian Pacific Kaihv'ay at 2 30 but many mav bo s,iri,ri«e,l t-> i.„-„ l;;.T'_"u /•*'• leaciied Detroit, the railway clocks'show;^:uha"the line was only 1.30, this being .lue to tl„ i.fferonce between what is known as the Eastern and CeS r 36 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News time, wliich latter takes effect at this point. At De- troit a stoppage of about 45 minutes was inatle, and, shortly after resuming tlie journey, tlie delegates passed the scene of a somewhat serious collision, two freight trains having been both wrecked through trying conclusions with each other. As they approflohed Chicngo, whicli was reached about ten o'clock in the evening, they witnessed the great World's Fair in full swing, with the grounds bril- liantly illuminated, the shops or stores, as they are called in America, open, the cars running, and nothing to indicate that there was any rest for either man or beast in that great 'W'estern city on Sunday. The delegates took up their quarters in the Hotel Thomas No. 1, a large, new building in 60th Street, close to the grand central entrance to Uie Exhibition. AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. AN IMPOSING SHOW. THE TERRIBLE FIRE. MINES AND MINING. COAL-CUTTING MACHINERY. HOLING LONG WALL WORKINGS. TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS, REMARKABLE LOCOMOTIVES. IRON AND STEEL. THE MONSTER STEAM HAMMER. A BIG STEEL BAND SAW. THE TINPLATE INDUSTRY. (From the Dundee Weekly News of Avgust 19.) Writing from Chicago on July 11 the Conductor says :— The members of the Dundee WeMy News Expedition have now had two days' experience of Chicago. It is a huge city, with several splendid parks, handsome boulevards, and huge buildings, and is about 22 miles long by 9 or 10 miles broad, embracing a population now estimated at about 1,000,000, and composed chiefly of Germans, Ameiicnns, and Irish. The Columbian Exposition, or World's Fair as it is familiarly named here, is located in Jackson Park, nearly 600 acres in extent, on the shore of lAke Michigan, six or seven miles south of the busmess portion of the city in which are the celebrated "sky scrapers" or "neck-hreakers" of buildings 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 storeys in height. Connecting the AVorld'.s Fair grounds with Was-hington Park, a rccroalion ground with an area of nearly 400 arocs, is the Midway Plaisance, a mile in length, containing representa- tions of various nationalities. The total cost of the Exhibition, including the laying out of the grounds came to about §30,000,000 or six millions sterling' and Chicago- > freely admit that the receipts so far have been disappointing. This they attribute to the railway oompnnies having deelina! iiii to t!-,B present to reduce their rates In order to induce outsiders to visit the Fair. 1 he daily working ex- pciuei have uow, it U atated, been out down from $28,000 (£0600) to 813,000 (£2600), while the average daily attendance has risen to about 100,000, and all look confidently forward to a large increase of visitors in autumn, whin it is expected the i ail- road companies will reduce their fares. The Ex- hibition is now also practically complete, the Viking ship being expected to-motrow. The delegates wore eye-witnesses of the great conflagration which yesterday destroyed the colil storage warehouse— a building within the grounds but quite distinct from the Exhibition buildings proper— and which caused the loss of about fifty lives, including twelve firemen and four Columbian guards. The scenes witnessed in the Fair grounds during the conflagration were positively indescrib- able. The firemen, some of whom had bravely ascended the tower and the roof of the warehouse in their efforts to save comrades and the workmen in the building, acted like heroes, but without avail, The building was a complete shell, and when the flames ascended, and out off the escape of the men who were on the towor, the scene was sickening. About 100,000 visitors were within the grounds, and while women were screaming and fainting in great numbers all around, almost all the men were also greatly excited, and shouting wildly. Some of the firemen escaped by ropes, although they were fearfully burned, but the fire quickly increased its grasp of the tower, and then a girdle of fierce flame barred the way to the safety of those who remained on the balconies. A few attempted to reach the ground by means of ropes, as others had done before them, but the fire had now burned these through, and then they fell about 80 or 100 feet into a burning oven. Others retained theit foothold until their hair and their clothes were burning, when in sheer desperation they leapt into the air and shared the fate of those who had gone before them. A small number stood out to the bitter end, and these went en masse with the whole upper part of the tower, when, amidst a piercing scream of horror, it toppled over and fell into thu blazing furnace beneath. Such a scene is one which can never be forgotten by those who wit- nessed it. As instances of American sang froid under such circumstances, it may be mentioned that during the exciting and heartrending scenen above depicted some artists were observed coolly sketching the various incidents of the catastrophe, while others were busy with cameras. Everything was in full opeiation to-day as if no such disaster had just occurred. The heat during the past two days has been intense, and even the natives are complaining of it. Appended are the reports of the delegates on the Expedition. MINES AND MINING BUILDING. Mr Robert A. Muir, Hill of Beath, Fifeshirc, who made an inspection of this department at the World's Fair, reports :— The Mines and Mining Building is located at the southern extremity ot the AVestern Lngoon or lake. It is 700 feet long and 350 feet wide. Its architecture has its insplrii- tlon in early Italian renaissance. Tliere are en- trancesoneaehofthefour sides, thoseofthenorthsnil south fronts being the most prominent. To the right and left of each entrance inside start broul flights of easy stairs, leading to the galleries. The galleries are 60 feet wide and 25 feet liigh from the ground floor. The interior space enclosed is 630 feet long, 100 feet high at the centre, and 47 feet high at the sides. This space is spanned by steul \ cantilever trusses, supported on steel columns. The i oleai space in tiie oetitio is 115 feet. Trie canti- ' lever system, as applied to roofs, was never used on so large a scale before. The cost of erection was £60,000. Entering this building by the northern § Artuan Expedition to America. 1,000 (£2G00), while the liati risen to about 100,000, }rwar(l to a large incrvauu ii'ii it is expected the lail- ce their fares. The Ex- cully complete, the Viking irrow. ve-witncsRe8 of the great erday destroyed the coltl Iding within the grouud.t the Exhibition buildings d the loss of about fifty :emcn and four Columbian iicssed in the Fair grounds were positively indescrib- ne of whom had bravely lie roof of the warehouse imradcs and the workmen : heroes, but without avail, plete sliell, and when the off the escape of the men the scene was sickening, re within the grounds, and ning and fainting in great ist all the men were also ting wildly. Some of the )es, altliuugh they were I fire quickly increased its d then a girdle of fierce to the safety of tliose loonies. A few attempted leans of ropes, as others it the fire had now burned they fell about 80 or 100 Others retained their r and their clothes were iesperation they leapt into te of those who had gone number stood cut to the it en masse with the whole when, amidst a piercing ed over and fell into the Such a scene is one otten by those who wit- s of American sang froid 3S, it may be mentioned and heartrending scenes iists wore observed coolly idents of the catastrophe, itli cameras. Everything lay as if no such disaster heat during the past two md even the natives are ided are the reports of the on. ■^ING BUILDING. Hill of Bcath, Fifeshire, of this department at tlic -The Mines and Mining lie southern extremity ot ske. It is 700 feet long rchitccture has its inspiiu- imissance. There are en- lidos, thoseof thenorthaiid lost prominent. To tlip ntrance inside start bro ul ing to the galleries. The and 26 feet high from llie iur spaoe enclosed is tilJO t the centre, and 47 feet space is spanned by steel ed on steel columns. The is 115 icL'i. Tiic canii I roofs, was never used on Tiie cost of erection was building by the northern mitranee, the first exhibit that takes the eye is a large obelisk representing the valuable minerals of .Pennsylvania in their order of stratification. Fur- ther along we como to West Virginia's exhibit, which shows samples of the famous coal from the Tociihontes Colliery, which in some oases is mined for fioin 40 to 45 cents (Is 8d to Is lOJd) per ton ; in fact, it is Lying on the Surface in some places nnd only required to ho quarried. It was from this colliery that the Majestic and Teutonic steamships got supplied for their record passages across the Atlantic. In the British exhibit the most notable was the large piece of oannel coal, weighing 11 tons 14 owts., from the Wigan Junction colliery. This piece of coal, if made into gas, wouM be equal to 182,344 cubic feet otgas of 40-74 candles per cubic foot. Another exhibit which took the eye in this section was a large milk cow carved out of salt rook. Africa was well represented by washing plant from De Beers diamond mines, Kimberley, which could be seen in full operation from the Hhovelling in of the ground to the washing out of the diamon.ls. In the Ohio sec ion tlie system of working the coal was shown by having a short length of loadway formed in the seam and the working face at which men were re- presented 08 working and having all the tools and appliances necessary for getting the coal. Coal Cutting MacMnery ■ "f* i'", /'^*' abundance, some of which were ; adapted for narrow work and some for lone wall T^f^- J" ^^y"\^- *° *''^ attendant of the Jeffrey Coal Cutting Machine used for narrow work he said he would guarantee his machine to out c'feet deepbySfeetbinclies broad in five minutes, and that It would take one minute to shift it for tdkine another cut-that is to say the machine could cut nLI'oM/f"". ">.j"=°"""i! :'l'°Je." in a narrow place of 14 feet wide and 6 feet deep in about 25 minutes. Of course the coal had to be blasted down aftei the machine Had out it. This machine , 13 attended by two men when in operation, and i" ! (.riven by compressed air or electricity. It has I /£*o?nl" "'^ ■ f°"?:t'-'e'^ years, and costs about 814C0 I (1,.J80), and IS used very extensively in the States. I here 18 another maohine exhibited which is called i .W ? /'' Si'"' ^7'''^8 Machine. This machine J instead of making a horizontal cut makes a circular I |"'«'a"J 'eaves a solid core which is taken down by hand labour. These machines form a circular roadway : but sometimes two are put together and work sue by side, and form a roadway of rectangular section with rounded corners This machine is driven by compressed air, and with two men attending n capable of cutting in a distance of „?„! I'J.p''".'"'"','' °^,^ ""*>' "»y 8 narrow places of about 4 feet each. The machine exhibited would S«™n%?ftnr^.ri^"'* diameter-cost of machine. iJ!3,n f„. '■ "'*'■'' '°''®™' °"'ef machines Holing Long Wall Workings, one of them called the Mitchell mining machine was capable of cuttini; 2000 square feet of coal in ten hours, with two men operating— that is '" ???• '' Ko^'i''' '"^"'^ * =»t "f •* feet deep along a wal face 500 feet along in that time. The cutters of this machine were set into a strong bar, which projected about 5 feet from the side of it, and which was revolved at a good speed by suitable gearine driven by compressed air. The machine was driven forward by fastening the end of a chain to a urou and winding tlie otherend on a drum which w.is placed on the framing. There was also a great variety of hand power drilling machines, also rotary and percussion drilling machines, driven by compressed air and electricity, and I saw one of the cores from a diamond bore, which was 20 inches in (Immeter. In another department I saw a model of the kind, chaudron method of boring and tubine a circular shaft, all the men and machinery beiiiB at the surface, and no water pumped until the sliaft was completed through the watery strata. Ihis method is used only when the rock is very hard and a great quantity ot water given o£ 1 here was also a few exhibits showing the method of Sizing and Cleaning the Coal and dross, also of electric locomotives for oonveyinir the coal underground, some of them being 60 horse power ; also methods of elevating and conveying the coal, &c„ ahovcground. Thereisalsoamaohinewhioh 13 said to be able to pump the coal from the mines to the market, and I cannot do better than give a copy ot the notice which war, put on it and leave ttie reader to draw bis own conclusions — "This mixture is one-half coal and one-half water The water is vehicle of carriage. Its feasibility has been fully demonstrated by experimental testa of pumping the various kinds of coal an aecreeats nf over 10,000 miles. These tests indioatf^thlf coa can be carried to market from the mines for 1-lOth the present average charge by railroad. It is also in better condition for all the principalpurposesof use » Ihe construction of the machine is simply a ram pump, having suction and discharge pipes in the ordinary way. I don't suppose it is in actual use in any place. I saw another instrument called the I Shaw's Standard Gas Test and detector for fire damp in mines. It was so senst- tive as to be able to register to the 1-lOOOth part of a mixture ot gas and air. It could also give the proportion of chokedamp and air, but it was so large and delicate that it could not be taken down a mine, so that samples of suspected gas had to be taken to it in bags, and pumped into it along with air. There was also a display of winding engines and pumps, some of them in use. There was a so some splenilid models of collieries, one of the best and most complete being one from H. V. Friok Coke Company, the construction of which had been cairied out under the supervision of their superintendent, Mr Robert Ramsay, who is a native of Crossgates, Fifeshire, a man who, by his own personal effort, has risen to one of the higS positions of mining in the States. land TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS. Mr D. G. Watson, representative of the Railway Servants, writing on July 10, says :-To-day I had a VIS, to the World's Fair. On entc" ing the grounds I held for the Transportation BuildingM which are situated at the southern end of the wm side, near the Horticultural and the Mining Bnild- ings. This bnilding is easily recognised by the large entrance, which is very richly decorated an.I rRiiiira. un entering yuu can see all sorts of the very best plant used for transport by road, rail an(f sea. The railway plant is especially we i represented. There are a great many'^looomotive .';'!! 38 Dundee Courier and Dundee P/'eeldy News vome from Franco and Knglaml, and all places in America. There is one built for the New York, Erie, and Western Railway hy the Baldwin Loco- motive Shops, Philndelpliia, U.S.A. Tills is the largest engine to all appearance in the Exposition. Its dimensions are as follows:— Cylinders — High pressure, 16 by £8 inches ; low iiresaure — 27 by 28 inches. Driving wheel, 50 inches diameter, weight in working order, 195,000 lbs. ; weight on driving wheels, 172,000 Ibti. ; total weight engine and tender, 284,420 lbs. ; total base of wheels, 27 feet 3 incites ; driving wheel base, 19 feet 10 inches ; engine truck wheel, SO inches ; boiler and firebox, both steel tabes, iron ; diiimeter of boiler outside, 7(> inches; tubes, 12^ feet long: firebox, 10 feet by 11 feet, 8 feet 2J inches inuMe ; Working steam pressure per square inch, 180 lbs. ; water cai)iioity in tender, 45U0 gallons ; oonl, 8 tons ; diameter of tender wheels, 33 inchea ; metallic packing, two injeetorH, all fitted with the Westinghouse air brake. This engine is 10-coupled, with small wheel in front ; four cylindorH. lioth piston rods are wrought on the one connecting rod ; two four-wheeled bogies under tender. This engine i.4 built with a cabin for the driver on the centie of the boiler, on which all the handles can be wrought. The fireman has his own place, and two firebox doors, a steam gauge, and a set of firi! bar Hliaker.t, that is all that is on his footplate, with the tender behind. This engine is designed for driving springs to centre of hanger, 4 feet ; steel boiler, 251 tubeN, two inches diameter ; length of tubes, 11 feet 10 inches ; inside length of firebox, 107 inches ; inside wiilth of firebox, 33 inches ; diameter of dome, .31^ inches ; height, 22 inches ; working steam preiisurc, 180 lbs. ; grate surfajie, 24J square foet ; heating surface in firebox, 14!l square teet ; heating surface of the tubes, 1544 H(iuare feet ; total heating surface, 1093 square feet. Height of engine from rail to top of funnel, 14 feet lOj inches. Engine 999, claiined to be the fastest locom )tive in the world, will be described in a sub- sequent notice. OLD LOOOMOTIVK JOHN BULL. IRON AND STEEL E.'KHIBITS. Mr Danlop, of Motherwell, representative of the ironworkers, reports in connection with the iron and steel department : — The manufacturers of Great Britain have made no show whatever, very few of them being represented at the World's Fair. Perhaps they think it does not pay, and then there is always an enormous expense in connection with BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE. Very Heavy Lifts, but not for a great speed. There is a four-wheoled coupled bogie express engine named the Director- Gnncal, built by the Baldwiu Locomotive Worki from designs, other than the compounding of the cylinder, by Mr George B. Hnzlehurst, general superintendent, motive power, B. & O. R. The Director-General will at the close of the Exposition be assigned to serve on the Royal Iilu.e, Limited, between Washington and New York, and it is belie .'ed will equal, if not eclipse, the record now held by a Royal Blue engine of a mile in 37 bpoonds, which is at the rate of 97 310 milei per hour. The Director-General's actual weigh*', in working order is 12(5,780 pounds; weight of tender with fuel and water 72,080 pounds, making the whole weight in service in round figures 100 tons. The wheel base of locomotive is 22 *eet 4 inches, and of tender 17 feet. 'I'otal length of engine and tender over all is 59 feet OJ inches. The diameter of the high pressure cylinder is 1.?^ inches, of low pressure cylinder 23 inches, stroke 24 inches, steam port3 2i inciics by 1q inch, circular exhaust ports the same piston valves ; diameter of driving wheels, n feet 3 inches ; truck wheels, 3 feet ; length of a large stall. But no matter what our tnanufao- turers think there is one thing sure, that is — our enterprising friends the Germans must find it pays well, as they undoubtedly have the finest and largest exhibit in connection with tho imn and steel trade. In the exhibits in the iron trade the Farn- ley Iron Confpany, Yorkshire, show gome good examples of their products, and although steel to a large e.;tent has superseded iron the continual use of this iron proves that it gives entire satisfaction. The special fitness of some classes of iron forspecial purposes, as safety in welding, and where resistance to suddo:i shocks is important, still keens the trale in the hands of a few. The statistioa of the British Iron Trade Association prove that in spite of bad trade Britain produced 1,500,000 tons of pudiUed bars last year. The exhibits of Stumra Brothers, of Germany, have a splendid appearance, and they have displayed great tact in the manner of exhibit. Wm. Jessop k .Sons, Sheflield, and John Brown & Co., of the same place, have a good show, but tha fact is plain to anyone who knows the extent of our iron ttiui steel tfadu tlm£ as a rulr Oaf riiiitiufac- turers have stayed away. Among American manu- facturers the best exhibit is undoubtedly that of th« Artisan Expedition to America. 39 > uf hanger, 4 feet ; steel dies (linmoter ; length of inside length uf firebox, h of firebox, 33 incheH ; olies ; height, 22 inohes ; 180 Iba. ; grate 8urfAP<>, surface in firebox, 14!) rface of the tubes, 1544 5 surface, 1093 square feet, il to top of funnel, 14 feet , claimed to be the fastest mil be described in a sub- V'B JOHN BULL. :EL E.T.HIBITS. veil, representative of the lonnection with the iron -The manufactarerij of no show whatever, very nted at the "World's Fair. s not pay, and then there lense in connection with latter what our rnanufac- thing sure, that is — our ermans must find it pays illy have the finest ami on with the iron and steel 1 the iron trade the Farn' ksliire, show gome good i, and although steel to a :d iron the continual use gives entire satisfaction. ! classes of iron for special ling, and where resistance /ant, still keeps the trale lie statistics of the British }ve that in spite of had 500,000 tons of puddled ibits of Stumra Brothers, lid appearance, and they in the manner of exhibit, ield, and John Brown tc ve a good show, but ths o knows the extent of our as a fulr ouf riiatiufuc' Among American manif U undoubtedly that of th« Bethkhcm Iron and Steel Company, Pa. On the centre of the floor they have a full-size model of their steam hammer, The Largest in the World. It If a great piece of mechanical skill. The weight of the piston rod and tup falling parts is 125 tons. Ihe piston ro.l is 40 feet, with a full stroke of Vih [Oil,. The tolal weight of the hammer and founda- tions kg 2400 ris. The same firm also make it plain ; I, ,. ley can turn ont anything in that line, as t. :• !:,iv-8flne show of armour plates, breech- 108' •;. :;:)!., and a mo." el of a huge steel inaot for an . piiite, 18 feet by 8 feet 6 inchea by'4 feet 4 inches. From Sweden the Sandvik Steel Works have some splendid exhibits. They show a steel hanil-aaw, tiie largest in the world ; it is 220 feet long 12 inches wide and number fourteen gauge In the above department there is no mistaking the fact that Krupp, of Essen, Germany, have the largest and best exhibit at the big show. They have a splendid building for their oim ordnance, and to place such a large amount o'. material of Buclj great dimensions away one thousand miles in- land on the American Continent rnly tends to show that they ate determined to fight their way in and keep abreast jf all their computitcrs. lu the centre of this building sits ' whore it is now surrounded by crowds of persons dady. They also show two fine ship guns, one a (ioton and one a 45-toii. Men-of-waismen are there daily working the guns, and showing their method of loading and working. The big gun has a range of 20 miles, nnd the smaller ones of 14 miles. The large shaft with groat piopfllcr blades fixed on end iH a great ottraotion for -he visitors, also tho big cast steel stem for nn f-rinonr-clad vessel. They also show a boiler cm' plate 12 feet in diameter, Ij inch thick, weight 3 tons ; and also a plate 0.) feet long, 11 feet 'J inohes wide, Ij inch thick, weight 16 tons. One of the departments of industry m which America is behind ours is The Tin Plate Industry. They arc trying to establish it, but so far it has not been a great success. A* the same time they are pushing on, and there are five or six American manufacturers with P'-od samples of their work to bo seen in the Mines and Mining Buildings, showing the process from tho black sheet to the finished article, and some of them have a capacity of 3D0O boxes per week. Another thing of special notice is the gradual advance of aluminium. This metal ig shown by the Pittsburg Reduction Company. The metal is made ductile and malleable, and made into all sorts of articles, usetn' and ornamental, and nicknacks of every description, one large case being fdled with horse shoes. They have an estab- lishment in England as well as in the States, and thtie IS no doubt but what the metal has a weat future before it. The 120-Ton Krupp Gun, the largest in the world. The dilHcully of Hhim.ine such a large piece was great. It was sent on a J'pecial truck to Hamburg, where theie is a h.i'4 crane, an,l again they had to find a place on the coaH where thore was a heavy .rr,..-. to Uh it. o'lc ot the gieat railways had speoial trucks made in America ready to take it on its long journey, PAPERMAKING AT THE AfOBLD'S FAIR. Mr William Smith, papermaker, Denny, reports : -In the World's Fair there is a papermaking machine making paper out of wood pulp; that is. wood boiled with a very high pressure and a certain amount of chemicals added, go that when it comes to the p.iper mill it is very white. Thus it doeg not take much work before it is made into paper. It IS put into the beating engines, and is b-^at in them for three hours ; then it is run down into a clicst or vat, where there is an agitator going round 80 as to keep the pulp well mixed up. It then runs into another beater, called the Marshall perfecting engine— thot is. a beater for clearing out any knots or long fabre that have passed the other beaters. It IS then pumped up into a gervioa box by a cuntrifugU pump, then run into the strainers or scriens— that is, brass plates with very nairow slits 111 them. The pulp goes through these slits, and eaves any dirt or knots out. It then passes into the breast box at the end of the machine, then on to the wire cloth. As the wire runs on the pulpflowsontoit as It moves along. So much of the water runs through the wire into the save-all. It then rung across two vacuum boxes. To the.ie vacuum boxes IS attache.! a pump, which draws the water out ot the pulp as it goes across them. It then passes on through the coucher rills, and then on tlirough the press i ollg on the top of a belt. The press rolls are for taking the watt • out and firming .ip the sheet. It then passes jn to the drying cylinders. 'Ihere are seventeen of them heated up with steanri, and as it passes along it gets entirely dry when it comes to tho colander ruha. There are twosets of rolls. One net has fl^e rolls, the otL r set has nine rolls, all running on top of each othf>r. It then passoa in through each of thege rolls, and comes out with a fine, t nooth surface. The paper next passes on to the si. ',ter and winding machine. It IS there cut into certai.. breadths, and worn into webs 3 to 4 cwts., and is now ready for the i.rinter pVifi'lfifY""! """"' rei-y fi"^ sampler of jikper oii n«nl, "U"''*"; ",■•'*'"«• I" "'i"K. »"'» Parchment paper. There is also n good asgortment o| water- (TT-' w 40 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News proofing, paper building, and shea! Sing papers. Tliere w a teleplioiie cable mnde with i..M)er, with a leail shell ov^r it, with tlie wires in through the paper, wliicli Hhows that the capabilities of paper for scientific purposes have by no rubaus been ex- hausted. AT THE WoiUiD'S FAIR. (Second lieporl.) THE NAVAL EXHIBITS. THE WHALEBACK STEAMER. HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS. PROFITS OP FRUIT-GROWING. PROSPECTS OF GARDENERS. THE ELECTRICAL BUILDING. AN INTERESTING EXPERIMENT. FURNITURE AT THE FAIR. (From, the Dundee Weekly News of August S6.) Sailing Ship Santa Maria. Mr Brown, of Govan, BhipbuilUing representa- tive, writes :— I was all through the full-sized model of the Santa Blaria. It is o, facsimile of the shij) in which Christopher Columbus sailed when he discovered Ameiioa. It is 71 feet long, 25 feet beam, 12 feet G inches depth of liold, and has a dis- placement of 223 metric tons. There is a crew at THE SANTA MABIA. present on board of fifty-two all told. In the after part there is wiiat is called a half deck about six feet high, on which is placed the Admiral's cabin, which has two large windows right in the stern. Over the cabin is the poop or quarterdeck, which stands very high, and on tlie rails of which are two small cannons. The forecastle is very high also. The ship appears to have been built very strong, the ribs or frames being very thick, and must have been seaworthy. Man-of-War Illinois. The full-sized moilel of the U.S. man-of-war niinoia is really a most remarkable exhibit. It lies (or U built rather) Cloie to the pier as if It wer" moored to tlie wharf. It is built on a foundation of piles, and above wat'>r-line has \1I the appearance of a real man-of-war line of battleship. Officers, seamen, mechanics, and marines are detailed off, and the discipline and mode of life on naval vessels are completely shown. Her dimensions are:— Length, 348 feet ; width amidships, CO feet 3 inches ; and from the water-line to that of the mam deck, 12 feet. Right amidships on this dock IS a superstructure 8 feet high, with a hammock berthing on the same, which is 7 feet high, and WARSHIP ILIIN0I3, above these are the bridge, chart-hou^e, and the boats._ At the forward end of the superstructure there IS a cone-shaped tower called the " Military Mast, near the top of wiiich arc placed two circular tops " as receptacles for sharpsnooters. Ihere are rapid-firing guns on each of these tops. J he height from the water-line to the summit of this military mast is 70 feet, and above is placed a flagstaff for signalling. The mounted battery com- prise four 13-inch breeuhloading rifled cannons, eight S-inohdo., four 6-inch do., twenty G-pounder rapid- firing guns, six 1-pound do., two Catling guns, and SIX toipedo guna. All these are placed and mounted as in the genuine battleships. On the starboard side is shown the torpedo protection net stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the outward appearance of a real ship of war is imitated. Whale-Back Steamer. I had tlie opportunity of seeing the whale-back steamer Christopher Columbus, which is plyin^ in Lake Michigan. It is cliiimed to be the newest thing in transportation. As its name implies, it is '„'?i "'j'''" * ^^'^"'*'- '' '** oone-shaped at each end. 302 feet in length, with 42 feet of beam. I ho hull IS entirely built of steel. There are nine water-tight compartments, and it carries 900 tons of water ballast. The Christopher Colunbus is built so as to offer the least nossible resistance to the water, and floats like a duck, there being hardly a ripple caused by her motion through the water, attaining a speed of 20 miles per hour. J here are five decks, affording room for no less than GOOa passengers. There are the main, pro- nienade, turret, and hurricane decks above the steel shell, and in the shell another deck for the refiesh- ment-rooms and dining-rooms. The grand saloon Qrt T Z''^. rfom^'jatle deck. It is 225 feet lonn by 30 f9et wide. The ladies' cabin ic aft j this saloop Artisan Expedition to America. 41 le has \11 the appearance )f battleship. Offiotrs, nriiies are dotailed off, I! of life on naval vessels Her ilimensions are : — amiilships, GO feet 3 ter-line to that of the ■• amidships on this dock high, with a hammock ich is 7 feet high, and LIN0I3. chart-house, and the 1 of the superstructure r called the "Military hich are placed two Dies for sharpsnooters, Jn each of these tops, line to the summit of and above is placed a mounted battery oom- ng rifled cannons, eight 'enty 6-pounder rapid- two Gatling guns, and lese are placed and battleships. On the ;orpedo protection net, of the vessel. Steam bhe booms, and all the real ship of war is Steamer. seeing tlie whale-back Ufl, which is plying in ed to be the newest its name implies, it is le-shaped at each ind, 42 feet of beam, steel. There are nine nd it carries 9G0 tons •iatopher Columbus is ; possible resistance to jck, there being hardly motion through the _ 20 miles per hour, ling room for no less re are the main, pro- 9 decks above the steel r deck for the refresh, s. The grand saloon li is 235 feet Iuiik by tbin w aft ; this saloop and the ladies' cabin aie finished in oak and mahcjany.and are luxuriously furnished— cushions cMt^-.mH, hangings and easy oliairn being part of the fu-Diture. In the centre of the saloon rises a beautiful fountain, from which the water trickles back to an aquarium beh.w. The windows are engraved with a series of designs which form a com- plete history of navigation, embracing designs of every sort of ship from Noah's ark to the whale- th^i^h^""""/.'?'"'' '"Pl'°''* *''« decks far above the lashing of the waves, no matter how high they ■ hlu ?''«'='»""'« "° less than sixteen large lifa- settees. 1 he steel shell is equipped with trinle- expansion engines with cylinders of 20, 24, an 1 70 mches. The engines have a capacity of 2(iob 1 o se power and are capable of developing a speed of , of the American Steel Uargo Company, in West -Superior The steel sliell was completed and equal to i,lJ5,000 sterling. Tne whaleback vesie is an mvention of Alexander M'Dnui-all, a GWow I ' M'Do^iin "'"^i"" "'J""^'='^ Scotchman. Caff M Dougall has been for twentyfive years a well" I i Barge Co. is the largest owner of freight boats on tie firs? J.^i'l^U*.' Cliristopher Cofumbrbei^g the first whaleback j-assenger boat, and number i twenty-eiglit lu tho list of bouts built. '""""^""» FURNITUKE AT -THE WORLD'S FAIR. Mr Logan, Glasgow, 'reports: — After walkinir through the various furniture courts of this «eat Exhibition, where nations have met on commmi ground to compare notes, tlie first thing t" at sTr^ck me was the poor sliow made by Great Britain in comparison with France and Italy, thus los iW a .liankful that there are a few who have had the courage and enterprise to enter into Uiisg. eat mtornational contest, and to them is duo emy fZ\°' '^^"'^ '"' P"'""" "^ "'e British secti-m o uantif ^"ff ''"r '*'*•• ^^''** *''« ^"'i«h haven't i i" quantity they have in quality. This is shown very strikingly m the style, decoration, and workinan^ the%°iZ^"':'-'"'^- ''t P""'='P''> "h^WtorT." Lonrinn Vf °'""? "'^ ^^""^"^ Hampton & Sons, London. They give a reproduction on a reduced known man on the great lakes, where he arose f i om ■ne position of common seaman to that of captain pr master of the hirger passenger and freiaht Iteamers, until finally in the early seventies le fcgent at Diiluth, m order to carry out an idea he Jiad long entertained that he could effect a revolu- |ion III vessel architecture and construction. In the lummer of 1888 after having spent ten veare in ex! fceriinenting and getting together enough money to n^l.l \ f'^' VTl acoor.ling to his completed Smbl'Jlr *""''''"' t''" ^''l'" " «t««l tow barge It'w.i . ™"y'"8 about 40,000 bushels of wheat. Irf VnJ^f enabled him to secure capital to Ixtond his operations. After building six or seven Winn., the American Steel liarge Co., which he luneriorw-''''''-'''l".'^ °^«»»'»«'^>'''"°-e'' t^We t tenednnf V'/l'H" 'P""« "* ^^^' ^^ere they I?" Unked Sfl*''^ '"^''^' ""^ ''"'=^' shipyards in ilins " "' aV *; • ',^'^<^"a<;rc3 or land and water ll.«^ii„'^ tins yard, shipbuilding has ever gone Iteadily forward, until now the American .Steel WHALF-BAOK HTEAMEU 0HRI8TOPHBR OOLnMBDS. scale of the banqueting hall of the faraoits Hatfield House, the residence of Lord S„lisbury. It ig constructed of solid oak, in the Elizabethan style. an,I is in- tended to exemplify the application of high art to house Oecovation. This Hall is acknowledged to be the finest s_peoimen of Eliz-.jethan work in existence. The space at my disposal would not J.oZT ^V!P'''^ °t?" 'I'o exhibits in the British section. The ciig I have singled out will serve for conriparison. Oi. passing through the French section the first idea that strikes the mind is the magnitude of the exhibits. The show of furniture and -voodcarving is of the richest kind. The French onHfrift \T"' .*? '"i"^'"' themselves almost andT.T,T.^''^ l*''^"' °f ^Y" """"-'tfy (Louis XV. work , ■ M.^^'' !''?"' S'"*,' *'''"'>' '" ■•ePfoducing the wnrt J l^I'^* "'y'"*;' *"'' P-'aotioe in 'hat class of workgiveathemanadvantageoverallotheroountries. «,v■»,^T ? T that the French manufacturers oon- the ^nn^f "-^^^ \"^ '"'"^*y °' " pi""* "' furniture of ?,«" W^^ r?""\ The display of woodcarving in ™lf ?^'\''.''P?''''"°"' " "f a very high order of merit, which indicates a nrofound knowledge of art. i 4S Dundee Courier and Dundee WeeMy News I now turn my attention to tho Italian (livigion, ar.d here, as I expeotoil, foiiml furniture ttnd Carved Woodwork of rare exoellenoe. Tlie italinns do not appear to be particularly good at onlinary docorative carving —certainly not equal to the Froncli — but in t'li'ir own particular Bpeoialty tliey distance all com- jwtitorM. In rcprcBontiiig Natuio in any of itH varied forma, especially tlie human figure, tliey are always excellent, but wiien they iloscend to con- ventional ornaments they are not usunllv bi suc- cessful. There are many articles of furniture decorated, and in some caries ovei'dono, with carv- ing. This applies to cabinets especially. The furniture is almost exclusively of one cliaraoter, which is Italian renaissance, altiiough it is some- what different in detail from what is commonly called Italian renaissance in this country. In com- paring the work shown by France and Italy in the oarving, with the Italians smoothness of surface is kept almost entirely for the figure, foliage, flowers, and ornament being treated quite differently, with tool marks in them distinctly shown and emphasised. AVith tho French carver, on the other hand, nearly all the work is finisheii with i> monotonous smoothness, which proves great manual skill, but which destroys most of the oliarm and effect. I then passed to the American courts, where I expected to see a good display in the American furniture department on account of the artistic tastes of the people ; also, because the Americans being at home, it was natural that they should make a strenuous effort to produce a creditable collection. All tlie manufacturers of any note in America appear to be represented. Some of tliem showing splendid specimens of art. Most of the furniture exhibited is -ifter tho French renaissance style, preference being given to it pro- bably because it is effective and beautiful in detail, and affords a wider scope for tho woodcarvcr. By fur the largest and best exhibits of furniture aro xhown by tbs Grand Kapids, Michigan. This is a place on the shores of Lake Michigan, and about 100 miles from Chicago, which claims to have tlie largest factories in the world, of which there are 02, and employ 9000 men. Giaud Hapids is The Furniture Centre of the United States. Spenki'ig of the American exhibits as a whole no one can deny that there is a fine collection of artistio furniture produced by judiciously combining the various branches of the tiadc, but when ooinpated with the British ex- hibits there is certainly little that our first-class workman can learn fmm his American cousin. Among the exhibits in the American section there is one of the most recent triumphs of tlie cabinet- maker's art. It is a oomliiiiation folding bed, billiard table, settee, and chest of drawers. The whole thing doesn't take up more room than un ordinary upright piano. HORTICULTURE AT THE WORLD'S JAIR. Mr Sinclair, of Cambuslang, a most enthusiastic and successful horticulturist, made an inspection of this department, anc' reports as follows :— The horticultural building forms a great conservatory loco feet long, with an extreme widtii of 2S6 feet. The general plan is that of a central pavilion, with two end pavilions each connected with the central pavilion by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, each 88 by 270 feet. The courts are beautifully decorated in colour, and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. The central pavilion is roofed by a dome 187 fc^et in diameter and 113 feot high. This dome is utilised for the display of the tollest palms, bamboos, and tree ferns that could be procured. There is certainly under tlus dome a number of very large specimen palms, but the variety is not what one might expect to see at a World's Fair. Being introduced to Mr George T. Powell, of New York, Director of the Department of Kortl- oiiltnro of that State, ho kindly consented to tnko me round tho various deiiartments of the fruit exhibits, each State having its own separate utall. Going over the exhibits from tho State of New York, it was astonishing to see the varieties of canned fruits and also tho fine exhibits of ripe fruits, especially among the tomatoes. They had a specimen tomato which "veighed 4 lbs. In coming to the State of California stall, there is a large monument done up from top to bottom with oranges, a true representation of the Bunker Hill Monument, Boston, 16 feet square at the base, and rising to a height of 30 feet. The exhibits here of all kinds of fruit were very fine. In con- versing with Mr Goodman, who had charge of tho stall for tlie State of Missouri, he said he believed that what tliey wanted in America was to get the people skilled in how to grow fruits of all kinds proHtably, and for this purpose they had formed a society so that in each State two lectures could bo given every year on how to plant, prune, and keep in a healthy condition their orchards. He said thai twenty-one years ago he planted five hundred budded peaches, and some of his friends vfarned him that it wos a mistake, because they would never bear. Others said they would bo so plentiful they would not sell at a paying price. But in spite of all these predictions the fifth summer he netted a crop of S475, and they continued to pay well for a number of years, but hard winters set in and proved very fatal to many of his peach trees, so that of lato his peaches nave not paid. In the conversation I had with Mr Goodman, I could clearly see that the various goods exhibited were fruits gathered far and near in every State, clearly showing that in America, as well as at home, if any one plants a fruit tree of any kind and lets it stand to tho autumn without care or attention and then goes anil seeks fruit, he need not bo disappointed at finding none. Passing along in this department we find that every stallkeeper is certain tliat his State is the best and his exhibits the finest in the Exhibition, We now come to tho department illustrating the appliances, methods, &c. I inquired at Mr Powell what were the waaes of men emplnyod in gardening, Ho told me the average wage of gardeners well up in their profession wouM bo from $00 to $00, or £10 to £12 per mouth. Mr Powell, who issupeiintend ing New York exhibits, has all its varieties of fruit correctly named, and each one described as to the soil and climate it i« most likely to do well in, Great credit is due to Mr Powell for the pains and trouble it must have given him to go over all the varieties under his ohargi'. lu the canned good* department alone it is valueil at $10,000. FORGING BY ELECTRICITY. Mr Ehenezer Bennett, electric engineer. New- (ia»tle-on-Tyne, reports regaiding tliu Electrical Buildiuss:— I am really surprised to find such a poor show as there is in tliis department after all we have heard. The only exhibit worthy of notice (that is where anything now is to be seen) is that of tho Electrical Forging Company of Boston. An exhibition of the process of forging and trmpoiing by electricity of metals is here given With great success. Metal that is heated by electricity and forged under that boat is stionger than similar metals heated in tiie fire, A claim they hold tot thuir process is that it wastes little or no material, ivS f: . Artisan ETpedition to America. mlrai, bftmbnoD, and tree ured. There is oertninly number of very large he variety is not what see at a World's Fair, r George T. Powell, of the Department of Korti- ho kindly ooiiHenteil varioUH doiiartments of I Stftte having its own ver the exhibits from the 13 astonishing to see the and also tlio fine exhibits y among the tomatoes, lato which »" uy „ „ "^^^ Women's Building. sivs 'nfi" "'?'"i'i''' 'l'-""='""'i"R 'his department, afiys. — ihw buiMmg, njipiopriatoly en»ni{h de "igned by a lady, is one o^ the fl.n.st ox mnles "of arehiteotnre at the World's Fair. Many of the rooms are exquisitely frescoed, all of the work being .one by artist, of the gentler sex. I„ this connection the exhibit of the British women ^^ Shade. Th6 British exhibits of art comprise six water-colour drawings by the Queen? "wo oil paintings by Prineess Christian, one wate; colour by Princess Louise, an.l one oil painting bi Princess Beatrice. In the Gallery ofKo"? the wall, are hung with the art productions of tl | women of the world-British women being Vere »gai» foretnost-and an attractive feature is the collection of portrait, shown by Miss Hellen Black! tulT. ?'«'"ne^ °f. the world's advancement. A wm„n nf''p^'"",""°.'"""^»' oontHbutcd by thi Women of Pennsylvania, is also very interesting The mam assembly room is particularly worthy ff •ttentum and notice, as it is ornamented by panels every Mt,ite in the Union. Other interesHn^ .„h„ 1 t ^°'."',a''<» '""'•''le, also model of ragged work /^Im'';?'"",'^''"'? """''"« have to go^to work, the children being looked after from eiKht ii the morning to eight at night. *■ (.„„,, „ Monster Quadruple Presses c^^":;e:sir^r^gK,^l:i-r'i^^^ T « Ph?„L t-M'osition buildings ami gioands af ernV.n, irfh*"*!""* ''*'""" I'""' edition, eac afternoon in this department. In the stcreotvmn^ tInL, .„ "^ ''f *'■'"" 'yi'" ft>"l manufacture of the g.)nerally used processes are exhibited Tv„e aettina; machines ,.f four different stylos are alT.i H .own in this department in nperat on ' The,e in olu( botli tho machines that ,„t ordinary tv,,e is well as those that east the entirrih,o 'f „m the Exposition, ,.s printe.l in thig .lepartmen se in. n""rP"""""r,'^''°"" °" ^'"O "f t' ese ty «. prSLl ^^.^r H ■''"' '"'^"""t^J hy several exhibits of presses tor this purpose. Type-Making Illustrated. tl.JA" *;■' °f /ypemaking is illustrated in a manner used one hundred years ago each lefl,r ^t 7 ° h.ingcastin a slow' and unoerUin mater tV. irl"'"" '" .'»J'«.""'«'"ent is in tirrotaiT typ^ oastinif rnaohino invente.l in 1840 whinh w» thrtrt^:irV'rbie'':r ?„ rs';^a%-H''"^ wliol''is*'h" '^"-P-f-'h,g mSi :'o'f 18,' to 180 i 5 '"7"''°", "■'"'^ 'yi'" attheratoof Kilj CO 181) a mil, uto, cich tvnu hpirKr .^o.f^A i respect an.l rea.iy for usT^It is ^ Tac W e ofZ2 vellous ingenuity. Wooden type, *p Xts , " T hindeiV machinery, thread and wire .Hf i ■ " mnchines,. cutters,%orforat!ing loTifes a^d "ll PRINTING AND PRINTING MACHINERY U */l.^f • • ^.u^^^'V "'P'"'''' =-'''his department is located in the Palace of Mechanic Art,, and from an artistic and mechanical standpoint i^ 4rv complete. Two very old printing presses are l.he other olrl press is of similar type, and is almost u.en..cal with the old Benjamin prrkn press hich I saw in the Smithsonian rnstituU,^ wh le years old, and was in use at the time of tha Revolution, and was also used during the llebell on for printing Confclurate money. General I co's farewell a,I,lress to his armv was pr nted on this pre.,. Outside of these two aneien mode t e other pre-sses exhibited illustrate every variety of press that is in successful operation up to tl?e present time. These include presses for every purpose and of rarious .peeds, from the small pres^ for printing cards or circulars to the THE FERRIS WHEEL. The Ferris Wheel, reports Mr DimU^ nr ii. well, built entirely of steel, is regarde,"al the ^lJl"l riumph of engineering skill at°Chicl^ fewo, Imagine o monster wheel resembline a hnlp l! „ ' wheel revolving between two tow^-rV T.T'^ bei.ig 250 feet in diameter. Around" t susn^n^™ by «reat steel trunnion nins are 36 Asl'n -er oS:' es-.h as largo as a Pullman car, capab e of ge„ ' I fifty persons. Then with its fre ght of 2000 ,f ^ it slowly revolves, an.l the passengers 1,1 ^^°^^^ paralleled view of the Fair'gS "i'\7,f," """ erectio^ wheel w°a?u.:pEg1:^:^^ the great axle, seventy tons in weight, one of the largest pieces of steel ever forged. It wna placed in its position, 150 feet from the groun.l, without any accident, ihe total weight of the .»Xl.K. struoturo is 4300 tons. . - located on both sides —' the If^Ull ""'' "i" '^Z '""' ''^ 1°*'^'"^ a"'l unloaded simultaneously. Engines of 1000 horse-power Artisan Expedition to America. 47 Iruple Presses \yeH/.;j Acwa otUoB, that it, ten, twelve, or inoro ' 4H,000 an hour, Maiiv I ill operntioci. Tlicre is !83 tlmt prints piotiirei In I buildingi and giouiijH. pern print edilioni oaoli int. In tlio aterpntyping lies arc sliown, but oom- ypo and mrjiiufaoture of isarooxliiliitoil. Typo- (lifferont stylos aro aliu in operation. These in- li.it ».;t onlinary typu a.i the entire lino from imbian, tlie ofHoial org,iii teil In this departmoiit, lu on one of those type- ig several coIouim at the sd by several eihibits of Illustrated. ' illustrated in a manner lost ooinploto exhibits in •of type-making is full V chines illustrating the riiiH interesting exiiibit 1 moulds, such as were ft each letter or type iDoertain manner. Thu is in the rotary type- 'n 1840, which was ("ears later stenm power i-Hc, making a maohino > m theae days, • 'rn it "g machine of 18!)H, the maohine of 187o' typo at the rate of Kio being perfect in every It is a maohine of mar- » type, presses, book- a and wire stitchin.- :"ng inaohines, and afi ing establishments, are WHEEL. Mr Dunlop, Mother- regarded as the greatest at Chicago Exposition, lembhng a huge bicycle ivo towers, the wheel ■Around it suspended •e 00 passenger coaches, oar, capable of seating freight of 2000 people lassengers have an un- giound.s, a bird's eye lohigan for miles. A 1 connection with the placing iu position of great axle, seventy 3 in weight, one of tlie ;03(; pieces of steel ■ forged. It Has led m its position, 150 1 from the ground, lout any accident. total weight of the oturo ia 4300 tons. , both Bides cf the loaded and unloaded f 1000 hone-power furnish the means of propulsion, the time for each trip l.piiig fthoiit 26 miiiutis. Its total cost was «K)0,1)W) (lf«),(H)0). 'I'lu, inventor is G. \V. Ferri- I'lttsbiirg, head of a great firm of bri.lge engitiPirs.' fine show of very woll-flnished implements. Among them IS a thri'shirig maohine of a novel kiml. It Is mostly worked with wooden spring cranks instead of iieltH. ItisR very smart-looking machine, only I think n AGRICULTURAL MACHINHIiy. Mr inylor, Raesmill, Arbroath, says:— There is ^Jf^ • "f*^^ "I""" °^ agricultural machinery of every kind, and many new inventions that have not as yet been introduced into Britain. The imple- ments are mostly made very light, and gen.rally 7^J^ "°*rru'' ^^'''y ^"'^ "^laP'^'l for Scottish farmers. The Carver Header,' by Carver Steel XMigE! Company, IS a novelty, the cutting bar being twelve feet w de. The machine is drawn by f,„if iiorses. Ihe driver stands upon a raised niatfoi in, and works a steering handle. The machine is so constructed that the horsey ko behind it, much in ...!>=s..,e ffifthiicr as the old iJeii lienpir of Scotiaiid, and practically push the machine in front of thcin Messrs Massey, Harris, & Co., Brantford, have a mU FKIIIIIS WHKKL. It wants length of shakers. 'J'he Platform Binder shown by Sir Davis, Cleveland, Ohio, Is a good finislHHl machine. It has strips of cloth for convey. iiig the gram to the binding gear, instead of a solid cloHi, which, I think, is an improvement. The strips are three inches apart, and have brass spikes hxe.l m them for keeping the grain from slipping back. Qanr, Scott, 4 Co. show a very good set of threshing machinery and traction engines. Their engines are we I finished, and aro from 6 to 15 loreo power. I hey also show a self-feeder and Dan, cutter, a new invention, with a governor to rogulnte the feedino;, The Frcsincn M;»ni;fs---tui''ii" Oompnny have a splendid show of hay'and straw cutting machineiy, oiltake, crushers, and pulpers— the last very well finished machines. The OhatU- 48 Duiulee Courier and Dundee iyc>-kly News nooja Plough Company have » very Urge nhow of ohillcd ploii«h», wliioh Moin to hv nit tho kiiol iihc.I in Amerioft. Home good ipooiini'iiH .if oM Ainorioiia plougUn nru ahowii. Soma 2i")i) yoM>i oM are jii.wii tollluHrBto tho ooiitri\Bt botwooii tlioin mill the plouglm ' " o presont day. Oardon Implements. The Yaiikoi) in boforti us ju the invention of Rftiilun tiinU, oviTiTtlihiK being of tho most improve,! V'.'T- , i"y '"'*'" """"' '"""' mnohinoe for Howinij all kimUof giuilennewU that noein to work very well, (Imlributing thn hoo.I moru eiiually, and to a n-.oro regular depth tlian could po.Hsil.ly be dunu by Ma ;hinery Characteristics. Mr Ilrown, (;i„vaii, romarkn :-Iii passing tlirough tho Maohniery Hall of the Kxliibition, I ould not fail to notice the display from a national Htand- point, there bell,,' four differont countries in oom- iTVlJiT^/""'"',.^'™"'"'' '""•many. a„,l tlio United states. It ig generally conceded that in point of excellence and as ro-ard» l.iauty of finish the United States will cnaily outstrip all others while foi actual Hervioo and diiraliility Britain's dls- play will rank second. In delicate and aitistic nnisli and embellislimont Fiaiine greatly excels while for rugged strength and in miny new devices Germany is certainly most worthily ropresoiited. THE LEATHER EXHiniT-THE LARGEST UELT IN THIi WORLD. The leather exhibit holds a prominent place in the Fair. Wax leather, which, it is 881.1, excels all other kinds for durability and serviceable wear, is shown in small nuan. titles by the United States, France. Germany, Japan, and Mexico. It is claimed that the States IS second to none here, and also that the Western Unners, who have better processes of tanning, and pay better wages to their workmen, far excel those in the^ Eastern States. Belting is forward from only Austria and Japan in a.ldition to the States, and the samples are of single, double, an.l three ply. Ail are oak tanned. Although small, the Japanese exhibit is of fairly good quality, but here again the Americans claim an easy first. What is said to bo tlio Largest Belt in the World is seen in the machinery hall. Of three-ply and MTri';!;""'' ",'" '^^^ ^"^^ ■•"'8' 84 ffi''' wi.Ie, weighs pl7bi lbs., and is composed of no fewer than tm hid.'S. riie next largest belt, which is in tlio leather ami slioe trades building, is 144 inches wi.le aiid 200 feet long. Both these come from iXow York. Ivo refractory Amoriran boy woidd care to make a close acquaintance with either of these belts Tlie boys, however, may feel confident that they will not bo brought into unpleasant contact with them, as tho Americans have not yet proilueed a man or a muchine capable of wielding such belts ag.iins tboys. llie Americans again contend for the leading place in solo leather-of which Pennsylvania, California, ana Ohio send some particularly fine examples— Where their competitors are again France, Ger- many, and Japan. Some exceptionally well- Bnished, fanoy-oloureil enamel and shoe leather is ^own by the firm of Halsey & Smyth, of Newa.k, JN.J., and tlie American Oak Leather Company, of Cincinnati, Ohio, the leather covering of a beauti- ful pavilion 50 feet by 20 erected by one of these oonocrns being so finely done as to lead oven ex- ''fv 17 . "^^ tliafc^they were looking upon real oa... . rannn »nd vreimatiy ;iro about icvol in the (trains, and fancy goods, the exhibit of tho former country, liowever, being more extensive. 'll,,. Vaijk.^es frankly admit tliat tlio m..i..coo ma.Io In llilla.lelphuiand Newark, N.,L, o.iiinot. so far as appearance at aiiyiate goes, at all compare with the Brono I an.l (lei. nan stook. Franco, Germany Anstria, Hussio, and Japan all compote oloseiy witli Ameri.a in the •' Section for Harness Leather. AUigatm- an.l kangaroo skins are on view in some iiumbors. The form.r aro principally us.,| for valises, pocket-books, reticules, a.i.l ooousionally tor sli.ios. Kangaroo leather is much in oviilenor at ines.|nt, but, ejoent for its novelty, it is sai.l that It has nnthnig else to recommend it, as a go..,| wax caltskin sinio will, it is claimed by skllle.l ourriois, Inst much longer, ami koopitsshapo bett.n than ru priiiciimlly umij rctiouloH, ami ocouHioiially fttlier in much in cvMoiioi' r itii novelty, it i* mM ipoomineiiil It, M It gooil it Ik olaiinoil by Hkillcil jiTiil koopltsaiiuiio ln'ttiM (ill of a inar-tuiii il. Out r, lioftnl toileoiiiroHtoiitIv Kivir, III;! ruasoii for lij, iRo oiiu that, an a knii- ond oould jump no tar, 0, make the bent nml f till) grcatoit ciirioHitioH 10 hiJo of an elephant, il 800 lbn., and taniioil— ) years— weighs 5(X) llis. vide, and 3 inches thick. 1 are unod for polishmg This industry, more, s bion revolutionised by n which tho Americans ines used fur nirrying in {iiifo-splittor, tho knife i of Steel, go of the knife ologu to ^iiigh which the leather d tliat it can take off ido. The lower roller ing is capable of spring- ual parts of the hido to I of hand screwa the 1C8S of the split. The operation in all large mount of hard labour. yet been invented that I hand work in whiten- ' particular branches of nkee ingenuity has pro- , which ia used success- ihor. This machine IS, and its cylinder re- evolutions per rainuti', irfaco on the leather, ■ooesa there is that of fliling the leather up r that it may bo made and by the improved l)ai tnre, fully 100 per rked into tho leather, !ult to work in 50 per dea aro tanned in from me formerly occupied, 3ur tho delegates were Brican shoos — the term ptiou of what we term oases where §5 (20h) [)air, of comparatively KBINDING. itter getting round the lofthe manner in which America and Oterraany low machinery for the Artisan Kxpedition to A me nm. VJ .nanufaoture o( blank books ami edition binding, and tho exhibit on the whole is disappointing fn virw of thn fact that practically no new principles ire seen. The only exceptions in this rr^iHot are two paper-ruling maoliinm, one a Oermaii, and tho other an American invention. Itothuro self-fenders and in each the oldfa.hioned brass pen ii dis- earde.1 for a braHs disc. It i« apparent that hero at least the Yankee, generally will ahead in tho matter of ingenuity, has been completoly beaten by the phlegmatio but philosophic (Jorman, as the ^atiorlaiid machine is in several respects supei ior to tho American. It ocoupies loss than half the Hoor apace ol ita rival ; it is atrongrr, better, and more neatly inado, and many of the more important operations are more (juiekly and more accurately performed. r,„th machines are also alike in rulliig two Bides of tho papir in one operUion, and It IS claimed for tho Oormaii iimohinu that it can (urn out 4000 Sheets Per Hour, with tho altendanoo of only one parson. Chiooiro andN.w V \'T"' *'"' I^P"'-"""! ' '^aohineH, and New York shows a good or., .»„i,,u „ j (nkinJ press a clevir automatic book-' •iinmei* <,,u ' ^ very rapid-working aignaturo pn ;. America aro well repreaeiite 1 , machines, the latter country ,.',*.) a new model of an ingenious n. ol. saws and sows on tape or bands, . blank catalogue or edition wori . amples of this work are forwavi Gcririaii.- and WKf.-stii ' ling ^v'wg on dew "», whic- lotli • i'-'i"!' jUher X^oiRble ex- rom France, , • -- —■•.■■«.« uiu iwinitii »rom in Derome style, and a beautiful ■peoimen of renaissance work in dark itreen crushed evant; but the most striking exhib'it'is levanf -11 •* Bookbinding," in crushed brown ir»e«f;,i S"""i***,'' '■" '"""^ «""""' '''"' a bold and mnen. ^T\ ^""8".. '" 8°'''> «'"» the back r«r^L, "n """"^ .*°''*»''- Conspicuous in the German oo ection la a book belonging to the iTFrj.^^'","""' ^:^^ ''" ""''■''^ and a crown in ™„, "«f'«Lan ,8tylc- A jewel cask, t in white morocco, finished and illuminated by Herm Graf hibit i, i^"^'^'"'f;;''"?^'"'"■ very beautiful ex- works ITl'l amongst some other magnificent Ornlil * 1 ""^ ''5""'' 'nl.,own morocco in the Uro^ier style, and coating $1100 (£220). From muZn«'T Tfl -Tl '''y fl>"3 vellum books" whi^ ?^;' *"■'' "'""'"'.',• ™'"' g™"*' '»«te and skill leather »^ 1*™'* •""» f''"*'e« Kood prayer books in via enr rl'""'''- ^h ^""^ ^'""^ *''e Soandina. beautifu ,^W I "if '"■l''"1.8 °" <"""»»'" of tl'eir oeauciiui inlaid calf wnrlj of r!„fiji„ .i__; .m Mexican " show " acta a'a a"f oii"to"the othora". ^ "" VISIT TO PULLIMAN CITY. THIC FAMOUS CAIt WORKa. HIS TOKY OK~niK FIKM. I-IFK IN THK RIODEIi TOWN'. PUBMO INSTITUTIONS. HOW OAKS AKK HUII/r. WA(iKS OK WOIUCMKN. TllK GKKAT OOHLISS KNGINE. A !• ALACK ON WHIiELS. DESCUIl'TION OF fAK.S. A CANADIAN FACIFIO TKAIN. r^™« the l)u,„hc \[\7hi7N,w>„fis :-Among tho countless industries ami • lln < n u'"'l''" "'"/'T""' "t"'"'"'" than tho to the ^Piti V*i'.r ' '■"■'"" "° '""'is'-tful a suburb to the city of Chicago. The result of ail this PULLMAN 0FFICK8, CHIOAQO. gigantic work is due to the inventive ge.iius and power of one man-Mr George Pullman.^ The idea eomr ■■"" 1",^" r'r? ■""•' °' °"« where more comfort cou ,1 he had in travel than in the very crude oars then in use, was that of Mr Pullman. In the spring of 1859 he left liis New York & OUiT^ •"' fP'*""" '" *ho then "Wild West."' nol 'a of Z" w"? '"TT'' '° '"='='""'= 'he motro- iw..°V» n J-'? '- V- •'■ ""^ ''?^.«.rith limited in'sirel »r.^r T- "" =":cP."-hioa iias resulted in sucli grand achievements by reraodellinir two paaaenger coaches into sleeping ma. ThepubUc were not prepared for auch an innovation, ami the II HI 60 iJundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News V-l \ m i.fi initml nttempt met with but partial success. He oy persistent efforts, obtained tlie pcimiasion ti use an old abandoned shed, in which he built the tirst regular jPuUman parlour and sleeping car, costing the then extraordinary price of 18,000 dollarH and this was the foundation of the great institution which proudly bears his name to-day. in April, 18(,u. this same coftoh was used as the funeral car of The Murdered President, Abraham Lincoln. Tlie principal woikn of the Company are located on the side of a small lake fourteen miles soutli of Chicago. Some idea of the magni ude of tlie I'uUman Car Company may be formed when it is learned that tlicy employ in tlieir regular service 2135 cars. They have built and placed in service during the past year 150 sleeping, parlour, dining special, and tourist cars, costing on an average §13,519.83 each per car. The total number of persons in the employ of the Company ',Vo;,""'""f^?*"'''"sand operating departments is i..i.Ab7, and the wajres paid during the past year averaged nearly SGOO per each person employed. Ihe business is net confined to the construction of pabce, dining, and sleeping cars. They manufac- tuie cars of eveiy description, such as passenger coaches freight cars street cars, and motors, nn,l inomoi ^-iT"]^ °^ '"''"^''y »'"■'« employ over Wil^f f ^j^e Company also have large works at Wi mington, Del., and in their plant include the Union Foundry Union Car Wheel AVork.s tlie Pu Iman Iron and Steel Works, also a brass ^ork, which employs 2o0 men, and which turns out ove!- \^L} '"'"'on dollars worth of manufactured brass annually The capacity of the works at Pull- man IS three sleeping or palace cars ten ordinary passenger, and 240 freight cars per week. Mr George Pullman was born in the town of Biootnn, Chantannua County Now York, March .S, 1831,' and has but passed his threescore years, and in them has eon- »ni 1 I *i'" ^./^m-'y of ten, and at fourteen accepted a humble position in a store of his native village. Throe years of this work and he joined his older brothtr in the cabinetmaking busi- The "Weekly News" Delegates Mrnlw" *J'!?">f' "'" ereat establishment by Mr p. Doty, of Pullman, who explained everything o interest to the members of our party. ^ It U almost superfluous to state that the works at Pull- inacl,h.''?r ''f"""''"\ ^'"' "" abundance of tlie best machinery for working iron and wood. In all tlrere are about (00 machines. Of that number 79 a e wood-working machines, including 12 iarving machines, and throughout the whole buildings the subdivKling of labour is very apparent. Ten hours constitute a day's work, Saturdays included, and, as lar as possible, piece wages are paid. The ollownig IS the average weekly wages in some of the departments :-Car body makers. Is 4d per lour ; cabinet and chairinakers, ls7d ; upholsterers, j3 0,1 ; painters and decorators. Is 8d ; carvers is 8d ; carpet sewets (female), 6,1. Some men in tie aoovo trades make as much as 2s 3d per hour while others can only earn 9d or lOd. The sanitary and ventilation arrangements throughout the whole ot t le 1 ullman buildings are as near perfection as n^^f '; ^'1 the works and shops are kept in the neatest possible order. The machines are ill fitted with blowers and exhaust-fans for taking away all shavings and dust as fast as they accumulate. Passenger Car Building. ! manner in whioli passenger Mr Logan, cannot but be of Mil GKOIIGK M. PULLMAN. r!™» f /"n'L"^ circumstances compelled him at this time to sell his cabinet shop. He then accepted a contract . the Erie Canal to remove frorn ts ,X f. n ■ '^' T""*?." "f ''™»'^»- Having ac"on" phslud this, and made some money at it, he started :!J'lf, ''Y^f^Vf »«000 in his pockets. whe,?he Vr^lX "'"^fyept prairies about Oiiieago. JZ i I V""' '"" '''"'"'y ''»« been that of the city of hi» adoption, energy, ind.istry and prosperity. An outline of the manner in cars are built, says Mr Logan, .„„.,„. uu. oe oi interest, as this class of car construction constitutes J"o«t important work done at Pullman. There are 30,000 passenger cars in use on the 175 000 miles of railroad in the United States, and these cars have cost over $200,000,000 (£40,000,000) An ordinary day coach costs from £1000 to £2000 When an order is received for a given number of cars It 18 accompanied by carefully.prepared draw- nigs of every detail, and by specifications which even enumerate the quantity and quality of screws, nails, bolts, castings, trimmings, &c., which are to be used, lho.se unfamiliar with this class of work would be astonished at the elaborate iiatu:e of the drawing.--, with all dimensions marked on them, so that no mistakes may occur. The specifications ami to contain a clear statement of all the materials to be used, their quantity, quality, and sizes: and the manner in which they are to be tre.-.ted and built 13 also carefully described ; even the paint and varnishes are specified, as well as the number of coats on each, and the length of time 'aoh coat IS to bo given to dry. Thus it will be seen I that a car is first Carefully Thought Out in the mind of the designer, and all details put upon paper. When an order for cars is placed, bills of tho materials required are made in each depart- ment, and patterns for the iron and woodwork are made to guide the foremen in laying out their portions of the work. As speedily as po lible departments are furnished with the raw or finished materials calleil for on their bills ot materials with which to make their portions of tho car. As an lUuitration, the wood-machine shop gets out the exact number of pieces of wood of every kind and foim called for, audthe blacksmith shop gets oat the forgings required. Tho bolt derattment makes the exact number of bolts of the various kinds needed, and the brass foundry fills its order for the necessary trimmings, which trimming.^, when specifleil, are taken in hand by tho electro-plating department, and plated nickel, silver, or gold. Tho Glass Department outs the glas". etclifi.s it. nr.d ji-'-.,-p"3 *'■ — ^ quired, and makes and furnislies all the mirrors. When everything is ready the prepared materials are delivered as needed at the compartments where Artisan Expedition to America. 51 sws " Delegates great rstablisliment by lio explained everything •3 of our party. It ia that the works at Full- 1 abunJanoe of the best and wood. In all there Of that number, 79 are including 12 carving ;lie whole buildings the ai)parent. Ten hours turdays included, and, rases are paid. Tiie eekly wages in some of ily makers, Is 4d jicr era. Is 7d ; upliolaterers, itors, Is 8d; carvers, le), 6il. Some men in luoh as 2s 3d per hour, i or lOd. The sanitary s throughout the whole e Bs near perfection as 1 shops are kept in the machines are all Htted ns for taking away all liey accumulate. Building. r in which passenger an, cannot but be of onstruction constitutes le at Pullman. There 1 use on the 175,000 ted States, and these 300 (t'40,000,000). An rom £1000 to £2000. or a given number of efully.prepared draw- C specifications which and quality of screws, iigs, &c., which are to 'ith this class of work laborate natu:e of the 3 marked on them, so The specifications ;nt of all the materials lality, and sizes; and are to be trented and ibed ; even the paint well as the number lengtli of time jaoh Thus it will be seen ight Out , and all details put or cars is placed, bills made in each depart- in and woodwork are in laying out their speedily as po lible Ii the raw or finished ills (It materials with of the car. As an 3 shop gets out the [)d of every kind and rsmith shop gets out It del artment makes f the various kinds fills its order for the trimmings, when f the electro-plating silver, or gold. .rtment "jj-yi-rs IV wltcrt re- lies all the mirrors. i prepared materials sompartments where the ears are to be erected. First the bottom, such as sills, floor joists, flooring, and transoms arrive and are taken in hand by the bottom builders. At the completion of the bottom of the oar it is turned over to the bouy-builders, who put up the framo- woik and complete the body of the oar, their work consisting of applying postsi, bracing, filling, belt- railing, panelling, car-lining, &o. The car is now taken by the roofers, who apply the roof boards, mouldings, 4o., and then tho tinners put on the metal covering. After inspection the car is taken III hand by the outside painters, and is entered at the same time by inside fimshors, who put in an( finish the inside woodwork, such as mahogany. Vermillion, oak, cherry, ash, basswood, beech, cedar, birch, cypress, hickory maple, sycamore, poplar, &c. The piping for heatmg and lighting is set in before the seats are placed m position. The cars can either be lighted by oil, gas. or electricity. Wlieu the inside work IS all fitted up— and some of it is beautifully carved and decorated— the inside painters go over the entire interior, and make the car ready for the trimmers, who place the bronze or plated trimmings upon doors, saahblinds, and walls. The upholster- ing, draperies, seat coverings, carpets, &o,, which have a 1 beeii previously prepared, are now put in. and when the finishing touches are added the oar IS ready for delivery to its purchaser. All work in the construction of these cars is sub-divided, and they are turned out with surprising quickness ; the capacity of the works is twelve new passenger oars ft WG6iC> Freight Car Shops. All kinds of oars are built at Pullman— parlour oars, passenger, mail and baggage, freight, ana street cars. The buiMing where the freight oars are budt IS 1350 feet long and 200 feet wide, and has a capacity for turning out fifty oars a day, or a finished oar for every twelve minutes of working time. J he raw material goes in at one end of these shops, and comes out at the other end in the form of completed oars. These cars are about 30 feet long, and are covered in like the guards' vans that are attached to the passenger trains in Scotland. 10 build forty of the« cars in a day requires the labour of 500 men and the Trork of a large amount Thn^QTir^^-i l}"^ ""." ''*' ^3" "«"• the erecting shop 270, and the paint shops 100. Ten hours ocis^itute a day's work, Saturday included. Three- fr^m iVfi f "gf J^'"^* "« P^'il b> piece, and earn once a fortnight. Like all other large works in America, the workers at Pullman are principallv composed of foreigners. The following table shows the countries where they were born. k o^' ^ * '*^^^''' *I1?'°* ^' 'he freight car shop iL^« h^rse-power. There is a vertical Corliss r.Fi ^n'''i"8 -tmei.t. 60 horse-power; paint shops, 30 horae-power ; five at dry kilns, 115 horse- power; hammer shops, 50 hoisepower; sawmill. carvfnf'Sn"''' ''•o" J'-Partment, 50 horse-power carving, 20 horso-power. The new engines at the new power house are one of 150 and two at 270 horao-power each-a total of 5980 horse-power- ; eaides the brick yards oiigine of 400 liorse-power. llio iron and steel works, or rolling mills, have engines capable of developing 2000 horse-power! t ere are transfer engines at 156 horse-power, lie foundry and car wheel works have engines <,i 4J0 horse -power ; also some other small ones. The s^nf iToSir"""'""''""*^'"" ^»='"«^ "* P^«- The Great Corliss Engine. This remarltablo mechanism is a simple conden- Snfi'fT ""''.' ■ ^"■'''"^ ^"l^'e e«a' and cut-off adapted to a verti. ., engine. It was built in Pro. vidence, U.I., by the late Mr George H. Corliss It buTld1nL'''a' "/«'«',«";' roquired%even months [„ building, and furnished power for runninc the machinery at the Centennial Exposition in Phila- delphia m 1876. At the close of the Exposition it was taken back to Providence, and was purchased byBIrGeo M. Pullman in 1880. It required a train of So cars to ng it to Pullman. It was set up n America, Sweden, Uolland, Germatiy, Ireland, England, Canida, Norwiiv, Scotland, Poland, Italy, .. Denmark, AustTia, Wale«, .. Bwitzeriniid, 1790 1163 758 782 402 8(15 261 100 181 110 9!) 8!) 60 84 2S Fr.inoe, Uoliemta, Belgium, Asia, .. Russia, . . Hungary, Africa, . Australia, Mexico, East Indies, Finland, Greece, . . Spain, . . Total, 300 of those enumerated are woiiien and girls. Motive Power. Mr AVataon, Uucdco, who devoted notice to the t"!'?.*! ♦k''^' 11*^' *''.° *'"'"" engines working ..irough the. Pul.msn rhujia arL- ar, foiiowa :— Tlu ^rge Corliss engine, rated at 2300 horse-power ; Buckeye No. 1, 700 horse-power ; Buckeye No. 2 dW horse-power ; street oar shop engine, 300 horse^ OOHLISa ENQINKHOUSK AND W.VI'KU TOWEII. its present place during the autumn of 1880 and the winter of 1880 and 1881. and was started for the first time on Aprils, 1881, in prraenco of a great T^l '"}*°"- ^^'"^ ^'°™"''« P«»""»" opened the steam valves and started the engine in the midat of Wo'iL'''^Tl""^' ^'""l «'a^'i"S 'I'e Pullman Oar dlt» Ti ^'lef'S'"^ "l"*" •■"" "'"•oeasfully since that date. The total weight of tho engine ia 700 tons. The Engine-Boom, llicongineroom is 84 feet square and 68 feet h.gh. . The platform upon which the engine stands 13 26 inches above the floor of the room, ami nc visitors are allowed upon it. The frame is shaped 62 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News like the capital letter A, and is very strongly braced. The height from the floor to the top of the walking beam ia 40 feet. ThelafiJera leading to the upper por- tion of it constitute strong braotis, and ari also verv ornamental. The cylindersare 40inohes i^i diameter, affording a 10-feet stroke. The ateatn pipea are 18 inches in diameter. The cylindera :,re jacketed with live steam. The ordinary prensute is 32 lbs., and the piaton rods are C^ inches in diamnter. The walking beams are of the web pnttirn, 2D feet in length and 9 in width at the centre, and weigh 11 tona each. The lengtli of the connecting rods are 2.") feet 10 inches in the centre and tapering to G inche.-i diameter at the ends. Tlie crai.ka weigli 5 tons each. Diameter of crank sliaft, 19 inches ; lengtli, 12 feet. The bearings of the crunk shaft are 18 inches in diameter and 24 inches long. The diameter of the fly-wheel is 29 feet. It is built in twelve segments, and weighs 50 tons. Steam m supplied to the engine by two steel boile.s. They are horizontal, tubular in construction, 18 feet in length, and 6 feet in diameter. THE TOWN OF PULLMAN, Mr Bennett, engineer, Knvoastle, reports:— Pidlman is emphatically a new departure in city building. It has not only bettered labour, but udded to it a dignity v^hich it did not before possess. The improved homes and the healthful and con- venient shops of Pullman were created in advance of any expressed demand by the workmen for them. I n can and do exist in cellais and garrets, and do work in sheds and uncomfortable shops and factories, but when they re given such improved homes and surroundings they are able not only to do better for themselves and their families, but better in every way for their employerji. On arr-"v. ing at the railway station of Pullman the first building that presents itself to notice of the visitor is the Arcade. This building is the principal market- place of the town. It is 250 feet long and 154 feet wide. The central portion is three storeys high. There are 1,800,000 cubic feet of space in the build- ing. The structure covers nearly an acre. The first floor is occupied by tlie bank and post office, and by the following kinds of shops :— Dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, china and glassware, clothing, household furniture, hardware, tobacco and cigars, a newsagent, a restaurant, drugs and medicine, and clock, watch, and jev7ellery. The second storey contains a A Large Public Library with over 8000 volumes, and over 100 of the best journals, magazines, and reviews of America and various countries of Europe. It also contains a theatre, the town oflBoes, three halls used for churches, lodgerooms, oflioe for doctors and dentists, two borber shops, and the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association. The third storey has handscme lodgerooms used by the Free- masons, Oddfellows, Ancient Order of United Workmen, and other friendly societies. Pullman has its athletic axwciation, whicli consists of about 150 members, h:: andaome grounds, and every modern oonveniennu for athletic and aquatic sporti The playgrounds contain about ten acres, and the island five acres. Athletes from all parts of America arc said to have competed here for the beautiful medals awarded. The cricket team at Pullman boasts to being the best one west of Hud- son River, and holds tlie championsliip of the West. They have also a baseball team, which they claim to bo one of the best out of the professional nines. Pullman has become the centre of athletic sport* in the West. Annual regattas are held in the spring ftnJ autumn, and athletic games are given which workmen, by 2249 April 10, attract the best amateur athletes of the land, tvcry facility is afforded at Pullman for rational amusements and recreation. The Savings Bank is largely taken advantage of by the the amount deposited in the bank depositors from Augu&t, 1892, up to 1893, was 636,889 dollars, wliich is equaf to 283 dollars for each depositor. In cases where accidei'.ts of a serious nature occur, such as broken limbs or any other accident whereby a man is laid off work, the company pay him his wages. With the ex- ception of seventy dwellingliouses these 8truotu-.es at Pulhnan are all of brick. The houses are pro- vided with all modern improvements such as gas find water, and ten per cent, of them with batlis. Nearly all the housea are faced with red pressed brick, and they are all on broad, well paved streets and shaded with trees. The last census of Pull- man, taken in August, 1892, shows that there were then 11,702 men, women, and children. The entire number of tenements io 1831, some families using more than one tenement for the accommodation of lodgers, there beiny on au average 2500 bachelors at the works. Half of the people are American born, Swedes come next, and Germans third. At the time of taking the United States census in 1880 the town of Puliraan was only a matter generally talked about, for workmen had only begun preparations for building, and no one resided there. Workmen's trams and cars run morning and evening from Chi.ago. The place to- day uiesents a busy scene of industry, employing over OOO persons in its shops and factories, and I no less than 849 of these wage-earners own their houses. The Churches in Pullman. An inquiry in reference to the church preferences of families in Pullman shows tbst 76 families lean towards the Bap.ist Church, 250 incline in the direction of t're Presbyterian, 125 the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Swedish Methodists claim 125, the T^lim Swedish Lutherans 100 families, and they have a fine church of their own ; the Swedish Baptists SO famdies, the Holy Rosary Church 375 families. This congrAgatioii has one of the finest brick churches in the country. The German Lutheran claim 75 families, and the German Reformed Church 100 families, the Swedish Miesion I'llKSBlTKItlAN UHUBOH. Artisan Exj-fdition to America. 53 r.5 Olmroh 125 fa-nilie», and the German Catholics 60 familiJB. Ten of these denominaticna are pro- vided with miniatcr8 and ohurohes. The Gieen- stone Church, which is leased by the Presbvtcriai.s. is the finest structure in the town of Pullman. It is built of stone of the SerpDntliio Rjck. This rock is oiyatalhie, oconrriijg in musses whicl, commonly present dark green colours. .Some authoiities have classed it as a marble, from the fact that It K often sculptured. Its fancied reserabianoe iron its mottled appearance to the skin ot jome serpent gave the rook its pouuUvr name, "^ Drainage System. The atnrr. or atmospheric water goes from roofs ' and street- through one system of pipes and large drams directly into I^ke Calumet. This water tf floursf, contains no sewage. Brick mains are bm(. in alternate streets, running east and west. the interiTiediate stieets being summits from which the surface water flows into the main drains or sewers. The fall is sntlioient to secure good cellars or basements for all the dwellings ot the town the drain pipes being at least 18 inohei; belov he cellar bottoms. A two-feet cobble-stone gutter borders either side of every street, leailing, at short interval of about 160 feet, into Passing through the vestibule from the'day coaoh. the panoi ; oar Santa Maria is reached. I may here state that every Pullman oar that has been built 18 named by the Misses Pullman. The pnr- lour of this oar is finished in Vermillion wood, and IS designed m the sixteeuth century style with curiam rods and ornamental inecul work all gold, plated. -The oeiliugs are handsomely carved, with the ground- work coloured a natural green. The windows ore built in bay form, the upper paiti 'f 1 li 04 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News t 'i being glazed with the most delicate patterns in itamea glass. The upholstering of the revolving seats and aofns is of Tersiaii Ijlue and gold. Tlie design of the ohaiis is very graceful and delioato. while the carpets are of the finest AViuton. Pasaina through the passage towards the gcntleinen's end of the car is a library well stocked with expensively bouud books. Next to the library, at the end of the oar is the gentlemen's lavatory and toilet room, llie floor and wainscoting of this room are constructed of handsome tileing. The wash-batin IS ot Mexican onyx, and is beautifully shaped. All the plumbing fixtures, &c., are of plated gold. At the other end of the car is a driiwing-room Finished in Ivory and Gold of exquisite design and workmanship. The ceiling 18 coloured in pink, and is beautifully carved and decorated in gold. The upholstering of this room IS of Bilk plush, coloured to harmonise with the walls and ceiling. The room also contains a comrortablo sofa and two easy chairs upholstered in delicate silk plush. The window ourtiiins are ol Pompeuaii pink silk, richly flowered in silver, white, and gold. At the end of this room is fitted ft circular bevelled miror, and the carving of the frame is simply a work of art, and by far the finest piece of decorative carving seen in the Ameiioau section of the Exhibition. The entire train is Iiglited by electricity. The electrolier, are all gold plated, and are of excellent design and finish dwe'r"" "^ ^'*"'"*"> "'lowing all the buildings and A Canadian Pacific Train. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company also ex- hibit a tram similar to the Pullman, only not quitn so elaborate. All the cars are vest! buled, and lighted by electricity. The finish and decoration of the diner is superb. White mahogany, with bronze tablets for ornamontatioii, with linen, silverware, crystal, and china on the spread tables, create a pleasant effect of light and cleanliness. Thirty persons can be seated at the tables. The slftepin/. car IS a model of comfort, of tlie type familiar to all travellers, bat brought up to date by modern improvements. The finish of the first-class day coach IS in quarter-sawed oak, the seats having backs arranged rather for comfort than economy of space. This car is divided into throe sections by two arches, which create an im- pression of spaciousness foreign to cars of the usual pattern. Tlier* are two smoking compartments, one at either end ot the car, and tlie usual toilet conveniences. In the coionistM' car, whici! is called in this country an emigiants' sleeper, many improvements are found. The se»ts are comfortab:», and the beds furnished with good bedding. In ti,;iah and decoration the car is superior to many firti-class day coaches. All the oars are finished without and within with oil and varnish, no paint being used in any form. This i« a specimen train, being a duplicate of those now in service on the road. Each of the cars are 14 feet 10 inches high by 10 feet 3J inches wide. The sleeper IS 78 feet long and weighs !)8,000 pounds. Steam from the boiler heats the train, and the customary bell-cord is replaced with a pneumatio device. Electricity is provided from atorago bat- teries charged before the train starts. THE PROSPECTS OF WORKING MEN IN AMERICA. AN INTERESTING NARRATIVE. FKEE TRADE AM) PROTECTION. OORNKB Of PUILMAN SLKEPKH. t paid special attention to the workmanship of tlicse oars, and I must say that the cabinet work, upholstering, and decoration could scarcely be surpassed. Everything that wealt!:, taste, and ingenuity could think on appears to have been Used in the manufacturing of the handsome cars. The above description conveys but a poor idea of what these cars are really like, even with the aid of hotographs, as they -vould fail to givo ihe rilliant colours which have to much to do with successful interior decoration. The designing of the interior decoration of this wonderful train, it may be of interest to mention, was done liy Ut Frank .Tohson, a school companion of Messrs D. C. & F. ThniriHon of this paper, and noiv a. rising ynsjng architect in Chicago. Pullman also exhibits a number of electric street cars, and a model of I WAGES OF SHOEMAKERS. COST OF FOOD AND CLOTHING, RENTS AND TAXES. REMOVING BUILDINGS. WOMEN'S TEMPERANCE UNION. CHICAGO'S LIQUOR LAWS. THE KEELEY CURE FOR INTEMPERANCE. SCHOOL SYSTEM OF CHICAGO. (Prom the Lnndce Weekly News of Septcmtet- 16.) The question— Do working men rise to better positions in America than at home? was answered in a very emphatic manner by Mr .Tames Sinclair Thomas, the proprietor of the hotel in Chicago in which the delegates resided when prosecuting their inquiries in that city. Mr Thomas, who said ho had a Scotehwomian for his rn.-.t.hpr, kft Oohj;, County Mayo, Ireland, in 1854, when hardly six' teen years of age. After a six-weeks' passage in » Artisan Expedition to America. .56 M the buildings aud TEMPERANCE, FORT DEARBORN IN 1830. aai'ing vessel, he reached New York, and on the flrHt day of his arrival there, when walking along the street in company with a friend, ho inund a parcel containing 857 (£11 8s) in paper money— a voi-y encouraging omen to him, he thought. The "find" was advertised, but the money was un- claimed, and he divided it along with his friend. / Itliough so young, he was considered a first-class carpenter, and being also a good draughtsman, he obtained wark immediately on his arrival, although the wages then were only $1J (5a) a day. In the following March he weni west to Chicago, a place of 15,000 inhabitants at that time. Ho secured emjployment with a man named Jonathan Clark, whoso foreman started business on his own account. Shortly afterwards Mr Thomas was placed in charge of the shop, with fully fifty carpenters under him. Working about tliree years with Mr Clark, he saved some 81100 (£220), sent for his parents and brothers and sisters, and in 18.57 he started business as a stair-builder, at which he was looked upon as an expert. Then cam'? the great panic, and his money went in the "burst." Leaving Chicago, he travelled to St Louis, Missouri, and in two years he made $4000 (£800) at his own business. The Civil "'ar breaking out, he oiganised a company of Irishmen, lOO strong, fought on the Confederate side for sometime, and in one day was in three heavy skirmishes, and was twice wounded. His colonel being killed, he had for some time the command of the regiment. Returning home, he took $200 (£40), and started for California in December, 1861. There he opened a school for the teaching of stair-building, and made $1500 (£300) in three weeks. While in California he hit upon a new plan of setting up rails for ail kinds of stairs, and published a book on the subject, for the copy- right of which he received $16,000 (£3200) in gold. In JS64 he returned to St Louis, started specula- tive building on a considerable scale, and also ran a planine mill, and a lumber vard, and made a quarter of a million of dollars"(£25,000). Every year at that time he built twenty or thirty fiist-class houses— very few cheap ones he ever built— and sold them from 620,000 (£4000) to 830,000 (£6000) a piece. He was not, however, often paid in cash for the property, and the result V7as that when the panioof 1873 came he lost- nearly everything he had. From 1875 to 1880 he was in Texas— a State in which jails were very muob ■ . quired —and during that time he built no fewer \ im.i 22 of these useful establishments. Not liking the State, he came back to St Louis, and reoommeuced budding on his own account, acoumulatin? property ol the valuo of $130,000 (£26,000) in four years. After this he returned to his first love— Chicago— and has done well up till now. The Hotel Thomas occupieH tt site opposite the mpin entrance to the Exhioltion, with 100 feet of frontage and a depth of 15C feet, and cost $33,000 (£6600). Working men, he said, could do well in America if they kept away from the saloon, and people should oome out when they were young, as they "caught on" more readily to the customs of the country than older persons. The education system was the best in the world, and was free to all. His own daughter could earn $60 or $70 a month at teaching if anything came over him, and the same prospect was open to the daughter of every working man. There was always employ, nicnt for steady men, and no man required to take off his cap t', any one. 'J'hey lived on the very best food that was to be had— meat was cheap— and mechanics and labourers, provided they kepi, from drink, had carpets on their floors, and many of them had pianos. Scotchmen generally did well but Irishmen were not behind, and many of them' had risen to the highest professional and social positions. As a striking instance, ho mentioned the Brothers Cudahy, who, starting as butchers with a couple of dollars a day twenty years ago, now lived in palaces^ and had horses, carriages, yachts, and all the other luxuries of millionaires. In concluding on thin subject, Mr Thomas said— If I had stayed in the old country I would now have been looking forward to being a burden on my family, or spending my hst days in the poorhouse. but, thank God ! there is nothing of that here." Free Trade v. Protection. On the subject of protection, Mr Thomas holds very pronounced views. The victory of the Demo- crats, he said, had paralysed trade in Chicago for the time being. A country's prosnerity depended upon its manufactures, and the manufacturers of America did not know but that they might bo blotted out with foreign good tshould the tariff be reduced or abolished. "If we are to have free trade in this country it will," he said, "ruin us. England is a great country because of its manufac- tures, but it is being gradually ruined to-day by importing free from Gei many and other countries what it can itself produce. Take this for an illus- tration. Ill our country convict labour is let out to contractors, who pay the State 40 to 45 and 50 cents a day for the work of each convict. These convicts are employed in making hats, clothes, &o,, which compete with and keep down the price of free labour. At present this is done only on a compara- tively small scale, aud it is not generally seen, but let us have Free Trade for two years and the fellows who are now crying for Free Trade would soon havo their wages reduced to European level, and wouhl be searching for all the ropes they could find m order to iiang the Congress men. Cliicago has been for some years the natural home of the builder, but there is no house-building going on in Chicago at the present time. On Ru avirage I employ from forty to fifty carpenters, but at present I have only four, ar. • ,m a fortnight I shall stop altogether. I anticip.ue, however, that there will be a clean sweep , ;..nd, and that the Democrats will be at tlie bottom of the bag at next poll. It is a singular fact that the delegates heard views similar to those held by Mr Thomas expressed by scores of skilled tradesmen in America. Hard-Headed Scotsmen, who in the land of their birth would have been red- hot Radicals, were as emphatic as Mr Thomas in their condei.inatio'-, * Free Trade as the policy fct the American Go i .lent to follow. They w -. met with every whi ,,.— in the workshop, on 'Sxi street, and in the oars— and according to them ai' without exception. Free Trade would be the ruin of Amprioa. Several hot arirurr.rnt;; ' i^l m i ti •K place on the subject, and the Conductor in particular was not slow in showing how unjust and one-sided their tariff laws were. He pointed out that really only 56 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News oertoin industries were coteeted ogainst forcien competition, and aaked th • Americans if they were prepared, for instance, t,. give bounties to the f raers who had to sell their produce at Free Trade ()ao<^-;- and practically pay a sum equivalent to the i-^riff on everything they bought. He also pointed imt that America was a great country with ' normous natural resources, that the Americans rt^ere not slow m boasting of tlieir ingenious labour- saving mBohmes, and of the greater amount of work tliey 001., d turn out in a «iven time than the Britisher, and remarked ih%i if the Americans with all theee advantages on tieir side— not to speak of tlie mattei of ocean frelgln which had to be paid or. importeu goois— could not hold their own •gainst British H,,;king meu employed in industries crippled by royalties and b. bjeot to other impoai- tioiis peoulnrto a country .vith all the burdens of a monarchical form of govern-neut, they were a vfi v sorry lot indeed. Tlie com. ntion hit the.a ItiuJ, but they would not be convinc.;!.!. They stubboroi" asserted that, with Piotection, ri',,- mechanics >f America had pie three tiino-, b lay, that <\o European mechanic fared so woll, tlmt if Amefics adopted Free Trade they w-juid have no pie three times a day. and some of them Suiroly deolarnci that rathe! ih-An wftnt their pie th.v vould have another civil ..var. The Southern and other States whera unskilled labcurers are in the majority are stn,iig.y Loniocratic, r.nd, judging from the feelinii di8f.,i;.yta OT, tbo subject, it would not be surprising if BBi-orfs disU-r.',&viCfl^. occurre.! before the question of ta ■ it Tiforii :. 1 f ttled by tiio Government. The (lelegateh foimc, 'imerica in a deplorable financial Prices of Food and Clothing in Chicago. ..ifl*! "^^.'^P'"' w«'e also successful in obtaining reliable information aa to the cost of food and Clothing, riie rates given were as follows :— Flour for bread, 84.50(18.) per 19G lb. barrel; potatoes (new), 30 cents (1,3,1) per peck of about 14 lbs • sugar (granulated), 6 cents (3d) per lb. ; buttM iW,;f' m"Ti\"*'' "^ "•'■^ *1»' i"" "»-. in winter, steak, 15 cents (V^d) ; s^a, 25 cenig (IsVui 33(8.) neri^;:::rT*'''-^'^ ""■'*'■ <'^'*>; '"■"'• «•'«"'' '•■^j) per quart; Amanoau c.,d,-,e, 1^ iseuts (:V.) ve.- lb Xce forms a oonmderablo item of oonsuLii,tion i , suraiT^r-every tiling in C! ieig.,. at thnr scakun beini; .^ed-an ;i..Mi«ily ...ippTv of tliU ,ie.'v.jSHry !L?' oVn '''^r^?."^ °f * Wf-iking mrin c.ms % ?rn m i?= i.Qw°'r ';"^,^.';"^'^'°'hcs range in price from$i,= (£3) to&;„ (£5), tho highest price fieing P"^ 9''o'',o'?'"'l«'^ '^°<'"tn 8'""ls. Shoes r-nigo from «2 (8.) to $5 (£1). Cotton goods a.e usual'y i.;lieap. In answer to a question whether Uie I atanrlard of living in Ai.ierica wns S.iu ar tUa' in Urieat nritnin, (he informant o^id iiiv., if a wan I oarno ,• 4,4 (T?*/ a n^y he usually Uve,i nr. to it, and u lie earned caiy Ui (4a) 1.,, h-^l just to live down -work^ Of ^\\ descriptions being closed. oonditior tens of tii-u-' lis of tkiiled'artisans "irnempioyel,, ii«arly tv7o .1' iidied bank* with closed doors, rail- wiiya in f;..8 hu.ids of i-toeivcrs, and trade com- pistflly para ,y.sed— this to is large extent being due, or ooarsi.-, to the policy which has hitherto been 10 lowed by the Government, as it could not be attributed to Free Trade, seeing that has not yet been tried. House Rents and Taxes in Chicago. The rents of the houseii of working men in Cliicago, who live almost wholly in flats, vary acaordmg to the locality, and also according to their •ft/no^'i^*'?'' "'"■"' *''^y ''*"8e from 89 (£1 16s) to •14 (ki IGs) a month ; on the west side, five to seven rooms, $20 (£4) to $30 (£6) per month ; and ?" *''l<.n'5!?.m.*'i*,v7J'^''« ground is still dearer, from $30 (£6) to 840 (£8), including taxes in every case. Properly in Illinois is taxed in a peculiar way on the capital value. For instance, a gentle- man interviewed on the subject stated that he was *''° Ton^nn^A u^*™ '" ll"no's- Its capital value was fJO.OOO, but the assessment was imposed on S?*n9ai;7*iR'*?'n'^.*''^ total tax in 1879 was «i?^^?.io o^ ^.^,1 ¥'• .'* tt'iounted in 1892 to only «wj.8(fcl8 83 4d). In the city a property in Wabash Avenue of the current value of 8100,000 was assessed ^or 87688, and the taxes on it came to «odd"51. Ihe following is given as a sample of the assessment on a house assessed at 8100 as equalised by the State B(jard :— State tax. 31 cents ; county ^^' TLiVi'"'^^' ""y *"'^' '♦•77 210 cents; town tax. Id 510 cents ; bonlevard and park tax, 5 cents ; park tax, 3o cents; bonded indebtedness west parks, 5 cents ; sanitary district tax, 50 cents : public library tax, 21 1-10 cents ; new sinking fund 15 cents-totol, $7 30 610c. (£1 9s 3d). The wate^ tax, which IB also paid by the landlord, is levied separately and fluctuates. If it should not be paid by a certain date no notice is given, and the first intimation that the landlord has on the subject is a published aunounoemant that the pioi.eity has been sold to pay ratus, j THE SV AG.-vs OP BOOT AND SHOE M.iXERS. The uiiecially revnlutioiiising character of new machinery in tlio boot and shoe industry has been already referred to. According to Mr Carroll D. Wright the U.S. Labour Commissioner, the facts collected by the agents of the Bur' .u at \Vashing- ton in 1885 k .owed tliat one man could do the work which twem>- years before required ten, whilst a Philadelpliia h.-m testified that the introduction of new machinirv within the preceding thirty years had displaofl srx times the amount of hand labour required, am' had reduced the cost of the product by one-half. Numerous prolonged strikes have occurred thro^-h the introduction of new machinery, and in connection with tliese the con- tentions generally have been-ou behalf of the em- ployers, that though prices had been reduced the improved machinery caused wages to be higher than they had ever been; and on behalf of the men, that the effect of machinery is to displace skilled labour, and oonsjquently to lower the rate of wages. Much friction still exists on the subject. Hoot and shoe operatives, and more especially men m their own homes, work long hours. Wages have been greatly reduced, although Labour organisa- tions have succeeded to some extent in maintaining the rates of payment. The system of piece work prevails, and tlie daily average wage tor skilled hands IS said to run from 81.50 (6a) to 83 (12<) according to the skill and speed of the individual operative. The highest wage paid to non-UnionistB IS said to be about $12 (£3 lO.s) per week. Bailwajonen in Chicago. Mr Watson, enginedrivei, Dundee, writes — I made a vi.sit to one of the principal railway depots in Chicago— tho Grand Central, situated at the corner of Harrison Street and Fifth Avenue. This 18 a very large station, and has splendid accommo- dation for passengers. At this station there is a signalman a tower. I went and had a look into it, and found it was wrought by the Pneumatic Inter- locking We8tinghou.« Patent, erected in 1890, fitted up by th-; Uni n Switch and Signal Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. -, -his tower there are fltt^l 24 signals 26 swit.' ing 44 in all. It is not like the cabins in on r -y. In the first idace. thnrn 13 not a lever t •• ..ee.j. It is wrought witii oom- pressf ■, r»- 46d by electricity The air is Artisan Expediiion to America. 57 SHOEMAKERS. GhAND CENTRAL DEPOT. compressed by an engine In the at.ition, ami travels In pipes to all the connections. To shift points » small valve is shifted, which Is so easy that one can shift it with his fingers. This admits the compressed air which shifts the points. The signalmen here work a day of eight hours, and are paid at the rate of $60 (£12) a month, while signalmen at small roadside Junctions are paid from S60 to $75 (£12 to C15) a month. !^hunter3 are paid at the rate of 25 cents to 27 cents (Is to Is Id) an hour, and work a ten hours day. Porters are paid from 830 to $50 (£6 to £10) a month. I bad a talk with all chisses of men. One driver of the Baltimore and Ohio Informed me t'liat drivers are paid at the rate of from 3 cents to 4 cents (IJd to 2d) per mile and firemen from 2 to 2.J cents (Id to l^dlpei- mile! Surfacemen, lie said, were the worst paid In the •ervice. They averaged $1.10 (4a (3d) per day of ten hours. Freight conductors, or, as we call them goods guards are paid from $70 to $75 (£14 to £15) per month. Passenger conductors are paid as high as $100 (£20) per month. A working roan pays from $12 to $15 (483 to GOs) a month for a house of four rooms. Street tramcar drivers and conductors work 10 and 12 hours a day, and are paid at the rate of 21 cents (lOJd) per hour. Cable grip-car drivers and conductors get 23 cents (UJd) ppr hour, run on Sunday, and aro paid common time for Sunday duty. JiDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF CHICAGO. Mr Muir, Hill of Beath, reports :-The first "bool taught In Chicago was opened in the fall of 1816 by a discharged soldier in a room in a log house located near the Fort Dearborn, and since the reailer some idea of the increase of pupil. ID one year. It has been found necessary to build about 12 larRe schools each year to supply accom- modation for the increasing population. Between four and fi-e hundred new teachers are required ahn.mllv. and at least one-third must be ex- nerienoed. Education is free, nnd children must attend the school at the rate of 10 weeks per year until they reach the age of 14 years. This i/not very stiiotly entorced, but no child is allowed to be employed at any work until over fourteen yeart ot age. Ibtre is no corporal punishment In the schools here, so that if a child gets refractory the parent is sent for and informed of its conduct; and a promise obtained of better conduct for the tuture ! but i. he should continue refractory, he ii suspended for a time, but must be reinstated aeaiii and If he commit a crime he is sent to the reforma'" tory and educate,! there for one year, when the parent can remove him again. If an orphan be is kept until he reach the age of 21 yeaVs, but the >uperintendent may arrange to send seme of these lioyr, as messengers (or the telegraph or printing establishment., and their earnings at this work eo to keep up the establishment. The educational system Is nearly the same as our own except that The Kindergarten Method of teaching the young is adopted generally through- f ;. ,', "onsists of arranging about s dozen children of from four tosU yearsofageoroundatable at which a female teacher sits. They are provided with pieces of coloured cut paper which thev arrange Into geometrical figures, and which are pasted on io leaves of a book, and some of those I saw were very pretty. Others are provided with pieces of wood made Into blocks of different siiet and shapes, of which they construct small models of houses Ac. : in lact, nearly anything is calculated to instruct and amuse them until thev reach the oge of six, when they enter another grade. Then for those who may have left the school, and wa-t to prepare themselves for the work of business life, there are the CHICAGO IN 1833. that time the schools have increased as the citv has grown, until in 1840 there were 4479 of a popula- L'o^«?7, P^Pi'^-enro'led. 4 teachers, eokinc T^'.-v lutai ciponuituie ; iu 1892 with 1.438,010 of a population there ware 157,743 pupils, 3300 teachers costine 84,562.840 total expenditure. q"o give Business Colleges, at which, besides the usual courses of education there is a course of special instruction given in book-keeping, commercial arithmetic, commercial law, writing, rapid computations, correspondence wholesale, banking, real estate, insurance, shippin" shorthand ty.-writing, spelling, grammar, and office work, and ai; one of these colleees in Ran dolph at which I called J saw greatTumbers 2 young men and women going through the above course of instriio ion. Tiiere is no special tax for education, but it goes in with the other taxe. which amount in all to $85.46 for every $10 000 worth property, so that it is only propr.o'tors who are ta.Ted directly for education. "H^*-"'" The Women's Christian Temperance Union. The Conductor reports .—Few, if any, buiMincs n Chicago -surpass in noint of nobility of purpose beauty of design anj splendid appointments the erection in La Sal e Street, known as the Wor^e, 's Temple, in which is the homeof theheadquarte^B of he AVomens Christian Temperance l"nlon the largest numerically and the most influential of its kind in the world. Miss F, E. Willard, t e president, to whose executive ability much of e success of the Union is due, was in Europe on lick! eavewhen the IK«Wv iVe,.,- delegates caUed bu they rnpf l\fiBH TVa*-"-'"*- ^ 0,,.^ u.J*. ... *''""«'J. "wc itln'ViU *i" ^^r *'^''"'' *•"« principal pubfica* 'r°".°L'i'^ Association, and which lias a oiroulation of 75.000 copies weekly. We heard a g^d deVi "" ' >' I ! I I cs Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News the precocity ami smartneas of American girli, but the young Jady wlio introduced U8 to Mias Sudduth itated, althougli she had a card and explanatory pamphlet, tliat it was an Arctic Expedition, and Miag Sudduth accordingly seemed 111 doubt for some minutes as to the object of tiie call. After a hearty laugli, §he readily gave an explanation of the work being carried on by the Union, whicli is world-wide in its character. Witli its national, State, district, county, and local unions, it hag in the United States 150,000 mem. hers paying 50 cents (2a 3d) a rear, which, accord- ing to a carefully-formed financial plan, is divided between the national, State, and local unions, and 'l?'^oLnAn '"'i,"'"' nn affiliated membership of 200,000. There are five national paid officers all females, and some of the States have THE WOMEN'S TEJIPLK. limilar officers. The Union has in all 42 depart- ments under the following general heads :— Legislative, preventive, educational, reformatory, and social, Through the efforts of the Union the teaching of temperance from a scientific standpoint lias been madecompulaory in all the public schools in 38 States of the Union, a fine being levied for non- compliance. Homes for sailors liave been estab- lished at seaports. Special provision has also been made for soldiers and lumbermen, and in the large city prisons, through the agency of matrons, the Union has succeeded in getting the female separated from the male prisoners. An important and useful agency in connection with the Union is the Anchorage used for the protection of strange girls coming to the city until they find places. These are brought in by what are called station matrons, and about 2000 are accommodated annually, a great amount of good being done in this way. The Union has also under its wing city missions, reading- looms, night schools, and day nurseries. In ad- dition to a special intermediate branch for young women designated the " Y's" there is a juvenile Loyal Temperance Legion with an active memher- »hip of at least 15,000, The Union publishes leparate papers for the "Y's" and the Legion, and • large amount of temperance and other literature. The Temple has a frontage of 190 feet and a depth of 96 feet, while It is 13 storeys in height, the fleche lisiiig to 202 feet. The building cost $1,200,000 (£2'10,000), and although the Union is not the sole owner it lias the controii'ng influence. The site itscli is valued at 81,000,000 (£200,000), and is leased for 200 years at a rental of 540.000 (£8000) a year. This will give some idea of the value of Kfound i" the business part of Chicago. The Rev. John M Neill is at present conducting daily praver meetings in the Willard Hall. J f jrw The Liquor Laws of Illinois. In the State of Illinois the well-known system of local option prevails in regard to the liquor trade. Jhe Prohibitionists have not yet the majority lit t he city of Chicago, but it is a singular fact that tieic are some districts, including that in which tlie jVeekly JVews delegates resided during their stay in the city, in which there is no license for tho sale of intoxicating liquor. This is due to the cir- oumstanco that the laws in force in these districts before they were included within the city have not been altered. It is not, however, to be understood that there is no drink in the district, as it is stated that those who want it generally soon come to know where It Is to be found. Every license in Chicago casts the holder »1000 (£200) per annum, pay- able in quarterly instalments in advance, and this money is devoted to city administrative pur- I'nn^'' Ya"*" " " wcntioned that there are about /OOO or 8000 saloons in the city, it will be seen that the Corporation derives a large revenue Irom this source. Licenses are granted by the Mayor on the recommendation of the Chief of Police or of other citizens, bat where a protest IS lodged, and it is ascertained to be well founued, the license is withheld. Besides, a lloenso will only be granted when it appears that a saloon IS required for the convenience of the locality. For instance, no issue will be made if the saloon is to be in the vicinity of a church, or in a high-class re- sidential district where a saloon would be mora or less of a nuisance. The saloons are opened at 5 a.m., and are required by law to be closed at mid- night, and on Sundays to be open in snob a way as not to give offence to churchgoers— that is, the blinds must be drawn down— but these regulations are not strictly enforced. The Keeley Cure for Intemperance. The delegates had been only a very short time in Chicogo when they began to hear of the marvellous cures wrought by the Keeley method of treatment for intemperance, and, impressed by its importance, they promptly made inquiries with the view of securing full and trustworthy information on the subject. All interested in the great question of temperance will no doubt be desirous to hear about this wonder- ful cure and its equa'ly wonderful results. The cure IS the discovery -' Or Leslie E. Keeley, and is the fruit of many yeais of patient and industrious research and experiment. Dr Keeley grew up with the idea that drunkenness was a disease, and might be cured like other complaints; indeed, this idea was a sort of family inheritance— both his grandfather and his father, physicians also, having spent many years of their lives in the investigation of the subject, but without discovering a sura reniedy. The great discovery by Dr Keeley was nriade about fifteen years ago, and since then several thousands of men of all classes and oonditidns have, froni being the most abject and miserable slaves of drink, been restored to their families and relations with the craving for liquor wholly eradicated and with the best prospects of leading healthy, happy, useful, and pro-perous lives in tho future. Dr Keeley s establishment is located at Dwight, a village with about 2000 of a population, situated about 150 miles to the south-west of Chicago, and is in a manner an hospital, with the combinations of a reforrnntory and a sanaterium ass.'ir,i?it.p,'* with which are hotels and boardinghouses and places of innocent amusement Drink Artisan Expedition to America 59 hsa iti victims in all clnsaes of society and tlio«e who regort to Dwiglit for the purpose of trying the euro include physiciftna, preachers judges, lawyers, legislators, authors, engineers' bankers, merchants, army and navy officeis, con- tractors, mechanics, 4o. Nearly everyone goes to Dwight with the intention of keeping his visit a secret, but in some way or another the secret always comes out, and the strange part of the story is that after the first week no one wants to hide the fact that he has passed through the hands of Dr Keeley Although a quiet one the daily life at Dwight is not dull, there being no chance for dulness and stagna- tion where so many men of so varied talents and abilities are assembled together. The rules con- nected with the establishment are strictly enforced The treatment adopted consists in the hypodermic injection of bi-chloride of gold, and the taking of what is termed the remedy, every patient having to submit to the injection four times a day, and to use the remedy regularly every two hours. The injections are given in the left arm, and at each operating tabic there are two physicians, one to use oeived for treatment. The charge for (i/U) per week, to which board, whic ?p,''"'^ (£1). '» 21 dols. (£4 4s), has iiie U.S. (lovernment has recognised treatment, and has authorised the use dies in 28 National and State Soldiers Homes, while branch institutes have lished throughout the country. all Is 25 dols. h costs from to be added. the Keeley of the reine- ' and Sailors' been estab- REMOVING BUILDINGS. Mr Sinclair Camhuslang, reports :- Having mov^ ^r',?^ bow easily the Yankees could re? ThnZht ''"'''''."K.f''"'" one street to tlie other, I tiinl '*"'u''''^ '',''? '° «"« 'his wonderful under, nn J ^' 1 /.*•" ""."'""S * f^"' inquiries if there was any such thing being done in Chicago I learned tnat t.iere was a house being removed in 603-505 W. t?ftf }Z'A •^*'*M- ^° "'' ^'■"^n ""J I »e' <"" fo' tnat locality. Nor were we disappointed when we iVoZ I, '"^ *."'■'' =".°''8li there stood before our moved from the opposite side of the street, and was now resting upon a new foundation that had been centra nf H ^"n-" ^",' "^''^y^ "'""'st in the whltJ J-l.^'^'u'"^' "'"ehas been inserted VI at we might call a memorial stone bearing the following inscription :— * The Norjundv Removed from No». 118.112 Laflln Street To tills Bite in June, 1893. L. P. Friestedt, Contractor, Cliioago, 111. KKELEV TEMPERASCB CDHE. the needle and the other to see that patients are provided with remedies for minor indisposition Jhe former observes closely tlie pupils of the eves ,°nioS''**""r *','•' approaches, and regulates [he injection accordingly. A third physician stands in wlf'l' J' *■"""• ^''°**'^^'' each pacient brt.he nf tlf„ ^j?*'"""'".^.*'' ""'« *''« temperature mmil An"''^' ,'=°"f'"°n "f ski", dilation of pupil, «o., and also inquires regarding the frTfrnlnr^'i" Ji'« ^"''J^^'- A peculia?it/of treatment is that the patients are allowed to imbi e whisky freely after their arrival, but they grad?,ally ir the thi?ll'^°J."' ?'' "^'"""y •>/"'« second or the third day they turn away from it with loathing and disgust. The shortest period of Tea dence required is three weeks, and in from this L"^ ™?i!n', *f'''' V'- "•"'■"^d'that 95 per c^it ^Lf t^^i.' '''*''°. ^"'■B'"' permanently cured, the r„l°iH*''t'!"'?'"'"«.6 .P« cent- heing. it is k.id! ourtiin ♦«.*»' •■ ■■ • looiish onouj-h not to follow mit the treatme. "ersons suflForing from opium morphine, tob.. ,ad similar habit, arTalso r™: behind this block stands another that had lieen re- moved about fifty yards, but had not yet reached Its permanent Bite, while a little further down the same street tlieie was another on the rollers and almost ready to move. Mr Brown an.. ' had to wait about two hours in or.ler to see thi. block of brick buildings, three storeys high, move along i'our great jaoKs were put at each side of the bu ' ' ing.and all wrought at the same time until - building began to move on the rollers. Then t / liorses at the end of the street began to pull the fi;ir,.""'*.^'r ''"^'='>'"' f'°'" *'"^ building round a windlass that was erected for that purpose, and so The Building Moved Slowly but surely along the street. This block that we saw move was not only to come up the street but was also to turn the corner. In removng these buildings the first thing to be done is To gef a o e fanil" *t' r"' ?''-,','^"'' f°""Jatio"9 put in for the jacks. In heavy buildings as many as 200 jacks will ful rfnP In?" "'^ ^'^^' •>»^««i»ed th/huifding tul y one foot, cross beams are put through 12 inches square of hard wood. On tliese the building rests, when the acks are taken to th. inside ,n| employed in raising the building to adn-^ , i-^ („oh square beams running the full length of ' • hi- M. ing. All along tlie way the building is 'to pass founds are laid, and beams on top of founds for rollers to run on. There are a great many block chains underneath the building so that Klirng it along no extra stress is brought to bearSponanv rZZ\ 1"'^ '""i'^'"»-. ^"'"' 'be enomoSs plan^ ?Zff I' u*" *""'"''" .°J •"■■>''» employed, and the t at Lfh?,*^'"''"' *\'^'^ ''°"=«^ (f°' we learned t^at they had been working at tliem for nearly two months, and to all aupearancn it will be a inonih nr twoyet before theyafe finished), I f^IIl't'see^n; great saving in not taking them down and rebuild- ing tiiem* X 11' 60 Dundee Courier arul Dundee Weekly Newi I f! CHTCAGOS FIRK BKIOADK. BRAVERY OF FIREMEN. THE BOARD OF TRADE. PUBLIC HKALTU DEPAllTMENT. WATER SUPPI V AND DRAINAGE. LIBRA UH'S OF OHiCAOO. (Prom the Dundtt }]tfKly Aew» of Stplembtr S3.) THE FiRE DEPARTMENT OF CHICAGO. Mr E. Bennett, Newcastle, reports : — Tlii« department, viliicli so ably (listinguinlieJ itself at tlie great firt at the World':) Fair on Monday. July 10, is really worthy of notice. J was an eye- witness of this fire, which broke out !>. I' i r StoraRe plant, and completely deetri' -..i. ■..,., u building and its contents, The lire alarm was given a few minutes before two o'clock, and in less lime than it takes me to write it there were engines rushing to the scene of the fire from all points of the Fair grounds. They rushed and had a ladder run up the side o< the building, and Marshal Murphy and his men were on the roof in an instant, They apprehended no trouble in putting out the fire, as a similar one had broken cut in the same place about a month ago. But this fire proved Itself to be a very different one from that, for it spread with alarming rapidity. Captain Fitjpatrick, with a number of his me», were very soon on the tower, a distance of 220 feet above the ground, little dreaming of the awful fate that av.aited them. Fitzpatrick was standing on the lecl^e near the top of the tower with the hose in bis hand, and was just in the act of cpUing some- thing to Marshal Murphy, who was r.i the roof below, when a deafening explosi- i was lieard, and one side of the tower was blown out, and flames shot out in every direction. The tower very rapidly became a mass of flames, and the poor fellows huddle'^ themselves close together on the east side, with death of the most horrible kin, staring them in the face. There bad been life-lines fastened to the tower, but now they had caught fire and were burned away. It was a choice then between death by jumping or death by burning, and the poor fel- lows E^.med to hose the form' r Captain Fitz- patrick was the first to take the awful leap, and as be sprang into the air An Agonising Groan went up fro; the crowc! Men blanched chef and ej nearly i their sockets. wLi. women cried and wrung their hands, and a great number fainted. I ahull never forget the awful scene, first one fireman, then another jumping intf ei-»rnity. As one after the other took the fa* :l; :, the groans that .■■••nt up from the horror-suicken spectators was lio;irtrend- ing. Poor Fitzpati.ck, on striking IJie roof, crushed only half-way through, ond there he bung. He was then quite consciou.", and cried f<' 'p, and here a most daring act of self-sccriflce ■ ■■■: wit- nessed. Murphy had oo sooner ca'lR, for volunteers to go and assist him in rescuing - captaii' than four of the men we: e on the laui E vbody who saw tliia deed of heroism si , to Ider ; to ascend to that -oof meant ce- de; < the flames were roaring underneath iv. ileedioaH if all danger they ran to where Fitzpati:ck lay, and tied a rope round under his arms, and lowered him to the ground. Cheer after cheer was given as ho was )od iig with from lowered, and immpdiately thfi wai followed by shouts to the bravo I n to save themielvci. Murphy and hiimen then ma ;o a Rush Through the Flames to the ladder, and an instant later they were out of danger. .Scarcely hml tho ladder been removed than nearly the whole of that side of the building fell in, sending flames and sparks high in the air. According to report, there have been twenty-seven ives lout, but r (rally do not think anyone knows i.ow many were lost. The fire department of Chicago is generally acknowledged to be the best equipped and the most tHicient in the United States, which means that it is the best equipped and most cfl3ciont in the world. The fli men of Chicago are called upon to be prepari>d for and to meet emergencies which do not rise in any city in Europe, and is said to have been brnuRht to its present high standard of discipline and efficiency by the two chief marshals, who h,-»ve had charge of Miedepartment since thegreat fire of 1871. Thenamea III these rrentlcmen are Bunncr and Swjnie. "The former .ciired from active service about ten years ago after reorganising the department upon n basis which ha- served as a foundation for the growth and character it has since attained. Mr Swinie was Mr Bunner's chief assistant, and therefore filled his place on his retirement. He was largel\ instrumental in suggesting and carrying out man'v of the reforms and improvements that characteriar I the latter's administration. Smico the succession of Mr Swinie the department has quadrupled its machinery and its forces. In Mr Bunner's time Chicago was a city covering an area of something less than forty square miles with a population of 500,000. Now the city covers an area of 181 square miles, and has a population of 1,250,000. The strength of the department nt the present time is 1000 Men and Officers. 72 steam engines, 24 chemical engines, over 100 lio-ie carto 30 hook and la(ij Uonrd of Trndo, unyi, " It excrciHCH a wiilor and more potential in- fluence over the welfare of manliind than any other Inatitution of Iti kind in uxiatonoe, for it praotically regulate! tiie Traffic in Breadstuffs the world over. lu traiiBiictionn nro of far more importnnoo to humanity in Kj€-k, caiitiiatcd to co.'it 53,000,000 (£600,000), as just been laid in Michigan Avenue. The library, which is increasing by about 10,000 volumes onnually, n"* "ontu; u 200,000 volumes to "I'veral languages, h m re,;. ling cards were held during the year ending March 31, 1803, by 2I,H1)5 trial 'san>l 21,333 females. In connection with the library llioro aro 24 delivery «tati<]ns from which "114,880 volumes wore issued In the year mentioned. The avera^n annual cost of oporatinn the library is about JIOO.OOO (£20,(100). In oildition there is the Newberry Library, winch is of a vory high-clasi order and endowed by a biqiiest ultimately reaching about $0,000,000 (i:l,2()0,000), by the late »Ir Walter L. Newberry. A few days ago, as the result of a legal decision, the trustees of the late Ml John Crerar, who left about $3,000,000 (£600,000), will establish a third llbr.try. ^^^^ ^ 1 nomlM |3Bi 1 1 ^ pp 1 OOU.NTY OOUUTUOUSi: AND OITT HAI.f. TUB DARK SIDE OF CHICAGO. AMONG CHINESE GAMBLERS. IN AN OPIUM DEN. DOWN "THE SHOOT' •TOUGHEST" PAKT OF THE CITY. (From the Dundee Weekly News of September SO.) The delegates had been impressed by the great- ness and the granducr of the Fair and the grounds connected with it ; they had traversed the hand- some boulevards and admired their beauty ; and tliey had been shot up and down, and stood, in sheer amazement, at the base of the Rookery, the Woman's Temple, and other magnificent office buildings, but they concluded unanimously that in the greot and growing metropolis of the West, comparatively young as it was, and notwithstanding the great energy of the citizens, there must be a shady side not visible to the ordinary visitor. An important factor in determining this conclusion was the marvellously compoitite character of the popu- lation. Men of almost every nation and race on earth have established homes in Chicago, and, as the people in Britain are well aware, it is not always those with the most approved characters who, finding circumstances against them in the old country, act on the resolve to make a new start on the great AVestern Continent. Deeming that their visit would be incomplete without obtaining an idea of the darker side of Chicago life, the delegates expressed a desire to view for themselves some of what are known as the rougher quarters of the city, From representations made to them they concluded that it would be unwise to carry out their deter* mjnatiou even ia uayiigiit unacoonipauied by an officer of police, and steps to secure such assistance and guidance were accordingly taken. Towards this Arttsan Expedition to America. 68 OITT HAI.r. THE CITY. BOOKKRY BUIl.DINa. end the Conductor of the Expedition, nponmpanicd by Mr Mftodonalil, the agent of the Anchor Line In Chicago, who kindly rendered nriftny vahmhlo Bervioei to the delegates, called upcm a gentleman In his offloB in the Roolcory with the view of obtain ing hia no-operation in the matter. It — wnn explained to this gentleman, whose position and abilities gave him a com- manding influence in Chicago, that what was desired of him was a letter of introduction to Major M'Olaughrey, The Chief of Police. "And you shall have it at once," he replied. Having written the letter, he said, in a tone and manner wljicli admitted of only one interpretation, "Now, you will take this to him, and if he does not do what you want, come to me to-morrow, and I will give him deterred, called and introduced to tha parly one of the imartest and most experienced oHioers of the detective utatf— Hergeant Hoianky. "Come witb me," said the sergeant, "and I will show you " Some of tho Toughest Places of Chicago." Anonniiianied by the sergiant, wo proceeded north. wards along State Street for some distance until wo reached a locality inhabited principally by Chinese. There was iii.leed no occasion to mention to tiR the nationality of tlio po,,ulation of this distrjct. .Tulin (-'liinainan, with IiIm flat, yellow, a mnst expressionless face, his long pigtail (if ooal- hlnck hair, bin feminine-looking gannentg, and bli peculiar slineg was evcrywiinrn in evidence. The legend, " Fine laumlry," was of frequent occurrence ontlio walls and windows, and signs with Chinese cliaraoters were abundant. Pdinting to a man standing amidst a group of natives of the Flowery Liind, tho sergeant informed ui that be was one of till' wealthiest Cldnam(m in Cliicago, ami asked us if we wished to ho intr-, Miced to him. Nothing, we replied, would give us greater pleasure, where- tipon tlie sergeant took us over and went through tlie civilised oereinony of introduction. 'J'he China- man cordially shook hands with us, and bavinggiven us a warm welcome to Chicago, asked the sergeant in very good Knglish if wo had ever seen "Bang-Loo." Having receivea a neg.^tive reply, he said— "Jamie, take them in to Thus 08 ten See " Bang Loo." ..,>- .„ ...W..W.., H,,,. i ..in gl*U null a dressing that he will never forget." This, it may be bore explained, is only typical lit the reception and the assis. tance extended totliedelegn tea in every place in America which they visited. Armed with the letter, the Conductor, along with BIr Mnngo Smith and Mr Dunlop, proceeded to the City Hall. Here they wore directed to Major M'Clanghrey's secretary, to whom tho letter was handed and the object of tho vUit explained. "You desire an officer to accompany you in a visit to the slums. I'll easily arrange tliat," be said. "But," be added, "I had better tnke your names fust, for the purpose of identification sliould you require a carriage back." The sugsestiveness of this remark rather staggered the dele- gates, and caused their faces, bronzed as they were by this time, to blancli a little, but they had Scotch and not craven hearts, and looking to tho big, robust figure of Mr timith, ai d Ids wonderful walking stick mvere r:i!::^ed liUi:::; the shop. Instead of bananas or peais the push-carts held men. The carts in the day hold fruit. A thin SLKEPINO ON HANDCAUT.S. sheet spread en the cart with a pile of rags for a pillow and the bed was made. The half-dressed men rubbed against the bananas as they slept. One of the men said his name was "Gentleman George," " I come from Athens," he remarked in very good English. In the rear of the store is the kitchen. The ceiling is not to be seen everywhere, for double-decked beds cover half of it. Men were asleep in these beds. The sanitary arrange- ments are horrible. A notice to vacate was served on the pioprietor. " Gentleman George " sang, "I Had a Sweetheart," &o, when he saw the notice. Outside, on a garbage bo.?, an Italian boy was warbling "Home, Sweet Home." THE CHICAGO POLICE SYSTEM. The natives of Chicago claim for their police system, as indeed for everything else, that it is the best in the world. There is certainly no doubt that it has attained a high degree ot perfection, and that it has been adopted by several other large cities in the States. The force, of which Major K. W. M'Claughrey is the chief, numbers altogether about 2800 men, and costs annually about $3,000,000 (£600,000). A large proportion of the fcrce Is Irishmen, and several of the natives of the Er.ierald Isle have risen to the higher positions, but almost every nation except China is represented, there being even some negroes on the strength of the establishment. The men, more especially in the city, are usually stationed at street corners, but there are also patrols who report themselves at intervals to their stations by means of the tele- phones fixed ill boxes at convenient corners. From these boxes also officers can at once ooramunioato with the utations when they have a prisoner in custody or when anything serious happens, and in a remarkably short time the patrol waggon, with manacles or ambulance appliances and four or eight officers if necessary, is on the spot. About 80,000 to 00,(100 persons are apprehended every year in Chicago, and it will be understood how important it is that officers should not be off their beat. The police have always Their Baton in Hand when on dutj-. In addition to the patrol system there is a Bureau of Iilentitioation, whicii is a valuable adjunct to tlie Detective Department, and in oonneotion with which there are portraits of more than 12,000 criminals. V policeman must be 5 feet 8 inches in height, and weigh about 145 lbs., and 6 lbs. more for every half-inch in excess of tho minimum. Any man who las been five yoars io the country possessing physical qualifications inay be a member of the force The salaries paid are good. Second-class men eceive ffiO per month rpio\. «„;.*. «T^j.^ j—j... i^^iii fi.'!;?, I'^i o 11 ; ^^i.^^^..j„ $100' (£20); lieutenants", $12u'(£23) ; oaptain'rilSO (£30); inspectors, $260 (£50); ami substitutes Artisan Expedition to America. 07 receive 828. A accoml-olass man may rise to the first clans after only nine months' merit service, iliere are also 25 matrons for attending female prisoners and children, and these are pnid 8130 per annum. The pension system is in full operation, as after benig twenty years in the force a man can retire and obtain an annual allowance for life of one-half of tlie salary of which he was in receipt at the time of his retirement. CKICAOO POLICEMAN. PINKERTON'S DETECTIVE.S. Mr Logan, Glasgow, reports : — Pinkerton's National Detective Agency was founded by Allan I'lnkerton, a native of Glasgow, Scotland, where he served his apprenticeship as a cooper. Shortly after coming to America, and still working at his trade, one day, while selecting wood in a thick forest, !•<> discovered a gang of highwaymen. He managed o get away without being seen, and in- formed some Government officials. The place wns surrounded by soldiers, when the whole party was eitlier killed or taken prisoners. Pinkerton, as a reward for hiu cleverness got a handsome sum from the Government. The present business is divided into two separate ami distinct blanches, although both are under the same manage- ment. The Detective Bureau has nothing whatever to do with the employment r.f watchmen. The detective business was founded in l«oO by the late Allan Pinkerton, the father of the inesent man.igers, oiul shortly afterwardi he began to furnisli watchmen for banks, private residence-! warehouses, &c. The reputation of tlie agency grew and the business developed. During the war Allan Pinkerton acted as chief of t!ie United States bccrot .Service. Since his death in 1884 the agency has been continued by his two sons, the pt-psent managers. The organisation is a simple copartner- ship, consisting of Rubeit A. Pinkerton, of New York, and William A. Pinkerton. of Chicago. The principal offices are at New York and Chic-.sr: rhere are aiao six other branches in America! "Fhe branohes are in charge of superintendents, who nave been in their employment for from fifteen to twenty.flvo years. Mr Robertson, general super- lutendent in Chicago, stated that they have been conncoted with about seventy strikes during the last eighteen years, which "is a very small [ler- centage of the total number of strikes during that period in the United states. This agency is inde- pendent of Government control, and there are several States in the Union that prohibit their em- ployment. KSUEF OF POOK. Mr R. A. Mnir, Hill of Death, as the result of inquiries made bj him at the County Agent's OHice in Chicago, reports :— When the poor make applica- tion to the agent for outdoor relief lio hears what they have to say regarding their state. Then he or some of his assistants visit them, and see for them- selves wliether their statements are true, and if it 18 considered tliat they nviuiie relief ; and if their family is not more than three ho gives them what ho terms a single ration. This in summer consists of 1 bar soap, 5 lbs. of peas or oatmeal, 3 lbs. of rice, 4 lb. of tea, i lb. of coffee, 24J lbs. of flour ; and in the winter 5 lbs. of meat and i ton of coal. This they may receive once a montli. Then, when the family consists of more than three he gives then a double ration thus :— 2 bars soap, 10 lbs. of oatmeal, lbs. of rice, 4 lb. of tea, i lb. of coffee, VJ lbs. of flour ; and in winter, 10 lbs. of meat, i ton of coal. Some make application to be entered into the Poorhouse or Hospital, but before this can be granted they must attend at the agent's ofiSce ond be examined by a medical jn'actitioner, who calls there every day at ten o'clock to examine appli- cants, and if he considers their case requires the Hospital, Poorhouse, or free medical treatment in their own home, he advises the agent accordingly. The law of the States in regard to the poor is that they must be resident one year in the iState before thev can claim relief, but this is not enforced, as none are ever turned away on these grounds. In December of 1892, when the weather was very severe, 2158 families obtained outdoor relief. 3tJ4 made application for the poorhouse, but only 273 were sent. In the same month §80,000 were spent m supplies for the poor, and S22,500 spent in salaries— this in a city of over 1,500,000 inhabitants. The agent gets in a supply of all the provisions necessary to supply the wants of the poor, and a stranger to the city entering the office would take it for agiocer's shop. TUK CITY OF PALACES. AN ARTISTIC CREATION. SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. THE COLUMIJIAN FOUNTAIN. CHICAGO CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. THE MASONIC TEMPLE. THE AUDITORIUM BUILDING. FIREPROOF CONSTRUC'JTON. NEW FIELD OF EMPLOYMENT. E.\BNINGS OF TYPEWRITERS. (From the Dun^se Weekly News of Oetobrv 7.) Mr Ix)gan, Glasgow, reports :— On entering the Exhibition for the first time I was very much im- pressed with the grandeur, besuty, and general I i| :m 11 il. : «8 Dundee Courier a;vl Dundee fVcekhj News effect of this city of palnoea, and must say it com- pletply surpassed ray fiindest expectations. TIip "Wliite City" is the titla I have often heard bestowed upon the groups of buildings Icnown as the " Columbian Worhl's Fair," and a beautiful city it is, in spite of its rapid growth, a city of IHklnces, artistic and beautiful. The growth of this ci*^v has really been marvellous. One can hardly realise that in two years a dreary, marshy waste has been converted into a splendid park full of buildings, the grandeur of which must be seen tu be appreciated. 'I'lie most casual observer, as ho enters the gates, is impressed by the artistic taste and architectural skill which have produced the imposing collection of buildings which greet the eye. Not only is each building a thing ot beauty in itself, but, in addition, the various structures have been so grouped as to give to all a most pl'-asing appearance. Great praise must be given to the landscape gardening of the Exhibition grounds. Tlie conversion of the rude tract of roarshy land into a splendid system of terraces and gardens, lakes ar.d driveways, wi;s a tremendous undertaking. The grounds are beautifully laid out with fountains, statuary, trees, and flower beds, which excited the admiration of us all. The Exhibi- tion is situated in Jackson Park, al)out seven miles from the business portion of the city, and has an area of 633 acres, presenting a mile and a half of frontage on Lake Michigan, The largest and most conspicuous building in the grounds is the Manu- factures and Liberal Arts Building. It measures 1687 by 787 feet ; height of ruot over central hall is 237 feet, and covers nearly 44 acres. This build- ing is the largest in the world, ami is the largest under one roof ever erected. It cpst $1,700,000. This mammoth building contains every kind of manufactured article, from the richest and most elegant furniture to the finest cambric needle ; also woven goods of cotton, linen, wool, and mix- tures ; jewellery and watches ; carvings in marble, wood, ivory, and various other materials; furniture of all descriptions, &o. Nearly every nation in the world is represented in this vast building. France makes by far the finest display of any country. Her show is the most comprehensive, and certainly the most artistic. She easily distances all compe- titors in the racu for public appreciation. Administration Building. By popular virdict this building is pronounced the gem and crown of the Exhibition palaces. The general design is French renaissance. It covers an area of 262 square feet, and oiinsists of four pavilions 84 square feet, one at each of the four angles of the square, and connected by a great central dome 120 feet in diameter, and 277 feet in height. The four great en lirances, one on each side ot the building, are 37 feet wide and 50 feet high, deeply recessed, and covered by semi-circular arched vaults, richly carved. The interior features of this great building even exceed in beauty and splendour those of the exterior. Between every two of the grand entrances is a large ball or loggia 30 feet square giving accs-ss to the balconies above. The interior of the dome is enriched with deep panellings, richly moulded, and with sculpture in low relief and immense paintings representing patriotism, tradition, liberty, joy, commerce, art, industry, and abundance, all of heroic proportions. The architect of this building was Richard Hunt, of New York, president of the American Institute of Architects. This beautiful monument of archi- tecture witi; its gilded domes is profusely atlorned on tha outsini with twenty-six gmups of allegorical statuary of exieptional merit, and cost $S55,000. Machinery Building. The Machinery Hall has been ptonounoeil by many second only to the Administration Building in the magnificence of its appearance, and is in many respects the most beautiful of all the build- ings, with its pleasing combination of classic and Moorish architecture. This building measures g46 by 492 feet, and cost about $1,200,000. It is spanned by three arches, and the interior presents tiic appearance of a large railway station. Here the machinist, ami indeed anyone interested in manufactures, can find enough fo-- weeks of study and observation. Here are steam, water, air, and gas engines and boilers, water wheels, shafting, belting, pulleys, cables, and machinery for trans- mission ot jiower by compressed air, ice raaoliines, machinery for working in metals, for making silk, cotton, woollen or linen goods, paper, tapestry, &o. ; woodworking machinery of every description, printing presses, type-setting machines, lithograph- ing and all kinds of colour-printing, photo pro- cesses, and other methods ot illustrating ; machinery for making watches, jewellery, buttons, needles, laundry work, grinding cereals, refining sugar, and evaporating milk. These are but a few of the kinds of machinery that are to be seen, but indi. cate the variety and extent of the contents of this immense building. Art Palace. The Art Palace is, to my mind, the most beauti- ful building in the grounds. It is Grecian Ionic in design, and a most refined type of architecture. Its shape is oblong, and is 500 feet long and 320 feet broad. The dome is 125 feet high, and is surmounted by a colossal atatue of Winged Victory. The main building is entered by four great portals, richly ornamented with architectural sculpture, and approached by broad flights of stairs. The frieze of the exterior walls and the pediments of the princi- pal entrances are ornamented with sculptures and portraits in bas-relief of the masters of ancient Art. The building has the most beautiful situation in the grounds. It is separated from the lake by STATUS OF TUB llKPUBLta beautiful terraces, ornamented with balustrades, with . -. immense flight of steps that lead to the water's edge. The interior of this fine buildinL' «,..,.-..:... .-Ua rHn..fr »:....... »£ XI !.«>_ J. . ~ -" 1 ~ — •••••■ - - g, -_.-,. painters, sculptors, etchers, carvers, and other artists. The cist of this building was 8670,000. Artisan Expedition to America. 6U There are close on fifty buildings throughout the Exhibition grounds, of which a great deal could be written and naid of them from an artistic point of view. The four I havr chosen will give the reader a fair idea of the beau iful buildii.gs that are to be Been in this "Dream City" by the lake. Decorative Sculpture. The statuary througliout the grounds iu all dis- tinguished by a certain bigness and freedom of execution, whicli are no doubt very much in keep- ing witli the national feeling and the puipoae for which they were designed. In a promine'it posi- tion at the water entrance to the Exhibition is a ooloual draped figure of " Thu Republic," whicli galley and claim the new territory. This, and a group called the "Spirit of Firo Controlled," form good illustrationa of the quality of the work exhibited, which meets the purpose for wliich it was intended. The Agricultural Building ix deooratod with an immense amount of statuary. AH t nough the main vestibule statuary is designed to Illustrate the agricultural industry. Sin.ilar designs are grouped at the grand entrances in the most elaborate manner. To one group I would call special attention, of which the above is a repro- duction. It 18 a figure representing "Agriculturo" standing between a yoke of powerfully horned oxen sweeping to the right and left. HRAD OF STATUn. stand* over sixty feet high. To convey an idea of Its size I have given a reproduction of the model of the liead with one of the sculptures standing beside It. From the chin to the top of the head is fifteen feet, the head itself is twonty-four feet in circum- ference, the nose is sixty inches long, and the arms are thirty feet from shoulder to finger tips. A band of electric light encircles the brow. The Columbian Fountain is by far the finest group of sculpture that adorns the Exhibition grounds, and merits much more than a passing notice. It is the npnkrn nauie »Uuds on a globe ot the worlil, and is cup- posed to point to the land. The other two figures are sitting on t'le prow r»«dy to spring from the "TRIDMPH OE- 00LUMDU8." Women's Bi\ilding. In the Women'a Building there are some splendid statuary and ornamentntinn. The long classio-koking front with its pillars and arches is surmounted by a riohly-modelled pediment. There are eighc winged groups of female figures— two at each corner of the building— typifying the virtues and graces that are supposed to belong to the fair sex. The design of this beautiful building is the work of a clever woman architect, Miss Hayden, of Boston, while the sculptor was Miss Rideout, of San Francisco. The Exhibition may be a financial failure, or it may not, but there is one tiling certain that as an artistic creation it is a de- cided success, and I believe the most magnificent group of buildings to be seen in the world at the present time. Unlike any city which ever existed in substance, thip one has l)««-n built all at once, by one impulse, at one period, and at one stage of knowledge and arts, by men almost equally prominent and equally developed in power. No gradual growtli uf idea is to be traced. The whole thing seems to have sprung into being fully conceived and perfectly planned without jnogressive experience. This 'Dream City" is foredoomed to vanish in a few months, when its purpose has been fulfilled, when these imposing temples will come one by one to the ground, and their valuable contents be scatterfid all over the country. Chicago is sure to come iu uf- iV°" " *''*'"*' °^ everything, Its art galleries, public libraries, university, and every great build- ing belonging to the city, is sure to be enriched witli paintings, sculpture, and other works of art, and in this way Chicago will benefit far beyond any mere commercial advantage by having possession of the exhibition. Chamber of Commerce, Chicago. Mr Sinclair, Cambuslang, reports :— When the Chamber of Commerce Building was first erected it w.os .;ut Pjghi- storcyr high, 311:: was known as the Board of Irade. The organisation, however, grew so rapidly that it found these quarters too limited, m consequence of which it was decided to bml.l ff Ml : 70 Dundee Courier and Dundee JVeeMy News ^1 tlieir present oommodious Kroliaiigo on Jackson Street. After l and con- sidered by the multitudes who, in the years to come, will gaze on this artistic monument to man's conception anil execution. The world relishes the luscious fruit of the vine with little or no thought of the hand that planted the vine, so we sometimes look with wonder and admiration upon these buildings without ever thinking on the lives that were worn out upon these stupendous erections. The exterior walls of this building have the very appearance of simplicity, but in this particular they will stand as a perpetual monument to the master mind of the architect who designed them. The eye of the observer leaves the ornamented granite base, and passes along ttie shaft with nothing to arrest its progress till it reaches the ornamentation at the top Tliis serves to deceive (he eye and mislead the judgment as to the altitude of the buihling. The tower on the Auditorium looks high, yet the Masonic Temple is by actual measurement thirty-two feet higher than any point of observation on the Auditorium Tower, am' is twenty-eight f .I'l. higher than any point of observation in the oity oi Chicago. Entering under a granite arch fortj' fact high, and thirty-eight feet in width, is a rotunda, with walls of Italian marble and a mosaic floor. On cither sido of this spacious rotunda, stairwiiys of marble ascend to the floor above, and coming together into one staircase, con- structed tif ornamental iron with marble tread, ascends between columns of bronze through the twenty floors to iho roof. At the further end of the rotunda, in a semi-circle, are fourteen passenger elevators, which are indispenable to those whose business it ia to go to the various floors of this sky- scraping building. This great building is said to be the highest oommnroial building in the world, and cost four-and-a-half million dolhirs, ia 302 feet above the sidewalk, and twenty-one storeys high. The Auditorium Building. This is another of Chicago's sky-scrapers, and is Bituat('4 near the Masonic Temple. It has a total frontage (fronting Congress Street, Michigan and Wabash Avenues) of 710 fi'et, and is built exter- nally of granite and Bedford stone. The height of the main building (ten storeys) is 145 feet; tower above main buildings (8 floors), 05 feet; lantern tower above miiin tower (2 floors), 30 ftet — totnl height, 270 f^et ; size of tower, 70 x 41 feet, Tho foundations cover about two and a half times a larger area. The weight of the entire building is 110,000 tona ; weight of tower, 15,000 tons. Tho interior material — iroii, brick, terni-cotto, marble, hardwood finish, S:c. The ironwork cost about $000,000. Number of bricks in biilding, 17,000,000 ; number of square feet of Italian marble mosaic floors, 50,000; number of sqiiftre feet of teiia- cottn, 800,000 ; number of square feet of wire lath, 175,000 ; number of square feet of plate glass, 60.000; miles of gas and water pipes, 25; miles of electric wire and cable, 230 ; miles of steel cable for moving scenes on stagi', 11; electric lights, 12,000; dynamo^ 11 ; number of electric motors for diiving ventilating apparatus and other machinery, 13; number of hydraulic motors for driving maoliinery, 4 ; number of boders, 11 : number of piimnine ongincs, 21 : numi»er of elevators, 13 ; numnei ot hydiaulic lifts for moving stage platforms, 2(i. Tliu permanrnt seating cap-ioity for conventions, Artimv ErpediHon to Ammca. 71 : who ailmire the 'ements q( our ride in tlio power 3e of human per- il, however, that motera of such a iciate'1 and con- in the years tu iiumeiit to man's roi'ld rulisheB the th little or no inted the vine, A wonder and [8 without ever rn out upon these rior walls of this 36 of simplicity, lid as a perpetual ■A\e architcot who iserver loaves the asses along the I progress till it op This serves e judgment as to he tower on the [asonio Temple is I feet higher than iditorium Tower, aan any point of Entering under thirty-ciglit feet }f Italian marble of this spacious end to the floor ne utaitoase, con- h marble tread, ize through the 10 further end of lurteen pasaenger to those whose loors of this sky- ding is said to be in the world, and , is 302 feet above !ys high. ilding. •scrapers, and is . It has a total 't, Michigan and \ is built exter- . The height of i 145 feet ; tower 95 feet; lantern i), 30 fi.et— totiil X 41 feet, The 1 a half times a Esntire building la 5,000 tons. The ra-cotta, marble, iwork cost about ding, 17,000,000; 11 marble mo»nic le feet of tena- fi-et of wire latli, : of plate glass, ater pipes, 'J5 ; ble, 230; miles iig scenes on ; dynninoi, 11 ; living veatilating •y, 13 ; number macliinery, 4 ; er of piinipini! s, IS ; immbtM ot i platforms, 20. for oonventionn, AUDITOBIUM. &c., is over 4000, and the building contains a com- plete stage and organ. The Recital Hall has seats for over 500. The business portion consists of stores and 13fi offices, part of which are in the tower. The hotel has 400 guest rooms, and the dining-room is 175 feet long. The kitchens are on the top floor. The magnificent banquet liall is built of steel, on trusses, spanning 120 feet over the Auditorium. Tliere are a few other sky-scraping buildings in Chicago, such as the Rookery, whicli is 159 feet high ; Grand Central Passenger Station tower, 200 feet; Owing'a Buildings (top of Fourteenth Street), 158 feet; Tacoma Buildings, 164 feet. It must be very gratifying, however, for those who do nut care to live so far up in the world to know that in future no building will be allowed to :;o beyond a height of 130 feet in Chicago. Fireproof Building. The subject of fireproof constiuction is growing in favour all over the States. The necessity of fire- proof buildings in large towns and cities is demon- strated daily, and nearly all the largo new buildings are being built more or less fireproof. For beams li'IllKfUOOF 01R11BR. steel is now being substituted for iron. Stcol recommends itself not only as being cheaper, but having !,'reater strength. Lighter sections can be used, thus considerably reducing the cost. Steel is now being used as columns instead of cast iron, the cast metal being sometime.^ dangerous on account of honeycom!) and blow-lioles. No such danger exists in the steel, and it is now used in all the large buildings. The ueeil of such buildings is obvious. Great buildings are burnt down daily in the States, some of them causing no more remark than a few lines in the papersi, headeil— " A Big Blaze at •." One notable buildingof steel is worthy of publishing house''of Hand, M'Nally, k 0,^., Chieago. The framework is entirely of steel, firmly Uolted and riveted and so proportioned that the stress is evenly B.^NQUKT HALL, distributed. The fronts are fireprooted with terra- cotta, and the interior is flreproofed with hard burnt fireclay, no part of the steel being exposed. There are 15 miles of steel rails in the foundation, besides the 12-inoh and 20-inch steel beams. In the building there are 12 miles of 15-inch steel ?r9= HOLLOW TILK AllCll. beam.s and channels, 2^ miles of tier and angles in the roof, 7 miles of tie rods, 10 miles of 'A steel in the oolnrans, 12 miles of steam pipe, 370,000 rivets and bolts. The amount of steel in the foundations is 1000 tons ; beams, &o., 2000 tons; columns, 700 — making a total of 3700 tons of steel in this giant structure. STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPEWKITERS. With the invention and improvement of the typewriter and the teaching of shorthand, a new field of employment has been opened up, more jiarticularly for women, and it is widely increasing ni area. There are several thousands of steno- graphers and typewriters in the United States ; in fact, there is scarcely an oltico of an> size in which business men of all kinds liave not proved the ex- ceeding great value of such .>^ei vants in carrying on tlieir corresponileiice. Not only do they get through far mcno work by the employment of stenuyraphers, and save themselves much irksome labour, but with the typewriter there is no caligraphy which the author himself could not decipher, the letters being in reality printed. A liirije proportion of the typewriters are young women, and a business gentleman in Cliieago, witli wlmm the writer conversed on the subject, said emphatically that they were by far the best clerks. He added — " You never get any impudence from them, and they always attend to their work. They never think of going homo until tliey have fiidslu'd what they hp.ve to do. and there is no such thing as having their friends calling upon them (htriug business hours and asking them out to liave a drink." Stenographers are run with several trains for the convenience of business men. ( Chicago pay their most expert stenograplicr and typewriter, $1500 (£300) a year, wliile a similar Ann pay one of their staff $1800 (£360), ami give her a carriage in which to drive to ami from the stoolt yards. In New York stenographera and typewiiteis receive from $8 (£1 12a) to $20 (£4) per week acoordins to ability. The systems of stenography chiefly in use are Pitman's and Graham's. There is said, however, to ho one serious and growing trouble in connection with the typewriter. As a rule she is young, and she is generally also good-looking, of attractive manners, and woil-educated. Tlio American woman, on the other hand, after marri- age usually ages very early, and through the use of powder lier skin vapidly loses its freshness, and, according to common reixirt, she settles into a rocking-oliair with its associations of lager beer, cliewiiig-gnm, ami novel reading. The typewriter is in close communication during the greater part of the day with her employer— sitting, in tact, for long spells at his very elbow— and the knowledge of this, coupled with the slackening of attentions [bt home, often arouses thi green-eyed monster in the breast of the wife. Therefore when the hus- band is longer than usual in leturning in the after- noon, he is invariably put through a domestic catechism, and the explanation of pressing business does not, to all accounts, always remove tho sus- picions cif the wife, the very sound of tho word prcssiiKj, especially If frequei • repeated, often causing the firo to burn more L ely than before ; and while the office work, n doubt, proceeils smoothly and expeditiously the current of the home lire grows more and more turbulent until, as sometimes happens, one or other of tho parties petitions the Divoice Court for a dissolution of their partnersliip. IHON ANt> STEEL. ILLINOIS STKIOI. COMPANY. CONDITION OK IRONWORKERS. MINING MACHINERY. SCOTTISH CLUBS IN CHICAGO. OFFICE AND BANK FURNITURE. THE CHICAGO PRESS. MODEL NEWSPAPER OFFICES. WAGES OF COMPOSITORS. RAILWAY CAR COUPLINGS, SHUNTING OPERATIONS. FALLING FROM TRAINS. RAILWAY CROSSING GAfES. (Prom the I>undee Weekly Newi of October 14.) Mr R. Dunlop, Motheiwell, rep-wts :— The most important iron and steelwoiks In or near Chioag\> are those of the Illinois Steel Ooiniiany. This Company is a corpoiuiion forineti by iiie cuuswiida- tlon of the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company, tbb Joliet Steel Company, and the Union SM*) Company. This brought under one control no leii than five plants. Other property, such as coal lands anil ookc ovens, &o., belonging to the separate companies was included, the whole comprising a property which isoapitallBed at £10,000,000. Tlie five plants occupy 600 acres of ground, and the coal lands consist of 4500 acres, with 1150 coke ovens. The Company have 1500 oars In the coke trade, and the internal transiwrtatlon at the different planti require the use of forty-two locomotives of the standard gauge, and seventeen narrow gauge loco- motives for special ti ucks. There are sixty miles of standard and seven miles of narrow gauge. The output of finished iron and stool is over fi80,000 tons per year. In one year (1890) the output was : —Kails, 539,603 ; rods, 49,800 ; bar iron and steel, 66,415 ; billets, 29,295 ; beams and channels, 5161 — total, 680,274 tons. The blastfurnaces produced during the same period : — Pigiron, 614,240 ; Spiegel, 32,777. Tho Bessemer Works (four plants) produced 751,833 tons of ingots. About 10,000 men are employed in the mills uf the Company when they are fully employed, the annual payliill being over £1,200,000. All the works were origin- ally built to make rails, and for many years the activity in that trado was such tliat no other pro- duct was thought of. hut tho increase in the demand for uher forms of steel made it ncoes- sary to diversity the product, and the Company now makn billets, rods, and beams as well as mis- cellaneous l)ar iron and steel. Tliey are preHently laying down a largo open hearth plant and plate mill, and when all the additions are complete with four new blast furnaces the annual capacity will bo enormously increased. One of their plants is at Milwaukee, ninety miles from Chicago, and one at Joliet, forty miles south. All the works are con- nected with the cential office in Chicago by tele- graph and telephouo service. The South Chicago Works which I visited are tho largest of the Com- pany's works. Finely situated on the lake for tho receipt anil slilpment of material, thuy have excel- lent facilities. The largest sluamors plying on the lakes bring oie to the yards, and there is also con- nection with three railways. In connection with The Bail Mill, the plant consists of four blast furnaces, 21 x 75 feet, a ncssomcr plant with three 10 ton vessels, a 40 inch 3 high blooming mill, a 27 inch 3 high rail train. The metal from the blastfurnaces is used direct in the BesBouier Works. There are three ten ton vessels working to one casting pit, three laden cranes, four ingot cranes, two blowing engines, priKflnro pumps, &o. Tlie steel is cast into ingots 16 iiiob square, making six lengths of rails, all the rails being flat-bottomed. From the casting pits they are convoyed to the gas-soaking furnaces oon- taiiiing ten ingots. A oraneman. without assistance, takes the irgut out of the furnace, and dropping it into a square-formed box on its end, it is conveyed by machinery to tlie blooming train, where it is up- set on to the table. A few passes here, and it is reduced to a hloom 8 inch square, and out into two, each making three rails. Usually these are rolled direct to rails, but a furnaoe is here provided for any that may be too cold. Any of tliem too cold are here dropped on to a pair of suspended hooks, and carried across to a table. Here they are picked up with an ingenious machine, one man taking them up and pUoing them in the rehMtiug furnaoe without the hf!j> of anyone. The machine lan h^y hold of tho bar at the end or th< middle, wherever the operator wishes, 't'lie iattvi does everything himself — pulls up the dvK»r oi lut'imutf, ttiiu draws tiio uatH uui> again, and pluoes them uu the table for the rolls. The finished rail passvs to tlie saws, where all three saws drop Artisan Expedition to America. 73' 3 control no Ins y, auoli OS coal to the Kepnrate le cnmpriBing a ,000,000. The 1(1, and the ooal 150 ooko ovens. coke trade, and diiTcront plants raolivoa of tiie row gauKe looo- are sixty miloH >w gauge. The is over B80,000 :he output was : ' iron and steel, I channels, 5161 inaoes produced [iron, 614,2-JO; rks (four plants) About 10,000 the Company annual pay!)!!! rkx were origin- many years the Eit no other pro- ncrease in the made it ncces- 1 the Company as well as mis- f are presently plant and plate I complete with capacity will be sir plants is at ago, and one at works are con- Chicago by tele- South Chicago est of the Corn- tlie lake for tliii ihuy have excel- s plying on the liere is also con- nnection witli rnnces, 21 x 75 ton vessels, a 40 I high rail train, is used direct in three ten ton it, three laden lowing engines, cast into ingots of rails, all the the catiting pits ng furnaces oon- bhout nsxiatance, and dropping it :i, it is conveyed I, where it is up- g here, and it is nd out into two, these are rolled re provided for )£ tliem too cold uspended hooks, I tliey are picked lue man taking the rehMtiuii anyone. The ) bar at the operator wishes. f — pulls up the a uui/ again, and lis. The finished tiree saws drop n.LI.N0I8 .STKKL COMPANY' on It at once ; then, travelling on to the hot bed, the rails are pushed by machinery right over to the cars ; then to a complete flnishina-house, where they are str.iightened, drilled, inspeoti'd, and loaded on the cars. The whole plnnt runs like clockwork. The mill never ceases from Monday till Saturday. All tonnage men work an eight hours day. As there are three sets of men. the mill can turn out 1200 tons per twenty-four hours. The whole mill is worked by machinery, and although the men g work is constant and Int, still it is not laborious or exhausting. The men have good wages, as the largo output enables them to Earn Good Wages on low tonnage rate. The metliod of regulating wages here is by a sliding scale, said scale being mutually agreed upon by both employers and woik- men. It stands goo an to 35 cents per hour adding materially to the diffi- culty. Their case was submitted to arbitration, with the result that the minimum rate of wages for three months from July 1st will be 35 cents per hour ; and also that Union carpenters may ba allowed to work to any employer provided tliey are paid the standard rate ot wages. The carpenters, at one time the poorest organi' ed, are now among The Best Organised in the whole line ot labour's Held in the city of Chicago. The organisiition has the honour ot hav- ing the largest membership and the greatest num- ber of local Unions of any one trade Union in the entire world. It dates its existence from a meet- ing held for organisation in the city of St Louis, Mo., in the spring of 1881. Previous to the meet- ing in St Louis, two attempts had been made at uniting the carpenters of the United States in a general Union. Both attempts had been signal failures. One of tliem had been made in 1864, the other in 1S07. Tho growth of the Onler has been graduolly moreaiing. In the year of 1881 tho num- ber of Unions was 13 and the membership 2042, while in 1802 the number of Unions was 802 anil the membership 51,313. The Brotherhood has been very active for the past six years in reducing the hours of laliial. Fur inntaiice, uii tin- mniiiiiiK iifter the Rroat con- ilikgratlon at the Wurlil'n t'liir iino Uhlcagu uewa- paper hoadutl ita report— " In Graves of Fire," while another had "In HuU'ji Fiery JJla«t." Thero can be no iloubt, however, that in the k!n(lr<'>d than we do. On the morning following the Exhibit. on flroHoveral of the \)apeiR had numerous striking pictures of the ocourrenoo. The newspapers of Chicago ate, with- out doubt, smurtly conducted, ami have enormous CHIOAQO HKUALU BUILUING. circulatiouH. The daily issues number 24, and the weeklies 2G0, while there nru also several bi- monthlies ami jiiarterlius. Some of these are in German, thei, being about 400,000 " Dutch," as the Germans are usually styled, in America. The office of the Herald, situated in Washington Street, is a majjuifioent budding of six utoieys, and is fitted and equipped in the most sumptuous style that the human mind could devise. With a red granite base and au elevation of beautiful terra cotti, the building; lias a remarkably fine interior, the ivory and gold of the arched ceiling of the ground floor, which U supported by handsome Sioniia marble coiu.-nu-i, boing admirably sec oif by the arabesque work on the walls, while the floor is of Italian mojaic. The ooanter of the oiuuting room is of black riolgian marble, sui mounted with bi.'ick iron wrought in graceful 'liinigns. The com- pjsi'ig room— to wliiuh the visitor ascends by mi'ans ul I'Uher of two groat elevators framed in hand- wrought iron and travelling in a shaft walled from to;) to bottom witli the finest It.iliuu marble — ha't white ena^'lli'il waiN, ami in liniHlicd throuKl>ont in marlde, iron, and oak. The type Htands are of iron, with the monogram of the Htrnl'l wrought in golil in eacli, and everyone of the '200 or 800 cases is ooniiooted with the "copy-box" by an eleotrio call. Indeed, thoie is a complete eleotrio call system throughout the whole offioe. A clothes locker is set apart for evi ry compositor, and amongst other proviiinns fur their comfort are Altered ioe water, drunk out of a solid nilvei' golil- lineil drinking oup, and a re.staurant Hnishiid in marble and oiik, and supidied with reading tables and library. The luxuries of the stereotypers include a Turkish baih and marble-walled toilet room. In The Publisher's Boom tboteli'i- 'ill instruments for his rices, are also located in a sulto of large, loomy, and well equipped buildings. The oomposition of these papers is partially effected by linotypes, but the most of the type-setting on the Ohicago press is done by hand. The Reoord and the NeViS have very large circulations, the daily average for the former being 130,000, and for the latter 210,000, but on the d:tj ilftet* tii*^ Exhibttion Gre the liicurd had a sale of 170,000, and the Jfewa about 280,000. For these largo production' the very best printing !|' 'i * i I ^3 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) :/j 1.0 I.I 1.25 us Uuu M iiiii 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ ,v ip :\ \ wo ping, as I )poae the link R. r it sometimes his required to and the other rioUB obstacle, was that all e same height lat the Unite.-' his important American rail- to have theii DRITZ SOLID DRAW BAR. drawbars the same height from the rail. This will afford a better opportunity for the adoption of one of the many automatic couplings that have been introduced this short time past. One of those which I saw working, and is worthy of note, wa^i the Doitz-jointedor soliddrawbar. These drawbars when puHhed together lock into each other. Then when you want to uncouple a handle at tlie side is pulled which unlocks, and the drawbar opens, allowing the apposite one to get out. DBITZ VREIOHT DRAWBAR. Shuntiog Operations. When shunting or marshalling trains each man ancouples and brakes his car back, then couples it to the next one before ho leaves it. This process Dcoupies more than double the uumber of shunters to one engine than at home, and we can make three shunts in the time of our cousins making one. Falling ftom Trains. When a freight train starts with a load of forty cars— as I counted some with that number of a train — when full manned, the orew consists of one conductor, who stays in the brake van at the rear, and three or four brakesmen. Their place is on the top of the cars. As each car is fitted with a brake, the wheel for working it is placed on the top at one end. Now, these brakesmen have to travel along the tops of the cars when running and attend to the brakes. The brakesmen are the dirtiest class of railway servants I ever saw; between dust and smoke, one could scarcely teli whether they were black or white men. Now, the reader can imagine within his own mind the situation of these men on a frosty morning and the roofs all covered with ice. No wonder although many of them fall off and get killed, not to speak of the danger of coming in contact with bridges. Of course, the latter are very scarce in America, but where a bridge did span the line I noticed a warner, or, I would call it, a reminder, was erected. This was a spar of wood fastened across the line u little higher than the bridge, and about one hundred yards from it. On this spar ropes about six feet long are attached every few inches, hanging down, and when a train is approaching a bridge thciio ropes strike the brakesman and remind him of the bridge. Railway Crossing Oates. This is a specimen of the gates used in and round many streets in Chicago crossing the railways. The old style of them was worked liy a liand.|^ but tliegate above illustrated is of the liew improved style called the Mills pipe gate, opened and closed by the aid of compressed air carried through small MI'„Lb' RAILROAD OATS. pipes to m«ke the pressure. There is a small cylinder with a hand-pump to work the gates. The pump is wrought several times until a tew pounds of air are shown on the indicator, then a •4mall cook or valve is turned, admitting the air, which lifts the gates perpendicular. They are shut the same way. On the crossbar or gate, as it is called, a ticket is hung printed in big letters "Look out for thu cars." This gate is shown in the Exhibition at Ohicago. SC01..MEN IN CHICAGO. Mr Mungo Smith, Dundee, reports :— I called on Mr William Gardner, president of the North Ameri- can United Caledonian Association. Tlie objects of this Society are the encouragement of the Scot- tish Highland costume and games, the cultivation of Scottish music, history, and poetry, the uniting more closely of Scotsmen and those of Scottish descent, and advancing the interests of their countrymen by friendly methods. The club had a Scottish week at the World's Fair, commencing Monday, July 24tli, with receptions every morning and entertainments at night, finishing with games at Wentworth Avenue. There was a grand parade of societies. They were escorted by the Koyal Scots regiment and Highland cadets of Montreal. Mr Gardner gave mo a very hearty welcome, and invited the whole party to meet him. FROM CHICAGO TO PITrSBURQ. AN EVENVFUL JOURNEY. A BIG RAILAVAY SMASH. COLLAPSE OF A TUNNEL. TRESILB BRIDGE. DELEGATES XV PITTSBURG. HOMESTEAD IRON AND STEEL WORKS. USE OF NATURAL GAS. WAGES OF WORKMEN. THE GREAT STRIKE. (Prom the Dundee Weekly New» of October SI.) The delegates left Ohicago, on Friday, July 14, for Pittsburg, travelling from the Wisconsin Central Depot by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. For some distance their way lay by the western outskirts c' Chicago, itnd then they were able to for!*i • ever before of what a huge city it really is. It took a ooiisideralile time to reach the open country, which, when struck, was flat, bare, and uninterost- I >E 78 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News If ing. The houses in the ontitkirts wero mostly woodpii, mill a douse mass of thick inky smoke hung o\cr the whole city. When Indiana was entered, their course Iny tliroush gooiMookIng and well cultivated districts with numerous scenes o* fine sylvan beauty ; but some time after- wards the first of a series of mishaps occurred, and the delegates experienced several of the discomforts and annoying inconveniences occasionally incidental to railway travelling on the great continent of AmericA. AVhen Chicngo was left about 100 miles to the west, the engine broke down, and a 2i hours' detention occurred before another locomotive was rvn up to take on the train. Then, when they had got a few miles beyond Chicago Junction, information was received that a (linasf.er liad occurred ahead on the direct line— either the roof of a tunnel had fallen in or a freight train had come to grief— and it was neoessaiy to make a detour southwards by Newark and Wheeling on another line, increasing the distance to be run from 488 to 537 miles. Tho train was accordingly run back, and then on to this other road. Tiie time-table showed that the train should reach Pittsburg at half-past eight on Saturday morning, but it was midilay before it got to Wheeling, and then a change of cars and a delay of nearly another hour followed. On resuming the onrney, all went well, though slowly, through a hilly country thickly studded with oil well derricks, of which a snap-shot or two were taken with a Kodak camera by filr Murray, the conductor, until tho train arrived at Finleyville, about 20 miles from Pittsburg. Here another provoking delay occurred, due to a tender and three or four freight oars having "jumped" the track at a sharp curve, a good few of which were passed. For three or four mortal hours, there- fore, tlie delegates with the train lay inactively in a r..'asting sun at this outlandish spot, and the remarks passed by them and their belated fellow- passengers were anything but complimentary to the Company operating the line. Amongst others was a suggestion that as it seemed so difficult to get the train to Pittsburg it might be easier for the Company to bring Pittsburg to tho train. At last the track was cleared, and the cars proceeded, but tho troubles and unpleasant experiences of the poor fatigued and wornout passengers were not yet ON THR WAY FROM CHICAGO TO PITTSBUlia. over. As Pittsburg was apprcaohed a terrific thunderstorm occurred, and the rain poured down as it knows how to do in America. In tlie out- skirts of the city the rain water ran down from the high ground, passed below tho railway, and was rushing along a street like a mountain torrent in flood. The storm had caused a landslip, wliicli blocked the line on which the train was running, and another halt was rendered necessary. Several of the passengers, disgusted witii the repeated delays, and anxious to reacli their respective destina- tions, left the train in order to catch the eleottio cars, but on jumping down into the street they landed knee deep in water. In order to pass the obstruction the train was shunted on to another track, and at 8 p.m. Central time— or 9 p.m. Eastern time- after a journey of 27 hours— the delegates reached the St James Hotel in a state of almost complete exhaustion. Their only consolation on leacliing Pittsburg was to hear tliat their unfor- tunate experience had lieen somewliat unusual nn the lialtimorc and Ohio Railway of late, as the trains of the Company had been running remark- ably well on time since the opening of the Fair. Our Journey from Chicago. In his description of the journey Mr Watson, enginedriver, says :— On leaving our hotel near the Kxliibitio.i we travelled to the iJ. k 0. Grand Central by way of the Illinois Central. This rail- way runs along.'.ido of Lake Michigan all the way to the city. There are three double lines of rails, and tho most of tho World's Fair traffic piisses along these lines. Trains are run at shoit inter- vals, and one cannot go far wrong to catch a train at any time. If you want to travel with a fast one you take the line nearest to the lake. If you want a stopping train take the one nearest the city. These lines are all wrought with the automatic signalling system. They are divided into short cir- cuits witli signal bridges every half mile or so. The signals which are placed on these are round targets. When a train passes these targets a red disc by day and a red light by night appears in them anil remains until the train has passed into the next cir- cuit. Then tho signals in the circuit behind indicate clear for another train to follow. No train passes a red target. A class of trains was specially built for the World's Fair traffic to run on these lines. The car- riages are fitted with cross seats much the same as at home, but there are no doois on them, just a curtain to shade from the sun, while an iron rod about an inch thick is wrought on hinges with a lever from the rear of the train, which the con- ductor works. This rod is to keep passengers from falling out. When the train arrives at a station it is lowered to let passengers get out or in. On reach- ing the city, we proceeded along the streets to the Grand Central Station, getting our baggage at the office, which h"-' been sent on by the parcel express. We took our r a first-class sleeping-car of tho 4.55 p.m. lip .press to take us on to Pittsburg, a distance •). .des, due to arrive at 8.25 a.m. The bell rang ar.d the train started almost on time. After a few slows for signals and a stop or two, we were sooa flying away out through the suburbs of Chicago, skirting round through a very level district. We could see the towers and Ferris Wheel of the World's Fair, but we soon bade farewell to them all as our train sped along, leaving Chicago and its great Fair in the distance. Now the steward inti- mates that dinner is ready. We entered the dining-car and got served with Splendid Dinner. The tables in the dining-cars stand across, with a passage along the centre, and each table holds four passengers, two at each side. This is decidedly a great comfort in railway travelling in America. After dinner we retired to the smoking or observa- tion compartment, and had a look of the country, which seemed to be a very rich district. The people were all busy with the harvest, and very line crops seemed to grow in this locality. On entering our sleeping-car we find the attendant, who is a coloured man, converting our seats into buds. It seemed lu nie that a nieeping-oar lias a place for everything, and everything in its place, for in folding down the seat backs he pulled out the Artisan Ex f edition, to Americn. 79 ha street they (lor to paHH the on to another 9 p.m. Eastern -the (lelegateH tate of almost oonsolation on Eit their unfor- i3t unusual on f late, as the inning remark- if the Fair. cago. ■ Mr WatHon, hotel near the . & 0. Oranil il. This rail- ;an all the way lines of rails, trnfiio p;isscs at nhoit inter- catch a train at with a fast one . If you want ireat the city, the automatio [ into short cir- nile or so. 'J'he ! round targets. a red disc by '8 in them and to the ne.tt oir- behind indicate ■ain passes a red ly built for the ines. The car- 3h the same an 1 them, just a le an iron roil hinges with a which the con- lassengera from at a station it r in. On reaoh- ) streets to the baggage at the > parcel express, iping-car of the m to Pittsburg, ve at 8.26 a.m. almost on time, stop or two, we the suburbs of :y level district, s Wheel of the veil to them all Chicago and its e steward inti- I'e entered the across, with a ;able holds four lis is decidedly ing in America. king or observa- of the country, district. The ■vest, and very locality. On the attendant, our seats into eping-eat lias a ig in its place, e pulled out tb« PULLMAN DINING CAIi, B. &. O. LI.SK. pillows from under the seats, on which he placed clean linen slips, then lowering down from the roof another tier of bcdc, in them were stowed hlani. very severe tliunderstorm had passed over and the rain came down in torrents, washing stones and sand off the hill down on to the rails, blocking the road a short distance from the station, causing our train to cross on to the other line and get into the station on tlie facing road. After all these obstructions wo arrived at Pittsburg at 8.43 p.m., being 27 hours 60 minutes on our journey of about 488 miles — no less than 12 hours 20 minutes late. nearly so black as it was represented, and that it wns kept much cleaner and in bettor order than Chiongo, in tlieir tour with Mr H. 0. Torrnnoe. of the Oliver Iron and Steel Works, a friend of Mr D. C. 'J'homson, of the Wcckljl Afivs, and a native of Scotland, who not only kindly acted as their guide, but secured letters of intro- duction to the most important and representa- tive firms in the district. Mr Torrance took the delegates through the city, and showed it to them from various points of vantage, and also ran them round the suburbs. The view from Highland I'ark with the beautiful Alleghany valley stretch- ing some miles up was particularly admired. Two large rescrvoi»'s to which engines pump 40,000,000 gallons of water daily lor the supply of the city have been constructed in this park, at a height of 3IJIi feet from the river, and the surrounding grounds nrc beautifully laid out, and much frequented by the citizens, to whom bands perform several times a week in summer. The Alleghany River, from which the water supply is taken, was of a clayey colour, but this, it was explained, was due to the heavy rains of the previous day, and was of very i frequent occurrence. Numerous handsome manhions, mostly of terra-ootta, brick, and stone, but witli a few still of wood, were seen in the suburbs, and it was noteil that the grounds of many of these containing flowers and fruit trees were protected by neither wall nor rail- ing. In America, it wns explained, young people aeMom or never thought of stealing flowers or fruit, THE HOMESTEAD WOUKH. General Features of Pittsburg. The city of Pittsbuig, writes the Conductor, is •bout 450 miles from New York, and is situated on broken, hilly ground at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, wliich tliere form the Ohio. It is the secoml largest city in Pennsylvania, and is the great centre of the iron and steel, glass, and electric appliance industries in the United States, prominent amongst the iron and steel works being those at Homestead and Brad- dock, with which the name of Mr Andrew Carnegie, of free library fame, is associated. Its population now araouuts to about 250,000, while in Alleghany City, on the opposite side of the Alleghany River, there is an additional population of about 120,000. The two portions of Pittsburg and the two cities are connect.ec? with each other by numerous large and strong bridges. Formerly, on account of the large quantities of coal consumed in the iron and steel trades of Pittsburg, it was popularly known as the "Smoky Citjr," but since the introduction of natural gas, which is found in large quantities in thedistriot, and which isnow extensively used in the rolling mills and for domestic purposes, this appellation is somewhat of a misnomer, and Pittsburg in this respect will compare favourably with any other industrial centre in the States. The delegates had ample evidence ti»«t the city was not and malicious mischief in this connection was practically unknown. The delegates quickly dis- covered that they had struck Pittsburg at a bad time, as nearly all the iron and steel works were shut down for repairs, ami on account of the fixing of the annual wages scale for the succeeding year, the employers and the men not having yet come to terms, while the whole of the glass works were also closed as usual at this season. Homestead Steel Works. Mr R. Dunlop, Motherwell, reports :— Pittsburg is undoubtedly the great centre of the iron and steel trade of America. Every branch of industry in connection with steel or iron is here represented — blast furnaces, steel works, rolling mills, foundries, tube wuiks, bridge building, locomotive v-orks, boiler and tank building, agricultural implements, chain works, wire works, spring works. Tliese areonlv some of Pittsburg's great industries in the iron and steel trade. AVhen we visited the city a large number of the works were closed for repair and settling the wages scale. A dispute had also arisen between the employers and the workmen in connection with the fix'' g of the i mottle of prices which regulate the wiit, t of the workmen. This scale is fixed annually at the end 1 of June, and remains for a year, being mutually Artisan Expedilion to Amcriai. 81 ed, snd that it ;ter order than '.. C. Tortnnoe, [», a friend uf y Acws, and a kindly acted as ors of intro- md representa- Torrance took 1 iihowed it to ',f, and aUo ran from Highland valley Btretch- admired. Two ump 40,000,000 )ply of tho city at a height of ie tiiirrouniling it, and much 1 bands perform The Alleghany is taken, was of explained, waa vious day, and :e. Nnmerous ra-ootta, brick, of woocr week. Before a general repair each furnace runs about 250 charges of metal. Here all the steel is cast for the bar and plate mills, also the large 35ton ingots for the armour mill. Tho system and method of work here adopted is entirely different from ours at home. The whole plant is Bun by Natural Qas. Where we use coal and a large staff of men at our gas-producing plant they have hero tho gas led by pipes from tho gas region 20 or 30 miles away. Tliia valuable fuel was first used for boilers at tho gas rcgiona. In 1875 two iron manufacturers tried it at the furnaces, and in 1884 it came into general use at mills, factories, and for every purpose for which coal was used, displacing about 10,000 tons of coals per day. Tho mode of work on the fur- naces here differs greatly from ours. The man in clinrge of the furnace here is called the "melter." He takes control of the furnace, but takes no part of the charging of the same. There are also the first helper, second helper, the boss pitman, with six helpers for eight furnaces, a boss ladleman, with four helpers, four stokers for hand charging, one for the machine charging, and six labouiers for taking out slag and cleaning the pit. The wages vary a little in different works, but here the woges are :— Meltor, $5 (£1) a day ; first helper, 83 (12s) ; second helper, .S2.75(lls); imss pitmen, .?3 (Pis) ; helpers, from $2 (8s) to $2.75 (Us) ; boss ladlemen, *3 (128); helpers, from $2 (8s) to $2.75 (lis); fctokors, $2 (8s) ; labourers for slag and cleaning pit, $1.68(639(1). Insomeof tlieworkslfouniloii mnking inquiries tliat the m'.'lters could make |!7 (283) a day^ but the figures I have given are about the average. The pig-iron is charged into the furnaces with a nige charging machine. In others it is done by hand. The heats are mostly cait into the circle pits. Sometimes the moulds are set on carriages, and takun over to the mills at once by the loco- motive. One of the melting furnaces is used for remelting the great ends of the ingots used for making armour plates. The furnace is circular iri shape, and the whole roof of the furnace is lifted off by a crane, while another travels along with ingot ends weighing 7 or 8 tons and drops them niaide. In the Finishing Department all the latest appliances are in use at these works. Shins and boiler plates of all sizes, and beams and bars of every shape and size are here rolled. All the plate mills that I have seen in America are run on the three-high system, and are finished dircot through the one set of rolls from the ingot, the movable tables with driven rollers rising and fall- mg at each pass of the plate. The plates are finished olf, and marked, sheared, and loaded with- out ever touching the floor. As soon as the plate is rolled the exact size, it runs on to a long train of rollers, which carry it on to the shears. Here it is marked to size, and tho end cut off. It goes straight through to another set of shears, and is finished off there. The train of rollers is very long, so that by the time tho plate reaches thu shears it is cool, and if the mill is working too quick for the shearman there is a contrivance to throw off two or three plates, where they lie until tho men have time to finish them off. Another thing I notice very good and useful hero is that the blade of tho shears when not in use is thrown out of gear, instead of continuously rising and falling. A re- versible ciab is attached to all the shears, and throws the blade in or out of gear in a second, giv- ing the men time to properly sot the plate to tha mark. The Bar Mills here are also far in advance of ours in the use of the latest and most wonderful power in use at rolling mills, namely, electricity. In the bar mills hero can be seen tho latest marvels in electric plant working like clockwork. In ono of the largo bar mills there is a machine for charging and drawini;, tho motive power of which is electricity. Tlie machine charges the ingots in the furnaces and draws them out, placiuR them on tables for tho rolls, with a rapid movement which is astonishing. At the same mill, too, there is an electric machine at the rolling table, worMng the blooms and bars in a manner almost automatic. Another interesting sight is the large beam mill, where the heaviest sections are rolled for bridge bull ling and fireproof buildings. Tluseare rolled direct from the cogging mill. The ingots are large, and, after passing the cogging rolls are cut in two, the first half of bloom passing on to the finishing train by driven rollers. While the first half is being rolled the second half passes directly under a small circular- shaped furnace on the same table, where it remains until the other part is rolled, thus saving tho cost of reheating. .Some of the large beams are two feet wide, and the whole train of rolls run with remark- able smoothness. All over the works .»re to be seen electric cranes, and I noticed in the newspapers that this company had given an order for eleven electric travelling cranes for loading beams on cars, &c., all to be used out of door.s — one of the largest order.s given by any steel mill. In tho foundry also there is a;i overhead electric travelling crane. In tho inaoliino shops the planing machines arc nearly nil from leeds, England. Here they h.ivn a splen- did American machine called a boring mill cutting plates in a 30feet circle. Here, too, the great armour plates are finished under the luperviaion ot 1 \4 82 Dniiilre Cimrifr and Dundee JFeekli/ News jii IP the U.S. Government Iinpector. The wagog of the tradeamen here are : — Machinistn, 92.50 to 83 (10b to Ui) B (lav ; lilnckHtnitliH, i>2.75 (Us) a day ; raouldern, $2.f5 (lln) a ilny j roll turners, 94 (168) a day, all working a ten hours dny. The plate mill men work an ci(?ht hours dajr. In these mills you can sen men of all nationalitios at work— coloured men, ToleH, Huiignriaiis— in fact, men from every dime here iiitorminglo and work side by side. The number of men employed is on an average 3500, and pn'--roll for a month is ?225, 000 (£46,000). The uvirnge amount of flnisLcd product per munlh is ID.OOOtons. This includes both finished and iinflnishecl innterial— ingots, blooma, billeta, and Blabs. It was hero The Qreat Strike took place last year, which ended in itoting and bloodshed, and "as I had previously read the newspaper account of it, I had a desire to see the place where it occurred, and the place where the I'inkerton men tried to land was pointed out to me. A full account of the strike is published in the Foreign Office report (United States), as Congress appointed a Committee to inquire into the circum- stances of the strike, and the employment of the Finkerton detectives. The wages had been for many years fixed in these works by a sliding-scale based upon the selling price of steel. The details of the scale were arrangecl between the Company ami the Amalgamated Association of Iron and .Steel- workers. The scale agreed upon in 1889 expired on SOMi Jane, 1892, and as that date approached the Company gave notice of a considerable reduction, and to make the scale terminable in January instead of July. The workmen rejected the proposal, and the Company discharged all who refused their terms. 'J'he Company had provided against tiie contingency of a strike durii.^ the previous six weeks ly building a fence three miles long round their works and twelve feet higli. Three hundred Pinkerton constables were brought to the works. On the way up the river the Pinkerton min unpacked their boxeH and arrived fully armed. Large crowds of strikers waited their arrival to pre- vent them landing. A skirmish thus ensued, in which seven strikers were killed and many woundeii, while three Fiukertons were killed and several wounded. The crowd iilso ran barrels of burning oil into the river, and finally the Pinkerton men surrendered to the crowd, and were afterwards maltreated in spite of the efforts of the strike leaders to control them. Troops were aent to restore order, trrd some of the leaders arrested. Then came the (hooting of Mr Frick, the manager, by a Russian named Berkmann ; but this act was quite independ- ent of the men on strike. At the inquiry the feel- ing against the employment of Pinkerton men found expression, especially in the evidence of Sir Powderly, the leader of the Knights of Labour, who alleges that the Pinkertons are men of dubious character, ami rather ferment than allay disorder, niassachusetts and New Jersey have passed Acts prohibiting the employment of Pinkerton con- stables. This Act was passed last year — 1892. Non-Unionisls were imported, the works were started, and a great number of workmen lost their places. A plot was afterwards formed to poison some of the uou-Unionists, which was afterwards carried out. .Several men were arretted, tried, and found guUty, and sentenced to long terms of im- prisonment, among whom was H. F. Dempsay, a master-workman of the Knights of Labour. A sensa- tion has been caused by the confession in prison of Patrick Gallachsr, one of tlie »>ri50iHTS, to tlie effect that Hugh Dempsay is innocent. This will probably re-open the case, as Dempsay's friends will do all they oan on his behalf. The great strike has been an object lesson to mastera and workmen everywhere, teaching them to arbitrate on all ditB- cult questions. MR DUNLOP AT BESSEMER. EDGAR THOMSON STEEL WORKS. RAIL-MAKING DESOKIHED. CARBON STEEL WORKS. WAGES OF STEELW0RKER3. STANDARD OF LIVING. WORKINGMEN'S DWELLINGS. CO.ST OF FOOD AND CLOTHING. VISIT TO OIL WBLLS. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC WORKS. (Prom the Dundee Weekly News of October S8.) Mr Dunlop, Motherwell, reports :— The Edgat Thomson Steelworks and blastfurnaces arc generally acknowledged to be the best rail plant iri the United States, consequently a de- scription of this mill will interest a great number of people at home. The works are situated at Bessemer, about eleven miles from Pittsburg. The Monongahela river gives iacirities of water carriage, while no less than three railways run past the work.H, transporting material to all parts of the cn>-.,itry. There are nine blastfurnaces, the last two built— H and I furnaces— being each 22 feet diameter of bosh and 90 feet high. The average ,„>"''• %,. FURNACE "p." output of these furnaces is about 300 tons per day of twenty-four hours. The plant is all designed and arranged specially for the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails. The steel is made by the direct process- that is, instead of being cast into pig-iron, the metal from the blastfurnace is taken to the converter and made into steel. The whole plant is a wonderful example of the ingenuity of man, and reflects great credit on the designers of the mill. The progress of the metal from the time it leaves the blastfurnace till it is pushed on the car a finished rail is marvellous. A rich ore ■g and workman rate on all ^ 81 Dundct Courier and Dundee JFeMi/ Xfivs The Carbon Steel Works, Pittsburg. Mr Uunlo|i nUo ii'iioiln :— On Tue«il.iy we paiil ft vi«' . tho (Jarlioii Htci'l Works. TliU was o sinnlly an iron-rolling mill, but a company was formed ami bonglit tlio placo and built tho proHcnt gteel plant, 'i'lie leHHcncd demand for iron and the groat demand for steel is gradually pu«hinB the iron tradeoatof existence. Stcol inhere madoon tho open hearth system. They have eight melting furnaces— six at 30 tons and two at 20 tons capacity. They are built on Lash's patent, Mr Lash being tho pre- ii){hur, 5d a "'X'inij scale is for rolling wire billots to No. 5 wire gauge :-■ ton ; heatei H, Is (id a ton ; ton ; hull-doggur, 3Vl a tun INQOT FU8HEII. xlag or other matter can get among the checker work. This enables the furnaces to run longer without repair. Mr Naismith, tho foreman brick- layer, I found to be a Wishaw man, having worked A long time for the Messrs ■Williams at Shieldmuir. He has had charge of the building of all the furnaces at the "Carbon," and is presently building now plant. During my visit ho was very obliging, and conducted me all over the works, and was inquiring kindly about a good many old country folks. The rolling plaS- consists of a three high plate mill, .t sheet mill, and k universal mill for rolling long narrow plates. These plntes only require the ends cut off, the edges being kept smooth by a set of vertical rolls, which can be set to nny width. The plate mill is a tnree high train, finishing the plates direct from the soaking furnaces through the one set of rolls. There are seven electric cranes at these works, and the screws at tho rolls are worked by electricity. There are overhead electric cranes at the soaking furnaces and also at the loading bank. Tlie plate mill is run on the same method as at Homestead. The ingots are cnarged into the soaking furnaces and run on driven rcllers direct to the roll train, and are finished off at the shears without touching the floor. The system of work in the melting shops is somewhat similar to Homestead, the stokers and all the pitmen helping to charge the furnaces. The furnaces are all run with the natural gas, the older furnaces being built specially fur that purpose, but they are building the new ones in such a manner that they can be worked with manufactured gas when necessaiy. The supply of natural gas cannot be inexhaustible, and there is talk of vhe supply running short, and they nru preparing for a change when circumstances require it. The wages at the Carbon are about the same rate as at Carnegie s. As I stated previously the ironworks were all closed down during our visit. On making inquiries into the wages, I find that the rate paid for puddling wos 22s pel ton. Tho employers wish a 10 per cent, reduction all round. Several conferences had been hold between the representatives of the amalgamated as'sociation and the workmf-n, and althovgh no settlement was made while we were tfacie, it w.is the general opiiiion that the reduction will be agreed to. The puddlers work five heats per shift, charging 5 to 5i cwts. per heat, pnying the under hand lOs till hours each turn, from 5 a.m. to 7 a.m., friiin 7. 45 ti) 12 uuon, from 12.43 to 4.30, and not later thiin 2.30 on Saturdays— avenigo output, 70 toin per shift. It is not necessary tu give the scale of jiricos governing tho wa^es in the several depart- inent.4, as that would ^ako up too much space, l)iit I have the association scale of prices fur all the departments. Anyone interested in any speciid mill can have the prices if dosirod by saying wliicii mill ho desires infurmntlon on. The woikmun are generally paid every three weeks. The works as a rule Close Down Annually at the end of June for general repuirs and tho sign- ini; uf the scale for regulating wages, The length of stoppage all depends on ttic state of trade and what I er'xirs are necessary. Some works, if well supplied witli onlers, may sign the tcalo at once, niid worl: on with a short stoppage. Others may shut dov.. for a month or six weeks. At tho pre- sent time trade is dull, and they are having a long shut down hero. All the Scotsmen wo have met hero have given us a hearty welcome, and we are greatly indebted to them for the kindness shown to us during our short stay in Pittsburg Here is a sample of a good working rod mill in the Ulandon Uolling Mill, Tittsburg. The roller, Mr A. Cullen, is a Scotsman. The average output of this mill is 50 tons per day. Tlio roller. Is a ton, i>bou( 48s tu 52s ; heaters, Gd a ton, or Is 6d on their own furnace, 3 furnaces in the mill, 2tis to 27s a day ; roughcrs, 6d a ton, 26s to 27s a day ; boys, 3id down to 2id a ton. The roller, heater, bricklayer, and engineer of this mill all own their own homes. Standard of Living in Pittsburg. To tho average artisan tho cost of living ia Pittsburg is pretty high, as tho working classes here all live as well and as comfortably as their circumstances will pmmit. A laudable desire to own their own house seems to take possession of great numbers of peojile as soon as they settle down i:. America. It is apparent in every town and city we have been in, and Pittsburg is no exception to the rule. Here great numbers of iron and steel- workers own their homes, and even those who pay rent for a liou.so live in largo houses that would be deemed most extravagant in the old country. Num- bers of ordinary tradesmen, such as engineers, biiok- layers, &c., pay rental of from £2 IGs to £4 a month for a house of five or six apartments. These houses may be cither brick or woud houses, I wan in four houses of the kind just described— namely, houses of six apartments— all tastefully furnished, and superior to the ordinary tradesman's house at home. More lOom is required, especially in the summer time, as tho heat is so great, that they tell you that it wouhl be impossible to live in such small houses as the working classes do at home. The average lent of the working classes for houses of from four to sixapartmeutsistrom£288to£34sa mouth. This includes all taxes. Tliis means respect- able tradesmen, and in good localities. The poorer class of labourers cannot afford to pay such rents, and require to huddle closer together, espcciolly the foreign element and coloured people, who, as a rule, are all unskilled labourers. The cost of a lot for a house all depends upon the locality, and can hi- hniight for from £60 to £120. A house of six apnrtmenti can be built upon it at a cost of from £240 tu £300, according to n.ode or style of finish. A feature in Artism Expedition to America. B5 r rolling wire wiru Kniigf :-• 4 llil a ton ; UVl n tun 1) 7 Ik. in., friini , anil not lati-r timt, 70 tons u tlio Bcalo o[ I'vcral iloiinrt- toll apace, Imt :ei fur nil tlii' n any npccinl ' Huyiiig wliicli wuikmon aru 'he works aa a ly 8 and tho Hign- The Inngtli of trade anti works, if well eonle at once, Others may At the pre- having a long n wo have int't le, and we art; (Iness hIiowii to g Here is a in the Ulandon , Mr A, Cullen, t of this milt ia a ton, iibout or Is 6d on \ the mill, 2()s a ton, '2Si» to 2\<\ a ton. Dgineer of tUii *ittsburg. t of living in working classes iitably as their audublo desire ke possession of hey settle down y town and city no exception to iron and steel- 1 those who pay !s that would be country. Nuin- engineers, biiok- ia to £4 a month I. These houses . I wai> in four -namely, houses furnished, and nan's house at upecially in the i{reat, that they le to live in such es do at home. iRSse.s for houses )m£28st<>£34Ha is means respect- lies. The poorer pay such rents, ether, especially eople, who, as a riie cost of a lot locality, and can A house of six t a cost of from }r style of finish. American Households ll the oooklng stove, whieli is to bu »wn in every house, and with the aid of the stuve the liiindy wi^ often prepares some nice dishes for the fiimily. Fruit of all kimls la clioap, and ia largely used among all classes. In season, grapes can bo had from 4 or 5 cents a pound, ami melons, tomatoes, and such like fruit are part of the daily food of the people. Thodearest things heie are clothing, all kinds of woollen goods, »ud house rent*. Another thing WORKING man's DWBLLINO. very dear here is felt hats. A good suit of clothes Will cost from £6 to £9. You can buy clothes for halt that figure if you like, but there is no wear in tho cheap ones. Hard felt hats tliat sell here at Gs will cost from 15s to £1. Butcher meat, tea, coffee, tobacco, are all cheaper than at home. Butter sells at from Is in summer up to Is 8il in winter. Eggs are the same price as at home. Shoes range tiom Si to 243, but the leatlier seems to bo poor, and does not we«r long. Cotton goods are clieap, prints for morning gewn.s can be bought for 2d or 2id a yard. The o\ii.. 'or doctor's attendance and medicine is heii ^ere. 'The lowest charge is 4s a visit and meil jlna to pay for, so that when illness overtakes a family tlie doctor's bills are a heavy drain on the puree. Our system of paying so much per week in large workshopf for the doctor's attendance is much better, and couli! be copied more extensively in the States with advantage to the working classes. All the schools we fiee, and all the churches self supporting. Few people here can see where it would be right to give any one denomination help from the State in the shape of money. As the churches live for the spiiitual needs of the people, they consider they should pay for it themselves. The Westinghouse Electric Works. Mr Ebenezer Bennett, Newcaatle-on-Tyne, reports:— I had the hoiiojsr of bnir.g eondnoted through their works by a member of the firm, who WM very kind in showing me every detail of these works, and gave me the following account of Mr \Vestiiigh(.u8e. When he went to I'.ttshurg about JO years ago, the oanitftl of Mr Wittinghouse uon- aisted solely of his ."ertile brain aikl limitless energy. These were soon at work, and in a short time he invented the air brake, which has made his name familiar to the oiviliaoi! world. Ho entered upon his career at the time when railway develop- ment was young, and he made tho railway world dependent upon tho fruit of his genius. Another liniitli'ss field was just opening— via,, that of elio- tricity, and he entered this with the same amount of energy that ho had entered the railway field. Uie interest of Mi Westinghouse in electricity hat been a steady hut rapid growth, and the revelation *11 A'r" "' ''** '"" """P" oulminated in h;i founding the Westingliouae Electric Oompany. Mr Westing- house secured rights under the patents of Ganlard &Oibb to the alternating current system of light- ing. This system was put upon the market ; at once business began to grnw. The nsme of this Company waa ohiingcd in IHliO, and it is now known as the Westinghouse Electric aid Manufacturing Oomi)any. It la very encouraging to us working men to see one of our own craft rising aa Mr Westinghouae haa done. Ho got this Oompany chartered in 1886, only then a small company, and to-day he is head of one of the largest electrical engineering firms in America. This Company has the incandescent lighting at the World's Fair, but "e fft'lier slack of voik at their works in 1 ittshurg, having paid off only two weeks previously over 1000 men. 'J'hey say that at this season of the year tilings always do quieten down, anil it gives them a chance to get their machinery all overhauled, and their shops thoroughly cleaned, and everything put in order ready for the busy season coming on again. Their workmen are all on piecework, and earn from 3 to 6 dollars (12s to 20s) per day. They commence work at 7.15 in the morning, having breakfast before starting. They leave off at 12 noon for lunch, and have three- quarters of an hour, then they work till 6.16 at night, Saturday and every day alike. Every man washes and changes before leaving the works, lavatories being provided in enoh shop, 'ihey em- ploy a great number of females for Wpping wires vvith tape, 4o. They say they can get them cheaper than men, and after a little practice they cpn do more work of that particular kind than a man. Apprenticeship is a thing that Is not known amongst them, boys taking the place of men as soon as they are able to do a man's work. „ ^ Oil Wells, Pittsburg. Mr D. Brown, Uovan, reports:—! had the pleasure of calling upon Mr A. O. Evans, super- intendent of the Forrest Oil Company at M'Donald, a place some eighteen miles west of Pittsburg. He received me very courteously, and kindly showed me sdveral wells in ditferent stages of operation. He 1 I PlTTSBUno oil WEILS. i r 86 Duiidfe Conrifr and Diindne lyttkly A'wj iiifiirmi'il mo lili (llntriot extcndod noine hIx mllc^ liy (Ivf, nnd that lio Imd no Ichm tlinii 115 WflN iiiidor liiH oliarm-. Wo fliMt vixited ft gram fluid, wlieri', *loiiK with tlio farm.;r, lie wont through the operation of alloonting a Hlto for i\ row wull. (Thoy miiHt kc«p A Cfitiii.i dintft^ici', 'M) feet, from the hoiiiidiiry of otlii-r piopln'M liiiids), Wonoxt vmitcd some woIIb in i)rocoHii of drilling, liirgu lioriiig rods of 4J iiiohoa in dinmotcr i>nd about 44 feet long being lined for tlii> purpoHO. Tlio ownorn o' the wulU provide tlio nmturlal, nnd ori'ot the largo wooden friimpwork. culled rigg», about KO foot high, and let out thu woikof boring to contraotorB, wlio perfoiin it iit ho much per foot (85 oentH), We next vixitcd a will wliioli had been in operation for about a month, where tlio oil every 50 uilnutei or so oomeH up the pipes in huoU groat quantitieM aa almost to burnt tliem. The pipes, three of 2 inches indi.imetcr, are led into a large wooden vat about 10 feet high nnd 15 foet in diameter. In about live minutoH Home 420 giiUous of oil were forced up the pipes, this being caused solely by the acouinulatioii of gas in the well. During tlio iutervi.lM the pipes are quite dry. TIid wolU are vi ry deep ; they arc soini^ 2")()U feet deep on an average. The first or outer casing is fointooii inches in diameter, and is put down a distance of 280 feet or so. This excUidi'S the surface witter, sand, &o., which is met with, and which has to bo overcome. The next casiiiij is ten inches, and is for the purpose of keeping out the salt water and other matter which IS met with. It is put down a depth of 1350 frii/i^'" SECTION 09 OIL WELL. feet. The oil rises in the centre tube, and la very strong at first, wlien, after the lapse of some months, the force gradually weakens, then it has to bo pumped up by means of engine-power. Tlie gas rises outside tho tube but inside the casing, which is closed in at the top- The gas is then led away in pipes to supply fuel for the boiler fires. They have AN OH TRAIN. a system of conve; ing the gM to and from the ditfeicnt wells of their own, so that when there is a deficiency fiomono source they get it in another, so that the supply is constant. The output of the welts varies considerably, according to the length of time they have been sunk, some of them prwlucin j as miioh as 700 barrels per day of twenty-four hours, whileothersonly itive one barrel. Kacli barrel contains 42 gallons. The Alleghany Uounty is the richest spot In proportion to its area to be found in tho whole United States. Around I'ittsburg there has been produoeil in tho last four yosrs <17,'.)05,478 barroN of 42 gallons each ol the finest oil, ami the total proiluction of the Unitcil States for the years mentioned was 111:3.54,87!) barrels so that the I'ittsburg district prouuced three-fifths of the entire output and sovon-oighthi of the entire value. There are upwards of sixty oil refineries and about twenty natural gas companies in and around Pitts- burg. The wells are very numerous ; in some cases are to bo found nearly every 100 yards apart. Tho region is to be found in some cases in "belts," in others in "pool.s," and the regions are sometimes from one to fifteen miles wide, and about one hundred and fifty miles lung. In supply ing tho natural ^as (which does nut have a very great illuminating power) there was always great danger attached to it from the fiict that the leakage was very great, ■/nd when they attempted to discover the where- abouts there was almost sure to be explosions, i'hcy liave now two sets of pipes. One ii fitted iur high pressure, and is then conveyed to another, not unlike our street lamps, some of which are kept burning day and nixbt. The pressure of the gas is very strong, being in some cases as high as 700 lbs. to the square inch. The gas is mostly used for eati.ig and cooking purposes, for which it is niieciully cdapted. Tho oil is pumped out of tile reservoirs by means of force pumps, and forced along miles of pipes to the icabourd for general distribution. AN AMERICAN SUNDAY. AMONG THE NEGROES. SERVICES IN A DAKKEY CHAPEU IN'^ERESTING PROCEEDINGS. A NOVEL COLLECTION PLAN. THE LAW AND ORDER SOCIETY. ENFORCING SUNDAY OBSERVANCE. THE STATE LIQUOR LAWS. STRINGENT RE(iUL.VTIONS. PUHLIC BUILDINGS IN PITTSBURG. STONECUTTERS' WAGES. THE LAMP GLOBE INDUSTRY. (Prom the Dundee Weekly News of Novanbcr 4-) No one, writes the Conductor, can travel any distance through the United States without meet- ing iii'groes. They are as numerous as gooseberrioi in a well-kept fruit garden in summer. They are to be seen every few minutes on the street, most of them dressed in a style which for smartness would put many whites to shame. They are the waiters in the hotels (nd the restaurants and the portero on the cars and at the depots : and for attention, civility, and devotion to duty no race can surpass tbem. As a rule they speak excellent English, in veek to I ftixl from tli« when tliere Un ; it in anutlicr, ^e output of tliu to tlio lenKtli of tlicm protiuolii; of tWL'iity-foiir rul. Kttolt barnl y County i» tliu k to l)i> found in I'itthhiirg tlicre ro«rH «7,!»05,47H eat oil, aiiil tlie ca for the yeara I HO tliat tlie D-flftha of tlia lie entire value. erica and nlwut d around Pitta- ; in aome oaacu rda apart. Tliu 1 in "bolti," in are Hometimca and about one yingtlio natural lat illuminating ger attached to waa very great, ver the where- be exploaiona, )ne ia fitted ior ed to another, whioh are kept ire of the giia ia high ai4 7UU lb». luatly uaed for }r whioh it ia nmped out o( np», and forced urd for general )AY. iES, CHAPETi. DINGS. PLAN. OCIUTY. a R VANCE. AWS. IONS. ^SBURO. JES. JSTRV. ^ November 4-) can travel any I without meet- I gooaeberriei in They are to street, moat of inartneag would are the waitera ind the portero I for attention, aoo can surpaaa lent Engliab, io Arlmn Kxptdiiion to America. 87 the Northern Sta' „a at leaat, and no matter what hia aooial poaltlon may be, the "nigger" iialinuat alwayaamiliiig, ami Imppy and contented looking, "i'liey have pliicea of I'.ivlno aervice of their own, and a e uaiially regular .»nd le.ont worahijipera. When wiilking nlouK Vyllo Avenue, I'ittaljuur, on .Sunday, .July 10, tho .lelr.4atea aocepteil an invitati(.n to attend ►ervieo in liuthul Chapel (Mothodiat Kpmcopal), of whioli the Riv. 0. Aaljury, D.U. (.olonred), ia tliu pastor. When they entered only four or five puraona were prcaaiit, but more negroea eaino in ateadily and quietly until tho aermoii wai well alai tod on iUway, and then there would be an attondanoo of aome hundrfda. Everyone waa faiillleaalj attired, and moa^. uf the giria looked quite charming, aome 01 them being in pure white iliesao^, with white ahoca and biilliaiit millinery. Tho flrat part of the net vice couHlated of tho »iiigin(r of liymna, prayera, and the rending of nortiona of Scripture, including the Ten Commandmenta. After the reading of each Commandment the congregation chimed eaineally in with "The I,ord javo ineiey upon ua and turn our hearts to keep IiIh law." At llrat the aingiiifr, which waa led by an organ pliiyod by a lady, and wrought by a young man in full view of the oonKregation, waa a little wanting in anirit, but Dr Aabury aaid, " We want everybody to aing. If you can't aing open your mouth ami do tho beat you can. Then the congregation certainly did an they were bid, aa the ainging afterwarda wan really hearty and good. The preacher waa the very Embodiment of Candour, and it ia doubtful whether ^ny of our .Scottiah preachera would be equally candid. Having given out the text— Coloaaiana di., 4— he aaid he hail returned from Chicago the previous day, and felt fatigued from the travelling and the extreme heat, and had not had time to prepare anything, but thev must put in the time and do the beat they could. Anyhow, he felt that a man could not preach if the Loril did not help him. After warming up he preached an able and impressive diacouraei with frequent paaaagea of rare eloquence on theDiviie creation of man aa oppoaed to the vi.oory of evolu- tion. Hia illuatrationa, although homely, were tolling, and were fully apprecir'cd by the i.udienoe, who freouently burat out when wrought up to a nigh pitch of excitement, with enthusiastic "Hear leara.- "Glory to God," "Piaiae the Lord" (wiiioh by the way were also uttered by tie men-' -'g during the prayers), "Yea," My ve.. "fxptrience," "Hallelujah," &o. One gentleman waa particularly demonstrative, while othera smiled happily, showing their beauti- ful teeth and testify ins their concurrence by nodding their heada. In appealing to hia heaters to prepare to meet Ood, ho said— "Christiana by name have no place in the army of God. Your name may be George Washington, but you are not Ueorge «ashmgton, tho father of your country, lour name may be Wellington, but you mav be only a dwarf ami not a great soldier. Stand upon principle, stand for right, atand for truth, stand for God. The taking of the collection waa a great feature of the proceedings. The preacher stated that they would sing a verse and then the collection would be made, and if they came forward quickly they would all be out in five minutes, and that would be nice. He him elf was going to put something in the plate, and the I^rd would tell them what they ahould give. The plate, with a white napkin, was then placed in front of the P'«^^on"ig platform, and three stewards took their B.a.nn hraidn it. One of these— a vcnc-ablo io>.klii« man-explawied that it took about 25 dels. (£5) a •reek to "lun the church, and that a oertftii, gum wa^ requireil that forenoon, aa they expected in much at the evening .ervioo which waa to be helil ^.' *'«''' o'olock. Atflr^ttho worahippera were a little alack in going to tho front and placing thoir oirerlnga in t . plate, whereu'im tho preaolio.' aaid they would ai'.„ another verae and aee wh.it elfict thia would huve. A good rousing ataiiza waa accord- iriKlygoi, hro ', after which laigo numbera, lu. eluding the di'legato^, trooped forward and Made Their Offerings, whereupon oii« of tho atewarda who wero counting the inom.v aa it was laid down remarked with do- hglit-- 'You are doing well; juat continue." hyentually another lull Miournd, when a steward intimated that they were 14a abort of the sum re- quired, and that if aome were to add another nickel (24.I) they would make it up, and that they would go round with the big. Round tho bag did go, the reouired sum waa obtained, and the congregation dispcrseil after singing " Praise liod from whom all blossinga flow" and the bene- diction. Tho service was narticulaily retreshing, anil was greatly enjoyed by the dolegatea after their railway exiicrienoes of the previous days, .fapaneae tana were feund lying on all the aeatt, and the dole, gatca, aa w»ll aa the worshipperi', kept iiaing these during the whole of theaervice, the weather being in- tensely warm. At times alao in tho courai of wor. ahip tho preacher had rooourao to hia own fan. At the close I)r Aabury and aeveral of th uogrooi ahook hands with the delogatca, than... i them warmly for their attendance, and invited them back. A Negro Sunday School. Mr Sinclair, of Cambualang, reports :— On Sun. day afternoon Rlr lionnett and I went to viait a negro Humlay Sohoid. When we arrived we found the school well tilled, mostly with adults, and after the usual preliminaries of praise and prayer, the juveniles wero marched out to another hall, and then the varioua claaaua of adulta began. Mr Bennett and I having taken ouraeata in a olaaa that was being conducted by an old negro juat aa ho was in the middle of his exposition on Paul at Athena, for that was the subject, the pastor, a coloured NKQHO PnEACHRH. gentleman, came over to Mr Bennett and land lii . 1 tiS Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News I 78,610 Post-Cai da delivered 2,747,329 Piews 2d, 3d, ami 4th clnsa mutter, 6,31.* »'l Loeiil letters ouUeoted, .. .. 3,51 Mail letters collected, .. .. 8,7t Loenl pust-cards collected, ., .. l,071,tiJ Mail |)uat-ciirds collected, .. ,. 1,532,128 Pieces 2d, 3d, and 4th olaaa matter, 1,847,624 41,039,531 Total piecea handled. Total Postage coUorted on all matter col- lected by carriers and deposited in otHoe, £31,692 The wages of the various pressmen, carriers, nnd others range from £80 to not exceeding £180 a year. Buildings of Pittsburg. ALLKGHRNY OOL'NTY COUKT HOUSB. American Uomanesque are found here. The resi- dence districts in Pittahurg to-day are a constant source of surprise and ple.isure to all c^ipable of ap- preciating the fine examples of modern aroliiteotute in exterior and interior finish. Pittsburg's suburbs are universally conceded to be the moat picturesque and the residences as beautiful as any in the United States. Alleghany County abounds "in pioturoaqua views, and no more charming sites for suburban residences are to be found than between Itlaineand the Gulf. Alleghany County is the only county iu the Union that has three cities within her boundariea. The Alleghany River divides Pitts, burg anil Alleghany. M'Keesport is onlv a few miles distant from Pittsburg, around which 38^ thriving boroughs cluster. Alleghany, M'Keeapoit, and the boroughs are integral parts of Pittsburg, practically they are one community. All the others depend upon Pittsburg com- mercially and financially. The population of these three cities (385,123) added to the population ' the 38 boroughs ami 41 townships aggregates uowards of 600,000. Pittsburg is entitled to the fifth place on the list of the great cities of America. The county valuation for 1892 shows a total of £84,132,787. The property exempt from taxation in the three cities in Alleghany County exceeds CABNEOIE LlBltART AND MUSIC HALL. Mr Sinclair, Cambualang, reports :— In Pittsburg proper, 25,170 houses have been erected in the past bi-n years. 15,489 have been erected since 1887, at a coat of mure than forty million dollars. When you are reminded that the vicinity of Pittsburg is keeping pace with the city proper, you can form a correct idea of the greatness of her growth. The character and dimensions of the public buildings, business hlooka, church edifices, and schools erected since 18.86, demonstrate architectural talent and mechanical skill of the highest order. The now Government building coat £300,000, and the Courthouse £500,000. Half a score of oflice buiMiiigs, an fqiia! number of churciics, and as many magnificent business blocks, attest tlie progress made within a few years. The fineit examples of American Renaiaaance and BBLLKKIKD PRK.SBYTKHIAN CHURCH. Stonecutters' Wages. Having called on Mr Walker, the secretary of the Stonecutters' Assdeiatiou there, I learned that the stonecutters of Pittahurg were paid la lid per hour, with 9 hours per day and 8 houis on Saturday, with fortnightly pays. In oonveraatioa 90 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly Neivs i nm witli Mr Walker I learned from liim tlint, takiiif; into acoDunl the months .stonuciittora nre iille dur- ing winter ami early spring, they wore no better olf in Pittsburg than thoy wuro in the oM country. Hia houae rent coat him tM a month, and during tiie past year — from April, 181)1, to April, 181)2— he had kci)t a correct record of his crtrnings for that yeiir, and his total income waa ilKJ'i 8h. lirioklayora' wagO'i wore IGa per day, with !) houra per day and 8 on Saturday. In reference to some of the large cities of America, 8tonooui;ters' wages were Kia per day, with 8 hours per day. That is the wage in Salt liake City, Chicago, Denver, New York, St liouis, Cleveland, Miuneapolia, and many other l)laoe9. All througliout America work is begnn at 7 o'clock a.m., with only one stoppage for dinner at miilday— one hour. Here, as in the other towna I visited, all stone is cut in the yard, and not at the building, and the foundations of buildings are separate contracca from the mason work. Stone- cutting in I'ittHbui'g waa fairly good, and all hands seemeil to be employed, though in Chicago many men were idle, and future prospects looked bad. Pittsburg Locomotive and Car Works. A POWKltKl'L OON'l'llAST. Mr Watson, Dundee, reports :— The Pittaburg T.ocomotive Worka were organiaed in August, 181)5. The bnildings, when constructed, were ample and subatantial, and tlie equipment the best to be obtained. Additions to equip- ment and buildings were made from time to time until 188!), when the demands upon the company had reached snoli proportions that exten- sive additions became imperative, and it was decided to gradually remove all of the then pre- sent buildings and replace them with fireproof structures of the most approved design, and having a capacity for turning out one complete locomotive each working day in the year. The works are situated in Alleghany City, and occupy nearly twelve acres of ground. The new buildinga, so far as erected, are the most complete in construction and equipment of any intended for a similar pur- pose to he found in the country. The use of the most improved hydraulic appliances for liveting, fliinging, and handling of materials makes the boiler department a model of its kind, and iusurea a high grade of workmanaldp. The foundiy is supplied with modern moulding and other machinery necessary for furnishing first-class castings. A new 1^ oksmith shop, supplied with heavy steam hammers and all modern appliances for making flrat-class forgings and smitli work is approaching completion. I visited the above worka on July 17th, and got A Very Hearty Reception. This work employs 950 men, and their average output is four engmes a week. They work ten hours a day, or sixty houra a week, commencing at 6.55 a.m., dinner from 12 to 12.45, stop at 6 p.m., but on Saturday Btop at 4 p.m. Tiieie ig some very flno machinery working, of which some was made in England. Nearly alt the maobiiiistH are paid by piece, and they work very bard. If working time the scale for overtime is, from 6 p.m. to 12 midnight time and quarter, from 12 midnight to (3 a.m. time and half. Sunday time is paid at the rate of time and half. The men are paid onoo a fortnight. The following ia a list of their pay per hour : — Uigliuat. I.owo It Averiiga Machinists, la '.!.! loa U UM la lid 'I'urnitrH, Is 3cl i().i Iii)ilurmakors, .. la 2W ii)(i la lllacksniittiH, .. laid 9V1 lid Di)., Iloiiiuri, . 8J 7.1 71d Carpenters, U 10.1 11 Jit lOid Painterri, la ild MonlJora, la 2d Sl.l la Oarrnnlcera, Is 7.1 lOd Ptttleiiiniiikora, U3d Is la iH i)riiaa-Mi>ultlur.s, la4i la la jja Skilloil I.aboiirora, . la 7.1 8ij.l Geniiral Labunrura, . 8a 7ja 7.)d The conditiona of apprenticeship are, serve four years, and must be seventeen years of age. Ap- prentices are paid as follows :— First year, 2a per day; second year, 2al0dpi'rday; thinl year, 3a7idper day ; foui'tli year, 4s lO.l per .lay ; premium at cloae of term, £25 ; all lost time to be made up before entering on another year. The Westinghouse Air Brake Company, Wilmerding. Mr Watson also writes : — I p»id a visit to the above shops on July 18, and was highly pleased to Kird such a well-conducted shop, clean, ami situateil in a lovely glen, and surroun.led by trees. Wilmerding is fourteen miles from Pittsburg, the shops having been shifted out tliere for the purpose of getting more room. This is just on the suburbs, arrd four tracks of railway run close past, giving a good service of trains. Many of the workmen live in the city, and travel by train every day. There are workmen's tickets soil, which only cost about one half of the ordinary fare. The shops of the Westinghouse Company are very large two-s orcy buildings, with rails rurrning round them all fur receiving and despatching traffic. They are filled with the finest machine'y one could deiiire to look upon. I had a talk with one of the managers re- garding the hours of labour and wagea. He did not at firat aeem to care about telling me, but after cxplaiiriiig my object he said that the average wages earned were aa follows :— Machinists, 14a ])er day ; moulders, 10s per day ; patternmakers, 10a per day. Wherr all their machines are runniirg, about 2000 men were employed, but at present there were only about 1200 employed. Lamp-^Globe Making. Mr Logan, Glasgow, reports :— Messrs George A. Macbeth & Co., lamp-globe manufacturers. Pitta- burg, have the largest work of its kind in America, employing over 1000 men, and paying about £2000 per week in wages. It is all piecework in tiie glass trade in America, and the wages earned average £3 12s per week of 6 hours per day. The Union connected with this trade is very strong, having 7500 members. It ia so well organised in America and Canada that they compel the manu- facturers to close their worka for two months every summer, when great numbers leave Pittsburg with their wives and families to camp by the river's side a considerable distance up the country, Mr Macbeth also mentioned that there is always a big demand for good men in Pittsburg, and in fact all over America. As it was one of tiio warm montiip, arut the worka all closed, I had no ohanoe of seeinfr them in operation. very lard. H i», from 6 p.m. om 12 raidiiiglit timo in paid at m ate pai.l oiiOQ ist of tlicii' pay [iowott Avemga 10.1 1 9 U1.1 lUil ui|a 10.1 U 9Vl lid 7,1 74d 10.1 lojd (Id :f 1« lOd l8 Id 2H U Is jja 7.1 8^1 m 7id _ are, sotve four ira of age. Ap- St year, 2s pur lytar, 3i74dper f ; pre mi II I a at to be made up ke Company, I a visit to tho lighly please.) to op, clean, ami (un.Ied by trues. n Pittsburg, tho ! for the purpose > oa the suburbs, »e past, giving a le workmen live ry day. There oaly cost about 'he shops of the large two-s oroy lid them all fur They are fiUe.l .1 deaire to look he managers re- irages. He did ig me, but after nt the average Machinists, 14s patternmakers, r machines are nployed, but at 9 einidoyed. ng. lessrs George A. faotiirers, Pitts- cind in America, paying about all piecework in lie wages earned per day. Tho la very strong, veil organised in impel the manu- A'o months every ; rittsburg with y the river's side country. Mr e is always a big !, and in fact all c warm moiithF, ohanoe of seeinfr Artisan Expedition to America. 91 DELBGA''.fc . PITTSBURO. HOW SCOTSM'J, RISK IN AMERICA. A YANKKR'.^ OPINION. SCOTSMEN WHO UAVK CLIUBIiD THli; LADDER. SCOTTISH SOCIETIES IN PITTSBURO, TRAM CAR FACILITIES. STREET RAILWAY SYSTEM. FREEMASONRY IN AMERICA. STANDARD COAL MINES. SYSTEM OF WORKING. WAGES OF MINERS. LABOUR LEADER INTERVIF.WED. IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS. fFrom the Dundee Weekly iVcuis of November 11. ) The Conductor reports :— In Pittsburg, as in several other American cities and districts, a con- siderable proportion of the population hails from the "land of cakes," and they usually get on a:- well here as elsewhere. A striking illustration ol the American opinion of the national cliaracter of Scotclimcn, and their natural tendency to rise i<> the world was afforded by Mr Arthur Kirk, wh- deals in explosives, and l.'ails from Lcsmahagow, Lanarkshire. Mr Kirk was met by the delegates when calling at tho oifice of Mr A. Leggate, of Messrs A. liCggate k Son, real estate agents, Fourth Avenue, another Scotchman belonging originally to Glasgow. Mr Kirk is known by many to interest himself particularly in getting work for Scottish artisans who go out to America, and all such who art! in search of employment are usually sent to him. He mentioned to the delegates that on one occasion he went to the manager of an ironwork in I'ittiiburg soliciting an engagement for a Scot who had just arrived in the city. The manager said— " A Scotchman is he ?" BIr Kirk replieiT "Yes." "Then," said the manager, "I won't have him, because if I take him in even to hurl a wheelbarrow he would own the whole works in ten years, and would probably then kick mo out." Some Scotchmen who Have Climbed the Ladder. Duiing their stay in Pittsburg the delegates were visited by great numbers of their countrymen anxious to see some new faces from the land of brown heath and shaggy wood, and ready to give them a hearty welcome to America. All these appeared vigorous looking and happy, and without a single exception they stated that they were moic comfortable and better off in the land of their adoption than they would have been had they remained in tho old country. Mr Andrew Car- negie is well known, by name at lea-it, throughout Scotland as one who has attained to a high degree of aflliieiice in Amciica, but he is not the only Scotchman who has made his millions in that country, or even in Pittsburg, as there are some in that city reported to possess considerably more of this worM's means than the great iron ami steel producer of the States. Prominent amongst the wealthy men of Pittsburg is Mr Charlei MR ANDRKW OARNEaiE. Lockhart, a native of Kelso. Mr Ix)ckhart, who has been in America about forty years, "struck ile," as the Yankees say, at a good time, and his connection with the Standard Oil Company lias been the means, it is stated, of giving him » f ortune of forty or fifty million dollars (t8, 000, 000 to £10,000,000 sterling). He is reported to be the wealthiest man in 'Westorn Pennsylvania, although he commenced life as a boy in an oil store with only $3 (12s) a-week. Mr Lockhart lately bought an estate near Castle- Douglas, which he is to visit this year. Colonel James An.lrews, who left Dumfriesshire also about forty years ago, built the piers of the St Louis Briilgeand the jetties at New Orleans, which were considered great feats in their time, and is now living a comfortable retired life. Mr John G. A. Leishmanand Mr (;eo. Lauder, who are respectively the vice-chairman and a member of the Board ol MR RODKIIT PITCAIRN. lii IP n\ 92 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News Management of the Carnegie Steel Works, have also shard to a large extent in the prosperity of these great undertakings, anil Mr Wm. J, Lindsay and Mr \V. C. M'Ciitclieon have also aucceedtd woll with the Iron Pipe Mills. Mr Robert Titcairn, who was born in Johnstone, Kenfrewahire, has risen From Being a Brakesman to the prouil po.it of superintendent of the Penn- sylvania Railroad, one of f!.o largest and best con- ducted lines ill the States. A large part of his means was derived from his association with the Westinghouse Air Brake, he having been one of the few holdfis of the original patent. So great is his affection for the old country that he visits it every summer, and he also caused the name of the station Hear his own residence to be changed to Bpn Venue. Mr David M 'Cargo, who belonged originally to Paisley, has also ascended far up the ladder, climbing by liia own efiorta from a humble position until he has become president of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, and is now one of the highest railroad men in the States. Mr David Hutclieson was once a poor Scotch boy, bat he has made a " pile," principally by dealing in real estate. Mr John Youns and his brother, Mr Robert Young, are both prominent Scotchmen, the former being superintendent of the Alleghany Heating Com- pany, and the latter superintendent of thu Alleghany Gasworks. Mr Alexander Dempster, from a position of obscurity, attained to the post of city engineer, which olBoe ho held for twelve years, and it is stared that he was one of the best engineers which the city ever had. The Brothers Clark, of Alleghany, have executed some of the best building work in the district, and Mr .Tames Johnstone was the builder of the German National Bank, one of the finest e.\ample8 of Pittsburg architecture. Mr William Campbell and Mr Peter Dick who own one of the largest and best-equipped dry goods and house-furnishing stores in Pittsburg came originally from Sauchie and Paisley respec- tively. The Postmaster of Pitt>burg is Mr James S. M'Kean, who left New Abbey, Dumfriesshire, for America in 1850, but being a Republican, as almost every Scotchman in the district is, he is liable to be removed by the present Democratic Government. Scottish Societies in Pittsburg. Scotchmen, it is stated, are more Scotch when abroad than &t home, and this iit particularly true of those in Pittsburg who have uational bonds of several kinds. In Pittsburg there is a Waverly Society with a membership of about 150 representa- tive .Sootohmeu, and the object of whose existence is set forth as follows :—" For the purpose of Bultivting 'fraternal feelings among Scotchmen; of promoting a deeper interest in our native land ; of perpetuating what is worthy of imitation and emulation in the history ard achievements of her noblest sons and daughters, and of becoming still closer knit in friendship's ties each passing year, by cherishing th« pleasant memories of ' Auld Lang- syne;' we organise ourselves into a Society under the title of The Waverly." On the occasion of the anniversary of the birthday of Burns the Society holds a great haggis feast, which is usually attended by from 250 to 300 gentlemen, and on the week following the visit of the delegates there was to be a midsummer basket picnic. Mr Peter Dick, of SIcssrs Campbell k Dick, is at present the president of the Society, The Caledonian Club of Alleshany also serves to keep alive recollections of the dear old land by holding annual Highland games. It is ■aid to have a membership of aliout 100. The Tram Car Facilities. Mr E. Bennett, Newcastle, reports :— Few oitiei present more or better opportunities for the study of the problem of rapid transit than are offered in the cities of Pittsburg and Alleghany. The street railway system of these cities is essentially modern, animal traction having been almost entirely sup- planted by mechanical power. There are three excellent cable roads, which embody many of the best elements in that means of traction. There are also nine electric roado, all, I believe, of very recent construction. Although as recently as four years ago the car horse and mule jointly held the situa- tion, they have practically disappeared within that brief time. In the matter of construction, equip- ment, and operation, the different roads offer a considerable variety of, and opportunity for, in- structive study. There is much to interest prao- OABLB OAB. tical street railway men in the methods by which the various conditions of curves, grades, crowded streets, and the demand for high speed have to bo successfully met. There are twelve distinct com- panies in the two cities, and each company repre- sents a separate and independent interest. The natural result of this condition of affairs is an active competition, the effects of which are m»ni- fest in the excellent service rendered. The total cost of the combined companies in stock and bonds amounts to $26,035,000. That is equal to £5,207,000 in English money. The miles of rails of the com- bined companies arc almost ICO miles. These two cities combined have a population of nearly 350,000, and, although they are very closely connecteil, are governed each by its own city council or govern- ment. I had a magnificent view of these two cities from the top of one of the hills that surround them. This is reached by means of An Incline Railway, which rises to a height of 375 feet. The incline upon which I went up is one of seven varying in grades from 23 to 71i per cent. I had the ired within that itruotion, equip- it roads offer n rtunity for, in- interest prac- ^^^Sv ihods by which {rades, crowded leed have to bo 'e distinct corn- Bompany repre- interest. The f affairs is an rhich are m»ni- ad. The total itock and bonds alto £5,207,000 ails of the oom- les. These two nearly 350,000, I connecteil, are ncil or govern- these two cities surround tbeni. The incline leven varying In ad the jjleasure m, which goei by line. This was rO of wood, but resent structure eet long, ami is , with a total > feet, and the track is laid with 46-lb. steel T rails. The hoist- iuK plant consisti of two 12 + 20 inch connecting link motion enginen. One car ascends wliilo the other descends after the fashion of our coal pit cages, but each hns a separate lioistini; rope and drum. Those drums are 8 feet 10 inches in diameter, made of cast iron, with wociden lagging on the hoisting surface. This surface is plain, having no grooves. The hoisting rope is IJ inches in diameter ma. Britsin'H Germany from from 24 to 32. , chief oommiB- n stood Brst in iron, and Hteel, the progress in ericB in proper- e two countries in of iteel, but »keu the lead, and steel. In of pig-iron -was >n8, 46 per cent. ,. Last year'u 4,168,435 669,88il 4,83S,a24 »rica. I made sevrral and have met ety of men. I igo, also one in more respected ind one thing I higher effect many of them an in Scotland, in and keep np t a great benefit I strange towns. 5ui(les, who put e me safe than ! to do in this >n board of ship many years in I. He tried all p- jnt nearly all ter. The Lodge le for a change, Dhicago Temple ith storey there 5 up or down are far easier and noise is made in A Novel merica know to ning of shoes is itelkei'pers, and annoyniice that at this sort of therefore to be lartment on the 10 cents (5d) is two of the NcKf icblack, who in- 5 usual " .Shine, sued :— Delegate luck — Ten cents. Won't you do it ; I am a member ite." Delegate — a t.hiiio for ten II shine one for ik, anil the shoes ArHmn Expedition to America, ys VISIT TO JI'KBE'SPORT. THE NATIONAL TUUE WORKS. WORKING BIEN'S HOUSES. THROUGH A TOliAOCO FACTORY. A MODEL ESTAISLISHMENT. DELEGATICS AT PITTSBURO. WAGES OF RAILWAY MEN. THE PITTSBURG NEWSPAPERS. DOLLAR SAVINGS BANK. UOAL MINE REGULATIONS. VENTILATION OF PITS, to. (From the Dundee Weekly News of November IS.) Mr Mungo Smith, Dundee, reports :— Meeting two Dundee gentlemen who have resided for a num- ber of years in M'Keesport, and are both employed at the National Tube Woiks, they told me it was the largest establishment in the world of the kind. It comprises among its plants the National Tube Works, National Rolling Mills, National Forge and Iron Work!<, Republic Iron Works, Monongahcla Furnaces, Boston Iron and Steel Works, National Transportation Company, and Locomotive Injector Works. These various and severally extensive enterprises were owned practic.illy by the same persons, and it was deemed best, both from motives of economy to the stockholders and for the benefit of customers, who conld thus be more promptly supplied, to combine all of these great plants uncler one name and one management. All of the piniits of the Company give employment to about 10,000 men, and the pay roll of this gigantic enterprise runs closely up to £30,000 a month, the men re- ceiving their pay every two weeks. The mills at M'Keesport were b\iilt— No. 1 in 1879, No. 2 in 1882, No. 3 in 188G, and No. 4 in 1H87. Tlie National Forge and Iron AVorks at M'Keesport were built in 1881, and have an annual product of 12,000 net tons of blooms and billets. The annual pro- duct of finished goods turned out by the mills of the National Tube Works will amount to from 250,000 to 300,000 tons annually. The Comimny uses natural gas for fuel, piped through it own lines. The enginemen, firemen, and private police- men do twelve hours per day, and other workmen are employed 60 hours per week. Tliey begin at seven o clock in the morning, and knock off at six clock in the evenins. On Saturday work ceases at half-past five. There are a goo(l many hands employed on piecework. On asking tlie wife of one of my friends about the Cost of Living as compared with Dundee, sho said, "You cannot make the money go so far here. Everything is dearer. Shoes and wearing prints you may liavc pretty cheap, but a few showers will finish them, and it does come down heavy here." That it did come down heavy I had an opportunity of judging that same day on returning from M'Keesport to Pittsburg. The line skirts the edge of the rising ground, and in a very few minutes after the rain commenced, the water was rushing across the rails iii siieh torrents that one wouKt almost tliink the ^ain was to be swejit into the Monongabela River. The prices of provisions at M'Keesport rule pretty much as at Pittsburg. The equipment of the schools, which arc maintained by a tax on incomes, is much to be commended. The houses of the working class are built entirely of wood, and self contained. There are usually on the ground fl')or parlour and kitchen. The lionses have both front and hack doors, these being placed opposite each other to permit of a draught of cool air pa.sslng through the building. Tlie houses have each a covered verandah in front, raised a little above the ground. Here, in the summer months the occupants sit in tlieir rocking clmiis, tor life in- doors is unbearable. It is rather a novel sight to walk along the streets and see so many people sitting outside smoking and chattering, nearly every man smoking a cigar. The sleeping apartments are all upstairs, and the furniture struck me as being of light hut eli'gant construction. A Typical Working Man's House The above is a representation of a model house for a working man which I had the pleasure oi visiting. It is owned and occupied by Mr David Heggie, son of our respected townsman, Mr .John Heggie, draper, Stiatlimartino Road, an I brother of Mr Alexander Heggie, tailor and clothier, 41 Commercial Street, Dundee, and also well known as an athlete of considerable reputation. This house, which consists of five rooms and kitchen, is built of wood, and, to a person accustomed to the stone buildings of Scot- land, the structure looks cold for winter and hot for summer. Such is not the cast, however, for wood is neither a conductor of heat nor of cohl, and the way these American houses are ntilatecl in summer and warmed in winter makes them com- fortable at all searons, more so, it is contended, than if the walls were of stone and lime. The exteriors have a bright and attractive appearance, the body of Mr Haggle's house being almost white and tlie decorative portions painted green. The cost of a house of this description is »bout £G40. The "lot," that is to say, the site, which cost Mr Heggie £250, is 25 feet by CO feet wide. It is in an improved street, which means tliai the owner has to pay for half of aii improvements, such as sewerage, paving, grad- ing, and laying of sidewalks. Altogether it is a very stylish-looking house, ai. ' no one would sup- pose that it is owned ami occupied by a working I mcohaiiic. Tlio interior furnishings were charm- ing. Mr Ht'ggic gave me a very cordial welcome, and afterwards travelled to Pittsburg and showed the members of the deputation round. He told us that taking all things into nooount he was much better in the States, his only complaint being the want of leisure. Darkness sets in very early, and by the time a man gets home and liia supper he has not much opportunity of engaging in any outdoor amuRtmenta. Generally, too, people have long di»tnnocs to go to their work, and as for .Saturday my friend could hardly call it a hatf- huliday, seeing that he works on that day until lialf-pnat four in the afternoon. I may add that Mr Hcggie has been ten years in America. Visit To A Tobacco Factory. Mr Mungo Smith while in rittalnug visited the extensive tobacco factory of Messrs AVeymnn Brothers, and he says in his report :— Mr Ritchie, the manager, very kindly showed me all over the work. The women employed in packing the tobacco are very neat and good-looking, and wear a uniform dross. The place is kept acrupulously clean, and for the accommodation of ^he workers there is a well-appointed lavatory and cloakroom, also a large reai! first tlirce months after you join will cost you £263. It you wait seven years you get £200 for £101. If these payments had been deposited in a savings bank the n profit would be about £14. The toUl number of shares at December .31, 1893, was 13,041, witli a total capital in force of £100,200. The number of loans made during the year was 84, and the capital stock represented £16,000. The Directors have the general management of the Society and of the duties of the officers, and they appoint auditors to audit the books quarterly ami yearly so as to see every quarter that the Associa. tlon is in a good position. All questions are decided bv the ninjorlty of votes at the meeting. I am told that this Association Is very popular with tho working classes of Pittsburg, and that, through its assistance, some fine homes have been built by artizans in and around Pittsburg. Wages of Railway Servants. Mr Watson, Dundee, reports :— Pennsylvania Railroad passenger drivers, running 117 miles each way, with four hours' rest before returning, receive £1 10s. Firemen of same lift 15s. A good fire- man can lift a bonus from lOs to £1 12s a month for saving coal. Freight enginemen runriing IW miles are paid 18s ; firemen of same 10a 6d, resting a day at each end without expenses. One conductor and thiee brakesmen form the crew of a freight train. A full-load train is forty cars of stock and two engines. Each ear holds about 30 head of stock. Conductors are paid £16 a month, and brakesmen from £10 to £12. Pointsmen east of Pittsburg are paid £10 a month. Dayshift men get lis Gd a day, and night men 9s Gdper twelve hours. Day men west of PIttburg are paid IDs night or day. Goodsyard masters aie paid from £16 to £20 per month. Shunters In yards are paid the same as pointsmen. Operators, both male or female, are paid from £9 to £15 per month. Stationmasters at roadside stations and all prominent places and ticket-ooUectors are paid £12 a month, with coal and gas. Workmen's trains are run at cheap rates. All the railway companies issue tickets of 1000 miles. Cleaners work by piece work— Is 8d for an engine— the average earnings being £7 a month. The fireman cleans the top of tho boilers. Mine Regulations in the United States. The following statement by Mr Muir shows some of the difference between the mine regulations of this country and those enforced in America: — All plans to have levels marked on at points not ex- ceeding 300 feet apart. All plans to be open for Inspection of workmen. Outlet shafts to be separated by not less than 50 yards. Stairs may be used in outlets of under 75 feet in vertical depth, and must be 2 feet wide, 10 inches on tread, and 9 inches rise, and to at not more than 00 degrees, and venient landings. If more than deep to have suitable machinery for lowering and raising persons. If the outlet bo a slope it shall not have a greater angle than 20 degrees, and may be any depth. In every shaft used for lower- Imk and raising persons there shall be a metal tube suitably adapted to the free passage of sound, through which conversation can becarried on between persons at the top and bottom of the shaft, and there shall also he provided a safety catch for each cage or carriage to stop the de- scent of same in case of a rope breaking. All cage chains shall be tested to the satisfaction of the Mine Inspector by means of weights or otherwise, and no single chain shall be allowed for raising or lowering persons. There shall be ample ventilation provided to dilute, carry off, and render baf i.iles.^ the naxiniss or dsng.-irr.ijs gsscg generated in the mine, affording not less than 100 oublc feet per minute fur each and every person empIoye hung and kdjusted that they will close themselves or be sup- plied with springs or pulleys, so that they cannot be left standing open, and an attendant shall be employed at all principal doors through which oars ire hauled. The same person may attend two doors if the distance between them is not more tlian 100 feet. No accumulation of explosive gas shall bo allowed to exist iu the worked-out or abandoned parts of any mine if it is practicable to remove it. In all mines or parts of mines worked with locked safety lamps, the use of electric wires and electric currents is positively prohibited, unless said wires and machinery, and all other mechanical devices attached thereto and conn' ted therewith are constructed and protected in •■ a manner as to secure freedom fro. I the emi8si..ii of sparks or flame thcrefrim intr the atmosphere of the mines. The use of the .omnion Davey safety lamp for general work in ai / bituminous coal mine is prohibited, neither shal' the C'lanny lamp be so used unless it is shielded, but both lamiis can be used by mine officials for the purpose of examining for gas. All holes for shelter on the haulage roads shall be kept wliitfwashed. The Amount of Ventilation shall be measuieu at least once a week. No wood shall be allowed in the construction of stables, and the air current used for ventilating the stable shall not be intermixed with the air current used for ventilating the working parts of the mine, but shall be conveyed directly to the return air current, and no open liglit shall be permitted to bo used in any stable in any mine. No hay or straw shall be taken into any mine unless pressed and made ap into compact bales, and stored in a storehouse e.^- oavated in the solid strata oi buiU iu masonry for that purpose. The oiling or greasing of cars inside of the mines is strictly forbidden, unless the place whore it Is used is denned at least once every d.iy, and only pure animal oc pure coltonsced oil aliall be used for lightmg put puses, and any person found using explosive or impure oil shall bo prosecuted. '1 he mineowner or operator can Procure a Right of Way on the surface from the opening of a coal mine to a public road, U|>on the re(|uest in writing of fifty miners employed in the mine of such owner oi operator, jirovided that these miners deposit satis- factory security to fully pay all damages and ex- pennes for such right of way. Kaoh inspcolor of mines slinll receive for his services an armual salary of t'(l()<) and actual travelling expenses. It shall bo his duty to examine each mine as often as possible, but not longer than three months between his examinations ; and it is his duty to make out a written report of the condition in which he finds such mine, and post the same in the office of the mine or other conspicuous place, and it shall remain there one year, and may bo examined by any per- son employed in or about the mine. Uusides a stretcher, a woollen and waterproof blanket shall he kept at all mines, and where there are more than two hundred persons employed, two of each of tlieso articles shall bu kept. The mino foreman shall direct that all miners undermino the coal properly before blasting, and shall order the miners to set sprags uinler the coal when necessary at distances not exceeding seven feet apart, and he shall providu a hook, so that the miners can write idainly the quantity of props and their length, and the number of caps and other timber which tliey require. The hottomer or pit- lieadman shall not allnw any tools to bo takon or put on a cage in which men are to be lowered or hoisteil. No person in a state of intoxication shall be allowed to go into or loiter about a mine. All fans to be provideil with instruments to record the number of revolutions or effective ventilating pies- sure. Where the clothing or wearing apparel of employes becomes wet by reason of worKJng in wet places in the mines it shall be the duty of the owner or superintendent of eich mine, at the request in writing of the mines inspector, who shall make such request upon the petition of five miners of any ore mine where the wet places are, to provide a suitoble building at the mine for the use of persons employed in wet places therein for the purpose of washing themselves and changing their clothes when entering the mine and returning theiefiom. From Pittsburg to Washington. The run of 342 miles from Pittsburg to Washing- ton by the r.altimoro and Ohio Railroad, by which the delogatos travelled, was accomplished without any untoward mishap or incident, the train arriving at the latter city well up to time. On the way the delegates witnessed mai.y scenes of great natural beauty and others invested with much historical interest. It is here that the railway is carried through the Alleghany Mountains, where for miles a continuous grand panorama is viewed of mount^'kiu, valley, a-d river, resembling in nume- rous places the scenery of the Scottish Highlands, and in this way recollections of their far distant homes crowded upon the minds of the travellers. Much of the region traNorsed was also during the great civil war the debatable land over which the Northern and Southern armies contested fiercely for supremacy, and the historic town of Harper a Ferry is full of historic interest. It was at this place that John Brown, of Ossawatomic, with less than a score of followers took up arras against the combined forces of [jtinlie opinion, the institution of slavery, and the State of Virginia. He was called a madn. ' and a Artixan Erpedilion to Amtrim. w 100 every il.-.jr, Ecd uil uliall ))0 f person fouiul bo iiruBeoutuil, ''ay ooal mine to a riling of fifty ucli owner m (lopoiit xatia- mngea ami ex- :li inHpcotor of I annual Halory 'naeH. It almll e RH often ai lontliB betwoi'ii to make out a wliioli lie fliuU le office o{ tlia it shall rcinairi il by any per- e, UctiiileH a ; blanket hIiaII licro are more oyeil, two of kept. Tlie t all minem blasting, anil under the coal Koocding Bcvon uk, so that the y of props and aps and other ottomer or pit- to be taken or I be lowered or loxication shall n mine. All s to record tlie intilating pies- ring apparel of working in wet ty of the owner the requent in 10 xhall make miners of any , to provide a use of pcrsonH the purpose of ir clothes when efrom. ington. rg to Washing, road, by which ilislied without e train arriving On the way the f great natural nuoh historical Iway is carried where for miles is viewed of •ling in nume- tish Highlands, leir far distant f the travflUerii. also during the over whioli the ntcsted fiercely wn of Harpers It was at this Osaawatomic, of followers forces of puUlle and the State oadn. ' and a I DUI.KUATES AT WASHINUION. SIOHTS OF THK CITY. VISIT TO THK CAPITOL. THE STATUARY HAIJi. THK SKNATE CHAMIIKR. HOUSE OF RKPRKSENTAT1VE3. THE WHITK HOUSE. WASHINOTOX MONUMENT. HAIIPKIl'w IfKllllY. murdoror, and he died upon tlio gallowa. Three yearH later his name was the song and watchword of an army, nnd " nil Biml ({001 miiruliing on 1' Brown chose this niacu as the hasu of Ids operaticnn, ho saiil, boeauso he regarded thoKo monntaiiis ft< having been de^.iKiied bv the Almiglity, from all eternity, as a rcliige for fugitive slaves. On tin- evening of October Hi, IHull, ho captured the town and the United states Arxenal, and the <.dlowing day was driven into a building, afterwards known as .Fohn Brown's Fort. He refused to surrender till his two sons had been killed, and ho was sup- pose>l to b« dying. Brown nnd his fiillowerB were THE SOr.DIKRS' HOME. tiOVERNMENT AND JUDICIAL 8Y.STI5M OF THE UNITED .STATKS. JOHN DKOWN'm FonT. hanged at Cliarlestown only seven miles distant, ■Jiid the spot where the Fort itood is pointed out, the bnilding itself, bearing thousands of bullet- marks, having been placed on exhibition at Chicago. During the war the place was alternately in the hands of both parties. In September, 18G2, a Union force of about twelve thousand, under Colonel Miles, was stationed here. On the 13tli, four days before the battle of Aiitietam, a strong Confederate force, under Stonewall Jackson, ap- peared before Maryland Heights, on the Maryland shore, and early in the morning of the 13th drove the Union troops stationed there behind their breastworks. These were soon after taken, when the Federals withdrew across the river. On the same day the Confederates established batteries on Loudon Heights, on the Virginia shore, and on the 14tli opened firo from these and Maryland Height*, renewing it at daybreak of the 15th from seven commanding points. The Federal guns returneolitan Hotel in Pennsylvania Avenue, the delegates, on ♦he morning of the 19th of July, set out to view the lights of the city. Naturally they firjt proceeded THK CAPITOL. to the Capitol, which, with the Chamber of tho Senate, tne House of Representatives, the Supreme v.>.,7,iO.-m .*, tnr L'Miteit rainLea, anu relative buildings, ooi'\ipiea fully 50 acres of magnificently laid out ground, embellished with statues of Washington and other national heroes. The i i i ''! ^i 1e iftiM* in»Ki^'8«* ' iiublio ediflocm .4)11 tllS e»rtll. It oiilisinln of » (|i*in builil- lligaftUftet lung »n'U2l fuet in (if|.Ui, *'th two wiiig»— oiiB for tho .4t^ii»t« aiid tli» o'ht'r ■ ,r tlie Houieof K'MireKeiiliitivoH— oBcli238byl40fevt. Ti.e central ur ol(li r liniUliiig ia of n liglit yellow frecntom', palntuil white, lui the wiiiK'< ami ocilniinncli' are of jmrp white marhlo. Tim "Ulu of architecture In lirhly oriiainontoil oliisnic It wllM>« remeinhi-red tliat HiB oriKinnl pile wan liniiioil li^ the Britiah in W14, iiimI tho Amerioniin liiive their v nigo (ortliin 111 ilinplayiiig to viHilont "cviTal histoutfal piotuicst .) ilillereiit parts of the Imlldings illimtratins victoriciof the HtnrH ami StrinoM over the llninii Jaclc. The prinent hiiililing "latfii from 1«17'27. Tho central iiorti'nv of tlio I'apitol coii»iHtn of tho f;r»nd Kotuiula, iKi foot in diameter and ISO feet in ieight, over wliioli rines tho inamivc iron dome, S074 feet high from the floor, or ;t77 iihovo low tide, and which \n vlHihIe mnnv miUa away on the Virginian Hilla. 'I'lie picture in tho ceiling of tho jome ropri'nontinK tho ApotheosiH of Wanhington ia a remarkably flue work of art. Hurinounting tho dome ia a Htntue uf Arnirica, l!li feit in height, and coating ljl-n,(MJO (tlWM)). Tlie Capitol and its lurniKhing haH coHt upwariU of ild.OIMJ.CMIO. The delegatia viaited in turn tho Hi nato C'liambor, the Houae of KoiireacntfttiviH, tho Library, the Supreme Court of Juaiice, an I the Statuary Hall, wlio»e marvelloUM eohooa they teatcd with great deliijht. When visiting the Houneof Representatives they ohaerved that workmen were buxy making re- pairs, and they were informed by the guide that thin part of the building required more fie (£1,200,000). The building is of .^ . if- ^_ 1 \^^- \^*\\\si,\\ itetinissancs stvls, ^ud will £h.' c*.; :>iiuW(^ of pamphlet;, and is increasing at the THK WASHINGTON UONUMBNT. which cost £240,000, is the highest piece of masonry in the worM, this huije obelisk of white marble rising to the lofty height of 555 feet. The delegates ascended to the highest platform (BOO feet from the ground) by means of an elevator, which occupied eight minutes in the ascent, and from the observa- tion openings obtained a splendid view of the whole district, the terra-cotta brick houses in the city appearing embowered in the green foliage of the numerous beautiful avenues stretching out in every direction, while outside there was also a profusion of green wood and field, with the broad waters of the Potomac on the scnith glistening in the bright rays of the noonday eu;i. Away to the north could also he seen, in tlio centre of a magnificent park of 500 aores, the home ('or disabled soldiers of the regular army. When at tho White House the delegates were informed that the Presiilent was absent at Or' > i.'.M. , Maoiachusetts, his private country resideiite, 'lUl th<". he would retui i to the capital to m" •! tl;; '• '^i Session of >ni,r.s3, which had '»■■• tiiin'-). Cur the 7th Oi .t.ugust, in order to il ;i,;. ? r ..una l„: alleviating the present unfortunate financial condition of tho country. When in Wasliington the delegates put themselves in possession of much useful information relative to the various branches of the Government of the United States. There is one thing which is sure to arrest the attention of a foreigner in Washington —at least when Congress is not in session — and that is the almost entire absence of any representa- tive of the military force of tbe country. The United States Legislative System. The supreme legislative body of the United States is known as Congress, and consists of two -^rtitan Exptdiiwii to AnwricA. 101 homw— tho Hoiiate mU the llouiiu o( Uoiir«iienU- I eoiiiieoduii it may bo rumitikml that If • ouiilltiuii tlvM— wli ililnnomeresiteotiicorresiioiichothun'.iiHP I -iinilar to thu ls«t were in fcirou in Uroat IliitMii ofr/nrdaii I thu Hou»u of Commons i ' ^reat Uiitaiu. i ilicre wonlil be fowor "oarpitbaggorn" niincaeiit- In thn HUtei, b.iwevir, tliry know mi U, Ust than iug Hcotli»li constitucnoic^ in (lio Inipciml t'arlia- to havo one liouiu almom .iitirtly oom|M«pii of | m(Mit. 'I li.' uluotion of tcpif«iut«tin'« tak^.^ niaos lioroditary legiajatori. The pt i>|il tlioro behove n. ' an ariitooraoy of minples Party, esent ratio r of the ■ccupies a )t of the 8 vested rnment. also oom- all the military forces of the nation, which, shou. 1 neces- sity arise, could be made to outnumber tlio-ie of any other nation in the world. If any one shou ! doubt this he has only to realise that the army alone could be raised to about nine millions. 'J le Pre- sident holds office for t'liur years, and aloii.: with the Vice-President, who is chosen for th. same term, is voted upon by Electoral Colleges, coi posed ..I i....t;&.j.« ..I .-a^Mi .7P.H*- r.|t,.!t \-iy tilt; ATiiu':.- "-am- ber of Senators and representatives to whicr the State is at the time of such election entitl»l in Congress. No Senator or representative on pension 102 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly i^avs i'r holding an office of truet or profit under the United States bIi.iII, however, be appointed an elector. The votes in the Fresiijontial eUction throughout the whole of the United States are cast on the same dny. If no candid<«te has a majority of the whole number of electors iippointed, then the House of Repicnentatives, voting by States, and not as indi- viduals, tdect— again by ballot— the President from among not more than the three highest in the poll. The VicePrcaident is elected in much the same way. Every candidate for the Presidency must be a natural born citizen or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, and he must be at leant thirty-five years of age and have been fourteen years a resident within the United States. The salary of the Presi- dent is §00,000 per annum (£10,000), and, in addi- tion to his ofiicial residence in Washington, known THK WHITK HOUSE. as the White House, he has also a country house » few miles distant. He ia far from adopting a " high and mighty " attitude towards those who arc practically his subjects, as at stated times f..r some hours every week he receives, as Mr Andrew Carnegie states, "such respectably-dressed and well-ordered people as choose to call upon him." Regarding his relations to Congress, it may be explained that he has absolute power in the appointment and removal of the members of his Cabinet who do not take any part in the proceed- ings of the Legislature. He can veto any Act of Congress, but his power in thi.s respect is invalid should the measure vetoed be again passed by two- third majorities of both Chambers. The salary of the Vice-President is $10,000 per annum (£2000). The State Legislators— Home Rule in General Operation. Congress has power to levy taxes, duties, &o., to pay the debts, and provide for the common de- fence and general welfare of the United States, but the taxes must be uniform throughout the States, and also to borrow money on the credit of the States. It is al.so the.iole authority in the matter of coinage, cummerce, Post Ofiice, naturalisation, bankruptcy, the army and navy, war and peace, and the punishment of particular offences, but cept in the subjects .specially delegated each State has sovereign power to pass laws for its own government, and in this way Home Rule prevails throughout the Union. Each Legislature must, however, like Congress, legislate within the lines of its own constitution framed by the peonje of the State, otherwise a Court of law may declare the statute to be invalid. Amendments on the consti- tution can be made only by the people themi>elves. Altogether there are forty-four States in the Union, the largest being Texas, which with an area of 206,780 square miles is larger than France or the GRrman Empire, and the smallest. Rhode Island, with an area of 1250 square miles. Tlie State populations vary from fully 6,000,000 in New York to about 40,000 in Nevada. The form of government in its main outlines, and to a large extent even in its actual working, ia the same in all the 44 Republics, the differences relating only to points of secondary importance. As regards the electoral franchise, each State has its own laws, but under the present uniform naturalisation laws passed by Congress a foreigner must have re.-'ided in the United States for five years, and for ono year in the State or territory where he seeks ad- mission to United States citizenship, and must declare two years before he is admitted that he re- nounces alleginnce to any foreign prince or State. Professor Uryce, in his " American Common- wealth," says:— "The peoples of the States have loom to di.strust their respective legislatures. Hence they desire not only to do a thing forthwith and in their own way rather than leave it to the chance of legislative action, but to na.-row as far as they conveniently can (and sometimes farther) the sphere of the legislature. . . . Tliis sentiment is characteristic of democracies everywhere." In each State there is an executive, consisting of a Governor and various minor officials, all elected by the people for short terms. These officials are "compensated " for their duties, the salaries of the Governors varying from 1000 dollars (£200) to 10,000 dollars (112000). Their powers, generally speaking, correspond to those of the members of : .e Federal Cabinet. The legislative body consists of two Houses, and every State has its own '-ystem of local government, taxation, and civil and criminal procedure. No appeal from a State to a Federal Court is competent except in cases touching Federal legislation or the Federal con.stitution. Mr Simon Sterne, a member of the New York bar, declares that "the great evil in connection with State institutions is that which arises from the difficulty in dealing with municipalities so as to leave them on the one hand the power to govern themselves, and yet on the other to restrict a tendency which in all American cities has developed itself to an alarming degree — its unlimited debt-creating power and methods of unwise taxation." All the mem- bers of both the State Legislative bodies are paid, either at the rate of from %'6 (12a) to $8 (£1 123) a day, or from $300 (£(iO) to $1,500 (£300) per annum. Some of the States also pay in addition the travel- ling expenses of the Legislators. The Judicial System. Excepting the clieck contained in the constitu- tion of the United States, the Supreme Federal Court sitting in Washington occjpies a position even higher than the President, tlie House of Re- presentatives, or the Seniite. Tlie judges may veto legislation by declaring it to be unconstitutional, but in the article referred to they may be impeached and removed bv two-thirds of the Senate acting upon a representation by the House of Representa- tives, if they are proved guilty of a gross violation of the judicial discretion lodged in them. Tlie Federal Courts are divided into three classes— the .Supreme Court, which sits at Washington ; the Circuit Courts ; and the District Courts. Tlie Supreme Court consists of nine judges, the chief of whom is paid .f Kepresenta- ;ros8 violation I them. The e classes — the ihington ; the Courts. The Iges, the chief md the eight lining seventy II pay for life, firmed by the J office during has been four kinst District judge of the ' former were lipcllats jiiii-- arislng under 1 with U..S. or subjects of t has original Artisan ExpedHion to Amenai. 103 jurisdiction in all cases affecting ambassadors and other public ministers, consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party. The sitting of the Court extends from October till July, and the presence of six judges is required to pronounce a decision. In this way cases are certain of receiving a thorough consideration, but business TIIK SUrilKMK COURTKOOM. is greatly retarded in consequence. Of this the unfortunate shareholders of tlie Oregonian Railway Company, who were Icept on the tenter-hooki for four long years only at last to receive an adverse judgment, are only too painfully aware. At present there are nine Circuit Courts which meet annually, and to each of these one of tho judges of the Supreme Court is allotted. Tho Circuit judge who has a salary of §0000 (£1200), mav, however, try cases alone or conjointly with tli'e Supreme Court judge, or a district judge, the former having a simdai- power. Tlie Uistriot Courts form the lowest class of federal trihnuals, and are fifty-five in number. Tlieir judyei are appointed in the same way as the others already mentioned, and their salaries vary from $3500 (£700) to $5000 (£1000). The State Courts are also of three chisses, differing greatly in name, relation, and arrangements from State to State. The jurisdic- tion of the State Courts, both civil and criminal, is abwlutely unlimited, there being no appeal from them to the Federal Courts, except in tho oases specified in the Federal constitution above- mentioned. Each State recognises the judg- ments of the Courts of a sister State, gives credit to its piiblip acts and records, and delivers up to its justice any fugitive from its jurisdiction charged with a crime. In 25 States, (iiioludmg nonrly all the Western and Southern) the judges are elected by the people ; in 5 they are elected by the Legislature; and in 8 by the Governor, snlijcct, however, to confirmation by the Council or the Legislature. The first 25 are rcco - nised as the most democratic. In only four States are the judges appointed for life, the appointments Ml the other States ranging from two to twenty-one years, but a judge is always eligible for re-election. Judges of the higher State Courts are paid from 810,000 (£2000) to $2000 (£.100), the >.alarics of the judges of the inferior Courts being proportionately lower. Generally speaking, the Western States put the least value upon their State Court judges, and m the Lirgcr Stafcr in pftrtieuiar thn salaries fail to attract the best legal talent. The jury system pre- vails in America as in England, the whole twelve having to return a unanimous verdict or a new trial 18 resorted to. The Government of Washington, The citizens of Washington, as well as all the residenters in tho district of Columbia, occupy a very peculiar political position in the United States. That is to say, they have no vote at all, and take no part in any election unless they have residences also in one or other of the States of the Union. Congress itself legislates for the district, and the whole administrative work is directed by three Commissioners — representing both political parties —who are appointed by the President with the approval ot the Senate. Owing to the Federal Government contributing exactly one half of the total sum required for public purposes in the city the taxes are comparatively light, one gentleman stating that on a property of the capital value of •?15,000 he paid only S72. SIGHTS OF WASHINGTON. THE GOVEHNIMENT DEPARTMENTS. THE PATENT OFFICE. THE DISPLAY OF MODELS. HOW PATENTS ARE GRANTED. BUREAU OF PRINTING. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE. (From the Dundee Weekly News of December 3. ) The Patent Office. Mr Ebcnezer IJeiinett, Newcastle-on-Tyne, re- ports :— This is a beautiful and impressive building of Doric architecture, four hundred and ten by two hundred and seventy-five feet, and three storeys and a basement high. It contains over one hundred and ninety rooms, and cost £540,000. The centre is built of freestone and painted white, and the wings are of white marble. It was originally intended for the use of the Patent Office alone, but the business of late years that has been added to the Interior Department has increased so rapidly that now besides the patent offices the General Lanil office is also located there. It is only that portion occupied by the Patent Office, however, which is of interest to us. These ottices are on the second floor and the galleries. They con- tain over 210,000 models, which are arranged in glass cases, so as to be easily viewed in continuous halls beautifully constructed. Tliese halls are C4 feet wide, two of them being 271 feet long, and the other two 145 feet long. There are many ex- ceedingly interesting models of inventions in the early stages of steam, telegraphic, phonographic, agricultural, naval, and other sciences. Such names as Fulton, Hoe, Edison, Bell, and many others of equal note frequently occur on the cards with which all the models are accompanied. An improvement in inland ship navigatiuu by Abraliam Lincoln is among the many curiosities. Weeks could be very profitably spent in these galleries. On these floors are the offices of the special examineis and their assistants. There aie 32 principal examiners and t| ! I ii 101 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News 162 aasiatants oi the thirty-two cUvisions iDto whioh all patents are classified. This Office has a special library of great scicntifio worth of over 50,000 volumes, and the general library of the department contains about 11,000 volumes in addition. At one time, only very recently, all applictnts for patents had to furnish the Office with a model of their in- vention or discovery. This is not the cnae now unless the commissioners request one to be furnished, whioh they hold the right to do. Patents Now Issued, All patents shall be isued in the name of the United States of America under the seal of the Patent Office, and shall be f igned by the Secretary of the Interior, and countiisigned by the Com- missioner of Patents, and tliey shall be recorded together with the specification in the Patent Office in books to be kept for that purpose. Every patent shall contain a short title or description of the invention or discovery, correctly indicating its nature and design, and a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for a term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use, and vend the inven- tion or discovery tliroughout the United States and the territories tliereof referring to the specification, and drawings shall be annexed to the patent, and be a part thereof. Every patent shall bear date as of a day not later than six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof sent to the applicant or his agent ; and if the final fee is not paid within that period the patent sh'all be withheld. Any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, not icnown or used by others in this country, and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country before his invention or diaoovery thereof, and not in public use PATENT OFKIOE. or on sale for more than two years prior to his application, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned, may, upon payment of the fees re- quired by the law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent therefor. No person shall be de- barred from receiving a patent for his invention or discovery, nor shall any patent be declared invalid by reason of its having been first patented or caused to be patented in a foreign country unless the same has been introduceil into public use in the United States for more than two years prior to the applica- tion ; but every patent granted for an invention whioh has been previously patented in a foreign country shall be so limited as to expire at the same time with the foreign patent, or if there be more than one, at the same time with the one having the ahortest term, and in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen years. Wlini the nature of the application admits of drawings the applicant •hall furnish one copy signed ../ the inventor or bis •ttorney anct Attested by Two Witnesses. and shall be filed in the Patent Office, and shall be attached to the patent as a part of the specifica- tions. In all cases whioh admit of representation by model the applicant, if required by the Com- missioners, shall furnish a m^del of convenient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or discovery. Then they have a law for citizens oidy. Any citizen of the United States who makes any new invention or discovery and desires further time to mature tlic same may, on payment of the fcen required by the law— viz., £2, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying protection of his rights until lie shall have matured his invention. Suohcaveat shall be filed in the cunfidentialarchives of the office, and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof, and if application is made within the year by any other person for a patent with which such caveat would in any manner interfere the Commis- sioners shall deposit the desoriotion, specification, drawings, and moMel of such application in like manner in the confidential archives of the office, and give notice thereof by mail to the person by whom the caveat was filed. If such person desires to avail himself of his caveat he shall file h'« de- scription, specification, drawings, and mode' i-; re- quired) witliin three months from the iiipe of placing the notice in the Post Office in Washington, with the usual time required for tranjmi<;tiiig it to the caveators added thereto, which time shall be endorsed on the notice. An alien shall have the privilege herein granted if he iias resided in the United States one year preotding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen. Fees in Obtaining Patents, &c. On filing each original application for a patent, except in design oases, §15 (£3); on issuing each original patent, except in design cases, t20 (£4); in design cases, for three years and six months, «10 (£2) ; for seven years, 815 (£3) ; and for four- teen years, $30 (£6) ; on filing each caveat, $10 (£2) ; on every application for the re-issue of a patent, $30 (£6) ; on filing each disclaimer, 310 (£2); on every application for the extension of a patent, $.")0 (£10) ; on an appeal for the first time from the primary examiners to the examiners-in- chief, $10 (£2); on every appeal from the examiners-in-cliief to the Commissioners, $20 (£4) ; for certified copies of patents and other papers, including certified printed copies, 10 cents per 100 words. That is equal to 6d per 100 words. The total number of employes in the Patent Offices is— Principal examiners, 32 ; assistant examiners, 162 ; clerks, 4c., 400—504. The average number of patents granted per month is 600. The total number of applications filed at the Patent OflSoe in flftysix years— 1837-18a2-was 832,144 ; number ot caveats filed, 95,809 ; number of patents issued, 620,751. The receipts amounted to £5,584,221, and the expenditure to £4,522,749, showing a aurplusot £1,001.472. The Bureau of Printing and Engraving. The large four-storey, terra ootta brick building near the Waskingtuu Afonument, in wliinh all the bonds, notes, and revenue stamps of tiie United States are printed, is designated the Bureau of Printing and Engraving. In this department of the public service there are in all 1400 operatori Artisan Expedition to America. 105 lesses, le, ami shall be )f the gpeoiflca- representation ] by the Com- of cunveniuiit everal parts of hey have a law ! United States discovery and same may, on law— viz., £2, tting forth the distinguishing sotion of his his invention, leiitialarohives 7, and shall be rem the filing ithin the year th which such e the Cominis- specification, cation in like of the office, ;he person by person desires ,11 file Iv. de- Imodc'.r re- I the tiijie of 1 Washington, :.imi<^Ur.g it tu time «hall be hall have the esided in the the filing of 1 intention to t», &C. for a patent, 1 isBuiug ench Bcs, $20 (£4) ; 1 six months, and for four- h caveat, $10 re-issue of a sclaimer, $10 ;xtcnsioii of a the first time examiners-in- al from the ners, $20 (£4) ; other papers, cents per 100 I words. The nt Offices is — aminers, 162 ; ge number of I. The total itent Office in 14 ; number of itents issued, 5,584, 221, and ig aiurplusof Bngraving. 3rick building which ^11 the if the United ie Bureau of lepartment of 400 operators BUREAU OF FHINTINO. mainly occupied in the engraving, printing, examin- ing, numbering, and counting rooms. The printing room, crowded with hand jircises, contains about 400 employes, men and women, and in order to prevent the •". i"^ r ■" setting overheated in summer upwards of 100 fans are kept in steady operation by maohi- "")'.• On an average notes representing one million of dollars are printed every day, but it takes thirty days to engrave a single plate, and then a note with its four printings cannot, includ- ing the time for drying, &c., be passed over to the Ireasury until the expiry of another thirty days. The paper used is made at Dalton, Massaohusscts, and IS very carefully watclied. It is counted out to each printer every morning, and all the machines register the number of impressions made, this register being in a locked box, which is examined nnd checked by aclerkevery night. Abondof the value of $50,000 (£10,000), and a note of $10,000 (£2000) were among the curiosities seen by the delegates. The printers are paid according to the amount of work which they turn out, and it was stated that they made as much as $6 to $8 (£1 48 to £1 12s) a ft*''' « •^ '*''*® number of women are employed in «i ..rT/'L''?"" , ^''^'^ *'•"■* »' printers' helpers at S1V5 (5s) a day, and are promoted as vacancies occur to be examiners at $1-60 (Os); numberers. THBASURY BUILDING. $175 (78) ; and counters, $2 (Ss) a day. The notes when completed are conveyed to the Treasury liuilding. In whose vaults are stored gold and silver against the paper issue. The United States Government Printine Office. The Government of the United States is the largest printer and publisher in the world, using dady about 30 tons of paper in printing the various national forms, documents, reports, &c. The printing office, which is of white brick, and of four storeys, is situated to the north of the Capitol, and 13 occupied by about 3000 employes. Excepting certain compositors who are paid 50 cents (2s Id) per 1000 ems, all the employes— compositors, pressmen, and those in the bookbinding de- .r.m,.:.!-. ..c.,!»- •,... >,t;iii3 ^13 oil; per Donr for an eight hours day (Saturdays included), with 20 per cent, additional for any work performed between the hours of 5 p.m. and 8 p.m. No type- setting machines are used in the establishment, but the printing machinery is of the best quality, and about a year ago three new web perfecting ^"^ »"d folding machines, capable of producing 22,000 copies of 16-page signatures per hour were introduced. There is no pension system in connec- tion with the department. The holiilavs are as fo lows :-lst January, 22.1 February, 36th May, 4th July, Thanksgiving Day, and, every fourth year. Inauguration Day. These latter remarks also apply to the Bureau of Kngravingand Printing. For tho fiscal year ending June 20, 1892, the total fn;"n„°/-.\'"' l'""t'n8 department was 83,467,871 L<-^'^onL, '^y "''"''y "f "'e Tublic Printer is 54U0U (tUOO). Like many more of the other officials of the United States, ho is appointed by the 1 resident, with the confirmation, of course, of the Senate, and with each change in the Presidency a good many of tho subordinate officials receive the Irishman 8 promotion. The Smithsonian Institute. BIr Logan, Glasgow, reports :— This institution ii a fine specimen of Norman architecture, with towers, battlements, and loopholes. A fund of SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTB. over £100,000 wss bequeathed in 1828 by Mr James Smithson, an English scientist, to the United States to found an institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. Tho buildinir, which is of dark red sandstone, was erected in 1847. and rebuilt in 1866, tho Smithsonian Fund in the United States Treasury being over £140,000. The interest is devoted to original scientific research. The institution is in charge of a Board of Managers, of which the Chief Justice of the United States is chancellor, and the President of the United States is an ex officio member. A secretary is appointed by them, one who has an acknow- ledged standing in the scientific world, and under him the work of the institution is carried on. An entire wing of the building is occupied by the executive offices and the library, which contains about 250,000 volumes and pamphlets. The main hall contains the best representative collection of shells in America. There is also a fine collection of birds, over eight thousand in number. In another part of the building there is a large collec- tion of relics from the mounds and buried cities of the American Indians. The National Museum was erected in 1879 by the Government as an annexe to the Smithsonian Institution. It is built of brick in the form of a crow, and one storey high, with pavilions at the four corners three storeys high. The dome in the centre rises to a height of 108 feet. The museum uuntains tho usual colieotion of in- dustrial products, historical relics, and ethnological objects. Among the most interestinn relics seen by the i.iembers of the Expedition were those of Washington, Lincoln, and Grant. ['• ii 106 Dundee Courier and Dundee JFcekly News \ till ill m THE NAVY YARD. STRENGTH OF THE FLEET. THE UNITED STATES ARMY. LIFE OF PRIVATE SOLDIERS. THE PENSION OFFICE. THE LABOUR liUREAU. STATISTICS FOR THE WORKERS. WHERE LINCOLN DIED. THE CENTRE PUBLIC MARKET. WASHINGTON MONUMENTS. THE STEEL CARS. (From the Dundee Weekly News of December 9.) Mr IJruwn, Govnn, reports :— I viaited tlie navy yard at the foot of Eighth Street, S. E. It waa laid out under order of the Department in 1799. It covera 42 acres of ground, and is a most interesting place to visit, from the fact that here may be seen in pio- greHB most of the work of gun-making, &c. The yard also embraces ordnance foundries, shot and shell factories, and also copper mills. AVorkmen of all trades are eng.iged here. They arc employed just as occasion demands. They work eight hours per day, beginning work at 8 a.m., with only half- an-hour at midday for meals. I was also at the Navy Department, and saw Lieutenant Lauchlmncr, U.S.M.C. at the Judge Advocate General's Office. I afterwards saw the Secretary of the Department. He stated that their navy had fallen considerably, and that when young men were trained for the navy openings were always found for them in the interio- of the country at more wages than they conid give them, so that they could with difficulty retain their men after they were trained. He also remarked that their merchant navy had not recovered yet since the Civil War, and that the " aoht.oner" trade was more profitable than the square-rigged trade. The naval forces of the United States gradually fell away after the termination of the Civil War, and ilthough successive Secretaries of the Navy repre- sented strongly the Weakness of the Fleet nothing was done towards its actual reconstruction until August, 1883. At that date three new pro- tected cruisers and a despatch boat were autho- rised to be huilt by contract at a total cost of nearly half a million sterling. A great deal has, however, been done during the last few years toward build- ing new vessels. Since 1885 £(J,154,622 have been allowed for naval purposes outside of the £l,40i),000 in the naval appropriation of March, 1889, and since that time twenty-two steel vessels have been ordered. These include various classes, having a total tonnage of 05,009 tons, armed with two 12-inch, twenty-six 10-incli, twelve 8-inoh, and eighty-one 6-inoh guns. The above batteries do not include the dynamite guns, the torpedoes, the Hotohkiss rapid-firing guns, and the Gatling re- volving guii?. Oiie of tlie TTiost rPmarkable r>^ thj' new vessels is the dynamite cruiser Vesuvius, which is fitted out to carry three of the new Zaiinski dynamite guns. This is an exceptionally fast vissel. runninc from twenty to twenty-one knots an hour. For the tui thcr increase of the navy Congress lias authorised the construction of three armoured battleships of 8500 tons clisplacement ; one steel cruiser of 7500 tons, with protected deck and maxi- mum speed of 21 knots ; one cruising monitor of 3130 tons displacement, to be armed with one 15-inch dynamite gun, two 10-inoli, and one 6-incli U.L. R., and to have a speed of 17 knots ; one ram of 2000 tons ; one torpedo cruiser with a speed of not less than 23 knots ; one torpedo boat ; and one dynamite cruiser. The navy is commanded by one admiral, one vice-admiral, and six rear-admirals, who have under them 905 officers. There are 7500 enlisted men and 750 boys, besides a marine corps of 2177 officers and men. We were informed that the Government experienced great difficulty in getting native-born Americans to join the navy, and that a large number of the men composing it belonged to the maritime provinces of Canada to whom special inducements were held out. Seamen are paid from £40 to £58 per annum with rations. The expenditure on the Navy last year amounted to nearly £0,000,000, and has been steadily increas- ing for some years. At the navy Department in AVashington there is a library containing some twenty thousand volumes of especial value to those interested in naval science and warfare. The United States Army. Mr AVilliara Smith, Denny, reports: — Being under no danger from powerful or warlike neigh- bours, the United States are saved fi'om that ruin- ous competition in armaments which presses on the industry of European countries. The American army is little more than a police force, of which a few regiments serve as a reserve to the civil powers in the great towns, while the rest are dispersed in small posts along the frontiers or among tlii' American districts By an Act of Congress of 1870 the nui Ser of land forces constituting the standing army oi the United States was stiictly limited. It wassubsequently enacted tliat from the year 187S there shall be no more than 25,000 enlisted men and 2155 commissioned officers at any one time. The force consists of 10 regiments of cavalry, each IIOKSB AND I'OOT, KULL DIIKSS AND KATIQUB. he navy Congreso f throe armoured ment ; one steel I (leek and maxi- g monitor of 313U lith one 15-inch ie 0-inch IS.U K., )ne ram of 2000 peed of not less boat ; and one mmanded by one ix rear-admiralfi, There are 7500 a marine corps I were informed great difficulty .0 join the navy, en composing it les of Canada to :ersed in ! or among thi' Congress of 1870 iting the standing ictly limited. It m the year 187o X)0 enlisted men t any one time. of cavalry, each ^i^ AM) KATIOl'R. Artisan E iptdilwn to America. 107 jf 12 companies or troops; 25 regiments of infantry, of 10 companies each ; 5 regiments of »rtillery, and 1 engineer battalion. The cavalry, broken up in small detac'iments, partake more of the character of mounted police than that of European cavalry. They are armed with sword? and brcechlcading or repfatmg rifles, and trained to act on foot as well as on horseback, and the whole oavrlry drill is assimilated as closely as pos^ aible to that of the infantry. The latter are org nised after the old British fashion in single battalion regin.ents of 10 companies. The army i- raised entirely by Voluntary Enlistment. The standard of height for infantry Is 5 feet inchpo, and soldiers serve five years. They receive £3 12a per month, and all their rations anil clothing. I'rjmotlon is got by good behaviour and capabilities, and if thev are smart men thej can rise well up. They are allowed twenty days in the year for holidays, and if they take no holidays, say, for three years, they can get their sixty day< all at once to go on furlough, and when they come back they get their pay and the price of the rations they did not use. The men are allowed plenty of good meat; are allowed one suit of clothes in the year, and if one suit does them for two years they get the price in money of the other suit they are entitled to. If they use mote they have to pay for it. So careful soldiers can some- times save as much as £1G to £20 in five years. The profits that are derived from the canteen or liquor saloon, after paying its own expenses, are divided amongst the men in the barracks, each getting the same amount, and when a soldier is dis- abled and not fit for duty he receives £4 16s per month when dischaiged as A Pension for Life, although he is able for other work. When they get their discharge with five vears' service, they get twenty days' pay and ration money along "with tlicm, and th^v can go and enlist in any other regi- ment if they ciioose. The following Is the routine of the United States soldier's life :— At the first note of reveille the morning gun goes off, the national colours are raised, and the military day begins. At 5.43 reveille is sounded, the men fall in ranks, and the rolls are called. At 6 they aga'u fall m line and are marched to breakfast. Broak- fnst over they return to the barracks, make up their beds, and put things in order generallr, after which the barracks are inspected by the captains At 6.45 the sick call is sounded and the sick are taken before the surgeon, v. ho examines and pre- scribes for them. Then comes drill from 7 to 8 I^ew recruits have additional drill from 'J to 10. At J.30 comes guard mounting, when those that are to go on guard for the succeeding twenty-four hours are paraded, inspected, and marched to their duty. The breakfast has consisted of beef stew, coffee, and bread. At 12 o'clock the dinner call sounds, and the mi?n Sit Dov/n To Roast Beef and gravy, sour beef stew, soup, and bread. This 18 varied with pork and beans, rice, hominy, and hacon. r,!ore drilling comes from 1 to 2, supper- corn beef and lettuce, tea, and bread— at 5.15, and !lre.ss parade from thirty minuten before sunset, or -- .! i.ii. u. ,11 n».-,g,in. J ut- Hag then goes down, and the milltcry day is done Tin- men enjoy themselves until 9.30, when lights go out m the dormitories, but those who desire can temam in thu recreation and library rooms until 11 clock taps, when all lights are extinguished, and the men are Inspected In their beds to see if all are «afely stowed away tor the night Besides the regular army each State Is supposed to have a militia In which all men from 18 to 45, capable of hearing arms, ought to be enrolled, but in several Mates the organisation is Imperfect. The organised militia numbers 9059 officers and 118,172 men. The number of citizens who in case of war might be enrolled in the militia Is upwards of 6^ millions, In 1880 the males of all classes between IS and 14 years of age numbered 10,231, 2;39, of *»o'n 7 000,000 were native-born whites and 1,242,354 coloured. The Militia i» called up every year lor training, and the men receive £3 4s, clothes, and ration for the training. If they are called out for special duty they receive 8^ per day. The territory of the United States is divided for military purposes into nine departments, and these are grouped Into three military divisions, namely. Division of the Miss- ouri composed of the Departments of Dakota, the Platte, Texas, and the Mis.iouri ; Division of llie Pacific, composed of the Departments of Columbia, California, and Arizon.-» ; Division of the Atlantic, composed of the Departments of the hast and the South. The expemliture on the army in 1892 amounted to £9,400,000. Desertions From The Army. Notwithstanding assertions as to the good times that the soldier enjoys It appears that of late there has been a marked increase in desertions (roin the United States army. Under certain reform measures instituted by Secretary Proctor desertions for the year 1889 were reduced below any figures ever shown by army records. For the month of July of this year, however, 205 desertions were recorded, showing an increase of fifty over the desertions of July, 1892. The reasons for this increase seem to lie with legislation attendant upon the last Army Appropriation Bill. With this appropriation re-enlistments after service of ten years were made Impossible. There is enough in this act of legislation to precipitate dissatisfaction in the ranks. Service in the arm.y necessarily con- sumes the best years of a man's life, and his savings as a common soldier must be small. When twenty- five years was the limit of service, with gradually increasing pay for that period and the ease of the retired list at the end of it, the soldier had some prospects. Cut down to a ten year service, with the chance of being turned adrift on the world at middle age, the prospect is discouraging to the better class of men in the army. The Pension OflSce, Jlr Mungo Smith, Dundee, reports :— I called at the Pension Buililing In Washington and met the chief clerk, who very readily supplied me with what information I desired. The building, an immense brick structure, stands at the north end of THE PUNSION OFFIOK. li 108 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News f: f :H Justiciar jr Square. It wai erected about niiicyear!) ago, and its first use was as a ballroom at tlie inauguration of President Cleveland. It is 400 feet long, 200 feet wide, and 75 feet IiIkIi. It is not a handsome building, resembling a factory mure than anything else, but it Is admirably a^laptcd to the purposes for which it was erected. Its chief archi- tectural attraction is a band or frieze of sculptured terra-cotta, designed to represent the various ex- periences of thn army and navy in war. The building cobt £20,000, and required 16,000,000 bricks. 1'he court will accommodate 18,000 per- sons at an inaugural ball, and 5!),000 closely packed. In this building the vast pension machinery goes round and round, Thousands of clerks are daily employed in various duties, and the receipt of the mail alone is an immense item. Over 6,000,000 letters are received yearly and 4,000,000 sent out. This is an average of nearly 14,000 letters received each day. Perhaps a better idea of the gigantic .scale of the transactions of this department will be gained from the following list of the staH employed ;— Official force of the Bureau of Pensions noiv authorised by law, 2009 ; 18 pen- sion agents and 4G0 persons employed at said Agencies, in all, 478; 1252 bonrds of examining sur- geons of 3 members each, 311 single surgeons, and 142 eye and ear specialists, in all, 4209— total num- ber of pcrsims emoloyed in connection with the Uure'xu of Pensions, 6G96. On the 30th of Junu, i892, there were 876,068 pensioners on the rolls, the.sa included 105 survivors of the war of 1812, and 6051 widows of those who served in that war, and that, let it be noted, was three years before the date of Waterloo. The oldest pensiAner on the roll was John Downey, of Allen Factory, Ala- bama, aged 105 years. The roll contains the names of 22 widows of soldiers engaged in the Revolu- tionary War of 1776, the men who were young at the tims of the war having evidently in their old age married young women. It is possible that one of these widows may be drawing a pension in 1918. A soldier's widow is entitled to a pension as long as she lives, unless she should marry again. Children also receive an allowance until they attain the age of sixteen. The annual value of all pen- sions on the roll at 30th June, 1892, was £23,375,974, and the average annual value of each pension, £26 153. Abuses of the Pension System. It is notorious that the facilities provided for the enrolment of pensioners in the United ijtates opens the door to fraud, and rovidals of the roll never fail to show that many hundreds have been draw- ing money from tlie pubi-c purse for years who had no earthly claim to it. A very bad case brought under notice this year was that of Judge I^ng, of Michigan, who had been drawing £14 10s a month foe total helplessness, while earning a salary of £1400 a year as Justice of the Supremo Court of his State. Another incident will illustrate the drmoralisation caused by the pension syRtim. A business man in Boston, well-to-do in purse and vigorous in body, vho already carried a consider- able amount of life insurance, applied for £2000 more. The medical examiner found nothing what- ever to indicate disease, past or present, and the investigation was almost concluded when the doctor asked the question—" Have you ever been a pensioner ?" Thereupon the applicant stam' ;red, and at last owned up that he was drawing a pen- sion of &?f 10i> A month. Further inquiries drew from him "a tangled serieo of admissions that he had never really suffered any injury or illness entitling bin. to a pension, but he had made out some sort of a case of nervoas shook or deteriora- tion, at the instigation of a pension agent, and had taken his £2 lO-i a month from the United States Government, rich man though ho was, on the principle that 'they all do it.'" The company refused to grant him insurance, on the ground that a man who had perjured himself to get £2 lOs a month from the Federal Treasury was quite capable of cheating nn insurance company if he got the chance, ami consequently was not a good risk. The Assassination of Lincoln. The building in which President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth on the night of Friday, April 14, 1865, and which was then known as Foni's Theatre, stood on Tenth Street, between E and F Streets, and latterly was used by the Govern- ment as a part of the Surgeon-General's office, but a few weeks before we arrived in Washing- ton the structure had collapsed. It will be remembered that the theatre was crowded with n distinguished audience witnessing the play of "Our American Cousin," when Booth entered the Pre- sident's box, dischar^ied his pistol, and leaped to the stage, where, with bowie knife in hand, he shouted, "Sic semper tyranniti The South is avenged," and then disappeared. The house on the opposite side of the street to which the President was removed as soon as it was known that he was dangerously wounded is noticeable to-day by a marble - .'Il THE HOUSB IN WHICH IINCOLN DIED. slab which bears the words — "A. Lincoln died in this house April 16, 18G6." He never regained con- sciousness, and died on Saturday morning at a few minutes past seven o'clock surrounded by his wife and family and prominent officials. Booth was pursued and finally surrounded at Port Royal, Va., wbere ho was shot upon refusing to surrender. Four of his associates were tried and exe,:uted at the old arsenal, now the barracks of the 3d Artillery. The Centre Market. Mr Watson, Dundee, reports : — The above, which is the largest of the public markets in Washington, is situated to the south of Pennsyl- vania Avonu in it every butcher meal flsb, and bre flat is used f< faotured on great qiiantit and can be k( e^gs will kee belongs to a ( from £2 a moi room cost ^<1 waggons and round the bu following were in the market roast steak, 1\ 5d per lb. ; lai bread, 2.^d per U 5d per lb. ; 9d per dozen ; trout, 6d per 1 at 7W per lb. ; chickens, 9d pi lbs. ; ham (cu cabbage, 2d ea lOd a dozen ; berries, 5d per per lb. ; tea, '. meal, 2.Jd per 1 flour meal, IJd lb. ; red aurr corn, lOd per c Washington eight miles of ( current, cable ten miles. Dr Work twelve he Cable drivers a and are also pa conduotors wor Ss per day. I attempts to o Anv attempt t nearest police trunks or their extra charge, h piece* over tlta< Artisan Expedition to America. 109 lion agent, and had I the United States I ho was, on the '" The company se, on the grouml imsclf to get £2 lOs 'rcasury was quite ice company if he ;ly was not a good if Lincoln. ident Lincoln was lie night of Friilay, en known as Foni's , between E and F d by the Govern- on-General's office, ■rived in AVaHhing- psod. U will be M crowded with a ig the play of "Our li entered the I're- itol, and leaped to knife in hand, lie it/ The South is , The house on t)ic hioh the President nown that he wag le to-day by a marble - /'l NCOLN DIED. \. Lincoln died in never regained con- y morning at a few )unded by bis wife ioials. Booth was at Port Royal, Va., sing to surrender, id and executed at arracks of the 3d irket. ports : — The above, public markets in le south of Pennsyl- vania Avenue, and a tremendous business is done in It every morning up to mid-day in selling butcher meat, vegetables, fruit, butter, eggs, ham, fl.Hh,and bread. It has two storeys, and the top flat IS used for cold storage rooms. Ice is manu- factured orj the premises, and in these room-i a gnat quantity of beer, eggs, and fresh moat isstored, and can be kept m good order for a month, wliile esgs will keep for four moiiths. The whole matket belongs to a company, who let it in small stalls it from £2amonth, but articles placed in the freezing- loom cost Jd per lb, for a month. The number of waggon» and carts that I saw standing disloading 0UT31DB THIC MAKKKT, round the building was over a thousand. The following were the prices of different articles sold in the market :— Best beefsteak, lOd per lb. ; best roast steak, 74d per lb. ; ste-ving or boiling, 2id to 6d per lb. ; lamb and veal, 6d to lOd per lb. ; luaf bread, 2id per lb. ; rye bread, 2d per lb. ; butter. Is 5d per lb. ; American ohees-", lOd per lb. ; eggf>, 9d per dozen ; salmon. Is 5d to Is 8d per lb. ; sea trout, 5d per lb. ; sheep's head and red snippers Hold at 7W per lb. ; other sea fisheM, 4d to 6d per lb. ; chickens, 9d per lb. ; potatoes. Is 3d per peck of 14 lbs. ; ham (cured), 8d, 8Jd and Is Id per lb. ; cabbage, 2d each ; cauliflower, Cy\ each ; lemons, lOd a dozen ; brambleburries, 6d per box j blae- berriesi, 5d per box ; melons, Is 5d each ; sugar, 3d per lb. ; tea. Is 8d, 2^ 1<1, anil 3s 4rl per lb. ; oat- meal, 2.id per lb. ; coffee. Is Id to Is 5d per lb. ; flour meal, IJd, 2d, and 24d per lb. ; rice, 3id per lb. ; red jurrants, O.Jd per qr. or box ; Indian corn, lOd per dozen ; onions. Is Id per 7 lbs. Vehicular Traffic. Washington has running on the streets twenty- ei^ht miles of electric cars supplied by the overhead current, cable cars sixteen miles, and horse oars ten miles. Drivers and conductors of electric cars work twelve hours a day, and are paid 8a per day. Cable drivers and conductors work a ten hours day, and are also paid Ss per day. Horse drivers and conductors work a twelve hours day, and are paid 88 per day. By the hack and carriage regulations attempts to overcharge are strictly prohibited. Any attei&pt to do SO should be reported ta the nearest police station or officer on duty. Two trunks or their equivalent may be carried without extra charge, hut 29 each may be charged for extra pieoea over that amoua(< Such small packages as ^trl^°, °°"''«"'«'nt'y. wicJ within the hack are hZt r^^- »'•»'"? are bound to unload all baggage free. On omiiibas lines the fares are tlio fisTmontr*' ^''**'* °'"'''" '""' '''''''*"' *'° P*'** Statues and Monuments. There are a great many statues of distinguished soliliers and statesmen scatteied over the city located in the various parks and squares. Of tbeso' may be enumerated the Tliomaa equestrian atatue STATUE OF OENIHAL THOMAS. in Thomas Ciicle, at the junction of Fourteenth htreet and Vermont Avenue; Scott's equestrian «(|atuein Scott Ciicle, at the junction of Sixteenth street and Massachusetts Avenue; MTIierson'g equestrian statue in M'Pherson Square. Fifteenth ana K streets; Fairagut's statue in Fairaeut Square, Seventeenth and " K " Streets ; Jackson's cqueRtrian statue, fronting the White House; Kawim 8 equestrian statue. New York Avenue, between Eighteenth and Nineteenth; equestrian i-i l< THB JACKSON BTATDI, no Dundee Courier and Dundee WeeJch/ News ^ statue of WaBliiiigton in Washington Giro. , Penn- sylvania Avenuo, uuil Twenty-Tliinl Street. Tliese aro all in the north-western part of the city, Kast of the Capitol in Stanton Square, at the inter- leotion of Maryland and Alassachusetts Avenue, is the equestrian statue of General Nathhnial Greene of revolutionary fame ; and in Lincoln Square, due east of the Capitol a half mile or more, in the hronzo group called "Kmancipation," representing President Lincoln striking the manacles oil the slave. The Department of Labour. Special interest attached to tlie visit paid by the delegates to the otlioen of the U.S. Department of Labour. The Commissioner of I^abour is Mr Carroll D. Wright, a gentleman, wlio by Ida zeal in the cause, his aliilities and thorougli fitness for tlio post which he fills, has been the means of investing this office with a dignity and an importance which have attracted not only favourable notice at home, but the close attentions of several foreign Govern- ments. Unfortunately he was residing in tlie State of Massnchuaetts at tlie time the delegates struck Washington, but Mr Dunham, the chief clerk, gave to the party much information regarding the De- partment, and explained its methods of working and the 80O|)e and objects of its inquiries. Mr (Jarroll D. Wright also forwarded a letter to the Conductor regretting his inability to meet tlie dele- gates, and conveying many interesting supple- mentary particulars with reference to the Depart- ment. By means of a Hill passed in 18GI) the Massachusetts Legislature, impelled, it is said, by political expediency, established the first Bureau of Statistics of JAbour in the world. The duties of that Bureau were doBned as follows :— "To collect, assort, systematise and present in annual reports to the Legislature, on or before the 1st day of March in each year, statistical details relating to all departments of labour in the commonwealth, especially in its relations to the commercial, industrial, social, educational, and sanitary condition of the labouring classes, and to the permanent prosperity of the productive in- dustry of the commonwealth." Efforts towards the establishment of a Federal Bureau were begun in 1871, but it was not until January, 1885, and only after numerous petitions by Labour organisa- tions, that such a bureau was organised. After the National Bureau had been in existence three years and had shown the character of its work', the Knights of Labour demanded that Congress should create a Department of Labour, to he independent of any of the general departments, in order that its powers, duties, and efficiency miglit be placed on a better footing. Accordingly on January 13, 1888, an Act was approved, providing that "there shall be at the seat of government a Department of Labour, the general design and duties of which shall be to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with labour, in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word, and especially upon its relation to capital. The Hours of Labour, the earnings of labouring men and women, and the means of promoting their material, social, intel- lectual, and moral prosperity." The Department is presided over by a Commissioner (Jlr Carroll D. Wright), and the staff cons'ists of a chief clerk, a disbursing officer, 4 statistical einerts, 29 clerks (including 2 stenographers and 1 translator), 4 copyists, and 20 special agents. The term of oflSoe of the Commiasioher is four years, but at the end of that term he may be reappointed. The service of the other members of the .-tafi is not so limited. Tlie grade of pay is the same as that pertaining to other federal offices. Fads aro collected by the agents under the direction of the Commissioner. These are arranged in tables, the tables are sum- marised, and the summaries form the basis of the conclusions or the suggestions embodied in the reports, the greatest possible care being taken to ensure accuracy in every part of the work. The Department may adopt a three-fold metliod of obtaining the desired information. First- Uniform schedules of questions may be issued to representative persons, wliethcr employers or employed. .Second— Evidence may be taken at public hearings. Third— Tlie sending out of special agents. The first method has proved useless in the past, and where tho metliod of public hearing has been adopted the result is a mass of incongruous statements, often obtained from journalists and others not belonging to the class of either employers or employed. Mr Carroll D. Wriglit says, after long experience, that the best method has been the sending out of the special agents. Tlie reports deal with industrial depressions, convict labour, stiikes and look-oats, working women in large cities (the shop girl class, wlicio tho information was almost entirely collected by women), railway labour, cost of production, &o. • also tho effect of The Tariff Laws on the imports and exports, the growth, develop- ment, production, and prices of aarrlcultural and manufactured articles at home and abroad, and upon wages, domestic and foreign. Congress also occasionally directs special investigations to be made by the Department, as in the case of an inquiry into tho statistics of marriage and divorce, and into the industrial and technical school systems. Ke- garding the Department Mr Carroll D. Wright said :— " Commencing with 825,000 (£5000) as the annual appropriation for the Bureau of Labour, Congress now appropriates more than $175,000 (£35,000) exclusive of printing, for the administra- tion of the Department, and so far as I know there has been no inclination on the part of the House, the Senate, or the President to in any way abridge or interfere with the work of the Department, or in any way to strangle it in its labours or make it an object of ridicule, as has been alleged. On the other hand, it has met with the most generous con- fidence on the part of Congress and of the President, and been aided in all reasonable ways in bringing its work to a high standard of excellence." Indeed, as the delegates found, its reports are viewed with the utmost confidence by both workmen and capitalists. In 28 States there aro also Labour Bureaus, wlio collect information and statistics on the hour: of labour, and the condition and prospect o' the industrial classes. Meagre appropriations i ive, however, obliged them in many instances to con- fine their investigations to the simplest topics, and all their reports Complain of Lack of Funds in the matter of Labour legislation, also in tlie method of presenting its reports. Massachusetts is ahead of any other State, and its results are carefully summarised. The New York Bureau of labour Statistics keeps a list of trades, on which to enter every item of information bearing upon a given trade. The Commissioner in this State has power to subpoena witnesses and examine them under oath. It is a misdemeanour not to answer the queHtions or to repiv untruthftiMy and the Commissioner reports t'hat this power has been of considerable advantage to him in collecting information. Artisan Expfdition to Ammca. Ill hat pertaininfc to oollecteJ by the lie Coinmiistioiicr. lie tablei are mm- n the basis of the ombodied in the care being talccn art of the work, hree-fold methml Tiation, Firxt— may be isHucd to r employers or lav be taken at ling out of special ved Useless in the lublic hearing has IS of inoongruoim n joarnalists and class of either arroll D. Wright the best methoil e special agents, 'lal depresHJoiiK, ik-outi, working girl class, wlicru rely collected liy production, &c. ; growth, develop- a:;ricultiiral and Kiid abroad, and Congress alao ;ationB to be made He of an inquiry divorce, and into 1 systems. Ke- rroU D. Wright D (£5000) as the reau of Lahoiir, I than $175,000 the adminiatra- ' as I know there t of the House, tny way abridge lepartment, or in 's or make it an llegud. On the ist generous con- of the President, kys in bringing its ice." Indeed, as 1 viewed with the nand capitalists, r liureaus, who on the hour: ot° prospect o' the 'opriatioH't i we, nstances to con- iplest topics, and Funds ion, also in the MassaohuHctts 1 its results are York Bureau of trades, on which on bearing upon er in this State ;b and cxamiae smeanour not to !y untruthfully, that this power bage to him in THE QUAKER CITY. WHITE MA RULE STEPS LKAD TO WORKMEN'S HOMES. EVERY MAN HIS OWN LANDLORD. A DAY IN A^IG SHIPYARD. UNCLE SAM'S NEW NAVY. THE QUEEjTof the SEA. A MODEL ART SCHOOL. (From the Dundee Weekly News of December JG.j The Delegates at Philadelphia. Mlriav"'*!!^ rn"i "'fy °' P''il»JeIphia, reports Mr JIurray, the Conductor, was the next halti ic Doiiit l,JM»,000, It 18 the third largest city 1 n the States and IS situated on the Delaware i?i "or 110 m el from Washington and 90 from New York. A thoi-h 100 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, it is the seat of he largest shipyard on tho Continent, and stil tin i?T '"'»''»•'«'" place among the seaports o he Unted States, bounded by William Penn id^ciri^S"; t,' ^"^^' \\ '""^"y' '" -""ny r^sject"; and oliitfly through the agency of its numerous building suciet es, presents the^best conditTons o mrmiles^if".^" '" "r ""''J- With an area o mil,lh.L ' I'f "° ^''"'" *''»» 250,000 separate buildings, and the number of families living with nira '"''f '"?.*" ""^PP'*^^'' *'"' Prooltime.lby the outraged colonists, and in which the old Liberty iJiill and many relics of Washington and other iZzt ^"'K'"'-"** 0' the Uniteifstatcs met ; Christ Church, where AVashiiigton worshipped; and THE LIBERTY BELL. more than ten persons in a dwelling is only 12J per cent. This city has also been laid out by men with rectangular lines on the brain, but there are in addition a few leading thoroughfares running diagonally. Some of the main streets are 100 feet in width, but the majority, although generally well paved, are considerably narrower, the most of the cars running one way on one street, and the opposite way on the adjoining street. Duiing their Slav in the eity, from July 21 to July 2i, the dele- gates visited many places of interest, in addition to those specially enumerated. Tliese included Independence Hall, where the famous Declaration BICNJAMIN KIIANKLIN's OIIAVK. Benjamin Franklin's grave in the adjoininir bury- ing-ground. ' Impressions of the Quaker City. Mr Thomas Logan. Glangow, reports :— Phila- delphia IS the most characteristic American city that we have yet visited, and one that a person from the old country would get to like very soon. The people are quite different from the reckless, devil- mocare people of Chicago and New Yrii at liomo, nucIi of Ntswaaatle-oii- ig Co., QIasgow, nation I liail witli at rmploy I fliid plaoe on my vlnlt witiliing a job in iulty in getting it short timo at e room for him, killeil cr niaimcj d by a Scotsman ing. The aamo in everpr place in lere is little or no iwever, they turn he pleasure of in- various utagep oi ve'l (lone. The ^e\v York, which follo'ving din en- ;h, 04 fcei ; moan y.doemt.,.*. 8l50j peed in knots, 20. pansion vertical t\\ 8-inoh breech- oh B.Ii.R., her pounders, four 1- armour plating is inches ; deck, G this vessel was we also built two d the AlaniopoliH. aame dimenaioits ea. n claimed for the i attained a mear ?bich would thui hip afloat. Thi vessels. Besi'lts ier, she oombinej to a marvellous the United States IITMKNT. in view America's ! — the destruction ! was created with bure and smk huch :onic should they jmy. In appear- a merchant sliip I sponsons or other other war vessels, >n enemy until he d then either cap- riie motive powei hree sets of triple Artisan Erpedition to America. 113 exn»nslon, vertical, mverted cylinder engines which will drive the triple screws, the centre one being about four feet below the other two. Kaoli engine IS placed In a watertight compartment, and is com- plete n e«ery respect, so that the vessel maybe propelled at Mow speed with the centre screw alone at a raec'ium spcod by the two outer screws, and by tha thrpe when high speed is desired. Each shaft united with a disengaging coupling, so that the '>fe.-~5=i3r -.--=■ THE Cliuisun COLUMUIA. propellers not in use are free to revolve and not retard the ship. Tlie following arn the principal dimensions of the Coluinhla :— Length by the wati" line, 415 feet ; beam, ijH feet ; draught, 23 feet ; displacement, 7350 tons ; sustained fca speed, 21 ki.ota ; horse power, 21,0tH). The battery will con- sist of four 0-inch bieechloailina rifles, eight of 4 inches, e^hteen machine guns, and six torpedo nij^'X^L® contract price of the Columbia was 1540,000, hut the builders earned a large prsmium for excess of speed. The System of Premiums adopted by the American Governmant in connec- tion with the work done in private yards calls for a brief ex-'-nation. In the case of the New York the builders won £40,000 premium, because on her trial tlittt ship made 21 knotn instead of 20 knots guaranteed, the offer being £10,000 extra for each quarter-knot of sustained speed over the guarantee. 1 he new gunboat Machias won €0000 extra for her builders in t>io same way, and many other of the new ships proportionate amounts, while there has never been any reduction from contract price because of a ship failing to attain the contract speed. The fact is the premium business is merely a scheme to pull the wool over the eyes of politicians, who would otherwise talk about extravagance in ship consti action. The speed asked for is always figured by the Navy Deiiartment so well within the probabilities of the vessel, as set forth in the speciflcations and designs of the Department, that none but a most careless builder could fail to ex- ceed the speed called for. Contractors recognise this by a study of the plans, and are conse- quently able to bid at bottom prices, counting upon the premium as certain profit, while those who cry for economy have no clinnce to growl. I have the dimensions of several of the vessitls the ^ramps are building for the United States navy, which will perhaps be interesting to many readers, the battleship Indiana which had just been launched is t-Length, 348 feet ; breadth. 69 feet 3 5n°S^Q\ '"^*'? draught, 24 feet ; displacement, 10,^8 tons; mdicatcd horse power, 9000. She is to he fitted with the following guns— four 13-inch B-Li R., eight 8-inch B.h R., and four tj-inch. That IS the mam battery. The secondary battery is to have twenty 6-pound«r8, six l-pounders, ond four Uatlings ; her armour is— belt, 18 inches ; turret, 17 inches ; and deck. 3 inches. She is fitted with twin-screw triple expansion engines, the cnntra^k mice being £612,600. Then there is'the battieship MassachusetU which wag also just launched. She IB of exactly the bame dimensions as the Indiana ; tor each J-knot ovci 15 these vessels make the H builder has a premium of fcTOOO. The armoured cruiser Urooklyn -length, 400 feet ; breadth, (M feet ; mean draught, 24 fuct ; displacement, 1)000 tons; indiontcd liori.c power, 17,tal HUin of i^lH, after which he leceivoH notliing more. Thin Company have five boiU of their own in the hospital for tlicir own men, and the nmlinlnnro van calUat the workn once every day nideioi required oftenor. A younx man told me that he huil hccn woiUiOK in that yard eight wcekn, and during that time there were no fewer tliaii 40 himed. He Hpnke in veiy Htiong language agaliLtt tlio roporti* on America that liave nppeareil in some of our HcottlHli newspapers. He HHyn that it was thcHu reports which induced liim to go out, and he found tliluKi to be very ditfeient from what they were repreHcnted to he. The Drexel Institute. Mr I jjrttpliy. The business department — hook- keeping, stenography, and oominetcial geography. Tiie physical training is a great feature in American scIiooIh, and the gyinnasiuin of this school Is acknowledged to be the beat equipped in the country, and was (leslgncd by Dr Hait- well, of lioston, the Icailing authority on the sulijeot in tlie Uniteil .States. During ♦.ho flr-t year of the Institute, 1H!I2'3, sixteen hundriil students were enrolled in the several departments, while the teaching body consists of forty-five pro- fe88<.rs, instructois, and lecturers. From tlie description given it will be aoen that the Drexel Iniitltiite ia a monumental work, emboilying in its structure and plan tlie bent elements of the Inteit educational methods, and no industry which olfer- THR GItKAT COURT. a skilled means of livelihood to men and women is neglected. This is not a free school, but the tecs are so low that no one need be excluded cither from tho day or evening olasaes. MAKING"mONEY: HOW IT IS DONE IN THE U.S. MINT. KNIGHTS O? LABOUR ; THE INTERESTING STORY OF A GREAT ORGANISATION. HOW HIGH LICENSE WORKS. (From the Dundee Wcekhj Nc'ws of December So. ) Visit to the United States Mint. Operatives Who Make Lots of Money. Mr Murray, the Conductor, reports :— The dele- gates when tliey visited the United States Aliiit at Philadelphia on July 22 aaw more hard cash than they ever did iu their Uvea before, but after a little od'Oarving, aiij (lepAttir at— iIpiNtrtment uf Aticn, Roicnce, iliop work. The loliiilcx genvral milllntrv, »iii| itiloal (Iii|mrt- mill iitcam I, oml pholi- tmont — book- oiftl gengiBpliy, ire ill Amorican f thill KCllOlll it equippcil in by Dr Hait tliority on tliv Juriiig ♦.ho flr-t xtecii liuiulrt'il al (lepartineiitH, F (oity-five pro- rs. From tiji/ tbat tlio Uruxcl mboilying in iU U of tlif Intuit try wliioli otfur- 11 and women ih ol, but the fccH excluded cither )NEY: ONE INT. JOUll ; STORY iTIOX. : WORKS. f December 23.) tes Mint. 3 of Money. irts:— The dele- lI titates Mint at ! hard cash than but aftor a little Artmn E •jxrdition lo America 115 THie U.B. HINT. the sight did not appear to affect thorn any more tlian the Kttino quantity of Iron or leail would have done. The moment after entering the old biilMIng iiHed a» the Mint they were intro mbers. The often brought are unwilling er to a voice in which be sup- !nt of which ho hat it is quite ce a tooliah use ; he too often render of per- % condition of ut this is little case of any The Declara- Knights of Socialism, if iona of these 10 inclined to but this would not bring their ,iiy do not even Uisin ; some of cory itself, and nc (lo not think is are generally ng in numbers :aii. 1 :— A tendency classify every nder the heail ;rn genius and adaptations of n And no small if any, of the 3S many of the resent day can re of the above ) is essentially prcsonti a rich fonorio terra of adopted to the ts of a great ■aigned in the THR CITY HAIX. ■pirit of French art, while, at the same time, its adaptation of that florid and tasteful manner of building is free from servile imitation either in ornamentation or in the ordinance of its details. This immense architectural pile is located at the intersection of Broad and Market Streets. It covers, exclusive of the courtyard, an area of nearly 4 J acres, and consists of one build- ing, surrounding an interior courtyard. Tlie north and south fronts measure 470 feet, and the east and west fronts 48CJ feet in their extreme length. The tour fronts are similar in design. In the centre of each an entrance pavilion, 90 feet in width, rises to the height of 203 feet, having receding wings of 128 feet elevation. The fronts terminate at four corners with towers or pavilions of 51 feet square ami IGl feet high. The whole exterior is bold and effective in outline and rich in detail, being elaborated with highly ornate columns, pilasters, pediments, cornices, enriched windows, and other appropriate adornments. Archways of 18 feet In width by 30 feet in height, opening through each of the four central pavilions, constitute tho four principal entrances, and at tho same time afford passages for pcilestrians up and down Broad and Sfarket Streets directly through tho buildings. Tlic basement storey is 18 feet in height, and stands entirely above the line of the pavement. Its exterior is of fine white granite of massive proportions, forming a fitting base for the vast superstructure it sup- ports. The exterior of the building above the base- ment embraces a principal storey of 33 feet 6 inches, a second storey of 35 feet 7 inches, and a third storey in the centre pavilions of 2(i feet inches, with an attic over the central pavilions of lo feet, and over the corner pavilions of 13 feet 6 inches, all of white marble wrought in all its adornments and forms of exquisite beauty. The °";"";.".";"''"" "^"'"5 upoii the courtyard are each sub-divided in height into two storeys. In the centre of the group a courtyard of 200 feet square affoids light and air to all the adjacent portions of the building. From the north side sf this space rises a grand tower, which will gracefully adorn the public buildings. The foundations of this tower are laid on a bed of solid concrete 100 feet square, 8 feet 6 inches thick, at the depth of 23 feet (J inches below the surface of the ground, and its walls, which at the hnse are 22 feet in tliicknes>i, are built of dressed ilimension atones weighing from two to five tons each. This tower which is so ileeply and so strongly founded is 90 feet square at tho base, falling off at each storey until it becomes at the spring of the dome an octagon of 50 feet in diameter. A statue of the founder of Penn- sylvania (37 feet in lieight) will crown the structure and complete the extraordinary altitude of 547 feet. This statue of William Peiin is presently standing in the courtyard, and when the tower la finished will be taken up in eight pieces and put in Its permanent position. The weight of this statu- IS 60,000 lbs., and height 37 feet. The hat is 3 feet in diameter and the rim 23 feet in circumference. Ihe nose is 1 foot long ; eyes, 12 inches long and 4 inches wide ; the hair 4 feet long ; the shoulders J8 feet in ciroumfereiioe and 11 feet in diameter; waist, 24 teet in circumference and 8 feet 9 indies 111 dinmeter ; legs, from ankle to knee, 10 feet ; hands, G feet 9 inches in circumference, 3 feet wide and 4 feet long ; feet, 22 inches wide and 5 feet 4 inches long. Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia. Mr Brown, Oovan, reports :— In the business quarter of Philadelphia, on Chestnut Street, be- tween Third and Fourth Streets, ia a quaint old building one hundred and twenty-two years old. and richly renlote with historic memories. Tho building IS of brick, with a low steeple, and of ths old Colonial style of architecture. It is in a splendid state of preservation, and is known as Carpenters' Hall." It was built in 1770 by the Carnenters Company of the City and County of Philai elphia. The Carpenters' Company is one of the oldest associations of Pennsylvania and the oldest industrial society in America. It was instituted about forty years after the settlement of the province by William Penn, and maintains an uninterrupted existence from the year 1724. Among its early members were many prominent in Colonial history, and whose architectural taste and ability as builders have left their impress upon buildings that yot remain in Philadelphia aa OARPRNTKRS' HALt. memorials of that early day. The object of the organisation, as expressed in its Act of Incorpora- tion, was much after the style of the guilds of Europe, those historic anceat. rs of tlm mnjo.'n tradus unions. The society was patterned after the Worshipful Company of Carpenters of London, founded in 1477. The armorial insignia of this Company m Philadelphia are identical with those ■n ■ n 118 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News of that ancient body ; tho officers bore the same deaignatioiia, and its declared object, oeremoninis, and privileges were in furtherance with the same idea". Its object was to cultivate and instruct its members in the science of architecture, and to assist them and their families in case of accident or need. It established a "Book of Priocs " for the Tahiation of carpenters' work, and, to quote from their ancient rules, " on the most equitable principles, so that the workmen should have a fair recompense for their labour', and the owner receive the worth of his money." This Company charged an entrance fee of £4 sterling;, which kept out many journeymen carpenters, and made the Society one exclusively composed of "master carpenters." All the historic Colonial Oongn v^scs anil meetings prior to the Declaration of Imlepen- dence were held in Carpenters' Hall. Here it was that in 1774, from September 5th to October 20th, the first Colonial Congress was held, and it was on that occasion, as afterwards on otiier occasions, that the inspiring eloquence of Patrick Henry, the Adamses, John Hancock, and the patriot fathers of the country stirred the people of the Colonies to throw off the yoke of English domination. In tlii^ hall it was that Washington, Franklin, Jay, Rutlcdge, and the men of the Krst Colonial Congress met ; and afterwards, at the State House, on July 4th, 1770, gave utterance to the Declaration of Independence. After the revolutionary war waa over, it was in this Carpenters' Hall, in 1787, the convention to frame a constitution met, and, after four months' delibera- tion, agreed upon a constitution for the "United States of America," making Carpenters' Uall memorable, both for the first united etfort to obtain a redress ot grievances from the mother country, and the place where the fathers of the Republic changed by tlio constitution a loose league of separate colonics into a powerful nation. The Post Office. Mr Sinclair also reports ; — Five squares east of the City Hall stands the new United States THK rOST OFPICK. (lovernment building popularly known as the Post Dthce, but in reality containing within its massive walls besides perhaps the best appointed post office in the country the United States Courtrooms, and branch utHoes of the Coast Survey, the Geological .Survey, the Lighthouse iioard, the Secret Service, the Signal .Service, and the ofHoes of various officials of the Federal Government. The building is of granite, four storeys in height, with a dome reaching 170 feet above tho level of the street, and has fronts 484 feet on Ninth Street and 175 feet on Chestnut and Market .Streets. The entrances to the public corridor are on the Ninth St-Frcfc iFvnv, Srci thr frnVerftt npSfiuiciita Or the Post Office business are conveniently arranged on the first floor, besides which on this floor the Western Union Telegraph Company liai< an office. Near each end of this corridor spacious stairways and hydraulic elevators lead to the upper storeys. Ground was broken for the erection of this struc- ture October 11, 187.3, and the business of the Post Office was first transacted within its walls March 24, 1884. Including the site, which cost the Government .11,491,200, about $8,000,000 were ex- pended in its erection. The Public Libraries. Although Philadelphia is a very imuortant manu- facturmg centre, it is also well equipped with institutions which have for their object the im- provement of the mind. It has between 40 and 50 librarie.s, some of them free and others which charge an annual subscription of S4 (lf!4)or$5 (£1). The largest is the Blercantile Library with 165,000 volumes, but it is closely followed by the Phila- delphia Library, which has 155,000 volumes. The latter was founded in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin and tho Junto Club, and is open free from 10 a.m. till sunset. Connected with it is what is known as the Ridgeway Branch, located in a handsome classic building, and erected by means of a bequest of £300,000 by Dr James Rush in 1869. Tlie American Philosophic Society, al.HO founded by Franklin in 1743, and tho oldest scientific institution in the Slates, possesses a fine library of 60,000 volumes. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania ami the Franklin Institute (free) have botli rioli and interesting libraries, the latter consisting chiefly ff scientific and technical works. The Academy of Natural Soienos has a valuable collection of books and specimens, and tlie Athenceum possoases 25,000 volumes. A kindred franklin's printino fresh. institution to these is the Academy of Fine Arts— a beautiful building in Venetian Gothic, and in which there is a magnificent collection of paintings and statuary. It is free on Sundays and Mondays, but a charge of 25 cents (Is) is made on other days. The delegates in passing it on Sunday, July 2.3, looked in for a short time, and found a considerable number of working men and ladies inspootiug the works of art. The High License System in Philadelphia. The licensing system followed in Philadelphia is similar to that in operation in Pittsburg, both cities being in the State_of Pennsylvania. Previous to tho passing ot the urcok's T.aw kIx years ago there were 5000 licensed houses in Philadelphia, but a chan sweep was then made, and the number was reduced to 1300. Since then, however, the )aoioua atairwayj e upper storeys, ion of this struo- buainesa of the within its wallj e, which oobt the 000,000 were ex- les. importAnt manu- equipi>ed witli object the im- I between 40 and nd others which MlGs)or?5(£l). iry with 165,000 ed by the Phila- volumes. Tlie ijamin Franlclin ee from 10 a.m. it ia what Sranoh, located ;, and erected by Dr Jamei losophio Society, I, and tlic oldeBt possesses a fine [istorical Society t Institute (free) raries, the latter technical worlts. ta has a valuable nens, and the les, A kindred ?RBSS. y of Fine Arts— Gothic, anil in tion of paintings ^s and Mondays, ie on other days, iunday, July 23, id a considerable ia inspecting the Philadelphia, n Philadelphia is Pittsiburg, both vania. Previous w Mix yearii ago in Philadelphia, and the number sn, however, the Artisan Expedition to America. 119 number has been gradually Increased, until now there are 1800 saloons. The holders of the licenses pay 51000 (£200) each annually, and, as in other places, this money goes to the' Corporation to be applied to public purposes. In addition there are licenses for which the holders pay 8500 (£100) annually, but these are not allowed to sell "un- broken packages " or less than a quart of liquor at a time, and only, too, for consumption off the premises. The sale of liquor to minors-persons under 21 years of age— is expressly prohihited. All license-holders have to appear annually before the judges elected by the people, wlieii several skir- mishes are witnessed between them and the officials of the local Iaw and Order Society. Strong language is frequently indulged in, and accusations of selling liquor after mid- night are commonly made by the Society, but although a good few licenses have been cancelled on various grounds the judges generally advise the society to first bring the alleged cases of contra- vention before the criminal courts. In compliance with the provisions of the Brook's Act there is no Sunday opening in Philadelphia, the hotelbara being also closed, and it is said that this has led to the formation of a large number of .Sunday drinking clubs and "speak easios," by means of which the law is evaded. According to one authority there are as many us 2000 such clubs in the city. It is also stated that in numerous cases working men combine together and purchase in turn on Saturday a keg of beer for Sunday consumption. No sign of Sunday drinking was, however, seen by the delegates during their stay in the city, Cabinet-Makers in Philadelphia. Mr Logan, Glasgow, reports :— The number of cabinetmakers employed in Philailelphia is very considerable. They work nine and nine and a half hours per day, Saturdays included, or 54 to 5G per r.epk. Sixty per cent, of the cabinet- makers are Germans or German Americans. A good number of them are Swedes, the balakioe being divided amonjtst the other nationalities. The largest firm in the city is The Hale & Kilburn Manufacturing Company, employing on an average 70 cabinet- makers, 70 upholsterers, 30 varnishers, ami 10 carvers ; about 350 hands in all. Another very good firm is that of Hall &. Garrison, who gene- rally employ 40 cabinet-makers, carvers, 30 mounters, an I 30 gilders, or about 200 hnnds in all. I visited the workshops of Messrs Russell & Co., and found them very much like our own. Tiie work is nearly all done by the same methods. The benches, tools, and machines are slightly different, being of American manufacture ; but taking them all over, I think the tools and machinery that are used in our large factories in Scotland and England are quite as good in every respect. It is very remarkable that the same tools used and manufactured by Americans can bo bought from 5 to 10 per cent, cheaper in Scotland than they can be bought for in America. Russell ft Co., employ on an average (iO cabinet-makers and 20 carvers. They also have joiners, varnishers, and upholsterers, .n all about 123 hands. There is a great deal of piecework done in the cabinet trade in Philadelphia, but the average wage for day workers is £2 16s per week ol 54 hours. Woodcarvers in Philadelphia. There are about 150 carvers employed in Phila- delphia, and about 30 apprentices. Wages run from Is up to 2b per hour, according to ability. The aversge ho-ur= sruushc per week are f , and the average pay is £3 18s. I also visited the carving shop of Edward Macne, a Belgian. This shop is considered the best of its kind in Philadelphia, and at present Is doing some very fine work in wood, marble, and stone. There is generally employed in this shop, between stone and woodcarvers, about 20 men, and tlio wages average from £3 to £5 a week. About two-thirds of the woodcarvers in Philadelphia are members of the International Woodcarvers' Association. The length of apprentice- ships in wood and stonecarving is five years. A CITY OF HOMES. HOW WORKINGIMEN BECOME HOUSE-OWNERS. SUCCESSB'UL BUILDING SOCIETIES. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AT PHILADELPHIA. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING. THE GIRARD COLLEGE. THE PHILADELPHIA PRESS. (From the Dundee WecMy News of December SO.) Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. Mr Thomas Logan, Glasgow, reports :— Tho Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art ia another school I visited while in Philadelphia, and deserves special mention. The purpose of this school is distinctly industrial, while tho technical instruction ia intimately associated with the training in art. In the Art Department the general course of study embraces drawing and painting in water-colours, drawing from models, casta, draperies, and still life, lettering, plane and descriptive geometry, projections, with their application to machine con- struction and to cabinet and carpentry work ; modelling, casting, and wood-carving. Lectures are also given on anotomy and historical ornament. In the Textile Department the course of instruc- tion embraces the theory of textile deaigning, and its practical applications to the art of weaving of single and double cloths, gauzes, trimmings, carpets, curtains, furniture coverings, &o., and re- lated branches— scouring, bleaching, and dyeing of yarns and materials. Chemistry is taught with special reference to tho needs of the different branches of the textile industries. This is a very fine school, and every room seems to be perfectly equipped for the special work to which it is de- voted. Like all the other educational institutions that I visited, I had no opportunity of seeing any of the departments in active operation owing to it being the summer holidays. I had to content myself with walking through the different work- shops and empty classrooms, which in themselves weie highly interesting. The following is the rate of fees -—Art class, day, £8 a year ; art class, even- ing, £2 k year ; textile class, day, £30 a year ; tex- tile class, evening, £4 a year. The Elementary Schools. Pupil teachers serve five years, and cannot get through and be able to teach before attaiuinn eighteen years of age. The females get £97 tlie first year as salary, with an increase of £6 each year for five years, and it stays at that until they pass an examination for aupcrviamg principal of • : , : , 1 ' ■ ; 1 '. I ■ \ 120 Dundee Conner and Dundee Jftel-ly Newn secondary and grammar scliool. Tlie salaries then range from £200 to £320. The male teachers gi actuate from £200 to £450. In some of the public schools they give the boys fiom nine to twelve years of age twice a week one hour at modelling in clay down in the basement of the school just to divert them from theii other lessons, and the boys that do the beat work get an apple, pear, or banana, or whatever it may be. Their work is also put on exhibition in the schoolroom till next model- ling day. Fhiladolphia stands fourth highest in the salaries paid to scliool teachers in America. The highest are Boston, New York, and Chicago. The number of schools in Philadelphia is 428, attended by 118,2C8 pupils and employing 2878 teachers. School books are all free in the State of Pennsyl- vania. The Qirard College. Mr Sinclair reports :— On arriving here and delivering up my pass, which I received in Chestnut Street, and passing through the lodge or gatehouse THE GIKAIID COLLEGE. I was at once confronted with one of the be,it laid off pieces of ground I have had the pleasure of seeing in America. On either side of the main entrance up to the College was a long bed of beautiful flowers, all in full bloom, and tlie colours blending in beautiful harmony. At the end of this main walk stands a massive building of white marble, noble and severe in its lines, of pure Greoif,n architecture The building proper of Giiard College 19 entirely fireproof in its coudtruction, beingbuiltwhoUy of white marble— walls, floors, and roof. There is a portico r.round the entire editice of 21 feet in width, which adds largely to its dimensions, making it 152 feet wide and 202 feet long, on the ground to which isi added a flight of ten steps around the entire structure. With the College at first were built four other buildings, two on either side, of white marble, of plain but chaste architecture, intended f'jr the residences of the ofticers, teachers, and pupils of the college. Tlio College, and Miese four supplemental building: wtre begun in 1834, and finished in 1847, at a cost of £594,000. The grounds are surrounded by a substantial stone wall ten feet high, with the principal entrance opposite the south front of tlie college building. The College building has a vestibule at both north and south ends. In the south vestibule, which is the chief entrance, stands the marble statue of Stephen Girard, and the marble sarcophagus containing his remains. Upon the saroujhagus is the name "Stephen Girard," and upon the base of the statue the words — " Who originated and endowed this College." The statue cost £6000. The marble columns sur- rounding the buildinf are 34 in number, 5ti feet high, and 7 feet in diameter at the base. The cost of tlieso matuive and (daboratf'jy.AArveu columns was £2tiU0 each. The entire grounds, which take in an area of 45 acres, are lighted by electric lights, for which purpose there are elected tall and STATUE OP OIHABD. graceful light towers at suitable points. Theele<- tricity i'i furnished by |)ower on tlie premises. On the w<.st side of the College stands a beautiful and touching little architectural structure called "The Soldiers' Monument." Tliis handsome tribute to the memory of the former pupils of the College was erected by the Board of Director!), Its design is nn open temple, and within it, standing at rest, a white maible figure of a soldier life-size. The structure is of Oliio sandstone, upon a granite base. Upon the south side, which is the front, is sculptured these words— " Erected A.D. 18G9 to perpetuate and record the services of the pupils of this College, who in the recent contest for the preservation of the American Union, died that their country might live." lu the western end of the grounds was THK gOLOIKIIs' UONDMRNT. erected in 1883 the technical building, built of brown stone. Technical instruction was introduced in i882. The results of the experiment were so satisfactory, that in the following year the Board of Directors decided to erect this building, wliicli ../%»f AK^^i.i- Q iVV» U.UI. ;♦» — ..: A -« — — ^ —- • ,.«R.j —...,. .». -T*,,t,j.(!tr!t%' -^1 n jrjwrr- ful steam engine and necessary machinery, tools, &c. All of the pupils beyond a oertmn grade in the school ate re (ireinUea. On a beautifal and re oallcd "The tome tribute to of tbe CoUeKe rx. Its de%ign aiuling at rest, )ldier life-xize. iiidatone, upon soutli side, ilptured tlieve perpetuate and af tliis College, servation of the country might he grounds was i m&^B^ SNT. iiilding, built of was introduced iriment were so year the Board building, which irFiv VI a pOwrr- achinery, tools, certain grade in five hours pei Aritsan ExpeaiUon to America. 121 week in this department. They are taiiglit to work in metals and wood. The building contains a boiler-house and engine-room, foundry, iron department, departm.nt of mechanical tlrawing, and shoo department. Here the shoes of the pupils are repaired ami many of them made. Near this ia a large pond used by the boys for swimming THB SWIMMING B.\TH. in the summer and for a skating pond in winter, and It al8o furnishes the purest ice for the ice- house, which is beside it. Orphans are discharged from the institution by binding them out (in- denturing to trades or other occupations), by canoellmg their indentures to the college, or by dismissing for vicious conduct. When a boy finally leaves the College he receives an outfit of a good trunk and clothing to tbe amount of at least £15. The orphans are educated, clothed, and boarded in the College. The clothing is made in the style pre- vailing at the time, no uniform or distinctive dress bemg permitted. The annual cost of maintainii.g, o.othing, and educating each pupil, including cur- rent repairs to buildings and furniture and the care of the grounds, is about £60. The number of boys who leave annually is about 150. The chapel, a IHB OHAPKL, !'°Sn92""'' building of white marble, was erected m 18(>7. According to Mr Girard's will, no ccclesi- aatic, missionary, or minister of any sect whatever sliall ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in the said college, but moral an.1 reli- gious instruction is given on all suitable occaxions both in the schools mid section-rooms. The oflSoers and pupds attend worship daily in the chapel before the opening of the tchools and after their close. The exercises consist of singing, reading the bcripturo!-, and prayer. On Sundays religiout instiuction is given by lectures or addrexses delivered by the President of the College or some layman who may be invited morning and afternoon in addition to the daily worship. The applicant for adniiNsion as a pupil of the College must be "a poor white male orphan, who is above the age of SIX and under the age of ten years, and who is destitute of meanx, or without relatives able to maintain and educate him." By the will of Afr Girard, preference is given as follows:—"!. To children born in the City of Philadelphia. 2. To those born in the State of Pennsylvania. 3. To those born 111 the City of New York. 4. To those born in the city of New Oileans." Let ua hope that the benefits of tins College may be felt aa wide as the boundaries of the country, and be aa lasting ai the marble columna of ita own portico. The Peirce College of Business and Shorthand. Mr Murray reports :— The general adoption of tlie typewriter for correspondence purposes in America has led to shorthand being made one of the principal subjects of education in many of the colleges for advanced pupils in the country. Business men and others recognised with Yankee .«raartne..t the great saving of time and labour which could be effected by means of a clever steno- grapher, who waa alto able to quickly manipu- late the typewriter, and now the clerk, who has not these accomplishments, finds it very difficult to retain, far less secure, a good situation. In this connection, also, a new avenue has, as already mentioned in the notices with reference to Chicago, been opened up for female labour, and one is struck by the number of yourig women employed in oflSces aa stenographers and typewriters. A thoiough practical business educa- tion is also now more required than ever. The Peirce College of Business and Shorthand now located in three of the floors of the Record Build- ing in Chestnut Street waa established as a high- claaa commercial school twenty-eight years ago, and by keeping pace with the requirements of the times It continues to hold a leadinj; place amongst theeducational eKtablishments of Pliilailelphin. The subjects taught include German, French, commer- cial calculations, law and business forms, geo- graphy, book-keeping, and business correspondence, penmanship, shorthand, and typewriting. The average time required to complete the business course is from eight to ten months, and the short- baud and typewriting course about eight months. The fees run as follows :— Busineas or shorthand course— morning sessions— one month, £3; five months, £12 Afternoon sessions- one month— £1 12s ; five months, £6. Night sessions— one month— £1 ; six months, £5. The graduating clas^ea regu- larly visit, in company with an instructor, trust com- panies, banks, mills, the V.f^. Mint, the Post OflSce, and the Stock Exchange, and the methods of working these institutions are fully explained to .... .- js... V.,.. .-.»«.. itttmt/cr VI students enrolled was 1248, of whom 269 were females. The shorthand course wai attended by 202, and 116 of these, or fully one- half, were n n 122 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News females. Sixteen of the Stnte.i nf the Union, in- ol'ijing Florida and California, wcrerepiesontej on the roll, and there wore also stucler.ts from Canada, nrazil, and Colombia, South Ami-rioa. How Building Societies are Managed. Mr AV. Smith, Denny, made inquiiies regariling the management of tliu numerous and flourishing building societies in Pliiladelphin, and reports as follows : — The object of the City of Homes Huilding and Loan Association of I'hiladelphia is the saving of funds from monthly payments of the members to be ad\ anc;;d or loaned to those desiring to invest it, that the profits arising from the business thus transacted may, with the monthly payments, largely reduce the number of months required to make euch share v. ith its par value of £40. The capital stocic of the Association is £200,000, and consists of five thousand shares of the par value of £40 issued in one or more series as the Board of Directors may determine. Each stockholder is entitled tea certiflcnto of stock issued in the name of and under the seal of the Corporation signed by the President and counter-signed by the Treasurer, which certificate is transferable by assignment in person or by attorney in the presence of the .Secretary. Each member for each dhare of stock by him or her held has to pay an initiation fee of threepence at the time ot suhscnbing for stock, and 4s per month in current funds until the series with which he or she is connected has accumulated real assets BuHicient to divide to each sliare on which no loan has been granted the sum of £40. Loans or Advances. Each member for each and every share of stock in his or her name is entitled to purchase a loan ot advance of £40. The amount paid into the Treasury each month is sold to the highest bidder or Hdders, and any member taking an advance or loan allows the premium offered by him or her to be deducted, and secures the Association for sucli advance or loan by judgment bond and mortgage or stock of the Association. A borrower giving real estate leourity also transfers to the Association a perpetual policy of fire insurance upon the property offered as security in such amount as the Board of Direc- tors mav require. Any member may have an ad> vauoe or loan without real estate security to the amount he or she shall have actually p»id as dues tc the Association. I'or e;ich advance or loan of £40 per share to a member, at least one share of stock must be assigned to the Associa- tion as collateral security. Any member taking an advance or loan must alsu pay to the Assooiution in addition to his or her monthly dues for shares monthly interest on the gross amount of the advance or loan at the rate of six per cent, per annum, or 4.h per month for tich share on which such an advance or loan is made. Should any stockholder, who has received any portion of bis or her stock in advance, neglect or refuse to pay any or all dues to the Association for six successive months, then the directors may compel paymei.tof princii>al and interest by instituting proceedings on the bond anil mortgage, or otherwi.^C; according to law. The Board of Directors have power to keep one series open at all time for borrowing members, and in case n borrower requires an advance or loan on more shares than were owned hy him or her at time of bidding, the requisite number of shares can be furnished to him or her, the borrower paying all back dues ami assessments on such shares. Kone but members are allowed to bid for a loan or lulvanoe. The successful bidder must not take an advance or loan more than ten shares at one bid, but may continue bidding if there be more money to sell. If there are not sufficient funds in the treasury to meet such advance or loan, the balance will be supplied from the receipts of the subsequent meetings. All successful bidders are required to immediately submit to the secretary a full description of the property offered as security. In the event of a sucrossful bidder failing to offer satisfactory security for the space of one mor.th from the date of purchase, the loan or advance reverts to the Association, and he or she will be charged with one month's interest on the advance or lonn, and all expenses attending the examination of titles, searches, and writings. All security for advances taken in the name of the Associctiou, and after being executed, is deposited in the hands of the trecsurer. No s ?ourity can be deemed sufficient until it has been examined by the Property Com- mittet of Directors and approved by a majority of the Board of Directors. No advance or losn can be made on property outside of the city and county of Philadelphia. Repayment of Advances. A borrower may repay an advance or loan at any time, and in case of the repayment thereof before the expirition of the eighth year after the organisa- tion of the series to which tlie advance or loan was made, there will be credited to such borrower one ninety-sixth of the premium originally charged for every month of the said eight years, then unex- pired, The borrower pays all expenses attending the oancetling of the mortgagtt or judgment. In case of a tookhulder repaying an ailvance or loan, his or het Mliares originally transferred to the Asso- ciation as collateral security are retransferred to said stockholders as free shares, precisely as if no loan or advance had been made thereon. From the premium offered for an advance or loan on stock more than one year old, one-tenth of said premium shall be deducted for each year that the series in which the advance or loan is made has run. Should any stockholder desire to sell a property on wliioli the Association I'.as loaned money, trans- WORKING men's HOUSKS, fcrring to the purchaser all his right, title, and interest in the loan granted on his sliares, he is at liberty to do so if he first obtains the consent of the Board of Directors to such sale or transfer. No such sale or transfer can be mado until all dues, interest, and fines which the Association is then entitled shall have been paid, and the conveyance having been duly executed bjr the solicitor of the Association, with all the rights and privileges in respect to such shares of the mem- bers to whom the loan was first granted. Any stockholder having execatcd a mortgage in favour ii Artisan Expedition to America. 12S advance or lo«n, the receipt!) of icociiaful buUlera ; to tlie secretary Fcredaii security, ■r failing to offer !e of one mor.tli loan or advaiiou le or she will be OR tlic advance tlieexnrainatioit All Bccurity for Aaaooiction, and in the hands of leemed sufficient Property Com- y a majority of :e or lo.in oan be ;y and county of mces. ie or loan at any it thereof before ter the organisa- ancd or loan was oh borrower one tally charged for ^ars, then unex- pensea attending judgment. In nilvance or loan, red to the Asso- retrauHferred to irecisely as if no reon. From the >r loan on stock of said premium hat the series in made has run. 3II a property on money, trans- IKS. ight, title, and shares, he is at le consent of the .le or transfer, oan be made nes wliioh the liave been paid, uly executed by bh all the rights irosof the mem- granted. Any tgnge in favour of tlie Association, 'may subsUtute, subject to the approval of the IJoard of Directors, and at his or her expi^nse, any other property as security to the Association in lieu of that originally mortgaged. Purchases of Property. Tlie Board of Directors have power to purchase at any Sheriff's or other judicial sale, or at any other sale public or private, any real estate upon which the Association may have or hold any mortgage, judgment, lien, or other incumbrance or ground rent, when the interests of the Association require it. Tlifly aNo have power to sell, convey,or lease mortgage at pleasure to any person or persons whatsoever, any property of which the Association mav become possessed. When any sale takes place of a pro- £erty mortgaged to the Association, the Board of iirectors requires the payment of all dues, interest, finei, and charges owing to the Association at the time of saiil sale, before satisfying the bond and mortgage against the property. In case the funds are not bidden for by any stockholder for the apace of two months, the Board of Directors have power to invest the same in real estate, in United States Go- vernment bonds, or in the authorised loansof th« city of Philadelphia, provided that no such investment he made except with the consent of two-thirds of the Board of Directors. Stockholders who have not received an advance may withdraw from the Association after thirty days' notice to the Board of Directors. They will receive the amount actually paidinasdues.lessallflnesandotheroharges.andaftei the expiry of one year from the issuing of the series in which the stock is held they are entitled to the amount of their payments as dues, with such part of the profits (not less than 4 per cent.) as the directors may allow. Not more than one-half the funds in the treasury can be used to refund money on withdrawn shares except by special order of the Board of Directors. The shares of any stockholder or trustee who neglects or refuses to pay his or her monthly dues or fines for the period of six months may be declared forfeited by the Board of Direc- tors, when the shares revert to the Assaciation. If such member has not received any advance, he is entitled to receive out of the first unappropriated money in the treasury the amount of dues he or she may have paid into the Association, in addition to the profits allowed withdrawing members of the same series after deducting all fines and charges, and thereupon cease to be a member of the Asso- ciation. Interest and Fines. All members paying dues averaging over six months in advance to ;he Association are entitled on such payment to interest at the late of 6 per cent, per annum. Any stockholder neglecting or refusing to pay liis or her monthly dues or interest as the same becomes due must pay the additional sum of Id monthly on each 4s remaining unpaid. New shans of stock may be issued in lieu of all shares withdrawn, forfeited, or which have revetted to the Association. In the event of the death of a stockholder his or her legal representatives are en- titled to a transfer of tlie shares to themselves, and thereupon assume all the liabilities and are entitled to all the privileges of other members. No fines can be charged to the account of a deceased mem- ber for non-payment of dues or interest from and after his death, but fines that may have accumulated prior to that time continue to atand against his or lier account, and be deducted from the amount due to his or her representatives in any settlement •h.sreof. These byelaws c&"i>of be altered or amended except at the annua' or at a special meeting called for that purpose, and with the consent of two-thirds of the members present. The City of Homes Building and Loan Associa. tioii has 2682 shares with a capital of £30,076. Tho society has hamllod £20,000, and tho withdrawals and matured shares have been paid promptly. Any stockholder can withdraw hismonev at any time by' giving the secretary notice. The houses cost from about tOOO. They are very nice and comfortable buililiiigs. They have four rooms and bathroom, not ami cold water, with water closet built o' terra cotta brick with granite and marble steps up p them. They have a back yard with cellar, and tlieir home is freehold, and their own home when they buy It. According to the value of their house they pay for every £50 5a for taxes, and tho rent that would be paid is about £2 18i per month. The Association loaned out in 1892 £88,000, and were repaid ±,7!) .3. It takes about eleven years to pay for houses by maturity, but they can pay it off as soon as they can. There nre about oOO of these building societies in Philadelphia, which have upwards of £8,000,000 invested, and discharge mortgages to tlie amount of about £1,000,000 aiiniially. All the societies in and around Phila- delpliia are audited by the stockholders. The Philadelphia Press. The people of Philadelphia resemble those of other American cities in so far as they iire great newspaper readers. The city is accordingly well supplied with papers, tliere being no fewer than seven morning and seven evening issues. These are a 1 well supported, some of the journals having very large circulations. The Ledyer, the JlecorU, and the Item (afternoon) are reported to head the list, the last named selling 170,000 copies, and the JiecorU 105,500 daily. Amongst the others with t 1 TUB "BECOUD" building. 134 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News I i: I big Hales are the Timet (80,000), the Call (fi5,O0O), and the Inquirer (00,000 to 70,000). The Ladie»' Home Jourmil, a monthly edited \ty Mr Cyrug H. K. Curtix, ia gaid to liave a oirciilatioii of 600,000. Both the iMhjer and tlie Record have new, gpacioua, and admirably arranued and equipped oliice.'i. In the latter all the ooinpoaitioii ig effected by means of fourteen Mcrgenthaler linotypeg, driven by electricity. Tliege macliinea have been found to work remarkably well, and idthough they coat $3000 (£000) each they are said to pay them- Belves in the courae of a aingle year. Before their introduction into the Record office tlie weekly compoHition bill averaged $l(i5(), while for the week ending July 22nd it reached only .S872. The Typograpliical Union hag allowed its members to operate theao linotypea, and the men themgelvea greatly prefer them to hand composition. As an instance of the apeed with which they can be wrought, it may be mentioned that a man in the Record office, who had not aeen a machine until I^ember, 1892, set in one day, of 8J liours, 46,691 ems, receiving 16 cents (8d) per 1000. The men working these machinea average, for aix days' work, about |24 (£4 16s) per week. The Union rate for hand composition is Is 8d per 1000 ems on the morning papers, and la 5Jd on the evening iaauea. but the Ledger ia said to pay aa high aa Is lOjd per 1000. As a rule, apprentices are employed only in the book offices, and on weekly papers. It may be mentioned that a great many other American newspapers have ordered lino- types, but the supply of these at preaent ia limited to 400 annually, of which the worka at Baltimore can turn out 100, and those at Brooklyn 300. A YANKEE SUNDAY. WORK OF THE CHURCHES. A MODEL SUNDAY SCHOOL. A GREAT ORGANISATION. SUNDAY IN THE PARKS. (From the Dundee Weekly News of Jan. 6, I894.) Sunday Observance in Philadelphia. Mr Murray, the conductor, reports :— Although Philadelphia has a police force of nearly 2000 men, including mounted officers in the suburban diatriota, it retains the character which it had from the first of being eaaentially a law-abiding city. This ig par- ticularly manifest on Sunday. A few reataurants and drug stores are open on that day, but Sunday trading is not so strictly forbidden and punished as in Pittaburg as what are termed soft (frinks (soda water, lemonade, 4c.) can be purcliaaed in many plaoea, and cigars can also be had quite freely. One IS also struck by tlie great number of cyclists of both sexes seen on the streets, and one prominent feature of this branch of recreation is tlie large number of men carrying little boys and girls on seats in front of their own saddles. The aspect of the city on the first day of the week, however, is distinotly ^ that of a large Scotch cit^ or town. Thcfe are betweci! 700 and 800 piacss or wutship in Philadelphia, but it appears that the great body of the working olnates seldom or never attend any kind of service, choosing rather to spend the day with their wives and families in one or other of the public parks. A native of Dundee, who has been six years in Philadelphia, was spoken to on this subject by one of the delegates, and in reply to a question he said he had never been in a place of worship ainoe ha entered tlje ciiy, "he alwaya felt too tired with working aix full days in the week to go to ohurch," He sent his children, however, to the Sunday School, and he mentioned that one day when he was taking one of his yciung boys past the 30 feet atatue of William Penn, at present on the ground at the new City Hall, the little fellow asked—" Is that God, father V On Sunday morning some of the delegates proceeded up North Broail Street with the view of attending the Presbyterian Cliuroh at the corner of Green Street, but kound it shut, and on making inquiries they were informed that it was closed for some Sundays in summer in accordance with a common practice in the city. Both the minister and the congregation had apparently gone to the country, feeling that although they might be able to fight satiiifiactorily againut sin and the devil, it was of little or no avail attempting to contend against the very much present force of the intense summer heat. The delegates having retraced their steps entered Arch Street Methodist Episcopil Church, where along with a fairly good congregation made up of various classes of society, they listened to a very thoughtful discourse. Mr John Sinclair worshipped in Spring Garden Slethodist Episcopal (Dr Hulbard), and also attended the Sunday School, where, in response to a request made to him, he addressed a few appro- priate words to the scliolars. A Model American Sunday School. The Americans, as a rule, run their Sunday Schools Oil peculiar lines, and without doubt they consider them the beit in the world. One of the most interesting institutions of this kind in the BETHANY SUNDAY SCHOOL. United States ia that connected with Bethany Presbyterian Church, which a few of the deleuatea visited on the afternoon of Sunday, July 23. They found the body of the building occupied by 1000 scholars, but the average attendance out of the 3000 on the roll is about 2000 during the colder months. The scholars entered smartly but quietly and took their usual seats, the boya being on one aide and the giria on the other, with the younger children of both sexes, under the side galleries. The body of the hall is occupied with seats of horse-shoe form, holding six or seven scholars, and there are also three chairs in the centre of each horse-ahoe. In the middle of the r to spend the arnilies in one (8. A native nix jearH In la Hubject liy one question he aaiil woraliip since he t too tired witli go to phuroh," to the Sunday e day wlien he past the 30 feet t on the ground low asked— "Is norning some of 1 Broail Street le Presbyterian rcet, but kound ly were informed ys in summer in loo in tlie city, mgregation liad ', feeling that it sati.iliaatorlly of little or no t the very much ner heat. The ps entered Arch ih, where along de up of various very thoughtful lipped in Spring ilbard), and also !, in response to gd a few appro- ay School. 1 their Sunday lOUt doubt they J. One of tlie his kind in thn OL. with Bethany of the delcuntes July 23. They ioupied by ItiOO out of the 3000 ng the colder smartly but the boys being ther, with the nder the side B occupied with six or seven chain in the ! middle of tlie Artisan Expedition to America. 125 hh.i was a small fountain In opciBtlon, and tliiH inauoed a feeling of euolness iu the intsnxo heat of INTERIOR OF 8UNDAT aCHOOl HAIL, the bright summer day. Tlie boys were all neatly attired, and the girls, who were mostly in white dresses, presented a charming and picturesque appearance. Almost every ono of the latter had a fan, which slip kept using steadily in lively fashion, and they all chatt?red as only American giils appear to know how to chatter. At 2.25, however, a single .stroke of a bell brought about absolute silence, and Ave minutes later the opening exercises were commenced. In all, them are eighteen or nineteen orders of worship, and the one best adapted to the lesson of the day is chosen. These consist c? the singing of various hymns in parts, with the reading of appropriate passages of Scripture at intervals, the scholars reading the verses alternately with the superintendent, the boys also occasionally by themselves, and the girls by themselves. The singing, which was led by an orchestra of eighteen instruments, was remarkably fine, the sweet voices of the young folks blending remarkably well together, and nothing was more "taking" than the hymn sung by the younger girls. The Lord's Prayer was then chanted, and the first part of the proceedings, which occupied thirty minutes, was concluded with a brief ex- tempore pi ay ei by oneoftheteaohers. Then followed the classes, when the lesson of theday wis studied in ft very thorough manner for another half hour. The (subsequent service consisted of the singing of more hymns, interHperaed with a few selections by a quartette of male voices, after which an exposi- tion on the lesson was given by one of the superin- tendents, and the whole proceedings concluded with a twenty minutes' prayer meeting, attended by teachers, scholan, and strangers, of whom there was a very large number present at the school. Ilie supcrmtendent of the school is Mr John Wanamaker, the owner of the greatest emporium in the city, and it is said that when Postmaster- Ueneral of the United St.ites during the Presidency °' "'f , Harrison, Mr AVaiiamaker frequently tiavolled all the way to Washington on .Saturday night s(dely In order to conduct liis Sunday Bible class of 100 adult members at Bethany Chapel. Uiere are numerous flourishing agencies in connec- tion with the church and school. The church, which has now a membership of mm, has been practically built np through the operations of the school. The object directly aimed at is to interest as well as instruct the children, and no one who has attended the school and carefully watched the raethoils adopted can have failed to be struck with the great success of the system. The objects, metlimls and scope of Bethany Sunday Schools and Bible Classes are defined as follows :— Objects --To teach the Wonl of God, to lead souls to Christ, to build up Christian character, to train every one to usefulness, and to encourage and assist Christian workers. Methods— By Bible classes, Christian endeavour meetings, pr lyer ser- vices, mission work, temperance work, social enter- tainments, encouraging tlirift and savings, sewing societies, aid societies, diet kitchen and kinder- garten, and evening classes. .Scope— (1) No limita- tion of sex, colour, creed, condition, nationality, or age. The youngest scholar is less than one year old, arid the oldest is over eighty. (2) The sick flml friends, many of the unemployed get work, the troubled find sympathy and aid, and the untroubled find hearty, kindly, strong friendships. (3) No person whatever can justly say that an open door '■'liilW /m^\\ MB JOHN WANAMAKER. MR D. I. ANDKR.SON, ASSOCIATB TEACHER. was riot set before him at Bethany to abetter. happier life. ' Methodist Episcopalian Services. Mr Sinclair, Cambuslang, reports :-0n Sunday morning after breakfast I went to Spring Gardeiri Methotlist Episcopal Church, and while standing in front of that grand edifice reading the board intimating the church services a gentleman came «P tome ana asked if I had a mind to go in. I would hear a good sermon, and seats were all free. I was very much struck with the frankness with which that gentleman addressed me and invited me in. I think we in Scotland would do well to show our interest more in our church services, and be more ready to give a cordial welcome to strangers It was a most beautiful church, inside as well as outside. The floor was carpeted to the door, every seat was cushioned, and in every pew were a num- ber of fans. The preacher T)r Hulbard. cAipn in exactly at lO.IW, then the e .,, which consisted of two laihes and two gentlemen, sang the last three vcises of Matthew xi., which had a very pleasing as well as inspiring effect on the congregation. ' V 120 Dundee Courier a/id Dundee IVeekly News After prayer and the reading of tlie Scripture, the two ladien in the choir aang a dnot ("Sweet I'eaoe "),tiipn the Doctor announced liia text— liit Peter, third chapter, ami last verse— and preached a very powerful and elociuent Hcrinon. At tlio close of the lormoii, Instead of walking down into the vestry as we are aocnstor.U'd to in Scotland, the Doctor oaino to tlio door and shook hands w ith most of tlie oongrenation Bsthey disperHOil. When he shook hands with me he asked if I was n stranger, and ' 'hen I told him who I was lie a.skoil inn to oomn to the Sunday School at 2.30, which I promised to do. The Sun- day School here was very much the same as the oneSIr llennett and I attended in Pittsburg, and conducted on the same lines. 'VVlmt astojiished me most was to sec the nunibi\r of adults that came to the Sunday School. In the evening I attended a meeting in connection with tlio Young People's Society of Cliiistlan Endeavour. Tliis Society was formed for tlio purpose of training converts for the duties of church inemberghip, Kaoh society is in some local church, and in no sense outside. It exists simply to make the young people loyal and efficient members of the CImich of Cliri.it. It is the church training the young. Its motto is " For Christ and the Church." lU essential features are the prayer meeting, the pledge, honestly inter- preted, the lookout prayer meeting, and social committee', and tlie conseciation meeting. Other oon^mittees are optional, and the oonstitut'on is ei.tirely flexible in other points according to the nciida of the local church. The United Society is simply the bureau of information for all the societies, ^t printi the literature, supports one general secretary, aiul is the general headquarters of the work. The office is at 50 Broomflold Street, Boston, Mass. It levies no taxes, however, and assumes no authority, but every society manages its own affairs in its own way. Sunday in Fairmount Park. Mr Mungo Smith, Dundee, reports :— I visited this beautiful park and took a walk along the side of the Delaware Hiver, and was much struck with the sight of thousands of men and women, attired in their Sunday best, who were out for a day's enjoyment. The carriageway was crowded with buggies, many of them occupied by women, who handled the reins themselves. Bicycles ran past ever- moment, and lady cyclists were also numer- ous. Philadelphia is a great place for bicycles. One cannot tuin round but they are to be seen driven la all direction. Family parties also come to Fairmount Park, laden with baskets of provi- sions, and picnic under the shady trees. The tramoara run all Sunday, and bring crowds of pleasure seekers to the park. You can have many miles of a ride on the oars for five cents, and one never thinks about walking any distance. Fairmount Park is unquestionably a beautiful pleasure resort. The extent of grounds and gardens 18 over 2800 acres. There are 50 miles of drive.< and 100 miles of walks and bridle paths. In addi- tion, the city owns thirty other small parka and public squares, which brings the total park area of Philadelphia up to over 3000 acres. These beautif id breathing spots spread all over must tend to the healthy development of a great city like this with its 1,100,000 inhabitants. In passing round at all times of the day I saw many people sitting and en- joying the cool shade of tlie trees and near the water fountains, for these are much appreciated in such a warm country. The parks are all well sup- plied with seats, and though the flower beds are liot proifcifd in any way, no harm is ever done them. One of the things that the children are taught at the schools is not to tiamp on forbidden aH.\KF MONUMBNl ground, and it would seem witn good results. Scliooli^ that used to have their flowi plots pro- toctod have removed the fences, and leave them open to train the children to look but not to touch. The Zoological Gardens arc very large and well stocked It took mo three hours to walk and look at the various houses and enclosures containing the various animals, and it was really a splendid sight. Sunday at Lincoln Park. Mr Logan reports : — On Sunday afternoon, along with two friends, I went for a sail down the Delaware River to Lincoln Park, a distance of twelve miles. The river steamers In America are quite different from what we have at home. The one wo boarded was a three-decker, with three funnels spread broadways across the deck, and ex- traordinary large paddles, which gave it anything but a smart appearance. The Yankees think their steamers are the smartest vessels in the world, hut I think difleroiitly. Those who say so have never been to the Firth of Clyde. The sail down the Delaware was very fine. There are no fixed seats on board the American steamers. Everyone gets fixed to a camp stool or a lounging chair, which is so dear to the Amcricsn. The scene on board the steamer is very animating, a band dN- coursing fine music, while the girls were neatly dressed in white or other light-coloured material, which made them look as if they were going to a hall. The youths and men were also dressed in light clothes, and few of them wore vests. And no wonder ! Just fancy, 96" in the shade, and not a breath of wind. After a sail of 45 minutes, wo arrived at Lincoln Paik Pier. Here again the piers are different from ours, and, I think, could be copied by us with advantap.i. There wero practi- cally two piers — one above the other. The people leaving the steamer take the under one, and those going on board take the upper one. I think this is a splendid arrangement, for it saves time, crushing, and the annoyance we have sometimes to contend with at home. Lincoln park is a large pleasure ground, which is a favourite place of resort by the Fhiladelphians during the summer season. The grounds are beautifully laid nut with a large band stance in centre, and bauds play all the popular airs of the day. Theie \a a largo number of refiesliineut aud ice cream saloons (the American girls are very fond of ice cream), toboggan ilidei, switchback rail- ffi i Artisan Expedition to America. 127 a good rcsiiUa. owe plots pro- and loavR tliem ■>\\i not to touch, largo and well o waJK and look !9 containing the a xplcndid sight. Park. iday afternoon, a Bail down the , a distance of in America are at home. The ier, with three the deck, and ex- gave it anything ikees think their n the World, hut ly so have never e sail down the \ are no fixed ers. Everyone lounging chair, The scene on ing, a band AU- rls were neatly loured material, were going to a also dressed in vest^. And no hade, and not a 45 minutes, wo i again the piers ;biiik, could be 3re were praoti- r. The people one, and those one. I tliink Tient, for it he annoyance with at home, ound, which ia Fhiladelphlana 3 grounds are band stance in popular airs of of refceshmeut \n girls are very switchback rail- Wivi, and merry-go.round», and all other things in- cidental to a pleasure resort. I noticed that the merry-go-rounds are ililferent from those we have at home. Tliey are not so liiglily decorated, nor so well got up, but instead of ai: hor os aa we have, they have a number of birds und animals *\ f *" "**'"• o'''r'\^ * gymnasium, the ai.paratus «f w lioh cost £H( 0. A novel feature in this hall is a susncnded running track of 35 laps to the mile. The surface of this track is to bo covered with canvas or f seL'^n^*";- J ''* "'"'• """ '^ » '»'S" hall capable of sealing 1000 persons. At one end of the room IS a largo stage behind the hall, an.l at the other end IS a laljes' parlour and billiard-room. Tho fourth and Pfth floors contain a banqueting hall, ladies and gentlemen's retiring rooms, 4c., and a number of other rooms that are intended to bo rented to other societies. The roof of the building IS so constructed that it can bo trans- formed into a roof garden in the summer. This ThTJ*! f >''^.?,." ^^"''y, P°l">'»'- «» over America. clubhouse (.John Ord, a Scotsman) presented the plans, valued at £200, to the Caledonian Club. Mr Andrew Carnegie presented the library with a splendid collection of tho best books of all kinds hlwlV'"*""' •'^'"',^•'"' °aiP«'' '<" the entire build- f vLw ?f fr^o"'!" ''** ?' °™' ^y Mf Alexander Crow of t^ie Caledonian Mills, Pliiladelphia. Like « «". '"»?" K*^"'"*" P^""^' '" America no person. !^L . 1 ^'' '° 'ne'n'>«"l"P except Scotsmen, their sons, and sons of members. The entry monev is 4,1. and the annual contribution 16s, and any mem- uJhr"" »'"'■'"' "i^ ?" °' *''« Symnasium and baths has to i.ay a further sum of Ifis. Scottish games are held by the Caledonian Club every year, and are very popular with the people of Phila! nvir InnnJ'"" y**^ the sports were attende.l by Scotch ^'°^ ' ^ ""^io'i'y of whom were The Washington Monument. f„Jl'i?»?'™if' "li"8 *?'■'? °^*'' "' Philadelphia (or 01 timt matter the whole of the United States) is I he AV asbingtoii Monument. This is a grand eques- OALBDONIAN OLUB. of the best parts of Philadelphia. It was opened about two months before our vi.it by a grand reception and banquet by the olBcers of the Club The members and friends, after inspecting the fine banqueting hall, led by their chief. James On," land, ana three sturdy pipers dressed in full Hifffi. land costume. The rooms were beautifully decorated for the occasion with American coloura WA8HINQTON MONUMSNT. r^i'^M *'.*'"*• *,;^'*'' * '"'ty »"'' "chly ornamented marble base, the work of Professor Siemering. of w"i'V"^"'u"'^:,''"'.S''"?'' °* "Uf'^oriptions wK backssfsiq "fi '"'''''"^. °\ Cinoinimti as far I^n i^ „• ■ ^'*^ 'nonumeut, of which an illustra- Wion. '" ""'"' *" '"' """"^ in. suitable r j i 128 Dundee Courier and Dundee fFcrkli/ ^ttw.^i |i The American National Game. Mr Murr»T, tho Coiuliiotor, reporU :--Amcrloanii Uke ft keen intercut in many kinil« of iport, but tlio truly tifttional gitmo of the country ia baai.'l>All. lliid K»mi! ocoiipiiH in tlio .*'titoi the Mtne posi- tion whioli orlokct rillr )la. (L'innO) fnr nix imvoly pUyed in flno hatK icn tnii Aililitloii to their, rent ittmotion •II r Station. r, n-porta :— ho nortli niile o( (I Htrect, near hy {« of ;K)7 fuet in rk<;t Htrect and towror 2W feet In cl main entrance, Ibert .Street, ami irr.'age entrancp. ing-roum of large rant, and other ion for the great travel from thin in the coume of ten atoreyaliigli, 5j for ofHccK for 1 platform!) wore :e(l will be one of th of the shed in ;h, covering over roiiliti roofing is n arohoa of 2»4 3oO traina depart I Shops. sitcil these large 1 Street. They la. There were employed in the irned out at tlie f. I was made all the shops, lObiuery of every ORKS. and electricity, ;e, and covers an feet long by ItiO gh. It contains accommodating Above IS a very 3le of lifting and ler the heaviest ii's Worlts are »pted to every red dimensions, iployed, all im- to gauges and interchangeable he same class, eded for repairs lotivea or when he same gauges II.. ;;;;^.l 1;- AJ-,p in this manner o » minimum. ArtiMn Efptfliiinn h Amfrirn. 199 The malatenanen of loonmotivo power is, lu'xldei attended with the least possibin inoonvenionee ami ilclay. I oiiuld luitico in oonrau of piiigrens many (lilferent kinds of engines. Ono e.p..cially I could not help noticing. It was « four oylinder comi.oun.l engine, outsiila oylimlera, with both piKton ro.la connected to the same crosshoad, and the slide valves being round like a p|«ton working in oylin. (lers. Some engines of this class nave been running for som« time, and are said to give great .atisfaotion, both for strength and -pecil The men are all on piecework, ami work viry Imnl 'lliey work a ten-hours day, commencing at 7 a.in and stopping at « p.m., with one hour fi.r dinner 1 heir aversgo pay amounts to— Machinists, boiler- makers, moulders, from Ha to IL's per day j labourer- from Bs to (Is. Hojs over sixteen years of iige slait at 2h per day, and when two or three years in tlio TIIK "OLn IhoNSinES," 1832. employment they get a machine. That is how they work up One very good thing I Haw in c,m- nection with this work wa^ an oating-houso large enough to accommodate 170 men. I learned the man that looks after it gets it rent free, p"ov d g he supplies diets for the men at a price from 7Ad to Is. About lOOO of the workmoi, i„ ,s work own their own homes. "* °"" A Journey on tue Locomotive. I was invited by tl,o lialdwin Company to have frim'' ,'',?,T.*'f •"'"''■' '"""Poun'l express engines from I'hiladelphia to Now York, which offer I aocepted. and I , carted on Monday morning the 24th July, w,th the 7.30 n.m. express by the Reading road, hich is a distance of HO miles. AVV r^nal? ','."'':• '"'^ «'ere slowed several times by wft ■ L tr«i f"""'h''"'"*"',**f ^ ''°"'^' 55 minutes, with a tram ot SIX heavy load oars. The fastest mile run was done in 48 seconds, and for 12 mile' o^ienci we ran it in 10 minuto.H 35 seconds. The rather stiff head wind was blowing. This engine philadelphia to nl:vv_yokk. Tin.] (3REAT CTIT DESCUinED. NEW YOIIK POLKJE FORCE. THE WORK[NO MAN'.S .SCHOOL. BAKERS AND CICJAR-MAKERS. THE ELEVATED RAILWAY. (Prom the Dumlef WWkhi Nrm of Jan. M, ISO4.) •Philadelphia Factories. Mr Rlungo .Smith writes:-! visited the Star (Jrcscent M!! Company in J'hiladelphia on 21st tidies. olonkiiiKH, ,Iu,tera, Ac. I was very w 1 icceived, and shown over the place. It will , o" compare with our own weaving ,heds at hon le' llie looms are too olo.ely huddled together not giving room to go about the work with ease. Tlia jj.rla are paid bv the pieoe, and the yarn stand, te loom very welf, and doesn't seem to bother them very much. One ^irl or woman holds on two loom" fZ-^'t. r^" r"' *';'""' '"• •'"''' '"«■"• Loom bosTei -rJer. as I saw they were very apt to go wioi.J. Kvery boss has forty looms to atteml. There ai- two yarn beams in the loom at one time, and th.. are twisted on. The cloth is taken from the lomn a woman puts it up in two towel lengths, and it is taken to the packing house if it is green, and f white It IS put through a process of bleaching in » m. 'in m.n" "'"'"?'' "'" J'y"'K'"»<-l'ine and done up in small parcels. One aid. of the towel has no woven selvage, and it ,s put throuffh apout (.0 yards per minute. They also mike up some of the goods on the premises, I saw them ?i"'l'v'eii.*"'^'l'r"'« '^'r''!'''' "'""""« f"^ gentlemen to wear. 1 ho employes work (iO hours weekly, commencing (.45 to 12, and 12.20 to « for five days J he works shut on Saturday at 11.45. The handi are paid fortniglitly, and the rates of wages are •-- Loom bosses (per week) £3 ; loom bosses helpeVs, £2; weavers (per week), .•)(«; winders (per week) 28s Cd. Other hands in t he work aro paid in pro. portion, a good many ran-hig from 20s to 25s. No one :>: employed below Ki yenrs of age. Manufacturers Who Work. lalsoviHited Sykes Brothers, manufacturer, of carpet yarn, and those yarns aro principally made ron.juto waste. I .aw the juto waste gathered in Dundee and elsewhere teased up and spun in o ^ - — .. ,..,^.,..^.„ vm.,cu up ana spun int ?S'?,t°fr""r'' ""'.'■ ^°' '=?"l"^'«- "»" ""'ious thing about tins fir.r ,. that the four brothers were all wasBfeet Cinches, four coupled compound with amall wheel leading and trailing, large firebox and engineerVcahon side of boit. The fire2"„ *'^ wrought Kvf/" *'* "'',°f ^''^ ''Indies were wrought by the cngineman from his cab. about this fi woikirig at th roughest woik in the milfwith slur skeves rolled up to the shoulders and faces black with sweat an.' dust. I said it was nuiteT- common in bcotland to see men in their position working so hard. Ti.e answer was that that wa" the only way to make the thing successful, and it was good for them. Brussels Carpet-Making. I then called at the factory of liromley & carpets and Smyrna ruga and lace .attain" J Ins IS a very large building forming a compete square block of brick, five storeys in l" ght ;l a 130 m Dundee Courier and Dundee IVeekly News 11 The firm employ 2500 hanJa. The work is all done here in large and airy rooms or Hats. llie most of tlie workers are paid by piecework, and make splendid wages, so much so tliat BIr Bromley told me the competition witli l.ritom m this class of goods would compel them to have a revised pay-list. I was shown the running weekly pays of a number of the woikeis. Women weavers vary from £2 to £4. Some weeks they would not be fully employed, which accounts for the variation. Some of the men weavers run as high as £5 to £5 Ifls per week, another class of young men earning £2 10« to £3 5s. In a large work like this there must be hands paid at various rates, but the general pay of the women employed at various other works is from 30s to 403. Mr Bromley said ho would not grudge their making that, but when they went up to £3 he thought it was too high. Philadelphia has outstripped New York, and ranks to-day as the leading manufaotur- ing city in the United States. This position has been gamed by the number and variety of its niRiiufactures and by their commercial value. The city turns out over one-half of the carpet products 01 jtbe entire country. The Cost of Living. Mr J. Sinclair writes:— I dropped into a stone- cutter s yard, and the boss at once gave me the wages that were being paid in Philadelphia. Stone- cutters wages were 15s per day, 9 hours and 8 on Saturday; granite-cutters, 14s 3d a day. The Society in both of these branches was very strong In reference to marble-cutters, he said there had been great trouble with their Society, and at pie- sent there was no Union of marble-cutters in Phila- delphia. The result was that marble-cutters were as low paid as 10s per day. I next asked him in reference to the cost of living, and he told S® u 'J r'"** , '"'" *3 a month for rent. He had four children and it took 323 a week to keep his house not speaking of clothing or any other extras. Then he told me ho only wrought about seven or eight months in the year. I asked hinri how he got along in the winter. He said he pi^ed up any job he could get, and that was very diftoult, as the municipality hero imported Italians by the ship load, and they did work for very little, and five or six families grouped together living in squalor. Thus, through the importation of these Italians, the labouring work of Philadelphia is hard to get, and If you do get it you get very little tor It. He also said if I wanted to see Philadelphia proper I ought to come round about the month of December, and I would see plenty of poverty and privation. «■ .» v j » u The Delegates in New York. Leaving Philadelphia in a Royal Blue Line train at !).40 a.m. on Monday, July 24, the delegates, D01J1,..« BTBAM FERHYBOAT. after being ferried across the Hudson River, were landed a tew minutes after midday at the foot of Liberty Street. New York. New York m-nn.r i.. situated on Manhattan Island, which is 13i miles long, and varies in breadth from a few hundred yards to 2i miles. There are in addition, however about 12 500 acres of the city on the mainland to the north of the Harlem River. Tlie present resi- dent population is estimated at about 1,800 000 but several thousands of men in business in tlie pity live in Brooklyn or New Jersey. It IS said that when Manhattan Island was bought from the Indians in 162(> all that was paid for it was only £5, but it would be diffi- cult to estimate its value now. The older portion of the city below Fourteenth Street, which is the active business centre, is somewliRt irregularly laid out, but the plan of the upper or newer part in- cludes several broad avenues running northwards with streets running across them at right angles from river to river. Broadway is the best known thoroughfare in the city and is its leading artery ■ i','" ""'"« "relies it, as it is only about 70 feet in 1*1 ;'• ^^''V* '' * system of cable oars in it, and the traBic which passes over it is something unpre- cedented. It runs straight north from the Batterv Park at the south end of the Island to Eleventh Street, and then slants to the westward until it reaches Fifty-Ninth Street, where it is lost in the llaza. Ihe more frequented streets are lighted by electricity— powerful arc lamps being usually placed at the intersections— and the quieter ones by gas. the Corporation, which has no works of this kind, contracting yearly with private Companies for this purpose. New York has splendid water- ways in th^ East or Harlem River and the Hudson Kiver on the other side of the Island, up which the largest ocean steamers can easily sail. Little or no tide is experienced, and there are no docks, the vessels being moored to the numerous wharves or piers which project into both rivers. The New York Police. The police force of New York compares in a general way very favourably with that of any of the large cities of the Union, but in some respects It is behind Chicago and other large centres. This IS more particularly the case with regard to the signal and patrol waggon system which has not yet been adopted in the city, the policemen still con- veying their prisoners to the nearest of the 36 preoiiiots or distrot stations, from which they are renioved twice a day by a van, popularly designated the "hurry-up waggon." Almost every race is represented on the force, hut the lino is drawn at negroes and Cliinamen. The great bulk of the force con- sists, It IS said, of Irishmen, and it is generally understood that before a man can secure an appoint- /'^onm''®.''^u *? P'?"" ^''°'" *500 (£100) to $1000 (i^im) into the liands of the philanthropic (?) gentle- men connected with Tammany Hall. The govern- ment of the toroe is in the hands of four Oorawia- sioners- three Democrats and one Republican- appointed, usually for a terra of six years, by the Mayor, and each of tliese is paid $5000 (£1000). All the other officials, who are appointed by the lioard of Police Commissioners, hold office for life, and aro in receipt of the following salaries : — Superintendent, $0000 (£1200) • To"^. <^^*'^* ***'■' 15 surgeons. $2250 (£4u0)each; 38 captains, $2750 (£550) each: 1()8 sergeants, $2000 (£400) each; 176 roundsmen $ 300 (£2()0) each ; 3237 patrolmen, $1000 (£200) $1100 (£220), and §1200 (£240) each, according to class; 82 doormen, $1000 (£200) each; and 40 detective sergeants $2000 (£400) each. In addition, there is a clerical staff, with telegraph and tele- and there are also park and river and harbour police, the latter being equipped with steam boats Artisan Expedition to America. 131 ) addition, however, on tlie itiainlaDd tb Tlie presRiit resi- it ftbout 1,800,000, in busiiiesa iu tlie New Jersey. It uttan Igland was in 162li all that ut it Would be diffi- The older portion Itreet, whioh is the hflt irregularly laid r or newer part in- mining northwards em at right angles is the beat known its leading artery, uly about 70 feet in lable oars in it, anil is sonnething unpre- It from the Battt- ry Island to Eleventh I westward until it ero it is lost in thu streets are lighted mps being usually the quieter ones by » no works of this private Companies as splendid water, er and the Hudson land, up whioh the ly sail. Little or e are no docks, tlie merous wharves or era. olice. >rk compares in a ith that of any of t in some rtspecta >rge centres. This vith regard to the I which has not yet olicemen still coii- oearest of the 36 m whioh they are i van, popularly »ggon." Almost oil the force, 1 at negroes k of the force cou- ld it is generally secure an appoint- » (£100) to 31000 iithropic (?) gentle- all. Tlie govern- Is of four Oomtnis- >ne Republican- six years, by the ,id $5000 (£1000). appointed by the I, hold office for the following COOO (£1200) J ; 3 inspectors, surgeons, $2250 50 (£550) each; ; 178 roundsmen, en, 31000 (£200), ach, according to )) each: and 40 ach. In addition, egraph and tele- ver and harbour with sttam boats it THB POLIOB. and steam launches. The park police, numbering about 500, are uniformed in grey, in order that they may be distinguished from those on street duty, and several of them are mounted. The Working Man's School. This is an institution whose special merits were brought under the notice of the »Ie,807,643 Total 221,407,197 Total number of passengers carried on all lineu up to and ipohtding July 13tli, 1893, 2,000,000,000 The Manhattan has 3G miles of roads in all, and the total number of engines is 305. These locomotive engines are all about the same dimen- (ions —four coupled tank engines with four-wheeled bogie under, trailing end, outside cylinder 14-inch diameter, with large comfortable cab. They are fitted with vacuum brakes throughout. The total weight of an engine is 22 tons. Drivers and fire- men work an eiglit hours day, and are paid- Drivers, 143 per (lay and firemen 8s per day. Cleaners work ten hours a day and are paid 6a per day. I also bad a look through the repairing shops, and met a nmber of Dundee men. Mr Kennedy, who had been twenty years in America, informed me they were going to get three days off duty owing to the trade being so slack. The average wage in this shop paid for time working 58 hours per week was— Machinists, 10s per day ; carpenters THK ELKVATED RAILROAD. and painters, 10s per day ; blacksmiths, 10s 9d per day ; hammermen, 69 6d per day ; labourers, 6s per day. The Conditions of the Cigar-Making Industry. In America nearly every man and youth has con- tracted the habit of smoking, and a very large number of cigars are therefore consumed in the country every year. Cigar-making is one of the most important industries of New York, and as tlie result of the organisation of the operatives em- ployed in it a decided improvement in tlieir con- dition has been effected. i'revious to 1879 the hours of work varied from ten to thirteen a day, the truck system was iu full force, ancl wages were only about mie-lialf of what they are now. The members of the International Cigar-Makera' Union obtained the eight hours day in 1886, but not before several strikes had been resorted to. Operatives are paid by tlie 1000 cigars, reoeivi.ig from Sll (£2 4») to 817 (£3 Ss) for fitst-class work, and from 87 (£1 83) to SIO (£2) for cheap goods. Employers state the average weekly wages at from $8 or S9 (£1 123) and (£1 I63) to $11 and $12 (£2 4s) and (£2 8s). Unorganised cigar-makers often work on the tenement house system, and are for the most part Bohemians. They are paid from $3(l2t)to §4 J (18s) per 1000, and have to work sixteen hours a day. A large number of women and children are employed in this industry. Bakers' Hours and Wages. According to the report of the New York Labour Bureau for 1888, the condition of the journeymen bakers in the city had long been exceedingly had. Nearly all bakeries were in basements, and their sanitary arrangements were most defective. The hours of labour were also excessive and included a large amount of night work. The Bakers' National Union was formed in iai!6, and it has succeeded in reducing the hours of work in many cases to ten or ill Artisan Expedition to America. 133 cylinder 14-inch lab. Tlioy are lOut. Tlie tutnl Driver;) and Are- and are paid^ in 8s per day, are paid 6» per repairing aliopn, Mr Kennedy, nerica, informed ) days ofE duty The average jrking 58 faoura day ; carpenters lithH, 10a 9d per [aboureru, tis per :ar-Making 1 youth has con- III a very large onsumed in the ng is one of the Iforit, and as tlie operativeii em- it in their con- ons to 1879 the thirteen a day, and wages were are now. The r-Maker^' Union 0, but not before to. Operative! jivi.ig from Sll work, and from ds. Employers t from §8 or SO 2 (£2 48) and (£2 ten work on tlie )r the most part I 83(l2>.)to S-li sixteen bourn a >nd children are ITages. ew York Labour the journeymen exceedingly had, mentH, and their lefeotive. The ' and included a InkerM* NAtlonnI las succeeded in y cases to ten or eleven on five days, and thirteen on .Saturday. Wages vary greatly in different establishments. (£3 123) for flrst hands ; ,S10 (£2) to 813 (£2 12s) for second hands ; and 88 (£1 13^) to 810 (£2) for third hands. Further, the Union prohibits men from boarding with their employers, as was the custom formerly, and has introduced i,, label, sanctioned by the American Federation of Trades, to be put upon all loaves made in shops where their regulatiouM are observed. The result has been a considerable change for the bettor in the character of the workmen. ARTISANS AT NEW YORK. NEW YORK POLICE COUR'J'. CRIME OF THE CITY. FEDERATIoFoF LABOUR. FALL RIVER FACTORIES. WEAVERS' WAGES. POW T0"Bi!i^C0ME AN E|{I04N CITIZEN. fc)T ANDREW'S SOCIETY. (From the Dundee Weekly News of January 27.) The Delegates at a Police Court, How Justice is Dealt Out in the States, On Thursday July 27th Mr Ben ,e»t and Mr Murray, the Conductor, attended the Tombs Police Court. It 13 hardly necessary lo mention that they went there not as offender? against the laws of the great Republic, but as spectators desirous of witnessing how justice was a Ininistcred in the States, Iho loinbs, it may be explained, is in possession of a history, and its popular title is ""* .'*,',*"°,"' * "J'™'' significance. The building, officially known aa the City Prison, was erected THK CITV pniaoN. in 1838, and occu-pies the site of what a century aao was a fresh water pond. It is in the Egyptian style of architecture, and is considered the best specimen of that school in the whole of the country. Criminals awaiting trial, and not out on bail, are confined in tlie Tombs, and in it, before electrocution came into effect, all murderers sentenced to death by the New York Courts met their doom. Hence it lias been in reality the tomb of not a few of its inmates. Ihe delegates were prepared, from what tlioy had seen of Americaand iu institutions in the course of t;^!e!r tour, to v.-itR8=R the bualne« of the tourt conducted on lines somewhat different from these followed in the old country, but thev hardly Mueoted to see it lun through in such a rough and ready fashion as that adoptwl hy Justice Martin. The Justice, at whoso lide was a clerk or legal adviser, wm seated on a raised platform at one side of t'le room. Between him and the prosecutor and w-tneeses, who were chiefly policemen, was a nar^'/w wooden bench, and a railing separated the latter from the prisoners, Ihe prisoners were conducted into Court hy the policemen who had a;)preliended them, and tlie two classes filed up at one end of the bench, parallel to enoh other in their respective lines, ready when their turn came to have their oases disposed of. About one-half of the courtroom was reserved for the public, of whom there was a fair number pre- sent, and tins portion -..as divided off from the otlior by an iron tence, having a gate attended by an olhoer, Jhe couri ortioer stood close to the judicial henoli, directly facing the prosecutor or witness in tlie case under trial. Juotice Martin did not appeor A NEW YORK NKWSPAPKn's RPPHRSBNTATION Of JDnOR MARTIN. altogether an unhenevolent-looking gunt.emen, but tlie delegates when in New York frequently heard It stated that no man was considered properly nualified to act as a polica jnstiie unless he hod himself committed almost everj crime in the calender. The prisoners were a motley as well as a large crowd, and included Greeks, (Chinese, Italians. Poles, Germans, and French, while there were not a few whose features and speech indicated that the limerald Isle was the land of their birch. As will be readily understood, the services of the intt - preters on the police staff of the city were repeatedly called into requisition. The windows of the louitrooom were open, and so great was the noii t coming from busy Centre Street that very little f Labour at the office of mpere, president, bristoper Evans, informed me that )se composing the tion were Messrs Gilbert Robert- ursell, and tliat as in each case ork, and for tlio ersey, Mr J. P. ! Federation had of bringing botli mploycd together fences, and had I in avoiding con- oases forward for micably. It had he first Monday ished as a public less than thirty, r States of the oing mubh good, ditferent unions oster of national ontains suoh in. ns as these : — lational Boiler- National Union, ernational Boat- oopers, German- )d of Carpenters lational Union, Mine Ijahourers, amated Assocla- ociation, Horse aijjra' National )rkers' National orkers' Union, Union, Iron- m ilders' National Union, Amal- gamated Association of Iron and Stcelworkers, Journeymen Bar- bers National Union, Metal Workers' National Union, Brother- hood of Painters and Decorators, Shoelasters' National Union, Cus- tom Tailors' National Union, Tex- tile Workers' Progrtssive Union of North America, International Typographical Union, Umbrella, Pipe, and Cane Workers' Union of America, and the Woodcarvers' Mr C, Evans, Natioiial Union. The revenue of the Federa- tion IS derived from a per capita tax of one quarter of a cent per month of each VotZ; '", F^ standing. The American federation of Labour is numerically the strongest abour organisation in the world, even surpassing the Knights of Labour, possessing as it cloes an sKgreRate raenibership of 618,000. while that of the itnights of Labour is set down officially at 535,000. St Andrew's Society, New York. Mr Brown writes :— The above society is the oldest society m the State of New York, having been founded m the year 1750. It is thus upwards of 143 years old It is composed of members who must be either Scotsmen or at least grandsons of hcotomen. There are over 500 ordinary members Z I «l '^}\\ ^ *"'?, P*? ^l" '*=2) at the beginning and $5(£1) annually afterwar.ls. There are also over 100 life members, who are so named because tliey have paid at once £20. The office is at United Chanty Buildings, corner of 4th Avenue and 22d btreets, and is open from 10 till 12. There is also another place, which is always open, at 287 East Broadway. Mr John Grierson is secretary, and Mr i^eo. Ualder, of Aberdeen, almoner. The revenue 18 derived from t!.? annual payments of each mem- uer. J here is also another source, namely, the centennial fimd. This is a fund which was created When the Centennial Hxhibition was held at Phila- delphia, and is contributed to by such gentlemtn as fllr Cariiegie. It provides what may be called extraordinary income. The sooietv exists for ihe purpose of assisting cases of need. The total num- ber of applications for relief for last year was 2297. Male applicants, 1503; female applicants, 794: resident applicants, 1027; non-resident applicants, li70; unworthy applicants, 196. The society besides assisting poor widows and orphans, &c., of 1 ■? i'f' ''*^^ some 70 or 80 on the roll, who get about $1 or $5 a month, aro in the habit of granting passage money home to those who, being in failing health and not soon likely to recover, wish to return to their native land. Ihe society is also good foi' assisting some <>m- ployers to find employes iod vice-vena. The number of those who were assisted to find emp'oy- ment last year .< 60 in surrounding States. Weavers earn from 32i to 40'i pci- week ; section hands average 44s per week. Tlie majority of weavers tend eight looms. Milt'ii)inners 423 to 52^ according to length of mules ; women on roving frames 28s to 32s per week. AVui|) is all spun on frames by girls at about 283 per woek. Machine shop about 32» to 48s per week ; eight men with boss, lis per day. The above all refers to average 32 yarn and plain weaving, and represents fairly three-fourths of the Fall River. The Manville Spinning Co., Providence. Having a letter of introduction to the Manville Spinning Company, I pr( eeded to their work, which is 15 miles above Providence. It is the only work In the village. The proprietors have built hundreds of houses for the workpeople, and rent them to the hands at rents varying from 23 to Gs per week. A great many of them arn in tenements, but for some time they have been putting them up singly ; they are all wood. It is rising ground, and they are all icattered over the face of the hill. Ground here is very cheap. The rooms in this work are the largest ever I was in, and the work pro- duut.-J is very line. It is nearly all figure work, and some _ very pretty patterns. It would rather Mtonish Dundcj workmen to see it. I bdlieve it is something like Pai-sloy. Tlie kinds of work done Jfe nearly all ladies' dresses, and I believe tliey hold a patent for fliiiFhing some kinds of goods. They work CO hours, while in Fall Kiver they work only 58 hours. There are 80,000 spindles, and tne hands number U(X). Millspinners earn from 2Ss to 32s, and weavers average 31s per week. How to Become an American Citizen. Jtr Logan supplies the following copy of the form of declaration made by an alien who intends to become a citizen of the United States :— STATU OF NKW JKHSKY. Ho it reniombcred, thiit on the Vth day of Pobrnary, in the year o( o\ii' Lord, one tliousiind eight hundred ami ninuty-tliree, before me, iJunnis M'Lauglilin, clerk of tlia Com t of Oonimon ricas, in and for the county of Hudson (the said Court being a Court of llecord, having oomnion law, jurisdiction, ami a clerk and seaOpersonallv appfarcd ,an alien, a native of Scotland, aged about Myenrw, who, being duly Bwoin, according to law, on hi» oath, dotli declare and say that he arrived in the United States on or about the 'JSd day of June, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two— That it fs 6oy»t .Me his intention to become a citizen of the United States of Ameriea, and to renounce for ever all allegiance and fidelity to any and every foreign prince, potenfeiie. State, and Sovereignty whatever, and particularly to the Queen of tlie United Kingdoni of Great Britain and Ireland, whose subject he has heretofore been. Subscribed and sworn before me this day and year above written, DENNIS M'LAUGHUN, Clerk. (Signed) Stale of New Jersey, Hudson County. I, Dennis M'Laaghlin, clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, in and for the county of Hudson afoiesaid, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the " Declaration of Intention to become a Citizen of tlio United States of America," of , as the same is Hied on record in my office. The testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name and utflxed the seal of the said Court in the county aforesaid, thi3 day of February, A.D., one thousand eiglit hundred and ninety-throe. DUNNIS M'LAUGHLIN, Clerk. VISIT TO ORANGE. EDISON'S LABORATORY. HIS EXPERIMENTAL WORKS THE GREAT INVENTOR'S CAREER. NEW YORK FIRE BRIGADE. DOLPHIN JUTE WORKS. PATERSON SILK MILLS. (Prom the Dundee Weekly News of February 3.) Edison Works at Orange. Mr E. Bennett writes :— I had the pleasure of visiting Mr Thomas A. Edison's Laboratory at Orange. It is a place so unique and interesting that it is really worth description, and will, I have no doubt, be very interesting to the readers of tlie Newsaa it wos to me. The main building of tlie group is 250 feet long and three storeys liigli. There are also four smaller buildings 100 by 25 feet one storey high, liie wiiole, with Its grounds and outbuildings, constituting an establishment of most impressivo proportions. On entering I was &r»t Artisan Expedition to America 137 kinds of work done and I believe tliey me kinds of gondx, ill Kiver tiiey work spiniUcH, ftnd tne era earn from 28.s per week. irican Citizen, iwing copy of tliu 1 alien who intends d States : — IISKY. til clay of Febrnnry, id eight linndred ftnl .niiglilin, clurk of thu ;he county of Hudson :ord, having oomnion 1) personally appennd , aged about 23 yeiir», law, on Ilia oath, doth le United States on or ear of mir Lord, ono ■two— That it in bonn of the United Stntrx ir all allegiance and ice, potentate, State, aulaily to the Queen Biitaio and Ireland, this day and year .AUGHLIN, Clerk, led) lunty. lie Court of Common Fludson afoiesaid, do Is a true copy of I lie line a Citizen of the , as tlie same is filed ony w.'iereof I have itlixod the seal of the thi3 day of February, nd ninety-three. .AUGHLIN, Clerk. lANGE. RATORY. LL WORKS ENTOR'S BRIGADE. WORKS. i MILLS. vs of February S.) Orange. ad the pleasure of n's Laboratory at [lie and interesting n, and will, I have the readers of tlie Ml building of the iree storeys high. Iing3 100 by 25 feet ill Its groands ami Ablishinent of most utering I was firtt taken into tlie library, a magnifloent hall, all lined with timber and varnished its natural colour. This hnll rises some 40 feet, and is very little short of 100 feet sq\iBre. Around the walls are deep bays containing books, and these bays are repeated on the gallery floors that come round three sides of the Imll. At one end is a large open fire place filled with logs, before it stands an easy chair and a lung reading table. Above the fireplace is a clock with a dial several feet in diameter. At the other end of the room M>' Edison has his desk, which he had left only a few minutes before I airived, so that I didn't have the pleasure of seeing him.. Close to his desk he has a phonograph which he uses in dictating letters. The central space on this floor is occupied by a bank of t'owers and paims, not far from which stand.i a fine marble statue of the Genius of Lii;ht, a figure with wings open, poised on the broker, shaft of a gas lamp, and holding; aloft a brilliant incandescent lamp. Lying oti a lounge or couch in a snug corner of this room, I found Mr Edison's father, an old gentleman over 90 years of age. My guide told me that he was taking his afternoon nap and he didn't care to disturb him, or I would have been very pleased to have exchanged a few words with him. He seems to have been a very powerful man in his younger days. He is tall — I would say over 6 feet in height— and strongly built, and my guide told me that he is as straight as an arrow when on his feet, havinj? no stoop as we very often find in old men. The hook shelves contain between 30,000 and 40,000 volnines of reference. Here and there stand terrestrial globes, models of dynamos, &o. In one of the recesses is the exquisite Tiffany collection of minerals and gems exhibited at Paris in 1889, which was bought by Mr Edison. Around the walls are hungportraits, drawings, views, and othcrinteresting objects. The air of the place is that of repose, yet it has a stimulating influence, and now nnd agai:i as the doors were oper.ed I could hear the hum of machinery. I am told that many a visitor never sees any further than this roomi but I had the pleasure of being shown through the whole of the establishment. In leaving the library, we next visited the store rooms ; hero is a collection of nearly all the organic and inorganic substances under the sun. I am told that in carrying out his experi- ments Mr Edison was often hindered in bygone •'ays by lack of mftteriftls that necessity demanded. When he came to make his incandescent lamp he worked through everything that it was possible to caibonise, and then explored the two hemispheres in search after the bamboo that would yield just the homogeneous fibrous structure that ho required. He first tried making filamtnts of platinum and other rare metals, then threads rubbed with plum- bago, coal tar, ami similar substances. Then ho. turned his attention to vegetable fibres, and amongst them he found in the bambjo the material he had been searching for. Thert are no less than 1200 varieties of bamboo, but only 300 of these are useful for any purpose of experimenting. He dis- covered from the.HC a form of bamboo which grows only in a cortiiin district of Japan which gave him just what ho required. Tliis has to be gathered at certain seasons of the year and seasoned in a certain manner. In a very large nest of lockers or drawers arc to be seen ores, gums, resins, metals, fibres, fabiics, chemicals of all sorts, hairs, feathers, skins, boiiCi^, teeth, oils, inks, hooks, quills, nceilies, shells, &c., anything and everything that one could think of, and in quantities large enough to last for years. The Machine Shop. The machine shop is a model of its kind. There are some very fine machines which do very delicate work. The watch is not to be compared with some of the parts of the phonograph, they are so delicate. This wonderful instrument, which has done so much toadd to Mr Edison's fame, was invented by him in 1877, and was the outcome partly of his experiments with the telegraph repeaters, and partly of his extensive researches in telephoning. The original phonograph, which is now in the British Patent Office Museum, atSouth Kensington, consists of a brass drum with a fine spiral groove running its entire length, over which is placed a sheet of tinfoil to receive the indentations made by the needle attached to the diaphragm. On the shaft carrying the drum are mounted two heavy fly-wheels to secure uniform speed, as hand power only is employed to turn the instrument. In the present form of the phonograph a small composi- tion wax cylinder takes the place of the brass drum and tinfoil, and the needle forms the record by engraving or scooping out minute particles of the wax cylinder instead of merely indenting it, and it is run by a small electric motor, and the adjustments of the diaphragm have been greatly simplified, rendering the phonograph almost entirely automatic in its action. In these works are employed over 100 men and boys, and one of the most interesting features in connection with the laboratory is that nothing is manufactured for sale. All the capital employed, and all the expert ability or industrial skill at command is devoted to experimental work alone. The commercial stage is reached later on. Many an experiment is doomed tofailure, and many a promising clue when followed up leads nowhere, but each and every line of work has a definite object. It may be said that failures have their lessons of value. Ml Edison's Mansion. Mr Edison has e bedroom in the laboratory, and many time he never go-is to his house for days and nights together, although his house is situated not very far from the laboratory. It is a fine mansion, which he calls the Queen Anne, and stands on the top of a hill. It is supplied with the electric current that is generated at the laboratory. One of Mr Edison's most laudable ambitions has been that of creating new fields of woik, and to-day thousands of artisans of all kind find employment in the industries ho has established. The Inventor's Career. A brief account of the life of Mr Edison may be 138 Dundee Courier and Dundee JVeeEy News jntfwsting to the readers of the Neioi. Hs was '"'.'■." ?n February 11th, 1847. in a quiet little town called Milan, Ohio. His father, Samuel Edi»on, is a Dutohman, and hia mother, Mary Elliott, wan a Ma«Moh..s8ett8 woman of Scottleh lineage. Wlien hdiion was only seven yeara of age his iwrenta left "•'-" ■"'' went to a place oalle.1 Port Huron, Milan and Miohigan. AT THK AQB OF TWKtVK hia quick intelligence had secured him a jjlace as newsboy on the Grand Trunk Railway running be- tween Port Huron and Detroit. He had only two months' regular schooling, but his mother, who had been a teacher in a (Canadian High School, saw to it that his education was not neglected. Be.sides, he took to books like a bird to the air. Whatever came in his way he road and all that he read he remembered. Like a big sponge hia mind drank up every fact imd like a magnet his memory held to it all. His trips to Detroit gave him the opportunity to resort to the Free Library of thp* city, and ho immediately devoted his enforoeu leisure to the task of reading the collection tlirough. As an offset to these studies, young Edison gave himself up to commercial affairs at Port Huron, where he carried on a book-store, a news-stand, and a vcsetable market, and employed eleven boys as his dssistants. Early in 1862 he con- ceived an idea or publishing a newspaper on a train, and accordingly he started. He bought some old »ype and stereos from the proprietors of the Detroit Free Preis. A smoking oar served as his publish- ing and printing office. He did all the work him- self. He devoted the paper, which he called The Grand Trunk Herald, to local and railway news, and built up a large circulation, and could count no fewer than four hundred sub- scriber!. Edison began to combine chemical experi- ments with his journalistic enterprise, and the result was his summary ejectment from the car after setting it on fire with a bottle of phosphorus. Telegraphy was the next thing which claimed his attention. He bought books and apparatus and tried a little private line. About this time he saved the son of the station-master at Blount Clement from being run over, and the grateful father offered to teach Edison practical telegraphy. This offer was eagerly accepted, and in a very short tinae he was proficient, and within five months he had obtained an appointment as operator in the telegraph office at Port Huron. Edison thus entered the ranks of a humble profession that has given us a great many leaders of men. It was not, however, V.'tfh nn uloA nf ltAAnn«in» ^Ir^U «.- X.__..- ^1.^,. -- — — ^_ „^ „^« j3 .,, ,«,,iotf^ iiiai) Edison enrolled himself as a member of the tele, graphic fraternity. He was in love with the art. and probably saw in it a means of gratifying the passion for experiment that had gradiuly been developing in him, and that has been such an Bxtraordinary clement in his intellectual growth. x\o sooner had he settled in one locality than some mishap or trouble, or the quick-ilver of curious youth in his veins impelled him to move on, ana wo find his peregrinations extending all the way from Canada to the Far South. At one time nis imaginative mind was full of glowing pictures 01 .-iouth America, and he made up his mind to oave his native shores, and but for the fact that tneshipin which he was to have gone had sailed before ho reached the port of embarkation ha woum have carried out his intention and proceedene chilly morii' through the icy >roteoting him- n old straw hat all these trials p, and beats a I situation, and venting go on, id instruments : a small print- lis own on tha 7, however, he igraph office by and, of course, WM diamisaod. He then proceeded to Cinoinnatf, wliere he built a miniature locomotive and some of his first duplex sets, and gave himself up to reading the scientific books at the Afcchanics' Library, and then tired out he drifted liomo ngain to Port Huron. At this time he was only 21 years of age. and wat called upon by the Grand Trunk Railway t.ompany to increase the capacity of a short sub- marine cable, and then an appeal to a friend of his called Adams, in Boston, secured him employment in that city. '1 his ap|,eal was embodied in a letter written in his peculiar hand, which was the princi- pal cause of his getting the situation. In Boston he opened a small workshop and put into practical shape many of the ideas with which his busy brain was teeming. He look out liis first patent-that on a vote-recording machine. He built dial instru- mente f ornrivate lines, and put them in operation. He was ca led upon to lecture here on telegraphy before an academy of young ladies, but the modest young in- ventor could only conduct the experiments, leaving the oratorical part to his frienj Adams. From UoBvon he naturally made his way to New York and It was not long after he had reached that city ♦h?T*.".'n '!!f"'j" "'•' tran'mitting mechanism of i,,,„Jf ^ Gpld indicator system, upon which several hundred instruments dependo'L gave him the opportunity he needed. ftis skill in a,Uusting the damaged apparatus secured him a position and re- putation anrf a salary of 1200 per month. He set T^ \"n^ "ni'foved the whole of the instruments in use, and before long was not only engaged in the service of the Gold and Stock and W«ter„ Un on hrf^T^'i.'*/ '"«'■ «»l8'y. but had made a con- M^ f.?- ' , *•'• '*'^ *^ 8ive them the option of all his telegraph inventions. In order to carry out his arrangements with the above Company lie started minf. ^"^'^ " ^T"''' "here he employed w many as 300 men, and sometimes worke/uMn no tewer than 45 inventions at a time. After a while however, Edison found that the combined work of sT«n;fh ""JF *'"* '"".enting "as too much for his Ji.?ri.; "• * "l" '^** »*'"<='' ''im it had to be ^uld blrTT * thousand different ways, and this «„ptl.? ^''^ "^"i J" »» .ordinary workshop that was .h f^n^ « ^.'u'*' ?" >">"'ediate return for everv 'Hilling. He therefore relinquished manufacturing in 1876, and started his laboratory at Minto Park, New Jersey. Here lie brought out very many of bis inventions till, only a very few years ago, be built the fine new laboratory at Orange, which I have mentioned above. Some idea of the inventions ■ and discoveries of Jlr Kdison may be formed from the fact that he has taken out over 600 patents in America alone, and has applications pending for over 300 more. The New York Fire Brigade. The Fire Brigade of New York is in a very efficient condition, and having regard to the number of fires which occur daily in the city, this is absolutely required. Indeed, the delegates during their short tour in the States witne^tsed so many fires and so many more turns out of fire brigades that they formed the opinion that if tha country ■MM^MMim were not so very large all the property in it would be burned in the course of a year or two. Some of the New York newspapers publish daily lists of the fires which occur in the city, and from one of these it appeared that there were no fewer than fourteen on July 28, the day previous to the ile- parture of the members of the Expedition. The Fire Brigade of New York consists of 67 engine companies, 22 hook and ladder companies, and 2 fireboats for the purpose of protecting the harbour and river front. Tlie system in operation is the same as that in use in Chicago and some other large centres, all the firemen residing at their respective stations, and the horses standing ready to move underneath the liarness resting over tiie shafts of the engines the moment the electric boll is rung. The department, consisting altogether of about 1000 men, is under three Commissioners, who arc paid $5000 (£1000) each annually during their short term of office. The salaries are as follows :— Chief, $6000 (£1200) ; deputy-chiefs (2). SS4200 (£840) each ; chiefs of battalions (13), $.1300 (toco) each ; and firemen, $1000 (£200) each. The total cost c* the department for the current year is estimated at §2,223,135 (£444,627). As was de- monstrated to the delegates at tlie fire in the World's Fair buildings and elsewhere, the firemen are brave and courageous, freely risking both life and limb in tlie discharge of their dangerous dutie.'<, and they well earn the pension to wliicli they are entitled after 20 years service or after meeting with a serious accident. Dolphin Jute Mills, Paterson. The Calling House of Dundonians. Mr Mungo Smith writes: — I ca'led on Mr Brown, Dolphin Jute Mills. He showed very great kindness to me, and went round the mills with me^ There are a Tsat mai^y •^ec^ds here from Dundee, Lochee, and Forfar, and I find that heads of all the departments are from these tuwni. They have got settled down here, and *Mr 140 Dundee Courier and Dundee fFeekhj News ^i«i are very well. This aeenm to be the house of call (or DuMiIoe people coming out here, anil tlie mill in nearly eUcd with them. IJiit a groat many of tliem find their way to the silk millH, where, after a short time, they earn far bcttfr pay, ami won't go back to the jiito mills. The work done here is jiiti- spinning, twino-making being one of tlicir principal things. Their looms are entirely filled, making girtlimg of fiom 24 inches to 4 inohos, all jute used for upholsti'ry work. In convcrsiuion with Mr Hrown be said they cannot onmpete with Jiiindeo in making burlaps, even although we have to pnv tariff in getting our goods here, owing to the expcisuro of the material, and tli.) higher wages having to ho paid here. He also complains of the ditTcrent length of "»y. wnrked in the several States. They work 55 hours in I'aterson ; Jrassaoliusetts, D8 hoiira ; Providence, GO hours ; New York, GO hours. He socms to think this kind of Home Kule shouhl not b« tolerated, but rather tlm; 10 different States in the manufaoturing line should have the same working week, and there would not be so much discontent about the length of hours. There is a very great difference between the service in a jiite mill and that in a silk mill, and a very gi vat difference in the workers' appearance. The follow- ing statement shows the woges earned in Dolphin Jute Mills; hours of labour, 55 per week— 7 a.m. till noon, 1 p.m. till 6 p.m. ; and on Saturdays, 7 «.m. till noon :— ^, ,, ^ CAnOING.ROOM. ohifter boys, .. Card boys, . . . _ [[ Card and clrnwin;', . . HiDgle drawinj<8, .. .. ]* Two drawinxa, .. "' Back of iovings, . . . . " Rovers, Bai-k of rnvins! nnd front (if drawing BrcakcT-feecliTfl, BaCclieis and labourers, . SPlNNING-llOOif. Snifters, per week Snifters and piecers, ,, Single spinnnrs, Double spinners ,', Hi-nvy spinners . ' Shifting niirttrcjtwes,. . Truck boys and band sewers Mil! foremen (ijood men), .. Mill raeolianies (general) £3 Heelers, uvimije ! £1 10 1 Ihe cost of living here seems to be rather cheajici than in some other places. I would not advise people to come out to America at present, as they are very unsettled, and a great many workers are going idle. The Silk Mills. s. U Hi iil 17 21 •J I •J4 23 22 Hi 11 10 21 2'l 27 27 Ij £3 12s to £4 £2 Ss to £3 I found on visiting a silk mill that this is the best paid of ail the works, The mill I visited 18 an old-established one. Tliey weave all sorts and sizes of ribbons and silk dresses. Most of the looiTiH are wrought by men, but there are a good many women, and they make splendid pay. Men make from £3 IGi to £5 per week, and women make from £;i 8s to £4 43 per week. Warpers also make big wages. A good many young girls are employed in folding ribbons. It is a treat to see the different processes of silk twisting, wind- ing, warping, and weaving. I got into conversa- tion with a Fife man hailing from Kirkcaldy. He came to this country about five years ago. He acts as a porter and timekeeper, and gets for his work £2 129 per week, and pays £2 per month for house rent. He said he never advised any of hia frinndi! to ccm.e out. Although he had for municipal or State matters, and could IVv ""° ""'" '"' beoame a citizen You can purchase many orticlos of both food and clothing, ho said, "as cheaply as in the Old (ountry, but a groat many are dearer. House rent and coals take a big slice off in the year. You can have board here for 22s per woek, but there are a groat many things you havc^ to provide yourself with oven at this figure." I also met n young woman from Stirling. She was a dressmaker when she came over here, but finding the work confining and not too well paid, she went to the factory. She is mistress over the jwokers, and has £2 8s per week. She pays for her board 17s, and sends £1 every week to her mother. She finds she is more nimtortable and hotter paid than at the dtess- inaking, but she said it was the money tliat mailo her stay, as her people at homo required a little help. When I saw this lady, she was asking leave for herself and the others in her department to get home for the rest of the day, as the heat was Wi degrees and unhoaroble. It seems thoy have to go homo on very warm doys. COST OF MVING IN NEW YORK. CHILD LABOUR IN AMERICA. PITTSBURG TO NOVA SCOTIA. DESCRIPTION OF NEW (GLASGOW. A MODEL lEMPERANCE PROVING IC. (Prom the Dundee Weekly A'cips of February 10.) Cost of Living in New York. Mr T. Logan writes :— Although the artisan in America, receives big money his ordinary exponses are big olso. The houses in New York arc built on the fiat system, somewhat after our own, only not neofly so substantial. They are mostly all built of brick, -.vith slim, rickety, narrow wooden stairs, regular deathtraps in the event of fire. A three- roomed house, with two or three tenants on the flat, costs from !?12 to «16 (£2 8s to £3 4s) a month So«°''''a'?K '° location, and a flat of five rooms costs »iu (£6) a month, or £72 a year. That includes all taxes, which are paid by the landlord. I noticed that some of the better class tenements ore fitted with elevators, which the people use instead of the stairs ; in others there are speaking tubes as well as the usual bell leading from the close to the honsos above. I thought the speaking tube a capital idea, as a person can iu many oases do all their business by simply speaking through the tube, and thereby save many a weary climb up two, three, or four stairs. As regards the food, it was admitted that it is a little dearer, and fiom my own ex- perience I found that the living is on a more liberal scale than it is with us. Theiewasone thing that struck us all, that was the crudeness of the table utensils. No matter wliether it was in hotels or common boarding-houses, it was all the aaiiie. Teacups arc made witliuut handles, are Biiu woum ue uappier every way. He had no vote | ness resemble our common jam or jelly-pots. All rn, and oouM kme a eitizeii. of both food And as In tho Old iicr. Hoiinn rent ! year. You onn l)ut there arc a iirovidd vourseK ,l«o met » youii({ drciRmaker when o work oonfinhiu to the factory, nd has £2 Hx per Tn, and sends tl lri(l» Hho is more n at the dress- oney that made required a little VBH aHkiu); leuvo jpftrtment to get ho heat was 8(1 tlioy have to go IN NEW AMERICA. NOVA F NEW RANGE if February 10.) V York. I the artisan in dinary exn^inscs ork are built on r own, only not ostly all built of wooden stairs, fire. A three- tenanta on the £3 48) a month five rooms costs hat includes all 3rnd . and ^ ,'i.t- „ , eight hours limit, whi) in Massachusetts they must not exceed 58 per week In the last-mentioned State the Acts are enforceil witli encouraging results, the number of working children under 14 yoari of age having decreased fully 70 per cent, in eight years ; but in tho other , ?,',°? .'""■y """y "' *^'« fPgulations concerning child labour are ineffective owing to a lack of com- petent iiii sectors. It would also be easier to pre- vent the employment of children below the legal age if the compulsory education laws were amended and enforced. In the New York report for 1887, complai is made that many children who hail been dismisssed from factories did not go to school, and that the law was practically a dead letter, be- cause, although School Boards were empowered to cause the arrest of any jiarent or employer known to violate it, there was no money provision made for the expenses of its enforcement. It is said that it is only in Massachusetts and Connecticut that the laws in this connection have been strictly enforced. Child labour under ita worst aspect is to be found in the sweating shops of New York, Brooklyn, Chicago, and other lar.^e cities. These workshops are often small, confined rooms in the tenement houses, which, according to the report of a New York Factory Inspector, reproduce in an intensified form, all the horrors of dirt and over- crowding to be found in European cities. Young persons in America, as soon as they go to work, are usually made by their parents to pay a certain sum every week for board and lodging, and in this way tliey quickly attain a state of personal indepen- dence. The City's Commerce. More than one-half of the foreign commerce of the United States is carried on through the customs district, of which this i. the port, and about two- thirds of the duties are liere collected. In 18!)0 the exports of New York were of the value of 81)47,500,252 (£70,000,000), and the imports .?rj42,3(i(i,80O (£108,500,000). The manufactures of New York, although .•secondary in importance to its commouial and mercantile interests, are varied and extensive. In the value of products of 1890 it was the first city in the Union, the whole number of manufacturing establishments being over 14,000, employing .351,757 hands, and producing goods valued at 87(i3,833,923 (£152,770,000). From Pittsburg to Nova Scotia. Mr K. Dunlop writes :— On Tuesday night, the 18th .luly, Mr Muir and I left Pittsburg for Nova .Scotia via Buffalo, Toronto, Montreal, and St John, N.B., engaging a sleeping berth in the night express. Morning found us running along the shore of Lake Erie, with a cool, refreshing breeze blowing off the lake, very pleasant to us after the great lieat experienced at Chicago and Pittsburg. Keaching Buffalo at seven o'clock, we dined at the railway station, where there is every accommoda- tion for trav^Uers, t"r.=i«miiig our j-jurncy at c-i;^ht o'clock for Toronto via Niagara Falls and Hamilton. The run from Buffalo to Niagara Falls is through • veritable garden. On each side of the railway oao tili Lk 1 Hfl 143 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly Nmot lie i««ii fruit of ftll kindi growing In •bundanee, in noma oaae* whole flelih given up to the oullivktion ofgrapei. Cliangm^ oarringex at Niagara Kalia Station, where tlio (Juatoini uHlocn eiainino your luggage, wa erou Iho Niagara river by tlio railway bridge, and again we gase with a atrange faitoina- tion at the mighty fall, whuiu the ruHJiiiig waturi make the plunge uvor the lodge, the nulae remind- ing one of the dliiiiit roar uf a vaat city. We were now on liiitith loil, and reaohcd the thriving and busy town of Hamdtou at 11.30. It is finely situated at the en>l of Lake Onta> iii, peopled mostly by Soots- iiien, and as a gooil many people told us, it lias a future before it, and iiiUuls to keep in tlie front a* an industrial and manufacturing town. I may here mention that on our way through Toronto to (JliioaKu I uutieed in the Toronto papers that a company intended starting smelting Wdrka in Himiitun. Tliey were asking the town fur a bonun to asaiat them in putting down plant and establishing the works. Un cuminx back tlirough tlie town to-day I flnci by tlie papers tliat the vote of the town of Hamilton lian been taken. A bonus of 936,000 has been granted for the smelting works O.P.B. STATION, MONTRHAl. with »n additional bonus should the company spend ft certain amount in laying down steel works. This also includes exemption from taxa- tion for a certain number of years. These means are taken to Assist the young country in developing its own^ natural resources. We reached Toronto at one o'clock, and having some hours to stay we again called at Walker House, where the traveller can find every comfort and attention. The pleasure steamers on the lake are as fine a fleet as any one could wish to see, and the constant traffic to and from the little island in tlie bay makes an attrac- tive scene of rare beauty. Toronto is celebrated for its aquatic sports. Hanlan and O'Connor, the renowned scullers, have made Toronto Bay famous throughout the world. At Hanlan's Point various amusements are to be found, and the city bands play every evening during the season. The Sunday oar question seems to be agitating the public mind at 'loronto. By a small majority it luia been decided not to run the cars on Sunday. Leaving Toronto tm Wednesday night we arrived at Montreal on Thursday morning. During our stay in Montreal we paid a visit to the beautiful R.C. Cathedral of St Peter's not vet finished. It U built afie. Ue plan of St Peter's Church in Rome^ The interior vault and the cornioei are painted in white and fola. The walls art fireproof. II U 81, feet long and IBO feet wide. The paintings of the prinoipal c.ipola represent the four evangelists and their embleina. Heaidea the angels painted above tlie evangelists there are beneath tlio keys of Ht Peter, the arms of Arohbiahop Bouiget. second bishop of Montreal, who began the ohurob ; the arms of Archbishop Fahrc, under whoxe patron .gu UiB church IS being continued ; the emblems of Pope Leo Xllf. The building will cost one million Hollars. An cle, trio organ of great power will Ixi installed m October, 1893. Wo also visited the "•Jf."' *''*'■• "'e'»'««»teamora were being loiklcd with the produce of Canada for conveyanoa to all parts of Britain. In the duck we saw the un- fortunate steamer Uko Nepigon, whose ship crew WB encountered on our way out to Montreal. Lying alongmde was the Thomson Liner Hur„n» almost ready for deapatch homo, dockers being buny loading amidst a scene of bustle and oioitement. At 9 o clock at night we left by the O.I'.K. for Nova Scotia via St John, N. B. For a great part of the way we ran through bush and unbroken land, with here and there a little town of wooden shanties, where young settleri wore making for themselves a home. It was Friday at one o'clock before we steamed into the station at St John, Spending Mit afternoon there we resumed our journey wi the night train on the Inter-Colonial Kailway in Moncton a .d Truro. At Monoton there are extensive works, but trade there is lull •' present. A young meohanio in the train stated that the tradeameii pay in the engineering shops was from $2 to »2.75 (8s to 11h) a day" Car builders about the same. Labourers from »1 to $1.25 (-Js to Bs) a day. All tho oaatiiigs are imported. Their b« purchased for 1200 (*,40). We reached Truro at five o'clock on Satur- day morning, and after a stay of five lioura on a train we arrived at New Glasgow at twelve o'clock. Before coming into the town the smoke from tho coal and iron mines can be observed a long way off. Shortly before rcachitg New Glasgow we pass the large new blast furnace at Ferrona, where they are busy smelting iron with tlioir own native ores. RODTK TO MOVA 800TIA. Arlmn Krpeditmi In Amrrica. 143 reproof. It ia iX. e p»lntin« of tha ir evkngeliitii tnj {uls iialiiteil •buvH th tlio keyi uf Mt Buurgi't, acouiiil th« ohuroh ; tha whoKA pfttriiii igu tliH emblem.1 of II ooit one inilliiia at power will !>« 1) a1.v) viaited Ilia 'ora being loik Lluor Hurdiia ookera being biiny 3 and oioitement. y the O.I'.K. for For % great part ih and unbroken ; town ot wooden were making fur day at one o^lock tion at 8t John, we returned our be Inter-Oolonial D. At Monoton rade there ia dull ti the train stated ■ngineering ahopa Ix) a day. Car Laboarera from day. All the biiura are ten ee on Saturdaya. Ut July. A good own houaea. A irchaseil for 1200 o'olook OD Satur- ' five liourH on a at twelve o'clock, arooke from the id a long way off. Bgow we paaa tiie I, where they are iwn native oreii. 'FA. Kew Ola>gow la a bi.air thriving little town of between 40(X) and 6000 Intiabllanla. It ia built on llie bank, of the KuNt River, tlio tide running ui> piiat New (ilaaguw na far aa Stellarlon. It ia the centre of the mining ami miinufaoturing induitriea wh oh make I'loton County famoua tlirougli Canada and hero are quietly woi king away tlie pieaent pioneera of the iron and ateel trade, and what may vet prove formiilablo rivala to our manufaeturera at home. Kiahi, milea from New (Jla-igow the river llowa into the Hea at riclon, the ahipiiing uort and county town. ■ > • f New Glasgow. With the exception of throe or four building*, the entire town of New (ilaagow ia built of wooll IbeUovernment Poat Otfloo ia a very nice atone building, but all the hotela, ohurohea, and every kind of reaidenoe, from the rough ahanty to the handtome villa, are built with timber, but all the aaine, the houaea have a taateful and handaomu appearance, the ornamented wuodwoik being nicely painted giving them a pleaaing appearance. The rcaidential Btreeta are nicely aliadw' with tree* iromthe hilla above the town -■■.-i... vein the diatancc Trince Edward Ialani< ,.vA tte \ -rea of Cape Breton, five or aix towr , Hvc oollieri. the blast furnace at Ferrona and t j N<'v.i.Scotii, -'teel and Jorge Company. The v., vith ibi aro turna winding down to I'iotoi. m .i-ding -n- of the Forth, aa seen from the .M.,.,, ^v at Stirling. The original aettlera b-. •\^,>. . party of Hootamen from the North ci" S^. And and the namea of Fraser, M'Uonald, 4o., are plentiful. A great number of the people are natives, while others have come recently at tlie opening up of the coal and iron field.. This town waa famou., at one time for the splendid woo*»"»• ''"''e I'eiialtiea attached to aelling it were also aevere. Anyone "Ming drink witlinut a licenae waa fined for the rroL""^'".*"!, '^ '^■"'>' f*"^ ""e aecond offence $100 U-JO) and for tlie third offence waa aentenced to tliren montha imprisonment. As a result of the entire absence of public-houses, there la little or no crime, and aa a conaequenoe only a few police- man are required, and MfiV services are little needed, I here la only one policeman in New Olaagow, and lu haa nothing to do. Within a radina of a few miles thereisa population of 20,000, large numbcrof them in connection with coal mi„ini{ and iron an.l ateel making, and onlv four policemen are neceasary— 1 in I'loton, 1 in Weslvilfe, 1 in Stellarton, and 1 in .A %"«""'.• , "<""« »' 'he smaller towns have none, j he ejiiHting state of matters ought to prove beneficial to the whole community, as so many young people arc growing up free from the tempta- tions that usually surround the liquor saloon. There are eight or nine places of worship !.ere, the 1 reatiyterian being the most popular, aa there are no less than four churches belonsing to that de- nomiiu, ion, tiie miniatera of whiol, are moatly from the old country. A few inibn from New Glasgow, at I'criona, the new blast fuinace is situated. It f (■apable of turning out from 80 to 90 tons a day. 1 hev get the ore, lime, and coal all within a radius of five miles from the furnace. We loft New Glasgow with pleasant memories of the nice little place, and the kindneaa of the people we bad come Ml contact with during our visit Block Signal Stations. Along the track of some American railroad* at the end of every few milea are placed signal towera the object of which is to ensure the passengers as far as possible from the riak of collisions. These are the block signal stationa. Aa soon as • train has passed one of these towera there appears in a target placed right above the line a red dfac by dav and by night a red light This tells a driver tha't between the tower be is approaching and the next further along the line there is a train, and the •(«« nigiiat otacioii ua;;: tag A il \t Jriver Kiav not — . — _, .. „., .«„„ ..,«« nrgitat OtaCIOIl UatU tag red signal haa disappeared, and left only the whit* disc to show that tLu preceding train ia Woud tbf next tower. ! i i • 1 114 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News At various points along some of the railioftds the pasHenger may observe between the railx a narrow trough filled with water. These trouglis, which are oalleil track tanks, are maJe of iron, uiiil are of an average length of 1000 feet. They per- mit a train to travel long distances without stopping to take water. The U7 miles botweou Pittsburg and Altoona are traversed several times every day without a single stop, the engine being pi'ovided with a spout by which, while running at full speed it takes up water at the rate of several hundred gallons a minute. In winter the water in these tanks is heated by steam to prevent it from freezing. BROOKLYN BRIDGE. THE PRATT INSTITUTE. MINING IN NOVA SCOTIA. WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOUR. (From the Dundee Weelly News of Fdruary n.) Brooklyn Bridge. Mr J. Sinclair, Cambuslaiig, reports :— The bridge connecting New York and Brooklyn over the Kast Kiver from Park Row, New York, to Sands and Washington Streets, Brooklyn, was begun in January, 1870, and opened to traffic on May 24tli, 1883. The cost of the bridge was over £3,000,000. The tolls are :— Foot passengers, free ; railway fare, IJd, or ten tickets for Is Id ; horse, BB' 'LTN BIlIDaE. IJd; horgo and vehicle. 2id; two horses and vehicle, 5d ; each extra horse above two attached to vehicle, IJd. The wlilth of the bridge is 86 feet • length of river span, 1595 feet 6 inches ; length if each land span, 930 feet; length of Brooklyn ?P?o°?°''' ^''^ '*""' ' '*"8"' of New York approach, J;!c!^ r " '"°''*^ ! *<"»' length of carriageway. 098!) feet; total length of the bridge with exten- i'/?o2' '•^•''7 feet; size of Now York caisson. 172 by 102 feet; sizeof Brooklyn caisson, 108 by 102 feet ; timber and iron in caisson, 5253 cubic yards • concrete in well holes, cambers, &o., 5669 cubic' feet; weight of New York caisson, 7000 tons- weight of concrete filling, about 8000 tons. The New York tower contains 46,945 cubic yards of masonry ; the Brooklyn tower contains 38,214cubia yards of masonry ; depth of tower foundation below high water— Brooklyn, 45 feet; depth of tower toundation below high water— New York, 78 feet • sizeof toweis at high water line, 140 by 59 feet ; size of towers at roof course, 136 by 53 feet ; total height of towers above higli water, 278 feet. The clear height of the bridge in the centra of the river span above high water is 135 feet ; height of floor at towers above high water, 119 feet 3 inches ; grade of roadway, 3i feet in 100 feet ; height of towers above the roadway, 159 feet; size of anchorage at base, 129 by 119 feet ; size of anchorage at top, 117 by 104 feet; height of anchorages, 89 feet front 85 feet rear ; weight of each anchor plate, 23 tons ; number of cables, 4; diameter of each cable, 15^ inches ; length of each single wire in cables, 8578 feet ; ultimate strength of each cable, 12,000 tonn ; ii 8F0TION OP THB BlilDOE. weight of wire, 12 feet per pound. Each cable contains 5296 paralleled (not twisted) galvanised steel oil-coated wires, closely wrapped to a solid cylinder 15J inches in diameter. Permanent weight suspended from cables, 14,680 tons. The whole number of car passengers during the year ending December Ist, 1892, was 41,672,898. This is oi,o of the busiest thoroughfares I have seen in America. When I crossed the bridge between five and six o'clock in the evening it was one continual pour of people. The cars were running as close as they possibly could. Brooklyn has been called thw bedroom of New York, and, judging from what I saw, I think it justly earns the title. Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. Mr Thos. Logan, Glasgow, reports :— The Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, ia generally acknowledged tu be the most complete technical school in America. I made a special visit to Brooklyn for the purpose, if possible, of seeing through this school. On sailing I was received with the utmost courtesy by a young lady. Miss Bird, who oonJucfed us through the educational department, while a gentleman, Mr Black, interested us by showing us through the manual labour department. Like all the other schools that I visited, this one also was closed for the summer vacations, which generally lasts from the end of Juno till the beginning of .September, but fur all that the stroll through the different de- parlmentswas highly interesting. The Pratt In- stitute was established six years ago after many viiAra r.f jnvestigstion m Enrope and Amefiea un the part of its founder, Mr Charles Pratt, of Brooklyn. Its object is to pruinote .tanual and in- dustrial education, as well as cultiv!ition in two horBeg and ve two attaolied to bridge ia 85 feet ; inches ; lengtli of 5th of Bruoklyn V York approach, I of carriageway, ridge with exten- rk caisson, 172 by ,_lti8 by 102 feet ; 53 cubic yards ; &o., 5669 cubic son, 7000 tons; 8000 tons. The 5 cubic yards of tains 38, 214 cubic foundation below depth of tower ir York, 78 feet ; 140 by 69 feet ; by 63 feet; total 278 feet. Tlie entre of the river ; ; height of floor it 3 inches ; grade height of towers of anchorage at lorage at top, 117 89 feet front 85 ' plate, 23 tons ; each cable, 15^ I in cables, 3578 ible, 12,000 ions ; d. Each cable sted) galvanised rapped to a solid ermanentT7oight •9. The whole the year ending 8. This is 01,0 have seen in dge between five as one continual ming as close as I been called th» iiig from what I e. iklyn. its :— The Pratt icknowiedged to ool in America, for the purpose, is Bcliool. On noat courtesy by icfed usthrougli e a gentleman, [ us through the e all the other o was closed for rally lasts from ? of September, the different de- The Pratt In- ago after many and Arncficu yii larlei Pratt, of .lanual and in- cultivation in Artisan Expedition to Am'rica. 145 literature, science, and art, to inculcate habits of industry .-.iid thrift, and to foster all that makes for right living and good citizenship. The Institute is composed of four large buildings- three, four, five, and six storeys high. Tho buildings aie all heated by steam and lighted by electricity. The whole school is thoroughly equipped with workshops and laboratories, which are supplied with every modern appliance that can in any way enlarge the scope and promote the value of in- dustrial and technical education. The buildings are also provided with passenger elevators, which run at all hours when classes are in session. AVith all this splendid accommodation every department is taxed to the fullest extent. Last year the number of pupils that received instruction in the different departments was about 4090, of which 2y(i9 were females and 1121 were males, the whole being presided over by 120 instructors. By next year these flgures will be considerably in- creased, as the trustees are having a handsome building erected on the opposite side of the street, which is to bo used exclusively as the art depart- ment. The High School of the Pratt Institute aims to fit boys and girls, as far as iiossiblc in three years, for an industrial and useful life. To be admitted to the High School the student must be at least fourteen years of age, and have passed through the public grammar schools, or has to pass an equivalent examination. In adclition to an excellent academic science and art training, the boys receive instruction in benobwork in wood, woodtur-iing, pattern-making, foundry moulding, tinsmithing, forging, vice work, machine tool work, clay modelling, 4o., while the girls receive instruction in sewing, dressmaking, millinery, cooking, hygiene and home nursing, and woodcarving, &o. The other departments of the Pratt Institute aim at n much higher and broader THE PRATT INSTITUTE. training than what is given in the High School, and the various classes are conducted quite inde- ccndent of the High School department. The aim of the kindergarten department or the "new education," as it is sometimes termed, is to give general and special training to all those who expect to havu the care of children, such ^s school teachers, kindtrgartners, and mothers who realise the necessity for greater insight in the training of their children, and also for young women who desire larger opportunities for general culture, and who feel that the kindergarten train- ing meets their neei!.-.. Any porsmi -A-Jshing to enter this department must be at least eighteen years of age, and must have some knowledge of music and geometrical drawing, as h ell as be able to present a certificate of high school traininir, or pass a satisfactory examination. The object of the I)epartment of Industrial and Fine Arts is to pro- vide tho.-ough and systematic instruction in the industrial and fine arts. The students must be at least sixteen years of age, and must pass an ex- ' aminatiun in freehand drawing, arithmetic, spel- ling, iie., and as the training qualifies students to fill positions as teachers and supervisors of drawing in public and private schools, each candidate is also expected to present a letter testifying to general ability and moral character. The following are a few of the branches taught :— Freehand and mntiu- mental drawing, sketching and composition, ana- tomy, painting in oil and water colours, painting from life, architectural and mechanical drawing, historic ornament, wood carving and clay modelling, and art needlework, &o. In addition to the above subjects, lecture- are given on design, colour, com- position, artistir anatomy, and the history of art and architecture, &c., the whole of them being fully illustrated by lantern photographs. Students in technical design clashes last year sold original designs for tiles, bookcovers, wallpapers, rugs, carpets, &o., to the aggregate amount of £200. The number of students instructed in this depart- ment last year was 1049, and as this department will he locutid in their new building by next year these figures are sure to be considerably increased. The Domestic Science Department includes all the branches of cookery, laundry work, and household economy, &c. To enter these classes tho student must be at least sixteen years of age, and bo a first-rate scholar. The cookery classes are THE NEW AHT DKPABTMKNT. conducted much after those in the High School, only on a much more extended form. I was in- formed that the number of students that received nistruction in cookery last year was 871 The instruction in laundry work is both theoretical and practical. Soaps, starch, washing powder, bleach- ing powders, and blueing are chemically and nraoti- cally considered. Visits to the manufactories of these articles form a feature of the work in these classes. In the practical work every variety of article, from bed linen to the most delicate- coloured embroidery, is laundered. Tt is quite a common thing for ladies to send their sef.-aots to these classes for instruction in laundry work. The classes in connection with hygiene and home nursing are meant to give a sound it limited know- ledge of the laws of health, so as to enable women to care intelligently for sudden illness or accident, ana to perform the duties of nurse where trained service is not employed. The doinestio ait depart- ment provides comprehensive and systematic study iu those brauohes which are related 1 n 146 Dundee Courier and DuTidee Wttkly News to healtlifiil and approjiriato olothing of the body. The siibjcotH tai-ght are liliyBioal culture, sewing, drcs.Hmakiiig, millinery, ami drawing in connection with dresanaking and mdlinery. The classea are just a continuation of those connected with tlie High School, and before taking dreHBmaking and millinery the student must pa'is an examination in sewing and ha at least 18 years of age. The number that was instructed in sewing and dressmaking last year was 1296, and the total number of garments made during that time was 1199. A large number of tlio students study in these classes with the intention of becoming pro- fessior-Rl workers. Last year 450 young women were instructed in the art of millinery. Like the dressmaking, applicants must be over 18 years of age and be able to do neat hand sowing. PhyaicU culture for women is under the management of this department. The exercises consist of calisthenio drill with dumbbells, barbells, wands, dancing, &c., as well as exercises in Swedish gymnastics. Department of Oonuuerce. Recognising the fact that business transactions enter into every phase of modern life, and that this u essentially an age in wliich great commercial activity prevails, the department of commerce was organised by the Institute for the purpose of g: ng more thorough instruction in studies per- *»'""ig *o business and commercial operations. Ihe subjects taught e;i.h-.xoo languages, history, geography, chemistry, aosounting, arithmetic, and penmanship, political economy, shorthand, and typewriting, &c. Besides the soienco and the manual training that I referred to in connection with the High School, the department of Science and fechnulogy <^'y-'-' IRTON. led, and for the i sinl{lng of tlie in 1868. These the shore at ydney harbour, rt One is 13 leter, and they yy the name of f sinking heavy it a depth of 300 ed oflE with oast- ed to ft depth of rs another shaft, close beside the once of 300 feet 1 tiibbed to the <, but as these >ea as ie posaible, square niiles of that first cost is in some other used for winding haft for winding 1 the small shaft iigine is 160 h.p. > inch diameter, »meter. These iig about 1000 le engine t&inea g end to end 1 'wts. of coal. B, but the cage.H }e8, the inside of irons which ri'n are of steel, IJ >m England. A is employed to bottom, which s, and forms an e alights, and so ter having been slightest shock, r the bottom of rom the surface orth engine has . 3 feat 2tro!:a or main and tail jy gravity, the level ; the dip varies from 1 in 10 t(, 1 in 14, and trips of 26 to 30 tubs are hauled at a time. The south engine has two cylinders 10 inches diameter, 2 feet 9 inches sfroke, geared 1 to 3, with 4 feet and 5 feet Qi\:ms for main and tail rope respectively. This deep or dook is about a mile and a half long ; the dip vanes from 1 in 14 to 1 in 50, and tlie rake consists of 40 to 45 tubs. The hauling of the coal from the faces to the engine roads is done by liorses tiom forty to fifty of them beinp; usually employed. Ihe st,»ble8 are large and well ventilated, and aSocd t ;tiommodation for sixty horses, and in going aioug them I was much stmck by the cleanliness of the stdlls. Each horse has its name printed in largo black letters ou its own stall. Th9 System of Working | is a modification of the stoop and room method, but none of the pillars are taken out, the wo'kin»s being all under the Atlantic Ocean. e mam levels a::d deeps are driven in pain, 8 feet de and 10 yards apart ; the rooms ar.i IGJ feet wide, and are pariillel to the levels. At intervals of 70 to 80 yards single deeps and headways are set off as tliey advance, and are again broken off as the deeps and headways win them midway. Betweei. these deeps and beftdwaya cross cuts are driven between tho room.: almost always downhill from the higher to the lower room. These sin.jle deeps, headways, and cro;(s-cuts arc driven 9 feet wide, and the piliar.t are 12 yards thick. The rooms are broken off 12 feet wide and put th.oiigh the same width. The ventilation of the workings is effected by means of a guibal fan placed at the top of the Queen Pit. The fan is 30 feet diameter by 10 feet wide, and at forty revolutions per minute puts into circulation about 80.000 cubic feet of air, which is ample for the whole workings, because wherever we went the air was always pure and .wect. There IS a large Cornish pumping engine for the purpose of keeping the mi'.e clear of water, but about 8 hours pumping in the 24 houis is sufficient to ke.;p it down All the pit bank soioeiid and engine-l.oHses are lighted by electrljity and clectiio signals are in operiition underground on the engine planes. Steam is supplied at Princess Pit by six egg.end boiU.ro, 35 feet by 6J feet, and three multi- tubular boilers and four egg-end boilers same size at Queen Pit. The colliery is also fuUv equiopod with large workshops, including waggon and tub shops, smithies, steam hammer, pattern and carpenters' shops, foundry, sawmill, fiftiiig shops with large turning lathe, planing, drilling, sorewing-machiue, and screw.cutting lathe, also boiler and locomotive f.''»''ed to get there by their turn There is very hUle Idle ti 5, as they work every dav the weathir Devmits. Miners are fiued for making wide plases-that IS, if they make them over 18 feet 6 inches fine 2s ( 19 feet, 3. ; 19 feet 6 inches. 4s • f f^et. (>»; 20 feet 6 inohc,^ ,s; 21 feet, 10^; i21 feet inches 123. The oorre, t wi.lth is 16 feet 6 inches, and they can be fined every time the overs- myi gets them too wide until they reach the maxi- mum fine ot l£s for one month. Workmen are piovideu with free coal, but require to pay for the c^Haje, which is 8d per cart of 10 cwts. AH t.ooN except picks., are provided by tlie Company, and all are sliarpen.;d fiee. Miners 3ay 25 cents (Is) for justioeman in summer and 20 cents (lOd) in winter aiost of the miners are in the Provincial Work- man a Association. There is a'so a friendly society RIen pay :j5 cents (Is) per month, and the Govern- ?}!r ifl' '"»"'«'■» pay 80 Liuch per ton extra. .li.?nr'. f "■" ^r '',? r"'" <^' 8d, per month for oeiits (Id! '^ °'"'' ^°''"**" y**" ^5 THE TAILOR TRADE IN Ai^iERIOA. THE COST OF~CL0THING. THE COOPEU INSTITUTE. AMERICAN FURNITURE. MECHAiSIICAL WOOD C.\RVING. (From the Dundee Weekly News of February S4.J shops, and whilo I was there :)iey were making a new locomotive. The miners work in pairs, and all the working plcccg are what is termed cabled once every three months ; that is, all the men's names are put on a small slip of paper and rolled up and put into a box, then the name of the place is called out, and the ma, iger puts his hand into the box and draws a slip, and whoever has his nnm( ou that Mip gets that place for the next three mouths, and the same process is gone through until all are pro- vided with places. The miners' average wage is abop.t §2 (89), and good workman can make about 91)0 ,t,15) per month; shift men get from eighty cents (3s 4d) to $1.25 (Ss) per shift bottomer ; 80 to 90 cents (3s 4d to Ss 9d), and 2 cents per 100 tubs extra; enginemen (under- ground, 81.10 (4s 5d); boys, 35 cents (Is 6d)- ilnvers, 2J to 3 cents per tub, and average $1 (4s) • winding enginemen get 9^ cents per 100 tubs, and Y «■ ~!.T- \-~} ; ilrcmcn a iictlc loss. i:oy» uo not get to work at tho face until they are about 20 yeaiB of age, because so many of them are re- quired to drive the ponies, *o., but they are The Tailors' Union of America. Blr E. Bennett reports :-In our visits to tho various cities m the United States and Canada I made special inquiries into the tailor trade to find if the sweating system existed there in anythine Ue the proportion that it does in this country, and I was informed everywhere that I inquired that it did not exist at ail in *.he bespoke traie, the Union looking so strict y afte> ^he trade as to nrevent anv such system taking root. In the read ade trade however, it exists to a very great extent. I have seen m sf^veral American cities both men and «,. men carrying great bundles of garments of ..fions kinds partly made up. Whether they were carrying them l.ome to do thoir part of the work or vice-versa I cannot teli. but they seemed to have the work on these goods divided, one to do one part and another to do the other. I paid a visit to a gent.einan 11, New York who is Corresponding seorc ary for the Union, and he told me that it wa? utterly impossible to estimate anythine like tho extent of the sweating system in t^i re^ad^ made ra. e. but, ike all others, he is perfectly certaht that . suoli system exists in the bespoke trade, ihe Society or Union pays a man for doing nothine else than looking into this and keeping it frori taking root. Still there is no*^ restrictTo™ to the hours a tador works, nor can there be so long as the system of taking work home to be made is allowed to go on? The master tailors do not find work room for th.i. i!l.l "A'r! perhaps lor one or two, who may be" employed Iw days wage men, for making alterations and doing repairs. In one shop I visited they had three days wage men, and they were paid £3 per i U8 Dundee Courier and Dundee IVeekhj Newt week of 60 hours. All others have fo take their work home, find their own irons, pressing buanla, Ac, and do their own machining, wliore and when MR J. B. LKNNO.V. required. I asked the Corrocpondinj? Secretary, whom I visited in New York, viz., Mr J. B. Lennon, wliat difference the tariff made upon goods sent out from this country to the U.S., and he told me that a cloth which would cost 10s in a wholesale warehouse in this country, would be worth £1 Is in the wholesale warehouse out there. Then I said, Jlothing must bo very expensive here, and still goods seem to be ticketed in the shop windows a.' a reasonable price." " Yes," he said, " to any- rne who didn't know any better they seem reason- able, but there was neither the material nor the workmanship in them to giro satisfaction for the money, and they would scarcely hold toijether ion? enough to go to a picnio with. I told him that I was not in the trad«, and therefore didn't know much about the different qualities of cloth, but asked him what a suit, such as I had on (a fine blue worsted) would cost out there, and he told me that it could not be bought there for less than £13 ori;i4. It cost me here £3 5s0d. This shows what a man has to do with his big wages in America. The Union in America, as in this country, hare a log or price list agreed upon by the Union and masters, each State having its own log, and in some cities there are special logs arranged between the Union and employers, who do a special class of work. Cooper Institute, New York, Mr Thos. Logan, Glasgow, repnng :— The Cooper Institute for the Advancement of Science and Ait is a large brown-stone building, clair-ing some architectural pretensions. It was erected by the late Peter Cooper, a mechanic of New York In 1857, at a cost of £126,000, who endowed it with £60,000 for the support of a free reading-room and library. The purpose is philanthropic, and em- braces day and evening schools of various kinds. There are art classes for men and women, free school of telegraphy and of typewriting for women and other special depattmtnts. As the tlio'.isands of pupils who attend these classes are drawn almost entirely from the people who must work for a living, all the insi ruction tends strongly to the practical, and in the art schools especially pupils Bre ftble to earn somethiitg while under instruction. Od calling at the institute, I was very courteously received by Mr Jordan, the assistant secretary, who kindly showed me through the various classrooms, and from my own observation, and the information I got from Mr Jordan, I find the whole school is conducted much on the same principle as the art schools in our large towns and cities in England and .Scotland. 'Jhe Women's Art School was or- ganised for the purpose of affording instruction in the arts of design to women who, having natural taste and capacity, but being unable to pay for instruction, are obliged to apply the knowledge acquired in the institution to their support, either by teaching or by taking up art as a profession. Applicants for these classes must be at least six- teen and not over thirty-five years of age. In order that the advantages offered by the school may be properly bestowed all pupils who at the end of the first two months after the opening of the term do not show sufficient talent or progress in the pursuit of their studies are dropped from the school, ami their places filled from tlie list of applicants who are always ready to fill the vacancy. The pupils muit provide at their own expense all necessary materials, such as paper, pencils, crayons, colours, brushes, and instruiuents. The following branches are taught in this d.^inrtment :— Elementary cast drawing, drawing from the antique, life drawing, oil painting, designing, illustrating, retouching of negatives, retouching of positives, photographs in water colours, crayons and Indian ink, and porce- lain photograph painting. Last year 602 pupils registered their names for admission to these classes, but only 285 could be admitted. Last year the trustees of the Cooper Union also established a Free School of Telegraphy for women, anil there is also a free school for Etenography and typewriting for women. The night schools of the Cooper Union are divided into two sections, called respectively the scientific department and the art department. Students for admission must be at least fifteen years of age, and a letter of recommenda- tion from their employer is regarded as desirable. In the fccientifio department the regular course of study requires five years for its cc npletion, and to those who pass successfully the Cooper medal and diploma and dej^reL of Baohelor of Science are awarded. To be the possessor of this meilal is con- sidered a great honour, not only in New York, but in all the Cnited States. The trustees of the Cooper Union are very strict regarding the conduct of the pupils. For any breach of good behaviour or violation of the icgulatioiis., the student is immedi- ately dismissed. 'J'he one thing that impressed me n'ost about this school was the number of pupils that can bo accommodated in it. Last year the number that was admitted to the school of science was 1308, while in the art fchool 1767 were ad- mitted, making a total of 3075. The Free Library and Reading-Koom are of the hrgest and best equipped in America. Furniture Trade in New Tork. Mr Loganalso reports :— Whileiu NewYorkI had excellent onportunitiesof inquiring into the furniture trade. Among the works, and warehouses I had the pleasure of seeing through were the high class firms of Herter Brothtrs ; Cottier & Co., ; Tiffany i Co. ; Ellen h Kitson ; Freeman k Gillies, and a few others of less importance. Herter Brothers, Sixth Avenue, employ on an average about 500 banda, and is one of the most important firms of interior decorators In America. They have furniture throughout— that is from the laying of the floor to the decorating of the ceiling— m&ny of the finest hotels and private residences in and around New York. I had the pleasure of seeing; through tlia H|>Iendid show rooms of this vast establishment, where all the work was practically in a finished state. The furniture, I notioed, was mostly after Ariban E.rpedilion In Amrrka, 149 :l t tiia olassrooms, lie information vliole Bcliool is pie OS the art 69 in England School was or- iiig instruction I who, having ; unable tu pay the knowledge support, either I a profession. a at least six- ' age. Ill order school may be the end of the of the term do in the pursuit he school, and pplicants who The pupils all necessary kj-ons, colours, wing branches lementary east life drawing, retouching of hotographs in ik, and porce- lar 602 pupils lion tu these lA. Last year su established women, and nography and lohools of the ections, called xt and the art lustbeatleast reoommeiida- I desirable. In ourse of study , and to those medal and r Science are meilal is con- iw York, but u^tees of the g the conduct 1 behaviour or nt is immedi- impressed me ber of pupils Last year the lool of science L767 were ad- free Library 3st and best York. awYorkI had I the furniture sea I had the i,h class firms itfaiiy i Co. ; I, and a few others, Sixth it SUObanda, 19 of interior ive furniture f the floor to of the finest around New through tha itabiishment. in A finished I mostly after the French and Italian atyle.i, and was superior in mniiy respects to the American section of the Ciiioago Exhibition. There was also somo splendid examples of oliair work, upholstered in the most luxurious manner possible. On passing throush the show rooms 1 could not '-ut admire the cnrving on the vario'is pieces of furniture, the design and treatment of which was of a very high order ; in fact nearly all the work done by this firm possesses the same refinement of d^'si^n and delicacy of treatment in all the different departments. The person that was show- "!? "l^ "^""""^ "*' ^"^ particular in drawing my attention tj material of American manufacture, juoh as wall papers, carpe':j, embroideries, tapes- trie.", &c., and knowing myself that the best of these articles came from Britain and France, I asked him sevenil times of this or that— at sano time referring to some beuutiful piece of wall decoration or tapestry— was also of Ameiicin nianufacture, when in nearly every instance he admitted, I could see with some reluctance, that they were of foreign manufacture. Of course I would not go the length, of saying the Americans could not manufacture these high class goods, but there is one thing certain, they could not pro.luoe t^iem at anything like tlie same cost as either Jrance or Britain. There are very tew people at home, I believe, who have any idea of the quantity of these high clsiis goods that is exported to America every year. The quantity of carpet, I am toll), that was exported from this country to the Unitwl States for the month of .July last year amounted to 65,000 yards, valued at £12,941. Tliis docs not take into account the finer materials, such as velvets, plushes, and tapestries, which in themselves amount to a very large sii-n. So it is easily seen that the old country can hold its own with these articles, and many others, not- withstanding America's almost prohibitive tariff. OottierA C ., Seventh Avenue, is another first- class firm of art furniture makers, and employ somewhere about 300 hands in the different depart- ments. Mr David Kay, the manager of this establishment is a Scotsman an: ; be seen at a glance. There is also a muK ie of wood-working machinery on the most approved principles for planeing, ploughing, mortising, tenoning Ac, aa well as machines for carv. ing both «tone and wooil. I «aiv f^ur uitrviiig machines in operation. Tiiey all by different makers, and each ohiim machine to he the most perfect ever invented, machine that is herewith illustrated ia by ■I aro their The the 150 Dii'niee Courier and Dmden JVeekly News i ■.Ij WOOl)-"AnviNr, MAOHINB. Moore CfJi-Mnij Mncl.int, Company, Miii'ieapoVis. ili5 work '•.;•!? tJiia r.iaii!';ri: waBtu.-iicg out was re(iil>b-ood .■;i'o' raqr^l vRry Iftflft toucliina up. I give Htl llhl8i,'ftt!0!S vS s pwi,--! tlist cost £10 to cijvelheoriginfii, wiiiiD fcho maohine can produce the <,amo for abi,.u. - ^ shSiangg. Those in tile trade Knoi-' what kind of rii.nel can he produced by the hcndior alx slii;;:nijs. There is another machine PANEL CARV8D BV MAOHINB. that deserves special mention. It is made by The Kohlmann Manufacturing Company, Saint Joseph, Mo. 1 his machine is quite new, and embraces many important improvements over the others. It has th.- advantage of making an undercut in any angle up to 45 ;legrees without special adjustment, and the most difficult carvings, whether it be flat panels or ligurcs in the round, can be duplicated anv number of times at an enormous saving of cost, I have been infoimed that one of these machines lias just been fitted up in the carving shop of a well-knowi, firm of shipbuilders on the Clyde To return to Ellen & Kitson's workshons. iii a mere description it would be difficult to par- ticulariao the different works that were in operation the more so because it embraces so many distinct trades. The following is a list of the average Wigcs paid per hour by the four firms I have mentioned: -Carpenters, Is 9d ; cabinet-makers, Is 4i ; wood-carvers, Is 6d ; stone-carver.^, 2s marble cutters, Is 3d; modellers, 2s 6d ; varnlsbers Is 2d ; painters, Is 4d ; fresco painters, Is 10,1 • decorators, Is lOd ; mnchiiiemen, Is 4d • uphol- Btercrs, Is 2d j glsss stainers, Is 5d j lead workers, is Dd ; plasterers, Is lOd. The nbove trades, with a few exceptions, are all paid according to ability but the wages enumera* ' are considered a fail- average. Factory-Ma irniture. I alio viiited the furi.ituf every (..scriptlon ff f.'jctory-made furniture, 1 here 13 cert"!. ily some ,,. od work to be seen, but Ml most of it IS very poor, and I have no he«i- fiti-i in saying thai; for design, finish, and work- rr,iu:ajip we can give tlio Americans a big gfart •iiul beat them at this, particular rla-i of work. I nho noti^od that the Vaiiket < fix agrr.it deau.f b'ku.g glasses on tiic-ir fa- niiure, whK'h I con."ider n sure siign of bad taste, but as the average Am' -icsn is ve!» «U- * solfinade man, it is .nits il-ely heniiv- wish :<> .ook at h|i maker asof'i i nr :>,..salhle. A great many of tl>e men in .actones have almost •Mirely ceased to be cabinet-m.aker8 in the real sense of the word, in consejiuence of the development of labour-saving machinery and the subdivision of the work Originally, a cabinet-maker was a man who could produce almost ^nv piece of furniture you named, but in the moderi) sense of the word he is a very different person. Instead of a man being com- petent to act as ar- artisan, he is often onlyable to produce one fAfticular article of furniture, and sometimes only a portion of that article is entrustcfi lo him. The result is that men instead of having to !iarn the trade, are content to pick up enough to earn a precarious living. So far as I could judge from observation and intercourae, American workmen of all trades are in no way superior to our own ; indeed, in education, intelli- gence, and handicraft skill we quite hold our own One good feature of the American skilled workmen IS their apparent sobriety. While total abstainers appear to be unknown, ii< all my "rambles" I only saw one man among the thousands slightly the worse of drink. It was also gratifying indeed to come across so many Scotsmen holding positions of trust. This was the common comment of all the delegates when they met at their hotel every night. In fact, it would he difficult to find a more intelligent body of men in America than what ia to be found in the Caledonian Club, New York. The wages vary a great deal in the different places, ranging from £2 lOs to £3 IBs a week of 54 liours. In the factories ten hours constitute a day s work, Saturdays included, and, as far as possible, piece wages are paid. The largest furni- ture centres in America are Grand Rapids, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Hockford. Grand Rapids is a place with about flO,000 Inhabitants, and is situated about 100 miles from Chicago. They claim to have the largest factories in the world, of which there are 62, and employ in all 9000 workers. The high-class furniture is made principally in New York, Boston, and Pliiladelplwa. The wood- carvers in America are sp, mdidly organised. Close on 1800 are members 'le Tnterimt.innal Wnn,i. carvers' Association, members, while Host Grand Rapids 215. 48 to 60 aw ''.and i ing to theii a. i.' . , men are paid sn ';,gf. arc paid as Ir ii about la 4ji !ie International Wood- " York alone has 38.1 n06, Chicago 278, and \. .rking hours vary from • .lon are always paid accord- Hew York and KnRl;nr! gome Js Gd an hour, while others Tf!d, iJi.t the average carver's wast •our, or £3 123 a week. Artisan Erpediiion to Amtrica. 151 y'ew York. Mr ark Cnledonian lim by s friend, ko to say I waH r !i .ook at !ifi t many of the • ceased to be the word, in labour-saving f the work, an who could e you named, d he is a very n being oom- n only, able to of furniture, n of that t ia that men, tre content to ving. So far 1 intercourse, 3 in no way iation, intelli- liold our own. lied workmen tal abstainers nble.i " I only slightly the ing indeed to Z positions of mt of all the I every night, find a more than what is I, New York, feicnt places, a week of I constitute a d, as far as largest furni- ids, Chicago, Rapids is n id is situated ey claim to d, of which irkers. The ally in Now Tlie wood- lised. Olose lonal Wood- one has SS.*) ago 278, and rs vary from paid accord- ftnhi'.nn gnmn while others arver's wage k. American Upholstery. To !sj anything on the merits of American uphulstory for the purpose of comparison is a very ililticult and delicate task, inasmuch as the trade being one of taste and idea, it naturally follows that what one person would consider the per- fection of work another would consid°r vulgar and out of place. In the swell houses the style adopted IN very much after the French, which is idealistic aiKl elaborate, with heavy, luxuriously upholstered chairs ; while at home it is plain yet artistic, useful and unpretentious, except in oases where money is no object. The art of draping curtains, Ac, is in my opinion more atislio than ours ; thoy go in for great masses of material, draped, and caught up into every conceivable form. This, together with tiio bright colouring and richn.ws of the materials employed, presents a beautiful effect, but as to whether it is good taste or not is quite a matter of J^QQ '?"no?«'*''^'' ■■"" ^""" 1» 2d to Is 4d an hour, or Wdsto £3 12« a week. About one-half of themen in America that call themselves upholsterers are not upholsterers at all, as they simply lay carpets from one year's end to the other. The Albion Paper Mill AP*I ERICA'S GREAT PAPERMAKING CENTRE HOLYOKE WORKS. NOVA SCOTIA. WORKMEN'S HOUSES. PICTOU COUNTY. THE ACADIA MINE. (From the Dundee Weekly News of Mareh 3.) .i.^I't^n^,'"'?''' ?.*""''' reports :-Having made a visit to Holyoke, the great centr(! of paper- making mills there, but before going in to the mills I went «1 nfr *,!" Iw *"'",* "'"y Bet their water from, as naturalW that is what is inquired into at the f r'„m'*h n * P*P-" ."li'.'- They get their supply from the Connecticut River. It is very good and ^ean water. The river is about 1000 feet wide where they have their weir or dam built across, and they have the command of all the water if they require It. It is let into a canal, which is about 50 .IriL! «*1;L' ^^ ^f ''^«P' »'«l *f'er the water Innfif., ' *^,^ **S''''? °" *•»'« ='""'1 •* ••«ns into another canal, and then into still another canal, Which makes three canals, so that they use the water for driving the works three times over before It goes back into the river. This givesi them an enormona lot of water power. They are building a I'l^;^" "O'O"? the fiv". which will cost o?er tid<»,uoo, and the weir lasts botween fiftv and fixty years. There are about 150 different works supplied with water power, and t.),p city e!ee»rlc !f in^" I''" ^'V"^ "jy '> T''"« «'•« 24 paper mills ?.)^h ""'"'' Holyoke, having an aggregate of iO,000 horie power. I went to and SHw >.r Heardin, the supeiintendent, and he very kindlv showed me through the mill. It is built entiiely of brick, and the railway comes into It. the mill is driven by water. They have 800 jiorso power. They have at the mill eighteen beating engines that carry 1000 los. They have three machines (Fourdriner), 78, 84, and 86 inches wide. 1 hey aio driven by steam, anu they turn off from 15 to 17 tons of paper pur day. Thoy use wood pulp, though sometimes a little rags are used with the wood pulp. They mnko super calen- dered book and flat writings. Tho rags are out by a cutter, and some kinds are cut by the hand, ami they overhaul their paper as it is cut. They all use tho Finlay cutter, which is a very neat snil simple oit of macliinery, and was made and patented by a Scotchman, Mr William Finlay. ihey have a home refining engine on each machine. The wages of paper workers in Holyoke are nearly all at the same rate-also tho same hours. The shift men work 68J hours per week. Wachmemcn s wages are 12s per day ; beatermen's waRfls, lOs pery day ; machine and beater assis- tant 8 wages, 5s to 8s per day. The ragroom girls work eight hours per ifay. Their wages are 3s Cd per day. Ihe paper cutter girls work 50 hours per week, and their wages are is per day. Ubouters work ten hours per day, their wages being 6s 6d per day. This mill is well ventilated and kept very clean. It is lighted up with the electiic light. Mr Keardin is a Scotchman, being a native of Ureenock, and he has been twenty-three yeara in Holyoke. The Holyoke Envelope Company. This is the largest envelope manufactory in the world, having a product of 3,400,000 envelopes 'ibq/" , u ^*" .*'"' manufacture of envelopes in 1881, and, being in the centre of the paper supply. It has exceptional facilities for accommodating tti customers. It makes all its own boxes, from the FAOTORT OP HOLYOKE ENVBLOPR COMPANT. plainest envelope box to the richest and elegant papeterie box. They make all sizes of envelopes, from the horse-ear envelope to the No. 14, on solf-giimming machinery. The cheap boxes are machine-made, but the silk and finer grades are hand-made. The Company run at present several hundred different styles of papeteries, and bring out a hundred or more now styles every year It is a fine-equipped establishment— 300 feet long, 80 feet wide, and three stories high. The offices are very sumptuously got up, and it is without question a monumentel factory in Holyoke. They have 250 emijioy^s, and they pay out as wages about £1600 per month. I li' 152 Dundee Courier and Dundee IVeekhf News The Newton Paper Company. Thin company make* lipavy wrapping paper, duplex papera, and patent oorrugnted carpet lining felt. It if) the only mill in Holyoke that makcM this olas-i of paper. They have three cylinder- maklnR machlneM. Their heaters are driven by water 300 horse power, while their maehincH are driven by steam, and they turn off (iffeen tons per day. They use rags, old paper, wastes, and wood pulp. They have nine beaters tha« carry 1000 lbs. each, and n Jordon refining engine on each machine, llie lactory is lighted up throughout with the electric light, and the railway runs through the irdl. The Valley Paper Company. This company has two machines, 72 inches wide, making loft-dried, bond, linen, ledger, and writing papers. They turn out six tons per day. Tlie I motive power is two turbines of 3(iO horse power each. The Company use wood puli) and new linen cuttings. In thepapermillsat Holyoke they go in for machinery to save labour greatly, and they have some very neat appliances for conveying their rags ami stuffs from one department to the other, which is one thing, I think, they are ahead of us in. The'r fine paper, such as writings and printings, is behind the English and Sootcl' papers, but, I think, they make superior newspaper. Tliey make their •news all of wood pulp, 75 per cent, of mechani- cal, and 25 percent, of sulphate wood pulp. The ^A "'m*" "^P* '""■^ "'^*"> ''°"' '"8ide and out- side. The girls go to the mills dressed with their hats, white dresses, gloves on, and umbrella m their hand. You would think thev were going to the church. The men go to their work with a nice iuit of clothes, white shirt, collar, and straw hat on. I asked one of them why he did not weai his taoketed boots to the mill here as he did in the ?.» JJ?"'''- "Tackcts in your boots 1" he says. If they saw you with tackets in your boots here they would apprehend you at once. They keep their working clothes in the mill, and shift tliein- Belves, and the masters give them time to do that before leaving the mill." or poles, which is rather old-fashioned now. The mill IB all lighted up with electric light, and the ?i'i '"■''f i""? .'■""'!'' *" '"« •"'"• Mr Hobert M. Allan ot Kelvindalo, a Scotsman, is suporintendent of the works. Papermakers' Union. The papcrmaker.i in Holyoke have a very strong Union, and they have a splendid reading-room The George C. Oill Paper Company. This is a very large and well-built paper mill, and It 18 now recognised as the leading mill of its kind In America. It has three machines, and they make fine writing and ruled paper, and turn out twenty tons of paper per day. The machinerv is driven by water and steam. There are four turbines, and GKonoR c. oir.L'a p.\pkr compaxv. one of them is a sixty-inch Hercules, which is able to drive the entire mill itself. The works are fully equipped with steam power in case anything shouhl go wrong with the water power. They have splendid machinery and some very nice ruling machines. They have also a large air-drying machine with 120 Nkeleton dryers. This is the only air-drying machine in America, although they have been vr,ry sr.p,-.^..-;f,il ir, Er,j;l:„„i and America for years, so that they are far behind the old country lu this. The other mills dry their paper on racks SUPER OAIBXDERINO. where they can get books and all the papers to read ^'IJ'teu some of the working men's house.,, and was told the rent they pay for them is from £3 to i.cf a month for a four-room house built of brick and wood, with a backyanl or garden. Their houses are very dear, as you can get a house with as much accommodation and having a far better appearance for half the rent, in the old country. Speaking to r '''"„'"".?,!?''",• T'f^' I «»"'• " You get good wages here. Yes," she s:iys, " but wn have just to pay ^st'I/m^o"!'/^ °"'' '""»'" r*"'' we so high, and pay $7 (il 83) for a ton of coal, and we burn .• lot in the winter time as it is so cold. The clothes and boots are dearer too than at home, and they do not last half the time, as they are very slim got up. and we must keep a good-furnished house and put on good clothes, or we are looked down on here. I can t keep my house as I did at home on much loss money than the double 1 had at home. I was as we 1 off with 30s per ^ • ek in Scotland or Englaurl as here with 40s per week." They have free educa- tion in Holyoke, and all the taxes they pay in the year is 8s. Iliey have no gun tax. They have no co- operative societies in Holyoke, and very few work- m men own their own houses. Foresters and Odd- fellows Friend y societies are very strong (the American order) in Holyoke. THK VINI8HIKa IIOOU. Artisan E.rjifdilion to America. 153 led now. The I light, niid tho Mr Robert M. Nupurintendeiit on. .' It very strong 1 readingroom papers to read. I's houses, and 13 from £2 to It of brick and leir lionse" aro with as much ;er appearance Speaking to :et good wages kve just to pay B so high, and we burn ,' lot he clothes and id they do not y slim got up, louse and put vn on here. I on much less ne. I wftH as id or Englanil vo free educa- ley pay in the ey have no CO- ery few work- ters and Odd- ' strong (the NOVA SCOTIA. Mr Mulr, miner, writen as follows :— Workmen's Houses •"''' ,•;"'""' ^''o'x'. a" lu, ' .fuly were only aix inolira high. '^Uu j, i iii.i . . .y poor for cropa, eKpooinlly ii 'hu vallcyi, !h. . ountai-.a being the heat for crti nisiti-r .'Uc i.'.liabitanta are almoat without e- 'up on of Noottish extraction, having cmigrntcil i .,iu the Highlanda and ialanda of Scotlanil. All are very aober and induatrioti.u. HoUHo n iits arp very ohrap, being only about W^ Iter month for I hnuae contaniiug four rooma and a litchen^ Doctors' fees are JUl poryenr nnd medicine extra. Fire coal to workmen, 28 Od pur ton. Them are no libraries or readliig-rooma, no t'r ,.( ■ places of amiiaement, except in loi • . .ma, aua there are no Saturday half-holidays, ao that there 18 very little amuacment or pleoaure in this diatriot. rublio schools i,ro frio, but education is not com- pulaory. There aie no too'inical achoola, but there are evening olftHsca in winter time. Londonderry Boiling Mills. The next day brought na to Londomlerrr, in Colchester County, where they are extensively mining and melting iron. The rolling milla, which used to employ a large number of men, are preaently shut down, the company at present confining themselves to the making of pig-iron and foundry work. It was here that Siemens, the great scientist, experimented in steel making a lung while, !);it the works proved unsuccessful. In the iron wo-iis there are 10 or 12 puddling furnaces and 2 rolling milla. On the works closing, tli ■ most of the workmen ma has been here eight or nine years, having gone out under an engagement as a roll turner. He has now charg" of the mill. He worked here for the Steel Company of Scotland, and his old felK ./workmen will be glad to hear that he is doing well and likes to stay in Canada. His wife and family all seem to like the plau! too. He has a nice little bit of land, about S acre, upon which he has built a splendid house of 7 apartments, at a cost of 3000 dollars (£600) for house and land. Aa he took me over to aee it, r oau -ay there are few woikmen here can boast of such a nice house. Mr Keay and Mr Simon Fraser, the mill manager, were very obliging in showing me round the works, and I was also indebted to Mr Cantly, o>m of the officials, for his kindness, as he called fc, me in the evening, and gave me a drive round the place in his machine. A pleasant feature fifoar viait has hp^ ^ the i..any acts of kindneaa ahown to us by strangers who seem quite un conscious of doing aiiythu„ unusual. The most of tue workmen here are in favour of protection, aa it 18 generally admitted thai, in no .iher condition coula young induatriea like theirs compete with the manufacturers at home. Complaints are general as to the u'lprofltableness of the farming class. 1 ho attractions and higher wages in the United States are tempting to the young people, and a large number of t nbove class leave the Maritin provinces for more congenial employment in the States, although I wa rediblv informed that with a iittle capital and i,.iigy a good living and fair profits could be realised from the land round this district. i INTE AT NJ STRAJ THE g HOW n ^from the New York Ml' I-ogan Yo i I was ( Morrison, of Malion, delcj Carpenters a information, i I possibly coi till! stranger i III' may have c I 'ice than the ari daily ena require the \ justice. At th land almost c TH 'he world, >>. i native l)aggagt, -id a "ightn..! ilj there a. m all kinds ui .-i of nautical ina 'orts of board ilandies). dark irticles from i 'Irinking snlooi over the streel to the other s wharves. It >11 foreign vessi or smudgy tratr towards the cit; their bows poin" that when i he ( "lire trans ferrci raent the Yanki steamers were city and Hying t nil immense en lacked out inti •midst great re ing, &o., theUn Stars and Stripe time the steamp ■» berth, so thai i'e same as al American flag. in hearthmeltlni! ■ipiiihg and sottinR 'h (Motherwell) ten Ing fiirnnccH ; onn li Bur mill ; one 10- fy are putting mw iilo mill and a 20- w melting furnnoc plant is £76,000. Iiavi' four or (lie Tliey have alsu ipped with ill tiic !r», ke, U'lmy arc made from Urotrn J witlhin 20 miles Jtput oonaists of 'orgingH ; all kindn id tliivaher teeth ; and all kindn of a yearly output of lalgaination of the annual profit hai ted when the rt w of the Company i of the worka will time effect a largi> !. The wagCH |i 3?8(28.s to 328) a UglHTB, ,ft (IBs) a om 81 A to $2^(68 .10 (6i) to $1.20 Hare ten per da' , turdays. A gooil ir houfles, a com- to 81000 (£100 to J per cent, on the about fhe same ssarlea ot life ar» 1 the exception o' irill cost about 2C can board for 83 being introduced is in charge of found he >vas He has been one out under nii 1 has now charge e Steel Company kmen willbeglall d likes to stay in 1 seem to like the oMaod, about I lendid house of 7 ollars (£600) for ! over to see it, [ ere can boast ot ilr Simon Fraser, ig in showing me indebted to Mr kindness, a.i ho gave mo a drive pleasant feature lets of kindness seem quite un- tl. The most of protection, as it "ther condition aiiipete with the tnts are general farming clafis. in the United g people, and a vo the Maritirr • doyment in the informed th.a^ Kood living and the land round Jrlisan E HHon to America. 15S INTERESTING SCENES AT NEW YOUK HAUBOUIl. STRANGE SHIP CUSTOMS. THE STATUE OF LIBEUTY. HOW IT WAS CONSTRUCTED. (From Ike Dundee Weekly JVem of March 10. J New York Harbour and Statue of Liberty. Mr lAjgan, Cllacgow, rep„i tn :--\Vhile in New 1« I was aided, through the kindness of Mr J. Joiiiflon, of the Caledonian Club, and Mr N. Mahon delegate of the Amalgamated Society of Urpeiiters and Joiner., in getting much valuable infoimatlon, and saw much more of the city than J possibly could have seen in double the time. To lie stranger m New York, no matter what country ho may have comcfrom, there is no more interesting iJ^cethan the harbour. To describe the ncs that ar, daily enacted at the different whuivus would rciuire the pen of a Chat lea Dickens to do them uatice. At these wharves thousands of immigrants land almost every day in the year from every part :•-'-» -:■ it THE NAliliOWS, NEW VOnK. ho world, and to see the crowds of them in • native dress hobbling along with their , .„ ^ . d all yattering in their own tongue is a MRlit r,. .|y forgotten. All alonij the river aide there o ny rum-looking old buildings used for an kinds ., afanng occupations. Here arc makers of nautical inatruM^onts, outfitters for seamen, all norts of boarding-houses (and some of them are ilandies) dark and dmgy shops with all kinds of articles from foreign lands, and any amount of 'Irmkmg saloons of the worst description. Far over the street, their bowsprits reaching almost to the other si-Ie. are great ships mu.red to the wharves. It is !,Pre worth while mentioning that all foreign vessels, whether they be Atlantic flyers or smudgy tramps, must have their bows pointinc owards the city, while American vessels liavenll , heir bows pointing towards the river. I was told that when the City of Paris and City of New York wore transferred from British to American manage- ment the Yankcec lade a gtcal fuss about it. The steamers were lymn with their bows towards the city and ilymg the Union .Tack, and in presence of «n immense crowd of people the steamers were h«cke,l out into the middle of the river, when amidst great rejoicings, bells ringing, bunting fly- mg, So., the Union .Tack was hauled down and Alie stars and Stripes run up in its place At the aai le ilrae the steamer wai! turned ;n!!r,d a::^! hs.-l-p-" -• J.-. « berth, so that the bows would" point to theViUr le same as all other ships that arc under the American flag. New York hai .our is eight miles long, ami five milei broad at it widest part. Is completely protected from all gales, has several islands, and is acknowledged to be one of the moat beautiful harbours in the world. The Hutlson River, between New York and Jersey city, is about a mile broad, and the traffic that is carried on on this part of the river Is enormoiia. One may here see a score .f ferry boats crossing from shore to shore, and as many more may be counted in their slips. Great steamers, European liners, cusstora to the(;iilfof Mexico, the West Indies, ami South America, all kinds of tramp steamers whose crews arc made up of every race umler the sun j number- less tugs, racing about alone, or towing some noble ship to sea, or dragging a long line of pioturesnue barges and innumerable sailing craft, every size or shape, foreign and domestic, dignified and ridicu- lous ; men-of-war lying at their anchorage, and gay excursion boats, all brilliant in white paint, flags, Ac. All these meet, pass, ami cross one another's bows with little hindrance. Such an animated picture as New York harbour presents on a summer day, I don t believe can be eioelled in any other seaport in the world. From every point, near or remote, and which commands the least view of the harbour, the first object t.i catch the eye is the Statue of Liberty. This colossal figure, the largest statue of modern tirncs, IS made of hammered plates of copper, it ];)! feet in height, and stands upon a pedestal 1 )U feet high. It is the gift of the French people to the people of the United States. This statue has A unique history, and a hrlef description of it I have no doubt will be higiily Jnteresting to the readers of the JVewi. Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, was impressed during a voyage to the United States by the eagernes' -.th which the emigrants crowded the decks for a flrst glimpse of the new land to which they were coming with such < "■Kr^i.'*' """fit'e"". anJ the thought came to him What a joy and encouragement it would be to these people if they should gee something to wel- come them, to remind them that this is a Republic. AVhat if there stood, like a great guardian, at the entrance of the Continent a colossal statue— a grand figure of a woman hoidiiis aloft a toioh, and symbolising Liberty enlightening the world." When he went home he proposed that a popular subscrii ion should be opened in France to present to the people of the United States such =tittuc. : .10 ;,:ca took the fancy of the French Upwards of £40,000 wan collected, and in 1879 Mr Hartbo di began work upon the statue. The proeess j of building this colossal figure was most interesting. IS6 ThtPffff CmiHls to the hollow in the top of ihJ bead, where it is said that 40 peisona may stand at once, and » row of windows In tho half-oircl'' of the coronet overlooks the harbour and New Yurlr ('ity. Another stairway b ads up the arm into the torch, wlicre a chamber will hoM several pi'rsonsat once. This torch is lighted by a cluster of . Ipclrio Inmps. It was a part of tho original intention to place an electiio lamp on each one of the tayaalwvi the heading, giving the statue a crown of diamond, like points of light at night ; but this has not bonn done up to the prrsfiit time. The figure itself, which faees the east, and baa a face full of gravd and noble beauty, standi) posed on one foot, as if about to step forward, and is majestic from cverv point of view. In the right hand is a toicli H.ime, held aloft aa a beacon of liberty gnidii,.^ tho stranger from over the sea. In the left baud it clasps ft Ublet— the Ubiea of tho Uw. St John, N.B. MrDunlop, Motherwell, reports:— We left Ixmdondorry with the midnight train, and arrived in St John, N.B., next day. This was another famous place for shipbuilding when the old- time clippers did all the carrying trade, but the rapi.; introduction of iron and steel destroyed the trade here. There are several important in'dustrien carried on here, chief among them being the rollinu mills of James Harrison & Co., manufitoturera of iron and steel nnil plate, ship knees, street and mine rails, &c. On going over to see the works, BIr John Poole, tho roller in chargo of one of the mill", gave mo a cordial welcome. Ho belongs to (ilasgow, having worked for the Steel Company of Scotland at Newton, also at Blochairn. On intro- ducing myself to liim, I was agreeably surprised to find he had a copy of tho Dundee Wcrkhj Nem in his pocket, with the photos of the Expedition, some friend having sent it out to him, Mr Poole likes St John, and seems to bo doing well, having a pro- perty worth $5000 (£1000), with a tidy horse and trap to add to liia comforts. He took the afternoon to himself, and kindly assisted me in seeing the place. The plant at Harrison's works consists of two roll- ing mills, a guide mill, and a slabbing mill, with forging hammer, &c. The average wages in tbe mills are:— Furnacemen and roughcrs, $3 (128) » day ; machinists and roll turners, from $10 to $13 (£2 to £2 Ss) per week j labourers, jl.20 (o() a day. There are aUo a great number of sawmllli here as they have an extensive lumber trade. The average wage at the sawmills being from $1J to ?2 ((is to 8s) a day. We also visited the works of J. Pender & Co., where they manufacture steel wire nails of every description. Mr Pender has all the latest and improved machinery for the carrying on of a large tiade. He is also tlie patentee of special wire nails of great holding power. Instead of the roughened barb nails, which break the fibres of the wood, his are bo finely roughened as not to be noticeable, and as shown by numerous tests to be more effective. These works were exceptionall' busy, having more orders on hand than they coulil tuiiii. AU their steel rod for uait making is im- jjorted from Germany, another proof of the push- ing nature of our Gorman friends in gaining ace<:M it«I «nd flgiire rim t( ■ nil cnHt upwarln nl "^J, whioli in lit hj )w in the tnp nf tlin 40 ppiNoiK nmy »taiM wit ill tlio h«If-airc!" nf irboiir «nil New Yi.ik Ik lip tlio nrm into the liolil ncreral p'Toonnnt i,y A olimter of i Icctrio « original iiitentini, to I one of the iayit«li(iv« 5 n crown of iliamoutl. but this has not bi^i-n ic. The figure itmilf, las A face full of gravu oHP(l on one foot, as if Ih inajentio from ever? hand Ih a tnicli H.imi', liberty giiiilii.,' tho In the left hauj It the Uw. N.B. ports ;— 1 the midnight train, next day. This was building when the old- -rying traare New Glasgow on the east river with its nainosake on the Clyde. A few years ago, where the steelworks now aUnd, there was nothing but green trees. The ooal trade had grown, and the building of iron vessels was now one of the industries of New Glasgow. In con- clusion he eulogised his old school feUow, Mr liraham Fraser, who by his courage and ability h«d done 80 much to promote the establishment of the lion industry in the county." On the Wednesday evening I rejoined Mr Muir at St John (who had been away at the mines of Capo Breton), and we lelt for Boston, where we arrived next afternoon. We Rjient a few hours at Boston, and, leaving at midnight, we arrived at New York next morning, and again joined the members of the Kxpedition. Uur visit to Canada convinced us that they are slowly but Kurely opening up their great natural resources, and that Canada in the future, with a loyal and industrious people, is bound to play an important part as a manufacturing nation. At present there are no steel plate mills in Canada. When the new plant is laid down at New Glasgow a great impetus ougiit to be given the trade in tanada. Of oourte the tariff hsw? assist them in SIGHTS OF NEW YORK. GENEUAL (IHANT'S TOMH IN THE CENTIIAL PAIIK. coinpeling with our great manuta.turo.s t s home. Without Protection they say the'oouh' not com- pete successfully, and as that policy prfinises most for the workers they are bound to support it. One thing IS oertain-if thnn.-;p,ri=, hhm,; with s.:i exocUor.t piato of soui)- The experience was so satistaotory that the dele- gates deci icd on testing the system a second time. Artisan Expedition to America. 159 tnd entering another saloon they had on this oocaiion along with their drink a very palatable sandwich. The " free lunch " ig an excellent inati- tution, although it ia often abuaed by impecunioua and unprincipled people. It is underatoad that every person viaiting one of the aaloona which make a feature of the free lunch purchasea a drink at the usual charge, but some unscrupuloua persons, without ordering any liquor, help themselvea to the soup and aandwiohos gratuitously provided, and by doing tliis cyatematically aeveral tiraca a day, make a very "omf irtable meal without being one cent out of pocket. AVhile the delegates were In the saloona numerouH customera entered and ordered " Cdcktails. " These are curious mixtures of drinks, the main injrrcdients being generally rye or Bourbon whisky and gin, flavoured with one kind or other of fruit, such as lemon, atrawberry, or blackberry, and in the aummer they are iced. Various names were given to the "cocktails," amongat them being Manhattan, New York, Jersey, and Brooklyn, and one particular diink made up only, it was said, when Queen Luna was in her full glory, wna designated "Bloom of the Bloon. Theae "cocktails," in order that the pleasure of drinking them may be prolonged, are usually sipped out of the glasses by means of two straws. Having satisfied for the time being the cravings of the inner man, the delegates proceeded down Broadway until »,hey arrived at WaU Street, the well-known financial centre of the country, and the great resort of bankers and brokers. The building of most general interest in thia important thoioughfare is the Stock Exchange, and ascend- ing to the public gallery the party witnessed busi- ness in full swing on the floor below them. Posts were standing in different places, and round each of these was a group of dealers doing business in the particular stocks whose names appeared on the boarda attached to the uprights. The stock inaiket was, however, very dull at the time, and although a considerable amount of business ap- peared to be ill course of transaction, no scene of wild excitement such as that which occurred dur- ing the visit to the Board of Trade in Chicago was witnessed. Retracing their steps to Printin" House Square, the delegates paid a visit to the omce of "The New York World," the highest building of its kind on the earth Th^s gigantic structure, which is generally known aa the 1 uitzer Building, contains 2« floors on 22 storeys, amlw375ife»: in height, the foundations being 35 feet below the level of the street. Of the 228 I rooms in the building, 83 are occupied by the World, and the remaining 145 are let for business purposes. The iron skeleton would support the preoticii even if the walls were removed, and out of ihispartof the fabric alone 29 miles of railway could be constructed, while the electric wires in use wouM cover 48 milea. The handsome dome weighs SoO.OOOlbi., and, being brilliantly illumi^ natedbyelectncityatnlght, formsa landmark which IS readily disoerniole for many milea. When the (Idegfttea entered the office they were met ly Mr MKernan,of the oiiculatioii depariment,' who omi.Ucted them to the preas-room, which they found literally packed with laree machines, almost «H in active operation. For the production of the morning and afternoon insuea of the World which together have an average daily circulation of full/ 400,000 oopiea, no fewer tlian eleven w?;ses are rt-^u.-rcu. Six of these are quadruple Sp'nffl™ /**,°*'l^"',?''',r "'"' in operation in ti.e office of the Weckli/ A'swi j while there are also four double Hoea, and the remaining machine la a press by Me..rs Walter Scott & Co.! Wla in! field, New Jersey, which prints five different L.?r ,•" ''" P^P"' b«f°'e delivery The ast-mentioned ig required for printins » nor tion of the Sunday edition of the WorM The Z¥Z't;Fuf '''"''' ""P*'"*^"'' theseTr'esaeal' 408,000 eight-page papers per hour, or nearly 7000 time'"rn"*t'hl '"'•'" ^''''^'"' '<"^<^inedTo7loT. time in the press-room, watching with great interest the marvellous rapidity with Wh oh the afternoon paper was being p'iinted, the rtt ention owever, being particularly directed to the wo",de?: ful colour press, which was throwing off the Za- tmted Bupplement for the following Sunday's paper, fhey afterwards ascended to the dome bv means of one of the eight elevators which are constantly running from the iwer to L„ M^Pi" fl"","',. ■""! "^^ versa. \^d then climbing a ladder reached the Ian em on the very summit of the building. From this coiSn of vantage they obtained a view S, perhaD" cannot be equalled in the whole world. New Yofk owing to the use by its citizens of anthfacrte coal enjoys a remarkably clear atmosphere and tl.« weather at the time o'f their aacentTeing''favo"urab le the delegates had a radius of vision in all directions ex ending to upwards of forty milea. The dty with Its densely thronged strtaia lay at their feet the men seeming but mere pigmies and the horses no bigger than dogs. Far to the northward they could see the open country and trace the course of the grand Hud.on River ; westward they complete?y ove looked Jersey Ci y ; an,l eastward, Brookl7n^ the city of churches," while farther out the swelling vvaves of the broad Atlantic were visible The view indeed was one never to be forgotten, and a considerable time was spent in its contemplation I before the i«rly returned to the lower worlJ From Printing House Square tb ' Brooklyn Bridge IS only a very thort diatance, and this grand struc- ture was seen under the most interesting conditions I was now between five and six o'clock in th^ fniT •?■ .l*?"' '^"'.°* tiiousands of persons, hav! ing finished their business in New York for the dav were returning to their homes in Brooklyn. The traffic on the bridge was theraforo something enor- mous. Trains of cable cars crowded to their Stmost capacity followed each other at intervals of a few rnmutes. and the carriageway on either side was thronged with vehicles of all descriptions, whde there were also some thousands of pedestrians on the spacious elcvaed footway in the centre. The dele^ gates crossed the bridge from New York to Brooklyn oil foot, an ..peiatiou which occupied fully twenty minutes, but in passing' over they stopped at a few points m order to view the various craft wliichwe,^ .a ling up and down and across the East r7Z. Ujy next proceeded up Centre Street in order to make a cursory inspection of The Italian and Chinese Quarters Accordingly, on arriving at Canal Street, they ZTm f 7'^'^% unt'l they camo to Mulberry ^11 m' « i'""'". "'"^ ?' °'"=« '""nJ themselves in all the filth and squalor of an Italian city The carriageway and the footways were so crowded that only very slow progress could be made. In the former many ve iiolos had been unyoked, and to all appearsnoe WGuld. remain on the street until the^ owners round occasion to uae them next morning. Stalls and barrows, chiefly for the sale of fruit and vegetables, were in abundasiK;; anj .,_"'."" hucksters aecmod to be dliifng a fairly goo/^ade! h!)t the surroundings wtre such that the deleiiates were not tempted to patronise them. Small piece. ■(fi 160 Dimdee Cmirier and Dundee Weekly News of luimanity, composed for a great part of dirt and rags, were running about in scores, and sluttisli- looking women were also far from scarce. Con- siderable numbers of swarthy complexioned men, fie mates for such women, were lounging about, and appeared to be fully occupied in doing notliing. Dirt and disorder were rampant, and tlie delegates, with both eyes and nose offended at every step, expressed no regret on arriving at the opposite extremity of the thoroughfare. Running parallel with Mulberry Street is Mott Street, by which the delegates returned to Canal Street. Here they felt in quite another country, as only a few steps separate the Italians from the natives of the Celestial Emoire. John Chinaman was now in evidence, and while his surroundings were less squalid, his habitations seemed to belong to some other than the nineteenth century. Many Chinamen were seen, some of them very diminutive specimens, but there were others, big, robust-looking fellows. whoni one would rather prefer not to meet in the shades of night. The predominating characteristic of all, however, was inexpressible ugliness, and the occasional glimpse of a grey-coated policeman leisurely going his rounds was a decided relief. Almost every other house was a laundry, but in the course of their travels the delegates also came upon a Chinese theatre. They were invited to enter, but all stated that they desired to see both the beginning and the end of the play, and, as they could not stay a week in New York in order to witness a complete Chinese theatrical representa- tion, the invitation was declined. To The Bowery, whioh WM close at hand, was the next order. This thoroughfare, although amongst the widest, is one of the busiest in New York. So wide is it, that the elevated railway running through it is broken up, »nd has the appearance of bsing two separate lines supported onsinglelamp-post-lookingcolumns. Next toBioadway, the Bowery is the best known street in the city. The ground floors of the buildings in this street are almost wholly occupied either as beur saloons or retail stores of different itinds, but the street is also popularly known as the peculiar home of dime shows and museums. These institationsj moro or less— generally less— interesting, are visited by considerable numbers, but their external appear- ance, at least, had no attractions for the delegates after their previous experiences in the country, and all of them were passed by. The most of the members of the party, however, made purchases of various kinds in the stores for the purpose of taking hone some souvenirs, but in nearly every instance they could have obtained the same goods at much less cost in their own country, the excess of price ' New York being due almost entirely to the „aicidal M'Kiuley tariff. The remaining hours of the cening were agretablv spent in a piomenade through several of the busy streets of the city. Tlie Government of New York. New York is governed primarily by a Mavor and thirty Aldermen, who are elected, one for each district, in November, and hold ofiise for two years. Thora is also a President of the Board of A Idormcn, likewise elected by the people, and who becomes the acting Mayor in the event of the Mayor being seized by illness or unable otherwise to perform his official duties. The present Mayor is iili Gilroy, and the President of the Board of Aldermen is Colonel G. J5. M'Clellan, a son ot the well-known General M'Clellan. The salaries paid are as fo.!K-.^-s;--MRy..f, 810,000 i£2u00i ; rio<.!dcnc <,i the Board of Aldermen, ^3000 (£(iOO) ; and alder- men, $2000 each (£400). Full power to veto any j Act passed by the Aldermen is vested in the ; Alayor, but he is subject to removal by the Governor ! of the State. The municipal history of New York- is written black with corruption, and althougli measures have been taken from time to time to prevent waste and bribery, these, according to well- informed citizens, are still rampant. The Tweed frauds m connection with the building of the Sheriff Courthouse twenty years ago are well known. Boss Tweed and his gang were authorised to spend £50,000 on the structure but it IS said that when a tradesman sent mabiUof SIOOO, he was told to make it ?10,000 and in this and other ways the total cost was lunun to about £4,000,000. The famous Boodle trial iu lt»84, also revealed the tact that several of the Aldermen were paid $20,000 each (£4000) for a majority vote for the Broadway Cableoar Bill. Jo such a depth had the municipal rulers of the city sunk, that they were all accused of bribery, and many of them were sent to jail. Mutters are pro- bably not quite so bad no ,. But it would appear NEW yoUK OITr HALL. that the Augean stable requires a periodic cleans- ing, as it 18 generally understood that for the most humble post in the patronage of the civic authorities, a certain sum has to be paid to the Tammany Had Rirg, who have the whole " political pull of New York. After the Tweed re»m« of 1S7J, the manner of making appropriations was changed, the power being taken from the Aldermen and vested wholly in a special Board, consisting of the .Mayor, the President of the Board of Alder- men, the Comptroller of the Oily, the President of the Tax Department, and thd Corporation Counsel whose vote must be unanimous. Eiich of the various departments of the city government is under a Commissioner subject to the Mayor, and holdinj} office for from three to six year?. The water supply of the city IS drawn from the valley of the Crotoii river, about thirty miles to the north of New York, and 13 under the control of the municipality. T|,e ti.tal cost of the water supply has been abnut «uO,000,000 (£10,000,000), end in order to meet the oliaig.s (if the department about 810,000,000 (£2,000,000) has to be raised annually. 'J'he tutal sum to laised by taxation ilurinij the current year amounts to «34,444,134.(i8 (£7,000,000). A new ( ity Hall which is about ^o be proceeded with will involvo a !iea-.^ additional expenditure. The Old City Hall, whioh it is proposed to rebuild ii (>,nothcr part of the city, was erected in 1803, mul I IS a fine specimen of Italian aiohitontiae. Tiie sides and front are of white maible and the rear of red s'' among asylums, reformatories, and ohaiitable institutions, :|iK Full power to veto any imen is vested in tlia removal by the Govoriior al history of New York ruption, and although I from time to time to thegi', acourdiiig to weil^ rampant. The Tweed the building of tlie y years ago are well nuil his gang were )00 on the struoturi), in a tradesman sent Id to make it $10,000, he total cost was lun up famous Boodle trial in ct that several of the WO each (£4000) for a way Cableoar Bill, io cipal rulers of the city ccused (if bribery, aiij > jail. Mutters are pio- .. But it would appear au= rr HALL. ires a periodic cleans- ood that for the most ronage of the civic has to be paid to tlie fothe whole "political • the Tweed regime of ig appropriations was en from the Aldermen il Board, consisting uf tlie Board of Alder- City, the President of ) Corporation Counsel, lis. Kneh of thevarioiH vernment is under a I Mayor, and holding arf . The water sui)ply ! valley of tiie Croton e north of New YdiIc, le muuioipality. Tlie )ply has been about I in onler to meet the t .ibout $10,000,000 annually. 'J'he total rini! the current year £7,000,000). A new be proceeded with al expenditure. The ■oposed to reliuild i:i erected in 1803, and II rtiohitpoti.re. Tiie te maible and tbs I lately been painted ident at the time of vouid never extend jrnor's room contains ' I'resident Washiiii!- iie seats in Ciiy Hall year the Cornoratiou 7 (.»i»)l,035[ among aiitable institiitiuiis, Artisan Expedition to Amerim. 161 aiid of this $275,000 (£55,000) is to go to the New York Catholic Protectory. The work of watering tlie streets is let by the Corporation to a Street ^prlnkImg Asaociation, which levies blackmail on .he citizens in order to recoup itself. Orand Central Depot. MMVataon reports :-The Grand Central Depot, Rew York, is a large building in French style. It faces 42nd Street, across Fourth Avenue, and ex- tends aloTig Vanderl.ilt Avenue for nearly three ni03ks. Ihree railwny companies occupy the upper storeys for offlce», the ground dat being used for ticket offices, waiting, and nfrcshinent rooms. J here are twenty.one lines of rails in this stalion, all covered over. The main roof has 200 feet of a «pnn, and is B96 feet long. About 250 trains leave this station every day, and about the snme number iiriiye. >Vith trains arriving I noticed a style of working that is not allowed in this country. Every passenger train when coming into the station came m with a run past— that in. uncoupling the engine wnen running, thus running the engine into one smmg, or lye, and the passenger cars into anotlier, guided into platforms with the brakesmen and oon- rc?L"'*Tf'"°'"/*' *''« *'•' brak" pipes are con. thmuH, ♦l.i? * ^^^T "'^^ '" "l'^"'=' *'"«'' blows through the tram when on the journey, Hven Gas is into a. !.,»i, M.L ; -"■■■I'-cooou lu lou los. per Bquare hv nin„. I *?"'^ .*""''' »"'^" "'e cats are charRcd te? .""^u « '.^'""K'* *''" "'""on- This railway or, In. '«>'=''t"f "lain linns to Buffalo and two thpir i^ f ■ • f ""' .*■■*'"» complete the journey bv bek/pmn? "' t^venty hours, six different engines being employed throughout the journey. tnrough the train when on the journey, I' cooking can be done with this apparatusf Ga "«ed for lighting trains. It is pumped int THE IIOMEWAIU) JOURNEY. THE DELEGA.TES' INVESTIGATIONS. (Prom the Dundee Weekly News of March 24.) The voyage home of the delegates, writes Mr niurray, was commenced on Saturday. July tb^ A^iP embarked on the previous evening on the Anchor Line steamer Anchoria, and aqain slept soundly under the Union Jack of G^eat Britain. 'I'hl niglu 8 rest, after the prolonged and somewhat ex- nausting tour of the previous day, was most refresh- ing, and the whole of them, looking as merry and as lively as crickets, were on deck by half-past five on Saturday morning in order that none of tho ORAND CENTRAL DRPOT. dnclors. I had a walk through the running shops theie belonging to the New York Central & Kudson Siver Railway and met with an old North British driver, Geoige lyndal, from Dundee. He had been right years in New Yoik. He showe.l me some of their engines. They differ very much from our u^Zt. ^','" 'n8tan«.e. a great many of tliem have no gauge glasses. 'J he only way they know how much water is in the boiler is by proof cocks, tlier" .hi"*fl,J!^'* °" ^"V *"8"'r- Then, looking into the firebox, you observe there is no brick arch, all the sparks being oitught io a wir.. netting m the side of the smokebox, and they fall down into a hopper which can be emptied into the four- foot way at any time. That in why the smoke- box;'B on American engines are so lonir. The smokebox door is also VRry seldom opened, for the way the tubes are sponfed is by blowing through them with ormpresscd air from the firebox end With the aid of a long iron nossle i.ine which reaches through the fire to the tubes. ' The coI,l. used are of a hard nature, and very little smoke or refuse comes from them. In one of the engine- sheds s ands a boiler for generating steam for heat- ing up the cars m the winter time. Pipes are laid •II throuah the station -o n,a* .f„ .„ ' ...."^ '*"' neoteri Co any train, and it can be lieateiUp before the engine » attached. When the engine is attached to a train the steam pipe is connected in PAHSBNOKRS KMBARKINO. features of interest in the Hudson River or In New York Bay might be missed. Shortly after six the mooring ropes of the steamer were unfastened and the vessel, huvin.,- backed out from the wharf proceeded down the river. Comparatively early as the hour was, a great many craft were also. like our own. on the move, as the New Yorkers and other Atneiicans arc thorough believers in the adage that It 18 the early bird which catches tho early worm A good few of the ferry boats between New York "and •Jersey City had commenced runninir fnp th«. ^o» ami lliere were several other steamers either goine up rr down the river on inward or outward voyages! last all these the Anchoria was safely navigated and belore long we had directly ahead of us the i) I££ tC2 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekbj News great open bay, or harbour of Now York, m ic is generally atyln.l a».l on our left Castle Ciarden ami tlic Battery at tliesoutbern extremity of Manhattan I«lana. J ho neifchhourhooil of The Battery On by is rich in reminiscences of Kevolntinnary ilaya. t Ip l«f r "'« ,)\'a«l'i"Ston Bulhling, erected .,, he late Cyrus W. Flel.l. to whom the country is imleoted for the Atlantic cables, was the famous Washington Hotel where General Washington at one time made h,a headquarters. The iron railins Hurrounding the ]{owling Green, tlie cradle of New York, IS the historic fence from which the knobs of the pickets were ent by the revolted Colonists, an, used as cannon balls to fire against the IJritis;. : b fl If. w! .?''°'°' ^^'•' "'•''='' '^"^ •"'^•"-■'1 into hulleta by the American patriots in 1770. Castle Garden was until quite recently the landing-place for immigrants, and it is calculated that upwards ot SIX millions of men and women from all the oouiitjies of Kurope first touched here the soil ot tliB!?»?f ?j" ''i!,"' "fy ,'° ««ta'>li»l> new homes in presents the appearance it did before it was given up to immigrants, and it is about to be turned by t^ie city into a mammoth aquarium. Right east- homlnfT *''^«;'"'''y '■" l^overnor's Wand, the tl?„ !J^i» '"J"' "°"«"1. aiiil the headquarters ot the military division of the Atlantic. Directly i^nnw l^ -"^ *' " "•'"' ^,"'" " P""'''"- -nagazine. but A w • ""'"'K'""™ <'«'Pot of the UniTed Stktes. abiiast of Bedloe's Island, with its gigantic Statue of Liberty. In years long gone by it was the custom and recreation of the honest citizens of New York to hangpiraes on this island, but it is now who I h «»! tlioldi. 1 his colossal statue, as may be known s«te"d7vTh'i'p "' i"'^ "'^-'^'^ ^'«'^. «■»« F« ser.ted by the French nation to the Amorican eosTof^the Itr "' ^"'^'"'""P ''"'• B<««l>vni Th i-n Franee "','",''",*»'' ■"«' by public subscription i I, „ . .• ' "'""..'''e pedestal was built by public BubscriptionscoUecteJ in the United States ' The but l,i,"di/'!f';'"'^'^. ".''°" " ^"« «bont £200,000, who won » '?'"'i' *"y f*"^ *" "'"sculptor iTlmirr Tl ?'. °^ r '«'"«""atio,i for hi labours. rhe statue, which is that of a female l,it!/.l "I'w"' ■'«',«''* f'<"n base to torch, and 305 f If V f ^'T ^'"^ f"«"'lati<"> is no less than dOj feet t, iiohes. It is composed of 450,000 lbs. of copper and iron .Some dUnoe farther out we mherwaTt,"N'"'^"r'"= 8'«y''ound Campania on her way to New York, with her decks crowded by passengers. It was confidently CMiected that he would arrive on Friday afternoon a .1 beat or previou, record trip, but dense fog, had been e" perienceil near the Ai.ie.ican shore, and had caused OfK SANDY HOOK. n l?»?^f "i*^**'?'!"'"- Having passed the .rioa. her islands and torts, and the Narrows with the r hundreds of heavy guns, the Anohori. early n the forenoon maile Sandy Hook, and a little ! rp/^.iT^r ^l"*^'''' ""d *'"' P"«t vvastran! fer Bd to the lightship. •■ Full spoed ahead" was then given, an,l wo fairly started on our Voyage Across the Broad Atlantic. At noon, • ben tlie sun was "shot," we had run ,3S miles eastward from the lightship. Long Island was still visilde on the port side, but in the after frZ »"; .''f 'earned right into a dense bank of tog, Ti^^oV "'r ':," 'l"^,,"'" "ompletely emerge unti llmrsday of the following week. The Anohnria was now all our little world, and we at once began to make tue acquaintance of those who were to be our companions for the next eight or nine days. 1 he passengers altogether numbered upwards of j!UU. A good few wore travelling steerage, and there were about sixty in the saloon, hut the great majority belonged to the second cabin. The last- mentioned class naturally possessed the greatest ncinal'lv )' '^'' "^ "'" '^'l^S'^^'^' »« it consisted P iiicipally of prosperous artisans and their wives, sisters, and families. Some of these, through bar, work and he try ng climate, had fallen hito i I- ca Ith, and wore hopeful that the ocean trip and lie bracing air of the old country would restore to them their wonted vigour. The greater numbor however were making a holiday run across in on o^ they had left behind there; and in this mZb hpff'"' "«"''' "■•" '"^'P "marking how much better off artisans generally are in alidZ^.a '■]" ""'" f^'lo^-tradesmen in Scotland am! England, as very few of the latter could spare £^or"p-ir2r'7' "'"","1' a,''olidayor afford the Uo or po which It would take at the least to cover of l.n.ni'.! Z- '"i '"S..an' remarkable, of sW V Jni^ "'^''/.''°'"Vt''y> ""'' contains upwards of sixty rnill ons of inhabitants, amongst whom Mr Osier nii.l Mv Taj lor resembled two atoms in a eZe,T"7' *"'*• '"^^"tlicless, the delegates soon bnt L i . °"^ ;'f ."i'^'' fellow-passengors wtl, H„ f "'• ", f<»t"'sl't previous supped TlJr if" Kf.tlemen named at the house I e r. * \"?:\ " «"ckford, some distance to the westward of Chicago, 'j-wo of the steerage uas- songors belonged to Dundee, and were on their Say „il f ' ''"'"«:\ «"■=!• they had left only si.K of t^em l""; 1 '^'■"''i',' by a newspaper report, one of tiem had hurriedly thrown up a good, stea.lv wl?rf" "T'^y- "'"'"'""S witha^riend wl'o »nd f dl ^TP'oy"";"'- ««t.°"t with a light heart to liL •■">'• i"'?' ''ighly.paid work wa,, to be cnsdy picked up in America. On arriving „ Philadelphia, Kowever, ?hey quickly discovered the mistake into which they lia.l been ^d. As ment.ioneil in a former report, the country seveHrr.' *''" y^" through 'one" of the S f>!r m», 'Jepressions which bad been experience,! iZZZ^' ^'?'V """'? '""' '°'=''«d °P. Prodr.otion I , Z^, "''r"'y :^*" '"■"■8 curtailed, and many Z?r h, '^■V ''"'''!?S '-rnployment in Cramp's Ship ■wn^i'i. •"•""'"''"?'' " character that he felt it 0^1 I • '"^""°'" '° '"'"'"''f to "tain it. and being "o ; ' on? JnT "i 'tan anywhere else, he resolved ,1 n i t ^ "" ""■ '^'* ' '"» companion, who in t le /w'■/"■'^';'"' ^r" quite as unsiecessful in Mie new as in tli» nl.l ../<,...>..- r>.._,.. _», v.|y-agetue latter unfortu'nftte'ly"M«reirspr»inid Ins ankle, and suffered from the injury fir months subject Artinan E.rprdition to America. 163 paased the ^rioas IB Narrows with ho Anohoria early ook, and a little e pilot was trana- speed ahead" was on our id Atlantic. t," we hail run 3S ip. Long Island , but in the aftcr- IcMse bank of fo^;, el^ emerge ujitil The Anohoria we at once began a who were to bo lit or nine days, eied upwardx of ng steerage, and on, but the great !abiii. Tlie last- led the greatest ?8, as it consisted anil their wives, ise, through hanl I fallen into ill- B ocean trip and would restore to greater numbi-r, n across in order and those wliom and in this remarking liow lerally are in nen in Scotland ittor could spare ly or afford the lie least to cover IS many millions !id large as is its er which people ly remarkable. )ntalns upwards Migst whom Mr wo atoms in a delegates bodii llow-passengers jvious supped at the house ne distance to le steerage pas- le on their way 1 left only six per report, one k good, steady ! a friend, who 1 a light heart id work wa.i Lmerica. On they quickly they had been t, the country e of the moat !n experienced ip, prodnction sd, and many •ne of the two 3ramp's Ship that he felt it I it, and being e, he resolved inion, who in 9 unsuocenfiil rely sprain-d ry for monihs a^!^Zr'A% ■ ?!'« delegates secured comfortable vessel, and in a very short time felt quite At Home. *f!?'?5°'? fampbell proved himself the very 6 auuleal of a commander, combining the excellent personal qualities of frankness and glnialitv o raanner, and the caution and prudence Zracter ..t,c of Scotchmen, with the skill anrexperie fee o the thoroughly trained navigator. He was a man who not only realised but personally acedupto the serious responsibilities resting upon him as dunng the many days and nights in which we ^ere .Zf^n ■ ''•^ "", '''^?^« f°8 bis solicitude for the hi .1 alt ,olv.r?rl''Tl,*''' passengers would allow mm, although he had the most vigilant of his crew always on the look out, to take on y the llZ C,?l"?'"'r""f^ '•^^'fo'- himself, and in laT hgl and darkness he was always a steady ocom nnt of the bridge The delegates had boarded te Anchoria with their heads and books both weU socked wth notes of their expeHences a,' the mformntion which thev |,ad obtaine m America, and Captain Cimpbeil, on ?he mee ings. The wealth and the variety of talent displayed by the .lele-ates in these social fnncUo » was quite remarkable, and many of the other « sengers f.equontly expressed to them their obC- tions in this connection. On the eveni°.c of Saturday, August 5, the cabin tables were oLed away, and a grand ball was held. The Tadv passengers, as a matter of course, all decked tlZ selves out in their smartest finery on thh, occa' fo^" and. although the vessel did givL lure at tTme"' the dance was entered into and carried <.ut with dXglXl 5L' f •• ■";" n''^-"^' succe.s?uram aeiigintul. I he fog had now been left a good loiiff distance behind and during the -laytime t^Tnove^ ments of several sportive whales and dolphins were watched with great interest. On the whole favour! vivLr™ ''?'.,'"'" "Perienced throughout tie «X!t'- f""'^ "'" P':°8''"'^ of the vessel was stcaly and satisfactory. ,sho steamed along at an avernKo ... , . THB ANCHOR LIN subject being mentioned to him, at once ga/e special and much appreciated facilities for the conversion of these into "copy" for t e printers. With the other "Office's tie delegates also soon got on the best of terms. Jlr George Douglas, the chief officer, mentioned that Mr ' Torrir T '" ^^''".<"'«'' •^'^«^t. Dundee, and Mr Come, the second officer, proved to be a cousin of Captain Cummings, of the lona. and I'kewise ha>le,\ from Pittenweem. The other officers of the sUamer were very atten ive and promptly rendered every service in^their S, a n len' f, r^ ^ '.*"> '■'''^^ ^^'""^ ^"'-^'l. '«« well « ttWJl i"*^ sat'sfying, the delegates spent alto- gether a pleasant and amiable time on the Anchoria AUhpugh the writing of their reports necessar", occupied some hours daily, the delegates at other a: XX ir"'" "-'- "^^ '^"'-''o- «- «p "KiUing the Time." A dance or two was usually heartily engaged in on deck every day, and in the evenings excellent concern were held in the cabin. Kvfr. o'„ "f tlr^^x i"'.i*'i^ .?*''?■■ ''el'Sate^ contributed most largely of all to the harmony and enjoyment of the BR ANCHOlllA. rnnM* ?I °"!-'' 23i ''""rs, our watches having to be put half an hour forward every day, instead of he same t me back as was the case i.f go !g .*ut nn!^ i" n- ^ «»'»"« to t"'« last-raentioned run being osted D.vine service was, as on the previous Sun- day, conducted in the saloon by the Rev. Philin H Cole Shenectady, New York, at which Mr S^^noC' thTwlu'''V^'°V''"'f!°!''^''^ "'"o^ members the r.fWv mws Expedition, led the praise. Th»t evening a concert of sacred music was lield and all retired early in the confident expectation that next morning the iugged north-west coast of Ireland would come into sight. Nor was this expectation belied. a.« aliout 5 a.m. on Monday, August 7. Mr Muir, who had been early astir, awakened his brother delegates with the joyful shout "There's Land Ahead." All of us warmly congratulated Mr Muir the mining representative, who, unaccustomed f. r several years to so much continuoua daylight and fresh air - to say nothing of the it--"* .*™t-'? """i"'' ■«""« e^Pe'icnce on » ritHre 'Z'"^ rj^-nnanc.,. H^ast*:', 7on"ing ?rln^ t' ^'- "■'"'''*'' "" <'™'' t" '5n,i the hills of Irel«nd looming up on the atorboard bow, and f n \i if 164 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News ■everal of our rellow-iiaBHrncFrt viewing thera wi';li feelings of con!iiI ERICA. ' LABOUR. ND TAXES. LIVING. THING. CAN SAVE. we would mention, ana which we made itrial olaaaes in tbu , that labour gener- ouble the rat^a paid ranohea of the iron only about oi speaking, a much lower purchasing value. Married people, in particular, 'ind it very expensive, although cd ca- tion is frf e, to bring up a family ; and tli . is probably the reason why the iiatite-born Americans have, as a rule, so very few children. The Savinj^ of the Artisan Class are generally invested with building societies, or in the purchase of homes for them- selves. Local transportation by electric, cable, or other cars is remarkably cheap in all the largo cities, as one can travel several miles for a nickel (2.id) ; but the quality of water supplied in every place visited was sucli as would not be tolerated in the smallest village in Scotland or England. The conditions of labour in America are certainly much more taxing on the system than those ot the old country. The extremes of tem- perature are mcch greater, langliig in some dis- tricts from 15 to 20 degrees below zero in winter to about 100 Fahrenheit in July and August. During these months many kinds of work have often to be stopped owing to The Excessive Heat, and in praotioally every industrial establishment a «r<« supply of iced-wateriskeptfordrinkingpurpoies and charged for usually at the rate of 5 or 10 cents per week. The delegates considered it very re- markable that during the whole of their tour they saw scarcely a single elderly man engaged in any kind of occupation, but thoy were informed that such were to be found in soldiers' homes. They met, however, many young and middle-aged men who hsd once been vigorous and active, but who had lost their health. It must aUo be noted that in almost every establishment visited Scotchmen were found, and these, too, by the way, holding, a> a rule, positions of coiisideiable trust and re- sponsibility, who invariably stated that, although in some casea they did not take to American ways at first, they would never again, if they could help it, work in the old country. We also desire to acknowledge the very friendly feeling with which we weie everywhere met, and the ex.reine readi- ness shown by employers and workmen to supply us with all tho information which we desired. (Signed) Ebkn'kzkr BENNirrr. THOHAa I.oaAN. ROBKIIT A. MuiR. Robkut Dunlop. David Browk. MuNoo Smith. John Sinclair. David G. Watson. William Smith. A Word of Thanks. The following report was drawn up by the Dele- gates immediately on their arrival home :— " We, the undersigned members of the Artisan Expedi- tion to America and the World's Fair at Chicago, take this opportunity of thanking those readers of the Weekly News who, by r( jording their votes in our favour, made us the successful candidates. But to Messrs Thomson, with whom the scheme originated and by whom it has been so successfully carried through, we reserve our special thanka, seeing they have apared neither trouble nor ex- pense in making all the arrangements and provid- ing us with every comtort for the long journeys by land and sea, and from which we hare derived much beneRt and instruction. We would also con- gratulate them in having secured the services of Mr Murray as conductor of the tour, because of bis genial disposition end thoughtfulness in the various circumstances in which we were placed." — Vour obedient servants, R^SBBT A. MciR. WiLiTAM Smith. .John Sinclaih. ML'NGO 8M1TH. RoBRRT Dunlop. Ebknkzbr Be.vnktt. David G. Watson. David Brown. 'i'HOMAS r.OOAN. The Conductor's Testimony. Having completed my own contribution to the reports, I felt that I could not lay down my pen without bearing testimony to the manner in which the members composing the Expedition pursued their investigations in America. Previous to the organisation of the Expedition, the whole of the delegates were, with one single exception, qui<-« un- known to me, but after my expeiience I can honestly say that had I been acquainted with them my surprise would have been exceedingly great if the popular vote had resulted in the non-election of any one of them. Each one seemed to realise instinctively, and «♦; once, what information was rcqairsa ili the iwne of every Be|jarate invesiiga- tiun, and all of them, sometimes under very un- propitious climatic conditions, pursued their n '! :^ :( II 1«« Thindep. Cmimr and Ihmhc WMhi K, lnqui,ie,withft«eal, a diligence, and a thorougli- rn.s. winch left nothing to be .leHire.l. The afea which they liad to cover in , limited timo extended *'»«'«"» .'°"«n'l» of mile*, and the ,cope of the Expedition wa» admittedly large ; but the .lele gate- appreciated to the full exten? the impmance t lie tru»t which had been committed to them by their fellow.workmen in thi. country, and thene. I li could have rested in the hiinds of no mure worthy rcpreseutativei,. Our personal relaS t roughout M,e tour were of the mo»t amicable cha ac er. Nothing occurred to mar the harmony of the trip, and the Hole aim and desire of one and all was to make the Kxpedith.n as great a success as possible. In might, indeed, be said that we me each other as strangers, wrought together after- tZ; I'eKo? b^^ther's.""'"''"' -""^ P"'^'' ""«-* hvVht'f'i'^*' ?"** 8e''"ou. assistance tendered m» Ikit h,! "^h"' ■"*''" "!'' °""' ^"'^ oomparat v,t igit. but there are other gentlemen to whom t ti?,^ »n ,"' '". "" :*'*J'' •"'"•'" Parfioularlv of dire' i Xit» ""I'P'jf"'* •'^^''"'^ "'■ iMtioduction-both of nflnite value in a c.mntiy which was a per ec iZlrT"^" '"/" o' "^-contributed Cv towanU the successful carryin« out of the ohi"ct oV Un \''"«'^'"°''-. ^''^'»« *«re Rlr Macdonald! And." Line agent. Chicago; Afr H. C. Torrance ( Orme W Low Hiri' pP'"*""*: and Messrs \vaim- Low. Harry Chalmers, A. and W. Logie an Nl>TY,^rt""'' '" P'r'=^'"""'y "f Du„deo.*now iNtw York. James JIuhhav, Conductor. (Prom the Week!;/ News of Saturday, March S4th, ISSA } OUR DELEGATES' IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA. Thm week we publish a summary of the investigations made by the artisan portion of the WeekUj ^ewa Expedition to America In a jouit report the delegates present the conclusions they have arrived at as the result of their visits to the great centres of industry in Canada and the United States. 11 *.■*? j'"^"" P"vilegB to have access to all kinds of workshops and factories ; they gleaned information at first hand from the wage-earn- and from the employers as well rt .ive to the con- ditions of labour ; the,- had opportunities of seeing for then.selves That hor"'r T ''"' ''"'" time, that he can call his own forts wofe within tlir rrch^fthe i^usTr^i 'r/' "''n'i"""".'^?..^"^ ---'-" '-^ -J"y o - - — ..™,«w. .....vu iiuiiie com- forts wore within the reach of the industrial classes ; and tlie reports that have apiiearod in our coluiniia from week to week have shown that thoy were quite capable of dis- tinguishing between what are the blessincs and what the drawbacks in the lot of the American woikman. Coming now to sum vailing Clothing is very expensive and the cost of medical attendance very high but as a set off to that we are told that the coat of travelling by the cars is surprisin-lv cheap. Climatic conditions are also takeii into account in considering the circumstances of the worker, for theextremesof temperature from wuich we in this country are exempt makes laborious work very exacting In brief, the position of the American artisan seems to J,ethi8-he earns higher wages than the British artisan, but ho has to work much harder ; the good is soon taken out of his life and old age comes prematurely ; he has httlu time that he can call liis .,wii ment. He is able to reside in a superior house, but the piii'iihasiiig power of his earnings is all over much smaller than in this country It is natural that people who have chosen to nmku their lin,„u in America should be lavis'i in praise of tim land of their adoption, but in the course of with logTj ,„ th. .■.u,un»;«u, ot r.lE: f-'- ' -.'''•.°'''. ";'"'")■• "" '!'« vhoK It IS found that the rate of wages is as a rule nearly double what is paid in this country On the other hand, the American wa'/e- earner has to work longer and much harder, u ,ru'v7^''^ f'^w instances is the Saturday half-holiday enjoyed. While wages iii the building trades ruie high there IS a counteracting disadvantage of several months' enforced idleness every yeur The workman often pays nearly three times as much for house rent as his fellow-tradesmen at homo ; but the fact that the wage-earner in America is able to save more money than is the genera! experi- ence on this side of the Atlantic is proved by the great number of artisans who own their dwellings, by the superior stylo in whioh their houses aie furnisheiL and hy (Kh hisK standard of living almost universally pw | a calm review of the case must lead the Untish workman to conclude that any ad- vantages which his American fellow-trades- man enjoys are more apparent than real, and that, taking one thing with another, the lot of the home worker will oomj^re favourably with the conditions that are found to prevail in America. It will be observed that nothing affecting the welfare of the people has escaped the atten- tion of the delegates, and sanitaiion, wator supply, and various other matters of a similar nature are referred to in the com- bined report. Graceful allusion is also m.ulo to the kindly recvption whicli they wore attorded on all hands while in America, and to the .^ady gcn.dwill with which faoilitioii were p'Hced at their disposiil, and whioii ei^!!r:hai^-J niuch to chc success ut the Wukly AetUff Artisan Expedition. 1 ArtUnn Ej-prdition h /fmmm. 107 and p»rteil sharing | THE ARTISAN EXPEDITION. REUNION OF O'^LKGATES PllliSENTATION OF CIOLD iMEDALS. DUNBEH COURIEn AND VUNDEK WEEKLY Ni:Wii KJIPLOYKES' KKSTIVAU INTERESTING SPEECHES. (Prom the Dundee Caurier of March :J6, I8O4.) The Pinnloyds nf tlie Courier niul tlio ^ycckh| Mw> heU\ their annual festival mid Basembly W, the City AB-sembly Kooins, Dundee, on Saturday. Ail (Icpiinnieiits were very nuineroiisly renre- 7'rf- »If D. C Thomson took tlfe chair shortly before four o'clock in the afternoon, and was supported, among other., by :_ Mr Frcieriok Jl.omwn and Mis Tliomsoii, Miss M'Cullooh- Mr tnd{.M°i,' !'«;'•"'•; M',J<>l"i Mitchell and Mrs Mitchell, Ml .Tohii Uoug'a, manager; Mr George Nic,. son Hii v.Hited the CIdcaso Exhibition. Mr h. JJennct, plectrical engineer. Newcastle-on-Tvne WHS unable to attend, through indisposition, but ft 1 the others were pre.-ent, viz. :-Mr Jame.s Murray, conductor of the Expedition ; Mr Andrew Wer,Kii,t.vne; Mr M.ing./smith, bundee" Mr V. hrown, ship carpenter, Govan ; Mr HobeH A. Mulr nniner, Kelty; Mr John Sinclair, builder \;:^}^liJ^\^:.^ ^^^'-". --'-V servanl' ee ; Mr Thomas I^gan', cablie maker' IZ T ' f "' ""Z"' T '", *•'"'''"« ''«"" » ' ow; Mr Win. Smith, pancj maker ^f,.r'. S'ji'!, "*/? ^•""'•'' '". "'^j'" "-tive land. r;la.y.w; M. Y-n./mitluTapcJ mrker Denny'; Uoh ert Dunlop steel worker, Motherwell. The h.a.ls of the other departments not already men- ioiie.1 also attended as follows :— Mr F Bovd Mr ( . Duncan, Mr K. Burke, Mr A. R. Anderson ' Mr K Arklie, Mr W.M Leslie, Mr T. RobertLi ,' M J. A Puivcs, and Miss Ramsay. The audience which numbered about 300, also included representa- tives from several of the branch offices. The task of purveying was entrusted to the Messrs Lamb, and their attention to the creature comforts of al alTorded the utmost satisfaction. Mr r>. C. Thoslson- was enthusiastically received itlJ^" Tl- ^^''\ '*"•,*" '""''« "^ few%emarks lit said— Udies and gentlemen, I wish to thank all you very heartily for the honour you have con There are, however, one or two points to which I would like to refer. In a big oilioe like ouri changes, in the very nature of things, must take p Uce. although we may congratulate ourselves that in ate years there have been very few changes , r.^ • u^ ."""""t.at the Kamo time, look louiid thes,, boards without mi-sing faces which were very familiar to us, and on this occasion I wm? „ T'll' '."'". "'"' '""' '•««" '""K a-sociated with us -I allude to poor old .Tohn JIacfarlane and poor lei gusson, whoso loss wks lelt by all r)t lIL I ?i^l"' '•''" y""?" members of our statf have left the city to try their fortunes in oth.T w th which their efforts may be attende.l. Mr Alexander Paterson, one of our young sub-editors, as many of you are aware, stepped from the Courier Othce into the ediior's chair of an evening newspaper 111 Yorkshire, ami I am assured that that paper is now one of the leading evening apers m England, and that Mr Paterson has been \1m"""""'""'» °K "'"' •""=<>«""• (Applause.) Another young m.mber of our st^ff has gone to the Metropolis, and there he is filling the position of J^on,|o„ repiesentative of the North Uritith f/Mt'^'-ist I refer to Mr J. F. M'Farlano. (Applause.) I do not intend to inflict upon you any figures. Most of you are aware that our pa,^., continuo to make stea.ly and substantial progress, and the number of people now engagcf in ouJ establishment exceeds 200. (Applause.) When I became more diieotly interests in the papers eight years ago the total number employed did not exceed eighty or ninety, so that I think we can congn.tu- late ourselves 011 the progress we have made in that respect. (Applause.) Without these words of mine, a large assemblage like this is evidence of the growth o. the concern-(8pplause)-and there are many of our people who are not present. There are, of course, the correspondents in America and in the East, who, owing to the great distance, cannot be expected to join us. There are also tho.se two brave young ladies who are now on the ba ks of the Ganges-(applause)-and I am su e yo all join with mc in wishing them a happy tour o ni'.ht"/^. .TP''""'^? °",^ °f '"y 8'««' i"«*«»*«« to-nigbt 18 to see with us eleven out of the twelve fnnTJf • 'y''°,''"' ""m.mer cross,..! the Atlantic to aZZ m'* '=;""''"?"%"f t'i« working people in «h^,!, ?K *^Pl''a"rO Enough has been .said about the success of that Expe.litioi. without any more words of mine. You are all as well aware to-day as I am, and, as you know from the summary which appears in this weeks paper, the delegates have now c.me to the end of tlleir laiiours. Thev hf-^'ilv ^f'f.''' ''"'>' nob'y. "nJ 1 take this oppor. tun ly with the approval of the committee, to pre- sent to each of them a little gold badee as » memento of the great undertaking they carried out and carried out so successfully. (Applause.) Ihe Ch.iirmau then called on Mrs Frederick Thomson to present the medals, the .lelegates f"»^ -meiaV^kliirthatVZd't^L'",;^^; Moral? ";>''""'"•'* iV'« .>-J»>V the d'el g ^es ".. th.. iKJcasion. I do not look on Hara formal thSff """""""""oally d'eered .-.s they received •«*Mon, but as one where 1 am presiding over' "?-:-■ - wlw may be very fitly termfil a farge family- »|.p:au.se)-for the interests of all ot us are linked " tlie great establishment where so inanv obtain tlicir livelihood. (Applause.) I wish 'bUo " : . * \*»Fi»if»ni«3. ; 1 WISH H1?0 to onnrace this opportunity of thanking all who are engaged with us from day to day for the very lienrty and willing way in which you co-operate m ^^'itli which we are identified. (Ai,i.Uii»..> 'j-i,„ e"sr.imn.e your committee bas arranged for tl'i'e itertainment of the audience is a lengfhy one, and " » far fr«m my intention to be anything but br"ef. Mr J HOM.SON then said be was sure all present wo ,1 join with him ,n wishing that the delegates would he long spared to onrry the mementoes they had just rf-ived. (Loud applause.) ^ .;1 '"f' • "'""'' '"'^''^ "f "'" most artistic de- H Jf I^^^l'" ^""l^^' *""■« *''^ "»'nes of the respec- Uve delegstes on the .me si.le, and on the other thf word^-_..i),„.rf„ ,j.,,i,,^ ^e,cs Artisan Exoedition '••• -iiinrrica, i.T;;j. • Mr SiNCL.^nt, one of the members of the Artisan fcxpedition, at ft later stage a.ldressed the gather- ing. He «»id-It IS just about twelve months sirce 'V^A. 168 Dundea Courier and Dundee WceHi/ Nfwa I first entered into eorreapondenoe with the pro- prii'tors of the Duiulec Weeltlif Newt, and I am «ure eaoh of the ilricfjfttc^ thi< afccrnonu returna to you, Hir, hJNmoat mnoc ;o t\«nkiifor your kind invitation to Kuoh a sociable anci enjoyable meoting as tlilti. (LoiiH npplaiiHe.) Wlien one lookH round this ai''Uencn and sees the contentment which avery em|iloyd seems to have it Riven him tlie feeling that not only had the artisans hccn treated with kindness and consideration at tlio hands of tlie proprietors of the Dundee. Couriur and Dunilee Wtcklij Newt, but that their employus are treated in a similar manner. (Applause.) ' I have, there- fore, in name of tho delegates, now to return to you our moat sincere thanks for those verv handsome and Taluable gifts which you have gone'roualy given tons on this occasion. (Applause.) While we live they will be cherished an something that we will always be proud to look upon, ami they will bring to our recollection many of the hallowed and sacreil memories tliat we will ever have regarding our Kxpeditiun to America. Let mo here say, if I am not taking up too much time, that the day we started away from our own land until the iliiy we arrived back again in Scotland every attention, every kindness was extended to us, and everything was dona for the comfort and for tlie convenience of the delegates who went to report on life across tlie water. ("Hear, hear," and applnuse.) I do not know whether we did our duty or not, but it is very gratifyin'j to hear the a Imirable wnrds addressed to us as to the satisfaction the Messrs Thomson have had in the work wo have done. I am sure every member of the Artisan Expedition will, wherever he may lie, or wherever he may go, always hold up the Dundee Weekly Newt as being a paper that does not only take up the interests of working men, but carries into effect all that it proiMses, I do not think we should forget this afternoon i-hose who are far away in distant lands of the V .. • V those two sisters who liavc gone awit;cles they will furnish will, we are sure, jit.; w 'toll interesting and instructive. lam glad to Iisk;' of the progress the Weekbi News is majii'itr. ■^■A. it is the desire of every delfgate and of every vt"i-tliinking citizen of tlio country that the paper may long live and continue to prosper, so that it may be a blessing and a boon to many in the days to come as it has been in days past and gone. (Applause.) We all feel deeply grateful for these handsome gifts you have given us, and we will take care of them as long as we live. After we aie dead and gone they will be heirlooms in our families, and perhaps they will be sources of dispute amongst those who are left behind— (laughter)— but they will remain to tell where we have been, and by whose generosity we were able to go so far. (Loud applause. ) A programme of unusual excellence was success- fully carried througli in the course of the evening. The orchestral selections af Scotch and English ,iirs by the Misses Davidson were executed in such a masterly and flni»heil manner as to call forth the heartiest plauilits of the large audience. Mr D. Gove gave a fine rendering of the "Bedouin Love Song, ' and at a later stage he was equally laooesv ful in Ilia singing of " The Longshoreman." The songs "By the Fountain" and "Come Back to Erin" were contributed by Miss Booth In a sympathetic manner, and Miss Davidson's spirited rendering of "The Jirier Bush" was warmly received. f .• fJi nge Hutchison, a well-known favourite, sang .Sullivan's " In Days of Old " with characteristic effect, and the song " Once Again," by the same composer, was admirably excoutcd by Mr W. Fisher. 'J he aliility of Mi.is Aggie Davidson as a piccolo player was fully demonstrated by tho accomplished manner in which she rendered tlie solo entitled "Silver Birds.'" A pleasing variety was given to the progiamme by a reading, "The Short Gown Ball," by Mr J. S. Neish. The piece which was specially written for the Christmas number of tlie Dundee Weekhj Newt by Air Neisli, is brimful of Scotch humour, and tho amusin' incidents related were splendidly hit off hy th" author. One of the features of the programme was the appearance of Mr AlHster J. Fraser, who^c humorous songs were greeted with rounds of well- merited applause. Mi FiasT had on two occasions to respond to entliusiastic encores. Theaccnmpani- monts to the singers were efficiently played by Mr Edward B. Hutcheon. Mr J. Mitchell, at the close of the programmn, said— I have two requests to make. The first is that you will show your appreciation of th ■ excel- lent programme of songs, readings, and instru- metltal music thst we have enjoyed. I am sun^ you all feel greatly indebted to the ladies ami gentlemen who have performed, for the readiness with which they have responded to the encores and for the able manner in which they have sus- tained the programme. (Applausi-.) The second request is that you will render a hearty vote of thanks to the gentleman who has presided over us so very amiably this afternoon. (Applause.) In his opening address Mr Thomson said that for eight years he had been actively associated wit.i the Weekly News and I am sure you will agree with me ill this, that they have been rendered eight years of unalloyed pleasure through tho kind forethought and generosity manifesteil by Alessrs David and Frederick Thomson. (Loud applause.) There are, I am sure, no better employers in the city, and con- sequently the eight years have been like so many months. (Renewed applause.) We have, as BIr Thomson said, increased very much in number during that period. As a matter of fact, the proprietors have had to find for us a new home, (Applause). I don't think I am tellin" a great secret when I say that they have done more than this, and that one of them has been looking for a new home for himself. I have to ask you then to give him a specially hearty cheer. (Loud applause.) Mr Thomson briefly acknowledged the compli- ment. At the conclusion of the festival the floor was cleared for dancing, which was engaged in with great enthusiasm till a late hour. Excellent music was discoursed by Jlr C. Stuart'a quadrille band, anil Messrs W. Patteison and T. Donaldson were efficient floormasteri. wau equally saooesj- inRHliorpman. " 'I'lio ml "Ooitio Back to Miu Bnotli In ii I DaviijHon'H npirltod liiah" wan warmly lidon, ,•« well-known I Days of Old " witli HonH "Onoo Again," mirably excoutcil by Mms Ag?ie Davidson lemonHtratcd by the li xlie rondcrpd the A pleating variety ly a readinit, "The Nelsh. The piece, for the Christmas Newt by Mr Neiiih, I and the amufiin^ iilly hit off by th" the programme wn» r J. Kraaer, wlio-ie ■ith rounds of well- ad on two oocaNions !S. The oconmpani- ently played by Mr of the programme, Tuakc. The first is iation of th • enecl- (lings, and instrii- ijoyoil. I am sun- to the ladies ami , for the readincis Bd to the encoren, ioli they have »u*- H1181-.) The second : a lienTty vote of as presideil over us I. (Applause.) In said that for eight Bociatcd wit.i the will agree with me lered eight years of kind forethought Messrs David and luae.) There are, I the city, and con- been like BO many We have, as Mr much in number itter of fact, the I for us n new link I am telling t they have done >t them has been Tiself. I have to iaily hearty cheer. !dged the compli- val the floor was engaged in with Excellent music '» qua. 5^ ^^ ♦ t- Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '', ^^ Farming in North America. TnAVKRSED THE WHOLE CONTINENT from the Atlantic right on to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, The journey from AVInnipeg to Vancouver and back will be by the Canadian Pacific Railway. His return will be by a different route from "Winnipeg, for, instead of going home by North Dakota, he will go right through Manitoba into Ontario, and thence to Ottawa and Montreal. The vast importance of this tour cannot possibly be exaggerated. North-West Canada, as everybody knows, is one of the fii)est yf the wheat-growing districts of the world. Its GREAT FERTILE BELT has no equal for the raising of wheat, barley, rye, and oats, roots and grasses, butter and cheese, and for the price of its products and the cheapness of transportation. By the Canadian Government large portions of tlie North-West Territories are offered free to those who will settle upon them. Millions of acres of land are actually offered at from lOs per acre upwards with long credit. Along the foothills of the Rockies, beyond the strictly agricultural lands, large tracts of unoccupied grazing I'lud remain to bo taken up either by settlement or purchase for ranching purposes. British Columbia is said to possess marvellous timber, mineral, and I fisl.mg interests, which have only begun to show tlieir possibdities. It has also extensive and beauti- ful valleys, admirably adapted for fruitgrowing, gram-raising, and stock-breeding. Manitoba, with itj ridge of black, loamy soil, is well favoured by Jt II?*,. Ass'O'l'o'a. the central province of the North-AVeat, contains the largest unbroken tract of wheat-growmg land to be found on the American Continent. Alberta, which is situated immediately east of the Rocky Mountains, covers 120,000 square miles, and thousands of cattle are sold from its different ranches. Ontario has recently been brouglit into agricultural prominence by the labour* of the Agricultural College which has been estab- lished in the province, and Mr Osier will have an opportunity for thoroughly examining that institu- tion. Altogether MR OSLKR WILL TRAVEL, fiiini the time he leaves this country until his return, a distance of no fewer than 12,000 miles and will have made himself familiar with tlie most wonderful uf the American prairies and cultivated territories. His letters, which will appear in thf Courier, will therefore be well worthy of perusal by agriculturist:' of all classes in Scotland. ! only begun to ahoii } extenaive and beauti- ;e(l for fruit-growing, ing, Manitoba, with is well favoured by tral province of tlie ;est unbroken tract u{ ind on the American situated immediately covets 120,000 square tie are sold from its has recently been linenoe by the labourii. fhich has been estab- [r Osier will have an aminlng that inMtitu- TRAVKL, 9 country until hid • than 12,000 miles, miliar with tlie most airies and cultivated h will appear in thf. II worthy of perusal D Scotland. REPORTS OF THE DUNDEE COURIER'S SPECIAL AGRICULTURAL COMMISSIONER TO NORTH AMERICA. MR OSLER IN CANADA. DESCRIPTION OF STOCKYARDS. APPEARANCES OF CROPS. AN INTERESTING LETTER. IProm the Dundee Courier of July 25th.) Mr Andrew Osier, Kintyrie, who has been speci- ally commissioned by the Dnndee Courier to investigate the agricultural conditions of North America, writes as follows r — We left Middlesbrough on the morning of Sun- day, 25th June, st one o'clock a.m., sailed round the north of Scotland, passing through the Pent- land Firth. We had a good view of John O'Groata and Cape Wrath on our left, and the Orkney Islands on our right, the last we saw of .Scotland being the Butt of Lewis, which we left behind us in the mist about two o'clock on Monday afternoon. We had a good passage across the Atlantic, old Fathe. Neptune just shaking his fist sufficiently in our face to let us know that he can frown as well as smile. I went on deck at six o'clock of the morning of Sunday, 2d July, and looming behind was a perfect field of icebergs, I had the first view of American soil, this being 6i days that wo were of steaming between land and land. After passing through the Straits of Belle lale, we came very near the shores of I^brador on the right, and New- foundland on the left. At this stage the weather was as cold as it has ever been in Scotland all winter, and I must say that the "shores of Ameriky" presented a very forbidding aspect. Snow lay in patches large and deep. The scanty herbage had not yet begun to grow green, but was brown and withered. The land was a continued congeries of mountain, rising Ercoipitous from the very edge of the water, cranky ill-grown pines covered the heights, a few scattered cottages occupied by fishermen were to be seen along the shore, with not a patch of culti- vated soil in their vicinity, the whole district appearing like a howling wilderness incapable of yielding sustenance to either man or beast, and this state of matters continued until we reached Father Point, a distance of 570 miles inland. At Father Point the hills begin to lie farther back from the river, leaving a miirgiu of what appears to be fairly goo 1 arable land, and this margin con- tinuing to widen as we got up, by the time we reached Montreal, a distance of 360 miles from Father Point, there is between St Lawrence and the mountains on both sides fertile slopes of from one to four miles in breadth. This district is very densely inhabited, the people being what are called French Canadians, speaking the French language A Peculiar People. Thick rows of cotlages resemUing a continuous village line the banks of the river on each side, large churches being placed at regular intervals of about three miles. Further inland every here and there are clusters of houses which could almost be calle.1 villages. The inhabitants have brought with them and retained their French habits and customs, the farms are very small, being what wo would call crofts, and are curiously laid out in narrow strips from the river's edge back to the mountains, the common size and shape being 108 feet broad and as much length up the mountain as the lie of the land will admit of— oftentimes two miles. The people are a most primitive race. Their manners and cultivation seem not to have made any advance- ment since the arrival of their forefathers. Their resources are limited, and their incomes small, but by frugality and thrift their expenditure is less, and accordingly they get ends to meet, and have some- thing over. They tan their own leather, and make their own shoes, spin their own wool, weave their own cloth, and make their own clothes ; and as tho men are mostly engaged in fishing, the wife is tho boss of the farming department, and I am told sha may often be seen between the stilts of the plough, witli a horse and the cow harnessed together, 'flie cultivation is very poor, yet in spite of adverse cir- cumstances their farms are mostly all freehold. ApproacMng Montreal we had a good view of some fair-sized herdi of cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs all grazing together. I put the powerful ship's telescope upon them, and had them, as it were, at mr feet. The cattle are small, narrow, and scrubby, very thin in condition, and even although they were made fat they could not be worth much. They appear to me to be of the Brittany breed, most likely the descendants of cattle brought from France by the predecessors of the inhabitants. Ihe horses are what at home we call shalts, and by no means the best of sorts. They will run from 14J to 15 hands high, flat in the rib, and have an ungainly droop from tlie rump to the tail, narrow hammed, and long Uvigheif, making them what is known at home as .'og-uoughed. The sheep are big, but of a nondesoiipt breed which I cannot make cut, but resembling sheep in the old country having two strains of Leicester and one stiain of blackfaced. They could be fed to good weights. The pigs are very well bred, mostly of Mie Berkshire breed, which a little extra feeding would make excellent porkers. Nothing is given to them out of hands, they being allowed to gather their food in the fields with the cattle. The houses are all made of wood, and joint htock portable sawmills driven by horse power ate common. No farms are let on lease, but many are for sale. I could not get at the price of land, but learned that few labourers are engaged. Any who are hired are paid £3 per month with foog». Montreal On arrival at Montreal Mr Taylor and I visited the extensive agricultural Implement workshop of Messrs Massey, Harris, k Co^ where we were well received by the business manager, Idr Slien- ■tone, who gave us a great deal of infor™»^'on about country affairs generally, and showed us tbrouiih the works. All kinds of farm implements are mamifaotured here, a speciality being made of sheaf-hinding reaping maohinps. The flim employ in thmr workshops at Toronto, Brantford, and Woodstock upwards of 1300 workmen, besides a countless staff of clerks and agents throughout all parts of the world. On an average they put out 30 binding machines daily all the year round, tlie value of their output amounting to 84,')00,000 annually. Only the very best of material is used, the number of steam driver appliances for perfect- ing various parts of the machine being legion. A t.ystem of thorough division of labour is practised, each man working at the same job all the year rountl, so that neatness and uniformity of fitting is ensured. Each piece ai it is taken off the work- man s hands is examined, and if there should be •iiy flaw is rejected, the greatest possible cire being taKeu to see iiiat every machine issued is perfect iii . iti various parti. Toronto. As good luck would have it, it was market day in roroiito when we arrived, and we got into conver- sation v/ith a good number of farmers, dealers, and butoiiers. The cattle are all sold in lots by private sale at so much per beast. As usual, at all markets there was a large proportion of big, lanky, ill- prepared brutes, but at the same time there was a proportion of beeves than which no better sorts or better fattened beasts could be desired. Two large dealers and farmers, the one an Irishman named Buriiot, the other an Englishman named Ritchings had about 200 cattle each, this being about their weekly run, and I am safe to say that better butchers beasts than these are not to be found in any market of Great Britain. They very much resemble the heal sorts of cattle that are brought from hnglaiid to Scotland as calves. The big pro- portion of them are only two years of age. They would be well worth £22 per head in the old country, and were selling at from £13 to £15 per head here, the prices quoted for the day being 5 to 6i cents -ler lb. on the hoof. These animals are collected m the western counties of the province of Ontario from farmers holding and farming about ^00 acres each. When being reared they are treated very much like stock at home. They are housed all winter, get hay and turnips ad lib., and a liberal allowance of maize, wheat, and pease gristed and mixed together. The animals I saw had been all house-fed since last autumn. There were large quantities of sheep on sale, the breed of which I did not like, nevertheless a large number of them were big and well finished animals, which would have given £2 2s at home and were being sold at from ISs to 20». Pigg were numerous, thousands being on sale. They are remarkably well bred and well fed. They were selhng at about 5J cents per lb. live weight, Messrs Burnot and RItohings both say that they have hanuled Canadian cattle for the last 20 years, and they are positive that no disease of any kind what- ever exists in the Dominion. They say no healthier cattle exist in any other part of the world. A Oaithness Man. William Lovick, a native of Caithness, Scotland, has been a butcher in r»--ada for the last 20 years. He puts 175 cattle h his hands weekly- selling out wholesale a retail fleshers, and never in nil his expci .as he met with a single case of lung disease. He is certain it has no existence in any part of the Dominion. The Jews have for the last Im years killed ten cattle at his place weekly, and we all know how particular they are to partake of nothing but only that which is without spot and without blemish, and during that time, although animals have been rejected for extefiial blemishes, not one has been rejected for any internal disease. I cannot as yet say that I am at all well im- pressed with the quality or managnraeut of the land of any district that I have yet seen, yet I am convinced that the soil of tlie districts from which the cattle I have been deacriliing have been called must be both good and well managed, and I intend on my liomewanl journey to spend a day or two in inspecting it. En Route to Ohicago. At seven o'clock on Sunday morning we took train for Chicago, and arrived in that city about ten o clock p.m. Now, if anyone will toke the trouble to calculate the time we were by the way, they will make it out to be fifteen hours, but, in this they will liu iint of their sslsulaUn:-.. — -j-r tliat the actual time was sixteen hours. This'is accounted for by the fact of United States tine i: Sprxial Agrkultvral Commissumer to North Ammca. , it wM market dijr io I we got into oonvor- farmers, dealers, and sold in lota by private I usual, at all markets I of_ big, lanky, ill- me time there was a ioh no better sorts or J desired. Two large an Irishman named lan named Ritohings :his being about their to say that better kre not to be found in They very much tie that are brought aires. The big pro- years of age. They T head in the old from £13 to £15 per }r the day being 6 to _ Tlieae animals are ies of the province of ; and farming about iared thoy are treated I. They are boused ad lib., and » liberal and pease gristed mimals I saw had it autumn. There ibeep on sale, the like, nevertheleis a ig ami well finished ven £2 2s at home, Is to 20a. Pigg were >n sale. They are II fed. They were r lb. live weight, thsaythat they have lie last 20 years, and e of any kind what. ley say no healthier the world. Alan. Claithness, Scotland, or the last 20 years. his hands weekly — 'etail fleshers, and ic met with a single certain it has no minion. The Jews ed ten cattle at his how particular they only that which is Ornish, and during ■e been rejected for 9 been rejected for >m at all well im- nanagcment of tlio yot seen, yet I am istriots from whicli g liave been oalkil aged, and I intend nd a day or two in icaga ' morning we took in that oity about rone will take tiie B were by the way, een hours, but, in n hours. This is Jnited States tioM being one hour behind Canadian time, audit was not a little curious tl.at the arrival o. jur train at Detroit was timed at 2.30 audits departure 1.35, but all the same we were in time to oatoli it, and had a few minutes to spare. And *hile on tliis subject It may be mentioned that Chicago time is ?' n /' ''*'»'"'' •'•""8 time, so that when the good folks of Scotland sit down to their breakfast at 6 a.m. the members of the Weeklii Newt Expedition will be snug in bed at twelve midnight. Passing through the Province of Ontnrio, we paid good attention to tlio state of the crops and the mode of cultivation. Formerly the laud had all been covered with heavy timber, a consiilerable proportion of which has been cut down with much labour. A large portion yet remains in its original state, offnnling a supply of lumber that will supply tlio wants of the district for many years to come. The farms are laid out very nauch in the same manner as Sootoli farms, tlie fields being gquaie and regular, and divided by zig- zag or snake fences. Tlie majority of tlie houses are of wood, but commodious and elegant struoturesof brick are being erected. Barns and other outhouses are all of wood. Wheat, barley, oats, hay, potatoes, and turnips, are the staple crops, and several other products, such as peas and fruits, are sometimes cultivated. Tlie wheat crop may be pronounced as fair but nothing moi'e. We saw about half-a-dozon fields of fairly good oats, but generally this is a poor crop. Barley is very bad. W e did no*, see a single field that could bo said to be even fair. Peas look well but late. We did not see many turnips, and what we did see were merely ^airded. Potatoes look healthy, but are very late. Hay is magnifieent. Just now the farmers are in the middle of their hay harvest, and the weight of crop is altogether prodigious. Between London and Detroit the land is nearly all reclaimed, and all kinds of crops are much better than further east. Small fields of maize are frequently seen, and small patches of tobacco occasionally occur. Near Walkerville a considerable area of hops are grown, and tobacco is also raised in consilerable quantities. We oould see large numbers of i>r j airy sheds, which had been erecied for diying the latter crop. Ihe cattle are goo e good I am thoroughly convinced. I suspect there is a want of generous manuring, and that crops of the same kind are being taken too often in succession. I will, however, be in a better position judge of that as I come home, seeing I intend to spend a few days amongst ,he farmers in that province, rruit-growing is being largely gone into, and we oouia see hundreds of acres of newly-planted apple trees, m which grain crops were being grown be- tween. The appearance of thousands of otherwise nicely laid out fields is blurred by the -.oots or stumps of enormous trees sticking uo from amongst the crops. How a reaping machine" can be sucoess- tully wrought amongst these obstacles is a difficult problem. Thousands upon thoucands of acres are yet unreclaimed, but we saw no sign of new land being broken up. oeednd far when wo were Htartlctt to observe the Sunday being desecrated by men working on the fields. To the eye, the State of Ohio has a lovely appearance, extensive plains interspersed with clumps of wood and natural plantations, which have sprung up after the cutting down of the timber with which it was originally covered ; large and handsome farm houses, and commodious out- houses, made of dressed wood and painted, are everywhere found. The fields are small, and divided into squares and oblongs by zigzag or snake fences, and judging iiy the lie of the land no fairer view could meet the eye of an agricultural traveller, hut turning to the crops we observe something wrong there. The wheat harvest is in full swing both in Ohio and Indiana. Self-binding reaping machines have been at work, which have been set very high, the farmers here putting no value upon_ the straw, and horrid work has been effected. In fact it requires a second look at the stubble to make sure whether the field has been reaped or not. American Crops. The crop is not above a third of what would be reckoned a fair yield in Scotland. At a roadside station Mr Taylor, Kaesmill, jumped out of the train and brought in a few heads. These were not above half filled, ami the quality of the grain was miserable. During the last ten years the yield of Crossing the lane. Ai Detroit we crossed the line which divides 0»n»d« from the United States, and bad not pio- _. ^»...,Q V..U .Hn» .-^,11 ^.31.10 VUC JltSIU til the American wheat crop has been 13i bushels pet imperial acre, and I question very much if that amount will be reached this year. Maize is grown in large quantities, and is' looking well. This appears to be the crop to which the most attention is paid. It has been well wrought, and the fields are very clean. Hay is a splendid crop, and mostly all in the cole. A great many fields are in a crop of red clover without any intermixture of grasses. These are well-grown and heavy, and, as they are not commenced to be out, we apprehend thoy are to be seeded. Oats are in large quantities, but crops are poor. A few fields of lint are to be seen, not good. 1 saw uo barley, potatoes, or turnips. To- bacco is common, but this is a late 'irop, and it is much too early to speculate upon probabilities. Large areas of the States are in swamps or slews, which are of no use. About 26 per cent, of the fields are interspersed thickly with blackened stumps of trees, stern witnesses of the primeval forests, and proof of the extraordinary exertion! which had to be put forth before the land could be brought into cultivation. Herds of milk cows, averaging from ten to twenty, are upon almost every farm. (We have not yet reached the ranches.) These seem to be of a cross between the Ayrshire anPPeu to meet the eye of any of my lady friends in the old country who at the local ■hows exhibit ornamented buttev, I would advise them to have made a wooden case of suaSoient sue to hold their exhibits, with a glass lid. Fill the case with ioe, leaving just sufficient room to hold «he exhibit*. Put in a shaded place in the show, »nd their prcluctious will keep firm and in good •hape for weeks instead of days. There is a daily demonstration of butter-making made in the Dairy HaU every day. This daily demonstration is meant as an object leison to interested parties attending the lair, the operation being at the same time earned on as part of a series of trials of breeds of tl7 °,'i?'* l^V •^'"8 conducted under the auspices ot the World s Columbian Exposition. The breeds competing are the Jerseys, Guernseys, and short- horn hreels, each breed being represented by 25 registered cows. Each cow is charged daily with the amount of food she consumes, and crtdited daily with her proportion of the amount of cheese, butter, and bye products, such as whey, skim milk, and butter milk, produced by the breed to which she belongs, the details of the tost being in charge of a Special Committee appointed for the purpose. The awards will be given in each case to the cows and breed showing the greatest proflt. The Tests. The following is a scheme of the tests :— • May 11 to 25 inclusive— Cheese test, all pro- ducts credited. May 31 to August 28-Butter test, all products credited. August 29 to September 27-Butter test, only I butter credited. ' September 28 to October 27— Butter t^au of young herds, all products crediteil. ^ The cows were selected by the respective Cattle Associations of America. The World's Columbian Kxposition supplies the food, charging against each cow the value of food she consumes, and crediting lier with the value of her products, including the increase or decrease of live weiglit. 'Jhe cows are mi ked throe times a day. Food is supplied at the following rate at the ri'nir. The Graver and Steel Header 18 a reaping machine with twelve feet, drawn or ratlier shoved before four horses ; it is meant for cutting merely the heads of the grain crops. A travelling platform carries the heads to an elevator, which lifts them into a waggon driven alongside after which the straw left on the field is burned ferhaps this in a manner e.^plaina the poor crops lTinl?.riT rw" ""•'"" ""'r'"*^ ."'°"8- '^'''^ platform binder isdifferentinconstruction from mcstmachines. the cutting parts being set altogether behind tlie driving wheel and gearing. 'l'|,ig enables the grain to be earned entirely horizontally to the knotter. and dispenses with a great deal of the machinery necessary in the common binder. A carrying wheel behind follows up m the track of the driving wheeL The appearance is that of a machine set back-end foremost. The Empire Cigar Company exhibit machines for rolling and moulding cigars "aLlll '"'^'"A M ''"f • . '^''"' American HaTro^ Uompany exhibit the American spring tooth ridins cultivator which can be made into ' A Combination of Various Machines, !! Mi'r* 'T^'i?*." * "^j"8 •«"" cultivator, second Ma fifteen-tooth harrow by the application of the middle section, third, it may be transferred into a broad-oast seeder, with a force-speed attachment sowing a space six feet wide, and harrowing the seed in at the same time. It can also be converted into a stock-cuttiiig-that is, Indian corn-an.l a here harvester. This design is meant to supply a long- felt want by small farmers, enabling them by an expenditure of money equal to the cost of one and a half single machine of any of the kinds men- tioned to possess six machines in one, and while this 18 true, yet each one of the machines separate, .T^iif *'Vf 't«<='"nent, is a complete maolline iii 1- ! 'u . ''* *?'"P ^™ exhibit an artificial manure •iistributor, which can also be converted into a oultivetor or harrow. When used as a cultivator the arms can be looked to any desired depth. Thev al8o exhibit sulkies and disc harrows, with hall- bearings, entirely dust proof. John Jacob Astor exhibits pneumatic road improvers for oleaninir macadamised roads, park drives or wal!« of dust! leaves, *c. Motion is taken from the carrying wheels to drive a high-speed blast, tlio flattened end of a wide tube being set close to the road. The current of wind generated in the blast drives, or ratner blows, light materials off the road into the side ditches. and the potatoes, separated from the earth tm.\\ uffini' M* 5"'"?''-- ^"' -''oold the .rop not bi sufficiently freed from imiiuritiei the box ■! h'r"nZt • rV 'r ^'U "I'o" »« i on screen or hake through which the potaU.es ,lrop intoa narroiv row Ser^:;^:;'!-^,^^--:.-^ ^S^^s^ ^c^eEtr^'^r^iB a be"la'id''orth''*"' f "'' ''°"" "■"'ther, tlVwould ail be laid on the surface, and easily gathered TiIa «ame firm show a potato assorter. The notatoes rev„'?vf " '" * 5°PP"' """'l^' to whici stt, Ph-I 'J'7,'^" "'"'«■• '»"> » box or bag. PiXt An Ingenious Plan revorve, on if;.o!.»i'''"''".' " '"«' circumference, iW nT.ff '""them axis. Round the equator p!ace,f S T" ""^"^ *•!" implement are «n^ Ir • if • ^' °\ *"""■'"'< re'olve with the globe and tins brings them prominently under notice' St Joseph Co., Misbawiita, Ind., ex^iiblt pondcroui so'-breaking ploughs, one and two furr^ed and with or without drivers' sents. ~ """?"""'• »"'' just be- and The Hoover Potato-Digger Is a novelty. It has two wheels iiite those of a common potato-digger, tween which is sot a harp's feet long m.u 21 inches wide. Endless chains run up each fide of r.1. 5'^' u5 *"? ''''"''' *' suitable intervals are placed fight iron bars. At the lower or fore end of the harp is placed the steel share, shaped likn n hovel. The share pa-^ses in bel»; the drill and loosens the potatoes and soil, which are .Irawn un over tne harp, the soil meanwhile falling through. madeto tu7n -a f= 157;ches^S'| tt'a'^fd' lay it flat over right upon its grassy face The name givon to them in America is sYlWer They A PoZr"*"-'V'";V' '="'"?*<'" •nd harJow^ b! re ' lfe"rtalkV " tI" "^"^'"^ ''"" «' '-■ « whTch Sons exhibit ploughs and agricultural implemTn* adapted for every country, soil, or crop, 'fhei? Ploughs for the Sugar Plantations i" '""'"ss deep with two mules; "tubblTZger with wheels 4 feet 7 inches high, seven revolvfSL' f^??.!''*?" **" r}"^ "n" '■« fro'nt hiving three teeth, the one behind having four Ueth E^h digger has seven teeth 8 inches longT the teSfh mches deep by 10 inches wide, and dr^wn bJJhree mules, also several simple sulkies for breaking prairie or stubble lands. There werB «l!S.»* pate bottom planters tot open[ng the fallow . ^5 p ant ng the sf d at the same^time".'' Thly'ia^al.o be fitted for planting corn and beans. A stubble from I*? 7- '"i"^'"!' ,'^""«<"'tal!y. ahavo the""aurfa"ce from 1 to 4 inches, taking abreadth of S feet4 inches StHcial JgricuHural CommUsiontr to North Amtnca. from the earth, fkl| liould the erop not be >uritie>. the box n ^n iron loreen or h»ke ■op iatoa narrow row, I or tops laid aside. I ^ine ii likely to work oe no reatoii why our Id not put • harp iciple upon our home !s w»re run a short I another, thejr would easdy (fathereil. The rter. Tlio potatoes il to which is pl.-ioeda !» by 1 foot 5 inches, in a steaily stream, n or oylinder is the potatoes are I paismg througli nd io the back- x or bag. Placket, number of ploughs, I'd Flan rge globe or map of feet ciroucnference. Bound the equator he implements are >lvo with the globe, intly under notice. , exhibit ponderous two furrowe aulkies. They I and harrows. E. ensilage cutters, '8 up Indian corn. ' iron, 6 feet wide, ihe stalks to two- with chisels which elevator attached • P. T. Avery & iltural implements r crop. Their Plantations ; mould board has a inches by 7 inches, ivide, and cutting Shs 6 inches deep, ^hey have smaller ploughs, which go 9 ; stubble digger, I, seven revolving >Dt having three our teeth. Kach ] long, the teeth orced their whole it, and come up lave also sectional gar ciine, Garg fs, with revolving li to make work 7 i drawn by three M for breaking I were revolving 'K the fallow and They can also ans. A stubble 3heS dlAmAier ra. have the surface of S feet 4 inches. Other Exhibits were riding spring shovel cultivator, ron- «; nl. I**'* .1''"''"' . I''""*'""' South Ameri- can ploughs with one handl^ black land ploughs with convex mould board, which sets the fuirow un on edge. A. Perch, California, shows a reversible «ulky running on a centre bottom wheel. The in.'chanismfor reversing the beam is very simple tnldhlfi^V?"!^ «PPe'»''^'' 'lu.nder.truck when I told h.m that I had Heen them in the old country "howyards twenty years ago. I inspected Gillcn's horse olippmg machinery-a boy supplies the power .y treadle action. There is an Iron pillar luppotted on a pedestal 7 feet high, on which is a wheel drij-en by an elastic band. A hollow gntta peroha tube is attached to the pillar, throuKl. this tube the motion IS carried to tho clipper attached tothe loose end. The horse to {,e clipped is brought up alongside, the boy gives the spued, and nl.^TTii"!. '"*? "";''.*'' *° ''"''1 "'« "I'P""" in place. All tlie threshing machine engines are fitted AGUICULTUIIAL PRODUCTS AT TUB CHICAGO JiiXHIBITION. PLOUGHMEN'S WAGES. COST OK FOOD AND CLOTHING. HOW ROADS ARE MAINTAINKD. (Prom the Dundee Courier of August 15.) wi?l','the m m"'*- =~" f "Pf*"*"! 'lisappointment maohiner^ »i' l" ■"" 1*"'^ get up of tho agiicultural manluiery and implements at the World's Fair Prermr.l'ni ?"",'•,"' r'"*'"'' '» »" concerned, eT LfrLTfi ""''°»l"lotl admiration and surprise at tlie Vth^wJ,^ ''"'P'"y '^"'' ••''colli-nt quility of t lie known wo iT'"""' P'""'"''"- "■ v"y oorie^r o t 2 nZedTn • ^ri'^^y'^^ ev_ery State lis. r'',,t?»Pr't*7. °.r'"''y ''^''""''°''>«f"^ fortl' 't« libations, each vieing with he no -UhL .i't?'"'.' '^ *'"" """> »"* >""» policy-" Oh, ".''!" to "ake its own department the mide of he wt'.i^T.?!''' r^.h'ive no use for the straw, and U'*"-. «o successful have they been that ever^ we are glad to get rid of it." I suBufHtpd H »f. if ilepurtment of every coimtr, i/ — ..* . -?:__T*.'X would lfJh,f *," "1 °^'*- } "UgROBted that it would be better to make dung of it. They laughed «™,!^% ^**i'*"'' ,"""' *''"* *'»'-' •^""8 oftentimes accumulated m such quantities that they preferred to remove the stai)le8and byres rather than lift the clung. May not this be another cause of the tiencienoy of crop 7 .iepurtment of -ever'y" cou^trv' is' worU, 'lUtXZ gooynould" b?'" K *""r Whe'reW.e so' gooa It would be invidious of me to make odious comparisons, and therefore I will content myself sTfkis rLT*""* ' ^'^ ,'^''^* «'n«rk«."Po.^wh«t Jl,« i^^ii •!i",''*'"8 >-«'narkftble in the exhibits of T ,e teS'' °°"n."''''-; California i, huge in wit l!iK?*„? P'° J" '^''."='' ^" products are being ex hibitcd may be said to be buUt of wool. The walls are of double glass, stuffed with wool between and the pillars are glass tube, stuffed with w,^l' and .inrm. .li i.^' "r'j""";;" ",•'■"<' """'o snow, tnojP,,"'''""''. Seeds and Indian corn adorn the all Tn^iL^i"l'''"''"'i Brock elevators are upon ;'■«'''«»• New South Wales excels in wheat ?he dr m" f^ S-'"« *'"' "|!*I'"'«''^<1 heads back to \l"^<^9<^o, and honey. Canada exhibta numerous tlie drum. In disoussine ihesi> Tnivnhir..,. .„;ti. specimens of pvbpv mv>,i,.-t„.., 7.. iu. " "u«nerous Scores of Threshing Machines !l'L°"i"J!°'''i'',"'' "'■'''''' '" ^y opinion, are very far behind the old country machines" I did not see a d "fif.'!;Vtl=^„irj.f/""'>"„ '» »».« "hole show, the the drum. In disoSssing these' machine"" w'ith*one arge maker I mentioned that I thought fluted h^I r„l7" Hi""'* ^''"" ''^"•"■' »"" he told me he had heard of them being tried, but did not succeed. hrl^ff'^^'lj*'''' ,'* ""' "eoessary to return the brock to go through a second time, and said I was "»",'* """W "lo!? .'he mill and impede the shaking and dressing machinery. He explained that a ?reat many ears came through unthreshed, and if not put back they would be lost. " Oh.» I said, " that is wo,ld"Ko y^'fi'lV-'o deficient, as the spikes would be apt to strip off the ears without feimrating th.- grain, but if fluted heaters were ^M„, B V...- gini,,, out II nuted heaters were "■""" .""""■ »"" 'or the uniq • ^d apti«Hn used, every pea would be cushed o.t at the '"."nner n which they have arranged ae exhibits first operation." He then asked how mo„! w'th a view to ornatelnd .n,»,.fifi„fiTlJ.! ".7.'''.** specimens of every product under the sun. aiie it extremely abundant in fruits, such as gnliSsJ peaches, apricots, apples, pears, &c. In i?^; and other small grains she simpi; excels, a" well as Ifw fn!?"^ ""t'^'T °f 8"»"*' grasse,.'and o her ^l™Tf ''^f*'*'' products. Roots are exhibited in a most endless rows, while vases filled witli seeds s. pVJ"'"', r""'^"'="P*'°" ornament the walls and shelves of her various temples. Great honour and credit IS due to the colleges and experimental farms throughout the Dominion for "m fSjnstekini mannerin which they have prepa- >\d broiT^h? first operation." He then asked how many bu»liBl» of wheat we in Scotl.ind threshed in a day. So not to be behind Yankee bumption, I Stretched a Point, and said about 1000 bushels. "Oh." he s»i,l explains it. We never thresh less "that 'oul^dnW'l^ "T b-hel., a,:" yourTachilZ eSVou'r-m'^hin^sto'Sfd^* t!"'°^I l^^^^ ,,, , ,., with a view to ornate and scientific display. North Dakota ,s rich in wheat. I„ the pavdion they A Typical Field of Wheat, 'i^!j°''- ""^ ''"/"*'• ^2 ^«etby 12 feet. They exhibit 390 specimens o grasses, a stem or stalk of grass Ln J ?^r "*''•• .^"""'i'y Krasswith heads 10 inches - . , „.. ,„„ ,„p „, ,^^j„ &DakoT*.Jfr/T'''"*;u*'.°*P'«»' •»'"«'•&»■ except our machines could do it." I was non k T ^H„ !?'fr'"i''""' "" the dome of the temple, "' '--J> '- — „„ii, "o?- " a lady with whom every farmer is sure to h» walks, are in eiiAmnitro.) Shpiiil4foofi;.ii j :. 'O tie ftiie 18 14 feet tall, and proport onately Treidl^-.?- ^''"^ '"" f^^'o^e to 8Tx"iro:;rpowVr'. Treadmills are numerous, and aro said to be vcrv ftfficaoious, each animal contributing double the power that it could do in the old way.* These mill! are largely used on dairy farms :„ Canada tl^"buM being made to do the work. There are also iii the anTm'i"" TZ"' "^ *"/ ''"""^ "'aehines, cotton and maize planters, ponderous sugar cane crusheVs cotton dressing and baling maohinerv fl7T »riir;;^^''^°'"^--^^e/;Ss^Xe| »tout Her body is composed or^he^a .among ^ mZ''-fTlf'"'ir^ «"'''•'»'«'<' has been put^o make it stick together. Her hair is of flax, her face and arms of shelled corn, the white of tho eye of Thfnil'f"''*'-^ '^"'^ °f the eyes of poppy seed. 1 he neck trimmings are of wild pampas^ram. and the dress of wheat heads, trimmeU with gi'cn clover see.l and split cornstalk. Placed as it^'s in a very conspicuous positi.m in the hall, the flpure has a very imposine aoDearanoe. Tho "..;" -l->- upou which slie stand.; is built as follows" -Pi I larl of glass tubes, with solid cylinders of native so?" the walU are of wheat inooloured in mosaic " . (s. ■■ J. X I 1 Reports of the Dundee CouHer*$ Teas and Chocolate. J«pk>- mis te«9 of every ilesoription, »nd tlin- pUya .«ritablo tea garden in aetual growth, and a pertcot host of preoervcd initccti, amongat whieli are leveral rpecimpna of Bilkwormi, long-taileil jioiiltry (one tail 10 feet long), peppera, and tobacco leaf, l)anaiia oloth, and hundredn of iipeoimens of native blrd». Malay aendi wicker ohaira, *o., knives, and native weapon*. Bavaria exhibita in a pavilion made of 30,000 lbs. of oliooolate, inaide of wliioh ia a Htntiic made of a aolid block of cliooolate weighing 29()0 lbs. She al«o sliow.i bottled liquors built in oaxtlea GO feet high. Nebraska exliibit:* pile* of round glam balla ailed with agricultural metto bloom hi>i., , urangei, iamonv, and other root*, and apeoi>rieiis of native hemp ropoii, Idaho exhibit* potatoea, paranipa, beeta, pumpkina, wh>-4t biaouita, atrawbon lea, gourda, onlona, carrotn, turnipa, ko. Denmark exhibita dairy utenaila, auoh an xeparatora, ohurna, refrigeratora, butter workcra, and weighing soalci. In the pavilion ia a full-aised native cow a^uffed, apeoimenH of margarine, and native boota and ahoea. Cape of Goo Special Aftneullnml Cnmmumni'r to North Ammca. Und •ml Iri'Imiil Htaml onrlvnllcil for whlnkleH. The latter in rcprcHenteil by the llu«liiiilU« Diatillery Company, and eiliibita ■peoiinorm of ltU\\ wbinky 113 yearn old. In thii cemple U exhibited a •mugKlerB iitill 150 yeari old, in whloh old Iriiili jMihen was wont to be made (eailed ia Amerioa Moon»hine ). Here ii alao exhibited Dan O CoimcU a iliinking cup. Scotland ia represented byJohi, Dewar 4 Sons, Perth, wlio exhibit "Auid Scottie, a specimen of whisky much relished by Yankee connoisseurs. Almost all the States of Ainorioa vie with enoh other in tlicir extiaordinnry exhibits of tobnoco and raaize oi Indian corn. The former is exhibited in the leaf, and in every stage of inanufao'ure ; the latter is exhibited on the sUlk, on the hiisk, and in the pea. Those States also show endless exhlbita of cotton, on the plant and in all the subsequent stages. And on these three commoaities, vit, cotton, Indian corn, and tobacco may the richness of the «outhcrn States l)c said in a groat measure to depend, Canada, on the other hand, depending upon bur richness in wheat, oats, and dairy products. One Semarkable Exhibit made by Canoda is a mammotli cheese, 22,000 lh:i, —10 tons. This marvel of the dairy wna made from the milk of 10,000 oows milked by 166G dairymaids, the milk weighing 207,000 lbs., equiva- lent to over 100 tons, or fully 24,370 gallons. If sold at 8d per lb. the cheese would be worth £733. It has been purcliaacd by Mr Lipton, and has been moulded in a massive iron cylinder g-inch thick, rive;;ed together with strong iron bolts after the fashion of a steam boiler. It meaaurcs 9 feet by 6 feet. Near the Agricultural Hall there ia an exhibit of about a score of moose or elk dter of very largo size, almost as big as fair-sieed horses, with ponderous heavy epreading horns. This breed of deer is almost extinct, and is accordingly much admired. The animals are quiet and peace- ful, and allow themselves to be handled while feeding upon their rations of hay and corn. There IS also a number of donkeys on exhibit of about the ordinary size. Near the Dairy Hall is an open space, where Windmills in motion are exhibited. They are of all aizes, and I counted about 100 in active operation. Windmills are in great request in America for pumping water to farms, driving grist mills and dairy utensds, &c. They are very bandy and easily controlled. Should the wind get too strong and the machinery be driven too fast, simply by pulling a lever the wheel of the mill is thrown around parallel ■ ''< the vane entirely out of the wind, and brc, ; to a dead stop. Governors are also attached, ihjoh re- gulate the mill to a steady motion. J. E. Person, Toronto, exhibits gates fitted with side levers, whereby a man in a machine or on liorseback can open or close the gate without dismounting. The contrivance is very simple. Lovers about 14 feet long are placed at the aide of the road at right angles to the gate. These leveis by a mere touch throw tlie gate up on end out of the roadway, and after passing through a slight touch to the other lever hrings it back to its place. The contrivance looks like doing. AMONG THE RED INDIANS. SURROUNDED BV SQUAWG. (From the. Diifui-tf Vouritr of Au"u:l SS.) Mr Andrew Osier, the Dundee Courier Commis- sioner in America, who was accompanied by Mr Taylor, member of the ITe^Uy iV«iM Bipedltlon. bus sent the following letter : — Wht-n I set out on my journey I fully Intended to have kept my despatches abreast with my travels, and to have in imagination carried ray reajUrs along witn me in my roamings over meadow and mountain, plain and prairie. But as our great National Poet sai.l, " The best laid schemes o' mice and men gang aft agley," and I now flinl that it ia quite impossible for me whrn on my journey tu give even a vidimus of my ohseivalions. The utmost I can do is to give a few brief notes of objuota which atrike me moat forcibly as I pass along, and afterwards to fall back upon my notes, and comment upon the merits and deineriu of each province ami district in detail. The other day I finished up my remarks on the agricultural department of the World's Fair Exposition, aid on Friday Mr Taylor and myself separated from the other members of the Expedition, and w«nt to view some objects of interest about the city of Chicago And in this I was mucli assisted by Mr Andrew Oilruth, son of Mr James Gilruth, late farmer, Kilnhlll, Kirriemuir, who, hearing I was in the city, caine in all the way from Rockford to meet me. Mr Oilruth \» a member of the firm of Hollard, Gilruth, k King, real estate agents, Rockford, who are doing a large and lucrative business. Consequently Mr Gilruth was in a good position to give me reliable information on the land question. We stayed the most of Saturday in Chicago, and visited the stock- yards, the largest live stock markeU in the world. The Union stockyards, wliich ware organised and opened in 1865, are indeed well worth seeing. At the present time the Company own 400 acres of P4"L*±*''%'*P,'^^l ''! "■""Khly speaking, about i.4,000,000. In 1891 there were received at the yards 3,250,359 cattle, 205,383 calves, 8,600,805 hogs, 2,153,537 sheep, and 94,396 horsea. Alto- gether there are 75 Companies engaged in the manufacture or packing of meata, and twenty great trunk railroads deliver and carry awav the raw and manufactured arti<:le8. The Stockyards Oompauy own all the railroad tracks (over 150 miles), and lio all the switching or shunting connected with them. The buying and selling arrangements are completed very quickly, and the cattle are then driven on to the weighing scales, which havb a capacity to weigh 100,000 lbs. Animals which are brought in for shipment are then driven over to the shipping division, but the dressed beef men generally allow their cattle to remain in the pens overnight. Next day the cattle are driven over to the slaughtering Iionses, and are put into separate compartments, which are just largo enough to hold one bullock each. Over these compartments is a -noden footpath along which a man can walk, and It IS from this point that the animals are either shot down or felled. Between the compartment! and the slaughterhouses is a moving door which slides up mechanically. A chain ia passed round tlie horns of the animal, and it is dragsed into the mam a augbtcrhouse, in which the animal is pro- perly bled. Lifting pulleys worked by steam- power are provided for hoisting each carcase while being dressed, and there are iron runs for moving the carcase in halves or quarters from the hanging- rooms to the ohillrooms. In the refrigerators the carcases are cooled off in a temperature of about 36 degrees Falir. I also saw the cattle, hog, and sheep glaughteiing establishments of Mpbb,-. Aimour, Libby, Jlacned, k Libby, and others. As an indication of the magnitude of the opera- tions, I may mention that in 1891 i! •i i I « 10 Reporh of (fit Ihmdee Courier t I I Messrs Armour & Oo. did liunlnpu Binouiitlng to alini.t £13,000,000. In that year thev nlnughtored 1,714,000 liogii, 712,000 cattle, and ■Jl.'I.OOO ilirrp. Tlio (■iiipl„yA« diirliiK the period numbered 7fKX), and the ngxroivivte waiui paid amounted to nomcthing liUe lifoO.OOO. The total area covered by the buildinsi of the firm U about 50 acre* ; tho floor area of the building ii 140 aorea ; and the atorage oapKcity 130,000 torn-. We iilan viaited tho pork-ouriiif and tinned meat liackiiig establinhmcMitu, and other places o( Interaat In the city, of all of which I have taken olahorate notca, ami will amiiae my roadera with a description of them later on. We then took train for Hook, foril, where wo atayad a couple of nighta, and were driven by Mr Oilruth, Mr Henderaon, hanker, and Dr Bojr.l arnund a number of the largest farmcra of that ilistrict. I picked up a lot of valuable in- forniation as to their modcaof management, values of land, and pricca of produce. These farmers seem to bn A thriving and proaporoua claa^ of men, and I will have pleasure in again going back upon my notes and introducing my friends into their wages and means of farming and liting. Our Next Journey waa to St Pauls and Minneapolis, again ao- eompanled by Mr Oilrutli, who was remarkably oaefnl to us in geHing ns introduced to and shown through tho great flour mills and lumber yards of theje cities. All three of u* took train for Granite Fallj. the residence of Mr and Mrs Jamei Gilruth •ndfamily.Iateof Kirriemuir. Haie wewereacoorded a most hearty old-country welcome, anil, as we were aomewhat tired out with so much knocking about, WB availed ourse'veaof the opportunity of resting ard recruiting under the hospitable roof of our old friends. Here, too, we had a grand oppor- tunity of viewing theoountry. as cither Mr William or Mr Lawrence Oilruth (who are prosperous merchants in that town) yoked their carriage and drove us every day round amongst their farming customers. We found this district to be com- paratively nov, most of the land being only a few yearn broken, not so well adapted for corn, but yielding good erops of wheat. We learned there was A Settlement of Sioux Indians Jr''w"f,M* ^''''''O'wta j'alls, a few milos disUul. Mo Mr Oilruth drove us down there to have a talk with tho reil akin«. It appears that there was a r.aervation for Indians here, but, they made a revolt and inaaaaored the white men, after which they were .'jpullod from the district. A few braves had, however, aolad friendly to tho whites. # Bionx INDIAN. AV INDIAN BBAVP. and saved a number of their lives. Amongst these friendly braves were Robert West and .Sioux Hon, and when peace was declared thi.ae came back to Minnesota Falls and bought land with the band- some money award which was given to them, and were aoon joined by a number of others. We found their land in a capital state of ouUivation, in fact they had the bsat maize we saw in the di»- triot. Thry have also all the neoesaary farming accoutrements, and drive to market in a buggy and pair of horses. We found the men engaged in making trinkets for sale, and the women picking gooseberries for market. The trees around were hung with shreds of beef, drying preparatory to being ground into pcmmican, a'favourite winter food. The men were friendly and talkative. On being introduced to me, Sioux Ken said — "Yo'i come over bi;; sea? You know great Queen ? " I said I did. He said—" Groat Quern good woman ; have plenty money," and added— "White man great too ; white man much learned ; Indian learn by-and-by." Ho then began talking to the women, i Bnd tnlil me tbpy wanted to shake bands \pith white man from over big sea. I said I would be very glad, and waa soon surrounded by a dozen of them all Sjjfcial Agricultural Commisnioner to North Ammra n • few milM dlitaut. thcrs tu h»r« » t4lk tri th»t tliara wu • , but, tiiey made » it« men, httet whish liH (liitriot. A frw iomlly to tlio wUitoi, •hiking h«nrli. t bought lomt trir.keti from tlif m, anil Infr. rlmm lil.il.l.. .^i I t,.„ _ ..i • !s. Amongst tlirite est and Sioux Hon, ilii.'ne came ba«k to nd with the band- gireii to them, and '.t of other*. We Ate of ouUivation, W(> law in the din- neocBKary farming rket in a buggy and e mm engaged in and the women The trees around Irving preparatory a favourite winter nd talkative. On Ken said— "You ;reat Queen?" I icon good woman ; led— "White man ned ; Indian learn cing to the women, e bands vtiiU whits rould be very glad, locen of them all •nd left^tlii?m liiglilv pleanod, Den •iiyiiig an I camo •way— Me Qucon i man too; ma ^om Canada." Oil Saturday arteriiooii wo took (rain fcr Winnl. P«'K, where we iafely ai rived on Hunday evening. Our J _uruer now !• over tho Rwky Moui.taina to Briti«h Columbia and baok. OVER THE ROCKIES. BRILLIANT DESCmPTION. THK GREAT PRAIRIE STEPPES. PIONEER FARMERS. MORE AHOUT INDIAN8. ANTURACITB COAL MIMK8. (From tht Dundee Courier o/Augutt 29.) Mr O^ler, the Courier's Commissioner, write* •— On the morning of Monday, 2-Jth July, Mr Ta-lor and I left Winnipeg by the V.f.R. Uaving Win- nipeg, the train passea through a broad plain as level as • bowling grean, extending to the weat apparently without end. It oomprehend. the valley of the Red and Auinibuine Rivera, which unite at Winnipeg. Far to the hft is a lino of trees whio.i marks the course of the river and between us and it is • continuation of well tilled farms with attractive whitewaslied buildings peering from amongst slumps of reoently- planted trees, the !ige of the plantation in most cases announcing the date at which the holilinga had been taken up. Standing on the platform at the rear of the train, we see the trnck stretoliinn away behind us, without curve or defleotion as far as the eve can reach, and the motion of the train is baldly felt as we fly along. One hundred and thirty miles from Winnipeg we cross the Asainlboine River and reach Brandon, nest to Winnipeg the 'argest town in the Canadian North- Weat. Here are seve-al largegrain elevators and mills, telling us the fact thut we areatill in the midst of a great grain-growin?/ district. Leaving Brandon, we have now reached the nrtt of Tlie Oreat Prairie Steppes *llf*'''»*"'',°"w- '^^ ""'" »' 'o"8 intervals till the Rocky Mouncnis ore reached. And now wo are out on the real prairie, a great billowy ocean of giass and flowers, now swelling into low hills, and again dropping into broad basins, broken here and (here by valleys and irregular lines of trees. We pass station after station, nearly all alike, mostly consisting of a atationhouse for pas- •engern, a store sued for goods, r great round water tank for the engines, and the never-absent giain elevators. Soon we reach Rceina, the capital of the Province of Aaainiboia, and, speeding on, pass Moosejan, four hundred milei west from Winnipeg. For the last hundred miles or so I have observed that the deep black soil of the valley we left in the morning has given place to a soil of lighter colour overlying a porous clay less inviting to the ex- perienced agriculturist, and giving ' idications of the presei.oe of alkali, a substance vei f detrimental to the successful cultivation of crops. We are now ascending another prairie ateppe. AVe 'iave reached the end of continuous aettloment, and between this and the Rocky Mountains wc or.ly find Ficseer Farmers In groups here and there. Hoar after hoar we paas through » distriot not at all inviting, the dry, withered, stunted prairie grass not appearing suffl. oioiit to alfon. •usteiiai.oa to the i.uinerotta gophers which are everywhere to bu aeci.. No trees ar« visible, and the ouun» : has a desolatt, barren look. All around the surf « Is markod with buffalu trails and pitted witli thiir wallows. No live buffaloes a.e nor ♦, b rui. but at almost every rtatlon we aee aoorea of ..ua of their boiiea collected into pile* rea.ly for ahipment. These huvines • few years l.aok must have been very numerjuv and their entire extinction i.i the greatest loss which the red men oouM have austaincd. There la vet a apecies called the tinib, r iiulfalo, existing in the forests of the Rockies, and proposals are being made by the Canadian Government to have them protected hy kw. At every station groups of Indians appear o««riiig carve.l articles of wood. knitted beailwork, and other small trinkets for sale, and they api^ear veiy grateful whan • few coppers are put into their handa. We are now in the land of The Orowfoot Indians, the most wiirlko and mnit revengeful of all the fr Ln'ii ^'Ji'f '"", '""' P^footly peaceable and friendly. They do not, however, taLe well to vroik, and do not do much in farming, their principal Industry being th* rearing of horses, livery few miles as thn train proceeds we se3 canvas encampments, browned with age and smoke, sroi . which Punches of thirty to fifty horses are grani,.,,. As Crowfoot (station is approached, all are on the outlook for the first view of the Kocky Mountains, yet more than a hundred miles away, and soon we see them, a seemingly impenetrable har.ler of snow- clad peaks, rising straight from the plain, and extending the whole breadth of the western ...I'lf""". f ?."" 'J'*^'* «"'• P««'' ''«e« behind peak straight up from the plain ; then dark bands of forests that reach up to the snow, line come into view. The snowflelds and glaciers gliB-en in the sunlight, and over the rolling tops of tlin foot-hi la the passes are seen ileft deep into the ^fnn^ H 'k^ I°°"'."'i"% '"^•' '••"« been running ^»^1. 1 "^\ "' "'.^^.°* R'*"- beside whicE stands the new town of Calgary ai tlie baae of The Rocky Mountains, 2264 miles fiom Montreal, 092 miles from Van- =nuver, and 3388 foet ubove the ocean. Before us and on either side the mountain'^ rise in varied fornjs and in endlcs cliango of asjioct as tlie tfhi *'"' f'-'d""" play UPO" tlie.n. Northward IS the fertile and well-woode.I district of Edmon- ton and North .Saskatchewan ; 160 miles south- wurd IS the United States boundary. A railway to the lef extends to M'Leod, the centre of a great ranching country, and another r»ilw8y to the right leads north to what is said to Se the best wheat-growing distriot in the world. Our course IS. however straight ahead, following up tho valley of the River Bow. Soon we enter an almost hidden portal, and find ourselves in a valley between two great mountain ranges, grand and stern and close at hand. At every turn of the valley alternations of precipitous gorges and overhanging precipices present themselves. Serrated peaks ami vast pyramids of rook, with curiously contorte.l and folded strata, are followed by gigantic castellated masses, down whose sides cascades fall thousands of feet. Through the gorges we catch glimpses of glaciers and masses of everlasting snow, thousands of feet deep, over- waiting but a finger's touch to send them In (.5 avalanche crashing into the valley below. Three hours after leaving Calgary we paas 12 Reports of the Dundee Couriit't n u If The Famous Anthracite Goal Mines, and soon atop at the station of Banff, famous fur its hot sulphurous sprliiga. Here we leave the train, luid fliid luxurious quarters for the night in a large, well-appointed hotel, perched on a height over- looking the beautiful valley of Bow River. The river comes down from its glacier sources in the west, and plunges over a precipice beneath the hotel balconies. Half-a-dozen ranges of magiiifloeut loftly, snow-tipped mountains centre here, and well-made carriage roads and bridle paths lead to the different hot springs, and wind about among the mountains everywhere. After tea » convey- ance is at the door, nnd we are driven along the new steel bridge over the Bow, up the spiral oork- sorew road to the top of the Cave Mountain, down the descent at a breakneck pace, and away to visit and inspect the anthracite coal mines at the base of the Oasoada Mountain, and back to the Sulphur Mountain to visit and taste the hot sulphurous water in the cave and bathrooms. It was an excit- ing and venturesome drive, and one which is not likely to bo soon forgotten. Coming entire stranger to the farmers of Ontario. Wm. I-evick (a Scotsman), a butcher in Toronto, has been twenty years in business, and kills 150 to l/i, cattle weekly for the wholesale trade. He never saw a si.igle case of lung disease since became here, bnt knows it well, as he saw plenty of it in KJin- burgh before he left Scotland. The Jewa kill in Ills premises, and have done so for the past ten years, and it is well known that they will not eat the flesh of any animal that shows the slightest spot or blemish, and the fact that they have never rejected a single animal during all that period for unsound lungs shows how free the cattle of the district are from lung disease. Mr Kitohingn, Wellington, came from England forty years ago, and has dealt amongst cattle for the last ten years ; Mr Harnett, Toronto (an Irishman), has been in the cattle trade in that city for twenty year" handling 400 cattle weekly. Both these gentlemen are fjira in their assurance that no infectious disease exists in the Province of Ontario. They have, however, no wish for the ports of Great Britain being opened for stookers, as they say it is bad policy for Canadian farmers to send their lean cattle out of the country. And in this theory, after careful study, I must say I distinctly agree. Commg to The Province of Quebec, I went to the Board of Trade Buihiings in the City of Montreal, and met Mr Cunningham, stock agent. He says there has never been a question as to the health of cattle thioughout the Dominion of Canada. The evidence submitted by the Dominion Goveiumeut to the Home Government was most conclusive, and ought to have convinced the most incredulous that no disease existed. The Canadian cattlemen hold that the restrictions are not impoaid as a safeguard against disease, but as a political movement in favour of Irish voters. " It is votes," said Mr Cunningham, "the Government want, not immunity from disease, and so long as Mr Glad- stone d-'iends upon the Irish party for his power and position, the restrictions will not be removed." Mr David Currier, agricultural editor of the Witnesa, ftiontreal, says :— " I have travelled over all parts of Canada, including Manitoba, and part of the north- west, and have constantly been visiting cattle markets for the last twenty years. I am in daily communication with cattle dealers and stock raisers, and have never seen or heard of a single case of pleuro-pneumonia outside the quarantine of Quebec. About eight years ago all the cattle in the quarantine there were alaughtered, and the carcases burned, although there weie only two suspected •nimaU amongst them. Thi» occurred in a con- signmeut of cattle from Great Britain, which were not allowed to come into contact with any of the stock of the Dominion. We never at any time import hides or feed or anything by which infection can bo communicated, and there is No Possible Way by which infection could bo introduced into the country, as all imported animals have to undergo a regular ninety days' quarantine, and are under strict veterinary sXipervision all the time. Some years ago cattle were allowed to bo taken from the r«iorth-Wentern States for breeding purposes, but the quarantine rules now apply to these also, and are most rigidly enforced, although no disease has occurred in these North-West States for the last ten years. J'uberculosis does prevail here to a oer- lain extent, but not nearly go bad as in the old country, and no case of Texan fever has occurred in the Dominion for ten years. Mr Harkin, city editor of the Star, Montreal, says no disease what- ever exists amongst cattle throughout the whole of Canada, and the precautions against its introduc- tion are now so strict that it could not possibly be intioduoed. Every where I visited I was most caie- 1 ti f*"*""'!*" 'I' "ly inquiries regardint; the liealth of cattle, and took every possibly oppor- tunity of interviewing the best authorities on the sul)ji'ot, and the foregoing are only a few of the parties whose attestations I could give in proof of the freedom of the cattle of the Dominion of yanada from infectious diseases. All these parties interviewed personally, and herewith give their evidence m as near as possible their own words. I can also sive their names and addresses, so that should anyone in the United Kingdom doubt the veracity of theevidenoe adduced they can correspond with the parties themselves, when they will get the fullest confirmation of my stattment. As at home there are all kinds of people in Canada, many of whom would have been only too ready To Blacken the Character of the cattle if there had been anything to say against them, but though I travelled through the Dominion from the Maritime Provinces of Quebec and Ontario on the east coast, to British Columbia «■''" Vancouver's Island on the west coast— from the United States boundary on the south to Saskatchewan River on the north— through the 1 royinces of Manitoba, Assiniboine, Alberta, and Hudson Bay territories, and interviewed all kinds of people everywhere I went, yet I never heard a single whisper against the health of the cattle in aj'y'''^9P«ot whatever. On the contrary, one and all bote ample testimony to their entire immunity from oontngious diseases. The only tiouble which seems to give them any serious bother is actiinony- cosis or lump jaw. This is a cancerous affection which affects the jaws and head, and by which tlie head is enlarged and deformed to a fearful extent. Amongst a batch of about three hundred beef steers rounded up for my inspection on the prairie I counted about half a score to affected. Neverthe- less they were in good condition, so that it iloes not seem to affect their healtli much. Their flesh is not, however, considered fit for human food, and is condemneil by law, and generally it is used as food for the ranch dogs. Throughout the Dominion I found the inhabitants remarkably loyal and faithful in their allegiance to the British Crown. But both with those connected with the cattle trade and those who are not, there is a deep-»eated Feeling of Disaffection over the action of the home Government in regard to their v»ta niinn Canadian f:tcckc;s '^Vhv t!;rv ask, should the cuttle of the Domiuion bo shut out, when they have been conclusively proTed oyer and over again to be entirely free from coutagiout contact with any of the We never at anv timo thing by which infeotiun tlicro is )le Way be iiitrcKluoed into the imaU have to unilergo a -niitinc, aiul are under <>u all the time. Some 'cj to bo taken from the breeding purposuH, but qiply to these aUo, and although no disease has Vest States for the last oes prevail here to a oor- ly so bad as in the old tan fever has occurred in ars. Mr Hnrkin, city il, says no disease what- hroughout the whole of ns against its introduc- it could not possibly be visited I was most cure- inquiries regardinf tlie [ every possibly oppor- I best authorities on the are only a few of the I could give in proof of I of the Dominion of ases. All these parties .nd herewith give their jle their own words, I and addresses, so that ed Kingdom doubt the loed they can correspond when they will get the batcment. As at home le in Canada, many of too ready e Character ■ been anything to say travelled through the rne Provinces of Quebec at, to Hritish Columbia n the west coast— from »ry on the south to le north — through the isiniboine, Alberta, and '. interviewed all kinds :, yet I never heard a ualth of the cattle in the contrary, one and (their entire immunity The only tiouble wliioh 3us bother is aotimouy- * a cancerous affLotion head, and by which the led to a fearful extent. it three hundred beef ispt'ction on the prairie to affected. Ncverthe- inditiun, so that it iloes health much. Their sidered fit for human 'aw, and generally it is logs. Throughout the tants remarkably luyal e to the British Orown. eoted with the cuttle , there is a deup-ieated laffection Government in regard Special ArjrieulUrnl Commmionur to Nmth 4 me nca. 16 diseases, and the cattle .- THE GREAT DIVIDE. (From the Dundee Courier of Septemher 19.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes : — « Sf/'"^ ^ '*'' Scotland a friend of mine said When you are going through the Rocky Moun- tains you are sure to see Mr So-and-So (naming a mutual friend), as he resides there." Little did he realise the almost boundless extent of these moun- tains, else he would have known how easy it is for two persons to be within their boundary and vet be thousands of miles apart. But the fact ia that few persons who have not actually seen them can form any conception of their enormous magnitude and terrific gromleur, as no pen, however gifted, and no pencil, however perspective, can give to the mind s eye any idea of the reality. These moun- tains extend from Mexico to the Arctio Ocean, a distance of three thousand miles, with a brc.idth of 800 miles, covering an area of 2,400,000 square miles. Some of the peaks are very high. Mount Wias towers to a height of 17,800 feet. Mount Brown to 16,000 feet. Mount Hooker to 15,700 feet, and Mount Shasta to 14,000 feet. Tlieir general contour is abrupt and precipitous, cleft to iheir very base, and towering towards the clouds in sharp, conical peaks, generally bare grey rock and craggy precipices, so vertical that no soil can be there, consequently No Vegetation of any desciiption is to be seen more than half-way up their rugged sides. The curiously-contorted and folded strata of the liuge rocks so visible to the eye all throughout their reaches bring home to us the mighty power of those convulsions of Nature which drew them into their present lofty position. They »re composed of metamorphic gneiss, granite, por- phyries, mica, and talcose slates, gold bearing quartz, with deposita of mercury, silver, copper, carboniferous limestone, coal, and petroleum. All along the valleys and halt-way up the mountains are dense forests of tanarock, Douglas pine cypress, oedar, poplar, birch, and cotton wood trees, the lower regions abounding with arteraisias- oderiferous plants and sunflowers. The tops of the — ^ ,.«„ „.r,iK..,„ rAvrpttoil covered with perpetual snow hundreds of feet deep, which with the intense frosts which prevail in these regions is froaen to the hnrdiiesa of the supiriuctim- bent rocks, Olaciors of immense thickness are col- lected in the Korges, and the accumulating weight of succeeding winters crushes them over the over- hanging precipices, ami send:, them down in terrible avalanches to the valleys below. The numerous bare strips or ribs down and through the mountain forests mark the tracks whei o Huge Avalanches have descended, tearing up by the root» the primeval giants of the forest and driving everything before them in their terrible and irresistible course. Jorost flrei are of frequent occurrence in these fastnesses, and it is lamentable to observe the great destruction whicli has been caused by thii means, thousands upon thousands of square milei of the most valuable timber having been burned and destroyed. Some of the fires are of recent date. On our homeward journey we came through one large forest, at least twenty miles square, all ablaze, and the dense smoke arising therefrom darkened all the country for one hundred miles around. No sooner, however, is one growth of trees burned down than another spontaneously springs up and takes their place, and these young forests present a somewhat weird and woe-beg(mo appearance, the tall, hire, dead trunks of the former occupants towering above the dense under- growth like the ghosts of the departed. To bring the enormous heights of these mountains better home to Scottish readers, I may mention that the Law of Dundee is 525 feet high, so that it would require 34 Law HUls piled on the top of each other to reach the height of Mount Elias, Craigowl, the highest peak in the hiidlaw range in Forfarshire, is 1200 feet high, and so it would require more than a dozen Cran'owls to make a ladder to Mount Eliu Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Ureat Britain, is 4406 feet, scarcely one-fourth the height of Mount Klias, It will be remembered i, ~ °^ *''^ description of my journey at Banff on purpose to give an epitome of my inquiries '"i • u , *'"' °^ "** """'^ "f *''e DominioD, which I considered of primary importance at the present crisis. I will now return, and, taking up my journey where I left off, carry my readers in imagination with me over the heights of the Kooky Mountains, On reaching the station we found that the railway company had reserved a stateroom car for our accommodation, not tho one we formerly occupied, but another equally as comfortable and commodious. Leaving Banff, we soon regain theValley of the Bow River, which the railway had left for a time. The mountains giadually become farther apart, and the valley is covered with heavy timber, with a rich undergrowth of wild flowers and native grasses. We see numerous Tribes of Bed Indians, their tec-pees formins: frequent villngeH along the side of tho track. The bucks are engaged on horse- back herding tho bunches of horses, the rearing of which forms the principal industry of those chil- dren of the forest. A few bunches of cattle belong, ing to settlers are yet to be seen, but these are getting few and far between. By-andby the hills close in around us, and wo find ourselve* in • narrow valley between two great mountain ranges, whose tops even in this broiling July sun are covered with perpetual snow, and tower to the clouds in serrated peaks and vast pyramids, down whose sides cascades fall for thousands of te<-t. Uiiwardo and ever onwards speeds the train, twist- ing and turning in its course, the scene changing and rechanging, yet ever the same in its fearful and magnificent grandeur. Stopping at the little way. % ii 16 Reports of the Dundee Courier's Jide statiun of Ugsjaii, we are introduced by Mr Fearoe, Inspector of Rlines, who lias been our travellinK companion for a time, to Charlie Carrey, tlie king and Hero of Enginedrivers. Many thrilling stories are told of Charlie's cooIneHs and intrepidity in the hour of danger, and of his hAirbreailth adventures and escapes, and he is credited with liaving by his great presence of mind and readiness to act, saved his train from imminent destruction on several occasions. Unlik« mosit englnedrivers, Charlie is apick-snd-span, without a speck of soot or dust upon his person or snow- white linen, and when stretoliing his legs on the plutform, with gold rings on his fingers, he has more the appearance of an opulent railway director tlmn an enginedriver. Indeed, it is openly wliispered that he is quite as much the one as the other. Bo that as it may, Charlie was very obliging and accommodating to us, and with a quiet smile mvited us to take a ride upon the cowcatcher a triangular frame attached to the front of all American engines, its purpose being to clear the track of cattle and other obstructions. And here I may observe that American railways are in most places entirely innocent of siile fences, and even where they are fenced no gates are placed at the orossmgs, so that it is no uncommon thing to run into a bunch of cattle or horses. ( harlie's invita- tion to ride On the Cowcatcher, although fraught with a good deal of danger, was too much in keeping with the spirit of a iventure which then possessed us to be refused. So, pulling our caps firmly down over our brows, and feeling that our toggery wa» nil right, wo mounted to our tomewhat novel position in front of the engine, and after being warned by Charlie not t^ attempt to jump off whatever happened, we resumed our Juurney. Here the ascent is very steep, and three engines are put on to propel the train, the one on w iioh we are seated being in front, another in the ""dale of the train, and the third pushing behind, and all three puffing and straining with might and main. We soon leave th^ vallev of the Bow, and ^m a tributary which comes down a gap in the Bow Range, and through this gap the huge peak of Mount Hector appears in view, a good view being here obtained of ® The First Great Glacier. It is a broad crescent-shaped river of ico hundreds of feet deep. It seems quite close at hand and a most on a level with the track, but distance and altitude are very deceptive in these regions, and we imil' ""^'■"'irds that it is twelve miles away and 1300 feet above us. We are heading straight for It, and, as no way of avoiding it is to be seen, I nni' myself meditating as to the result of the flighty plunge which seems inevitable, when sud- denly we turn a curve, sharper by far than anv. thing I ever saw upon a home railway, an'l, skirt- ing the base of the hill, we speed along in another direction. Now a glorious line of snow-olad peaks appears before us, rising straight f""" '"e plain and extending the whole length of the western horizon, seemingly »n impenetiable barrier to our further pro- gress. Peak rises above peak in rapid succes- Hon, then dark bands of timber that reach up to the snow line. At one time we are winding along the brink of a wild, foaming cataract ; at another we arf buriad in the gloom of an almost impene- trable forest, through the vistas of which far up in .tie clouds ice fields and giaoleu glitter iu the sun. Again, the TalUy widens out, and we are smoothly rollina along the side of a placid lake, the margins of which are decorated with wild flowers of every hue. Here we are reminded by the increasing nearness of the ice fields on the mountain slopes that we are reaching a great elevation, and on nearing the station of Hector we observe a mighty arch on the left side of the track, on which. In big letters shaped out of the limbs of trees, are the words, "The Great Divide," which lets us know that we have at last reached the summit of the Rocky Mountains. But it.is the buinmit only in so far as the railway is con- cerned, for the mountains still lift their white summits eight thousand feet above us, stretch- ing away soutliwarda and northwards, just, for all the world, like a great bickboiie which, indeed, they really are— the backbone of the Continent of America. Just at the Great Divide two little streams have their common source. One runs eastwards and joins the Atlantic by way of Hud- son s Bay ; the other runs westwards, and joins the 1 aciflc oy way of the Columbia River. The train diaws up at Hector Station, and we jump otf the cowcatcher, and on to the platform, where wo draw a long breath of relief after our adventurous and dizzy ride. As Mr Taylor remarked, it was indeed vc ''"'a'''"'**'"'" ""'""*'■'""'*!''* '''■"' "*? w°"''' be liftiil off his head by his hirsute appendage ; but, •sipy scalp is somewhat destitute of its natural oovei iiig, I felt no forebodings in that respect. We nro now just half-way across the Rockies, and in my next letter I will continue the journey, and en- deavour to describe the terrific sublimity of the scenery, and the exciting ailventures we passiMl through, besides giving a description of the inhabi- tants and imlustries which are to be found in these fearful solitudes. MORB ABOUT THE ROCKIES. MARVELS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING, THE INDUSTRIES OF THE MOUNTAINS. A GIGANTIC LUMBER TRADE. DEMAND FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. (Prom the Dundee Courier of September g6.) Mr Osier, the Courier'! Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes :— In mv last letter I narrated the experiences of Mr Taylor and myself on the oowoatchcr, and our interviec with Charlie Carrey, the king of engine.lrivers. At Hector, after Carrey had got his engine watered and oiled he kindly invited us to come up beside him on the engine, on purpose, as he said, to give him a better opp,)rtunity of showing us the beauties of the load American engines are fitted with a covered com- partment on each side of the boiler, and we we'e r..atructed to take a seat in one of these, along with two young ladies, who were up before us. The track being for a time downhill and quite within the power cf two engines, Carrey had his engine detached, and started without the train, telling the conductor not to start for half an hour after we left. Tassing three large lakes which wash the perpendicular base of the mountain."., w.-! {r.'.ir.w " ■ west-bound stream down through a to7tuous,Tol!'k"^ ribbed oaflon, where the waters ate danhed in incessant leaps and whirls. The track »nd the Special Agrimllural Commissioner to North America. I wild flowen of every ed by the increaaing the mountain iilopeii Ekt elevation, anil on r we obaerve a mighty :raok, on which, In Hg mbs of treei, are the Divide," have at laHt reached [uuntains. But itis s tlie railway ia con- still lift their white it above us, stretch- rthwards, just, for all choiie which, inJeed, e of the Continent of at Divide two little nouroe. One runs iitio by way of Hiid- twards, and joins the a River. The train and we jump olf the form, where wo draw 3ur adventurous and narked, it was indeed bt his cap woulil be ite appendage ; but, itute of its natural in tliat respect. We the Kockies, and in tlie journey, and en- Bo sublimity of the Ventures we passed ption of the inhnbi- to be found in these E ROCKIES. ATLWAY NG. I OF THE rs. ER TRADE. CULTURAL 3. 7 with (-harlie ■ers. At Hector, watered and oiled, beside him on the give him a better eauties of the toad, tji a covered com- oiler, and we we'e if these, along with before us. The 1 and quite within By had his engine e train, telling the an hour after we i which wash the MIX. «.* *„ll .1_ r "" ^••it.'Tr tta* 1 a tortuoui), rook- irs aie danhed in he traok and the 17 river are side by side, and we know by the mad impetuosity and wild rush of the waters that the descent is very steep, and are told bv Carrey that the railway gradient here is 240 Feet in the Mile. We are now in tlie Wapta or Kicking Horse rass, and the scenery is sublime and terriao. Tlie mountains rise straight up from the river on both sides, and they are so near that one could toss a biscuit from one to the other. Loolcing up we see their tops piercing the clouds thousaii(!s of feet above us. 'J'he traok runs on a narrow shelf cut out of the mountain side on the left, and the valley on the right giailually deepens untd the river is seen glistening like a silver thread a thousand feet below, with the head of Mount Stephen on the left MOUNT STEPHEN. towering 8000 feet above us. Charlie stops his engine, and points out on the bare face of the almost perpendicular mountain the zigzag lines of a tramway coming down from a silver mine away up near the sky-line. Starting again, we round the base of Mount Stephen, and soon stop again to observe higii up on its shoulder, and almost over our heads, a glacier, whose shining green ice, 500 feet thiik, is slowly crowded over a sheer precipice of dizzy height, and crushed to atoms below. At Field the train stops half an hour to give time for passengers taking dinner in a commodious and well-appointed hotel, belonging to and conducted by the Railway Company. When we start we take our seats in the observation car a carriage with open sides, specially designed to unable passengers to have a good view of tlieir surroundings— and still following the Kicking Horse River we soon join the Columbia. The goige through which it runs gradually deepens until beyond Palliser the mountain sides become vertical rising straight up thousands of feet, with only room for the river between. Down through this terrible caflon go railway and river together, the railway crossing from side to side, clinging to ledges cut out of the solid rock, and twisting and turning in every direction. We soon reach the Beaver Valley, and commence the Ascent of the Selkirk Range of moantains, and then for twenty miles we climb along their sides, through dense forests of enor- mous trees. The engineers encountered enormous difficulties in constructing the railway hern because of the great torrents, many of them in splendid cascades, which onme down through narrow gorges cut deeply into tlie steep slopes of the monntain, along wliioh the train runp. These gorges are crossed by trestled bridges of enormous '<-'.'«''*• „„ At Stoney Creek the track crosses » w'^rft' ^w'""' '"«''• ?"^°' t''^ highest" the Z^l K 7* '"'^ ""*. '" '""^ "•«8''>" °t the great snow sheds, scores of miles of which have been erected to protect the railway from the heavy falls of snow wliiob frequently occur in this district. A sharp curve brings the train in front of the great glacier, which is now very near us on the left-a vast plateau of gleaming ice, extending as far as he eye can reach, and larger, it is said, than all those of the Alps put together. We are now far up the mountain shlc, and suddenly behold the broad waters of the Columbia River, gleaming like a sheet of burnished steel far, far below us. Down the mountain side, between us and the river, we see half a dozen parallel lines of railway, and fhf i° h."f """f *° ""."r ''''»' """be their pirpose there, but soon learn that we have to wind ^ ^ 1 ^1 ,, ^^^® * Corkscrew along these, the train doubling and turning upon tself until It reaches the level of the river. 500 fct below. For some time the shades of evening have been gathering around us, and it now becomei quito o clock, and that our beds are prepared ; so, retiring to our state-room car, we undress ourselves and go tos eep. All night long the train speeds on its westward course. Wo rise with the dawn, and just as we reach the observation car the train pulls up at Kamloops, the principal town in the interior of Hritish Columbia. Here we are given half-an-hour to stretch our legs on the platform, a luxury for which we were very thankful. A new "Ll°l IS attached to the train, and we aga n resunne our journey following the shore of Kamlooks Uke and the mighty Tliomson Kiver. through tunnel after tunnel, and then the valley shuts in, and the scarred and rugged mountains rown upon us again. For hours we wind along their sides, looking down upon a tossing, tumbling river, its waters sometimes almost within our reach, and sometimes lost below. We suddenly cross the deep black gorge of the Fraser River on a massive bri.lge of steel, seemingly constructe.l in F^^^ "^j:^ THE KRASRn OANON. i I :i 18 Reports of the Dundee Courier'i mid-air, plunge through a tunnel, and enter the famous caAon of the Fraser. The view here cliango.4 from tiie grand to tlie terrible. Tlirough tliiH gorge, Ko deep and ao narrow in many places that the rays of the sun liardly enter it, tlie black and ferooioub waters of the great river force tlieir way. We are in the heart of the Cascade Range, and above the wells of the oaflon we occasionally see the mountain peaks gleaming against the sky. The railway Ih hundreds of feet above the river, notched into the fnce of the cliiTs, and now and then crossing a cha.-m by a tall viaduct, or disap- pearing in a tunnel through a projecting spur of rook. On the opposite side of the caflon The Old Oovernment Boad is seen along the Fraser and Thomson Rivers twisting and turning amongst the cliffs. It some- times ventures down to the river's side, whence it is quickly driven by an angry turn of the waters, thence to mount to a dizzy height and wind along shelves cut out of the solid rock, crossing the gorges which come down the mountain side on bridges of liuge undressed trees, seemingly very precarious and dangerous. Along this road until the advent of the railway all the merchandise and fr«ight going up the country had to be conveyed on bullock waggons. For hours we are deafened by the sullen roar of the water below, nnd we long for the broad sunshine once more, The scene is fascinating in its terror and wo finally leave it gladly, yet regret TALE. fully. At Yale the caflon ends, and the river widens out, but we have mountains yet in plenty at times receding and then drawing near againi Suddenly turning a curve, a gleaming white cone rises towards the south-east. It is Mount Baker sixty miles away, and fourteen thousand feet above uf We cross large rivers flowing into the iraser, all moving slowly here as if resting from their tumultuous passage down between the mountRmiaiisra. The s-ators are ailUaik, thick. and muddy, the river being in flood by the melting 01. the snow on the mountains. As the valley widens out, farms and orchards become more and more frequent, and our hearts are gladdened by the sight of broom— the first we have seen since leaving the old country— and other shrubs and plants familiar to our eyes, for, as we approach the coast, we Und Climate Like that of Britain, but with more sunshine. By-aad-bye we reach Harrison Station, where we " lie over" on purpose to visit the fertile valley of the Chilliewack, the great productiveness of which will form tlie subject of a future article. It may be imagined, after such a description, that few people would take up their abode in such an inhospitable region as the Uocky Mountains, but the numerous villages we pass along the side of tlie railv;ay, and the busy passenger tratiio at the stations, show us that a vast popula- tion obtain a subsistence in these wilds. \Ve see tribes of Indians herding bunches of cattle and horses along the sides of the rivers, and every jutting rock at the rivers' sides is occupied by Indians finliing with dip nets, the numerous salmon hanging on the trees alongside showing that this industry is very successful. Clusters of tee pees, or wigwams, browned and blackened with exposure and smoke, occur at fre- quent intervals, alternated with collections of huts, where the Chinamen congregate, great numbers of these Chinamen being employed by the Railway Company in altering the construction of the track, renewing bridges, and widening the embankments so as to make the railway more substantial. Bands of Chinamen are also to be seen on the bars of the river washing for gold, an industry which is said to be very lucrative. Numerous sportsmen wander through the mountains in seaicli of buffalo, UOOSR DBBK. moose deer, elk. bighorn sheep, caribou, wolves, and bears, wild fowl, such as ducks and geese being also very abundant. Whole Armies of Lumberers are employed cutting down the timber and dragging it to the river, where it is floated down to the sawmill, hundreds of miles away. The most valuable timber obtained to the east of " Thn nr,'>;^t ^1*4^" " *'"* **" andgrooefuFlytepered tamarack, which in appearance very much resembles our home larches, quite as gross as the largest of them, but Special Agricultural Commissioner to North America. 19 become moro and '. gladdened by (be seen lince leaving hrubs and planta pproaoh the coast, : Britain. ind-bye we reach ! over" on purpose ', Chllliewack. the 11 form tlie subject agincd, after Biioh oulil take up their gion as the Kooky ages we pass along lie busy passenger hat a vast popula- e wilds. We see icB of cattle and rivers, and every i is oocupled by I, tlie nuinerouii trees alongside very succeitsful. ms, browned and }ke, occur at fre- ollections of hutsi, great numbers of by the Uailway :tiun of the track, the embankments bstantial. Bands >n the bars of the try which U said portsmen wander iioli of buffalo, caribou, wolves, I and geese behig 'ers >ie timber and is floated down way. The most kof "Thsfirrftt ipered tamaraolc, arables our home Hat of them, but much taller and straiKliter. The only truu,-. 1 fvui saw at home that could compare with them were those fine larches wliioh are to bo found in the Den of Glamia immediately below the milldam. Tam- aracks also abound on iho British Columbia slopes, but there they are completely thrown into the shade by the enormous Douglas pines which grow there in great plenty— numbers of them being 210 feet high and 50 feet in circumference —their trunks ns Ktraight as n plumb line finely tapered and clear from branchot to almost the veiv top. Cedars are also numerous, quite as grons, but not so tall, and, beins clothed with branches, have n Rroat rcsemblnnoe to our spruce trees at homo. The limber of^ the cedars is very valuable, large quantities of it lieing cut up into shingles for roofing purposes, mucli in demand all throughout Caiinda and the United States. Immense numbers of workmen also find employ- ment at the numerous mines whioli arc wrought in the mountains, silver, copper, and coal being the principal output. Such a numeious population creates a constant demand for Agricultural Products, and, though grain cannot be successfully grown, dairy produce and beef are largely produced. Wherever practicable, clearings have been effected and the lanil cultivated. The only grain crop which I saw attempted was oats, wliich do not ripen well, sometimes not at all, but are cut green and converted into hay, which, when mixed with native hay cut from the swamps, forms a very grateful and nutritive bit for winter feed. Potatoes and turnips are also grown, though the crops appear very diminutive, but small though they be, they are very valuable where better cannot be obtained. The cattle are grazed along the sides of the lakes and rivers and on level spaces between the moun- tains, and appear to be thriving and in fair con- dition. They are a scrubby, lanky breed, but are good rustlers, and well adapted for a district where food is so precarious. Kach cow has a bell attached to her neck, which, by its constant ringing, lets the whereabouts of the herd be known when concealed amongst the thick scrub. The demand for the pro- duce being always in excess of the supply, there is at all times a ready sale at remunerative prices, tlic average price of butter being Is 3d per lb., and cheese from 6d to 8d per lb. Stores are to be seen at every station, where provisions of all kinds and hard m well as soft goods can be purchased. And, besides all this, the ccially along the deltas of the great rivers, the climate is mild and equable, being tempered by the warm waves of the Pacific, just as the climate of Britain is tempered by the warm currents of the Gulf Stream, with this difference, however, that a cold Arctic current runs south along the coast, which renders the air colder than ihnt of Britain for the first half of summer, but which, when heated by the long summer days of bright sunshine wliich prevail in theArctic regions, r-nders the latter half ■■f the summer warmer than that of Britain, and very congenial for the maturing and ripening of crops and fruits of every descrip- tion. The cold Arctic current has also the effect of condensing the warm vapours passing over the Pacific, causing Plentiful Bainfalls during early summer, when moisture is most ne^jded. Heavy falls of snow frequently occur, b';t are quickly melted by the warm Chinook winds from off the Pacific, so tiiat stock grazing outside have never much difficulty in obtaining their food. Away back from the seaboard is an extensive elevated terrace of a lava formation, well adapted for cultivation and pasture. It is abundantly stocked with forests of timber, which draw down the rains in sufiicient abundance, tlie formation of the mountains arresting the air currents and rain- dearing clouds, and rendering the district well adapted for growing and maturing all kinds of agricultural produce, and for grazing purposes. TURESHIN'O ON A HANCHB NEAR FRASKR niVBR. Farther back still, and elevated on a third and biKher terrace, is a district composed of equally as good soil, but where the rainfall is not so generous, and which is, therefore, not so well adapted for cultivation, except where irrigation can be adopted. Where this can be done splendiil crops of every description can be produced, but, as the rivers in many parts run along deep gorges, irrigation schemes are difficult to accomplish. Con- sequently this belt is better adapted for grazing purposes than for cultivation. The famed bunch grass, which grows abundantly here, resists the drought well, and is said to be more nutri- tiT« tbau even the far-famed Kentucky blue-joint. Farther back still is the moun- tain district, comprehending a rery exten- sive area, amongst which are many sylvan re- treats and level passes, where crops can be success- fully grown. Generally speaking, however, this district is of a wild, forbidding aspect, and very sparsely inhabited. The lofty ranges of mountains that tower above the whole Province on the cast and north, act as windbreaks, and shelter it from the oohl, ohilliii); blasts which come from that ilirectioM. Throiigliout the whole Province foicst lands are of vast extent. The principal trees are the Douglas pines, cedars, ycUi.w firs, hemlocks, maples, alders, and cotton wood. The Douglas pine is almost universal on the West Coast, and up to the Cascade liangc. The cedar, white i)ine, and maplu are found everywhere, and the Soots fir, willow, and cotton wooil on the bottom lands. Huge Industries in Lumbering have been established all over the Province. The trees are cut in the mountains and floated down the rivers, sometimes for hundreds of miles, to the sawmills below, large booms being erected across the rivers immediately above the mills to divert and guide the logs into the bays where tlie mills are situated. It is quite a common sight to witness miles of timber covering the rivers from side to side waiting to be operated upon. At New Westminster we visited two large sawmills — the Royal City Mills and the Brunette Sawmills— each with a daily cutting capacity of one hundred thousanil feet of one-inch boarding, out from enormous trees of cedar and pine, some of the trees being 10 to 14 feet in diameter ai>d 250 feet in length. A sloping plat- form or gangway connects the saw-shed and the river. Along the centre of the platform runs an endless chain, with notched teeth like hooks or clawa. Several men armed with boathooks take their stand upon the floating logs, and guide them end-on to the lower end of the platform, where they are caught hold of by the elevator hooks, and slowly dragged up the platform to the saw-shed. The touch of a spring raises and guides great levers, which, with human-like precision and superhuman power, lift the tree on to the saw-bench, and adjust it as precisely and as deftly as if it were a small batten. Circular saws square it and cut it up into boards of the desired size, and the boards, running along automatically, are cut into proper lengths by another machine, and, still passing on, are planed, dressed, and tongued. In Making the Boofing Shingles, so largely used instead of slates throughout America, the dressed logs are cut into blocks about 18 inches by 9 inches. These are carried auto- matically against rapidly revolving circular saws, which slice the tough wood as if it were a turnip. Down a hopper into a lower chamber tlie stream of shingles is delivered, and there they are squared, edged, tested, anil tied into bundles. The saw- dust, shavings, and other refuse is run down hoppers, and on to the furnnces which supply the driving power to the two hundred horse-power engines, situated in the sheds below. The outside slabs are run out of the way, and stored alongside to be sold as fuel, and the boarding is piled up into huge stacks to dry before being used. Immense quantities of the sawn timber iu the form of board- ing and scantling are used in the Province for housebuilding purposes. There is a steady demand for it at all the American ports south the west coast. South America and the Sandwich Islands take large quantities, and a good trade is being established to Australia, Ja|iuu, and China, lots of it going even to Great Britain by way of Cape Horn. The shingles, l)eing light and easy of Special AgnenHiiral Commminner to Xorth America. 21 it the mnun- • Tery e:ileii. many 8ylvau re- ii8 can lie kuccbsb- ig, liuwover, tltin atlioct, ami vury igua of moiinUiiiH ince m\ tliu cast I shelter it from come from tbat le rrovince foicHt incipal trees are y firs. Iicmlocks, The Douglas L<8t Coast, and up , white pine, and (1 the SootH fir, btom laiidH. mbering ) Provlnoi'. The floated down the 9f miles, to the ig erected across lilla to divert and ere the millH are sight to witness from side to side few WeatmiiiHtor the Royal City each with a daily thousand feet of >UB trees of oedar 10 to 14 feet in A sloping plat- aw-ahed and the datform runs an th like hooka or I boatliooks take and guide them form, where they >tor hooks, and to the saw-shed, iides great levers, and superhuman lenoh, and adjust it were a small nd out it up into boards, running roper lengths by g on, are planed, bingles, itea throughout nto blocks about re carried auto- g circular saws, it were a turnip. )er the stream of ey are squared, idles. The saw- e is run down irhich supply the Ired horse-power f. The outside stored alongside ; is piled up into [aed. Inamenae le form of board- he Province for El steady demand south the west Sandwich Islands 1 trade is being id China, iota of i>V way of Cape ht and easy of cnrrlagp, are sent by tinln eaat through the Kooky Mountains, and diatiibuted all through Canaila ami the United States. Shingles made from the Biitllh Columbia ocilar have the riepute of being the freest from warping, and the moa durable of any. A GBAIN ELKVATOR. The Fisheries of British Colnmbia are undoubtedly, without exception, the richest in the world. Whaleaand seals abound ofl the northern coast. Sturgeon from 500 to 1000 lbs. are plenti- ful in the rivers. Black cod, a superior food fish, abounds from Cape Flattery north. Halibut of fine quality and large size are plentiful iu the inner waters. The surf smelt and common smelt, so valued for the table, are abundant. Herring is also abundant, and both lake nnd brook trout arc found on the mainland, but the most valuable of all is the salmon, of which there are several kinds which frequent the rivers at different seasons. They literally teem in the Fraser and Colnmbia rivers, and it is said that passengers on the Canadian Pacific Railway are sometimes astonished by the eight of broad expanses of river, or deep pools, packed almost solid with a wriggling mass of splendid fish. Those of the Fraser am found GOO miles up the river. The greatest number of canneries are on the Fraser, but there are many farther North. At New Westminster there is a salmon-canning establishment where about six hundred thousand salmon are annually prepared and put into half-pound and one-pound tin cans. Between this city and the mouth of the Fraser River, a distance of twelve miles, there are twenty similar canneries, the revenue from which averages from one and a half to two millions of dollars annually, and gives employment to about ten thousand people during the canning season, which lasts about two months. Amongst thoae employed are whites, Italians, half-breeds, Indians, Japanese, and Chinese, the last-mentioned being veiy expert at the buvineas, and a very industrious, sober, hard-working people. From all I could see and learn this ia T]i0 VgTTr Elwaiiini nf Pishsrnisn and I would strongly recommend it to our hardy, industrious fishermen at home, who struggle on fiom year's end to year's end for an uncertain and HCiinty pittance. Here, in IJritish Columbia, Nature deals out her rewards with no niggard hand. There is no rent to pay, no leave to aak to run a boat along the shore or on the livers, the fish bilnng to the man who taken them, ami a man who in ISritisii aeaa toils year out and year in for others, may own his own home, his own piece of land, and Ilia own boat by no man's favour. The native Indians, whoso jirincipal employment is flailing, are far happier and more prosperous than many a fisherman at home, and, when we fimi even Indiana alile to accumulate sums of money which would a))poar furtunes to the average fisher- men of Scotland, ^^rely this ia an inducement for them to go nnd do likewise. llliSOUllCES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. PACTS ABOUT AGRICULTURE. LORD ABERDKION'S KXPEKIMENTAL FARMS. HINTS TO INTKNDINO EMIGRANTS. (From the Dundee Courier o/ October 10.) MrOsler, thcC'uio-tVr's Agricultural Commissioner to America, writca :— It ia to its mineral resources that British Columbia mainly owes its present position, it being the discovery of gold in 18o7 tbat led to the establishment of the Colony in 1858. Gold may be said to be universally diffused throughout the whole Province. Mines have been opened at Casslar, Carrihoo, Okanugan, Koolney, and many other districts, and have been wrought with universal success. Indeed, it would be difficult to say which are the moat successful, as new discoveries are being constantly made, and the richest mine of one season may be surpassed the fol- lowiiigyear. Thesand bars along the rivers' hanks are thickly impregnated with gold dust, which is easily and profitalily washed out. Silver has been dis- covered in several places. The beat known of the Argentiferous Localities is that about six miles from Hope, on the Fraser River. Iron deposits exist on Jaxada Island, and copper deposits have been found at several points on the coast of the mainland. Bituminous coal has been worked for many years at Nanaimo, on Van- couver Island, and several veins have hixr. dis- covered and wrought on the mainland. Furs and peltries are amongst the moat valuable articles of exjiort, the capturing of the animals affording splendid sport. Amongst the most valuable are tha BOOKT MOUNTAIN 8HBK1'. m 23 Reports of the Dundee Courier's It black, r.(l, and lilver foxoii, act otter>, fur icaln, mink, marten, boaver, blaok anil hrown beara, panthoM, lying elk, oaribon, mountain HJioep anil gontn. Wild duck, geom-, giome, and snipe are nlnindant everywhere. Tlio vallcj of the Ohillii>- waok, which we inapeotcd very minutely, is, per- bapH, ouo of the motit produotivedhtriotB under the «un. It iH twenty milcH long and ten broail, nituatod along both Hidcii of the Frascr Kiver, about 70 miles from the coast. I'he hoII is of rich alluvial dupoiit, composed of the silt of the liver, and very deep and fertde, and, being of a somewhat Handy nature, in eniily wrought. All kinds of oropsi are cultivated, the general productions being wheat, oatB, liarloy, rye, anil peas. Deans, buckwheat, and Indian corn an- cultivated, but not with great Hiiccens. The Indian corn ia generally reaped green and cut up into chop for ensilage. Timotliy hay of excellent ijuality and large yield in extensively cured. The valley is eminently adapted for fruitgrowing. Apples, pi unes, pears, cherries, peaches, apricots, nectarines, and quinces are all grown with ti.e greatest HucceHS, together with small fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, and currants, the, yields of which are phenomenally large Canadian Provlncei to the aasl of the Rooky MounUins There is a doubt, however, if then, prices will long continue, as them arc already -igns of a large import trade springing up from Australia and other eaiitern countries. Just as the sod IS productive and the prices luciative, so is the land dear 111 proportion. Improved farms sell at from tb to IJo per acre, while uiiimpioved lands, Kciierally thickly studded with Uougl'.s pine ami cedar roots, and whjoli wouhl r.qiiire an expondi- ui^i °LL""" *'• *" *'" P" "*<"•« '» olear, cost from 14 to tJ) per acre, according to location and the ijiiff'lty of the S'lil. Stock-Raising is being largely gone into, and, as the cattle are being carefully graded up with pure-bred imported bulls, mostly of the shorthorn and Holstein breeds, the young stock is veiy promising. Cattle aro housed during winter, and fed upon hay, meal, and a few roots. Threo-yeai-old steers feed to 1400 lbs on the hoof, and realise i;i2 to £13 per head. Hog- feeding is being largely prosecuted. The pigs are excellent sorts, mostly pure Uerkshires. They are grazed in the oichards under the fruit trees, and are fed with skim milk and bruised grains. It is said that 5 lbs. of wheat, bruised and made up with skim milk, will produce one lb. of pork. The pigs, when sold, average from 10 to 30 stones, and bring from 4d to 5il per lb. of dressed carcase. Mutton is sold at 5d per lb., and young lambs, fat, bring from 16s to 18s each. Veal sells at 4Jd to od per lb. Dairy produce finds a ready and lucrative market in Victoria and Vancouver, butter selling at from la to Is 6d, and cheese at from 4Jd to 7id all the year over, and eggs from Is to Is 6d per dozen. Wheat produces 35 to 40 bushels per acre, and sells at 2a Gd to 3a per bushel. Oats produce 60 to 80 bushels per acre, and sell at 2s to 2s Gd per bushel. Hay yields from 2 to 3£tons per acre, and sells at trom £2 io £3 per ton. Potatoes produce tons, anil sell at 43 per bag of 90 lbs. Oiierries sell at 2id per lb. ; apples. Id ; pears, lid * j 2d ; rasps, M ; and strawberries, from 4d to 5d. The profit on small fruit is phenomenally large the yield run- ning from £30 to £50 per acre, yhile large fruit orchards realise from £20 to £4r per acre, besides affording a rich crop of grass underneath, either for grazing or laying. It will be seen from these figures that farming, and especially fruit-farming, in British Columbia is Very Lucrative, and would be a very desirable location for emi- grants were the present state of matters to con- tinue. The colony being comparatively new, the cultivation of the land has not kept pace with the growth of the towns. Victoria, the capital, has a population of 25,000. Vancouver has a population of 20,000, New Westminster 6000, and many other inland towns are increasing remarkably fast. This vast urban population creates a greater demand for food stuffs than the cultivated area is yet able to supply. Conspqiiently. instead of liavin" a s;ir*d"i~ to run down prices, it has up to this tinie liad'to import large quantities of grain and beef from the Advice to Intending Settlers. I would not, ihcreforo, reoommoml farmers to think of taking up land there unless possessed of a good round sum of money. Hut to tlioao possessed of the necessary funds, tired of the trammels of tenancy at home, and desirous of becoming their own landlords, 1 could recommend -lotliing bott.'r. Money judiciously invested ia sure to yield a good return ; and, besides, 50 acres well laid out and well attcndiMl to would bo as much as any man neeil possess, as it would bring in more cash annually tlian four times that number of acres at home. It must not be supposed, however, thiit British Columbia IS in general such an Kl Dorado, as this favoured valley of the Chilliewaok, although there are many large areas along the deltas of tbe great rivers equally as good. About nine miles east from the city of New Westminster we crossed what is ■""*"o')f„"'* ^'" MeaJows. This is a tract of about 30,000 acres of splendi.l meadow land that is oveillown for about two months of the year by the nse of the Fraser River. The river is now being lyked out by the Government at a cost of £75,000. Already 2500 acres have been reclaimed, showi ' the dyking is to be successful. This land has been ~,ormed through ages by the river deposit, and is therefore inexhaustible. It is now being sold out to settlers at £10 per acre, fee simple, and is con- sidered the cheapest land in the rrovinoe. Away back m the Second Terrace, alrea.ly referred to, iii tlie Nicola and Okanagan valleys of the Yale dis- trict, and m both the Kootnays there are large ex- tents of very good soil, in some parts, as in the Ukanagan section, requiring irrigation, and in others visited with a sulfioiently abundant rainfall. Lord Aberdeen's Enterprise. In the Okanagan district the Earl of Aberdeen •s purchased a large tract of land, which he in- ils to apportion out to settlers. His Lordship uiis started two large farms there on bis own account, whiob are giving good results. He has gone largely into fruit-growing and hop culture, and this year the crops are remarkably rich. He is shortly to erect a fruit cannery, which will afford a ready market for the fruit grown in that neigh- bourhood. At Agassiz the Dominion Government has established an experimental farm. Hvery kind of grain, vegetable, and fruit likely to succeed in a temperate climate is tried here, and settlers can obtain free such seeds and cuttings as have proved suitable to the country. In the best districts thn good land is mostly all sold to settlers, or is in the hands of i-peoulators, who sell it out to new-comers at the prices already indicated, but farther up the country the Dominion Governmeue yet possess millions of acres, which they offer to settlers free, in farms of IGO acres, with powers to purchase at very low prices up to G40 acres. A good deal of diHiculty must be encountered in clearing those lands, but, the clearing accomplished, the abundant yield and good prices obtained for agricultural pro- duoe on the west coast, together with a reasona i amount of industry, steadiness, and perseverance, Special A(/riciUturul Commis*ioner to North America. ss ant of the Rooky however, if tlicHii tlierii are alrnaily KprinKirig up from tries. Juit AH the lucrative, su is tho ovod tatmn sell at miimpioveil laiiilx, Dougl'.H pine ami '(juire an expend!- to clear, ooat from ^ location and the Settlers. imund farmers to e98 poH.seHsed of a to tlioao poaseaxud the trammcU of >f becoming their id MotliiuB bottiT. re to jrielJ a gooil rcll laid out ami h an any man need re cash annually Jres at homo. It er, thiit liritixh I Dorado, bb this k, although there iltas of tne great lie miles east from crossed what i'l liis is a tract of adow land that is f the year by the ver is now being I ooat of £75,000. slaimed, ghowi ; 'his land has been ' deposit, and is w being sold out iple, and is con- 'rovince. Away ly referred to, in of the Yale dis- lore are large ex- parta, as in the ion, and in others t rainfall. erprise. !arl of Aberdeen lUd, which lie in- I. His Lordship !re on his own esults. He has ml hop culture, »bly rich. He is lich will afford a n in that neigh- ion Government rm. Uvery kind ly to succeed in and settlers can 9 as have proved est districts th^ lers, or is in the it to new-comers but further up neui yet poraeas to settlers free, I to purchase at A good deal of I clearing the^o id, the abundant agricultural pro- ith a reasona- t d perseverance, ire lure to nnmmnnd mjooeM. Th^rn U a steady Demand for Labourers kll throughout the Province. White labourcrH are preferred, hut the soaroity of these causes groat immbers of Chinamen to be employed. Farm lorvanta are paid from 4s to Oh per day, with rations, and Chinamen from £3 12< to £» per montli, also with rations. Ten hourx per day, or lixty hoiirrt per week, are supposed to be the liunrs of labour, but in bu«v timet the rule is from sun- up to sundown, witliout any extra remuneration. Emigrants going to British Coliimhiii are buHt tn take ship to Montreal, a steerage pas-age for an mlnlt costing £4, children from flvo to twelve hnlf- price, under five years of ago free. Thence thoy go to Vancouver by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The railway faro is £7, tlio distance between Montreal and Vancouver being ncorly 3000 miles. Rations are supplied free on shipimard, but on rail pnsiengers liave to purchase their own food, facilities for whicli ire given at suital>lo stations on the route. Tlie whole distance from Uritain to Vancouver, nearly fiOOO miles, occupies aliout eighteen days. In concluding this letter, I would return rny best thanks to Mr Ue Wolf, a large and successful ranolier and fruit grower in tlie Valley of tli , Uhillicwaok, who afforded me most valuable infor- mation as to the prospect ami capabilities of the land for farming purposes. Mr Ue Wolf met us by mere chance when being ferried across the Fraser River, and on learning that we came from Scotland surprised us by a.iking if wo knew the firm of Messrs Thomson k Sons, proprietors of the Courier and Weekly News, Dundee, when we were proud to confess ou I selves the representatives of a firm so well and favourably known, even at the very gates of the Orient. VISIT TO VANCOUVER ISLAND. ITS AGRICULTURAL FEATURES. INTERESTINC STATISTICS. CHINAMEN IN AMERICA. Handy pointed out a piece of pasture grou id whieb showed A Perfect Sward of Clover, and explained that about twunt/ years ago ho aooidontallv got a largo s(»ction of t'lo timber part of his ranch burned. Ho got a piirool of clover seed, the first ever sown in the provlnco, ami strewed it amongst the ashes, where it struck root, and has flourialied luxuriantly ever since. On the steamer there wero about three score of oattle being convcyeil to the fat market at Vancouver. 1 hey wore mostly shorthorn and Hereforcl grades, would wi'igh about 10 owts. on the hoof, and wero in what we at hi,me would call gjod store condi- tion. I was told by a local dealer that they would realise about £11 ; tliey wore merely grass fed. A good many carcases of calves were hanging in the hold of the boat, and they appeared to bo well led and good weights. I w:is told tliev had all been sucklings. Tire general cargo of the boat was Timothy hay, whioli wa< being sent to Victoria, where it wouhl bring from £2 10s to £3 per ton. Stepping off tlio boat ot New Weitminster, where there was a commodious, woll-equippod harbour, wo went straight to the Government I>and Olfioe, where we were courteously Received by the drown Agents, who kindly gwe us all the information in their power, and showed us round the town. I have already snid the chief industries of this city are its lumber mills and salmon canning establishments, (Prom the Dundee Courier of October 17.) Mr Andrew Osier, the Courier's Agricultnra' Commissioner to America, writes ; — Putting up all night in a commodious woodon hotel in the little town of Chilliewaok, I asked a waiter to have my hoots blacked and ready for me in the morning. He looked indignant at the re- quest, but showed me a shed outside where I got blacking and blushes and performed the operation myself. This was the first Canadian hotel in which they refused to do the shining process, but when in the States I found that the blacking of boots was not included in the hotel arrangements, there being separate establishments for hairdressing and boot- blacking. At Chicago I went into a barber's shop, the floor of which was actually paved with real silver dollars, and got my boots "shined" by a darkey whose fingers sparkled with gold rings, and who charged me 25 cents for the operation. But to return to Chilliewack. After breakfast, who should stop into the room but our quondam friend Sandy Macdonald ? He told us he had his buck- board at the door, and would drive us to a jetty on the Friuer, whein wb would get on board a flat- bottomed steamer, propelled by a single broad paddle wheel in the stern, and be steamed to New iVestminater. When going along to the jetty SALMON WHEKt ON OOlUMBrA HIVKR. nearly all the tinned salmo.i imported into Great tritain coming from here. From New West- miii3ter-or, as it was formerly called, the ftoyal City-we went by electric railway to the enterprising City of Vancouver, a distance of \i miles, up and down some very gtecu gradients, in little over half an hour. From Vancouver, which is the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Ilailway, we crossed the Gulf of Georgia, on the magnificent steamer Premier to the °:"".":-. "!. •■•;" '""^ '-■H'r.al or the pr^vinoe Buuated in the south east extremity of the Island of Vanoouvor Victoria has a popu"latioii of 2o,00.J, IS prmoipaUy built of granite, and contains many Reports of the Dundft Cnuritr't I ill 1 i; ,, i«i«M *nd ioUf lirfodk* "f liKUillngn, It* uublio u mntiiaipal Iiii'.MinK* > ml prirttU. 'MlJaneei b«i. rstn»»li»hle for thci in«giiiflo(>Moi> It haa kltoKt'lj u'i' It dintiliotl/ Uritiiili a|ui lii'noe, but there *ir« in It whole itreotH ooaii|i " I hy '^liineae, the etrtngel; (let«)r»tej niul «iii»ng- eliop window* of whioh n»»i> A uniqiio Oriental up- Searance. It hae already becomi! a famoua reai- ential reiort tm '"■althy people of tlip ooMer part of tlie l*iJininioii ; ,i», on aooouiit of the warm ■Fapaueau currant ntnklriK Ua xl. 'rei, It liaa a sllifiAte almilar to that of Pen/.uii' in Knglaml. Thu principal harbour ia that of Kkij 'n»lt, which Ha long been the rcndozvoua of the Kuj{llah aquail- ron in tlie North Pacific, and containa naval aturc-- hoiisei, workaliopa, xraving dookH, 4o. On the oocik^ion of onr viait a number of liritiah muii-uf- war were anchor(iil in the harbour. N)>xt day we had a long drlvo in a circuit of twenty milea around the city, and weie doliglitod with tlie advanoed Appearance of Agriculture which mot our gaze on every aide. The country haa more the appearance of a well-tilled Sootti»li rural district than unythini( I hitvu auvn in all America. The farina are not large, but thit fleliN arc neatly and aquaiely laid out, anil well fenced. The dwellinHhouaoM, olthougli of wood, are aub- «tantial ami comfortable, ami tlio farm errctiona are auitable fur the holdinga. All crops suitable to a temperate climate aimllar to that of (ircnt Britain are grown very succeaHfully. Sown graKae.i and olovora also grow, and hohl well, ao that a system of alternate husbandry and mixed farming limilar to our own haa been adopted. .Since I oame home the Agricultural Department of tlie Government of Canada have sent me tlieir ISili report for Biitish Columbio, whioh contama very accurate statistics as to yields of oropn, oic., ami I find that last year's averages for the Island of Vancouver w»re :— Wheat, from 30 to 45 bualiclii per acre; barley, 30 to ,35 bnsliols ; oa^ , 60 to (30 bushels; peas, 40 to 45 buahels; pot^t'es, 180 to 200 buaheia ; and turnip.", 20 to 25 tons per acre. The average prices weie :— Wheat, 308 per qr. of 8 bushels ; barley, 23a |)er qr. ; oats, 20.h per qr. ; peas, 30s per qr. ; and potatoes, £3 10.-* per ton. Cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs are reared in great numbers, and, although The Grading of the Oattle did not seem to me to be so judiciously attended to as on tho mainland, still, they appeared to be well fed, and, although rough and Kcrnbby, they were big anil carried a good deal of flesh. Horses are light, active, and hardy, but somewhat unsym- tnetrical. Farmers are ouginning to grade them up with Clydes and perchercns, the Clyde grade being considered the best. Sheep are of an altogether nondescript, breed, and stand much in need of grading up. Piga are excellent sorts, and are fed to great weight, indeed it has been forcod upon me from what I have seen of Canadian \ ' r breeding and feeding that old country farmers might well take a lesson from their Canadian cousins in this line of business. Attached to every farm is a systematic and well laid out orchard of fruit trees and bushes, which are said to yield a prodigious crop, up to the value of £40 or £50 per acre, and from what I saw I can well bidieve it, for to my eyes the trees appeared literally laden with fruit. The area of lanil in the island capable of being v.u'ti/ated i? not by any means extensive, neither is' em t.) me to be of such a deep, rich texture •\. >. *i* hioh ' ^.lve already described on tho main- tev;v Wt, tb. ;v^at bulk of tl-.e =oi! being of aharp Jwit' M'"- 5* gravelly siibeod, is well adapted to ■^k'd . vfci id and gratefi',. ■ "joBiie to the Abundant Rainfall which prevalla there. As the avatem nf alternate huabandry provid>-a abundance of food for the house feeding of atnok during winter, a goo 1 aupiily of farmvnnl manure U made and oar.rfully applied to the lanil, whioli keeps It In icean. Its situation to the New World bean n iricU resemblance to the situation of Great Drilaiii to tho Old World, It lies in just about the aamo latitude, and juat aa the climate of Qroat Uritai.i ia tempered by the warm waves of tho (Julf Stream, so is it tempered by tho warm waves of the Japanese current. It.< whole outline is boldly picturesque and beautifully diversiHud by mountain precipices, hills, dales, and lakes. It is in general thickly wooded, but many open grassy plains occur well fitted for cultivation an I piisture. There aro no rivers of any consequence but springs are abundant, and these forming into small streamlets, trickle down the mountain side and water the valleys below. Coal of very good quality is abundant, and tho mines of Naiiaimo give employment to great numbers of workpeople, these mines being tho chief source of the conl supply for the mainland as well as for the numerous steam vessels which ply on the I'aoiflo. Owing to the greatinflux of China- men to all the AVcstern States and provinces of America, labourers arc abundant and easily pro- cured. It seems somewhat strange that none oF these Chinamen ever think of settling upon the land, or of making for themselves a permanent home, their who'e aim being to work for wages, and earn as much as will be sufficient to maintain them. When they go back to their own country they arc parsimonious and thrifty, and live very cheaply, a small difh of coarse rice or paddy, as it is called, being considered by tlioin ft luxurious diet. No old men are to be seen Among the Chinamen, all going home after being a certain length of time in the country. Kven the bones of tliose who die are exhumed r'.T V im.' e; J sent back t' China for burial. They i.nj .» liuiinutive, puny lookinj; race, but are •aiil to .j »■•: , and stead; u'. to those acous' f "i vrpsi.; •■. gang of Sootcli or English nav\,,i, i : ....ig their backs to their short- handled shovels, and going at their work with energy and will, tlie sight of a gang of Chinese navvies, with their long-handled shovels, and up- right backs, has a rather slovenly and off-putting appearance. Indeed, white labourers arcs always preferred, and rated accordingly, the average rate of farm labourers' wages being, for white, 48 per day, with boanl, and Chinese tlie same money, without board. Ijarge numbers of Chinamen are omploycd as iaundrymen, at whioh business they are said to be adepts, and do tha work very cheaply. Any sbirta whioh I got washed wbeii out ufaU •Titem nf aUfrntte if fond for tlis liouM » Hool Dupiilv of ari'fully ■pplltd to (0()i! hoArt Bill gooil ;atly ohligeil to Mr , ho »c!onmii«nleil tmiiiater to Vintorm 1 me witli relisl>l« laii'l lit the iliatrict tell or twulrw mili'ii clenring and fair iiig ami fenoiiiK) M £)) per ftorc. Noiirer d uiiimpriived land is wortli f lOO (1^)) laiidH ^uiiiiniirovod) tlio oity aie wurtli The iHlnnd ia aliuiit I 30 to 60 iniluH ill le western shores uf ific Ocean. )rld hcaii ft (;!i'.'\t if Great licilaiii to »t Rboiit thn same ;o of Uieat liritai.i )f the (Jiilf Stream, iveauf the Japanmii boldly pioturesque louiitalii preoipioos, ill geiiurni thickly r plaiiH occur well ire. There are no iriiigD arealiiiiidant, utreainlctH, trickle water the vallcyn ty Ih abundant, mid iployment to great minen beioft tliu for the mainland nn n vessels which ply reat influx of Ghiiiii- 8 and provinces id nt and easily pin- trango that none of settling upon the lelve.i a permanent work for wages, nnil it to maintain them, 'n country they arc live very cheaply, a ildy, as it U calleil, irioits diet. No old lamen, rtain length of time les of those who die sent baok t' China utive, puny looking ^nd stead; u'. to ang of Scotch or lacks to their short- t their work witli a gang of Chinese id shovels, and up- ily and off-putting bourers arc always r, the average rate I for white, 48 per the same money, s of Chinamen are hiuU business tiiey do the work very t washed when out 1 Spffial AijricuUwal Cummisiioner to North Amrica. M West wore dune by Chinamen, the ebarg* hi ,„^ 10 cent* a shirt. I made inquiry into the coit of eluthlng on the ^'eit Coast, but as the [irioe of ■uitiiig varies eon Irrably according to the jiiiilify of oliitli chiwen it would be invidious to nive any averatri as to the oust of a suit. Hnwev^.r, as a general rule it may be stated that w.«,ll ii goodi are from 25 per cent, to M) per cent, denrii an at home J cotton goods, off and on, about tb«' name as at home ; and bouts nnd hIiocs 30 per cent, dearor. AGUICULTUllAL I'KHTS BUITISII COLUMBIA. OF A OOOD SUPPLY OP VENISON. .'UriUAMES ^MONG LIVE STOCK AND PLANTS. AN ESTLMATE OF THE FARMERS' POSITION. (Prom the Dundee Courier of Ootoher S4. ) Mr Osier, the Courier') Agrioiiltural Commis- sioner to Amei ion, writes ;—Haung dwelt at coii- sidoriible length on the amenities and advantages of Uritish (.'olumbia Rnllowef such a gonial pro- ler natural facilities ; >f the wild animal pest, and of Great Britain. other plant diseases 1 ours, or even mote «o, of UB in having the igating into the caunea ing the means of pre- uable it would be to us d adopt some such Ivantage of us in the iing that Government uction — a measure we Her cattle ate very Dcing subject to no in- id, indeed, to no other ining. AVilil animals i with our countt]', but encouraged by liberal I and as the province animals be extirpated •untains, and give the then, the Province of Island of Vancouver, oubles as a whole, the ■anoe of those of Great nuch, if any, worse, it I and Opinion er to continue as large [1 become small pro- required to jtock and here, would puiclmse 1 theie, and as I have Iciously laid out and ig in as much money 1 liere, and dispose of ir. TH-WEST UIES. CTIVE WHEAT er of October 51.) Agricultural (Jommi»- laving in mv last four isively with British lard, i wiii r.ow leave ean, and, commencing , will ask my readers I ;ne over the Kocky Special Agricultural Commissioner to North Amei tea. 27 Mountains. Amongst their eastern slopes we will for some time to come roam in fancy over the almost boundless prairies, broken only in their monotony by an occasional bluff or summer-dried coolie, and until not many years ago the unin- vaded hunting grounds of the uncivilised red men and the home of the wild bison, or Ameri- can buffalo the latter now altogether extinct, and only telling the tale of their recent existence by their trails and wallows, which are yet everywhere visible on the green award, and by their bones, which meet the eye of the traveller on every hand, blenching in the sun, and the former, judging by statistics, fast following in their wake to be also soon an extinct race. If any one will turn up a map of North America printed about the beginning of the present century, they will observe a vast portion in the middle of that Continent lying north towards the Arctic Seas marked unknown, and it is this great district, then scarcely known to Europeans, and now known «s the north-west territories of British America, that we have to deal with. These territories are boundoil on the west by the watershed of tlie Kocky Mountains, which divide them from the province of British Columbia, on the south by the international boundary lino, which divides them from the United States, on the north by the waters of the Arctic Seas and Hudson's l>ay, nnd on the east by the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. But though adjoining to, and indeed bounded by the two latter named provinces, yet they are separated from them by a vast extent of torest lands, which for many years proved an insuperable barrier to the westward march of the white men, the first British subjects to penetrate Hie north-west prov noes, having reached them by way of Hudson's Bay. This great extent of forest lands was for long known ns The Back Woods of America, and extend from the north shores of Lake Superior to the Arctic Seas, with an average breadth of 800 or 1000 miles, and it is from the western boundary of this great forest, and from that to the Rocky Mountains, that tlie north-west provinces of British America are situated. They S2"n?i" *''® Pro^'inces of Manitoba, with an area of 73,956 square miles; Asainiboia, 89,535 square miles; i^T^no""' 282,(100 square miles; Saskatchewan 107,002 square miles; Alberta, 106,100 square miles; and Athabaska, 10-1,500 square miles, or all oomliined nearly nine times the size of i.ngland and Scotland put together. Keewatin and Athabaska lie far to the north, and are becoming famous for the richness of their mines, and also supporting a large population of Indians and half- bteeds 111 hunting for fur-bearing animals ; but as these distriols are as yet bevond the scope of present cultivation, my investigations did not lead me in their direction, my travels being directed through the provinces of Manitoba, Assiniboia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, all these being situated within what IS known as the great productive wheat belt. rUe whole country is surveyed and divided into Townships, »".«., a tract of country six miles square, containing * sections of one square mile each. These sections are all numbered consecutively from 1 to 30, and tor the convenience of settlers each section is sub- divide.! into ouartcr sections of 100 acres each. Sections 11 and 29 in each township are set aside are set apart for sale. For twenty-four miles along each side of the great lines of railroads the odd numbered sections have been granted to the railway companies as inducements to them to extend their lines into hitherto unsettled districts, and in such cases tP'e lands are usually offered to the public at reasonable rates. Free homesteads of 160aore« I 1 ering and mining it two years two new nstruoted, and con- station at the town, irtli to Edmonton River; the other ranching and Uthe- \t the United States coal is also obtaineil ro, situated In the 1, the whole district iw mines are in lue Large lumbering in- i in the district, and ve operation in the iply of sawn timber, louse-building pur- and other necessary Inch the timber is in the Rocky 3, and floated down to or three hundred ire of brick. There iwu, and the bricks A good many of ite a large number liinh are handsome distance from the ibli.ihment and re- reoted, and thence itor cars by railway twards through the ;owns. To the west, *n, are the Rocky iwe-inspiring, and Dtween these moun- oothills, extending r a distance of 500 f 100 miles. The ith numerous belts lb, affording good umerable rills and lie mountains, com- I of the American and now re-echo herd and bleating r eastward journey we resolved to lie over for a day or two on purpose to inspect the numerous ranches of cattle and horses in the surrounding district Having made our arrangements before retiring for the night, next morning a police waggon, drawn by a pair of spanking bronchos, and driver, bv a mounted police- man in scarlet uniform, drove up to the door of the hotel. Accompanied by Mr Tliomson, homestead inspector, an guide, we were driven away in the directioa of The Raoches, which lie between the i3ow and the Elbow. The day was splendid, although somewhat hot, the temperature at mid-day being 105 in the shade. Nevertheless the air was exhilarating and bracing, so that we felt no discomfort, it boing entirely devoid of that heavy sultry feeling which makes a much lower heat in the old country so ill to bear. The soil for some distance around the town is thin and barren, with many stones of a whiteish colour lying about and protruding from the surface, and appearances would indicate that at some previous period inundations from the adjoining river had washed away the soil and left it bare and unpro- ductive. Soon we reach higher ground and the soil becomes better, being covered at this season of the year with a pretty abundant vegetation of prairie grass, all brown and withered to the con- sistency of well cured hay, which i)rovidea a good nutritious bite for the numerous herds of cattle and horses which we see everywhere around here. On the higher grounds, which we soon reach, there isagreat •carcity of water, and not many cattle are to be seen, but bands of horses, each numbering manv hundreds, are frequently seen. Horses can travel much farther to water than cattle can, and cover a much more extensive area of country in search of their food. Uye-and-bye we come in sight of Elbow Park Ranch, and are passed by Mr Robinson, the proprietor, who has been at Calgary on business, and IB driving at a great pace a splendid trotting broncho stallion in his buck board. A word or two m passing, and we got a cordial invitation to pay him a visit. AVe followed on o.s hard as we were able, but though our redcoeted driver plied the whip with a willing hand, we were soon left far behind. Elbow Park Ranch lies along the north bank of the Elbow River, which separates it from the Saroe reservation of Indians on the south side. Mr Robinson reports the Indians as quiet inoffensive neighbours. The Ranch IS suiiilivided into large fields well-fenced, several of which are ploughed and seeded with oats, but as the district we are now in lies far up amongst the Foothills, grain seldom ripens, and is cut green for winter teed for stock, natural hay not being abundant here. Mr Ro.ninson keeps about SCO horses on Elbow Park Ranch, and 1000 cattle on another ranch twelve miles farther up the Foothills. H0H8B RANCH t.tfO. His oatUe are shorthorn grades, which do well. Ho thinks, however, that they grow rather too much to bone, and to obviate this he intends to use Here- ford bulls, which hs believes will breed animals with a finer quality of bone, and more easily fed. His mares are mostly of the broncho breed, with a number of Ontario Clydes amongst them. He has four entire stud horses just now, which are kept in loose boxes same as at home. One is an old roaii- coloured Shire, which has doce good service, and left his mark on the stud. Another is a four-year- old pure-bred Clydesdale by Urd Erskine out of a Prince of Wales mare. This animal Is said to be own brother to Lord Ailsa. He is a very goud specimen of the breeil, and is offering to breed well. The third is a pure English thoroughbred, and the fourth is a grade between a broncho and n thoroughbred, the latter being famed forgetting fast-trotting roadsters. Mr Robinson has a good deal of housing about his premises, but only sufficient to house the winter-calved cows and weaklings. The whole herd of cattle and horses are wintered outside, being supplied in stress of weather with rations of oaten hay. Mr Rubinson's death-rate among cattle is very low. Last year it was as low as 4 per cent. He is quite sure No Pleuro-Pneumonia exists in the province, and says th»tthe at-.iosphera is so pure and dry that no lung disease of any de- scription could bo contracted, and that broken- winded horses brought from the eastern provinces, and let loose upon the prairie, soon recover, and become all right. Steers are kept to four years of age, and run from 1400 to 1700 lbs. on the hoof, and generally sell at SJ cents per lb., or from £10 to £13 per head. To send live cattle from here to Montreal costs $12 (equal to £2 10s) per head, and from here to Vancouver, on the west coast, costs 815 (equal to £3 )per head. Thus to bring oxen from (Jalgary to Glasgow would cost from £5 10s to £6 per head. Superior, well graded, good sized team horses bring from £15 to £25 each, and ordinary small-sized cayeuse or ponies bring from £5 to £10 each. Having been invited by Mr Robinson to enter his domicile, we were shown the pedigrees of several of his Clydesdale horses. The documents signed by Mr MacNeilage, Glasgow, testified to their being (genuine. After getting some valuable information as to the ranch- ing business of the country generally, and being treated to a libation of mountain dew from the old country, we bade him a reluctant goodbye, and went away to inspect several other ranches in the same district, a dcrcription of which will form the subject of my next letter. VISIT TO A KINOARDINEbHIRE MAN. A FAKMER'S DAIRY. THE HOUSING OF LIVE STOCK. A NOVEL ME I'HOD OF FENCING. AGRICULTURAL PESTS. (From the Dundee Courier of November 21. ) _ Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis* sioner to America, writes :— Continuing our drive from Elbow Park Ranch, our next halt was at the ranch of Mr M'Pherson, a Scotsman from Banchory, Kincardineshire. Mr M'Pherson is a man ieil luau wiiose wife(a.Sootawoman), threesturdy sons, and a daughter all reside wiih him on the ranch. Ho came to America in 1856, located in Ontario for a number of years, and came west to 8S Report! of the Dundee Courier's i Calgary some yearg ago. He keeps about a noore of graded shorthorn oowi and their followeri. His wife guperintenda the dairy and makes butter for the Calgary market, the price for which runs from 101 to 15d per lb. Two-year-old steers sell up to an each. Mr M'Pherson has very good housing acoammodation, and puts up his cattle in bad weather, feeding them with oaten hay and prairie hay, of which he is careful always to have a good supply. He keeps two Clydesdale" horses— at least, he calls them C'lydes, although I am doubtful of their purity, they being only middling sorts. His sons travel them through the district in the season, the fees cliarged being from £2 10s to £3 per foal, nothing being charged if tliere is no foal. He says they are badly bothered with timber wolves, which destroy quite a number of calves. Prairie wolves, or coyotes, are numerous, but do no harm, except oc- casionally amongst poultry. Near here is A Cheese Factory where a man and a boy are employed. The man attends to the working of the dairy, and the boy drives round with a waggon each morning, taking up the cans of milk from the farmers, and deliver- ing them at the dairy, and taking back to them the whey and other byo products of the milk. Each consigner's milk is weighed on arrival at the dairy, and a careful record kept. The dairy is managed by a Committee of farmers in the district, who sell the clieese and diviile the proceeds amongst the consigners, according to the quantity of milk de- livered. The charge for working the dairy is Id per lb. of cheese made. The average price of cheese at Calgary for the past few years has been fijd per lb. Our next visit was to Mr CuUen, Sprin^bank, the place taking its name from a good cool, natural spring of water, which rises at the foot of a bank a little way below the house. He keeps a good herd of shorthorn cattle, which he sells at two years of age fat, Renerally killing them himself, and selling the dressed carcase. Tlie average weight is 760 lbs., tlie price usually obtained being 2id per lb., or £8 per head. He grows oaten hav, and feeds his stock liberally dur- ing winter. He has extensive housing, and keeps his cattle in during bad weather, maintaining that all ranchers ought to be compelled To Shelter Their Cattle. His houses are built of great trees laid upon each other, and notched at the corners, poles being laid across tho roofs, and the whole being covered with a certain thickness of straw, and clayed over. This makes a somewhat uncouth but perfectly com- fortable domicile for stock. He keeps a good number of Berkshire pigs, splendid sorts, which have the run of a paddock with water, and are fed with grain and skim milk. His "vife manufactures large quantities of butter, which sells freely at lOd to Is 3d per lb. We had tea here, and I can vouch for the excellent quality and sweetness of the butter. I was surprieed to find it so firm with the temperature approaching 110 degrees in the shade, but got my eyes opened in an unexpected manner. The supply of butter on the table being somewhat short, Mis Cn'len asked her son to replenish the dish. He shovjd back his chair, and, lifting a trap door in the floor right beneatn his chair, went down a B air to a cellar and brought up an ample supply of firm, cool, delio'ous butter. During summer this cellar is useful as a cold storage, and in winter potatoes snd other commodities perishable by frost are placed. Mrs Cul.en, like all othur ranchers' wives, bakes all her own bread, and it was as good and palatable as tiiough the loaves iiad come from the hands of a jiractical baker. She says that owing to the nutritive qualities of the prairie grass the Milk is Much Bicher in butter fat than it is farther east the country, and that 21 lbs. milk will make 1 lb. butter whereas it requires 28 lbs. milk in Ontario. The land here is mostly all sold or taken up by settlers, bat several of them would sell out if they got suitable offers. One farmer I met has 640 acres well fenced and partly broken, with good house, barn, and stable. He would sell at SIO or £2 per acre. He has also 640 acres pre-empted alongside, unhroken and un- fenced, which could bo purchased at 12i per acre. This land is quite an average of the soil of the locality. The district being situated within easy reach of the Rocky Mountains, where nbundaiiceof timber can bo got for the cutting down and hauling, the fencing of the fields has been well attended to, all the ranches in the district being well enclosed. The fencing is of a kind not often seen farther east. Two posts about 5 feet long are crossed within 6 inches of the top, notched, and bolted together. The posts are not driven into the ground, but merely set on the surface, quick rotting being thus obviated. Strong logs 15 feet long are set into the cross on top, and form the upper rail of the fence, three or four other logs being nailed down one side of the posts or treaties. Tliis forms a very substantial, durable, and most etBoient fence. The district all around here is terribly Over-run with Gophers. Indeed, to such an extent have they increased that they are looked upon as the worst pest the settlers have to contend against. The gophers are small animals, about the size of a squirrel, of a light colour, and bushy tail, which they carry over their backs just in the manner of a squirrel. These animals burrow in the ground like rabbits, and in- crease with amazing rapidity. Every green blade is a prey to their rapacity, and where they are numerous they eat the grass as bare as a mown lawn, and work immense destruction to cornfields. During the spring months, when food is scarce, and when they will eat anything laid down to them, the settlers destroy them with poisoned grain, the poison being supplied by the Government. All along the way we drove we saw them in myriads, sitting on their hindquarters with their heails erect, and staring at us until we were within a few yards of them, when they would pop into their burrows, and were safe. Hawks and kestrels are their greatest enemies, and on that account these birds are carefully protected. AVe saw A few Babbits in this district. The rabbit seems to be a non> descript sort of animal, having some resemblance to the rabbit, some to the hare, and some to the kangaroo, and having no great resemblance to any of the three. It does not burrow, but will take refuge in a hole if hard pressed. It is about the sizT of our mountain hare, and runs with a sort of leaping, springing motion like the kangaroo. Garter snakes exist in the district, but they are perfectly harmless. I was told there were rattle- snakes, but nobody that I met had ever seen any of them. On the way back to Calgary we came along the ridge of a high mountain bluff, on whiob the grass was rank and uneaten, and were told it was too far from water to be freauented by either cattle or horses during the drought of summer, but that on the arrival of the rainy season, when the slews and coolies '•• uld be filled with water, innumerable herds of horses and cattle would find their way there, and luxuriate upon the rich grass converted on its feet into well-made and nutritive hay. AVe arrived at Calgary about dusk, and although our team of IN Special Agrieultural Commissumer to North Amttica. 33 >icher ist tbe country, and butter whereaN it The land liere is sttlera, but aeveral got luitable offers. 39 well fenced and !, barn, and atable. ere. He haa alao unbroken and lin- ed at 12s per acre, of tbe soil of tlie tuated within easy where nbunilaiiceof ; down and hauling, :n well attended to, eing well enclosed. often seen fartlier t long are crossed lotolied, and bolted t driven into the the surface, quick Strong logs 15 feet top, and form the i or four other logs ^e posts or trestles, durable, and most all around here is phers. they increased that rst pest the settlers gophers are small squirrel, of a light ley carry over tlieir \ squirrel. These ike rabbits, and in- Every green blade nd wliere they are as bare as a mown otion to cornfields. 1 food is scarce, and aid down to them, poisoned grain, the Giovernment, All ' them ill myriads, with their heads were within a few lald pop into their ks and kestrels are that account these iVe saw ;s lems to be a non* ; some resemblance ', and some to the resemblance to any •row, but will take It is about the tins with a sort of :e the kangaroo, riet, but they are there were tattle- kd ever seen any of ;ary we came along luff, on which the and were told to be frequented iring the drought e arrival of the ws and coolies umerable herds of lir way there, and inverted on its feet J, AVe arrived at ragb our team of bronchos had pulled the heavy waggon containing the five of us along Indian trails that never had got tlie slightest shadow of making or repairing for a dis- tance of sixty or seventy miles still they were as froeh and lively as when wo started, and pricked up their ears, and bowled us along without the least sign of fatigue, showing that they are Of Good Bottom, »nd very hardy and durable. They were of the common, rough, scrubby breed, rough in their hind- quarters, and having nothing to admire about them BO far as their symmetry was concerned. Still they would make good, useful cab horae.i, and could be bought in any number at from £10 to £15. Arranging with our driver to hitch up another rig for us on the morrow to drive us to the Macleod ranching district, we retired to our hotel. IN THE MACLEOD RANCHING DISTRICT. INTERESTING EXPEiaENCES. A HORKIBLE INDIAN FESTIVAL. A FINE GRAZING COUNTRY. PROFITABLE DAIIIY FAIiMING AND PIG-KEKPING. AN AWKWARD PRUDICAMENT. (Prom the Dundee Courier of November 33. J Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commissioner to America, writes :-We put up for the night in the principal hotel in Calga.y, and next morning, after getting a sniendid breakfast of porridge and millt— the porridge made out of rolled oats, which we greatly relished— we sauntered along the street to find the Post Office in hopes of getting news from home. Every morning all the time we were away, whatever town we were in, wo did the same, but found to our disappointment and chagrin that letters were like angels' vi-its, few and far be- tween. The morning was fair, but the sun was obscured by a dense haze or mist, and to me it looked 88 if it was going to be a great downpour of ram, but we were told by the people of the place that the daikness proceeded from a hush fire in the mountains, and sure enough we then remem- bered that two days before, when coming east through the Rocky Mountains, we had passed through a great forest of flue timber all ablaze and this was the smoke, more than a hundred miles away, that was enshrouding the district as It in a thick fog. Betimes our red-coated jehu drove up to the door of the hotel, and, our party bemg now augmented by some gentlemen farmers from Ontario, Mr Thomson, homestead inspector. Calgary, also hitched up his team of cayuse in his backboard for our accommodation, and, as it after- wards turned out, it was lucky for us that he did so. Started South in the direction of the Macleod ranching district. and not far from the town we crossed the Elbow Ktver on a substantial wooden bridge. I was seated on the dickey beside the driver, and for a time I must confess I saw very little of the country around, my attention being engrossed with the bad behaviour of our team of bronchos. They had only been r.r,ss .-.r tr-ioe ia harness before, and were a Jt^]^- ?' *!.„'"H' untamed demons as I ever sat behind. They had never been shod, and appeared M tbey had been very little handled. I soon law it was to be a regular flght for mastery between the driver and them, but I saw at the same time that he kept cool and collected, and that he was a stout, resolute young fellow who knew his businesi well. So ho kept them well in hand, and sometimes by coaxing, sometimes by a good an- plication of whipconl, ho managed them admirably. He to d me one of them would make a good horse, h. Jl'" t^'r^u""*? M"®'" '^'"^^' and the soonei he was shot the better, nor would it have taken much to have made him carry out his threat. I knew he had his shooting-irons with him, and I would not have been a bit surprised though he had dropped the savage brute in his mad career. Evi- Jenoe that such things are sometimes done was not awanting,for wo pssed four dead horses by the wayside that mprning. On the way out we root a great number of Indians, who had been at The Annual Sun Dance farther east the country, and were returning to the Saroee Reservation, about 10 miles south-west from Calgary. First came the bucks, riding along ahead like gentlemen. They had neither saddle nor bridle, only a loop of a small rope attached to the nether jaw of the horse, and a piece of skin laid upon the horse's back as a sub/titute for a saddle I observed that they mounted the horse from the opposite side as compared with ourselves. The boys were in charge of the bands of loose horses. They were mounted on horseback, and were armed with short-handled long-thonge'd wh^^^, wMoh they used very dexterously. Last of all came the squaws, who had charge of the camp furniture and papooses, their mode of conveyance being ^h1. „f T"'^- '^""5 P,"'"' ""> """"'""l to both Th« .maii^ horse, and the ends trail far behind. The small ends of the poles are crossed over the hlTJ T^t""^ {^tin^i there, and immediately «SK*f^ •"".';? " hammock or wicker basket i, chMl^^^T n' P^'?"- ^"'° *'»« hammock the ™l.r "^u *'L *,''*,'!■ ""^•'^'^ possession, are Q.. . 7*" °i'i,»«'l«'«,*ere seate ""y amount o work and hardship. They are of all shades of colour -blacks, browns, greys, sorrels, chestnuts, and cream-cooured. Cream or lavender is the favourite; but chestnut is the most common. ""-"e, -The Indian sun dance is a horrible annual festival, and as I had a description of it from an eye-witness a recital of it will not be uninteresting It takes place about the end of June or the ^nTfZ^^°^ July, when the whole Indians, male arf»,«,f f '';.,'°',*""'"'y °' *^"^' """e" round, gather to the place appointed, and pitch theii camps in the vicin ty. First a hole is ^dug in the ground then the largest tree to be found within «n7n?."'!;"?''it'"" ^"V' hauled, and the stump end placed m the orniind. a.^ «..» .ji _• " • Torn' rbl«T"'»h"",''"' """ »'"'^*8«''>'^"d^ strunir Th-^ h" ''^^f «entre-po8t rafters are Jii^.i" . /'•*" th« whole is covered with green foliage, a large doorway being left open on the east it; If? Ill 84 Reportt of the Dundee Courier'a Hide facing tiie sun. VVIien tliey are engitKeil hauling the treet to the nun lodge, three or four well-mounted buolc« will drop their lariats over thf ----- .....»«wu wHWMa »»,«» uiUU bUOll IHIlttMl UVtjr 6IIP Btiimp end, tho other end of the rope beinh Bttaohed to the horses' weatherlook. Then off they go, legs going, arniR flying, laughing, shout- ing, and yelling, followed by a number of others, who discharge numerous shots among tho leaves of the fallen tree and in the air to drive away tho devil. The First Fart of the Dance is the presenting of six virgins by the head chief to the sun as a token of the moral standing of the tribe. Then follows the making of braveH, only one being made at a time. He, by a pre-arrangeJ plan, finds his way to a place at the west sidB of the tepee, ocoupied by the meilicine men, who perform the transformation act. While this is going on tliey are hidden from view. Suddenly the candidate for honours appears on the scene, a most perfect demon painted most hideously. Kach aspirant wears different colours, and is almost nude. On either aide of the breast can be seen two cuts, with blood oozing therefrom, Through these a skewer is passed, and between the shoulder blades a similar cut and skewer are seen. From the centre pole hang two light ropes, generally strips of untanned hide, a loop at the end of each. These loops are placed over the skewers on the breast, and a large turtle shell is hung by a cord from the skewer on the back. A whistle is then placed in his mouth, and the tom- toms strike up a hideous kind of musio. Then the young man's father, friend, or relative steps for- ward, and every sound is silenced when he, in a continued flow of native eloquence, rektes much of the young man's past, predicts his future, tells of his brave ancestors and their deeds, and ends by Calling upon the Qreat Spirit to protect him always. And now the real business begins. The tom-toms again strike up, the can- didate keeping time to them with the whistle in his mouth, and beating time with his feet. He gradually creeps closer to the centre pole, and, bending him- self back till his body reaches an angle of 45 degrees, the whole weight being now supported by the particles of skin under which the skewers pass, he, hopping up and down to the time of the tom-toms, moves along in a quarter circle. The skin on the breast is now stretched away from the flesh like a piece of elastic, and on he goes bobbing and whistling, when suddenly the skin on the breast gives way, and down he falls, but suddenly springs to his feet like ft jumping deer, and stalks majestically away, and takes his place among the fighting men of his nation. Only those who succe.ssf ully pass through this ordeal can take a place among the braves. Should they fail or faint they are squaws, and not considered fltto associate withthemenof the council. All this time we have been bowling southwards at a great pace, up and down, over the east and west spurs of the Foothills. There arc big ranches here, and all along the way is a fine grazing country, and one which affords almost perfect shelter for stock in the winter season, for, no matter which direction the wind blows from, it is an easy matter to find a lea corner behind the rugged rises or amongst the numerous clumps of wood which everywhere abound. Water is also plentiful, for in the hollow of every valley between the ridges is a stream or creek which, taking its rise in the Rocky Mountains, has an everlasting supply, even in the driest summers, from the melting of the snow. Generally speaking, thsrs is not mwcli CHlfivated land afuund here, and on a ranch proper the plough ia aeldom put intA requisition, but on Dairy Farms, a great many of which we pass, where, from twenty to thirty cows, with their rolloweri are kept, a good extent of land around the home- stead is cropped, generally with oats. The altitude is, however, so high— 3500 feet above the level of the sea — that the ripening of tho grain is very pr«. carious, and no dependence is placed on it as a marketable commodity. Auy grain that is reaped is gristed and fed to the pigs, and, along witli the skim milk, make-i splendid hogs, averaging from 20 to 30 stones per dressed carcase, and selling at 3Jd to 4d per lb. Thus, the feeding of pigs is very re- munerative, and from fifty to a hundred are kept upon every farm. The great bulk of the crop is, however, out green, and converted into oaten hay, which makes good winter feeding for the dairy cows. The dairy industry, too, pays very well, for, oonsiiloring that the land is obtained or held for little or nothing, and considering also that from JOd to 15d per lb. is reailily obtained for the butter (quite as much as at home), and fijd for cheese, such an industry must be far more profitable than in liritain, where high rents have to be paid for the land, and the cost ot working is very much greater. Continuing our drive through scenes of this kind, we reach the open prairie, wliero no cultivation Is to be seen, and where houses or homesteads are from six to ten miles apart. The whole district is One Unbroken Expanse of grass and flowers, with an occasional patch of low icrub, composed of .Saskatoon bushes, on which a most delicious fruit, about the size of a gooseberry, called the Saskatoon berry, grows in great plenty. This is the berry which the Indians mix amongst their lounded meat in the making of pemmican, and which gives the compound such a delicious flavour. The vegetation is mostly com- posed of buffalo and bunch grass, which affords very nutritive feeding to the numerous large bands of horses and cattle which we see all round here. Traces of the extinct buffaloes are seen on every hand, trails deeply indented in the surface— just like sheep walks on our home pastures— all leading in the direction of watering- places, to which the buffaloes had wended their way in Indian file to quench their thirst. Numerous buffalo wallows, where the bulls had, in their play- ful moods, scooped out circular hollows with their fore feet and horns, and numerous skeletons lying where they had fallen victims to the muiderous rifles of the Indian hunters, shot down in thousands for the sake of their skins, all testify to the vast numbers in which these bovines had existed at no distant date, although the place that knew them now knows them no more. We were now out of sight of all human habitation, and speeding at a great rate along a declivity where there was no trace of a roadway or trail. Just as we had descended the north bank of a summer dried coolie, and had struck the ascent of the southern bank, the spokes of one of the wheels of Our Ohar-a-banc Collapsed like the ribs of an umbrella in a gale of wind, and we were all thrown out upon the grass. Hastily picking ourselves up, feeling ourselves all over to ascertain if any bones were broken, and being satis- fied that no personal damage had been sustained, we burst into a hearty laugh at the somewhat awkward predicament we were in. No house was within sight, we did not know where to find one, and our hotel was 35 miles behind us. We all con- cluded, therefore, that we were in for a night's camping out, which, so far a» Uie weather was con- cerned, would have been no great hardship. But unfortunately we law more serious troubles in — ^ Special .'1 i;rieuUural Commissioner to North America. 80 , where, perhapt, li their followers iround the home- >ati. The altitude bove the level o( ftrnin ii Tery pre- ^Isoeil on it as a >in that is reaped 1, along witii the averaging from 20 inil selling nt SJcl of pigs in very re- lumlred are kept lie uf the crop is, 1 into oaten hay, ng for the dairy pays Tery well, obtained or held ing niso that from leil for the batter SJil for cheese, e profitable than to be paid for the !ry much greater, nes of this kind, no cultivation is ' homesteads are whole district is lanse msional patch of toon bushes, on )ut the size of a berry, grows in 'hich the lodians in the making of lompound Buoh a I is mostly oom- 18, which affords numerous large which we see extinct buffaloes ioply indented in Its on our home tion of watering- td wended their ihirst. Numerous Etd, in their play- jIIows with their a xkeletous lying 9 the muiderous }wn in thousands istify to the vast lad existed at no tliat knew them were now out of ^d speeding at a here was no trace 3 had descended coolie, and had bank, the spokes lapsed le of wind, and grass. Hastily tlves all over to , end being satis- been sustained, t the somewhat No house was 9re to find one, us. We all con- in for a night's /eaiiier was con- hardship. But ious troubles io store. We had no provisions with us, except, mdecd, a small refection of the liquid element wliloh experience had taught us never to be with- ^fl'il"1I:'.'",'V,''°""'*'''»°' •'«> '"»'• eff«o'» of the alkali with which the drinking water was generally impregnated. Worse than all, the mosquitoes were Ik^l"* u"* """'' aHsiiluons attentions, ho much so, tbat It became a matter for calculation how much of us wou d be left if we werj to be food for them for a whole niglit. However, we resolved to make tne best of a bad bargain, and how we got out of tiic fix will be related in my next letter. A VISIT TO Qn()RN RANCHE. COW-BREAKINolixPERIENOES. A "ROUND UP." THE COWBOYS OF CANADA. (Prom the Dundee Courier of December 5.) BIr Osier, the Courier'i Agricultural Commissioner to America, writes :-In my last letter I finished by relating the breakdown of our conveyance out on the prairie far away from any human habitation, 35 miles south from the town of Calgary, amongst the foot hills of the Rooky Mouniiains, aiid how we ex- pected we would have to cam)) out all night. We were holding a pow-wow amongst ourselves as to what we were to do, when Mr Thomson, homestead in«)eotor, drove up, and look us out of our difficulty. He had his buokboard (* four-wheeled machine to carry two persons), to which was hitched a team of hardy chestnut oayuse. He informed us that yuorn Ranohe was not very far away, but that a river (Sheep Creek) lay between us and it, and he advised that we should all proceed in the direction of tlie ford, and ho would ferry us over one by one with his buokboard. Ho asked me to jump up beside him, telling the others to follow in his trail, the maiks of the wheels being easily discernible amongst the rank grass. Acoordinglv I was set down on the south side of the river, and ne turned back to do the same service to the others. I got upon a trail, and followed ii; on alone until I oame to Quom Bancho. On approaching the buildings the first thing that attracted my attention was a stalwart, good-lookine vouug fellow 6 feet 2 inches at lea'st. quenchiij his thirst at a pump which stood in the yard 1 hirst 18 contagious (at least I believe so), and step, ping up to him I asked if the water was good, and got the answer, "Very weak, sir, very weak." 1 sai.l that might be amended by-and-by, but I was sorry I did not have my pocket pistol with me just then. I gave him my card, and we got into conversation, when he told me that he was the grandson of an Irish Baronet whose name I am not at liberty to mention, and that he had friends in I'orfarshire in good positions, to whom he asked me to present his compliments on the first opportunity IJick was very pleased to see a Scotsman, and in tlie absence of the manager did all he could to show me ranche life. He and another man were engaged Breaking in a Cow, and a most laughable farce it was. The milk on the ranclie had run short, and a cow that was suckling a ca f, and had never been handled before, was brought into the carrol. When I arrived she was jammed up between a wall and a big gate or door and they were busy buckling; hobbles upon her fset' Her four feet were'then strapped sooloseiy toKether as would just allow her to take short sttops, but be unable to run. Two lariats were then thrown over posit on. Uick walked before with the end of one KoV? i'" .'!", '*"'^' *"'• *'•« "*''" m»n walked be liiid and held on by the other lariat. Then Dick ed her forward, and when she attempted to go too fast the other man hold her back, and she had rather a bad time of it between the two. She was awfully fierce, and struggled and bellowed most desperatB ly, pawing up the soil with her forefeet, aiiil even lying down in her endeavours to get free. Often she attempted to clisrge her guards, hut her every movement was watched and checked, and she had to submit. After a time they led her into the byre, where she was tied up and given Her First Milking Lesson, the hobbles preventing her from kicking the operator. Half-a-dozen big, powerful hounds wers lying about the premises ; they were of a grizzled grey colour, quite as tall as staghounds, but double their weight. They are kept for the purpose of hunting down the timber wolves which come from the mountains in great numbers, and would do a vast amount of damage amongst the stock if not scared and kept back by the hounds. Bears some- times oome down from the mountains, and the hounds are sent after them, hut, strong though they be, they are no match for Bruin, and one stroke from his powerful paw would kill the beat of tliem. They are therefore taught not to attack hira in front, but to molest him in the rear by biting his heels, which causes him to turn in self- (leteiice, and by this means he is detained until the cowboys come up and despatch him with rifles. 1 hero are 96,000 acres of land upon Quom Hancho, which IS leased from the Canadian Government at A Halfpenny per Acre. The stock consists of 1200 horses and 2000 cattle. When stocking the ranohe the company purchased and imported .^00 good upstanding carriage marea froni Ireland, and purchased, regardless of cost, ten fir-t-class thoroughbred stallions from EnKlancL Ihe stallions are kept in loose boxes same as at home, aiid are well fed and attended to, a thoroughly practical English groom having been engaged and taken out to superintend these duties, ihe horses were all shown out to us, and I admired them very much. "Eagle's Plume" is considered the best. He is breeding remarkably well, and his offspring, both male and female, are greatly in demand for breeding purposes. When his services are let a fee of 8100 is charged. " Acrostic" is al.o a splendid sire. He was imported from England in 1884 after winning the Ascot Hunt Cup. But it is invidious to individualise where all are so good, buoh excellent parents cannot fail to breed well and the colts of the Quom Kanche are fast becom- ing famous throughout Canada, and at the j mual draught sales are much on demand. A great many of them go for remounts to the Mounted Police the average price at four years of age being £25 Mr Thomson volunteered to drive ma over the ranohe, and, Dick having saddled and mounted his bucking broncho, we sallied out for A Round-Up. We passed through some beautiful glens of really excellent pasture. It was brown and withered to besure, as all the grass on the prairie is at this season of the year, nevertheless it was plentiful and nutritious as the horses, with their sleek, glossy coats, and actually rolling in fat, and the cattle, all thick fat amply testified. The sward is composed of buffa and bunch grass, both very nutritious and Weil mixca with pea-viue, a herb somtthinK like our Scotch tare, with leaves and pods almo"? Ivu':, J' l' * '****• nutrit'ou* plant, much relished by horses, and of exoelfont feeding 1= 30 Reports of the Dundee Couriet'i quklitloi, After proceeding lome mllei Diok lave ft tibrill whistle, upon whioli two mounted cowbuyH made their appearanoe from a clump of wood about a mile distant. He Hignalled lomu instructions to them, when they again disappeared, and shortly afterwards a great mottled Band of Horned Cattle eame in sight, descending from the crest of a bluff far away on tlie right. We drove on to meet them, when Dick displayed some splendid horsemaniihip in rounding them up, hU long whip wi;;li a terrible crack swishing along the siiles of any obatreperouH buUook that tried to break away from the band. At last they stood in a bunch, perfectly subdued and quiet, but they had an uniiettled glitter in their eyes and a wilcl, untamed look about them, which intimated tliat they were ready to make a stampede on the slightest opportunity. There were three hundred four-year-old beef steers in the band — big, ■trong, thiok-flcshod animals, a littlo rough in the bone perhaps, and not exactly the kind that would sell at the highest price per hundredweight here, yet withal good fleshers' beasts, the majority of them showing evident signs of careful grading up. They were all shorthorn grades, or Durhams, as they are called out West. According to my judg- ment, they would weigh about 12 owt. on the hoof, and tliey were sold the day before I was there at £8 sterling per head. Fourteen cowboys are kept on the ranohe during summer and ven during winter. Cowboys they are called, but if these are The "Boys" of Canada I wonder what like they will be when they are men — six feet every one of them, with great develop- ment of bone and muscle, hardy, active, young fellows all, and, oh ! such splendid riders. This is the clafB of men from which Buffalo Bill picked his Broncho Busters who so astonished the natives of this country some two years ago, and how different they are from the befringed and long- haired genus whioh we have so often read about. .. :^^'J^^ ■';;< ;.<7S9r^Z'" A "BBONOHO buster" BIDINa A BUOKINO HOBBB. Why, these fellows have actually linen collars, and clean ones, too, peeping out from above their lumpers I They wear blue overall breeches and blue jumpers, and the onlv signs that betray their occupation arc the big felt lints, and the lariats hanging in a neat coil from their big saddles. Speaking about bucking horses, it is a remarkable fact that all the native hcises contract this vicious habit, and even the offspring of imported horsep, if brought up on the prairie, are all more or leu addicted to it. When going at full tipued they will stop all of a sudden, with their forefeet flrmly planted before them, head down, and back arched. Then they will leap up with all fours off the ground, with their back arched and rigid, and their heads almost touching the ground, and unless the rider have a thoroughly secure seat be is sure to be thrown. Ho thoroughly secure, however, are these cowboys' seats ia the saddle, and so excellent hursumen are they, that the wil-Iest horse on earth cannot pitch them off, and thnso broncho busters are never more at home or more in their element than when mounted ou the back of one of those vicious bucking bronchos. MORE ABOUT RANCKiNG. «' POT LUCK" AMONG THE COWBOYS HOW SOME RANCHES ARE MANAGED. CANADIANS AS CATTLE-BREEDERS. (Frovi the Dundee Courier of December IS.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writea :— The cowb' v" on Quoin Ranohe are paid an average rate of £6 p<.: month, with rations. The value of the rations in not e'Nsily computed, but from wiial I caw I have reason to believe they live on the best the land can produce. They had no idea that we were to pay them a visit, and were in no way pre- pared for us, but axked us in to '■yta share of their dinner. We therefore got " pot-luck " as it were, and a better spread table no one need desire to sit down to, a whole leg of a heavy, well-fed calf being roasted, followed by rich, delicious puddings and fruit. A special cook from England is engaged. He is a married man, and in conversation with his wife, who sat at table with us, she told me she had not seen another woman for two yca;s. There is a good deal of carrol accommodation about the ranche, and a few sheds, but the sliedding is only meant for a few exceptional animals such as milch oowB, broken horses, and weaklings of either species, so that the whole herd of cattle and horses may be said to be Wintered Outside. It is said that, owing to the warm chinook winds from the Pacific coast, the snows never lie deep, and that stock have never any difficulty of obtain- ing tlieir food ; but, even granting this to be the case, I hold it is downright cruelty to animalsto keep them outside with the thermometer often- times down as far as 30 degrees below zero, and I am sure the death-rate would be considerably r6MUC6d TfrFS rit?,t--rr pr->Vi06.» .tttritJB ?1tgtit, nHu such quantities of natural hay put up as would be a bite to ihe stock during heavy storms. There need gen ooIUn, knd ra above their II breeohei and at liutray tlieir nil tlie lariat* iiadillei. in a retnarkable act thii vioioui lorted horaev, if i more or leu iipeed they will forefeet firmly il back arched, fourii oft the rigid, and tlieir and unlvaii the he in Nuie to be rever, are tlieiie 1 80 excellent ; horan on earth ironoho busteri 1 their element if one of thoie CKiNG. COWBOYS MANAGED. lEEDERS. ecember IS.) tural Comnils- paid an average The value of but from vt'u»l ive on the beat o idea that we in no way pre- a ahare of their ck " aa it were, led desire to ait 1-fed calf being puddiiiga and nil ia engageil. aation with his old me she had UB. There is n on about the liedding ia only , auoh as miloh Ags of either ttle and horses ohinook winds ever lie deep, ilty of obtain- tbia to be the to animalsto IOmeter often- w zero, and I 9 considerably :i>g ftigitt, arm > as would be a a. There need Special Agricultural Commimoner to North America. 87 b« no diffloalty in obtaining plenty of hay, as any pi>rtioii almost of the ptairio would yield a heavy swathe with a mowing maoliiiie, »o th.it the hay would oust no mure than the labour expended on the curing, I am aware that Ranching in America Just now is reported as being far from luoratlve, and this knowledge made me most careful to iiiquiru very n'.iiintp'y into the facta and uroxpecta concern- ing tli j ranches, lam thoroughly convinced that tliey r ught ti> yield a good profit, and if they do not there ia aomething very far wrong with the manage- ment. Upon Qiiorii llancho 25 aoreaare allowed to aammer ami winter each head of cattle beasta ; the land would keep far more, in foot, it looks s^ if it were never eaten. The object, liowever, ia to keep the grasa rough and rank so that the stola !.»,.,„ .,:^i.: •trawberriea on the prairie before "thToonduotdr's All aboard " told me they ware again ready to start. Such delays would certainly notbatol«rai«d at home, and In o(>ntr».t to their rate of speed how diirerent I found It on my first railway Journey on my arrival home when travelling by the Flylnii Hcot.m«n between Ix)iidon and Dundee. The.... tanoe of 434 miles was covered in ten hourt, includ- ing two half hour- spent by the way to allow of passengers taking refreshments. For some dis- tance north of Calgary the surface vegetation has a White sickly appearance, and to a casual observer ooksa< if it had been attacked with mildew. There is, however, no mildew about It, the white appear- ance being canned by a thick grov.th of a wee.l called wormwoo „!*.,-... t.,0 years asu, when tfao riiiwuy was built, comparatively few settlera were to be found here, but ito fame having gone forth settlera m« Ammhvral CnmmisMnner to North America. S9 ily notb6tol«rkt«d ruta of ipiieil how ■»llw«jf Juurnoy on iig liy ili« Flying )iui(lee. Tliei.n- ten hoiii'i, Inoluil- I w»jr to allow of For lome dlit- t VRgotation liM » < » okmiAl obierver itii mildew. There tlie white appear- roivth of a weed having medicinal >te. Thii weed U )revaiU to any ex- I tlie value of the L'at plainn in the with It, and my [Careful ill prevalent, Ai [radiially bocomei cir, and a^ we Bd Deer Uiver it irdura ai' lie eighteen years of age, and a woman, if she be Uiu solo head of a family, goU KiO acroK of land fronri the Oovcrnmuiit for notiiinit, and if the settler breaks up a few aores atinimlly for the first three years, and builds a habltiiblu Imuse on the bohling, bo geu h >, palant pauers, and the land belongs to hlmsi-li j,ni\ his heirs for ever. Millions of acres around here are lying waste waiting to be sold, so that a newcomer has picnty of scope from wmoh he can take his own choice in selecting a quarter seollun, and if he wants more llian a quarter section (ifio acres) he can purcliase any quantity alongside at 12,* Od por acre, payable In in«tal- monta, spread over eight or ten yearx. Tliis section of country is not what is properly known as a ranoliing uouutry. The snow, often falling to the depth of 18 inches, and remaining for weeks together, endangers stock tliat are left to depend solelv upon what they can procure for themselves, but for Htuok lield in such numbers as can be housed or shedded and fed when occasion requires, it is Unsurpassed on the Continent. The grass is rich and abundant, the water is plentiful and pure, and wood for the erection of shedding and fencing is cheap and convenient. *rom Government statistics put into my hand I find the following yields recorded :— Variety. Bushels Per Acre. Lbs. Per Measured liiuliei, tiS S6 70 4a 48 48 Ui) 00 Wheat, neflanoe and Ladoga. . . 42 White barley, .. .' .. 65 Illaok bailey. .. ,. \\ 32 Oat), Siindwlch jq OaU, White Buyptlao, .. .. w Oats, New Welcome eo ^*^ fiO Potatoes 400, and Turnips 600 biiihels per acre. The fuel problem is solved by the fact that, in •jlditionto this district being fairly well wooded in all parts, and the upper waters of all the rivers being lined with dense forist», extending far UD among the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains, the entire district is reported by the geological survey to be underlaid with coal of excellent quality, though no workings are yet opened. The Calgary and Edmonton trail is a beautiful and natural road running through the centre of the Red River dis- trict for 80 miles. The recent expenditure of the Territorial Assembly in bridging the streams has made It a very excellent traffic road. Branching off from the main road are numerous trails con- venieiit toany section of the district, and the firm smooth face of the country allows the settler to make a road with ease in any direction that suits bis convenience. Towns are Springing Up at almost every railway station. Some of them already oontaia several thousands of a population Ihese town sites are all surveyed and laid out iii uniform squares and streets before any liouses are allowed to be built, so that uniformity and con. veiuence in the embryo city ig provMed for and maintained. .Some of these towns are being built where good sixed timber, principally poplar at prenent grows. The wood is being cutdown'aiid cleared off the streets, and around the houses groves and rows of trees are left standing, a row of n., - comely trees being left along each side of the street. Thus those yniin.o; t^JMriis 7i!l hs — -" sheltered, and provided witli exoijifentTvenues and boulevards, which towns of the growth of centuries might envy. Just as I was finuhing thU article the post handed in some letters to m« from America. One of the Grown agents tolls me them IS every appearance of trouble with the tedskins In Hritish (Jolumhia. At the fall Asslies just finished two Indians were tried for murdering a white man. convicted, and seiitenoad to death. No fault was found with the jiistioe of this stntenoo, but im- mediately after when a white man was tried fur murdeiing an Indian, found guilty of manslaughter, and condemned to twelve years' penal servitude, a Howl of Indignation got up amongst the Iinliana at the leniency of tha se.itoiioe. Aiiiongst those who watched the caau with great intercut was an old Indian chief who had been a friend of the murdered Tom. When tha sentence was pronounced ho became very angry and, turning to the Chief of Police, expresse.l his indignation thus-"Twelvo years in Skookum House for killing one Indian. Too had, too bad. Next time white man kill Indian, Indian know what to do. He no live to get twelve years In HItookum House. Indian munler, he have to die j white man murder, he have to die too." IN THE RED EIVEU DJSTllICT. VISIT TO AN INDIAN RESERVATION. TYPICAL REDSKINS. UNITED STATE3 FARMERS GOING NORTH. (Fr(m the Dundee Courier of Beoember S6.) Mr Osier, the Courier'i Agricultural Commissioner to America, writes :— As wo steaiji northwards over the plains of the Red Pi«»r district we observe a large tram loaded ei'lusively with cattle following oloHB behind us. There sseins to bo no block system in vogue on the railways here, for this train is never far behind us, and comes close up at the stations at which we stop. I went back at one station, and had a look at the cattle. Tliey were mostly cows and heifers, and some stockers. They were all horned, and flaked red and white. They did not seem to he particularly well-bred, but in one oar were a number of shorthorn young bulls, fairly good sorts. These cattle were from British Columbia, and were the property of some settlers reoently arrived between Red Deer and Edmonton. Ihe same party had brought through about lOl) horses, ami were herding them on the prairie on verygoodgrass that belonged to nobody, and wm costing them nothing. We crossed Battle River, and entered m, W ■txyy^y BABOU INDIA.V CAMP. 40 Rtports of the Dundee dnirier's .iif An Indian Bnservation governed by three ohiefs— Samson, Krmino Skin, and Bobtail. The land appeared excellent, as indeed the lanit I saw in all my travels. They would, however, be excellently adapted for draught, being big of bone and stro.ig muscled, and, as the work oxen which I saw in the possession of the white settlers in the neighbouring districts bore a strong resemblance to those cattle, I have no doubt but that the most of them are purchased from the Indians. The grading system now practiced by mostly all the whites, tending to diminish the size of bone and increase their fattening proolivitiea, renders the cattle bred by them less suitable for draught purposes. A lot of these Indian cattle got upon the track and scampered before us with their Tails Hoisted Like Flags for a long distance. Our driver slowed the train and screamed incessantly with his whistle, but it was a long time before they gave in nnd cleared out of our way. At Wetaakwin Station we see a lot of samples of grain in the straw hung up for show. BLAOKFOOT BRAVK. These were very tall and rich in the ear, and gave us some idea of the richness of the country we were coming to. Wetaskwin in the Indian lan- guage signifies the hill of peuoe, and takes the name from a knoll near the station where a treaty of peace was concluded between the Indians and the white men. There were a grea*; many Indians on the platform offering pipes fashioned of pipe-stone, beaded mocassins, and other trinkets, and sham buffalo horns for sale. These Indiana aie Chrees and Blaokfeet, and are certainly a very shrewd lot of people, entirely alive to tha easy gullibility of the white race. It is their clear perception of the white man's weakness for relics that prompts the astute gentlemen of the plains to loacl themselves with these wares and take up their stand at the railway station. These pipes are imported by the groa:<, and cost perhaps a shilling each, and the Indiana charge at least from seven to ten shillings. The Crowfoots are straighter and more finely-built men and women than the majority of Indians we en- i^nnntered- &nd iim? wftB when thev utr'i"^ furmr fn the hearts of those daring settlers whose enterprise and hardihood led the way into this vast and fertile territory. They are tame enough now though, and those for whom Cooper's novels have had an early charm find room in their hearts for regret and dis- appointment that the blanketed nondescripts stand- ing with outstretched palms, these fiowsy beggars, are the real material from which the novelist built his red-skinned liero. A bevy of young squaws attract our attention. These" are certainly the SQUAW SPKCTATOna. best-looking representatives of the red race we have yet seen. It may be that the chiefs in the Tepee camp below the station are astute enough to select the best-looking girls for this expedition. They run along beside the cars holding out their hands and reiterating the word "money," of which thoy seem to have a good understandin/. Many kind-hearted paasengers thiow these damsels small silver coins, for which they scramble and fight in a most unseemly fashion. Soon they are left behind, and attention is again dr»wn to the large herds of ponies grazing on the ricli grasses that stretch away on each side of the track from east to west, and through grazing lands and herds of horsea, foaled and bred where they now roam wild, the train rushes for the next couple of liours. Each pony bears his owner's brand, and he is as safe almost though he wanders a hundred miles from home as though penned in by a six-foot fence. Again the country undergoes a change. We have left the Indian reservations behmd us, and have reached a district open for White Settlers, and though it was oidy opened up two years ago by the construction of the railway, it is already dotted with farmhouses and other buildings. A good deal of land is under wheat, and the crops ap- pear good. Square black blocks every here and there indicate where farmers are break- ing up the prairie. The district is thickly iiiterspersed with clumps of timber, which afford good shelter, but there are plenty of open plains, wliere the settler can put in his plough, with neither tree, scrub, nor stone to interrupt iU course. Hundreds of farmers from the United States are coming north and taking up land round heie about. Tliey say they are tired of a country wliere the average of wheat-taking one year with aiiotlier is not over 13j| bushels, and prefer to come to a country where they expect never to reap less than 30 bushels an acre, and sometimes SO. They say they ./ere borne down with taxation in the States, but which they will almost be entirely exempted from in Canada ; that, although The Winters are more aevere, they find the climate more salubrious and healthy than the States. They also say that the Government of the Dominion is much more equitable than that of the Uniteil States, and that life and property is safer in the north west territories of 0£n£d£ than in an** cthe-* ""^^ — ' ''^-:>. world they know. As we j-ass northwards lakes and ponda become very numerous. Thete are beautiful expanaei of water, surrounded by wood- have liai] an early for regret and dia. iicndesoripU stand- ese fiowgy beggars, 1 the novelist built ■ uf younK squaws are certainly the )RS. I the red race we ; the ehiefs in the re astute enough to or this expedition, ■s holding; out their "money," of which irstandin/. Many ^hese damsels small mble and 6glit in a liey are left behind, ) the large herds of asses that stretch [ from east to west, d herds of horses, roiigli, a great part of it being corduroy, i.e., paved with great trees laid side by side across tlie road- woy. Down this incline we went at a break-neck pace, having a resular lace with some other vehicles also laden with passengers, all striving who would end of the launch is drawn up stream, and ths force of the water, bearing on the other side, pro- pels it in the contrary direction. Provided the ropes are sufficiently strong, this is quite an etUcient and Cheap Mode of Transit. Tliere are three such ferries wrought on the same principle within a short distance of the town, and for the working of which the lessees have to obtain a license from Government. On the rail of caoii launch a bill is attached on which, printed both in the English and French langiiasjes, is a copy of the license, and also the rates of charges and rules of the ferry. The river was quite thick and muddy when we were there, it being in flood, caused by the melting of the snows in the Rocky Mountains, and we were told that all summer it would continue in the same state, but that in the fall it would diminish in volume and the waters become as clear as crystal. In this state it would continue until the summer thaws again swelled it into flood, AGRICULTURAL FEATURES OF EDMONTON DISTRICT. A SOIL OF INEXHAUSTIBLE FERTILITY. be first at the ferry, tlie launch being wrought on the principle ot " smiddy room," first come first served. M ■' A Saskatcbewan Feny Boat. To work the launch a strong steel rope is pitched from clifiF to cliff some distance above the ferry, on whioli runs a wheel with a hook. From the hook to the launch are two smaller ropes, one being attached to each end. When the launch is laden and about to start, the ropes are manipulated with hard tackle, and the head of the launch is drawn up until it presents an angle of about 46 degrees to the tun of the river, and the downward sweep of the wAter, bearing upon the Hide, loiues it aotoss, the wheel on the cross ropes preventing it from being ■wept down the river. In returning, the opposite ABUNDANCE OF TIMBER. THE STAPLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. PRODIGIOUS YIELDS OF CROPS. (Prom the Dundee Courier of January 9.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultur&i Com- missioner to America, writes : — Around Ku.ionioii the soil is a black vegetable mould, from one to three feet in depth, overlying a light coloured marley clay subsoil twelve feet in depth. This rests on a blue clay which is broken at irregular intervals by water-bearing seams of sand or gravel, and by beds of ooal of varying thickness. There is practically no stony or sandy soil except in isolated or outlying localities. This soil is not only exceptionally fertile to commence with, but has practically an inexhaustible fertility. If the black mould were worked out there would remain the twelve feet of marley clay underneath, which is almost equally fertile, and can never he wrought out. Of course, the land is the better for good tillage, and manure as well, but instead of there being a continued battle as in the best parts of Great Britain to keep up the fertility of the soil, necessitating the bringing in of extraneouc manures, this land can be kept at the highest pitch of fertility for ever merely by good cultivation, and returning to it the refuse of what is taken from it. The difference the staying power of the Fertility of the Soil makes to the farmer, wliether at home or abroad, cannot be over-estimated. It is the difference between weaitii and poverty. The farmer who settles on a farm in a region where the soil lacks depth may do well for a time, but as the years go n up itreara, and tb« n the other Bide, pro- eotioD. FrovideJ the ng, this U quite aa )f Transit. ! wrought on the name anoe of the town, and I lessees have to obtain On the rail of each which, printed both in ;naj{B8, is a copy of tlie mould, from one to 'ing a light coloured feet in depth. This is broken at irregular tms of sand or gravel, ; thickness. There is soil except in isolated is soil is not only mence with, but has irtility. If the black :e would remain the underneath, which is kn never be wrought I the better for good but instead of there in the best parts of the fertility of the ng in of extraneouc t at the highest pitch good cultivation, and hat is taken from it vet of the le Soil at home or abroad, It is the diflterenoe The farmer who ) where the soil lacks f, but as the years go Tf Special Agricultural Cohimisiiontr to Nmih A imnra. 43 his land after going up to a oeitain pitch in value invariably declines as it becomes worked out, for the simple reason that the farm consumes too much according to the amount it produces. The result is dixappointment and loss. How many localities can be pointed out all over the Dominion where settlers went in on light, quick-proilucing land, and spent the best years of their lives in """k'ngin their homes, only to find that their land had become worthless through exhaustion, and that, therefore, tlieir lives had been wasted. On the other hand there were those who went on deeper and more difflcult land to reclaim and work, and found a veritable gold mine, which, b" keeping Agricultural Products ni) its fertility, while wealth and the conveniences of civilisation grew around it, continually increased in value and made wealthy the owners almost in spite of themselves. This is The Kind of Land that the Edmonton district hai to offer to settlors to a degree not attained by any other part of the North- Vest territories that I visited— where a man may take up a farm and be satisfied that his children's children will find it as fertile as he did —whore a man having once driven bis stakes need never require to pull them up. The surface of the country is veiy gently undulating except where out by the deep valley of the Saskatchewan or the lesser valleys of its tributaries. Woods and prairies alternate irregularly. In some parts there are large plains free from timber, and in others considerable stretches of wood lands composed of large trees. Towards the North and West the proportion of wood increases until at about 60 miles distance, the forest region is reached, Towards the South and West the proportion of plain increases until, at a distance of from 75 to 150 miles, the woods entirely disappear and the great plains are entered upon, extending without a break to the Oulf of Mexico. The great distinguishing feature of the Edmonton district as compared with other sections of the North- West is the abundance of timber. Nearly half of the whole r rfaoe of the Edmonton district proper is covered -with large or small woods. The Effects of Forestry on the climate of a country are nearly all beneficial, such as more equal distribution of rainfall. This is one of the most important points to be considered. Then, again, evaporation from the soil is very much reduced. Tliere is a vast difference between the condition of the bare soil on the open prairie and the soil of the glades intervening between these wooded groves, the belts of wood preventing the strong force of tlie winds with their great evapora- ting power. Nor can the beneficial effect to live stock, pi-oduced by the frequent occurrence of these shelter belts, be over-estimated. The timber of the district is chiefly poplar in the agricultural sections, with large forests of spruce and tamarack to the West and North. The poplar, both white and black, grows Inrge and straight, and makes ex- cellent building logs. The grey willow grows to a very large size in some plaoes, becoming a tree rather than a bush, and makes cnpital rails for fencing. The spruce of the district is very superior, both in size and quality, and forms very good lunriber, suitable for all purposes of building for which pine is ordinarily usod. Tlie River Sas- .tacc.-.cwan above iSdiiiontuii liraiiis a spruce-bearing area of 160 miles, ensuring a sapply of timber for many years, and making lumbering one of the mo t important of Edmonton industries. The staple of the district are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, cabbages, and all other hardy vegetables, cattle and dairy products, hogs, sheep, horses, and poultry. In the production of all these articles I am quite sure that I am within the mark when I say that Edmonton is not excelled in all the Nortli-Wcst Provinces. The wheat marketed at Edmonton during the past winter brought a higher price per bushel than that marketed at any point in Mani- toba, and Edmonton took first prize for grain in the straw over strong competition from all parts of the .'ef'tories at the Winnipeg Industrial Exhibition in 1891. It in now an ascertained fact that the nearer we approach to the northern cultivation of wheat the quality becomes the better, and Edmon- ton being the mo.st northerly district in the Dominion where cultivation U carried on to any considerable extent, the quality of the wheat grown there is of the highest marketable grade, being small in the pea and very hard, and contain- ing more gluten and less starch than wheat grown further south. It brings a higher price in tho British markets than the wheat from any other dis- trict or country, and higher even than the produce of our own soils. It cannot be denied, however, that the district is occasionally (perhaps once in ten years) subject to Early Frosts which, when they occur, considerably deteriorate the quality of the wheat. But, as the trend of the land is downwards as we go north, and as the warm Chinook winds passing through the Peace River Pass temper the climate, frosts are not so common a^ they are much further south, and not so trequent as they are further east the country. Besides, the district is almost entirely exempt from the scourge called "cooking," which so often and so disastrously blights the wheat crop in the States. Fifty bushels of wheat are often reaped per acre, and it is no uncommon thing to grow forty bushels upon first brsaking, and, taking the average of a few years, thirty-five bushels per acre may be put down as the general yield. A vast difference this from the average of the United States, which for the last ten years has only run thirteen-and-a-half bushels per acre. Still, as early frosts do sometimes injure the wheat crop before harvesting.experienced farmers ad visenottoputone's whole dependence upon this crop, but to divide the risk by having a portion of the farm in oats and barley. Oats grow prodigious crops, often yielding from eighty to a hundred bushels and even more per acre, less than sixty being considered a poor crop, the weight per bushel running from 38 to 50 lbs. Barley has yielded sixty bushels an acre, and two-rowed barley, such as the English market de- mands, grows to perfection around Edmonton, ami IS considered A More Certain Orop than either wheat or oats, as, owing to its early ripening habits, it is rarely or never nipped with August frosts. Edmonton is situated in what is known as the grest fertilu wheat belt, and, in my opinion, it has been most deservedly named, for never in all my t^,^veIs, whether at home or abroad, have I witnessed such prodigious and rich crops of wheat, barley, and oaU as I did there. And even thniieh no crop had been nnnn the sround thn sr.i! woulii have "spoken for itself. Never" in toy experience did I see a soil so rich in all the requivites for crop-growing purpose* u the toil •round Edmonton. i m I s 44 Reports of Dundee Courier's If ,ii! it m THE ATTRACTIONS OF iJUMONTON. ITS MINERAL RESOURCES, GOLD PROSPECTING OPERATIONS. ANGUS "DODDIES" ON THE RANCHES. RELATIVE MERITS OF GALLOWAYS AND AVE3T HIGHLANI> CATTLE. A REMARKAULIi INCIDENT (From the Dundee Courier of January 16.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes : — All around Edmonton the country is thioklj wooded with Bfilm of Gilead poplarj, and as the town is increasing very fast, the land has been surveyed and laid out in regular street blocks. The wood along what are to be the streets of the future is being cut down and roadways formed, the walks at the sides being floored with boarding. The trees on the squares where the buildings are to be are left growing, so that builders will have their choice of leaving whatever number of trees they wish around their houses. The result will be that even the new streets will he interlined and the houses surrounded with stately groves of timber, which will afford good shelter, and give even the new town a park-like boulevard apjiearance. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage Edmonton at present labours under is the want of a good wate' supply. As I said before, the town is built on the very brink of the perpendicular cliffs of the great Saskatchewan, 200 feet deep. This great gorge completely drains the country for n great dist*>ice from each side of the river, so that there are No Natural Springs, and wells would have to be dug to the level of the river before water could be touched. Pumping from the river would be an easy matter, but for su months of the year, that is duiing summer, the water in the river is thick and muddy by the melting of the snow on the mountains, and altogether unfit for domestic purposes. Wal-er carts ar3 employed to bring the water from a dis- tance and distribute it in buckettuls to the house- holders. The town has an electric light system of winch the people are justly proud, the dynamo being driven by a powerful steam engine placed down at the edge of the river. Fuel is abumlaiit *? ,° J F' *"' quantity of firewood can be obtained from the surrounding country at little more than the coLt of cutting and hauling Besides, the district is all underlaid with coal seams of which jut out all along the banks of the river, and at low water the inhabitants have noth- ing more to do than hew out their year's supply and cart it home. Several coal drifts have been run m right below the town, and as these drifts extend to just sbove the level of the river no plant whatever is necessary for hauling the coal to the surface. Consequently the supply is very cheap, the usual price being lOs per ton. The subsoil of the whole district is permeated with Gold Dust. A good show is obtained wherever the gni] ;. exoavateu to any depth, ano at low water a great number of people find employment in washing for «old along the bed of the river. When I wai there the volume of ,vater was just beginning to fall, and hnMh "•*/'' **' J"" "ommenciSg. I stood several eoZi'""^^'' P"'^ "' prospectors who were ju" commencing operations. They were getting a e3 how, but not in sufficient qGantitief to en^cour^e fell .o".''?''^''"*!,*'"''' '''''°""'- •"»' «» the rive? fell so as to enable them to get deeper into its bottom they knew they would be more fortunaL The banks buy the gold dust from them, am each prospector can usually calculate UDon making the value of 93 dailyf Petroleum Td been struck nhortly before I was there! about thirty mles north from the town, and I met Mr Gordon Ourommg with a party of prospectors on their way .n,^".2""'^ '°*° *'"' '.iiscovery, with the intention of oommenoing operations for working the oil if the information proveough it was so tall that when we sent Sir Taylor into several of the fields he was en- tirely lost to view— but it was in the great thick- ness of the straw and the richness of the ears that It excelled. I inquired into Mr Maloney's system of management, and the use he made of his straw and dung. Ho told mo that his system for the moat part was one of continuous grain crops- wheat, barley, and oats alternating— and that if a Held appeared to be getting dirty he made it bare tallow and cleaned it during summer. His teams were working a field of fallow when we were there, and on this field he was spreading his farm- yard manure. It was receiving the last furrow, after winch it would be ready for seeding with wheat in spring. Mr Maloney says he converts as much of his straw as possible into manure, and applies it where he thinks it will be safe, but he has to be very careful in bis manurial applioationx. 1 he soil IS so naturally fertile that there is a danger of making it too rich and rendering the crops use- One Field of Wheat whichweinsptoted, and which was all that could be wished, had been in wheat successively for five years, but last year he planted two acres along the bottom with potatoes, to which he gave a fair application of farmyard manure. The potatoes gave a good yield, and this year it was sown with wheat the same as the other portion of the field, the result of last year's manuring being that the wheat rushed up with too great luxuriance, and was so lodged with the July rains that it absolutely rotted, Mr Maloney's estimate of his yield of grain this year, and which I can well believe, is that bis wheat will thresh 50 bushels per acre, barley 60 bushels, and oats 100 bushels. The prices obtained last year were— For wheat, 65 cents per bushel- oats, 25 cents ; and barley, 30 cents. The nature " of the soil is the same as I have already descHhed as obtaining around Edmonton— a deep ^k vegetable mould of extraordinary richness and fertility lying upon a subsoil of marley clay, equally fertile— so that his land is practically inexhaustible. The farm lies pretty high, with • natural slope facing the south, well sheltered with clumps of wood, and watered with small streamlets meandering through it. Mr Maloney entered it in 1882, and paid 92 per acre for the proprietorship of the land. The Wages Paid to his regular farm hands are $20 ^ month, with board, and extra hands in har.Ei.!; ire paid $2 a day. The land around here ia mostly all bought up by settlers or speculators, so that homesteaders cannot locate near the town, but there is any amount of free land of the same quality to be got only a few miles distant. One-twentieth part of the land in the vicinity of the town is not under culti- vation, and any quantity can bo bought from specu- lators at from 12s to 208 an acre. Government lands arecharged$3(cqual tol2s6d)peraore. Gratinglands to almost any extent can be rented from the Ooverii- ment at one penny per acre, and permits are given to settlers by Government to cut hav at 5 cente per ton. If a permit is obtained for five tons, a man can cut ten and never be challenged. Mr Maloney hail a great crop of potatoes, but his mode of culti- vation is somewhat strange. The potatoes are planted about three and a half feet distant from etch other both ways, and as they grow they are parthpfl iin urif'h £ SDad^ intc se;^.':rAtA h'!*s '*^I'*a is also the way that Indian corn or maize is culti- vated. In Mr Maloney's case this system was in a manner forced upon him, seeing the field wm all planted with young currant bushes, and he could '1- i"' :' ;i. 1 ff' 48 Reports of Dundee Courier'i not well liaTo wrought the potatoes with the plough without running the rUk of injuilng the bushei.. Uut buHheH or no buabes, the System of Potato Culture is the same all over the country, and by It I have no doubt that tkoy will raise a large number of big Sized tubers in each hill, and it may be a great yield per acre. Nevertheless, I am apprehensive that the system may tell ngainst the quality ; at least, I know that over-grown potatoes in this country are not appreciated, and there could be no more certain mode of making them put forth an abnormal growth than giving them so much space between the plants to grow in. To ray taste the American potatoes were too sweet and watery, and too stringy and waxy in texture, and sltogether lacking that delicious, dry, mealy flavour which makes our home-grown esculents so highly relished. Whether this IB due to the climate, the soil, the mode of cultivation, or the kind of potato I am not pre- pare, definitely to say, but I am very much inclined to believe it is due to the climate being too forcing, and that they are grown too fast. But be this as It may, the Americans are certainly Standing in Their Own Light, and debarring themselves from participating in a great treat, when they prevent the importation to their country of our superior and delicious Scottish grown potatoes by their prohibition tariffs. Just now Scottish farmers are selling their potttoes at home at the rate of 6 lbs, for a penny, and if it were not for the tariff they could be delivered in American markets at the rate of 4 lbs. for a penny. Surely if American consumers knew how they are punishing themselves by preventing us from giving such a delicious, wholesome, and cheap food stuff! they would never tolerate the embnrgo for a moment ° MORE ABOUT THE NORTH- WEST TERRITORIES. A VISIT TO THE MOUNTED POLICE, HINTS TO INTENDING SETTLERS. HOW LAND IS ACQUIRED AND WORKED. fn!n. f i""* ''^"•"eMoned horses. I minutolv nspected a number of young horses, then und« training, and observed that they boie the Ouor,^ Ranche brand-the ranche which 1 have alrea, v minutely described. They were good-sized w el . afnoC""",'' "" »" ',''« ^o"^" W on Quo n Ranche really are j and I learned that thev had been recently purchased at 125 dollars each? The s^ ig e men live in large, well-appointed quarters All the houses are of wood, ani^vory oomfortabTo and commodious buildings they are. 't^J""™"'" Influence of the Mounted Police fcilif"!? w*"!"'??, '"*, *■"' ""J" throughout all «^^?J^""^^?'' °^ ^'"'»''* 1'°"' a«">»8 white ine and red men IS most wholesome and Efficient, a*d life and property is just as safe there as it is in our own favoured island of Great Britain. Maio Griesbaoh is very proud of his garderL and asko, me to go and teke a look at it. All kind o vegetables and fruits that we grow, except frnit trees, were in cultivation, and yi;ided a lace amount of produce. Peas were an extra KO(^l Iron and all through the North-Westterrifo^ peas' r.^f''L'i';''7._V°P'- tKo Major is^agrj^t THE CARRIAGE OF PRODUCE. (Prom the Dundee Courier of February 6, 189A.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- A?r': ''."*e.»;-^''>e next day after visiting St A bert district we drove down the district lying to the north of the Saskatchewan Kiver • distance of fifteen miles. Crossing the river »t Fori Saskatchewan, we visited the quarters ot themounted police, where we were kindly re- ceived and entertained by the Commandant of the Jott, Major Griesbach, and his second in command Major Sneider. Here a large contingent of mounted policemen are stationed in barraoks-a most orderly and well-trained body of men-their uniforni and general appearance very much reiembling the appearance of our cavalry soldiers at home. Major Griesbaoh showed me through the whole fort, which is splendidly garrwoned and equipped. They have large storeffillTto overaowmg with provisions and clothing of ererv oesoriDtion : their armnurv » mnif om.:°-ii- />x. ''. and supplied with all the neoM'sary'wea^M'^ warfare; the stables are filled with well' florist, and hlH garder^as ;:il stXd with ^ iy' varieties of flowers, and in this respecT differed altogether Irom the other American gardens I saw Starting from the Fort, the Major, although suffer mg from indisposition-having ri en out ?f bed to welopme Ui-resolved, for thelake of spending tie evening with us, to accompany us to Edmonton So we drove up the south side of the 7ivM until L^^wal^hn^T*^"- "•""" wefer,iedacos."A r,»«..^ ^li, °"'u«'""8 °"' «n''"> h* nf.f(fi!^! 1 *"* Government on payment of £2 of office dues, on receipt of which he will obtain l*s homestead papers. He should then put whatevcJ " pe^nv' "Ifi" ,'h""''' r '^ '«' n"bodyTro?he 1 a a penny. He then hires h mself to a farmer stipulating that the value of Itbonr will be givon^n .mprovement.. He goes and works for ome mo, t and tLS' when"!" V"" """"8 BeediiigT finish li ana then, when the farmer is at leisure, the time BAOK-SltTTINO THE PBAIBIB SOII, WITfl OXBN. for payment has arrived. The young man gets the tarmer s team of horses or oxen and brush nloni/h anu goe^ aim bieaks up iiis own land, ploughing'it 12 inches broad and 4 or 5 inches deep. The farmer finds .t more tuj to pay in work than in money, I horiei. I minutoly ig horaeg, then under they bore the Quorn vhioh I have alreaily »ero Kood-sUeil, well, ses bred on Quorn irned that they had 15 dollars each. 1'he lappointed quarters, ind very comfortablo ly are. The anted Police order throughout i»ll th among white men me and e£Soient, and D there as it ia in our at Uritain. Mnjor I garden, and aakod ■ it. All kind.' of grow, except fruit nd yielded a large J an extra good cmp, Vest territory peas, jeared to yield re- ) Major ia a great I stocked with many ihia respect diCfered I'icfln gardens I saw, jor, although suffer- ritien out of bed to ake of spending the ua to Edmonton. of the river until ferried across. All coming home, we district of oouu- the land is not every here and ge block squares mod by the plough, n process of being say this is a grand ^ot think it quite so that I described in t far behind. Sup. sncumbranoes, and meg to the country, 9 Done 160 acres, which he on payment of £2 h he will obtain his then put whatever obody ki?ow he iiBK tiself to a farmer, our wilt be given in ka for some muntlia seeding is Snishcd, it leisure, the time Oil WITH OXBN. 9ung man gets the and brush plough land, ploughing it deep. The farmer rk than In money, I Special A^rkultwal Commissioner to North A menca. 49 and fRr \r >re value will be got in this wav bv thn Tn? '"'■/•"'"," I'e ha3 been laidTnffir f beKun'lnrJn.f'r;K /' "'" '"""« '« >«>">»"8 «nfv n J""" V' '"^^ farmers in that district are tnKe*ii:.,?.T"''"?"'y'""' •'im willbe'oaroo! ana be would scruple to engage to par \/ vf he 3^^Se;:!::t'^fl;!;tt;;:i-?i5-sa Ki^h:^f;i=*^ns----K Bl which time he works to the farmer Then 0°' T/rm ""'Tt^f.'"" •'"""' "" ^>™* «" '» "« o.n tarm. The farmer is now due him waees for weffi?n"7h?f'",f ,'!"'• "''^''''''S- anirtTe^'open weatl.er m the fall allows time for its performance. nto the ground, and the other end fastened around HimT?!"""'' ^'"r- , ^" ""» ""»'"•" they are iZrfv fT'""' "'"r'"* "''"•> ''«ving sulHoicnt f,«!i ^i^A*'"-' ""' '" P'°"J« themselves with 100(1. In America The Parmer Helps Him to cut down and haul wood for building miroosos h::;^:^^T'^ °^ :'■*?.'? •>« gets^rK;^ •tebf^?„!i h "® *'?° ''^IP." him to build his house, l^Tfii • .",** ''•''" *"'''• which can be done at very h. labour'^' iS*?''''^ '•'?' ""^.'""K 'he value o^ livinro^ Vl,<. 1 """l""^^' °",'h« '«■•"> all winter, living on the money he brought with him and In spring he agair. engages himself to the farmer on tfie same terms as formerly, the ten or flftZm.' STor'^tnl «"' ';.'"'\" theVreviousTummerr« Iath« H„hfi'-'"*'"""'"J "^""^ ""k- and as soon ?n,M^' ^'T ""?'* he gets the farmer's teams and inyjiements. and goes and sows and harrows it iurinir anH i""" *° ''""H. *"h the former all spring, and in summer he has more break. "'8 done by the farmer's Torses h "JdCtrlr* ,.H''y'"8"- oomes and h ana tlie farmer working together puts un a little for winter use. His ten or fifteen acre" of grain flZT'*/^^-^^r'''^'^ ""d threshed b/ the exot^ tl,«^"','* ''* ""»? «r«» *° *he farmer will exceed the value received in work at havinu afforS'.'-'' *'V'"''""8 *° himself. aSd'wi^i ^°k flZ'Ar*W^ r" wherewith to purchase reside, in 1,.? • u"*" 'I*'" "'°"'*'' a"*! ho ""w resides m his own house, fix ng up and DreDarinir for spring work. In spring he again engages he ^^^•Jl^ 8oes through the same routine, and briaf mo« ^i" '"'y" *hirty acre, in crop, and will fa.merTh« v«l! ^7u-^' "^T"^^'- e«""'8 f"« «'e lai mer the value of his work n mprovements The produce of this crop should and ''™''*™*°"- •"»« Will Make Him Independent of the fanner by affording him money wherewith to purchase a team of horses, two or more cows, loiplemente, 4c. It is preferable that new settlers go in for work oxen instead of horses. The reason IS that for the first two or three years the work of the farm is principally hauling in chains, and for this oxen are equally as good as horses, and at breaicing the sod, as turning up the virgin soil of the prairie i« called, they are considered mucli better. In new soils it is a wonder if some obsUoles are not occasionally struck by the plough- share, and w th a team of horses in the plough this would probably cause a smash up, anf perhaps a runaway, whereas oxen come to a dead halt on feeling the least obstruction to the even running of the plough. And although slow of movement, still for rough and hea.y work generally, they are steadier and far stronger, and therefore more serviceable than horses. Besides oxen are much No Two-Wheeled Carts plisiied with four-wheeled waggons drawn by two horses or oxen with pole betwe?n. Whether thew waggon, are better than carts or not I am not pr^ pared to say, but ,t i, the fashion of the country and likely to continue so. For one thing, one-horse carts would not be very handy on the trails, as the roads are called. These seldom get any fotraine being merely trncked by the traffic over theTa .d an,l1?onf. f • '"°''.: ''?.'''« *'=*«'" »' "'0 wheels and hoofs, forms a hard-beaten and pretty smooth roadway. Between the tracks, however, is generally ahi'jr/nf.M^'i' °" "hioha .ingle horse between the shafts could hardly walk, and perhaps this also is the reason why road vehicles of all kfnds a.e four- wheeled and drawn by two horses. "While sneaking of road traffic I may mention that the rules of the road wl,en meeting are entirely the reverse rJt^?y: '',"r?"J"''''i"8 '" 'ho "Sht hand instead of to the left For the benefit of intending settlers f *"'«'l"°'"1?,*h"',.'*"" by giving the pfioes of a few of the articles likely to have to be purchased by a newcomer. "^ Yoke of oxen, Two cows with calves, WaKgon Plougl Harrow Set of harness for oxen, Cooking stove, 8mnll tools, . . Gun, Twopigs 0=11 In addition to the foregoing list the settler will require seeds, a certain quantity of furniture, nro- visions, &c. ' •^ north-westI'armers at CHURCH. A VISIT TO BLACK MUD RANCHE. DESCRIPTION oFThE BUILDINGS. CHARACTER OF THE STOCK. tl80 = £^7 8 70 s= 14 13 76 s IS 13 80 =3 a s 16 = 8 7 10 ^ 2 2 26 =3 5 8 25 :3 6 A 12 =3 2 10 5 = 1 1 cheaper to buy. And *^rastii! •thi: food beyond the labour of providing them with hay for winter and spring. In summer one end of a long rope u attMbed to a stake or picket driven (From the Dundee Courier of February 13, 1894.) _ Mr Osier, the Courier'* Agricultural CommU- sioner to America, writes:— We are .till at lidmonton, and on Sunday Mr Taylor and I wor- shipped in the Presbyterian Church there, the incumbent of which is a young minister named Mr M Queen, from Glasgow. The service was exactly the same as in our Presbyterian churches at home. I here was a very good harmonium, which was very well played by a lady member of the congregation, and the singing was very correct, earnest, and **j* u } *** "^'^"^ '" *he middle of the church, and had no book, but when we stood up to sing the first hymn the minister observed our want and descended from the puluit and handed us books. I thought it was veiy kind of him, and wondered how many of our ovjn ministers at home would have been so con- siderate. The church is entirely of wood, but ia very artiaticaiiy and ooiufortabiy furnislied and finished. The pulpit is a kind of platform, very little raised above the general ' level of the ohurob. There are no galleriei. ine congregation 80 Heporli of the Dundee Courier'i 5M ^11 I' if' •eemed very devout and attentive, and I saw no •leeperg, whioli I rather wondered at, the tempera- ture in the Bbade belnu above 100. Some of the wonbippen bad oome great distances, and had driven to church in four wheeled buKggiea with two horsea, which they did not unyolte, but merely tied to poata around the chuioh. A number of (oala, whose mothera wore in the buggiea, accompanied them, and aoampered and frolicked arouiul, making their mothers pay tribute by way of a auck when- ever they wearied. In the afternoon wo again got our driver to hitoh up a rig, and had a drive out to theranohe of our friend, Donald M'Lood, which Ilea beside Black Mud River, about te., miles south from the town. On thia drive we encountered The Worst Roads we had aeen in the country, having to pass through a great many slcwa and swamps, in which the buggy Bank up to the axles. In many places V-.eae were laid with corduroy— large trees laid side by side across the road, very open in aome places— but the horses seemed to know tlicir business well, and by discreetly avoiding the holes and planting their feet upon the firm logs, they piloted their way nicely, ihe bridges were also very dilapidated, and our driver had several times to dismount and arrange the planka bcForo venturing upon them. One bridge was completely broken down at the end, and lay with a fearful slope to one side, but our driver, after testing it with his own weight, said he thought it safe, so we ventured and got safely across. On rMohing Black Mud Kanohe wo found BonMd in waiting for us, and adjourned to bi ; houae to have tea, after which we sauntered out to have a look of his buildings and stock. Uonald s build'nga are very extenaive, and all of wood, whole treea being squared and laid on each other and notched into each other at the corners. A roof tree is laid lengthwise along the middle of the building, only a foot or two above the level of the wall, and from it to the walU roof poles are laid, the whole being covered by a thick coating of prairie hay or straw, and clayed over. There are j»''8e earrols around each building, and altogether Mr M'Leod bad good winter accommodation for hia stock. The Houses for the Farm Hands are erected in the same way, clayed between the interstices of the logs, and plastered with clay in the ir-ide. In this way plenty of warmth is secured, hut they are small miserable hovels. On roftny farms the stables and byrea are roofed by building a rick of straw or hay over the walls, and •8 theae are seldom thatched and no means are taken to prevent the water from getting in, the stuff is always rotting and diminishing in bulk. Each suoceding crop of straw is piled on top, and in time these steadings have the appearance of huge dung piles. I told one man that II his stable had been within two miles of my farm in the old country that I would have given him £20 for it for naanure. Mr M'Leod's ranohe is stocked J'»n, breeding herds of horses, cattle, and sheep. The brood mares are mostly of the native broncho bleeds, graded up with sirea of a stronger calibre for draught purpoaea. I could not exactly say what breed hia atailiona are, but would suppose them to be a grade between Ontario Clydes and Peroherona. They have good thick, well-ahaped bodies, short legs, and altogether of the class that aaems to be most appreciated in the country, but they are far behind our Scotch Clydes, both in size and quality of bona. In fan* all th^ .t.iii..... t -._ f_ ^u- . "" -■" ■-' —.-I...... « Saw 1(1 tuc TOuntry, with the exception of a few imported Clydes, were too round of bone, with somewhat fleshy legs, and short, upright pasterns, and in my opinion A Thorough Qradi'^ ■> Up J'i'h Clyde blood would be very oeneSoial. Sir M Leod a cattle were not a particularly handiomo lot 10 far aa our Scottish eyes could judge them but I liarnod that Donald'a object in breeding is quite the reverse of ours. He ia a large crtlng contractor, and uaea a great many work oxen i.i his waggons and bub-alelghs, and for that purpose he wants them big and strong. Consequently, although his breed of cattle be what we would call rough and scrubby, they suit his purpose better than our finer bred and smaller-boned animalawith quicker fattening propenaities would. Uis sheep are called Leicestera, but certainly they have nothing pertaining to the appearance or aUmp nf our home Uicesters. I know they have no Higli- lan" blood in them, but in appearance they rather resemble the offspring of crossbred ewes with Leicester tups. But whatever breed they may be, I believe they suit the exigencies of the climate much better than pure-bred Leioesters would. These, I think, would l)e too soft and tender for the climate of the North-West, the thermometer some- times going thirty degrees below zero. Nor do I think that any part of the North-West is so well adapted for the rearing of sheep as it is for horsts and cattle. For a great port of the summer the grasa is too dry, being cured on the aNlk to the oonsistenoy of well-made hay, very nutritive indeed for cattle and horses, but not the right thing for sheep. My idea of Sheep Pasture is that it should contain as much moisture m U necessary for their maintenance without their hav- ing to drink water, and that when they have to drink they never do so well, especially when they have to walk a considerable distance to obtain it. Cattle and horses, especially the latter, are djfferent ; they will do very well on dry food pro- vided they have free access to water. The great heat is also against sheep. The summers are very warm for weeks, the thermameter atanding at over a hundred degreea in the ahade, and the poor creatures may be observed with their tongues lolling out like hunted doga, ao that they cannot possibly feed well. Donald's lambs were considered good for the country, and were being drafted away as fat ; they would, however, only be looked upon as medium stores at home. Flockmosters are much bothered with a weed called spear grass which grows thickly on the prairie. It has a small stalk about eighteen inches high, on the top of which is a single seed like wild oats. This seed is very hard and very sharp at the point, and an inch or ao of the flower stalk is as hard as a piece of brass wire, and twisted like a screw. When this seed and small piece of stalk gets amongst the wool the motion of the animal causes it to work its way into the flesh, and as it often pierces aome vital part, many animals are lost before the evil is disoovereil. Sheep are not, however, so liable to be struck by maggots as they are here- the dry nature of the climate renders every paii of the fleece too dry to allow the eggs of the fly to bs hatched— nor are they subject to footrot. Taking Mr Donald M'Leod's ranche as a whole, we were very favourably impressed with bis mode of managing hia atock. There were several systems on which we would have been inclined to have suggested some alteration, but these pioneer farmers know by ex- perience their business better than we can tell them. 2^itic3, It Tras not our sUdtiicss w> tiuiicttvuui tu teach our Canadian cousins, our mission being to get rather than to give information. iitenii, and ia ay rrUp ' DenefloikI, Mr oularly bkndiomo lould judge them, sot in breeding U ii A Urge crting any work oien in I for that purpone Connequently, hat we would call 8 purpoio butler mod animals with }uld. Uia ihetp kinly they have anoe or stamp of By have no Higli- ranoe they rather bred ewes witli eed they may be, 18 of the olimate leiceaterd wouM. >nd tender for the ermometer some- zero. Nor do I i-Weat is so well aa it is fur horatii the summer the the i*%\k to the nutrlcive indeed e right thing for h moisture m i% itbout their bav- in they have to ially wlien they loe to obtaia it. the latter, are u dry food pro> er. The great immers are very standing at over and the poor I their tongiiea lat they cannot were considereil ng drafted away be looked upon lasters are much tr grass which las a small atalk ;op of which ia a 9 seed is very nd an inch or so a piece of brass ^hen this seed ;Bt the wool the ork its way into ome vital part, 'il is disoovereil. e to be itiuck dry nature of le fleeoe too dry bo hatohed— king Mr Donald we were very de of managing stem^i on which suggested some irs know by ex- e can tell them, t OUUCttVUUl iu ission being to Special Agrkullural Commissioner to North America. 61 DlllVi!: OVEJl THK PRAIUIK. GOLD PROSPECTORS INTERVIEWED. A DISSERTED INDIAN RESE IIVATION. ANIMAL AND INSECT LIFE ON THE rUAIRIE. A FASCINATING HELD FOR SPORTSMEN, (From the Dundee Courier of February SO.) Mr Osier, the Courier't Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes:— Still another day spent 111 the neighbourhood of Edmonton, for, as I saiil before, there are only two train services to and from it weekly. As we came to it on a Thursday, and were not ready to start with the return train on Friday, we had to stay until Tuesday, and had thus the bent possible opportunity of inipecting the district. On Monday morning, while seated at breakfast in the hotel, we were called upon by Mr Hiomas Anderson, Crown agent for the Edmonton district, and Mr Walter, an extensive joiner, wheelwright, farmer, and rancher, and these gentlemen offered to accompany us on a drive to the Beaver Hill, Sandy Lake, aud Clover Bar district. Having obtained a buggy and a pair of horses, Mr Walter took on himself the position of driver, see- ing be was most intimately connected with the lie of the country. Mr Anderson is an Englishman, a aoiou of the aristocratic classes, who emigrated early to Canada and made his mark, flnilin^' a busy life as a Government representative much more congenial »> his taste than an idle life at home. He may be i< id to be the ruling spirit of the place, and is muoi. liked aud highly respected. Mr Walter is a Scotsman who went out there many years ago with nothing in his pocket, and by work- ing steadily ai, uis trade as a joiner has made an in- dependence, and has latterly added farming and ranching to his buaine.'s. He also is much liked and highly respected, and 1 would strongly advise people going out to Edmonton with the intention of settling to go to Mr Walter and bo advised by him. Our journey was again to the south side of the of the Saskatchewan River, wliich we crossed at the ferry below the town. When crossing we observed several prospectors Washing for Oold on the south shore of the river, and Mr Anderson proposed that we should ^v and observe them at tlieir work. On reaching them it was found that they were infringing the rules of the place by digging in below and undermining the perpendicular banks. They explained to Mr Anderson that the river was yet too full to allow of working iu its bed, and that if they were not to be alloweil to work Into the banks they would have to stop until the river diminished in volume. But Mr Anderson would not allow of the banks being broken, so after a sharp discussion and a smart rebuke they had to desist. Their modus operandi is to have a long box or trough lined with crimson woollen cloth charged with mercury, into which they shovel the sand and gravel from the bed of the river, and, washing this with water the gold dust is fixed by the cloth and mercury and freed from the soil. They were getting a good show of gold when we were there, but not so much as to prove remunerative, and they would likely delay oneraticns unti! the r:v~- '-" when they would" get farther down into the sand liars, where they would be more successful. The gold dust obtained from the bed of the river is pur* chased by the bankers of Edmonton at £;j per ounce. When the river is low and operations are [ in full swing, tlie gold-washets earn about 17 a day, and many farmers and farm servants make a good pile at this sort of work In their spare time. Con. tinuing our drive southwards in the direction of Sandy Lake, we struck out from the trail, and orosicd miles after Miles of Uncultivated Prairie, where there was no semblance of a road. To describe the rich luxuriance of this prairie scene would bo iiimplv impossible. The surface is by no means a complete level, but is gently undulating, with numerous ponds and small rivulets, andclumps and belts of trees here ami there. Between these clumps and belts are broad oxpanies of open prairie literally knee deep with grass and flowers of every shade of colour. These open spaces would make HUlendul farms, very easy to break and improve, there being no stones to unearth, no roots to dig out, where, in fact, there is nothing more to do than put in the plough and drive away. A great Mrt of the district through whieh we cfrove is an Indian reservation, which was set aside by the Government for t'ie sole use of the Indians when ui '"""'•'J' "S^ surveyed some years ago, but which has now been deserted by the red men. The Dominion Government is now selling the land to white settlers at from 12s to 17s per acre, the pro- ceeds to be devoted to the maintenance of the Indians. Owing to the great luxuriance of vegeta- tion, after it becomes dry and withere , prairie flres are a much more serious and dangerous affair here than farther south, where the sward is much shorter and less abundant. The numerous clumps of wood through which these flres had passed, with their dead trunks and naked branches, stood weird and ghost-like as we passed along, showing us how frequent and destructive these prairie flres are. Every here and there along the courses of the small streams are Oreat Beaver Dams. The dykes extend a long distance to each side of the stream, and are convex towards the current, so as to give more strength in resisting the force of the water above. They are broad at the bottom and narrow towards the top, and we could not fail to admire the extraordinary instinct and industrious habits by which these creatures are enabled by such an expenditure of labour and skill to erect such extensive and substantial habitations. None of these structures were, however, of recent date. We saw none of the animals themselves, and I apprehend that their almost human instinct teaches them to retreat before the advance of man. Musk rats are abundant. This animal bears a strong resemblance to our brown rat, but is somewhat bigger, its body being about 15 inches in length. Its fur is in demand and forms an article of com- merce. Its flesh, at those seasons when it is fat, is much relished by the Indians, and is said not to be unpalatable. It is aquatic in its habits ; its burrows are always under water, so that it must dive to reach them. On passing the margin of some shallow ponds or swamps I saw what I took to be small coles of hay, from three to four feet high, built amongst the water, and could not un- derstand why they should be placed there. It turned out that these were the huts of the musk rat, constructed of coarse grass and mud, which the animal collects and works together. It ia called by the Indians " Sondeli." A«4- TTJII- _. »T <«*3«v ifixAio Wcic j.tuxuwi:uus all along the way wo passed, and the wheels of our buck-board would frequently bnmp upon a small oat ouua«alad among tha tall gtau. Vm/ BS |! ■ llh if' ' Reports of the Dundee CoutWn gonertlly they «ro from two to tlnao foot IiikI), of « oircuUr, eonioal Hha|)e, rounilod on the top, and rp«embltng a mound of driod ol»y. On • itiok ■wing piiahed into lome of them, tha Inieota sw«rmed out In myriad*, but thi'y ilid not neolc to attMic ui, although I have no doubt they would giTe an ugly bite if ther got the chanoo. On breaking up tlie moun.ln, tlie whole innida was Heen to bo interieoted with open galleries or roadwayi, and the flmt oarc of the ants ■Hemere could not get hit ft Farmer limxelf and brother up his land. Two rother wan eighteen, 'a farm would inp- )ungeBt being now up hia IGOacreaof r. Anil now they concern, living in eir atook together, buildings. They lave in their leiaure 1 house of dreued itablc, and even alieJs, and carrols ga, and bouses for very commodious, logs, covered with ugh not ao elegant lildings are equally for the welfure of me. To show how perseveranof, and I I will now give a ns have 12 acres of I barley, 2 acres igolds, 14 cows, H id heifers, 14 two- horses, 12 pigs, a of the Plymouth of pigeons, which festive occasions. womankind about ice and handy at liry to perfection, one of the young; gg, or nicer baked lever partook of. 35 bushels wheat, ley per acre. This and all over they by 5 bushels per ) cents per bushel for oats, and 30 >iice3 for the two ivsri^gg tsit, the larvesting. The viied in selecting their cows, and have since displayed much skill In grading them, tlieir stock being the nicest lot of gra cents for barley, and 2A cents for oats. An automatic arrangement on the machine rcco.ds the number of busliels passed through daily. The gram is run from the throshingmnchine Into the box of a waggon, an>l hauled by the farmers to the nearest grain elevator, where the whole waggon- load IS damped at once into a great hopper, where It is weigheu, ..;,1 run by tlie elevating maohiuery into the dressiiig-niachinos, and then run to the different bins, into which the particular quality of grain may be graded. After the threshing is anishcd and the machine hauled away, a match is struck and shoved in below the straw pile, and this, I must say, is a most thorough and expeditious mode of redding up a cornyard, and it is also looked upon as a kind of feu dt joie announcing to the neighbourhood that the work of threshing is accomplished. * FAREWELTj TO EDMONTON. A CHEAP ESTATE ON THE PRAIRIE. A FIELD FOR INTFVDINO EMIGRANTS. THE DAIRYING INDUSTRY. GOLDEN OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCOTTISH GIRLS. (Prom the Dundee Courier of March 6.) Mr Osier, the Courio-t Agricultural Commis- Bioiior to America, writes :— On our return journey from Cloverbar to Edmonton, Mr Walter made a detour on purpose to see a large extent of prairie which he had r-.nUnl at a few coppers per acre from the Oovernmt .1 lor haying. The sward was largely composed of peavine, and would yield about three tons per acre. He thought it about ready for cutting, and intended to start quite a number of mowing mach .es in a day or two, the only obstruc. tion to the w.uking of the machines being the ant- hills, which, I am sure, would prove a serious bother. Near Ediuonton we came upon alareo parcel of Und which Mr Walter had purchased some years ago, a great part ot it being broken and under crop. Mr Walter has few buildings to speak , of on his farm. His crops were reallv oran.l h« j cuiiiuuics he has 6u bushels ot barley upon first breaking (that is the firs* crop after the prairie has jbeen broken up), 70 bushels oats us.m sMoud 64 Reports of the Dundee Courier's . If breaking and 40 bushels wheat per acre, and 1 am sure that no one who saw bh crops grow would average 100 head of cattle. He generally Yeeds off ye -Id ^®'"'° "8®' "'"* «»netiines has a few four- Winter Feeding. . 1^5''',"""'''.*"* ^"""'"K "^n**"" » man distributes a load of prairie hay amongst them, each animal rsoTT.fA'T'f^i'"" of hay during the winte Wlev'« d« ' Tif'*'"« -'"<'"'. get 1 gallon gristed «[n^»Si \ *\t*T"""« »nimaU not feeding off get nothing but the hay, but are constantly out on fl .^h .'""' *'"'"' *''f^ ^'?^ "P » K"™! deal 0* food ^1 three-year-olJ steers in one lot to a British Columbian dealer. The gross live weight of the ^Lr'!?"'" 'Sl'oo'^'i^ ""■■• and the total price wcthtl2Tlhf ^h*^' ""■" •"*'"1'8 """ average^live ^m '■' I""* average price £9 5s pe7head. andtheaveragerateperowt. 16^ lOd. Healsosoldtwo three-year-old cattle to the Hudflon Kay Company at £10 each. Another gentlemin nameS S^"^"^ • """8'''^",°' Mr* Walter's, soTd^ cattle-all three-year-olds— the gross weieht of *h'«h was 3i,m lbs., or 122» lbs. 7er head OJe price obtained was $3.60 per 100*^ lbs , or £9 15s per head. Neither Mr Salter's nor Mr M Kernan's cattle were ever in a house BIr i^th^ItPoT. '"^^Ifi'" ''•^"'^*" «15-£3 a ionfl w tu rations ; and his carpenters $l*=6s 3d a dav with ration. In the south tow" of Edmonton -that 13 on the south side of the river -there ii a new flouring mill, erected by and owned by the Edmonton Flour Milling Company, and managed by Mr Robert Ritchie, who kindly showed ns through the works. It is fitted up on he MteSt roller flour milling principle, with a oapL^v St turning out 100 barrels of flour a day 'They are having steady employment all the year oveT and during last season have been purchasing wh™t from he farmers around at from 60 to 70 oeTts a bushe, or from £1 to £1 3s 4,1 per quarter. The? sell the best flour at $3-123' Od per ibo lbs and baking flour at $2.76=lls 5d per 100 lbs. it hS North wL7l"'"P/'8'"" '"."'" ""'" distr." of Iht ^ti -i^K territories, the reason being that the other .ndustries of the district give employ- A Much Larger Population tlian the cultivated areas are yet able to sunuort l^^ZZ t^.the erection of the mills, the floifrTad m l« .^..^f ■'JSI'' ^'T Winnipeg, a distance of IWO miles ; but, before the construction of the railwav on y two years ago, it had to be hauled fTom Winnipeg with bullock waggons, the Lrner occupying three months. Although, as^I sa^S before, the town of Edmonton ij not well supplied with water, the country around 1. welf watered with running etreSmJ a*5 c?eek and where wells have to be due water i« X=li Ind" h,:^i!i'"" "" "' ^ '^"^ »' tl^^'surfw . '"DSg and building a we 1 costs «1 ner foot a.,H .11 throughout America it is customary to llLi K" '"Ttl"*"'- '^n? »" <" ^ndmiinv'er' head. These windmills are a Drevaii;n» characteristio of American landscapes. ^nsoml districts every farm being provide5 with one On our return to Edmonton in the evening wi found a regular /. all^wedto «»y untn they obtam houaeg of their own Of, .O"""" they have to provide thdr own Iheri «r« '"? ^T^' ^* *•••'* " »° hardship seeing Pl^^f.^Jf P/*"*' ".*. provision stores cl^e by? rre"'^kedaft'r*'h'l''Jh'''<^^'''"- ^' "'*»«' ^°^^ are looked after by the Government agents, a man flZ^tt "° •"?" '•Won obout leaving his wife and family there while he himself is away Fixing Up a New Home CafJir wT* ^ " *'"' "y between Edmonton and Calgary we saw numerous newly-arrived settlerH BW^faV" breaking up tLir homestead many of them were living w th their families in canvas tents, which seemed rather an ™grecab e ?r^? lanvT"! "« '^"""8 'he summer months A fr^i j^?"?°* 'hcsenew setters were from tlm United States, and all declared that the Triou tural ca™»b.lities of the .oil in that district^ were immensely superior to nnything thcv had been aocuRtomedto,thatt!:e taxation was lower and i'^r.t° 'r* "'**i"8 to the occupation of t"; land were much more favourable than in the State. Gradually as we proceed southwards the vegeU- wooded''°Trl'f J""""""- '^'^ '«»^e the nife^. wooded park-hke country behind -is. «n,l approach the open plains, where the sward '» brown and withered. The was^ i. cured on the stalk into weTmadte ha! «m""lf'^'. ""*"*''« ^ood for horLs ami and '"^rv^'for" IZ °^'T''- """"""''at t^rcoarse .r?..? '^ ' "beep. Having stayed over nieht 1\^^Z%' ,7" ""' morning took our s^tsn a splendid Pullman car on the Canadian Pacific R^il! r„ {f '?'' * "u'*"*. ""^ °»'' 'ong journey of S mfles to Montreal, having received word by wire th-J^i.f, teTtt'T '""'*"«'" fromthiraterSrVin Srtron,,VpionSt„^t7;^s£^' tr.ttla'n"S?, '"^ --« in?ig!;r.ffre The Canadian Colonisation Company. -..!'! mtg-: uaads of oftlMo, aiieep. and lioraes «r«' fn be seen graiing. Near Swift Cuirents one of tbm f«B,, on which 19.000 .h.op .ad 8W0 Hb! S^h nn«.h! 'b«3>«™. divided ill los of 2000 s^raer ^nV^"?'"*'^'' •'J°''«> *» «"«•> '»' during (U^l' u P** * "•»" to assist him in winter F.fty ten^,'':fteP"'^ *^ Pf """"b wHh Crd: that is nnf „»" ^'" •""' thousand sheep i. all used bu^ t f«T''.l*'"°"y *."'• " " -eldomall winter Th«l.tl^ ^ "'^^'" *""" °^ • ««'"'" ner fcj;, .„ ti, '/.'"P"' "P by contract, costing 12. more thai? 7d i" 1."^"*r *'«'"*'"? do not^ooTt winter Th. ^ i '"^ ^°' ""•» ''««P d"'"* ho?se.™wer «„7k° '» ^Pfe^ed into tales br SfutfA^^^ ' "'' .^''"8" ^'•on> 6d to 7d per DouncL pe?Xd °Ml'* S""' .Current is wo" th W law^rnhlk!.- Pn'" ,' "bort time ago there was a MiH^fn ,^ ''"?. "'^ •'^^P'nK of sheep, but under mlj^now IV'ttnT''' '" '"'"''"« and^ncing they .^7* t Tu . ''f P' '" »ny number. Hitherto the on. h.lf ""^ ''"'' '■*"*«'' ^'om Governm" t hM been one halfpenny per acre, but in future it wilUcwt 2 penny per acre. The whole of thJse oren Z ns ?hei w'aTlo'w'!'' Th" ?"''^!"". *'."'"■ "■"> p5ttVwlt"h water «n7;. "t,'"'i! ^^ '" 'he direction of meadows anrl,.!"!'*'*' *^ •''**P "l'^'' '«» the meaaows and pastures of our own country. The wherTthe'bulrh- T""'^' «'«'"•"''* '"^^"'•"o'.'! iTor!.. .n.? * "* ^""I ■'"'oP^d out the soil with their onlv how. '""5 '*"*• ^° 'ong a, the Indians had whrch'^a'tteot ""'""' ""' *""' *°"'*'"""' ""^ The Buffaloes ^ote«ISJ?VK *'"*'/ '*/?' *'"' 'be number killed did was nutlnfi *1."*'r'J"T'«'«' b"t when the rifle Tm wiled XT ^"a^^ *'"' ^5'" °f 'bo^o bovine, wa. sealed, the Indians and half-breeds killinir «e"remX'ft f" 'Y If"* "f their skinT?he«"! ?. that no h..«fi ° '■'" "*"? *bey fell. The result w that no buffaloes now exist on the plains, but in S ^aK'" P"""?, '" "*"»"' *bC wiih Jhei? fortt Von. if'^"'' ™.'''^»y »'»''°n Pilesof thirty or hetranfmaf, •™/olleotcd proving^ow numeroni yelJSa^o Th.*** '1*" "°* """•« 'ban a doien 2rou!„ ! J ^^^ oo»"try around here becomes more denressions "whr"" '"'''".»"'' P°"'^« oo-^r in the aepiessions, while now and again we cross tr.>m. ... generally highly alkaline, thel' diVricte''*,^n*„Tt'be R..fii.^f '^'i'*'"* ^°' 'be keeping of stock Besides, the surface is in many plkcei overgrown sal Ihil "".='^-=ol"ured weed called wormioXr bSfr?enlook *Thf. *''^*? .8"'»' P'ains a desolate Darren look. This weed is possessed of medicinal ^t^'"\m^ ^rt ' ■"''" """^ ta^tTthat no stoolt will eat the grass where it erows exist^'inTr^ ♦''ese districts whe^e ffii exists in large quantities, or where sase or wormwood monopolises the surface, oughrto b^ avoided by settlerH in locating theif liomesteadT As we proceed eastwards we ivery hero and tbe^ Zk^h tlley',"' "''""' b'undr'erof acre" Diaoic with the aithes of a recent prairie Are and every now and again we are plunged into a dewe flf.l'l.''L"-^?i'!'.*".^'"°P!''.8 '.he railway for S »T*.-l.'r"'"i ■''""'?.',l F'^''''" "•" tfier prairie fire as we sweep along. These prairie fires are very tsnw affaiM m comparison with wh»,t we have hljm .o««.tem«i rS^diog about, • taw ?ro\ro, 56 Reports of the Dundee Courier's I- r I !1 P' Binothered flame creeping slowly along, and not half 10 dangerous like as a heath fire at home. The most of these fires are said to be caused by sparks from passing engines, and fire breaks are made all along on both sides of the rail- way tiaok. These fire breaks are made by plongli- mg strips of the prairie a few yards broad on either side of the line, and about thirty yards distant, and as these ploughed i-idges extend nearly all the way from Winnipeg to the Rookies I am quite witliin the mark when I say thac I have seen furrows 800 miles long. Such furrows would give our crack Scottish ploughmen a grand ohance of trying their BkUl at drawing astraiglit feering. CALGARY TO REGINA. AN IMPEDIMENT TO DEVELOPMENT. THE CAPITAL OF THE NORTH- WEST. AT THE HOEISB RACES. INDIANS ON THE COURSE. AN UNPLEASANT EXPERIENCK (Prom the Dundee Courier of April 10.) Mr Oder, tlie Courier's Agricultural Commis- ■loner to America, writes :— From Calgary all the way to Regina tlie general aspect of the country is rather uninviting to the eye of the agriculturist. We aee no trees, not wen a shrub, for a hundred miles or more. Isolated farms at intervals of five or six miles are to be seen, and the wooden farmliouses looming up in the broad expanse of prairie fifteen or twenty miles away appear like ships scattered on the ocean. It is said that the railway passes through the worst district of the Canadian North- West, and indeed our experience was that such was the case, for every place we stopped at we had a drive out a distance of perhaps thirty or forty miles from the line, and we invariably found that the soil im- proved the farther inland we went. In planning the railway the engineers selected the nearest and most direct route to the Kicking Horse Pass through the Rookies, but, in my opinion, tliat was a mistake, seeing that by taking a slight detour at the cost of adding a few miles to the length of the track a mujsh richer agricultural district would have been passed through, and the resources of the Nnrth-Wes; v.ould have been better and much more quickly developed. As it is, travellers passing through without stopping to examine cannot possibly be favourably impressed with the appear- ance of the country. At Regina we stopped ov(,r two niglits, and took time to liave a walk through the town and a drive out to the country around Begina is the capital of the North-West Terri- tories, oooapj ing a central position on the banks of the Wasoana River, and its progress since the advent of the railway has been very remarkable and awiking. Here are situated the headquarters of the mounted police, where more than 300 men are usually kept in commodious and well-appoi-ted barracks, there being a magnificent riding-school for practice in the winter. Here is als* jituatea the Government House, where the liieutenant-Governor and his staff carry on the le^islttive business of the Teriitories. By their the Indian businesi of the Territories. Numeious churches, large schools, commodious hotels, banks, stores of eviTy description, the never-ending grain elevators and dwelling-houses, mostly all of solid brick, give the town a very substantial and impos- ing appearance. There are upwards of 2000 inhabitants. Nine hundred electric lighta are constantly in use, and sixty telephones are distri- buted through the town. There is a commodious curling rink, covered in aud lighted with electricity, and I learned that The Boarmg Oame is very popular and much resorted to in the winter season. East from the town is a well-made race- course, with a substantial permanent grand stand, and, as the annual horse races took place when we were there, we spent a day in witnessing them. A great concourse of people were collected, all rigged out in holiday attire, and as they all spoke the Jing ish language and conducted themselves exactly similar to what people do here, it was diflSoultfor us torua'ise we wereamoiigstacrowd of foreigners. They displayed a keen interest in the result of the raoe^ and a good deal of bookmaking was going on. The races were keenly and numerously contested, the best running horses being of English descent. The trotting horses were all run in harness, the buggies to which they were attached only weighing 47 lbs. Ihey only consisted of shafts and wheels built after the style of our bicycles. Tlie driver sat close to tne horse a tail, and with his arms stretched for- ward on each side of the animal urged him on at a great speeH. The heads of the horses were all tightly reined up with what is called an overdraw check. A strap is attaohad to each side of the bit, passed up the horse's face, and brought back be- tween his ears, and tightly fastened to the turret of the saddle. This made the horses run with their noses high up in the air— somewhat ungainly, I thought— and it also seemed to me that the tight manner in which they were reined up impeded tht-ir action to a considerable extent. They had also galloping contests and games at polo. I thought the running pretty good, but, as I am not well acquainted with racing records, I will give the speed, and connoisseurs can judge for themselves ; —Trotting in harness, 2 minutes iJO seconds to the mile; polo ponies galloping, half-mile in 351 seconds. Many hundreds of Indiana had collected to witness the races. These people had their camps P™ned on the prairie close by. The Indians take all their worldly possessions with them when they go on a visit, and the bands of loose horses that si r- rounded their teepees grazing on the prairie were innumerable. I fancy they were holding tii« Indian Coumissiouer and a large staff oouduot A Horse Market amongst themselves, but could not be sure of thi^ as no white men were mixing amongst them. The red people, both male and female, seemed to take a great interest in the races, but none of them came witliin the ring, all standing upon the railway track, which passed upon an embankment close beside the racecourse. It appears that formerly the Indians went keenly into the horse-racing con- tests, and created a good deal of amusement by their uncouth manner of riding, but since the intro- duction of English-blooded horses they, finding their native cayuse have no oliauco in the contests, have given up competing. In the evening I observed the Indians wandering in great numbers through the town making purchases at the stores, but none of them entered the hotels or public-houses, and I did not see a single Indian the least the wnmn nf drink, although there ivere many whites whoso appearance showed they had been worshipping at lit I Special Agricultural Commissioner to North America. 87 ihe ibrine of Baeohui. Indsed, it is a penal offence for • white man to give aa iK drink under any pretext whatever. Shortly ^n'?!;*^."'"'"'^.P*8li>«.a white instructor upon ^Si^wl^"."'* u"u°" ^*^ inidrertently left a pren anloolted in which wa. a bottle of whisky. An ]^T tI?"' ''•? '^"'•' »"'» 8°' himself^intox" on^vtt J * ^'"to raw ''M Wed for the offe»ce, Indian Ud leading a young lH,ar. He had a smattering of English, and we got into conversa- tion with him, and tried to buy the beai-. He aslted 94 for it, but as the possession of such stock was scarcely III our line we declined the purchase, The town being so cr.*ded we had a difficulty in procuring a bed. but through the interoeasioh of Bom^e parties to whom we had letters of intro- in one of the hotels. A great noise and uproar X;?i ♦ Wff *"'' ] were composing oarselves to sleep the bottom of tlie bed gave way, and we were precipitated to the floor, but we had been accustomed to roughing it by this time, and without even rising to examine matters, we drew the sheets around us and lay still. LHt the worflft nf A TOUR AROUND REGINA. FB.T,'-UNISING WITH THE ■iL CKFF.ET INDIANS. . i^xT TO A GOVERNMENT EXPERIMENTAL FARM. AMERICAN SYSTEMS OF CULTIVATION. (Prom the Dundee Courier of April 17.) . Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- ^TllYn %"""'■ *"*'" --On the forenoon of the day we left Regma we had a drive out to the country around. In the Governmmt pamphlets and other prints this is reported ao a good agricul- tural country, but. to tell the truth, we werf "nly thii*'m?J I'T''""^'"''''^'' '*« appearance, though this may have been duo to the time of year rtir,'H"'^'h,i ""^ ''"'• withered, somewha" stunted, and thin appearance of the grass not re- commending itself to our fancy. The crons of wheat were fair, but nothing' in comKn X-ri."? ',*' "°»"'l Edmonton.'^ We nr,i!^™^''"'*M^'*'7 8'«"l cattle, shorthorns, or Durhams, as they are called, of a very good we«'''hJ^S^''*f"f"' •""* ««" which we obsefv^d mfaHf^.^5**i ^""^ °" ^""y ''•"d t» improve the S^itC'T"'" were such as to make us be- will not hL" Lk-VTiT" *'"' J""> "* "'« IJominion will not be behind those of the old country A great number of cows belonging to the townspeople were being grased around the town in one common drove, several mounted cowboys being engaged in tli\2 iJ^lM- J*!" Pr'^o paid for ^oh cow fir t^»iK*/\*^''""l,'?,"''"'"»oow costs from 112 to 116 for hsy. Milk sells at 5 cents per quart in ?H?„^'»'"/ ^ "IS'." "'"'"*«'• A cord of wood fo 1"''/°"^™'" *3 to «6 according to the time of year. we saw wasrsona d>->^i»" i"' ♦•-« ., jhreast bringing in greVt load." of" fcewo'oV to the town. They were harnessed in collars, and it was •nly on rare oooasioni that we saw the old^ fashioned wooden yoke over the necks in use. They No Bridles or EfAteta, only a small eord tied to the horn of the near ox. which the driver held in hif, hand. From what i saw I am inclined «o thiclc that the oxen of the country are more services Jle in draught than the wm??h„''"*^ •?" drivi.ig around, we were struck with the great piles of ouffalo bones which every- where met our view. These bones are worth about f P«y. toi» for the sugar refineries, but, judging from the large quantities on hand, there does not seem to .^ much demand for them. The word Wasoana. tha name of the river upon which the town IS buil^ IS an Indian n- .ne meaning the place of bones, and refers to a great precipice near the town where great -umbers of Indians would annually collect for hunting expeditions, and. forming a cordon around the herds of buffaloes. IhIL fK*"" '" great numbers over the precipice where they were dashed to pieces. This they did m a strange belief thai; the more they killed annually the more numerous would thev :TJ^X A^^ . t*"*.. ***""" ""» collected great bands of Indians, and t;,ey were more stately and warlike than the majority of Indians we .TJm'^tf- . '■r''««o,.I'"l»n« belong to the tribe called IJlaokfeet, and time was when they struck terror to the hearU of the white men. They are Ume enough now though, and those travellers for wliom Cooper s novels have had an --irly charm find room in their hearts for regret that these blanketed nondescripts standing with outstretched palms— these frowsy beggars-are the real material from which the novelist built his red-skinned heroes. A number of young squaws, probably the best-.lookin« young ladies from the Tee-pee Camp near by. ran alongside the train reiterating the word money, the meaning of which they see-n to have a clear per- ception of. Just as the train was starting 8^110 kind-hearted passenger threw them a numlier of small coins for which they scrambled and fought, tumbling and rolling over each other in a most unaeem y fashion, making us contrast in our own minds the rude outlandish behaviour of these Damsels of the Plains with the staid deportment and lady-like bearing ot our young women ac home. Leaving Regina. we pass Que Appelle. and continue our route to Indian Head, which we reach early in the aftemon. On this journey the prairie is broken and bumpy, and numerous ponds and slews occur in the depressions. Large expanses of the land are covered with a low scrub of a kind called buffalo willow. ',Ve pass numerous deep summer-dried C9ulies and creeks, the banks of which are thickly overgrown with scrub, amongst which the grass appears gra mer and more luxuriant. A conlie is a deep holljw or ravine opening into the valley ; a creek -J. a stream or ravine opening into a ooulie. Oi arriving at Indian Head, we were met at the station by BIr Maokay, manager of the Government Experimental Farm at In.lian Head, wlw had been made aware of our coming. Getting suated in t four-wheeled buggy, drawn by a pair of high- stepping tronchos. we were first driven to the hotel in the village, where we lespoke bediooms. then out to tlie experimental fa. m, where we were most hospitab.y entertained by Mr Maokay in his own house. And here I cannot help remarking about the frequency of fruit in the mentis of American incais, £,Tory di.H in prefaced by a serviue of delicious grapes, pears, bananas, cherries, peaches, or whatever sort may be in season— a custom which we relubed very much. 68 Keporls of the Dundee Courier's I iti I" M; The Oovomment Farm. After dinner Mr Maokay drove us over the farm, •nd we were much struck with the general exoellenoe of the crops. The chief object of the farm id, as its name denotea, one of experiment, and to show forth to the farmers the best methods or oultijatmg the soil, the propagation of improved kinds of grpin and other seeds, and the production of trees suitable for the soil and climate. Monthly bulletiiis ' -e sent out to all the farmers of the territorie describing every new process tried and the resuU -describing all new grains and plants, the time they take to grow and ripen, and the quality liiid value of the produce. Forty-nine varieties of wheat were being experimented on, and as many of barley, oats, peas, and maize. The common sunflower that grows as a flower in our gardens at homo was being cultivated as a field crop out there, and la expected to bo successful. It yields a large quantity of seeds very rich in feeding properties and 18 very easily cultivated. It is said that a good crop of sunflower will thresh 60 bushels per acre, and that each bushel will yield a gallon of veiy valuable oil, tl residue being pressed into cakea of • high feeding value. The stalks yield a fine fibre well adapted for textile or paper-making purposes. 1 he sunflower grows and ripens to perfection in our gardens at home, and I see no reason why it should not be tried »» a field crop here. A field of these itlPl'r**!"/V," ';''^"?' "*'' *•'«''• large golden yellow heads following the course of the sun, has a most imposing and beautiful appearance. Besides eml*' "'"^^ """^ propagation of new Experiments are Carried on with live stock todiacover the kinds best adapted for the country both as beef and milk producers, and at present shorthorns, polled Angus, and Holsteins appear to be the favourites. All new implements •re also tried, and their utility demonstrated to the public. One circumstance which seemed strange to me was that the applications of super- lihosphates does not seem to have any appreciable effect, proving that, if properly cultivated, the virgin soil of these prairies has inherent all the requisite ingredients for the production of crops without any auxiliary assistance. In the evening Mr Maokay s son, who assists his father on the larm and in the laboratory, drove us out for a long distance through the country around, and we passed through what might be said to be a perfect manufactory of wheat, miles after miles of the land being covered with the cereal alone. It is a gland sight to pass through between great fields of golden wheat, waiting for the hand of the reaper to convert it into dollars. In the middle almost of every field wm a round portable granary capable of holding a day's threshing. Into this the grain is run from the threshing machine and stored until it becomes convenient to haul it to market. The usual and most approved system of cultivation is to taice two wheat crops in succession, and to have one-thirf part of the land in bare fallow. After the spring seeding is accomplished the fallow is wrought and cleaned, and any farmyard manure that has been made is applied. This givea pienty of work for the farm staff and teams between spring and harvest, by which time the bare fallow briko is ploughed and ready for seeding in spring. The spring work is thereby facilitated very considerably. ?/l,1 M PJ'P"""? <■»' tbe second crop of wheat the Btnbble 18 merely fcurned and the seed put in with • press drill without any ploughing at all. Under thia system there is really which ia k great a<1vantagQ, as the seeding U got through much more quickly and earlier-a great desideratum in these territories where work is often- times so ong retarded by the continuance of frost nesiaes, the land not turned over in spring reUini «^?*?^"{" T'}" 'ISI'*' *•"" *»'•' ''bich has been recently p oughed. The average yield of the wheat here would in my opinion, be about 26 bushels per acre, and the price obtained runs from 12s to 14s per quarter, INDIAN HEAD TO BRANDON. meet:ng with a kirriemarian. his success in america. the lumber trade. (From the Dundee Courier of April S4.) Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultural Commis- sioner to America, writes :-Bef ore leaving the district of Indian Head we had a drive through the great Bell Farm, which huge concern has been so often described. Formerly this farm was run by a company, Major Bell being the principal partner and manager. The company is now dissolved, and Major Bell runs the farm on hia own account. A large portion of the land was sold, the Government purchasing 680 acres for the experimental farm. The Brassey Farms lying to the south of the rail- o*^*u J,* "'l,® *'*" ''ought from the Bell Farm. On the East Brassey Farm there are 53,000 acres altogether, 1300 acres being in wheat and 150 in .1- /** '!'"** through one field of wheat on this farm, in which there were 900 acres. On the Bell Farm there are yet 1600 acres of wheat, and, except that some of the fields appeared rather over- grown with certain weeds, the place appeared well managed. We saw twelve self-binding reapers on this tarm. On returning to our hotel in the even- ing I got rather a surprise, being told that a Kirrie- muir man was in waiting for me. This turned out to be Andrew Dundas, a native of Kirriemuir, Uorfarshire. Andrew followed the occupation of a ploughman when at home, but getting tired of that ne got on as fireman upon an ocean-going steamer, and, landing in America, found his way out West. Andrew had very little money, but horaesteaded a quarter section of land near Indian Head, and by industry and steadiness he has wrought his way to independence. He ha^i now 480 acres of landfall his own, 160 acres of which were in wheat He has about 20 horses and 70 cattle. He says he is FLT^'^uu'*'.' *''" "'y ""e has succeed^, and although he intends to come to Scotland to see his triends he could never think of staying here again. He thinks there is a far better chance for able- bodied men willing to work out there than there is at home. At least, he says that at home he never could have aspired to be anything better than a common labourer, but out there he is His Own Blaster, with a comfortable home of his own, and good prospects for his family. Ho sold $555 worth of cattle last year. Few farmers have threshing mills <.f their own, the grain all being threshed with portable threshing milb, wrought by traction engines. The fuel used is straw, which is fed into ...« .urr.ar^ ..y s msC-hiae IftTciiicd for the pK.posc. It 18 said that straw gives a sharp, quick heat, and keep* up a good head of steam. The owner of the Special AgrieuUv/ral CmmisHoner to iV(/rik America. 69 the mill, carry • fall lUff of hands aloug with them and charge for the threshing at 4 ceSts per hughe for whaat. but if only four me " are proyiH way 2000 buiheli are often threshed. Durina the eS!"*i "'••'•«"«''' »*» «""» and tS are t^S«Ti''!i"""* ^"/y *'»•' 8'"" '0 'ho elevator, where it is dumped from the waggon loose into a hopper, weighed, nnd passed through thrdr^h.g machinery and raised by the elevating taohZ^J »il, f^TJi; **"* •«««!?' from the elevator coml pany for the number of bushels consigned. This receipt is a negotiable document, and when the merchant he hands him the receipt and geti his money, and the elevator company have to deliver a like number of bushels of thrsimo graderthough SS tT/h"''' ^\° '"P" ""•"'• I' i" »»id that tlfis part of the country is somewhat subject to warm wmds which cook the wijeat sometinies, deslroy" Its grade, and renders it less valuable. Occasion- ally Jt IS nipped by frosts, but snaps of frost are becoming less frequent now that thelulk of land is being brought into ouUivation. The great bulk of the land hereabout is being devoted to whea^ fhT "»?•'!)'* '"'^.''t"''' <"' °^"'<' are to bo seetbu this I think a mistake, as a system of mixed farm- ni^.Z:il\^^^ ^^^"^ "'" '"'^'"H of cattle a™d pigs with the weak grains being a more profitable r'aTe ?J Kit™ '"'"' "*'"■"« *^- *' — ' '- A Hint to the Fanners. We left Indian Head about mid-day on Friday, and proceeded eastwards to Brandon, a distance of 180 miles. During this journey we passed through some very poor portions of country, and saw manv hundrtdi of acres of wheat tliat would uever be Zui ./*"""*• .^°"^J'?'* ow'ngto iU continuous oultivatiou, much oi it being completely smother^jd »1V1 .I''"*! .Sheaf-binding reaping machines were at work m every direction; in fact, en my whole Journey I never saw anything else than seif-bindera at work-sometimes drawn by three horses, sometimes by three oxen. dLnW-i^K"** ,Ji'"T''»e'l by the carelessness dispayed by the farmers in keeping these costly maohmea. They are scarcely ever put under cover the whole year through, and we saw hundreds of them lying rotting about the nowesteads. Im- plement sheds would effect a vast saving to the •ettlers, and apart from that I suggested that they 2^1? fl''f*.''j*''^i^ implements together when they were finished with them, and build piles of straw on the top of them to keep them dry. A a the idea «eenje """y f'"™ the mills by machinery and built into great stacks of dealZ «,^li;L* "r""" "' ^"""'f Between these stacks Tl i^Vrl'l^'l'*' r,"?* ^<" convenience in loading. Iho sawdust and plamngs are automatically run to the engine fumaoes, and used as fuel. The o ft n^^ln?"*^ trimmings are sent down hoppers, ^^L^ "°^' convenient lengths, and sold to the townspeople for fuel. Mr Christie employe 75 hands at the mills, beside. great armiesof iSXreV^ m the forests. There are two great planiue machines, sr winills complete, with four saw'^edgerf and trimmers. The great lugs a»e dragged from the nver with powerful self-acting machinery ;Tught with great arm;., which adjust them uron the iw table; automatically run through the planing. great yard to be built into the stacks, without scarcely ever being touched by human hands, fi™^ " A 8.°"^ "^^^y demand for the dressed timt^r in the immediate neighbourhood for house- Kp^uVpL^ef""' ">«'"»«y. i-nplements, and DRIVING AROUND BRANDON. MORE ABOUT EXPERIMENTAL FARMING. WIND AND WINDMILLS. AMEPTOAN COOKERY. AGRICULTURAL WORK AND WAGES. (From the Dundee Courier of May 1.) A Splendid Town, with broad, regular streets, a great many of the -"•V_"" I — r— -••- "!t:ss uciiig Ycry large ana very elegant. I counted about half a down great pain elevators, and visited one very large saw- mill, owned and run by Mr Ohriatie. He outs hii _ Mr Osier, the Courier's Agricultuial Commis- sioner to America, writes :-0n Saturday morning, while we wore sitting at breakfast in the hotel at iirandon, Mrahain, Government sgent for the dis- trict, called and offered to spend the day driving us around the country. This kind offer we thankfully accepted, and shortly his buggy and pair of horses drove up to the door, and we got seated. Our first visit was to the Brandon Government experimental farn., managed by Mr Bedford. This farm, like the experimental farm I have described at Indian Head, was a wonder of neatness and methodical management. The farm buildings were of the best description, and the arrangement for the cattle and horses very much leaembled some of our best steadings at home. The huge barn was a wonder 11. :f elf, being sueBoiently large to store all the hay and straw required for the ptook over winter. In onfl end was the grain store and the gristing and straw-cutting machinery, the nower for .l.r«h i. obtamed from a windmill placed over the Urn. Mr Bedford manipulated a lever and put the mill m operation, and I was deligh'ed with the smooth steady way it did iU work and with the ea^y w R2pGrts of the Dundee Cowriei's I \r' manner of controlling it. By gelf-aoting governora It adapts Itself to the air cirrents, and no matter how strong the wind blows it never races or goes faster than the desired speed, and it the gale- rises too strong the vane is so constructed that it throws the fans right into the teeth of the wind and stops It altogether. Those windmills are very numerous out West, and very useful, and it is surprising to me that more advantage ia not taken of wind power at home. The root cellars, containing sufficient room to store all the roots grown on the farm, are beneath the barn under the ground level, whore it ia impos>ible for them to be touched with frost, and they are said to keep very well here. Wm aniv a/ima «*aM» n.AA.1 »_..; # * . Wb saw some very good specimens of pure-bVe'd cattle about the steading. Two bulla of the short- horn and Holstein breed had been bred in Ontario, and were well grown and developed. There were seine realy excellent femalea about the place. Mr Bedford had a one-year-old shorthorn quev led out for our inspection, and I must say tliat I never saw a sweeter or better specimen of the breed at home. We drove all over the faim, and got a great deal of insight into the systems of Canadian Husbandry. Here, as at Indian Head, the approved mode ia to take two whtat crops in succession and the third year bare fallow. The same difficulties apply to sown grasses here as at other places out West, no kind being as yet got hardy enough to stand the winter, but great hopes are entertained as to the sncoeja of a grass called Hungarian brome lately introtluoed. Jlr Bedford toU us that in his nursery he had 84 variety of trees all doing well. -VVe then drove to the great Sandison farm, and had a look through the buildings. On this farm was the only stone and lime farmhouse I saw in all the country. It was really a grand house, and was erected the year before last at a great coat. The stables, made to hold 25 teams of horses, were built of loga, and roofs covered with straw. Turf walls three feet thick were built outside the log walls which rendered the stables exceedingly com- fortable, making them leas coM in winter and leaa warm iu summer. We then drove to a fiirm owned by an Aberdeenshire gentleman named Mr Nicoll, who kindly entertained ua to luncheon, and while waiting its preparation by his wife in the large capacious kitchen I had an insight into American cookery. Every kitchen has an excellent cooking stove fitted up with all the necessary accessories for cooking and bakmg, and all American housewives bake their own bread. Mrs Nicoll was buay baking when we went in, and her bread as it came from the oven was as good and palatable as could be pi.uluoed bv any baker here. Mr Nicoll owna and farms 480 f^\' «S° ''**P' '"?' ,"*"• "•""»» Jie pays from •Ik \° o.n P" '"°",*^ ''"""8 "ummer, and from jMO to *40 per month during harvest He reckons his average vield of wheat over a series of years would be 18 bushels per acre. He says summer fallowing is 8 necessity, and that the land would pe all the better of being manured. He is con- templating growing • forage crop *o plough down green on purpose to manure the land. He is satisfied sowing upon stubble with press drill without ploughing is to be a success. After this we bad ft very long drive to the farm of a Scottish gentleman called Matthewson, the name of the farm being Longview. We passed through a number of Indians, and I asked Mr Thain if thev were at all troublosome. "Oh, no," he said none whatever. The Yankees say there are no good Indians but dead ones, but, inatead of flghtinir them aa they do, wo build lomea and schools for them, educate them, and learn them to cultivate 1 1*1 r' ; 1. i^^" H*^ .*•""" peaceable, industrious, and well beUvfcd." At Longview we ha tna'i he replied, "and froe the kingdom o' *ife. He took me to a shop, where I made my purchases, and then I asked liim to accompany me to the hotel, and get introduced to my companions. He came, and we spent an hour or two in interesting and instructive conversation. He told me his father was a grieve on a large farm in Fife, not far from Dundee, his name being Kirkcaldy. He has got on very well in Canada, having steadily climbed to tlie head of his profession, and is much liked and highly respected. On Sunday we had a drive of at least 40 miles out and 40 miles in by another road to the south of the town of Brandon. For a long distance we passed through a good agricultural dis- trict, the land being mostly all broken and under wheat. The yield appeared fair, and would average. I would say, about 18 or 20 bushels. As we went further inland we saw greater expanses of the original prairie, and passed numerous great black squares where the sod bad just been broken with the plough. We did not see many cattle about, the land being mostly all devoted to grain-growing purposes. We came to one field where a flock of eight score of nuru bred Shropshire ewes and lambs were grazing. Ihe field on which they were had been seeded with oats in spring, and after it had grown a certain length the ewes were put on to graze. It provided good succulent food for a time, but unfortunately there was too little of it, and when we examined it there was little sign of oats to be seen, but the whole field was covered with the rank growth of a weed unknown to me, and which the sheep would not put a mouth on. The ewes wore excellent sorts, True to Their Breed, but they did not seem to me to be io a good thriving state, and the lambs were stunted and small— at least they appeared so to me, though several citizens of Brandon who were with us in the buggy, thought them re- marKably good. I observed a water-cart and troughs in the field, showing that water was having to be driven to them. Continuing our journey, we left the agricultural region behind us, and got into what is known as the Brandon hills, and passed a wild unbroken, scrubby, well-wooded district, with iiumeious ponds and small lakes occurring in tiie depresssion. Many boats with picnic parties were rowing about on these lakes, and the margins swarmed with holiday-seekers. Several large tents were pitched at convenient places along the shores, and, as I observed they had their bedding material and cooking utensils with plentiful stores of pro- visions along with them, it was obvious that these pleasure parties meant to make a lengthy stay, and indeed I learned that this is a common way of uomg a lioiajay out Wcni, iiuiei-keepers and iurni< ture dealem providing teats on hire for the purpos«b Ain/^n»»«- 4-l^».,» l.:ll„ 41.- :1 . *^ r. 7^ rh.Jt.H I..J. r V. r ^ .u "■ '*""'"« oniyrosy- ture aealem providing teats on hire for the purpose. «f.^, li'^^ ^ u, '"/" *" ^'i" «°«"*'y- Bu' «'« Amongst these hills the soil appeared ve?y Ib^. actor who brought down the house, and who stony and burren, and not at alfs^ted for oultivS^ 63 Reports of the Dundee Courw'a Ifli M' tion. Neverthelesi, io ((lades and openings in tlie wooJs we came upon occasional olearinga where Boiae hardy settler waa making for himself a home- stead. This is a splendid district for sportsmen. The coveys of prairie ohickens were literally rising before us ix. ;;warras, and the ponds and raus-kegs were black with great swarms of wild ducks. Deer is also plentiful, and there is no lack of wolves and even bears. We saw the hats of the musk rat built like coles of bay amongst the water in the shallows of the lake, and the curious inhabitants, something like our grey rats, but bigger, sitting eyeing us from the top. unuhers are also numerous, and I saw eitlier a badger or a beaver— I don't know which— start across the road in our front. Driving along tlie trail we were following (only maiks of wheels amongst the grass at the best) gradually became more indistinct, and at last disappeared altogether. After a time our driver had to confess that he had fairly lost his wli< reabouts, and did not know which way to turn or go. A Council of War wa9 held, and as our party knew that the traii to Brandon all led in a westerly direction it was resolved to strike across country in an easterly direction, in order the sooner to get upon one of these north and south trails. But which was east? That was the rub. The sun was obscured, and there was nothing to direct us. How we longed for the instinct of the Indian, who could toll his way by the forest signs, but, being interior ^ the Indian in that respect, we had to rely upon our own resources. Luckily for our party I remem- bered I had upon me a small pocket compass, and, referring to it, we stoered our course accordingly. After an hour's driving through thick scrub and dense undergrowth— sometimes higher than the horses' heads— and so thick and strong as almost to lift the buggy off the wheels, we got upon a north-going trail, and following it for another couple of hours we emerged from the forest. When we reached the clearing a flerce gale was blowing, which lifted the coal-black dust off the cultivated '-^d in clouds, and wafted it inti our faces. The weather was uncomfortably warm, i\nd we were perspiring freely, and the dust sticking to us we were soon all more like niggers than white men. However, it was dark when we arrivec' in town, and we got to our hotel unobserved. Af'ier a thorough Hcrubbi>-.g in the lavatory we had supuer »nd went to bed, but we had more on hand before we^ went to sleep. A swarm of mosquitoes had got into the room, and no sooner were we down than they clustered on our face and hands, and their attentions becoming unbearable we rsaulved to have a war of extermination. Mr Taylor occupied another bed in the same room, and we arose and turned on the electric light and com- raeiioed operations. The mosquitoes betrayed their presence by their sharp, shrill buzz, somewhat like the buzz of a honey bee below a cloth. We soon t!ot tlicm all killed, and then lay down and slept the tleep of the just. A HERD OF PURE «' DODDIES. " GRAIN MILLS IN BRANDON. MORE ABOUFWINDMILLS. (Prom the Dundee Courier of May S^.) Hr Osier, the Courier'^ Agricultural Oommis- sioner to America, writes :— On Monday morning we drove out to a farm owne- 1 ^J. f'^t L"eriXora?nJi;Ultac1.Sro.Tl"St farmer, there are more handicapped in 'l'»P0«'"8 °' f' .V.lir o„!rfttion, »nd thoroughly under control, their produc. than they are at any other pon on )",*"- °P««"°-^p-d „, , »g tLn .larrow _slats that great lino "of r'ailway. The freiglit from Brandon to Vancouver, a disUnco of luOO miles, for wheat, barley, and oata is 60 cent. P^ l'"nd{f pounds, and from Brandon to Montrea^, 1500 ra.lc. It is 47 cents per hundred pounds. When farmers send grain to the elevators the charge is 2 cents per bushel for cleaning and loading, and one-half cent a month for storage. On the afternoon of Mon- day we left Biandon on our way to the Souris ais- triot, near the international boundary line. A Destructive Gale. Taking train at Brandon Station we went back UDon our journey for some distance. Going west- WMds on the Canadian Pacific Railway or about ten miles to Kemnay. then joining a branch line, we .truck southward, toward, the international boun- dary line, but before describing thi. journey I would like to siy something about the weather. Up to Sunday evening the temperature had been exces- sively warm, with the thermometer a mid-day registering 100 degree, in the shatle. On Say night a fierce gale bp'«",8 "P-^^^, a great thunder storm ensued. The ttashes of lightning were literally incessant and very bridht, and towards morning there was a great downoour of rain. When the rain abated tlie gale Sn^pranVup%n'l <>» Monday afternoon it was bfowing a perfect hurricane. The wind soon dried up tie mixture of the previous '"ght, and as we iiaiwed alona our route we could see the dust rising fnlSt cloSds from amongst the root, of the wheat n every field, and the fine mould was being collected in wreaths in every sheltered hollow along the side of the track. The wheat was ju.t ap- oroaching ripeness, harvest being begun in many pKandwewer'esure from. *"« J^f"?'' /LTv Eeing tossed about by "'e wind that the loss by shelling would be vury considerable. At the small in tneir operaiioni, nuu hi">""b";j . . „i.t„ The sails aie composed of long thin narrow slats (something after the fashion of our Venetian blinds), extending from the outer rim to near the centre ot the wheel. By a simple contrivance these slat. can, by the manipulation of a lever, be furled up in clusters, and bring the machine to a dead .top, or, by pulling a lever, the face ot the wheel i. thrown round parallel with the vane, and entirely I out of the current, and .o is obliged to iftand slill. By the use of governing weights the sails or slats, are automatically turned to any degree of obli- ' quity to suit the wind prevailing at the time, ii it blows strong the weights turn the slats less obliquely, so as to present a less resisting surface, thusgiving the wind less power over the machine. If it falls to a calm the governor, set the sails to the greatest degree of ob i- nnitv 80 as to g ve the wind the lull maxii^ium of power, and if it blew a blizzard or hurricane the strength of the gale automatically sets the sails thin edge on into the teeth of the wind, so that it has no power upon it at all. It was very interesting to me to observe, as the wind rose an/ (ell, how the sails opened and shut adapt ng themselves to the strength of th", ""^'f"'-,*"'^ '^S machine moving around a. slowly, 8te»;o^' *^ say that one-half the water supply of America i. raised from deep wells by wind power. Ihey require no attention except occasional oiling. Uy a simple arrange.nent tliey stop themselves "hen the water tanks are full, and start again when water is drawn. They are most^ effio.en ly and st ongly llheilingwouldbe vury considerable At the smau ^l^awnxny-^^c ...... ^^^^.^ ^^^ ^.^^ town of Souris we changed trams, and '"ad a couple o"''?! A°?-„„g ™ n which they are erected are w of hours to wait, and to put "^ *he time we had a t es^^^^^^^^ \^^ calculated to walk through the town. We found it to be » ?W 1 «fo°B'y.;'";,,„ .t,„„„,fc blizzards to which the d'tributini centre for the country around. Store- Kng is the principle business, and we saw lots of country people in their buggies driving from door ?o door miking their purchases. There are q«>te a lot of blacksmiths' and mechanics' shops in the place, and they all .eemed to be doing a " roaring" trade. repairing old and fitting up new sef-binding, rowing, and threshing machines and traction eiiBinel The town is all surrounded by prairie, upon which lots of horses and cattle were grazing with no fences to keep them from «tf».y'"g- /"o bands of young horses came wandering into tlie street when we^were there, and a number of young scamps got several wolf hounds, o which there were plenty lying about, and hunted them away. We d"d not enjoy our walk over much. The gale was lifting the fine dust and grit off the street and blow ng it into our eyes in clouds, and we were uSly almost blinded, so holding our hats on with both bands we wended our way back to the Ttition to obtain the shelter of the waiting-room. At the station was A Windmill, pumping water into an elevated circular cistern for the supply of the railway engines, and although we liad often seen these machines at work in fair winds we were interested to observe how this one behaved In the boisterous, unsteady gale which was then pre- .■|.-_ .^j.i .„ U.O of™>d watchinar It until the IrrivLTof''o'ur train.' when' the engine drew up to ?"e tank to take in water. Unlike the huge un- sightly four-armed windmills which may sometimes withstand the strongest. bliz«.rd. to whmh the country is subject. It i. surprising to me that these mills ar'e not in more f'?T?rL"could be There are many purpose, for «l!'«'\*''«y "=°"'i°' profitably utilised, and I P'^^'f *•»*'. *^*^7 become better known, as they will be before long, so will they come into more general use. IN A PllOHIBITION TOWN. PREPARING FOR SQUALLS. EASTWARD HO ! A QUAKER SETTLEMENT. (Prom the Dundee Courier of May S9.J Mr Osier, the Couri«r'« Agricultural Commissioner to Americ^, writes :-Warned by the conductor shouth^g "AH aboard," we again took our seats in he train and proceeded to Napinka, a "mall town near the International boundary '"«• .^e PM»ea UirouKh a district which was altogether a grea pWn. with much ot it still lying in clie oiigina Sra rie Ttate. The crops were not up to much, and fwa not favourably impresscl . wit!; it» "sources either as a grain-growing or grazing cou-.try. ^Af Ur fX S.ra=rThe- gaTe- h-ad consider- ,hly abated, but there were evidence* of it. ' ' i 11 u I' • 4 64 Reports of the Dundee Courier'i r»r«ge« on everjr hand. Hay itacka were toMed about, tlio light snndy loam of the flclda had been lifted up and oolleoted in miniature wrcathg In the depresaions ; end, worst of all, the oropn of wheat were badly nhaken. On an average I do not think tlie yield of wheat would have been above twelve bunliels per acre, even though it had been all got ; and I am quite certain the half of the grain was ahelled out and lying on the ground. The outlook for the faimern wa» very poor indeed. We had a walk over ^ome newly- plougliod fields. Tht ploughing was very neatly done. The fiirrown, Rl)out 14 inches broad and 3 inches deep, wore turned completely over, and lying flat on the grassy side. In some places they were begun to back set— that IS, they were with a different kind of plough turning the furrow right back again, and by going about two inches deeper a loose coft mould wa« thrown on the top. After this it was ready for seeiling, the sred biing put in by a prr <. drill. The •oil here was loose and sandy, and v .y thin and Iiglit. The grass on tlie prairie was witlicred and goanty, and very unlike the luxuriant herbage we had seen further north. Few cattle were to be seen, any we did see being milk cows in rather thin com ition. We returned to our hotel, annd to thrive better upon it. The dry portions of the land leemed to be all under cultivation, and the crops appeared fairly good. The bulk of the crops were Vlieat, but we saw good fields of oats, barley, and flax unon almost every farm, and the cultivation of poUt\)oa and turnips appeared quite general here. Indeed the system of cultivation appeared to bo more mixed and to be more in accordance with the customs of agriculture In the Old Country than in any other district of America we had seen. We passed through what is known as the Menonite settlement, composed of a great number of Quaker Oerman em.Krani. f.crri Russia, who left that °°uu *■? f° """''? ,"'" ':o»scr;.'.tion so irreconcilable with their principles And as they arrived at an early period, wlien the Indians were very unsettled and dangerous they for their own defence and safety had built their habitations and steadings to- gether, and so formed the nucleus of villages, many of which have now become important towns. The farms which surround the villagcn are mostly small fields laid outin regularoblongs, each with itsown particular and separate kind of crop, and have a neat; tid v, old countrj like appearance. These settlcr.s arc siid to be industrious and thiifty, and to be all mostly in prosperous circumstances. Pilot Mound, which we passed on this journey, was the place from which came the cuttle beast which wag suspected to be in- fected with plcuro-pneumonia when it lande.l in Britain, p.nd which had the effect of stoppini? tlie importation of Canadian stockers. It was on this journey I interviewed the parties who gave mo so convincing proofs of the non-existence of that disease m the Dominion, all of which I detailed at length in a former letter. Going down the Red River Valley the farms and helds are mnoh larger, and we saw crops of grain than which no better could be desired. The land IS deep and rich, but the preponderance of wet land to dry land is perhaps rather great, and as we approach Winnipeg the great bulk of the lai.u is too marshy and wet for cultivation, but affords great crops of natural hay ; and so level and even IS the surface that a mowing machine might be wrought for scores of miles in one direction without the sliglitest obstruction. Altogether, I am of opinion that t-h" »"""»r" •■- !■-- J.. / I .... I. — .""-'^J "•" ""'•r i)B35eu i:;ronifh to-day between Napinka and Winnipeg is the best land we have seer, with the exception of Edmonton : and as the country becomes more settled up anil Special Agrioultural C(mmiuioner to North Ammica, 85 Urn) more valusble, meitns will bo fmiiid to ilry a great many of the iilewi, whioli will then mftko grkiid farmi>. The hedn of the riven are all very (leep within perpenilioular banki, and Rrcnt ditoliea made from them throufcb the low-lying parts of the country would raitka oxof-llent I aders into which the drain! uould be run. DRIVING ROUND WINNIPEG. A GREAT CITY. TRAFFIC OF THE NORTH-WEST. ARRIVAL AT MONTREAL. (Prom the Dundee Courier of June SO.) Mr Oaler, the Courier'* Agricultural Commia- ■loner to America, writes :— We arrived at Winni- peg about 6 p.m., and as oar train fur Montrenl did not start till eleven, our guide, MrBurpe, secretary for the Dominion liand lioard, took us to the Dominion Land OfBoe, where we met Commissionpr ^mitli, with whom we had a long talk. I handed In an elaborate report of my imprcsaionii of the country, with which he was woll pleased, and regardmi; which thit Dominion (iovernmont have since written through their officials to the Messrs Thomson, proprietors of the Courier, congratulat- iog them on the faithfulness* of their Commissioner. After this Mr Iturpe obtaine,i- t-'-^" 1- — :i.^J 1 U-.i IIK" li\y viivi-jv. KfWt f!tn^ ws^ \tti^'."-'\ wtt'! —— -fre*. to stick to the iron horse as the quickest means of reaohing our journey's end. Leaving Fort- William we lun along the precipitous anore of Lake ee Hfports of tha DuniUe Couriei't Superior for hour »ftrr l,onr, with .I««p rook outtingf kiiil viailiioii oonaUiitly ocourriiig. At tlroei we are hack from tlio luko and high abore it, »g»in we are running a. .ig tiie oliffn, an low tlown fti th« engineer* ilareil venture througli tunnelaanj over immcniie embankmeiitK ami briagei", every- where impreifiea by tlie extraordinary clifiicuUiea that hail to be overcome! by tlie men who built the line. U'e naove on through never-ending hilla, forcit», and lake^, and on Tlmrs.lay we reaoh Hud- bury, a new looking town planted in the fore»t. All the way from Winnipeg to Sudbury, a distance of ooe thouianil milcH. in»y bo xaid to bo One Oontiuuous Forest, for only at long interval., do wo come upon lome hardy bnokwood«man clearing for hiraielf a farm, the mon.ter pile* of tree roote lying hero and there upon the fleldM, and the blackened Htumpe sticking up from omonKst tho fiehls of iitanding grain giving evulenoo of tho vast amount of labour which has to bo cxpendod before a farm can be reclaime.l here. I "Bid toanOntarinn farmer, who was sitting beside me in the train, that I could lorm some oonoiption of the hnadth of this great forest, but could lie tell mo how far it extended north ? He looked at me in a confused kind of way, and said that nobody knew. N(. wonder then though the Canadians say that Scot and might easily be lost in one of their wno.ls beyond the power of white man to discover it. were it not for the smell of whisky." Hut wild and rough as It IS, tho country is full of natural wealth. Valu- able minerals and preoioua metals abound, and from here mainly is procured tho timber to supply the wants of the great and fertile countries lying to the east and west. We come upon great sawmills, around which ate huge stacks of deals covering floies of ground. Near Sudbury are the most oxtenmve copper and niokle deposits in the world Urge quantities of ore are sliipped from the mines, anil a number of great smelting furnaces have been erected to reduce the ore on tlie upot. At Huillmiy » branch line of railway leads off to Algoma Mills, on Uke Huron, ami thence to Sault Ste Marie, at the southern outlet of Luke Superior. Leaving Sudbury we pass through a rough, rugged, and tree-clad country. The large, clear rookbound lakes »re very numerous. Wc pass Uke Nipissing, an extensive and beautiful si.eet of water, 40 miles long and 10 miles broad, on the shores of which is ■ituated Noitli Bay, a new town with 1800 in- habitants. At Mattawa, an old f ur-ti ading port of the Uiidson Bay Company, and now a town with 2000 inhabitant.'-, the line joiua the Valley of the Ottawa River, which it follows until within a short distance of Montreal. We pass the town of Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion, and in the dawn of the early morning I could see the Government Build- ings and the Parliament House of the Dominion with their Gothic towers and many pinnacles making a magnificent group, on a high cliff over- looking the river. I am not able to speak definitely upon the agricultural prospects and appearances of Ontario, tlio rate at which we were going prechid- iiig the possibility of judging correctly, but we see that the country is thickly populated and well cultivated. Ihe fields are squarely laid out and well fenced, alternate husbandry prevails, and crops of all kinds similar to those grown at home are fairly good. Cattle, grazing in the fields just as they do here, give this district a very iiome-like appearance. Many wooden houses are to be seen, butthemostof thenewly-erected farmhouses and '""f"i!"'*' '"^* ■"■' "'''"'■'' "^ stone roofed with shiuKies •nd have an opulent and comfortable appearance L»rge orchard, are attached to every farm, the Innle, Lhti ' 'T'"' "'"" '^"*""' '•'"••h'eked I^f^LfT.'" '? "qi'^nt. together with timber plantation", and clumpx and rows of trees aloi.K the side, of the highway, and field, give t 5 We reaohc, Montreal at nine a.m. on Friday horouglily Jaded and tired. We had never been we left N!n!'r' "'"'"•»''•'' "•»" b""" -« "inoe we left Naplnka on Tuesday morning. Beyond a snooM on our seats in the oar, with notLlog to "upportor .t.-ft,ly our heads, we 1 ad '"""'"• '» Never Oot Any Sleep. The weather had been excessively warm, and •• wa raised by tlie train had adhered freely to our bodice. I assure you I was in such a condition that I would not have cared for meeting any of my old country "oquaintancoH on the streets of Montreal. Ho wo hired a cab. and drove straight for the wharf, and were gla.ldened by seeing the red funnel of thelona standing up amongst the shipping. The oflficers observed our coming, and gave a wetcming cheer «e stepped on hoard, and got thoroughly chaffed civ II . 1* "'' " '"' °^\- •>''''• uneouth, and un- c vilised appearance. I .lived below, and begged the steward to have he bath immediately charged! and I was soon ■ njoving the delicious boolness of RiL", '^ »""!' '' '""' ?'" ""■B'-'y St I^wrence I iy I 1.1 J """>' '"''"*"'■'''''' apparel, which I bad left behind me in a trunk in tho Messrs Thomson's uffico at the dockn. I emerged to the civiliie.1 world wilh a somewhat civilised appearance once more, but two stones lighter in physical corpora- tion than when I stoppe.l down tho lona's gang- way two months previously. * * The City of Montreal has been so often described in our home papers and literary works that I consider it woulj he super- fluous of me to take up tho time of my reulers in dwelling upon it. There is, however, one institu- tion existing m its midst which ought to be better known about here tiian it is, and which I cannot j»a8 oyer without making nomn mention of. It is that of the St Andrew's Home, a building a* larse as a modern hotel, and a« well furnished and appointed. It i. kept by Mr and Mr. Donald Lampbell, a most exemplary old Scotch couple. It belongs to the Montreal St Andrew's Society, and 18 entirely kept up and supporte.I by Scotchmen and Scotch women in Montreal. It is for the reception of SooiU^:. omigrants, to provide » home for tliem where they will be comfortable and safe! and to entice and draw thun away from the slums and also from the land shark,, who are always on the outlook to plunder strange r» on their arrival. Provided an emigrant is Scotch and not a cabin passenger, he or she ia cordially invited to go to this home, taking theif wives and families with them. If they have any, and they will be well pro- vided for and comfortably kept without money and without price, until they get into a way of doing for themselves. This is no shi.m, but a downright reality, and it is the earnest desire of the Society that the fact that such a home exists in Montreal should be as widely known as possible, and the more that take advantage of It the better pleased the Society is. I would specially recommend this home to youne women going out to Canada. In Mr Donald Campbell they would find a friend who would be both able and willing to give them a fatherly ad- vice as to their futuie actions itml nynm^^~t~ .'.l :- Mrs Campbell they would fiird"i motherTn whom they could repose the g.eatest confidence— a mother who would be ready and willing to do all that • Special Agricultural Convnissioner to North Anwriea. 67 iful riil-ehrekeil kter. (Ii'orex o( i«r with timber * of trsti •luiiK flelili giva the Milt appfkiknoe. i.m. on Friday, bail nsver been 'er been off Hince ling. Bevoiiil « with uotbiDg to , while they themaeh >s were away on ',h* outlook for work or land, un arriving at Montreal I was taken possession of by a gentleman bom and bred in Thrums, now located in Montreal, and a very luccesaful merchant and hlghly-res|>eoted burgess of that city. He was very kind in his attentionH and hospitality, and devoted Friday evening and the whole of Saturday in show- ing me around the town. CHATS WITH ONTAPT' waumERS. SCENES ON THE U)\\. SHIPPING CAN .DI ',N OA'J .'LE. TREATMENT O BO\i,i>. (Fr(m the Dundee Vountr of July 3.) Mr Older, the Court«r'«aKrioultural commissioner to America, writes : —I have already said that as we passed through Ontario and Quebec, in so far as the railway passed through these provinces without stopping, I could scaroely if myself hazard an opinion as to the state and ["•ospeoti of agriculture. I must now, however, go back upon my journey, »nd give the gist of conversations which I had in the oars with several Ontario farmers who had been away seeing friends in the Far West, and who came with us all the way from Winnipeg to Sud- bury. Heniy Carter, farmer, Ouelpli, has farmed land and r 50 to ?0 bu!«hel;. peas 32 bushel.'', turnips 30 tons, and potatoes 4i tons. All the prodnce is consumed on the farm, with the ex- ception of wheat, which is sold. The straw is all conrtrted into farmyanl manure, and applied to the land. Hervants are paid 9175 per annnm, with board. Mr Carter savs that fauns all under eultlTation, with suitable buildings and fencing can be pur- chased at from 945 to 900 per acre, and fair good farms farther from a xtatinn can he bought at 930 per acre, farmn run from 100 to 2<)Oaoies, and when let on lease, bring from 124 to 9l\ per acre. Tho soil h generally sandy liam. Fat pigs are worth 8^ cents per lb. of dressed carcase. The kind of sli ■<

ndon on Saturday evening too late for the train, and on Sunday even- ing, at 8 p.m., Mr Taylor and I took our seats in the "Flying Scotchman," and reached Dundee at a.m., and, after having breakfast, we went to the Courier Office, where we met the Messrs Thomson, and gave them an account of our stewardship, and thus concluded our eventful journey of over 12,000 n.iles. 0ONCI.USIOn"oF the TOUll. IMPRESSIONS OF AMERICA. THE COUNTRY'S RESOURCES. ITS AGRICULTURAL PROSPECTS. WHAT BRITISH FARMERS HAVE TO FEAR. (From the Dundee Courier of July 7, J Mr Osier, the Courier's agricultural ctmrnis- ■loner to America writes:—! have now taken my readers with me in imagination in a descriptive tour over the billows of the great Atlantic, through the United States and Canada, over the wilds of the Rocky Mountains, out into the Pacific Ocean as far as the island of Vancouver, and liome again to Dundee, where I must now bid them an affectionate goodbye. But before doing so, I would li>te to make a few general remarks upon the impressions I have formed in regard to the western hemisphere and its relations to this country. Well, as a graiti imparting country I do not think America can harm us more in our markets than it has already done. True, it has cheap land and abundance of rich virgin Boils, which require no manures for many years, but it has ilear labour to contend against, just as we have, and the long land carriage which has to be paid for before their grain is gut to a seaboard will always handicap them in respect to thb British markets. Still their surplus produce has to be got rid of, and as our markets provide the only outlet, they Kill continue to send it, even although it may be at a loss, and I am therefore of op'-ion that the tendency from America would be to raise the price of grain stuffs, but when wo turn to India and Africa, with their countless millions cf acres of splendid wheat>produciug eoils, which can be purchased at next to nothing, and teeming populations, who supply labour at the oheapeat possible rate, together with low ocean freight, which land their produce at our doors fo ■ a mere trifle, so that, taking everything into considera- tion, I have HO hope whatever that any improve- ment will take place in our market in regard tu prices. StilU I >«iri>lv think that wo have touched bottom, and t!iat no considerable reduction is to be anticipated. But with regard to meat stuffs- that is, beef and mutton— I am very much afraid that we have not by a long chalk seen the worst. True, I do not think that America is well ailapted for the production of sheep, and if we had only it to compete against us, I would have no fear for a reduction in the price of the fleecy tribes ; there 18, however, no doubt whatever but that the trade in fiozon mutton from Austrslin, already assuming gigantic proportions, is only in its infancy, and that it will year by year increasu as establishments for slaughtering and refrigerating are opened up. And considering the cheap rate at which mutton can be produced there and sent over here, there is not the shadow of a doubt but that in a very short time the price of the home article will be run down and greatly lowered. It is, how- ever, in regard to The Cattle Trade that we (the British farmers) have to fear America most. I have already shown that well-fed prairio cattle can be raised at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, and old in our home markets at 223 per owt. live v ight or thereabout. At present home-reared cattle of similar quality are selling at about 30s per cwt. live weight, and farmers are unanimous in declaring that even at that price they are losing money by their transactions. What then is to be the result when the American cattle trade assumes such proportions, as it assuredly will do, as to cause a levelling down. I know vert well t'lat cattle in the eastern provinces ot America, or, indeed, in any part of that continent where they have to be reared, or agricultural products cannot possibly be produced and delivered here at the rates I have quoted, hence the outcry amongst Am ct loan cattle rearers as to the low prices, but it is the western provinces where good ])asture lands are rented from Government at id or at most Id per acre, that are to run down the prices both in Eastern Canada and the States and at home. But the farmers in Eastern Canada have an alternative which a short- sighted policy on the )iart of our Government has deprived us of, and which they have not been slow to avail tliemselves of, and is proving a source of relief to them in the meantime. By purchasing cheap stores from their western neighbours and putting them up to finish off upon their cheap meals and other products, they are enabled to put fatted beeves upon our markets, which neither they themselves, if left to their own resources, nor us could contend against. Why, then, should we be deprived of the same privilege if the finished article (that is, the fat steer) is to be allowed into our markets to run down our prices ? Why should we be debarred from procuring the raw material (that is, the cor or store ox) at the same cheap rate? It teems to me that the piairies of Ar^erica are pre-eminently adapted for producing t'.,e raw material ; that in fact the bones and frame must be built up and formed of cheaper materials than we have at our command in this country, and that our home products, which are ever so much more costly, must be devoted to the pro- duction of beef and hones, which is really the com- modity which constitutes tho value of the animal — that, in short, if we are to be in a position to compete successfully against the foreigner, we must get the Canadian store cattle at a cheaper rate to put beef on and finish off here. And the t-'tting of the^e cheap stores, which we surely will do before long, is The Only Bright Speck that I can see in the whole agricultural horizon, and every farmer in this country xhould employ liis utmost intiuence with our homo iegisiatorii in getting the present embargo removed. And now that an exhaustive inquiry is being made into the 70 Repm-ls of the Dundee Cmrier's Special AgrkulUnal Commissioner lo North Anurim. m m health of Canadian cattle, it ia to be hoped that thfi greatest care will be taken to have it conducted upon proper lines. I have already described ir.y voyage homo upon the lona, which carried a cario cf 550 Canadian cattle, which were all put ashore at Dentford, London. While they were being dis- loaded I had a walk through the cattle lairs thrirc, and W88surpria-d to find great quantities of Uniied States and South American cattle oonBned in the same sheds waiting for slaugliter with in dome oases only a narrow passage between, and I thought how easy it would be for a little carilessness or connivance to cnuse a mixture of the herds. Surely when such a momento'is issue depends upon ti,e result separate sheds ought to be provided by tlie Government, where a mixture of the cattle would be impossible. I have now only one duty to perform, and it is to return my warmest thanks to thosn parties who lent their powerful influence and assistance to make my tour a pleasure and a success. And, first of all, my best thanks are due to the Messrs Thomson, proprietors of the Courier, who spared neither trouble nor expense in completing all the arrange- ments and carrying them to a successful issue. To Mr Murray, the Conductor of the Wecklt/ Newi Expedition, 1 also feel greatly indebted for his un ••aried kindness and attention during all the time I was in his company. To hII the officers of tlie good ship lona, and especially to Captain Cummins , the commander of that vessel would I convey my best thanks, for ho kindly and unweariedly attending to our comfort and welfare during the voyage ou*/and home. Nor would I forget the members of the WeeUy Neios Expedition, one and all of them being able and intelligent men, well qualified, from their great powers of observation and descriptive abilities, to discharge the duties which ohcy had undertaken. we, indeed, formed a very mixed company, no two j of us being of the same occupation or district. We had altogether different views and aspirations with I regard to things in general, and the debates and conversations that took place amongst us were of a most varied description, but most interestine and instruotive. We were withal A Happy, Jovial Company, and all of us contracted and cemented friendships which can only die with ourselves. I have also to acknowledge the deep debt of gratitude I lie under to many kind friends and new acquaintances t met out W est. It would take up too much space to name all the gentlemen who ingratiated them- selves in our favour by their kindness, hospitality, and help, but I cannot stop witliout mentionin" Blr Biirpe, Winnipeg ; Mr Anderson, Edmonton ; Mr Ooleman, Edmonton ; Mr Higginson, New West- minste.; Mr Thomson, Calgary; Mr Thain, Bran'. on, Ac, and the commandants of the mounted police at the various fortr<, for so kindly supplying us with machines and drivers to go out to investigate tlie country. Major Grieshach, at Fort Saskatchewan, and Major Sneider were particularly attentive in this respect, going out witli us tliemselves and giving us al! *,tie information in their power. And, lastly, would I return most grateful thanks to my readers who have foUoweil me in the columns of the Courier throughout all my wanderings, many of whom have so often expiesseil the pLasure they haveexperlenced m perusing my articles, and thanked me repeatedly for the amount of information I have been able to givB them in cgard to the New World. In oloaing my corresjioni jnce on the New World, I have only to say that, although I must now bid adieu to that subject, I have no intention of being a stranger to them, but intend stili, through the columns of the same paper, to keep up my connection with thera in another capacity, and trust they will give me the same kind attention and consideration in perus- ing my articles on mattsrs connected with home as they have done in regard to matters on the other side of the Atlantic. orth America. le ilebateg and at us were of a interesting and pany, te hands, not including clerks, agents, &c. Find men mostly steady and reliable, and generally Scotchmen turn out best, and got the most important positions. The whole work is done on the svstem of piecework, which Mr Shenstone finds w (ks best. The men are making from 12s to 16s a day in some departments, and the average wage over all the woik is 8s a day. Four years is the common term of apprenticeships, with the exception of ironmoulders, who have only three. By their rules any labourer may rise from the ranks and do the work nf n skillod. tradesman without the Interference of any union, and there is no union connected with the work. They are all members of a mutual benefit sick fociety, of which the superintendent of the works is manager. Dundee Courier and Dundee WeeEy News Ifi-: '1 ar-l payment ia made every fiirtniglit. They work 55 hours per week, havinn a half-holiday on Satur- day, 'Hid a fortnight in the general rule for holi- days during summer. Alessrs Masaey, HarriA, & Co. have a strong objection to working overtime, and never do bo unless in oaaea of absolute neoes- ■ity. A Oood Farming District. Upon leaving Toronto for Ohioago we find crops after leaving Toronto mueh the same as in Eastern Ontario. As we proceed they gradually begin to improve, and by the time we reach the I^ndon district they are very much better, and wo are now in a very good agricultural district. Wheat is very good, and in that district wheat harresting will be general in a fortnight. Wheat and hay are the principal crops grown. B»rley and oats seem to be a failure, and are still very green. Turnips are not much grown, and what are sown are very far back, in most instances just beginning to braird. Potatoes are also looking very -^vell, but are not extensively grown. Thousands of acres of unreclaimed land, mostly in marshes and bush, are still to be seen here. A very ditficult and uxpensivc speculation it must be to make it fit for cultivation. In many instances we can see good crops growing and the tree roots still in the ground just as the trees hpd been cut down, as they cultivate the ground for a number of years before attempting to " draw " the roots. They have a kind of ploughs called " Stump- jumpers " for ploughing land where the tree roots are not yet removed. They slip over the roots guided by a wheel in front without injury to horses or plough. As we came into the south-western district of Ontario, "the garden of Oanada," I was struck with the great improvement of crops of every kind Fruit is grown extensively here ; apples, oranges, peaches, bananas, cherries, oucumbdrs, fields of hops and tobacco, &c., are growirg luxuriantly. Indian corn is also grown very extensively here, and has every appearance of boing a good crop. Farm building,;: are also much improvcfl here, being more after the style of those in Scotland, and more substantial-looking than the solitary " barn" of Northern Canada. A Wasteful System. We have seen very little live stock of any kind since leaving Toronto, as they prefer hay crops to stock-rearing. Their horses are mostly the same breeds as in the north, but are better sorts. After we assed Detroit into the States we come into a track of rather poor country. The worst feature I see in Canadian farming is that they burn all tlieir straw, although in some instances we can see they have begun to put their farm manure upon the land, a system that would pay Canadian farmers, and ought to be adopted. (Prom the Dundee Weekly Newt of August 5.) M'Cormick Harvesting Machine Works. Mr James Taylor, Baesmill, the agricultural representative on the WeeUy News Expedition, thus describes the works of the M'Cormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago :— I visited M'Cormick's harvesting machine works on the 13th of July, and was shown through the works by Mr Armour, the manager. The works, I believe, are the largest of their kind in the world. They cover 45 acres, and arc, on an average, five storeys in height. There are 2200 hands employed, but no apprentices of any kind. Of the total, 987 are employed at so much per day, the otheis being all emnlnyp-tl nn flip nipnuwnrlr ovafajj^^ The" tt:**:*. "^wt on au average 800 machines' per day, mostly self- binding reapers and mowers. The quMtitiei of metals used in the works are 100 tons of grey iron daily, 80 tons of malleable iron daily, and 26,000 tons of steel yearly. The rates of wages are about the fol- lowing :— Moulders, being upon piecework, can make as high as 4} dollars per day ; blacksmiths, 4 to 5 dollars per day; while mechanics and those paid by day wages have about 2 to 2i dollars, i hey work ten hours per day, with no Saturday afternoon, and get about a week's holidays every year. They are all non-Union men, and all seem to be well satisfied with their position. In my opinion they work a deal harder than Scottish tradesmen do, as they wnre all working as Tor dear i'l, ' t" j" ^'^'"'"B'' ">e thermometer stood at 90 in the shade. When working overtime they get the same pay for eight hours as in their ordinary day they would do for ten. One very smart-looking machine came under my notice as being particularly well adapted for smaller farms. The "Queen of Reapers ' it is called. It is a vc:y handy and available macMne, being very light in draught. Ihese machines are sent to every part of the world, and seem to be very durable. (Prom, the Dundee Wtcl-ly News of September S.J THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. Far Advanced in Agriciilture. Mr Jambs Tatt.or, the agricultural delegate on the Weekl;/ News Expedition, writes as follows frem Rockford, Illinois :— As far as I have yet seen of America I have found the State of Illinois, and more especially the north-west part of that State, to be farthest advanced in agriculture. There the principal crops grown are Indian corn, oats, and a little barley, and hogs are elso ex- tensively fed for the Chicago market. The soil here is generally of a fine deep-black loam, three to four feet deep. The land is more in rotation of cropping, having been longer under cultivation than most parts of America. Land here can be bought at from £8 to £20 an acre, according to its quality, buildings, location. 4o. I will gi^e a farm of 100 acres as a fair specimen ot their rotation of cropping :— 40 acres of naixe, 40 acres of oats, 40 acres of permanent g-ass, with a little bar'.ey and as much potatoes as they require for family use. The average amount of stock kept unon a farm of that sKo would be 6 cowa and 10 or 11 calves, which they rear up to feeding age. They feed with corn, and sell off at about 4^ . eiits per lb. They would also sell about 150 fat hogs under one year old. Oats here average 40 cents (la 8d) per bushel, and maize 50 cents (2s) per bushel. We have also visited The Town of Granite Falls, which is situated in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota. This town was first net! lod 28 years ago, and is entirely supported by fft.-ners located in the district. Farming is not so far advanced as \a l'''"o's- Land can be bought at from $20 to $25 (£4to£o) an acre, according to quality. Corn and wheat are the principal crops grown. iVheat yields on an average 18 bushels an acre, oats 36 bushels, and maize rhout 45 bushels. Ploughmen's Wages here are from t20 to $22 (£4 to £4 10s) a month, with bed, board, and washing. That is for eight months of the year. The other four months many of them ate compelled to go idle, as only a comparatively small numhcr of hands are kept on during winter to feed stock, 4c., for which they get from $10 to ~.i.. ^^,.., ,.,, 1.,^ „ iimiitii. 1 lie larmcrs, iiKc tnoGc m Scotlaud, have to engage extra hands during haying time and harvest, for which they give about $76 (£10) Artisan Expedition to America. tons of grey iron jr, and 26,000 tons are about the fol- oowork, can make cksmit.hs, 4 to 5 nios and those ! to 2i dollars, ith no Saturday a holiilays every in, and all seem Kisition. In mv r than Scottish king as Tor dear ir stood at 90 in Tie they get the lit ordinary day •y smart-looking eing particularly The "Queen of 'c:y haudy and ht in draught, irt of the world, or II calven. They feed with per lb. They mder one year 8d) per bushel. We have also FaUs, licme County, et( lod 28 years Tiers located in advanced as '.n rom $20 to $25 luality. Corn ;rown. vVhent acre, oats 35 ) a month, with sight months of many of them comparatively during winter t from $10 to 3, iikv; thoso in during haying ll.out$76(«I5l for '.o months. Many of them go lumbering in winter, and a goodly number go aUogether idle during the winter months, as ii is not easy to find em- ployment. Cost of Olothiug, Food, &c. I give the cost of clothing fur a working man to show how it compares with iLe wa^es earned— Sunday suit, $12 (^ 10s) ; suit for underwear, $2 (8s). Overalls for working men, which are always worn, cost $1 J (6s), and they require three suit^ of overalls per year. Gotten shirts, 50 cents (23); hat (working), $l(4s); socks (cotton), three pair for 25 cents (Is) ; working shoes, $1* (fla). Plough boots cost $2 (Ss) per pair, but shoes are mostly worn. Skin overcoat for winter, $lu (£2) ; felt boots for winter wear, $3 lI2<) ; fur caps for winter, $1 (4s), ■/ery few married men are employed as farm ser^ vants, anit their ambition scorns to be to get farms of their own. The general rule is that they all live in the same house with the farmer, and all take tn«ir meals at one table. They have no regular hours, and must work from daylight till dark if a-fked to do so. What is called a "poll" ta • is imposed for the maintenance of the public roads. Each man, be he farmer or servant, between ^ine ages of 21 and 50, has to work for two days every year gratia upon the roads, or pay $li (63) in money each day for a substitute. Farm hands are rather scarce, and there is the same tendency as in Scotland to seek employment in large towns or get farms of their own, one cause of that being the want of house accommodation for married ploughmen, as in this district there is not such a thing'as a ploughman's house to be seen. In my opinion, as far as I have seen, the Scottish ploughman is much better off than his cousins on this side of the Atlantic. A plouijhman in Scotland can depend upon gt ting work all the year round according to engagement, while the American has only work ha is sure of for eieht months n ye»r, (From the llundee Weekly News of September 9.) OYER THE ROCKIES. TWENTY-FOUR O'CLOCK. GLIMPSES OF THE REDSKINS. PLOUGHIN(i BY BRIGADES. THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN PARK. Mr James Taylor writes ; — It rained heavily when we left Winnipeg, but as we proceeded westward we left the rain behind end oarce into fine clear weather. The country after leaving Winnipeg is apparently as level as a billiard table, a belt of almost unooc'.ipled land stretching as far as Poplar Point, seiren miles out, due to the fact that it is mostly held by speculators, and the scatterei': farms visible are chiefly devoted to dairy products and cattle-breeding. After passing Poplar Point Sta-;. ^i, farms appear almost continuously. The cops grown appear to be mostly ,vhe4t, oats, and timothy hay, no maiie, ami very little potatoes or turnips being grown. We next came to the station and town of Portage La Ptairie, on the Asainibolne River, the mnrket town of the district, and one of the principal grain markets in the province. It has also large grain elevators anil flour tnllls, besides other hxiiaairics. Botwci.n rortage i.a riiiiile and Brandon Htations succeed one another at intervals of six or eight miles, and at nearly all are tali and massive elevators for the convenience of farmers in the neighbourhood, with now and then a flour mill. After passing through a bushy district, with frequent ponds and small streams, containing many Htock farms, for which, having a plentiful supply of water, it U well adapted, the railway rises from Austin Station along a sandy slope to a plateau, near the centre of which is situated the town of Carberry, nn important grain market. The next stop is Brnnc in. It is what Is called on the rail- way a divisional point, as The Standard Time ehanges here to "mount.iin time," one hour slower. The time changes four times between Montreal and Vancouver. There is Eastern time. Central time. Mountain time, and Western time, falling back an hour each time as we proceed west. They have also abandoned the a.m. and p.m. system "ii this railway, and just run on from twelve noon to twenty-four oVlook. Brandon has the largest market for grain in Manitoba. It has five grain elevators and a flour mill. Beyond Brandon the railway new draws away Trom the Assinlbolne River and rises to a "rolling" prairie with small patches of cultivated land here and there. As we come to Virden Station the farms are gradually disappearing, as the land here is again held by speculators. The frequent ponds and copses here offer excellent opportunities for sport. Water fowl and prairie chicken seem to he abundant At Broadview Station a reservation of Cree Indians is not far away. As we stop there for several minutes we get a fine view or eome of the "red- skins" with their war paint ar.d feathers. Westward we now follow a gradually rising prairie, bounded by low wooded hills at the south. This section is almost exclusively devoted to wheat and cattle. A little beyond Sintaluta Station is the celebrated Bell Farm, containing 100 square mlleo, and from the next station, Indian Head, near the centre of the farm, the headquarters hulMings can be seen on the right. The neat square cottages of the farm labourers dot the plain as far as we can see. Tha furrows on this farm are usually ploughed four miles long, and to plough one furrow outward and another returning is a lialf-day's work for a man and a team. The ploughing is done with an almost mditnry organisation—" Ploughing by brigades and reaping by diviiions." We enter, after passing Broadview Station, into Many Miles of Golden Prairie, as far us the eye can reach along a broad treeless r" .'% *v Dunii[t}f! Courier and Dundee Weekly News : r^ntfi whioli xtretalief, varied lipre and there by tmS: tC(Wi s end frequent herds of cittls and ior!!f% lo the entranou to the Rooky Alouiitaina, C«. . .' jr is our next stop. It has a population of 46v runs nortli to Edmonton, thus throwing open a v.irn and vp4 country, which is already attracting settlers in larja numbers. As We Approach Kananaskis, the mountnins suddenly appear do e at hand, and seem an impenetrable barrier, the/i h.jses deeply tinted in purple, while high above, di::i!v outlined in the mist, are distant snowy peaks. \' e reach Oanmore, and here an observation -i-c ir attached for the convenience of passengers. From the station a striking proBle of the Three Sieter llountaina is obtained, with tht Wood and Pigeon M'... itains looming up behind. On cither aid.? of the beautiful valley the mountains rise 'm solid masses westward until tie ;.'((!*■: iiulk of tho Cascade Jlouiit close h our vitw. Fivs •a;ic-!j beyon.l Canmore the Rocky Hlountfliu Vuk U '.ntorad, nnd we alight Hicre and retfiive a v';i;j 'jord;*! rtiiaome frf^ri! Mr G. A. Steiviirt. lauJ :»v.!vev>i' and jiaiK-kicper. This ;jark ia a nntionai i cuevvation, •i\\ miles long by 10 tniles wide, ti£'.>-s.":i>ig p?.rt« ot the valleys of the Bc\w, Spray, and '^a oa.le livcrs, one very flue lake, add t,ever«l niblij r.K'untain imgea. We were difiT.»n eU over tiic island, and also to the famous hoc water apriogs, the more important of which have been improved by the Government, and picturesijue bathiup.-houses have been erected, and placed under the care of attendants. (Friim the Dundee Weekly News of September 16.) FllOM WINNIPEG TO VANCOUVER. EN ROUTE FOR THE CANADIAN RANCHING DISTRICTS. THE WILDEST OF THK ROCKIES. Mr James Taylor, further describing the journey from Winnipeg to Vancouver, writes :— We resumed our journey next day, leaving Bara£F at 12.30, and it may bo said to be here that the wildest of the Rookies begin. After passing Castle Mountain Stption, at the base of the great peak whose name it bears, the mountains on each side become exceedingly grand and prominent. As we reach Laggan Station any one who is inclined can get a seat in front of the engine, and Mr Osier and myself availed ourselves of the opportunity of having a seat upon a "cow- catcher. ' We can now get a splendid view from our seat in front. At first enchanting glimpses only are caught through the trees as we look ahead, bat before Kldon ia reached the whole long array is in plain view. Turning to the left and looking back, the central peak of Pilot Mount ii shaped like a pyramid high above the square-fronted ledges visible below, and Kquarely opposite the sombre precipices of the Castle Mount, resembling a oaatle in every way, with towers and battlements complete. AV^cst of the entrance into Vermillion Pass stretches the long, rvijed, wall like front of fti-jurii Temple, and bej , 't, ataudiiig supreme over this part of the the helmet-shaped Mount Lefroy, the big ,nd grandest in this whole panorama. At T^ggan we return to the observation car. The radway here leaves the Bow River and ascends a tributary from the west, which courses tlirougli a gap in the Bow range. Looking westwards through tins gap towards Bow Lake and The Hiige Peak of iVI.ount: Rt etor, a view is obtamed of thi- htf-t of tli.-' gro >i Klacie.'x It is a broad, crescent -liaped river of ic< , liOO fool above, and a dozen mill's pwn . , The station at thi highest point of the mvU/fta >.: is Stepfion, 520(1 feet above the level of the stp., .md, like the e:or- mous mount Eome miln.i ahead of t, Is named In hoi.ourofti' first Pri-iljii CO-. tV C.i\R. 'I iw line here m ' begi.-" ic descend very i'^ijidly, WV crosi the \V, ;)ta Lake at flaotor, and, crossing the i!';e|) gorge of the Wai fi or Kiokinghorse, the ow.ery ia now sublime, i..id almost terrible. The line tflings to the muuntain side at the !;ft, and the vfi'Irj' on the right rapidly deepens until we can sec tlir. liver like a silver thread f. thousnnd feet l-^low. Looking to the north, one of the grar \i,t aig' js to be seen duKi.j tli«< -hole journey is new viiible awi] 10 the north, with i^ieat white R!<\oie'in>and peaks upon "i'hei'ific. Looklii'; (kbc id. the dark, angular peaV of I.oam J'ield is seen, '•a the left the stately 1,^ wl ci amount Si.-pbcn, SCKXifeet above the valley, ai.d the spire-lii;.; top of Citthedrai Mount, still fuk'thei oii tha left, ccoasionally appear over the tree tops. On the fihoulder of Mount Stephen is shining a great green glacier, 800 feet in thickness, which is slowly pressing forward, and over a vertical cliff of great height. We still follow the CO use of tlui Wapta River, and as we are descending a steep gradient the train, with reversed engine, commences its descent on the western side of the pass, and xic.'X'c Palliser the track enteia a deep canon, where the vertical sides of the moun- tain rise up thou-ir.iidg of feet, and yet so near each other that a t^oue may be thrown from one side to the other. Injwn this vast chasm go the railway and river together, the former crossing from side to aide to ledges cut out of the solid rock, and twisting and turning in every direction, and every minute or two Plunging Through Small Tupnels, made in the projecting angles of rock that seem to bar the way, with ti.e towering cliffs almost shutting out the sunlight, and the roar of the river and the train, increased an hundred fold by the echoing hills. The passage of this terrible gorge will never be forgotten, llie train suddenly emerges as if into daylight as Golden ia reached. The broad river ahead ia the Columbia moving northwards, and we can now see the Selkirks beyond rising from their pine-clad bases, and lifting their ice- crowned heads to the aky. At Donald atation our time again falls back one hour aa wo change here from Alountain to Pacific time. Here we pick up an extra engine as we are now going up a gradient of 116 feet per mile, and we soon leave the river 1000 feet below. Opposite ia a line of huge pine-clad hills, ahowing occasionally snow-covered geaks above the timber line. Nature has worked ere on so gigantic a scale that many travellers wculd not notice the extraordinary height of the spruce, Douglas fir, and cedar treos. Looking ahead we can now see the heads of Eight Magniflcerv. Mountain Peaks in grand arrajr. A lit;"-! fjrtlier on wp reach Cedar ~ very high tressle bridge ■ encB one of tlie most whole journey can be re the builders with the eut part of the mountains he Surprise." At Glacier fteen minutea walk of the Creek, and a little o' over a foaming oast beautiful prospects had. So iniQressi cliarm of ' . -r- , that they nari/. .1 ' House we atf. vithiit Artisan Expedition to America. »e return to the 9 leave* the Bow 1 the west, which rniiKe. Looking J8 How Lake and it Rt elor, ll.>gro^i stlaoier^' r of id, ^iiOO f.ui ^lirntation at Itie is Stepiioii, 5'ffifi nd, like the e;or- 't H, li name't .n .' C.i\R. 'Iti'. ry i'tjjidly. v.'.s md, croeaing t'lc Lickinghorse, the >st terrible. 'I'hf tlie joft, and the I until we can spc isnnd feet f-low. [rar.Vi.t aig' js to ^y is tio>v visible ite Rlftoic Jioitud ii.h'r!i, SOvX» feet above p of CHthedrai lasionally appear :.i and expensive icing stations are planted n^ . >iiy between Chicago and the large Eastern oe i les, that the cars may be re-iced during ti built. The work is all done on the piecework system, and is minutely sub-divided, and the unacc atomed spectator is astonished at the rapidity with which the experienced hands perform their work, each iu his own different department, Tlio Canned Meat Department is one of the most interesting of the whole business, and I was afforded an excellent opportunity of see- ing all tlie different processes. From the top floors where the meat is cooked and trimmed down to the label-room where the finished cans are painted and packed everything is life and bustle. Ciood, prima, well-selected be f is used for making this great staple, but besides there is a multitiidn r,f ^^rtioles turned out. Ox tongues, lunch t .; e., c nned soups in great variety, potted ham, p . ^ ;gue, roast beef, compressed ham, canned i ripe, canned pigs' feet, Oxford sausage, and, in fact, almost every delicacy in the meat line is thus preserved In convenient form and guaranteed to keep sound and sweet in any climate. Corned beef, when cooked, ii stuffed into the' cans by automatic machines. The cans are filled with the proper quantity, and then t-stcd by hand, then they are capped, soldered, and sealed up. The "processing," as this sealing is named, consists of the insertion of the can, when closed, in boiling water or steam. After a time the air, which has" been forced to the top, is permitted to escape by means of a small perforation in the top of the eatn. As the heated Dmdee Courier and Dundee Weekly Newt M 111 :, air ia blown out the hole ii immediatelv r«-«oIderr' I Brut the cans nro attain subjected to the hot batli. After thiH they are treated to a ooll Hhower, wiwhed, freed from grease, dridl, painted, and liibellpd. The labelling,' ndimo with much dexterity, ill fact, the vinitur i ipt to siippoHo that It oinnot be done thoroiif(hIy. A elf's" "» ^inination, however, (howa U8 that the glils win, porjnni! *lns work have attained a doflnesa ' ' ai. \» r ally woi ,.• ful. .1,1 act "f IJeef. Armour'ii r trui '. ot beef haa taken a firm hold ou the popular palate. Ita manufacture and preparation '< market potsena much intereat to the obsci .or. With the aaaiittunce of experta thoroughly praotls'jd in the latoit devolopmentu and di8Coveriea of aolenoi ai applied to the extraction and ooiioontiutijn of all that ia stimulftting and palatuble in fresh beef of fine quality, Arr . " Oorapany ute able to produce an extrir .\iZ.\kn to anythlnx of the kind in the woild. It la ad- niitteil by all that extract of beef made from the coarse and prnotionlly will cattle of South America cunnut poa»ihly equal in aubatance nnd fla.our that produced from the well fattened iml graded leovea of the United States. Forty-five ;' ohieily of gootl aaiidatone, which is very plentiful in the vicinity. The North- West Trading Company do an extensive dead- meat trade here. They also do an extenaivo export buainesa with Vancouver and Victoria. To enable them to carry on their buaiiieas Hucceaa- fiilly they have built a slaughtering and cold atorage eataMisliment about a milo from C!algary. The trouble in shipping live cattle whs the falling off in weight and quality during tranait. The cold storage building ia capable of holiling the caroaneH of 2500 cattle and 2000 sheep. Here they can be preserved for aeveral months. By thia method ranchmen can bring in their cattle, see them killed anil weighed, and get their money at once. The Eaii Claire and Bow River Lumber Cuinpany haa timber mills with a capacity of 30,000 feet of lumber and 10,000 latha per day. For somes inilea round Calgary the t'omrw ii well ^settled, but crop-growing does not apv.. , c»be very lueoeasful, owing to the drought, although there are some very good fields of oats to be seen. Elbow Park Banch. We drove out in company with AIi Thomaon, Homeatead Inspector, for about twenty milea to the west, and viaited the Elbow Park Ranch, owned by Mr Robertson. Thia gentleman has been in the ranching husinesa for five yei ■ ;% breeding ahort- horna and Herefords. He semis all hia cattle to Mun :real at a coat of £2 8d a head. Mr Robertson is mo«i emphatic in hia assertions that no pleuro- pneumonia exists among cattio in Canada. We OATTLB BANCHINQ IN ALDBBTA, of November LI,) lANCHrSS. IDONIAN. HUNTERS. IGISLATION. reaentative on the — Returnini: ''"■» daya at Oslgsry, th nearly 6000 of nflitenoo of the 'rom the town a iiiH is gut. The jaudatone, which ty. The North- extensive (lead- Jo an extensive r and Viotoria. business HuocesH- htering aihl cold ilo from (Calgary, le wiiB the falling •anait. Tliooold ding the caroaMH Here they can be By thiH method attle, Hee them r money at once. Lumber Cumpany of 30,000 feet of For HomeH miles well settled, hut « very lucoeHaful, lere are acme very ich. th Mi Thomson, iventy miles to the Ranch, owned by I has been in the , breeding short- all his cattle to . Mr Robertson is that no pleuro- in Canada. We Artisan mdilion to America. then vliilteJ Mr MTherion, a native of Bsnohory, Aherdeenahire, who came out to Ontario in 18.'S6, and moved we«t to his pre.ient farm In Alberta in 1883. Mr M'Pheraon la quite well pleated with the w»y he haa succeeded In America, as he came out a poor man, and baa now a well- itocki .1 farm free of debt. HU cattle are all of his own raising, and of the ihorthorn breed. He Sndu there Is A Scarcity of Farm Hands in his district, and wages here are from £5 4n to £6 a month, with the pciquiaites common in Amerina. During the summer months it.en'H hours are from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., with an hour and a halt off at mid-d»y. Tliere is a good deal of laml «tir to be taken in in thia diatrict, and it can be bought at from 16< to 20« an acre. Next dav we drove from Calgary to the Quorn Ranch, 26 miles south f Calgary. The Quorn Ranch is one of the iirinoipitl ranches in Alberta. It ii 17 aquart miles in extent, and is well .stocked with catf.e and horses. We were met by Mr Richanl Broderiok, a native of Ireland, who did everything in his power in the way of showing us the stock and driving us over part of the ranch. On it there are 1500 horaenand several thousand head of cattle. The twelve stallions are ni'itriy all impnrfod from 8om«> of the best blood in Britain, several Hiem having been prizewinners. 300 Mares from Ireland. Three hundreil of the mares were imported from Ireland four years ago, and a number of their stock will be sent to England this year to be trained for hunters and cavalry remounts. Horses bred in Alberta are nottd for their endurance, and such a thiiia; as a broken-winded horse has never been known there. Water and natural ahelter abound In this place, and the graaa is of the best quality and plentiful, making the district highly aultablo for stock-raising. But, with all these advantages, there is no denying that Alberta has a severe winter. In fact, I think it ought to be ma"■•"■"* '^"'"--— "'1— < "• - the land lying along the line of le Oalgiry and Edmonton branch is a country i isiirpassed iii all the natural element* necessary to ensure its prosperity. The sottleis who have already trieil their fortunes in this district have proved beyond doubt that the land is fruitful and capable of main- taiaing a largo population. Kdraonton is a town of over 2000 Inhabitants situated on the north bank of the Saskatchewan River amid beautiful groves of poplar trees. It is lighted by eleetricity, and haa a com) ite telegraphic system, and many institu- tions winch bespeak the progressive eliaractor of the Canadian citlien. We visiteil MrD. .Maloney'a farm, and saw a flehl of wheat of extraordinary growth, which Mr Maloney expecU will yield from fifty to sixty bushels nn acre. Ust yesr his its yielded 100 bushels, and his barley sixty bushels an acre. His crops were undoubtedly the best ».e saw in the Edmonton district, and gave evidence of what splendid crops can be grown under proper cultivation without the aid of any manure. Government land can be bought in this district at 12s an acre, and it will take £4 an acre to clear anil break it. Farm hands are rather scarce, and are jiaid from £4 to £4 10a a month, harvest hands receiving 8s a day. with food and loilgings. Next day we visited Fort Saskatchewan, where is stationed a detachment of the North-West Mounted Police, eighty strong. The soil is of a more sandy nature. Wo Visited Many Farms too numerous to mention individually. At several of them we saw timothy hay growing, which hai been sown for several yeors. The crops wore well advanced considering the lateness of the spring. The soil on the south side of the Saskatchewan River, between the Fort .uid Edmonton, is of a rich saiidy black loam, very nimiUr to that of British Columbia, with a clay sub-soil. In Eastern Canada it is imagined by some that the Edmonton country must be too far nor'!. «o successfully grow wheat, but when one is here and sees the crops that are grown, and hears the settlers talking of thievery fine crops produced in the districts of the Peace niul Mackenzie Rivers, several hundreds of miles farther north, he is convinced that it is ono of the best districts in Canada, Kdmonton, as a matter of fact is in the same latitude, 54° (longitude, 114 ), as Dublin and York, and consequently 18 further south than Scotland Coal ii found all over this district, and can be seen standing out from the banks of the Saskatchewan and Sturgeon Rivers. The seams vary from two to twenty feet deep. What is burned in the town of Edmonton is taken from a tunnel run in under the town from the bed of the river. AVe also saw men washing for gold from bars along the banks of the river opposite Edmonton. The gold is washed out in the form of fine dust, and every year the flood* bring down treah deposits of mud, in which the gold is nd. To »» tract the gold from thesand ablankti. la used .iv red with mercury, to which the gold adh< vs, i;.f ind being washed off with the water, r , i ? oh.i make from two to SIX dollar* a day, anu lie amount taken out in some seasons amounts to 20,000 dollars worth. At FcTt Saskatchewan we saw some samples of the gold taken from the river there. Breaking the Prairie, When in theEili lonton district we had a splendid opportunity of seeing Brst ploughing on the prairie, or " breaking " as they ( all it here, and I had 'he pieisure of holding a furrow myself. It is generally br ^^on earlier in the season, about the middle of a --.J, zr, gwa some time for the decay of the vegetation for cropping next year. In some places two furrowed "sulky" gang ploughs are used, drawn by three or sometimes four horses or oxen, as 10 Dundee Courier and Dundu IVeekly Newt \A I '.is theouemiky he. We were told, however, thftt the work ia alwkVH beat done by lingle-furrowed Iilought, which cuin be diawn by two hoiiei. The ireaEiiig ii very ihellow, not over two inohee deep, and the furrowa, which, of Odurir, fall flat, are twelve or fourteen incheii broad. After the lap«e of five or eix weeks the land in ploa){hed Kgain, the proeesi being called back-letting, rraotieally apraking, the firat fiirniw ii juat turned tack, only they go a few inohei <lace to place. U'he farmer hns only to cart away the grain, and, if he bus nutBcient teams available and a railway station within reasonable dis- tance, tlie grain is at once sent on to the nearest elevator. The average charge for threshing ia from 4 to 5 cents a bushel, and they can put through from 2000 to 3500 bushels of wheat per day. Straw, of course, is no object, and consequently they leave a very high stubble when cutting, generally from 6 to 8 inches of straw being left on the ground, by which means the bulk to be carted and threshed is greatly reduced and the thresliing made much easier. Homesteadiug Begulations. Any male person iint under 18 VRArH nAn nbtAin a free grant of land to the extent of 160 acres by paying an entry fee of $10. At the time of making entry the homesteader must declare uudtr which of the thre<- following syaterai he wishes to hold hia land, ail I upiin application for hia patent must prove that he has fulfilled the couditiuni named therein — (I) Thras yean' ouHlvstlonnDil rstlJence, during which perioil tlie nuttier may not b» iiliKnt fur mora tliaa six luoiitha in noy (ina year withimt forrelting hia enti j. i'i) Ht-sidi-nce for twt» years and nine iiinntlia any wh^ra wllliin t lullen of the honinatFatl (|ii»it«ripllcat>on for patent. Under thli vyAteni 10 iiorrs miiat be brolieii the flrat yenr utter entry, ii udditluiiiil In the aecond, and 1& In the tlilrdyuitr; ten a/)r>a to b« in crop tlie necund yeur, uiid U5 aciea the third ye.'.r. (8) The ftva yean' 'yatem, under which a lettlrr may reside anywhere for the first two yeara (but must |ierfeot Ills entry by oommenclD^ oitltiviition within nix months aftai the dale tliitreof), Tireaking tlv.> m res tliii Urxtyear, croppinff tlifse tive ai-res, mid breaking ten acres aditi- tionai the aecond year, and alao building a iiabitable hoiiho before the end of tliu lecond year. The settler niiitt conimrni'R iictiial residence on the homestead at tlie expiration of two yeara from di'ts of riitrv, and tlierea ter reside upon and cultivate hia lioniextead for at least »ix montha lu each of tlie three aucceediiig yeiun. Application for patent can hv made before the Local Government Agent or Homestead Inspector, but before doing so the settler must give six months' notice in writing to the Commissioners of Dominion lands of his intention of doing so. Government lands can be bcdght outright (unless where they are specially reserved) at 12s an acre, but I think any man going tu America, or rather Canada, with the intention of buying Und if ho has the means, should buy land within reasonable dis- tance of a railway station, and an improved farm if possible, of which there are always some to bo disposed of at from £1 12s to £2 an iicre, according to its iooati'.n. Settlers and others are warned against Cutting Timber upon Government lands without first obtaining from an authorised agent of the Grown a peirait to do su. Any owner of a homestead quarter section having no timber of his own may upon application obtain a permit to cut such quantity of building timber, fencing timber, or fuel as lie may require fur use on his homestead, not exceeding the follow- ing :— 1800 lineal feet of building logs (no log to bo over 12 inches at the butt end), 400 roofing poles, 2000 poplar fence rails (not exceeding 5 inches at the butt end), 30 cords of dry wood, burnt, or fallen timber up to a diameter of 7 inches, inclusive, lor fuel or fencing. (From the Dundee Weekly Newt of Jan. IS, 1894. J CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. The Begina District. Mr J. Taylor, the agricultural representatire, reports : — We left Edmonton on the morning of August 8th and reached Regina next day before noon. It is a very substantially built town, with 2200 inhabitants, and is the capital of the province of Assiniboia. 'Ihe land here is of a clayey nature, but we saw some magnificent crops where it is broken, and the luxuviant crops of fruit and veget- ables to be seen growing in the gardens give good evidence of the capabilities of the soil. But the country in general around Kegina, as in many other parts of the North-West, has a very bleak and bare appearance, which I think ought to be improved by planting belts of timber, and until the Government sne their way to plant sections of land here anil there with trees, to alford shelter to cattle and break the force of the high winds, this district will never be well adapted for stock-raising or mixed CI to liolJ bU |Mt«iit miMt littuni Mined e, during which r mora thao ilx [ hU •ntry. nntlii nnywh'K it«r iHH-tliinClHi) in RliablUbl* I tin »l atij tlma thU •jKtrm 10 uftar antry, li third year ; tan I Hvrei tha third I a aattlrr may lilt muit iwrfeot liln all montha • tli« arkt year, ten aorea nddi- ing a liabitJibla 'he Rcttler niiiat iimtead at tlia , aiidtlmraa tar for at leaat ulx II a. lie before the ettd Iimpeotiir, te aix moiitba' ■ of Dominion Oovernment la where they , but I thhik ther Canada, if ho has the asonable dia- mproved farm ya soma to bo are, according 1 are warned Irit obtaining rn a peimit to uartcr section on applioation ty of building e may require ng tlie foiluw- 3 (no log to be roofing poles, ig 5 inches at oil, burnt, or ihes, inclusive, 'an. IS, 1894-) WEST. b. epresentatiTe, morning of xt day before It town, with f tlie province ilayey nature, 8 where it is uit and veget- lenx give good 9oil. But the in many other ileak and bare a improved by e Government lanii hnrA anil to cattle and is district will ling or mixed Artisan Expedition to Atnnica. 11 farming. 'Ilinre is a loarcity u( farm scrvinta and labouring men In this district and wages are oun- ■•quently high, farm svrvanta getting from £4 to £7 !>er motitli, with hoard ami lodgings. Masons earn 16a a day ; bricklayers, £1 ; carpenters, lUs to 12h a day ; common labourers, 6s to 7s, A man wlio can turn bia hand to anything would have no difficulty in flmliiig remunerative employment here •t £4 a mouth to commence with. Where Scottish ploughmen are salia&ed, I would say, " 8tay where you are," but any who have a wish to try and better themselves in a foreign country I oan safely recommend them to try the Nurth-West, wher . if they are pre|)arcd to rough it and take whatever employment ciii be found, there is no fear but they will get on and do very well, asfood and clothing are comparatively cheap. There need be no fear of want of employment, as even during the winter season remunerative work oan always be obtained in the shape of cutting and hauling timber, bricks, &o. A suit of clothes costs £6 8s ; boots, 10s : flour, 6h to 10s per 100 lbs. ; oatmeal, 10^ per 100 lbs. ; cornmeal, 12 < per 100 lbs. lleef and pork sell from SJd to fid a lb. Indian Head District. Our next visit was to Indian Head, where we visited the Oovernment Experimental Farm. At the Kxporimental Farm wind storms have been very destructive to their crops, and very much of a draw- liack to the working of the experimental plots. The soil is of such a lino sandy nature that it blowa very badly, and often leaver the seed bare, 'lo eope with this Mr Angus M'Kay, the manager, has planted belts of young trees all over the place, and INDIAN HEAD EXPKItlHRNTAL FARM. AS they are coming away very rapidly, in two or three years they will afford complete shelter. The growth of these belts of tree^ throughout the prairie cannot be too much encouraged. Besides taking away the bleak appearance of some parts, they will help materially to equalise the climate. Mr M'Kay drove us round for about sixteen miles, and we saw some splendid fields of wheat tnd oats. In this district scarcely any crop but wheat is grown, a system which I think is a great mistake as the crops run tome risks from frost, and should they get spoiled, as unfortunately they sometimes do, they have nothing else to rely upon, whereas in a system of mixed farming the risk would be materially lessened. N x: day we d. ove through the Bell Varinaiid Brafspy Farm adjoining. There are 13,000 acres ipon t'.o Bell Farm, of which 1800 acres are in crop, irostly under wheat, with a small percentage of oatp. Some of the wbent fields have an area of 320 acres, and have a grand -ciiipraratict:, as -nrc saw them just within one week of harvest. At Major Bell's steading we saw twelve reapers and binders drawn up in array ready to start work some of the following days. There are between thirty and forty horses kept on the farm, and about twolve men employed all the year round, ^a hired help Is recjuired during harvest and is ilifficult to procure in this locality, the ftfalor generally ^etl from thirty to forty Indians for hai reit. '1 hey pitch their tents on the prairie close at hand, and I nm told they make very fair liarvett bands. We also visited tlie Brassev Farm. Lord Itrasaey is the owner of a large track of land round Indian Head, and has it diviued into four separate farms of 2600 acres each, and fanned by four different companies with separate corporations. Lord Brassey'n object is that tlieso companies*, who have considerable capital, should provide employ- ment for labourers coming into the country. Ou tlieae farms they are "breaking" and extending year by year, and some splendid buildings are being erected. (Prom the Dundee Weekly Netvt of February 17,) CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. Brandon District. Mr James Taylor writes :— We arrived at Bran- don on the 11th of August, and spent three days in its neighbourhood. Brandon is the largest and most important town between Winnipeg and Van- couver, with a population of 6000. Next day we drove out to the Brandon Experimental Farm, about two miles from the town. It contains a sec* tion of 610 aorea of mixed land, part of it being on the hillside and part in the valley of the Asainihoina River. In so extensive a province as Manitoba soils of different qualities are to be met with, and here, happily, the farm answers the requirement* of almost all of them. The principal farm building is a huge barn 100 feel long by 30 feet wide, and in which there is a silo, a root cellar, and all the modern improvements required upon such a farm. Tliey have also straw-cutters and pulpers, oilcake crushers, &c., which are driven by means of a huge windmill, which is fixed upon the top of the barn, and it proves very handy and inexpensive. These windmilln are used on nearly every stock farm in America, generally for pumping water for the animals. A number of pure-bred shorthorns, Galloways, Ayrshires, Holsteins, and grade cattle are kept. Experiments are made of the different methods of feeding both with cattle and pigs. A great many varieties of wheat, oats, barley-rye, and Indian corn are tested every year. Evtry endeavour is being made to obtain a wheat equal in quality tu the Red Fyfe, but which will ripen earlier, and although many earlier varieties have been obtained none of them have as yet come up to the staudard of the Red Fyfe which appears to be best adapted to the climate. Mr Angus M'Kay, manager of the Experimental Farm at Indian Head, very kindly gave me samples of a few of his favourite varieties of wheat, barley, and oats which I intend to sow, and it will be interesting to note how they are suited to our climate. The tests being made in grasses, both native and foreign, suitable for sow- ing down throughout the country, are perhaps the most important subject dealt with upon tlie farm. The forestry department also receives a deal of attention. The benefit to be derived by Canadian farmers fiom these experimental farms is incal- culable, not only at the present time but in years to come can the results obtained from them be observed and appreciated. We next visited tho famous Sandison Farm. This enormous farm i-i situated about eight miles from the town of Bran- don, it extendi to COCO acieti, of wLiuU about 3000 are in crop, 2500 being under wlieat, and 600 in oats. The fields are all of a section each, one mile square and furrows one mile long, which meaui 12 Dundee Courier and Dundee Weekly News Artisan Expedition to America. that every add is «9 large as the biggeit of nur arable farms in Scotland. The stables, which can accommodate 64 hones, have a coating of three feet of turf outside and a turf roof— ratiier primitive- looking buildings in our estimation, but ^e are told they are very warm and comfortftble. (From the Dundee Weekly News of March 10.) Brandon to Montreal. Mr Taylor, Raesmill, Arbroath, reports:— After leaving Brandon we took train for Naplnka, and from there through the fine wheat-growing districts of Southern Manitoba, landing in Winni- peg on the 15tb of August. We had now come to the last stage of our journey, as our route now lay between Winnipeg and Montreal, a distance of 1424 miles. Between Winnipeg and Ea' Portage, a dis- tance of 130 miles, the country still assumes the nnmistakable prairie features, which are nowhere more prominent than around Winnipeg itself. As we proceed we gradually enter upon a "hard" country, the railway passing througL scenery of the wildest description. As wo reach Fort William we get our first sight of the great Lake Superior. Fort William was formerly a Hudson Bay Com- pany's post, the fur house of the old fort now being used as an engine-house for the great coal docks, and some of the largest grain elevators in th» world overshadow all. Along the northern shores .£ Lake Superior the line runs through a wild, picturesque region of forests, lakes, streams, and rooky ridgea. Nepigon is one of the grandest parts of this great trans-continental route, lying as it does amongst the abrupt headlands of the great lake, traversing deep cuttings in the rooks, creeping at one moment along the open pebbW beach, to disappear the next instant with a terrible roar into a tunnel hewn out of the solid rock, and emerging again only to pas» over a trestle bridge the mere height of whiob makes one feel almost giddy. At Sucibury, where we stop for balf-an-honr, are the most extensive copper and nickel deposits in the world. Large quantities of the ores nave been shipped from the mines, and a number of smelting furnaces are being erected near Sudbury to reduce the ores on the spot. Little villages around sawmills continue to occur, and newly-made farms are not infrequent. We are told there is plenty of good land near by, bat the railway here, as in many other places in regions sucli as we are now traversing, follows the streams and the " breaks " in the country. And the best of it la not to be seen from the car windows. The lands belong to the province of Ontario, and are open to settlers in lots of 80 acres without price, but timber cutting as yet seems,, to be the principal industry. As wc near Montreal the country loses its " hard " character, and the valley- is divided into narrow well-tilled Frenc' farms, mostly devoted to dairy produce and the growing of apples, as we saw some fine orchards with crops of apples that were realty extraordinary. rj > to America. van, and rooky ridgei. lest pAtts of tnii great !ig as it does amongit I great lake, traversing reeping at one moment , to disappear the next into a tunnel hewn out ;ing again only to pass mere height of which J, At Sudbury, where ire the most extensive in the world. Large been shipped from the Iting furnaces are being educe the ores on the d sawmills continue to na are not infrequent, r of good land near by, I many other places in traversing, follows the in the country. And » seen from the oar ng to the province of settlers in lots of 80 ler cutting as yet seems As wc near Montreal 1 " character, and the row well-tilled Freno' dairy produce and the Eiw some fine orchards re really extraordinary. r-'j