iMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ? ^ /> ^^. ,j^>^^. '■<' ^ ///,. ^m 'Cv A /a 1.0 I.I 1.25 ;|:liM J.2 \u 2.5 2.2 ;r 1^ ^ 1^ 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.6 ^ V] m ^;. % signifie "A SUIVRE", Ie symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour dtre r&produit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant Ie nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 < ^ T lEI 10 JANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY GO I LAND REGULATIONS, Tlie Company off.^: lands within iViC Railway Belt along the main linr and in SouMiern ]\fanit'./l)a, at prices ranging IVoni S3.30 jPKPt. ./=lc;i^e: upwards, with conditions requiring niltivation. A rebate for culiivation of from $1.25 to SJ5.50 |>er acre, aceording to price paid for the land, allowed 0:1 certain conditions. Tl;'. Compan V also offer Lands Ulf/iont Conditions of Sitfhnieiif or (Jiittivaiion, THE RE83EVED SECTIONS aloijg the Main Line, /. e.. tlic odd numliered Sections within one mile tne Railway, are no\v offered far saJe on advantageons terms, to parti prepared to undertake tlieir inimediatc cultivation. Purchasers may pay one-sixili m cash, and the l)alancc in ^^ul annti.ir instalments, 'with interest at. SJX PER CENT, per annum, payable in advance. Parties purchasing without conditions of cultivation wi'U receive a Deed of Conveyance at time of purchase, if payment is made in full. Paymenis may be made in LAND GRANT BONDS, which will bcj accepted at ten per cent, premium on rheir par value and accrued interest. These bonds can be obtained on ap])lication at the Bank of Montreal, Montreal ; or at any of ii-> agencies. EOR PRICES and (^ONDLPIONS OF SALE and all information! with respect to the purchase of Lands, apply to [OHN H. McFAVLSH. Land Commissioner, AViimipeg. By order of the Board. ' * Montreal, December, 1883. CHARLES DRINKWATER, Sccretar) MANITOBA — AND- nainhnj THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST THE PEAIKIE SECTION. The Prairie section of the Canadian North-West, extending westward fron-^ the neighbourhood of Winnipeg to the base of the Rocky Mountains, a dii^tance of over eight hundred mih»s, contain.' large tracts of the Unest agricultural land in the world. The prairie is generally rolling or undulating, the eastern and middle sections are dotted over wil'i islands or clumps of wood, and in the western portion, the absence of wood in quantity is compensated for by the presence of vast coal beds; it abound:, with lakes, lakelets and running streams, in the neighbourhood of which the !?cenery in many parts h as been described as rivaling the finest park scenery in England. The richnes.'? of the soil and le sahibrity of the climate, which is peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of grain and raising of stock, will assuredly cause this vast tract of country to become, in the near future, the home of millions of happy and prosperous people. Dr. Ilurlburt in his physical atlas of Canadr., speaking of the immense areas in the North-West of Canada favorable for wheat growing, says : Sou.h of the northern limit .vhere wheat has been found maturing, east of the Rocky Moun- tains, and wes;. of Ontario, there are some nine hundred and fifty thousand to one million uquare miles in the Xorth-West Territory of Canada. This immense area of six hundred million acres lies in a similiar position on this continent, with climate almost identical with the best wheat countries of the old world, the western, northern, north-western and central parts of Europe. It lies, too, in t!ie valleys of the gieat rivers of the northern half of the continent, the Saskat- chewan, Assiniboin -, Red, Winnipeg, Peace, Athabiisca and Mackenzie, with probably a larger percentage of tillable soil than any equal area in the old world. HOW TO REACH THERE. ThP journey from England, Scotland, ireland, or the continent, through to Manitoba, usually takes about X3 days. Through tickets can be purchased Lo points in Manitoba, by any of the Ocean Steamero running to Canada and America. WHEN TO GO. From 1st April lo 15th May is the best time for a man witli limited mcaii-. to sti'.rt for Manitoba, because he will have a chance to get some work done o' his farm in time, proljably, to secure a partial crop. Mareli is too early, bccau the roads will not be in good condition for travelling vvhcn Manitoba is reaeheti Probably the finest time of the year for a man with means to go and locate land IS August, September, or even as late as October, but he must not expect to do fuuch in the way of improvements till the following spring. Before starting, he should write to the office of the Railway Company in London for a Land Guide Book, which will be forwarded free of cost by the Coinpany's Agent, and by careful reading of this on the voyage out, an idea of the distriet he would like to settle on eun be arrived at, and he will also to acertaiii xtent become conversan' with the systetn of .'^urvcy, which will be of great assistance to him in his searcl; for land. WHAT TO DO ON REACHING MANITOBA. On arrivingat Wiimipeg, the firststep should be 10 visit theLami OlVice of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which is located in the station bu.'.dint: where the settler alights, and there inspect the maps showing the Government lands open for free hom.estead entry. Should h.e desire, in addition to taking a homestead, to pr.rchase land from the Company, he can ascertain the lands that are open for s-ale, and examine the fieli notes of the lands in the district in which he elects to settle, apd receive reliable advice as to the locations best adapted lor the class of farming that he wishes to tbllow. Agencies have been opened at the following points along the line, where fur- ..ler informalioM can be obtained, and the purchixse of land etfeeled without necessitating a return to Winnipeg ; — Carberry, Brandon. Virden. Moosomin, Broadview, Wolseley, RegtTia, Moost. Jaw, Maple Creek, Medicine Mat ant' Calgary. The Government have established Intelligence Ofllces at Brandon, Mooso- min, Qu'Appello, Regina, Moose Jaw and Calgary. Each is in charge of an officer, who i-s always ready to assist the settler with advice in choosing his homestead. Attached to these ofBces are guides, whose duties are to show settlers to such lands as they may desire to see in their district, without charge. Transport and supplies are not furnished, but these can l>e secured at the towns where the guides are stationed. To obtain an entry for a homestead, the settler must appear at the Dominion Lands Office for the agency in which the land is situated. The agencies with the names of the agents are as follows : Agency. 3 Post OJice. Agent. KR. Winnipeg Winnipfg A- H. VViiitch Dutlprin Nelson W. H. Stephenson. Little Saskatchewan . . • Odanah A. E. Fishek. Birtle Birtle (i to. \V . Pknti.and. Souris Brandon I'. (J. SMITH. Turtle Movintain Ddoraine J as. Hays. Prince Albert Prince Albert Gi:;). I:)lck. Qj.rAppelle JCcgina j. McD. Gordon. Calgary Calgary William Hill. REGULATIONS FOB THE SALE OF LAND, The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway to the summit of the Rocky Mountains, 964 miles westward from Winnipeg, and the rapid progress made in the Government Surveys during the past season, enable the Company to offer for sale some of the finest agricultural lands in Manitoba ar^d the North-Weet. Th'^ lands within tlie railway belt, extending 24 miles from each side of the m\\\n line, wiil be disposed of at prices ranging from $;j.5o (ids. sterling) pkr acre upward ;, -ivith conditions requiring cultivation. Prices of lands, without condi- tions of Cultivation, may be obtained fron. the Land Commissioner. When cullivaticn or settlement forms part of the consideration, a rebate for cultivation 'vill hr. allowed as her.'inafter described. Thci^e regulations are substituted for and cancel hose hitherto i>i force. TKRM.S OF FAYMENl. If paid for in full at time of purcluise, a Deed of Conveyance of ts'.e land will be given; but the purchaser mriy i)ay one-sixth in cnsli, and the balance in five annu.il instalments, witli int.M-est at .mx per cent, per annum, payable in advance. Payments maybe made in Land (irani Bonds, which will be accepted at ten prr cent, premium on tlieir par value and accrued interest. These, Bonds can be obtained on application at the Bank of Montreal, Montreal, or at any of its agencies in Canada or the United States. REDATE. A rebate of from $1.25 to $3,50 (5s. to l|s. sterling) per acre, according to the price paid tor the land, will be allowed on the acreage actually cropped on the following conditions : 1. The purchaser will not bo entitled to rebate unless, at time of purchaso ho rntirs into an uiulertaLinj; r are .subject to the following general conditions : All improvements placed upon land purchased to be maintained thereon I. iiviil tinal payment has been maile. 2. All taxes and assessinenti; lawfully imposed upon the land, or improvements to be paid I;y the purchaser. 3. The Company reserv.'R fVom sale, under tliese regulations, all mineral a). d coal lauds, and lands containing timber in quantitK\s, stone, slate and marble (juatri^is, lands with water power thereon, and tracts (or Town sites and Raiiway purposes. 4. Mineral, coal and timber landr and quarries, ard lands controlling water power, will be disposed ot' on very moderate terms to persons giving satisfactory evidence of their intention and ability to utilize the same. 5. The Comp.'inv reserves the right to take without renunieration (except for the value of buildmgs and improvements on the required portion of land) a strip or strips of land 200 feet wide, to be used for right of way. or other railway purposes, wherever the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, or any branch thereof, is or shall be located.* UP to euk' li. kavini; tl A. east<:Mi ISout'i (>. ■thw vie: Ifariiifr. I in? '" s\iccia coiv.e. fvideri numb jlH.ilU. L,>.a.tvi CITAIIACTER OF LAUDS. The following is a general di -i.iiption of the lands ofTerod for sale as far as they have yet been exainincd : l.ANUy H.\ST OF CAKnr.dUV AGENCY. Approximate area of raiiwiiy l.inds, 125,000 acres. As these Unds .ire amonf;st tlie titit sr.r- yeyed in the Province of Manitoba, it i3 hardly to be expected, that after the culling over which ♦ liberal ritea for settlers and their effects will be granted by tbe Company over its Railwny. ' pur<:ha.s lion with' ' not resii; a/Uitv pi' 'ij'tivatio' J>'if>e pri(. "'. prove: c a) lower: . on ])av of the rt jp fownships n:ceived by the tarly settlers that there wouW be much de«irahle land left fo* |< ..imiil, In lioii tliey arr <..lii(.lly of .1 :5aiK)y natorr -ritli i lar^e area of 'iinmhy liind.-. i'l.i: Isiiids btawccn V/uuiipctj, ijlioiU Lake uiiil Lake M-Aiiiloha ;irc only iulaptcd f r gra/.in.t^ p- i ihoMC lying on the western confines of tlie district are chiefly vjilualde fur tl>e timber on thew. V. I'll drsunajjfi, soiiif of these can be made ixcellenl farms. Tliis district may be otinsiilfr< d a* ■Y v.n)f tJie poorest lands on tlie lin<*. CAUllKKKV AGKNCV. Approximate area cf railway lands, 3cx),r»o<3 acres. Some of the List lauds, notably llmsr* of 1 lU'auliful Phuns, wen* disposed of by the (fovernmcat beforr^ the Couijiany's charter. Tiie f turn and southern portions of tlii.i district .ire not likely for some time to invito the attcnti.ii of 1 1 ii^ri'^ilturist, owlnjf to I'lcir bcini^ co%'ered with titnlier, and also In the liijlu nutuic ot the s lil. South ofche track, and brtwjcn ranj;jcu 9 and 16, is known as tiie Sand ILll district. The lanUs in 'V''- vicinity of Carberry and north and west of tl'at point possess special attractions (or thr fai'ii.er. BRANDON AGENCY. A pproximate area of railway lai.ds, 500,000 acrc^. The lands throuirhout this district, except \\ng in the Siiuth-wesr corner where vast hay-mar.shes prevuil, are uniformly of g-ood character, [cniisistinp: chiefly of sandy and clay loam restinj^j on gravelly rlay subsoil. Thi-i district is spocially favored, havinp^ suflicient wood to meet the requirements of settlers for some time to come. The greater i'lOrtion of llie lands have been sold under cultivation conditions, and n;j bttter evidence of tlu- wisdom of this policy can be desired Uian one (jains from an inspection of the vast number of acres of wheat /rrowing on railway lands now ready tor the Harvest. Thi-> section includes within its borders tlie famous Elliott, Tlum Creek and Oak Hiver tetll mcnts, wliicli are Lo.il.iy the most thriving in the rrovmce, giviiiy evidence of Uie high charactt-r of the soil. VIRBEX ACENCV. Approximate area of railway lands, 375,000 acres. This district is well watered by the Assmibrdne .ind Pijiestone rivers, botii woodi*rl. The f rmertotlie north and the latter to thesoutlv of the line, with tlie railway, divide the belt int.; foar e^ual parts. The lands to the •■oath of the PHicstone are hay lands; between the Pipestone and the northern li-.nit of the belt the lands are almost invariably adapted to n^ricnlture. The soil jr.is a lan^^cr perrentage of sand than t'lP lb :,:id.7n district, j)articularly in the south-east'.rn part, where sand hills appear. Owi.ig- to their dryness, sowing can be done as soon as the snow disappears, and bein^ of a warm nature, the crops wi'.l ripen early. The favorite parts an: in the neighbourhood ot Oah Lake, near \ Irden, extendin;j therefrom riortil•wc^:t along the Assiniboine, and in range 24 north of tlie Assinibfine river. MOOSOMlN AGENCY. Approximate area of railway lands, 425,000 acres. The best lands are found along the Pipe- atone Creek, in the south-west corner of the district, and in the ne'j-hbourhood of Moosomm and Fleming stations. The western portion is well wooded, and the eastern abounds with hay me;idows and ponds. The S'dl is probably a shade heavier than that of V'irden district. The surface is varied by poplar blud's. prairie girides and hay meadows, and offers special inducements to those desiiDus of engaging in mi red farming. Tiie ngency is r.Iinost evenl' divided by th(; two main trail; starting from Moosomin, one for the Fort Ellice .-.nd IJiri'e district, and the other H r Wood Mountain. I! K i.w o V 1 h w A G K u f • V. Approximate are.i of riilway land, 500/joo acres. Moving wc^tv.'atd from Virde:i, :he land gets heavier in this district. Clav loam is the chit;f churacterj.st:c of the soil, resting on a clay ani gravelly clay subsoil. Abundance uf wood is to be had in the Weed and Indian Jlead Hills, aIodis ihc Pipestone urnJ tUe t^i'Appcllc, and in ihf whole «iikterii yail ol Uic agency. '1 «| Pilifstouc situ! (4^i'Appf.ll« rlvffis n>'l slu artrries foj the main water supply and dratnapfc. 1' estsCfrn jiart is» jpvcially 4(1 ',>l«:'l (> r j r.i/.iiiK. ll>'' rcmainiier for uuxcil Urimng. Nuraen u pictiir«!s( the, Imlian Uoservr. Ttu- soil is ehielly a clay loam rif jjroat depth and gou' mv.Uity. 'Ihc hcst lands lie iionh o'' tlje railway, exiendlng across tlie (^u'Appelle river to Uu ] northern limit of tlie belt. Surface stvuies are found, but not in sufficient quantitiew to interfere wit.', juccf.ssful ("arr-.inf,'; lyin;,' 'nly on Ihe '..'rface Ihty are car iiy f^itlicrcd, and arc valu.ihle fcr fouu daiion wall-' of f.iriii building"*-, 'llir l.uuls alimj^ the C^ii'Appelle rivfr, owing to their froiitinj; on such a piaiircsque stream, are spt'cjaliy sought aftrr. .\il of tliis district except a portion south ct Uit trut '< is thii.kly .settled. The j ),(x>j acre farm of the Ciji'AppcUe Valley Parraiug Company j» uluateU ou tii • western limit oi the agency. I 'iv U i'K'l" daU' RKGINA AOINCY. Approximate area of railway lanris, 75.000 atrti. Commcncinjf on the eait with a day and sandy loatr., the soil shades oif towards the west into a heavy friable day. Th Qu'Appt'lle rivL'r and .".orth-east '■> Itetrina. TIu' land north of the ;4."'''^PI'«'11« '" if * 'igl'" natui* and stony. A ciiaracteristic Icuture i.-i the hutn Dicky nature of the surface of the greater part o. this district. I MOOSR JAW AGKNCV. Aj)proximate area of railway lauds, 5oc(,ooo acrits. Approaching Moosejaw, the land becomes soo.ewliat lighter, ai.d on this account will be more readily broken thun the heavier land of Regina. The S'luth-westeru portion is broken in upon bv the Mi.s.souvi Coteau, tlir lands' uf which arc of a sandy and gravelly nature. Towards the north, excellent lands are tbund to t! ; west uf Buffalo LlAc, while to the east of tlic lake the Itads are tomparativoly worthless. 'Ihe district is well watered by the Moose J;.' w and Thunder Creeks, and th." Ui»'AppeIle river. Tiiut)er is acarc« througliout the ageucy. ptU per t.im «tc en brea cntr ai"nl GOVERIOIini^r I^ANDS. HOMESTEADS, PRE-EMPTIONS AND WOOD LOTS. A "homestead" not exceeding one-qvtarter section or i6o acres, if a free fffrant from the Government. Any person, male or female, who is the sole head of a family, or any male who has attained the age of eighteen year.s, is entitled to a homestead. The condition under which the grant is made i.s that the home- steader shall reside on and cidUvate the land for three years. The per.<;on receiving a hoinestead entry i.s entitled at the sa.tie I'lme—uu^ not at a later date— to a pre-emption entry for an adjoining unoccupied i6oacre tract. The settler will not be called upon to pay for the pre-emption until the expiration of the three years that entities hiim to receive a deed from the Government for hl» N'uraerru. e 1nuU|.t^ , '' «»J go.,' "cr to Oi» I '"''ere wit;. '« Mtstc;id for tnor<: than k'x months at any one time without special leave from Uk- Minister of the Inlerio-. Only the. ezu n numbprcU sc: tiots of a to-.vits/tip are I' pen for homestiad awl pvt-rmption e^'irics. bhould the. settler find that he cannot comply with the conditio)is of the lliree yf.'ai-.' residence, he is allowed to purt;hase his homestead by paying $2.50 iH-r acre therefor, provided that he has resided on the l.uui for u )n<")ii;.h:- from d.-ilv.' of etit'-y, and has brought uruler cultivation at least 30 aevs th' r<-(if. Any pernon who has obtained a deed for his homestead uUrr three years' reeidcnrc, may obtain another homestead and pre-emption entry. Settlers that have not sufficient wood gn^wini^ on ■ tiicir homesteads can r)nrchaie from the (joverninent, wood lots not cxce; ding zo acrea in h'vf.o. at $5.fK> per ar.ri. In addition to this, Rcttlers are allowed, free otrhar;j'e, a permit to tut timber o.n vacant Government lands, a bufiicient quantity of wood, house logs and fence timber, to meet all their refjuirements during the first year of home- steadinjT' They are forbidden to dispose of wood from tht-ir homestead.^, pre- emptions, wood lots, or what they may obtain under free permit, to i;aw-mill prnprictoi s, or to I'juy p..rson other than an actual scttliT for his own use, A breacli of this condition, or nou-fultilment of .homestead conditions, rendei. the entries of homestead, pre-emption and wood lot subject tocancellatiou. Should KLich cancellation be made, all iinprovetnents become forfeited to the Government, an^i the setiler is not allowed to make a second homestead cntr". The attJii.tion of intending emigrants is drawn to the fact lluiL thi; jirivilege of obtaining a pre-;Mnptioii will be disconfinued after ist Janun v, iS.-i.'. For those who wi?h to OL'tuin large farms at a ciicap rate, the coini; ; >])ring will therefore be the mo;-t desii'able time to emigrate. The title of the lands previously referred to remains vested in the Crown, till atlcr the Patent '^n issued: unpatented lands cannot be seized for debt. Incase a settler dies, the law allows his executors t(> fulfil the hr^mej-tead conditions, thus securing the estate to his heirs. The fees charged are as follows; — Homestead. $10; jMC-einjUion, $io; permit fee, 50c. LIBEKALITY OF CANADIAN I.Am) IIEGUI.ATIONS. Contrasted with those of thk United States. The fee for takinir up a homestead or pre-emptjou entry is only $10, wherea* it is %z6, and in some ca'^es $34, in the States. 8 The privilege of receiving a pre-emption entry at the same time ns that for p, homestead is granted, is denied to the settler in the United States. The settler must rcf,\clejhe years on his homestead in the Ihiiled States a? against l//rei: years under the liberal regulations of Canada. The taking of a homestead in Cantida does not prevent a settler fi-(>nf pur-^ chaaing other Government lands. The following liberal allowance of timber is given to the settler on prairit: lands free of charge : i,8oo feet of house timber, 4cx) roof rails, 30 cords of wood, and ;.,ooo fence rails, equal in value to about $60. No such grant can bo obtained under the land regulations of the United States. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that settlers on completing their homstead conditions are allowed the right to obtain a second homestead and pre-emption. This concession on the part of the Government has only lately been allowed, and this fact aione places the Canadian regulations, in the matter of liberal treatment of the settler.-, far ahead of those of the United States. There is no cast iron oath of allegiance to be taken as the following requ'red bv ihe United States : District Court ) Judicial District, [ Stats of .,, Covinty of ) I do swear tliat I will support Uie Constitution of tlie United Stato of America, and tliat I do;iosolute!ya!id (ntircly Ken'iunceand Abjure lorevcr all Allegiance and Fidelity in every Foreign I'uwer, Prime, Pot.enLite, State, or Sovereignty whatever, and particu- larly to ^aeen Victoria, oj Great Britain utid Ireland, whose subiect I was And furl.lier, that I never have borne any bercdita.y title, or been of any of the desjrees of Nobility of t.is countrj whereof I have been asulijocl, and tliat I liave resided within the United States for five years last past, and in iiiis State, foroneytar la.st past. Subscribed and ■^•vorn to m open Court ' tliis Jay of 18., J .Clerk No man can take up United States Government land unless he is prepared to subscribe to the above oath. THE SYSTEM OF SURVEY. The Caniuiian North-West is laid off in townships six miles square, contain- ing thirty-six sections of 640 acres each, which are aga'n fubdivided into quarter sections of 160 acres. .V road allowance having a width of one chain is provided for on each .section liiie running north and south, and on every alternate section line running east and >'r-.t. The following diagram shows a township with thr section numbered : .> N w 3' 33 1 33 , J.4 35 i(^ 3" 2CJ 2S 27 2 J 1 20 25 H 19 30 2) 23 14 18 '7 1 I ^ 13 7 6 !^ 1 9 10 1 1 1 i.i 1 s 1 1 4 3 jA I The sections are apportioned as to, lows . OrEx FOR Homestead and Prk-emption.— Nos. 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, tS. ,:o. :.', -H- 28, 30, 32, 34. 36. Belonging to tvie Canadian Pacikic Railway,— Nos^. 3, 5, 7, 15, 17, 19, -3' --7' 31. ^5- Sold to the Canada NoRrnwE;5T Land Company by the Canadian Pacific Railway.— Nos. i, 9, 13, -m, '.'.v 33. Hudson Bay Company's Lands. —Nos. 8, 26. School Sections. —Nok. ii, 29 (re-erveci by Government solely for school purposes). IMPROVED FARMS. Improved farms with houses, out-buildings, and a certain quantity of land under cultivation, are also frequently in the market, and can be purch,^sed at advanced prices from parties wishing to move we.si.ward in order to take up new land, and .secure a proJit on the old farm. The most satisfactory plan, however, for a settler is to take up new land and secure the profit for himf^elf. THE LAWS. ThC'-e are no burdensome taxes, no forced enrollment as soldiers; every man is free and required only to respect the law.; that are framed for the protec- tion of life and property. The institutions of the country are of a thoroughly popular character. . THE SOIL. • There is a generally accepted theory that the great fertility of ttie land in the North-West is due generally to three causes— first, the droppings of birds and animals on the plains ; second, the ashes left by the annual prairie fires; and fact is considered that great herds of bi:lV;\lo and other game have lorimed t generations over the prairies; tliat wild fowl to this day are found in vast nu,, hers everywhere, and that prairie fires have raged every year for many geneti tions in the North-West, there is doubtless sound reason for this theory. Whatever may hu'-e been the cause of tlie extreme richness of the lani', howtver, there is one feature which is of great importance, and ihnt is the depr of gcud soil in the prairie country. It has been frequently stated that the depth of black loarn in the NortiivWest will range from one to four ((tet and in sor e instances even deeper; but the statement has been received with a good deal o; doubt. The testiniony of fanners living in over one hundred and (il'ly dilTeren: localities in Manitoba demonstrated that the average depth ot the loam in th.* province was over three feet. Extract from Report of " Manitoba Soils," by Dr. Gilbert, F.II.S., F.L.S President of tlie Chemical Society of England. *• Supposing tb.e 'm:\ is not fk-ficieut in the ntc.t'..ssary inincriil constitiients, the .iruount o: nitrog-eu in an availu'.le coitdition may be s:iid to be -.i most irnportuiit nc-^sure of fertility, " * * Tlie leniarkublti richness of these prairie Sdiiw, so f;ir as nitrogen Is concerned, may be judgcil by the facts- Uiat Iho amount of nitrogen in llit; firbt nine inches of dcptii of the arable noils at Rothanistead ib soineiitncA ks low as o.oi per cent, iu tlie drj* mould, and seldom exceeds 0.14 or 0.15 per cent. ; that in the second nine inches it ranges from 0.07 to little over o.oS per cent. ; in the tl-.ird nin- inclies i'mri under 0.06 to about 0.07 p-^r ceTit., and thi't in Uie lower deptli is rathe: lower sti'!. " A': a further ifuliciition of comparative fertility, I -.nay incnti9 0.073 0.076 o.ijS Fourthly inches 0.038 0.019 c.043 0107 '• (Signed), I, awes L. Gilbsht. *' Uothamitead Laboratory, Augn.^t, 1883." 11 when [.1,., vast uu., try. ^'le Ian,,, ^Jie dept t'le depth i '"n sor;r >ti ileal .M.' ,\„ ^^ as OUT rorn T. ANALYTICAI. LABO]l^ATORY, STmGBOSs' HAI.L, HJinburgh, ANALYSIS or SAMrLE OF MAiVITOKA SOIL. Moicturn. Organic matter containing nitrogen equal to amraoniu 23 ° SAl.IWE MATTiCH. Phosphates, o..t73 Carbonate of lime '-763 Carbonate of magnesia o.gjjy yVlkaline salts ' .^73 Oxide fifirou .. 3.115 Sand and silica S'-T^' Alumina S.m* 2i.3itH 7.5C)o 59-S53 loo.noo The above soil is very rich iu orgaiiic matter, and contains tlie full amouutof the saline fertiliz- ir.jj mailers T^und in all soilo of a good bearing qu,<]ity . (Signed), STEriiKNSON Macaoa'u, M.D., Lecturer on Clieniistry. The large proportion of silica in the above analysis indicates that the soil is particularly well adapted to the growth of wheat. The black loam or mould thu^ pronounced so rich rests on a tenarious clay for a depth of from one lofour feet, and in some places the clay is as deep as ninety feet. THK.CLIMAT.E AND SEASONS. Of paramount importance to the eniigrant is the healthfulness of the locality "which is to bo the scene of his future labor? and the home of himself and family. What to him are the fair fields, flowering meadows, and luxuriant growth of fertile soils under tropical sur.s, if tliey generate fever-producing nnasma and vapor .'' What are soft and perfumed breezes, if they waft r.be seeds of pestilence and death } What are bountiful liarvests of golden grain and rich mellow fruits, if disease must annually visit his dwelling ? Tlie dryness of the air, the character of thf soil, wlucl.v retains no stagnant pools to send forth poisonous e.\halations, raul Ihe almost total ab^enee of (o Winicr — Part of November, December, January, February and March. la the early part of November the Indian summer generally dommenccs and then follows the loveliest portion of the season, which usually lasts about a fortnight. The weather is warm, the atmosphere hazy and culm, and even- object appears to wear a tranquil and drowsy aspeirt. Then comes winiot generally ushered in by a soft, fleecy fall of snow, succeeded by days of extreme clearness, with ;: deep-blue sky and invigorating atmosphere. In December th.c winter regr.l:iily sets in, and, until the end of March, the weather continues steady, with perhaps one thaw in January, and occasional snowstorms. Thr days are clear and bright, and the cold much softened by the brilliancy of the sun. THE SUPPLY OF WOOD. Wood for building and fencing purposes is a matter of great importance m a prairie country and in this respect the Canadian North- West is peculiarly favoured. Although there are sections where wood is scarce, as a general rule there i. a well-regulated supply throughout the country. In parts there are tracts ol forest so evenly interspersed that farmers can generally obtain a good wood lot in clo(>e proximity to their prairie farms, besides v/hich the numerous rivers are invariably lined with wood on each bank. Elder, oak, elm, maple (hard and soft), and basswood may be planted, and W'i'l grow successfully; but cottonwood, poplar and willow v/ill grow very rapidly, and for ordinary purposes on a farm they are moat useful. The follow- ing descriptions of woods are found in the Canadian Ncrth-West : oak, white and red cedar, birds, poplar, spruce, white ash, cottonwood, tamarac, cherry, white Willow, lialsam, ash, maple, pine, elm and box-elder, the latter being very valuable, as it is coming into use extensively for the purpose of wood-engraving. In connection with tree planting, the follovving recommendation from a resident fanner in Manitoba is worthy of attention : • 1 woulil saj,'geEt Ihiit intending settlers \n the Nortli-West w!io come to nettle down on prairie land should lire:ik up an acre or two around wlnere th'-y build, on the west, north .iiid east, and plant with maple r,*:eds. Plant in rowo four feet apart, the seeds to be planted one foot apart; they can afterwards tie thinned out and transplanted. T have them twelve feet high, from the seed planted io-.n years ago, aud they will form a good shelter. •♦JAMES STEWART, " H-Kh Bluff." [50 miles from Wmnipeg^.] laKe'.etsi liicly i.i )y me a J \c\ er-fc ;xi-tcd,| Iseaias [that thd lot bCttU Thj A.6sifeta| 18 , "H^ WATER SXTPPIi"S *^ A supply of good water io an indispensable necessity to the farmer, not only i; lioiisehold purposes, but al.;o for stock. The Canadian North-West has not )rlv' numerous rivers and creeks, hut also a very large number of lakes and M;'et6 throughout the whole country, and it lias now been ascertained defi- litciy liiat good water can be obtained almost Uiiywhere throughout the territory )v means of wells; in addition to which there are numerous clear, running, ic'. er-failing springs to be found throughout the country COAL. This important question in u prairie country, about which seme anxiety jxisted, has been most satisfactorily set at rest by the discovery of extensive coal jseatns during the past year. It has been determined on undoubted authority [tliat there is sufficient coal, easy of access, in the North-West lo supply tlic wants jot settlers for generations to come. The following extracts from a report by G. M. Dawson, DS., F.G.S., Assistant Director. Geological Survey of Canada, on the subject of the coal and lig'iites of the Canadian North-West vvill be read with interest. In notes on the more important coal scams on the Bow and Belly rive: ", he says : '•The occuircnce of workable coal soains '.it several diffir';nt horizons, and tlie proved continuity of bome of tliem over great areas, guarauteos un abundant supply of fuel in this district. The quality of some of the fuels is such as to render them suitable for transport to a distance, and it is doubtless on this belt of ro.il-beaiiuy rocks in the vicinity of tht^ mounlains that the railways of the Xortluvest will draw lari;ely lor their supply. The quantity of coal already proved to exist is very great. Apjjroxiniate estimates underlying a square mile ot country in several localities have been made, with the following results : — Miiin Seam, in vicinity of I'oal Uankp, Belly River. Coal underlying one square, niile, 5,500,000 tons. €rassy Isiatul, Bmv lliver. (Continuation of Belly River Main Scam. one square mile, over S,ooa,ocM) tons. Coal underlying Horse-Shoe Bend, Bow River, Co il underlying one square mile, 4,900,000 Lens. Blackfoot Crossing. Workable toal seam as exposed on Bow River. Underlying one square m i le , 9,000 ,ooo to n s . ' » EXTENSrCN OF COAL-BEARINC REGION TO THE NORTH AND WEST. As above stated, the corJ-beaiing rocks developed so extensively on the Bow and Belly Rivers and their tributaries, are known to ext(.-nd far ro the imilli and west, though, up to the present time, it has been impossible to examine them at more tha:i a few points. Ou the North Saskatchewan several seams of lignite-coal. resembling those of the Souris River rr^^ion, outcrop at Edmonton. The most im[iortant is about six feet in thickness, and has been wurkcd to some extent tor local purpose.;. Thirty miles at i.ve li^dmonton a much more important coal Bcarn occurs. This, as described by Dr. Selwyu (Report of Progress, 1S73-74) ,l»as athicknesa of eighteen to twenty ftet. It is ot excellent quality, and much resembles the " Coal Banks" '"'•< tn the Bow Kjver 14 Large stains are exposea at nijiiiy other place? in this part of tlxe country. Several ire reprr (i| of considerahlc Ihickiicss on tlie Brazeau, a tributary of the Saskatchew.m. On the North PcuMr River, atributury of tlie Athabasc.i, about itfty-six mitos v/est of Ednionlon, a seam eight feet i. .f,| is s.'.iil tu outcrop. SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN DISTRICT. Eastward from the How and Belly district, the first known important locality is in the yi' ol Mcdirine Hat, on tlie South Sasliiitcliewan. Exposures of t!ic Medicine Hal. scam are found to occur on nearly every bend of the river i; a point about thirty miles below the junction of the Kow and Belly Rivers to Medicine Hat. i' seam is, however, more variable in thickness and character than many in this i)art of the Sort'.v ■ and at two ijlaccs on the river, scarcely a mile apart, chanijes from two feet in thickness of - '.: ' impure iipjnite, to six feet of very good lig'nite-coal. An exposure about ten miles above Medi ; Hat bhowed two seams, fnir feet six inclics and tour feet resptrctiveiy in thickncsi^. Three ■ i. ■ above Medicine Hat tl:e coal is af>aia well shown in tlie side of the river valley at a heiyi; about eighty feet above the water level, with a thickness of four feet. In the Cypress Hills several seams are known, one of which shows in places .about five ft i fair lignite coal. SOURIS DISTRICT. East of this point, and soutli of the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, beds cf li^imt.- varying thickness and quality, but likely, in several instances, to become inipcrtunt as .^ouice- . supply of fuel for local purposes, occur. Of this district the portion situated nearest to Manit' ;!.. and therefore likely to be of the greatest immediate importance, is that on the Souris River. V'\c. measures are here almost perfectly horizontal, and the valley having been cut out to a great dci' . the lignite seams are exposed very favorably tor workini;. The thickest bed here found is a I'':!' over Ecvi n .eet. In iSSo, Dr. Selvsryn effected a series of borings in this region for the purpose ' more iuUy definimj the extent of ♦he sea.TiS. In his report the following general statement is matii. ' It may be assumed that tb.cre .are in this region, above the level of tlie Souris River, at ie ' eight feet of available ligniie coal for an area of not less ♦' .r, i23S(iuare miles. This would v'-' 7,136,8'Ji tons to the square mile, calculating Hie cubic foi>i at only 64 lbs.' While, therefore, these fuels of the So'iris hold a distinctly inferior place to those which Inv;: been previously described as occurring n, ■•r^•r to the Rocky Mountains, they closely resemble t' • 1 otlhe Saatz-Teplitz basin of Bohemia, and other places in Europe, where similar fuels have givc;- rise to cojjsiderable industrial centres, and they must have at least a great local value as fuels i.r those settlements wliich are growing up in their immediate vicinity." The following particulars are given of the operations of the Saskatchewri:, Co.il Mining Company", whose mines are sitnate on the Saskatchewan river, eiglit miles west of Medicine Hat. There is a branch line constructed from tht niiiin line of the Canadian Pacific Railway 10 the mines, where about or, hundred .md fifty men are :it present employed. There are twelve seams or levels in work, the levels extendmg in from 150 to 250 feet. The seams bein;:' worked .ire five feet thick; there are also several of varying thickness in the f-amr location. The present seams worked lay about 350 feet below the level of the |ir:iine, and owing to the natural formation of the hills, shafts are found un- ncccs,>:ary. The average output is 150 tons per day, drawn from the pit in half-ton ttibs and dumped in the cars ready for shipment, the whole being done by steam power. Although the mines have been but tvv'o months in actual operation, nearly two thousand tons have been placed on the market anti >«eet witli a readv sale at m ^•11 |al ire rppr inrth J-(.,; I'gJit ie;-; , [n the yif , M'O river ; [Jie Hat. ■ ]i-'Xart'!\" less of i'.: 've Medi, TJiref ■ ,. :i '>eiy.r. t five fr.t ■f I'H'nite : ■•oiircf-s Li '<^ ^lanit.,!.,:, ihcr, riie Sfeutdcpi;; ^ is a J'ltA purpose ;,f ■"t isinacif ^'t-'r, at U\ ' would 'i,T. : vhich }nv;; lavegiv-. fuels i.,y ■chewa;, ti rircr, oin tlu lit on • ims or in the :ve] of nclun- pit in do no early lie a! 15 |$(o.(Xj per ton, delivered in Winnipeg. The coal has given cvfry satisfaction to lioiisutners, burning clearly, and entirely fr( o (Voin clinkers, '^^ests made also [pronounce it an admirable steam coal. During the sumnu-r of 1833 large qnan- Itities of anthracite coal of very superior quality wt;re discovered in the Rocky Mountains. THE WILD GRASSES OP THE PRAIRIE. Of these there are between forty and fifty varieties. The first point a fanner would note about them is the abundance of the i'o]iag(.' of nearly all the species. While the grasses of er.otern Canada are nearly fill culm or stem, most of them having only one, two or three leaves, most of the north-western grasses have ten or twenty leaves, Of cours.^ tiiis is a!i extremely viihiable feature in grass, as the leaves are more easily digested than the culms. The culms are exceedingly fine In the prairie grass, and this again would strike a farmer as indicating a good quality of grass; add to this that there is in some species such an abundance of seeds as to make the fodder partake of the nature of a feed of grain, and it will be seen thatthe statements about the readinesj with wiiich stock will fatten on prairie hay are not overdrawn. The following arc a few of the varieties found : the brown-top or cedar t,^rass, one of the most valuable kind, has fine stem with abundant foliage, and there are several species of red-top very nutritious ; the pea grass, a kind of vetch, afl'ords good pasturage for stock in winter; the beaver hay, much superior to the grass of the same name found in Eastern Canada; the Scotch grass, a favorite hay in the North-Wost; and the upl.uui hay found on the rirairie, of very fine quality. Then there are the following grasses : bone, blue, buffalo, blue-joint, sedge hay, colony hay, June grass, bush and wlieat grass, as well as numerous other varieties, the greater portion of them being nutritious, and some of them very beautiful in appearance. STOCK-RAISING. Manitoba is destined to become one of the finest stock-raising countries in, the world. Its boundless prairies, covered with luxuriant grasses— the usual yield of which, when cut into hay, being from three to four tons per acre — and Uie cool nights for which Manitoba is fiimous, are most beneficial features in regard to stock; and the remarkable drynes'^ and healthfulness of the winter tend to make cattle fat and well-conditioned. The easy access to fine water which exists in nearly every part of the Province is another ad'/antage in stock-raising. The abundance of hay everywhere makes it an easy matter for farmers to winter their stock ; and in addition to tliis there is, and alwi.ys will be. a ready home market for beef. Three millions of acres of land have been placed under lease by the govern- ment for cattle ranches at the Eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, extending 16 from the International Boundary line to the Red Deer River, which is the dli^triil best adaptcii lor this purpo.Kc. The regulations require that lessees shall pLv;| on the ranche one head of cattle for every lo acres covered by their lease; it w i therefore be seen that — even if no further grants in this direction were nmdr within a year or. two over 3CK>,ooo head of cattle would be on the ranches in ti : district alone. There are to-day about sixty ranches in actual operation, sd • , .of them having from ten to fifteen thousand head of cattle grazing. C;;!;i have for years been wintered without being stabled or fed, and with remarks! ' few losses. The wise j)n)visioii under tlie government regulations of granting to > .i- rancher a tract of land over which he ha? absolute control will prevent the ovrr stocking of the country and the consequent killing out of the natural grasst such as has taken place in Montana and Wyoming. It is estimated that ti ; actual ])rofits made annually in the district about which we have been speakii- are in the neighbourhood of some $3,7CK).ooo HOW TO COMMENCE A FAKM. A new settler arriving in the country' in April or May, will find his time fullv occupied at iirst in choosing a good location for his farm, and in purchasing tiie necessary supplies to commence work. Having secured his farm, the remaindo/ of the season is devoted to building operations and breaking 20 to 25 acres pre- paratory to next year's crop. In tlie meantime he and his family live in a tent which is not at all unpleasant. The houses are built of sod, cut into brick, aboi'. six inches thick, and i'l nn tAVo to three feet long, or hewn logs, in both cases tli'' roof being cotjstructed of thatch grass ; this, of course, is in case he cannot aflorJ to erect a more substantial building of lumber. A crop is sometimes sown on the first breaking of sod with remarkable success, depending, however, in a greo' measure on the wetness or dryness of the season; if the former, then a fail harvest may be expected. Potatoes are almost invariably a good crop, but it is not safe to count on more than a half crop of wheat or oats. The most genera! plan of procedure is to begin breaking as soon as there is sufficient frost out ot the ground to permit, and continue breaking till the middle of July. Care must betaken to break as shallow as possible; from i}^^ to ? inches 's the average deptli. About ist September this is ploughed a second time, or, as termed. '■ back set.' Going some two inches deeper than before, the ground is then ready for .-eed the following spring. In July, sufficient hay ought to be cut for winter fodder for the cattle. 1.. i A SETTLER'S FIRST EXPENSES. On leaving for tlie Canadian North-West a settler should burden himself with as little luggage as possible, lie can purchase everything he requires at reason- able prices in Manitoba, and obtain articles better suited to the country than n [anything he could bring with him. The following is an approximate estimate lof his fust outUiy in a moderate way : •••*•• Ai 5*^ 37 Provisions for one year, say. Voke of oxen One cow ••• Wa^on Pknigli and harrow ■ Suinlrv iniplcnifiils Cookin.<^ stove, with tinwan Furniture, etc., say Sundry expenses, say I 16 7 S S 12 ic £H9 ■a as To the above must be added iirst pay.nent on land, unless lie takes a home- tead and pre-emption , but an energetic man will find Imo to earn something 8 m offset to a portion of his first expenses, either on the railway or hy working for nei-hbourin- farmers, and in additionto this there is the chance ot obtammg « partiaUrop theVu'st jear. A settler, therefore, who can boast of havmg £500- on his arrival in Manitoba, is an independent man, and cannot fiVil to succeed with ordinary care and energy. Many settlers on arrival cannot boast of a tenth part of that sum, and yet they succeed. ■ PROFITS OF FARMING IN THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. In the following calculations every care has been taken not to over-estimate what can be done with care, perseverance and energy FIRST YEAR. Expenditiire of settler with family of say five, for provisions, etc, one y One yoke of oxen "' One cow Breaking plough and harrow Wagon ImpIcnuMits, etc Cook-stove, etc., complete Furniture Sundries, say • year .C S° 37 7 10 S 5 12 10 ^149 Outlay for tirst year At the end of the year he will have a comfortable log house, barn, etc., cattle. miplements, and say twenty acres of land broken, ready for seed. SECOND YBAR. Will vealize from ao »cres-6oo bashels of grain at So cents Expenditure, say ■ "•■ " To the good, besides living And he will have an additional 20 acres of land broken. £9^ 60 15 18 TRIRD YKAR. F-^rty acret will ;>-ive him laoo bu&helsof grxia at So cents ^191 Expenditure, inciidini; additional stock and implement.^ i(X> «Tu the goi)d, besides livinj; £gi And he will, with his increased stock and other facilities, be able to br^ak \\\ leatt thirty acres. FOURTH YSAR. Seveaty acres wili (>;ivti him aioo bushels of (^rain at 80 cents jCmS Less expenditure for further stock iinpleinents and otlter necessaries IM To the good , ;£iiS And another 30 acres broken. riFTH YMkH One hundred icres will give him 5000 bushels of ifrain at 80 c«ats /C4*^ Less saine expenditure as previous year •-.. iso To the good ;£36o At the end of the fifth year he will stand as follows : Cash, or its equivalent on hand £^^1 One hundred and sixty acres of land increased in value to at least ;(^i per aero. , 160 House and barn, low appraisal So ytock, including cattls and horses I30 Machinery ajid farm implements, 50 , er cenf , of cost, say 40 Furniture, etc. 30 Less— outlay for lands if he purchases from Railway Company 94- 10. > To credit of I'.irrn . /1008.09.8 So that, according to the above, oven should there be a dcnciency intheyii- • of crops or amount of land broken, the settler at the end of five years would li.. himself with a good farm well stocked, all paid for, and in addition a considerabr lum of money to his credit in the bank. MARKETS. Small centres of trade are continually springing into existence wherever •cttlements take place, and these contain generally one or more stores whert far.'ners can find a ready market for their produce. The stations along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway are not more than eight or ten miles npart, and ) it the intention -(jf the' Company to facilitate the erection of elevators for the 19 storage of wheat, etc.. enabling farmeru to dispose of their grain at good price* al'iiostat their doors. A tjlancc at the 'nap deTnonstr;it«^s that Manitoba r/i'<» the ! Cnniidian Pacifu Railway will liavc closer connection witli the seaboard than Miiino: Ota, r):ikota, or any of the more western States now have witu New York; so that the export of grain from the Canadian North-West at remunerative prices is assured. The v<^ry large influx of people, and the prosecution of railway's and [Hiblic works, will, however, cause a great demand fur some years, and for a time iifuit the quantity for expr)rt. Prices of produce are very fair, aa may be •een b_v the following market report, published in the Winnipeg Press: Wlieat 3S. 9d. to 4s. od. per buahcl. Oats — " i o " Potatoes a o "3 " Duntcr . . ~ " » 3 per lb. Ejjjf" — • "14 per doiea. , PHODUCTIOK3. The following tables, taken from olficial sources, will show at a glance the average yield of crops during the last five years in Manitoba : 1877 1S78 1879 iSSo 1S81 iSSj Wheat ii,Ji 26h{ 26'^^ *?>-,' 30 3» '^ats 5,^4 Kg)i 53 S7?4 S9 S' Barley ,„ 63 37^ 41 40 37 i^*"^'' 3' 34 32'4 ■i&y, 38 - I^ye ... j) 30 40 40 35 — Potatoes ;)} 3()S 30* 318 310 »73 Extract from Keport issued by the Dupartmont of Agriculturo and Statistics, 188?*. WHKAT. " Th? harvest of i?8a has added anothc. link to the long chain of evidence which proves Mani- toba to be the premier wticat district of the ^vorld. The practical results oi the tlire',!!;:':;, giving an avtrage yield per acre of thirty-two bushels, have shown tliatthe theorii'S previously advanced wer« U)undt.d on fact. Nor could it well h.ive been otherwise, for the c'imatoloi^ists have lonp since satisfactorily demonstrated that the cuiiivated plants yield the greatest product ne.ir the northeni- most limit of tlieir growth. Hence the perfection of wheat here, where, irstead of being developed toe rapidly, as is the case further south, the undue luxuriance of the stem or leaf is restrained by the cool, late spring, and the chief development of the plant thrown into Jhe ripening period. The assrrtion of the experienced American c]imatoloj;!ri, Blodg'.'tt, " i.hat tiie basin of the Wionipeg ia Uie seat of Lli? greatest averajje wheat product of tliis continent, and probably in the world," has been ptoved correct by a yearly average of over 29 bushels t ) the acre from 1S76 to iSSj. In Ontario the. iSSa spring crop yielded but 16.5 busiiels per a'-.re, while the tliree great wheat skites of the American Union yielded as fellows: —Dakota, 16.7 bushels; Winacsota, 13.3 busi.els; Iowa, 11 bushels. Minaasotais tlie empire wheat State of the Union. Its avi/rages for twelve years were -.—iSix), 17.70 bushvls per acre ; 1870,1507; 1871, u.iS; 1873, 17.40; 1873. 17.01; »874» M.'3 ; i^TSi 'T-oS; iSfj\ 0.6j ; 1877,16.78; 1878, la. 50; 1S79, ".30; 1880,13.30. A yearly average of 14.51 bushels." t ii 20 Copy of Report of Exports on Saraplos of North West Grain. " The (ollowinj; v^lunble ccrtiticatf l»«s been (jiven by the nzpcrtt who examined the exhibit o< North West proJiic** on vii:w at the I'oronto A^jTiculturuI Exhibition of 1883; — ' We, i)»e uiid«r. • ijfneJ examiners of fjraiii, :ipp')intcd by the Hoard of Trade of Toronto, have cxiimined the exhibit ofij'TaJnvifthi; Ninh West Land Company, and beg to report as follows : —The f;ili whcit i> of pluusp, full size, beiiijfwcll ytowii iiid matured, weighing 64 lbs. totlie bushel. Tliesprin:;: whf.in WT prii cipally nfthc Fyfc vaiioty, oo<; sample especially beiny remarkably pure nmi line, wtigliir,. 6$\ lbs. lo tiic bushel. \Vc sliouUl r.-,tim:itc its value at from loc. to 15c, per bualifl above the v.; of our No. !. rolwilh; .iinding th« f.ict that tlic crop of spring wJieat in Ontario is the bcsttiiut : . been raised for many years. Both ! Ik- fall and spring wlmats are valuable to millers for mixin^ with our crop, owing to their strength f;)r jnanulactuiiny into (lour, an clcnuMit that is lacking in ■>■,( wheats grown i i Ont.'irio. Barley, tiiousyh not as tint; as sonif samples r.iised in Ontario, is rcniatK •biy good and fir ahead of .my that wc li.ive seen raised in tlie North Western Stales. Tram cannot be bettc. Oats are very pood, but have seeri equally as fine raised in tld.s prnvin r. Timothy seel is very choice. In tact wc .ire assured it would have been very difficult, if possible. Id have procured as grod a selection of jjrain from the whole prorioce of Ontario tltis year." (Signed) GEO. K. CHAPMAN, J. 1). I.AIDLAVV, H. W. ItAlUD. W. I). MA L' II LEWS, Jr. L. coffkj:, J. HARRIS, Inspector of Grain (Signed by order Signed) Examiners in Grain, Port of Toronto EDGAR A. WILLS, Secretary. I V PRICE OF FARM LABOR. it is difTlcult to give clelinite inform-ition on this point. There is no doub- it has been high, especially d firing harvest time, when there is a great demau'-. for men to take in thi: crops. But the very large number of people going into the country will undoubtedly tend to reduce the scale of wages. Om poinU however, may be rcmenibercd — namely, the farmer in Manitoba, with his immense yield and fair prices, can aftbrd to pay a comparatively hit^li rate of wages, and still find his farming very profitab.e. ROOTS AND VEGETABLES tucceed admirably in Manitoba, as can b3 seen by the following instance.' taken from fur.i^Qn.' nq-iorts : S. . Higginson, of Oakland, has produced cabbages weighing 17I-.5 lbs. each Allan Bell, of Portage-la-Pn\irie, has had cabbages 45 inches around, and turnips weighing J5 lbs. each. Robert E. .Mitchell, of Cook s Creek, raised a squash of six weeks.' growth tneasuring 5 feel 6 inches in <;ircumfert>nce. VVu). Mo.-^s, .Ji" Migh BlulT, has produced carrot.s weighing 11 lbs. each, and turnips measuring 36 inches in circumference. ' f 21 l.itnp"! Alrth. of Stonewall stotcs thai thr- ronwwn weitjl.f of turnip-; is II ihs. each, and i.ome of them have* hern known t'-- weigh as nnuch as32i<. of Kildoiian.statcH that Im hu.^ raised 3{W bushels ofcaiTol.8 per ■CTf. Joshua Applcyard, of Stonewall, states his crop of turnips to have been locx) miRhc'ls peracTO. the coirimnn wci;4hf beiny \:i lbs. f.-acli. Francis Oglotree, of I'ortagc-la- Prairie, proiUiccd onions measuring 4\j ithcs tbrougl) tiie cenue. W. II. J. Swain, of Morris, had citron;^ wcighln-^ 18 lbs, each. A. V. Beckstead, of Emerson, gives his experience as follows; Manyel- wurzol weighing 2J Ihs. each; beets weighing 23 lbs. each; cabbages weighing i't 'b-. caeii ; onions weiginng l}'^ Ib.s. each. \V. 1'. Hall, of lleudingly, has raised beets w<".ig)iiiig 20 lbs. each, and gives •( t weight o'f his turnips generally at 12 lbs. each, I'iiilip McKay, of Portage la-lVairio, ha.^ had cabbages measuring 26 inr!i"«i in clianieter solid head, and four feet with the leaves on. His onions have iiea,surcd 16 inches in circumference, and cauliflower heads 19 inches in 'iianu'ter. James Lawrie & Bro., of Morris, have produced turnips 30 inches in circurn- feronce, onions 14 inches, and melons 30 inches. They bad one squash which iiH^a'^ured about the same size as an ordinary flour barrel. fames Owens, of Pointi' du Chene, had turnips 30 lbs. each, onions 14 inche? around, and cucumbers 18 inches long. NimI Henderson, of Cook's Crck, has raised kxk) bu.shcls of turnips to the acre, carrots 5 inches in vliameter and i8 inches long, while his oni(ms have frequently measured 5 inches through. James Bedford, of Emerson, has raised loco bushels of turnip." to the acre. It must be remembered that none of the farmers mentioned above used any special means to produce the results we have described, and out of nearly .:oo reports received from settlors concerning the growth of roots and vegetables in tivj Canadian Nortli-West, not one has been unfavourabl FERTILIZERS ARE NOT USED IN THE CANADIAN Nortii-West, and common manure only 8j>aririgly; indeed, the land is too rich to bear it, at least for the first year or '■>vo. Some farmers contend that the use of manure is apt to make the crops v;vo\Y too rank. But the best plan is to use manure in limited quantities after the second year, in order to prevent any exhaustion of the lauu. - FENCING. Wire fencing is preferred by many farmer u to rail fences, the former r..'quiring little repair and preventing drifts of snow. In many ca-ses no 22 fencing ifi used; the settlers combine to.i^ether and adopt the herd law, uad«: which each contributes a small sum which goes to payment ot" herders, who watcii over the stock anu drive them to tlie best feeding grounds. PI.AX AND HEMP. The cultivation of these important crops was carried on to a considcral ' extent by (.dd ^ettlers many years ago, Ihe product being of excellent quality ; 'i ihe universal complaint at that time was the want of a marker, or of rnachitv". to work '11 the raw material, and this led them to discontinue this imporr.i:; branch of husbandry. Its cultivation has been renewed extensively by 'i.e Russian Mennonite setllerr. of whom there are now between 8,000 and 10. 01 in this country, who, within only three or four years, are, by their untiri:;;; industry, rapidly gaining the road to wealth, J3EE KEEPING is successfully carried on in tlie North-West, as bees require a clear, dry atmos- phere, and a rich harvest of liowers; if the air is damp, or the weatiier cloi;.lv, they will not work so well. Another reason why they work less in a wu';. climate is, that the iioney gathered remains fluid a longer ti.'ne, and, if gatherc i faster than it thickens, it sours and spoils Our clear, bright skies, dry air av ! rich flora are well adapted to the bee culture. HOPa The banks of the rivers and creeks abound with wild hops. A lesident settle, gives evidence to the following eflfecf about them ; Ilopb will do well cultivate". 1 .'i-ive planted wild hops out of the busli into -ny garden, ai -a?; the fence imd Lnumul on p^k-s, bearing as full and fine and as large as any 1 ever saw at Valdinj, ftnd Staplehurst, in K?nt, England, Louis Dunesing (Etoerso FRUITS. The fruits of the Canadian North-West are rich in flavor and abundant in jieh]. The following are statements from farmers on the subject : Strawberries, currants, (gooseberries, raspberries, and in fact .\11 .snu 11 IVuils, bear in the greatcsi abundance, :ind pivc every proinisc of being very profitable. \V. ,\. Faiimer (Headinglv). Planted twent)* apple trees two years ago, which arc growing very well. Arthur J. yoowK (Nels^nrille). k 23 . r I have over ,.ooo apple trees doing very weli, and also excellent black currants. James Akmson (High Blufl). SHOCKING. Tliere is excellent sliooting everywhere in the wools nnd on the prairie, ;u ,„iv be seen bv the foHowin- list oi birds and animals to be found ; Small GAME.-i'rairie chickens, ducks.geese, pheasants, partridges, pigeons. •••iiu'^ snipe, plover, rabbits, etc. , . ^' Larok GAMn.-Moose, deer, antelope. bufTalo, elk ar^l a large number of l\ir-i)earin,:; animals. FISHING. i n. rivers and lakes abound with the following fish : Sturgeon of large -size. ..U,e fish, pickerel, pike, bass, perch, gold-eyes, carp, trout and mask.nonge. In the foot hills and among the Rocky Mount.ains is to bo found as fine .uut usliing as the most ardent lover of the sport could desire. THE CLASSES OF SETTLERS NOW IN THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST consist of the better clus. of fanners iVom the easten. parts of Cmacla imny .om England, Scotlami and Ireh.nd. and a tew from NV ales, -d lai. „un.bcr Ln the United States oi America. There .are also a nuinber o Nor^ ..cH.n Swedish and German settlers, and there is a large settlement ol lu.. .an :l::Z^: and Icelanders, al! of whom are doing well, .'here --;-f .^--^ and a small number of Russian Jews who an: now con.tortably setth d .nd tented.' As a rule, the people are of a respectable and orderly class. THE SCHOOL SYSTEM . liberal and very effective. It is on the separate school ^y^^^^^^ ^^^J^^:"^ not only a very considerable grant from the local govermnent, but J e c - a o t.o sections fn each township set apart by the Donumou ^-'orrnucn . he proceeds of which when sold are applied to the support ^^'^'^''^^-J^'^'-Z^ uperintendent to each section, and teachers are ^^^^^^^J^.J^^^^^^^ ....Lunation before they are appointed. A high class o. education is administered. CHURGHES. Nearly .11 denominations exist and are in a ll,>urishing condition, and where . settlement ilnotW to support a regular church the.e are alway. visiting clergymen to do the duty. 24 ( ;• I . MUNICIPALITIES. The coiiiitrv I*, divided into iiuHiicipalities r\s f;>st as settlement progrrs'^pi sufficiently to warrant it. 'riiesc municipal orj^^nnizations take charge of n.;uii and road repairs, theic iK'in'j no toll charges; and all matters of a local natu,--- are adr.iinistered by tJic reeve ;ind council, who arc each year elected b\ i:;c»| people of Ihe district. THE LABOR MARKETS. Owinj; to tlie large amoinit of building operations at present going on in ihr towns and cities of the Canadian Nort-West, mechanics are in good demand, and the wages have been corrcpondingly high. I5rii-\1 lyprs hiive iccoiM-d i6s. to aSs. per day. Prilntfr.s " 12s. to li^s. " Carpenters " 135.10145. " I'lastcriTO " 14s. to 16* " and other trades in proportion. The Canadian Pacific Railway liave been paying at the rate of 8s. per dav 1 laborer.-^, and there have been between 3,ocx) and 4,000 men employed all tumrr.'^.r in constructing the Central or Prairie Section of the road, and more tiiu; 9,000 men are now engaged in building the main line north of Lake Superior and in the Nipissing district. I- arm laborers have been in demand and are likely to remain so for some time. The rapid dcvciopme.:t of the country, and the wonderful progress of citie« towns a<^d villages, will insure for ssme year t^he employment of a large number of mechanics and laborers at good wages. As tb.e demand for workmen of all classes ir. more or less limited during J ■ winter, the necessity of moving to Manitoba in the spring is specially urge upon those who may be in search of employment. THE CANADIAN ^'ACIFIC RAILWAY. The Canadian Pacific Railway will bi when completed, the shortest trtni?- continental line in America. It will also be the shortest route between Grca' Britain and India, China and Japan, and will therefore assuredly secure a large: proportion of tiiat trade. Montreal is at present the eastern terminus of the line, where immense workshops, offices, etc., etc, have been erected. Although the Company have been in existence not quite three years, they have already in .actual operation 2,230 miles of railway, of which 1,900 miles are main line and 330 miles are branches. The general or head offices of the Company are in Montreal, and from, that point the road passes through a good agricultural 25 country to Ottaw.i, the Dominion seat of government^ and fronj there, traversing a country extremely rich in timber and minerals, it skirts the north shore o^' Lake Superior to Port Arthur, where the line brunches off in the direction of Manitoba. The link between Port Arthur and the eastern section of the line is not yet com- pleted, but the work of construction is in active progress. The scenery in many localities along the eastern division of the line is unrivalled on the American con- tinent for grandeur and beauty. Between Port Arthur and Winnipeg the railway runs through a thickly-wooded country, dontaining in parts 'some of the finest agricultural land. At the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains are the immense rattle ranches already referred to, and t'rom there the road his entered the Rocky Mountains, 'vi:ii their tplendid forests of valuable timber and rich deposits of gDlJ, silver and other minerals. Thence to Port Moody, on the Pacific coa.t, through the fine Province of British Columbia. The valuable fisheries, forests and mines on the extreme western end of the road, the agricultural produce of the great prairie region, and the mines, timber, !.i;nher and minerals of the eastern section, will be more than sufficient to ensure an immense local and through traffic over the Canadian Pacific Railw. y. In addition to this the trade llowing from ocean to ocean, from east to west, . i>d from west to east, will undoubtedly make the great Canadian highway one of the most important trunk lines in North America. Already branch and independent railways are being projected and built through the prairie region, to act a» '"=;eders to the main line. Returning once more to the international boundary, we have Emerson and West Lynne, two important towns nearly opposi' each other on the Red River, and destined to unite ere long and become one large city. Emerson and West Lynne can both boast of fine buildings, public and private, well iaid-out streets, and a large and ever-increasing trade with the south-western portion of Manitoba. As the construction of the Railway has progressed through the Fertile Belt oTtlie Canadian Northwest towns and villages have sprung up as if by magic, ar.ci no sooner was a railway station located than it formed the centre of a group of stores and dwellings which rapidly developed into towns of considerable importance. The following description of a few of tke chief towns along the main line between Lake Superior and the foot of the Rocky Mountains, will be read with interest : Port Arthur, formerly known as Prince Arthur's Landing, is at the head r Thunder Bay, and was first settled about 1867. The town is prettily situated rising ground, overlooking the Bay, which is a fine open harbour and has in iow the dark clilTs of Thunder Cape and Pie Island. Since the opening of the ke Superior section of the Canadian Pacific Railway, it has assumed particular importance from being the connecting point of the railway system o( the North- 26 west and the inland water route of Canada via the great lakes. Extensive docks have lately been erected by private parties, which aftbrd arcommodation fi r a considerable extent of shipping, and the Company is building docks and elevators for grain. Port Arthur, from its position, must become the most important place of transhipment on Lake Superior for traffic carried by way of the Lakes. It has a population of 2,000 and is marked by much enterprise. Rat Portage, situated about 135 miles east of Winnipeg, stands at the north end of the Lake of the Woods, on the strip of land lying between tliat lake and a bay of Winnipeg River. The scenery is enchanting; thousands ": islands, quiet bays, falls and rapids serve to make up a picture not easily lir- gotten. It is the mining head centre of the district. Forty million feet of lunv>.. per annum are manutactured at this point, and, Rat Portage being possess'.! .i an unlimited water power, will in time assert its position as one of the largfsf manufacturing centres on the continent. WiNNiVEG is the Capital of Manitoba and the commercial capital of th: Nortliwest. In 1870 it was a hamlet with a population of 250 souls. In 1S7-J it was incorporated as a city, with an assessment roll of $2,076,018. In 1882 it coult boast of 25,000 inhabitants and an assessment of $30,452,270, and its populiit r . is now about 30,000. It has broad and well laid out streets, lined with hand'^ci ,► stores and warehouses, private residences and public buildings. The ciiv i lighted by electricity and gas, street railways are in operation, a fire bri .,:k' has been organized, and all the advantages and conveniences of an old-esi.io- lished city are enjoyed by its Inhabitants. » No less than seen lines of railway now centre in Winnipeg, and a gr;;;, union depot has been erected, combining all the oftices of the Company for f i.' Western division rmder one roof. Winnipeg is the daorway rnd chief distrib.Jti.- point between the East and tne vast prairie region of the Canadian Nortii-W.s: PoRTAOK LA Prairte is wcll known as being the centre of the riciu t plain for the growth of cereals in Manitoba. Several industries have been ;•; - cessfully started, viz. : paper mills, biscuit factory, flour and oatmeal mills, c;.;. The population now numbers over 3,000. The Manitoba and Northwest :n Railway have their headquarters and eastern terminus at this point, Carberry, the county town of Norfolk, is in the centre of the whc-t- growing area known as the "Beautiful Plains." Grain to the extent of o\. 300,000 bushels was shipped from this point last season. The population is ru over 300. The first building was erected a little over a year ago. Brandon Is located at the crossing of the Assiniboine River. It is t .' market town for the country north to Minnedosa and south to the Turtlf Mountains. Four large elevators have been erected this year in expc;- ation of the large amount of grain that will How to this point. Its grovi \ . ib simply marvellous ; a little over two years old, it can boast of a wealth of public and private buildings that would grace any city. Population over 3,000. ViRDEN, about 50 miles west of Brandon, is well supplied with churches, stores, hutcl.s and public buildings. Its growth since the town plot v/as surveyed, about a year ago, has been steady, and its trade is increasing rapidly. MoosoMiN. — The fact of the Fort EUice and Moose Mountain trails starting from this point has been sufficient to establish a good town. It has an enor- mous wealth of country to support It, and must continue to advance as rapidly ikS it has dene in the past. Population 300. Broadview is prettily situated at the Head of Weed Lake. The establish- ment of the repair shops of the Railway gave the place a standing, and it has continued to advance rapidly up to the present. Population about 400. Indian Head is on the main line, 312 niles west of Winnipeg. The head- quarters of the justly celebiuted "Bell Farm." and of the Indian Agency for the Qu'Appellc district. With a charming situation, excellent natural drainage, the largest and finest brick hotel in the Northwest, and enterprising merchants, Indian Head must soon rank among the largest towns along the line. The tishing Lakes on the Qii'Appelle eight miles nortli, and the beautiful lake six mik's south, offer Si)ecial attractions as summer resorts. Qu'Appelle, .situated south of the Fort bearing that name, is a flourishing town. The stage for Prince Albert and northern points starts from here. The streets are laid out through groves of poj)Iar, which add much to the beauty of the town. The Government. Immigration ]3uildingt> are erected here. Regina, the capital of Assiniboia, headquarters of the Mounted Police and Indian Offices, is the centre of the largest block of wheat growing land in the Northwest. It has miles of graded streets, the largest and host constructed re?ervoir in the Northwest, and is bound at no distant day to become a large city. MooSEjAW. — The growth of Moosejaw this summer hat; been a surprise, even to those who are accustomed to see cities born in a day. Its handsome edifices, well laid out streets and avenues, and its charming situation at the junc- tion of two rivers, hold out great hopes for its future prosperity. Medicine Hat is a stirring town at the crossing of the Saskatchewan. Here the citizens and Railway Company seem to have vied with each other in rushing up substantial buildings. It is the centre of a coal mining district; the coal tVcm the mines being shipped to Winnipeg, Brandon and other towns on the lino. The mammoth railway bridge spanning the Saskatchewan is one of the leading features of the place. Calgary, the most westerly town as yet laid out on the Railway, is renowned far and wide for its beauty. With noble rivers of sparkling, clear water running mim 4PH«MP 28 from the Rocky Mountains in the background, t!ic inhabitants can well boa;;! i; its natural beauties. It is the distributing point for the great cattle ranches c; the west, and alf,o of all the mining districts in the Rocky Mountains. Note. — When purchasing a ticket to Manitoba or the Canadian North-West, care should be taken to secure a Through Ticket via the Canadian Pacific i\a\l- way, as the price of the inland ticket will be very much cheaper by that roa e than by any other. ^*- Full i nforma tion with r egard to th e country, its resourees, the L and reg 'da' tions , and the inducements offered hy the Canadian Pa cific Bailw ny Company to j.r:i- grants, can be obtained l y addre ssing the Co mpany's Agent in Lon don, by ivJion; correspondence is invited. ALEX ANDER BEGG, Gener al Emi gr ation Agent Canadian Pad fie Railw ay Co ., S8 Cannon St., London, E.C., England. ! .' t- ■ i; LAND AGENCIES. For tlio guidance of settlors dcwirous of pnri'hu.si 11,14 hmd. tho Main Lino Bolt lias Ik'ou dividod into Aj!;cn('i(s, within tlio limits of wliii-Ji laud can bo j)iir- cl.asoil IVom tho Agouls of tho Company at tho btationa heroinaiXer iiidivatod. AGENCIES. (ARBERKY.— All lands in main lino bolt, rangen 11 to 1-3 (inolusivo) west of 11: si nK»ridian. I'dlAXDOX.— All lands i]) main lin'.-. Ix'.lt, ranges 16 to 23 (incluyivi;) west of liis! iiioridian. VIKDEX. — All lands in main lino bolt, ranges 24 to 28 (inclasivo), oxc-pting l(i\vnshii)S 14 ,15, 10, we.st of lirst mt'ridian. AI0( )SO:dIN.— All UukIh in main Uuo. bolt, ranges 28 (part of) to 33 (inoluhive) Vi, st of lirst meridian. BIJOADVIEW. — All lands in main lino belt, ranges 1 to 7 (inclusive) 'west of t^oiond meridian. \\'OLSELEY.— All lands in nnin lin?. I'olt, ranges 8 to 13 (iu"lnslve) west of .secuinl meridian. liEGlNA. — All lands in main lino brit, rang(;s 14 to l.'3 (inrlusivo) ,west of second meridian. 3I.(X>SE,i AW. — Ali lands in nain lino bolt, range 24 west of second meridian to range 10 west of third nu'.r'dian. yWIFTClJRIIENT.— All lands in main line bolt, ranges 11 to 20 west of \h\\'d nicridian. * MA PLE CREEK. — All land> in main lino belt, range 20 west of third moriijian 111 iViiirth meridian. MEDICINE IL\T. —AH lands in main line belt from fonrlii meridian to rango 10 west of fourth meridian. CR()WE00T.~A11 lauds in main line belt, range? 11 to 20 west of fourtli Hicndian. CALGARY.— All lands iii main line belt, range -0 ^vedt of fuurlh meridian to sujnmit of Rocky JMoimtains. LAND OFFICES. Tho Land Otficos for tlto Agencies in tho order in which tlioy are given,, together with their distances from Wi'ini peg, are: Carberry, lOG miles ; Bran- don, 133 miles ; Virden, 180 miles ; Moosonun, 21'.! miles; I5roadview. 2(')4 miics; Wolseley, 294 miles; Rcgina, 3."3(i nule.s; J\Iooseiaw, ilOS miles; Swift Current, ;>li miles; ]Maple Creek, 507 miles; Aledicino Jlat, (100 miles; Crowfoot, 760 miles; Calgary, 839 miles ; tho first three being in tho ])roviacc. of Manitobn, tho remainder in tiio pr(>vinces of As-siuiboia and Albcvrta. The bu.*~inqss of tho •'^wift Current and IMedicino Hat Agem^ies U for the present bein^ attended to by tho Agent at Maple Crock, and that of Crowfoot Agencv hv the Agent at attjrary. For further jjarticulars apply to • or to ALEX. BEGG, Land Agent, 101 Cannon street, London, Eug. ; JOHN H. McTAVISH, Land Commissioner, Winnii.og, Canada.