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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — » signifie A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est filmd d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. I 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 v.. ft' -.^..vi-" \ -^ 1 -i i HE ■«, - 's-.*^ -^•f^ ^t ^ s^ h / i^OTES VPON CANADA » "5 { - AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE YEAR MDCCCXXXr. BY A TRAVELLER. itii ^Toronto: late York, Upper Canada. PRINTED BT W. J. COAXES, 160 KINO STREET. 1835. .^■•■f, liHRPW 'f NOTES urox CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. When undertaking a journey of any magnitude, i usually j^tcr notes in an adversaria. In the latter part of 1832, I made ir voyage from England to Canada, which I accomplished via New pork, being more agreeable and less dangerous than thatof Que> ic. Conceiving it possible that information obtained in. this way light be of some service to others, I have been the more diligent iMth my adversaria. Aware of the general impression as to tra- ;is, 1 shall endeavor to profit from that knowledge, by putting my- »lf into that sort of position, which every man is anxious to occu- Swbo is sensible of his natural wants to day, and desirous of se- ring them for tomorrow. To cut this introduction short — being ■j^«h averse to long ones — here follow extracts from my aforesaid ' Ivorsaria, premising that they are plain matte r^of- fact notes, oc- iusionally, from their origin, unconnected, but, collectively, it is Iresumed, supporting my professions. To say more would ap- proach the distinction which we make at table, where, on dining, man must refrain from any liquid, though at the hazard of his Jsfe, whilst a morsel of food bo in his mouth, or he is pronounced ||ulgar; but at breakfast or tea, though crammed to sufTocation, j|e may deluge it with tho whole contents of the tea-pot, and be i^i\l considered perfectly genteel. To facilitate reference to any trticular note, as chapters in a work like this are out of tlie qu-is. n, I have prefixed a numerical figure to each, vvhich>. like mile- |lones on a turnpike road, may not indeed be of much importance a charioteer, but, peradventure, of no small advantage to the idestrian. 1. Left the London Docks Oct. 27, 1832, ii). the American locket Ontario, for New York, and experienced such rough wea- ker on beating out, that on arriving off Portsmouth, one passen- rr, alarmed, gave up the voyage, and was tljete put on shore. — An American packet is superior to most others, one only, for le last twelve years, having been known to founder, whilst du. |ng that period, eight of His Majesty's have been lost. AS) since jiscontinuing wine and spirits in the cabin, the passage charges lary, I would reconamend an appliqattoa to the captain : if you B VI WOTES Oil CANADA prefer the steerage, you will in that case require j)rovi.sion ; but information thereon will readily be furnished you on board. Have a care that the ship is not an old one, and with a steerage six feet clear. Sec that the mid. hatchway communicates with the en- trance, so as to alford a current of air; likewise glass inlets on deck, thereby admitting light when the hatchways, by stress of weather, are obliged to be down. Choose vour birth on the wind- ward side, about the fourth from the ladder hatchway, and the low. er not the upper one. Observe if the scuppers, side outlets for letting ofl' shipments, are quite clear and open. If upon deck when shi])ping a sea, seize the first rope, and hold fast until it has subsided. A wet ship, as was the Ontario, means a shipper of seas ; a dry one is known by its offensive bilge-water. Medicine, before embarking, prevents much sickness. 3. On the night of Dec. 7th a passenger died, chiefly from the want of medical aid : hence the inconsistency of exacting $1, 50 from each cabin, and $1 from every steerage passenger, for the New York Quarantine Hospital, which received s?3l,921 in 1830, from 29,770 European passengers, and leaving the ship without a doctor. 4. Soon alter the deceased had been thrown overboard, prayers being first read by the captain, a violent torna- do came on. During the pause preceding its termination, several voices, three of them female, raised a gentle chorus to Addison's beautiful hymn at sea, composed while on his voviige to Italy. Sa- dred harmony is at all times attractive, and especially grateful at n season like lliis : nevertheless the storm had scarcely subsided, when all on board laughed at their past terrors, but no sooner did another threaten, than they instantly betook themselves to medita- tion, and he, who in halcyon days was known as the noisiest, in- variably, on tempests, became the most humble. 5. On getting into the offuig, or open sea, the first sounds I recognized from the sailors were those of Mother Carey's chick- ens, which they applied to a small black bird, about the size of a swallow. Their appearance foreboded a storm. Its proper name is Petrel. On approaching land they exchange the homeward lor an outward bound ship : it is not precisely known where they breed. In fine weather I often saw the Nautilus or sea snail : sailors call it the Portuguese man of war. The sea weed floating around the vessel, now denoted our vicinity to the Gulf stream : the circum- ference of its vast whirlpool is 15,000 miles : it was unknown to Columbus, and was first observed by Sir Francis Drake ; but its warm temperature, and effect on the climate of ttie adjoining cotin- try, were not discovered until about fifty years since. We had a very dangerous passage, but fortunately lost only the captain's boat, though considerably damaged in the rigging. 6. Regular! packets across the Atlantic were established 150 years after the discovery of America : they first sailed, in 1764, between Corun- %a ar in 181 flie e| pool was piadel iPicanl this si |ificnt| ^om liontc «re r( Anu run u;«iT£D statsb. "ovi.sion ; but )oard. Have rage six feet vitli the en- lass inlets on by stress of on the wind- and tlie low. e outlets for f upon deck 3t until it has I shipper ot' Medicine, chiefly from of exactitit; 3 passenger, ,cd 631,321 'ing the shij) been thrown riolent torna. ition, several to Addison's to Italy. Sa. grateful at a y subsided, sooner did s to medita- [loisiest, ii). St sounds I ■ey's chick- e size of a iroper name meward lor they breed. sailors call around tlio le circum- nknown to ■e ; but its ining cotin- We had a e captain's 1. Regular rs after the Jen Corun- lia and the Ilavannah. The Liverpool packet line began running in 1818, and up to 1827, made 188 voyages, averaging 24 days to %Uo eastward, and aS to the westward : shortest passage to Liver- pool was 16 days, and the longest 37. The shortest to New York was 22 days, the longest 71. The quickest from New York is Jjnade in November, and from Liverpool in September. The Ame- #ican packet Samson conveyed the greatest number of passengers this season, being 45 in the cabin, and 250 in the steerage. Cer- liticntes as to character are useful to emigrants ; they should bo ^om magistrates, clergymen, or ministers. Letters of introduc- lion to any respectable inhabitant in the place of your destination Hre regarded with still greater favor. 7. Dec. 17, 1832, arrived at New York, so named from James ©uke of Y'ork, brother to Charles II.; the chief commercial city j^f America, standing in a state of the same name, called the New ffitherlands until 1674, when it was changed to New York by the ritish, and denominated, by its inhabitants, the empire state, built §n the island of Manhattan, because anciently peopled by an Indi- i|n tribe of that name, 12 miles long and 1^ broad, with a harbour miles in length and 4 in breadth. The first legislative assembly r the province met here Oct. 17, 1683. New York and Ohio ites are now more populous than the whole thirteen on their j^r-st confederation. The modern part of New York is handsomely Iniiilt : it contains 240,000 inhabitants, has 70 steam boats plying ^aily in its harbor, and is the chief depot of the United States na- y. The fleet of Columbus, with which, in 1492, he discovered lis hemisphere, comprisef^ one vessel with a deck, and two small. ^r without decks. The aboriginees of America were first called 0ndianshy Columbus, because, upon discovering their country he Jnistook it for India. New England, so named by Capt. Smith in '^614, is the N. E. section of America, comprising six states — #Iaine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and plassachusetts, 65,000 square miles in extent, and granted by ||anies I., in 1620, to the Plymouth Company. The natives of Ihis region alone come under the soubriquet of Yankee : they as |i>ffen misapply Cockney to us, as we do Yankee to them : they are busy and ever restless people : the word contrivance well applies them, being somewhat of a Memphistocles in dealing,' so much , thiit it is said that a son of Abraham is hardly to be met with in iiilltheirterritovies, though 800 strong in New York, and circa ||0,000 in the Union generally. The first child born of English ||)arents in America, was a daughter to Mrs. Dare, of Virginia, on pet. 18th 1587. The United States have only 4 persons to a square lie, but China 300; England, Ireland, the Netherlands and Italy, )0 ; France 150, and Scotland 70. 8. Soon as the Ontario was moored, many passengers, ac- companied by Mr. F , a gentleman of color, went on shore. 6 MIOTICS ON CANADA Repairing to a cofTee house fur refresh mcnt, an Amcricnn, then present, approaching Mr. F., desired him to withdraw ! Upon the passengers interfering, the landlord informed them that he dare not sufier a man of color to sit in the same room with Americans ! They are not allowed admission to places of public worship ; and in those of amusement, this notice is stuck up, '' N. B. A place is reserved for people of color." 9. New York was first settled by the Dutch in 1C14, and then called New Amsterdam : bon.rd and lodging, in some private hou- ses $2, 50 per week , the same terms, with a better table, may bo obtained in reputable coffee houses, but you will be expected to join in the expensive indulgencies of the house, and, exclusive of the nuisance of a public bar, your quietude is sure to be disturbed by the Jonathan family. Beneath these refectories, in what we call the kitchen, entertainment upon a reduced scale may be had at all times : their mince pies, 3d. each, are excellent. Domicile in a hotel, as that of the City, $18 per week. The best English dining, chop and cofiee house, is at 86 Maiden Lane. Washing is extravagantly charged, being a York sixpence for a pocket hand, kerchief or cravat. Unfurnished lodgings are dearer than furnish* ed ones in London. 10. From the appearance of many in the steerage of the On- tario, and the sample of those in other passage ships, I am by no means surprised at Jonathan's guess work of my countrymen, since his deportment is proverbial for correctness and morality ; but, then, as reasonably might we judge of Switzerland b5^its broom ' girls, or of Italy from its mendicants. Upon arriving at New York, in which Mr. Glean, who first raised the Americaji standard upon its evacuation by the British, Nov. 25, 1783» and'tl still living here, the emigrant is cautioned against the variou# characters that crowd its wharfs, constructed of wood filled in with earth. If needing advice, apply to the British Consul, Nassau Street, who will oh- tain permission for all those destined for Canada, to land their goods free of duty or inspection. 11. Houses of the first order are of red brick and expensively fitted up ; generally with bells and without knockers, the outer plates and handles being frequently of silver. If there be no bell or knocker, the word pull is written beneath the handle. The ab- breviation Mr. is never seen on a door plate. What we appropri- ate to domestic purposes, are here often occupied as sleeping, and the other open parts converted into staring rooms. The step-edge of their stair carpets is covered with strips of brass, which, on as- cending or descending, render them of questionable utility ; whilst their eellar openings injudiciously project into the street. In hou- ses of the second order, firing is usually economised in the parlor by a Buffalo stove, having a flat top, with indentures for receiving at^w-pans or boilers, so that the character of cook may be enacted by the mistress. Private houses costing 1^10,000, let a $600 per ann. AND THE VMTED STATES. ricnn, then Upon the at lie dare Vmericuns ! rsliip ; and A place is 4, and then irivate liou- )Ie, mav be ixpected to ixclusive of le disturbed I what we av be had Domicile !st English Washing is cket hand, lan furnish- of the On. am by no yrmen, since olity ; but, pfs brpnm ' New York, dard upon iving hero, that crowd If needing will ob. o their goods spensively the outer be no bell The ab. appropri. ping, and step.edge :h, on as- y ; whilst In hou. the parlor receiving >e enacted ) per ann. 12. Money changers abouiid in Wall Street, the Lombard one ^f New York, where, in an old house near the Exchange, our pre- ie it kitifr, when serving under Admiral DIgby, had his head quar- ter.s. The rate ofcxchnnge for Hovereigns seldom exceeds $4, 80, four doliiira &; 60 cents) or 38 sliiiiings and 5 cents York. I saw a rufusioi! of i:i Bank of England notes: buying and selling bank jtcs is denominated skaruig. Sec noios 54 and 87. 13. A dolliir is 100 cents, subdivided info halves and quarters ; h passes in New England, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, yulianna and Mississippi for 6s ; in New York and North Carolina ^r 8s. ; New Jersey, Delaware, Pciinsylvania and Maryland 7s. Gd. )uth ('arolina and Georgia 4s. 8(1. ; Cana;>a and Nova Scotia 5s.; id in Great Britain 43. Od. An American or York shilling (12j Jnts) has piltar.s on it, being a Spanish coi'i, but a tciipenny, or Isforinc, passing in most Westcr.i States for lo pence, an eagle |ith the figures 10 beneath it, as has a five cent piece, apt to be jt oil* for sixpence. A five frunn I'Vonch piece passes for 93 cts. id an English penny for two, a sixpence for 10, and a shilling for ^enty pence, with crowns and half crowns in proportion. Hence, jr shillings and sixpences differ materially from brother Jonathan's It as he adopts their names, Joh;^ IJull is at first sadly perplexed, icir coinage of 1830, the highest known, comprised 8,357,191 feces in gold, silver and cents, or half jience ; the resumption of (ri!f cents would be advantageous k) finail dealers, vho, on paying York sij*|nce fCi^^JfcntsJ in cjpjvT, rr.v.di give 7 cents. Their lo!d coin^Wof eao^Pl^lO each, li i!f and e.narter, first struck in [792, w not, owi n^J ^too low a valuviion ol'gold by the U. S, stan- ird, in much ^ifliwi^n, wliieli is fnrf.unte o:i another account, imely, an EtiglTsh ro^crucinn having recently formed a metal lat would resist the tS^ and pasf^ throii;j;h the crucible, a knave, ly artifice, got possession of his t^ecrct, and sailing for America, )on returned with a consider.ible fortune. The word coppers de- ignates cents : there is much base coin in circulation. The cur- fency of America is $100,000,000, of which S$ 17,000,000 only are HI specie. The mint is at Philadelphia, or the city of brotherly )ve, because mainly inhabited by Quakers : it was founded by Wm. 'enn, for whom the Indians had so mucii veneration, that in all leir wars they never, knowingly, killed a Quaker. 14. The term &ro//ter Jona//m«, to which he has himself nd. led Uncle Sam, is the soubriquet of an American ; that of Yankee not, as somehave imagined, an aboriginal corruption of the word 'English ; but a derivation from YariJeoos, the last native tribe van. lished by the New Englanders, which, as customary, being retain. sd by the conquerors, easily glided into Yankee. His more favor- »>d expressions are, he lives to hum, ('lives at home^ ; ke^s up a stump, [knows not what to do) ; regular as tea-pots, this beverage being 8 XOTiV* Oy CA.VADA usually ch-.ink at every mcjvl. Complete going, ("good roads); get 1^ 1 along, (how do you succood) ; this hitch, fthis tirncj ; Ac's a wajfey, (bad man) ; and roift/^, (l)laclvji^uard). Fine woman, Csensiblo It;, nmlo^. •' I can whij) any one in rumiiiifr," is confined to the VVes- tern States. The party phrase Bluclight men, employed hy demo- crats against federalists, originated in Connecticut, where informa- tion was conveyed to a belUgcrcnt by a discharfjc of blue lights; whilst Buckskin is the nickname for .S;)nlhoi'ns and Westerns, anil a choice mode of a|)proval, iC ft dreadful good. When uriti;ig so- gar, wagon, and tailor, (Taylor, a name) Jonathan docs so proper, ly enough, but converts a ship's birth iwiohcrlh, the plural of wharf and hoof into whai'ves and hooves, and of deposit into dcposites ; mis-spells Savannah ; and uses to rights, for immediately ; slick, for quick and well done ; sprt/, tor nimble and agile ; deritcs, for directly; siin-down, {or ^wn-svX; /w/nic;*, for timber; .spe//, for long time; wheat //oMre/^/, for ground; rw/, for roof ; and /u/Z for whole ; with gatherings, for ditmer or tea parties ; and hees, for those oi" jollification : also, chores, for miscellaneous business ; fiouring, for flour mill ; jloy, for dirty ; jag, for load ; ?^.nA pretty ugly, for drunk- en vagaries. Additionally, tote, for carry ; snooping, for looking ; progressing, for advancing ; kedge, for good spirits ; skug, for con- ^^ , cealmcnt ; stick, for log of wood ; truck, for vegetables ; spuds, for /c A Ji, . potatoes ; upaddle, for spado ; and kluk, for clerk : whilst tarn''d anil tarnation, aro national expletives; and Omy! with possible I universal interjections. Many terminations in inc are chanted, as cn-^inc and genu-ine; whilst in the mis-adoption oi' woidHf^or sJiould he is joined by the Canadians. ^^ I reckon, ^^ is pure American ; ** I guess and I calculatc,^^ nro explained in note 47. The standing proverb is, " No man can expect io make a fortune until ho has first lost one ; " and a trite wind up upon most occasions, '* It is like the prayer of an Irishman in the back woods, which ended with — have mercy on me a sinner, who am 4,000 miles from my own ha- bitation, and 75 from every other." Seminole, so common in many states, but originating in tiiat of Florida, signifies a wild aboriginee, being applied by the Indian Creeks, who were defeated by General .Tackson in 1813 and 1814, and had 1,000 warriors slain, to all the vagabonds of their race. Tiiis subject is enlarged in the fourth edition of my work entitled, " A Manual of Orthoepy, with notes upon the origin and abuse of words." 15. There are fourteen markets, valued at 8532,850, all roof- ed in, abundantly supplied, and producing a reveime of $45,229. — The cattle market is two miles from thecitv, which consumes 800 head weekly, at an average of 3d. per lb., nevertheless from its excessive rents, corporation imposts, high price of fire-wood, (hero and in Canadian towns firing is twice as dear as in London) with | that of clothing and other necessaries, New York i*" no dearest ci- "^ t,v in the Union. Thoir dried damascenes are sen'; lIv to be dis- re spc sh an A.yn THi; o.fiiiix) sxates. roads); ffcl he^s a vajf'cij, ^sensible ft;. I to the Wen. ycd by demo- lore inlornm- blue lights ; e.sterns, am] n \vriti:i«i so. Ds SO proper- iral of wljart" o (leposites ; ately ; slick, derilcs, for pell, for long d for whole ; for those oi" fiouvinir, for '.V, for drunk- for looking ; aig, for con- 3 ; spuds, for vhilst tarn^d th possible ! chanted, asi ftij^or should American ; he standing itil ho has 13, " It is like nded with — my own ha- n.on in many aboriginee, >y General n, to all the the fourth with notes 50, all roof. $45,229.— isumes 800 from its vood, (hero idon) with dearcist ci- to be dis- nguishcd fronn French plums. Apples pared, cut and dried, with fthcr fruit, are excellent. Liirgcst orchard in the state is at Cro- ton, comprising 40 acres, and planted by its owner, Mr. Conklin. Ifho original tree of the Newton pippin, (from Newtown, Long Is- llnd) is in Colonel Moore's orchard, near New York, whose family ■ive pos-wssed it for two centuries. There are six j)rincipal gardens Ad nurseries. Properly speaking there is not a fruit shop in all ipo great cities of America. Superfine broad cloth is made in tho llllage of Fishkill, and sells at $12 the yard. $500,000 a year Mtc spent upon oysters, the sale shops of which exceed 300 : other psh arc sold alive. Adams county produces the best cotton, and itings princely revenues to the planters. Cotton cord lines, supe- i|Dr to l»cn»p'jn,are rniido at Rhode Island, which, from Pawtucket ijp Providence, has the finest road in all America;, so named from Jifmcrigo Vespucci, a Florentine, because on returning therefrom, j|| 1500, he first published a description of the New World, pro- "' rly Columbia. Amount exported in 1830 was 130,872,021 lbs. here are 800 cotton mills in the States, wherein children of both xes, from G to 10 years of ago, are einployed at 6s. 8d. per week, ving a capital of "6^08,000,000, and employing 60,000 hands. Eli hitncy, inventor of the celebrated American cotton gin, died at hitneyville, near New Haven, Jan. 8, 1825. The first cotton im- ted into Liverpool from the States, was one bag, by the ship Di- a, in 1785 : average crop upon an acre is 700 lbs. The chief rpet factory is at Lowell, 25 miles iVom Boston, the American anchester, whicli for wages aloiie requires $30,000 weekly. Pro- dence, the capital of Rhode Island, was founded by Roger Wil- ms, to escape the intolerance of the Pilgrim Fathers, who, though emselyes sullering for liberty of conscience, were no sooner in a ndltion to do so, than they arbitrarily denied it to others; hence, Jl^c \ ictims of religious persecution, too often need only the power become its ministers. 16. Bakers' bread is light and unsatisfying : he doubles his kings, three cents per dish on liolydays : a Yankee rule is to get I he can forhis conunodity ; which is often carried so far, that mself is sometimes surprised to see his customer a secohd time. his class of tradesmen have a steady eye u .on your pocket, and e not over nice as to tho means they take for inducing you to en it : hence the cutting system preclomi'.i.-itcs. 17. I at first gave o Americans great credit for training up their daughters in the autiful art of domestic economy ; for in most streets, and occa- onally at every door, I saw damsels busily employed in the mys- ries of mop and broom ; wlien lo! they were domestics ; univer- al'v without caps, the hair much ornamented, and their dress that a mistress, not tho maid. 18. The domestics are frequently ose of color, or as fonathan calls them niggurs, who are docile id attentive. The erm master is merged in that of Boss, its sig- 10 NftTRS ON CANADA nification in Dutch : tho iadoperidanco of whito aer/.xiiU, here call- ed helps, is not always endurable even to Jonathan ; hence niggury are preferred. I never saw a Yankee menial, servitude being un- popular amongst them. Irishmen, who number 40,000 in and around NoW York, will do twice the work of a niggur, and are con- sequently in great request. A laboring negro in the city, from the savings of a self-denying indulgence, furnished his poorer brethren, in the winter of last year, with firing gratuitously. In all public employments, the Scotch, iVom their sobriety are preferred. Swiss and Germans, as planters, or landed proprietors. Neither the En- glish nor Irish can withstand cheap liquor so well as emigrants from other countries. The first Germans that came thither, landed at New York, June 10, 1710. 19. Boots and shoes look well, but the leather, as in Canada, is mere hide, so that one pair of English will beat two of either: New York State has 385 taimeries, 16 of which partially supply Canada. Annual amount of this branch of trade in the State is $5,000,000. Lynn, near Boston, is noted for Ladips shoes, the fe. male operatives whereof receive ^70 ,000 a year for binding them. The neighbouring peninsula of Nahant isa much frequented sum- mer retreat. When calling for orders or delivering goods, it is done by a rat-tat ; which descends even to the shoe-boy : hence the rea- son, I apprehend, that so many houses are without knockers. The city has 6,000 clerks, chiefly natives, exclusive of shop-men^ who are here and in Canada also, universally called clerks. The reve- nues of the city are i|l, 036, 960, and its expenditure about as much. 20. The following e:;tracl from the New York Courier and En- quirer, which, with the Philadelphia Courier, are the largest sheets 1 ever saw in the folio form, and throe parts filled with advertise- ments — being a circular of Dec. 29, 1832, exhibitb a but too com- mon pest in their large cities : " Gentlemen, this will apprise you I have sold out my slock, and am settling up my concerns. If you relieve me from what I owe you, I will pay you in notes at the rate of thirty cents per dollar. Consign your demands to C. P. Pollard, and by the first of Aiarch I will make the payment. The amount of my New \ork debts is 830,000. — J. K. Walton." I must, in fairness add, that where delinquiiices occur, remote from the con- tamination of large towns, they are generally perpetrated by mea of color, or originate with natives of other countries. I was amu- sed by the English of Hot Coffee, at the corner of the fish or Ful- ton Market, accompanied by a buttered cake much relished by their customers. A coffee shop, however, as introduced Pt London ia 1812, now containing 3,000, is not to b» ibi id in New York. I often heard a street cry of " Corn, piping hot," meaning Indian corn boil- ed. Ice is also retailed during summer ; at wiiich time iced soda water is in such demand, that large fortunes have been made by its sale. Although the state legif^lature has abolished your Excellency to a good princ the o AXO THE UNITED STATES. n to a governor, and the Jionorable to a senator, the practice is still in good use. Distinctions exist to rather a ludicrous extent iu all the principal towns, which have their first, second and third class, with the old families. 21. Sir H- Gilbert, in 1578, made the first attempt to colonize America: failing, he was succeeded, in 1584, by his half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, at the moulh of the Roanoke, naming the coun- try Virginia, in compliment to the Queen. Manteo, an Indian, w.as the first Christian in this state, being baptised August 13, 1587. In less than 20 years these settlers had either perished or returned home. At length, on Dec. 22, 1620, 101 Puritans, in the May. flower, of 180 tons, being part of a Mr. Robinson's flock, landed near a place which they called Plymouth, after their native sea- port, whence they started, 30 miles from Boston, and formed the first actual settlement : half of them, from the severity of the sea- sou, and living chiefly on clams, ('a shell fishj died in three months : they elected John Carver, one of their body, elder for the year, who consequently was the first Governor of New England. Four mil- lions of tlie population have descended from these pilgrims. The first convicts transported to America, were 100 idle and dissolute persons, in custody of the Knight iVIarshal, sent out to Virginia, about 1621, by order of the government. The rock on which the landing pilgrims disembarked, was conveyed, in 1774, from the shore to Plymouth, and made the centre piece to a square ; whilst the anniversary of their arrival is celebrated with great rejoicings. ' Jamestown, ou a peninsula in Virginia, is the oldest English settle- ment, being founded in 1608. Inscriptions made more than two centuries since, are still legible upon the broken walls of the old church, and on some of the mouldering tombstones. It is now de- solate and uninhabited, but by one solitary individual. Plymouth is the first town built in New England, and Salem, capital of Es- sex county, the second. Among the penal enactments of this col- ony, was one framed in the following phraseology ; " No one shall keep Christmas, or any saint-day, read common prayer, make mince pies, dance, play cards, or play on any instrument of music except the drum, trumpet, or Jews' harp." It is a little remarkable, that in framing their commonwealth after the Hebrew theocracy, they should have deviated so far, as to reject festivals for fasts : the Jews kept 30 festivals every year, and but one fast. Their first war was with the Pequots, ordinarily written and pronounced Peyaod*, whom they vanquished. 22. Newspaper announcement of a death, is accompanied by an invitation to the friends of the deceased, tu attend the funeral on he following day : a hood or hatband is the sole sable worn, and this only for (he occasion ; wiib which exclusion, considering the mortality, state policy has probably intermingled. The 'earse is gQpera}ly followed by ti train of hackney coaches, co ling. a m 12 NOTES ON CANADA if motley group. If a man die intestate, the authorities divide his property equally between his family. Coffin-makers exhihit speci- mens, especially for children, in every variety of art and taste. — Charleston, Carolina, from its inefficient drains, .swamps, and stag- nant pools around it, with the practice of exposing dead horses, in a field on the outskirts of the city, to be devoured by vultures, resembling turkeys, hence callod turkey. buzzards, is often visited by pestilence and death. When the yollow ^"'jver prevailed here last, some thorough bred Ya kees innncuiately sent olF shipments of coffins on speculation. The Charlcslouians, however, neither encouraged, nor ever forgave this new species of traffic. 23. An American captain upon entering port, is obliged to hand in an inventory of his passengers, and their intended location : and on going to Europe, exchisive of the passengers private stores, he must have 60 gallons of water, one of vinegar, of salted provi. sions and ship bread 100 lbs each, for every passenger on board. If any be placed on short allowance, the master nujst pay them se- parately, $3 a day during their privation. On looking over the list I counted 149 ships that had arrived the two preceding days. Com- merce is fast raising this city, as of old it did that of Alexandria, one of whose merchants levied and maintained a whole army, out • of the profits from his trade. 24. Tradesmen exhibit on the roofs of their houses, to be seen miles off, and over their doors, such sort of placards as ' Smith's hoUow-ware, spiders and fire dogs,' (frying pans on long legs); ' Grocery, flour and feed store.' 'Johnson's Bakery.' ' llip Van Winkle's Home.' * Sixth Ward Hotel ; ' and in many windows, ' Shakers' seed sold here,' meaning the society of Shakers, forming a religious community near Troy, whose gar. den seeds are much approved. New store-ket pcrs, or merchants as they call themselves, are no more wanted here, or in any part of America, setting aside the hopelessness of competing with a Yan- kee, than in the Moon or the Red Sea. The word store for shop is universal : 'storage,' is also comprehensive, but, like the former, constantly abused ; much after . the same fj^shion as merchant in London : the cool indiffijrence of their proprietors, so objectiona- ble to strangers, they unaccountably mistake for independence. — Whenever I found Brother Jonathan in this humor, I always re- turned him quid pro quo, or tit for tat, which never failed in bring, ing him to reason. 25. In an enclosed area at the Battery end of Jroadway, the principal street, an equestrian statue of George III. formerly stood, but, being of lead, it was taken down in the revolutionary war and cast into bullets. The Battery is so called because, when in the possession of the British, it was fortified : it is now a public pro- menade, surrounded by iron palisades, and adorned with stately trees. Higher up, in a part once a common, now called the Park, is the toMrnhall, a handsome structure, erected at a cost of $500,- # AXD TUK UMTED STATES. 13 ^ff gar. 000 ; Ihe bell in its clock tower, weighing two tons, was cast in the city, and is the largest produced in the states. Its staircase is the easiest, and at the same time dirtiest, I ever ascended. Tl e win- dow sills in the waiting passages, being of wood, are cut down to the brick work by the leisure knives of brother Jonathan. On each side are the Cholera and Bridewell hospitals, and in their rear the United Slates Courts, which retain in their pleadings the names of John Doe and Richard Roe. Their oaths are aitesled by holding up the hand, not, as with us, by kissing the Evangelists. The com- mencemont of their legal instruments, is, " The people of the State of Now York, by the grsvce of Go J, free and independent." Their criminal prison is at Sing Sing, containing a thousand separate cells, 30 miles up the Hudson. There are many public buildings and be- nevolent instiiutions, with 20 fire and 8 insurance otfices, 120 pla- ces for divine worship, besides catholic churches and a cathedral, the bishop of which lately received 810,000 from the Propaganda at Rome, for establishing a college in his diocese, there being 30,- 000 Catholics in and around New York. The reformed Dutch church, Nassau street, to which Washington belonged, is the largest in the city, which is governed by a mayor and aldermen, similar to London, whose Lord Mayor is not so called in virtue of his office, but from the manor of Finsbury, of Avhich, during his mayoralty, he is lord. At its police office, one of the three magistrates is in constant attendance : chief constable Hayes is the Townsend of the office : its annual expense is $12,928. There is but one coroner, his fees and expenses, last year, were $3,184. Principal law school is at Litchfield, Connecticut ; with 8 professional ones in the city, one public law library, and another in Albany. The expense of the legal courts for those States forming New England, is $150, 000 per ann. Chief Justice in the Supreme Court of the General Government $5,000 ; his six associates, $4,500 each ; and the At- torney General $3,500 a year, who ilone wear a costume of plain silk gowns. Thore are 500 lawyers in the city, with 2,000 in its state, which has five times as many judges as in all England. Eve- ry city, town, and village being crammed with lawyers, added to its illusory cheapness, accounts for Jonathan's pronenessto litigation. Judges in this State, which has 3,057 justices of the peace, must retire from the bench on attaining the age of 60 ; in Connecticut at 70; but without any pension. T' o common law of England is the text book of an American lawyer. This state sends the great- est number of representatives (34) to Congress, and contributes | of the entire revenue of the Union. Its foreign trade requires 1,384,- 000 tons of shipping. Nett receipts of its custom house last year were $13,000,000, though much smuggling exists along the whole line of its northern frontier. Still the city is a million dollars in debt. A now species of commerce has sprung up here, namely, ebipping ice to Calcutta, covered with tan, which is a non-conduc- % ■>''l . I ■-■ (I M ■M ^^4 14 NOTES ON CANADA ■f tor of heat. The palitl hue of the natives is very striking to stran- gers: the city is unhealthy, residents admitting to \uc, that if it were not for the influx of ennigration (91,649 in last three years) it would soon become a desert. Emigration adds one thouj?:ind per week to the Union, and Nature as many per day : New York is its largest port of entry: England has 74, Ireland '.il, and Scotland 15 poitJi. 26. The American Bible Society, Nassau-street, has printed 1,084,980 copies since its formation in 1810 (our king's printer and the two universities 240,000 annually) the presses are worked by steam, and attended by young women. The Tract Society distri- butes 1,000,000 pages weekly. Elliott's Indian Bible, set up in 1633, was the lirst Bible printed in America. Dr. Webster, of New Haven, has published a new edition of the sacred volume, in which he has carefully revised the grammatical errors, obsolete words, and indelicate passages of the old : it is greatly patronised. A type called backslope is- much used in the city, w-hich has six principal type and stereotype foundries, that employ 500 men, and 4000 printers in the commonwealth. Copy rights extend to 28 years, with 14 additionally to the author or his heirs. This is inexpen- sive, but taking out a patent costs $30, though in England $500. Number issued at Washington, last year, wns 540. Aggregate in their patent office since its formation in 1790, down to 1831, is 6911 ; of which 5951 remain unrecorded ; that is, on investigation, prove to be destitute of originality. Upwards of 152 patents expired in 1834. The public buildings of the capital, residences and equi- pages of its citizens, are of the most costly order, and living, as a consequence, exceedingly expensive. On examining the revolu- tionary pension roll at Washington, containing 23,438 names, I counted 457 pensioners that died off last year: New Yoik state has the most (4310) and Florida the least (3). Several persons have been lately convicted at Clarksburgh, Virginia, of perjury and for- gery, committed for the purpose of obtaining pensions under the genefal government. The President's residence at Washington, being of that color, is familiarly called the while house: Mr. Gale, an Englishman, has recently fdled the office of mayor : its small fiver, about the width of the Paddington canal, dignified by the name of Tiber, is pi'operly Goose-creek ; whilst the straggling and unbuilt character of the city, has the aspect of a town on a visit in the country. 27. America publishes 1265 newspapers, 720 of which issue from the Atlantic states. In 1775 there were but 37 ; in 1801—203 ; in 1810 — 358. Their first appearance at Boston was in 1704, and at New 'York in 1773. Amount of their sale is $3,000,000 annu- ally. New York alone publishes 65, of which 13 are daily, issuing 21,827 sheets per diem, averaging 1679 each. Cowper's patent press has been imported from London, and is used in the principal offices. Mushroom papers, by the dozen, start weekly at Neit AND THE UNITED STATES. 15 York, and are hawked at the low price of a cent each ; which pla- cing them in the hands of the rahble, two many of them deal in the vilest scurrility ; since he who slanders most has the greatest sulu. Thus, for »hes3 base purposes, the President of Congress has been denounced as a felon, and many of its members threatened witii the gibbet. The Christian Advocate and Journal throws off 30,000 copies of each impressio::, the largest of any known ; and The Sun, daily paper, is the cheapest, being but $3 per annum. There aro no Sunday newspapers, hut religious ones may bo said to be peculiar to this country. The oldest pubhshing paper is the Newport Mercury, set up June 12, l'''58, by the brother of Doct. Franklin. The father of the English press is the present editor of the York Chronicle, which he has conducted ever since 1777. Day compositors receive $9, night ones $12 weekly. Of the po. litical papers 70 are in favor of the administration, and f^O against them, i'hey have the priviloge of exchangiiig free of postage. Foreign and native are mailed to all parts of America at 1^ cent each. Complaints against the tardy payments of subscribers, are a frequent subject of their leading articles : one (hat I took up casu- ally finished thus " We cant live so and wont ; are willing to take any thing, from pine knots to potatoe parings." 28. The post office and exchange are in Wall-street, abound, ing in banks and insurance offices, one whereof, the American, last paid 16 per cent dividend — the windows fronting the Hall of the basement, have 1072 boxes numbered and rented to mercantile hou- ses, at $4 each per annum. It distributes and mails 15,000 lette j daily, and conurionly receives 40,000 ship ones monthly ; which are delivered, per hand, at the rate of 2500 per hour. Letter-car- riers receive one cent [)er letter. The first Post-Office at New York was erected in 1692. Postmaster General has $6,000, a mes. senger $700, and lowest clerk $800, per ann. ; no official clerk is paid less, which places those in the revenue above the temptaliou of ~ bribe: in ttie distribution of salaries, no allowance is ever made for the support of mere dignity. Postage is 6 cents for 36 miles, 18 for 400, and 25 for any number whatever. There are 9,205 dis- trict post-offices : most of (hem are paid by a commission of 30 per cent on the first $100, and 25 on the next $300, etc. but the greater part receive $300 a year, though not passing half so many letters in that time : sweeping changes are often made in this department ; thus, in 1830, upwards of 491 were dismissed. A Mississippi post- master was lately fined $500, for omitting, by his clerk, to deliver a letter. For some years past, the expenditure of the mails has ex. ceeded their returns by some $80,000. There are 120,000 miles of post roads. The postmaster of Paris in Maine, is daily receiv- ing letters intended for Paris, in France : as pretension of namo costs nothing, this state is over.run with Rome, MoseOTi:S o:i CANADA m. ■■J named aflcr ils inventor. Their stage coaches, hy iiilroducijig t\ moveable mid scat, carry nine inside, but none out. In summer they are open all round, but in winter inclosed by leather curtuins hitched on loosely. They carry but little lujrfiage, of which they are pro. verbially careless ; and for all above 50 lbs. can make you pay for a second seat. Their conductors arc called driverx. VVhcn snow is sufficiently deep, the body of the sta^e, by placing it on a sledge, is then converted into a sleigh. Travelling in this way is much pleasanter and more expeditious. The most unitidurable part of Htuge coach riding is their inveterate habit of spitting. It was com* mon, when sitting next the window, for a brother Jonathan to re- quest my seat, because he wanted /osp//. When this was not so. licited, he either ejected his saliva through the window from where ho sat, or filthily deposited it in the coach. If you rebuke him for this habit, he answers by expressing his abhorrence of John Bull spitting into his pocket-handkerchief — which pozes you : both are intolerable. The word stage means the ground gone over by one team of horses, but generally, though incorrectly, applied to the ve- hide. 44. Bedsteads in hotels are without furniture : whilst ropes secured to pegs projecting from the frame work, supply the place of sacking. 45. At meals, when done, it is expected that you re- tire: which is observed in some private, and all boarding houses. Eggs are brought on in wine glasses, into which they are broken, then beaten up, and eaten custard fashion. 46. Houses built in a row, which we call a terrace, are here named a block. A small strait 8 miles from New York, and filled with whirlpools, goes by the name of Ilellgate; because of the horrible noises they make at certain changes of the tide. The chief of those dangerous eddies are named pot, hen and chickens, hogRback,.and frying pan. 47. In Pennsylvania section originated Fumentz for opposite ; nfip for sixpence ; ^ I never ht on^ for I kept that to myself: ' Well shot in the neck,^ for into;(ication, and white for snowy night. Penn Yan owes its name to a wag, who, hearing niuch disputation about its first settlers, and taking / guess and / calculate, to be the one Pennsylvanian and the other Yankee. Anglice Yorkshire bite, hit upon the above name as best combining both. Those terms how. ever came from the old country : the former so far back as 1620, being used also by Milton, and the latter rather earlier. I'heir in. discriminate adoption, added to notions for opinions, and fall for autumn ffall of the leaf) is peculiar to the States; wherein I some, times heard the barbarism more illy, and in print and conversation • He dove (dived) to the bottom.' Their never-tiring use of progres- sed, is also fast establishing itself amongst our periodical literature. Many Americans believe that our common Cockney dialect is the standard of the nation, because their light writers of the press con. atantly defaii it in their gossip from London ; and therefore very it AND THK UNITED STATl.S. 99 naUirnlly consider themselves the most correct speakers. This well upphes to our provincialisms, since in theirs, as a new country, they do not yet exist, though something like them, in this and other notes, is heginning to appear. They arc moreover of opinion that a snub- nose is the characteristic feature of an Englishman. This remimla me of an anecdote ; a gentleman commenting on Irish Bulls, 1 asked him ' On dressing, what do you Hrst put on V * My shoes and stock- ings, certainly.' * Good, what next !' ' VVh^ my coat and waistcoat, to be sure.' * Enough, I replied ; the two biuiulers you have just made, should hereafter silence you upon those of the Irish.' Pcnn- sylvanians aro also called Panamiles, and a justice denominated squire: it is said of one of these functionaries, that upon requiring tlie acts of a justice of the peace, he sent the following billet to a neighbouring bookseller, * Please to send the Ax of Augustus Pease.* 48. When the Yellow fever last raged in New York, the cor- poration blocked up all infected places: elevated situations, and well-ventilated streets escaped. It was introduced by the foulness of one of the slips, little basins formed by the wharfs, sometimes large enough *o contain twenty vessels. The blacks seldom take it ; those of New York and Philadelphia, by officiating during this Bcourge, accumulated fortunes, which accounts for so many ot' this color, in those cities, being independent. In burying the dead, it was ditlicult to procure the aid of whites, two out of three falling victims. A Scotchman, however, for the gratuity of $20 each re. move, undertook this dangerous office. By submerging his clothes in tar, and smoking plentifully, he escaped infection. In this way acquiring a fortune, he returned to his own country. Persians, tho cleanliest people in the world, are not subject to the plague, though bordering those countries the greatest sufferers from it. 49. New Harmony, which has made so much noise in England, is on the eastern bank of the river Wabash (war-bush) Indiana, 60 miles above its mouth, subject, however, to fever and ague. It is Burrounded by a sylvan country, interspersed with prairies. It was settled in 1814, by a religious society from Germany called Harmo- nitea : who first established themselves at Harmony on Conaquene- sing Creek, under the control of George Papp. Here they erected many buildings, converted thj wilderness .nto a garden; employed themselves in the woollen manufacture, had many mills, and culti- vated the vine : being distinguished for industry and skill in their various occupations. In 1824 Robert Owen of New Lanark Scot- land, bought the whole for $190,000, the Harmonites, in number 800 returning to Beaver Creek, or river, and established a commu- nity upon his social system. He was joined by 700 others : but discord arising amongst them, it was soon abandoned, and passed into the hands of Mr. Taylor, at a ruinous sacrifice, under whom it is flourishing in small allotments. Racoon skins fisrmerly passed as cash in Indiana, but some Yankees, forging these notes, by sew. "Is 1 24 ^•0TE3 ON CANADA \'''li ing a Racoon's (ail (o a Cat's skin, in tliis way destroyed th« currency. 50. The houses at Princeton, Massachusetts, a state so over- peopled that thousand, nnually emigrate to others, are one story high, and to avoid CDgulphing set on piles, that the driving sands may pass beneath them. 'J'liere are G9 tribes, comprising 129,000 Indians, scattered over 77,402,318 acres of land in the li. States, but, in its limits, 220,000, though two centuries since, 2,000,000. The conduct of the Americans towards these aboriginees, equally with every invader of a new country, cannot be justified ; brute force may indeed vanquish and overpower, but can in no instance reason, or in any form convince. The lamentation of an aborigi. nal hunter that I one day iviet, was, that his vicinity was too popu. lous for his comfort, though not ten families lived within as many miles of him. He regretted exceedingly that he had any neighbor nearer than one hundred miles ! 51. James and Henry Leonard, from England, 1652, set up the first forge in America, at Rainham, 32 miles from Boston. The acute sound of the anvil is prevented by suspending a piece of iron chain to one of its horns. The battle of Breed's, wrongly called Bunker's Hill, so named after their proprietors, was fought .Tuno 17, 1775, near Cliarlestown. A pillar has been commenced, indi- cative of the event. John Howard, a volunteer in the engagement at Guildford, soon after following, received five wounds, three of which were pronounced mortal by the army surgeon, but he survi- ved, and died at Lexington, November 30, 1834, aged 103 years. T. Thompson, oldest inhabitant of Charlestown, and its last survi- vor inthis conflict, died therein Feb. 1834, aged 83. The first shot fired, and the first Ameripan killed by the British preceding there- volution, was in a tumultuary attack of the townsmen, on a part of their forces drawn up before the court-house of Bostor, so named by Mr. Cotton, its first minister, who came from Boston in England. The first regular opposition to the British troops, was at Lexington, April 19, 1775 ; a monument thereat records the event, and an old bam, from which a concealed negro, Avith his rifle did some damage to the British, still remains perforated with hundreds of musket balls, as a further memorial of the action. The piece of military music, entitled • A March to Boston,' was composed by a French. man in Lower Canada. The elevated pedestal in the Senate-house at Boston, on which stands a marble statue of Washington, by Chan, trey, is on all sides stained by squirted tobacco juice. The city has more the air of an English one than any other in the Union ; is the birth-place of American Independence, and, from its numerous churches, called the paradise of clergymen. Assessment of real and personal property in New Yorlj, lastyerr, Mas $146,302,618, paying a city tax of $665,385, and in the state alone $344,646,763. Value of both, in the whole Union, so far back as 1820, was I AXD TUS U^flTED STATES. 25 ^1,631,657,224. Number of slaves, in the cer.jus of 1830, wag 2,01 1,320. Upon elections in slave-holding districts, five slaves count as three freemen. By the present system of slavery in the U. States, parents sell their own oftspring; which was practiced amongst the slaves upon his estate by tiieir legislator Jefterson, none of whom, though his own sons and daughters, were manumitted at his decease. Those states exempt from slavery, are New Hamp- shire, the Switzerland of America, Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois^ Massachusetts, and Maine, ilie prospect from its lofty mountain Katahdin, commands 7'^ lakes. Firgt settlers in Massachusett's Bay were Captain Endicot and his wife in 1628. Indians of rank bordering the civil districts of the Union, ach is the force of ex- ample, have also their sL/e attendants. Ancestral portraiture, ar- morial bearings, and antiquity of blood, are said to be at a premium in Boston : its state governor is entitled excellency, and its represen- tatives honorable. It was to this city that Cromwell and his adhe- rents contemplated removing, previously to the formation of tho Commonwealth. It has more than 100 distinct lines of stages. 52. The scholars of some establishments, are young men who, desirous of education, not only procure funds to efiect this, by work' ing at some trade, but likewise to complete it collegiately. At Cazenovia school, 130 miles west of Albany, whilst my nephew was a student, there were five adults thus honorably distinguished. A Mr. Webster's dictionary, just published, takes great liberties with Dr. Johnson (such as d'lspach, theater, scepfer, and a hundred other new orthographies) who, notwitlistanding, is universally consulted. 53. As neither correction nor restraint is permitted, in the city academies, general education is below par. Here are 460 schools, 790 teachers, and 24,000 pupils, with 20,000 children that attend no school whatever. There are 9,0G2 school districts in New York state. The best master they ever had, was a blind athletic old man, who was a great disciplinarian, but which science has been gradu- ating, by inverse ratio, ever since, and is now extinct. Some Ame- rican tutors profess to teach more branches of education, than an English master ever heard of. I saw school handbills stuck about the streets, offering Jifty.two branches of education in the year at thirty-eight cents each branch ! one was underlined by some wag, " Them as learns manners two-pence more." And at a village ale house nearUtica, I perceived a list of a neighbouring school (boys and girls) stuck behind the tap-room door, as an invitation to new comers All its masters were either L.L.D. M.A. or B.A. yet omitted, by which they did themselves inji: .tice, that of A.S.S. mistaken for Amazing Smart Scholar. That noiseless simplicity, so characteristic of true talent and the gentleman, is here a jewel of great price. The indiscriminate adoption of learned titles, even where justly merited, is high'y injudicious, and renders them of lit. tie value in the estimation of the discerning. The higher classics t 4^ Vf m i 26 KOTKS OX CATfADA < f'i! J^fr-r o( America would be deemed the lower in England, a consequence that must ever fullow, so long as time is considered of more import, ance than knowledge. Our noted Mr. Hamilton, who indignantly scouts both time and study, cramming, in a trice, with all sorts of lore, certes would be a very Solon in Vankce land. Americans con. ceive themselves the freest, because the best educated people in the world, forgetting that Prussia, a confirmed despotism, carries education further than they do. No country has more ample pro. vision for common schools than this, being a million of acres of land, and $1,735,560 in New York state : $2,000,000 besides land, in Connecticut, and 8,000,000 by the general government, etc. In some states, education is made a subject of penal enactment. The chairman to a school district in Maine, puts the following questions to a candidate for master : Do you believe in the final salvation of the world ? Do you believe that God ever made a man equal to Thomas Jefferson ? Can you spell Massachusetts? On appoint, ment of a district master, boarding him with a neighbour is then put up to auction, bidding down, as in Holland, from the. upset price 10s. weekly. These masters are exempt from taxes and the mi. litia. School.bills, unless paid in advance, are encreased one half. First act for a grammar or free school at New York, passed Novem- ber 27, 1702. 54. The notes of those banks without agents in large cities, are called uncurrent : brokers sell them at a discount varying from 2 to 40 per cent. This state, although possessing 70, have peti- tioned the legislature for leave to establish 34 new ones. Their notes pay a tax of one cent per dollar : this impost in New York, last year, produced $54,700. The New York Advertiser for Ja. nuary 11, 1833, contained a list of 103 banks as broken : several hundred others have followed, since the promulgation of General Jackson's ordinance against a state bank. In places short of spe. cie, dollar notes divided by the scissors have supplied the deficiency. New York has 15 banks, with an aggregate capital of $7,830,000, Yielding an annual dividend of $977,000 : and in the Union 600, with a capital of $200,000,000, including $17,000,000 in specie. The largest discount one in Wall-street, has not lost $100 for the last 18 months. Their notes most current in Canada, are those of the United States bank, the state bank of New York, with all char- tared ones Oi its city, and those of Philadelphia. Bank forgeries and robbcrkv,s, to an alarming extent, are of frequent occurrence. This evidently encreases, for, two years after, being at Hamilton, Burlington Bay, I saw Sylvester's Reporter, a paper larger than our Times, and published at New York, one entire half of which was filled with lists of broken banks and bank defalcations. Trade is overdone in New York ; crowds periodically relieving themselves through the easy portals of its insolvent court ; the printed lists of which often exhibit hundreds at a time ; and in 1811, amounted to ing X! ▲ XD THE UMTED STATEfl. t7 six thousand f There ore no Commissioners of bankrupt, and im. prisonrnent for debt was abolished July 4, 1834. There arf> 209 in- corporated manufacturing companies in this state. Upon a distrain, the officer, who must first give notice, is obliged to leave the fa- mily bible, family pictures, and school books. All spinning wheels and weaving looms. Sheep to ths number of ten, a ccw and two ewine. Seat or pew in a place of public worship. The tools and implements of a mechanic. All necessary wearing apparel, beds, bedsteads and bedding. One table, six chairs ; six knives and forks ; six plates ; one tea-pot and tea-kettle ; six tea cups and saucers ; one sugar dish and milk pot ; a pair of flat irons, shovel and tongSf with necessary food and fuel for the use of the family for sixty days. Public sales are announced, by a red flag at the door or window. In New York, all rents, leases and tenMres, commence and expire on May-day ; which being one of full employment to carters, their charges are then doubled. 55. Land offices were first opened in 1797, and are numerous ; each costing $1000 annually, though many, from the great price they demand for lands literally worthless, do not sell to this amount in cents. It is in contemplation to put down a great part of them. Their bureaux at Washington have 200,000,000 acres unsold. On purchasing land which, five years after the sale, pays a land tai of 53. 4d. per 100 acres, the following rules should be observed : good quality : healthy situation : pure water : adjacent to schools : near good roada, water transport, saw and grist-mills, with a good title, for the want of which the flourishing town of Utica, N. Y. state, recently passed into the hands of one man : whilst a lady by the name of Bradstead has succeeded in her claim to some of the most productive lai-ds, valued at $1,000,000, contiguous to the town. Suw.mills were introduced by the Dutch. Lard in bac settlements only is now to be had at a reasonable price : its sale produces a revenue of $2,000,000 to America. 5B. Near New Rochdlle, 20 miles from New York, is the farm which Congress gave to Thomas Paine, whereon he is buried, be- ing refused interment elsewhere, it is the confiscated property of Mr. Davoe, a loyalist, comprising 800 acres of excellent land, with a good stone house. Pennsylvania voted him £500 for his Common Sense, which, with $3000 from Congress, formed all the money he received from the States. It was his song, composed afler Ge- neral Wolf's death, beginning, "In a mouldering cave, where the wretched retreat," that brought him into notice. His Rights of Man were written, hurriedly and at intervals, in the Market plac; t)f Philadelphia. He died June 8, 1809, aged 72. A literary gen- tleman in Boston, by the name of Thomas Paine, obtained a legis- lative act, enabling him to change it to Robert Treat Paine, be- eause "I am unwilling to bear that of a noted infidel* " E 28 irOTBI 0:« CA!fADA m 57. To show the magnitude of some hotcl'i, that of Hoh*s makes up 300 beds, contains 165 rooms, and can dine 1000 people at one time. The city water beirg bad, this house is supplied from a well, 600 feet deep, and cut through a solid rock. From tiio difficulty of procuring a proper supply of soap, in some hotels, wherein your bill is paid personally at the bar, I could almost have imagined myself in a caravansary, it being the supers' ition of Turkey never to give soap, from an idea that it will wash away love. 58. Even a first rate bookseller will stoop to the placard of * A half price book store.' There are 180 in New York. Periodi. cal literature, foreign and domestic, is conveyed by post, to all parts of the Union, at three farthings per sheet, if under 100, and but three halfpence if above 3000 miles. Annual amount of book sales circa $10,000,000. Those imported from Europe in 1829, for 30 public institutions, amounted only to $10,829. The chief publishing cities are Boston, New York and Philadelphia. Num. ber of books in the public libraries of America, do not exceed 400,000, loss than those in Oxford university. Major Downing's letters, lately appearing anonymously in the New York Daily Ad. vertiser, have excited much interest in the political world : they are happily conceived, and the satire^ though keen and just, is managed with great tact and good humour. The New York So- ciety library, atler an existence of 80 years, contains but 16,000 volumes. The British government has just presented to those pub. lie libraries, amounting to 21, through Mr. Rich of Red Lion square, London, complete sets of all the works now printing by the Record commission, the value of each set is £300. American literature is looking up. Blood good of New York is about publishing anec. dotes of Sir Walter Scott, for which he gave the Ettrick Shepherd 100 guineas. Whilst Messrs. Carey, Lea &. Co. of Philadelphia, the chief American booksellers, generally pay $30,000 annually to authors and editors ; and have published within the last five years, 50 original, 12 translated, and l7 edited works. The best English ones are constantly reprinted— of which the Messrs. Harper issue the most — and by the introduction of a single note, then made copy, rights, which is not granted here to a foreigner, though readily to an American in England. It is not unusual to receive, reprint, and publish all on tlie same day. The reprints, rather carelessly exe. cuted, average 300 annually. At present they possess no standard work of their own. The original publications for 16a J, were 272; of those 23 have been reprinted in England — including 8 annuals for 1834, which, however, do not sell, because of a preference to those from Great Britain. No work of humour answers, maugre the exertions of the Boston comedians, in their periodical intitled * The American Comic Annual.' Dr. Franklin in vain attempted to. estab- lish a magazine : the succeeding 20 years produced 1 4 other failures : 1610 however saw 24 : there are now probably 1.00. Boston is V-J] ▲TTD TBB VMTBD 8TATKS. ft tho busy mart for their periodical literature, which amounts, in the aggregate, to nearly 900 : this city, though somewhat Athenian, is noted tor its slaughter of the king's English : books, in its houses, are more abundant, than in all others throughout the Union : whilst the word clever is arbitrarily placed, by them, in new situations, as clever house, clever lands, clever stock, clever sum, etc. Book lotteries, as in Canada, are frequent. America contains rather more than 300 paper mills ; the newspapers of New York state alone consume 60,000 reams annually, at $4 per ream. Foreign books, unless specially imported, pay 30 per cent duty. Black. • wood, the Metropolitan, and Foreign Quarterly Review, are repub- lished for $7, though costing $35 in England ; and the whole works of Sir Walter Scott, in 52 Nos. equal to 50 London duodecimo vo* lumes, for $5. The first press established was at Cambridge, Mas< sachusetts, in 1638. The Freeman's Call was the first, and the New England Almanac, both in 1639, the second work issued : the first book printed was an octavo version of the psalms. The first New York press was set up in 1693. Leading reviews are the North American, edited in Boston, by Everitt ; and the American Quar. terly, in Philadelphia, by Walsh : each averaging a sale of 4000 copies. The American Monthly is devoted to criticisms upon native works. Arrangements have been more than once made, that pro- ductions of great interest, should appear simultaneously in London and New York. The Tales of the Genii are universally read : they appeared at London in 1764 under the feigned name of Sir Charles Morell, but are the actual production of the Rev. James Ridley* who held the living of Romford, Essex, and died there in 1765. Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is also much esteemed here : in Eng. land 500,000 copies of this allegory have been sold, which is the largest sale, by 100,000, of any other work, except the bible and prayer book, in the English language. 59. Many capital premises in New York are subdivided, as the American Museum, in the Park, ^«ch has a confectioner's, lot- tery, and other offices on its basement ; also, underground, * The Terrapana Grotto Lunch,' and several refectories, exclusive of those upper parts, not immediately wanted by the Institution : and in another section • The Academy of Fine Aits,' with 16 academi. cians, one of whom, the distinguished Mr. Jarvis, was always en- veloped in furs, and attended, in his walks, by two immense dogs ; whilst, at his splendid dinners, you saw only broken-handled knives, and one prong forks ; a greasy one of which, or nails all awry, sup- plying the place of a corkscrew. The first painting produced in America, is a bull's head executed by West, which, for upwards of twenty years, formed the sign for a house in Strawberry-street, New York. Public institutions are opened gratuitously to stran- gers. Houses for business in trading streets have distinct tradesmen en their separato floon. Rent is so extravagant in tht BroKdway, ti' :A .•14 .11 ff 30 KOT£S ON CANAPA w that a shop only lets for £250 a year, exclusive of city rates, which are burdensome ; whilst a building lot for one house, fetched $40,000, and another with three frontages, $140,000: and two houses in Wall-street, let for the enormous annual rent of ii2,n87. These unconscionable prices travel inland, fur in Buifulo land lets at $200 per foot ! and a building lot in the village of Ogdensburgli, racently brought $17,820 the acre ! whilst for the ground upon which Mr. Green's house stands, who is brother-in-law to Lord Lyndhurst, and banker in Boston, he is said, though but an acre, to have refused $200,000 ! Those who countenance tliese unheard of exactions, are not only inimical to their true interests, but, in reality, the enemies of their country. 60. The schemes resorted to by London puffing shops, are practiced for the like purpose, by those of this city. So firm a hold have they taken, you might as well attempt to ungrind a bushel of corn, as to make Jonathan forego them. 61. Upon (he office of the Philadelphia steam boat line, is the following singular, and certain new comers may think ominous, placard, " IVansportatioa to Philadelphia." Its late eminent banker, Girard, left above a mil. lion of money, for improving the city, with £1,500,000 to found schools, likewise build and endow a large college, from which he excludes all theological professors, because of the multitudinous sectarians that overspread the land, each assuming to himself that he only is right, and his neighbor in the wrong, but rigidly enjoins a strict observance of every moral obligation, with love and good will towards all men. The first newspaper published in this city, was issued in 1719, and the first press established in 1686. The en. trance to each street, to prevent the passage of carriages and hor. SOS, is chained up on Sundays. The Quakers of Philadelphia emancipated their slaves in 1788. John de Castilla, a Portuguese living in 1447, was the first modern slave dealer. Slaves were first brought to the colony of Virginia by Dutch Calvinists, in 1620. — The price of a slave in ancient Rome, varied from £161, to £1614. In America from $250 to $400. The entire expense of a slave on a plantation '.n Carolina, is $35 a year, while the wages alone of a white man are $600. In New Orleans admitting a slave with- in a Sunday school is, for the first ofience, $500 ; and for the second, the punishment of death ! A Miss Crandell, of Canterbury in the States, has unflinchingly persevered in teaching the young people of color, in this district, the ordinary branches of education. The ladies of Edinburgh, Scotland, as a testimony of their admiration of her conduct, have forwarded to her a handsome present of books, by the hands of a Mr. Thompson, now on a mission advocating the cause of negroes and colored people in the United States. A plan- ter in Carolina, punishes his slaves by nailing them down, partially, in coffins! „.:.:„.„,. _ ... . ^.^^ .i — . /. /.'nr- ^ AND TUiS VMTED STATES. 31 ea, which !, fetched and two * i;2,ri87. land lets ensburgh, ind upon to Lord an acre, i unheard ), but, in Jops, are rni a hold bushel of he office ular, and porta tioa •ve a mil. to found »'hich he itudinous isejf that y enjoins and good city, was The en- and hor- ladelphia •rtuguese ivere first 1620.— 3 £1614. ' a slave [es alone ave with- B second, iry in the g people «. The lmira4ion of books, ating the A plan, partially, .-l„3.'li-: ■ 62. At the stcani-boat stations, boyt* attend, afier the manner of coach-ofliccs in Loudon, with llie daily papers: if you buy and require change, demand it before parting with your silver, other- wise you will see neither of them again. 0.3. L'pon executions within the IJridwell at New York, tho sheriff is not allowed a de- puty. The culprit i>s placed under tiu; beam, with one end of tho cord round his r.cck, and the other lixed to an immense weight above, wJiich, at a given signal, is rolled oil*, the sulferer instantly drawn up, and thus suspended till he dies. Transportation beyond seas, is a mode of punishmjnt unknown in America. 64. 'J'he size of an American rille ball for shooting deer and hears, is GO to a pound ; that for the buffalo and elk, .50 ; and prac tising at a mark, from GO to 80. Their chief sword, rifle, and pistol factories are in Middleton, county of Middlesex, and Lancas. ter, Pennsylvania. Principal armories are at Springfield, 87 miles from Boston, and inchiding a cannon foundr}', at Richmond, Vir- gijiia; in which town is a monumental church, built on the ruins of the theatre, consumed by fire on the night of December 26, ISli, during the rehearsal of a play, when 72 persons were killed, includ. ing the governor, G. W. Smith, Esq. one of the actors, by the name of Cone, who escaped this conflagration, afterwards became a most eminent preacher in New York. At Harper's ferry, is a large gua establishment, also an elegant stone arsenal at Rome near A^. bany, and a national one in Watertown near Boston, besides those of individual states, as that of New York, Mhich alone has eleven arsenals. The leading cannon foundry is at Chambers Creek : whilst in that of Richmond, 500 pieces have been already cast. — . Delaware state contains the best gunpowder nhds: those at Man. Chester, Conn, have been twice blown up during the last six months. The chief shot-towers are in Herculaneum, on the Mississippi, with one, 160 feet high, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : great beds of coal are found in this district, and around Pittsburg, which from its numerous factories, potteries, distilleries, &c. disgorging clouds of coal smoke, may be considered the Birmingham of America : indeed, on one side of it, is a village so called, and on the other, the town of Manchester. The treasurer of the Pittsburg Mission, ary Society, lately received $1000 anonymously. There are 24 Benevolent Societies in America, with an income of $584,000 : the first was formed in 1798, the last in 1830. I saw, in many houses, gun barrels and bayonets, as fire pokers, which, on inspection, proved to be Erglish. They were,a sort of heir loom, received by their progenitors from England, when under the sway of tho British Empire. 65. The theatres are the Park, Richmond Hill, and the Bow. cry, having a much admired portico. The first American theatre was erected in Virginia. Constables are admitted within them to preserve order. Shakespeare's hoad, Nassau street, is the theatri- vll M 33 irOTBI OV CAIfAUA i l'«i' cal rendezvous or Drury Lane Harp of New York. The number of tragic productions, by native writers, does not exceed six. Charles Kemble and his daughter, now in America, have already reahzed 840,000 : and Master Burke, from the Surry theatre, accumulated a fortune : Wilkinson, from the Adelphi, is here, and a great fa< vourite at the Park. When a distinguished English actor is to perform, it is usual to put up the boxes to auction the previous morning. The Italian Opera, though attempted, does not prosper : in Rome, Florence, and Sienna only do they speak the Italian lan- guage, which has twelve dialects, as it is written. 66. It ^vx>uld be dangerous for our inimitable Matthews to re* visit America, because of his far-famed delineation of the Yankee. Jonathan has no objection to laugh at others, but much aversion to be laughed at himself. In this respect John Bull has clearly the advantage, for are not Matthews' entertainments levelled exclusive. ly against the follies of his countrymen ? but do they, on that account, esteem either of them the less? Certainly not, but, on the contrary, admire them the more. It forcibly reminds me of those ale-house politicians who, in their great wisdom, denounce the assumed want of liberality in their superiors, whilst, at the same time, if one of their number dare dissent from the rest, he risks being either knocked down instanter, or as unceremoniously kicked into the street. This I soon found to be the opinion of the theatrical sages in New York, but so far as Mr. Matthews is concerned, proved to be incorrect ; as this gentleman paid a second visit to America in 1834, and was received with unbounded applause. A Mr. Matthews being here subject to those unpleasant visitants, yclept sheriffs, built a house, wherein he resides, and sets John Doe and Richard Roe at defiance, situated in two states, three counties, and four towns; viz : New York and Vermont States : Renselaer, Bennington, and Washington counties ; Shaftsbury, Bennington, White Creek, and Hoosack towns. 67, The professions of penmanship, in this city, embellish vrith ornamental writing, ladies' albums and scrap books. I re- raemb' r, when at school, a gentleman occasionally attending to flourish in the titles of our ciphering books, which, being in good practice, realised him £1000 annually ; but doing so in ladies' fan* cy books, is a novelty originating with the ingenious Mr. Gad Ely, whose specimens at 174 Broadway, are the nearest approaches to Langford and Genery, of any I had ever seen. Langford retired upon a considerable fortune, acquired in his academy, Haydon* square, Minories; and Genery, of Mile-end Grove, on another from private teaching. 08. The United States Congress — formed and held at Chester, 1774— -first met in their capital of Washington, 1800 ; consists of 48 senators, 213 representatives, and 3 delegates — each 47,700 in* habitants send a representative — who receives $8 a day during sea* AIVD m VmTBB ITATM. ss ■ton, and $8 for every 20 miles ho travels, which allowance, last sitting, amounted to $555,480 ; ofBcers and clerks salaries $32,900; printing, stationary, and fuel $182,500: some put the emolumenta of printer at the large sum of $60,000 a year. Their forms of business are taken from those of the British parliament : speakers in the senate are regarded with remarkable apathy, neither applauso nor censure being allowed, sitting also uncovered ; both which, however, are optional in the chamber of representatives. A sen- ator is elected for six, and a representative for two years. The pre- sident, who has a cabinet composed of the secretaries of state, war treasury, navy, and the attorney general, must be 36 years of age, and a natural born citizen : he is elected for 4 years, has $25,000, and his vice president, who, ex officio, is head of the senate, has $5,000 per ann. In the election both of president and members, much corrupt influence is exerted. Its principal orators are Messrs. Wirt, Hayne, Webster, and McDuffie. During last war, a mem- ber one day proposed abolishing the English language throughout the Union, and substituting the French ; not, however, being second- ed, he took nothing by his motion. Its eternity of words exceeds calculation ; a single speech, apt to be tricked out with barbarous latin, will last several hours, and others, by adjournment, many days. Each member is accommodated with a chair, desk, writing mate, rials and a brass spittoon. Boys, neatly dressed, act as messenger- attendants : their general occupation in writing letters and folding newspapers, induced a member to observe, lately "the house of re- presentatives consists of a large number of printers' boys ; " during their sitting a flag is unfurled from the dome of each wing, which is struck upon adjournment. Upon the door of the strangers* gal- lery in the senate house, is this notice, " Gentlemen will be pleased not to put their feet on the board in front of the gallery as the dirt from them falls on members' heads." There is an exclusive gal- lery for ladies, and another for reporters, who have a free admis- sion, whilst this indulgence to a London paper costs the proprietor a fee of £30 per session to the door-keeper. An engraved plan of the house, procurable at the door, points out the places and names of members. The library of Congress, principally bought of Pre- sident Jefferson, consists of 16,000 volumes ; whilst that of our House of Commons comprises but 4,150. Divine service being performed in the Congress Chamber on Sundays, it is then fashion- ably attended. The chaplain has $500, Sergeant at arms $1,500, and doorkeeper $1,450 per ann. If a member die during session, he is buried by the state^and mourned for 30 days, by a piece of black crape round the arm. The capitol — covered with white- wash, to conceal being burnt by the British in 1814 — includes the senate and house of representatives, and cost $2,000,000. Under the dome is a gloomy vaulted hall, called the Caucus ; the soubri. quet of an electioneering committee, being a corruption of calker. < \i m 34 2fOT£S OX CANADA I : I' 'i meetins, which originated amongst the Hhipping interest of Bos. ton. The names of iheir poHtical |)artic8 are Patent Democrats^ Old Schoolmen, Hartford Conventionalists, and JilueMght Men ; those of no party are denominated Quids. Candidates of doubt, ful principles are called Stump? ; whilst " Go a-head," and " Go the whole hog" are also common political phrases. The members' re- freshment, or oyster and beefsteak room, is between the capitol and librar>'. Colonel Trumbull has adorned the great hall with four historical paintings, for which he received $32,000. Congress for. merly met with pipes in their mouths ; but lest we should Hture in. credulously at this anecdote, our parliament of Nova Scotia, n few years since, assembled round a common table, headed by its speak* er, with a long cane under his arm, with which, instead of a res. pectful call to order, he would beat refractory members into order. Political squabbling often prevails, the ms and outs holding oppo. site opinions of the same thing : thus the partizans of Gen. Jack, son, nick-named Old Hickory, were liberal in their invectives againjt the extravagance of the Adams administration, promising, in the event of succeeding him, very large retrenchments. How. ever, when this took place, and the General occupied the presiden- tal chair, it fell out that even his first year's expenditure exceeded, by two million dollars, that of his predecessor. Tho following ex- tract from tho Indiana Register, exhibits the novelty of an aspirant to senatorial honors, unable to write his name : " Mr. Printer, please insert in your psper that I stand candidate in opposition to Colonel Paxton, and W. Todd, for the legislature. — Abraham Miller, X hia lAark." A minor, at this election, writing tho figures 21 upon a slip of paper, placed it in his shoe, then putting it on, swore that ho was aftore twenty-one. Much obloquy rests upon General Ross for burning ths capitol, in 1814 ; this is, however, unjust, for the of. lence, if any, would not have been committed, had the Americans refrained from firing on the British flag of truce, killing thereby the general's horse : whilst their army, under General Harrison, upon invading Canada in 1812, wantonly fired an entire Moravian village ; and the next year, commanded by General M'Clure, as callously burnt the whole town of Newark. Many, in picturing the Old Gentleman, are not contented with paint, but resort to the ink-pot and lay it on with a mop. The civil officers of the state are affable and agreeable, which, in America, are implied by the "word clever. The civil list expenditure is circa $1,600,000. It is not unusual for a new President to displace, from political motives, hundreds of public oflScers, which, of all grades, are about 40,000, The higher functionaries of the state, are generally of much ex. perience ; many now living having previously figured in the various characters of farmer^, justices, lawyers, judges, senators, and war- riors. And among the less aspiring class of citizens, I have often met those who have boon preachers, schoolmasters, doctors, and in of Boa. 'mocraiSf ^t Men ; f doubt. " Go the Dera' re. pitol and itii four ress for. stare in- a, n few speak, a res. o order. ig oppo. I. Jack. vectives omising^ How. •residen. cceeded, ving ex. aspirant r, pleaso Colonel r, X his I upon a e that ho Ross for r the of. lericans thereby arrison, bravian lure, as icturing to the le state by the . It is notives, 40,000, ich ex. various nd war. re often I and in AND TUB UNITED STATKI. 35 the arena of 20 trades before hitting upon a successful, id. est. right one. As regards personal habits and deportment, Washing, ton is far the most agreeable city in the Union : its hackney coach, es are numerous but dear, conveying to and from a party being $3. Waiters in its hotels, servants generally and the lower artizans are all slaves. Upon refreshments being taken into the saloon of the White house, at the President's levees, the salvers are often obliged to be escorted, to prevent their clearance by unbidden guests. Tho first act of parliament relative to any part of America, was in 1548, and appertained to the Newfoundland fishery ; to encourage which William and Mary, in 1690, passed a law conferring the title of admiral on the master of the first fishing vessel that arrived, vice- admiral on the second, rear-admiral on the third, and so on. Tho first newspaper appeared so late as 1807, and was called " The Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser." When the bank fishery prevailed, the sea around the banks was always calmed by pumping water out of ships carrying oil. In the presidency of Washington, Congress debated this question three days — " Is not America the most enlightened nation upon earth ? " which wa3 de- cided in the affirmative ; and their last President in his tour through Maine, told the good people thereof, " the United States are cer- tainly the most enlightened people in the world," ergo, brother Jon. athan may, therefore, very reasonably be excused entertaining elevated notions both of his country and himself. 69. In an apartment of Tamany Hall — from St. Tamany, their tutelar saint — a large building in the Park, a society, similar to that attempted to be established in tho Rotunda, Blackfriara Road, by the notorious Robert Taylor, has its meetings, but Avith- out success, as all denominations most cordially unite in condemn, ing it. Blasphemy is not permitted in the States, being severely punished by the authorities, as recently evidenced at Boston, in the case of the Rev. A. Kneeland. 70. Americans are always anxious after news from the old country ; fast sailing cutters constantly cruising off Sandy Hook, to intercept the packets coming in. There is an immensity of Bri- tish capital, which, when combined with language and the laws, produce also a reciprocity of feeling in the Union. As a proof of the good understanding Avhich exists between the two states, a bill for ie280,000 was recently remitted to Liverpool, and discounted there, by one house, at 2^ per cent. The American national debt, 1823, was $90,777,431 ; one sixth of which was held by the British ; a ninth by the Dutch ; and $2,060,683 by other foreign, ers. In about a year, being $39,123,191 in 1831, her public debt will be paid off. This has nothing to do with the debt of individ. ual states ; as that of Alabama, New York, Pennsylvania, Louisi. ana, Mississippi, Ohio, or Virginia. Each state has a civil list, and distinct establishment to support ; hence, when it is said that six. F 36 MOTBf Oy CArVABA millions a.year discharge all expenses of the government, this may be pretty rightyrartiona//y, but far otherwise coUeciivehj. 71. The question of the sea serpent, on which so much doubt has been thrown, may now bo contiHlernd asset at rest ; for whilst I was in America, it was one day reported in Boston, to be then off that city. Thereupon a btcam boat, having on board upwards of a hundred ladies and gentlemen, put out. In about an hour they came up with three of these monsters of the deep ; they were sporting on the waves ; during which one of them raised himself so far above the water, as satisfied the spectators that he must have been 150 feet long. Two then disappeared, but the third, without any signs of fear approached within a few feet of the ship, and re- mained so long, as to convince those on board that it was upwards of 90 feet in length. 72. Much of the verbosity in law proceedings, criminal, as well as civil, is removed from the American jurisprudence ; inso- much that I have seen deeds of mortgage completed in two small sheets, and an indictment for felony in two lines. The perfect equa- lity, however, between judge, counsel, jury, tipstaff, and auditors, in an American court of law, divests its proceedings of all preten- sions to solemnity. Their legal functionaries, save the seven su- preme judges at Washington, wear no official costume ; but vhilst they observe it in their church, army, and navy, their conduct in this particular is somewhat inconsistent. In one of their courts behind the Bridewell, a plaintiff seeking redress for the loss of some clo- ver seed, stated to have been destroyed in the defendant's mill, a member of the bar hit off a. jeud^ esprit, implying — In such a cause, a lawyer fco'd, Might well make people laugh; . - ' ' ■ Since he, as surely, took the *eerf, . ' , And jrave his client the cZtcrjf. Actions for libel are intermi'mble, but from their mitigatory mode of proceeding, carry less dnmages than in England. 73. Hence, it should appear that Jonathan has a cacocthes for pasquinading ; a term said to take its rise from a mutilated statue, of a similar cognomen, at Rome, standing in the corner of a palace belonging to the Ursini, on which were wont to be stuck certain lampoons against their gieat men. Others derive it from an old cobbler, in that ancient city, by the name of Pasquin, celebrated for his jibes and sneers ; and who amused himself by passing his jokes on all the people that went through the street in which he had his stall. 74. Of the 56 signers of the declaration of independence, 9 were born in Massachusetts ; 7 in Virginia ; 6 in Maryland ; 5 in Connecticut ; 4 in New Jersey ; 4 in Pennsylvania ; 4 in South Carolina ; 3 in New York ; 3 in Delaware ; 2 in Rhode Island ; 1 in Maine ; 3 in Ireland ; 2 in England ; 2 in Scotland ; and 1 in Wales. Of these 21 were attornies, 10 merchants, 4 physicians, Ayi» TUB vyitmy aTATBS. 37 as ; 5 in South 1 in 3 farmers, I clergymjin, 1 printer, and 10 men of fortune. Mr. Car- roll, the last survivor, who was head of the Catholics, immensely rich, and grandfather to .Marchioness Wcjlcsley, died recently at IJaltimore, aged 90. The average age of the whole is sixty. five years. At Williamstown, Massachusetts, the late Earl of iialcar. ras, on his marcii to Cambridge, as prisoner in the revolutionary war, was obliged to mount a chair, in his di«figured garments, ia order to gratify the federalists with this specimen of a real lord. 75. Drinking and smoaking are excessive in New York, tho* boasting 200,000 Temperance members in its state. Foreign wines — America consuming 6,000,000 gallons annually — are highly tax- ed : Madeira $5 and Port $3 per bottle. Adulteration has no lim- its in the distilleries of tho city, which derives a revenue of 630,. 800 from its taverns. Louisville, on the Ohio, has tho largest dis- tillery, and New York state, about 1,200. Victuallers do business in the Loch-re fashion, that is, money in one hand and liquor in tho other. America not producing chalk, accounts for no scores. Bran- dy, rum, and gin, is. 4d. and whiskey, 6d., York, per quart ; which is dog cheap, a term that does not well ap »ly in tho states, since it costs them $10,000,000 a year for victualling 1,300,600 of the canine tribe. Bacchanalian orgies are called scales. In Queen Elizabeth's days, a tea-spoonful of rum or brandy was thought a proper dose, being then sold by druggists only, at so much per oz. Temperance societies, though 3,000 strong in the Union, unitedly suppressing 260 stills, and materially lessening the practice of law- yers and physicians, have much up-hiU '.ork in the good city of New York; wherein are 1,600 spirit or grocery shops, and 3,000 licensed dealers : some of these stores have it in contemplation to introduce the Moscow custom, of stationing two boys at the door- way, to operate as decoy ducks. Whole tax levied on the inhabi- tants of Hopkinton, Massachusetts, about 1800, by the ardent spi- rit mania, would pay the state, county, town, parish, school and highway rates, and yet leave a balance of $2,500 in the treasury. To the head, pockets, and bottle of a drunkard, may be applied the alphabetical conundrum of M.T. (empty.) N.York state, containing 762 towns, has 1112 Temperance societies, 44 temperance taverns — selling wine and malt liquor only — 250 stores no longer vending spirits, and above 1,000 merchants declining the sale of distilled liquors ; whilst 100 stills have been abandoned. America in 1824, consumed $60,000,000 for strong waters ; now reduced one third. The deaths, in summer, by drinking cold water without any cor- rective, have much increased at New York among those laborers who are members of Temperance Societies, which were first in- troduced by Dr. Clark, at Moreau, Saratoga county, in 1808. To such extremes have these societies here arrived, that at the sacra- mental tables of some altars, buttermilk and lemonade luperctd* the u«e of wine. I *j w iSi i . I; '.'si \ k 38 ItOTKS ON CANADA 76. Although prohibited, under 20, unless advised by the fa- culty, you still meet I: -s in the streets smoaking cinnamon segars, which at Boston and Baltimore is a fine of $2. Tobacco is Is. per lb. and segars a cent each. On a modo/ate calculation there are 400,000 segar smoakers in the U. S., that puff away nine mil- lion dollars annually ; also 600,000 chewers, and 500,000 snuffers, 'vhoso amiable propensities cost seven millions sterli»ig a year. A nibber of snuff, as practised by girls in Maryland, is rubbing snuff witi the fore-finger round the inside of the mouth. 77. Dress making, in this city, is a sorry business ; its ladies get theirs basted for a few cents, and by finishing the affair them- selves, save half a doMar : upon the credit of this sleight of hand economy, they spend many eagles, saying nothing of ruining half the seamstresses in the city, who are also tailoresses, one house alone emj/joying 500. These thrifty dames have another mode of injuring their less for mate countrywomen : female parties meet at each other's houses to quilt a counterpane, which is effected in divers meetings, at an outlay to the Bee hostess, of 840; whilst a seamstress one, '•ame quality, costs but $2. This economical mania reminds me of the period when, in England, it was fashion- able for ladies to make their own shoes ! so that when congregat- ing at tea parties, it was the ton to convey, by porter in a box, miss or madam's ^hoe-making materials. Notwithstanding the om- nipotence of fashion, lap-stones, however, were very soon disco- vered to be great hindrances to small talk, and therefore as spee- dily abandoned. I wish equal results to the quilting ladies of New York, the travellers to and from which exceed 20,000 persons daily. 78. Carts for conveying baggage which, in Northern states is called plunder, aro dear and numerous, being 2,250 cartmon and 160 porters. Their favorite horse-names are Duke, Darby, Buck and Bright; and expression, upon a good job, " We shall clear up three load this AifcA." 79. Respectable emigrants, longsettli:d, have assured me that they never enjoy i sound sleep, or cz/s to invoke its aid but by snatches and at long intervals. Emigration to this city in 1332, was 49,000, oC which 3,690 returned to Eng. land. On viewing the open parts of New York, they forcibly re- mind one of the approaches to Zacra, the immense desert of Ara- bia: in crossing which, the great danger to be apprehended, is the failure of a spring : thus, in 1798, ^ caravan from Morocco, comprising 2000 men and 1000 camels, all perished ^fiom want of water. 80. The choral service in their chapels is extremely well-con- ducted, especially in that of Chatham-street^ formerly a theatre, but now dedicated to public worship : wherein Luther's hymn formed part of the service for the last Sunday evening I spent in New York. The choir executed it with a solemn sweetness which, for a church ritual, surpassed any that I had ever heard. The ef- AT«D THE UNITED STATBS. 39 I>y the fa. Jon segjirs, acco is Is. ition there y nine mil- )0 snuffers, a year. A )bing snuff its ladies iffair them, ht of hand uining half one house er mode of rties meet effected in 40; whilst iconomical as fashion, congregat. r in a box, tig the om- ioon disco, •e as spec, iesof New sons daily, rn stales is rtm»n and rby, Buck II clear up ngsettl.d, or ca/ 3 to Imigration sd toEng. Tcibly re. rt of Ara- ended, is Morocco, torn want well-con. n theatre, r's hymn spent in B3 which, The ef. feet, however, was much impaired, by alms-takors, during its con- tinuance, pursuing their avocations from pew to pew, the letting and sale whereof, are generally negociated through the papers. All places of public worship, in Now York state, are called churches, but in most others, meeting-houses or chapels, in which woman is jjronoupoed after its ancient ortho^^raphy of womman ; and wherein alone, such is the restless activity of Jonathan, does he assume the air of leisure and repose. Although Americans are considered a more moral people than any otlier, still in the two states of Virginia and N. Carolina, it has been ascertained that there are 1,618,000 non-professors of religion. A thanksgiving day is regularly appointed, once a year at least, by the various governors of the respective states, on which occasion a roasted turkey is eaten by persons of every condition. 81. The only two pieces of national music possessed by the Americans, is "Hail Columbia!" composed by Judge Hopkinson, and " Yankee Doodle" by a Yorkshire druiVfmer boy. Milk {'.dulter. uted afier the Parisian mode, with wafer, wheat flour and sugar can- dy, is served from immense tins, in carts, at 3d per quart : a line or walk sells for «^400. In Lower Canada, during winter, it is brought to market in bags, put up in frozen cakes. 82. There are 100 auc- tioneers in the city, whose annual duties average $220,000: their hammers are eternally on the move : six cents per dollar include all charges. On selling heavy dry goods, they take their stand outside the store, and, with fheir bidders, occiij■' reasons, i jring with e host do. rectified, ch so ably lij is per. ;r Yankee ilot boats ng Island eral thou, board the banquets, p, served linty. It md is fast d Beach, . Stevens )ottom of $100,000 ear. Ho- account. frequent passed a any way s of citi. udes, are od thing, liqueurs. 87. Travelling in the States, may in a great measure be de- frayed by shaving, that is, buying, in one town, notes payable in another, or to which you are going : they are obtained at lottery offices and brokers, or shavers. Vide, Notes 13 and 54. An llli. nois farmer, desirous of changing his location, sold his farm for j£700, and made a circuit of the States in search of another. How do you suppose he succeeded ? — Why, he is now a laborer where he was formerly master. Upon ancient trees adjacent to the coast- ing part .)f New York, strange characters are often deciphered: they arc the remains of Buccaneers, as clues to their depots of concealed treasure. 88. One day at the Park C(jiTee house, I read in the Western Review, " Our stock of paper being out, we are compelled to fur- nish you with a small sheet. P. S. Next week's Review will not be published till week after next.^^ Another Western editor apolo- gised for his paper's non-appearance, because *' he had no time, and the tooth ache." A Pennsylvanian editor announced his own marriage with somebody he left blank, because she did not like to see her name in print. And another " Wanted, as a wife, a young lady with 4000 dollars, of a sweet temper, a good housewife, and born in America. Send cards to 15 Pearl-street." A Mr. Potter of this city, taking into consideration the difficulties of a connubial advertisement, has established an agency olncc, alter the Parisian plan, for negociating marriages, wliich are here performed by a magistrate, in five minutes, and at a charge of one dollar. So also in many States (Michigan for instance) is a divorce, on being de- sired by both parties. In the last sitting of the Missouri Executive, forty couplo conformably to their prayer, were separated a vincu- li matrimoni : whilst the legislative journals of Cincinnati, for 1834, exhibit the petitions oC five hundred individuals for divorce ! Males ut 17, and females at 14, are legally capable of contracting mar- i' ';jr. P zing my sojourn, a marriage took place at the oldPeau- ■ fsro-" meeting house, Bridgeport, sanctioned by both parents, in «'! i< ii neither party exceeded the age of ten years ! I likewise saw a ma- led couple, each under eighteen, and still the happy parents ofsix children. An unmarried female is distinguished from a mar- lied one, by having the christian name appended to miss ; to the latter it is omitted. Marriage is sometimes a loop-hole for the escape of delinquents ; as, recently, Mr. Hilard under arrest for perjury, in Irasburgh jail, Vermont; by marrying in prison, the only evi- dence, Miss Bailey, thus defeated justice. Damages for breach of promise in marriage are managed ditferently to the old country : miss Landers of Maysville, Kentucky, laid hers against a Mr. W arren, at ^500, but the jury insisted on given her $800, The same rule appears to be observed in cases of crim. con. F. Guerin, baker. New York, versus A. Strozzi, school-teacher, put his at some $5000, but he was awarded $10,000. The punishment here •i-i< ' 1 fc:^ 42 JCOTES OiX CANADA : to a man for beating his wife, is six months digging for stone on Blackwell's, anciently Varken Island, near the city, which has lately purchased it for a penitentiary. Strangers are cautioned against visiting those hauntiS of corruption, the Five Points, or Do- ver Road of New York. An old bachelor in Ohio, as a set off against General M'Clure's suggestion to tax bachelors, proposed " If the government will give me the exclusive privilege of releas- ing all those who wish to be unmarried, in the United States, I will pledge myself to pay off the national debt in five years." The legislature of this state recently passed a law, granting a di- vorce to either party, who could prove that the other had been ha- bitually drunk for two years : whilst, in China, a man may divorce his wife, if she be given too much to talking. 89. In the City Hall, I one day saw a woman come in to sign a deed be? \^he judge. On finding she was married, he asked her, as is Uc<. i such cases, if her husband compelled her to sign ? " He compel l. she replied with much scorn, " no, nor twenty like him." 90. A circumstance analogous to the foregoing, oc- curred whilst I was at Edmund Hall, Oxford, and may be told in the following eight lines : . 'Tn'ixt footman John and Dr. Toe, * A rivalship befell, , : • 'Twas wlio should bo the happy beau, ;' And bear away the belle. The footman caught the lady's heart, And who can blame her ? Nomau! The whole prevailed against the part, i, ' . . ^j.i 'Twas Foot-man versus Toe-man. 91. The Illinois, now fast peopling, contains 37,056,000 acres. It was admitted into the Union in 1818, and then had but 35,220 inhabitants, (a territory will not in future be admitted, unless it con- tains 60,000 free inhabitants^ which in 1830 was encroased to 200,000. Its legislature comprises 54 members : Vandalia, its ca- pital, is watered by the Kaskaskias ; and though the wilderness un- til 1821, now contains an antiquarian society. It abounds in prai- ries, a French word denoting a meadow, or plains formed by fires kindled every autumn, to burn useless trees, long grass, and dried leaves: they become, on cultivulion, fine arable lands. There aro 28,237,859 Jicros of public landa for sale, at 81,25 per acre, to which no dispute as to title, like Kentucky and Tennessee, ever arises. That portion lying between the Illinois and Mississippi, (3,500,000 acres) has been assigned as bounty lands, by Congress, to those soldiers who enlisted during the last war : many receiving 320 acres each, which if held by them for three years, are ever af. ter exonerated from all taxes. It is, however, safer to buy of the government than the soldiery, although great fortunes have been made by speculating in the military lands. Mr. Stephen Munn, of New York, has been a large purchaser. Many tavfern keepers in , ,■ ■■!■ ,» stone on kvhich has cautioned Its, or Do- I a set off proposed of releas- States, I e years." iting a di- d been ha. ay divorce in to sign he asked sr to sign ? or twenty 'going, oc- le told in . -'I -,»■ -;- *■!': > ,000 acres, ut 35,220 less it con- jreased to lia, its ca- erness un- ds in prai- }d by fires and dried There are r acre, to !see, ever [ississippi, Congress, receiving re ever af- buy of the tiave been I Munn, of weepers in AND THX UmTED STATES. 43 this state, with Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, are officers in the militia, and sometimes justices of the peace, which confer also the title of judge. 92. An emigrant, in settling, must first be content with a shan. ty of unhewn logs, roofed in with undressed shingles : the floor is made of logs, split into thick planks. The chimney crevices should be well secured. A few dollars will pay for the erection. A kit> chen, smoke, spring, and milk house, a corn crib and a log barn, with a wagon shed, will be all the buildings needed for a while — a frame or brick house, with suitable out-buildings, may be erected hereafter. Laborers and mechanics, exclusive of board, receive a dollar per day. All farm work is performed by men, Americans not allowing white women, save at Wethersfield, near Hartford, to labor in the fields. E. Birdseye, of Connecticut, has invented a machine for making shingles, price $15, which produces 240 per minute. The good people of Salem, in this state, have passed an ordinance, rendering it a penal offence for boys to be found licking the bung holes of sugar casks ! No country has greater facilities for raising live stock of all kinds. If objecting to the fatigue of clear- ing wild land, there are backwoodsmen always to be found, who,for a few dollars advance on the original cost, will sell their improve- ments and retire further into the forest, which, in America, is so daficient in underwood as to be easily traversed by pedestrians and oa horseback. Tiio white hunter population, about 1,500, are those who have fled from various parts of America into Arkansas, to es- cape the severity of the laws and indulge in unrestrained passion. They subsist by the chase, and are little better than savages : their usual food, as in all woodland districts, is pork, venison, and hom- mony, or boiled Indian corn, first found in Saint Domingo, which is sown like potatoes, though not so far apart, by dropping two or three grains into a hole made by a hoe. In the same state of this people's adoption, who to guard themselves against a rattlesnake, when in the woods, stuff their boots with the leaves of the white-ash tree, is a celebrated salt prairie, several miles in extent, covered with a chrystallized salt, six inches deep. The celebrated antidote for the bite of a rattlesnake, tor which S. Carolina rewarded Caesar, the negro, who discovered it, with his freedom and an annuity of £100, is a bruised plantain or hoarhound leaf taken inwardly, with another of tobacco moistened with rum applied to the wound. In Liberty Hall, S. Carolina, a storekeeper advertises, " whiskey given in exchange for rattlesnakes." 93. The great swamp, 60 miles long and 5 wide, begins in Missouri county ; the watnr of the river by this name, resembles thick water gruel, and is much increased by a large stream called The Good Woman river. Sluggish rivers are called bayous. Dis- mal Swamp, Virginia, (for improving which a lottery is now in ope- ration) in 30 miles long and 10 broad. The Missouri lead mines m ml 44 NOTES ON CANADA '1 cover an area of 3,000 miles : excellent ore is found in the town, ship of Salisbury, Connecticut. Many rivers in Kentucky, which abounds in ancient fortifications, present perpendicular banks of 300 feet, of solid limestone, surmounted by an ascent several hun> dred feet high. In the state of Indiana, in the beginning of last year, upwards of 10,000 wooden clocks were sold by pedlars, at $30 each; from this sort of prank, it is now a law in S.Carolinn, that no Yankee pedlar shall sell Connecticut clocks in that state ; these gentry, however, evade this enactment, by leasing them out for 99 years ! Judges in provincial courts, as those of Vermont, receive something short of $200 per annum, tand a secretary of state about half as much. The North American Review, doubtless to prove the extravagant liberality of his countrymen, assures them that the judges of ancient Athens received but 7^ cents, or three pence three farthings per day ! The following notice in the Salem Gazette, shows that the office of judge will sometimes go begging, "Raleigh, N. Carolina. The executive council have been notified to meet, the 10th of next month, for the purpose of making a third attempt to beg some gentleman of the bar to accept the office of judge of the highest court in our state.'* In this capital ^Raleigh^ is the statue of General Washington by Canova, the most celebrated work of art in all America. A friend once travelling in Vermont, saw a farmer-looking man unloading a cart laden with bags of wool, which he carefully arranged in a retail store. This proved to be Mr. Palmer, the then governor of the state. N. B. Connecticut was originally granted, by the British, to the lords Brooke, and Say and Sele. 94. The Ininois is preferred by the emigrant, from its easiness of access, by cheap and convenient modes of travelling. It pro- duces timber of almost every variety. Large, high, and dense woods indicate the best soil. It raises all kinds of grain and corn: beef and pork, horses, tobacco, lead, excellent vegetables, and wine. All sorts of fruit arrive at great perfection. Coal mines were first discovered at Alton in this state. The first boat constructed on the Illinois river, is jpalled Coldwater, being a temperance steamer : the owners, builders, and sailors are a" temperance men : no kind of spirit is allowed on board : she commenced running Aug. 1834. — The Desireyof 120 tons, was the first ship thai sailed, 1036, from America to England. 700 now leavo her ports without ardent spirits. 95. Cost and expense of a farm of 320 acres in the Illinois -: 160 acres of prairie at $1, 25 per acre $200 Fencing it in four fields, 40 acres each, fence 8 rails high, 160 Cost of cabins, stables, corn cribs, Z of Inst diars, at tlina, that ie ; these ut for 99 , receive ate about to prove n that the ence three Gazette, * Raleigh, meet> the ittempt to go of the he statue work of nt, saw a of wool, ^ed to be >nnecticut ooke, and 3 easiness It pro. and dense and corn: and wine, were first ed on the mer: the 10 kind of . 1834.— 036, from int spirits. Illinois I ...$200 jh, 160 ... 120 . .. 320 ... 20O •1000 Note. Fences, as in Canada, are worm, or zigzag : long pieces of split timber, laid on one another without fastening. 96. An emigrant should take out a fair supply of clothing, bed- ding and linen. The farmer would also do well to provide himself with the iron work of agricultural implements. Illinois, from its fertility and capability of sustaining a vast population, is one of the finest of the Western States. Its summers are less intense and winters more mild, than those bordering the mountain ranges : whilst its inhabitants, though plain and blunt, are sincere in their hospitality. It is called by the Fiench a terrestrial paradise. — There is a demand for public teachers ; every description of arti- zans, the mechanic and husbandman. A. stranger coming amongst them with a disposition to be pleased with the country and its peo- ple will be received with open arms. A gentleman lately travelling from Paoli to Vincennes, Indiana, a distance of 65 miles, counted 400 wagons moving emigrants to Illinois and Missouri. As farming cannot be taught by books, I do not presume to make it a subject fur my pen, 97. If emigrants choose favorable situations, have comforta- ble houses as soon as possible ; dress suitably when sudden changes come on, and not expose themselves to inclement weather, they will have good health. 98. The Illinois, wherein a number of proscribed French officers, in 1817, settled themselves on 100,000 acres of land, is part of the Mississippi, and comprises the follow, ing states and territories : West Florida; Alabama; Louisiana — so named, in 1682, by the then French governor of Canada, and pur- chased by the United States from France, in 1803, for $15,000,000, and formerly denoted the whole of the French possessions in North America — Ohio — wherein the sale of a pack of cards subjects the seller to a fine of $50 — Indiana : Illinois; Missouri — at the gates of the rocky mountains, on the Missouri's course, the rocks rise 1200 feet perpendicularly from the water's edge, for nearly six miles, whilst the river is but 150 yards wide ; hence the gloomi- ness of the passage baffles description — Kentucky — first settled by one John Coles, at a place called half-way house : its populous town of Toddy is noted for a remarkable rise in commerce and agri- , culture — Tennessee — snow at ten inches deep, in this state, is con- sidered uncommon, and ten days an extraordinary time for its du- ration, winter resembling the spring of New England — Michigan — emigration to which has been strong since 1818, when the U. S- first sold its lands, which are of unrivalled exc^l'^nce, though some, what marshy — Arkansas ; West Pennsylvania; , W^est Virginia — in this region exclusively real estate is not liable for debt — Mandaa district ; Sioux do. ; Huron do. ; Osage do. ; Ozack do. ; Part of Georgia, North Carolina, and New York, the most populous, but Virginia the largest state ; in all twenty -two. The banks of Ar. kansas and Missouri rivers, produce the graattst abundanc* of :! rf.; Si i i 46 NOTES ON CANADA. i ! I game. On Contrary Creek, Virginia, a rich gold mine has lately been discovered, upon land owned by Mr. Tinder : which, ruuaing a Yankee, he repaired to the district, and buying a small lot, with a rivulet thereon, carefully dropped in a few grains of gold : these he contrived that another should find ; which immediately becoming known, ho soon sold his lot at a hundred times its value. Gold mines are wrought in Georgia, first settled in 1732, also in North and South Carolina, the former state supplying the government with 8128,000 Avorth annually. Since working the gold mines parallel with Blue Ridge, from Georgia to Maryland $«,000,000 in value have been obtained. The estimated produce of the Southern mines for 1835, is $2,500,000. In the gold region of Georgia and North Carolina, traces are discoverable of mines, at some remote period, having been worked in both districts : the remains of brick houses have been discovered on the banks of White River : and in the neighbourhood, the ruins of a city, with parallel streets crossing each other at right angles, traceable in brick foundations one mile long. The first exportation of gold from America to England was this year, in the ship Columbus, captain Cobb, to Liverpool, being 400 eagles for the accommodation of persons leaving that port for New York. The only cash at one time passing in the state of Mis- souri, was a dollar cut into halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths, thence called cut money : a Yankee, however, contriving to cut it into Jive quarters, soon brought it into disrepute. In Virginia ori- ginated Go the whole hog, a political phrase marking the democrat from a federalist : in its capital of Richmond, gambling is carried to great excess. Settlers in this state, and whites generally, are called by the natives, long knives. 99. Should the West encrease her population hereafter, in the same proportion that she has done for the last few years, the ma- jority of the inhabitants of the Union will be in the valley of the Mississippi, 1500 miles long and 600 broad : its mineral resources are so unbounded, as to form, beneath the surface, one vast coal field over the whole extent : though called a valley, it is properly a plain ; its entire elevation differing but a few feet only. Present census is hard upon five millions. Its land fit for cultivation is 640,000,000 acres ; whereof 227,293,000 are unsold, exclusive of 113,577,869, to which the Indian title is about to be extinguished. The curves in the Mississippi are so regular, that boatmen and In- dians, instead of calculating by leagues, do so by its bends. 100. It publishes 350 newspapers weekly, each averaging a sale of 800 copies. It has also lemocrat 3 carried ally, are r, in the the mn- y of the esources vast coal properly Present vation is lusive of iguished. and In< s. raging a Lgazine.* who, at ne river, ved with irk's tra. Stnelfttr, ANB'tHB UXITBD STATES. if Upper Canada, is on a point of land near the junction of tho As- sinniboin with Red river: it was founded in 1812 by 300 Scotch and German faniilios, who can furnish 600 figiiting men : a fort has been built, and mounted with 20 pieces of cannon. Since the carl of Selkirk's dcaJJi, rcccsitly in Franco, from fatigue and vexa- tion in his colony, tho syttlenie it has materially deteriorated. 101. The three grand routes, one of v.hich must be pursued by visitors to the Valley of the Mississippi, from the States east of the AUegahany mountains, are first — by the Lakes on the North: secondly — by the various roails leading fo tliat country from tho coast, beginning in the state of New York, and extending to tho Gulph of Mexico : thirdly — by ship round to Mobilo and New Or- leans, in which laborc>rs are paid $2, and some trades, 83 a day wages. 'J'he voyage is about 10 or 15 days from Nev/ York or Philadelphia ; and from 15 to 20 from Hoston to New Orleans, a most corrupt city, being over-ran with frec-tlilTiking Frenchujen, and barbaric Germans; having also 11 gaming houses, which pay a tax of $13,500 annually. The provincial jiarhament likewise assembles here, which being composed of Creoles and Americans, the former debating in French and the latter in Er.glish, which re- quiring interpreters, greatly extends the business of the .session. The islands in the Mississippi, which Vtith its branches cover 1,500,000 square miles, are too numerous to be named ; they ar© therefore numbered in the hydrographical surveys : a friend, on na- vigating the river, enquired the name of a beautiful island in sight, and was answered 540. 102. An emigrant and family who removed from Boston to II- linois last fall, states his expenditure from Boston to Pittsburgh, via Albany, Buffalo and Erie, to bo 48 dollars ; and on to Jacksonville 53; including board and lorlgii^g. From Wheeling to Louisville, ho took a deck passage ; from Albany to Bulfalo he went by the canal, and from Wheeling to St. Louis by steamlwat. 103. To tho foregoing I subjoin the following useful items : from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, by stage, 300 miles, charge 816, 50. Baltimore to Wheeling 271 m. ^15, .50. Philadelphia via Baltimore to Wheel- ing 402 m. ^18,50. Pittsburgh to Wheeling 59 m. $4, 50. Wheel- ing to Columbus 140 m. $8. Columbus to Cleveland 177 m. SIO, 50. Columbus to Chillicothe 45 m. ^2. Chillicothe to Cincinnati 94 m. 85, 50. Columbus to Cincinnati direct 110 m. 80, 50. Cin- cinnati to Indianapolis 112 m. $5,75. Indianapolis to Madison 83 m. $4. Cincinnati to Lexington 76 m. $4. Lexington to Louia- ville 75 m. $4. Note : the distance from New Orleans to Louis. vile is 1000 miles, and the steamboat fare, including board, a few years since ^100, is now reduced to $30. Louisville to Si. Louis, via Vincennes 207 m. $15, 75. Louisville to Nashville 180 m. $12. Richmond to Cincinnati, via Staunton, Lewisburgh, Charleston, or the Kanaowa and Guydant (by steamboat from tho last named R0TC9 ON CANADA II: place 155 miles) 515 m. $28. Richmond to Kuoxville, Tia Lynch' burgh, Abingdon, Kingsport, etc. 444 m. $28, 50. Dahimore to Richmond, via Norfolk, by steamboat, 37d m. $10. Knoxville to Nashville, via Mac Minvillo 191) m. $12.. Nashville to Memphis 224 m. $15. Nashville to Florence 1 10 m. $8, 25. Huutsville to Tuscaloosa 146 m. ,99. Florence to 'i'uscaloosa 146 m. $9. Tus- caloosa to Montgomery 119 m. $8. Tuscaloosa to Mobile by steam. boat, 450 miles by the river, and 226 by land $12. Augusta to Montgomery, via Milledgeville, Macon, Columbus, etc. 300 m. $18. JMontgomery in steamboat (by stage 180 miles, same fare) 400 m. $12. Mobile to New Orleans 100 m. $12. St. Augustine to Mo- bile circa GOO m. $21. 104. From Boston, New York, Phila- delphia, Baltimore and Richmond — the slaves of which dare not appear in the streets after dark, without a pass from a white — to New Orleans, by a packet ship $00. Note : IJaltimore — founded by lord Baltimore, a catholic, in 1034 — having a magnificent ca- thedral, built from the proceeds of a lottery, and the liberality of a Mr. Carroll, many splendid edifices and schools ; a college, con- vent, and nunnery, with an archbishjp, who is a cardinal and pri. mate of Baltimore, all catholic, is, on that account, cuhed the Rome of America. Lord Baltimore previously colonized part of Newfoundland, which he named Avalon, after Gliisionbury, Somer- setshire, anciently so called,, because the first place in EngLind where Christianity was planted. N. B. Churches, in the Western states, are often built from ihe proceeds of a lottery. Baltimore is social and hospitable, and also called the monumental city, from its numerous mausoleunjs to the memory of the dead. Tne city hotel, in this town, is the largest in the Union : over its coftee-roum door, is this notice, "$5, reward for the discovery of tiie villain who cuts or tears the newspapers." It has the honor of being the first city in the United States, which raised a cenotaph to the me. mory of Washington. Largest and most beautiful catholic edifice in all America, is the cathedral at Montreal, staudtngupon an acre of ground, capable of containing 12,000 persons, and costing up- wards of £100,000. The wife of an auctioneer in this city, hav- ing recently borne him twins, much alike, to distinguish them, he had one christened Ibid, and the other Ditto. 105. The expenses by way of New York ai*e : from N'. York to Albany, including all charges, $3. Albany to Buffalo, by packet boats, $15, 75. Bufialo to Erie, by steamboat, $3. Buffalo to Ash. tabula, by do. $4, 50. Buffalo to Cleveland, by do. $6. From Erie to Beaver, by stage, including all charges, $5, 50. Beaver to Cin- cinnati, by steamboat, $10. Cincinnati to Louisville, by do. $3. Louisville to Shawneetown, by do. $6. Louisville to St. Louis, by do. $12. 106. The route from Cleveland or Ashtabula to Cincinnati, which has 16 churches, with 30,000 inhabitants, and now exhibit- AND THX UXITED STATES. M I Lynch' imore to 3xville to Vfemphis itsville to }. Tus. ty steam- igusta to m. $18. 400 m. le to IVfo« k, Phila. dare not hite — to -founded cent ca- ility of a ge, co:i- aiid pri. ilicd the I part of , Somer- England Western Limore is ty, fronn ne city ee-room e villain eing the the me. ; edifice an acre ting up< ty, hav- lem, he N. York y packet ) to Ash. om Erie to Cin. do. $3. :. Louis, icinnati, •xhibito ing, in one of its museums, n colored woman, the property of Ge- neral Washington's father, in her 101st year! Vide note 42, or any other point of the Ohio, may be ascertained in the coach offices of New York : a petrified Indian child has been lately found, at Guom. sey in Ohio, by some stone quurriers. Mr. Bullock, proprietor of the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, had formerly a large estate, and beau, tiful house, in the vicinity of Cincinnati, so named from a naval and military society, but which, though Washington was president, Dr. Franklin writing down, soon became unpopular. The expense of steamboat travelling varies from 4^ to 6 cents per mile, which include board and lodging. The charge of one person, by stiige and steamboat, from Philadelphia to St. Louis, including every tiling, is about $55. 107. From New Orleans to St. Louis, by sfeatnboat, $25. St. Louis to Beardslown, Illinois, $6. St. Louis to Quincy, Illinois, $6. St. Louis to Gnlina, Illinois, $12. 108. All the preceding charges refer to the most expensive mode of proceeding. The price of a passage in Western boats, always include food and lodging. Those whose circumstances will not allow them to take a cabin passage, in a steamboat, may al. ways be accommodated with a deck one ; which is protected from the weather, but has no other convei.ience : they must find their own beds and provision : many respectable emigrants travel in this way. 109. A deck passage from Keaver to Louisville would cost $4. From Wheeling to Louisville, $4. Louisville to St. Louis, §3. New Orleans to St. Louis, $8. St. Louis to Beardstown, $2. St. Louis to Quiucey, $2. 110. A stage runs from Louisville by Vincennes to Vandalia, thence to Springfield in Sangamai i county; and from Springfield, north to Galena, or west to Jacksonville, in which board and lodg. ing are but $1, 25 per week. Should the traveller wish to visit the eastern parts of the state, lying along the Wabash, he may do so by taking the stage as far as Vincennes, the oldest French settle^ tnent, with a contiguous prairie of 5,000 acres free to the inhabi. tants. From this place, in the spring, he may ascend or descend the Wabash : or he may embark at Louisville, in a steamboat for any place on that river. For the southern part of the state he may lind at Shawneetown, or Kaskaskia, where he may hire horses ; but in neither place will he find stages to convey him into the inte- rior. For the western or north-western parts of Illinois, the proper course to take is St. Louis ; from that place steam boats depart daily to all the towns in Illinois lying on the shores of her rivers and those of the Mississippi, which, on being joined by the Missou- ri, increases her current from two to four miles per hour : some steam boats on the Mississippi, will consume from $1,000 to $1,500, for wood in one voyage. Stages run three times a week from this place to Vincennes , through Bellville, Lebanon, Carlyle» Maysville, and Lawrenceville. Once a week to Vandalia, through Edwards. noTIia 0?f CA4XAU.i ' I villc, nnd Greensville : and onco a week to (Inlcnn, through Ed- warilavillc, Sj)rii)gfiel(i, and I'foricc. Over Cedar Crock, 12 milot h. Lexington, is a bcauliful natural bridge. Sottliiig upon unclear- ed land, without purchase or consent, in termed squatting. 111. Slcnni boat travelUtrs are much amused at the crude wit nnd songs of tiie niggurs, when attending their fires. Their cho- russcs jirc generally a siring of unmeaning words, ns ** Oli-i-o, () hang, boys, hang," or "O stormy, stormy." The manners of Kentucky boatmen — their connfrymcn being deemed the Hibernians of the land, and the only Americans (hat can understand a joke — are so proverbially rough, that tiiey arc described as ** half horsu nnd half alligator, with a cro33 of the wild eat," ot* which animal, when tnme, a Trench prisoner at Liverpool, devoured, in 1800, one hundred andsoventy-four, many of them whilst alive! 112. Until the introduction of Temperance Societies, whiskey was served to a steamboat crew in pails, once every four hours, when eacli took as nuich as he pleased. The American famous old Monongahela is distilled in Western Pennsylvania. An insurrec- tion, in 1791, arose amongst the I'ennsylvarians, on account of an excise upon this spirit, laid on tosupjmrt a war agaijjstthe Indians; but was suppressed without bloodsiied. Their largest gin distill' * is at East Windsor, Hartford Co. The climate of Pennsylv is a compound cf all the countries in the world. The adja^ . state of Maryland produces the genuine wj/ufe wheat,and the Bright Kite's Foot Tobacco. 113. The number of States now comprehending America, which IS equal in size to ail Europe, is 24; exclusive of their ter- ritories, Florida, Arkansas, and Micliigan, great emigration to v/hich has been going on this summer ; hut inde|)endent of the marshy quality of most of its land, new claimants to large tracts have lately sprung up: one gentleman alotie to a portion 18 miles square, un- der an ancient patent fi'oni the French crown, much of which is settled • he is a rich man, and in the district prosecuting the same, nnd has already disturbed many locations. Its inhabitants, as mu3t follow, from their varied and modern origin, have not that uniform- ity of character which belongs to ancient nations. Texas, coutig- uous to the boundary line of Mexico and the United States, ia ex- citing great attention from emigrants. In 1827, when the Ameri- can Colonel Austen commenced sattling his extensive grant, it had only 10,000 iidiabitants; now there are 36,000 : choice land could then be purchased for one cent the acre, but will now produce a dol- lar, and the best from five to fifteen dollars the acre. Lands along the gulf are marshy, and fitted ordy for a black population : those in the interior are salubrious, and hero the fever is never known. Wild rice, a valuable aquatic plant, grows in Michigan rivers, of 4 or 5 feet in depth : when ripe, Indians pass through it in canoes, and bending its stalks over the sides, beat off the grain with sticks* >1 AND THE UNITED STATES. m Its Lake Superior, tlio largest body of fresh >vater in tlic world, is subject, as that of Eric, tu fugu, mists, and storms, and therefore of dangerous navigation. The highest paid governor is that of Louis- iana, who has $7,500, and the lowest of Rhode Island, who has but $400 per ann. Each governor possesses the power of life and death, subject to revision by the general government. Their finest river is the Amazon, also called Maranon, and Orellana. The sources of many are laid down somewhat imperfectly, because ta- keu from doubtful authorities : as that of Multnomah, in Oregon territory, from a sketch drawn by an Indian, with his Anger, in the dust. The Legislature of Massachusetts comprises 541 members, being the largest of any , and that of Delaware 39, which is the smallest. Seven states, including Virginia, pay their members $4 per diem ; seven, taking in New York and Pennsylvania, ^3 ; six, embracing also Massachusetts, $2 ; one state $2, 50 ; and three others $1, 50 on!/ 114. The American Episcopacy use our liturgy, slightly va. riod. Their Clergy have a college in this city, superintended by Dr. Onderdonk, Bishop of New York : they formerly sat in Con. gross, but attempting to obtain a permanent pr'wision, were ulti- mately ejected. Fir^t act for establishing and paying a church of England jlergy, in the counties of New York, Queens, Richmond, and Westchester, passed April 22, 1693. The episcopal press in Lumber Street, issued, last year, 440,325 copies of sacred writ, with 19,250 prayer-books. The salaiy of a bishop, who has no patronage, is £700 per ann. ; that of country clergymen from £'M) to JS150. They pray in their churches for Congress and the Pres. ident. The bishops, assisted by their clergy and certain lay dep. uties, hold a convocation triennially. They have 20 churches in the city, possessing valuable lands, 130 in its section, with 15 dio* cesos, and 550 clergy in the States. When their late primate bishop Hobart travelled in Europe for his health, ho was allowed $14,000, The Rev. S. Provoost, of New York, was consecrated bishop of the State, at London, by the archbishop of Canterbury, on Feb. 4, 1787. An American clergyman cannot retain even a curacy in England ; but an English divine, after a year's residence, can hold preferment in the States. The longest stationed pastor is the Rev. Dr. Perkins, of West Hartford, Ct. now 87, who has been set- tled therein 63 years : he has delivered 4000 written, and 3000 ex. tempore sermons. He graduated at Princeton in 1769, with Tho- mas JetTerson, ex-president. The sur or head church is St> Paul in the Broadway : St. Paul's church Troy, N. Y. is the best speci- men of Gothic architecture in all America. The burial ground of Trinity churvh, the oldest in the eity, and richest endowment in the whole Union, though not an acre in extent, contains more than 200,000 bodies. Exhumation of the dead, for purposes of dis* aection, is almost uokoown : the only case coming to my know- H I •i ur ■ 52 MOTKf on CAlfADA «> i .V* , ledge, was of a medical student at Burlington. Vermont, who, being discovered, was sentenced to three years' iioprisonment, and a fine of $500 : the highest mulct is $1,000, and incarceration for 10 yrs. 115, The American Episcopal Methodists, who first appeared there circa 55 years since, have 400,000 registered raemberp, 2,000 stated mmisters, and 1,000 travelling preachers. A recent Mission- ary collection in one of their chapels at New York, produced jCljOOO. The levied and acquired revenues of the religious deno- minations in America, Cul'y equal those of the English establish. jTient. Dr. Dwight adopted Dr. Watts' psalms and hymns, in 1800, to American Methodism. Tho have a university at Middleton, and many theological institutions ' the Union. Their bock estab- lishment in Crosby Street New York, employs 30 presses and 400 men. When their ministers are paid in kmd, that is with domestic articles in lieu of money, which is done by their members assem- bling with tea, coffee, flour, etc. this is called a spinning visit. Tho last revolution in France has been favorable to Methodism : there being three chapels of this persuasion now in Paris ; besides 400 priests having boen converted from the Gallic chu^sh, since the de- thronement of Charles X. Baptists, including their nine branches, comprise 4,000 n.inisters ; Presbyterians nearly a thousand, whilst other secoders, who are numerous, vary considerably in their num- bers. The Friends, although u former Massachusetts' law awarded the penalty of death to tli .j crime of being a Quaker, have now 500 meeting houses in the states. 116. The Catholics verge upon a million ; with 320 priests, 10 vicars-genera'., 11 bishops, and an archbishop. They have also 16 colleges, 28 convents, 38 establish, ments for education, and 16 orphan asylum" : in the exercise of their faitli they make no distinction : the !jl?ve and his master being companions in prayer at the altar of their God. Seeing that the Protestants of America make so unholy a separation, (see note *■'; can it therefore be surprising that Catholicism should be advarcing? They make no periodical display of converts, Lut are silently ^,m. bodying and filling up th^ir ranks. The ministcs of ail persuasions in America, amount to 14,000. In a list, now lost, and which cost me much labor to compile, I hn"c ^numerated 1,000 sects into which the Christian world is divided: many Americans, beM'ilder- ed by these never-ending creeds, ultimately take '•'^fuge in that of the Roman; No religious test is here required on accepting, or holding office : there is no ecclesiastical court. 117> The steamboat New Orleans, launched at Pittsburgh, in 1811, first navigated the western waters. Capt. Shrieve, in 1817, made a trip by steam, from New Orleans to Louisville — 1,400 miles — in 25 days, till then ordinarily requiring three mo*:hs, but now performed in seven days. The current of iwo Mississippi is so rapid, that ships, thviugh 30 days in ascending to New Orleans, will, with a lijht breeze, floaty down in 12 hours. A party of ladies and it^'X ▲XD THB UTTITBD tTiTBS. 53 who, being and a fiiio for 10 yrs. : appeared >erp, 2,000 t Mission- produced ious deno- estnblish. s, in 1800, Hiddleton, ock estab- 3 and 400 domestic rs assem. ^isit. The m : there sides 400 ce the de- branches, id, whilst leirnum. ('awarded I now 500 3fe upon a , and nu establish, sercise of 3ter being that the e note S) varcinjj? nitly ^m- rsuasions hich cost 2Ct8 into bewilder- that of pting, or •urgh, in in 1817, 100 miles but now JO rapid, ill, with dies and gentlemen will often take a trip, in a steamer, of 900 miles. From tit. Louis, for instance, up to the Falls of St. Anthony, where, on a bluff, or height, is an American garrison of 300 men. Western steamboats clear themselves the first year of running : their best pilots receive $150 monthly. 118. Capt. Shrieve's snag boat, the Heliopolis, is employed to remove obstructions in the rivers of the west. It is a double steamboat, united at the bows by an im- mense beam, and cost $27,000. The boatmen call it " Uncle Sam's tooth-puller." Snngj and sawyers, are large trees blown or fallen from a bank, sunk in the river with their tons down stream, and their roots embedded at the bottom. If not seen and avoided in time, they prove fatal to shipping. Planters are trees in a similar position, but firmly fixed, without motion. 119. This summer, a steamboat plied from Luzerne co. which on arriving at Holidaysburg, then, with Ita freight of emigrants and goods, took the rail road across the niGuntain on cars, and we«r launched again into the canal at Johnstown ! To show the destruc tion to which American steamboats are liable, of 182 that commenced running afler July 1831 — 66 were worn out ; 37 snagged ; 16 burn- cd ; 3 run down ; 5 stove in by ice, sand bars, and rocks ; and 30 destroyed bjj causes not exactly known. All this within a year — since breaking up of the ice in 1831, to the fall in the same year, 28 steamboats were destroyed on the weatern rivers alone. Tho number plying on these waters, indepcndeuL of 4,000 flat boats, aro about 340, though but one only in 1814. It is estmated that 1,500 persons have been lost, during the last three year?, by accidents on board steamboats. Congress, in consequence, contemplate passing penal enactments for their better regulation. Two rivers in Ame- rica have improperly the same name, viz. the St. Joseph, which, flowing south, enters the Maumce ; the other west, and joins Lake Michigan. In the rear of many lakes and rivers, are steppes, or abrupt elevations of land, which, at some remote period, must have formed their original banks. 120. Salt being now manufactured in America, is reduced from $12 to 30 cents per bushel. Before its introduction, sugar was eaten with muat, to correct its putrescency : hence probably the origin of sweet apple sauce with pork and got se ; and currant jelly with hare and venison, w hich, to avoid th':' fi^ame laws, are im- plied, at the hotels in London, under the name of lion. Their prin- cipal salt works are at Salinuco., N. Y. The country abounds with salt licks — because animald lick the earth to obtain its saU.. Bay salt, by the process of evaporation, is extracted from sea water, 350 gallons making a bushel, whilst the Salina requires but 45. In 1802 a mountain of rock salt, 80 miles long was discovered in the Missouri Territory. It pays a home duty of 12^ cents per bushel. America has immense beds of co&J, and the sooner it is ■ubiututed for wood the better ; being far cheaper and mor« wholt- , '8 ■if; 54 NOTES ON CANADA si' M''' some. Since its introduction to London the plague, before frc. quent, has never visited that capital. A penny-worth of tar or ro- sin water will saturate a tub of coal with triple its quantity of bit- umen, the principle of light and heat. America has very little bituminous mineral. New York expends $2,600,000 yearly in firing. 121. As the woods and bush of America disappe tie mem- i^hich all of those me that o distin- ed m the at New 000 per- t its hea< 1 against 3urge by 3d steam put this —found, astlc.'ton, >rincipal es. In. jrica by id, con. ed land- nnarket that, by some, this is regarded as d^^monstrative of characUr, I wonder has not been corrected. A psculiarity which I observed in divers parts of the town. Also rejecting some jwrtion of a principal word in a aign board, as "Johnson's feed ware'e." which is a slovenly way of doing things, and should be avoided. 124. The frequency of fire in New York, is equalled only at Constantinople; aver.aging 140 a y king a total of 30,500 ! ! ! " 132. The Arcade baths in Chambers and Elm streets, con- taining 80 rooms, and a noble hall 150 feet long, is altogether a superior affair, rivalling any similar establishment in Europe. The physicians of New York exceed 500, — and above 2,5('0 in its state — which are 300 more than those of London. Their medical men, who have 18 schools, are all doctors, the inferior degree of suT' geon, as in Canada, not being recognised. The word sick is a uni- versal term for serious or slight indisposition. Quacks have the sole management of the arrus scahrei (itch insect) resembling a mole in shape, it is thus enabled to imrrow under the cuticle. Able representatives of our Solomons, Joidans, and Taylors abound in the city and suburbs. As usual they undertake all things but nam. ing their patients — for why ? — those few that were once so, being gone, as a consequence, to the tomb of the capulets, 133. The scarcity of cash is sensibly felt by mechanics, who are seldom, if ever, paid in full : those of whom I enquired had, to a man, considerable claims on their employers. Wages, though higher than in England — a street sweeper re< "iving eight York shillingB per day — yet are materially reduced by the ingenious mode of saving labor ; as thus, in constructing a road, they first loosen the earth, then with a machine, not unlike a plough, hav< ing a large receiver, and drawn by horses, remove, at once, a full AND THX VNirXU rfATEi. m cart load. Certain writers in dilating upon wages, say a mechanic is paid eight shillings a day in America, and^ve shilling:! in Cana< da : omiitmg to add, that u York or American shilling is 7dA, and that both payments are therefore alike. This sort of trick has been played oil' in various ways upon American affairs. The disaffected state their grievances in dollars, but regularly pocket their benefits in pounds. 134. In the Broadway, I one morning read on the door post of two tailors, the significant names of Try-on^ and Stitching. And going down Pearl-street, heard a gentlemen' ask a laborer his name ; ' The same as my father's', was the reply ; * And what is his V enquired the gent, ' Same as mine,' returned the man ; 'Then what are both your names?' pursued the querist, 'Both alike,' was the answer. 135, Many American towns being environed by mountains, are subject to freshets : hence, on the arrival of a steamboat at its destination, it is sometimes obliged to be secured to a tree ! the town Itself being peradventure under water. Upper Canada is happily removed from these land floods. 13G. The weather was oi'ten tertiant, during winter, as in British America, recorded further on in note 215. 137. I admire most of their streets ; thatofCourt- landt is named after Van Courtlundt, ho has a large landed estate near Sing Sing, but cannot say so much for all of them ; no city in the universe can claim such pre-eminence. Their watchmen, in lieu. of calling the hour, strike three slow blows on a post, which are answered by the next in rotation. In cases requiring their aid, these blows are repeated quickly, and they immediately congregate for action. There are 540 in the city, who each receive a dollar per night. High us is the price for l'I kinds of labor, still, a few years back, before the encreased population, it was twice as much. 138. In Hoboken near New York, the farms, mostly belonging to the original Dutch settlers, have each a parlicular spot set apart as a burial place for the occupants. In Virginia and Maryland, they are usually surrounded by locust and cypress trees. The Dutch clergy in the vicinity of the city, still retain tlieir original appella- tion of Dominie: the greetings of this people are the most affec tionate of any known. A Duichnian on horseback is easily recog- nised, for if the animal offend him, he, in a great passion, calls him an Arminian. 139. A press-man may walk into a printing office, many in New York employ a hundred hands, and look about without being thou^'ht intrusive. If he perceive much business going forward, he has only to observe, 'I see you are full of work, do you want help?' — to be then put on. This applies generally. The first li- terary production of the English colonists in America, was by George Sandys, of Virginia, in 1623, being a translation of Ovid's Metamorphosis. First paper in New York was printed by William Bradfurd. Printing was introduced to America in 16^9, and for .•V If : Mi ■i 1i: NOTES 0.\ CANADA m J ! I i i 62 years after, there were but four presses in the whole Union : it flourishes most in Phihideiphiu. Printers do not succeed so wel'y in the States, as brewers, because these work for the stomach, and those for the head; and where twenty men have a stomach, not more than one has a head. A compositor in general offices re- ceives $7 weekly ; but in diurnal ones higher : see note 27. They obtain $15 weekly in New Orleans, which, if consenting to remain three or more years, will be encreased ad infinitum: granted that the sickly season often predominates, but it is the excesses of the table which makes it alarming. I have seen many individuals who, after a residence of four years, have left it with fortunes. 140. Within a short distance of N. Y. is a fork of land called the brothers, separated by an inlet of the sea, exactly alike, and upon each is a lious ihabited : hence this piece of transatlantic wit, " There are two brothers living hard by, who, though oppo< site neighbours, have never yet been known to speak to each other." If you discover this per se, you are pronounced a smart man. It has been said that there are no beggars in the town, which is a mistake, as I encountered many ; and one day saw a men< dicant brought before the magistrates, who, on examination, hud upon his person 82,825 in notes ! And an Italian, with a hand organ and monkey, acknowledged to have realized, in a provincial tour, $800. 141. Twelve of the city pawnbrokers, whose rates of interest, regulated after the New York Lombard Association, in Try-on street, are 15 per cent under $50, and 7 do. above $500. Advanced, last year, $108,000 upon 350,000 pledges, including 120,000 garments, with 16,000 sheets, blankets and counterpanes; sad evidence of great distress amongst its operatives, or, after the new term, workies. 142. There are none of those unpleasant riders to your bill, a largess to servants. The first person, in England, who discoun- tenanced vails, was the celebrated earl of Chesterfield. Jonathan's innkeepers are progressing towards high charges : those kept by New Englanders, are proverbially better than oihers conducted by Southerns or Wtssterns. One would imagine that the projec- tor of his hotel and tavern bars, had either, of himself, been fa- miliar with a public one, else the builder of a tollbooth, from their close resemblance to those in a prison. 143. In the same boarding house with myself, was an English gentleman, who, in December 1832, had made a pedestrian tour (a sure way to know the country and its wants) from Montreal, Lower Canada, to New York, America. He every where found the husbandman and mechanic loudly called for, and much unbro- ken ground for the minister and teacher. The whole course of his journey was one of hospitable kindness; travelling upwards of u thousand miles, without expending a single CQnt. y "ji AJTD THE UNITED STATES. LTnion : it I so weP, lach, and lach, not [iices re- 7. They o remain nted that 3s of the lals who, id called ike, and satlantic i;h oppo« to each I a smart he town, V a men. on, had a hand rovincial ose rates ition, in e $500. ncluding irpanes; or, after our bill, discoun. nathan's jept by icted by projec- been fa.- 3m their Engh'sh ian tour Montreal, 'e found 1 unbro- >urse of ards of 144. " Dinner at ^ past 12 o'clock ; boarding and lodging by the meal, day, week or month," is a common placard in the busi- neas parts of New York. Their standini^ dishes are roasted beef, beef steaks, poultry and pork : to me, the great objection to an American meal, is its eternity of sweets, and everlasting display of grease. They are exceedingly rapid at their repasts ; in many houses, especially schools, not longer than ten minutes ; one very strong apology for their polar figures. Switchet, vinegar and water mixed with molasses, is a favourite beverage in hot weather. At each of their meals, meats, and pastry, tea and coffee, in the pro. vinces, with waffles, cruellers, dough nuts, sweet cakes, gingerbread, and quantities of preserved fruit are served up, which discolor and ruin the teeth : hence the saying — two things are rarely seen in New York, good teeth, and a green old age. Europeans who follow this abuse 6f the table, are subject to repletion, which brings on disease, and frequently, premature death. 145. Mr. Head, proprietor of the Mansion-house hotel, Philadelphia — America has no public houses — extends his dinners to three courses, occupying one hour ; but before the third course, his American guests, so inveterate is habit, invariably clear out. Their larders, in summer, are preserved in large wooden chests, having double sides, three inches apart, filled with closely-wedged charcoal : a drawer at the bottom is filled with ice, and wire shelves suspended within, on which the provi. sions are placed. Sassafras thoroughfare in Philadelphia, is called, for shortness. Race street, which, considering that Pennsylvania; of all other states, is the most hostile to a race-course, is not a little remarkable. In a cave amongst the bluffs near this city, Messrs. Whalley and GofTee, two of the regicide judges upon Charles I. eluded the search of the colonists, and finally died unmolested. In hotels and inns, tea and cofiee are brought in ready made, not in the chest or canister. 146. Brother Jonathan undersells us in the article of Mocha coffee ; whilst he sells it at £7, per cwt. our India Company charges £10 : America consumes 15,000 tons of coffee annually ; England 10,000, the Netherlands 40,000, and Europe collectively 127,000 tons. Jonathan beats even the Chinese in the price of tea, for Twankey which, at Canton, sells for lid. per lb. an American, by trading, will enable the Hamburghers to drink at 7Jd. r upwards of 8,871,640 lbs. were imported into the States, last year, paying a duty of $1,261,800. 147. Hoods or calashes are universally worn by the ladies of New Yofk, and closely copied by their maids : caps, here indica- tive of an European, are, by general consent, discarded by both. Those of seal skin for gentlemen are, in form and fashion, the most outre imaginable. American females, generally speaking, are treated with much courtesy. 148. The best beaver hats, and in large quantities, are made at Reading, Massachusetts, wherein, and New England generally, two million Palm leaf hats are manufactured ^1 k a If N0TK4 OK CANADA i ' yearly, and sold through the Union, at $3, per dozen. The old crowns only of English beaver hats, will readily obtain Ss. each a* N. York. There are 100 hat stores in the city : by the introduction of machinery, hats formerly selling at $10 each, are now to be bought for $4. Messrs. Hunt, Delancey street, lately made a beaver hat, for the manager of the American Institute, for which they were paid $25. An Americaa oever brushes his hat or coat, and seldom, if ever, his hair. The enterior of his hat being the travelling trunk of a Yankee, well accounts for his being round shouldered. 149. The city is lighted with Gas ; but its ray& are somewhat akin to those of a tenpenny dip in a London fog ; which I suppose arises from some defect in the burners, or intrusting their manage- ment to improper hands. First public display of gas in England, was in Messrs. Boulton and Watts' foundry at Birmingham, in 1802. Wine corks, oatmeal, and indigo for domestic uses, fetch high prices* 150. I one day met a Gipsey in the Broadway, but from her embrowned complexion, being taken for a squaw, she did not excite much attention. I found that she was from the Weald of Kent, wherein I had spent many happy days, and that her visit to Ame- rica was part curiosity, and part tributary : she was accompanied by her family. This singular race is now confined to Europe, and number hard upon a million. They are most numerous in Ger- many, where they first appeared about the 16th century. Opinions, as to their origin between the Egyptians and Hindoos, are about divided. Attempts were made, in 1530, to dislodge them from Eng- land ; France in 1530, and Spain 1591, but without success. 151. A suspicion of witchcraft first began at Springfield in Massachusetts circa 1645 ; which in 1680, so far increased, in this and adjoining states, as to carry many to the stake : sweeping off in its melancholy course, some also of its worthiest citizens. It commenced in the family of one John Goodman, a mason, and ori- ginated from the irregular desires of his eldest daughter, practising upon the easy credulity of a Calvanistic minister. In this neiglu bourhood alone thirty fell victims, before the supine authorities saw fit to step in and arrest the demoniacal torrent. Woburn, in this state, gave birth to James Wright, son of a Kentish farmer, the most successful settler in all Canada, who, in 1800, passed thence to British America, and founded the township of Hull, on the Ot- tawa. The value of his farms, stock and property thereon, is es- timated at £100,000. 152. Of the many consuls which America sends to other countries, two only have a stated allowance ; those in London and Paris, each of whom receives $2000, per annum. The compensa- tion to others arises from certain fees, granted by act of Congress, that, being commercial, are of uncertain amount. Their ministers to Foreign courts receive $9000, with an outfit to the same amount. They eend 163 ministers, consuls, and commercial agents to Fo- XVD THE VlfZTSD KTATES. 61 The old 3. each at duction of be bought iaver hat, hey were d seldom, itig trunk d. somewhat I suppose manage- England, , in 1802. »h prices* from her lot excite of Kent, to Ame. >mpanied rope, and in Ger- [)pinions, ire about •ora Eng. IS. igfield ia d, in this jping off sens. It and ori. ractising is neigh, iiies saw , in this mer, "the d thence 1 tlie Ot- •n, is es- to other idort and mpensa- 'ongress, ninisters amount, s to Fo- reign powers : 42 ministers and consuls, from other states, reside in the Union. 153. The Southern states are Virginia, (its now deserted set- tlement of Jamestown was formed, by Captain Newport, in 160'',) which, for some time, denoted all North America : North and South Carolina : Florida — which produces the American live oak for their navy, with quantities of sugar, 12001bs. being raised from an acre, and 20 slaves necessary for working 100 acres — Alabama ; Mis- sissippi ; Louisiana ; and Georgia, the legislature of which, in a recent sitting, passed 190 acts ! one of them imposes a fine of $500, on any white who teaches one of the colored population to read or write ! North Carolina was first located in 1710 ; amongst these settlers was a Mrs. Elizabeth Trantham, who, afterwards passing into Maury county, Tennessee state, died there Jan. 10, 1834, at the astonishing age of 154 ! She bore her first and only child at the age of sixty-five ! who is now living. Vide note 203. Emi- grants of regular habits are belter able to endure the changes of the climate, and are known to live longer than the aboriginees them- selves. The travellers and population of the Southern and Western state, are armed with daggers, either on their persons, or in their canes. 154. Hospitality south of the Potomac, has become proverbial. In the middle states, a wealthy farmer will direct a traveller to the nearest inn, but in the South, he will welcome him heartily to his own house. A South Carolinian dislikes mutton, calling it, con- temptuously, sheep's meat. In this region formerly lived an inha- bitant by the name of Lynch who, as an arbiter of differences amongst his neigbours, gave such general satisfaction, as to origi- nate the term of Lynches law, now applied to summary justice. 155. Full 100 miles East and West in Alabama, and 40 from North and South, is esteemed the garden of North America. The Southern boundary here commences. It was admitted into the Union in 1819. Before even leaves appear in the Northern states, their inhabitants are supplied with fruit, green peas, etc. from those of the South. 156. Phillips' incorporated academy at AndSver, is very flour- ishing : his other at Exeter is endowed with $80,000, partly appro- priated to indigent scholars : and Bacon academy at Colchester, with another of $30,000. Virginia appropriates $500,000 to schools : the first christian marriage in America took place in this state, 1608, between John Laydon and Ann Burras; the streets in its town of Williarasburgh, were laid ouf, in 1698, in the form of a W, in honour of King William. In its orphan assylum at Charleston, having a statue to the great lord Chatham, the town ministers of ten denominations, officiate alternately. Many of its houses are so splendid as to be valued at $50,000 each. The black servants in hotels are not allowed beds, but sleep, without undressing, in the % • r KOTtS ON CANADA passages of the lioiiso. The city nhouuds in uiagniliccnt equipage*'., with heraldic emhiazoninents and rich liveries, and, nt night, is |)a- Irolled by soldiery. A Mr. Noyes is the founder of Andover ucu- demy, New Hampshiru. At Plainfield is nn Institution for the gra- Uiitous instruction of young ministers. The first theological insli. tution was opened at Andover, Massachusetts, in 1808, and has been endowed, by six families only, with $350,000, exclusive of their late president, Dr. Porter, with $15,000 more. The six prin- cipal are Bangor, Auburn, Princeton, New Brunswick, with the cities of New York and Washington : there are 24 others. First assylum for the deaf and dumb, was established at Hertford, in 1817. 157. The qualifications for admission into the theological establishments, arc a knowledge of English grammar, arithmetic, and something of the classics. The term of study is lour years : two vacations annually, and 4 weeks each. Every Htudent pays $220 per annnm : in Union college, Schenectady, $140; but in Quebec college, Lower Canada, averaging 220, i^aO only the year round, and but j£17 10s. if absent at the vacations. Average number of collegiate students in the United States, is as one to every 3300 inhabitants. 158. An American, in speaking of a provincial town, will of. ten add — ' It has two or three villages in it,' — which, to an English. man sounds odd enough ; but a town — properly township— in America, is six square miles, or 3840 acres of land, though some, times of much larger extent — the smallest in Canada, is 35,000 acres — which, as they are not all wanted for the town itself, are occasionally lotted out in villages : as the town of Fairfield in Connecticut; which has within it, the four villages of Greenfield Hill, Mill river, Green's farm, and Fairfield. Worthington, Con. necticut, though sometimes disputed by its other town Meriden, is the chief manufactory for tin ware. The best crucible and pan clay, is found at Rutland, Vermont : in the centre of the town is a high hill, on which is a pleasant village, containing the country buildings. 159. The sittings of the American Antiquarian So. ciety, are held at Worcester, 40 miles from Boston, (whose first store was opened'in 1634,) in a building of considerable extent, having a libraiy and cabinet of some magnitude. The term Anti' quarii was originally bestowed on the monks, because, before print < ing was invented, they were employed in making new copies out ot oZc2 books: at this period, 1274, the price of a small bible, neatly written, was £30, being JC5 more than the charge for building two arches to the old London bridge. 160. During the residence of a friend at Detroit, capital of Michigan Territory — settled by the Canadian French in 1683 — two Englishmen, travelling for information, pat up at the Mansion House hotel. Conversing with some others, on what Americans call the gallery of the house, ihcy were joined by Major B— — , an influen- AND Tlin UNITED STATIW. 03 liul rcsidetil : when ihhikint*, like many of his countrymen, that to ini»lead the Hinglish would he a cnpitui joke, he paused, us if sud- denly recollecting himselt', and snid hastily, " (jood day, gentlemen, I must now he gone, for I have to help my wife make soup." I need scarcely remark that this was fudge : however, it had the desired ctfect, for the Englishmen stared at each other, and doubtless ciiter- ed in their note h'>ak — * Major B helps his wife make soap.* 161. The punitontiarics of America, the chief of which are in Baltimore, Weathersfield, and Auburn, have obkiined a high de- gree of eulogium : by the distinguishing system of their manage- ment on the labor principle, they not only support themelves, but have a surplus income of many thousand dollars. 162. Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay — called by the aboriginces Aquitnet — which gives name to the smallest of the confederated states, con- taining but 5 counties and 31 towns, from its mild winters .ind tern- perate summers, is the general resort c f invalids, and considered the Eden of America, its public provision for schools is but tri- vial ; whilst Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri have none whatever. The Cotton trade is the staple commodity of the state. 163. Saratoga, N. Y. 31 miles from Albany, is distinguished for the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne and his army to Gen. Gates, Oct. 17, 1777. The old town was divided, in 1818, into two parts, the renowned battle ground, being the east part, retains the name of Saratoga ; but that of the west, containing the mineral waters, is called Saratoga Springs, which form the Bath of America ; being visited from a distance of 3,000 miles, and by as many as 1,500 weekly. The waters of the chief spring, there being 14, called Congress, will bear bottling, and large quantities in this way are sent to all Europe. They were discovered by the Indians, and by them made known to Sir William Johnson, who visited ihem and was benefitted by their use, in 1767. Upon a large rough lime stone in a cross walk of the village, is the distinct impression, one inch deep, of a human foot. The sole amusement of the numerous visi- tants, is angling in a lake three miles distant. Hard by is an en. campment of the Oneidas, who are in the pay of the common, wealth, at an annual allowance of $6 per Indian : its permanent annuities to different tribes are $169,575. The Olympian Springs in Kentucky are similar to those of Saratoga. 164. Jan. 7, 1833, departed, at 5 in the afternoon, by the steamboat Constitution, for Albany. The gentlemen's cabins, in. eluding one for ladies, contained 300 births, with a bar rented at $200 per ann. It has a library of 72 volumes ; the charge per vol. a York shilling ; and a barber's shop upon deck. The steers, man guides the vessel by long ropes attached to the rudder, from an elevated platform in the fore.end. Your baggage, unless in charge of the captain, should by no means be out of sight. 165. The banks of the Hudson — discovered Sept. 3, 1609, by Onpt. Hudson, il^ iB •I NOTES 0?f CANADA 'n! 1 an Englishman, whose originnl portrait is in the City Hall, Now York — are well calculated to oxcito attention. IJy the Indians it is called the Great River of the Mountains. It has not been I'rozeu over, as formerly, for many years past, which proves the winters to be less severe. In a valley bordering the Hudson, on a well cultivated farm of 500 acres, resides a descendant of Oliver Crom- well. We arrived at Albany, a distance of 100 miles, by ten the next morning. Fare $ti. There is no steerage in a steamboat. Some boats, in this line, will often take 1,000 persons per trip. She requires $60 worth of wood for the run, which if against tide is increased to $96. A cord of iiickory or maple, will outlast nearly three of pine ; and coal, which takes less room, goes three times as far as wood. 166. The first steamboat voyage on the Hudson, or in the world, was projected by Fulton, i&07, in the Clarmontof 160 tons, Boulton «& Watt, of Birmingham, supplying the engine. The first from America lo England was in 1819: first constructed in tho lat- ter country, in 1812, by Henry Bell of Glasgow. Robert Fulton of New York, though not the originator of steam, was the first in America who directed its power to the propelling boats. He died in 1815. A steam-wagon is now running in Massachusetts ; its proprietors intend to make it load, unload, and keep its own account of luggage. The introduction of productive power, through the agency of steam, is equal to. the incredible amount of 600,000,000 laborers. 167. One of the chief attractions on this route is Hyde Park, the seat and domain of Dr. Hosack, who was educated in Edin- burgh, the Sir Joseph Banks of America, m hose town residence is in Vesey Street, New York : from its delightful scenery, beautiful pleasure grounds, and extensive plantations, it is truly unrivalled. His botanic garden, 4 miles from New York, was bought by the state for $70,000, and, in 1814, presented to Columbia College. 168. Albany, capital of New York state, takes its name from James, Duke of York and Albany, brother to Charles I. It has a senate house, the usual public oftices, and 25,000 inhabitants. Here- in resides perhaps the wealthiest landed proprietor in the whole Union, Van Rensellear, the Patroon of Albany, a term equivalent to our Lord of the Manor : his immense estate, 12 miles square, is entailed, and is the only one of the kind in all America. Albany is well situated for trade : the canal tolls paid here often amount to $3,000 daily : those at Buffalo were $73,767 last year. The Erie canal — here called canoZ — was at first attempted to be laughed down, under the cognomen of The Big, and Clinton's Ditch, as was Fulton regarded as a visionary, for proposing to navigate the Hudson by steam. This canal, beginning at Albany, is 365 miles long, has 77 locks, and was completed in 1825, at a cost of £3,250 per m. ; whilst that of the Welland, (28 miles long, with 32 locks) in AND TUK C.'flTBU «TATfi«. 65 British America, connecting Lnkcs Erie nnd Ontario, also snr- muuuliiig the I'alis of Niagara, not yet finished, though partially opci:, hau already cost Jl^l3/J14 per mile, attributed to unexpected difhciilties on excavating, and the knavery of contractors ffroni America) who have decamped wiih hir<^c sums drawn for the pay- ment of the laborers, who arc found i.i board, and each receives £3 per month wages. Its entrance is free of ice 3 weeks earlier than that of Erie, and coftseqnently keeps open as much later. Twenty new vessels of the largest class arc now buildiug, on the American side, for navigating this canal. The formation of the Erie Canal committed sad havoc amongst the European laborers, chiefly Irish, mowing them down by hundreds, owing to the severity of the work, and premature exposure to a now climate. The first Ame- rican ship that navigated Lake Erie — 210 feet deep — was the De- troit, purchased from the British in 170G : this and Champlain ca- nal cost $10,046,443 : their tolls last year were $1,029,932. Penn- sylvania state has expended $30,000,000 in canals, etc. The first great canal work in England, which has above 100 canals at a cost of £30,000,000, was began by his Grace of Bridgewater in 1758. Near Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson, is the Quakers' principal board- ing school. Their oldest one, founded by William Penn, is in Phil- adelphia, wherein, in 1782, the first English Bible was printed by Ui-'bert Aikin. 109. The day following my arrival in Albany, upon strolling through the city, famous for its ale, the annual export of which is $500,000, leather and fur cap manufactories, one establishment alone employing 600 hands, I observed a beer dray standing in frort of a Mr. Usher's store, Division street, which obstructed a load of hay then cuming up. Whereupon the hay wagoner, who sat there- on, said to the dray horse, ' Get out of the way.' When looking behind him, and seeing that he blocked up the street, the horse of his own accord, mo- ed round the corner of Division into Green St. and after the hay had passed, backed to his former position. 170. Soon after reconnoitering a vehicle passing the canal bridge, I found it contained a workshop and show room, kitchen and parlour, all properly furnished ; drawn by one horse, .ind dri- ven by a travelling tinker, who, I presently discovered, by doing business in this way, had acquired a competent property. Preced- ing a frost, the water is in part drawn out of canals, to prevent en- dangering their banks on breaking up of the ice. I'he capitol or Senate house of Albany, is small, but its portico is so large and lofty, as to appear all porch. Here I first ate the American bis- cuit called a water-cracker, which I found excellent, size of a crown piece, and three for a cent. In the prison of the city was an impostor of most sanctimonious demeanour, who representing himself to be St. Matthew the apostle, in that character drew largely on the pecuniary funds of his dupes, ruining one of them t M 06 NOTES ON CANADA tiif; wM ^. presently (T.lr. l-'olger of New York.) U|)Oii detection, a very large mm ill gold and notcH, wiis found concealed about his person. In>- positions of this sort being of every day occurrence, are, compara- tively, but little heeded. It was melancholy to observe, throughout the whole of my journ*^y, the utter prostration of the human intel- lect, upon all subjects connected with the article of faith. Others of theii teachers must, at times, be painfully situated, as I heard of an estimable newly married minister, being obliged to throw up his charge, because an elder, perchance looking in at his parlour window, saw him seated by the fire, with his wife upon his knee ! 171. A barber's shop is known in the States, by a party-colored pole at the door, which, in England, did anciently denote that ho also practised surgery ; whilst a pole of this sort, before a house in the champaign of Lower Canada, signifies that the proprietor holds a captaincy in the militia. Their shaving seats, with a moveable oupport for the head, are n decided improvement. ,This operation costs sixpence, and that of hair cutting, a York shilling : shops of the same standing, in England, charge three halfpence for the for- mer, and three pence for the latter : hence, to gentlemen of the strop, this must needs b« the land of promise. They are common- ly kept, as in Canada, by men of color. 1 72. When agricultu- rists fell in my way, I in vain looked for that rusticity and agrarian deportment, so strongly marking them in my own country. Almost every farmer here has a loom in his house, whilst his wife and daughters spin the yarn and manufacture the cloth. A farmer, in the vicinity of Albany, from the following circumstance, goes by the name of Flaxseed. On going to market, one day, he enjoined his wife, if a pedlar called, not to deal with him, or she would be cheated. Soon after his departure, one came, but remembering the injunction, she declined purchasing. ' Well, said the man, have you any thing to sell, if so, I will buy it.' To this, as it was not in the injunction, she consented : and bethinking her of half a bushel of fiax-seed, then in the house, sold it for a dollar. The pedlar thereupon departed. Presently he met the farmer on his return home, who accosted him with * What have you in that sack?' ' Why, replied the pedlar, the remains of my Carolina flax-seed, which, though scarce, I sell a dollar only per quart.' At this our farmer, who prided himself on his flax crops, pricked up his ears, and finally gave four dollars for as many quarts. Upon reaching iiome, imagine hia mortification, saying nothing of the injunction, on le irt»iiig that he had been buying his own flax-seed, at a dollar per quart, just sold by his wife for a dollar the half bushel. j«n« 173. From Albany to Boston, (whose churches first admitted music in 1785) 170 miles, you may have a four-horse coach, and take your own time, for ^54, including every expense. The bcne- 'ficial efi^ects of wearing flannel next the skin, were first ascertained by the men of lord Percy's regiiTJcnt stationed at Boston in 1774. AND THE UNITED STATES. 67 very larjre !rsuii. Iiii- cumparu- hrougliout man iiitol- Others s I lienni throw uj) is parlour his knee ! ty- colored e that he a, house in etor holda moveable operation : shops of >r the for- len of the common, agrioultu- 1 agrarian Almost wife and armer, in goes by ! enjoined would be l)ering the lan, have t was not f a bushel 10 pedlar lis return it sack?' flax-seed, this our his ears, reaching ijunction, t a dollar 1. admitted ach, and 'ho bene- :ertAined in 1774. In the card rack of my domicile at Albany, the American Hotel, containing 130 roums, with a public table 110 feet long, lone morn- ing saw a letter superscribed 'To Gegup Jones Esq. Uttica.' As Gegup was a new christian name to mc, I enquired further about it, and ihen learnt it to be a new orthography for Jacob. 174. Hence to Schenectady, 15 miles, you travel in two at- tached carriages, carrying 30 passengers, drawn by a span of hor- ses, tandem fashion, the Latin for at length, or following each other. You, at this place, enter the stage for Utica. I was shewn a lady in Schenectady, who produced live cliildren in her last accouch- ment, all living : the citizens presented her with a purse of $1,000. One of the judicial code, or Blue Laws, as they were called, of th(! early colonists, was, " No woman shall kiss her child on Sun- day." Vide note 21. The bridge over the Mohawk, which bounds Schenectady, is entirely of wood, roofed in, of considerable ex- tent, boarded up at each side, and windows at regular distances. It is a dollar fine for all cfirriages or horses passing over it at a greater rate than that of a walking pace. Wire bridges are not uncommon in America. That near Philadelphia, lliough 400 feet long, and weighing but 4500Ibs. will sustain several hundred per- sons. It took four men two months in erecting, at a cost of sixty guineas. Wire or chain bridges originated in China ; the first in England was at Winchbridge, over th(f river Tees. 175. The burial ground of Albany, as in most American towns, is without the city, in advance on the Schenectady road. The best laid out dormitory in all the Union, is at New Haven : its ap- propriate and well-regulated arrangements, with broad paths, sha- ded by the weeping willow, locust and poplar, throw a solemn awe around its monumental erections, many of which are from Italy, that excite deep sympathy and attention from visitors. 176. At Utica, I was struck with the words Cash Store, over many of its shops. I found they denoted, that money would be paid for all things bought, and also required for all goods sold there. Dry goods store, means a depot for woollen, linen, and silk mer- cery. Whitestown, four miles west of Utica, is the first civilized settlement in the western part of New York state, founded by Hugh White from New England, in 1784. Trenton Falls, about 12 miles from thence, are usually visited in what is 'ailed an Extra-exclu- sive. Twenty miles N.E. is Steuben, which was given to baron Steuben, who is buried therein, for his services during the revolu- tionary war. At the village of Homestead, where we dined, was a pump without a handle, yet constantly running into a watering trough for horses : it was ingeniously supplied from an elevated spring. 177. The multitude of churches and chapels through all places which we passed, was truly remarkable : scarcely a vil- lage without several ; and in one which we passed, before entering Syracuse, I observed two adjoining each other, and yet not a house K I 6a NOTES on CANADA l':-;. )-■>*■ i in sight. Tiiose of Lynn, near Boston, formerly had attendant flappers, whose business it was to rouse sleepy hearers, carrying, for that purpose, a long wand, furnished with a fox tail on one end, and a ball on the other ; the former being applied to ladies, and the latter to gentlemen. 178. Around the fires of the various bar-rooms, in the Ameri- can inns at which we alighted, I commonly saw large raw-boned, skulky-looking fellows, very like the remnants of some banditti. In one of this sort of inns, wherein we remained all night, a gentle- man traveller, on departing in the morning, discovered that his pocket book had been plundered of its contents, and replaced by forged notes : spurious paper, according to note 54, being scattered all over the Union. 179. Americans universally use green tea, which is some- times of an inferior quality. Being fond of this beverage, when tinged only with hyson, I found much inconvenience. As it is equally objectionable to most new comers, I would recommend the substitution of souchong; and by droppirc; a black currant leaf m- to the tea-pot, the flavor of green tea w'l> oo preserved, and its in- jurious effects neutrallized. Full 20,000 "uests of tea are drank in Upper Canada, of which 3,000 only comt through the customs ; the rest being smuggled from America, whicii gives the seller 100 per cent profit. 180. On passing through the village of Minden — this part of the states is also noted for the many classical names bestowed on insignificant villages, as Athens, Sparta, Pompey, Virgil, &;c. — I observed a dead horse by the road side, half eaten by the carrion birds ; and as we came up a dog ran away with a large piece in his mouth. In Pittsburgh, a neat village, where we changed horses, was a singular swing sign before its only inn, exhibiting, in glowing paint, most of the luxuries in an ale house. Upon the top of each postern supporting it, formerly stood a bottle of rum and another of brandy ; but a toper of the village, having one night taken the liberty of climbing up and appropriating them to his own use, they have never been replaced. 181. Bad weather detained me many days at Blossom's Ho- tel, Canandaigua, the handsomest town in New York state. We usually sat down 60 to dinner, hotels being likewise boarding houses. Regular boarders pay $4 per week, but casual ones $1 per day. — The life of a boarder in an American hotel, is an unsocial and wea- risome mode of spending time. The cr-stomary hours are, break, fast at eight, dinner at two, and tea, or rather sup, at six. Mecha- nic! board in inferior houses, at $2 and $2, 50 per week. I found beils, saving that of a crier, to announce the various meals, quite discarded from hotels and houses of entertainment. The female attendants were oflen the daughters of mine host. I was pleased with their personal appearance, except the hair of those in more attendant carrying, one end, i, and the e Ameri- w-boned, nditti. In a gentle, that his )laced by scattered is sorne- [6, when As it is mend the t leaf in- nd its in> drank in ustoms ; ^ller 100 part of towed on , &c.— I I carrion 3ce in his I horses, » glowing of each another iken the use, they )m'8 Bo- te. We ^ houses, r day. — md wea^ 3, break. Mecha- I found Is, quite ) female pleased in more AND THE UNITED STATES. 69 remote places, which either trailed on their shoulders in manner of a bat club, or dangled round their ears like a bundle of rushes. 182. The sylvan environs and gentle undulations of Canan. daigua, must render it in summer, truly desirable ; but horticulture, yet young in the states, would make it a paradise : though as to that matter, an American is no great stickler for trees, or woodland scenery, but, to him, a country without either has far greater charms. 183. The following making some stir in the vicinity, was han- ded to mo in Blossoms Hotel : •' There is a thing in common use — And for convenience, too — Take one-fifth, the rest will show — What freemen have a right to do : — Transposed again, it will ex- press — The power that mighty men possess," I was never any hand at these af/ ' I s, however, I stumbled upon «foue, for the first two lines, from which extracting one-fifth, it produces vote ; this trans- posed forms that of veto. Its author, a schoolmaster of the sec- tion, gained, in consequence, a large accession of scholars. 184. We were 15 hours travelling from Canandaigua to Ro- chester, a distance of 30 miles. Here the first sleighing for the season began, Jan. 15, 1833, the day I arrived. Its commencement at New York is a day of some note. The harness of your sleigh horse, silent and rapid in his course, must, to prevent accidents, bo furnished with bells, under a penalty of $2. 185. Rochester, so named after Judge Rochester, its chief landed owner, whose seat is at hand, is large and populous. The first house built was in 1812 : its church bells announce the hour, not by striking it, but by jingling a chime. The water power of the celebrated Falls of Genessce, joining this city, produce an income of $25,000 to their proprietor. A minister of the town goes by the name of Revival- Burchsll, be- cause during a three days' meeting, he added 541 to his flock. Oneida Institute, Whitestown, is an establishment for combining labor and education : it has a farm of 100 acres cultivated by the scholars : America, in effect is the hot bed of experiment in all matters of theory. In Rochester is another of those Institutes — fine names are Jonathan's hobbies — the pupils rise at four, work three hours, and study ten ; by far too many. In this respect scho- lastic establishments want remodelling, inasmuch as they make health, which is equally valuable as education, a secondary, nay, very often, no consideration at all. Our boys are pent up in sweat- ing baths, yclept school rooms, all their adolescence, to learn what, ? Write their names and accompts, with peradventure a smattering of nothings : this assuredly is a system most glaringly defective, and calling loudly for reform. Those low lands in New York state, some 20 miles from Rochester, located by English farmers, have been so improved by their agricultural experience, as to realize twice their original cost. Many natives of this section have rcadi- ly admitted to me, the advontages that their country has derived from these strangers. In this town I discovered, the very day that 1 1 r I 70 M0T£8 ON CANADA J , ■ j ■ '\^\ Gen. Arnold died at London, in 1801, (who, exclusive of other ad- vantages for deserting the American cause, received £10,000 uiul a grant of 18,000 acres of land in Upper Canada,) the oak tree under which Messrs. John Paulding, Van Wert, and David WiU liams, (the last still living) captured Major Andre, in Tarrytown, was struck by lightning and sliivered to pieces. Preceding the death of George III. the body of the unfortunate Major was remo- ved from the valley, near Tappan, West Point, and deposited with- in a vault previously prepared in Westminster Abbey. The cap- tors of this ill-fated officer, were each rewarded by Congress with a silver medal and an annuity of $200. 186. Girdling, upon wooded lands, is indenting a deep circle round the lower part of the tree, which stopping the sap, it present- ly dies, soon falls, and is then easily removed. Felling timber is denominated lumbering : their wood axe is decidedly superior to ours. You may sleep in the woods at night, upon hemlock boughs, without taking injury : Methodists use them in their camp meet- ings. Forest trees are not so deep rooted as those in open places ; nor their timber so firm as others that have been planted. Fire-wood from girdled trees is universally bad : cheap dealers and street hawk- ers alone traffic in it. 187. We arrived in Lewioton, the American frontier town, at midnight. Next moining I walked to the ferry, opposite Queen- ston, divided by the Niagara river, which was choked up with pie- ces of ice, floating down from the Falls above. The ferryboat dare not venture out ; the passage was, however, ultimately effected in an open boat. At such times il is very dangerous to cross, for ex- clusive of being enclosed within the ice, and so hurried tu destruc- lion in Lake Ontario, you have to resort to the equally hazaidous measure of rocking the boat, in order to cut her way through the ice, which has been often known to carry her to the bottom. The ordinary passage is a York shilling. 188. I was now on British ground. Throughout my whole route to Queenston, which, with Niagara, also called Newark, are two of the oldest provincial towns, the bed rooms that I occupied were small, and without chimneys or ventilators. Upon arriving in the British territories you exchange your American for British money : a dollar, cash, fetches but 5s., a dollar, paper, first issued in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, in 1709, (and a New England mint first built in ltj52) passes current in both states. — Note. If the pillars Oil a Spcir.isli quarter dollar (15d.) be worn out, it then passes but for lOd., a York shilling for 5d., and a six-pence do. for 25d. On this account, added to the discrepancy between York and Halifax currency, and the adroitness with which many convert the exchange to their own advantage, it is calculated that the province incurs an annual loss of £130,000. A shilling En- glish goes for Is. 2d. Halifax, so named in 1749, by Governor Corn- AND TUF. UNITED 3TATKS. 71 " other ficl- 0,000 uiiil oak tree )avid WiU 'arrytown, eding the was remo- iited with- The cap. »ress with eep circle it preaeut- timber is jperior to k boughs, np meet- 1 places ; ire-wood eet hawk- town, at 3 Queen- with pie- ^boat dare IFected iu s, for ex- » destruc- tazardous ough the tn. The y whole vark, are occupied arriving [• British 'st issued d a New states. — vorn out, ix-penco between :h many Lted that ling £n- or Corn. wallis, in compliment to Lord Halifax : half a crown for 2s. lO^d. u crown for »s. lOd., and a sovereign £1. 43. Halifax and Cana. da currency are alike : their paper money, from its low tigure, Ls exceedingly deceptive ; since a bundle of dollar notes is a very dif- ferent aliair to one of Henry Hase's. The first forgery of its pa- per, and indeed of any Canadian bank, being $10 notes, was in Ju- ly 1834. Messrs. Wilson &; Co. Warnford Court, Throgmorton Street, London, agents to the Upper Canada Bank, for every £100 paid to them for transmission, £120 will ba received from the bank in Toronto, which if invested therein produces £15 a year. The city has two other banks, the Agricultural, recently and successfully established, by Capt. Truscott, R. N., a gentleman of large fortune from England, and the Commercial. Vide Note 13. The variation between B ritish and American money, began on the separation of the Colonies, and has so continued to the present time. 189. The first visitors to Canada were Spaniards, whose heads being filled with nothing but gold and silver mines, they, not finding either, frequently repeated to each other Aca nada (there is noth- ing here.) The aboriginees, who watched them narrowly, learnt the phrase and its meaning. Next, in 1535, came the French, under Jacques Cartier, a master mariner of St. Maloes, and the natives, who wanted none of their company, to get rid of them, incessantly repeated Aca nada. 'I'he French, who knew no more of Spanish than they did, believed, aud naturally adopted those oft-recited words, as the name of the country. Hence its origin. It is also called the land of the Lakes, which cover an area of 43,040,000 acres. 190. English emigrants — certain Canadian editors allow to be proper enough, but which, on said emigrants settling in a new country, they pedantically change to immigrants — English emi- grants to Canada, retain the priviliges of British subjects; but, if ever desirous of naturalization in America, they must first remain aliens for five years : the oath imposed upon them is far more se- vere than that, in Canada, required from Americans, and, on this account, is often declined. 191. On Queenston heights, 300 feet above the river, is a co- lumn to the memory of General Brock, who, with his aid. de-camp Col. McDonald, fell in action Oct. 13, 1812. It is a plain building, having a spiral staircase of 120 steps, leading to a look out on the top. It affords a noble prospect of Lake Ontario and circumjacent country. It had a capital swivel-telescope bought in London ; but two Yankees having lately ascended, unattended, wantonly des- troyed it. 192. Though our transatlantic brethren were defea- ted in the battle of Queenston heights, yet it is a mistake to sup. pose that they are deficient in bravery. Granted that citizens cai. led suddenly into the field, may not always prove a match for a regular army, yet instances enough are upon record, of their hav- 72 NOTES OX CANADA !•' ing often beaten one. This is fair and straightforward, but when certain writers, for reasons not very honorable in themselves, hud- die in a heap the disasters of their countrymen, in order to establish the bravery of their opponents, is meanly truckling, and alike con- demned by well-informed Americans, the new system of whose warfare, as practised by their riflemen, id. est. concealing them- selves in long grass, behind thick-clustering trees, or in old barns, added to the insuppcrable difficulties of new and densely-wooded countries, are considerations that appear to have altogether escaped the recollection of those authors who accord, and apparently with so much satisfaction, the result of some of ojr transatlantic ren- counters. 193. During the above turbulent period, for want of specie. Penny bank notes were issued, by which one individual made a very large fortune. General Brock's death is further commemo- rated in a sign at one of the village ale-houses : his discountenance of the scalping knife, made him regretted even by the Americans. During the engagement, an Irishman in the British ranks, was heard to exclaim of a comrade, whilst reloading, " By Jasus that man is a soldier ; for he prays like a saint, fights like a devil, and fires two shots to my ope." 194. Jan. 20, 1833, visited the Falls of Niagara, meaning, in the aborigine language. Coming from above, or a mountain, and is properly pronounced Ni./iaMJ-ga-rah. The fall is 170 feet deep, and % of a mile wide : the Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and Su- perior combine to supply this astounding cataract. The misty, vapour from its spray, resembles a hovering cloud. The rapids, or sloping descents besprinkled with large stones, commence below Grand and Navy Islands, containing 50,000 acres, forming a fund for the repair of canals, a mile and a half to the precipice, in which space they descend 54 feet. Major Mordecai^ Manasseh Noah, a Jew, of New York, surveyor of customs, ex- high sheriff, late American consul at Tunie, also editor of the Star, projected the formation of a city, to be called Ararat, on Grand Island, and erected an altar thereon, expecting that it would be forthwith peopled by the Hebrews : but the city has never even been began, nor a solitary Israelite yet wended his way to the scite. 195. Oct. 22, 1829, an American by the name of Sam Patch, from a ladder 90 feet high, placed upon a projecting rock on Goat Island (containing 80 acres, and separating the smaller, or Ameri- can fall from the British, which has an elevation of 15 feet above the bed of the greater, or horse-shoe) leaped into a space of smooth water, formed by the boiling of the two cataracts, came up safe, and swam with ease to the opposite side. This feat has been more than once performed, by a son of the American ferry-man. Sam was borri in Massachusetts, and made his first leap from a factory there- in ; commencing at the lowest, and finishing from the highest win- AlfD THB VITITSO »TATB8. 73 but when veg, hud- establish like con- )f whose g them- Id barns, -wooded escaped itly with ntic ren- specie, made a mmemo- itenance lericans. iks, was isus that svil, and ming, in ain, and set deep, and Su- 3 misty, s rapids, mmence acres, f to the ardecai^ ms, ex. he Star, 1 Grand ould be Jr even lescile. I Patch, )n Goat Ameri. t above smooth ip safe, n more im was there- st win. dow. He then leaped the Passaic Falls, afterwards the Niagara, and finally perished in his second leap from those of the Genessee. 196. There is a lonely hut on Goat Island, formerly tenanted by John Abbot an Englishman, who was lost whilst bathing in the rapids, and now inhabited by a female recluse. It belongs to Judge Porter, who constructed the singular bridge connecting it with the American bide. 197. Forsyth's hotel, on the Canadian bank of the Falls, cost 6000 guineas erecting and furnishing : it will ac- commodate 150 persons. On leaving the house to view the rush of waters, their tremendous roar, like a thunder which fills the heaven and shakes the earth, though previously prepared by hear- ing them at a distance of fifteen miles, still struck me with uncom. mon awe. Following my guide, I entered a small wooden house, containing an open regisler,wherein I recognised many names from London. Being provided with a cloak to guard against the spray, I descended an enclosed spiral staircase, attached to the wooden house, like threading the monument, and on stepping therefrom, came in immediate view of the mighty Fall. After pausing a few minutes to recover my astonishment, I advanced with the guide. This requires some caution, on account of the narrowness of the footway ; for if you fall into the lake below, a distance of 100 feet, you must inevitably perish. This path led to a cavern under the prodigious stream, so that I was now behind the stupendous torrent, which rolls over a precipice projecting 50 feet beyond the base of immense rocks, like the fall of an overshot mill, in a multitudinous mass of more than one hundred million tons of water per hour. 198. Mr. Forsyth, with several others, during last war, to avoid capture by the enemy, crossed, in a large well-oared boat, from the American to the British side, at a spot not half a mile above the Cataract. No aborigine will venture in his canoe near a probability of the Falls, without a bottle of ardent spirits. Those who have witnessed the fatal scene, say, that the moment an Indian perceives himself in a line with the vortex, and destitute of hope, he seizes the bottle, and in a state of insensibility, sinks into the awful abyss, from which, if he be ever after taken, it is only in undistinguishable fragments. 199. The season for the Falls commences in April and termi. nates in Autumn : company from all parts of the world, particularly France and England, are then arriving daily. The public dining table of the hotel accommodates 100 ; it is filled two or three times a day, at a charge of three shillings per head. From tradition, supported by philosophic enquiry, the Falls were anciently at Queenston, a distance of 7 miles : hence, hereafter generations may probably witness their arrival at Lake Erie, towards which they are calculated to retrograde fifty yards in forty years. 200. The Americans abound in Falls ; but their so much boas- ted Grand Falls, on the Passaic, where Sam Patch took his first at M i 74 NOTKS OX CANADA I-:- .1' leap, on nccoiint of the river being diverted to the more profitable employment of turning mills, are dtvindled to perfect insignificnrice. The finest in Lower Canada are those of Montmorenci, 7 miles below Quebec. 201. At Niagara, 7 miles from Queenston, steamboats ply daily to Toronto, hue York, the capital of the Pro- vince : distance 30 miles, time 4 hours, and fare 82: by stage, round the head of the lake, distance 90 miles, time 24 hours, fare $5 : their drivers, as in America, never expect a fee : they are much inferior, in both countries, to those of England. 202. Col. Hamilton's elegant residence in Queenston, which was canonaded from the American side of the river, during the battle of Queenston heights, remains a sad memorial of by-gone days, and the too often malignant idiocracy of war. I frequently met the Colonel of the district in my domicile, a clever and well- informed man, but troubled with an impediment in his speech, which originated the following anecdote : he was one day review, ing his regiment, when, as they stood prepared, he stammered out "Shoo — Shoo — shoot, you know I cant say lire." 203. Europeans believe human life to be of short duration in Canada, yet I often met the venerable in years, exclusive of those in my own family ; and " On March 8, 1833, died Mrs. J. Stewart, near St. T "id's, Niagara District, aged 109 years ; her husband died a few years since at the age of 96, leaving children, now living, aged 80, and grand children at 60, besides a host of great grand children." Last year, a woman by the name of Metcalf, residing near the capital of Upper Canada, bore a child still living, when past her sixtieth year ! Vide notes 42 & 153. 204. The native bird called Whip-her-well, from its cry re- sembling these words, one day gave occasion for much mnrriment among a party of ladies and gentlemen returning from the bush, where they had been gypseying. A lady had given occasion, jocu- larly, for a reference to the elders as to a suitable admonition for some pretended offence : when, in the act of deciding, a bird of the abovementioned species flew past, and as it did so, screamed shriller than ordinarily, Whip-her-well. 205. On Jan. 27, 1833, I arrived in York — now changed to Toronto, its aborigine name — the capital of Upper Canada. A very few years since the wilderness, a swamp and unknown ; the whole country, up to 1784, being one vast forest: it now contains over 10,000 inhabitants. A cedar swamp produces good water, and is of itself healthy ; which is likewise the case where hemlock, spruce and fir abound. General Simcoe, the first governor of the province, chose Toronto, which he called little York, in 1794, as the best scite for a capital, though he contemplated London, in the London District, from its centra! position between the large lakes, and its favorable situation on the river Thames. Toronto is a mass of shops, the leading feature of Canadian and American towns, A\D TUB UNITED STATBS. n insomuch that you can hardly sneeze without hespattcring a store. Its winters are six weeks shorter than those of Quebec. The ori- ginal settlers of Upper Canada, (discovered by John Cabot, in 1497, whoso family resided in England) were American refugees, and part of the 82nd regiment, disbanded on termination of the revolu- tionary war. Each private receiving 200 acres, without restric- tions, but on discovering they would sell them for a bottle of brandy, the grant was reduced to 100, with settlement duties, and a resi- dence of three yeaij before enabled to sell. They located on the Long Sault, and at Niagara, formerly Newark. The first vessel which entered the Bay of Toronto, was a brig commanded by capt. Richardson, whose son is an elder in the Episcopal Methodist So- ciety of this city. Twcnty-seven steamboats ply on Lake Ontario, Bay of Quinte, and river St. Lawrence : I have counted seven at a time in Toronto Bay. Cranberry marshes in the township of Wed- derburn, on account of their fever-breeding properties, are called the Infernal place: a Mr. J. Cummer, farmer and miller of Yonge Street, was the first person born in the township of Toronto : in 1834 he was thirty-five years of age. The episcopal church is a well- built stone structure, has a choir and organ, and will contain 3000 persons. There are two catholic chapels in the city, three metho- dist, and four other places of public worship. The establishment of Upper Canada consists of the bishop of Quebec, two archdea- cons, and circa sixty clergymen. 206. Our seven North American possessions, namely, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Prince Edwards' Island, New- foundland. Cape Breton, and Nova Scotia : the five last considered unhealthy, on account of being enveloped in fogs most part of the year : their amount of land available for settlements, exclusive of unexplored regions, is about 30 million acres. Note : the order of Nova Scotia baronets originated with James I, and was confirmed by Charles I, being at that time limited to 150 members. This was effected by a stretch of the prerogative, but though the king is au- thorised, by enactment, to grant hereditary titles of honor in Cana- da, this has never yet been done. Nova Scotia was called Acadia until 1621. The united capital of our North American possessions, is £62,100,466, which raise annually produce and property worth £17,626,629. Their foreign trade has been put at 850,000 tons, with 44,000 seamen. Canada requires 271,000 tons, which, ia proportion, is three times as large as that of all America. 207. Our Canadian territories form a goodly appendage to the dominions of England, upon which the sun never sets : for before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams shine on Port Jackson ; and while sinking from the waters of Lake Ontario, his eye opens upon those of the Ganges. 208. The Upper Canada college at Toronto, has a principal, vice-principal and seven masters, whose salaries amount to £2,600 ■p I T8 NOTES ON CANADA ^:-'- (;3 »'■ Sterling per annum, with residences in the college. This prorince appropriates 740,275 acres of land to education. The ptofession of a schoolmaster bars all association with the aristocracy of the city : this unique distinction is doubtless borrowed from their neigh- bour Jonathan, who respects his just as much as one bear does hi» hunters, or another the fine arts. Vide note 35. Here is also the Parliament ^ouse, a substantial building, with a centre and two wings ; the former being the House ot' Assembly, and the latter go- vernment offices. The legislative expenditure is something over j£8000 a year, including £4770 for the House of Assembly ; and the civil ditto about £12,000 : its government is the mildest known. The Upper House consists of thirty, and the Lower sixty members, who receive 10s. each per diem, during the sitting,, and their spea- ker £250 for the session, which is in the winter, and lasts three months. Each member is provided with a chair^ desk and writing materials, but no spittoon as those in Congress, from whom no re- ligious test is exacted. There is an open gallery for the public, whilst reporters are provided with another. Bricks, the chief ma- terial of their public edifices, are smaller than in England ; shin- gles supply the place of slate and tile ; h house must have a roof and chimney ladder, in case of fire, uuui r a penally of $2. Many one story houses have no internal communication upward, but lad- der-stairs on the outside, thereby rendering them double tenements. The chief clerk has a deputy, and several copiers ; a former one of whom, with a long string of names, George, Thomas, Frederic, Augustus, Mug Ireland, which he was apt to parade, generally went by the shorter of Pitcher. 209. Osgoode Hall, at the head of York street, is a large es- tablishment belonging to the Law Society of Upper Canada : com- monly called Lawyers' hall. The costs of civil suits in this pro- vince, average £50,000 per annum. A late storekeeper to the gar- rison, a mile above the city, in accounting for a deficieney amongst the iron shot, supposed that the rats had eaten it. There is a Uni- ted Service club, Mechanic's Institute, Public Library, and News- room. A great portion of its inhabitants are respectable, which» according to the witness upon a late trial, is any one who keeps a one-horse chaise. It has a solidly-built market, well supplied, but in advance on New York prices. It is better to provision with farmers who, in wagons — shallow, oblong boxes, upon four wheels — attend with their produce daily. Carmen are called teamsters. Wood ashes are exchanged for soap — lib. for a bushel — which, with can- dies, though paying no duty, are dearer than in England ; thus proving the rule, that in the absence of state impositions, the peo- ple, if an opportunity offer, will tax one another much higher than any government dare even attempt. They will of themselves thrust both hands into your pocket, but if the ntato venture a little finger only, a commotion, equivalent to an earthquake is the consequence. AND THE UNITED STATES. 71 proTince lofession y of the ir neigh, does hi» also the and two latter go- ing over i)ly ; and t known, nembers, eir spea. sts three 1 writing m no re- e public, ;hief ma- id; sbin- ve a roof 2. Many but lad. nements. rmer one Prederic^ ally went large cs- la : com- thia pro- I the gar- amongst is a Uni- id News- , which> keeps a id, but in 1 farmers — attend Wood v'ith can. id; thus the peo- her than es thrust e finger ^quence. Individual avarice is the greatest evil that can befall a new country. 210. Toronto publishes seven newspapers. There are threo provincial paper-mills, Eastwood, Brown, and Hon. W. Crooks' : their profits must be large, seeing there is no impost ; for it is as high.priced hero as in England, where it is charged with a duty of 3d. per lb. Lithographic plans of the various districts and town, ships laid down by the government surveyors, are to be bought ia Toronto for Is. 6d. each. Capt. Smith, in 1614, first mapped that part of America known as North Virginia, which he called New England : see note 7. 211. Emigrants should be mindful to get rid of self-esteem, and all such unsaleable commodities, in a new country, before en. tering it, as they will find them not only very troublesome compa- nions, but a sure means of annoyance and vexation. This is strik. ingly exemplified in two emigrant.women — a direliction from the established usages in society, forfeits all claim upon those of cour- tesy — ^the one, wife to a common brawler of Tweedle-dum and Tircc- dU-deet herself a petty squealer in the same line, about effecting their union with the natural of hops, from her intolerable arrogance and unendurable hauteur, has excised the sarcasms and ridicule of all. The other, one of the Piccilomini, or little in stature, a sort of skeleton-in-parchment rib— sofl as a sack of pattens — to a goose- berry.headed Lat-e-tat, from her overt censure and mockery of others, combined with a certain stage-property in dress, and namby- pamby gait, not unlike a snipe bobbing for cockles, is known as Jezebella Janus, actress of slip-slops, looking out for jobs. Letters to England via New York, save considerably in time and postage. The sailors post-ofRce in the Atlantic, is the cleft of a rock upon the Isle of Ai^sension : here crews leave a corked bottle with letters enclosed, which are taken up and carried to their destination, by the next ship passing in a contrary direction. Newspaper adver- tisements pay four pence a line for the first, and a penny per line for subsequent insertions. American papers pay a penny each on receipt, by the subscriber ; but this charge, on Canadian papers, is defrayed by the proprietors, and debited to the subscribers, which is a heavy drawback on newspaper establishments ; of which there are thirty in the Upper — though two only in 1808 — and eighteen in the Lower province, some of them, like many of their brethren in the States, do not always confine themselves within the legitimate bounds of the press. 212. The crest of the attorney general of the province, I understand, is a tun, with the motto Nosce teipsum : a Toronto wag, named Richard, is better known by the cognomen of Tipsey Bickj because, undertaking to translate this motto, he rendered it Never be tipsey, 213. I was one day taking a sketch of the chief Catholic cha- pel in this city, pleasantly situated in the fields by King Street, when, just as I had completed it, a large party of men ai^ women 78 KOTES ON CA.XAUA Of.i then gate, men open, 1 followed at u lii America : 1796, the and first came up, and going round the building at a side entered the dormitory in the rear of the edilicc. short distance, struck with the quietude of their movements. Thoy spread themselves over the ground, and in groups begun decorating the graves with winter flowers, firut clearing away the weeds. This done, they prostrated themselves on the grave-sods for some time, then rising, withdrew in silence ; whilst, as they passed ine, I could perceive they had been weeping, which, added to the dcjec- tion of their air, well accorded with those affectionate niemorial.n they had then been ollering up. The Catholic priesthood of Upprr Canada consists of a bishop, a vicar general, and 20 priests. They have 35 churches built and building, with 8 schools. Dr. Carroll, of Maryland, 1789, was the first Catholic bishop Dr. Seabury, bishop of Connecticut, who died in Episcopal diocesan. 214. In summer evenings the whistling choruses of the frogs, around the streamlets of Toronto, is strange but curious. The trce.toad changes its color to that which it occupies ; from nearly white to almost black ; making a noise like an English quail. The species of native provincial birds arc 48. Some writers have stated that there are no venomous snakes in Canada ; but this is erroneous, as provincial surveyors, when on professional duty, are much an- noyed by them. A lumberer one day, upon felling a tree, near Bur- lington bay, discovered a knot of frozen particles in the centre of the trunk, which on exposure to the sun burst into being and flew away. A single hair drawn from the tail of a horse and thrown in- to a pail of water, 1 have known, in a fortnight, to become impreg- nated with life. Rain, which in other countries cools the earth, iu this renders it more sultry. The water of the lake, preceding a storm, change of weather, or breaking up of the ice, roars like a distant cannonade ; whilst that in the various wells is generally good, but on fixing a pump commonly becomes inferior. 215. The great lakes of Canada are never frozen ; and, being warmer than atmospherical air, they send up an evaporation during inclement periods, like that of an overcharged boiler. The weather is terti- ant in winter, that is, a severe frost will terminate in three days, and be succeeded by several of mild ones. I have witnessed the four seasons in as many hours ; and a friend crossing the Detroit River (nearly a mile and a half wide) in his canoe, rccrossed, two hours after on the ice : whilst a boatman passing near Bellville, in his skiff, became at length frozen in, when he ultimately left his boat and walked to land. 216. Servant's wages, as all labor payments, are high : they do not use the term Boss, but in speaking to or of their employers, dcvsignate them mister and mistress. The charges of a tonsor are the same as entered in note 171 ; those of a laundress are equally extravagant ; whilst an emigrant with a mangle would make a for- AND TDK ONITBD STATES. 79 tunc. 217. Ministers of nil dcnominntions, provitleJ llicy arc Btl- iiiittctl nrcordiug to their respective creeds, nifiy perform the ritual of marringe. A minister near Toronto, was dining one day m illi another, who had a largo family, of which ho was considered an excellent rojidator, but on this day thov were somewhat refractory. ** How is this, brother," asked the visitor, " I always understood that you were a good manager of your fnn)ily ?" "To tell you the truth," whispered the other, " I have no su[far in the house." 218. The Episcopal Methodists have their principal chapel here, and a college at Cobourg, Newcastle District, with 70 minis- tors, and20,000 members in the province. First American Metho. dist chapel was erected at New York, in 17G9. (Jeorgo Noal, an Irish major of horse in the British service, passed from licwistfni to Niagara, circa 1787, and first introduced Methodism to Canada. The labors of their itinerants and missionaries are so replete with exertion and privation, as invariably to destroy the stoutest constitu- tion, and in ten years locate the youngest on the funds of the soci- ety. Each receives £2.5 per ann. with, if married, $lfi for every child under 7, and ^24 for every one above. No stated minister receives above £50 a year, added, if uiarricd and a family, to tho foregoing allowances. Their bishop receives no more. They liavo upwards of 3,000 ministers throughout the world, though at their first conference, held at London, June 25, 1774, there were btit 4, and more than a million hearers : they arc on the advance in New Hampshire ; which state gave birth to Benjamin Thompson, so ce- lebrated for his mechanical inventions and discoveries ; better known as Count Rumford, because a Count of the Holy Roman Empire : he died near Paris, in 1814. 219. At the Credit, 17 miles from Toronto, a native village, of 220 Indians, properly aboriginees, a mis-term, originating with Columbus — see note 7 — dwells Peter Jones, their chief; two years since in England, where he excited much interest : he is here the minister of his people. Miss Field, an English lady of great res- pectability, is now on her voyage to Canada, as his bride elect. He is at present translating the New Testament into his native touguo of Chippewa ; so called after a creek of the same name above tho Falls of Niagara : of all the aboriginal languages it has the long, est words, some containing 37 letters ! whilst the Mohawk, which is the shortest, seldom exceed six. Many missionaries are them- selves Indians. 220. The following are extracts from a letter of Peter Jones', when in England, to his friends in Canada : " No na- tion can be fonder of New things than the English ; they will gaze upon a foreigner as if he had just dropped from the moon : and I have been often amused in seeing what a large number of people, a monkey riding upon a dog, will collect in the streets of London. When my Indian name — Kahkewaquonahy — is announced to attend any meeting, so great is their curiosity, the place is always filled ; 80 NOTES ON CANADA fi; and it would be the same if notice was given that a man with his toes in his mouth, would address a congregation on such a day. Many are swallowed up in the cares of the world. Money, money, get money and be a gentleman. The English are fond of good Hiving ; many who live on roasted beef, plum-pudding, and turtle- (Kiup, get fat and round as a toad. Roasted beef to an Englishman, is as sweet as bear's meat to an Indian hunter, and plum pudding io a beaver's tail. Ladies wear bonnets something like a farmer's scoop shovel ; and when they walk in the tip-toe style, they remind inc of the little snipes that run along the shores of the lakes and rivers in Canada." 221. In the village of Credit also resides a female missionary by the »j%me of Barnes, who has devoted herself to the laborious office ot'convertmg the Indian. She visits her friends periodically, stays some short time, then repairs to her hut in the wilderness : generally wilh large pecuniary aid, to assist in the benevolent work which stie has so fearlessly undertaken. 222. From her charac- ter of the aborigine, he appears insensible to every thing but the bush and river- If you are sick, his idea of pity is by throwing you a slain deer ; '.>ut goes no further ; you must dress it. He has no notion of attendance at a sick bed. If ill, he lies down ; but as he never gave, he does not expect help : if he recover, well, if not, he dies. If he have a wife, she mourns him by refusing to wash, or change her dress, for a whole year. If she die, he laments her in Mke manner. 223, A chief never deigns to render assistance. This had once nearly proved fatal to Miss Barnes ; for being in a canoe, and driven by a tempest, on a sand bank, near the land, upon which stood a chief gazing at her, she requested him to throw a rope, that by this means her paddlerd might pull in to shore. He paid no attention, and had it not been for some inferiors coming up, she must have perished. 224. She is continually employed in visiting, either by canoe or sleigh, a dozen missionary stations, scattered over a circuit of several hundred miles. When to much intrepidity, a fearless sense of danger, and aptitude for spiritual exhortation, a female missionary must also unite the duties of a hired servant ; be a hewer of wood and diawer of water, some faint idea may then be formed of its re- quisite qualifications. -v < 225. A beaver meadow in the bush is considered an acquisition upon a lot of uncleared land ; because the trees being thus removed, the ground is soon covered with grass, and is then a prairie. A community of beavers, upon choosing their ground, immediately arrange to enclose. One party prepares to fell ti'ees, several feet in circumference, by cutting, with their teeth, a deep indenture round the base ; whilst a sentinel at hand, warns them of its direc- tion upon falling. A foraging party having obtained clay and stones, (hey commence enclosing. This they do by embanking the outskirts AND THE UNITED STATES. Bl with timber, properly prepared, and filling up the openings with clay and stones, which secures them a supply of water. Upon felling trees beside a river, they cut above the current, so as to float them to their destination. Beavers congregating in the solitudes of the forest, acquire an instinct, which, on the invasion of man, they soon lose. A skin weighs from 4 to 8 lbs. and fetches $4 per lb. A former dealer, now titled and wealthy, made use of his foot as a weight ; which he persuaded the natives, on putting into the scale was a pound only ! and by (his means cheated them of large sums. An Indian dressed skin is more valuable than any other. The lar- gest house and that a million one, in this species of traffic, is Astor's of New York ; the founder of a settlement at the mouth of the Co- lumbia river, called Astoria. The cattle of Upper Canada are so fond of salt, that exposing it in the hand is a sure means of catching stray ones. Though made in the province, it is also imported from America, paying a duty last year, of £2,351 , a sixpence per bushel. During our last rupture with America, such was the difficulty of obtaining a supply, that a wine glass of salt has been known to sell for a quarter dollar. All vegetables, pickles and preserves come under the indiscriminate denomination of sase (sauce.) 226. The resources of the Province, last year, were £55,213, and the expenditure $37,041. N. B. This is exclusive of its share from the Lower Province, of importation duties, which, in 1833, was £45,000. Tavern licences, of which there are 1000, vary from £3 to £7 each. Its public debt for canals, roads, bridges and other essential items, in a new country, to which the Wclland Canal has contributed £157,500, is £350,830, paying an interest of £14,273 a year. 227. Some of the forests breed millions of pigeons, which, on their periodical flights, will darken the air. The woods around Toronto are fast decreasing, which accounts for the disappearance of those fevers, that, ten years since, invariably attacked new set- tlers. The winter is never so severe as to prevent employment out of doors : whilst in Lower Canada, upon venturing abroad, at this season, it is very often done so at the risk of your nose, or the loss of an ear. There are two temperance societies in Toronto ; one of their members, a reformed toper, long went by the name of the small-pox man, because, on being asked how he felt on his first offence against sobriety, made answer, " I thought I had caught the small pox." 228. Chemical drugs and compounds are purer and cheaper than in England : but leeches, imported therefrom in day, and, on account of their great mortality on iheir voyage, fetch 3s. 9d. each. A lady of my acquaintance, in Toronto, requiring tlie ap- plication of a leech, sent for her family doctor, a Canadian provin- cial, to put it on : this, however, ho was !iot able to do, until he had first sent out privately for instructions ! A gentleman in this city, U2 XOTtS 0>' CANADA transmitting an order, by a Canton merchant, for a dinner and tea 8er\icc of China ; the pattern ph\te sent happened to have a small piece chipped oil' its edge, when lo ! both services were executed with a gap in the rim of each article ! !229. A farrier here an- nounces himself by writing up "John's Shoeing Shop." Last Ame- rican war, our Admiralty sent out the frame work, blocks, etc. of the Psyche frigate, which could have been procured on the spot in a tenth of the time, and a twentieth part of the expense : and at the same period forwarded each ship of war on lake Ontario a full supply of water casks, with an apparatus for distilling sea-water, when all they had to do, was to throw a bucket overboard to draw up water of the purest quality. Passing the town-hall one day, whilst the quarter sessions were on, I entered and found two prison- ers at the bar, differing considerably in height, for stealing two tur- kics. When the foreman of the jury forgetting their names, upon delivering the verdict, said " We declare the /on^ man guilty, and the short one innocent." " Then," answered the judgo, (Robinson) " that is the long and short of the case." 230. Canadians and Americans indulge in overheated rooms, which not only enfeeble the body, but originate many diseases char- ged upon the country. Hence it happens with most emigrants, trom baking liiemsclves in this sort of rooms, that, after tiie first year, they are loss able to bear the transitions of the seasons, Ex- clusive of which, the climate itself is most trying in their second year of settlement. 231. Looking in upon an English settler on his lot on Yongo Street — its second ])rinciple road, leading to Lake Simcoc, Dundas being (lie first, but Queen Street, **"rlher on, carries you through some of the finest parts of the Province : Canadian out-of-town .streets, like the Old Roman, arc sitnply roads, in no other shape akin to Cheapside or Cornliil! — originally costing him but a few dollars, though now worth £800. lie accompanied me over it ; when stopping at a part shaded by willows — " There," said he, *' lies my youngest son ! " Farm dormitories are also common in America. See note 138. 232. Most carpenters here kiln-dry their deals, which, in truth, their works pretty ojienli/ explain. The Ca- nadian tulip tree grows to a prodigious size ; and is less liable than other woods to accidents from fire, as it never blazes. At a village in this district, a party of gentlemen were one day assembled to dine with a brother saddlehairs, or cidc\'ant Canadian Esquire — which honorary term, in En^.and, is confined to the younger sons of our nobility, the owner of an estate of £500 a year, or holder of a gov- ernmenl olfice of £300 per aunum, but in Canada and America, is HO perseveringly pressed into the service of the canaille, that, like knocking on u door (see note 19) it has lost its reputation, and is ' I in doubtful comr ing seen ipany, ^go" {ddlebag gentlemen, taking up a book which lay on the table, read AND THE UNITED BTATEi. 83 nloud, from the bottom of the title page " Price 33. 6d. in grain, 4s. in boards, and 4^. 6d. in sheer)." The whole party took this to mean, the book might be bought tor a bushel of wheat, a few deal boards, or a leg of mutton ! 233. The name Delaware Indians, which we give to about fortv tribes, is unknown in their lancnaire : thcv would not receive It, until lirsl assured that it was given to them, and their river, by u great white chief Lord Delaware. The powerful tribe by this name, who formerly occupied a part of Now York, New Jersey and Penni^ylvania states, arc now below a thousand : John Bertram, a Pennsylvania farmer, who died in 1777, was declared by Linnaeus, to be the greatest natural botanist in the world : the celebrated American novelist, Brown, who died in 1810, was also a native of this state. The Mohawks, whose first convert to Christianity, John Tho- mas, died in 1727, aged 110 years, are so called because coming from Ihe banks of the Mohawk river. They do not hov-^ever acknowledge the title, but call themselves by a name which, in their own coun. try, means just such peo|)le as they ought to be. The Cherokee are thn only mod Dm tribe or nation that can claim the honor of invent- ing an alphabet, which was accomplished, a few years since, by one of their rumbcr, known by the anglicised name of George ('Ucsoi. They publish u newspaper, edited partly in English, called •'Tli'j Cherokee Phcenix." The worship of idols is discarded by theni : iust bei'ore leaving England, I saw 500 idols, or gods, ship- ped m the fondon Dociis for sale in the East Indies, and two mis- sionarirs, ^oon after, stcp'd on board for the same destination ! 234. BrajUtbrd, in the Core District, is so named after the ci.debrated Indian cliief, Brant, who died an iM. P. P., or member of the Priivjiuial Parliament. Admiral Vansittart came to Canada in 1834, liuvjug a large property in Brantford, settled one of his sons thereon, and a/j dher in Toronto : he has had the misfortune to lose his lady, who died soon after her arrival in America, at Saratoga Springs). I'huK are many Irish gentlemen of fortune established in this district, amongst whom is Colonel Martin, brother to the member for Galway, whom I found most gentlemanly and commu- nicative. Bra.ittbrd is the focus of coiners: spurious half dollars and base currency, are called, at Hamilton, Bung-toum money, in which place a band of regular burglars from the old country have been just broken up. When Count — or Earl — D'Estang was bomoarding Rhode Island, a shot passed through the door of one Mr. Mason ; whereupon an aboriginec sat himself down with his back to the shot hole, coolly saying, " Massa, you nebur know two bullet go in same place." 235. The wives of Canadian aboriginees are called squaws, and their children papooses : they are of a loss pleasing physiog- nomy that! the men : she is the servant of her husband ; her sta- ture diminutive, her looks downcast, and all her movements those i 8i 2V0TBI ON CANADA ft vx il of the slave: Upon childbirth, she will attend to hsr duties on ih« next day ! Some live to a great age ; but on account of their pri* rations arc subject to various diseases, especially pulmonary, and generally die early. They have vegetableremedies for all diseases to which they are liable, except those introduced by lOuropeaus. Such is their abhorrence of agriculture, that the common Indian curse is, "May you be compelled, by want, to till the ground." — Of labor, by the bye, an Indian is by no means fond, at the same time fertile in excuses for his indolence : much after the same fash, ion as a relative of mine ; who working all day in the barn, his fa. ther looked in at the close, to ask how much he had done ? ** Why, was the reply, when I have done this and two others, I shall have threshed three pieces." 236. The domiciliated Indians of Canada in 1758, were six- teen thousand ; in 1765 fell to 7,400, and in 1808 were below 2,500. In 1830, a colony of free negroes, from Cincinnati, in number 700, obtained a grant of 25,000 acres of land, 250 miles from Detroit, and located thereon. The hay called Indian, is a grass found only by the aboriginees, in marshy places : they plait it into a variety of forms, which retain the scent of new made hay. 237. The increased price of land in and around Toronto, though fitted only for building purposes, exceeds even London. — That on which the house stands wherein I am at present writing, cost origmally £50, but would now produce £4,000 : whilst a farm at Hamilton, Burlington Bay, that 10 years since was offered for $100, could not now be bought for $30,000. These land specula, tors, if not speeddy checked in their operations, will not only work their own destruction, but as surely and effecliially that of emigra- tion. Individual avarice, as stated in note 209, is the greatest evil that can befall a new country. At a Dutch settlement, 20 miles from Hamilton, reside two brothers, very wealthy, married to their own sisters, by whom they have large families ! Sir William Pul- teney, in 1791, buying 1,500,000 acres, at Is. per acre, and soon after selling 700,000 at an average of 8s. was the first land jobber of Canada. Gen. Washington, who commenced life as a country surveyor, though desirous of entering the British navy, but dissua- ded therefrom by his mother, who died at Ogdensburg, aged 84, ex- celled in this sort of traffic, and thereby much increased his private fortune. Washington was thought invulnerable by the soldiery, because a noted Indian warrior, had seventeen successive fires at lim without effect, and ever ailer avoided him in battle: the re- nowned Kosciusko was one of his aides-de-camp. Lee, a distin- gaished patriot, and a congressional member for Virginia, in which state Washington was born, had the honor of first proposing to that assembly the Declaration of Independence ; and Patrick Henry, also a native of Virginia, first recommended hostile measures against England. This state Ukewist produced the first President of Con. tU mmmmm ▲NO THB UNITED STATBI. 85 gress, P. Randolph, who died in 1775 : of its 500 settlers, in 1610, ull died but 60 in six months. 238. After a summer shower, on reappearance of the sun, clouds of steam immediately ascend from the roads, like that from a boiling cauldron. I never knew a place, Brighton excepted, in which the road sludge dried up so quickly. From August to No- vember, which includes the Indian summer, so called because the aboriginees then begin their migrations, the weather is incompara. bly delightful. 239. The waters of Lake Ontario — which are very turbid, often carrying vessels to the bottom, as, lately, two Amcri. can ships of war, the Scourge and Hamilton, with all on board — 170 miles long, 467 in circumference, 500 feet deep, though in some parts unfathomable, and 230 feet above the level of the sea, (with which a canal of 27 miles would connect it) on the margin whereof stands the capital of Toronto, never freeze, hence its win. ters are more mild, and summers less intense, than in other parts of the province. The first introduction of coal on the shores of Lake Ontario, were 339 tons, in 1834, through the Welland Canal, from the state of Ohio. 240. Many capitalists, upon arrival, have been often disap- pointed, because their undertakings were on too large a scale for the resources of the country to compensate : p :oving, also, too ge- nerally, the truth of the American apothegm^ ' A man must first lose a fortune before he can expect to make one.' Whereas another with a small property, possessing energy and perseverance, or one with only industry and a spade, rarely complains, and uniformly prospers. The history of the Chelsea Pensioners, who commuted their pensions for a sum from the government, and came hither two years since, mournfully exhibit a contrary result. Having never handled the axe, quite ignorant of accompts, and equally so in me- chanic arts, they are, as ought to have been foreseen, in a deplora- ble state of destitution. 241. The class of persons principally wanted here, are small capitalists, farmers, agricultural laborers, with most, if not all the useful trades i liuvytu'a lilMiiintl -see note 209 — every emigrating one, before he can practise In the country, must first serve five years with an attorney of the province. At Goderici, a small sea-port in this state, 300 ship carpenters have entered into a compact, to tar and feather the first lawyer who at- tempts to settle amongst them. The client of one in a neighboring town, on lately executing a bond, instead of the worAs Know all men. v\ rote Know one woman, observing, as he did so, if a woman be told of a thing, all the world will soon know it. 242. Large capitalists can find safe and profitable inv estment in the stocks of the banks and public securities : these pay six per cent., but those much more. Mortgages can at all timc«i bo had »>n «mexce|>tionable 5«xurity, as there ia a register office in each dwtrict. Lands ar« ^id out in lots to suit the convenience of pur. 86 NOTES ON CANADA hi', i-!R chasers ; and arc so fertile, that barley sown iu July, has been reaped, several successive years, ihe second week in Sc'()tember. In 1732, corn and tobacco were made a letral tender in Maryland : the former at 20 pence the bushel, and ihe latter at Id. per lb. — which weed, in 1032, was forbidden by the magistrates of Massa- chusetts to be used publicly. Note. Sergeant Andrew Wallace, who fought at Culloden, and in all the battles of the revolutionary war, now one hundred aiuljive years old, to relieve his necessities, exhibited himself at Peale's Museum, Ne.v York, in December, 1834. 243. The difficulty of a title in the Lower Province, mainly owing to the absence of the foregoing wholesome restraiiit, mate- rially enhances the risk to purchasers. When a seigniory is sold, one-fifth, called the King's quints, is alienated to the crown : though it has become a fashion to cavil at this sort of tenure, still the seig- nor cannot harrass a tenant any thing near so much as a landlord in Europe. There are 208 seignorios, or fiefs in Jjower Canada, containing 12,000,000 French arpents,or 10,000,000 English acres. The Jesuits of this province are now suppressed : the lastof their order was Father Cazot, who enjoyed the revenue of their estates — 778,000 arpents — which he expended in acts of piety and benevo- lence, till his decease, in 1800, when they became vested in the legislature. The tin roofs of the churches and public edifices of this province, in the absence of saline air, remain constantly bright. 244. 'J'he Canada Land Company, formed in England, and holding its meetings, at Canada House, London, sold, in 1832, up- wards of 114,804 acres of land, to real settlors ; 89,779 acresthereof brought lis. 3d., and the remainder 7s Gd., per acre. Its shares sell for three times their original cost : their profits in little more than a year, being £400,000. The land — averaging them 2s 9d, per acre^-is reserves and blocks, from 1000 to 40,000 acres each, comprising 2,483,000 acres, including 1,100,000 for the Huron ter- ritory, through wliich Iv.u roads, each more than 100 miles, have been already constructed. The first price is £1, and second 88 9d. per aero, but, in th(' Huron district, from 7s Gd. to 10s. The In- dian tribe so numerous when inhabiting this tract, are reduced to about 200, and now live in the village of Lorette, near Quebec ; and being stationary, form an exception to the vagabond life led by the other Indians of Canada. This districi, three years only from its opening in 1827, contained 1200 settlers; it has now arrived to the dignity of a county, and sends a member to the provincial par- liament. Its land is excellent, and the company stand engaged to spend £48,000 on improvements. Their charges are something higher than the government, but settlers have the advantowe of main roads already formed. They take puvmcnt by six instalments ; one to be paid down, the others anntioUy, hearing interest. They also provide a free passage to Toronto, if arriving via Quebec, a way AND THB CMTED STATES. 87 however that I would not recommend, on account of its danger from sunken islands of floating ice ; several passengers, or as the re- sult too oflen proves, a>//nj-ships from Eiifjland, being struck this summer, and went down witli all on board ! Whilst a thousand emigrants have been lost, last yuar, by shipwreck, and not one by way of New York. If forttnuitely escaping this disaster, another in the shape of discafio, from the crowded state of the ship, too ot'- tcn follows: as in the Aurelia from Cork, last siminier, when sick- ness breaking out, the passengers — in number 37U — were qnaran- tined on Gros.se Island, and there buried orts hundred. The cajii- tation tax of 03. per head, heretofore paid by emigrants on arriving at Quebec, expired May 1, 18;J4. Each emigrant has a right to remain 4S hours on board, after coming to anclior. 245. The expense of conveyance from Quebec to Toronto, is as follows : Quebec to Montreal, ISO miles, is Os. 6d. ; Montreal to Prescott, 120 miles, 7s. ; Prescott to 'J\tronto, 2r)0 miles, 10s. ; all by ship and boat. It requires IJJs. more for provision ; and takes 12 days. Same journey, by land, occupies six days, and costs £6. There are two carrying companies between Montreal and Quebec, who, from opposition, have been known to convey passengers the whole distance, including board, for Gd. on deck, nnd 7s. Gd. in the cabin. Newcastle coal arriving in ballast, is sold for 22s. per chaldron at Quebec, wliich was founded by Champhun in IGOS, and is either a corruption from the French of Quel bee, or that of the Algonquin Indian word of Qiiilibek, which answers to its sin- gular appearance. Its warehouses, in the Lower town, are called hangards. This province being originally settled by the French, their language is constantly spoken, the continuanc of which, on annexation to the British Empire, was a great poiiu;;al oversight, and has contributed, more than any other cause, to the unhappy differences that prevail in tliis part of Canada. The winter at Mon- treal — from a mount in the rear of tho town 800 foot high, called mount-royal, by Cartier, in 15J35, and the Seigneury of JSt. Real — is two months shorter than in Quebec, wherein, and at Grosse Is- land, hard hy z,\\ English penny piece, hallpenny, and farthing pass alike for a copper, or Canadian halfpenny, the want of which coin (a farthing) in the money tokens of the province, occasions it a very serious loss. The library of F. Fleming, Esq., Montreal, comprising 12,000 vols, sold by auction, Sept. 8, 1833, was the largess, ever oftered for sale on the American continent. .Joseph Lancaster, so well known in England, on the subject of education, is an inhabitant of this city. He has recently figured in one of its civil cfiurls, for defamation, and mulcted in a penalty of ^200. The Quarterly Review of 1811, and the Satirist of 1813, give another account of him. A new association, chartered in London, called the British American Land Company, for Lower Canada, where it has purchased 850,000 acres of land, has just gone into opera- 88 50TES ON CANADA I& tion : the shares on which £2 only were paid by the holders, iiH' mediutely rose in the market to £7. The prevailing religion is Catholicism : its revenues are large and much increased by a tine of eight per cent on alienation, or purchase of real estates in the seigneury of Montreal. The frontier of Lower Canada being pos. sesscd by the original French settlers, the entiirior alone is open to those of new. Kingston is considered the key of Upper Cana- da. In this town resided a person who, because the legislature granted $4, for every wolf's scalp brought in from the woods, to effect their extermination, privately bred them to obtain the reward. 246. In the township of Guelph, comprising 47,000 acres, be- longing to the Canada Company, the celebrated Mr. Gait, their ci- dcvant secretary, commenced an elegant mansion called The Prio- ry : he is replaced by the Hon. W. Allan, M. Jones, Esq. and Dr. Dunlop. The original of Lawrie Todd, a character so ably delinea. ted in Gait's novel, and who has since published his own life, is Mr. Thorburn of New York, a wealthy seedsman and florist, doing business upon a large scale, in extensive premises, Liberty.street, formerly a Quaker's meeting-house. Enoch Crosby, also, the pro. totype of Harvey Birch, in Cooper's novel of the The Spy, is still living, aged 83 : he was spy of the neutral ground in 1776, and saved Washington's army at White Plains. Guelph is approached through an avenue of stately trees, 150 feet wide, and 7 miles long. 247. Mr, Buchanan, chief agent for emigrants in the Cana. das, made a tour this year through the Upper Province : all the settlers that he saw were satisfied with their prospects and condi- tion. He found a great want of laborers, insomuch that clearing, which was recently ten, had advanced to $17 the acre. There was employment for at least 20,000 hands. Instances are here re. corded of men without capital, friends or credit, realising, from land, by the sweat of their brow, a comfortable independence in four years. Clearing land around Toronto is $12 an acre, in the Newcastle District 14, but the Western, from lack of laborers, 24. 248. Upper Canada — 540 miles long and 140 broad, contain- ing 89,600,000 acres of land, and by some called the garden of America — has encreased her population, since 1806, from 70,000 to .338,000 ; and Lower Canada, same period, from 250,000 to 542,000 ; a fourth only being British, the remainder French ; hence the names Habitans for its peasantry. Every principal town is obliged, by act of parliament, to have one English school ; not- withstanding, a friend assured me he had seen a petition to the le- gislature, with several thousand affixes, not more than fifteen of the petitioners being able to write their names. The climate and soil of Upper, are considered superior to Lower Canada. No part of America is advancing with so much rapidity, in wealth and population, as the former region: its 055,113 acres of land under cultivation in 1824, are now swelled to millions. s^>«e tiiree glorious days. One half the mercantile houses in that capital, and other large towns, became bankrupt ; lli- efforts of industry were in no demand ; every species of trade at an entire stand still; and two hundred booksellers failed. The last year's expondilure ot Charles X, was £39,000,000, the frstyearof Louis Phi llippe, the man of the peo- ple, was £60,000,000 : thus a means tliat proposed making all pjfO- ple happy, not only failed in so doing, but introduced misery and wretchedness un?xa npled, diminished every man's property one third, and added to t'io national burdens one half. And, in the French revolution .«av8 the republican Prudhomme, 1,022,351 hu- man victims were iiA >\ 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^12^ |25 |5o ^-^^ m^M ^ 1^ 12.2 2.0 m I 1.4 III 1.6 'I <^ V] w ^>^ ^^ ^*tv'? ^ ^9^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREiT WEBSTER, N.Y. 145(0 (716)S72-4S03 '%^ 92 NOTES ON CANADA Ik} friend, Iravelling this spring in the wilderness of Canada, came unexpectedly upon men planting young fruit tree?, conveyed thither by water, ihat they might thereby enhance the value of their sale lots, by staling that they abutted on a cherry garde. i, or were •• rounded by a wild orchard. A settler that i knew bought a laim for 150 guineas, of a resident merchant, but in two years was ejected by the right owner : all he got of his money, was £50 in damaged goods, not worth so many shilling-s. The settler would also do well to remember, that an American may buy land, but, un- less he has been naturalized, cannot sell it. Thus Mr. Bailey, of ilamilton, purchasing a house on John Street, it turned out that the seller, an American, had not taken the oaths of allegiance ; no other disadvantage, however, resulted from this circumstance, than obliging him to remove the building — a common thinj; in Americf^ see note 29 — which doing, to a vacant spot in the rear ; thus real'- ized the anomaly of a freehold house upon hired land. 263. Taking possession, after purchase, is called, in the phra- seology of the country, drawing your land. The quantity of land described as located in favor of U. E. Loyalists, is 1,664,600 acres, and for militia claimants 504,100 acres. Canadians are somewhat jealous of the Americans ; that they are secretly raanoeuvering, not exactly with the inoffensive good humor of a much respected yeoman of England, in whose sequestered dwelling I some time re- sided, who was fond of pozing the learned with — Can you spell bullock in two letters (ox) but rather after the inordinate example of Ahab of old, so pithily recorded by the sacred historian. Jona- than distinguishes a Dutch or French Canadian, by the term Kanuk. 264. The Marquis of IJath, 1831, partly opened the township of Dummer, in Newcastle District — so named from my friend the Hon. Chief Justice William Dummer Powell, recently deceased — as a settlement for a portion of his cottage-tenants : it is prosper- ous, and consists of about 700 souls. They were preceded by a migration of sixty-five persons from another part of his estates, situated in Corsley, near Warminster, Wilts. , who I understand, are also doing well. The individual expense of each, including provisions, passage, and 25s. upon arrival, as pocket money, was but £6 ! The Marquis' example has been followed by the Earl of Egremont, and other noblemen, with equal success ; and, though less recently, by many others, with similar results : whilst an Irish peer of amiable character and great wealth, is now in this coun- try, making arrangements for locating a considerable number of the sturdy laborers on his domains. The system of sending out parish poor with sovereigns jingling in their pockets upon landing, is a wrong one : the novelty of their situation, with the seductions of cheap liquor — distilled from the refuse of farms and the markets — added to a hundred other evils in the train of idleness and vice, bring on speedy dissolution, or prostrated energies. To remedy this, U providj aid, ur 21 mMi^M. AZfD THK UNITED •TATBS. 93 , came d thither heir sale 'ere r t a iarm ars was £50 in T would huf, un- iley, of that the ce ; no ce, than mericf* us real": le phra- of land ) acres, newhat ivering, 3pected ime re- u spell xample Jona- Kanuk. Jvnship ind the ased — osper- 1 by a states, stand, luding , was larl of lough Irish coun- )er of : out ding, tions rkcts vice, (ledy this, let a confidential person accompany them to their destination, provide every thing necessary, but carefully withhold all pecuniary aid, until finally established on their respective locations. ^,,.,265. In the township of Vaughan, York county, were found, /^3, many ancient entrencliments, embedded deeply in the earth, containing large quantities of human bones of enormous size, which from their depth and position must have been there fur ages. Whilst the western antiquities of America, recently disco- ered, have been proved, by the learned, to have existed more than a thousand years. 266. In this township, and 15 contiguous ones, lands are granted on the old fees; or jE5 14s. Id. on 100 acres, £16 17s. 6d. upon 200, and £93 18s. 4d. on 1200. The government purchase from the Indians comprises 10,000,000 acres, ' '• which they receive, in clolhing ane other necessaries, £4,000 inually. Upper Canada has 316 townships, (Lower do. 140) laid out, containing, with the Indian purchase, 18,960,000 acres. 207. Persons desirous of having their Irish friends sent out, via Quebec, embarking at Londonderry, can do so by paying tho following rates at the ofiice of Messrs. Buchanan and Co., Mont- real, Mr. Armstrong, 31 Yonge Street, Toronto, or at the town of Omagh, Ireland : for adults, £2 12s. 6d. ; children above 7, £1 6s. and if under, 17s. 6d. which includes water ai-d fuel ; each pas- senger finding his own provision. Those arriving by way of Que- bec, should bo careful how they select a steam boat for Toronto, else they may embark in an American one, and by being conse- quently landed at Oswego or Rochester, exclusive of the disap. pointment, be subject to a heavy duty on their baggage. 268. To- ronto is one of the best situations for respectable funiilies and emi- grants to stop at, until they have decided on their location : to which may be added Kingston, Coboiirg, Port Hope, St. Catharines, Niagara and Hamilton. 26P. The regular New York Packets sail from Liverpool on the 1st, 8th, 16th,.& 24th of every month. The British government liavo appointed agents in the towns of Liverpool, Bristol, Dublin, Balfosty Cork, Limeyick, aad Greeoook : each town finds them an o^^ a|d.}o^iflgj|» (indth^' state a salary of £206 15s. per ann. "f |^||ii;«d|l^^/[^ ate-lfl ctxjwniQe tbe passenger ships, that they are pro- pcg^ifqiwpped ^t)f|;Cond(tiQO«d for the voyage ; to receive applica- tiftQitM'Qn)) p94$Qns. either alv^Ut ti> emigrate, or to send out em- i gW Wf lH i} tft 8*v.^ rh?ti9ti»iiQ ««JUwr»^^fnft to.th^ sIgKBlsv has been there deuominated the fitllite i^ilfvfifirmetjmiit^^ called whHe slate dmlers^v^u.>i \ 94 XOTJSI Oy CANADA if^rr210. The line boats which start from Albauy to Schenectady, in your way to Upper Canada, go 2^ miles per hour, taking in stop' pages, charging 1^ cent per mile, including board. This mode is preferred by large families, and prudent settlers. Those who vic- tual themselves, should purchase their provisions at Albany. Yr. C. Smith, forwarding agent in this city, will advise emigrants on the best mode of proceeding. From the great hurry and confusion at the various places on your journey, it behoves you to keep a steady eye on your baggage. 271. Those who wish to reach Upper Canada west of Kingston, and bordering on Lake Ontario, Bay of Quinte, Districts of Newcastle, York, Hamilton or Guelpli^ the line of the Welland canal and Niagara, the route by Oswego will be the most direct. Upon going by Oswego, you must proceed no further, by the Erie or Western canal, than Syracuse, 171 miles from Albany. At Syracuse they turn off by a branch canal on the right, to Oswego, distant 40 miles, in which place emigrants will derive every information from Mr. Bronson. Others destined to the Grand River, Port Stanley, Talbot settlement, London District, and situations contiguous to Lakes Erie and St. Clair, will go on to Buf- falo by the Erie canal, whence steamboats and schooners ply daily to all the principal landings on the American and Canadian shores of Lake Erie. Those wishing to cross the Niagara frontier, Ca- uada side, from Buffalo, can do so every half hour by the ferry at Black Rock, 2 miles from Buffalo, and 14 above the Falls of Nia- gara. From Chippawa, 2 miles higher up, the British steamboats, Thames and Adelaide, make regular weekly trips to the head of Lake Erie, on the Canada side, calling at Black Rock and Buffalo each way. Stages are continually going from the ferry, on the Canada side, to the city of the Falls, and the town of Niagara on Lake Ontario, from whence a steamboat proceeds to Toronto — late York— daily. 272. Route from New York to Upper Canada, west of Kings. ton, via Oswego and Buffalo. New York to Albany 160 miles by steamboat. Albany to Utica 110 do. by canal or stage. Utica to Syracuse 55 do. Syracuse to Oswego 40 do. Syracuse to Roch« ester 99 do. Rochester to Buffalo 98 do. Expense from Albany to Buffalo, exclusive of board, $3,63; tiine going :8'^^ By pac- ket boat and found $12, 25, and 6 days going: ^ mttgimAi' wiiS time 4 days. From Albany to Oswego, by cAiMiJ; ^ dtt^t |6iil^^f $2,50; or by stage, in two days, $7^^ 273. The ro^Mi^ttt' New York to Montreal, Quebec, and iill piilts e^f l.6l»e# Ci^lfflli;' New York to Albany, 160 miles by ste«mb>i|;fcdM/''V8i miles $1 ; by stage $3. From Whiteba^ to 9t. John^'^li^ ifSSUhtf boat, in the cabin, with board $5 ; dackjMMisage wMibutboar^^lQ!; St. John's to Lapraire, 17 miles, per 4tagt. $1. Lapr»)re fo Mfbn. trMl, by ferry .boat, Smiles, sixpence* ' ^MWilWiml'w^tSrWK;, -bj* stei wit in Jol eai fro a s asj bel inf Mi enectady, g in stop. 8 mode is who \'ic- rjy. yv. grants on confusion to keep a to reach ! Ontario, r Guelpli^ f Oswego t proceed 171 miles al on the ants will led to the trict, and n to Buf. ply daily m shores tier, Ca. i ferry at of Nia- imboats, head of I Buffalo , on the Lgara on ito — late ' Kings, niles by [Jtica to 9 Roch« Albany ai*#i&." ANU TUK VMTBO STATBI. 95 steamboat, 180 miles, in the cabin and boarded £1 : deck passage without board, 7s. 6d. 'j j^<^,u.^ ■ . 274. Those proceeding to the eastern parts of Lower Canada, in the vicinity of Sherbrooke, Stanstead, &c. will proceed to St. John's from whence good roads lead to all the settled townships eastward. If they are going to the Ottawa river, they will proceed from Montreal to Lachine, whence stages, steamboats and batteaux, a sort of Durham.boals, go daily to Grenville, Hull, and Bytown ; as also to Chateauguny, Glengarry, Cornwall, Prescott, and all parts below Kingston. Emigrants can avail themselves of the advice and information of the following gentlemen : Mr. Buchanan at Montreal, Mr. Hayes at Lachine, and Mr. Patton at Prescott. 275. Laborers or mechanics dependant on immediate employ- ment, should proceed, on arrival, into the country. The chief agent will consider such persons as may loiter about the ports of landing four days after their arrival, to have no further claims on the protection of his majesty's agents, for assistance or employment, unless they have been detained by sickness, or some other satisfnc- tory cause. \ , ! . 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