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ViRG. ■* ■ I BY ANDREW KIPPIS,aD.F.R.S. AND S.A. VOL I BASIL PRINTED BY J. j. j OURNEISEN. M Dec LXXXVIIT. ?^'/ />6.. 3o2, I. TO THE KING. SI ^, ' >- ' ' ' , ' ' 1 ESTEEM myfelf highly honoured in being permitted to dedicate and prefenf the Life of Captain James Cook to Your Majefty. It was owing to Your Majefty's Royal patronage and bounty, that this illuftrious Navigator was enabled to execute thofe vaft undertakings , and to make thofe extraordinary difcoveries, which have contributed fo much to the reputation of the British empire , and have refle^ed fuch peculiar glory on Your Majefty's reign. Without Your Majefty's munificence and encourage- ment, the world would have remained deftitute of that immenfe light which has been thrown on geography, navigation, and the moft important fciences. To Your Majefty, therefore, a Narrative of a 2« f 3v DEDICATION. the Life and A61ions of Captain Cook is yvith particular propriety addreffed. It is impoflible, on this occafion, to avoid extending my thoughts to the other noble inftances in which Your Majefly's liberal prote61ion of fcience and literature has been difplayed. Your Majefty began Your reign in a career fo glorious to princes : and wonderful has' been the increafe of knowledge and taftc in this country. The improvements in philofophical fcience, and particularly in aflronomy ; the exertions of experi-* mental and chemical enquiry, the ad- vancement of natural hiflory, the progrefs and perfection of the polite arts , and the valuable compofitions that have been produced in every department of learn- ing, have correfponded with Your Ma^ jefty's gracious wishes and encourage^ tiient, and have rendered the name of Britain famous in every quarter of the globe. If there be any perfons who, in tbefe refpeds, would depreciate the DEDICATION. y prefent times , in comparifon with thofe which have preceded them , it may fafely be aflerted that fuch perfons have not duly attended to the hiftory of literature. The courfe of my ftudies has enabled me to fpeak with forrfe confidence on the fubjed; and to fay, that Your Majefty's reign is eminently diftinguished by one of tlie greateft glories that can belong to a monarch. Knowledge and virtue conftitute the chief happinefs of a nation : and it is devoutly to be wished that the virtue of this country were equal to its know- ledge. If it be not fo, this does not arife from the want of an illuftrious example in the perfon of Your Majefty , and that of Your Royal Confort. The pattern which is fet by the King and Queen of Great Britain , of thofe qualities which are the trueft ornaments and fehcities of Jife, affords a ihong incitement to the imitation of the fame excellencies ; and cannot fail of contributing to the more a 3 vj DEDICATION. extehfive prevalence of that moral con- dud on which the welfare of fociety fo greatly depends, , .. , , That Your Majefty may pofTefs every felicity in Your Royal Perfon and Family, and enjoy a long and profperous reign , over an enlightened , a free , and a happy people, is thq fmcere and ardent prayer of, ■.v t i !■; SIR « .. . > • » » » 111 . * V / I. .1. t .J I . J ) , , . » / au^' •. ' ■-! '», • j'O r>( »■■«■'.. t ' '"M'-i * ' YOUR majesty's MQST FAITHFUL, - AND MOfeT OBEDIENT, SUBJECT AND SERVANT, t. . A 1 ^ down Street, Weftminfter, June 13, 1788. Andrew Kxppis. 4 • t» PREFACE. "P"^ -/VLTHOUGH I hiive often appeared before the Public as a writer, I never did it with fo much diffidence and anxiety as on the prefenfe occafion. This arifes from the peculiar nature of the work in which I have now engaged. A Narrative of the Life of Captain Cook muflr principally confift of the voyages and difcoveries he made , and the difficulties and dangers to which he was expofed. The private incidents concerning him , though colleded with the iitmoft diligence, can never compare, either in number or importance, with hjs public tranfac- tions. His public tranfadions are the thirigs that! mark the man, that difplay his mind and his cha,raaer; and, therefore , they are the grand objecls to which the attention of his biographer muft be diredled. However, the right condud of this bufmefs is a point of no fmall difficulty and embarraffment. The queftion will frequently arife , How far the detail fliould be extended ? These is a danger, on the one hand , of being VllJ PREFACE. carried to an undue length , and of enlarging , more than is needful , on fadls which may be thought already fufficiently known ; and , on the other hand, of giving fuch a jejune account, and fuch a flight enumeration , of important events , as fliall difappoint the wifhes and expec- tations of the reader. Of the two extremes , the laft feems to be that which fhould moft be avoided ; for , unlefs what Captain Cook per- formed , and what he encountered , be related ibmewhat at large , his Life would be imperfedly reprefented to the world. The proper medium appears to be , to bring forward the things in which he was perfonally concerned , and to pafs flightly over other matters. Even here it is fcarcely poflible , nor would it be defirable , to avoid the injj^odudlion of fome of the moft ftriking circumftances which relate to the new countries and inhabitants that were vifited by our great Navigator ; fmce thefe conftitute a part of the knowledge and benefit derived from his undertakings. Whether I have been fo happy as to preferve the due medium, I prefume not to determine. I have been anxious to do it, without always being able fully to fatisfy my own mind that I have fuQceeded ; on which I il PREFACE. IX ^ account I fliall not be furprized if different opi- nions fhould be formed on the fubjed. In that cafe , all that I can offer in my own defence •will be , that I have aded to the beft of my judgment. At any rate , I flatter myfelf with the hope of having prefented to the Public, a work not wholly uninterefting or iinentertaining. Thofe who are befl acquainted with Captain Cook's expeditions, may be pleafed with re- viewing them in a more compendious form, and with having his adions placed in a clofer point of view, in confequencc of their being divefted of the minute nautical and other dctaiis, v/hich were effentially neceffary in the voyages at large. As to thofe perfons, if there be any, who have hitherto obtained but an imperfedl knowledge of what was done and difcovered by this illuflrious man , they will not be offended with the length of the following narrative. In various refpedls, new information will be found in the prefent performance; and other things, which were lefs perfedly known before, are fet in a clearer and fuller light. This, I truft, will appear in the firft, third, fixth, and feventh chapters. It may be obferved, likewife , that the frefh matter now communicated is of the 3£ PREFACE, 111 i« i mofl antlientic kind, and derived from the moH cefpedable fources. My obligations of this na- ture a^^ indeed, very great, and call for my warmcfl gratitude. The dates and fads relative to Captain Cook's different promotions are taken from the books of the Admiralty , by the direc- tion of the noble Lord vv^ho is at the head of that Board , and the favour of Mr. Stephens. I embrace with pleafure this opportunity of men- tioning, that, in the courfe of my life, I have experienced, in feveral inftances, LoRD Howe's condefccnding and favourable attention. To Mr. Stephens I am indebted for other com- munications befides thofe which concern the times of Captain Cook's preferments, and for his general readincfs in forwarding the defign of the prefent work. The Earl of Sandwich, the great patron of our Navigator, and the principal mover in his mighty undertakings, has honoured me with fome important information concerning him, efpeciaily with regard to the circumftances which preceded his laft voyage. To Sir Hugh Palliser's zeal for the memory of his friend I ftand particularly obliged. From a large com- munication with which he was fo good as to favour me ., I have derived very material intelli- PREFACE. XI *i. gence, as will appear in the courfe of the narra- tive, and cfpecially in the firfb chapter. In the fame chapter are fome fads which 1 received from Admiral Graves, through the hands of the Reverend Dr. Douglas, now Bifliop of Carlifle, whoCe admirable Introduclion to the Voyage to the Pacific Ocean muft be oF the moft cfTential fcrvice to every writer of the Life of Captain Cook. The Captain's amiable and worthy Widow , who is held in jufl efteem by all his friends, has given me- an account of fcveral domeftic circumftances. I lliould be deficient iii gratitude , were I here to omit the name of Mr. Samwell : for, though what is inferted from him in this work has already been laid before the public, it Ihould be remembered, that, through the interpofition of our common friend , the Reverend Mr. Gregory, it was originally written for my ufe, and freely configned to my difpofal; and that it was at my particular inflance and requeft that it was feparately printed. My obligations to other Gentlemen will be mentfoncd in their proper places. But my acknowledgments are, above all, due to Sir JosbPH Banks, prefident of the Royal Society, for the interefl he has takcuin the prefent: XU. PREFACE. i ^ III- ,.?> publication. It was in confequence of his advice, that it was given to the world in the form which it now bears; and his afliftance has been invariable through every part of the undertaking. To him the infpedion of the whole has been fnbmitted; and to him it is owing, that the work is, in many refpeds , far more complete than it would otherwife have been. The exertions of zeal and friendfliip, I have been fo happy as to experience from him in writing the Life of Captain Cook , have correfponded with that ardour which Sir Joseph Banks is always ready of difplay in promoting whatever he judges to be fubfervient to the caufe of fcience and literature. CON- CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. CHAPTER THE FIRST. rer^ X HE Hiftory of Captain Cook's Life previoufly to his firft Voyage round the World, page i CHAPTER THE SECOND. Continuation of the Hiftory of Captain Cook*s Life , to the End of his firft Voyage round the World 14 CHAPTER THE THIRD. The Hiftory of Captain Cook's Life , from the End of his firft, to the Commencement of his fecond Voyage round the World. ^i^ CONTENTS. CHAPTER THE FOURTH. The Hiftoiy of Captain Cook's I ife during his fecond Voyage round the World. 2>z6 !l -, ; ■ I ; ii n \- ■ r :« . i i . J • " 'v 'i -^/ I THE \ THE F E 2^6 O F CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. CHAPTER THE FIRST. The Hijlory of Captain Cook's Life previously to his firji Voyage round the fVorld. Captain James Cook had no claim to diftjndtion on account of the luftre of his birth or the dignity of his anceftors. His father, James Cook , who from his dialedt is fuppofed to have been a Northumbrian , was in the humble ftation of a fervant in huibandry, and married a womaii of the fame rank with himfelf , whofe chriftian name was Grace. Both of them were noted in their neighbourhood for their honefty^ fobriety and diligence. They firft lived at a village called Morton , and then removed to Marton , another village in the North-riding of Yorkfliire, fituated in the high road from Gilbrough, in Cleveland to Stockton upon Tees , in the county of Durt ham , at the diftance of fix miles from each of thefe towns. At Marten Captain Cook ^as VOL. I. g . Chap. I. THE LIFE OF C H. A P. I. 1728. a: Oaober. I born, on the 27th of Odober, 1728*; and, agreeably to the cuftom of the Vicar of the parifli , whofe pradice it was to baptize infants foon after their birth, he was baptized on the 3d of November following. He was one of nine children, all of whom are now dead, excepting a daughter, who married a hflierman at Redcar. The firft rudiments of young Cook's education were received by him at Mar ton , where he was taught to read by Dame Walker , the fchool- miftrefs of the village. When he was eight years of age, his father, in confequencc of the charac- ter he had obtained for induftry, frugahty, and fkill in hufbandry , had a little promotion beftowed upon him , which was that of being appointed head fervant , or hind f, to a farm belonging to the late Thomas Skottow, Efq. called Airy Holme, near Great Ayton. To this place, therefore, he removed with his family ff; and his fon James, at Mr. Skottow's expence, was put to a day fchool in Ayton , where he was inftruded in writing, and in a few of the iirft rules of arithmetic. 't ; * The mud houfe in which Captain Cook drew his firft breath is pulled down , and no veltiges of it are now remaining. t This is the name which , in that part of the country , iy given to the head fervant, or bailiff, of a farm. ft Mr. Cook, fenior, fpent the clofe of his life with liis daughter, at Redcar, and is fuppofed to have been about eij{hty-five years of age wljen he died. ! CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ■ ; and , of the infants on the of nine cepting Redcar. lucation he was fchool- H years charac- .igality, amotion f being a farm r, Efq. ^o this nilytt; icpence , lere he of the lew his are now country , life M'ith ve been ¥. Before he was thirteen years of age, he was Chap. bound an apprentice to Mr. William Sanderfon, I. a haberdaflier, or fhopkeeper, at Staiths , a con- fiderable fifliing town, about ten miles north of Whitby. This employment, however, Avas very unfui table to young Cook's difpohtion. The fca was the objed: of his inclination ; and his paffjon for it could not avoid being ftrcngthened by the fituation of the town in which he was placed, and the manner of life of the perfons with whom he muft frequently converfe. Some difagreement having happened between him and his mafter, he obtained his difcharee, and foon after bound himfelf for fevcn years to Meflrs. John and Henry Walker , of Whitby , Quakers by religious profeffion , and principal owners of the fliip Free-love , and of another velfei , both of which were conftantly employed in the coal trade. The greateft part of his apprenticefhip was fpent on board the Free-love. After he was out of his time he continued to ferve in the coal arid other branches of trade (though chiefly in the former) in the capacity of a common failor; till, at length , he was raifed to be mate of one of Mr. John Walker's Ihips. During this period it is not recoUeded that he exhibited any thing very peculiar, either in his abilities or his condu^; though there can be no doubt but that he had gained a confiderable degree of knowledge in the pradical part of navigation , and that his attentive and fagacious mind was laying up a ^2. ii;' I ':. 1 , i i I I 1 ' ( Ij j : i i' 1 T 1 '* i'' . ." i Pi : i j ! \ \ h; i 1 ' ; t' ■ ( ", 1 1,' 1 ; ■1 4 THE LIFE OF Chap, (lore of obfervations which would be ufeful to J. him in future life *. In the fpring of the year 1755, when hoftilities broke out between England and France , and there was a hot prefs for feamen, JVlr. Cook happened to be in the river Thames with the fliip to which he belonged. At firft he concealed himfelf, to avoid being prefTed; but reflecting that it might be difficult , notwithflanding all his vigilance, to elude difcovery or efcape pur- fuit , he determined , upon farther confideration , to enter volunt^irily into his JVlajefty's fervice, and to take his future fortune in the Royal Navy. Perhaps he had fome prefage in his own mind , that by his activity and exertions he might rife confiderably above his prefent fituation. Accordingly , he went to a rendezvous at Wap- ping, and entered with an officer of the Eagle man of war, a fliip of fixty guns, at that time commanded by Captain Hamer. To this fliip Captain (now Sir Hugh) Pallifer was appointed, in the month of Odober, 1755; and when he took the command, found in her James Cook, whom he foon diftinguiflied to be an able , adlive, and diligent , feaman. All the officers fpoke highly in his favour , and the Captain was fo well pleafed with his behaviour, that he gave * From the regifter of the parifh of Marton ; from the account given by fome inhabitants of the parifli ; and from the information of Jackfon , Efq. of Normanby , , Yorkfhire , in a letter to Sir Jofeph Banks , Bart, prefident of the Royal Society. ? I ifeful to loflilities ;e , and '. Cook v^ith the Dncealed -fleeting ding all ipe pur- eration , fervice , Royal his own ions he ituadon. :t Wap- e Eagle lat time lis fhip pointed, hen he Cook, » adive, fpoke was fo le gave From the and from irmanby , prefident CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 5 him every encouragement which lay in his power. Chat. In the conrfe of fome time, Captain PaJlifer I. received a letter from Mr. OfTjaldefton , then Member of Parliament for Scarborough, acquaint- ing him that feveral neighbours of his had folicited him to write in favour of one Cook , on board the Captain's fliip. They had heard that Captain Pallifcr had taken notice of him , and they requefted , if he thought Cook deferv- ing of It, that he would point out m what manner Mr. Olbaldefton might belt .contribute his affiftance towards forwarding the young man's promotion. The Captain , in his reply , did juftice to Cooks merit; but, as he had been only a ftiort time in the Navy, informed Mr. Ofbaldefton that he could not be promoted a> a commiffion olficer. A Mafter's warrant, Cap- tarn Pallifer added , might perhaps be procured for Mr. Cook , by which he would be raifed to a ftation that he was well qualified to difcharge with ability and credit *. " Such a warrant he obtained on the icth of ^'iy» 1759, for the Grampus floop; but the proper Mafter having unexpededly returned to her, the appointment did not take place. Four days after he was made Mailer of the Garland , when, upon enquiry, it was found that he could not join her, as the fhip had already failed. On the next day, the 15th qf May, he was appoint- * From the information of Sir Hui-h Pailifer. B 3 •■^ .*' I I H 6 THELIFEOF Chap, cd to tlie Mercury *. Thefe quick and fiicceffive J, appointments fliew that his interefl: was (Ironjr, and rh;)t the intention to fcrve him was real and effedual. 1 he deflination of the IVlercnry was to North Amerjca, where fhe joined the fleet under the command ot Sir Charles Saunders, which, in conjundion with the land forces under General Wolfe , was engaged in the famous fiege of Quebec. During that fiege, a difficult and danger- ous fcrvice was necelTary to be performed. This ' was to take the foundings in the channel of the river St. Lawrence, bciween the ifland of Orleans and the north (hore , diredly in the front of the French fortified camp at Montmorency and Beau- port, in order to enable the Admiral to place lliips againft the enemy's batteries, and to cover our army on a general attack, which the heroic Wolfe intended to make on the camp. Captain Paliifer , in confequence of his acquaintance with Mr. Cook's fagacity and refolution, recom- mended him to the fervice; and he performed it in the mofl complete manner. In this bufinefs he was employed during the night-time, for feveral nights together. At length he was difco- vered by the enemy , who collected a great nurtjber of Indians and canoes, in a wood near the water-fide , which were launched in the night, for the purpofe of furrounding him, and cutting him off. On this occafion , he had a * From the books of the Admiralty. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. cceflivc flrong-, eal and • North Jer the ch , in general egc of ianQ:er- . This of the Orleans of the i Beau- place cover heroic aptain atance ecom- Drmed ifmefs , for difco- great [ near i the , and lad a very narrow cfcape. lie was obliged to run for C h a f. it, and puflied on fhore on the ifland of Orleans, I, near the guard of the Englifli hofpkal. Some of the Indians entered at the flcrn of the boat , as Mr. Cook leaped out at the bow; and the boat, which was a barge belonging to one of the fliips of war , was carried away in triumph. However , he furniihed the Admiral with as corred and complete a draught of the channel and foundings as could have been made after our countrymen were in pofTellion of Quebec. Sir Hugh Pallifer has good reafon to believe, that before this time Mr. Cook had fcarcely ever ufed a pencil , and that he knew nothing of drawing. But fuch was his capacity , that he fpeedily made himfelf mafler of every objedl to which he applied his attention. . ' Another important fervice was performed by Mr. Cook while the fleet continued in the river of St. Lawrence. The navigation of that river is exceedingly difficult and hazardous. It was par- ticularly fo to the Engiifn , who were then in a great meafure Grangers to this part of North America , and who had no chart , on the cor- rednefs of which they could depend. It was , therefore, ordered by the Admiral, that Mr, Cook fhould be employed to furvey thofe parts of the river, below Quebec, which navigators had experienced to be attended with peculiar difficulty and danger; and he executed the bufi- nefs with the fame diligence and TKill of which he had already .afforded Xg lappy a fp( B 4 im( If ,! ,1 lis I ii Sept. g THE LIFE OF C H A P. When he had finifhed the undertaking, his chart L of the river St. Lawrence was publifhed , with foundings , and diredlions for failing in that river. C/f the accuracy and utility of this chart it is fiilHcient to fay , that it hath never fmce been found necelTary to publifh any other. One which has appeared in France is only a copy of our author's , on a reduced fcalc. Afcr.r the expedition at Quebec , Mr. Cook , by warrant from Lord Colvill , was appointed, on the 2id of September, Mailer of the Northum- berland man of war, the Ihip in which his lord- iliip (laid, in the following winter, as Commo- dore , with the command of a fquadron at Halifax. In this llation Mr. Cook's behaviour did not fail to gain him the efleem and friendfhip of his com- mander During the leifure which the feafon of winter afforded him, he employed his time in the acquifition of fuch knowledge as eminently qualified him for future fervice. It was at Halifax that he firft read Euclid, and applied himfelf to the ftudy of aftronomy and other branches of fcience. The books of which he had the affiftance were few in number ; but his induftry enabled him to fupply many defedls , and to make a pro- grefs far fuperior to what could be expelled from the advantages he enjoyed *. While Mr. C^ook was Mafter of the Northum- berland under Lord Colvill , that fliip came to Newfoundland, in September, 1763, to affift in * From the information of Sir Hugh Pallifer. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. is chart , with It river, rt it i« :e been 2 which of our Cook , ointed, )rthiim- is lord- onimo- rlulifax, not fail lis coni- jfon of time ill inently alifax felf to hes of ftance abled I a pro- from [thum- Ime to Irift in the recapture of the ifland from the French , by Chap. the forces under the command of Lieutenant 1. Colonel Amhcrll. When the ifland was recovered, the Englifii fleet flaid fome days at Placentia , in order to put it in a more complete ftate of defence. During this time Mr. Cook manifefted a diligence in furveying the harbour and heights of the place, which arrefted the notice of Captain (now Admiral) Graves, Commander of the Antelope, and Governor of Newfoundland. The Governor was hence induced to allc Cook a variety of queflions , from the anfwers to which he was led to entertain a very favourable opinion of his abilities. This opinion was increafed, the more he faw of Mr. Cook's conducH: ; who, wherever they went, continued to difplay the mod unremitting atten- tion to every objecfl that related to the knowledge of the coaft, and which was calculated to facilitate the pradice of navigation. The efteem which Captain Graves had conceived for him , was con- firmed by the teftimonics to his charader that were given by all the officers under whom he ferved *. In the latter end of 1762, I\Tr. Cook returned to England; and, on the 21ft; of December, in the fame year, married, at Barking in EfTcx, Mifs Elizabeth Battsf, an amiable and defcrving woman , who was juftly entitled to , and enjoyed * From a Paper of Admiral Graves's, communicated by tlie Rev. Dr Douglas , now liifhop of Carlille, t From the information of Mrs. Cook. 17(51. 31 Dec. 4 ■ ! ; ^^1 r,i ■f I : ' l-f' ,:i. ^ i 10 THE LIFE OF C h A P. his tenderen: regard and afFedion. But his Ration I. in life, and the high duties to which he was called, did not permit him to partake of matri- monial felicity without many and very long interruptions. Early in the year of 1763 , after the peace with France and Spain was concluded , it was deter- mined that Captain Graves (hould go out again, as Governor of Newfoundland. As the country was very valuable in a commercial view, and had been an objedl of great contention between the Englifh and the French , the Captain obtained an eftablilhment for the furvey of its coafts ; which however , he procured with fome difficulty, "becaufe the matter was not fufficiently underftood by Government at home. In confidering the execution of the plan, I\lr. Cook appeared to Captain Graves to be a proper perfon for the pur- pofe; and propofals were made tv) him, to which, notwithftanding his recent marriage, he readily and prudently acceded. Accordingly, he went out with the Captain as furveyor; and was iirft employed to furvey Miquelon and St Pierre, which had been ceded by the treaty to the French, who, by order of Adminiftration , were to take pofTedion of them at a certain period , even though the Engliih Commander Iliould not happen to be arrived in the country. When Captain Graves had reached that part of the world, he found there the Governor who had been fent from France (Monf. D'Anjac) , with all the fcttlers and his own family, on board a frigate I k < CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ii his flatlon h he was of matri- very long peace with was deter- out again, be country /lew , and 1 between a obtained ills ; which ditiiculty, anderftood dering the )peLU'ed to or the pur- to which, he readily he went I was lirfl; Pierre , to the ion , were n period , hould not When irt of the who had , with all d a frigate y and fome tranfports. It was contrived , however, Chap. to keep them in that dilagreeable fikuation for a I, whole month , which was the time taken by Mr. Cook to complete his furvey. When the bufmefs was finiflied , the French were put into pofTeilion of the two iflands , and left in the quiet enjoy- ment of them, with every profeffion of civility*. At the end of the feafon, Mr. Cook returned to England , but did not long continue at home. In the beginning of the year 1764, his old and conftant friend and patron , Sir Hugh Pallifer , was appointed Governor and Commodore of Newfoundland and Labradore ; upon which occa- fion he was glad to take Mr. Cook with him , in the fame capacity that he had fuftained under Captain Graves. Indeed, no man could have been found who was better qualified for finifhing the defign which had been begun in the preced- ing year. The charts of the coafts , in that part of North America , were very erroneous ; and it was highly necefTary to the trade and navigation of his Majefty's fubjeds , that new ones fliould be formed, which would be more corredt and ufeful. Accordingly, under the orders of Com-r modore Pallifer, Mr. Cook was appointed, on the iSth of April, 1764, Marine Surveyor of Newfoundland and Labradore; and] he had a vefiel , the Grenville fchooncr, to attend him for that purpofe. How well he executed his commif- fion is known to every man acquainted with * From Admiral Graves's paper, 1754. 18 AiMJ!, !i n 'I III 'i 'l ! ■if ^l 12 THE LIFE OF :i :«! Chap, navigation. The charts "which he afterwards I. pubhfhcd of the different furveys he had made, retleded great credit on his abilities and charader, and the utihty of them is univerfally acknowledg- ed. It is underftood , that, fo far as Newfound- land is concerned , they were of confiderable fer- vice to the King's minifters, in fettling the terms of the laft peace. Mr. Cook explored the inland parts of this ifland in a much completer manner than had ever been done before. By penetrating farther into the middle of the country than any man had hitherto attempted , he difcovered feveral large lakes, which are indicated upon the general chart*, in thefe fervlces Mr. Cook appears to have been employed, with the intervals of occa- fionally returning to England for the winter feafon, till the year 1767, which was the lafl: time that he went out upon his flation of Marine Surveyor of Newfoundland. It rfjuft not be omit- ted , that, while he occupied this pofi: , he had an opportunity of exhibiting to the Royal Society a proof of his progrefs in the Rudy of aftronomy. A fliort paper was written by him, and inferted in the fifty-feventh volume of the Fhilofophical Tranfadions , entitled, "An obfervation of an *' Eclipfe of the Sun at the Ifland of Newfound- *^ land, Augufts, r766, with the Longitude of *' the Place of Obfervation deduced from it. " The obfervation was made at one of the Burgeo iflands, near Cape Ray, in latitude 47° 36' 19', on the * From Sir Hugh Pjillifer's commumcations. V CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 13 afterwards had made, id charadler, cknowledg- Newfoiind- derable fer- 5 the terms i the inland ter manner penetrating y than any "red feveral the general appears to lis of occa- he winter 'as the la ft of Marine 5t be omit- ft , he had ^al Society aftronomy. tid infcrted ilofophical tion of an ^fewfoLuid- ngitude of in it. " The ^eo i Hands, I , on the fouth-weft extremity of Newfoundland. Mr. Cook's paper having been communicated by Dr. Bevis to Mr. Witchell, the latter gentleman com- pared it with an obfervation taken at Oxford, by the Rev. Mr. Hornlby^ on the fame eclipfe' and thence computed the difference of longitude refpeding the places of obfervation , making due allowance for the effedl of parallax , and the pro- late fpheroidal figure of the earth. It appears from the " Tranfadlions, " that our navigator had already obtained the charader of being an able mathe- matician *. * Philofophical Tranfadions, vgl. Ivii. p. 215, 216. HAP. I. ms. M I 1 l' lii t I C H A p. 11. .14 THE LIFE OF CHAPTER THE SECOND. Continuation of the Hijlory of Captain Cook's Life , to the End of his firjl Voyage round the World. JL HERE is fcarcely any thing from which the natural curiofity of man receives a higher grati- fication, than from the accounts of diftant coun- tries and nations. Nor is it curiofity only that is gratified by fuch accounts ; for the fphere of human knowledge is hereby enlarged , and vari- ous objeds are brought into view, an acqurtint- ance with which greatly contributes to the im- provement of life and the benefit of the world. With regard to information of this kind , the moderns have eminently the advantage over the ancients. The ancients could neither purfue their enquiries with the fame accuracy, nor carry them on to the f:ime extent. Travelling by land was much more inconvenient and dangerous than it hath been in later times ; and , as navigation was principally confined to coafting, it muft neceffarily have been circumfcribed within very narrow limits. The invention of the compafs, feconded by the ardent and enterprizing fpirit of feveral able men , was followed by wonderful difcoveries. Vafco di Gama doubled the Cape of Good Hopej DxND. ok*s Life, to World, which the igher grati- iftant coil 11- >nly that is fphere of and vari- 1 acquaint- to the im- the world, kind, the ; over the Jrfue their :arry them land was 'US than it ;ation was leceflariiy y narrow Mided by eral able fcoveries. )d Hope J ■1 I CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 15 and a new way being thus found out to the Eaft Chap. Indies , the countries in that part of the earth II. became more accurately and extenfively known. Another world was difcovered by Columbus; and, at length, Magalhaens accomphfhed the arduous and hitherto unattempted talk of failing- round the globe. At different periods, he was fucceeded by other circumnavigators , of whom it is no part of the prefent narrative to give an account. The fpirit of difcovery, which was fo vigorous during the latter end of the fifteenth and through the whole of the fixteenth century , began , foon after the commencement of the feventeenth century, to decline. Great navigations were only occafionally undertaken , and more from the immediate views of avarice or war, than from any noble and generous principles. But of late years they have been revived, with the enlarged and benevolent defign of promoting the happi- nefs of the human fpecies. A beginning of this kind was made in the reign of King George the Second , during which tv/o voyages were performed j the firft under the command of Captain Middleton , and the next under the direction of Captains Smitli and Moore, in order to difcover a North - weft pafli^ge, through Hudfon's Bay * It was referved , how- ever , for the glory of the prefent reign to carry * Introdudion to Capt, Cook's Voyage to tha Pagifi^ Oceaii, vol. I, p. i, I (i i6 THE LIFE O P hi ■'•! Chap, the fpirit of difcovery to its height , and to U, coiidud it on the noblell principles ; not for the purpofes of covetoufnefs or ambition; not to plunder or deftroy the inhabitants of newly- explored countries; but to improve their condi- tion , to inftrudl them in the arts of hfe , and to extend the boundaries of faience. No fooner was peace reftored , in 1763, than thefe laudable defigns engaged his Majefty's pa- tronage; and two voyages round the world had been undertaken, before Mr. Cook fet out on his firft command. The condudlors of thefe voyages were the Captains Byron , Wallis , and Carteret *, by whom feveral difcoveries were made, which contributed, in no fmall degree, to increafe the knowledge of geography and naviga* tion. Neverthelefs, as the purpofe for which they were fent out appears to have had a principal reference to a particular objedl in the South At- Jantic , the diredl track they were obliged to hold, on their way homeward by the Eaft Indies, prevented them from doing. fo much as might otherwife have been expeded towards giving the world a complete view of that immenfe expanfe of Ocean which the South Pacific comprehends f. ( ""f.'! * The Captains Wallis and Carteret went out together upon the fame expedition ; but the veflels they commanded having accidentally parted company , they proceeded and returned by a different route. Hence their voyages are diftindly related by Dr. Hawkefworth. . t Introdn^on to Capt. Cook's Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, vol I. p. xviii, Refore till: CAtTAIN" JAMES COOK. j; i and to ot for the i; not to of newly- icir condi- Pe, and to 76^ , than ijefty's pa- world had fet out on of thefe Willis, and :ries were degree, to lid naviga* i'hich they principal South At- ^liged to aft Indies, as might iving the e expanfe rehends f- lit together commanded ceded and oyages are the Pacific Before 4 ^ Before Captain Wallis and Captairi Carteret C it a P- had returned to great Britain . another voyage II. was refolved upon, for which the improvement of nftronomical fcience afforded the immediate occafion. It having been calculated by aftronom- fcrs, that a tranfit of Venus over th^ Siin's diflc would happen in 1769 , it was judged that th^ beft place for bbfetving it would be in feme part of the Soiith Sea , either at the Marquefas , ot at one bf thofe iflAnds which Tafman had called Amfterdam , Rotterdam, and Middleburg , and \vhich are now better known under the appella* tion bf the Friendly Iflands *. This being ^ matter of eminent confequence in aftronomy^ and which excited the attention of foreign na-* tidns as well as of oiir own , the affair was taker! tip by the Royal Society, with the zeal which lias always been difplayed by that learned body for the advancement of every branch of philofo-* phical fcience. Accordingly, a long itiemorial was addrelTed to his Majefty, dated February the )5th, 1768, reprefenting the great importance oi the objedt, together with the regard which had been paid to it by the principal courts of Hurope; and intreating, ambng othet* thitig^;, that a veffel might be ordered, at the expence of Governrhent, for the conveyance of fuitable perfons, to makd the obfervation of the tranfit bf Venus at one bf the places before mentioned. This memorial * Intrbdu(fliori to Capt. Coak's fbcond Voyage, vol, I. p. XX. fourth edition. Vol. 1. C I ill i8 THE LIFE OF 'ill! i!i; '! .1 I', Chap, having been laid before the King by the Earl 6f Ilf Shelburne, (now the Marquis of LandfJown) one of the principal Secretaries of State , his IVlajelly gracioufly fignified his pleafurc to the Lords Commiflioners of the Admiralty , that they ihould provide a fhip for carrying over fuch obfervers as the Royal Society fliould judge pro- per to fend to the South Seas; and, on the 3d of April , Mr. Stephens informed the Society , that a bark had been taken up for the purpofe *. The gentleman who had originally been fixed upon to take the diredion of the expedition, was Alexander Dalrymple, Efq; an eminent member of the Royal Society , and who , befides poffefT- ing an alccurate knowledge of aftronomy, had diftinguilhed himfelf by his enquiries into the geography of the Southern Oceans, and by the colledion he had publilhed of feveral voyages to thofe parts of the world. Mr. Dalrymple being fenfible of the difficulty, or rather of the impofli- bility , of carrying a fhip through unknown feas, the crew of which were not fubjed to the mili- tary difcipline of his Majefty's Navy, he made it the condition of his going, that he fliould have a brevet commiffion as Captain of the veflfel , in the fame manner sls fuch a commiffion had been granted to Dr. Halley in his voyage of difcovery. To this demand Sir Edward Hawke , who was theji at the head of the * From the minutes of the Council of the Royal Society. i.iUi CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 19 Earl 6f dfJown ) ate , his : to the Y , that ver fuch dge pro- 11 the 3d Society , urpofe *. Jen fixed ion, was member s poffeff- ny , had into the I by the ^ages to le being impoffi- wn feas, the mili- le made fliould of the mmiffion voyage idward of the he Royal Admiralty, and who poncfied more of the fpirlt of his profeflion than either of education or fcience, abfolutely refufed to accede. He faid at the board, that his confcience would not allow him to truft any (hip of liis Majefty's to a perfon who had not regularly been bred a feaman. On being farther prefled upOn the fubjedl, Sir Ed^ ward declared , that he would fufFer his right hand to be cut off, before he would fign any fuch commiffion. In this he was, in fome degree, juftified by the mutinous behaviour of Halley's crew , who refufed to acknowledge the legal authority of their commander, and involved hira in a difpu'.e which was attended with pernicious confequences. Mr. Dalrymple, on the other hand, was equally fteady in requiring a compliance with the terms he had propofed. Such was the ftatc of things, when Mr. Stephens, Secretary to the Admiralty, whofe difcrimination of the nu- merous characters, with which by his Ration he k converfant, refledls as much credit on his under- ftanding , as his upright and able condudl does on the office he has filled , for fo many years , and under fo many adminiftrations, with honour to himfelf and advantage to the* public , obferved to the board, that, fince Sir Edward Hawke and Mr. Dalrymple were equally inflexible , no method remained but that of finding out another perfon capable of the fervice. He knew, he faid, a Mr. Cook, who had been employed as Marine Surveyor of Newfoundland, who had been regu- larly educated in the Navy , in which he was a C 2 C H A. V. II. II oe THE LIFE OF f: i\n 'J^ Ijllli Mir,;i: Ji:|:t I !l i Chap, mafter, and whom he judged to be fully quali- II. fied for the diredion of the prefent undertaking.* 1768. Mr. Stephens, at the fame time, recommended it to the Board , to take the opinion of Sir Hugh Pallifer, who had lately been Governor of Newfoundland, and was intimately acquainted with Cook's charader. Sir Hugh rejoiced in the opportunity of ferving his friend. He ftrengthened JVlr. Stephen's recommendation to the utmofi: of his power; and added many things in Mr. Cook's favour , arifing from the particular knowledge "which he had of his abilities and merit *. Ac- cordingly , Mr. Cook was appointed to the command of the expedition by the t ords of the Admiralty ; and , on this occafion , he was pro- moted to the rank of a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, his commiffion bearing date on the twenty- fifth of May, 1768. f. When the appointment had taken place, the firft objedl was to provide a veffel adapted to the purpofes of the voyage. This bufmefs was com- mitted to Sir Hugh Pallifer; who took Lieutenant Cook to his afliftance, and they examined toge- ther a great number of the fliips which then lay in the river Thames. At length, they fixed upon one , of three hundred and feventy tons , to which was given the name of the Endeavour ff. * From the information of Philip Stephens, Efq; com- * municated by Sir Jofeph Banks. t From the hooks of the Admiralty. ft From Sir Hugh Pallifer's cummunications. Ily quali- ertaking.* Timended 11 of Sir jDvernor :quaiiited d in the igthcned tmofi; of r. Cook's ovvledge t *. Ac- to the Is of the was pro- e Royal twenty- ice, the d to the as com- 2Utenant ed toge- ther! lay ?d upon Dns , to our ft. ifq; com- CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ti m Whil e preparations were makino: for Lleute- C h A r nantCook's expedition, Captain Wallis returned • IL from his voyage round the world. I'he Earl of H^S- Morton, Frefidcnt oF the Koyal. Society, had recomniended it to this gentleman, on his going out, to fix upon a proper place for obferving the tranfit of Venus, fie kept, accordingly, the objecl in view; and having difcovered, in the courfe of his enterprife, an ifland, called by him George's Ifland, but which hath fince been found to bear the name of Otaheite, he judged that Port Royal harbour in this ifland would afford an eligible fituation for the purpofe. Having, immediately on his return to Hngland, fignified his opinion to the Earl of Morton, the Captain's idea was adopted by the Society, and an anfwer conformable to it was Tent to the ComniifiTioners of the Admiralty, who had applied for direaions to what place the obfervers fflould be fcnt *. Mr. Charles Green , a gentleman who had long been affiftant to Dr. Bradley at the royal obfervatory at Greenwich , was united with Lieutenant Cook in conducing the aftronomical part of the voyage; and, foon after their appoint- ment, they received ample inftruaions, from the Council of the Royal Society, with regard to the method of carrying on their enquiries f. The lieutenant was alfo accompanied by Jofcph * General Introduction to Hawkefworth's Voyages , vol. I. p. iii. t Minutes of the Council. Cj as THE LIFE OF ill ■'■ .1 II. I il Chap, Banks, Efq. ( now Sir Jofeph Banks , Part. ) and Dr. Solander, who, in the prime of life , and the firft of them at great expence to himfelf, quitted all the gratifications of polifhed fociety, and engaged in a very tedious, fatiguing, and hazardous navigation , with the laudable views , of acquiring knowledge in general, of promoting natural knowledge in particular , and of contri- buting fomething to the improvement and the happinefs of the rude inhabitants of the earth. Though it was the principal, it was not the fole objed of Lieutenant Cook's voyage to ob- ferv^e the tranfit of Venus. A more accurate ex- amination of the Pacific Ocean was committed to liim, although in fubferviency to his main defign; and, when his chief bufinefs was accompliflied, he was directed to proceed in making farther difcoveries in the great Southern Seas*. The complement of Lieutenant Cook's fhip confifted of eighty-four perfons, befides the Com- mander. Her vidualling was for eighteen months; and there were put on board of her ten carriage and twelve fwivel guns , together with an jimple flore of ammunition and other necelTaries f, On the 25th of May, 1768, Lieutenant Cook was appointed, by the Lords of the Admiralty, to the command of the Endeavour , in confe- quence of which he went on board on the 27th, and took charge of the Ihip. She then lay in Ma jr. I I ■*'' Hav/lcefworth , ubi fupra , p. iv, t Ibid. CAPTAIN JAMES CO'OK. «3 nt ) and ife , and himfelf, fociety , ig, and ; views, omoting f contri- and the earth, not the i to ob- irate cx- litted to defign ; pliflied, farther ^'s (hip le Com- mon ths J :arriage 1 ample t t Cook niralty, confe- -27th, Jay in 1768. ^o .filly. Au;;u:h 13 26. 13 Sept. the bafon in Deptford-yard, where Ihe continued Chap. to lie till (he was completely litted for fea. On II. the 30th of July (he failed down the river, and on the 13th of Augud anchored in Plymouth Sound. The wind becoming fair on the 26th of that month, our navigators got under fail, and on the 13th of September anchored in Fun- chiale Road , in the ifiand of Madeira f. While Lieutenant Cook and his company were in this ifland , they were treated with the utmoft kindnefs and liberality by Mr. Cheap, the Eng- lifli Conful there , and one of the moft confider- able merchants in the town of Funchiale. He infilled upon their taking poffeflion of his houfe, and fnrni(hed them with every polTiblc accom- modation during their (lay at Madeira. They received , likewifc, great marks of attention and civility from Dr. Thomas Heberden , the prin- cipal phyfician of the iOand , and brother to the excellent and learned Dr. William Heberden, of London. Dr. Thomas Heberden afforded all the alTiftance in his povr.r to Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander in their botanical enquiries *. It was not folely from the Engli(h that the Lieutenant and his friends experienced a kind reception. The fathers of the Francifcan con- vent difplayed a liberality of fentiment towards them , which might not have been expeded from Portuguefe friars; and in a vifit which they paid t Hawkefworth's Voyages, vol ii. p, i. J. * Ibid, Voyages, p. 4, ^. C4 1 y \ '1 1 ■1 }' 11 l;l «4 THE LIFE QF I'll'! C H A F, to a convent of nunSj the ladies exprefTetl a par- JI. ticular pleafure in feeing them. A\. this vifiL the 1.7^8. goovl nuni- gave an amiifing proof of the progrefs they had made in the cultivation of their nnder- flandings. Having heard that there were great philofophers among the Englifli gentlemen, they ajked them a variety of queftions ; one of whi h \va.«, when it \yould thunder, and another, whether a fpriug of frefli water, which was much wanted , was any where to be found within the walls of the cunvent. Eminent as pur philofophers \yere, they were puzzled by thefe queftions f. Lieutenant Cook , having laid in a frefli ftock of beef, water, and wine, fet fail from the ifland IS s*'pt. of IVIadcira , in the night of the i8th of Septem- 7 Nov. ber 1 ^^'^^ proceeded on his voyage. By the 7th pf November, feveral articles of the fliip's provi- fions began to fall fl^iort; for which reafon the Lieutetjant determined to put into Rio de Janeiro. This place he preferred tc any other port in Brafil or to Falkland's IHands , becaufe he could there be beittr fupplied with what he wanted, and had no doubt of meeting with a friendly reception * During the run between Madeira and Rio de Janeiro, Lieutenant Cook and the gentlemen in the Endeavour had an opportunity of determining a phiiofophical queftion. On the evening of the ■j^ Hawkcfworth's Voyages., vol, ii. p. 9. . * Ibid. p. II, 16. till) CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. -3 tl a par- vifiL the progrefs r iiiider- re great ntlemen, one of another, ;ch was : found nent as zWd by fli ftock le ifland Septcm- the 7th ; provi- fon the faneiro. lort in coiiJd anted, iendJy Wo de nen in niiung of the Nov. 29th of October, they obferved that luminous C h a P- appearancc of the fea which hath fo often been II. mentioned by navigators, and which has been 1768. afcribed to fuch a variety of c?,ufes. Flafhes of =5* Otober; light appeared to be emitted, exactly refembling thofe of lightning, though without being fo confiderabJe; and fuch was the frequency of them that fometimes eiQ;ht or ten were vifible almoflat the fame moment. It was the opinion of Mr. Cook and the other gentlemen , that thefe flaflies proceeded from fome luminous animal ; and their opinion was confirmed by experiment*. At J^io dc Janeiro, in the port of which Lieu- tenant Cook came to an anchor on the ijlh of November , he did not meet with the polite re- ception that, perhaps , he had too fanguinely ex- pected. His ftay was fpent in continual alterca- tions with the Viceroy , who appeared not a, iittle jealous of the dcfigns of the Englifli : nor were all the attcinpts of the Lieutenant to fet the matter right, capable of producing any cfted;. The Viceroy was by no means diflinguiflied cither by his knowledge or his love of fcience ; and the grand object of Mr. Cook's expedition was quite beyond his comprehenfion. When he \v:as toid that the Engliih were bound to the fouchward, by the order of his Britannic Majcfty, to obferve a tranfit of the planet Venus over the fun, an a/lroncmical phxnomenon of i^reat import- ance tj Navigation', he could form no other I liawl-cfwortk's Voyages, \o]. ii. p. i'^. j6. I •'1; I it ■! 1 Hi 26 THE LIFE OF I Dec. •: Dec. C II A P. conception of tlie matter , than that it was the n. pafling of the North ftar through the South 1768. Pole. During the whole of the conteft with the Viceroy , Lieutenant Cook behaved with equal fpirit and difcretion. A fupply of water and other necediiries could not be refufed him , and thefe were gotten on board by the ift of De- cember. On that day the Lieutenant fent to the Viceroy for a pilot to carry the Endeavour to fea •, but the wind preventing Hie ll;ip from getting out, flie was obliged to continue fo-^e time longer in the harbour. A Spanifli packet having arrived at Rio de Janeiro on the 2d of December, with difpatches from Buenus Ayres for >iin, the commander, Don Antonio de Mol,.' r.cgro y Velafco , offered, with great politenefs, to couvey the letters of the Englifh to Europe. This favour Lieutenant Cook accepted, and gav; Don Antonio a packet for the S ^iretary of the Admiralty , c .ntaining copies of all the papers that had paffed between himfelf and the Viceroy. He Jelt, alfo, duphcates with the Viceroy, that he might forward them, if he thought proper, to Lifl:)on. ^ Dec O'^ ^^^^ 5^^ of December , it being a dead calm, our navigators weighed anchor, and towec' down the Bay; but, to their great aftonifliment, two fiiot were fired at them, when they had gotten abreaft of Santa Cruz, the p:.-icipal forti- fication of the harbour. Lieutenant Cook imme- diately caft anchor, and fent to the fort to ? CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 27 : it was tlie the South ft with the I with equal ■ water and i him , and i ift of De- i fent to the ivour to fea j from getting fo'^ie time cket having )f December, s for > lin , loii,v' i.cgro ^litenefs, to to Europe, d, and gav; etary of the the papers le Viceroy, iceroy, that ght proper, ng a dead and toweJ loniftiment , n they had -icipal forti- 00k immc- the fort to demand the rcafon of this condudl ; the anfwer Chap. to which was, that the Commandant had receiv- 11. ed no order from the Viceroy to let the fhip 1769. pafs; and that, witb.out fuch an order, no veflel was ever fuftered to go below the fort. It now became necefTary to fcnt to the Viceroy, to en- quire why the order had not been given; and his behaviour appeared the more extraordinary, as notice had been tranfmitted to him of the de- parture of the Erglifli , and he had thought pro- per to write a pohte letter to IVlr. Cook, wifliing him a good voyage. The Lieutenant's meffenger foon returned, with the information that the order had been writt;en feveral days , and that its not having been fent had arifen from fome unaccountable negligence. It was not till the 7th of December that the Endeavour got under ^ ^^^ fail *. In the account which Lieutenant Cook has given of Rio de Janeiro, and the country around it , one circumflance is recorded , which cannot be otherwife than very painful to humanity. It is the horrid cxpence of life at which the gold mines arc wrought. No lefs than forty thoufand negroes are annually importc • for this purpr " , Oil the King of Portugal's account; and the Eng- ii'"^ were credibly informed, that, in the year t7^6, this number fell fo Ihort, that twenty thoufand more were drafted from the town of Rio t. 1 f riwkefworth's Voyages , ubi fupra , p. 18 t Ibid. p. 34. 37. 28 THE LIFE OF ;! ! I Chap. From Rio de Janeiro Lieutenant Cook pur- II. fued his voyage, and, on the 14th of January, 1769, 1769, entered the Streight of Le Maire, at which 14 January, lim^ the tide drove the fliip out with fo much violence , and raifed fuch a fea oft Cape St. Diego, that Ihe frequcnly pitched, fo that the bowfprit was under water j-. On the next day, the Lieutenant anchored, firft before a fmall cove, which was underftood* to be Port Maurice, and afterwards in the Bay of Good Succefs. While the Endeavour was in this flation , hap- pened the memorable adventure oF Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander , Mr. Monkhoufe the Surgeon, and J ' Green the aftronomer, together with their at- teii ants and ferv^ants, and two feamen, in afcend- ' ing a mountain to fearch for plants. In this' ex- pedition, they were all of them expofed to the utmofl; extremity of danger and of cold ; Dr. Solan- der was feized with a torpor which had nearly proved fatal to his life; and two black fervants adlually died. When the gentlemen had , at length, on the fecond day of their adventure, gotten back to the Ihip, they congratulated each other on their fafety, with a joy that can only be felt by thofe who have experience' equal perils; and Mr. Cook was relieved from a very painful anxiet\^. It was a dreadful teftimony ot the feve- rity of the climate, that this event took place wheal it was the midfi: of fummerin that part of the >Vorld *, and at the clofe of a day the beginning t Haw'efworth , ubl fiipra, p. 41, 42. * iuKl. uhi fupru p. 43 , 46 — SJ- I CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 29 t Cook pnr- 1 o{ January , ire, at which *vith fo much oft" Cape St. , fo that the be next day, fore a fmall *ort Maurice, ood Succefs. [la t ion , hap- Mr. Banks, Surgeon, and with their at- en, in afcend- In this'ex- pofed to tlie i ; Dr. SoJan- li had nearly lack fervants en had , at r adventure, itulated each can only he equal perils; very painful ot the feve- took place at part of the le beginning cf^vhich was as mllJ and warm as the month C h a of May ufually is in England. In the paflage through the Strcight of Le Maire, Lieutenant Cook and his ingenious' alTo- ciates had an opportunity of gaining a confider- able 'cgree of acquaintance with the inhabitants of the adjoining country. Here it was that they faw human nature in its loweft form. The na- : lives appeared to be the moft deflitute and for- lorn , as well as the moft ftupid, of the children of men. Their lives are fpent in wandering about the dreary waftes that furround them; and their dwellings are no other than wretched hovels of fticks and grafs , which not only admit the wind , but the fnow and the rain. They are al- moil naked; and fo devoid are they of every convenience which is furniflied by the rudeft art, that they have not fo much as an implement to drefs their food. Neverthelcfs , they feemcd to have no wifli for acquiring more than they pof- feffed ; nor did any thing that was offered them by the Englifh appear acceptable but beads, as an ornamental fuperfluity of life. A conclufion IS hence drawn by Dr. Hawkefworth , that thcfe people may be upon a level with ourfelves , in rcfped: to the happinefs they enjoy*. This however, is a pofition which ought not hcftilJ to be admitted. It is, indeed, a beautiful cir- cumftance, in the order of Divine Providence, that the rudeft inhabitants of the earth, and thofe * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 59. II. 1769. t! l:i 1 ^O THE LIFE OF ill ill M . M n\ C 11 A V. 11. 1769. who arc fituated in the moll unf;ivoiirabIe climd- tes fliould not be fenfiblc of their difad vantages. But flill it nmft be allowed, that their happincL is grtiatly inferior, both in kind and degree, to that intelledual , focial, and moral felicity which is capable oT being attained in a highly-cultivated flate of fociety. In voyages to tlie South Pacific Ocean, the determination of the beft paffage from the Atlantic is a point of peculiar importance. It is well known what prodigious difficulties were experienced in this refped; by former navigators* The doubling of Cape Horn , in particular , was fo much dreaded , that , in the general opinion , it was far more eligible to pafs through the Streight of Magalhaens. Lieutenant Cook hath fully afcertained the erroneoufnefs of this opinion. He was but three-and-thirty days in coming round the land of Terra del Fuego, from the eaft entrance of the Streight of Le IXIairc, till he had advanced about twelve degrees to the weft- ward, and three and a half to the uorthvvard of the Streight of Magalhaens; and, during this time , the fliip fcarceiy received any damage. Whereas, if he had come into the Pacific Ocean by that paflage , he would not have been able to accomplifti it in lefs than three months; bcfidcs "which,, his people would have been fatigued, and the anchors , cables , fails , and rigging of the veflfel much injured. By the courfe he purfued , none of thefe inconveniences were iuffercd. In fliort, Lieutenant Cook, by his own t;au Durable climd- lifadvantages. Jcir happincL d degree, to Felicity which bly-cultivated Ocean , the e from the rtance. It is culties were ;r navigators rticular, was era I opinion , through the t Cook hath this opinion. in coming o, from the 1 aire, till he to the weft- orthward of " duiing this n/ damage, acific Ocean 2 been able iths; be fides n fatigued , rigging of courfe he ences were by his own CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 31 example in doubling Cape Horn, by his accurate Chap. afcertainment of the latitude and longitude of II. the places he came to, and by his inftrudions 1769. to future voyagers performed the moft eflentiai fervices to this part of navigation *. It was on the 26th of January that the Endea- 25 January. vour took her departure from Cape Horn; and it appeared, that, from that time to the ift of i March. IVlarch , during a run of fix hundred and fixty ,' leagues, there was no current which affedled the fhip. Hence it was highly probable that our navigators had been near no land of any confi- derable extent , currents being always found when land is not remote **. In the profecution of Lieutenant Cook's voyae-e from Cape Horn to Otaheite feveral iflands we're difcovered, to which the names were given of Lagoon Ifland , Thrumb-cap , Bow Iflaiid , The Groups, Bird Ifland, and Chain Ifland. It .ip- peared that moft of thefe iftands were inhabited; and the verdure , and groves of palm-trees , which were vifible upon fome of them, gave them the afpedl of a terreftrial paradife to men who, excepting the dreary hills of Terra del Fuego , had feen nothing for a long time but fky and water f. * HawkeAvorth , ubi fupra, p. 67, 68. ** Ibid. p. 66, 69. t Ibid. p. 72 — 78. — Lagaon Ifland lies in lati- tude 18* 47'' S. and longitude ij9° 28' W. ; the Thrumb-cap, in latitude is' 5? S. and longitude 139 48' W. ; Bow Uland, in latitude 18" 25/ S. I :l'''' aa THE LIF£ of C II A P. IL 1769. II April. 13. On the TTth of April, the Endeavour arrived in fight of Otaheite , and on the 13th (lie came to an anchor In Port Royal Bay, which is called Matavdi by the natives; As the ftay oF the Englifli in the ifland was hot likely td be very fhort, and much depended on the manner in which traffic fhould be carried on with the inhabitants. Lieutenant Cook , with great good fenfe and humanity, drew up a fet of regulations for the behaviour of his people, and gave it in command that they fliould pundually be obferved ■\i ! 1 f ! and longitude 141" 12' W.; the fouth-eaftemriiofl; oF the Groups, in latitude ig' il' S. and longitude 142° 42' W. ; Bird Ifland , in latitude 17° 48^ S. and longitude 145° 9S^ W. ; and Chain Ifland, in latitude 17" 25^ S. and longitude 145" 54' \V'. t Hawkeflvortli , ubi fiipra, p. 79 — 82. The rules tvere as follows : " I. To endeavour , by every fair means , to cuU tivatt a friendfhip with the natives •, and to treat them with all imaginable humaiiity. II. A proper perfon, ornerfons , will be appointed to ttade wicli the natives for all manner of provifions , fruit , and other ptodudions tjf the earth ; *' and no officer or feaman , or other perfon belonging to the Ihip , excepting fuch as are fo appointed , jfhall trade , or offer to trade , for any fort of provifion , fruit , or other produdions of the earth , unlefs they have " leave fo to do. III. Every perfon employed on fhore on any duty whatfoevcr , is liridly to attend to the fame ; and if by aiiy neglcd he lofeth any of his armi , or working tools , or fulTers them to be ftolen , the full value thereof will be charged againft his pay , according '' to the cufloni of the Navy in fuch cafes , and he fhall " receive fuch farther punilhnient as the nature of the '" offence m;iy deferVe. IV. The fame penalty will be cc cc o ne CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 33 )iir arrived 1 (lie came :h is called ay oF the :b be very er in which n habitants, fenfe and ons for the 1 commana ed h One of the firfl things that occupied the Chap. nmofl; of the de 142° 42' ngitude 145 25^ S. and he rules Xvere leans , to cuU at them with , or nerfons , ir all manner if the earth ; belonging to linted , fhall If provifion, :fs they have on fhore on the fame ; |is armi , or ;n, the full i, according md he fhall [ure of the tv will be One Lieutenant's attention , after his arrival at Ota- heite , was to prepare for the execution of his grand commiflion. For this purpofc , as in an excurfion to the weftward , he had not found any more convenient harbour than that in which the Endeavour lay, he determined to go on Ihore and fe upon fome fpot , commanded by the guns of the fliip, where he might throw up a fmall fort for defence , and get every thing ready for making the aftronomical obfer- vation. Accordingly , he took a party o^ men, and landed, being accompanied by Mr. Banks , Dr. Solander , and Mr. Green. They foon fixed upon a place very proper for their defign, and which was at a confiderable diftance from any habitation of the natives. While the gentlemen were marking out the ground which they intended to occupy, and feeing a fmall tent creded that belonged to Mr. Banks , a great number of the people of the country gathered gradually around them , but with no hoftile appearance, as there was not among the Indians a fmgle weapon of any kind. Mr. Cook , how- ever, intimated that none of them were to come " inflidled on eVery perfon who is found to einbe7zle, " trade , or offer to trade , with any jsart of the fhip'g " Itores, ot 'vhar nature foever. V. No fort of iron , oi* *' any thing that is made of iron , or any fort of ck ' n , or " other ufeful or neceflliry articles , are to be -ivcii in ** exchange for any thing but provifion. J. Cook, II. 1769. '* ■ 11. Ji 34 THE LIFE OF i: k J ' 'i i ■ ;! 1 , it 'i', 1 Chap, "within the hue he had drawn, excepting one, II. who appeared to be a chief, and Ovvhaw , a 1769. native who had attached himfelf to the Englifh , both in Captain Wallis's expedition and in the prefent voyage. The Lieutenant endeavoured to make thefe two perfons underftand that the ground which had been marked out was only "wanted to fleep upon for a certain jiumbcr of nights , and that then it would be quitted. Whether his meaning was comprehended or not , he could not certainly determine; but the people behaved with a deference and refpecl that could fcarccly have been cxpeded , and which were highly pleafing. . They fat down without the circle, peaceably and uninterruptedly a-tending to the progrcfs of the bulinefs , which was upwards of two hours in completing. This matter being finiflied , and Mr. Cook having appointed thirteen marines and a petty officer to guard the tent, he and the gentlemen with him fet out upon a little excurfion into the woods of the country. They had not, however, gone far, before they were brought back by a very difagreeable event. One of the Lidians, who remained about the tent after the Lieutenant and his friends had left it, watched an oppor- tunity of taking the centry at unawu'es, and fnatched away his mufquet. Upon this, the petty officer who commanded the party , and who was a Midihipman , ordered the marines to fire. With equal want of confideration , and, perhaps, wii;h equal inhumanity , the men immediately difcharged ^ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 35 ng one, v^haw , a Englifh , 1 in the Diired to that the /as only mbcr of quitted. [ or not, le people lat could ich were bout the rtending I ich was Cook a petty- en tie men into the lowcver, ick by a Indians , eutenant I oppor- res, and ;he petty who was re. With )S, wilh fcharged their pieces among the thickefl of the flying Chap. crowd , who confifted of more than a hundred. ][. It being obferved that the thief did not fall, he 1769. was purfued , and fliot dead. From fubfequent information it happily appealed, that none of the natives befides were either killed or wounded. Lieutenant Cook, who was highly dTpleafcd with the condu(^ of the petty officer, u fed every method in his power to difpel the terrors and apprehcnfions oF the Indians, but not immediate- ^ ly with effed. The next morning but few of the inhabitants were feen upon the beach , and not one of them came off to the fiiip. What added particularly to the regret of the Engliih was that even Owhaw, who had hitherto been foconftant in his attachment, and who the day before had been remarkably adive in endeavour- ing to renew the peace which had been broken , did not now make his appearance. In the even- ing, however, when the Lieutenant went on fhore with only a boat's crew anH fome of the gentlemen, between thirty and forty of the natives gathered around them, and trafficked with them, in a friendly manner , for cocoa-nuts and other fruit*. On the 17th, Mr. Cook and Mr. Green fet j? April. up a tent on fliore , and fpent the night there, in order to obferve an Eclipfe of the firfl fitellite * of Jupiter; but they met with a difappointment , in confequcnce of the weather's becoming cloudy. Hawkefworth , iibifupra, p. 89 — 9h D ^0 THE LIFE O F C H A P. 11. 1-^69. April. In' |5'l 1' illll The next day, the Lieutenant, \vith as manyoF his people as could poifibly be fpared from the fiiip, began to eredt the fort. While the Englilh were employed in this bufmefs, many of the Indians were fo far from hindering, that they voluntarily aflTifted them , and with great alacrity brought the pickets and fafcines from the wood where they had been cut. Indeed , fo fcrupulous bad Mr. Cook been of invading their property, that every ftake which was ufed was purchafed|, and not a tree was cut down till their confent had firft been obtained*. On the 26Lh, the Lieutenant mounted fix fwivel guns upon the fort, on which occafion he faw, with concern , that the natives were alarmed and terrified. Some fifliermen , who lived upon the point, removed to a greater didance ; and Owhaw informed the llnglifli , by figns, of his expedation that in four days they would hre their y^c2Lt guns. The Lieutenant, on the fucceeding day, gave a ftriking proof of his regard to juilice, and of his care to prcferve the inhabitants from injury and violence , by the punifliment he inflided on the butcher of the Endeavour*, who was accufed of having threatened , or attempted , the life of a woman that was the wife of Tubourai Tomaide, a chief remarkable for his attachment to our na- vigators. The butcher wanted to purchafe of her a flone hatchet for a nail. To this bargain flie •f Hawkefworth , 11 bi fiipra , p. 9J, 94. JM» many oF from the : Englifh ' of the lat they alacrity he wood rupiilous )voperty, irchafedl, ifent had IX fwivel he faw, med and Lipon the Owhaw :)edlatioa :ir f eac ly, gave and of n injury ided on accufed e life of "omaidcj our na- e of her ffain flic m 1769. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 37 abfolutely refufed to accede; upon which the Chap. fellow catched up the hatchet, and threw down 11. the nail ; threatening, at the fame time, that if flie made any refiftance , he would cut her throat with a reaping-hook which be had in his hand. The charge was fo fully proved in the prefence of JVlr. Banks, and the butcher had fo little to fay in exculpation of himfelf, that not the Icaft doubt remained of his guilt. 1 he affair being reported by Mr. Banks to Lieutenant Cook, he took an opportunity, when the Chief and his women, with others of the natives , were on board the fliip, to call up the offender, and, after re- capitulating the acculation and the proof of it, to give orders for his immediate punilhment. Awhile the butcher was ftrippcd , and tied up to the rigging , the Indians preferved a fixed atten- tion , and waited for the event in filent fufpence. But as foon as the firft ftroke was inflicted, fuch was the humanity of thefe people, that they interfered with great agitation , and carnef\ly intreated that the refl of the punifiiment might be remitted. To this, however, the Lieutenant, for various reafons, could not grant his confent; and, when they found that their intercefTioiT^ were ineffectual , they manifefled their compaffion by tears *. On the firfl of i\Iay, the obfervatory was fet up, and the aftronornical quadrant, together with feme other inftruments , was taken on lliore. T M: * Hawkefv/orth , ubi fupra , p, 102, 10?. D 38 THE LIFE OF Chap. When, on the next morning, Mr. Cook and II. JMr. Green landed for the purpofe of Hxing the 1769. quadrant in a fituation for life, to their inexpref- fible furprize.and concern it was not to be found. It had been depofited in a tent referved for the Lieutenant's ufe, where no one had flcpt : it had revcr been taken out of the packing-cale, and the Tv'hole was of confiderable weight: none of the other inftruments were mifling; and a centinel had been pofted the whole night within five yards of th'e tent. Thefe circumflances induced a fufpi- cion that the robbery might have been committed by fome of our own people , who having feen a deal box, and not knowing the contents, might imagine that it contained nails , or other articles for tratiic with the natives. The moft diligent fcarch , therefore, was made, and a large reward ^vas offered fox the finding of the quadrant, but with no degree of fuccefs. In this exigency, IVlr. Banks was of eminent- fcrvice. As this gentleman bad more influ«.nce over the Indians than any other perfon on board the Endeavour, and as there could now be little doubt of the quadrant's having been conveyed away by fome of the na- lives, he determined to go in fcarch of it into the woods; and it was recovered in confcquence of bis judicious and fjMrited exfrtions. 1 he plcafr.c w^ith which it was brought back v/as equal to the importance of the event; for the grand object of the voyage could not otherwife have been ^iccompliflied '^. 1 * Hiiwkefworth , ubi fupra, p. 11 1 — 114, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 39 Another embari afi'i^jcnt , though not of fo ferious C rt a f. a nature , was occalioned , on the very fame II. day, by one of our officers having inadvertently 1769. taken into cudody Tootahah , a chief who had connected himfelf in the mod friendly manner with the Englifli. Lieutenant Cook, who had given exprefs orders that none of the Indians fhould be confined, and who, therefore, was equally furprized and concerned at this tranfac* tioh, inftantly fet Tootahah at liberty. So ftrongly had this Indian been polfeiTed with the notion that it was intended to put him to death , that he could not be perfuaded to the contrary till he was led out of the fort. His joy at his deli- verance ^vas fo great , that it difplayed itfeif in a liberality which our people were \'ery unwil- lin^^r to partake of, from a confcioufnefs that on this occafion they had no claim to the reception of favours. The impreflion , however, of the confinement of the chief operated with fuch force upon the minds of the natives, that few of theni appeared; and the market was fo ill fupplicd, tliat the Engliih were in want of neceflaries. At length, by the prudent exertions of Lieutenant Cook , Mr. flanks , and Dr. Solandcr , the friendflilp of Tootahah was completely recovered, and the reconciliation worked upon the Indian-^ like a charm ; for it was no fooncr known that he had gone voluntarily on boar! the Endeavour, iian bread -fVu It- cocoa-nuts, anc i otl ler pro VI lions , were brought to the fort in great plenty * Hawkcfwoith , ubi fupra , p. 114 — 121. m .1!' 1| 40 THE LIFE OF illJi I?' li 1 1; ■ \- I 1 ! 1|! i >: L^ Chap, The Lieutenant and the reft of the gentlemen II. had hitherto , with a laudable difcretion , bartered 1769, only beads for the articles of food now mention- ed. But the market becoming flack, they were 8 May. obliged for the firft time, on the eighth of May, to bring out their nails; and fuch was the effedt of this new commodity, that one of the fmalleft fize, which was about four inches long, procured twenty cocoa-nuts , and bread-fruit in proportion*. 19. It was ri( t till the tenth of tjie month that Our vovagers learned that the Indian name of the ifiund was Otaheite , by which name it hath fince been always diftinguiflied *. i^ — 169, the m m i CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 49 ;as the only oppofe the ever oifered Endeavour Id Undoubt- , to abftaiil s prejudices ne. jgation and ch we need ways ftead- )innace , on ied by Mr. ifland. The i Lieutenant n into great e boat , are irrative. By n acquaint- aheite , the variety of anners and ft of July, vhig found |g the two be about le was fol- 's to trace the river up the valley from which it ilTucs , C rt a p and examine. how far its banks were inhabited. 11. During this excurfion, he difcerncd many traces 1769' of fubterraneous fire. The ftones, like thofe of ]\1:i(leira, difplaycd evident tokens of having been burnt; and the very clay upon the hills had the fame appearance. Another valuable employment of Mr. Banks was the planting of a great quantity of the feeds of water-melons, oranges, lemons, limes, and other plants and trees which he had colleded at \^ Rio de Janeiro. For thefe he prepared ground on each fide of the fort , and feledled as many varieties of foil as could be found. He gave, alfo, liberally of thefe feeds to the natives, and planted many of them in the woods *. Lieutenant Cook now began to prepare for his departure. On the feventh of July, the carpenters ? July, were cn?ployed in taking down the gates and pallifadoes of the fortification; and it was con- tinued to be difmantled during the two follow- ing days. Our Commander and the reft of the gentlemen were in hopes that they fliould quit Otaheite without giving or receiving any farther offence; but in this refpedl they were unfortun- ately dilappointed. The Lieutenant had prudently overlooked a difpute of a fmaller nature between a couple of foreign feamen and fome of the Indians, when he was immediately involved in a quarrel which he greatly regretted , and which ', the Hawkefwoith , uei fupra . p, it 3' — i Vol. L / V 'f rlli^ III- i''--* ' \m i WW. I 50 THE LIFE OF n 1769. 9 July. 10. C H A P. yet it was totally out of his power to avoid. In ]I. the middle of the night, between the eighth and the ninth , Clement Webb and Samuel Gibfon , two of the marines, went privately from the foit. As they were not to be found in the morning- , Air. Cook was apprehenfive that they intended to flay behind; but, being unwilling to endanger ihe harmony and good-will which at prcfent fubfifted between our people and the natives , he determined to wait a day for the chance of the men's return. As , to the great concern of the Lieutenant , the marines were not come back on the morning of the tenth, enquiry was made after them of the Lidians, who ac- knowledged that each of them had taken a wife, and had refolved to become inhabitants of the country. After fome deliberation, two of tlie natives undertook to conduct fuch pcrfons to the place of the deferters' retreat as Mr. Cook fliould think proper to fend ; and accordingly he dif- patched with the guides a petty oliicer, and the corporal of the marines. As it was of the utmofl; importance to recover the men , and to do it fpeedily , it was intimated to feveral of the chiefs who were in the fort with the women , among whom were Tubourai Tomaidc, Toniio, and Oberea, that they would not be permitted to leave it till the fugitives were returned ; and the Lieutenant had the pleafurc of obferving that they received the intimation with very little indications of alarm, and with aflbrances that his people Hiould be fecured and Iv^nt back as fuon as 1 ■wrt-i'i i 1 mm ' ,1 ivoid. Ill jluh and Gibfon , From the 1 ill the that they Linwilling 111 which ; and the Y for the the great were not 1, enquiry who ac- en a wife, Its of the /o of tlie 3ns to the ok fliould he dit and the le utmofl: to do it al of the s women , c, Toniio, permitted rned ; and rving that ery little es that his as foon as y CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 51 pofUble. A\^hile this tranfacflion took place at the fort, our Commander fent Mr. Hicks in the pinnace to fetch Tootahah on board the Ihip. Mr. Cook had rcafon to expedl, if the Indian guides proved faithful, that the deferters , and thofe who went in feaich of them, would return before the evening. Being difappointed , his fuf- picicns increafed, and thinking it not fafe, when the night approached , to let the perfons whom he had detained as hoflages continue at the fort, he ordered Tubourai U omaide , Oberea , and fome others, to be taken on board the Endea- vour; a circumftance which excited fo general an alarm , that feveral of them , and efpecially the women , expreHcd their apprehenfions with great emotion and many tears. VV^ebb , about nine o'clock, was brought back by fome of the natives, who declared that Gibfon, and the petty officer and corporal , would not be reRored till Tootahah fhould be fet at liberty. Lieutenant Cook now found that the tables were turned upon him; but, having proceeded too far to retreat, he immediately difpatched Mr. Hicks in the long-boat, with 11 Ilrong party of men , to refcue the prifoners. Tootahah was, at the fame time , informed , that it behoved him to fend fome of his people with them, for the purpofe of affording them elfedual afliflance. Widi this injunction he readily complied, and the prifoners were reftored without the leafl oppofition. On the next day they were brought back to the ihip, upon Vvhivh ths chiefs \ycre reieafed fioij) Chap. II. 1769. II Jiilx- 5i THE L I f E OF Chap, their confinement. Thus ended an affair which II. had given the Lieutenant a great deal of trouble 1769. and concern. It appears , however , that the meafure which he piirfucd was tlie refuit of an abfokite neceflity ; lince it was onJy by the Jeizure of the chiefs that he could have recovered his men. Love was the fedncer of the two mari- nes. So llrong was the attachment which they had formed to a couple of girls, that it was their delign to conceal themfclves till ihe il!:p had failed, and to take up their rei'id>;;nce in thj ifiand *. ■ Tupia was one of the natives who ha had fo llOi, that )m them heite. He flie was was alfo nowledge ies ot the ivigation, I number ids. Tl.i> with our o depart, thirteen might be voyage, ur , was herefore , propofal. & 1769. 13 J"iy« On the thirteenth of July, the Enghfii weighed Chap anchor; and as foon as the fliip was under fail, 11. the Indians on board took their leaves , and wept, with a decent and filent forrow, in which there was fometh'ng very flriking and tender. Tupia fuftaincd himftlf in this fcene with a truly admirable firmnef-^ and rcfolution; 'for, though he wept, the effort he made to conceal his tears concurred, with them, to do him honour. The ftay of our voyagers at Otahcite was three months , the greater part of which time was fpent in the moft cordial friendfliip with the inhabitant*; , and a pe»-pctual reciprocation of good offices. That any differences fliould hap- pen , was greatly regretted on the part of Lieutenant Cook and his friends , who were ftudious to avoid them as much as pofiible. The principal caufes of them refulted from the pecu- liar fituation and circmnffanees of the Englfli and the Indians, and efpecially from the difpo- fition of the latter to theft. The effecls of this difpofition could not always be fubmitted to or prevented. It was happy, however, that there was only a finele inffcance in which the differen- ces that arofe were attended with any fatal Confequence ; and by that accident the Lieuten- ant was inftructed to take the moft effectual meailires for the future prevention of fimilar events. He hrid nothing fo much at heart, as that in no cafe the intcrcourie oF his people with the natives fiiould be productive of blood- Ihe.j. X''3 r .'!' ' 1: '{'. ■j ; lii .i; i 1 ' ' 54 THE LIFE OF Chap. The traffic with the inhabitants for provifions ir. and refreflimcnts, which was chiefly under the 176^ management of Mr. Banks, was carried on with as much order as in any well regulated market in Europe. Axes, hatchets, fpikes , large nails, looking-glalTes , knives , and beads , were found to be the beft articles to deal in; and for fomc of thefe , every thing which the inhabitants pofleffed might be procured. They were, indeed, fond of fine linen cloth , whether white or printed ; but an axe, worth half a crown, would fetch more than a piece of cloth of the value of twenty (hillings *. It would deviate from the plan of this narra- tive , to enter into a minute account of the nature , produdlions , inhabitants , cuftoms , and manners of the countries which were difcovered or vifited by Mr. Cook; or to give a particular detail of every nautical , geographical , and afhonomical obfervation. Thefe things muft be fought for in th ^'oyages at large which have been publifhed by authority. It will be fufficient here to take notice, that our Commander did not depart from Otaheite without accumulating ji [tort of information and infbrudion for the enlargement of knowledge and the benefit of navigation. While the Endeavour proceeded on hcf voyage under an eafy fail, Tupia informed Lieutenant Cook, that, at four of the neigh- * Hwkefworth , ubi fupra, pi iSo — 1 8 3. provifions under the d on with ed market irgc nails , rere found for fome nhabitants re, indeed, white or vn, would 'i value of :his narra- it of the :oms , and Jifcovered particular cal , and muft be hich have : fufficient indcr did umulating 1 for the )enefit of on her informed lie neigh- CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 55 bouring iflands, which he diftlnguifhed by the Chap. names of HuahEine, Ulietea, Otaha, and II. BoLABOLA, hogs, fowls, and other refrcfliments, 1769. which had latterly been fparingly fupplied at Otaheitc , might be procured in great plenty. The Lieutenant, however, was defirous of firft ex- amining an ifiand that lay to the northward, and was called Tethuroa. Accordingly, he came near it; bin having found it to be only a fmall low ifiand , and being told , at the fame time , that it had no fettled inhabitants, he determined to drop any farther examination of it, and to go in fearch of Huaheine and Ulietea, which were defcribed to be well peopled, and as large as 'Otaheite. On the fifteenth of July, the weather being ^^^"'y- hazy, with light breezes and calms fucceeding each other, fo that no land could be feen, and little way was made, Tupia afforded an amufing proof that, in the exercife of his prieftly ch.irac- ter, he knew how to unite fome degree of art with his fuperftition. He often prayed for a wind to his god Tane, and as often boafted of his fuccefs. This, indeed, he took a mofl: effedual method to fecure; for he never began his addrefs to his Divinity, till he pcrcei\ed the breeze to be fo near, that he knew it muft approach the fliip before his fupplications could well be brought to a concliifion *. i Hawkeru'orth , iibi fupra , p. 249, z^-o. E4 I Miliin 1. '^1 M i' 1 '■ '1 i Is ' 1 1 •i li : ) ■ t >. i ii /;J * ^n I ;,|i: C ir A p, II. 1769. 16 July. 56 THE LIFE OF The Endeavour , on the fixteenth , being clofe in with the north-wed part of Huaheine , fomc canoes foon came off, in one rt which was the King of the ifland and his wife. At firft the people feemed airaid ; but, upon feeinjy Tupia, their apprchenfious were in part difperfed , and , at length , in confequence of frequent and. farneftly-repeated affurances of friendfliip, their INlajeflies and feveral others ventured on board the fliip. Their adonifhment at every thing which was fhewn them was very great; and yet their curiofity did not extend to any objects but what were particularly pointed out to their notice. VV^hen they had become more familiar, Mr. Cook was given to underftand , that the King was called Oree , and that he propofed, as a mark of amity , their making an exchange of their names. To this our Commander readily confcntcd; and, during the remainder of their being together, the Lieutenant was Oree, and his Majcdy was Cookee. In the afternoon , the Endeavour having come to an anchor , in a Imall but excellent harbour on the weft fide of the ifland, the name of which was Owharke, ]\Tr. Cook, accompanied by IXIr. Banks, Dr. Solander , Mr. IMonkhoufe , Tupia, and the natives who had bccu. on board ever fmce the morning, immediately went on fliore. The Eng- lifli gentlemen repeated their excurfions on the two following days ; in the courfe of which they found that the people of Huaheine had a very nc:u: rcfemblance to thofe of Otaheite , in 4 PI ■& CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 57 ing clofe le , fomc was the fivft the ^ Tiipia, fpeifed , lent and p , their n board y thing and yet jecls but to their familiar, that the ropofed , exchange ■ readily of their ce , and on , the , in a fide of HARRE, cs , Dr. md the nee the he Eng- on the which ; had a eite , ill perfon, drefs, language, and every other cir- Chai', cumftance ; and that the produdions of the II. /country were exadly fimilar. i7'59' In trafficking with our people, the inhabitants of ITuaheinc difplayed a caution and hefitation which rendered the dealing with them flow and tedious. On the nineteenth, therefore, the Eng- 19 July; liih were obliged to bring out fome hatchets , which it was at firft hoped there would be no fccafion for, in an ifiand that had never before fjbeen vifited by any European. Thefe procured three very large hogs; and as it was propofed to fail in the afternoon, Orcc and fcvcral others came on board to take their leave. To the King ^Ir. Cook gave a fmall pewter plate, on which •was ftamped this infcription ; " His Britannic i*' Majeily's Ihip Endeavour , Lieutenant James *' Cook Commander, 16th July 1769, liuaheine. " Among other prcfents made to Oree, were fome medals or counters, refcmbling the coin of Eng- land, and ftruck in the year 1761; all of which, and particularly the plate , he promifed carefully and inviolably to preferve. This the Lieutenant thought to be as lading a teftimony as any he Gould well provide, that the Englifli had firfl difcovcrcd the ifland ; and having difmilfed his vifitcrs , who were highly pleafed with the treatment they had met with , he failed for 'I Ulietea, in a good harbour of which he anchored J the next day \ * llawkcfworth, ubi fupn, p. 150. — 156. Huahcinc T I 58 THE LIFE OF !■ 1 i ' M ij' 1' Chap. ]I. 1769. SI July. Tupia had exprefTed his apprehenfion that our navigators, if they landed upon the ifland, would be cxpofed to the attacks of the men of BoLi- bola , whom he reprefented as having lately con- quered it , and of whom he entertained a very formidable idea. This, however, did not deter Mr. Cook, Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander , and the other gentlemen , from going immediately on fliore. Tupia , who was of the party , introdu- ced them, by performing fome ceremonies which he had pradifed before at Huaheine. After this, the Lieutenant hoifted an Englifli jack, and, in the name of his Britannic Majefty, tt'ok pofleflTion of Ulietea, and the three neighbouring iflands, Huaheine, Otaha , and Bolabola , all of which were in fight. On the twenty-firft, the mafter was difpatched in the long-boat, to examine the coaft of the fouth part of the ifland ; arid one of the mates was fent in the yawl, to found the harbour ^rhere the Endeavour iayf. At the fame time, Lieutenant Cook went himfelf in the pinnace , to furvey that part of Ulietea which lies to the north. Mr. Banks, likewife, and the gentlemen is fituated in the latitude of 16° 4;' S. and longitude 150" ^2' W. from Greenwich. Its diftance from Otaheite is about thirty-one leagues , in the direction of N. $ 8« W. and it is about feven leagues in conipafs. t This harbour or bay is called by the natives OoPOA , and extends aimoll the whole length of the eaft fide of the Ifland. In its greatcft extent it is c;)p;ible of holding any number of (liipping. I lii CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 59 on that onr land, would en of Bola- lately con- ined a very d not deter er , and the ediatcly on :y , introdu- onies which After this, :k, and, in >k poflcffion ing iflands, U of which : difpatched Daft of the the mates le harbour fame time» )innace, to lies to the gentlemen nd longitude •om Otaheite fN. S8. W. ves OoPOA , (t fide of the holding iiiiy 1769. 2*. again went on fliore , and employed thcmftlvcs C h A r. in trading with the natives, and in examining II. the produdions and curiofities of the country; but they faw nothing worthy of notice-, except- ing fome human jaw-bones, which, like fcalps among the Indians of North America , were tro- phies of war, and had probably been hung up, by the warriors of Bolabola, as a memorial of their conqucll. The weather being hazy on the twenty-fecond and twenty-third, with flrong gales, the Lieuten- ant did not venture to put to fea; but, on the twenty-fourth, though the wind continued to be variable , he got under fail , and plied to the northward within the reef, purpofmg to go out at a wider opening than that by which he had entered the harbour. However, in doing this , he was in imminent danger offtrdcing on the rock. The mafter, who by his order had kept continu- ally founding in the chains, fuddcnly called out, " two fathom. " Though our Commander knew that the fliip drew at leaft fourteen feet, and confequemtly that the flioal could not poflibly be under her keel, he was, neverthelefs , juftly alarmed. Happily, the mafter was either rnillaken, or the Endeaxour went along the edge of a coral rock, many of which, in the neighbourhood of thefe ifiands, arc as fttep as a wall*. After a tedious navigation of fome days, during which feveral fmall iflands v/tre feen, and the * Hawkefu 01th , ubi fiipra , p. 2 5 6 — 258. il 1: ili'i 60 THE LIFE OF i-i: (■|a ■■ llll; rtvi Chap, long-boat landed at Otaha, Lieutenant Cook rc- II. tr-rned to Ulietea, but to a different pirt of it 1769. from that whi found too light to carry fail upon a wind. The place where the Endeavour was fecured was conveni- ently fituated for the lieutenant's purpofe of obtaining ballaft and water. IVlr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and the gentlemen who went on fiiore this day, fpent their time much to their fatisfadlion. 1 he reception they met was re- fpedlful in the higheft degree, and the behaviour of the Indians to theEnglilh indicated a fear of them, mixed with a confidence that they had no propen- fity to commit any kind of injury. In an intercourfe which the Lieutenant and his friends carried on, for feveral days, with the inhabitants of this part of the ifland, it appear d that the terrors which Tupia had expreded of the Bolabola conquerors were wholly grourdlefs. Even Opoony, the ' formidable King of Bolabola, treated our navi- gators with rcfped. Being at Ulietea on the fifth of Auguft, he fent ]\Ir. Cook a prefent of three hogs, fome fowls, and feveral pieces of cloth, of uncommon length, together with a confidera- ble quantity of plantains, cocoa-nuts, and other rcfrelliments. This prefent was accompanied with CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 6i lant Cook re- nn p.iit of it before 111 a ■ of the ifland, Aug 11 ft. This 3 ftop a leak owder room, kvaj» found too The place was conveni- s purpofe of ^ntlemen who ime much to ' met was re- behaviour of fear of them, id no propen- m intercourfe s carried on, s of this part errors which a conquerors poony, the -d our navi- '. on the fifth fent of three es of cloth , a confidera- , and other ipanied with 'ft meffage, that, on the next day , he intended to C h a p. pay our Commander a vifit. Accordingly, on II. the fixth, the Lieutenant and the reft of the 1769, "gentlemen all ftaid at home, in expedation of this * Auguft. important vifiter; who did not, however, make his appearance, but fent three very pretty girls as his meifengers, to demand fomething in return for his prefent. In the afternoon, as the great King would not go to the Englifh , the Englifli determined to- go to the great I^ing. From the Account which had been given of him, as lord of the Bolabola men, who were the conquerors of L'lietca, and the terror of all the other iflands , Lieutenant Cook and his companions expeded to fee a young and VJgorous chief, with an intel- ligent countenance, and the marks of an enter- prizing fpirit; inftead of which, they found a feeble wretch, withered and decrepid, half blind with age, and fo fluggifli and ftupid that he fcarcely appeared to be poffelfed even of a common degree of underftanding. Otaha being the prin- cipal place of Opoony's refidence , he went with cur navigators to that ifland on the next day; and they were in hopes oF deriving fome advan- tage from his influence , in obtaining fuch provi- fion as they wanted. In this refped, however, they were difappointed , for, though they had prcfented him with an axe, as an inducement to him to encourage his fubjeds in dealing with th jm , they were obliged^ to leave him without having procured a fingle article. Auguft. 62 THE LIFE OF hv !l: w C II A p. The time wliicli the carpenters had taken up II. in flopping the leak of the fliip , having detained J 769. our voyagers longer at Ulictea than they would otherwife have flaid , Lieutenant Cook deter- mined to give up the defign of going on fiiore at Bolabola, cfpecially as it appeared to be difficult of acccfs. The principal iflands , about which the Englifli had now fpent fomewhat more than three weeks, were fix in number; Ulietea, Otaha, Bolabola, Huaheine, Tubai, and Mau- rua*. As they lie contiguous to each other, the Lieutenant gave them the general appellation of Society Islands: but did not think proper to diRinguiOi them feparately by aiiy other names than thofe by which they were called by the natives. 9 AuguH. On the ninth of An i(l, the leak of the vefTel having bjcn ll;opped , and the frefli ftock that had been purchafed being brought on board, our Commander took the opportunity of a breeze which fprang up at eafl, and liuled out of the harbour. As he was faihng away, Tupia ftrongly urged hini to tire a lliot towards Bolabola; and, though that ifland was at feven leagues diflance, the Lieutenant obliged him by complying with I * Thefe iflarrcls are fituateJ bct\\cen the latitude of 16" 10' and 16° 5^' f'outh, and between tlie Itmgltuue of 1^0° ';7^and i;2* well from the meridian of Greenwich, The fmaller Ulands difcovered , or fcen , in tlie neigh- bourhood of Ouiheirc and tlfc Society Tiles , were Tethuroa, Eimco , Tapoam.in.io , Oatara , Opururu , Tamou , Ton- hyutu , and Whcijiuiila. I ii CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 63 taken up detained ey would ok deter- 1 fhore at z difficult It which lore than Ulietea, md Mau- ther, the llation of k proper iiy other :allcd by the vefTel ock that )ard, our breeze It of the (Irongly )la; and, diftance, 113 with de of 16* igitude of ireenvvicli, \c Picigh- ['cthiiio:! , I his requeft. Tupia's views probably were , to Chap. difpiay a mark of his refentment, and to fliew li- the power of his new allies*. 17<^9? Our voyagers purfued their courfe, without meeting with any event worthy of notice , till '3 Auguft* the thirteenth , when land was difcovered bearing fouth-caft , and which Tupia informed them to be an ifland called Oheteroa. On the next day, Mr. Cook fent Mr. Gore, one of his Lieutenants, in the pinnace, with orders that he fhould endeavour to get on fliore , and learn from the natives whe- ther there was anchorage, in a bay then in fight^ and what land lay farther to the fouthward. Mr. Gore was accompanied in this expedition by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solander, and Tupia, who iifed every method, but in vain, to conciliate the mind of the inhabitants, and to engage them in a friendly intercourfe. As , upon making the circuit of the ifland neither harbour nor anchorage could be found upon it, and, at the fame: time, the difpofition of the people was fo hoftile, that landing would be rendered impradicable without bioodlhed , Mr. Cook determined , with equal wifdom and humanity, not to attempt it, having no motive that could juftify the riik of lifef. * Hawkefworth , ubi fupra, p. 2^8 — 270. t Oheteroa is lituatcd in the latitude of 22° 27'' f()iitTj , and in the lung'tiidL' oF iso" 47'' weft from the meridian of Grcemvich. It is thirteen miles in circuit, and rather high than \6\\ ; but ic did not appear to be equal , eiiher in popuhnifnefs or fertility , to the other iHands which hud been feen in thcfe fjus. m 64 THE LIFE OF rt J.i'! II II !■■ ' 1 I Chap. From Tupia our navigators learned tliat there II, \vere various iflands lying at different diftjncesand 1769. in different directions from Oheteroa , between the fouth and the northwefl;; and tliat to the riorth-eall; there was an ifland called IVlanua, Bird Ifland. This he reprefented as being at the diftance of three days fail; but he feemed mofl defirons that Lieutenant Cook fliould proceed to the weftward, and defcribcd fcveral iflands in that fituation, which he faid he had vifited. It ap- peared , from his dcfcription of them , that thcfc "were probably Bofcawen and Keppels iflands , which were difcovered by Captain Wallis. 1 he fartheft ifland that Tupia knew of to the fouth- "ward , lay, he faid, at the diftance of about two days fail from Oheteroa , and was called MoUTOU. But he added, that his father had informed him of there being iflands flill more to the fouth. Upon the whole, our Commander determined to ftand fouthward in fearch of a con- tment, and to lofe no time in attempting to dif- covcr any other iflands than fnch as he might happen to fall in with during his courfe f. ss Auguii. On the fifteenth of Auguft, our voyagers fail- as ed from Oheteroa; and on the twcnty-iifth of the fame month was celebrated the anniverfary 30. of their departure from England. The comet was feen on the thirtieth. It was a little above the horizon, in the eaftern part of the heavens, at one in the morning; and at about half an hour t HawkepA oith , i;b; fupra , p. — -79- ft after '4'-:' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 65 lat there • nccs and between t to the iVlaniia, g at the led mofl oceed to Is in that . It ap- bat thcfc iflands , lis. 1 he ic fouth- )f about LS called her had more to mander ■ a con- to dif- might :ers fliil- ifth of iverfary comet above eavcns , in hour « M after four it paficd the meridian , and its tail C h a p- fubtendediin angle of forty-two degrees ". Tupia, II. who wasi among others that obfcrvcd the comet, t?<59. iliftantly cried out , that as foon as it fhoiild be fecn by the people of Bolabola , they would attack the inhabitants of Ulietea , who would be obliged to endeavour to preferve their lives ^ by fleeing with the utmoft precipitation to the mountains. On the fixth of Odober land Was difcovered , * ^^'*°'^''- which appeared to be large. ^\^heii , on the next : ♦ day, it was more diftindtly vifib'e, it aflumcd a flill larger appearance , and difplayed four or five ranges of hills , rifmg one over the other , above all which was a chain of mountains of an enorm- ous height. This land naturally became the fubjedt of much eager convcrfation ; and the ge- neral opinion of the gentlemen on board the En- deavour was, that they had found the Terra aujiralis incognita. In fadl , it was a part of New Zealand, where the firft; adventures the EngliQi met with were very unplcafant^ on account of the hoRile difpofition of the inhabitants. Lieutenant Cook, having anchored, on the eighth, in a bay, at the entrance of a fmall river^ Went on fhore in the evening, with the pinnace and yawl , accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dn Solander, and attiended with a patty of men; Being defirous of converfmg with fome natives * The latitude of the Ihip'was 38* 20^ fouth, and tho longitude, by log, 147" 6' weft* Vol. I. *(<' i £1 ■I ^'^. 66 THE LIFE OF M E'i If C 11 A p. whom lie had obfepTtd on the oppofitc fide of II. the river from that on which he had landed, he 1769. ordered the ya\vl in, to carry himfclf and his companions over, and left the pinnace at the entrance. When they came near the place where the Indians were affemblcd , the latter all ran ® away ; and the gentlemen , having left four boys to take care of the yawl , walked up to feveral huts which were about two or. three hundred yards from the water-iide. 1 hey had ti. not gone very far, when four men, armed with long lances , ruflied out of the woods , and run- ning up to attack the boat would certainly have cut her off, if they had not been difcovered by the people in the pinnace , \vho called to the boys to drop down the flrcam. 1 he boys inTtantiy obeyed; but being clof'.ly purfued by the na- tives, rhe cockfwain of the pinnace, to whom the charge of the boats was committed, fired a mufquet over C cir heads. Ac this ihey (lopped and looked around them ; but their alarm fpee- dily fubfiding, they brandilhed their lances in a threatenii'ig manner, and in a few minutes re- newed the purfuit. The fir'ng of a fecond muf- quet over their heads did not draw from them any kind of notice. At laft, one of them basing lifted up his fpear to dart it at the boat, another piece was fired, by which he was fliot dead. At the fall of their afTociate, the three remaining Indians flood for a while niotionlcfs , and foem- ed petrified with pftoniflmient. No fooner had they recovered thcmfelvcs , than they went back, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 6r fide of c(l , he md his at the I whcic all ran ft four up to r. three ey had :d with [id run- ly have L'led by he boys nftantly the n:i- whom fired a flopped tn fpee- es in a itcs re- d miif- n them ha\ing another t dead. naining d fcem- iner had t back, m dra ' ''; ., lh\- ttj ' i' ; T'i ' ■'' "1 ' 'r? if \ ^ : s 1 ■; , ! ' i' 'li' 1 1 i ps# 1 7s> T U E LIFE O F C H A r. river was fiilt, be proceeded in tlic boats, round 11. tbc head of tbe bav , in fearcli of frefli water. ^''6<). Befule this, he had lormed a defign of furprizing foine of the natives, axl taking them on board, that, by kind treatment and prcfents, he might obtain their friendfliip , and render them the indrnmcnts of eftabHllliin^ij for him an amicable inlercourfe wirh their countrymen. While, upon account of a dangerous (urf which every where beat upon the flioro , the boats were prevented from landing , our Commander faw two canoes coming in from the lea, one under fail, and the other worked with piiddles. This he thought to be a favourable opportunity for executing his purpnfe. Accortiiiigiy , the boats were difpofed in fuch a manner as ajjpeared mod likely to be fucccfsful in intercepting the canoes. Notwith- flanding this, thelndiaiis, in the canoe which was paddled, exerted themfclves with fo much vigour, at the hrft apprchenfion of danger, that they efcap- cd to the nrarefl land. The oiher canoe failed on without dilcerning the FngliOi , till flie was in the middof them; but no fooner liad flie difcover- ed them than the peoj)le on board (buck their fail, and plied their paddles fo brillcly as to outrun the boat b)^ which they were purfued. Being within hearing, Tupia called to them to come alongfjde , with affurances that they lliould not in any degree be hurt or injured. They trufted. J lowever more to tl Tupia's promife.s our naviG:ators wi leir own paddles , than to \ continued to flee from :Ii all their power. Mr. Cook, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 71 s , ronnd h water, irprizing 1 bo:ird , le might lem the amicable le, upon y where re veil ted ^ canoes and the 3 light to itin^x his dfpofed \y to be Cotwith- bich was 1 vigour, zy efcap- failed on was ill difcover- ick their 3 outrun Being to come 3uld not trufted, than to ee from . Cook , as the leafl: exceptionable expedient of accomplini- Chap ing his defi'jfn , ordered a mufquct to be fired II. over their hci:ds. This, he hoped, would cither 1769. make them furrendcr or leap into the water, but it produced a contrary cifcd. The Indians , wlio were feven in number, immediately formed a rcfohition not to fly, but to fight. When^ therefore, the boat came up, they began the attack with their paddles, and with flones and otncr o fteiifi ve weanons %vi th fo on mu and they carried it ch viiTour and violence , that the Fngiifli thought thcmfelves obliged to lire upon them in their own defence; the confcquence of which was , that four were unhappily killed. The other three , who were boys , the cldeft about nineteen, and tiic youngeft abciit eleven, inflantly leaped into the water, and cndoavoiucd to m;ike their efcapc ; but being with fomc difficulty overpowered by our people, they were brought into the boat *. It is impoPiible to reflccH: upon this part of Lieutenant Cook's conducfl with any degree of fiitisfadtion. He, himfelf, upon a calm review, did not approve of it; and he was fenfible that it would be cenfincd bv the feelings of every reader of humanity. It is probable that his mind "Was fo far irritated by the difa.Q:recable preceding events of this unfortunate day , and by the iinexpecT:ed violence of the Indians in the canoe, as to lofe fomcwhac of that felf-ponellion by * Hawkcfn'orth , -obi fupn , p. 286 — 290. F 4 f>l^ 7% \ If I-: L 1 1' l- O F ft. ! I C \\ A r. vliirli his cliiiv.ulor in prncr.il was emincnily 11 tlilliii;Li\iilhc(l. Cimloiiv, limvovcr, rcquiics that K<^9' i (hould rchtc what he hath odcKMl in o.Lcnua- tit>n , not in dcfiMirc , ol the tianTadion ; and this (liall he (hmc in his own words, as they arc given us by Dr. HawUelworth. " T Ik le people *' certainly did not (hfeixe death for not tiioof- ■* iiiji to conhdc in my proinifes, or not confent- '*^ injr to cotiic on board my boat, even if they •■* liad apj)rehendetl no danji:er. I>nt the natiuc *' of my iervicc veqiiiied nic to obtain a " knowledjie of their country , whicli I could *' no otherwiTe eHci'l than by forcing my way into it in a hoflile manner, or gaining admiHion througli the coniitienie an(| good-will of the people. I had already tried the power of j^refents without etVect ; and I was now prompted , b)' my dehre to avoid farther hoOilities , to get lome of them on board , as the onlv method kit of convincing them th.'\t we inteiufed them no harm, and liad it in our power to contribute to their gratilication and convenience. I'hus far my intentions certainly were not criminal; and though in the contefl, which I had not the leafl reafon to exjjecl;, our vidory might have been complete without fo guMt an expence of life; yet in fucli fitua- tion» , when the command to fire has been given , no ma;i can rciUain its cxcefs , o.r prcfcnbe us eHcct (I f ♦ Ilawkcfworth, ubi fiipra, p. 286 — 290, M CAPTAIN JAMb:S COOK. 73 mncnily ires tli.it cMcnii.i- )n •, and tluy are L' people t clioof- confcnt- 1 if tliey u natiiie btain a. I could ny way (! minion I oF the iwcr of IS now farllicr rd , :is m that in our on and ertainly ontcfl, xj)cd, ■vithout fitua- s been IS o.r 1769. 10 o«. Our vovajrrrs wwr fncrcfsful in conciliating C 11 a i' I tlic minds ol tl)C liner l)oys , to which Tupia H. i parlirularly contributed. W'hvn their fears were f allayed , and their chearfulncls returned , they I lang a fonj;; with a dej>rrc of tafle that furjui/ed ^the Knj^lilli gentlemen. The tune, like thofc of our pfalms , was folemn and lluw , containing ;niany notes and feniitones. Some farther attempts were made to cdablirfi an intcrcourfe with the natives, and Mr. Cook and his friends, on tiic tenth, went on lliorc for ;this purpofe ; but bcin^ unfucccfslul in their _;cndeavours, they refolvcd to re-iinbark, left their {lay Oiould embioiJ them in another cpiarrel, and coll more of the Indians their lives. On the nc;nly feledl a )k's perfonal rfe with the id met with, ler ill which homes , had tlons of the ;iT», who had becalmed in of friendfliip, ) go back to vas not quite ofe rather to afon to hope than any he to the fouti eutenant hat; It refemblanci! flic fuddenlv round. Th; Tie, jumpii\^ However, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. -5 I they were always feven fathom or more; and in C h a p. I a fiiort time the Endeavour got clear of danger, II. land again failed in deep water. Whijc the fliip 1769. was in apparent dlftrefs, the inhabitants of the ufland, who, in vafl numbers, £it on its white fcljfis, and could not avoid perceiving fome ap- ' pearance of confufion on board, and fome irregu- larity in the working of the veHel , were dcfirous of taking advantage of her critical fituation. Ac- cordingly, five canoes, full of inen , and well armed, were put oif with the utmoft expedition; and they came fo near, and fhewed fo hoflile a difpofition, by fliouting, brandiOiing their lances, and ufing threatening geftures, that the Lieu- tenant v/as in pain for his fmall boat, which was flill employed in founding. By a mufquet , which he ordered to be fired over them , they were rather provoked than intimidated. The firing of a four-pounder , loaded with grape-fliot , though purpofely difcharged wide of them , produced a better eiTcdl. Upon the report of the piece, the Indians all rofe up and fhouted ; but, inftead of continuing the chace, they colleded themfelvcs together , and , after a fliort confultation , went quietly away. On the fourteenth of Oclober, Lieutenant Cook »4 o^- having hoifted out his pinnace and long-boat to * fejirch for water , juft as they were about to fct off, fcveral boats, full of the New Zealand people, were feen com.ing from the fliore. After fome time, five of thefe boats, having on board be- tween eighty and ninety men, made towards the ' i ll'i; II ir i Vt ■ill M. III I ' f r. '4 76 THE LIFE OF C H A r. fiiip; and four more followed at no great dlRance, 11. as if to fuftaiii the attack. When the fiiR five 1769. had gotten within about a hiindred yards of the Endeavour, they began to fiug their war fong, and, brandifliing their pikes, prepared for an engagement. As the Lieutenant was extremely defirous of avoiding the unhappy neceffity of ufmg fire-arms againft the natives , Tupia was ordered to acquaint them , that our voyagers had weapons which, like thunder, would deftroy them in a moment; that they would immediately convince them of their power by diredling their cffed fo that they fliould not be hurt; but that if they perfifted in any hoflile attempt, they would be expofed to the diredl attack of thcfe formidable weapons. A four-pounder , loaded with grape-fhot, was then fired wide of them; and this expedient was fortunately attended with fuccefs. The report, the flafli, and, above all, the fhot, which fpread very far in the water, terrified the Indians to fuch a degree, that they began to paddle away with all their might. At the inftance, however, of Tupia, the p'^ople of one of the boats were induced to lay afui their arms, and to come under the flern of the En- deavour; in confequence ol which they received • a variety of pre fen ts. . - 1^ oa. On the next day a circumflance occurred , which fliewed how ready one of the inhabitants of New Zealand was to take an advantage of our navigators. In a I'.rge armed canoe, which came boldly alongfide of the Ihip , was a man who had iiffni ■4-1 'f 1 1 iHh ij 1 ^VH.^ > '' '1 1 iji -i ^ CAPTAIN JAAIES COOK. 77 : dlRance, \ fiiR five ds of the var fong, :d for an extremely ceflity of upia was agcrs had 1 deftroy mediately ting their but that a black TkIii thrown over him , fomewhat like Chap. pt th ey i of thcfe , loaded of them; ided with 30ve all , z water , that they ight. At ople of K. their the En- reccived ccurred , habitants 2;c of our ich came who had tlKU of a bear. iVlr. Cook being dcfirous of knowing to whit animal it origiaally belonged, olfori..'! tivj I'-.dian for it a piece of red baize. W-^ith ihis bargain he fecmcd to be greatly pleafed, immediately pulling off the fkin, and holding it up in the boat. He would not, however, part with it till he had the cloth in his pofTcllion ; and as there could be no transfer of property, if equal caution fliould be cxercifed on both fides , the Lieutenant ordered the baize to be delivered into his hands. Upon this, inllead offending up the i]. ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /A /£ 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^ ISO 1^ lii^ i^ 12.2 u uut. ijll ^1^ v] (?% ^> Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WISY MA)t STRHT WSISSTIR N.Y. MS80 (716) 871I-4S03 ^.^^ m 78 THE LIFE OF •v'; ci* • ■ t Chap, to that purt of the canoe which was farthed from II. the boy » and fomewhat wide of her , it being il^g, thought preferable rather to mifs the rowers than to run the hazard of hurting Tayeto , it happened that one man dropped. 7 his occafioncd the Indi- ans to quit their hold of the youth , who indantly leaped into the water , and fwam towards the fhip. In the mean while, the huged of the canoes pulled round and followed him; and til) lome mufquets and a great gun were fired at her, did not defill from the purfuit. The i^iip being brought to, a boat was lowered, and the poor boy was taken up unhurt. Some of the gentlemen, who with their gUffes traced the canoes tofliore, agreed in alferting , that they law three men carried up the beach , who appeared to be either dead or wholly difabled by theit wounds*. 18 Ofi. While, on the eighteenth, the Endeavour lay a-breaffc of a peninfula within Portland Iflajid , called Tekakako, two of the natives, who were judged to be chiefs, placed an extraordinary degree of confidence in Mr. Cook. They were fo well pleafed with the kindnefs which had been fliewn them in a vifit to the fhip , that they detcr- * Hawkcfvvorth , ubi fjpra, p. 2«;S — ']o6. To the cape off which this unhappy tranlliccioii happened, Mr. Cook g:ive the name of Cap k Kidnappers. It licr, in latitude 39° 4?', and lon^-jtud;: , 182* 24.' weft. Its dilhncc from the Ille of Portland is thirteen leagues ibutli welt aad weft. Iktweeii them is tlic bay of which it is the fouth point, and which, in honour of Sir Edward Hawkc, the Lieuten- ant called liiiwke's liuv. r CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ?9 •tbcd from , it being owerS) than happened J the Indi- o indantly )\vaids the the canoes i till fome t her, did Jiip being the poor j;enLlemen, s to iLore, :hree men ) be either inds*. :avoiir Jay d Iflajid , who were lordinary iicy were had been icy detcr- io the cape Mr. Cook in iLititudc Ibnce froni it uitd weft, juth point, 10 Lieutcn- » mined not to go on fhore till the next morning. Chap. 1 his was a circum (lance by no means agreeable II. to the Lieutenant, and he remonilratcd againfl iT^-'p. it; but as they perfilled in their refolution, he agreed to comply with it, provided their fervants alfowere taken on board, and their canoe hoiftcd into the fhip. The countenance of one of thcfe two cliiefs was the moil open and ingenuous that our Commander had ever feen, fo that he foon gave up evay fufpicion of his entertaining any fmifter defign. When the guefts were put on fliore the next morning, they expreffed fome furprize at feeing themfelves fo far from their habitations. On IVlonday the twenty third, while the fliip 23 oa. was in Tegadoo Bay, Lieutenant Cook went on fliore to examine the watering-place , and found every thing agreeable to his wiflies. The boat landed in the cove, without the leaft furf ; the water was excellent, and conveniently fuuated ; there was plenty of wood clofe to tiie high water mark; and the difpofition of the people was as favourable in all refpeds as could be defircd *. 24. Early the next morning , our Commander fent Lieutenant Gore to fuperintcnd the cutting of * Mr. Cook, with Mr. Green, having taken fevcral obfervations of the fun and moon , the mean refuk oF them gave 180* 47' weft longitude; but, as all the ob- fervations made before exceeded thefe , the Lieutenant laid down the coalt from the mean of the whole. At noon , this day , he took the fun's meridiun altitude with an aftronomlcal quadiant which was fet up at the watering' place, and found the latitude to be ^8" 23' 24.^^ r\ 80 THE LIFE OP ■!; 1 Chap, wood and filling of water, with a fiifficlcnt riilm- li. ber of men for both purpofes, and all the marines 1769, as a guard. Soon after, he went, on fliore himfclf, and continued there during the whole day. Mi'. Banks and Dr. Solander, who had landed on the fame day, found in their walks feveral things worthy of notice. As they were advancing in one of the valleys , the hills on each fide of which were very fteep , they werefuddenly ftruck with the fieht of an extraordinary natural curiofitv. " It was a rock , perforated through its whole " fubffcance , fo as to form a rude but ftupendous " arch or cavern , opening directly to the fea. This aperture was feventy-five feet long , twenty-feven broad, and five -and -forty feet high , commanding a view of the bay and the hills on the other fide, which were feen through it; and, opening at once upon the view, pro„ " duced an effed far fuperior to any of the cort^ " trivances of art*. s8 OA. When , on the twenty-eighth , the gentlemen of the Endeavour went on fliore upon an ifland which lies to the left hand of the entrance of Tolaga Bay, they faw there the largeft canoe they had yet met with; her length being fixty- eight feet and a half, her breadth five feet, and lier height three feet, fix inches; In the fame ifland was a larger houfe than any they had hitherto feen ; but it was in an unfiniflied ftate , and full of chips t* * Ihwkefuorth , ubi fupra , p. 30S, 509, 517, pg. t ]bid. p. iig — 120. Among other trilling curiofi- While cc cc cc cc C( '.ill r cnt nilrti- i marines £ himfcif, ay. Mr. ed on the al things 12: in ^ns of which uck with curiofitVi its whole upendoiis • the fea. :t Ion's; , forty feet / and the n through cw , pro„ the coiv ;entlemeft an ifland trance of eft canoe ing fixty- Feet, and le ifland hitherto and full lig curiofi- While CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 8i 1769. 1 Nov. While the fliip was in Hicks's Bay, the inha- Chap. bitants of the adjoining coaft were found to be ]I. very hoftile. This gave much uneafmef5,to our navigators , and was , indeed , contrary to their expectation ; for they had hoped , that the report of their power and clemency had fpread to a greater extent. At day-break, on the firft of November, they counted no lefs than five -and* forty canoes that were coming from the fliore towards the Endeavour; and thefe were followed by feveral more from another place. Some of the Indians traded fairly; but others of them took what was handed down to them without making any return , and added derifion to fraud. The infolence of one of them was very remarkable. Some linen hanging over the fhip's fide to dry, this man, without any ceremony, untied it, and put it up in his bundle. Being immediately called to, and required to return it, inftead of doing fo, he let his canoe drop a-ftern , and laughed at the Knglifli. A mufquet which was fired over his head did not put a ftop to his mirth. From a freond mufquet , which was loaded with fmall iiiot, he flirunk a little, when the fhot ftruck him upon his back; but he regarded it no more than one of our men would have done the ftroke of a rattan , and continued with great compofure ties, which Dr. Solander purchafed of the Indians, was a boy's top , fhr;ped exactly like thofe which childrea play with in England ; and the natives Ihewed , by figns , that it was to be whipped in order to make it fpin. Vor. I. G I, . 1 M' '•"I ' ■,w ijB r h !^l > V\^ if «l ivM ' ^ ' ii df ■ f:*'^ il J ) ~N ; '■ ;|' ■ ■! '.\; ^ii' , 1 : 1, ■«;l' i ■' ill .tl' :i|': hi, ;ii3 ''Irli' 82 THE LIFE OF Chap, to pack up the linen which he had flolen. All II. the canoes now dropped a-ftern , and fet up their 1769. fong of defiance, which lafted till they were at about four hundred yards diftance from the fliip. As they did not appear to have, a defign of at- tacking our voyagers , Lieutenant Cook was unwilling to do them any hurt ; and yet he thought that their going off in a bravado might have a bad effed when it Ihould be reported on fliore. To convince them , therefore , that they were ftill in his power, though far beyond the reach of any raiffile weapon with which they were acquainted , he ordered a four-pounder to be fired in fuch a manner as to pafs near them. *t.- As the fliot happened to ftrike the water, and to rife feveral times at a great diftance beyond the canoes, the Indians were fo much terrified . that, without once looking behind them , they paddled away as faft as they were able. In ftanding weftward from a fmall ifland called IVlowtohora , the Endeavour fuddenly fiioaled her water from feventeen to ten fathom. As the Lieutenant knew that flie was not far from fome fmall iflands and rocks which had been feen before it was dark, and which he had intended to have paffed that evening , he thought it more prudent to tack , and to fpend the night under JMowtohora, where he was certain that there was no danger. It was happy for himfelf and for all our voyagers that he formed this refolution. In the morning they difcovered a - bead of them, fcvcral rocks, fomc of which >Ycre level m CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 83 1. All p their ^ere at le fliip. of at- k was yet he might rted on \t they 3nd the :h they ndcr to r them. , and to )nd the :d . that, paddled called hoaled As the fome n feen tended It more : under t there and for olution. ad of : level m with the iurface of the water , and fome below Chap. it; and the ftriking againft which could not in II. the hour of darknefs have been avoided. In 1769. padiiig between thefe rocks and the main, the fhip had only from ten to feven fathom water *. While Mr. Cook was near an ifland which he called the Mayor, the inhabitants of the neigh- bouring coaft difplayed many inftances of hoftility, and, in their traffic with our navigators, com- mitted various acts o( fraud and robbery. As the Lieutenant intended to continue in the place five or fix days , in order to make an obfervatioii of the tranfit of Mercury, it was abfolutely necedary, for the prevention of future mifchief, to convince thefe people that the Englifh were not to be ill-treated with impunity. Accordingly, fome fmall fhot were fired at a thief of uncommon infolence , and a mufquet-ball was difcharged throu2;h the bottom of his boat Upon this it was paddled to about a hundred yards diftance ; and , to the furprize of Mr. Cook and his friends, the Indians in the other canoes took not the lead: notice of their wounded companion, though lie bled very much, but returned to the ihip, and continued to trade with the raoft perfedl indifference and unconcern. For a confiderable time they dealt fairly. At laft, however one of them thoue:ht fit to move otf wih two different ^ pieces of cloth which had been given for the * liawkefworth , ubifiipra, p. }2^ 527. G 3 m n '\ ! p \i k i 1 ' ! m m: i in ! 1 m ^ ■ ' 'M']i !'l jfal 1 1 f- . m ' ■■i„VI S4 THE LIFE OF Chat, fame weapon. When he had gotten to furh a II. dillance. that he thonght hiinfell fecure of his 1769. prizes, a mufquet was fired after him, which fortunately Ihuck the boat juft at the water's edge , and made two holes in her fide. 1 his excited fuch an ahirm » that not only the people who were flint at , but all the reft of the canoes , made off with the utmoft expedition. A> the lafl proof of faperiority , our commander ordered a round fhot to be fired over them, and not a boat ftopped till they got tD land. V Nov. After an early breakfaft on the ninth of No- vember, Lieutenant Cook went on fliorc , with Mr. Green, and proper inftruments, to obferve the tranftt of Mercury. Mr. Banks and Dr. So- lander were of the party. The weather had for fome time been very thick , with much rain ; but this day proved fo favourable , that not a cloud intervened during the whole tranfit. 1 he obfervation of the ingrefs was made by Mr. Green alone , Mr. Cook being employed in taking the fun's altitude to afcertain the time *. 'ik * The tranfit came on at 7h. 20' ^8^' apparent time. According to Mr. Green's obfervation , the internal contad was at i2h. 8'' sS", the external at i2h. 9' 5^^' P. M. According to Mr. Cook's, the internal contad was at i2h. 8' ?V, and the external i2h. 9' 48^'. The latitude of the place of obfervation was 56° 48' 5!''. The latitude obferved at noon was 56* 48' 28^^^ The mean of this and of an obfervation made the day before gave j6'48'' 28'' fouth, the latitude of the place of obfeivation. Tlic variation ofthecompafs was 11' 9' eaft. I ■■. i;l!l- urh a of his which vater's 1 his people )f the dition. naiidci them , id. of No- , with )bferve Dr. So- :iad for 1 rain ; 1 not a t. The Y Mr. yed ill time *. nt time. contact '' P. M. at i2h. litude of lutitiide of this In. The CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. A% m 'M S6 THE LIFE OF if' I >h P5a L: 1] II. 1709. .;i C II A r. loarled with ball at the offender, while he was holding the cloth in his hand , and fliot him dead. When the Indian fell, all the canoes put off to feme diftance , but continued to keep together in fuch a manner that it was apprehended they might ftill meditate an attack, lo fecure , therefore , a fafe paffage for the boat of the Endeavour, which was wanted on fhore, a round Iliot was fired with fo much effedl over their heads, as to make them all flee with the ntmoft precipitation. It was matter of regret to Lieutenant Cook that Mr. Gore had not, in the cafe of the offending Indian, tried the experiment of a few fmall fhot, which had been fucccfsful in former inflances of robbery. On Friday , the tenth , our Commander , ac- companied by JVlr. Banks and the other gentle- men , went with two boats, to examine a large river that empties itfelf into the head of Mercury Bay. As the fituation they were now in abounded with conveniences, the Lieutenant has taken care to point them out for the benefit of future navi- gators. If any occafion fhould ever render it iieceffary for a fln'p either to winter here, or to flay for a confiderable length of time , tents might be built on a high point or peninfula in this place , upon ground fufficiently fpacious for the purpofc ; and they might eafdy be made impregnable to th^ whole force of the country. 'Indeed , the moft Ckifful engineer in Europe could not choofe a fituation better adapted to enable a fmall number to defend themfelvci Ji- Nov. I m' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ?t c was t him es put keep »ended ecnre , of the [)re , a fl over ith the gret to in the eriment cccfsful er , ac- gentle- a large ercury ounded en care e navi- Inder it or to , tents iifula in ous for made [oiintry. Surope )ted to bfelvcf I againft a greater. Among other accommodations Chap. whii h the Endeavour's company ■ me t with in II. IVlercury Bay, they derived an agreeable refrcfli- i7'59. mcnt from fome oyfter beds, which they had fortunately difcovered. The oyftcrs , which were a'> good as ever came from Colchefter, and about the fame fize , were fo plentiful , that not the boat only, but the fhip itfelf , might have been loaded in one tide *. On Wednefday , the fifteenth , Lieutenant m Kov. Cook failed out of Mercury Bay. This name had been given to it on account of the obferva- tion which had there been made of the tranfit of that planet over the fun f. The river where oyfters had been fo plentifully found , he called Oysiek River. There is another river, at the head of the bay, which is the beft and fafefl: place for a fliip that wants to ftay any length of time. From the number of mangroves about it, the Lieutenant named it Mangrove River. In feveral parts of Mercury Bay, our voyagers, faw, thrown upon the ihore , great quantities of iron fand, which is brought down by every little rivulet of frefh water that finds its way from the country. This is a demonftration that there is ore of that metal not far inland ; and yet none of the inhabitants of New Zealand who had yet been feen knew the ufe of iron , or fet * Hawkcfworth , ubi fupra , p. 331 — 341. t Mercury Bay lies in hititudc 36' 47' fouth ; and in the longitude of 184" 4^ wcil. G 4 'k' r'j '/ ^1! 'I ^ . s$ THE LIFE OF 1 1 fi u ; -; '..' : ■! V ' ■: . 1 1 1769. 1 « Nov. Chat, upon it tlic leafl degree of value. They had all II. of them preferred the moil worthlcfs and ufelcfs trifle , not only to a naiJ , but to any tool of that metal. Before the Endeavour left the bay , the fhip's name and that of the Commander were cut upon one of the trees near the watering place , together with the date of the year and montli when our navigators were there. Befides this, IVlr. Cook, after difplaying the Englifh colours , took formal poffefTion of the place in the name of his Britannic Majefly , King George the Third*. In the range from Mercury Bay , feveral canoes, on the eighteenth, put off from different places , and advanced towards the Endeavour. \\ hen two of them , in which there might be about fixty men , came within the reach of the human voice , the Indians fung their war fong ; but feeing that little notice was taken of them , they threw a few ftones at the Englifh , and then rowed off towards the fiiore. In a fhort time , however , they returned , as if with a fixed refoluti'on to provoke our voyagers to a battle , animating thcmfelves by their fong as they had done before. Tupia , without any directions from the gentlemen of the findcavour, began to expoftulate with the natives, and told them that our people had weapons which could deftroy them in a moment. Their anfvver to this cxpoihulation was, in their own language, 1 Mi i il ;l^ 1 Hawkcf^vorth , iibi fupra , p. H<5— 548- il;; i''!i. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. «9 come on fhore , and we will kill you all. " Chat. ^ " W'^cll , replied Tupia , but why ihould you ^ moled us while we are at fea ? As we do " not wifii to fight , we iluill not accept your " challenge to come on fliore ; and here there " is no pretence for a quarrel , the fea hein^ no *' more your property than the fliip. " This eloquence, which greatly furprized Lieutenant Cof k and his friends , as they had not fuggefted to Tupia any of the arguments he made ufe of, produced no effecl upon the minds of the Indians, who foon renewed their atti.'ck. The oratory of a mufquet, which was fired through one of their boats , quelled their courage , and fcnt them inftantly away. While our Commander was in the Bay of Iflands , he had a favourable opportunity of examining the interior part of the country and its produce. At day break , therefore , on the twentieth of the month , he fet out in the pinnace and long-boat, accompanied by Mr. Banks, Dr. Solandcr, and Tupia , and found the inlet at which they entered end in a river, about nine miles above the fhip. Up this river, to which was given the name of the Thames, they pro- ceeded till near noon , when they were fourteen miles within its entrance. As the gentlemen then found the face of the country to continue nearly the fame, without, any alteration in the comle of the llream, and had no hope of tracing it to its fource , they landed on the wefb fide , to take a view of the lofty trees which every where II. 1769. :o Nov. i-ii 90 THE LIFE OF 1 If" ■ t ' 'Mi. jiT Chap. aHorned its bank?. The trees were of a kind II. which they had feen before , both in Poverty 1769. Bay and Hawke's Bay, though only at a diftance. 1 iiey had not walked a hundred yards into the woods , when they met with one of the trees, which , at the height of fix feet above the ground , was nineteen feet eight inches in the girt. Lieutenant Cook , having a quadrant with him, meafured its height from the root t . the firft branch , and found it to be eightv-nine feet. It was as ftrait as an arrow, and tapered bnt very little in proportion to its height; fo that, in the Lieutenant's judgment , there muO; hax^e been three hundred and fifty-fix feet of folid timber in it , exclufive of the branches. As the party advanced, they faw many other trees, which were ftill larger. A young one they cut down , the wood of which was heavy and folid, not fit for mafts, but fuch as would make the fineft plank in the world. The carpenter of the fliip, who was with the party, faid that the timber refembled that of the pitch pine, which is lightened by tapping. If it fhould appear that fome fuch method would be fuccefsful in lightening thefe trees , they would then furnifli mafts fuperior to thofe of any country in Europe. As the wood was fwampy, the gentlemen could not range far; but they found many ftout trees of other kinds, with which they were totally unacquainted, and fpecimens of which they brought away, a Nov. On the twenty -fecond , another inftance occurred, in which the commanding officer WS. I i«:^ F a kind Poverty diftance. into the le trees, lOve the ; in the ant with t t . the ine feet, red but fo that. Lift IvAve of folid As the r trees , they cut vy and d make lenter of that the which ear that htening uperior e wood nge far; kinds, :d, and inftance icer l^'^. i' if? 1 CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 91 on board did not know how to exercife his C H a p. power with the good fenfe and moderation of II. iVIr. Cook. While fome of the natives were in 1769, the (hip below with Mr. Banks , a young man who was upon the deck ftole a half-minute glafs, and was detedled juft as he was carrying it off. Mr. Hicks , in his indignation againft the offender, was pleafed to order that he fliould be puniflied, by giving him twelve lafihes with a cat-o'nine tails. When the other Indians who were on board faw him feized for this purpofe , they attempted to refcue him ; and being refifted , they called for their arms , which were handed from the canoes. At 4ie fame time, the people of one of the canoes attempted to come up the fide of the Endeavour. The tumult having called up Mr. Banks and Tupia , the natives ran to the latter, and fohcited his interpofition. All, how- cv^er , which he could do, as Mr. Hicks continued inexorable, was to affure them that nothing was intended againft the life of their companion, and that it was neceffary that he fhould fuffer fomc punilhment for his offence. W^ith this explanation they appeared to be fatisfied ; and when the punifliment had been inflicted , an old man among the fpedators , who was fuppofed to be the criminal's father, gave him a fcvere beating, and fent him down into his canoe. Notwith- ftanding this , the Indians were far from being reconciled to the treatment which their country- man had received. Their chearful confidence was r U'ifl ■If I . I ' .'I i'^ 'I 9% THE LIFE OF 1769. 29 Nov. Chap, gone; and though they promifed , at their de- ll, parture, to return with fom^ lifl:, the Enghfh faw them no more *. On the twenty-ninth of November, Lieutenant Cook, IVlr. Banks, Dr. Sohmder , and others with them , were in a fituarion fomcwhat critical and ahirming. Having landed upon an ifiand in the neighbourhood of Cape Bret, they were in a few minutes furrounded by two or three hun- dred people. Though the Lidians were all armed, they came on in fo confufed and ftraggling a manner, that it did not appear that any injury was intended by them ; and the Englifh gentlemen were determined that hoftilities fiiould not begin on their part. At firftthe natives continued (juiet; but their weapons were held ready to ftri' e , and they feemed to be rather irrcfolute than peaceable. While the Lieutenant and his friends remained in this ftate of fufpence , another party of Indians came up; and the boldnefs of the whole body being increafed by the augmentation of their numbers , they began the dance and fong, which are their preludes to a battle. An attempt that was made by a number of them , to feize the two boats which had brought our voyagers to land , appeared to be the fignal for a general attack. It now became neceflary for I\lr. Cook to exert himfelf with vigour. Accord- ingly , he difcharged his mufquet , which was Hawkefvvorth , ubi fupra , ? 49 — 555. I i leir de- Knglifh ntenant others critical (land in were in ee hiin- armed, gling a injury itleriien t begin I (juiet; ftrii e , e than friends ;r party of the ntation te and e. An them , ht our lal for ry for ccord- II was -, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 93 loaded with fmall fliot , at one of the forwardeft Chap. of the affailants, and Mr. Banks and two of our II. men lired immediately afterwards. Though this 1769. made the natives fall back in fome confufion , neverthelcfs , one of the chiefs , who was at the dillance of about twenty yards , had the courage to rally them, and, calling loudly to his companions, led them on to the charge. Dr. Solander inflantly difcharged his piece at this champion, who, upon feeling the fhot, ftopped Iliort , and then ran away with the reft: of his countrymen. Still, however, they did not dif- perfe , but got upon rifmg ground , and feemed only to want fome leader of refolution to renew their airault. As they were now gotten beyond the reach of fmall fliot, the Engliih fired with ball , none of which taking place , the Indians continued together in a body. A'^'hile our people were in this doubtful fituation , which lafled about a quarter of an hour , the ihip , from wiiich a much greater number of natives were feen than could be difcovered on fliore , brought h'vir broad-fide to bear , and entirely difperfcd them , by firing a few fliot over their heads In this ikirmifh , only two of them were hurt with the fmall fliot, and not a Angle life was loft;; a cafe which would not have happened if Lieuten- ant Cook had not rcftrained his men , who , either from fear or the love of mifchief, fliewed as much impatience to deftroy the Indians as a fporifman to kill his game. Such was the difference between the difpofition of the common fcamcu <;/■■ It' if W < t« ■M I r! i li :-1 m m ■ ) 1'. 1 ■ r* =f, 'i. '1 ^ i 94 THE LIFE OF C II A r. and marines , and that of their humane and II. judicious Commander*. 1769. On the fame day Mr. Cook difplayed a very exemplary adl of difcipline. Some of the fliip's people , who , when the natives were to be punifiied for a fraud , affumed the inexorable juftice of a Lycurgus, thought fit to break into one of their plantations, and to dig up a quantity of potatoes. For this the Lieutenant ordered each of them to receive twelve laflies , after which two of them were difcharged. But the third, in a fnigular ftrain of morality, infifted upon it that it was no crime in an Engliihman to plunder an Indian plantation. The method taken by our Commander to refute his cafuiftry, was to fend him back to his confinement, and not to permit him to be relcafed till he had been puniflied with fix la flies more. ? Dec. The Endeavour, on the fifth of December, was in the mod imminent hazard of being wrecked. At four o'clock in the morning of that day, our voyagers weighed, with a light breeze; but it being variable with frequent calms , they made little way. From that time till the afternoon, they kept turning out of the bay, and about ten at night were fuddenly becalmed , fo that the ftiip could neither wear nor exactly keep her ftation. The tide or current fetting ftrong , flic drove toward land fo faft , that before any meafures could be taken for her fecurity , file * Huwkefworth i libi fupra, 361 5^?- 11 :\nc and [ a very le fliip's e to be exorable :ak into quantity red each r which e third , upon it ( p hinder I by our 1 to fend ) permit led with cember, vrecked. ay , our but it made crnoon, about fo that eep her ng, flie t)re any y ty {he CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 9S was within a cable's length of the breakers. Chap. Though our people had thirteen fathom water, II. the ground was fo foul, that they did not dare 1769, to drop their anchor. In this crifis, the pinnace being immediately hoifted out to take the fhip in to\y , and the men , fenfible of their danger , exerting themfelves to the utmoft, a faint breeze fprang up off the land , and our navigators per- ceived with unfpeakable joy that the veffel made headway. So near was flie to the fiiore, that 1 upia, who was ignorant of the hair's breadth cfcape the company had experienced , was at this very time converfmg with the Indians upon the beach, whofe voices were diftinclly heard, notwithftanding the roar of the breakers. IV! r. Cook and his friends now thought that all dancrer was over: but about an hour afterwards, juft as the man in the chains had cried " feven- " teen fathom , " the fhip flruck. The fhock threw them into the utmofl confternation ; and almoft inftantly the man in the chain cried out " five fathom. " By this time , the rock on which the fliip had ftruck being to the windward , fl^e went off without having received the leafl da- mage ; and the water very foon deepening to twenty fathom , flie again failed in fecurity. The inhabitants in the Bay of Iflands were found to be far more numerous than in any her part of New Zealand which Lieutenant Cook had hitherto vifited. It did not appcaf that they were united under one head; and, if- I'f 1 iW ;;i'- m ■■!; i ■>■. ■: ■ .g .'- ■* > ^ M *^i' ■ ■■/'-! }m l -fic ]'■ ■ ■ „ r' ' i' I ■ * ■■■1 :, 't , i'i \n ' I'll : i:/i!!i Chap. II. 1769 9ll)ec. 30. 96 THE LIFE OF though their towns were fortified, they feemed to hve together in perfcdt amity. The Endeavour, on the ninth of December, lying becahned in Doubtless Ray, an oppor- tunity was taken to enquire of the natives con- cerning their country ; and our navigators learned from them , by the help of Tupia , that at the diRance of three days rowing in their canoes , at a place called Moore-Whennua , the land would take a fiiort turn to the fouthward, and thence extend no more to the weft. This place the Englifih gentlemen concluded to be the land difcovcred by Tafman , and which had been named by him Cape Maria van Diemen. The Lieutenant , finding the inhabitants fo intelligent , enquired farther , if they knew of any country befidcs their own. To this they anfwcred , that they had never vifitcd any other; but that their anccftors had told them that there was a country of great extent, to the north-weft by north , or north-north-weft, called Ulimaroa , to which forae people had fiiiled in a very large ^canoe ; and that only a part of them had returned, who reported, that after a paffagc of a month , they had feen a country where the people eat hogs. On the thirtieth of December, our navigators faw the land , which they judged to be Cape Maria van Diemen , and which correfponded with the account that had been given of it by the Indians. The next day, Irom the appearance of Mount Caniel , they had a demonftration ^ thnr, i'ii tWCl^ Kfl'' feemed ;ember , oppor- 'es con- learned t at the canoes , ;he land d , and is place ;he land id been )lEMEN. ants fo ^new of lis they :cd any d them cnt , to Ith-weft , pie had only a d, that fecn a ^ngators [e Cape fponded ^f it by » earn nee iftration that , CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 97 that , \vhere they now were , the breadth of Chap, New Zealand could not be more than two or 11, three miles from fea to fea. During this part 1770. of the navigation , two particulars occurred which are very remarkable. In latitude 35' fouth , and in the midft of fummer , Lieutenant Cook njet with a gale of wind , which , from its ftrength and continuance , was fuch as he had fcarcely ever been in before ; and he was three weeks in getting ten leagues to the weft- ward , and five weeks in getting fifty leagues; for at this time, being the firft of January, iJanoary. 1770 , it was fo long fince he had pafTed Cape Bret. While the gale Lifted , our voyagers were happily at a confiderable diftance from the land; fmce otherwife it was highly probable that they would never have returned to relate their adventures *. , The fliore at Queen Charlotte's Sound , where the Englifh had arrived on the fourteenth of *♦* January, feemed to form feveral bays, into one of which the Lieutenant propofed to carry tho fliip , which was now become very foul , in order to careen her , to repair fome defedls , and to obtain a recruit of wood and water. At day- break the next morning , he ftood in ,for an inlet, and at eight got within the entrance. At nine o'clock , there being little wind , and what there was being variable , the Endeavour was * Hawkefworth , ubi fupra, p. }d<5, 36!?, 369, 370, 372, 378,579. Vol. L H V I •rt .y. ■-H ' I - I IK l^ il m Urt' 98 THE LIFE OF Chap, carried by the tide or current vvitnin two cables' II. length of the north.weft lliore , where (lie had J 770. fifty- four fathom water. By the help of the boats flie was gotten clear; and about two our peopiti anchored in a very fafe and convenient cove. Soon after , Mr. Cook , with moft of the gentlemen , landed upon the coaft, where they found a fine ftream of excellent water, and wood in the greateft plenty. Indeed the land , in this part of the country, was one fore(l, of vaft extent. As the gentlemen had brought the feine with them , it was hauled once or twice ; and with fuch fuccefs , that different forts of tiHi were caught, amounting nearly to three hundred weight. The equal dilbibution of thefe among the Iliip's company , furnifiied them with a very agreeable refrefhment. When Lieutenant Cook , Mr. Banks , Dr. ic jniiuary. Solander , Tupia , and fome others , landed on the fixteenth , they met with an Indian family , among whom they found horrid and indifputibie proofs of the cuilom of eating human flefli. Not to refume fo difagreeable a fubjedl, it may here be obferved once for all, that evidences of the fame cuftom appeared on various occafions. K' On the next day a delightful objedl engaged the attention of our voyagers. The ftiip lying at the diftance of fomewhat lefs than a quarter of a mile from the fliore, they were awakened by • the finging of an incredible number of birds, v/ho feemed to ffcrain their throats in emulation of each other. This wild melody was infinitely CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 99 ■y bles' had )oats :opltt :ove. the they and and , I, of It the wice ; >f tifli ndred mong L veiy Dr. ed on niily , lutible Not here lof the gaged ling at ter of led bv birds, ilatioii initely fuperlor to any they had ever heard of the fame Chap. kind, and feemed to be like fmall bells, raoft U. exquifitely tuned. It is probable that the diftance, 1770. and the water between , might be of no fmall advantage to the found. Upon enquiry, the gentlemen were informed that the birds here always began to fing about two hours after midnight; and that, continuing their mufic till fun-rife , they were filent the reft of the day. In this laft refpedt , they refemble the nightingales of our own country. On the eighteenth. Lieutenant Cook Went is. Jan. out in the pinnace to take a view of the bav in which the fhip was now at anchor ; and found it to be of great extent, confifting of numberlefs fmall harbours and coves , in every diredion. The Lieutenant confined his excurfion to the weftern fide , and the coaft where he landed being an impenetrable foreft, nothing conld be feen worthy of notice. As our Commander and his friends were returning , they faw a fingle man in a canoe fifhing : rowing up to him, to their great furprize he took not the leaft notice of them ; and even when they were aiongfidc of him , continued to follow his occupation , without adverting to them any more than if they had been invifible. This behaviour was liot, however, the refult either of fullennefs or ftupidity; for upon being requefted to draw up his net, that it might be examined, he readily complied. He flicwed, likewife, to our people V '' ■ ' -,■,-,» - , V XI, 2} ■i & h 'mi m f 5, i %. TOO THE LIFE OF m i . ill i -.I £2* Chap, li's mode of fiOiing , which \vas fimple and II, ingenious. i<77o When , on the nineteenth , the armourer's 19 Janwary. forge was fct up , and all hands on board were bufy in careening, and in other neceffary opera- tioos about the vefTel , fome Indians , who had brought plenty of fifli , exchanged them for nails , of which they had now begun to perceive the ufe and value. This may be confidered as one inftance in which they were enlightened and benefited by their intercourfe with our navigators. While, on the twenty-fecond , Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander employed themfdves in botanizing near the beach, our Commander, taking a fea- man with him , afcended one of the hills of the country. Upon reaching its fumniit, he found the view of the inlet , the bead of w hich he had a little before in vain attempted to difcover in the pinnace, intercepted by hills ftill higher than that on which he flood, and which were ren- dered inacceffible by impenetrable woods. He was, however, amply rewarded for his labour; for he faw the fea on the eailern fide of the country, and a paffiige leading from it to that on the weft , a little to the eaftward of the entrance of the inlet where the fliip lay. The main land, which was on the fouth-eaft fide of this inlet, appeared to be a narrow ridge of very- high hills, and to form part of the fouth-weft fide of the ftreight. On the oppofite fide , the ]and trended siway eaft as far »$ the eye coulfl CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 101 ren- He very -weft , the could reach ; and to the fouth-eaft there was difcerned C h a f. an opening to the fea , which wafhed the eaftern II. coaft. The Lieutenant faw, alfo, ori the eafl; 1770. fide of the inlet , fome iflands which he had before taken to be part of the main land. In returning to the (hip ^ he examined the harbours and coves that lie behind the iflands which he had feen from the hills. The next day was 23 January, employed by him in farther furveys and dif- coveries. During a vifit to the Indians , on the twenty- fourth, Tupia being of the party, they wereobfer- -«» ved to be continually talking of guns and {hoot- ing people. For this fubjec^t of their converfation, the £nglifh gentlemen could not at all account. But, after perplexing themfelves with various conjedures, they at length learned, that, on tlje twenty-firft , one of our officers, under the pre- tence of going out to fifh , had rowed up to a hippah , or village , on the coaft. When he had done fo , two or three canoes coming off towards his boat, his fears fuggefted that an attack was intended, in confequence of which three mufquets were fired, one with fmall fiiot, and two with b.ill , at the Indians, who retired with the utmoft precipitation. It is highly probable that they had come out with friendly intentions ; for fuch in- tentions were expreffed by their behaviour, both before and afterwards. This adion of the officer exhibited a frcfh inftance how little fome of the people under Lieutenant Cook had imbibed of H3 :U H^ m '■> I > .1 * t ^ f « 1 1 1 ' i i i- 'j :/ f. ill 1 1 1 'I 'ft ,"'1 ^ , ' /S i:'".r THE LIFE OF 1770. s< Jaii> Chap, the -wife, difcrcet, and humane fpirit of their II. Commander. On the morning of the twenty-fixth , the Lieu- tenant went again out in the boat, with Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander , and entered one of the bays, which lie on the eaO: fide of the inlet, in order to obtain another fight of the ftreight which paffed between the eallern and weftern feas. Hav- ing landed, for this purpofe, at a convenient place , they climbed a hill of very confiderable height , from which they had a full view of the ftreight, with the land on the oppofite ihore, which they judged to be about four leagues diftant. As it was hazy in the horizon, they could not fee far to the fouth-eaft; but Mr. Cook faw enough to determine him to fearch the palfage with the fliip, as foon as he fliould put to fea. The gentlemen found , on the top of the hill, a parcel of loofe ftones , with which they creded a pyramid , and left in it fome muf- quet balls , fmall fhot , beads , and fuch other things, which they happened to have about them, as were likely to (land the tcft of time. Thefe » not being of Lidian workmanlhip , would con- vince any European who fhould come to the place and pull it down , that natives of Europe had been there before. After this , the Lieutenant and his friends went to a town of which the Indians had informed them , and which , like one they had already feen , was buijt upon a fmall ifland or rock, fo difficult of accefs , that they gratified their curiolity at the riik of tlVeir lives. Here, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 103 as had been the cafe in former vifits to the inha- C h a f . birants of that part of the country near which II. tlie fliip now lay, they were received with open 1770. arms, carried through the whole of the place, and fliewn all that it contained. The town con- filled of between eighty and a hundred houfes, and had only one fighting-ftage. Air. Cook , Mr. Banks, and Dr. Solandcr, happened to have with them a few nails and ribbands , and fome paper, with which the people were fo highly gratified, that when the gentlemeii went away, they filled the Englifh boat with dried fifli, of which it appeared that they had laid up large quantities. A report was fprcad that one of the men that had been fo ralhly fired upon by the oBicer who had vifited the hippah, under the pretence of fifliing, was dead of his wounds. But, on the twcn- ^^ January, ty-ninth , the Lieutenant had the great confcia- tion of difcovering that this report was ground- lefs. On the fame day he went again on fliore upon the weflern point of the inlet, and, from a hill of confiderable height, bad a view of the coaft to the northweft. The farthcR: land he could fee in that quarter, was an ifland at the dillancc of about ten leagues , lying not far from the main. Between this ifland and the place where he flood, he difcovered, clofe under the fliore, feveral other iflands, forming many bays, in which there ap- peared to" be good anchorage for fliipping. After he had fct oft the diff'erent points for his furvey, he eroded another pile of Hones, in which \\q H 4 I1 1 ^ -'mi ;: ill s. B'M ; 1 (t'!: 1 L^JI ■ i m 'I', a ¥m:t i !' t! I ri ■& ^ \ 104 THE LIFE OF ''1 : 1 Mi Chap, left a piece of filver coin, "svithfome (Oiufket-balls Jr. and beads , and a fragment of an old pendant 1770. flying at the top. scjaii. On the thirtieth of January, the ceremony was performed oF giv^ing name to the inlet where our voyiigers now lay , and of eredling a memorial of the vifit which they had made to this place. Q he carpenter having prepared two pofts for the purpofe , our Commander ordered them to be infcribed with the fliip's name , and the dates of the year and the month. One of thefe he fet up at the watering-place, hoifting the union-flag npon the top of it ; and the other he carried over to the ifland that lies nearefl the fea, and which is called by the natives Motuara.. He went firft, accompanied by Mr. Monkhoufe and Tupia, to the neighbouring village or hippah, where he met with an old man, who had maintained a friendly intercourfe with the Englifli. To this old man, andfeveral Indians befides , the Lieutenant, by means of Tupia, explained his defign, which C' Jie informed them was to ereciil a mark upon the ifland , in order to fliew to any other fliip which fliould happen to come thither, that our navigat- ors had been there before. To this the inhabitants readily confentcd, and promifed that they would never pull it down; He then gave fomething to every one prefent, and to the old m'an a filver threepence, andfome fpike-nails , with the king's broad arrow cut deep upon them. 7hefe were things which Mr. Cook thought were the mofl Jikely to be long preferved. After this he con- mo hea mai higj A whr pen nam whe coui pied for r feerr pcrf. gina^ \ til en- tile I unde rcfpe fions dilco CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 105 veyed the poft to the higheft part of the ifland; C h a f . and, having fixed it rirmly in the ground, hoifted 11. upon it the union flag, and honoured the inlet 1770. with the name of Que EN Charlotte's Sound. At the fame time, he took formal pofTefTion of this and the adjacent country , in the name and for the ufe of his IVlajelly King George the Third, The ceremony was concluded by the gentle- men's drinking a bottle of wine to her JVlajefty's health ; and the bottle being given to the old man who had attended them up the hill, he was highly delighted with his prefent *. A philofophcr , perhaps , might enquire , on what ground Lieutenant Cook could take formal pofTeffion of this part of New Zealand, in the name and for the ufe of the king of Great Britain, when the country was already inhabited, and of courfe belonged to thofe by whom it was occu- pied, and whofe anceftors might have refided in it for many preceding ages. To this the bed anfwer feems to be , that the Lieutenant, in the ceremony performed by him , had no reference to the ori- ginal inhabitants, or any intention to deprive them of their natural rights, but only to preclude the claims of future European navigators, who, under the aufpiccs , and for the benefit of, their rcfpedive dates or kingdoms , might form preten- fions to which they were not entitled by prior difcovery. ,['] ^' ' * H'4wker*vorth , xibi fupra, p. 5S5 — 400, rt ifi' ^; io6 THE LIFE OF i!i< (■■' I'" ' in ™ Biiw Chap. II. I770f 31 Jan. 1 Feb. On the thlrty-firft, our voyagers having com- pleted their wooding, and tilled their water-callcs, Mr. Cook fent out two parties, one to cut and make brooms , and another to catch fifli. In the evening there was a ftrong gale from the north- weft, with fuch a heavy rain that the little wild muficians on Ihore fnfpended their fong, which till now had been conftantly heard during the night, with a pleafure that it was impoflible to lofe without regret. The gale, on the firft of February, encreafcd to a ftorm , with heavy gufts from the high land , one of which broke the hawfer that had been faftened to the fliore , and induced the neceffity of letting go another anchor. Though, towards midnight, the gale became more moderate, the rain continued with fo much violence that the brook which fupplied the fliip] with water overflowed its banks ; in confequence of which ten fmall cafks, that had been filled the day before, were carried away, and, notwith- ftanding the moft diligent fearch for them, could not be recovered. The Endeavour, on Monday the fifth, got under fail; but the wind foon failing, our Com- mander was obliged again to come to an anchor, a little above Motuara. As he was defnous of making ftill farther enquiries whether any memory of Ta'man had been preferved in New Zealand, he direded Tupia to afk of the old man before mentioned, who had come on board to take his leave of the Englilli gentlemen, whether he had ever heard that fuch a velTel as theirs had before vi( ft* J ing com- iter-calks, 3 cut and 1. In the he north- ittle wild ;, which uring the )oflible to be firft of Mvy gufts Droke the lore , and er anchor. le became h fo much 1 the fliipl nfequence filled the notwith- m , could * fth , got our Com- n anchor, efirous of { memory Zealand, an before take his ler he had ad before 1770. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 107 vifited the country. To this he replied in the Chap. negative ; but faid that his anceflors had told him II. that there once had arrived a fmall velfcl from a didant land, called Uhmaroa, in which were four men. who upon their reaching the fhore were all killed. On being aiked where this country lay , he pointed to the northward. Of Ulimaroa Lieutenant Cook had heard fomething before, from the people about the Bay of IHands, who faid that it had been vifited by their anceftors. Tupia had alfo fome confufed traditionary notions concerning it; but no certain conclufion could be drawn either from his account or that of the old Indian. Soon after the fiiip came to anchor the fecond time , Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander , who had gone on ihore to fee if any gleanings of natural knowledge remained, fell in, by accident, with the moft: agreeable Indian family they had yet feen , and which afforded them a better oppor- tunity of remarking the perfonal fubordinatioti among the natives than had before oft'ered. The whole behaviour of this family was aftablc, obli- ging, and unfufpicious. It was matter of lincere regret to the two gentlemen that they had not fooner met with thefe people, as a better acquaint- ance with the manners and difpofition of the inhabitants of the country might hence have beeu obtained in a day , than had been acquired during the whole (lay of the Englifli upon the coaft. When, on the fixth of February, Lieutenant Cook had gotten out of the found , he flood over 6 Fub. % ■'■■V m W 1 1 f L f*'1t 1' \ 'I loS THE LIFE OF C H K P. to the caftward , in order to get the ftreight well II. open before the tide of ebb approached. A t feven 1770. in the evening, two fraall iflands which Jie off Cape Koamaroo , at the fouth-eafl head of Queen Charlotte's Sound , bore eaft, at the diftance of about four miles. It was nearly calm , and the tide of ebb fetting out, the Endeavour, in a very fhort time , was carried by the rapidity of the ftream clofe upon one of the iflands, which was a rock rifmg almoft perpendicularly out of the fea. The danger encreafed every moment, and there was but one expedient to prevent the fhip's being dalhed to pieces , the fuccefs of which a few moments would determine. She was now within little more than a cable's length of the rock , and had above feventy-five fathom water. But, upon dropping an anchor, and veering about one hundred and fifty fathom of cable , flie was happily brought up. This , however , would not have faved our navigators, if the tide, which fet fouth by eaft, had not, upon meeting with the ifland , changed its diredion to fouth-eaft , and carried them beyond the firft point. In this fituation they were not above two cables' length from the rocks; and here they remained in the ftrength of the tide, which fct to the fouth-eaft after the rate of at leafl five miles an hour, from a little after feven till midnight, when the tide abated , and the velTel began to heave. By three in the morning , a light breeze at north-wefl hav- ing fprung up, our voyagers fiiiled for the eaftern ihore ; though they made but little way , in con- ; Mi i \i' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 109 ght well ^t feven ;h lie off jf QjLieen ftance of and the ir, in a pidity of i , which y out of moment, :vent the of which was now ,h of the m water, ng about , (lie was :ould not I , which ing with )uth-eaft , :. In this :$ length d in the buth-eaft tur, from the tide By three weft hav- le eaftern , in con- ro. fcquence of the tide being againft them. The wind Chap. however, having afterwards frefhened , and come 11. to north and north-eaft , with this , and the tide of ebb, they were in afliort time hurried through the narroweft part of the ftreight , and then flood away for the fouthermoft land they had in pro- fped. There appeared over this land a mountain of ftupendous height, which was covered with fnow. The narroweft part of the ftreight, through which the Endeavour had been driven with fuch rapidity , lies between Cape Tierawrtte , on the coaft of Eaheinomauwe , and Cape Koamaroo ; thediftance between whichour Commander judg- ed to be four or five leagues. Notwithftanding the difficulties arifing from this tide, now it§ ftrength is known, the ftreight may be pafTcd without danger. Some of the officers ftartcd a notion that Eaheinomauwe was not an ifland , and that the land might ftretch away to the fouth-eaft , from between Cape Turnagain and Cape Pallifer, there being a fpace of between twelve and fifteen leagues which had not yet been feen. Though Lieutenant Cook, from what he hadobfirved the firft time he difcovered the ftreight , and from many other concurrent circumftances , had the ftrongeft convidion that they weremiftaken, he, iieverthelcfs , rcfolved to leave no poffibility of doubt with refpedl to an objedl of fo much im- portance. For this purpofe he gave fuqh a direc- tion to the navigation of the fliip a$ would moft effectually tend to determine the matter, After a W \j'- n: , ; ^ 110 THE LIFE OF 1770. Chap, courfe of two days , he called the officers upon II. deck , and afked them , whether they were not now fatisfied that Eaheinomauwe was an ifland. To this qucftion they readily anfwered in the affirmative; and all doubts being removed, the Lieutenant proceeded to farther refearches*. During Mr. Cook's long and minute examina- tion of the coaft of New Zealand, he gave names to the bays , capes , promontories , iflands and rivers , and other places which were feen or vifited by him; excepting in thofe cafes where their original appellations were learned from the natives. 'T he names he fixed upon were either derived from certain charadteriftic or adventitious circumflances, or were conferred in honour of his friends and acquaintance , chiefly thofe of the naval line. Such of the readers of the prefent work as deiire to be particularly informed concerning them, will naturally have recourfe to the hillory of the voyage at large, or, at leaft, to the indications of them in the feveral maps on which they are defcribed. " The afcertaining of New Zealand to be an ifland did not conclude Lieutenant Cook's exami- nation of the nature, fituation , and extent of the country. After this, he completed his cir- cum-navigation, by ranging from Cape Turn- again fouthward along the eaftern coaft of Poen^ ammoo, round Cape South, and back to the weftern entrance of the ftreight he had pafTed, and * Hawkefworth , ubi fupra, p. 401 — 410. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. in ;ers upon were not 111 ifland. d in the ved, the les *. examina- names to d rivers , ifited by original /es. 'T he 'ed from n fiances, ;nds and val line. IS deiire em, will • of the ii cat ions hey are be an s exami- which was very properly named Cook's Streight. C ii a p. This range, which commenced on the ninth of II. February , I Ihall not minutely and reguhu !y purfue ; but content myfelf , as in the former courfe, with mentioning fuchcircumllances as are more diredly adapted to my immediate defign. In the afternoon of the fourteenth , when Mr. Banks was out in the boat a-fhooting, our voya- gers faw , with their glaffes , four double canoes put off from the fliore towards him , having on board fifty-feven men. The Lieutenant , being alarmed for the fafety of his friend , immediately ordered fignals to be made for his return ; but he was prevented from feeing them by the fitua- tion of the fun with regard to the fhip. How- ever , it was foon with pleafure obferved that his boat was in motion; and he was taken on board before the Indians, who perhaps had not difcerned him, came up. Their attention feemed to be wholly fixed upon the fliip. They came within about a ftone's call of her, and then Hop- ped, gazing at the Englilh with a look of vacant allonilhment. Tupia in vain exerted his eloquence to prevail upon them to mlake a nearer approach. After furveying our navigators fome time, they left them , and made towards the fliore. The gentlemen could not help remarking, on this oc- cafion , the different difpofitions and behaviour of the different inhabitants of the country, at the firft fight of the Endeavour. The people now feen kept aloof with a mixture of timidity iiiid wonder, others had immediately commenced I- H i.!i ' p 1s y} I ;BB '1 1;?i;^: s il' ^^^H pv- 1 ! iillil 1 i'' k4 1 12 THE LIFE OF Chap, hoftillties; the man who was found fifliing alone II. in his canoe appeared to regard our voyagers as 1770. totally unworthy of notice; and fonie had come on board almoft without invitation, and with an air of perfect confidence and good-will. From the condudl of the lafl; vifiters , Lieutenant Cook gave the land from which they had put off, and which had the appearance of an illand , the name of Lookers-on. When an ifland, which lies about five leagues from the coaft of Tovy-Poenammoo , and which was named Banks's Ifland, was firft difcovered in the direction of fouth by weft fome perfons on board were of opinion that they faw land bearing fouth-fouth-eafl:, and fouth-eaft by eafb. Our Com- mander, who was himfelf upon the deck at the time, told them, that in his judgment it was no more than a cloud , which as the fun rofe would (lifTipate and vanifli. Being however determined to leave no fubjedt for difputation which experi- ment could remove , he ordered the ftip to fteer in the diredlion which the fuppofed country was faid to bear. Having gone in this direction eight-and- twenty miles, without difcovering any figns of land , the endeavour refumed her intended courfe to the fouthwaid, it being the particular view of the Lieutenant to afcertain whether Pocnammoo was an ifland or a con- tinent *. * Ilawkefworth , ubi fupra , vol. ii. p. 41 ? , 414 , 41 ^ , 416 — 419. g alone igeis as d come with ail Fvom t Cook )ff, and le name leagues which covered fons on bearing ir Com- c at the was no would rmined experi- :o fteer [ry was redion vering ed her ng the certain la con- In iv CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 113 1770. 9 March. X4' In paffing fome rocks on the ninth of March, Chap. in the night, it appeared in the morning that the n. fliip had been in the mofl: imminent danger Her efcape was indeed critical in the higheft degree. To thefe rocks , therefore , which , from their fituation , are fo well adapted to catch unwary ftrangers, Mr. Cook gave the name of the Traps. On the fame day he reached a point of land which he called the South Cape, and which he fuppofed, as proved in fad to be the cafe, the fouthern extremity of the country f. In failing, on Wednefday the fourteenth, the Endeavour paiTed a fmall narrow opening in the land, where there feemed to be a very five and convenient harbour, formed by an ifland, which lay eaftward in the middle of the open- ing. On the land behind the opening are mountains, the fummits of which were covered with fnow , that appeared to have recently fal- len. Indeed our voyagers , for two days paft , had found the weather extremely cold. On each fide the entrance of the opening, the land rifes almofl: perpendicularly from the fea to a ftupend- ous height. For this reafon Lieutenant Cook did not choofe to carry the fhip into the harbour. He was fenfible that no wind could blow there but right in or right out; and he did not think it by. any means advifable to put into a place whence be could not have gotten but but with a wind which experience had taught him did not t South Cape lies in latitude 47* 19' fouth, and in longitude 192" la' weft. Vol. I. I i W' I ■■'M •i' r I '£■ rr.;ii 114 THE LIFE OF 'a. ;■' C ir A r. blow more than one day in a month. Sagacious II. as this dttermln.ition of our Commander was . it 1770. did not give uiiiverfaj fatisfadiod. He aded in it contrary to the opinion of fome perfons on board, who exprefied in ftrong terms their defire of coming to h.irbour; not fufficiently confidering, that prefciit convenience ought not to be pur- chafed at the expence of incuiring great future difulvantaores *. March. By the twenty-feventh of March , Mr. Cook had circumnavigated the whole country of Tovy- Focnammoo , and arrived within fight of the ifland formerly mentioned, which lies at the dif- tance of nine leagues from the entrance of Qiieen Charlotte's Sound. Having at this time thirty tons of empty v^^atcr - callcs on board, it was ne- cefTary to fill them before he finally proceeded on his voyage. For this purpofe he hauled round the ifland , and entered a bay , fituated between that and Q^ueen Charlotte's Sound , and to which the name was given of Admiralty Bay. The bufinefs of wooding and watering having 30. been completed on the thirtieth, and the fhip being ready for the fea the point now to be de- termined was , what route fl^ould be purfued in returning home that would be of moft advantage to the public fervice. Upon this fubjed: the Lieu- tenant thought proper to taKe the opinion. of his officers. He had himfelf a ftrong defire to return by Cape Horn , becaufe that would have enabled * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra , p. 422,435,42^. aciou> /as , it ^led in )ns on defire iering, e pur- fuiuie Cook Tovy- of the he dif. Qiieeii thirty vas ne- I round etween which laving le fliip be de- bed in vantage e Lieu- of his return enabled CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. lU him to determine , whether there is or is not a Chap fouthern continent. But againll this fcheme it II. was a fufticient objedion, that our navigators 1770. riiuft have kept in a high fouthern latitude, in the very depth of winter, and in a veficl which was not thought to be in a condition fit for the Undertaking. The fame reafon was urged, with flill greater force, againd their proceeding dired- ly for the Cape of Good Hope, becaufe no dif- covery of momciit coukl be expected in that route. It was, therefore, refolved that they fiionkl return by the Eaft Indies; and that with this view they fliouH Reer welKvard, tiJl they fliould fall in with the eaft coaft of New Holland , ?jk[ then follow the dircclion of that coaft to the north- ward, till they fiiould arrive at its northern ex- tremity. If that fliould be^ound impradicablc, it was farther refolved that they fliould endeavour to fall in with the land , or iflands , faid to have been difcovered by Qiiiros *. In the fix months which Lieutenant Cook had Ipent in the examination of New Zealand, he made very large additions to the knowledge of geography and navigation. That country was firft difcovered in the year 1642^ by Abel J.infeii Tafman, a Dutch navigator. He traverfed the eaftern coaft from latitude 34^ 43' , and entered the ftreight now called Cook's Streight; but being attacked by the natives foon after he came to ^n anchor, in the place which he named • ^, . , * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 431 — 43?. .t 2 i A ,) (1 It 1 f fiU 1 ' »'. , 1 \k m ii6 THE LIFE OF '*( . i. >i *' :^\\ t I'l ■ ?' ■' ■ '1 ■ ■'' i ■■ ' '■ ■ i^ .. ■ s^ i'i ■t^' ffil i; :■ 'M', m'<''^W'''- i 1 ,, ll introduce that fondnefs for fpiritous liquors which hath been fo fatal to the Indians of Nor.h America. From tlie obfervations which I ieutenant Cook and his friends made on tho people of isew Zealand, and from the fimilitude which was diiVirned between them and the inhabitants of the South Sea lilands , a ftrong proof arofe that both of them had one common origin; and this proof was rendered indubitable by the conformity of their language. AV'hen Tupia addreffed him- felf to the natives of Eaheinomauwe and Poe- nammoo , he was pcrfcdlly underllood. Indeed, it did not appear that the language of Otahe:* * Hawkefworth , ubi fupra, p. 460 461. I IS h: n< Ei .i;fh,' fin '; ♦> M ed. I I CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 121 differed more from that of New Zealand , than Chap. the language of the two iflands , into which it II. is divided, did from each other *. »77o. Hitherto the navigation of Lieutenant Cook had been unfavourable to the notion of a fouth^- f rn continent ; having fwept away at lead three-fourths of the pofitions upon which that notion had been founded. The track of the Endeavour had demonftratcd that the land feen by Tafman, Juan Fernandes, Hermite, the com- mander of a Dutch fquadron , Q_uiros , and Roggewein , was not, as they had fuppofed, part of fuch a continent. It had alfo totally deftroyed the theoretical arguments in fnvour of a fouthern continent , which had been drawn from the neceHity of it to prefcrve an equilibrium " between the two hemifphcres. As , however , Mr. Cook's difcovcries , fo far as he had already proceeded , extended only to the northward of forty degrees , fouth latitude , he could not , therefore, give an opinion concerning what land might lie farther to the fouthward. This was a matter,, therefore, which he earneftly wiflied to be examined f ; and to him was , at length , referved the honour, as we fliall h^' :after fee, of p^' tin.G a final end to the queftion. I i'aturday the thirty -firft of March, our si March, Coniiiiuider failed from Cape Farewell in Ne\y * Hawkefw'orth , ubi fupra, p. 473 — 476. I Ibid. p. 477 — 479> .- i: i ; •» IT /; I r i i f''\ i I. < .h ■r^< il.. xzz THE LIFE OF m ■'>i; Chap. II. 1770. 9 April. Zealand * and purfued his voyage to the weR- wjrd. New Holland , or as it is now called', New South Wales , came in rig:ht on the nine- teenth of April ; and on the twenty-eighth of that month the fliip anchored in BoiAN\ Bay. On the pr. ceding day , in confequence of its falling calm when the vcflel was not more than a mile and a half from the fhore , and within fome breakers , our navigators had been in a very difagreeable fituation ; but happily a light breeze had fprung from the land, and carried them out of danger. In the afternoon the boats were manned ; and Lieutei. . ^ 00k and his friends, having Tupia of their ity , fet out from the Endeavour. They intended to land where they had feen fome Indians, and began to hope, that as thefe Indians had paid no regard to the fliip when flie came into the bay, they would be as inattentive to the advances of the Englilh towards the fliore. In this, however, the gentlemen were difappoint- ed ; for as foon as they approached the rocks , two of the men came down upon them to difpute their landing, and the reft ran away. Thefe champions , who were armed with lances about ten feet long, called to our navagaiv^is in a very loud tone , and in a harfh diffonant language , of which even Tupia did not under- ftand a fingle word. At the fame time , they * Cape FareweH lies in latitude 40' 35' f .mth , and longitude 186* veft. \\'\ *ij' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 123 ic weR- called', le nine- ghth of Y Bay. J of its Dre than within en in a a light carried sd ; and 5 Tupia JeavoLir. ;en fome ; Indians lie came itive to \Q fliore. appoint- locks , lem to 1 away. 1 lances niv^is in ii (Ton ant t under- , they mth , and brandiflied their weapons , and feemed refolved Chap. to defend their coaft to the utmoft, though they IT. were but two to forty. The Lieutenant, who 1770. could not but admire their courage , and who was unwilling that hoflilities fhould commence with fiich inequality of force on their fide, ordered his boat to lie upon her oars. He and the other gentlemen then parlied with them by figns ; and , to obtain their good-will , he threw them nails, beads, and fcvcral trifles befides, with which they appeared to be well pleafed. After this our Commander endeavoured to make them underftand that he wanted water, and at- tempted to convince them , by all the methods in his power, that he had no injurious defigii againfl them. Being willing to interpret the waving of their hands as an invitation to pro- ceed, the boat put in to the fiiore ; but no fooncr was this perceived , than it Avas oppofed by the two Indians, one of whom feemed to be a youth about nineteen or twenty years old , and the other a man of middle age. The only refource now left for Mr. Cook was to fire a mufquet between them, which being done, the youngeft of them dropped a bundle of lances on the rock, but recoUeding himfclf in an inflant, he fnatched them up again in great haftc. A ftone was then thrown at the Englifli, upon which the Lieuten- ant orclercd a mufquet to be fired with fmall- Hiot. 'J'his flruck the eldefl upon the legs , and he immediateiv ran to one of the houfcs , which was at about a hundred yards diftance, Mr. 1: 124 THE LIFE OF PH, Chap. Cook , who now hoped that the contcft was II. O'^er , inflantly landed with his party ; but (hey 1770. had fcarccly quitted the boat when the Indian returned, ha^•ing only left the rock to fetch a iliield cr target for his defence. As foon as he came up , he and his comrade threw each of them a lance in the midft of our people, but happily without hurting a fmgle perfon. At the firing of a third mufquct, one of the two men darted another lance , and then both of them ran away. After this the gentlemen repaired to the huts, and threw into the houfe where the chil- dren were , fome beads, ribbons , pieces of cloth , and other prefents. Thefe they hoped would procure them the good will of the inhabitants. When, however, the Lieutenant and his com- panions returned the next day , they had the mortification of finding that the beads and ribbons which they had left the night before , had not been removed from their places , and that not an Indian was to be feen *. ^o April. Several of the natives of the country came i.i fight on the thirtieth , but they could not be engaged to begin an intercourfe with our people. They approached within a certain diftance of them , and after fliouting feveral times went back into the w-oods. Having done this once more > ]\'lr. Cook followed them himielf , alone and unarmed , a confiderable way along the fliore > but without prevailing upon them to flop f. ' * Hawkefworth , iibi fupra , p. 48 1, 48?i 490 — 49s;, t This day Mr. Green took the fun's, meridian altitude a § ;eft was >ut they Indian fetch a n as he each of tie , but At the wo men hem ran : to the :he chil- )f cloth , would abitants. lis com- had the ids and Dcfore , £S , and came i.i not be people. nice of nt back more » ne and fliore » t. -49?. ikitude a CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 125 On the fiiR: of May, he rcfoK^cd to make an C 11 a p. cxcurfion into the country. Accordingly , our Commander , Mr. Banks , Dr Solander , and feven others , all of them properly accoutred for the expedition, let out, and repaired firft to the huts near the watering place , whither fome of the Indians continued every day to rcfort. Though the little prefents which had been left there before had not yet been taken away, our gentlemen added others of ftill greater value, confiding of cloth, beads, combs, and looking glafTes. After this they v/ent up into the country, the face of which is finely diverfi- fied by wood and lawn. The foil they found to be either fwamp or light fand f- In cultivating the ground there would be no obftrudion from the trees, which are tall, ftrait, and without underwood, and ftand at a fufficient diftancc from each other. Between the trees , the land is abundantly covered with grafs. Our voyagers faw many houfes of the inhabitants , but met with only one of the people , who ran away as foon as he difcovered the Englifli At every place where they went they left prefents, hoping that at length they niight procure the confidence and good will of the Indians. They little within the louth entrance of the bay, which gave the latitude 34.° fouth. t In a part of the country that was afterwards examined ^ the foil was found to be much richer ; being a deep black mold , which the Lieutenant thought very fit for the pro- dudion of grain of any kind. IT. 1770. 1 May. If;'' ■I : 'J ■Ill*; ff'! I i -I, I n '1 :.--h ^ 176 T tl E LIFE O F \tiA'' Chap, perceived forne traces of animals ; and the trees IJ. over their heads abounded v/ith birds of viirious 1770. kinds, among which were many of exqijifitt beauty. Loriquets and cockatoos, in particuhir, were fo nu nercus , that they flew in fiocks of feverai fcores together. While the Lieutenant and his friends were upon this excurfion , I\Tr. Gore , who had been fent out in the morning to dredge for oyfters , having performed that fervice , dif miffed his boat, and taking a midfiiipman with him, fet out to join the waterers by land. In his way he fell in with a body of two and twenty Indians , who followed him , and were often at no greater diftance than that of twenty yards. When he perceived them fo near , he flopped , and faced , about, upon which they likewife flopped; and when he went on again , they continued their purfuit. But though they were all armed with lances, they did not attack IVlr. Gore; fo that lie and the midihipman got in fafety to the watering-place. When the natives came in fight of the main body of the EngliQi , they halted at about the diftance of a quarter of a mile, and flood ftill. By this Mr. Monkhoufe and two or three of the waterers were encouraged to march up to them ; but feeing the Indians keep their ground, they were feized with a fudden fear, which is not uncommon to the rafli and fool-hardy , and made a hafty retreat. This ftep increafcd the danger which it was intended to avoid. Four of the Indians immedii'iteiy ran lie trees various cxquintt; irtici'.hir, Qocks of ds were uicl been oyfters , iffed his him , fet ; way he Indians , greater /Vhen he nd faced 3ed ; and led their led with fo that to the in fight y halted (lile, and and two aged to ans keep a fudden rafli and This intended iteiy ran 1770. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 127 forward , and difcharged their lances at the C h a f. fugitives, with fin h force that they went beyond \\^ them. Our people , recovering their fpirits, flopped to colledt the lances , upon which the natives, in their turn, began to retire. At this time fVlr. (-ook came up, with Mr. Banks, Dr. Solandcr , and Tupia ^ and being defnous of convincing the Indians that they were neither afraid of them , nor defigned to do them any injury, they advanced towards them, endeavour- ing , by figns of expolhilation and entreaty, to engage them to an intercourfe, but. without effec^ From the boldnefs which the natives difco- vered on the firft; landing of our voyagers, and the terror that afterwards feized them at the fight of the Englilb , it appears that they were fufficiently intimidated by our fire-arms. There was not , indeed , the lead reafon to believe that any of them had been much hurt by the fmall lliot which had been fired at them when they attacked our people on their coming out of the boat. Never tlielefs ? they had probably feen, from their lurking places, the effeds which the mufquets had upon birds. I upia , who was become a good markfman , frequently ftrayed abroad to flioot parrots j and while he was thus employed, he once met with nine Indians, who, as foon as they perceived that he fvv them, ran from him , in great alarm and confufion. While, on the tliird of May, Mr. Hanks was gathering plants near the watering-place, Lieuten- m is.. % 'if. '/■ ■!! 3 JM.nv. ! ii 11 i' 128 THE LIFE OF I'l iV Chap, nnt Cook went with Dr. Solander and Mr. 11. Monkhoiife to the bead of the bay, for the 1770. purpofe of examining that part of the country, and of making farther attempts to form fome connedions with the natives. In this excurfion they acquired additional knowledge concerning the nature of the foil , and its capacities for cul- tivation, but had no fuccefs in their endeavours to engage the inhabitants in coming to a friendly intercourfe. Several parties that were fent into May 4. the country, on the next day, with the fame view, were equally unfuccefsful. In the afternoon our Commander himfclf, with a number of attend- ants, made an excurfion to the north fhore, which he found to be without wood, and to refemble, in fome degree, our moors in England. The furface of the ground was, however, co- vered with a thin brufli of plants, rifing to about the height of the knee. Near the coall the hills are low, but there are others behind them, which gradually afcend to a confiderable diftance , and are interfeded with marflies and morafTes. Among the articles of fifli which, at different times, were caught, were large flingrays. One of them, when his entrails were taken out, weighed three hund- red and thirty-fix pounds. It was upon account of the great quantity of plants which IVlr. Banks and Dr. Solander col- ledcd in this place, that Lieutenant Cook was induced to give it tlie name of Bot/xny Bay. It is fituated in the latitude of :?4' fouth , and in the longitude of 308° ?j^ weft ; and affords a capacious , ».< CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 1^9 capacious, fafe, and convenient flicker for fliipr C ii a P. ping. "1 he Endeavour anchored near the fouth II. fliore, about a mile within the entrance, for the 1770. convenience of failing -with a foutherly wind, t and bccaufe the Lieutenant thought it the heft fituation for watering. But afterwards he found a very fine ftream on the north fliore , where there was a fandy cove, in which afiiipniight lie almoft land-locked , and procure wood and water in the greateft abundance. Though wood is every where plentiful , our Commander (dvt only two fpecies of it that could be confidered as timber. Not only the inhabitants who were firft difcovered, but all who afterwards came in fight, were entirely naked. Of their mode of life our voyagers could know but little, as not the leaft connexion could be formed with them; but it did not appear that they were numerous , or that they lived in focieties. They feemed, like other animals, to be fcattcred ^.bnut along the coaft, and in the woods. Not a fmgle article was touched by them of all that were left at their huts, or at the places which they frequented; fo little fenfe had they of thofc fmali conveniences and ornaments \vhich are generally very alluring to the uncivilized tribe?* of the globe. During Mr. Cook's ftay at this place, he caufed the Englifli colours to be difplayed every day on fliore , and took care that the lhip'« name , and the date of the year , fliould be Vol. I. K ; I 'i ■m N-:' If: |:,,,.; 130 THE LIFE OF I4< Chap, infcribed lipon one of the trees near th-e II, watering-place *. 1770. At day-break, on Sunday the fixth of IXTay , ♦ May. .our navigators failed from Botany Bay; and as they proceeded on their voyage , the Lieutenant gave the names that are indicated upon the map to the bays , capes , points , and remarkable hills which fucceflively appeared in fight. On the fourteenth, as the Endeavour advanced to the northward , being then in latitude 30° 22' fouth, and longitude 206" 39^ weft , the land gradually increafed in height, fo that it may be called a hilly country. Between this latitude and Botany Bay, it exhibits a pleafmg variety of ridges, hills, valleys, and plains, all clothed with wood, of the fame appearance with that which has been mentioned before. The land near the fhore is in general low and fandy , excepting the points, which are rocky, and over many of which are high hills, that, at their firft rifmg out of the water , have the femblance of iflands. On the next day , the velfel being about a league from the fhore, our voyagers difcovered fmoke in many places , and having recourfe to their glaffes , they faw about twenty of the natives , who had each of them a large bundle upon his back. The bundles our people con- jedured to be palm leaves for covering the houfes of the Indians, and continued to ob- ferve them above an hour, during which they * Plawkefworth , uUi fupra , p. 49$ — ^oC. I !' Hit : th-c May, nd as tenant e map e hills Li the ;o the fouth, dually lied a botany ridges, wood, ch ha? e fliore ig the ny oi rifing flands. out a vered rfe to f the bundle e con- thc Ito ob- Ih they CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 131 walked upon the beach , and up a path that Chap. led over a hill of gentle afcent. It was remark- able, that not one of them was feen to Hop and look towards the Endeavour. They marched along without the leaft apparent emotion either of curiofity or fiirprize , though it was impofli- ble that they fhould not have difcerned the fliip by fome cafual glance as they went along the fliore , and though flie muft have been the moft flupendous and unaccountable objed they had ever beheld *. While , on the feventeenth , our navigators were in a bay , to which Lieutenant Cook had givea the name of Moreton's Bay ** , and at a place where the land was not at that time vifible, fome on board, having obferved that the fea looked paler than ufual , were of opinion that the bottom of the bay opened into a river. The Lieutenant was fenfible that there was no real ground for this fuppofition. As the Endea- vour had here thirty-four fathom water , and a fine f.indy bottom , thefe circumftances alone were fufficient to produce the change which had been noticed in the colour of the fea. Nor was it by any means ncceflliry to fuppofe a river , in order to account for the land at the bottom of the bay not being vifible. If the land there was as low as it had been experienced to be in a * Hawkcfworth , iibi fupra , p. 507 — ?ii, ^12. ** The latitiKle of Aloreton's Eay is 26* 56^ fouth ^' and its longitude 206° 28' weft. K ^ 11. 1770. i7lMay. i- -rf fn^- 132 THE LIFE OF ■HI i '^ -.A. Chap, hundred other parts '^f the roaft, it would be II. impoirible to fee it f cm the Ration of the fliip. 1770. Our Commander would, however, have brought the matter to the tefl; of experiment, if the wind had been favourable to fuch a purpofe. Should any future navigator be difpofed to determine the queftion, whether there is or is not a river in this place, Mr. Ccok has taken care to leave the beft diredlions for finding its fituation. a: May. ^" ^^^ twenty-fecond , as our voyagers were purfuing their courfe from Harvey's B\y, they difcovered with their glaffes that the land was covered with palm-nut trees , which they had not feen from, the time of their leaving the iflands within the tropic. They Hiw alfo two men walking along the Oiore , who paid them as little attention as they had met with on former occafions. At eiQ:ht: o'clock in the evening; of this day, the Ihip came to an anchor in five fathom , with a fine Cuidy bottom. Harly in 23. the morning of the next day, the Lieutenant, accompanied by JVir. Banks, Dr. Solander, the other gentlemen, 1 upia , and a party of men, went on fliore, in order to examine the country. The wind blew frefli , and i.he v/eather was fo cold , that , being at a conl^derable diftance from land , they took their cloaks as a neccHary equipment for the voyage. When they landed, they found a channel leading irto a large lagoon. Botli the channel and the lagoon were examined by our Commander with his ufual accuracy. There is in the place a fmaJl ri\'er of frefli CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 133 water, and room for a few fliips to lie in great C h a p. lecurity. Near the lagoon grows the true man- II. grove, fuch as exills in the Weft India iflands , 1770, and the firft of the kind that had been yet met with by our navigators. Among the. flioals and fand banks of the coaft, they faw many large birds , and fome in particular of the fame kind which they had feen in Botany Bay. Thcfe they judged to be pelicans, but they were fo fliy as never to come within reach of a mufquct. On the fhorc was found a fpecies of the buflard , one of which was {hot that was equal in fize to a turkey, weighing feventeen pounds and a half. All the gentlemen agreed that this was the beft bird they had eaten fmcc they left England; and in honour of it they called the inlet Bustard Bay *. Upon the mud banks, and under the mangroves, were innumerable oyfters of various kind.^, and among others the hammer oyfter, with a large proportion of fmall pearl-oyfters. If in deeper water there fliould be equal plenty of fuch oyfters at their full growth, IVlr. Cook was of opinion that a pearl hniery might be eftablillied here to very great advan- tage t. The people who were left on bonrd the flilp affcrted , that, while the gentlemen were in the woods, about twenty of the natives came down •f; I' i iracy. freili * Biiftard Bay lies in latitude 24^^ 4^ fouth , and longi- tude 208" 18' ^vell. t Havvkefwoith , ubi fupia, p. <;i4, <;i6, 519 K3 ^21. 134 THE LIFE OF n iii *i m X770. Chap, to the beach, a-oreaft of the Endeavour, and II, after having looked at her for fome time, went away. Not a fingle Indian was feen by the gentlemen themfelves, though they found vari- OL-., proofs , in fmoak , fires , and the fragments of recent meals, that the country was inhabited. The place feemcd to be much trodden , and vet not a houfe , or the remains of a houfe, could be difcerned. Hence the Lieutenant and his friends were difpofed to believe that the people were deftitute of dwellings , as well as of clothes; and that, like the other commoners of nature, they fpent their nights in the open air. Tupia himfelf was ftruck with their appar- ently unhappy condition; and {haking his head, with an air of fuperiority and compaflion , faid that they were Taata EnoSy " poor wretches *. On the twenty-fifth, our voyagers, at the diftance of one mile from the land , were a-breafi: of a point which Mr. Cook found to lie diredly under the tropic of Capricorn ; and for this reafon he called it Cape Capricorn f. In the night of the next day, when the fliip had anchored at a place which was diftant four leagues from Cape Capricorn, the tide rofe and fell near fcven feet; and the flood fct to the weftward , and the ebb to the eafl ward. This circumflance was juft the reverfc * From mcnfuriiig the perpendicular height of the laft tide , and afcertaining the time of low-water this day , the Lieutenant found that it mud be hii.;h-water , at the full and change of the moon , at eight o'clock, t Its latitude is 208" 58' ^^'eft» 35" May. a«. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 135 of what had been experienced -.vhen the Endea- vour was at anchor to the eaftward of Buftard Bay. While our people were under fail , on the twenty-fixth , and were furrounded with iflands, which lay at different diftances from the main land , they fuddenly fell into three fathom of water. Upon this the Lieufenant anchored , and fent away the mafter to found a channel which lay between the northerm^ ifland and the main. Though the channel appeared to have a confi- derable breadth, our Commander fufpecled »-. to be fhallow, and fuch was in fadl the cafe. The mafter reported , at his return , that he had only two fathom and a half in many places ; and where the vedel lay at anchor fhe had only fixteen feet, which was not two feet more than flie drew. Mr. Banks, who, while the mafter was founding the channel, tried to fifh from the cabin window with hook and line, was fuccefsful in catching two forts of crabs, bo'Ji of them fuch as our navigators had not feen before. Otie of them was adorned with a moft beautiful blue , in every ref cl equal to the ultramarine. With this blue all hi> claws nnd joints were deeply tinged; while the under {)art of him was white , and fo exquifitely polilh d that in colour and brightnefs it bore an exadl reiemblance to the white of old china. The other crab was alfo marked, though fomewhat more fparingly , with the ultramarine on his joints and his toes ; and on his back were three brown fpots of a fmgular appearance. K 4 Chap. II. 1770. 26 May. 'f T 136 THE LIFE OF i*^y |l !'.■' ' C II A P. IT. 1770. 2.1 May. 2&. sv. Early the next morning , Lieutenant Cook , having found a pafl'age between the ir-md> , failed to the northward, and on the evening of the fucceeding day anchored at about two miieS difiancc from the main. At this time a great num- ber of iflunds, lying a long way without the Hiip , were in fight. On the twenty-ninth , the Lieu- tenant fent away the mafter with two boats to found the entrance of an inlet which lay to the wefl , and into whioli he intended to go with the veflel , that he might wait a few days for the moon's encreafe , and ha^^c an opportunity of examining the country. As the tide was ob- fcrved to ebb and flow coniiderably, when the Hndeavour had anchored within the inlet, our Commander judged it to be a river that might run pretty far up into land. Thinking that this might afford n commodious fituation for laying the fhip afliore, and cleaning her bottom, he landed with the mafter, in fearch of a proper place for the purpofc, He was accompanied in the excurfion by Mr. Banks " .J Dr. Solander; and they found walking exceedingly troublefome, in confequence of the ground's being covered with a kind of grafs , the feeds of which were very fliarp and bearded. Whenever thefe feeds {^uck into their clothes, which happened at every f\ep , they worked for\N ird by means of the beard, till they got at the ficfh. Anotlier difa- grceable circumftance was , that the gentlemen were incefTantly tormented with the flings of a cloud of mufquitos. Ihey foon met wuh fcveral CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 137 places where the fiiip might conveniently be laid Chap. afliore; but were much difappointed in not being II. able to find any frefh water. In proceeding up 1770. the country, they found gum trees, the gum upon which exifted only in very fmall quanti- ti s. Gum trees of a fimilar kind , and as little produdlive , had occurred in other parts of the Coaft of New South Wales. Upon the branches of the trees were ants nefts , made of clay, as big as a bufhel. The jints themfelves , by which the nefts were inhabited, were fmalJ, and tl'-^ir bodies white. Upon another fpecies of the gum tree, was found a fmall black ant, which perforated all the twigs , and , having worked out the pith , occupied the pipe in which it had been contained. Notwithftanding this;, the parts in which thefe infedls , to an amazirg number, had formed a lodgment, bore leavas and flowers , and appeared to be entirely in a fiouriftiing ftate. Butterflies were found in fuch multitudes that the account of them feems almoft to be incredible. The air was fo crowded with them , for the fpace of three or four acres , that millions might be feen in every direcT;ion ; and the branches and twigs of the trees were at the fame time covered with others that were not upon the wing, A fmall fiOi of a Angular kind was likewife met with in this place. Its fizc was. about that of a minnow, and it had two very flrong breafl-fins. It was found in places which were quite dry, and where it might be fuppofed that i'L had- been left by the tidcj and yet it did \M ■vj (i' ^'•{:^ 1 11-' V 1 .tn-i I 1 } Hi ' 1; ! 1 ^''i {. 1 , 1 ^ i ■ ' ii it -^ 1 11: < i i38 THE LIFE OF ^ r !! li Chap, not appear to have become languid from that II. circumftance : for when it was approached , it 1770. leaped away as nimbly as a frog. Indeed it did not feem to prefer water to land. Though the ciiriofity of Mr. Cook and his friends was gratified by the fight of thefe various objedls, they were difappointcd in the attainment of their main purpofe , the difcovery of freih water ; and a fecond excurfion , which was made by them on the afternoon of the fame day , was equally unfuccefsful. This faihire of the Lieuten- ant's hopes determined him to make but a lliort flay in the place. Having, however obferved from an eminence that the inlet penetrated a coii- fiderable way into the country , he formed a rcfolution of tracing it in the morning. Accord- ingly, at fun-rife, on Wednefday the thirtieth of 30 May. May, he went on fiiore , and took a view of the coaft and the iflands that lie off it, with their bearings. For this purpofe he had with him an azimuth compafs ; but he found that the needle differed very confiderably in its pofition, even to thirty degrees, the variation being in fomc places more , in others lefs. Once the needle varied from itfelf no lefs than two points in the diftance of fourteen feet. M. Cook having taken up fome oF the loofe flones whicb lay upon the ground, applied them to the needle , but they pro- duced no eftedl ; whence he concluded that in the hills there was iron ore , traces of which he had remarked both here and in the neighbouring parts. After he had made his obferv-ations upon CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 139 I ',■• the hill, he proceeded with Dr. Sohinder up C H a p. the inlet. He fet out with the firll of the flood , II. and had advanced above eight leagues long before i77o« it was highwater. The breadth of the inlet thus far was from two to five miles, upon a diredioa fouth-weft by fouth ; but here it opened every way , and formed a large lake , which to the north-weft* communicated with the fea. Our Commander not onlyfaw the fea in this diredion, but found the tide of flood coming ftrongly in from that point. He obferved, alfo , an arm of this lake extending to the eaftward. Hence he thought it not improbable that it might com- municate with the fea in the bottom of the bay , ^ which lies to the weftward of the cape that on the chart is defignated by the name of Cai»e TowNSHEND. On the fouth fide of the lake Is a ridge of hills which the Lieutenant was very defirous of climbing. As, 'however, it was high- water, and the day was far fpent; and as the weather , in particular , was dark and rainy , he was afraid of being bewildered among the fhoals in the night, and therefore was obliged to give up his inclination, and to make the beft of his way to the lliip. Two people only were feen by him , who followed the boat along the fliore a good way at fome diftance; but he could not prudently wait for them , as the tide ran ftrongly in his favour. Several fires in one diredion, and fmoke in another ,' exhibited farther proofs bfthq country's being in a certain degree inhabited. ^'■i!;' 1^ 'f '. ■n 4' ■■ 1-1 !H-|r| •1* 143 THE LIFE OF ! G H A P. While Mr. Cook , with Dr. Solander , was II. tracing the inlet, Mr. Banks and a party with 1770. him engaged in a feparate excurfion, in which they had not proceeded far within land , before their courfe was obflruded by a fwamp , covered with mangroves. This, however, they determin- ed to pafs; and having done it with great dif- ficulty , they came up to a place wheA there had been four fmall fires , near to which lay fome fhells and bones of fifli that had been roafled. Heaps of grafs were alfo found lying together, on which four or five people appeared to have flept. Mr. Gore, in another place, obferved the track of a large animal. Some budards were like wife feen , but not any other bird, excepting a few beautiful loriquets, of the fame kind with thofe which had been noticed in Botany Bay. The country in general , in this part of New South W^les , appeared fandy and barren , and deftitute of the accommodations w'- h could fit it for being poffefTed by fettled ir .Jitants. From the ill fuccefs that attended the fearching for frefh water. Lieutenant Cook called th inlet in which the fhip lay Thirsiy Sound*. No refrefliment of any other fort was here procured by our voyagers f. 31 May. Our Commander, not having a finglc induce- ment to ftay longer in this place , weighed anchor * Thirfty Sound lies in latitude .22** 10' fouth , and longitude 210** 1 8 ' weft. t Hawkefworth , ubi fupra, p. s^i — ?;2» CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 141 was 1770. 4 June. in the morning of the i.hlrty-firn:, and put to fea. Chap. In the profecution of the voyage , when the En- II. deavour was clofe under Cape Up^tau r , the variation of the needle, atfun-fet, o» the fourth of June, was 9" eaft, and at fun-rife the next day, it was no more than 5° 35'. Hence the Lieutenant concluded that it had been influenced by iron ore, or by forae oiher magnetical matter contained under the furPace of the earth. In the afternoon of the feventh , our navigators faw upon one of the iflands what had the appearance of cocoa-nut trees; and as a few nuts would at this time have been very acceptable, J\1r. Cook fent Lieutenant Hicks afiiore, to fee if he could procure any refrefliment. He was accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander ; and in the evening the gentle- men returned, with an account that what had been taken for cocoa-nut trees were a fmall kind of cabbage palm, and that , excepting about fourteen or fifteen plants , nothing could be ob- tained which v/as worth bringing away. On the eighth , when the Endeavour was in the midft of a clufter of fmall iflands, our voyagers difcenied, with their 'glafTes , upon one of the neareft of thefe iflands . about thirty pf the natives , men , women, an Idren, all flanding together , and looking with great attention at the Ihip. This was the Firll inffance of curJofity that had been obferv- ed among the people of the country. 7 he pre-- fent Indian fpedtators were entirely naked. Their hair was fliort , and their complexion the flune s. 5 ' '!# m 1 '1 t ! . %i ' i i t: I' I 1 ' >l 14^ THE LIFE OF C II A P. witli tliat of fuch of the inhabitants as had been II. feen before *. 1770. In navigating the coaft of New South Wales, where the fea in all parts conceals fiioals which fuddenly projedt from the fliore, and rocks that rife abruptly like a pyramid from the bottom , our Commander had hitherto conducT;ed his vefTel in fafety, for an extent of two and twenty degrees of latitude , being more than one thoufand three loJunt. hundred miles. But, on the tenth of June , as he was purfuing his courfe from a bay to which he bad given the name of Trinity Bay, the En- deavour fell into a fituation as critical and dan- gerous as any that is recorded in the hiftory of navigation ; a hiftory which abounds with perilous adventures , and almofl; miraculous elcapcs. Our voyagers were now near the latitude alligned to the illands that were difcovered by Quiros, and which, without fufficient reafon, fome geograph- ers have thought proper to join to this land. The fliip had the advantage of a fine breeze , and a clear moonlight night; and in Handing off from fix till near nine o'clock , flie had deepened her water from fourteen to twenty-cJIie fathom. But while our navigators were at fupper it fud- denly flioaled, and they fell into twelve, ten and eight fathom , within the compafs of a few mi- nutes. Mr. Cook immediately ordered every man to his ftation , and all was ready to put about and come to an anchor , when deep water being met * Hawkefworth , ubi fupra, p. $32, 538, S4i. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 143 Hi; with again at the next caft of the lead , it was Chap. eoncludcd that the vefii^l had gone over the tail II. of the flioals which had been feen at fun-fet, and 1770. that the danger was now over. This idea of fe- curity was confirmed by the water's continuing to deepen to twenty and twenty - one fathom , fo that the gentlemen lett the deck in great tran- quillity, and went to bed. However, a little before eleven , the water fhoaled at once front twenty to feventeen fathom , and before the lead could be caft again , the Ihip ftruck , and remain- ed immoveable , excepting fo far as ihe was influenced by the heaving of the furge , that beat her againft the crags of the rock upon which Ihe lay. A few moments brought every perfon upon deck, with countenances fuited to the horrors of the fituation. As our people knew , from the breeze which they had in the evening , that they could not be very near the fliore, there was too much reafon to conclude that they were upon a rock of coral , which , on account of the Iharpnefs of its points , and the roughnefs of its furface , is more fatal than any other. On examining the depth of water round the Ihip, it was fpeedily < difcovered that the misfortune of our voyagers was equal to their apprehenfions. The velTel had been lifted over a ledge of the rock , and lay in a hollow within it , in fome places of which ** hollow there were from three to four fathom , j^ and in others not fo many feet of water. To complete the fcene of diftrefs , it appeared , from the light of the moon, that the Iheathing boards. 4 •f J ? . f f'\ M nil!. .i ■' 144 THE LIFE OF ;!C5 m 1770. C n A p. from the bottom of the fliip were fioating away 11. all round her. and at Kift her falfc keel; lb that every moment was making way for the whole company's being fwallowed up by the ruHiing in of the fea. There was now no chance but to lighten her» and the opportunity had unhappily been loft of doing it to the bell advantage ; for as the Endeavour had gone afliore juft at high- water, and by this time it had confidcrably fallen, (he would , when lightened , be but in the fame fituation as at firft. The only alleviation of this circumftance was , that as the tide ebbed , the velfel fettled to the rocks, and was not beaten againft them with fo much violence. Our people had , indeed , fome hope from the next tide , though it was doubtful whether the fhip would hold together fo long, efpecially as the rock kept grating part of her bottom with fuch force as to be heard in the fore ftore-room. No effort, how- ever, was remitted from dcfpair of fuccefs. That no time might be loft, the water was immediately ftarted in the hold , and pumped up ; fix guns , being all that were upon the deck , a quantity of iron and ftone ballaft, cafks , hoop ftaves, oil jars , decayed ftores , and a variety of things befides , were thrown overboard with the utmoft expedition. Every one exerted himfelf, not only without murmuring and difcontcnt, but even with an alacrity which almoft approached to chearful- nefs. So fenfible , at the fame time, were the men of the awefulnefs of their fituation, that not an oath was heard among them , the deteftable habit •> that vbolc lliing ut to ppily ! ; for hij'h- allen, fame f this I, the >caten )eopl" tide , .vould kept as to how- That lately uns , y of oil [lings moft only with rful- the t not Hable bit CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 145 liabit of profme fwenring being inf^antly fubducd Chat. by tlie dread of incurring guilt when a fpcedy 11. death was in view. i??®* While Lieutenant Cook and all the people about him were thus emplc) ed , the opening of the morning of the eleventh of June prefcntcd n !«"«• them with a fuller profpe(fl of their danger. The land was deen by them at about eight leagues dillance, without any ifland in the intermediate fpace , upon v/hich , if the (hip had gone to pieces, they mi^ht have been fot a-fliore by the boats, and carried thence by different turns to the main. Gradually, however, the wind died away, and early in the forenoon it became a dead calm; a circumftance this, peculiarly happy in the order of Divine Providence ; for if it had blown hard, tfie veffcl mull inevitably have been deftroyed. High water being expected at eleven ]n the morning, and every thing being made jeadv to heave her off if fhe fliould float, to the iuexpreflible furprize and concern of our navi- gators, fo mu( :h did the day-tide fall fhort of that of the night, that though they had lightened the lliip nearly fifty ton, [tic did not float by a foot and a half. Plence it bccanne neceflary to liglitenhfr flill more, and every thing was throv\-n cA'erboard that could pofilbly be fpared. Hitherto the Kndeavourhad not admitted much water; but as tiie tide fell, it rufhed in fo faft, that fl.e coul.i fcarccly be kept free , ihor.gh two pumps were incelfantly worked. T here were now no hopes but from th« tide At rnidnigh:; (.0 prepare fgc Vur. T. L T ' fl fe 51 1 jI . . ■i i '■ » !• if i m\ t i i ^f? ' 11 "I 'f ■pvi 146 THE LIFE OF ■{9 C H A P. taking the advantage of which the moft vigorous IT. efforts were exerted. About five o'clock in the afternoon the tide began to rife , but , at the fame time, the leak increafed to a moft alarming degree. Two more pumps , therefore , were mapned, cie of which unhappily would not work. Three pumps, however, were k ;pt going, and at nine o'clock the Ihip righted. Neverthe- lefs, the leak had gained fo confiderably upon her, that it was imagined that flie muft go to the bottom as foon as fhe ceafed to be fupported by the rock. It was, indeed, a dreadful circum- flance to cur Commander and his people, that they were obliged to anticipr.te the floating of the vefTel noi; as an earneft of their deliverance , but as an event which piobabJy would precipi- tate their deftrudlion. They knew that their boats were not capable of carrying the whole of them on fliore, and that when the dreadful crifis fiiould arrive, all command and fubordination being at an end, a conteft for preference might be expedled, which would increafe even the hor- rors of fliipwreck, and turn their rage againft each other. Some of them were fenfible that if they fliould efcape to the main land, they were likely to fuffer more upon the whole than thofe who would be left on board to perifli in the wav^es. The latter would only be expofed to inftant death; whereas the former, when they got on fliore, would have no lafting or effecflual defence againft the natives, in a part of the country where even nets and lire -arms could fcarccly CAPTAIIsi JAjMES cook. 14;^ fiirnlfh tbem with food. But fuppofing that they Chap. fliould find the means of fubfillence, how hor- II. rible muft be their ftate, to be condemned to 1770, languilh out the remainder of their Jives in a defolate wildernefs , without the pofTeflion or hope of domeftic comfort, and to be cut off from all commerce with mankind, excepting that of the naked favages who prowl the defert, and who perhaps are fome of the moil rude and un- civih'zed inhabitants of the earih I The dreadful moment which was to determine the fate of our voyagers now drew on ; and evtry one faw , in the countenances of his com- . panions , the piJlure of his own fenfations. Not, however, giving way to defpair, the Lieutenant ordered the capftan and windl;ice to be manned wit'i as many hands as could be fpared from the pumps, and the fliip having flo/.tcd about twenty minutes after ten o'clock, the grand effort was made , and flie was heaved into deep water. It was no fmall confoJation to find that Ihe did not now admit of more water than fhe had done when upon the rock. By the gaining, indeed, of the leak upon the pumps , three feet and nine inches of water were in the hold ; notwith- flanding which, the mt-n did not r;;linquilh their lab6ur. Thus they held Jic water as it were at bay: but having endur;:d cxcelfivc fatigue of body, and agitation of mind, for more than twenty-four hours, and all this being attended with little hope of final fucccfs , they began, at length , to flau.'. None oi them could work at L 2 m f 't . ,t: 148 THE LIFE OF m I m Chap, the pump above five or fix minutes together, II, after whicli , being totally exhaufted, they threw 1770. thcmfelves down upon the deck , though a ftrcam of water , between three or four inches deep, "was running over it from the pumps. AVlien thofe who fucceeded them had worked their time, and in their turn were exhaufted, they threw themfelves down in the fame man- ner , and the others ftarted up again, to renew their labour. While thus they were employed in relieving each other, an accident was verv nearly putting an immediate end to all their efforts. The planking which lines the fliip's bot- tom is called the ciclin'r , between which and the outfide planking there is a fpace of about eighteen inches. From this cieling only, the man who h:ui hitherto attended the well had taken the depth of the water, and had given the meafure accordingly. But, upon his being relieved, the pcrfon who came in his room reckoned the depth to theoutfule planking, which had the appearance of the leak's having gai 1 upon the pumps eighteen inches in a few nuuutes. The midake, however, was foon detecT:ed ; and the accident, ■which in its commencement was very formidable to them, became, in fad, highly advantageous. Such was the joy which every man felt at find- ing his fituation better than his fears had fug- gcftcd, that it operated with wonderful energy, and fecmed to poffefs him with a ftrong perfna- fion that fcarcely any real danger remained. New ronfiden.ce and new hope infpircd frefli vigour; "tfe^ m ti*' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 149 and the efforts of the men were exerted with fo Chap. much alacrity nnd fpirit, that before eight o'clock II. in the morning the pumps had gained confidcr- 1770. ably upon the leak. All the converfation now turned upon carrying the Iliip into fome harbour, as a thing not to be doubted; and as hands could be fpared from the pumps, they were employed in getting up the anchors. It being found impof- fible to fave the little bower anchor , it was cut away at a whole cable , and the cable of the llream anchor was loft among the rocks; but in the fituation of our people thefe were trifles which fcarccly attracted their notice. The fore- topmaft and fore-yard were next erected, and there being a breeze from the fea, the F.ndeavour* at eleven o'clock , got once more under fail, and Rood for the land. Notwithftanding thefc favourable circumftan- ces , our voyagers were ftill very far from being in a ftate of fafety. It was not pollible long to continue the labour by which the pumps had been made to gain upon the leak ; and as the exad place of it could not be difcovered, there was no hope of ftopping it within. At this crifis, Mr. Alonkhoufe , one of the midfliip- men , came to Lieutenant Cook, and propofed an expedient he had once feen ufed on board a merchant fl)ip which had fprung a leak that admitted more than four feet water in an hour, and which by this means had been faftly brought from Virginia to London. To Mr. Monkh lufe, therefore, the care of the expedient, which is L 3 !!'■ m lii. ; •(!!»' 'i\: It ;■,, f. ■11; 'I lli. ^rf* I 1^0 T n K LIFE OF ■o. Chap, called fotliering the fliip, v/ns, ^vitIl proper afnfl:- II. ance, committed; and his method of proceeding >vas as follows. He toc-k a lower ftudding fail, and having mixed together a large quantity of oakham and wool, he ditched it down, as light- ly as poflTible, in handfuls upon the fail, and fpread over it the dung of the fheep of thevcfl'el, '"$, '■■li; '!i; M ■ V ii E' I 15^ THE LIFE OF Chap. II. 1770. 29 June. do. On the twenty-ninth of June , at two o'clock in the morning, I\lr. Cook, in conjuncT;ion with ]\lr. Green, obferved an emerfion of Jupiter s firfl fatellite. The time here was 2'' 18' 53 ', which gave the longitude of the place at 214° 42^ 30'' weft: its latitude is 15° 26' fouth. The next morning the Lieutenant fent fome of the young gentlemen to take a plan of the harbour , whiHt he himfelf afcended a hill, that he might gain a full profpedl of the fea: and it was a profpect which prefented him with a lively view of the difficulties of his fituation. To his great concern he faw innumerable fand-banks and fhoals, lying in every direction of the coaft. Some of them extended as far as he could difcern with his glafs, and many of them did but juft rife above water. To the no iward there was *an appearance of a paflage , and this was the only diredion in which our Commander could hope to get clear, in the profecution of his voyage; for as the wind blew conftantly from the fouth- eaft , to return by the fouthward would have been extremely difficult, if not abfolutely impof- fible. On this, and the preceding dav , our people had been very fuccefsful in hauling the feine. The fupply of filh was lb great, that the Lieutenant was now able to diftribute two pounds and a half to each man. A quantity of greens having likewife been gathered , he or- dered them to be boiled with the peas. Hence an excellent mefs was produced, which, in con- junction with the fifl] , aftordcd an unfpeakable o'clock )n with upiters 8' 53 ', at 214' . The of the lib our , : might was a y view is great 1 fhoals, ome of n with JLift rife was an le only d hope 'oyage ; t fouth- d have impof- / , our ing the :hat the te two itity of he or- Hence in con- >eakable CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 157 refrefliment to the whole of the fliip's com- C 11 a p. puny *. • II. harly in the morning of thefccond of July, Lieu- 177^. tenant Cook fcnt the mafter out of the harbour, - •'"'y* in the pinnace, to found about the fiioals, and to fearch for a channel to the northward. A fccond attempt, which was made this day to heave olf the fliip, was as unfiiccefsful as a former one had been. 1 he next day the mafter returned, and reported that he had found a pafTage out to fca, between 3» the llioals. On one of thefe fiioals , which con- fided of coral rocks, many of which were dry at low water, he had landed, and found there cockles of fo enormous a fize , that a finglc cockle was more tban two men could eat. At the fame place , he met with a great variety of other 111 cll-fi Hi , and brought back with him a plentiful fupply for the ufe of his fellow voyagers. At high-water, this day, another effort was made to float the fliip, which happily fucceeded ; but it being found that flie had fprung a plank between decks, it became necelfary to lay her afliore a fecond time. The Lieutenant being anxious to attain a perfect knowledge of the flate of the veflcl , got one of the carpenter's crew, a man in whom he could coniide, to dive, on * Oil the firfl of July, tVie thermometer, in the fli:ide rofe to 87°, which was hii^her than it had been on any dny lincc our navigators had corne upon the coaft of NwW South "^ aks. I" ■:i. -.1 .)'■' ' S '■ •! |f^ ; 158 THE LIFE OF Chat. II. 1770. 5 July. S. the fifth, to her bottom, that he might exaiviinc the place where the ILcathing had been rubbed oiV. His report , which was that three flrenks of the flieathing, about eight feet long, were wanting, and that the main plank had been a little rubbed* was perfedly ap-eeable to the account that had been given before by the mafter and others » who had made the fame examination ; and our Commander had the confolation of linding that , in the opinion of the carpenter, this matter would be of little confequcnce. 1 he other da- mage, therefore, being repaired, the fliip was again floated at high water, and all hands were employed in taking the (lores on board , and in putting her into a condition for proceeding on her voyage*. To the harbour in which fhe wus refitted for the fea, Mr. Cook gave the name of the Endeavour River. On the morning of the fixth , Mr. Banks, accompanied by Lieutenant Gore , and three men, ftt out in a fmall boat up the river, with a view of {pending a few days in examining the country. In this expedition nothing efcaped his notice which related either to the natural hiflory or the inhabitants of the places he viffted. Though he met wuh undoubted proofs that fcvera! of the natives were uc no great diftance, none of them came within fight. Having found, upon the whole, that the country did not pro- mife much advantage from a farther fearch, lie ^ Ihv. kcfworth , v.h\ fupra, p, c<;7 — c^S. bed oiV. of the Milting, rubbed* lat had others , nd our g that , matter her da- lip was is were and ill ino: on (lie was e name Banks , 1 three ", with mining efcaped natural vifrted. fs that ftance , found, ot pro- ch, lie CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 159 and his party reimbarked in their boat , and Chap. returned, on the eighth, to the fbip. During IJ. their excurfion , they had llept upon the ground 1770. in perfed fecurity, and without once reflecting « July, upon the danger they would have incurred, if in that fituation they had been difcovered by the Indians. Lieutenant Cook had not been fatisfied with the account which the mafter had given of his having traced a paflage , between the fhoals , into the fea. He fent him out , therefore , a fecond time , upon the fame bufmefs ; and , on his return , he made a different report. Having been feven leagues out to fca, the mafter was now of opinion that there was no fuch pafli\ge as he had before imagined. His expedition , however, though in this refpedl unfuccefsful , was not wholly without its advantage. On the very rock where he had feen the large cockles , he met with a great number of turtle ; and though he had no better an inftrumcnt than a boat-hook, three of them were caught, which together weighed feven hundred and ninety-one pounds. An attempt , which , by order of the Lieutenant , was made the next 'morning to >• obtain fome more turtle , failed through the mifcondud of the fame officer , who had been fo fortunate on the preceding day. Hitherto the natives of this part of the country had eagerly avoided holding any intercourfe with our pi.'oplc : but at lenjjth their minds, throuo^h the eood manaccm nt of I\lr. Cook , |i )■■■; f:l ri r' '■i ' M 1 6c THE LIFE OF 1770. 10 July. C TT A P. became more favourably uifpofed. Four of lItcmtj Ij. li.ivii\^r apjKMicd, (Ml the tenih, in a ftn.iil canoe, and fcemiii^*- to be buiily employed in ftrlking tiili , fomc ot the fiiip's company were for going c'er to tliem in a boat. This, however, the Lieutenant would not permit, repeated experi- ence having convinced him that it was more likelv to prevent than to procure an interview. ]Ie determmed to purfue a c(nitrary method, and to try what could be done by letting them alone, and not ;ippcaring to make them, in the lead degree, tlje objects of his notice. So fuccefshil V .is this plan , tluit , after fome preparatory jniercourfc , they came i-jlong-Hde the fliip , without exprellnig any fear or diflrnfl. The conference was cairied on, bv r!<:!:ns, with, the ntmoft cordiality till dinncrtinie , when, bci;Tg iiivited by our people to g(^ with them and par- t:ikc cf their provifion , they d^'clined it, and went away in their ,anoe. One of thcfo bidians was fomewhat above tlie middle age; the thice others were young. Their ftaturc was oi the common fize, but their limbs were lemaikaMy Imall. Tlie coloiu' of their Tan was a dark chocolate. Their hair was black, but notv.oolly; and their fe:>tures were far from being dii'agrce- abie. Th.ey had lively eyes , and their teeth were e\-en and white. The tones of their voices were lolt and mulical, and tlieie was a iiexlbiliiv in their organs of ipeech , which enabled them to repeat, with great fa'ci ley , in>..]y of the words pronounced by the Hj)gii]]i. On CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. iCn n' i til cm :'anoc, rlking going • , the jxpcri- more IV lew. 1, and alone, »_ J ^ ill I- xefsinl iratory fliip , :. Tho ith t':i.- be in 'A' id par- t, and Indians e tlnce oi the kahly . oolly ; I ill £ re i!- |h wcic s were liiiiy in lieni to woids On On the next mornings or.r voyagers liad ano- Chap. ther vifit from four of the natives. Three of them 1[. were the fame who had appeared the day before, 1770. but the fourth was a ftranger , to whom his 11 J"iy« companions give the name of Yaparico. He was uiftinguiflied by a very pe culiar ornament. This was the bone of a bird, nearly as thick as a man's finger , and five or fix inches long, which he had thruft into a hole , made in the bridle that dlvid'ts the noftrils. An inftance of the like kind, and only one, had been feen in New Zealand. It was found , however , that: among all thefe people the f:ime part of the nofe was perforated; that they had holes in their ears ; and that they had bracelets , made of plaited hair , upon the upper part of their arms. Thus the love of ornament takes place among them , tliough they arc abfolutely dcftitute ot apparel. Three Indians , on the twelfth , ventured down to Tupia's tent, and were fo well pleafed with their reception , that one of ihem went V* ith hi? canoe to fetch two others , w ho had never been Icen by tlie EnglilTi. On his return , he introduced the llrangers by name, a ceremony which was never omitted upon fuch Occafions. From a farther acquairitance with the natives j it was found that the colour of their fkins was not fo a.iik as had at firft been apprehended, and that all of tfiem were remarktbJy cleaa .iimbed, and cxtrcmt-'ly Cidive and nimble. Their Vol. 1. M 12. Ill ^fk \ i' l62 THE LIFE OF Chap, language appeared to be more harfli than that II. of the Iflanders in the South fea. 1770. On the fourteenth, Mr. Gore had the good MJuiy. fortune to kill one of the animals before men- tioned , and which had been the fubjedl; of much fpeculatlon. It is called by the natives Kangurooi and when dreffed proved moft excellent meat. Indeed , our navigators might now be fliid to fare fumptuoufly every day ; for they had turtle In great plenty, and it was agreed that thefe were far fupcrior to any which our people had ever tafted in England. This the genderiieii juRly imputed to their being eaten freih from the fea, before their na;ural fat had been wafted, or their juices changed , by the fituation and diet they are expofed to when kept in tubs. ]\loft of the turtle here caught were of the kind called green turtle, and their weight was fiom two to three hundred pounds. !•. In the morning of the fixteenth , while the men were engaged in their ufual employment of getting the Chip ready for the fea , our Com- mander climbed one of the heights on the north fid^ of the river , and obtained from it an exten- five view of the inland country, which he found agreeably diverfified by hills, valleys, and large plains, that in many places were richly covered wirh wood Th IS cvonmi the L leutcnant an< ]\lr. Green obferved an emerfion of the firft fateliite of Jupiter, which gave 214° 53' 45^^ of longitude. The obfervation taken on the twenty- ninth of June had given 2,1^'' 48^ 30^^ j and the N the It of ^om- •th Ltcn- )und arge Icrecl and fira 'I of \n ty- tht' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. i6a mean was 214* $' 7'.", being the longitude of C 11 a p. the place weft of Greenwich. On the feventeenth , Mr. Cook fent the mafter and one of the mates in the pinnace , to fj-arch for a channel to the northward ; after which , accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander , he went into the woods on the other fide of the water. In this excuriion the gentlemen had a farther opportunity of improving their acquaint- ance with the Indians , who by degrees became fo familiar, that feveral of them the next day- ventured on board the fliip. There the Lieuten- ant left them , apparently much entertained , that he might go with Mr. Banks to take a farther furvey of the country , and efpecially to indulge an anxious curiofity they had of looking round about them upon the fea ; of which they earneftly wiflied , but fcarcely dared to hope , that they might obtain a favourable and encour- aging profped. When , after having walked along the fliore feven or eight miles to the northward , they afcended a very high hill, the view which prefent*ed itfelf to them infpired nothiug but melancholy apprchcnfions. In every diredion , they faw rocks and fl)oals without number ; and there appeared to be no palTagc out to fea , but through the winriing channels between them , the navigation of which could not be accompliflied without the utmoft degree of difficulty and danger. The ipirits of the two gcndemen were not raifed by this excurfion. II. 1770. I. Ju , fet out to meet them ; and the refult of the interview , in confequence of the prudent and lenient conduct of our Com- mander and his iriends , was a cni; r>iotc recon- ciii'tion. Soon after the Indians went away, the woods were fecn t,.^ be on tire .it the diflancc of about two miles. Tins accident, if it had M ^ '' } 1-r ij Mf 1 66 THE LIFE OF li Chap, happened a little fooner, might have produced II. dreadful efteds; for the powder had been but 1770. a few days on board , and it was not many- hours that the flore tent, with all the valuable things contained in it, had been removed. From the fury with which the grafs would burn in this hot climate , and the difficulty of extinguifh- ing the fire , our voyagers determined never to expofe themfelves to the like danger, but to clear the ground around them , if ever again they fliould be under a neceifity of pitching their tents in fuch a fituation. In the evening of this day, when every thing was gotten on board the fiiip , and fhe was nearly ready for failing , the mafter returned with the difagreeable account that there was no palfage for her to the northward. The next morning the Lieutenant himfcif founded and buoyed the bar. At this time all the hills for many miles round were on fire , and the appeanuice they alTumed at night was eminently ilriking and fplendid. In an excurfion which was made by Mr. Bank:?, *^ '"'y on the twenty-third, to gather plants, he found the greateR part of the cloth that had been given to the Indians lyir),c^ in a heap together. This, as wcJI as the trinkets which were bellowed upon them , they probably regarded as ufelcfs lumber. Indeed > they fecmcd to fet little value on any thing polTcfred by our people , excepting their turtle ; and that was a commodity which could not be fpared. I770. a4 July. :«. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 167 As Lieutenant Cook was prevented by blowing Chap. weather from attempting to get out to fea, Mr. II. Banks and Dr. Solander feized another oppor- tunity, on the twenty-fourth , of purfiiing their botanical refcarches. Having traverfed the wood.s the greater part of the day without fuccefs, as they were returning through a deep valley , they difcovered lying upon the ground fevcral marking nuts , the Anacardium orientals Animated with the hope of meeting with the tree that bore them , a tree which perhaps no Europenn botanift had ever feen, they fought for it with great diligence and labour, but to no purpofe. While Mr. Banks was again gleaning the country, on the twenty-fixth, to enlarge his trcafurc of natu- ral hiftory , he had the good fortune to take an animal of the Opofjum tribe, together with two young ones. It was a female, and, though not cxadly of the fame fpecies , much refcmbled the remarkable animal which Monf. de Bullon hath dcfcribed by the«name of phaUmgcr. On tlie morning of the twentv- ninth , the weather becoming calm , and a light breeze having fprung up by land, Lieutenant Cook fent a boat to fee what water was upon the bar, ?i\K] all things were made ready for putting to fca. But , on the return of the boat , the officer reported that there were only thirteen feet of water on the bar. As the fiiip drew thirteen feet fix inches, and the fea brec/e fct in again in the evenine, all hope of failing on that d^'.y wa-* given up. The weather bein^ more moderate I\I 4 2*. ■ fr- III :M,> *1 i68 THE LIFE OF Jl July, C 11 A p, on the tlilrty-firfl:, tbe Lieutenant had thoughts II. of trying to warp the veffel out of the harbour; but upon going out himfelf in the boat , he found that the wind ftiH blew fo frefli , that it would not be proper to make the attempt. A difagreeable piece of intelligence occurred on the fucceeding day. The carpenter , who had ex- amined the pumps , reported that they were all of them in a Rate of decay. One of them was fo rotten, that, when hoifled up, it dropped to pieces , and the reft were not in a much better condition. The chief confidence, therefore, of our navigators was now in the foundnefs of the fhip; and it was a happy circumftance that flic did not admit more than one inch of water in an hoar. Early on the third of Auguft , another iinfuc- cefsful attempt was made to warp the vefTel out of the harbour; but in the morning of the next d.iy the efforts of our voyagers were more profperous , and the Endeavour got once more imder fail, with a light air from the land, which foon died away , and was followed by fe?. breezes from fouth-eafi; by fouth. With thefe breezes the fliip flood off to fea, eaft by north, having the pinnace a-head , which was 'ordered to keep founding without intermiflion. A little before noon the Lieutenant anchored in fifteen fathom water, with a fandy bottom; the rcafoii of which was , that he did not think it fife to j-un in among the fiioals, till, by taking a vicv/ of them from the maft-head , at low-water, he 3 AuE«''i. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 169 might be able to form fome judgment ^v^ich way C 11 a i'. it would be proper for him to fleer. This was II. a matter of nice and arduous determination. As 1-70. yet Mr. Cook was in doubt whether he fliould beat back to the fouthward , round all the llioals , or feck a paffage to the eaftward or the northward : nor was it poflible to fay whether each of thefe courfes might not be attended with equal difficulty and danger *. The impartiality and humanity of Lieutenant Cook's condudl in the diftribution of provifions ought not to pafs unnoticed. Whatever turtle or other fifii were caught , they were always equally divided among the whole Ihip's crew, the mcaneft perfon on board having the fame fliare with the Lieutenant himfcJf. He hath juRly obferved , that this is a rule which every commander will find it his interefl to follow , in any voyage of a Hmilar nature. Great diflicultics occurred in the na\'i2:ation from the Endeavour river. On the filth of 5 Auguft. Auguft, the Lieutenant had not kept his courfe long , before flioals were difcovered in every quarter, which obliged him, as night approached, to come to an anchor. In the morning of the fixth , there was fo ftrong a gale , that our voyagers were prevented from weighing. When it was low-water , Mr. Cook , with feveral of his officers, kept a look-out at the maft-head, to fee if any paffage could be difcovered bc- * fjawkcfuorth, ubi fupra, p. "jfig — s8il. : ( ■m ;i;' tk ^ ;-l i i * I U 170 THE LIFE OF ■ li Chap, twecn the flioals. Nothing , however , \va«< in 11. view excepting breakers, which extended from 1770. the foiith round by the eaft as far as to the north-weft, and reached out to fea , beyond the light of any oF the gentlemen. It did not appear that th- lo breakers were caufed by one continu- ed Hioal , but by feveral , which lay detached from each other. On that which was fartheft to the caftward the fca broke very high, fo that the Lieutenant was induced to think that it was the outermoft fhoal. He was now convinced that there was no paflage to fv-a, but through the labyrinth formed by thefe fhoals ; and. at the fame time, he was wholly at a lofs what courfe to fteer, when the weather fliould permit the vefTel to fail. The mafter's opinion was , that our navigators fliould beat back the way they came; but, as the wind blew ftrongly , and almoft without intermiftion , from that (quarter, this would have been an endlefs labour: and yet, if a paflage could not be found to the northward, there was no other alternative. Amidft thcfe anxious delibera- tions, the gale increafed, and continued , wu loAuguft. little rem iflion , till the morning of the tenth, when, the weather becoming more moderate, our Commander weighed , and ftood in for the land. He had now come to a final determination of feeking a paflage along the fliore to the northward *. * Hawkefsvorth , ubi fupia , p. 590 — 594, CAPTAIN JAJMRS COOK. 171 III piirfiiiinco of this rcfoliition, the l*liulea\'Oiir C n a p. proceeded in her coiirfc , and at noon came II. between the fartliermofi, headland that lay in 1770. fight, and tliree iflands which were four or five leagues to the north of it, out at fea. Here our na\'igators thought that they faw a clear opening before them , and began to hope that they were once more out of danger. Of this hope, how- ever, they were foon deprived; on which account: the Lieutenant gave to the headland the name of Cape Flatteky '^. After he had fleered fomc time along the ihorc, for what was believed to be the open channel, the petty officer at the mafl-head cried aloud that jie faw land a-head , which extended quite round to the three iflands, and that between the fliip and them there was a large reef Mr. Cook upon this ran up the rnafl- head himfelf, and plainly difcerned the reef, which was fo far to the windward that it could not be weathered. As to the land which the petty officer had fuppofed to be the main, our Commander was oi opitiion that it was only a cluftcrj of fmall iflands. The iritfl;er and fome others, who went up tl.v mad-head after the Lieutenant, were entirely of a different opinion. All of them were pofltive that the land in light did not confill of iflands , but that it was a part of the main; and they rendered their repor* flill more alarming, by adding, that tiiey faw breakers s ^1 n 'Ipi^i '■\m , '■■ 1 i ii 1 h\ ^'\'i :lfi I Hi- •-'It" * Cape Flntten 1ii^s ia lutityde 14* 56^ fouth , and in longitude zi^" ^\' w i: it. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 150 ""^^ 2.5 M 12.0 li£ 11.25 i 1.4 V r ^ >" / w PhotDgraphic Sciences CoTfOTiion 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTH.N.Y. MSIO (716)173-4903 i;2 THE LIFE OF ill Chap, around them on every fide. In a fitnation fo II. critical and doubtful, Mr. Cook thought proper 1770. to come to an anchor, under a high point, which he immediately af.:ended , that he might have a farther view of the fea and the country. The profpecl he had from this place , which he called Point look-out, clearly coniirmed him in his former opinion; the jufhiefs of which difplayed one of the numerous inllances wherein it was manifeft how much he exceeded the people about him in the fagacity of his judgment con- cerning matters of navigation. The Lieutenant , being anxious to difcover more diftinclly the fituation of the fhoals, and the channel between them , determined to vifit the northermoft and largeft of the three iflands before mentioned; which, from its height, and its lying five leagues out to fea, was peculiarly adapted to his purpofe. Accordingly, in company with Mr. Banks , whofe fortitude and curiofity ftimulated him to take a ftiare in every under- taking, he fet out in the pinnace, on the II Auguft. morning of the eleventh , upon this expedition. He fent, at the fiime time, th'^ mailer in the yawl , to found between the low iflands and the main land. About one o'clock, the gentlemen reached the place of their deftinatioii , and immediately, with a mixture of hope and fear, proportioned to the importance of the bufinefs, and the uncertainty of the event, afcended the higheft hill they could find. When the Lieu- tenant took a furvey of the profp^d around him, cover , and t vifit (lands , and iliarly pany iofity inder- the ition. 1 the d the emen and fear, inefs, the Lieii- hira, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 173 he difcovered , op the outfide of the iflandi?, Chap. and at the diftance of two or three leagues • II. from them, a reef of rocks, upon which the 1770, fea broke in a dreadful furf, and which extended farther than his fight could reach. Hence, how- ever , he colleded that there were no flioals beyond them ; and , as he perceived feveral breaks or openings in the reef, and deep water between that and the iflands , he entertained hopes of getting without the rocks. But though he faw reafon to indulge, in fome degree, this expertation , the hazinefs of the weather pre- vented him from obtaining that fiitisfadlory intelligence which he ardently defired. He de- termined , therefore, by {laying all night upon the ifland, to try whether the next day would 12 Auguft. not afford him a more diftindl and comprehen- five profpedl. Accordingly , the gentlemen took up their lodging under the flielter of a bulh which grew upon the beach. Not many hours were devoted by them to fleep ; for at three in the morning IVlr. Cook mounted the hill a fecond time, but had the mortification of finding the weather much more hazy than it had been on the preceding day. He had early fent the pinnace, with pne of the mates, to found between the ifland and reefs, and to examine what ap- peared to be a channel through them. The mate, in confequence of its blowing hard, did not dare to venture into the channel , which he reported to be very narrow. Neverthelefs, our Command- er , who judged from the defcription of the ;' f !' ,. m m ■ "! ■ ( I ■ I pi' 174 THE LIFE OF \'l n C H A P. place that it had been feen to difiidvantage, was 11. • not difcouraged by this account. 1770. AVhile the Lieutenant was engaged in his "furvey , Mr. Banks , always attentive to the great objed of natural hiftory , colleded fome plants which he had never met with before. No animals v/cre perceived upon the place excepting lizards, for which reafon the gentlemen gave it the name of LiZAUD Islano. In their return to the ftiip, they landed on a low fandy ifland that had trees upon it, and which abounded with an incredible number of birds , principally fea-fowl. Here they found the nefl of an eagle, and the neft of fome other bird , of what fpecies they could not diftinguifli ; but it muft certainly be one of the largeft kinds that exifls. This was appaient from the enormous fize of the neft, which was built with fticks upon the ground, and was no lefs than fix and twenty feet in circumference , and two feet eight inches in height *. The fpot which the gentlemen were now upon, they called Eagle Island. When Lieutenant Cook got on board , he entered into a very ferious deliberation concern- ing the courfe he fliould purfue. After confidering what he had feen himfelf , and . the mafter's report, he was of opinion that by keeping in with the main land , he fliould run the rilk of * In the twentieth volume of tlic Philofophical Tranf- adions , (p. 561. ) where there is a fhort account of New Holland, a bird's neft is mentioned, larger than that which is defcribed above. . , I i r • t; ?■, W CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 175 nd, in in were ranf- it of that being locked in by the great reef, and of being Chap. compelled at lad to return back in fearch of II. another pafllige. By the delay that would hence 1770. be occafioned , our navigators would almoll certainly be prevented from getting in time to the Eafl Indies , which was a matter of the iitmod importance , and indeed of abfolute ne- celTity ; for they had now not much more than thrcr; months provifion on board , at fhort allow- ance. The judgment the Lieutenant had formed, together with the fadls and appearances on which it was grounded, he ftated to his officers, by whom it was unanimoufly agreed, that the bcfl; thing they could do would be to quit the coafl: entirely, till they could approach it again with lefs danger. In purfuance of this refolution, the Endeavour, early in the morning of the thirteenth, got under >3 Au^uft. fail , and fuccefsfully pafTed through one of the channels or openings in the outer reef, which Mr. Cook had feen from the ifland. When the fliip had gotten without the breakers, there was no ground within one hundred and fifty fathom, and our people found a large fea rolling in upon them from the fouth-eaft. This was a certain fign that neither land nor fhoals were near them in that direction. So happy a change in the fituation of our voyagers was fenfibly felt in every breaft , and was vifible in every countenance. They had been little Icfs than three months in a ftate that perpetually threatened them with deftrudion. ■if if. I'm ■ ' ' Hi 176 THE LIFE OF il '1 M'^ C H A P. Frequently had they paffed their nights at an- il, chor within hearing of the furge that broke 1770. over the ilioals and rocks; and they knew that, if by any accident the anchors fiiould not hold againfl an almoft continual tempeft, they mull in a few minutes inevitably pcriQi. They had failed three hundred and fixty leagues, v/ithout once, even for a moment, having a man out of che chains heaving the lead. This was a cir- cumftance which perhaps had never happened to any other veffel. But now, our navigators found themfelves in an open fea, with deep water; and the joy they experienced was proportioned to their late danger, and their prefcnt fecurity. Neverthelefs , the very waves, which proved by their fwell that our people had no rocks or Ihoals to fear , convinced them , at the fame time, that they could not put a coniidence in the Ihip equal to what they had done before file flruck. So far were her leaks widened by the blows file received from the waves, that flie admitted no lefs than nine inches of water in an hour. If the company had not been lately in fo much more imminent danger, this fadt, confi- dering the ftate of the pumps, and the navigation which was flill in view , would have been a matter of very ferious concern. The palTagc or channel, through which the Endeavour palled into the open fea beyond the reef, lies in latitude 14° 32' fouth. It may always be knovn by the three high illands within it, to whicl. , on account of the ufe they may be of '■/-'; 'I CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. ITT er 111 |ly ill lonfi- latiou len 11 the the Iways In it, |y ^^ of of in guidin^qj tiic way of future voyagers, our C it a r. Commander ga\'e the appellation of the Islands il. OF DIRECTION. 1770. It was not a long time that our, navigators 'SAu^uii. enjoyed the fatisfaclion of being free from the alarm of danger. As they were purfuing their coiirfe in the night of the fifteenth, they foundetl fi hundred ly, but had no bottom and forty fathom, nor any ground with the fame length of line. NevcrtheJefs, at four in the morn- ing of the fixteenth , they plainly henrd the roaring of the furf, and at break of day faw ii foaming to a vail height, at not more than tlie difhmce of a mile. The waves which rolled in upon the reef carried the vellel towards it with great rapidity ; and, at the fame time , our people could reach no ground with an anchoi , and had not a breath of wind for the fail. In a fituation fo dreadful, there was no refource but in the boats; and, mofl: unhappily, the pinnace was under repair. By the help, however, of the long-boat and the yawl, -which were fent ahead to tow, the Ihip's head was got round to the northward, a circumllnnce which might delay, if it could not prevent dellrudion. This was not effecled till fix o'clock , and our voyagers were not then a hundred yards from the rock , upon which the fame billow that wafiicd the fide of the v^effel broke to a tremendous height the very next time it rofe. There was only, therefore, a dreary valley between the Englifli and deftruc- tion ; a valley no wid«r than the bafe of one Vol. 1. N If,. 'Mil m is !:) i-' ■ ■ t, ■ -'str ri 1 78 THE LIFE OF ii'iii Chap, wave, \vliile the fea iincKr them was unfathom- Jl. able. The carpenter, in the mean while , having J770 hadily patched np the pinnace, flie was hoilled out , and fcnt ahead to tow , in aid of the other boats. Hut all thefe cflbrts would have been ineffecUial , if a light air of wind had not fprung up , jud at the crifis of our people's fate. It was fo light an air , that at any other time it would not have been obfervcd : but it was fulHcient to turn the fcale in -favour of our navi- gators; and, in con)unclion with the alliftance \vhich was aff')rded by the boats, it gave the fliip a perceptible motion obli(j[uely from the reef. The hopes of the company now reviv'ed : but in lefs than ten minutes a dead calm fuc- ceeded, and the vellel was again driven towards the breakers , which were not at the diftance of two hundred yards. HoV/ever, before the ground was lofl; which had already been trained , the fame light breeze returned , and lafled ten mi- nutes more. During this tiiriC , a fmall opening, about a quarter of a mile dillant, wrs difcovercd in the reef; upon which, ]\Ir. Cook immediately fent one of the mates to examine it, who re- ported that its breadth was not more than the length of the fliip, but that within it there was fmooth water. This difcovery prefented the pro- fpect of a poffibility of efcape , by pufliing the veffel through the opening. Accordingly , the attempt was made, but it failed of fuccefs; for when' our people, by the joint adilLance of their boats and the breeze , had reached the opening. i- d y .e- le as o- le le or Lir O" CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 1^9 tbey foimd th:)t it Ii:id become higli-wnter ; and, C it a. r to their groat fiirpiizc, tli.-y met the tide of ebb II, runnmg- out like a milMueam. la diretit contra- 1770. riety to tiieir expectations , Tome advantage was gained by this event. Thongh it was impofiible to go throngli the opening , the ftream which prevented the lilndeavour from doing it, carried licr ont about a quarter of a mile; and the boats were fo much affiiled in towing her, by the tide of ebb, that at noon flie had ^iained the diRance of nearly two miles. However, there was yet too mucli reafon to defpair of deliverance. For even if the breeze , which had now died away , had revived , our navigators were ftill embayed in the reef: and the tide of ebb being fpent^ the tide of flood , notVv'ithPranding their utmoft efforts, drove the lliip back again into her former perilous fituation. Happily , about this time , another opening was perceived, nearly a mile to the wedward. Our Commander immediately fent Mr. Hicks,- the lirft lieuienant, to examine it; and in the mean while the Endeavour flrug-. gied h:(rd with the flood , fometimes gaining and foinetimcs lofmg ground. During this fevere fervice, every man did his duty with as much calmnefs and regularity as if no danger had beea near. At length , Mr. Hicks returned with the intelligence that the opening , thou;iih narrow and hazardous, was capable of being palled. The bare podibility of pailing it was encouragement fufficicnt to make the attempt; and indeed all danger was lef» to be dreaded by our pcopie N a ; I Il4 ■ iff S'f'J H hi mm m I ■ c i( ! ill 111) ; I I" thil l!! Chap. II. //' 780 THE LIFE OF tlinn that of continuing in their prefent lituatlon. A light breeze having fortunately fprung up, this, in conjunclion with the aid of the boats, and tlie very tide of flood that would otherwifc have been their deflruction , enabled them to enter the opening , throu\;Ii which they were hurried with amazing rapidity. Such was the force of the torrent b/ which they were carried along, that they were kept from driving againll either fide of the channel , which in breadth was not more than a quarter of a mile. While they were fiiooting this gulph, their foundings were remarkably irregular, varying from thirty to feven fathom , and the ground at bottom was foul. As foon as our navigators had gotten within the reef, they came to an anchor; and their joy was exceedingly great at having regained a fituation which three days before they had quitted with the utmoH; pleafure and tranfport. Rocks and flioals , which are always dangerous to the mariner even when they are previoufly known and marked, afe peculiarly dangerous in fcas which have never been navigated before ; and in this part of the globe they arc more perilous than in any other. liere they confill; of reefs of coral rock, which rife like a wall almoil perpendi- cularly out of the deep, and are always oversow- ed at high-water. Here, too, the enormous waves of the vail fouthcrn ocean , meeting with fo abrupt a refiflance , break, with inconceivable violence, in a furf which cannot be produced by CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. igi any rocks or florms in the northern hemifphere. Chat. A crazy fliip, fliortnefs of provifion , and :i want II. of every necefTacy, greatly iocreafed the danger 1770, to our prefent voyagers of na\'igating in this ocean. Neverthekfs , fuch is the ardour of the liuman mind, and fo flattering is the diflindion " of a firft difcoverer, that Lieutenant Cook and his companions chearfully encountered every peril , and fubmittcd to every inconvenience. They chofe rather to incur the charge of impru- dence and temerity, than to leave a country unexplored which they had difcovered , or to afford the Icaft colour for its being fiid, that they were deficient in perfeverance and fortitude *. It fcarcely needs to be added, that it was the high and magnanimous fpirit of our Commander, in particular , which infpired his people with fo much refolution and vigour. The Lieutenant, having now gotten within the reef, determined, whatever might be the confequence , to keep the main land on board in his future route to the northward. His rcafon for this determination was , that , if he had gone without the reef again , he might have been carried by it fo far from the coafl:, as to prevent his being able to afcertain whether' this country did, or did not, join to New. Guinea; aqueftion which he had fixed upon rcfolving, from the firfi moment that he had come widiin fight of land. To the opening tlnough which the En- \l:^ I: .,,1 *'» i ' ' *,!'■■ ■.',1' .' r * Ilawkcfworth , ubi fupra, p. S95 — <5o7' N 3 ^ 1S5 THE LIFE OF pi 4li I ■ I ^H i .; ^H : : H^H I , 'ly. C TAP. (Ua\^onr liaci paffed , onr Commanflfjr , with a Ij. proper fcnl'e of gratiuidc fo tlic I'upreine Bciiu>:, 1770. gave the name of Providential Channel. In 1: AiifcUft, i\]Q morniirr of the L^vciitcnth , tlie boats had been fciit out, to T^e wliat rv-ficfl-imciits could be procured ; and returned in the afternoon with two hundred and forty pounds of the ineat of fhcllijrn , chiefly of cockles. Seme of the cockles were as much as two men could move , and contained twenty pounds of good meat. l\Ir. Banks, who had .'viDU^. out in his jjttle boat, accompanied by Dr. b'olander , brought hiick a variety of curious fliclis, and many fpecics of corals. In the profecution of the voyage, our people, on the nineteenth, were encompafied on every fide with rocks and ilioals : but, as tliey had lately been expofjd to much greater danger , and thefe objects were now become familiar, they began to regard them comparatively with little concern. On the twenty-firfl , there beiiig two points in view, between which our navi- gators could fee no land , they conceived hopes of ha\'ing at lad found a paffp.ge into the Indian fea. JMr. Cook , however , that he might be able to determine the matter with greater cer- tainty, refolved to land upon an ifland which lies at the fouth-eall point of the paffage. Accord- ingly, he went into the boat, with a party of men, accompanied by Mr. Banks and Dr. So- iandcr. As they were getting to fliore, fome of the natives fcemcd inclined to oppofe their land- 21. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. n>3 1770. ing, but foon walked Irifiircly away. The gentle- C ir a i'. men immediately climbed tbe highefl hill, from 11. which no land could be feen between the fouth- wefl and weft-louth-wed ; fo that the Lieutenant had not the leafl: doubt of finding a channel through which he could paf> to New Gninea. As he was now about to quit the coaft of New Hol- land, which he had traced from latitude thirty- eight to this place , and which he was certain no European had ever feen before , he once more hoilled Englifli colours. He had , indeed, already- taken pofll'ilion of feveral particular parts ' of the country. But he now took ponefhon of the whole eaftern coall, with all the bays, harbouis, riv'ers, and illands fituated upon it, from lati- tude 38° to latitude 10° \' fouth , in right of His INlajefty King George the Third , and by the name of Ntw SouiH Walks. The party then fired three vollies of fmall arms, which were anfwered by the fame number froin the fliip. W^hen the gentlemen had performed this cere- mony upon the ifland , which they called Pos- siissioN Island, they rcimbarkcd in their boat, and, m confcquence of a rapid ebb tide, had a very difficult and tedious return to the vefTel. On the twenty-third, the wind had come round 23 Auguft. to the Ibuth-weft; and though it was but a gentle breeze, yet it was accompanied by a Iwell from the fame quarter, which, in conjundlion with other circumftances , confirmed J\lr. Cook in his opinion that he had arri\'ed to the northern extre- mity of New Holland , and that he had now aui N 4 y" , '1 .11, 1 ?-« Ml \M ' i' 'i; , ■' Lii, it- 1 '; ■^¥ m i84 THE LIFE OF I!! ^'■ ■'U '.I A P. open fea to the weflward. Tlicfe circumftanccs I!. artbiflcd him peculiar fatisfaction , not only ■70, becaul'e the Hangers and fatignes of the voyage \v:ie drawing to a concliilion , but bccaufe it could no longer be doubted whether New Hol- land and New Guinea were two feparate iflands. The northeaft entrance of the ftreight lies in the latitude of 10° 39^ fouth , and in the longitude of 218* 36' weft; and the pafiagc is formed by the main land , and by a congeries of iflands , » to the north-weft, called by the Lieutenant the Prince of Wales's Islands, and which may j)rcbably extend as far as to New Guinea. Their difference is very great both in height and circuit, and many fecmed to be well covered witli herbage and wood : ' nor was there any doubt of their being inhabited. Our Commander was perfuaded , that among thefe iflands as good paffages might be found as that through which the vclfel came , and the accefs to which might be lefs perilous. The determination of this matter he would not have left to future navigators , if he had been lefs harraffed by danger and fatigue, and had poffelFcd a fliip in better con- dition for the purpofe. To the channel through which he paffed , he gave the name of ENDEA- VOUR SxRfclGHTS *. New Holland, or, as the caPtern part of it ^vas called by Lieutenant Cook , New South AVales , is the larked country in the known > * HavLcfwoith , ubi fupra, p. 607 — ^619. n' CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 185 world which does not bear the name of a con- tinent. The length of coaft along which our people failed , when reduced to a flrait line , was no Icfs than twenty-feven degrees of latitude, amounting nearly to two thoufand miles. In fad, the fquare fiufacc of the ifland is much more than equal to the whole of Europe. For a particular account of the natural and animal pro- dudions of the country, and a minute defcription of its inhabitants , we muft refer to the voyage at large. In general , we may obferve , with regard to the natives, that their 'number bears no proportion to the extent of their territory. So many as thirty of them had never been feen together but once , and that was at Botany Bay. Even when they appeared determined to engage the Englifli, they could not mufter above fourteen or fifteen fighting men ; and it was manifefl that their flieds and houfes did not lie fo clofe together , as to be capable of accom- modating a larger party. Indeed our navigators faw only the fea-coad on the cartern fide ; be- tween which and the weflern fliore there is an immenfe tracl of land that is wholly unexplored. But it is evident, from the totally uncultivated Rate of the (.ountry which was feen by our people, that this imnicnfe trad mull either be iiltogother defolatc , or at Ical^more thinly inha- bited than the parts which were vifitcd. Of traffic the nuivcs had no idea , nor could any be com- municated to them. The thines which were given them they received , but did not appear C H A F. II. 1770. ■M '' t!. vf|;.,. 1''^ m 1 86 THE LIFE OF i ' i Chap. II. J770. 4f : !! ii 'i to nnderftand the figns of the Englifh. requiring a return. There was no realon to believe that they eat animal food raw. As they haxe no vefrd in which water can be boiled, they either broil their meat upon the coals, or bake it in a hole by the help of hot Rones , agreecibly to the cuilom of the inhabitants of the South Sea iflands. J-ire is produced by them with great facility, and they fpread it in a furprizing man- ner. For producing it they take two pieces of foft wood , one of which is a ftick about eight or nine inches'long, while the other piece is fiat. The ftick they fiiape into an obtufe point at one end , and prefting it upon the flat wood , turn it nimbly by holding it between both their hands. In doing this, they often fliift their hands up and then move them down . with a view of increafing the prefTure as much as poffible. By this procefs they obtain fire in lefs than two minutes , and from the fmalleft fpark they carry it to any height or extent with great fpeed and dexterity. It was not poffible, confidering the limited jntercourfe which our navigators had with the natives of New South Whales , that much could be learned with regard to their language. Neverthelefs , as this is an objcdl of no fmall curiofity to the learned , and is , indeed , of peculiar importail^e in fcarching into the origin of the \'arious nations that have been difcovered, Mr. Cook and his friends took fome pains to colled fuch a fperimen of it as might , in a certain degree, aniwcr the purpofe. Our Com- iiring ; that e no either t in a >ly to ih Sea jireat man- ces o£ eight is fiat, at one turn it hands, ip and reafing orocefs , and height mited th the could giiage. " fmall d, of origin Dvered, lins to in a Com- ts. CAPTAIN JAMES COOIC. 1S7 mandcr did not quit the country without making C h a r. fuch obfervations, relative to the currents and II, tides upon the coall , as, while they increafe 1770. the general knowledge of navigation, may be of fervice to future voyagers. Ihe irregularity of the tides is an objed worthy of notice *. From the coafl of New South Wales the Lieutenant fleered , on the twenty-third of Augufl, ^^ Auguft. for the coaft of New Guinea, and on the twenty- fifth fell upon a dangerous fhoal. The fliip was in fix fathom , but fcarcely two were found , upon founding round her , at the diftance of half a cable's length. This flioal was of fuch an extent , reaching from the eaft round by the north and weft to the fouth-wefl , that there was no method for the velfel to 2,et clear of it, but by her going back the way in which (he came. Here was another hair's-breadth efcape ; for it was nearly high-water, and there ran a fhort cockling fea, which if the fliip had flruck muft very fooii have bulged her. So dangerous was her fituation , that if her direction had been half a cable's length more either to the right or left, file mufl have ftruck before the iignal for the flioal could have been made. It had been Lieutenant Cook's intention to fleer north-wcfl till he had made the fouth coaft of New Guinea, and it was his purpofe to touch upon it, if that could be found practicable. But ^ Hawlv-efwoi-th , 11 bi fupra ,p. 622, 631, (134, 658? 645,647, 648. ?'r- W^ It ' P m^ t: Jiii iy fc m M- I'f: ■ J 88 THE LIFE OF l''.:l as. Chap, in confcqnence of the fiioals he met with , he II. altered his courfe , in the hope of finding a clearer 1770. channel , and deeper water. His hope was agree- •2«Auguft. ably verified; for by noon , on the twenty fixth, the depth of water was gradually increafed to feventeen fathom *. On the twenty-eighth , our voyagers found the fea to be in many places covered with a brown fcum , fuch as the failors iifually call fpawn. When the Lieutenant firft faw it he was alarmed, fearing that the (Inp was again among flioals ; but the depth of water, upon founding , was difcovered to be equal to what it was in other places. The fame appearance had been obferved upon the coafts of Brazil and New Holland, in which cafes it was at no great diflance from the fliore. Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander examined the fcum , but could not determine what it was, any farther than as they faw rcafon to fuppofe that it belonged to the vegetable kingdom. The failors , upon meeting with more of it , gave up the notion of its being fpawn, and finding a new name for it, called it fea-fawduft. At day-break, on the third of September, our navi'^ators came in fio^ht of New Guinea , and flood in for it, with a frefli gale, till nine o'clock, when they brought to, being in three fathom \vater , and within about three or four miles of land. Upon this the pinnace was hoifted , and * The I'.dtiide was now 10° 10' fuiith, and the longi- tude 220" 12' well. 3. Sept. :i M-i ml , he learer agree- fixth, etl to , our places failors t firft ip was water , [ual to arance zil and ) great k1 Dr. Id not s they to the eeting of its jfor it, tr, our , and I'clock, Fathom liles of and le longi- CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. i8y the Lieutenant fet off from the flilp with the Chap. boat's crew, accompanied by JVIr. Banks, Dr. II. Sohmder , and Mr. Banks's ferv\ants, being in all 1770. twelve perfons well armed. As foon as they came afhore, they difcovered the prints of human feet, which could not long have been imprefTed upon the fand. Concluding- , therefore , that the natives were at no great diftance, and there being a thick wood which reached to within a hundred yards of the water, the gentlemen thought it necelTary to proceed with caution , left their retreat to the boat Ihould be cut off. When they had walked fome way along the iiklrts of the wood, they came to a grove of cocoa-nut trees, at the fruit of which they looked very wiftifnlly; but not thinking it fafe to climb , they were obliged to leave it without tailing a fingle nut. After they had advanced about a quarter of a nide from the boat, three Indians ruflied out of the wood with a hideous fliout , and as they ran towards the Englifli , the forcmoll threw fomething out of his hand, which Hew on one fide of him , and burned exactly like gunpowder, though without making any report. The two other natives havine at the fame inftaht diicharo^ed their arrows , the Lieutenant and his party were under a neceffity of firing, firft with fmall fiiot, and a fecond time with ball. Upon this, the three Indians ran away with gr.'at agility. As Mr. Cook had no difpofition lorribjy to invade this country , either to gratify the appetites or the curiofity of his people, and was convinced 111'. :* it i;:. ■ 'I i .. ■ m :':■ ■ i. 1;. ■'/ J ]^ 1 , :' 1.5! i Chap. II. J770. 190 THE LIFE OF that nothing was to be done upon friendly terms, he and his companions returned with all expe- dition towards their boat. W^hen they were aboard, they rowed abreaft of Ihe natives, who had come down to the fliore in aid of their countrymen , and whole number now amounted to between fixty and a hundred. 1 heir appear- ance was much the fame as that of the New Hollanders : they nearly refembled them in flaturc , and in having their hair ftiort and crop- ped. Like them , alfo , they were abfoiutcly r^akec! ; but the colour of their fkin did not feem quite fo dark, which, however, might be owing to their being lefs dirty. While the Englilh gentlemen were viewing them , they were fhout- ing defiance, and letting off their fires by four or five at a time. Our people could not imagine what thefe fires were, or what purpofcs they were intended to anfwer. Thofe who difcharged them had in their hands a fliort piece of ftick, which they fwung lide-ways from them , and immediately there iQued fire and fmokc, exadly refcmbling thofe of a rnufquet, and of as fliort a duration. The men on board the flilp who obferved this furprizing phenomenen , were fo far deceived by it as to believe that the Indians had fire-arms. To the perfons in the boat it had the appearance of the firing of vollies, without a report. The place where this tranfacllon happened lies in the latitude of 6° 15^ fouth , and is about fixty- iive lca.u:ues to the nortli cafl of Port Saint An- m terms, expe- Nvere , who [' their )unted ippear- ; New em in [ crop- Dkitcly )t i'eem owing Snglilh : fhout- )y four maginc s they harged ftick, , and exadlly s fliort p who ^cre fo ndians it had ithout icd lie?; fixty- \t An- CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 191 gnfline, or Walche Caep, and is near what is Chap. called in the charts C. de la Colta de St. Bona- II. Ventura. In every part of the coafl: , the land is 1770. covered with a vaft luxuriance of wood and her- bage. The cocoa-nut > the bread-fruit, and the plantain-tree , flourifli here in the higheft perfec- tion; befides which the country abounds with moll; of the trees, Ihrubs , and plants, that are common to the South .Sea iflands, New Zealand, and New Holland *. Soon after IVlr. Cook and his party had return- ed to the flnp , our voyag.^rs made fail to the weftward, the Lieutenant having refolved to fpend no more time upon this coalt; a refolutioa which was greatly to the fatisfadion of a very confiderable majority of his people. Some of the officers indeed were particularly urgent that a number of men might be fent afliore , to cut down the cocoa-nut trees for the fake of their fruit. This, however, our Commander abfolutely refu- fed , as equally unjuft and cruel. It was morally certain , from the preceding behaviour of the natives , that if their property had been invaded they would have made a vigorous eflbrt to de- {end it; in which cafe the lives of many of them mull have been facrihccd ; and perhaps, too, fevcral of the Englifli would have fallen in the contell. 1 he neceifity of a quarrel with the In- dians would have been regretted by the Lieuten- ant, even if he had been imptlkd to it by a * IlawLefwOith , iibi fupra, p. 650 — 658. u !f:l ■^^'t' i '^ 192 THE LIFE O F Chap, want of the necerTaries of life; but to engage in II. it for the traniient gratificwition that would ariic 1770. from obtaining two or three hundred green cocoa- nuts, appeared in his view highly criminal. The fame calamity, at leaft with regard to the natives, would probably have occurred, if he had fought for any other place on the coail, to the north- ward and weftward, where the fliip might have lain fo near the fliore as to cover his people with the guns when they had landed. Befides, there was caufe to believe, that, before fuch a place could have been found, our navigators would have bten carried fo far to the weftward as to be obliged to go to Batavia , on the north fide of Java. This, in Mr. Cook's opinion, would not have been fa fiife a paffage , as that to the fouth of Java , through the llrcights of Sunda. Another rcafon for his making the bcfl of his way to B:)t;ivia, was the leakinefs of the vcffel , which rendered it doubthil whether it \vould not be uecelfary to heave her down when iLe arrived at that port. Our Commander's refolution was farther conlirmed by the confideration , that no difcovery could be expeded in feas which had already been navigated , and where the coaft had been fuliiciently defcribcd both by Spanifli and Dutch geographers , and efpecially by the latter. 1 he only merit claimed by the Lieutenant, in this part of his voyage, was the having eftabliOi- ed it as a facl beyond all controverfy , that New Holland and New Guinea are two dillind coun- tries. Without ! . ' i; I770- 6 Sept- lOUt CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 193 Without (laying, tlierefore, on the coafl of C n a. r. New Guinea, the Ktideavour , on the fame day, JI. direded her courfe to the weftw.ud, in purTuing which Mr. Cook had an opportunity of redify- ing the errors of former navig.aor.s. Very e-^rly in the morning of the fixth of September, our Voyagers paffed a fmall ifland which lay to the north-north-weft; and at day-break they difcover- ed another low ifland , extending from that quar- ter to north-north-eaft. Upon the lad ifland , which appeared to be of confiderabJe extent, the Lieutenant would have landed to examine its produce , if the wind had not blown fo freih af> to render his defign impradlicable. Unlcfs thcfc. two iflands belong to the Arrou iflands , they have no place in the charts; and if tjjey do be- long to the Arrou iflands, they are laid down at too great a diftance from New Guinea *. Some other land which was feen this day ought , by its difbance from New Guinea, to have been part of the Arrou iflands ; but if any dependence can be placed on former charts , it lies a degree far- ther to the fouth. , On the feventh , when the fliip was in latitude 9* 30^ fouth, and longitude 229' 34' weft, our people ought to have been in fight of the Weafel ifles , which in the charts are laid down at the diftance of twenty or twenty-five leagues from the coaft of New Holland. But as our Command* * Mr. Cook found the fouth part of them in latitwda 7' 6' fouth, and io longitude 22?" weft* Vol. I. O 7. I'.'i ■ »' I ■ It' Chap. IL 1770. |.! 15 Sept. I ^ 194 THE LIFE OF er faw nothing of tliem , he concluded that they muft have been placed erroneoufly. Nor will this be deemed furprizing , when it is confidered that not only thefe iflands , but the coaft which bounds this fea, have been explored at ditferent times, and by different perfons, who had not all the requifites for keeping accurate journals which are now poffefred; and whofe various difcoveries have been delineated upon charts by others , per- haps at the diftance of more than a century after fuch difcoveries had been made. In purfuing their courfe, our navigators pafTed the iflands of Timor, Timor-lavet, Rotte, and Scman. While they were near the two latter if- lands , they obferved about ten o'clock at night , on the fixttenth of the month , a phenomenon in the heavens, which in many particulars refembled the Aurora Borealis , though in others it was very different. It confifted of a dull reddifli light, which reached about twenty degrees above the horizon; and though its extent, at times, varied much, it never comprehended lefs than eight or ten points of the compafs. Through, and out of the general appearance, there paffed rays of light of a brighter colour , which vanifhed , and were renewed nearly in the fame manner as thofe of the Aurora Borealis, but entirely without the tremulous or vibratory motion which is feen in that phenomenon. The body of this light bore fouth-fouth-eaft from the Ihip , and continued , ■without any diminution of its brightnefs, till t>yelve o'clock, and probably a longer time, as ^ V fled and r if- ^ht, n in bled was gbt, the iried It or out Ws of and liofe the n in bore ed , till e, as CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 195 the gentlemen were prevented from obferving it C h a r. farther , by their retiring to fleep. By the fixtccnth , Lieutenant Cook had gotten clear of all the iflands which had then been laid down in the maps as fituated between Timor and Java , and did not exped to meet with any other in that quarter. But the next morning anifland was feen bearing weft-fouth-weft, and at firft he be- lieved that he had made a new difcovery. As fooii as our voyagers had come clofe in with the north Tide of it , they had the pleafing profped of houfes and cocoa-nut trees, and of what ftill more agree- ably furprized them, numerous flocks of flieep. Many of the people on board were at this time in a bad ftate of health , and no fmall number of them had been diffatisfied with the Lieutenant for not having touched at Timor. He readily embra- ced , therefore , the opportunity of landing at a place which appeared fo well calculated to fupply the neceffities of the company , and to remove both the ficknefs and the difcontent which had fpread among them*. This place proved to be the ifland of Savu , where a fettlement had lately been made by the Dutch. The great defign of our Commander was to obtain provifions, which,, after fome difficulty » and fome jealoufy on the part of Mr. Lange, the Dutch Refident, were procured. Thefe provifi- ons were nine buffaloes , fix fheep , three hogs > thirty dozen of fowls » many dozens of eggs, • Hawktfworth, ubi fupra, p. ^59 — ^vhich our navigators were enabled to give of them , and which is copious and entertaining , ' "was , in a great meafure , derived frpm the in- formation of Mr. Lange. An extraordinary relation is given of the mo- rals of the people of this ifland , and which , if -. * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 675 — ^80. m i£ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 197 true, mifi: fill every virtuous mind with plcafure. C n a f. T heir charadlcrs and condnd; are reprcfcnted as H. irreproachable , even upon the principles of 1770. Chriftianity. Though no man is permitted to have more than one wife, an illicit commerce between the fexes is fcarcely known among them. Inftances of theft are very rare; and fo far arc they from revenging a fuppofed injury by mur- der, that when any difference arifes between them , they immediately and implicitly refer it to the determination of their king. They will not fo much as make it the fubjed: of private debate, left they fhould hence be provoked to refentment and ilUwill. Their delicacy and cleanlinefs are fuited to the purity of their mo- rals. From the fpecimen which is given of the language of Savu , it appears to have fome affi- nity with that of the South Sea Iflands. [Many of the words are exadly the fame, and tlie terms of numbers are derived from the fame origin *. On the twenty -firft of September, our navi- 21 Sept. gators got under fail , and having purfued their voyage till the firft of Odober, on that day i oa. they came within fight of the ifland of Java. During their courfe from Savu , Lieutenant Cook allowed twenty minutes a day for the wefterly current, which he concluded muft run ftrong at this time, efpccially on the coaft of * Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 687, 685?, 694, 69^, 697, 702, 705. — Parkinfon's Journal of a voyage to the South feas, p. 163 — 169. 03 ^•flli fl i m lii' Hi! r i ! ni ' 19B TPE LIFE OF g H A p, Java ; and accordingly , he found that this j^l- II. lowance was exadly equivalent to the effedl of 1770, the current iipon the fhip. Such was the fagacity of our Commander's judgment iu whatever related to navigation. 5 OJi, On the fecond , t\vo Dutch fhips being feen to lie off Anger Point, the Lieutenant fent Mr. Jlicks on board one of them , to enquire news concerning England , from which our people had fo long been abfcnt. Mr. Hicks brought back the agreeable intelligence, that the Swal- low, commanded by Captain Carteret, had been f« at Batavia tvyro years before. In the morning of the fifth , a prow came alongfide of the Endea- vour, with a Dutch officer, who fent down to Mr. Cook a printed paper in Englilh , duplicates of which he had in other languages. This pa- per was regularly figned , in the name of the Governor and Council of the Indies, by their Secretary, and contained nine qucftions , very ill exprelTed , two of which only the Lieutenant thought proper to anfwer. Thefe were what regarded the nation and name of his veflTeJ , and 9i whither fiie was bound. On the ninth , our voyagers flood in for Batavia road, where they found the Harcourt Indiaman from England, two Englifh private traders, and a number of Dutch fhips. Immediately a boat came on board the Endeavour , and the officer who commanded having enquired who our people were , and whence they came inftantly returned with fucli anfwers as were given him. In the mean time. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 199 1770. Mr. Cook fent a Lieutenant afhore to acquaint Chap. the Governor of his arrival , and to make an IT. apology for not having faluted; a ceremony he had judged better to omit, as he could only make ufe of three guns, excepting the fwivels, Nvhich he was of opinion would not be heard. It being univerfally agreed that the (hip could not fafely proceed to Europe without an exami- nation of her bottom, our Commander determin- ed to apply fvir leave to heave her down at Batavia; and for this purpofe he drew up a re- quefl: in writing, which, after he had waited firft upon the Governor General , and then upon the Council , was readily complied with , and he was told that he fliould have every thing he wanted. In the evening of the tenth, there was a dread- ful ftoim of thunder, lightning, and rain, during >yhich the mainmaft of one of the Dutch Eaft Indiamen was fplit and carried away by the deck ; and the main- top -maft, and top- gallant -mafl: were fhivered to pieces. The ftroke was pro- bably diredcd by an iron fpindle which was at the main -top -gallant -mall -head. As this fliip lay very near the Endeavour , (he could fcarcely have avoided fliaring the fame fate, had it not been for the conducing chain, which fortunately had been juft gotten up, and which conveyed the lightning over the fide of the vefTel. But though Ihe efcaped the lightning, the explofion fliock her like an earthquake ; and the chain , at the fame time, appeared like a line of fire. Mr. 04 10 Oft. i ''■'I '■. 1 ' ■ I I:- * 8; 1 m ' l!- I 1 < 1 200 THE LIFE OP C ir A p. Cook h:is embraced this occafioii of earneftly rc^ II. commending fimilar chains to every (hip; and T770. hath expreired his hope that all who read his narrative will be warned againft having an iron fpindlc at the maft-head. The Engiifh gertl'-men had taken up their lodging and boarding at a hotel, or kind of inn, kept by the order of Government. Here they met with thofe impoOtions, in point of expence and treatment , which are too common to admit of much furprize. It was not long , however , that they fubmitted to ill ufage. By a farther acquaintance with the manner of dealing with their hoft , and by fpirited remonftrances , they procured a better lurnilhed table. Mr. Banks, in a few days, hired a fmall houfe for himfelf and his party ; and as foon as he was fettled in his new habitation , fent for Tupia , who had hitherto continued on board on account of fick- nefs. When he quitted the ftiip, and after he came into the boat, he was exceedingly lifelcfs and dejedcd ; but no fooner did he enter the town than he appeared to be infpired with an- other foul. A fcene fo entirely new and extra- ordinary filled him with amazement. The hou- fes, carriages, ftrects, people and a multiplicity of other objeds, rufliing upon him at once, pro- duced an eftecl; fimilar to what is afcribed to en- chantment. His boy, Tayeto, exprefled his won- der and delight in a ftill more rapturous manner. He danced along the (beets in a kind of extafy, examining every objcd wi*^^h a reftlefs and eager if K '' tr. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK, tot curiofity; which was excited and gratified every Chap. moment. Tupia's attention was particularly ex- II. cited by the various drefles of the paffing mul- 1770. titude; and whenhewa<; informed that at Batavia every one wore the drefs of his own country, he exprefTed his defire of appearing in the garb of Otaheite. Accordingly, South Sea cloth being fent for from the fliip, he equipped himfelf with great expedition and dexterity. Lieutenant Cook imagined that at Batavia he fhould find it eafy to take up what money he might want for repairing and refitting the Endea- vour; but in this he was miftaken. No private perfon could be found who had ability and inclination to furnlfli the fum which was necef- ary. In this exigency , the Lieutenant had recourfe, by a written requeft, to the Governor, from whom he obtained an order for being fup- plled out of the Dutch company's treafury. When our voyagers had been only nine days at Batavia, they began to feel the fatal effeds of the climate and fituation. T[upia, after his firft flow of fpirits had fubfidcd , grew every day worfe and worfe ; and Tayeto was feizcd with an inflammation upon his lungs. Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander were attacked by fevers , and , in a little time, alraoft every perfon, both on board and on fliore , was fick. The diftrefs of our people was indeed very great, and the profpedl before them difcouraglng in the higheft degree. Tupia , being dcfirous of breathing a freer air than among the numerous houfes that obftvuded iifl ; ■-\ M\' 3 r «02 THE LIFE OF ■i] I ! Pi i,i i :f II ''I' 1770, ? Nov. Chap, it afhore , had a tent erected for him on Cooper's II. Ifland , to which he was accompanied by Mr. Banks, who attended this poor Indian with the greateft humanity, till he was rendered incapable of doing it, by the violent increafe of his own diforder. On the fifth of November, Mr. Monk- honfe, the fiirgeon of the Ihip, a fenfible, flcilful man, whofe lofs was not a little aggravated by the fituation of the Englifli , fell the tirft facrifice to this fatal country. Tayeto died on the ninth, and Tupia , who loved him with the tendernefs of a parent , funk at once after the lofs of the boy, and furvived him only a few days. The diforders of Mr, Banks and Dr. Solander grew to fuch a height, that the phyfician declared they had no chance of preferving their lives but by removing into the c:'nntry. Accordingly , a houfe was hired for them at the diftance of about two miles from the towii ; where, in confequencc of enjoying a purer air, and being better nurfed by two Malayan women , whom they had bought , they recovered by flow degrees. At length , Lieutenant Cook v/as himfelf taken ill ; and out of the whole fhip's company, not more than ten were able to do duty. In the midft of thefe diftrefles, our Commander was diligently and vigoroufly attentive to the repair of his veffel. When her bottom came to be examined , fhe was found to be in a worfe condition than had been apprehended. Her falfe keel and main keel were both of them greatly injured; a large quantity of the iheathing was 1 iper s Mr. [1 the pable own /lonk- (kilful :ci by crifice ninth , iernefs of the The r grew id they but by fly ' ^ f about iquencc nurfed jy had CAPTAIN JAMES COOlC. 203 torn off; and among feveral plank.s which were Chap. much damaged , two of them , and the half of a II. third, were fo worn for the lengdi of fix feet, 1770. that they were not above the eighth part of an inch in thicknefs: and here the worms had made way quite into the timbers. In this ftate the Endeavour had failed many hundred leagues, i\\ a quarter of the globe where navigation is dan- gerous in the higheft degree. It was happy for our voyagers that they were ignorant of their perilous fituation ; for it muft have deeply affedl- ed them , to have known that a confiderablc part of the bottom of the vefifel was thinner than the fole of a (hoe, and that all their lives depended upon fo flight and fragile a barrier between them and the unfathomable ocean. The repair of the Endeavour was carried on very much to Mr. Cook's fatisfadlion. In juftice to the Dutch officers and workmen , he hath declared that , in his opinion , there is not a marine yard in the world , where a fhip can be laid with more convenience, fafety, and difpatch* or repaired with greater diligence and Ikill. He was particularly pleafed with the manner of heaving down by two mads , and gives it a decided preference to the method which had hitherto been pradlifed by the Englifh. The Lieutenant was not one of thofe on whom the bigotry could be charged of adhering to ol<;l cuftoms, in oppofition to the di^^ates of reafon and experience. '3 ' ■ 'i ■ ^ 1 \\t:>r M 'ti mg 204 THE LIFE OF C H A I'. II. J770. KDec. , S4. By the eighth of December, the Endeavour was perfedlly refitted. From that time to the twenty- fourth , our people were employed in completing her (lock of water , provifions , and ftores , in ereding fome new pumps , and in various other neceflary operations. All this bufinefs would have been effeded much fooner, if it had not been retarded by the general ficknefs of the men. In the afternoon of the twenty-fourth , our Commander took leave of the Governor of Batavia, and of feveral other gentlemen belonoring to the place , with whom he had formed con- nexions , and to whom he had been greatly obliged for their civilities and afliftance. In the mean while , an accident intervened , which might have been attended with difagreeable cffeds. A feaman , who had run away from one of the Dutch fliips in the road, entered on board the Endeavour. Upon his being reclaimed as a fubjecl of Holland , Mr. Cook , who was on fhore, declared, that, if the man appeared to be a Dutchman, he Ihould certainly be delivered up. When , however , the order was carried to Mr. Hicks , who commanded on board , he refufed to furrender the feaman, alleging, that he was a fubjedl of Great Britain , born in Ireland. In this condud Mr. Hicks aded in perfed conformity to the Lieutenant's intention and diredions. The captain of the Dutch velTel, in the next place, by a mefHige from the Governor Gene- ral, demanded the man as a fubjed of Denmark. no CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 205 Indeavour le to the ployed in ions , and , and in All this ;h fooner, al ficknefs nrth , our vernor of belonecing rmed con- en greatly re. In the d , which ifagreeable f from one i on board limed as a 10 was on speared to e delivered carried to 3oard , he g, that he in Ireland. in perfed ention and effel, in the jrnor Gene- - Denmark. To this "NTr. Cook replied, that there mufl be Chap. fome iT!i(l.;kc in the Genenil's men'ae:e , fince he II. would never demand oi him a Danifli feaman , 1770. whole oidy crime was that of preferring the Englifli to the Dutch fervicc. At the l:mie time the Lieutenant added, that to fliew the fincerity of his defire to avoid difputes, if the man was a Dane he fliould be delivered up as a courtefy ; but that if he appeared to be an Englifli fubjedl, he fhould be kept at all events. Soon after, a letter was brought from Mr. Hicks , containing indubitable proofs that the feaman in queflioa was a fubjedl of his Britannic majefty. This letter Mr. Cook fent to the Governor, with an aflurance to his Excellency that he would not part with the man on any terms. A condudl fo firm and decifive produced the defired effedl, no more being heard of the affair. In the evening of the twenty-fifth ," our Com- i? oec mander went on board, together with Mr. Banks and the reft of the gentlemen who had refided conftantly on fhore. The gentlemen , though confiderably better, were far from being perfedtly recovered. At this time, the fick perfons in the Ihip amounted to forty , and the reft of the company were in a very feeble condition. It was remarkable , that every individual had been ill excepting the fail- maker, who was an old man between- feventy and eighty years of age, and who was drunk every day , during the refidence of our people at Batavia. Three feamen, and Mr. Green's fervant, died, befides the fur- i?'» -I f\ i k 206 THE LIFE OF Chap. II. 1770. geon , Tupia, and Taycto. Tupia did not entirely fall a facrifice to the iinwholefomc , flagnant, and putrid air of the country. As he had been accullomed, from his birth > to fubiiO; chiefly upon vegetable food , and particularly on ripe fruit, he foon contradled the diforders which are incident to a fea life , and would probably have funk under them , before the voyage of the Englifli could have been completed, even if they had not been obliged to go to Batavia to refit their vefTel *. Our navigators did not ftay at this place without gaining an cxtenfive acquaintance with the produdions of the country, and the manners and cuftoms of the inhabitants* The information which was obtained on thefe heads is detailed at large in Dr. Hawkefworth's narrative, and will be found to conftitute a very valuable addi- tion to what was heretofore known upon the fubjecT:. On Thurfday the twenty-feventh of December, the Endeavour ftood out to fea; and on the fifth s January, of January, 1771, flie came to an anchor, under the fouih-eaft fide of Prince's ifland. The defign of this was to obtain a recruit of wood and water , and to procure fome refrefiiments for the fick , many of whom had become much worfe than they were when they left Batavia. As foon as the veffel was fecured , the Lieutenant , Mr. Banks, and Dr. Solander went on fliore. 27 TJSC. 1771. HaM'kefworth , iibi fupra, p. 704— .72 J, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 207 id not efomc , As he fubfift ally on ; which robably J of the if they to refit i place ce with Tia liners rmatioii Jetaiied e , and le addi- )on the cembcr, he fifth under defign od and for the worfe via. As tenant , Iliore , and were conduded, by fome Indians they metC n a p. with, to a perfon who was rcprtfented to be II. the king of the country. After exchanging a 1771. few compliments with his majefty, the gentlemen proceeded to bufinefs, but could not immediately come to a fettlement with him, in refped to the price of turtle. They were more fuccefsful in their fearch of a watering-place, having found water conveniently fituated, and which they had reafon to believe would prove good. As they were going off, fome of the natives fold them ^ three turtles, under a promife that the king fhould iiot be informed of the tranfadion. On the next day, a traffic was eflablifhed with the Indians, upon fuch terms as were offered by the Englilh ; fo that by night our people had plenty of turtle. The three which had been purchafed the evening before, were in the mean time dreffed for the fhip's company , who , ex- cepting on the preceding day , had not , for nearly the fpace of four months, been once ferved with fait provifions. Mr. Banks, in the evening^ paid his refpeds to the king at his palace, which was fituated in the middle of a rice field. His majefty was bufdy employed in drelTing his own fupper i but this did not prevent him from receiving his vifitant in a very gracious manner. During the following days , the commerce with the natives for provifions was continued; in the courfe of which they brought down to the trad- ing place, not only a quantity of turtle, but ^,! ■!■■ m \ }' -i m \\m K If! ii t i 1 m II 3oS THE LIFE OF II. 1771. II Jan. I?. Ir C H A P. fowls , fifli , monkics , fmall deer , and fome vegetables. On the evening of the eleventh, when Mr. Cook went on fliore to fee how thofe of his people condiidtcd their bufinefs who were em- ployed in wooding and watering , he was informed that an axe had been llolen. As it was a matter of confequcnce to prevent others from being encouraged to commit thefts of the like kind, he refolved not to pafs over the offence , but to infill upon redrefs from the king. Accordingly, after fome altercation, his majefty promifed that the axe fliould be reffcorcd in the morning, and the promife was fiiithfully performed. On the fifteenth, our Commander weighed, and ftood out for fea *. Prince's ifland, where he lay about ten days , was formerly much fre- quented by the India fliips of many nations , and efpecially thofe of England; but it had lately been forfaken, on account of ithe fuppofed bad- nefs of its water. This fuppofition, however, arofe from a want of duly examining the brook by which the water is fupplicd. It is , indeed , brackifti at the lower part of the brook, but higher up it will be found excellent. The Lieu- tenant, therefore, was clearly of opinion, that Prince's ifland is a more eligible place for Ihips * Java Head, from which the Lieutenant took his de- parture , lies in latitude 6° 49' fouth , and in longitude as 3' i»' weft, to deed , but Lieu- that ftiips his de- igitudc to CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. -J09 to touch at, than either at North Ifland or New C II A p. B.iv; from ncitlier of which places any confider- II. able quantity of other refrefliments can be pro- 1771/ cured. As the Endeavour proceeded on her voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, the feeds of difcafc, which had been received at Bafavia, appeared with the moO; threatening fyraptoms, and re- duced our navigators to a very melancholy fitnatipn. The ihip was, in fact, nothing better than an hofpical , in which thofe who could go about were not fufficient for a due attendance upon thofe who were Tick. Left the water which had been taken in at Prince's Ifland (hould have had any fliare in adding to the diforder of the men, the Lieutenant ordered it to be purified, with lime; and as a farther remedy againft infec- tion , he diredled all the parts of the veffel be- tween the decks to be waflied with vinegar. The malady had taken too deep root to be fpeedily eradicated. J\lr. Banks was reduced fo low by it, that for fome time there was no hope of his life; and fo fatal was the difeafe to many others, that almoft every night a dead body was com- mitted to the fea. There were buried, in about the courfe of fix weeks, Mr. Sporing, a gentle- man who was one of Mr. Banks's afliftants, Mr. Parkinfon, his natural hiftory painter, Mr. Green the aftronomer * , the boatfwain ,* the * Mr. Charles Green (the youngeft fon of Mr. Jofliu^ Green of Svvinton , iieax Rot^ierham , in Vorkfhire , a con* Vol. I, P (" m I il 2IO THE 1. 1 F H OF Chap, carpenter and bis mate , Mr. Monkhoulc the 11, midlhipman, another niidlliipman, the old jolly »77i- fiderable farmer , and a freeholder of the county ) was; born in the year 17 3 s- The piincipal part of his educa- tion he derived from his eldell brother, the Rev. John Green, late of Denmark Street, Soho. Mr. John Green was mafter of a fchool in that place , and , after fonic time , took in his brother Charles , as an alfiftant teacher. In this fituation , he made fuch a progrefs in aftronomical knowledge, that, in the latter end uf the year 1760, he became afliftant to Dr. Bradley , ac the Royal Obfer- vatory , at Greenwich. This was unon the occalion of Mr. Charles Mafon's having quitted that office , to go to the Cape of Good Hope , tor the purpot'e of obferving the tranfit of Venus, in 1761. With Dr. Bradley Mr. Green remained at the obfervatory , till the Dodor's death , which happened in 1762. Upon Mr .Blifs's appointment to the place 6f yVttronomer Royal , Mr. Green continued to be alliRant to that gentleman. As Mr. Rlifs's health was very precarious , and his refidence chiefly at Oxford , the principal care of the obfervations devolved on Mr. Green. Indeed , he was fo ufeful to Mr. Blifs, that when, in 1765 , in conjunc- tion with Dr. Mafkelyne, he was appointed by the Com- milfioners of the Board of Longitude to go to Barbadocs , to make obfervations for the trial of Mr, Harrifon's time- keeper , it was agreed that" a temporary affiftant only fhould be provided at Greenwich , till his return. Accord- ingly, he remained at the obfervatory till the death of Mr. Blifs, in Septembre , 1764, and the appointment of Dr. Mafkelyne , la the fpring following. After this , he was employed by a number of gentlemen , who had formed a fcheme of bringing water from fome part of the river Coin ,• below Uxbridge , to Marybone. But Mr. Green having proved , by his furvey , that there would be a deHciency of fall , if the water fliould be taken from the tail of the loweft mill in that iheam , and obiedions being raifcd , by the proprietors of thoie mills, to the water's C( M otj eel ml I' 3 r rfi' ; CAPTAIN JAMES COOK, sii Com- idocs , time- only ccord- th of ent oF he was mcd a river Green be a >m the is being Kvatcr's fail-maker and his afliftant, the fliip's cook, the corporal of the marines, two of the carpenter's being taken above them , the delign dropped. Air. Green's appointment , by the Royal Society , to ublerve , toijether with Lieutenant Cook, the traniit of Venus in 1769, having already been related in the courie of this v/ork , it is futiicient to add , that he fell a martyr to the unwhole- fome air of Batavia; for though he lived to quit that place , he died twelve days afterwards , of a dyfentery , on the 29th of January, 177 1. Mr. Green was tolerably well verfed in mofl branches of the mathematics , and had a tincture of various other fcicnces. Metaphyfical enquiries \\ere his favourite purfuits; and he was more fond of difplayiag his knowledge in this refped than was conducive to his advantage. Though he loved his friend much , he fometimcs fhewed that he loved his jeft better , by which he made himfelf enemies, lie was a mod excellent obferver. Of this Dr. Mafkelyne was fo well convinced , that , though they had difagrecd at Barbadoes, and were not afterwards on terms of friendfliip , the Dudor not only projKtfed him to the Royal Society , as the moll proper perfon '.c obferve the traniit of \enu^ , but fupported his intereft with great earncftnefs , againlt fome others of the Society , who wiflied to icnd out a; different perfon. The obfervations of Mr. Green which par- ticularly related to the traniit of Venus , were printed in conjundion with thofe of Lieutenant Cook, His remaining ones , which are pretty numeruus , are now preparing for publication, under the diredion of the Conunidioners of Longitude. Air. Green was engaged for a time , in con- cert with Dr. Scott , the prefcnt Redor of Simonbum , Mf. Falconer , the author of the Shipwreck , and fome other pcrfons , in writing a diCiionary of arts and fcien ces ; but he did not continue his alliftance througI\ more than half the work. Mr. Green , as a reward for his going to Barbadoes j had been appointed- purler of tht Au- P 2 ; H A r. U. 1771* ■' f iM 2ii T H E LIFE OK C H A P. crew, and nine feamen. In all, die lofs amounted 11, to three and twenty perfons, befides the feven jr77i. who died at Batavia *. It is probable that thtfe calamitous events , which could not fail of making a powerful impreflion on the mind of Lieutenant Cook, might give occafion to his turning his thoughts more zealoufly to thofe methods of preferving the health of feamen , which he afterwards purfued with fuch remark- able fuccefs. 1^ March On Friday the fifteenth of March, the En- deavour arrived oif the Cape of Good Hope ; and as foon as fhe was brought to an anchor , dur Commander waited upon the Governor, from whom he received alTurances that he fliould be furnilhed with every fupply which the country could afford. His firft care was to provide a proper place for the fick , whofe number was not finall ; and a hoiTe was fpeedily found, where it was agreed that iliey ihonid be lodged and bonrded at the ''ate of two Ihillings a day for e:ich ptrfon. Ill' rora frigute , which was afterwards made choice of to carry j\lr. Vaiilittiut, and the other Supcrvifbrs, out to India. Afi Mr. Green was then ubfent with fJcutcnant Cook, his old culiciiv.iie , I\lr. Falconer, applied to ihe Comminion- cjs oF die Navy , for Ica'e to oxliaat'e the Briftol , to wliich he belonged, for the Aurora. In conecp"^nce of this he was loft with her; and, probably, at no great diitance , cither of time or fpaco , from where the body of her quondam purfer , Mr. Giecn, was committed to ihe deep. [From the inlocmation of Mr. \C'ides. J ♦ IhiwKef>vorrh , ubi liipra , p. 707 — 77^% 779, 780. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 21^ sill carry iidh. , his Vion- to ;e of body id to ' » The run from Java Head to the Cape of Good C 11 !\ »». Hope did not furnifh many fubjeds of remark IT. that could be of any great ufe to future voyagers, i-j?!. _ Such obfervations, however, as occurred to him the Lieutenant has been careful to record, not being willing to omit the leafl- circumftance that may contribute to the fiifety ajpid facility of iiavigation. The Cape of Good Hope had been fo often defcribed before our people flopped there , thnt even if it had entered into my plan to give a particular account of the countries vifited by Mr. Cook, and of the manners of their inhabit- ants, I fliould have omitted what Dr. Hawkrf- worth hath related concerning the place. It is fufficient, therefore, to fay, that the Lieutenant, having lain at the Cape to recover the lick , to m Ainii. procure (lores, and to refit his vefTel , till the fourteenth of April, then ftood out of the Bay, and proceeded in his voyage homeward. In the =?♦ morning of the twenty-ninth, he crofTed his firft meridian , having circumnavigated the globe in i:he dirodlion from eafb to well. The confcquence of this was, that he had loll a day, an allowance for which had been made at Batavia. On the firft of May he arrived at St. Helena, where he i Ma*. flaid till the fourth to refrcni ; during which time Mr. Banks employed himfelf in making tiic complete circuit of the Ifland , and in viiiting the places mod worthy of obfervation. The manner in which fla\'es are defcribed as being treated in this ifland muft be mentioned V ; 'v<:!;;.- : ( . I !■ 1,:- A : i K ■1 I a. i J!'i ,, i 1, ii , 1 'jfi, 1 ' j ji L i ii 4 214 THE LIFE OF C ii A p. with indignation. According to our Commander's II repreientation , while every kind of labour is 1771, pcrlormed by them, they are not furnifhed either with horfes or with any of the various machines which art has invented to facilitate their tafk. Carts might conveniently be ufed in fome parts, and where the ground is too fleep for them, wheelbarrows mici^ht be employed to great advantage ; and yet there is not a wheelbarrow in the whole ifland. Though every thir.g which is conveyed from place to place is done by flaves alone, they have not the fimple con- venience of a porter's knot , but carry their burden upon their heads. They appeared to be a miferablc race, v/orn out by the united "'" '. tion of excedlve labour and ill ufage; and. IVIr. Cook was forry to obferve , and to fay , thiit inllanccs of wanton cruelty were much more frequent among his countrymen at St. Helena, than among th' Duxh , who aic generally reproached with want of humanity , both at Batavia and the Cape of Good Hope *. It is impollible for a fechng mind to avoid being concerned that fuch an account fliould be given of the rondu(fl of any who are entitled to the name ol Britons. The Lieutenant's reproof, if » juR, hath, it may be hoped, long before this "' reached the pLice , and produced fonie good eflccl f. If fiavcry , that difgrace to r"''-^ion, to * Tlawkefvorth , ubi (iipfri, p. 7R1 — 784., 794, 797. t Near the conclurK»a of Captain Cook's fecond voyage, there is tho rolloning fhoit norc. '' In the accounf, given *•' of St. Helena, in the nairativc of my former voyugc , n @ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. .^15 I 1771. 4 May. 10. humanity, and, I will add, to found policy, Chap. muft ftill be continued, every thing ought to II. be done which can tend to foftcii ns horrors. When our Commander departed from St. He- lena, on the fourth, it was in company with the Portland man of wir , and twelve Indiamen. AV'ith this fleet he continued to fail till the tenth , when perceiving that the Endeavour proceeded much more heavily than any of the other vclfels, and that file was not likely to get home fo foon as the reft, he made a fignal to fpeak with the Portland. Upon this Captain Elliot himfelf came on board, and Mr. Cook delivered to him the common log-books of his fliip, and the journals of fome of the oilicers. The Endeavour , however , kept in company with the fleet till the morning of the twenty- third, at which time there was not a fmgle veffel ill fight. On that day died Mr. Hicks, and in the evening his body was committed to the fea, with the ufual ceremonies. Mr. Charles Clerkc , a young man extremely well qualified for the llatioii, and whofe name will hereafter frequently occur, received an order from Mr. Cook to acl as Lieutenant in Mr. liicks's room. " I find fonie niillakes. Irs inhabitants arc far f'oni excr- ^' ciOng a waiiLon cruelty over their Have? ; and they have '" had wheel-carriages and porters knots for niany years. " L vol. ii. p. 270, J This note 1 iurcrt with plcalure. Nevcrthelcfs , 1 cannot think that the Lieutenant could Iiive given fo ftrong a reprefentution ot" things, if, at the time in which it was written , it had been wholly wkiiout foundation. P J. 2l6 THE LIFE OF II I J Chap. II. 10 Jiinet u. I:. The rigging and fails of the fhip were Iiow become fo bad, that fomcthing was <:ontinually giving way. Neverthelefs , our Commander pui- fiied his courfe in fafety ; and on the tenth of June, land, which proved to be the Lizard, was difcovered by Nicholas Young, the boy who had firft feen New Zealand. On the eleventh, the Lieutenant ran up the channel. At fix the next morning he pafTcd Beachy Head ; and in the afternoon of the fame day he came to an anchor in the Downs, and went on fliore at Deal*. Thus ended Mr.* Cook's firft voyage round the d, in which he had gone through fo many u.ngcrs, explored fo many countries, and exhibited the ftrongeft proofs of his polfeffing an eminently fagacious and ad;ive mind ; a mind that was equal to every perilous enterprize, and to the boldeft and moft fuccefsful efforts of naviua- tion and difcovery. Hawkefworth, ubi fupra, p. 798 » 799. I !•' i! CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 217 CHAPTER THE THIRD. 7"/" Hiftory of Captain Cook's Lifj^ from the End of his firji , to the Commtnccmeat of his jccond Voyacjc round the IVvnd. HE manner in which Lieutenant Cook hid Chap. T performed his circumnavigation of the globe , 111.^ juftiy entitled him to the proteclion of Govern- ill^' ment> and the favour of his Spvereign. Accord- ingly , he was promoted to be a Commander in his Majefty's navy, by commiflion bearing date on the twenty-ninth of Auguft , 1771* I\lr. aj Auguft. Cook , on this occafion , from a certain confci- oufnefs of his own merit, wiflied to have been appointed a Pofl Captain. But the Earl of Sand- wich, who was now at the head of the Admi- ralty Board , though he had the greateR regard for our navigator , could not concede to his requeft, becaufe a compliance with it would have been inconfiftent with the order of the naval ferv^ice. The difference was in point of rank only, and not of advantage. A Commander has the fame pay a^ a Poft Captain , and his authority is the fame when he is in adual employment, The diftindion is a neceffary ftep in the progress to the higher honoursi of the profcfTion t* * From the books of the Admiralty. t Ftom the information of the Right llonourable thcj Earl of Sandwich, ¥■- w 11 \ '^i8 THE LIFE OF C H A I'. 111. ! .1* 1772- ii May. It cannot be doubted, but that the Prefidcn and Council of the Royal Society were highly fatisfied with the manner in which the tranfit of Venus had been obfervcd. The papei^s oF Mr- Cook and Mr. Green, relative to this fubjedl, were put into the hands of the Aftronomer Royal, to be by him digefted, and that he might deduce from them the important confequences to fcicncc which refulted from the obfervation. This was done by him with an accuracy and ability becoming his high knowledge and charader. On the twenty -firft of May, 1772, Captain Cook communicated to the Royal Society, in a letter addreffed to Dr. Ma(kelyne, an "account of the " flowing of the tides in the South Sea , as ob- " ferved on board His Majefty's bark, the En- " deavour *. " The reputation our navigator had acquired by his late voyage was defervedly great ;°and the defire of the public to be acquainted with the new fcenes and new objects which were now brought to light, was ardently excite'.. It is not furprizing, therefore, that different atcempts were made to fatisfy the genetal curiofity. There foon appeared a publication , entitled , " a Journal of a " Voyage round the World." This was the produc- tion of fomeperfon who had been upon the expedi- tion; and, though his account was dry and im- perfed, it ferved , in a certain degree, to relieve the c:igernefs of enquiry. The journal of Sydney * rhilofophicul TiaaUiclions , vol. biii. p. 5^7, 558« ovel in to Zca con: lis nor fom( had 'refidcn highly anfit of of Mr- fubjed , r Royal, ; deduce ) fcicncc I. This 1 ability der. On in Cook 1 a letter It of the , , as ob- the En- acquired eat;''and with the re now It is not pts were lerc foon nal of a e produc- exped;- and im- to relieve f Sydney jr le CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 219 Parkinfon , draughtfman to Sir Jofeph Banks , to C 11 A ?. whom it belonged by ample purchafe , was like- III. wife printed, from a copy furreptitioully obtain- ed ; but an injunction from the Court of Chance- ry for fome time prevented its appearance. This work , though diflioneftly given to the world , was recommended by its plates. But it* was Dr. Hawkefworth's account of Lieutenant Cook's voyage which completely gratified the public curiofity. This account , which was writ- - ten by authority, was drawn up from the journal of the Lieutenant, and the papers of Sir Jofeph Banks; and, befides the merit of the compofition, derived an extraordinary advantage from the number and excellence of its charts and engrav- ings , which were furniflied at the expcncc of Government. The large price given by the book- fellers for this work, and the avidity with which it was read, difplayed, in the ftrongeft light , the anxiety of the nation to be fully informed in every thing that belonged to the late naviga- tion and difcoveries. Captain Cook, during his voyage, had failed over the Pacific Ocean in many of thofe latitudes in which a fouthern continent had been expeded 10 lie. He had afcertained that neither New Zealand nor New Holland were parts of fuch a continent. But the general queftion concerning Its exiftence had not been determined by him, nor did he go out for that purpofe, though fome of the rcafons on \vhich the notion of it had been adopt^^d v/crc difpelled in the courfe m W 2 20 THE LIFE OF i i 1 C H A P. of his navigation. It is well known bow fondly III. the idea of a Terra Auflralis inconniia had for nearly two centuries been entertained. IVlany plaufible philofophical arguments had been urged in its fupport , and many fads alle<3:cd in its favour. The writer of this narrative fully remeni- bers how much his imagination was captivated , "ill the more early part of his life , with the hypothefis of a fouthern continent. He has often dwelt upon it with rapUire , and been highly delighted with the authors who contended for its exiftence, and difplayed the mighty confequen- ces which would refult from its being difcovered. Though his knowledge was infinitely exceeded by that of fome able men who had paid a particular attention to the fubjedl, he did not come behind thera in the languincnefs of his hopes and expeda- tion. Every thing however , which relates to fci- encc mufl be feparated from fancy, and bi ought to the teft of experiment: and here was an experiment richly deferving to be tried. The objed, indeed, was of peculiar magnitude , and worthy to be purfued by a great prince, and a great nation. Hiippily , the period was arrived in Britain for the execution of the moft important fcientific dcligns. A regard to matters of this kind, though fo honourable to crowned heads, had heretofore' been too much negleded even by fome of the bcfi; of our princes. Our prefent Sovereign had already diflinguilhed his reign by his patronage of fcience and literature ; but the beginnings ^vhich had hitherto been made were only the : |i & CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 221 fondly ad for Many I urged in its re mem- ivated , ith the IS often highly dcd for ifequen- overed. cded by irticuiar ; behind 2xpeda- s to fci- mght to criment indeed, to be ation. tain for cientific though retoforc ' of the gn had tronage spinnings nly the pledges of future munificence. With refpedl to Chap, the objedl now in view , the gracious difpofition* m. of His JVlajefty were ardently feconded by the noble Lord who had been placed at the head of the Board of Admiralty. The Earl of Sand- wich was polfeffed of a mind which was capable of comprehending and encouraging the moft enlarged views and fchemes with regard to navi- gation anfl difcovery. Accordingly , it was by his particular recommendation that a refolution was formed for the appointment of an expedition, finally to determine the queftion concerning the exJdencc of a fouthern continent *. Quiros fcems to have been the firfl; perfon who had any idea that fuch a continent cxifted , and he was the firfl that was fent out for the fole purpofe of afcertaining the fad. He did not fncceed in the attempt; and the attempts of various navigators, down to the prefcnt century , were equally unfuccefsful *. When the defign of accomplifliing this great objedl was refolved upon , it did not admit of any hefitation by whom it was to be carried into execution. No perfon was efteemed equally qualified with Captain Cook , for conducing * Mr. Daliymple had renewed the attention of the public to this objert by his hiftoriccil collection , in two volumes , quaiiq , of the feveral voyages and difcovei ies in tiif South Pacific Ocean. The firlt volume appesieJ in 1770, and the lecond in 1771. * Intfodudion to the Voyage to\\'ar4 the South Pole, and louiid the \('orld , p. xi. *\(. li 4 . .\ I i3 222 THE LIFE OF C H A r. an cnterprize tlie view of which was to give £IT. the utmoft pofllble extent to the geography of 1 77 1. the globe , and the knowledge of navigation. For tiie greater advantage of the underi;iking, it was determined that two iLips fliould be employed; and much attention was paid to the choice of them, and to their equipment for the fcrvice. After mature deliberation by the Nn\y Board , during which particular regard was had to the Captain's wifdom and experience , it was agreed , that no veffels were fo proper for dif- coveries in diftant unknown parts, as thofc which were conftrudled like the Endiivour. This opi- nioii concurring with that of the Earl of Sand- wich , the Admiralty came to a refolution , that two fhips fliould be provided of a fimilar con- llrudion. Accordingly , two vefiVIs , both o{ which had been built at Whitby, by the fame perfon who built the Endeavour, were purchnfcd of Captain AV^illiam Hammond , of Hull. They were about fourteen or fixteen months old at the time when they were bought , and , in Captain Cook's judgment , were as well adapted to the intended fervice as if they had been ex- prefsly conftruded for that purpofe. The largell of the two , which confifted of four hundred and fixty two tons burthen , was named the Refolution. To the other , which was three hundred and thirty-fix tons burthen , was given the name of the Adventure. On the twenty- s3 Nov. eighth of November, 177J , Captain Cook was appointed to the command of the foinv.T; and, HI CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 24: o give ipliy of igiition. >uld be to the for the e Nn\y »va<; had it wiis for dif- 'e which his opi- jf Sand- in , that lar con- both of he fame irchafcd They old at nd , ill idapted eon ex- hirgefl undrcd med the three IS given wenty- )ok was r ; and , about the fame time, Mr. Tobias Furneaux was C » a promoted to the command of the latter. The 111. complement of the Rcfolution , including officers 1771. and men, was fixed at a hundred and twelve pcrfons; and that of the Adventure, at eighty- one. In the equipment of thefe fliips , every circumlfaiice was attended to that could contri- bute to the comfort and fuccefs of the voyage. They were fitted in the moft complete manner, and fupplied with every extraordinary article which was fuggefted to be necelTary or ufeful. Lord Sandwich , whofe zeal was indefatigable upon this occafion , vifited the veffels from ti.mc to time, to be afTured that the whole equipment was agreeable to his wiflies, and to the Hitis- fadion of thofe who were to engage in the expedition. Nor were the Navy and Vidualling Boards wanting in procuring for the fliips the very beft of ftores and provifions , with fome alterations in the fpecies of then. , that were adapted to the nature of the enterprize ; befides which , there was an ample fupply of antifcor- butic articles, fuch as malt, four krout , fahcd cabbage, portable broth , faloup, multard , m.ir- malade of carrots , and infpiffated juice of wort and beer. No lefs attention was paid to the caufe of fcience in general. The Admiralty engaged I\lr, William Hodges, an excellent landfcape painter, to embark in the voyage , in order to make drav/ings and paintings of luch objeds as could not fo well be comprehended from writieu p. 224 T U \i LI F H O F V i 17TI. C K A i\ (IciCiiption.s. Mr. John ReJnhoId Forfler and his TIT. Ton were fixed upon to explore and coJIcd the natural hiftory ot tlie countries which mieht be vifitcd , and an air.pic fum was granted by par- li.nnen:: for the purpofc. That nothing might be wanting to accompli Pn the fcientific views of the expedition, the Board of Longitude agi'ecd with IVlr. AV'illiam Wales and Mr. W^iJham Bavlev , to make aftronomicnl ol^fervations. Mr. Wales was Rationed in the Refolution , and Mr. Baylcy in the Adventure. By the fame Board they were furnillied with the beft of inftruments, an(i particularly with four time-pieces , three conftruded by ]\Ir. Arnold , and one by Mv. Iwendul on Mr. Harrifon's prini iples *. Though Captain Cook had been appointed to the command of the Refolution on the twenty- eighth of November, 1771, fuch were • pre- parations ncceflary for fo long and im[ nt a voyage, and the impediments which occafionally and unavoidably occurred , that the fhip did not fail from Deptford till the ninth of April follow- ing , nor did flie leave long Reach till the tenth 10 May. of May. In plying down the rivCr, it wi>s found neceffary to put into Sheernefs , in order to make fome alterations m her upper works. Thefe the officers of the yard were directed immediately to take in hand ; and Lord Sandwich and Sir Hugh Pallifer came down to fee them executed in the moft elfedual manner. The fhip being 28 N'iiv. irra. ■9 April * Gcnenil Introduction, ubi fupra, p. xxiii--xxxv. again CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. .1^ - ""0 not una lake the lately Sir ing lain agniii completed f )r fea by the twenty-fccond C ii a r. of June, Captain Cook on that day failed from 111. Shecrnefs, and, on the third of July, joined the 1772. Adventure in Plymouth Sound. Lord Sandwich, := .'unc. in iiis return from a vifit to the dock-yards, 3"'"'y- having met the Refolution on the preceding evening, his Lordfliip and Sir Hugh Pailifer gave the lall mark of their great attention to the objefl of the voyage, by coming on board, to affurc themfelves that every thing was done which was agreeable to our Commander's wifiies,. and that his vefrd was equipped entirely to his fatisfadlion. At Plymouth Captain Cook received his in- flructions; with regard to which, without enter- ing into a minute detail of them , it is fufficient to fay, that he was fent out upon the moft en- larged plan of djfcovery that is known in the liiltory of navigation. He was inftrucled not only to circumnavigate the whole globe, but to circumnav^igate it in high fouthern latitudes, making fuch traverfes , from time to time , into every corner of the Pacilic Ocean not before examined, as might finally and effectually re- f')!ve the much agitated queftion about the ex- iftence of a fouthern continent, in any part of the fouthern hemifphere to which accefs could be had by the efforts of the boldeft and moft Ikilful navigators * * Cook's Voyage tov/ards the South Pole, and round the World , p. i , 2. — Incroduclion to the Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, p. xix. Vol. I. Q ■ } Chap. IV. 1772. ij Jiiiy. i iiUg. TO. 14. 62.6 THE LIFE OF CHAPTER THE FOURTH The Hijiorr/ of Captain Cook's Lift dutinr/ hii fccond Vouai/c round the World. V^N the dilrtccnth of July, Captain Cook fiiled irom Plymouth, a.id on the twenty-ninth of the f.uiiie month, anchored in FunchiaiC Road, in the iHand of IV'ladcira. Having obtained a fupnly >{ Wiiter, wine, and other necefTaries ?.t that ifiand, lie k: t it on the firfb of AuguR , and failed to the fouthward. As he proceeded in his voyage, lie inade three pun cdicons of beer of the infpiflated juice of malt; raid the liquor produced was ve^y briff-: and !rinkabie. The heat of the ,vcather, iwA the agitation of the fliip, had hi-'-herto with- flcod all the endeavours of our people tJ prevent this juice from oeing in a high Itate oF fermenta- tion. If it could be kept from fermenting , it would be a moll valuable article at fca. The Captain having found that his flock of \vater would not lafl to 'he Cape of Good Hope, without putting his men to a fcanty allowance, rcfolved to flop at St. Jago , one of the Cape de Vcrd iflai.us, for a fupnly. At Port Pra)'a. in this iOand , he anchored on the tenth of Augufl:, and by the founeenth had completed his water, and procurec! fome other rcfreihments ; upon wluch he fet fail , and profccuted his courfe. \\: CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 327 •I ccom [liled )f tlif" n the ^\y >i fland, ed to y^^ge , ifiated > vc^y atlicv , w'lth- cvcnt nenta- io- It )ck of Hope, ancG , e de ill water, npoii ap{ 177- 20 All''. embraced the occafion , wliich hi> touching at St. C H a p. Jago afforded him, of giving fuch a dchncatioti IV. and defcriptioa of Port Praya, and of the fup- plics there to be obtained, as might be of fer\ ice to future naviQ:ators. On the twentieth of the month, the rain pour- ed down upon our voyagers, not in drops, but in flreams; and the wind, at the fame time, being variable and rough , the people were obliged to a'.tcnd fo coiiftantly upon the decks, that few of them efcaped beijig completely foaked. This circumftance is mentioned to fliew the method that was taken by Captain Cook to preferve hi* men from the evil coiifequences of the wet to which they had been expofed. He had every thing to ^C2r fro:Ti the rain, which is a great promoter of ficknefs in hot climates, But to guard againfl this eH^dl , he purfued fome hints that had been fuggefled to him by Sir Hugh Pal- lifer and Captain Campbell, and took care that the fiiip fliould be aired and dried with fires aiade between the decks , and that the damp places of the veiTel fliould be fmoked ; befids which, the people were oiJcicd to air their bedding, and to waOi and thy their clothes, whenever there was an opportunit)'. The rtfult of th(fe precautions wa-^, that there was not one fick perfon on board the Ref{*lution, Captain Cook, on the eighth fif September, croifed the Inie in the longitude* of 8' weR, and proceed "d, without meeting any thing remaik- able, till the elevenih of October, when at 6-^ ^^ £r. K « Ml; I " S28 THE LIFE OF " fc iii i 4' L'h'a p. 24*" 12% by Mr. Kendal's watch, the moon rofc IV. about four digits eclipfed , fooii alter which the 1773. gentlemen prepared to obferve the end of the eclipfc. The obfc'rvers were , the Captain him- fdf, and IVlr. Forfter , Air. Wales, Mr. Pickerf- gill, Mr. Gilbert, and Mr. Harvey. Our Commander had been informed, before he left England that, he failed at an improper fea;bn of the year , and that he fliould meet with much calm weather, near and under the line. But though fuch weather may happen in fome years, it is not always, or even generally, to be expedled. So far was it from being the cafe with Captain Cook, that he had a bri(l< fonth- weft wind in thofe very latitudes where the calms had been predided : nor was he expofed to any of the tornadoes, which are fo much fpok- 23 oaober. en of by other navigators. On the twenty- ninth of the month , between eicrht and nine o'clock at night, when our voyagers were near the Cape of Good Hope, the whole fea , within the compafs of their light, became at once , as it were, illuminated. The Captain had been formerly convinced , by Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander , that fuch appearances in the ocean were occafioned by infedls. Air. Forfter, how- ever , feemed difpofed to adopt a different opini- on. To determine the queftion, our Commander ordered fome buckets of water to be drawn up from along - fide the fliip , which were found full of an innumerable quantity of fmall globular 9 infed-:, about the fize of '4. common pin's head, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 229 and quite tranfparent. Though no life was per- Chap. ceived in them , there could be no doubt of IV. their being living animals, when in their own 1772. proper element; and IVlr. Forfter became now well fatislied that they were the caufe of the fea's illumination *. On the thirtieth , the Refolution and Adven- 5a lure anchored in Table Bay; foon after which Captain Cook went on fliore, and, accompanied by Captain Furneaux, and the two Mr. Forfters, waited on Baron Plettenberg , the Governor oF the Cape of Good Hope , who received the gentlemen with great politenefs , and promifed them every alTillance the place could afford. From him our Commander learned that two French fliips from the Mauritius, abou' eight months before, had difcovered land, in the lati- tude of 4S° fouth , along- which they failed forty miles, till they came to a bay, into which they were upoii the point of entering, v/hen they were c'liven oft' and feparated in a hard -zale of wind. Previouny to this 'ni- fortune, thev had loll fome of their boats and people, that had been fent to found the bay. Captain Cook was alfo informed by Baron Plettenberg, th;it in the month of March, two other French fliips from the ifland of IVlauritius, had touched at the Ci.pe in their way to the South Paciiic O' an ; where they were going to make difcoverics , under the command of M. IMarion. * Cook's Voyapc, ubi fupra , p. ^ — !<;, Voj;!ge round the \\orld, Vol. 1. p. 54-57. — I VS ili F:J T «D^ T H L I r E O F C II A I'. IV. 1 " ~ ' S2 XOV. Z9 Dec From tl^e healthy conclkion of the crews bntli of the Rcfolution and Adventure , it Ava^ ima- <^ined by the Captain that his flay at the Cape v.ould be very fl]ort. But the neceflity of wait- ii)'^ till the requifitc proN'iiions could be pre- pared and coUeded , kept him more than three Nve.'ks at this place ; which time was improved by him in ordcriini; both the fliips to be caulked and painted, and in taking care that, in every rcfpcd;, their condition iliould be as good as when they left Knghmd. On the twenty-fecond ol November, our Com- mander failed from the Cape of Good Hope, and proceeded on his voyage, in fearch of a fouth- ern continent. Having gotten clear of the land , lie direclcd hiscourfe for Cape Circumcifion; and judging n-;at cold weather would foon approach, he ordered flop.j; to be for\'ed to fuch of the peo- ple as were in want of them , and gave to each rr.an the fear-nought jacket and trowfers allowed by the Admiralty. Op *';.c twenty - ninth , the wind, Vv'hich was well -north -well , increafed to a ftorm , tl^nt continued, with feme few in- tervals of moderate weather, till the fixth of December*. By this gale, which was attended with hail and rain, and \\ hich blew at times with fuch vioiei-'ce tliat the fiiij)s could carry no fails, our \'oyagers were dii\en l;;r to the erid- ward of tl:en- intended courfe , and no hopes * The. fliips \\'r\(i now in the l:itit;uu€ of 4.8* 41^ fouth, iind longitude mR. ; !l CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 231 were left to the Captain of reaching Cape Circum- C h a p. cifion. A fliil greater misfortune was the lofs IV. of the principal part of the livt (lock on board, 1772. confifting of flieep , hogs , and geefe. At the hmQ time, the fudden tranfition from warm, mild weather, to weather which was extremely cold and wet, was fo feverely felt by our people, that it was necefliiry to make fome addition to their allowance of fp.'rits, by giving each of them a dram on particular occafions. Our navigators, on the tenth of December, 10 Den began to meet with iflands of ice f. One of thefe iflands was fo much concealed from them by the hazinefs of the weather, accompanied with fnow and fleet, that they were fleering cliredly towards it, and did not fee it till it was at a Ifcfs diftance than that of a mile. Captain Cook judged it to be about fifty feet high, and half a mile in circuit. It was fiat at the top , and its fides rofe in a perpendicular diredion, againit which the fea broke to a great height. The weather continuing to be hazy, the Captain, on account of the ice iflarnds , was obUged to proceed with the utmoft; caution. Six of tlii'm 2. were paffed on the twelfth , fome of which were nearly two miles in circuit, and fixty fi^et hi-h : neverthelefs, fuch were the force and height of the waves, that the fea broke quite over thcm- H'wnice was exhibited a view that for a few mo- t They were then in' the latifudc of ^o" 40' fouth arj lonijlcude z^ o' eall of the Ciipc of Good H(»pe. '2 4 - ; M III 'M! '5232 THE LIFE OF I r •it C H A P. moments was pleafing to the eye ; but the ploa- ]V. fnre was foon rwallowcd np in the horror which 177Z. feized upon thc*miiid, from the profped; of dan- ger. For if a fliip fliould be fo unfortunate as to get on the weather Tide of one of thefe iflands, file would be dajQied to pieces in a moment. T4 Dec. Theveflels, on the fourteenth, were flopped by an immenfe field of low ice , to which no end could be fcen , either to the eall, weft, or fouth. In ditferent parts of this field , were iflands or hills of ice, like thofe which our voy- agers had found floating in the fc? , and twenty , of which had prefented themfelvcs to view the day before. Some of the people on board imagin- ed tliat they faw land over the ice , and Captain Cook himfclf at firft entertained the fame fenti- nient. But upon more narrowly examining thefe ice hills, and the various appearances they made when feen through the haze, he was induced to i«. change his opinion. On the eighteenth, though in the morning our navigators had been quite imbaycd , they were , notwithffcanding, at length enabled to get clear* of the field of ice. They were , however , at the fame time , carried in among the ice iflands , which perpetually fuc- ceeded one another; which were almoft equally dangerous ; and the avoiding of which was a matter of the greateft difficulty. But perilous as it is to fail in a thick fog, among thefe floating locks, as our Commander properly called them; this is preferable to the being entangled with immenfe fields of ice under the fame circumll^mces. I: II i: CAPTAIN JAMES COOK, sjj a I as hg Ith In this latter cafe the great danger to be appre- Chap. licnded, is the getting faft in the ice ; a fituation IV. \vhich would be alarming in the higheft degree *. 1772. It had been a generally receiv^ed opinion, that fuch ice as hath now been dcfcribed , is formed in bays and rivers. Agreeably to this fuppofition, our voyagers were led to believe that land was not far diilant, and th'^t it lay to the fouthward behind the ice. As , therefore , they had failed above thirty leagues along the edge of the ice, ^vithout finding a pafTage to the fouth , Captain Cook determined to run thirty or forty leagues to the eaft , and afterwards to endeavour to get to the fouthward. If in this attempt he met with no land or other impediment , his defigii was to flretch behind the ice, and thus to bring the matter to a decifion. The weather, at this time , affeded the fenfes with a feeling of cold much greater than that which was pointed out by the thermometer t , fo that the whole crew complained. In order the better to enable them to fuflain the feverity of the cold , the Captain directed the fleeves of their jackets to be length- ened with baize, and had a cap made for each man of the fame ftuff , ftrenethened with canvafs. Thefe precautions greatly contributed to their comfort and advantage. It is worthy^ of obferva- tion, that although the weather was as fliarp, on ■^ Cook' , ubi fupra , p. i^ — 37 Our people were now in latitude 5s° 8', and in longitude 24* \' . t ^^ was from 30 to 34. ':r m ,1 i *■''■£( , !' nl It' i% Chap. IV. 17-2. 2y. 3t. 234 THE LIFE OF the twenty-fifth of December, as might have been expeded , in the fiime month of the year, in any pnrt of fingland, this was the middle of Inmmer with our navigators. Some of the people now appearing to have fymptoms of the fcurvy, frelh wort was given them every day , prepared , under the diredlon of the fnrgcons , from the malt which had been provided for the piirpofo. By the twenty- ninth , it became fuiTiciently afccrtained, from the courfe our Commander had purfucd, that the field of ice, along which the Hiips had failed , did not join to any land, as had been conieclured *. At this time Caotain •J a. Cook came to a refolntion , providea he met with no impediment, to run as far well js the meridian of Cape Circumcificn. While he was profecuting this defign , a gale arofe , on the thirty-firft, which brought with it fuch a fea as rendered it very dangerous for the veffels to remain among the ice i\d the danger was increafed by difcovering an immenfe field to the north, which extended ^^.rther than the eye could reach. As our voyagers were not above two or three miles from this field, and were furrounded by loofe ice , there was no time to deliberate. They hauled to the fouth : and though they happily got clear , it was not till the fiiips had received fcvjeral hard knocks from the loofe I I i * Our peo])le were now in the latitude of 59° ic^, and in lotijjitiide 19° 1' eaft; which was three more to the wcH tiian ^^•hcn they iirft fell in with tiic lield ice. 9 34^ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. V6 ; been n any immer e now , freih javcd , m the •pofc. cicntly ler had ch the \nd, as I^antain ne met as the he was on the 1 fea as flels to er was to the e could two or ounded iberate. they IPS had loofe o / ■S9 I- ' more to Id i-^e. 177?. 1 Jan. pieces, which were of the largefi. kind. Oniriday C H A p. the fiiTt of Jatuiary, 1773, the gale abated; ?iv(\, IV. on the next day in the afternoon, our pot)jJe had the felicity of enjoying the fight of the moon, th.c face of which had been fecn by tbesn but once fince tlicy had departed from the C'ape' of Good Hope. Hence a judgment may be formed of tlie fort of weather they had been expofed to , from the time of their leaving that place. The prefent opportunity was eagerly I'eized , for m.^king feveral obfervations of the fun and moon '^. Captain C'ook was now nearly in the fame longitude whkh is aftlgned to Cape Circum- cifion, and about ninety-five leagues to the fouth of the latitude in which it is faid to lie. At the fame time, the weather was fo clear, that land might have been feen at the diftance oF fourteen or fifteen Icaeues. He concluded it, therefore, to be very probable , that what Bouvet took for land was nothing but mountains of ice , Ibr- roundcd by loofe or field ice. Our prefent navi- gators had naturally been led into a fimilar mif- take. The conjedure, that fuch ice as had lately been fe -vas joined to land , was a very plau- fible 01. , ..lOUgh not founded on fad. Upon the whole , there was good reafon to believe , that no land was to be met with , under this * Tl-.e lonf'Jtude deduced from thefe Gbf^'Tations was 9' J4.' 30" cull — The latitude was 58* 53' 30'^ fouth. f!' i .||- m M ■T?Si mi ti' 2^6 THE LIFE OF Chap, meridian , between the latitude of fifty -five and ]V. Jifty-nine, where fome had been fuppofcd to 177}. exift. Amidfl the obRiudions Captain Cook was cxpofed to , frotn the ice iilands which perpetu- ally fncceeded each other, he derived one advan- tage from them, and thT frefli X away , rather herwife Ad ever y fweet ;nguin?, ly feen. 311, that that the vicinity, at leafl: iced by Captain , when the ice whole out the Captain , to p er- as the I ere was md prac- ken this redly in 1 Feb. fearch of the land which had lately been difco- Chap. vered by the French; and as, in pnrfuing his IV. pLirpofe , the weather was clear at intervals, he 1775. fpread the fliips a-breail four miles from each other, in order the better to inveftigate any thing that might lie in their way. On the firft of Fe- bruary , our voyagers were in the latitude of 48° 3J''. fouth , and in longitude 58° 7' eafi; , nearly in the meridian of the idand of St. Mauritius. This was the fituation in which the land faid to have been difcovercd by the French was to be ex- peded ; but as no figns of it had appeared our Com- mander bore away to the eafl. Captain Furneaux , on the fame day, informed Captain Cook that he had jufl feen a large float of fea or rock weed , and aboutitfcveralof the birds called divers. Thcfe were certain figns of the vicinity of land, though whether it lay to the eart or weft could not polBbly be known. Our Commander, therefore, formed the defign of proceeding in his prefent latitude four or five degrees of longitude to the weft of the meridian he was now in , and then to purfue his refearchcs eaftvvard. The weft and north-weft winds , which had continued for fomc days, prevented him from carrying this purpofe into execution. However , he was convinced , from the perpetual high fea he had lately met with, that there could be no great extent of land to the weft. While Captain Cook, on the next day, was ftcering eaftward*, Captain Furneaux told him * He was now in the latitude of 49* 1%' fouth. Feb. ^^m- m f ^!t !^t 238 THE LIFE OF r I C II A P. that he thought the land was to the noi th-uvPt IV. of ihcm; as he had, at one time, obrcrvcd the 1 77 J. f':a to be fmooth wiicn the wind blow in tluit: direction. 1 his obfcrvation was by no means conformable to the remarks which had been made by our Cominander himfelf. Nevcrthelefs, fuch was his readinefs to attend to every fuggeftion , that he rclblx cd to clear up the psint, if the wind would admit of his getting to the wed in any reafonable time. The wind, by veering to the north, did admit of his puraiing the fearch ; and the rcfuit of it was, his conviction that if any land was near, it could only be an ifland of no confidcrable extent. Captain Cook and his phdofophica! friends , while tliey were traverfing this part of tliefouih- ern ocean , paid particular attention to the ^'ariation of the compaf^, which they found to be from 27° 50', to 30" -26' welt. Probably the mean of the two extremes, viz. 29° V, was the uearefl the truth , as it coincided v/ith the varia tion obf.-rved on board the Adventure. One unaccountable circumftance is worthy of notice , though it did not now occur for the lull time. It is, that when the fun was on the ftarboard of the Iliip , the variation was the leall ; and when on the larboard fide, the greateft. Veto. On the eighth, our Commander, in confe- quence of no fignals having been anfwcrcd bv the Adventure , had reafon to apprehend that a reparation had taken place. After waiting two days, during NV'hich guns were kept difchargirg, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 239 (:,1 and falfe fires were burnt in the night, the facfi: C n a p ly the 'as the VLiria One lotice , time. ird o{ when confe- red bv that a IV. was conlirmed; fo that the Refolution was obhged to proceed alone in her voyage. As ilie purfucd her courfe, penguins and other birds, from time to time, appeared in great numbers; the meeting with wliich gave our navigators fome hopes of finding hind , and occafioned various fpeculations with regard to its fituation. Experience , how- ever , convinced them that no flrefs was to be ]aid on fuch hopcj. They were fo often deceived, that they could no longer look upon any of the oceanic birds, which frequent high latitudes, as fnre figns of the vicinity of land. In the morning of the feventeenth, between 17 Feb midnight and three o'clock , lights were feen in the heavens, fimilar to thofe which are known in the northern hemifphere, by the name of the Aurora Boreal is. Captain Cook had never heard that an Aurora Auftralis had been feen before. T he officer of the watch obferved that it fome- times broke out in fpiral rays, and in a circular form; at which time its light was very ftrong , and its appearance beautiful. It was not perceived to have any particular diredion. On the contrary at various times , it was confpicuous in different parts of the heavens , and diffufed its light throughout the whole atmofphere. On the twentieth , our navigators imagined -'' that they faw land to the fouth-weft. Their conviciion of its real exiilence was fo fl:rong , that they had no doubt of the matter ; and accord- ingly they endeavoured to work up to it, in I i itt ^M >.,i!.l tr^ 24^ THE LIFE OF 'i '■ i| \ : l«j 1773. 23 Feb. C H A P. doing which the weather was favourable to IV. their purjjofe. However , what had been taken for hind proved only to be clouds, that in the evening entire!/ difappeared, and left a clear horizon , in which nothing could be difcerned but ice iflands. At nio^ht the Aurora Auftralis w '.s again feen , and the appearance it affumed was very brilliant and luminous. It firft difcovered itfelf in the eaft, and in a fliort time fpread over the whole heavens. In the night of the twenty-tl/ird, when the fliip was in latitude 61° 5.2'' fouth , and longitude 95* 2^ eaft, the weather being exceedingly llormy , tl;ick , and hazy, with fleet and fnow, our voy- agers were on every fide furrounded with danger. In fuch a fituation, it was natural for them to wiili for day-liglit: buc day-light, when it came , ferved only to encreafe their apprche-i.Tions, by exhibiting thofc huge mountains of ice to their view, which the darknefs had prevented thorn from feeing. Thefe unfavourable circumftances, at fo advanced a feafon of the year, difcouragcd Captain Cook from putting in execution a refolution he had formed of once more crofrmg the antarctic circle. Accordingly, early in the morning of the twenty- fourtii , he ftood to the north, with a very hard gale, and a very high fea , which made great deflrudion among the ice iilands. But fo hv was this incident from being of any advantage to our navigators , that it greatly cncrcafed the number ov pieces they had to avoid. T he large j^icces wbicii broke from the ice iflands, wcyq found to be 14. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 241 •hich 01 n^-. anced Coolc bad ircle. enty- hard great r NVTiS ,0 oui mbcr 11CCCS ncl to be he mi;ch mr^rc dangerous than the iflands them- fcJves, ^Vliilc the hitter rofo fo high out of the water, that they coukl generally be fecn , unlefs the weather was very thick and liazy , before our people nearly approached them , the others could not be difcerned , in the night, till they were under the fliip's bows. Thefe dangers, how- ever, v/ere now become fo familiar to the Captain and his company, that the apprehenfions they caufed were never of long duration ; and a com. penfation was, in ibme degree, made for them, bv the feafonable fjpplies of frefli wittr which the ice iflands afforded , and by their very ro- mantic appearance. The foaming and dafiiing of the waves into the curious holes and cavern? which were formed in many of them, ,'sireatly heightened the fcene; and the whole exhibited .1 view that at onceiilled thi mind with admiratioa and horror, and could cnly be defcribcd by the hand of an able painter. In failing from the twenty-fiftl) to the tv/enty- cighth, the wind was accompanied with a large hollow fea, which rendered Captain Cook certain that no land, of any confiderable extent, could lie within a. hundred or a hundred and fifty leagues from call to fouth-Wvdt. Though this was Rill the fummer feafon in th:if, part of the world , and the weather v^as become fomewhat Warmer than it had been before, yet fiich were the eiVecls of the cold , that a fr)W having far- rowed nine pigs in the. morning, all of them, uotwithRandmg tlie utnioR care to prevent it, Vol. I. K C It .\ i\ JV. S to i? m m. j:-. 4 I, •k^^ 1 24iS THE LIFE OF' 28 Feb. to II iMuich. Chap, were killed before four o'clock in the afternoon. IV. From the fame caufe, the Captain himfelf and 177J. feveral of his people had their fingers and toes chilblaincd. For fome days afterward, the cold confidcrably abated ; but flill it could not be faid that there was fummer weather , according to our Commander's ideas of fummer in the northern hemifphere as far as fixty degrees of latitude, vhich was nearly a^ far as he had then been. As he proceeded on his voyage , from the twenty-eighth of February to the eleventh of ]\Iarch,.he had ample reafon to conclude, from the fwell of the fea and other circumftances , that there could be no land to the fcuth , but what mull lie at a great diilance. 14 March. The weather having been clear on the thir- teenth and fourteenth, Mr. Wales had an oppor- tunity of getting fome obfervations of the fun and moon 5 the refults of which, reduced to noon, when the latitude was 58*22' fouth , gave 136* 22' eall longitude. Mr. Kendal's and Mr. Arnold's watches gave ea of them 134° 42'; and this was the firft and only time in which they had pointed out the fame longitude fmce the fhips had departed from England. The greateft dif- ference , however , between them , fmce our voyagers had left the Cape , had not much exceeded two degrees. From the moderate, and what might almoft be called pleafant weather, which had occurred for two or three days , Captain Cook began to ^ vifli that he had been a few degrees of latitude of Imofl:. irrcd in to itudc CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 243 further fouth ; and he was even tempted to C h a p. incline his courfe that way. But he foon met IV. with weather which convinced him that he had 1775- proceeded full fur enough; and that the time was approaching when thefe fca> could not be navi- gated without enduring intenfe cold. As he a chiefly occafioned by a bad habit of body, and ii complication of ether diforders ^ As our Commander did not like the place in which hehadanchorcd, he fent Lieutenant Ficktri- gill over to the fouth-eaft fide of the bay, in fearch of a better; and the Lieutenant fucceeded in finding a harbour that was in every refped; defirable. In the mean while , the iilliing-boat was very fucccfisful , returning with fdh fuHicienC for the whole crew's fupper ; and in the morning of the next day, as many were caught as ferved for dinner. Hence were derived certain hopes of being plentifully fupplied with this article. Nor did the fhores and woods appear Icfs dcRitute of v/iid-fowl J fo that our people had the profpedt of enjoying, with eafe, what, in their lituation, might be called the luxuries of life. Thefe agree- able circumllances determined Captain Cook to ftay fonie time in the bay, in order to examine it thoioughly; as no one had ever landed before on any of the foutheni parts of New Zealand. a- Mnrcii. On the twenty-fevcnth , the fliip entcrct! Coolv's VoyagQSj iibi fupra, p. 28 — 6$, CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. of ion, •ec- to le it "ore !4d PiCKFRSGiLL Harbour; for fo it was called, Chap. from the name of the gentleman by whom it IV. had firR been difcovered. Here wood, for fuel 177?. and other purpofcs , was immediately at hand; and a fine ftrcam of frefh-water was not above a hundred yards from the flern of the vefl'el. Our voyagers, being thus advantngeouHy fituated, began vigorouily to prepare for their neccfl'ary occupations , by clearing places in tlie woods , in order to fet up the aflronom.er's obfervatory , and the forge for the iron work , and to crec^ tents for the fail-makers and coopers. They applied themfclves , alfo , to the brewing of beer from the branches or leaves of a tree which greatly refembled the American black fprucc. Captain Cook was perfuaded , from the know-^ led 're which he had of this tree , and from the fnnilarity it bore to the fprucc, that, with the addition of infpifTlued juice of wort and melaiTe-; it would make a very wholcfome liquor, and fupply the w^atit of vegetables , of which the country m'us dcftitute. It appeared, by the event that he wns not miRaken in his judgment. Several of the nati\-cs wee ken on the tvvcnty- -'J rA^n'n, eighth, who took little notice oF the Fnglifli , and v/erc very Diy of accefs; and the Captain difl not choofe to force an inicrcourfe with them, as he hafl been inftruded , by former experience, that the bell method of obtaining it was to l:ava the time and place to themfclves, While our Commander continued in his prcfont fituarion, he took cvciy opportunlry orcxamming the bav. f ■ *' V 4l| I '■ill' ; :f il ii .](| i 7 I :46 THE LIFE OF / 6 A^ril. Chap. As lie was profecutlng bis furvey of it , on the IV. fixth of April , his attention was direcfled to the north fide , where he difcovered a fine capacious cove , in the bottom of which is a frefh-water river. On the weft fide are feveral beautiful cafcades ; and the fibores are fo fteep , that water might diredliy be conveyed from them into the fliip. Fourteen ducks, befides other birds, having been {hot in this place , he gave it the name of Duck Cove. When he was returning in the evening, he met with three of the natives, one man and two women , whofe fears he foon diffipated , and whom he engaged in a conver- fation, that was little undeiftood on either fide. The youngeft of the women had a volubility of tongue that could not be exceeded ; and ^^^ entertained Captain Cook , and the gentlemen who accompanied him , with a dance. By degrees, our Commander obtained the good-will and confidence of the Indians. His prefents , however , were at firft received with much indifference, hatchets and fpike-nails ex- cepted. At a vifit, on the twelfth, from a family of the natives, the Captain, perceiving that they approached the Ihip with great caution , met them in a boat , which he quitted when be came near them , and went into their canoe. After all, be could not prevail upon them to go on board the Refolution; but at length they put on fliore in a little creek, and fcating themfclves a-breaft of the EngliHi vefiel , entered into familiar converfation with feveral of the officers and x\* CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 247 in feamen;* in which they paid a much greater Chap. regard to fome , whom they probably millook IV. for females, than to others. So well, indeed, 177}. were they now reconciled to our voyagers , that they took up their quarters nearly within the diftance of a hundred yards from the fliip's watering-place. Captain Cook, in his interview with them, had caufcd the ba;. pipes and fife to play , and the drum to beat. The two former they heard with apparent infenfibility; but the latter excited in them a certain degree of at- tention. On the eighteenth, a Chief, with whom forr.e is April. connexions had already been formed , wa? in- duced , together with his daughter, to comi.* on board the Rcfolution. PreviouHy to his doing it, he prefented the Captain with a piece of cloth and a green talk hatchet. He gave alfo a piece of cloth to Mr. Forfter; and the girl gave another to Air. Hodges. Though this cuftom of making prefents , before any are received , is common with the natives of the South Sea Ifles, our Commander had never till now feen it pradifed in New Zealand. Another thing per- formed by the Chief before he went on board, was the taking of a fmall green branch in his hand, with which he ftruck the Ihip's fide feveral times, repeating a fpeech or prayer. This man- ner, as it were, of making peace is likcwife prevalent among all the nations of the South Seas. When the Chief was carried into the cabin, he viewed every part of it with fome R4 ^1 ^k < S >, ^m i- "ill # I It 248 THE LIFE OF \ y 1 ; V II A p. degree of fnrprize; but it was not pofiible to IV. Jix his attention to any one object for a iingle 1 77 J. moment. The works of art appeared to him in the fame ]i^iht as thofe of nature , and were equally diftant from his powers of comprehen- fion. He and his daughter feemed to be the moll ftruck with the number of the decks , and othet parts of the fliip. As Captain Cook proceeded in examining Dufky Bay, he occaftonally met with fome few more of the natives , with regard to whom he 2o Apiii. ufcd every mode of conciliation. On the twen- tieth , the Chief and his family , who had been more intimate with our navigators than any of the reft of the Indians, went away, and never returned again. 1 his was the more extraordinary, as in all his viQts he had been gratified with preftnts. trom different perfons , he had gotten nine or ten haichets , and three or four times that number of large fpike-nails, befidcs a variety of other articles. So far as thefe things might be deemed riches in Nt-w Zealand, he was undoubt- edly become by far the moft wealthy man in the whole countiy. One employment of our vgyagers , while iri Dui'l-y Bay confined in feal-hunting , an animal which w.is found ferviceable for three purpofes. The fl^ins were made ufe of for rigging, the fat afforded oil for the hurps , and the flcfii was 24. eaten. On the twenty-fourth, the Captain, having fi\'c gjefe remiuning of th(;fe he had brought wivh iiim from the Cape of Good Hope, went iQ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 249 and left tliem at a place to wlilcli he gave the C 11 a name of Goose Cove. This place he fixed upon IV. for two rcafons : fiift , becaiifc there were no ■7 < V It inhabitants to diflurb them; and fecondly, be- caufe here was the greatcfl fupply of proper food; fo that he had no doubt of their breeding, and hoped that in time they might fpread oven the whole coiintry , to its eminent advantage. Some days afterward, when every thing belong- ing to the Ihip had been removed from the lliore , he fet lire to the topwood , in order to dry a piece of ground , which he dug up , and fowed with feveral forts of garden feeds. The foil, indeed, v/as not fuch as to promife ijnuch fuccefs to the planter; but it was the bed that could be difcovered. . The twenty-lifth of April was the eighth fair "" ^i'^'-^' day our people had fucceffively enjoyed; and there was reafon to believe that fuch a circum- ftance ,was very uncommon in the place where they now lay , and at that fcafon of the year. This favourable weather afforded them the opportunity of more fpeedily completing their wood and water , and of putting the fiiip into a condition for fca. On the evening of the twenty-lirth , it began to rain; and the weather was afterward extremely variable , being , at times, in a high degree wet, cold, and flormy- JNcthing , however , prevented Ciptain Coolc from profccuting, with his ufual fagacity and dihgence, his fearch into every part cf Dulky Bay; ^nd, as there are few places in New Zea- ^1 1 ,:r. if iJ ^M ill ' I i 'p. ■'If 253 THE LIFE OF it Chap, land where necefTary refrefiiments may be fo IV. plentifully obtained as in this bay, he hath taken 1775. care to give fuch a defcription oF it, and of the adjacent country , as may be of fervice to fucceeding navigators. Although this country lies far remote from what is now the trading part of the world, yet, as he juftly obferves, wc can by no means tell what ufe future ages may derive from the difcoveries made in the prefent. The various anchoring places are delineated on our Commander's chart, and the mod con- venient of them he has particularly defcribed. ^ Kot only about Dufky Bay, but through all the fouthern part of the weftcrn coafl of Tavai- poenammoo, the country is exceedingly moun- tainous. A profpedl 1^ ore rude and craggy is rarely to be met with , for inland there are only to be feen the fummits of mountains of a tremendous height, and confifting of rocks that are totally barren and naked, excepting where they are covered with fnow. But the land which borders on the fea coall is thickly clothed with wood , almofl down to the water's edge ; and this is the cafe with regard to all the adjoining iflands. The trees are of various kinds , and are fit for almoft every poflible ufe. Excepting in the river Thames, Captain Cook had not found finer timber in all New Zealand; the moft confi- derable fpecies of which is the fpruce-tree; for that name he had given it from the fimilarity of its foliage to the American fpruce, though he CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. CInl only of a that vhere hich with and ining are tlie wood is more ponderous and bears a greater C u \ p. rcfemblance to the pitch pine. Many of thefc IV. trees are fo large, that they would be able to 177 J. furnifli main-mafts for fifty gun fliips. A mid ft the variety of aromatic trees and flirubs which this part of New Zealand produced, there were none which bore fruit fit to be eaten. But for a farther account of the foils, vegetable produc- tions, and animals of the coad, I muft refer to the Captain's own narrative; only taking notice, that the country was not found fo deftitute of quadrupeds as was formerly imagined. As Dulky Bay prefcntcd many advantages to our navigators , fo it was attended with fome difagrceable circumftances. There were great numbers of fmall black fand flies, which were ' troublefome to a degree that our Commander had never experienced before. Another evil arofc from the continual quantity of rain that occurred in the bay. This might, indeed, in part proceed from the fcafon of the year : but it is probable that the country muft at all times be fubjed to much wet weather, in confequence of the vafl; height, and vicinity of the mountains. It was remarkable that the rain , though our people were perpetually expofed to it , was not produdive of any evil confequences. On the contrary , fnch of the men as were fick and complaining when they entered the bay, recovered daily, and the whole crew foon became ftrong and vigorous. So happy a circumftance could only be attributed to the healthincfs of the pi ace, and the frcfli pro- 1 : II I ^il 253 THE LIFE OF Chap. IV. 1773. II May. «7. I* I „> vifions it afforded ; among which , the beer was a very material article. The inhabitants of Dnfky Bay are of the fame race with the other natives of New Zealand , fpeak the fame language , and adhere nearly to the fame cuftoms. Their mode of life appears to be a wandering one; and though they are few in number, no traces were remarked of their families being connected together in any clofe bonds of union or friendfliip. While the Refolution lay in the bay, Mr. AVales made a variety of fcientific obfervations, relative to latitude and longitude*, the variation of the compafs, and the diverhties of the tides; a Ihorfc account of which Captain Cook has given in his voyage , for the inllruction and benefit of the public f. When Captain Cook left Dun, ii<;, 254 THE LIFE OF lli Chat. IV. 1775. 19 May. The morning affcr Captain Cook's arrival in Queen Charlotte's Sound, he went himfelf, at day-break , to look for fcurvy-grafs , celery , and other vegetables ; and he had the good fortune to return with a boatload , in a very fliort fpace of time. Having found that a futficicnt quantity of thefe articles might be obtained for the crews of both the fliips, he gave orders that they fiiould be boiled , with wheat and portable broth , every day for breakfaft; and witk? peufe and broth for pinner. Experience had taught him that the vegetables now mentioned, when thus drcffed, are extremely beneficial to feamen, in removing the vr.rious fcorbutic complaints to which they are fubjed. Our Commander had entertained a defire of vifiting V^an Diemen's Land, in order to inform himfelf whether it made a part of New Holland. But a«; this point had been, in a great meafure, cleared up b} Captain Furneanx, he c.Tr.e to a refolution to continue his refearches to the eaft, between the latitudes of 41" and 46'; and he direded accordingly , that the fliips fl^ouSd be gotten ready for putting t'> fca as fooii as poQible. On the twentieth , he fent on fliore the only ewe and ram that remained of thofc which, with the intention of leaving them in this country, he h:A brought from the Cape of Good Hope. Soon af'.er he vidted fevcral gardens, that by order of Captain Furncaux had been made and planted with various artK^le.'>; all of which were in fncli a ilourifiung ftite that, if duly attended to, they ■■• * 11 i:- fire o£ inform Dlland. afure , e to a eaft , nd he id be ,)nible. IV ewe h the , he Soon der of anted fncli ,they I771- :i May. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 255 promifcd to be of great utility to th^ natives. C h .\ r T he next day , Captain Cook himfelf fet fome IV. men to work to form a garden on Long Ifland , \vhich he ftocked with different feeds, and par- ticularly with the roots of turnips, carrots, parf- riips, and potatoes. Thefe were the vegetables that would be of the moft real ufe to the Indians and of thele it was eafy to give them an idea, by comparing them with fuch roots as they them- felvcs knew. On the twenty-fecond , Captain Cook received the unpleafant intelligence that the ewe and ram , which witli fo much care and trouble he had brought to ihis place, were both of them found dead. It was liippofed that they had eaten fome poifonous plant ; and by this accident all the Captain's hopes of (locking i*Jew Zf.aland with a breed of flieep were inftantly Jblafted. The intercourfe which our great navigator had with the inhabitants oi the country, during this his ftx:ond vifit to »2.^een Charlotte's Sonnd, was of a friendly nature. Two or three families took up thjir abode near the ihips, and employ- ed themfelves daily in fiihing , and u, fupplying the Knglifli with the fruits of their labour. No fmall advantage hence accrued to our people, who were by no means fuch expert filhers as the natives, nor were any of our methods of hihmg equal to theirs. T^us in almoft; every (late of fociety particular arts of life arc carried to per- fedlion , and there is fomethuig vyhich the moi^ n- ''I n I K'-i m i 256 1 H E LIFE O F ^-^ n. V.' : JuiiC. C IT A P. poll filed iiwitions may le.irn from the mofl: b.ir- IV barous. On tlie fecond of June, wlien the Refolntioii and Adventure were ahno{l ready to put to fca , Captain Cook fent on fliorc, on the cafi; fuie of the found, two goats, a midc and a female; and Captain Furneaux left, near Cannibal Cove , a boar ar-d two breeding- fows. The gentlemen bad little doubt but that the country v.'ould , in time, be flocked 'with thcfe animals , provided they were not deRroyed by the Indians before they became v/iM. Aftcrwarfis there would be no danger; and as the natives knew nothing of their being Icit behind, it v/as hoperl ihwt it might be lome time bclore they wcukl be diJcovered. It is remarkable tluit , during (>iptain Cook's fecond viUt to Charlotte's Sound, he was not able to recollect the lace of any one perfun v/hom he liad fcen there three years before. Nor did it once appear, tl).-:t even a fini'le Indian had the lead knov.'ledge of our Commander, "or of any of our people who IkkI been Vv'irh him in liis hill voyage. Hence he thought it highly probable, that tiie greatcfi; part of the nati\ es who inh^ibited this found in the beginning of the year 1770, had cither fince been driven out of it, or had remov- ed , of their own accord, to fome other fitua- tlon. Not one third of the inhabitants were there now, that had been feen at that time. 1 heir ftrong hold on the I^oint of Motuara v/as def'Mted, and in every part of the found many {orfakea habitation;? were difcoyered. In the CapU'.ius hi ,v:re ime. [lany the ii"s CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 257 Captain's opinion , there was not any reafon to C 11 A p. believe that the place had ever been very popu- iv. ]oLis. From comp;ning the two voyages together, 177 j. it may be collecled, that the Indians of Eahei- nomauwe are in fomewhat of a more improved ilate of fociety than thofe of Tavai-poenammoo. Part of the fourth of June was employed by ♦ *^"'^^' Captain Cook in vifiting a Chief and a whole tribe of the natives, confiding of between ninety and a hundred perfons , including men, women, and children. After the Captain had diftributed fome prefents among thefe people , and fiiewn to the Chief the gardens which liad been made, he returned on board, and fpent the remainder of the day in the celebration of his Royal Mallier's nativity. Captain Furncaux and all his officers were invited upon the occafion ; and the feamen were enabled , by a double allowance, to partake of the general joy. As fome might think it an extraordinary ftep in our Commander to proceed in difcoveries fo far fouth as forty-fix degrees of latitude , in the very depth of winter, he has recorded his mo- tives for this part of his condud. \V'inter, he acknowledges, is by no means favourable for difcoveries. Neverthelefs, it appeared to liim to be neceffary that fomething Ihould be done in that feafon , in order to lelfen the work in which he was engaged; and lefl he fliould not be able to finifli the difcovery of the fouthern part of the South Pacific Ocean in the enfuing fuminer. EeCides, if he fljould difcovcr any laucl Vol. I. S m v: ■ ^58 THE LIFE OF IV. Chat, in his route to the eaft, he would be ready to begin to explore it, as foon as ever the feafoii fliould be favourable. Independently of all thcfc confidcrations , he had little to fear; having two good fiiips well provided, and both the crews being healthy, Where then could he bet- ter employ his time ? If he did nothing more, he was at lead in hopes of being enabled to point out to poftcrjty, that thefefeas may be navigated, and that it is pradicable to purfuc difccvcrics, even in the depth of winter. Such was the ard- our of our navigator for profecutinc: th : ci'.ds of his voyage, in circnmflanccs which would have induced moil men to acl a more cnutiou? p.'.rt! During Captain Cook's ilay in the Soun.l , he had obfervcd that the fecond vifjt to this country had not mended the morals of the natives of either fcx. He had always looked upon the females of New Zealand as more chaftc than th;'. generality of Indian women. Whatever favoiii a few of them might have granted to the peoplo in the lindeavour, fuch intercourfes ufually took, place in a private mannjv, anri did not ap- pear to be encouraged by the mci:. Rut now the C:!ptai'i v.'as told that the midi Indians were the chief p;-)Tioters of a fhamcful traffic, aiid that, for a fpikcnail, or any other thing they \alued, they would oblige tl;e wor.ien to profli- tute themi'elves , whether it were agreeable (u' contrary to their iticlinations. At the fame tim.\ no regnrd Vvas paid to the privacy which (K'ccn- (.y retjuired. The account of ilus fa^il mud b." '^: th Jai he the thv'. ook Inow l>vcrc an. I •oai- 'ccn- Ic- 1 > -• uiis. S9 July. CAPTAIN JAAIES COOK. 259 veatl with concern by every well-wlflier to the Chat. good order and happinef> of fociety , even IV. without adverting to confidcrations of a higher i*:7;. nature *. On the feventh of June , Captain Cook put to t J fea from Oueen Charlotte's Sound , with the Adventure in company. For the nautical part of " tlie route from New Zealand to OtaheJte, which continued till the fifteenth of Au9:ufl:, I fhall refer my readers to the Captain's voyage ; and fliall only felect fuch circumltances as arc more imme- diately fuitable to the defign of the prefent nar- rative. It was foi-nd , on the twenty- ninth of July, that the crew of the Adventure were in a fickly Ilatc. Her cook was dead, and about twenty of her beft men were rendered incapable of duty by the fcurvy and flux. At this time, no more than throe men were on the fick lift on board the Refolntioui and only one of thefe was attacked with the fcurvy. Some others, how- ever, began to difcover the fymptOms of it; and, accordingly, recourfe was had to wort, marma- lade of carrot"^, and the rob of Jemons and oran- ges, with the ufnal fucccf^. Captain Cook < onid not account for the pre- valence of the £cur-v V being fo much greater in the Adventure than in the Rcfolution , u dcf^ it was owing t"* the ciew of the former'- beiny: more fcorbutic when they arrived in New Zea- land than the crew of the laLrci , and to thei.^ U I i Cu\j]\\ A'wyagcs , 3ai:i Tqira . p la i — 130. ik l>.; 26o THE LIFE OF rr ;i; C H A r. eating few or no vegetables while they lay in IV. Queen Charlotte's Sound. This arofe partly 1775. from their want of knowing the right forts, and partly from the diilike which feamen have to the introdudion of a new diet. Their averfion to any unufual change of food is fo great, that it can only be overcome by the Ready and perfe- vering example and authority of a commander. JVlany of Captain Cook's people , officers as well as common failors, difliked the boiling of celery, fcurvy - grafs , and other greens with the peas and wheat; and by fome the provifion, thus prepared , was refufcd to be eaten. But , as this had no effect on the Captain's condudl , their prejudice gradually fubfided : they began to like their diet as much as the reft of their compani- ©ns; and, at length, there was hardly a man in the. il]ip who did not attribute the freedom of the crew from the fcurvv, to the beer and veerct- «bles which had been made ufc of at New Zea- land. Henceforward, whenever the f.amen came to a place where vegetables could be obtained, our Commander feldom found it necelTary to order them to be gathered; and, if they were fca re e, happy was theperfon who could lay hold on them hrft. i .luguft. On the rirH; of Augufl, when the fhips were and the lonsritude of in the latitude of '25' i' 134* 6' , weft, they were nearly In the fame fituation with that which 15 aiTigned by Captain Carteret for Pitcairn's Ifland , dil(0\'ercd by him in 176"^. For this ifi;'nd, therciore, our vovagcr> h CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 261 i diligently looked , but faw nothing. According Chat, to the longitude in which he had placed it, IV. Captain Cook mull have pafTcd it fifteen leagues 1773. to the weft. But as this was uncertain , he did not think it prudent to lofe any time in fearching for it, as the fickly ftate of the Adventure's peo- ple required as fpeedy an arrival as pol'lible at a place of refrelhment. A fight of it, however, would have been of ufe in verifying, or oorrecl:- ing, not only the longitude of Pitcairn's Ifland, but of the others difcovered by Captain Carteret in that neighbourhood. It is a diminution of the value of that gentleman's voyage , that his longitude was not confirmed by aftronomlcal obfervations , and that hence it was liable to errors , the correction of which was out of his power. As Captain Cook had now gotten to the northward of Captain Carteret's tracks , he no longer entertained any hopes of difcovcring a continent. Iflands were all that he could expe.T: to find, until he returned again to the four!). In this and his former voyage, he .had croffed the ocean in the latitude of 40" and upwards, wi'Jiout meeting' any thing which could, in the Icaft , induce him to believe that he fi'jouid attain the great objed of his purfuit. Every cir- cumflance concurred to convince him that, be- tween the meridian of America and New Zealand, there is no fouthern continent; and that there is no continent farther to the fouth , unlefs in a very hi^h kuitudc. This, however, was a point S3- ill - 3 !' # ■ " '?! f ■ (!' < z6z r II E LIFE OF C H \ V IV. i:73- fi Aujuft. too ir.iportant to be left to opinions and conjec- turc^. It was to be determined by fads; and the afcertainment of it was appointed , by our Com- mander , for thu eaiplaymciit of the cnfuing fummer. • • ■ • It was the fixth of Augufl before the fl.ips bad the advantage of the trade wind *. This they got at fouth-eaft, being at that time in the latitude of 19° g6'' fonth , and tlic longiturie of 131° 33^ wefl:. As Captnn Cook had obtained tbe fouth-caft trade wind, he dircded his courfc to the wcft-noith-wefl ; not only with a view of keeping in with the ftrength of tlje wind , but a!fo to get to the r.orth of the iflands difcov.crcd in his former voyage , that he might have a chance of meeting witli any other iflands which might lie in the way. It was in the track which bad been purfucd by M. de Bougainville that cur Commander now proceeded. He was forry that he could not fparc time to fail to the north of this track; but at prtfent , on account of the fickly ftate of the Ad\'cnture's crev/ , the arriving at a place where rcfrefliments could be procured , was an objecl fuperior to that of difcovery. To four of the iflands which were pafl'ed by Captain Cook, he gave the names of Refolution Ifland , Doubtful Ifland , Furneaux Ifland , an.d Adven- ture Ifland f. They are iuppofed to be the fame * The not meetinr; with tlic Ibiidi-eaft trade wind fooner h. no new tning in this feu. I Rclulution Ifland i;^ in latitude 17* 24' fouth , and 9 CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 263 lliat were feen by M. de Bougainville; and thefc C n a i». with fcver.d others , which conftitute a clufter IV. of low and half drowned ifles , that gentleman 1775. diflinguidied by the appellation of the Dangerous Archipelago. '1 he fmoothnefs of the fca fufficiently convinced our navigators that they were furround- ed by them , and that it was highly ncceffary to proceed with the utmoft caution, efpccially in the night f. Early in the morning, on the fifteenth of isAnsuft. Auguft, the Ihips came within fight of Ofnaburg Ifland, or Maitea, which had been difco\'ered by Captain Wallis. Soon after, Captain Cook acquainted Captain Furneaux that it was l)is intention to put into Oaiti-piha Bay, near the fouth-eaft end of Otaheite , for the purpofe of procurmg what refrefiunents he could from that part of the ifland, before he went down to Ma- tavai. At fix in the evening the iP-'nd was feen bearing wefi; ; and our people co-aaiucd to ad- vance towards it till midnight , when they brought to till four o'clock in the morning; after which they failed in for the land with a fine breeze at caft. At day break, they found themfelves within the diftance of half a league from the reef; and, at the fame time, the breeze began to fail them, m '1 1 I" s'L' m longitude 141° 59' weft; Doubtful Ifland, latitude 17* 20', longitude 141° 58'; Furneaux Illand, latitude 17® ^', longitude 145° 16^; and Adventure Ulaiid , 17" 4^, longitude 144* 50' weft. t Cook's Voyages, ubi fupra , p. i]i — 145. ft'- .IF 'A 3l64 THE LIFE OF Chap, and was at lad fucreeded by a calm. It now IV. became nccefliiry for the boats to be hoifled out, 1773. in order to tow off the fliips; but all the efforts of our voyagers, to keep them from being carried near the reef, were infufticient for the purpofe. As the calm continued , the fituation of the vcffels became ftiil more dangerous. Captain Cook, however , entertained hopes of getting round the wcRern point of the reef, and into the bay. But, about two o'clock in the afternoon, when lie came before an opening or break of the reef, through which he had flattered himfelf that be might get with the fliips, he found, on fending to examine it, that there was not a fufficient depth of water. Neverth(?lefs, this opening car.faptain DV Furncaux, for the purpofe of viewing the wiitcr- ing-placc, and of founding the difpofition of the natives. The article of water, which was now much wanted on board, he found might conveni- entlv be obtained, and the inhabitants behaved with 'Treat civility. NotwithIl:an(lin;2: this ci\"ilitv% nothing was brought to market, the next dav, but fruit and roots, though it was faid that many hogs were fjen about the houfcs in the neigh- bourhood. The cry was , that they belonged to Waheatoua the Earee de hi, or king; who had not yet appeared , nor , indeed , any other chief of note. Among the Indians that came on board the Rcfolution , and no fmall number of whom did not fcruple to call themfclves Earccs \, there was one of this fort, who had been entertained in the cabin moft of the day, and to all of whofe friends Captain Cook had made prefents , as well as liberally to himfelf. At length, how- ever , he was caught taking things wh^ch did not belong to him, and handing them out of 'the quarter gallery. Various complaints of the like nature being, at the fame time, made aigainft the natives who were on deck, our Commander turned them all out of the fliip. His cabin gueft was very rapid in Ins retreat; and the Captain was fo exafperated at his behaviour, that after the Earee had gotten to fome di (lance from the Rcfolution, lie tired two mufqucts o\cr his head, by which he v/as fo terrified , that lie quitted his canoe, and took to the water. Ctpiain Cook then fent a boat to take the canoe; but when C II A p. IV. i] •Hi If: «68 THE LIFE OF Chap, the boat approached the fliore , the people on IV. land began to pelt her with ftoncs. The Captain, 1 77 J. therefore, being in feme pain for her fafety, as fhe was unarmed, went himfelf in another boat to proted her , and ordered a great gun , loaded with ball, to be fired along the coaft, which made all the Indians retire from the fhore, and he was fuffered to bring away two canoes with- out the h^aft: fliew of oppofition. In a few hours peace was reftored, and the canoes were returned to the firft perfon who came for them. It was not till the evening of this day that any one enquired after Tupia , and then the enquiry was made by only two or three of the natives. When they learned the caufe of his death , they were perFedly fatisfied ; nor did it appear to our Corrimander that they would have felt a moment's uneafmefs , if Tupia's deccafe had proceeded from any other caufe than ficknefs. They were as little concerned about Aotourou, tli« rnan who had gone away with M. de Bou- gainville. But they were continually afki ng for Mr. Banks, and "for feveral others who had ac- companied Captain Cook in his former voyage. Since that voyage, very confiderable changes had happened in the country. Toutaha , the regent of the greater peninfula of Otaheite, had been killed in a battle which was fought between the two kingdoms about five months befcre the Refolution's arriwal ; and Otoo was now the reigning prince. Tubourai Tainaide, and feveral more of the principal friends to the Englilh, had hii up, the -■"■-"■ ■"■■'•---■ CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 269 fallen in this battle, together with a large number C h a K cf the common people. A peace fubfifted , at IV. prefent, between the two grand divifions of the 1775. ifland. On the twentieth , one of the natives carried *° Auguft. off a mufquet belonging to the guard on fliore. Captain Cook, who was himfelf a witnefs of the tranfadlion , fent fome of his people after him ; but this would have been to very little purpofe , if the thief had not been intercepted by feveral of his own countrymen, who purfued him voluntarily, knocked him down, and re- turned the mufquet to the Engllfli. This adl of juftice prevented our Commander from being placed in a difagreeable fituation. If the natives had not given their immediate affiftance, it would Scarcely have been in his power to have recovered the mufquet, by any ge-ntle means whatever; and if he- had been obliged to have recourfe to other methods , he was fure of lofing more than ten times its value. The fraud of one who appeared as a Chief, is, perhaps, not unworthy of notice. This man, in a vifit to Captain Cook, prefented him with a quantity of fruit; among which were a number of cocoa-r/j.'-s that had already been exhaufted of their liquor by our people, and afterwards thrown overboard. Thsfe the Chief had picked up, and tied fo artfully in bundles, that at firll the deception was not perceived. When he was informed of it, without betraying the leall: emotion, and affedting a total ignorance of the II P\ ■ lis 'f ?^ I m ^ If! 2ro T UK LI h EOF C H A r. IV. 1773. 23 Augiift. 14. 25. matter , he opened two or three of the nuts himfelf, fignified that he was fatislied of the fact, and then went on fliorc and fcnt off a quantity of plahitains and bananoes. The ingenuity and the imprudence of fraud are not folely the produc- tions of pollflicd fociety. Captain Cook, on the twenty-third, had an interview with Waheatoua, the rcfalt of which was, that our navigators obtained this day as much pork as furniflied a meal to the crews of both the veffels. In the Captain's laft voyage, Waheatoua , who was then Httle more than a boy , was called Tearee ; but having fucceeded to his father's authority , he had adumed his father's name. The fruits which were procured at Oaiti-piha Bay contributed greatly to the recovery of the fick people belonging to the x\dventure. Many. of them , who had been fo ill as to be incapable of moving without aflfiftance , were , in the "compafs of a few days, fo far recovered that they were able to walk about of thcrafelves. When the Refolution entered the bay , Hic had but one fcorbutic man on board , a marine ^ who had long beeu Tick, and who died, the fecond day after her arrival, of a complication of diforders , which had not the Icaft mixture of the fcurvy. ^ On the twenty-fourth, the fliips put to fca, ar.d arrived the next evening in Matavai Day. Belc.TC they could come to an anchor, the deck> were crowded with the natives, many of wdiom CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 271 Captain Cook knew , and by mofl of whom be Chap. was V "11 remembered. Among a brge multitude iv. of people, who were colleded together upon 1775. the iliore, was Otoo the king of the ifland. Our Commander paid him a vifit on the following day, at Oparree, the place of his refidence ; and found him to be a fine, perfonable, well-made man, iix feet high, and about thirty years of age. 1 he qualities of his mind were not corrcf- pondent to his external appearance , for when Captain Cook endeavoured to obtain from him the promife of a vifit on board, he acknowledged that he was afraid of the guns, and, indeed, manifcfted in all his actions that he was a prince of a timorous difpofition. Upon the Captain's return from Oparree, lie found the tents, and the aflronomer's obfervato- rics , fet up , on the fame fpot from which the tranfit of Venus had been obfcrved in 17^^;. The fick , being twenty in number from the Adv^enture, and one from the Hefolutlon, all of whom were ill of the fcurvy, he ordered to be landed ; and he appointed a guard of marines on fliorc , under the command of Lieutenant ' Edgcumbe. On the twenty- fcventh , Otoo was prevailed a? Augun^ upqn, with fomc degree of reludance » to pay our Commander a vifit. He came attended v.''itli a numerous train, and brought with him fruits, a hog, two large fifii, and a quantity of doth; for which he and all his retinue were gratified with fuitable prefents. When Captain Cook conveyed his guefts to land , he Nyas met by 4 •f 1: : I i \l 272 THE LIFE OF Chap, venerable lady, the mother of the late Toiitaha, IV. who feized him by both hands , and burft into J 77 J. a flood of tears, faying Toutaha Tiyo no Toutce matty Toutaha i that is, " Toutaha, your friend, " or the friend of Cook , is dead. " He was fo much affeded with her behaviour , that it would have been impollible for him to have refrained from mingling his. tears with her's , had not Otoo, who was difplcafed with the interview, taken him from her. It was with difficulty that the Captain could obtain permiffion to fee her again, when he gave her an axe and fome other articles. Captain Furncaux , at this time, pre- fented the king with two fine goats , which , if no accident befel them , might be expected to multiply. Several days had paffed in a friendly intercourfe with the natives , and in the procuring of pro- .•^cAuguil. yifions , when, in the evening of the thirtieth, the gentlemen on board the Refolution were al- armed with the cry of murder, and with a great noife on fliore , near the bottom of the bay and at a diftance from the Hnglifli encampment. Upon this. Captain Cook, who fufpeded that fome of his own men were concerned in the affair, im- mediately difpatched an armed boat, to know the 4 .iufc of the diflurbance , and to bring off fuch of his people as Ihould be found in the place. He fent, alfo, to the Adventure, and to the poft on fliore , to learn who were milfing ; for none but tlrofo who were upon ducy were abfent from the Refolutipn. The boats fpeedily returned with three CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 273 -1' im- the fuch He ift on but I from I with Irce three marines and a fcamnn. Some others, like- C H a p. wife, v/ere taken, bcJon;jin<;- to the yVfl\'cntvire ; IV. and idlof them being put under coniinement, our 177}. Commancier, the nexc ir.omii'g, ordered them to be punifiied according: to their deferts. He did not iind tliat any milohief had been done, and the men would confcfs nothing. Some liberties which they had taken with the women had pro- bnuly given occafion to the dillurbance. To whatever caufe it was owing, the natives were fo much alcirmed , that they fled from their ha- bitation? in the dead of night, and the ahirm was fprcad many miles along the coafl. In the morning, when Captain Cook went to vifit Otoo, by appointment, he found that he had removed, or rather fled, to a great diftance from the ufual place oFhis abode. After arriving where he was, it was fome hours before the Captain could be admitted to the fieht of him; and then he com- plained of the riot of the preceding evening. The fick being nearly recovered , the water completed , and the necedary repairs of the fhips finifned, Captain Cook determined to put to fea without delay. Accordingly, on the firft of Sep- i sejt, tembcr , he ordered every thing to be removed from the Ihore, and the vellels to be unmoored, in which employment his people were engaged the greater part of the day. In the afternoon of the fame day , Lieutenant Pickerfgill returned from Attahourou , to which place he had been fent by the Captain , for the purpofe of procur-f ino; fome hogs that had t)eeri promised. In this Vol. 1. T I n. II I cl -Ml ;| Mi If: if 'I I ( s I ft I >'. 274 THE LIFE OF C n A p, expedition, the Lieuten:int had fecn the ceLbrat- IV. cd Oberca , who has been fo much tlic objccc of '773- poetical fancy. Her fitivitioii was very lunVible, compariid with what it had formerly been. She was not only altered much for the worfc in her pcrfon , but appeared to be poor, and of little or no confequence or authority in the ifland. In the evening a favourable wind having fprung up, our Commander put to fea ; on which occafioii he was obliged to difmifs his Otaheite friends fooner than they wiflied to depart; but well fatisficd with his kind and liberal treatment *. From iVlatavai Bay Captain Cook diredled his courfe for the ifland of Huaheine, where he in- : sepf. tended to touch. This ifland he reached the nfext a. day, and, early in the morning of the third of September, made fail for the harbour of Owharre, in which he foon came to an anchor. The Ad-> venture, not happening to turn into the harbour with equal facility , got afhore on the north fide of the channel ; but , by the timely alTiflancc which Captain Cook had previoufly provided , in cafe fuch an accident fliould occur, Ihe was gotten off again, without receiving any damage. As foon as both the fliips were in fafety, our Commander, together with Captain Furneaux, landed upon the ifland , and was received by the nanves with the utmoft cordiality. A trade im- mediately commenced; fo that our navigators had a fair profpcdl of being plentifully fupplied Cook , ubi fupra , p. 144 — 1 59, C A r T A I N J A aI E 3 C C O K. c!;^ ied * Sept. wit!) frcfli pork and fowls, wMcli , to peep!.: in C n ^ "". tlicir fitmtion , w;is a very dciirab!^ circninltancc. '^' On the fomth. Lieutenant Pickcrfgiil fiiled with the cutter, on a trading party, toward the fouth end of the ific. Another trading party was aUo fent on fliorc near the iliips, wliich party Captiiin Cook attended himfcif , to fee that the brfinefs was properly conducted at the firfl fctting out, this being a pointy of no fmall importance. Every thing being fettled to his mind, he went, ac- companied by Captain Furneaux and M. Forfler, to pay a vifit to his old friend Oree, the Chief of the ifland. This vifit was preceded by many preparatory ceremonies. Among other things , the Chief fent to our Commander the infcription. engraved on a fmall piece of pewter, which he had left with him in July 1769. It was in the. bag that Captain Cook had made for it, together with a piece of counterfeit Englifli coin, and a few beads , which had been put in at the fame time; whence it was evident what particular car^ had been taken of the whole. After the previous ceremonies ha completely equipped in the war habit, had a club in each hand , and feemed bent upon mifcliioi Captain Cook took , therefore , the clubs from him , broke them before liis eyes, and, with fome difficulty, compelled him to retire. About the fame time, Mr. Sparrmaii , who had imprudently gone out alone to botanize, was alf^uilted by two men , who ftripped him of every thing which he had about him, except- ing his trowfers, and f^ruck him again and again with his own hanger, though happily without doing him any harm. ^V^hen they had accom- plifhed their purpofe, they made oH ; after which another of the natives brought a piece of cloth to cover hi.m , and conduded him to the trading- place, where the inhabitants, in a large number, % iich oth ng- btr, CAP4TAIN JAMES COOK. 277 were nfTcmblcfl. The inftant tliat Mr. Sparrman C it a r. appeared in the condition now dcfcribed , they l\ all tied with the ntmofl: precipitation. Captain itTj» Cook, having recalled a few of the Indians, and convinced them that he fliould take no llep to injure thofe who were innocent, went to Oiee to complain of the outrage, ^\'"hcn the Chief had heard the whole aPrair related, he wept aloud, v.nd many other of the inhabitants did the fanu'. After the firft tranfports of his grief had fublided, be began to expoflulate with his peo[^lc, telling them (for fo his Language was underdood by the EngliO)) liow well Captain Cook had treated tliem, both in this and his former voyage, and how bafe it was in them to commit fnch aaions. He then took a minute account of the thin":s of which Mr. Sparrman had been robbed, and, after having promifed to uie his utmofb cncka- vours for the recovery of them, defired to go into the Captain's boat. At this, the natives, appre- henfive doubtlefs for the liifety of their prince , exprefled the iitmoft alarm, and ufed every arp;u- iTient to diflfuade him from fo rafii a mcafure. All their remonIl:rances , however, were in vain. He liaftened into the boat ; and as foon as they faw that their beloved Chief was wholly in our Command- er's power, they fet up a great outcry. Indeed, their grief was incxpreffible : they prayed, en- treated , nay , attempted to pull him out of the boat; and every face v/as b<'dewcd with tcras. Even Captain Cook himiVlf was fo moved by their diitrefs, that he united his entreaties with T 3 i«\ I 1 i I [I, 1 1;,, i I i i i t I I 2/8 THE LIFE OF C a A p, theirs , but all to no purpofe. Oree infiftcd upon the IV. Captain's coming into the boat, which was no J 7.7 3* fooner done than he ordered it to be put oft'. His filler was the only perfon among the Indians who behaved with a, becoming magnanimity on this occafion ; for , with a fpirit equal to that of her Toyal brother , fhe alone did not oppofe his going. It was his defign , in coming into the boat of the Engliih , to proceed with them in fearch of the robbers. Accordingly , he went with Captain Cook , as far as it was convenient , by water , when thev landed, entered the country, and travelled fome miles inland ; in doing which the Chief led the way , and enquired after the crimi- nals of every peifon whom he faw. In this fearch he would have gone to the very extremity of the ifland , if our Commander , who did not think the objedl worthy of fo laborious a purfuit, bad not refufed to proceed, any farther. Befides , Jas he intended to fail the next morning, and all nic'inner of trade was ftopped in confeqiience of the alarm of the natives, it becam.:^ the more jieceffary for him to return, that be might reftore things to their former ftate. It was with great reludance that Oree was prevailed upon to dif- continue the fearch, and to content himfelf with fending, at Captain Cook's requeft, fome of his people for the things which had been carried off. When he and the Captain had gotten back to « the boat, they found there the Chief's fifter , and feveral other perfons, who had travelled by land to the place. The Englilh gentlemen imraf^diatcly CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 279 1775. ftcpped into their boat, in order to return on Chap board, without fo much as afking Oree to accom- iv pany them ; notwithfbnding which , he infifted upon doing it; nor could the oppofition and entreaties of thofe who were about him induce him to defift from his purpofe. His lifter followed his example , uninfluenced , on this occafion , by the fuppjications and tears of her daughter. C.ip- tain Cook amply rewarded the Chi^ef and his fifter for the confidence they had placed in himj and, after dinner, conveyed them both on fhore[ where fome hundreds of people waited to receive them, many ofv/hom embraced Oree with tears of joy. All was now peace and gladnels: the inhabitants crowded in from every part, with fuch a plentiful fupply of hogs, fowls, and ve- getable produdions , that the Englifli prefentiv filled two boats; and the Chief himfelf prefented the Captain with a large hog and a quantity^ of fruit. Mr. Sparrman'^ hanger, the only thing of value which he had loft , was broui^ht back , together with part of his coat; and ou^r navigat- ors were told , that the remaining articles Iho'iild be reftored the next day._ Some things which had been ftolen from a party of officers, who had gone out a jfhooting, were returned in like manner. The tranfadions of this day have been the more particularly related, as they fliew the high opinion which the Chief had formed of our Commander, and the unrcferved confidence that he placed in his integrity and honour. Oree had T4 m- Ml' m m m 28o THE LIFE OF Chap, entered into a folemn friendfliip with Captain IV. Cook , according to all the forms which were 177}. cuftomary in the country; and he fecmed to think that this friendftiip coiiJd not be broken by the adl of any other perfons. It is jidlly obferved by the Captain , that another Chief may never be found, who, under fimilar circutn- ftances , will adt in the fame manner. Oree^ indeed , had nothing to fear : for it was not our Commander's intention to hurt a hair of his head, or to detain him a moment longer than was agreeable to his own defire. But of thiiJ how could he and his people be allured ? They \vere not ignorant, that when he was once in Captain Cook's power , the whole force of the ifland would not be fufficient to recover him, and that they muft have complied with any demands , however great , for his ranfom. The apprehenfions , therefore, of the inhabitants, for their Chiefs and their own fafety, had a reafon- able foundation. . ' . 7 Sept. Early on the feventh, while the lliips were unmooring, the Captain went to pay his farewell vifit to Oree , and took with him fuch prefents as had not only a fancied value , but a real utility. He left, alfo, with the Chief theinfcrip- tion plate that had before been in his pofTeffion, and another fmail copper plate , on which were engraved thefe words : " Anchored here , his " Britannic IVlajefty's fhips, Refolution and Ad- "venture, September, 1773. " Thefe plates, together with fome medals, were put up in a 3 a CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 2H1 bag; of which Oree prorr.ifed to take care, and Chap* to produce them to the firil fhip or fliips that IV. fliould aiTive at the ifland. Having, in return, i775» given a hog to Captain Cook, and loaded his boat with fruit, they took leave of each other, when the good old Chief embraced our Com- mander with tears in his eyes. Nothing was mentioned , at this interview , concerning the remainder of Mr. Sparrman's property. As it was early in the morning, the Captain judged that it had not been brought in , and he was not willing to fpeak of it to Oree, left he fliould give him pain about things which there had not been time to recover. The robbers having foon after- wards been taken, Oree came on board again, to requeft that our Commander would go on fliore, either to punilli them , or to be prefent at their punifliment, but this not being conve- nient to him , he left them to the correclion of their own Chief. It was from the Ifland of Hua- heine that Captain Furneaux received into his fliip a young man named Omai , a native of Ulietea , of whom fo much hath Tmce been known and written. This choice Captain Cook at firlV difapproved, as thinking that the youth was not a proper famplc of the inhabitants of the Society Ifiands ; being inferior to many of them in birth and acquired rank, and not having any peculiar advantage in point of fliape, figme, or complexion. The Captain afterwards found rcafon to be better fatisfLcd \wlih Oniai's haviiig accoinpiuiied our navigators to lingland. : '8' W I i ■I « k 283 THE LIFE OF Chap. During the fiiort fi:ay of the veflels at Hua- IV. heine, our people were very fuccefsful in obtain- 177 J, '"8' fupplies of provifions. No lefs than three hundred hogs , bolides fowls and fruit , were procured ; and had the fhips continued longer at the place, the quantity might have been greatly increafed. Such was the fertility of this fmall ifland, that none of thefe articles of refrefiiment were feemingly diminifhed, but appeared to be as plentiful as ever *. From Huaheine our navigators failed for Ulie- tea, where trade was carried on in the ufual manner, and a mofl friendly intercourfe renewed between Captain Cook and Oreo, the Chief of the ifland. Here Tupia was enquired after with particular eagcrnefs , and the enquirers were perfedly fatisfied with the account which was given of the occafions of that Indian's deccufe. I? Sept. On the morning of the fifteenth, the Englijfh were furprized at finding that nope of the inha- bitants of Ulietea came off to the fhips, as had bitherto been cuflomary. As two men belonging to the Adventure had flayed on fliore all night, contrary to orders. Captain Cook's firft conjee- tures were, that the natives had ftripped them, and were afraid of the revenge which would be taken of the infult. This , however , was not the cafe. The men had been treated with great civility, and could affign no caufe for the preci- pitate flight of the Indians. All that the Captain * Cook, ubi fupra, p. i6i — 171, 1 CAP! AIN JAMES COOK. 28a could learn was , that fcveral were killed , and C n A P- others wounded, by the guns of the Englifli. This information alarmed him for the fafety of Ibme of our people , who had been fent out iii two boats to the Hland of Otaha. He determined, therefore , if poffibie , to fee the Chief himfclf! V\^hcn he came up to him , Oreo threw his arms around our Com.mander's neck, and burft into tears; in which he was accompanied by all the women, and fome of the men; lb that the lamentation became general. Aftonifliment alone kept Captani Cook jrom joining in their grief. At lafl, the whole which he could colledl from his enquiries was , that the natives had been alarmed on account of the abfence of the finglifli boats, and imagined that the Captain, upon^thc fuppofition of the defertion of his men, would ufe violent means for the recovery of his lofs. When the matter v/as explained, it was acknow-* ledged that not a linglc inhabitant, or a ihy-lc •Englifliman, had been hurt. This groundiefs conaernation difplayed in a flrong Tight the timorous difpofition of the people of the Society Iflands. Our navigators were as fuccefsful in procuring provifions at Ulietea as? they had been at Huat heine. Captain Cook judged, that the number of hogs obtained amounted to four hundred, or upwards : many of them , indeed , were only roaders, while others exceeded a hundred pounds in weight; but tiie general run was fio.n forty to fixty. A larger quantity was oftered than the IV. '775' if: (»' m 8^4 THE LIFE OF Chap, fliips could contain ; fo that our countrymen IV. were enabled to proceed on their voyage with 1773. no fmall degree of comfort and advantage *. Our Commander, by his fecond viCit to the Society Ifiands , gained a farther knov/ledge of their general ftate, and of the cudoms of the inhabitants. It appeared that a Spanifli fliip.had - been lately at Otaheite , and the natives com- plained that a difeafe had been communicated to them by the people of this veffel , which , ac- cording to their account, affeded the head, the throat, and the ftomach , and at length ended in death. With regard to a certain diforder, thfc effedls of which have fo fatally been felt in the later ages of the world. Captain Cook's enqui- ries could not abfolutely determine whether it was known to the iflanders before they were vifited by the Europeans. If it was of recent origin, the introduction of it was, without a diOentient voice, afcribed to the voyage of IVI. de Bougainville. One thing which our Commander was felicit- ous to afcertain , was, whether human facrifices conftituted a part of the reljgiorus cuR:oms of thefe people. The man of whom he made his enquiries , and feveral other natives , took fome pains to explain the matter; but, from our peo- ple's ig.norance of the language of the country, their explication could not be underflood. Captain Cook afterwards learned from Omai, that the Cook, ubi fupra, p. 171 — 180. I. the CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 285 inhabitants of the Society Iflands offer human Chap. facriHces to the Supreme Being. M^hat relates IV. to funeral ceremonies excepted, all the knowledge 1775. he could obtain concerning their religion was very imperfedl and defeclive. Ihe Captain had an opportunity, in this vo, yagc, of redifying the great injuftice which had been done to the women of Otaheite and the neighbouring ifles. They had been reprefented as ready, without exception, to grant the laft favour to any man who would come up to their price: but our Commander found that this was by no means the cafe. The favours both of the married women and of the unmarried, of the better fort, were ast difficult to be obtained in the Society Iflands as in any other country what- ever. Even with refpedt to the unmarried females of the lower ckfs , the charge was not indifcriminately true. There were" many of thefc vv4io would not admit of indecent familiari- ties. The fetting this fubjed in a proper light, a fubject upon which Dr. Hawkefworth had en- larged more than wifdom feemed to require, mud be confidered as one of the agreeable effcdts of Captain Cook's fecond voya9,e. Every en- hgh-tened mind will rejoice at what conduces to the honour of human nature in general, and of the female fex in paaiculaf. Chadity is fo eminently the glory of that fex,, and, indeed, is fo efientialJy conneded with the good order' of fociety, that it muft be a fatisfadion to refled, that there is no country, however ignorant or |!> I 286 T H E LIFE O F C'irAP. barbarous, in which tin's virtue is not regarJecl ]V. as an objcdl of moral obljgation. 1773, 1 his voyage enabled o.ir Commander to gain feme farther knowledge concerning the geogra- phy of the Society Ifles ; and he found it highly probable, that Otaheitc is of greater extent than be had computed it in his former eftimation "*'. The aftronomers did not neglect to fet up their obfervatories , and to make obfervations fuited to their purpofe f. J 7 Sept. On the feventeenth of September, Captain Cook failed from Ulietea , direding his courfe to the weft, with an inclination to the fouth. Land was difcovered on the twenty -third of the 23. month , to which he gave *he name of Harvey's X 0;iQber. Ifland *. On the firft of October , he reached the iflands of Middleburg. While he was looking about for a landing-place, two canoes, each of them conduced by two or three men , came boldly along-fide the fliip , and fome of the people entered it without hefitation. This mark f of confidence infpired our Commander with fo good an opinion of the inhabitants, that he de- termined, if poflible; to pay them a vifit, which * The latitude of Oaiti-piha Bay, in Otahclte , was found to be 17* 46' 2%" fouth, and the longitude o" 21' 2^;' 2" eaft from Point Venus; or 149* ij' 24^' weft from Greenwich. t Cook, ubi fupra , p. igi — 18J!. * It is fituateJ in the latitude of 19* t%' fouth, and 158" 54' weft. Cc > was // A« !•*• aivJ J77?' a Oct. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 287 lie did the next day. Scarcely had the vedeh Chap. gotten to an anchor before they were fnrrounded IV. by a great number of canoes, full of the natives, who brought with them cloth , and various curiofities , which they exchanged for nails, and fuch other articles as were adapted to their fancy. Among thofe who came on board, was a Chief, named Tioony , whofe friendfliip Captain Cook immediately gained by proper prefents , confift- ing principally of a hatchet and feme fpike- nails. A party of our navigators, with the Captain at the head of them , having embarked in two boats , proceeded to fliore , where they found an immenfe croud of people, who wel- comed them to the ifland with loud acclama- tions. There was not fo much as a ftick, or any other weapon, in the hands of a lingle na- tive , fo pacific were their difpofitions and inten- tions. They feemed to be more defirous of giv- ing than receiving; and many of them, who could not approach near to the boats , threw into them, over the heads of others, whole bales of cloth , and then retired, without either aiking or waiting for any thing in return. The whole day was fpent by our navigators in the moll agreeable manner. When they returned on board in the evening, every one expreffed how much he v/as delighted with the country, and the very obliging behaviour of the inhabitants, who feem- ed to vie with each other in their endeavours to give pleaiure to our people. All this conduct appeared to be the refuk of the moft pure good- 11! . 288 THE LIFE OF C"h a p. nature, perhaps without being Accompanied with IV. rnuch fentiment or feeling; for when Captain 1773. Cook fignilied to the Chief his intention of quit- ting the ifland , he did not fecm to be in the Jeall moved. Among other articles prefented by the Captain to Tioony, he left him an afTort- inent of garden -feeds, which, if properly ufed, might be of great future bcnelit to the country. . From Middltburg the fhips failed down to Amflerdam , the natives ol which ifland were equally ready with thofe of the former place to maintain a friendly intcrcourfe with the EngUdi. Like the people of Middleburg, they brought nothing with them but cloth, matting, and fuch other articles as could be of little fervice ; and for thefe our feamen were fo llmple as to barter away their clothes. To put a Hop , there- fore , to fo injurious a traffic, and to obtain the iieceffary refrefliments, the Captain gave orders that no fort of curiofities iliouJd be purchafed by any perfon whatever. This injunclion prO' duced the defired effect. When the inhabitants faw that the Engliili would deal with them for nothing but eatables , they brought off bananoes and cocoa-nuts in abundance, together with feme fowls and pigs; all of which they exchang- ed for fmall nails and pieces of cloth. Evtn a few old rags were fufiicient for the purchafe of a pig or a fowl. The method of carrying on trade being fettled, and proper olHcers having been appointed' to .prevent diijjutes, our Gomrnandei's ivixt objecv -was 1 1 the rders afed prO' tants [1 for noes with nang- en a of a Ittled, Id" to IS CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 2S9 vras to obtain as complete a knowledge as poffi- Chap. ble of the ifland of Amfterdam. In this he was ]V. much facilitated by a friendfhip which hov had 177J. formed with Attago, one of the Chiefs of the country. Captain Cook was ftruck with admira- tion, when he furveyed the beauty and cultivation of the ifland. He thought himfelf tranfported into the moft fertile plains of Europe. There was not an inch of wafte ground. The roads occupied no larger a fpace than was abfolutely neccffary, and the fences did not take up above four inches each. Even fuch a fmall portion of ground was not wholly lofl:; for many of the fences themfelves contained ufeful trees or plants. The fcene was every where the fame; and na- ture , aflifted by a little art , no where afTumes 3L more fplendid appearance than in this ifland. Friendly as were the natives of Amfl:erdam , they were not entirely free from the thievifh difpofition which hath fo often been remarked in the Iflanders of the Southern Ocean. The inftan- ces, however, of this kind, which occurred, were not of fuch a nature as to produce any extraordinary degree of trouble, or to involve our people in a quarrel with the inhabitants. Captain Cook's introduction to the king of the ifland afforded a fcene fomewhat remarkable. His majefl:y was feated with fo much fullen and ftupid gravity , that the Captain took him for an idiot, whom the Indians, from fome fuper- flitious reafons , were ready to worfliip. When our Commander ialutcd and fpoke to him, he Vol. I. V 29^ T H E LIFE OF Chat, neither nnfwcrcd , nor took the lead notice of IV. him; nor did he ahcr a finglc L'ytnre of his X77J. countenance. Even the picfents wliich were marie to him could not induce him to refign a bit of his gravity, or to fpcak one word, or to turn his head either to the right hand or to the left. As he was in the prime of life , it is polhblc that a falfe fcnfe of dignity might engage him to afTume fo folemn a ftupidity of appearance. In the hiftory of mankind, indances might probably be Pound which would confirm this fuppofitioii "*". For a general defcription of the two iflands of INliddleburg and Amfterdam , and an account of the cultivation , cuftoms , and manners of the inhabitants , recourfe muft be had to Captain Cook's Voyage. In flightly touching upon a few particulars , I Ihall hope to obtain the forgive- nefs of fome of my readers. It is obfervable , that thefe two iflands are guarded from the fea by a reef of coral rocks, "which extend out from the fliore about one hundred fathoms. On this reef the force of the fea is fpent before it reaches the land. The fame, indeed , is, in a great meafure, the fituation of all the tropical ifles which our Commander had feen in that part of the globe ; and hence arifes an evidence of the wifdom and goodnefs of Pro- vidence ; as by fuch a provifion , nature has cffeduall*/ fecured them from the encroachments of. the fea , though many of them are mere points * Cook, ubi Pipra, p. 189 — a lo. ^ ire ne he e, of ad fes Iro- as nts nts CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 291 when compared with the vafb ocean by which Chap. they are fiirrounded f. In Amflerdam, Mr. Forfter not only found the fimc plants that are at Otaheite and the neigh- bouring illands , but feveral others which are .not to be met with in thofe places. Captain Cook took care , by a proper affortment of garden-feeds and pulfe , to increafe the vegeti^ble ftock of the inhabitants. Hogs and fowls were the only domeftic ani- mals that were feen in thefe iflands. The former are of the fame fort with thofe which l^ad been met with in other parts of the Southern Ocean ; but the latter are far fuperior , being as large as any in Europe, and equal, if not preferable, with refpedl to the goodnefs of their flefh. Both the men and women are of a common fize with Europeans. Their colour is that of a lightiflh copper, and with a greater uniformity- than occurs among the natives of Otaheite and the Society Ifles. Some of the Englifli gentlemen were of opinion , that the inhabitants of Mid- dleburg and Amftcrdam were a much handfomer race ; while others , with whom Captain Cook concurred , maintained a contrary fcntiment. However this may be , their ihape is good , their features regular, and they are adive, brifk, and lively. The women , in particular, are^^he t The iflands of Middlcburg and Amflcrdam are fituated between the latitude of 21* 29' and 21' 5' fouth, and between the longitude of 174* 40' and 17^° 1$' weft, deduced from obfervations made on the fpot. V - 177J. 1:1 1 2i)2 THE LIFE OF C r A p. merrieft creatures our Commander had ever met IV. with; and, provided any perfon feemed pleafed 177}. with them, they would keep chattering by his fide , without tne leaft invitation , or conlidcrin^^ whether they were underflood. They appeared in general to be modeft , though there were feveral amongfl; them of a different charader. As there were yet on board fome complaints of a certain diforder, the Captain took all poffible care to prevent its communication. Our navi- gators were frequently entertained by the women with fongs , and this in a manner which was by no means difagreeable. They had a method of keeping time , by fnapping their fingers. Their mufic was harmonious as well as their voices , and there was a confiderable degree of compafs in their notes. A fingular cuftom was found to prevail in thcfe iflands. The greater part of the people were obferved to have loft one or both of their little fingers; and this was not peculiar to rank, age, or fex; nor was the amputation reftrided to any fpecific period of life. Our navigators endeavoured in vain to difcovcr the reafon of fo extraordinary a pradlice, A very extenfive knowledge of the language of Middleburg and Ahifterdam could not be olitained during the fliort Hay which was made there by the Englifli. However, the more they ' enquired into it, the more they found that it was , in general , the fame with that which is fpoken at Otaheite and the Society Iflcs. The I T 0:t. CI. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 293 difference is jiot greater thr.n what frequently Chap. occurs betwixt the moft northern and weftern IV. parts of England *. On the feventh of Odlober, Captain Cook proceeded on his voyage. His intention was to fail diredly to Qiieen Charlotte's Sound in New Zealand, for the purpofe of taking in wood and water, after which he was to purfue his difco- veries to the fouth and the eaft. The day after he quitted Amfterdam, he pafled the ifland of Pilftart; an ifland which had been difcovered by Tafman f. On the twenty-firft, he made the land of New Zealand, at the diftance of eight or ten leagues from Table Cape. As our Commander was very defirous of leaving in the country fuch an afTort- mcnt of animals and vegetables as might greatly contribute to the future benefit of the inhabitants, one of the firft things whigh he did was to give to a Chief, who had come off in a canoe , two boars, two fows, four hens, and two cocks, together with a quantity of feeds. The feeds were of the moft ufeful kind ; fuch as wheat , french and kidney beans, peafe, cabbage, tur- nips, onions, carrots, parfaips, and yams. The man to whom thefe feveral articles were pre- fented, though he was much more enraptured * Cook , ubi fupra , p. 212, 21J, 214, 217, 218, 222 , 22^. t Pilftart is (ituated in the latitude of 22° 26^ fouth, and in the lomjitude of 17^° -jq' weft. It is diftant thirty- two leagues from the fouth end of Middleburg. «94 THE LIFE OF Chap, with a fpike-nail half the length of his arm , IV. promift'd , however, to take care of them , and, 1 77 J. in particular, not to kill any of the animals. If he adhered to his promife, they would be fuf- ficient, in a due courfe of time, to flock the whole ifland. 3 N^ov. It was the third of November before Captain Cook brought the Refolution into Ship Cove, in Queen Charlotte's Sound. He h.id been beating • about the ifland from the twenty-firfi; of Oclober , during v/hich time his vefTel was expofed to a variety of tempefluous weather. In one inftance he had been driven off the land by a furious ftorm, which lafled two days, and which would have been dangerous in the higheft degree , had it not fortunately happened that it was fair overhead , and that there was no reafon to be appreheniive of a lee-fliore. In the courfe of the bad weather which fucceeded this florm , the Ad- venture was feparated from the Refolution , and was never feen or heard of through the whole remainder of the voyage. The fnft objed of our Commander's attention, after his arrival in Queen Charlotte's Sound , was to provide for the repair of his flilp, which had fuflered in various refpeds, and efpecially in her fails and rigging. Another matter which called for his notice , was the flate of the bread belonging to the vefTel ; and he had the morti- fication of finding that a large quantity of it was damaged. To repair this lofs in the bcfl: manner he was able , he ordei ed all the cafks to be CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. 295 opened , the bread to be picked , and fucb parcels C n a v. of it to be baked, in the copper o\'en, as could IV. by that means be recovered. Notwithft-^nding 1775. this care, four thoufand two huudrcd and ninety- two pounds were found totnlly unfit forufc; and about three thoufand pounds more could only be eaten by people in the fituation of our navigators. Captain Cook was early in his enquiries con- cerning the animals which hdd been left at New Zealand, in the former part of his voy;ge. He faw the youngeft of the two fows that Captain Furneaux had put on fhore in Cannibal Cove. She was in good condition, and very tame. '1 he boar and other fow , if our Commander was rightly informed , were taken away and feparated , but not killed. He was told that the two goats, which he had landed up the Sound, had been deftroyed by a rafcally native, of the name of Goubiah; fo that the (Captain had the grief of difcovering that all his benevolent endeavours to flofck the country with ufeful animals were likely to be fruftrated by the very people whom he was anxious to ferve. The gardens had met with a better fate. Evcrj^ thing in them , except- ing potatoes, the inhabitants had left entnely ta nature, who had fo well performed her part, that moft of the articles were in a flouriHiing condition. . > Notwithftanding the inattention and folly of the New Zealanders, Captain Cook ftill contiiiucd his zeal for their benefit. To the inhabitants who y 4 ai)6 THE LIFE OF C IT A r. refided at the Cove, he gave a boar, a young IV. fow, two cocks, and two hens, which had 1775. been brought from the Society Iflands. At the bottom of the Weft Bay, he ordered to be landed , without the knowledge of the Indians , four hogs , being three fows and one boar , together, with two cocks and two hens. They were carried a little way into the woods , and a$ much food was left them as would ferve them for ten or twelve days; which was done to prevent their coming down to the fliore in fearch of fuftenance , and by that means being difcovered by the natives. The Captain was defirous of replacing the two goats which Goubiah was underftood to have killed , by leaving behind him the only two that yet remained in his pofTeffion. But he had the misfortune, foon after his arrival at Queen Charlotte's Sound , to lofe the ram ; and this in a manner for witich it was not eafy to affign the caufe. Whether it was owing to any thing he had eaten , or to his being ftung with* nettles, which were very plentiful in the place , he was feized with fits that bordered upon madnefs. In one of thefe fits , he was fuppofed to have run into the fea , and to have been drowned : and thus every method , which our Commander had taken t-o ftock the country with flieep and goats, proved ineffedual. He hoped to be more fuccefsful with refpedl to the boars and fows, and the cocks and hens, which he left in the ifland. CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. Q.^r While the boatfwain , one day , and a party of C ii a f. men were employed in cutting broom , fome of IV. them dole fevcral things from a private hut of i771« the natives, in which was depofited moft of the treafurc they had received from the Englifh , as welj as property of their own. Complaint being made by the Indians to Captain Cook, and a particular man of the boatfwain's party having been pointed out to the Captain as the perfon who had committed the theft , he ordered him to be puniflied in their prefence. With this they went away fecmingly fatisfied , although they did not recover any of the articles which they had loft. It was always a maxim with our Commander , to punifli the leaft crimes which any of his people were guilty of with regard to uncivilized nations. Their robbing us with im- punity he by no means confidered as a reafon for our treating them in the fame manner. Ad- dicted as the New Zealanders were , in a certain degree , to ftealing , a difpofition which muft have been very much encreafed by the novelty and allurement of the objedls prefented to their view , they had , neverthelefs , when injured themfelvcs, fuch a fenfe of juftice, as to apply to Captain Cook for redrefs. The beft method, in his opinion, of prcferv^ingagood underftanding with the inhabitants of countries in this ftate of , fociety, is, firft, to convince them of the fupe- riority wc have over them In confequcnce of our fire-arms, and then to be always upon our guard. Such a condud, united with ftricl honefty 298 THE L I F K OF Chap, and gentle treatment, will convince tbem that ib IV. is their interefl not to didurb us , and prevent 1773. them from forming any general plan of attack. Jn this fecond vifit of our navigators to New Zealand , they met with indubitable evidence that the natives were eaters of human fitfli. \ he proofs of this fac5l had a mofl; powerful influence on the mind of Oedidee , a youth of Bolabola, whom Captain Cook had brought in the Kefo- lution from Ulietea. He was fo affedcd that he became perfedJy motionlefs , and exhibited fiich a piclure of horror, that it would have been impoflible for, art to defcribe that paflion with half the force with which it appeared in his countenance. When he was rouzed from this ftate by fome of the Englifh, he burfl; into tears; continued to weep and fcold by turns; told the New Zealanders that they were vile men ; and afTured them that he would not be any longer their friend. He would not fo much as permit them to come near him; and he refufed to accept, or even to touch the knife by which fome human flefh had been cut off. Such was Oedidee's indignation againft the abominable cuRom ; and our Commander has juftly remarked that it was an indignation worthy to be imitated by every rational being. The conduct of this young man upon the prefent occafion , ftrongly points oat the difference which had taken place, in the progrefs of civilization , between the inhabitants of the Society Iflands and thofe of , New Zealand. It was our Commander's firm I77J* CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. zg^ opinion, that the only human flefh which was Chap. eaten by thefe people was that of their enemies IV. who had been flain in battle. Diirinjr the ftay of our voyagers in Queen Charlotte's, Sound, they were pJcntifuJly fupplied with f]/]), procured from the natives at a very eafy rate ; and, bcfides the vegetables afforded by their own gardens , they every where found plenty of fcurvy-grafs and celery. Thefe Captain Cook ordered to be dreffed every day for all his hands. By the attention which he paid to his men in the article of provifions , they had for three months Jived principally on a frefli diet, and, at this time, there was not a Tick or fcorbutic perfon on board. The morning before the Captain failed, he wrote a memorandum, containing fuch informa- tion as he thought necellary for Captain Fur- neaux, in cafe he fliould put into the Sound. This memorandum was buried in a bottle under the root of a tree in the garden; and in fuch a man- ner that It could not avoid being difcovered , if either Captain Furneaux or any other European fliould chance to arrive at the Cove. Our Commander did not leave New Zealand without making fuch remarks on the coaft be- tween Cape Teerawhitte and Cape Pallifer as may be of fervice to future navigators. It being now the unanimous opinion, that the Adventure was no where upon theifland. Captain Cook gave up all expectations of feeing her any more y 300 THE LIFE OF »773. S6 Nov. Chap, during the voyage. This circumflance, however, IV. did not difcourage him from fully exploring the fouthern parts of the Pacilic Ocean, in the doing of which he intended to employ the whole of the enfuing feafon. When he quitted the coaft, he had the fatisfadlion to find that not a man of the crew was dejec'led , or thought that the dangers they had yet to go through, were in the leaft augmented by their being alone. Such was the coniidence they placed in their Commander, that they were as ready to proceed chearfully to the fouth , or wherever he might lead them , as if the Adventure, or even a larger number of fiiips had been in company *. On the twenty-fixth of November, Captain Cook failed from New Zealand in fearch of a continent, and fleered to the fouth, inclining to the eaft. Some days after this , our navigators reckoned themfelves to be antipodes to their friends in London, and confequently were at as great a diftance from them as poffible. The firft ice ifland was feen on the twelfth of December f, farther fouth than the firft ice which had been met with after leaving the Cape of Good Hope in the preceding year. In the progrefs of the voyage, ice ifiands continually occurred, and the navigation became more and more difficult and dangerous. When our people were in the latitude * Cook, ubi fupra, p. 22^ — 2^0. t This was in the latitude of 62" 10^ fouth, and lon- gitude 172° weft. " . IS Dec. ' CAPTAIN JAMES COpK. 301 177}- a? De9« of 67°/ 5' fouih, they all at once got within ftich a Chat* cluftcrof thefeifland*;, together with a large quanti- IV. ty of loofe pieces, that to keep clear of them was a matter of the utmoft difficulty. On the twenty- fecond of the month , the Refolution was in the higheft latitude flie had yet reached *, and cir- cumftances now became fo unfavourable , that our Commander thought of returning more to the north. Here there was no probability of finding any land, or a poffibility of getting farther fouth. To have proceeded, therefore, to the eaft in this latitude , muft have been improper , not only on account of the ice, but becaufe a vaft fpace of fea to the north muft have been left unexplored , in which there might lie a large trad of country. It was only by vifiting thofe p-^rts that it could be determined whether fuch a fuppofition was we^ founded. As our navigat- ors advanced to the north-eaft on the twenty- fourth , the ice iflands encreafed fo faft upon them, that, at noon, they could fee nearly a hundred around them, befides an immenfe number of fmall pieces. In this fituation they fpent Chrift- mas-day, much in the fame manner as they had done in the former year. Happily our people had continual day-light, and clear weather; for had it been as foggy as it was on fome preceding days , nothing lefs than a miracle could have faved them from being dafhed to pieces. While the Refolution was in the high latitudes. 24. * This was 67° 31'. The longitude was 143* 54' weft. / • B^Z THE LIFE &c. «77J. Chap, many of her company were attacked with a flieht IV. fever , occafioned by colds. The diforder how- ever, yielded to the fimpleft remedies, and was generally removed in a few days. On the fifth of January, 1774, the fiiip not beijig then in much more than fifty degrees of latitude, there were only one or two perfons on the fick lift. End of the first Volume. light lOW- w