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A NEW Geographical, Hiftorical, and Commercial GRAMMAR; AND PRESENT STATE OF THE SEVERAL KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD. CONTAINING !• The Figures, Motions, and Dtftances of the Planets, according to the Newto- nian Syftem and the lateft Obfervations. JI. A general View of the Earth confidcrcd as a Planet ; with feveral ufeful Geogra- phical Definitions and Problems. III. The grand Divifions of the Globe into Land and Water, Ccntincnts and Iflands. IV. The Situation and Extent of Empires, Kingdoms, States, Provinces, and Colo- nies. y. Their Climate, Air, Soil, vegetable Pro- du£tions, Metals, Minerals, natural Cu- riofitics. Seas, Rivers, Bays, Capes, Pro- montories, and Lakes. VI. The Birds and Beads peculiar to each Country. VII. Obfervationc on the Changes that have been any where obfcrved upon the Face ofNature fince the moft early Periods of Hiftory. VIII. The Hiftory apd Origin of Nations : their Forms of Government, Religion« Laws, Revenues, Taxes, naval and mi- litary Strength. IX. The Genius, Manners, Cuftoms, and Habits of the People. X. Their Language, Learning, Arts, Sci- ences, ManufaAures, and Commerce. XL The chief Cities, StruAnrea, Ruins, and artificial Curiofities. XII. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings, and Diftances of principal Places from London. WITH A T A B L E of the c o I N s of all Nations, and their Value in ENGLISH MONEY. By WILLIAM GUTHRIE, Efq. ILLUSTRATED WITH ANEW AND CORRECT SiLT OF MAPS, Engraved by Mr. K i t c h i n. LONDON: Printed for J. K N 6 X, at N" 148, near Somerfct-Houfe, in the Strand. MDCCLXX. t W 3 THE PREFACE. TO a man finccrely interefled in the welfare of fociety and of his country, it muft be particularly agreeable to reflcdt on the rapid progrcfs, and general diffufionof learning and civi- lity, which, within the prefent age, have taken place in Great Britain. Whatever may be the cafe in fome other kingdoms of Europe, we, in this ifland, may boaft of our fuperiority to thofe illiberal prejudices, which not only cramped the genius, but four- ed the tempc; of man, and diiturbed all the agreeable intercourfe of fociety. Among us learning is no longer confined within the fchools of the philofophers, or the courts of the great j but like all the greateft advantages which heaven has beftowed on mankind, it is become as common as it is ufeful. This general diffufion of knowledge is one effc£k of that happy conftitution of government, which, towards the clofc of the laft century, was confirmed to us, and which makes the peculiar glory of this nation. In other countries, the great body of the people have little power, and confequently meet with little rcfpcclj in Great Britain the people have their due influence, and meet ac- cordingly with a proper fliare of attention. To their improve- ment, therefore, fome men of letters have lately haa an eye ; for the great body of the people, no lefs than the dignified, the learri- cd, or the wealthy few, had a title to be amu'i;.'. informed, and edified. Books were divcdied of the terms of the fchools, they were reduced from that fize which fuited them only, to the purles of the rich, and the avocations of the ftudious j they were adapt- ed to psrfons of more ordinary fortunes, and whofe attachment to A 2 other -«*- w PREFACE. other purfuits, admitted of little leifure for thofe of knowledge. It is to books of this kind, books adapted to the time, capacity, and other circumftances of the people, more than to the works of our Bacons, our Lockcs, and our Newtons, that the generality of our countrymen owe that fupcrior improvement,, which diftinguifhes them from the common ranks of men in all other countries. To promote and advance this improvement, is the principal dcfign of our prefent undertaking. No fubje£t appears more intcrefting than that we have chofen, and none fcems capable of being handled in a way that may render it more generally ufcful. The knowledge of the world, and of its inhabitants, though, not the fublimeft purfuit of mankind, is that which moft near- ly interefts them, and to which furely their abilities are beft adapted. Books of geography, v. ..ch defcribe the fituation, extent, foil, and produiflions of kingdoms ; the genius, manners, religion^, government, commerce, fcicnccs, and art:* of all the inhabitants upon earth, promife the beft afliftance for attaining this knowledge. The Compendium of Gfiography, we now offer to the public, dif- fers in many particulars from other books on that fubje£(. Befides endeavouring to exhibit an eafy, diftindt, and fyftematic account of the theory and prafticc of what may be called Natural GcO" graphy, we have attempted to render the following performance, yfl inftruftive, though compendious account of the general hifto- ry and fpirit of nations. The character cf nations depends on a. continuation of a great many circumftances which reciprocally affect each other. There is a nearer connexion between the learning, tae commerce, the government, &c. of aftate, than moft people feem to apprehend. In a work of this kind, which pre- tends to include moral, or political, as well as natural geography,, no one of thofe objeds fhould pafs unnoticed.. The omiiTion of any one of them would not only deprive us of x piece of know- ledge, interefting in itfelf, but which is abfolutely neceflary for enabling us to form an adequate and comprehenfive notion of the fubjc(ft in general. We have thought it neceflary, therefore, to add a new article to :his work, which comprehends the hiftory and prefent ftate of learning, in the feveral countries we defcribe,. with the characters of fuch pcrfons as have been moft eminent in the various departments of letters and philofophy. This fub- ie»a:,. confidcred by itfelf, may be of ufe, and muft appear altoge- 2 tiieir PREFACE. ther trquifite iit this work, when we confider the powerful influ' ence of learning upon the manners, government, and general cha- ra<3er of nations. Theic objeAs, indeed, till of late, feUlom oc« cupieu any part in geographical performances ; and, even where (hey have been introduced, are far from being bandied in the moft entertaining or in(lruar- barous conqueft of this new world j the manners and prejudices of the original inhabitants, are objefls too, which, together with the national defcription of the country, defervedly occupy no imall ihare of this performance. In treating of fuch a variety of fubjefts, miflakes, no doubt, muil efcape our notice. But if our general plan be good, and the cr.l;'ncs and chief figures flcetched with truth and judgment, the candour of the learned, we hope, will excuie the imperfedlions of an original draught, which, with all its defeats, may be found very generally ufefui. We cannot, without tranfgrcffing the bounds of a Preface^ infift upon the other parts of our plan. The Maps, which are new, and corre£ied with care, will, we hope, afford fatisfadlion. I'he fcience of natural geography, for want of proper encou- ragement from thofe who are alone capable of giving it, flil) remains in a very imperfect ft ate ; the exa£t divifions and extent of countries, for want of geometrical furveys, is far from being well afcertaincd. This confideration has induced us to adopt the moft unexceptionable of Templcman's Tables ; which, if they give not the exa'^eft account, afford at leaft a general idea upon this fubje£l i which is all indeed we can attain, until the geogra- phical fcience arrives at greater perfeftion. They are, befidcs, Fecommended by their brevity ; and the making ufc of them has enabled us to introduce fome fabje inclined to the plane of the •fttth's orbit, which we may conceive by fuppofing a (pindle put through ^ a ball} INTRODUCTION. • •• m a ball, with one end of it touching the ground ; if we move the ball tlireftly forwa; Is, while one end of the fpindle continues to touch the ground, and the other points towards feme quarter of the heavens, we may form a notion of the inclination of the earth's axis to its orbit, from the inclination of the fpindle to the ground. The fame obfcrvation ap- plies to fome of the other planets, as may be ieen from the table. The only thing that now remains, is to confider Vhat is meant by the mean diftances of the planets from the fun. In order to underftand which, we mull learn that the orbit, or path which a planet defcribes, were it to be marked out, would not be quite round or circular, but in the ihap e of a figure called an ellipfe, which, though refembling a circle, is long<;r than broad. Hence the fame planet is not always at the fame dillance from the fun, and the mean diflance of it is that which is exa£Uy betwixt its greatefl and leafl diftance. Here follows the table. A T A B L E of the Diameters, Periods, &c. of the fevcral Planets in the Solar Syftem. Mean diftances >5' X O from the fun, Jupiter'smoons. Saturn'smoons. Names 3 It s as determined from obferva- tionJ of the periods round the fun. So - s • ot the planets. C.5 a 3 £. a. Periods round Periods round • tranfit of Ve- nus, in 1761. • 5:0 * their primary. their primary, Miles. d. h. s s Sun 763000 E. miles. d. h. 25 6 g" ? Time. § Time. Mcaury 2600 36,668,373 87 23 unkn. unkn. • s Venus 7906 68,518,044 224 17 TS" d. h. m. d. h. m. Earth 7970 94,725,840 365 6 I 23»29' I 1 18 36 I I 21 19 Moon 2180 ditto. ditto 29 12^ z'lo' 2 3 13 IS 2 2 17 40 Mars 4444 144,588,575 686 23 24 40 3 7 3 59 3 4 " 45 Jupiter 81000 492,665,307 433* I* 9 56 4 16 18 3c ' 15 22 41 Sauirn 67000 903,690,197 10759 7 unkn. unkn. Is 79 7 48 The reader having obtained an idea of the folar fyftem from this table, and the previous obfervations neceflary for undcrltanding it, mull next turn his refieftion to what are called the firft ftars, which compre- hend the luminaries above our heads that have not been explained. The fixed ftars are diftinguilhed by the naked eye from the planets, by being lefs bright and luminous, and by continually exhibiting that appearanc9 .lich we call the twinkling of the ftars. This arifes from their being fo > extremely fmall, that the interpoAtion of the leaft body, of which there are many conftantly floating in the air, deprives us of the fight of them $ when the interpofed body changes it;> place, we again fee the ftar, and this fucceilion being perpetual, occafions the twinkling. But a more remarkable property ot" the fixed ftars, and that from which they have obtained their name, is their never changing their Htuation with regard to each other, as the planets, from what we have already faid, muft evi- dently be always changing theirs. The ftars which are neareft to us fcem largeft, and are tnereforecalledof the firft magnitude. Thofe of the fecond magnitude appear lefs, being at a greater diftance ; and fo pro- ceeding on to the fixth magnitude, which includes all the fixed lUrs which are vifible without a tclefcope. As to their number, though in a a 2 dear ^ ir- I N T R O D U C T I O K. 1 h clear winter's night witliout moonPainc ihcy fcem to be innumcrabic; which is owinj^ to their lliong fparklinp;, and our looking at them in a confiifcd manner, yit when the wiiole firmament is divided, as it has been done by the jinticnts, into li^ns and conllellations, the number that can be fecn a"- a time by the bare eye, is not above a thoufand. t^ince the intr(>diit^u(>n ot' telefcopes indeed, the number of the fixed Ihirs has been jutlly conlldered as immenfe ; bccaufe the greater pertedlion we arrive at in our glaflcs, the more liars always appear to us. Mr. Flam- flead, royal albonomer at Greenwich, has given us a catalogue of about three thoufand liars, which is the moil compleat that has hitherto ap- peared. The immenfe dillance of the fixed liars from our earth, and one another, is of all confiuerations the moil proper for raifing our ideas of the works cf God. For notwithftnnding the great extent of the earth's orbit round th;." fun, the diftance of a fixed liar is not fenfibly afFecled by it ; fo that the liar does not appear to be any nearer us when the earth is in that part of its orbit ncareft the liar, than it icemed to be when the earth w;:s at the moll di'ip.iit part of its orbit from the fame liar. The liar nearcil us, and confequenlly tlic biggell in appearance, is the dog- ftar, or Sirius. Modern difcoverlcs make it probable that each of thefe fixed liars is a fun, havintr worlds r>;\i)lvlnfT round it, as our fun has the earth aiul other planet;, revolving round him. Now the dog-liar appears 27,000 times Ids than the fun, and as the dillance of the liars mull be greater in proportion as they feem lef;, mathematicians have computed the dillance of Siriu5 from us to be two billions and two hundred thcu- fand millions cf miles. The motion of light therefore, which though fo quick as to be commonly thought inllantaneous, takes up more time in travelling- fi-om the il-rs to us, than we do in making a Well-India voyage. A found would not arrive to us from thence in 50,000 years; which, next to !if;^:% is ccmmonly confidered as the quickell body we are acquainted with. The firll people who paid much a-ttention to the fixed ilars, were the fhcpherds in the bcauiifiil plains cf iigypt and Babylon ; who, partly from a.iuii'enicnt, and partly with a viev/ to dired them in their travelling during the ni'Mit, obfcrved the fituation of thcfe celcllial bodies. En- dowed with a lively fancy, they divided the ilars into diflerent compa- nies or cor.!lcl!:i:i -r.c, e:;ch of wiMcii they iiippofed to reprefent the image of fonic animal, or other terreilri d objedl. 'I'he peafants in our own country do the fame thing, for they dillinguilh that great northern con- flellation whieli philof'iuhers call the Urfi IV'lajor, by the name of the plough, the ilgurc of which it certainly may reprefent with a very little help from the fnncy, but the conikllations in general have preferved the nr.ir.cs which were given them by the antients ; and they are reckoned twenty-one northern, and twelve lbu.I:eni : bi!t the moderns have in- crcafed the number of the northern to thirty, four, and of the fouthern to thirfy-cne. JJefide thefe there are tlic twelve figns or conllellations in the Zodiac, as it is called from a (?;ee!c word fignifying an animal, bccaufe each of thefe twelve rcpreleut fome animal. Hiis is a great circle wliich divides the heavens into two equal parts, of which we lh»ll fpeak hereaftrr. In the mean time, we Ihall conclude this fedlion with an account of the rile, progrefs, r.^id revolutions in allronomy. Mankind mull have made a very eenliderable improvement in obferv- ihg' the motions of "'le heavenly bojics, before- they cn'uld fo far difen- £iijL;e themfchei from the prcjuJivc.. oflu/e and popular opinion, a^s to 7. b'jlicve INTRODUCTION. v nclicve that thediftTi upon which we live was not fixed and immnvcahlc. We find accdVdinglv, that Thalcs, the Milernn, wh i, about fix hun- dred years before Chiill, firil t.ii.ffht aftronomy in Europe, had gone (o far in this fubjecl as to calculate ccHpfts, or interpofitior.'? of the nrion betwixt the earth and the fun, or of ihc earth between tl'.e fun and the moon (the nature of which may be eafily undinfinod, t'lr^m what we have already obfcrved.) Pythagoras, a Greek p]nlof>pher, floiiiiHied about fifty years £fter ThaL's, and was, no doubt, equally well acquaiiited with the motion of the heavenly bodies. This led Pythagoras to con- ceive an idea, v/hicli there is no r.'afon to believe ]v.\d ever been thou'>,ht of before, namely, that the earth itfelfwas in motion, and that the fun was at relL He found that it was impoffihlc, in any other way, to give a confillent account of the heavenly motions. This fyRem, however, was fo extremely oppolite to all the prejudices of fenfe and opinion, that it never made great progrefs, or was widely dift'ufed in the antitnt world. The philofophers of antiquity def'pairingof being able to overcome igno- 'ance by rcafon, fet themfelves to adapt the one to the other, and to form a reconciliation between them. This was the cafe with Ptolomy, an Egyptian philofopher, who liouriihed a hundred thirt}'-eight years before Chrill. He fuppofeu, with ihe vulgar, who meafure evcrv thing by themfelve?, that the earth wa-> fixed immovably in tlie center of the univerfe, and that the feven plariet.s, confidering the morn as one of tiie primaries, were placed near to it ; above thcrn v/as the firn'.amcnt of fixed •itars, then the chryttalline orbs, then the primuui mobile, and, lall of :ill, the cc;"lum empyrium, or luaven of he:.vens. Ail thefe v;iil orbs are fuppofed to move round the earth once in tv/enty-four hours ; and befides that, in certain Itatcd or periodica! tiiiies. To account for thcle motions, he w;ii obliged to conceii-e a number of circles, t'llkd excen- trics and epicycles, crolllng and interfering v.ith one another. This fvllem was univei f.iUy maintaine^l liy ihc Peripatetic pliilor-.p'icrs, who were the uioft confiderable f.'ct in Eurooe, froju the lime of Ptolomy to the revival of learning i;i the fixteeuch century. At length, Coj;crnicus, t'r./.igh a native of Poland, a hold and original geniu-., adop'^ed the Pyihagorean, or true fyileni of the uni- verle ; and puhlifiied i; to the world in 1530. This doi^.trine had been fo lonp- in obf(.uri v, th.at the redorcr ofit was confidered as the inventors and the fyftem obtained the -lame of the Copernican philoiophy, thougli only revived by that great man. Europe, however, wa^ fall immerfed in fcnfe and ignorance ; and the general ideas of the v.'orlJ were not able to keep pace with thofe of a refined philofophy. This oc-alloned Copernicus to have few abetters, but many opponents. Tycao nmchc, in parlicular, a noble Dane, fen- fible of the defe>51/; cf the Ptolemaic fvftem, but unwillinq; to acknow- ledge the motion of the earth, endeavoured to efiablifh a ntAv lyilem of his own, which was ilill mor;; perplexed and cmbarrafled than that of P^lery. It allows a monthly motion to the moon round the earth, as die cent^ of it^ orbit; and it makes t'io fui^ !o be the center of the orbits of iVl ere ury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Satin-n. Tiiu fun, how- ever, with .all the planets, is fuppofed to be whirled round the ee.rtji in ri year, and even once in tl'.e twenty-four hours. This iyflcm however, abfurd as it was, met with its advocates. LongOm'^p.tanus, avvd athcrs, fo far refined upon it, as to admit the diurnal motion of ti;f Ciuth, dlough they infilled that it had no anniu^l motion. a j " Aboa: 1- '\l !:U ft • ^es, the firil Earned men iS-M -vi I N T R Q^ U C X I O N. About this time, after a darknefs of a ^rtaM mt$f dawn of learning and tafte began to appear m Euroj^c. in dilFerent countries began to cultivate aftronomy. Galileo, a Floren- tine, |ibout the year 1610, introduced the ufe of telefcopei, which dif- covered new arguments in fupport of the motion of the earth, and con- firmed the old ones. The fury and bigotry of the clergy indeed had almoll checked this flourilhing bud: Galileo was obliged to renounce the Copernican fyftem, as a damnable herefy. The happy reformation in religion, however, placed the one half of Europe beyond the reach of the papal thunder. It taught mankind that the fcriptures were not given for explaining fyftems of natural philofophy, but for a much nobler purpofe, to make us juft, virtuous, and humane : that inllead of op- pofing the word of God, which in fpeaking of natural things fuits itfelf to the prejudices of weak mortals, we employed our faculties in a man- ner highly agreeable to God himfelf, in tracing the nature of his works, which the more they are confidered, afford us the greater reafon to admire his glorious attributes of power, wifdom, and goodnefs. From this time, therefore, noble difcoveries were made in all the branches of adronomy. The motions of the heavenly bodies were not only clearly explained, but the general law of nature, according to which they moved, was difcovered and illuftrated by the immortal Newton. This law is called Gravity, or attradtion, and is the fame by which any body falls to the ground, when difengaged from what fupported it. It has been demon- llirated, that this fame Jaw which keeps the Tea in its channel, and th« various bodies which cover the furface of this earth from flying off into the air, operates throughout the univerfe, keeps the planets in their orbits, and preferves the whole fabric of nature from confufion and diforder. SECT. II. Of the Do6lrine of the Sphere. HAVING, in the foregoing Seftion, treated of the univerfe in ge- neral, in which the earth has been confidered as a planet, we liow proceed to the Doftrine of the Sphere, which ought always to be premifed before that of the globe or easth, as we fhall fee in the next Sedion. In handling this fubjeft, we fhal! confider the earth as at reft, and the heavenly bodies, as performing their revolutions around it. This method cannot lead the reader into any miftake, fince we have previoufly explained the true fyftem of the univerfe, from which it appears that it is the real motion of the earth, which occaflons the apparent motion of the heavenly bodies. It is belides attended with this advantage, that it per- feftly agrees with the ijiformation of our fenfes, which always lead us to conceive the matter in this way. The imagination therefore is not put on the Itretch ; the idea is eafy and familiar, and in delivering the elements of fcience, this objeft cannot be too much attended to. N. B. In order more clearly to comprehend what follows, the reader may OQpafionaUb^ turn Lis eye to the figure of the artificial fphere, on the oppc*ite pa^. The antients obferved that all the ftars turned (in appearance) round the earth, from eaft to weft, in twenty-four hours ; that the circles, which they defcribcd in thofe revolutions, were paraHIl to each other, but not of the fame magnitude ; thofe paffing over the middle of the earth, being the largeft of all, while the reft diminiftied in prop^jr- tiOD $ats, the iirll Learned men eo, a Floren- es, which dif- ^rth, and con- gy indeed had td to renounce py reformation ond the reach lures were not a much nobler inilcad of op- ings fuits itfelf ties in a man- ; of his works, afon to admire 'rom this time, of adronomy. irly explained, y moved, was law is called dy falls to the ; been demon- mnel, and thv flying off into ancts in their confufion and univerfe in ge- a planet, we : always to be fee in the next u-th as at reft, ound it. This lave previoufiy ppears that it rent motion of ge, that it per- vays lead us to e is not put on g the elements 4.6. In order y oQcafionail^ oppofite page. a appearance) urs : that the iraH^l to each the middle of led in propcy- tion f I u INTRODUCTION. vu T i '. .V -, ■ \ "S. ^ ■f^ l\ :■>•• - »- 1. ■^^- •% C^i :n tion to their diftanoe from it. Th :y alfo obfervcd that there were two points in the hcaveiis, which always prcfervcd the fame fituation. Thc-fe points they termed celeftial poles, becaufe the heavens feemed to turn round them. In order to imitate thcfc motions, they invented what is called the Artificial Sphere, through the center of which they drew a wire or iron rod, called an Axis, whole extremities were fixed to the immovable points called Poles. They farther obfervcd, that on the 20th of March, and 23d of September, the circle defcribcd by the fun, was at an equal didance from both of the poles. This circle, therefore, mull divide the earth into two (jqual parts, and on this account was called the Equa- tor or Equaller. It was alfo called the EquinoAial Line, becaufe the fun, when moving in it, makes the days and nights of equal length . all over the world. Having alfo obfervcd that from the J? of June, to the il of December, the mn advanced every day towards a certain point, and having arrived there, returned toward that from whence he fet out from [| ofDecember, to the 4^ of June ; they fixed thefe points which they called Solflices, becaufe the direA motion of the fua was Hopped at them ; and rcprefented the bounds of the fun's motion, by two circles, which they named Trm)icks, becaufe the fun no fooner ar- rived there than he turned back. The aftronomers obf«rving more near- ly the motion of the fun, obferved that the quantity by which he acceded or receded from the equator, in a day's time, was nearly a degree in the three hundred and fixtieth part of a great circle in the heavens, which pafling through certain conftcllations, which had been dillinguilhed by the name of animals, they called the Zodiac. This circle touches the tropic of Cancer on one fide, and that of Capricorn on the other, and cuts the equator obliquely. To exprefs this motion they fuppofed two points in the heavens, equally diftant from, and parallel to this circle, which they called the Poles of the Zodiac, which, turning with the heavens, by means of their axis, defcribe the two polar circles. In the artificial fphere, the equinoflial, the two tropics, and two polar circles, are cut at right angles, by two other circles called Colures, which iibrve to mark the points of the folltices, equinoxes, and poles of the zodiac. The ancients alfo obferved that, when the fun was in any point of his courfe, all the people inhabiting direftly north and fonth, as far as the poles, have noon at the fame time. This gave occafion to imagine a circle pafling through the poles of the world, which they called a Me# ridian, and which is immoveable in the artificial fphere, as well as the horifon ; which is another circle reprefenting the bounds betwixt the two hemifpheres, or half fpheres, viz. that which is above it, and that whioh is below it. SECT. III. The Dodlrine of the Globe naturally follows that of the Sphere. By the Doftrine of the Globe is meant the reprefentation of the dif- ferent places aod countries, on the face of the earth, upon an ar- tificial globe or ball. Now the manner in which geographers have re- prefented the fituation of one place upon this earth with regard to ano- ther, or with regard to the earth in general, has been by transferring the circles of the fphere to the artificial globe : and this is the only me* $hod they coi^ld employ. This will be abundantly obvious from an ex* » ^ ample. n i ( > f II «* 1 triii INTRODUCTION. f mpU". After that circle in the heavens, which is c*11cd the equator, wa^ known to afttonomers, there was nothing more cafy thin to transfer it to the earth, by which the fitiiation of plates was deiermined, accord- ing as thfv lay en one fide of the eqiuitor or another. The fame may be ohferved of th^ other circles of tlie fphcre above-mentioned. The render having obtained an idea of the principle upon which the Doftrine of the Globe i.s founded, may proceed to confider tlii- dortiine itfelf, or in otlier vwrds, the dtfcription of our earth, as rcprelentcd by the artifi- cial globe. Figure of the E a r t h. Though i'.i fpcaking of the earth, along with the other planets* it was fufiicicnt to coiifidcr it as a fpherical or globular body ; yet It has been difcovered, that this is not its true figure, and that the earth, though neaily a fphcre or ball, is not perfedly fo. This matter occaiioned gieut diiputc between the philofopjitrs of the lafl age, among wlioni Sir Jla:x Newton and Cafilni, a French allronomer, were the he;ids of two did'crciit parlies. Sir Ilaac dcir.onllrated from meclianical prin-, ciples, tliat tiic earth was an oblate fj here, or that it was flatted at the poles or north apd fouth points, and jutted out towards the cqu.itor ; lo that a line drav. n through the center of the earth, and pairing thro' the poles, wliich is called a Diameter, would not be fo long as a lint: drawn ilnough the fame center, and pafling through the ealt and weft pointii. The French plulofopher afiertcd quite the ccntrary. Hut the matter \sa-i put to a trial by the Frencli king in 1736, who fent out a company of philofophers towards the north pole, and likjwiie towards the equator, in order to meafurc a degree, or the three hundred and fix- tielh part of a great circle in thefe different parts ; and from their report, the opinion of Sir Ifaac Newton was confirmed beyond difputc. Since that time, therefore, the earth has always been confidered as more flat towards the poles, than towards tJie equator. Tlie rcafon of this figure jnay be eafily underflood, if the reader fully comprehends what we formerly obferved, with regard to the earth's motif n. For if we fix a ball of clay, on a fpindle, and whirl it round, we fhall find that it will jut out or piojedl towards the middle, and flatten towards thepoliG. Now this is exactly the cafe, witli regard to our earth, only that its a.\is,-repre- fpntcd by the fpindle, is imaginary. But though the earth be not per- feclly fplierical, the difierence from that figure is To fmall, that it may be ieprellntcd by a globe or ball, without any fci^iVole error. Circumference and Diameter of the Earth. In the general table we have exhibited, page 3, the diameter of the globe is given, according to the beft obfervations : fo that, three times this diameter, or twenty-four tboufand eight hundred and forty Englifh miles, win be irs circumference nearly. This circumference is conceived, for the convenieiicy of meafuring, to be divided into three hundred and . i^ty parts or degrees, each degree containing fixty geogiaphic miles, or ilxty-nine Englilh miles. TJiefe degrees are in the lame manner conceive4 io h: k.iivided each into hxty imnutes. Axis and Poles of the Earth. Tbe«|feA's Ci the Earth is that imaginary line palling through its cen- ti^r, on which it is iuppofed LO turn round once in iwcnty-four hours. The er-.'-'-^me points of this line arc. called the Poles of the Earth j one in the INTRODUCTION. Ik e cqur.tor, to translcr d, accord- fame may ned. The le Doftrine e itfclf, or r the artifi- zr planets, bony ; yet id that the 'his matter ige, among ic the htMOS mical priu-i atted at the ic equator ; )airaig thro' g as a linb art and weft y. But the ) font out a /ife towards red and fix- thcir report, ute. Since as more flat f tUis figure s what we i'i we lix a that it will pol'-5. Now axisj-iepre- be not per- tiiat it may H. leter of the 1 three times )rty Englifh conceived, liindicd and lie miles, of ;r conceivet^ igh its ccn- -tour hours. |rth ; one in the the north, mi the oth"r in the fouth, wh'ch are cxav'^ly in the Time di- ri'iiiion with two Uars in tiie heavens c;:Ilcd the [vor.Ji and iiouth Poles. The knowled^je of tliefc poles is of great ufe to the geographer, in de- termining the dillance ;md fituiaii/U oi plucc^ ; lor the poles mark, as it y>vtc, the ends of the eartli, which is divided in the ujiddlc by the equator; fo that the nearer Oiie apprt.acucs t.> thi.? poles, the farther iic removes from the equals. r, and contrariwile, in removing from the poles vou app:oach the eqiiiitor. Circles of the Gloee. Thcfe arc commonly di; ided intotl'.e pTcraer and Icflcr. A great circle is that whofe plane pp.H'rs throuph the center of the eartli, and divides it into two equal pans or hemilplicrc;. A IcITer circle is that svluci., being parallel to a greiircr, cnnnot pafi th!ouc»h the center of the earth, nor di/ide it into two equal piuts. 'I'iie gicaier circles are fix in nuj.iOcr, the lefler only four. Eqj/ator. The firft great circlvi wc (hall ipesvk of is the? Kqnntnr, which we have had occafion to iiint at already, ft is called fonieiimcs the Equini ctial, the reafon of which we have explained ; and by navioators it is alfo call- ed the Line, hccaufe, according to their rude notioiis, they bt'lieved it to be a great line drawn up( n ilic ica Ircin c;.lt to well, vHviciing the earth into the northern and foutnern hcmifplieres, and v.hicli tliey were at^tually to pafs in lading frwin the one into the other. The poles of tliis circle are the fame with thoie of the world, [t pnfil'i thruuii;h the call and Vvcrt points of the world, and, as has been .-dreaiiy mcntiont-d, divides it into the northern and foathern henif 'h';'ies. It is divided into three hun- dred and fixty degrees, the ulc of which v/"ll fion appear. Horizon. This grcr.t circle is reprefiMited by a broad circular piece of wood, en- compaiTui_'i; the globe, and liividing it into li.e uj'pcr and lov. or hemif- plieres. tieographers very jTOperly diitinguiih the hnrikin into tiie fen- i'dile and lalional. 'I'lie tiiA may be coi-.tcivcvi to be made by any gieat j^iane on the (iirfacc()[" the .'ea, which ieems to ilivide the heavens into mo hcmifplierei, the c-nc ..hove, the other bi low liie levtl of the earth, 'i'iiis circle determines the riling or letting of the fun and ftai:., in any [\:;rticular place, for v/bcn ilic}' btgin to :.ppf.ar above the ta.'lrrn edge, we f:y they rife, and when they go beneath the weliern, we U.y they are ii't. It appears i:lien that each place has its own icnlible horiion. 'J he odi'.r horijon, called the Rational, encompalles iliC globe, exactly in the middle. Its poles (that is tv/o points in its axis, each ninety degrees diuant from its plane, as thofe cf ail circles are) .?re called the Zenith ar.d Nadir; the f.ril exadt'y above our heads, and tlic other din., tly under ( ur K-'ct. The broad wooden circle, which repiViL::t it on the gb>be, has kvcral circles di;awn upon it : of thefe the innerniol: is that < rciidiiiing ilio number of degrees cf the twelve ligns of the Aodiac (of wt.ich here- after) viz. thirty to each fign. Next to this yoa have the names of theie figns. Next to this the days of the month according to the old (lile, r.ij.l then according to the new (lile. Befide theCe there is a circle, re- preftnting the thirty-tv/o rhumbs, or points oi the marinci's compafs. The ufe of all tliefe v^ill be explained afterwards. Meridian. introduction: Meridian. Thb circle h reprefented by the brazen frame, on which the globe liangs and turns. It is divided into three hundred and fixty degrees, and cuts the equator at right angles ; fo that counting from the equator each way to the poles of the world, it contains four times ninety degrees, and divides the earth into the tattern and weftern hemifpheres. This circle is called the meridian, becaufe when the fun comes to the fouth part of it, it is then miridies or midday, anu then the fun has its grcatett alti- tude for that day, which is therefore called its meridian altitude. Now as the fun is never in its meridian altitude, at two places eafl or weft of one another, at the fame time, each of thefe places muft have its own meridian. There are commonly marked on the globe twenty-four me- ridians, one through every fifteen degrees of the equator. Zodiac. The Zodiac is a broad circle, which cuts the equator obliquely ; In which the twelve figns above-mentioned are reprefented. In the middle of this circle is fuppofed another called the Ecliptick, from which the fun never deviates in his annual courfe, and in which he advances thirty degrees every month. The twelve figns are, 1. Aries ff — — 2. Taurus y — Gemini Cancer ss Lcoi), u 3- 4- 5- 6. Virgo irjz March y. Libra ^ — September April 8. Scorpio r\i — Oftober May q. Sagittarius f November June lo. Capricorn Vf — December July 1 1 . Aquarius ;JK January Auguft 12. Pifces X --■^- February. Co LURES. If you imagine two great circles pafling both through the poles of the world, and one of them through the equinodlial points Aries and Libra, and the other through the folftitial points Cancer and Capricorn, thei'e are called the Colures, the one the Equinoftial, the other the Solftitial Colure. Thele divide the ecliptic into four equal parts or quarters, which are denominated according to the points which theie pafs through, viz. the four cardinal points, and are the firft points of Aries, Liber, Cancer and Capricorn, and thefe are all the great circles. Tropics. If you fuppofc two circles drawn parallel to the equinoctial, at twenty-three degrees thirty minutes diftance from it, meafured on the brafen meridian, and one towards the north, the other towards the fouth, thefe are called Tropics, becaufe the fun appears, when in them, to turn backwards from his former courfe. The one is called the Tropic of Cancer, the other of Capricorn, becaufe they pafs through thefe poinu. Polar Circles, If two other circles arc fuppofed to be drawn at the diftance of twenty- three degrees thirty minutes, reckoned on the meridian from the polar points, thefe are called the Polar Circles. The northern is called the AriSlick, becaufe the north pole is near the conftellation of the Bear, the fouthern, the Antar6lick, becaufe oppofitetothe former. And thef? are the four lefl'er circles. Bfciide thefe ten circles now defcribed, which are always drawn on the globe, there are feveral others, which are only fup- INTRODUCTION. m fuppofed to be drawn on it. Thefe will be explained as they become neceHary, led the .eader (liould be difgufted with too many definitions at the fame time, without feeing the purpofe for which they fervs. The main dcfign theu of all thefe circles being to exhibit the refpe6live fitua- tion of places on the earth, we fhall proceed to confider jfiore particu- larly how that is efFeded by them. It was found eafier to diflinguiih places by the quarters of the earth, in which they lay; than by their diftance from any one point. Thus after it was difcovered, that the equator divided the earth into two parts, called the Northern and Southern he- mifphercs, it was eafy to fee that all places on the globe might be diflin- gui filed according as they lay on the north, or fouth fide of the equator. Befides, after the four lefTer circles we have mentioned came to be known, it v/as found that the earth, by means of them, might be di- vided i»to five portions, and confequently that the places on its furface might be diftinguifhed according as they lay in one or other of thefe por- tions, which are called Zones or Belts, from their partaking of breadth. • That part of the earth between the Tropics, was called by the antients the Torrid or Burnt Zone, becaufe they conceived, that, being conti- nually expofed to the perpendicular or direft rays of the fun, it was rendered uninhabitable, and contained nothing but parched and fand/ defarts. This notion, however, has long fmce been refuted. It ip found that the long nights, great dews, regular rains and breeze.% which prevail almoft throughout the torrid zone, render the earth not only habitable, but fo fruitful, that in many places they have two harvefts in a year ; all forts of fpices and drugs are almoft folely produced there ; and it furnifties more perfeA metals, precious ftones, and pearls, thaa all the reft of the earth together, In fhort, the countries of Africa, Afia, ^nd America, which lie under this zone, are in all refpefts the moft fertile and luxuriant upon earth. The two temperate zones are cCinprifed between the tropics and polar circles. They are called temperate, becaufe meeting the rays of the fun obliquely, they enjoy a moderate degree of heat. The two frigid zonts, lie between the polar circles and the poles, or rather are inclofed within the polar circle;;. They are called Frigid or Frozen, becaufe moft part of the year it is extremely cold there, and every thing is frozen fo long as the fun is uiuler the horizon, or but a little above it. However thel^ zones are not quite uninhabitable, though much lefs fit for living m than the torrid. None of all thefe zones is thoroughly difcovered by the Europeans, Little is known to us of the foathern temperate zone, and though fome iflands and fea coafts in the northern frigid zone have come to our know- ledge, we have none at all of the fouthern frigid zone. The northern temperate, and torrid zones, are thofe we are beft acquainted with. But the divifions of the earth into hemifpheres and zones, tho* it may be of advantage in letting us know in what quarter of the earth any place lies, is not fufficiently minute for giving us a notion of the diftances between one place and another. This however is lliil more necefTary ; becaufe it is of more importance to mankind, to know the fituation of places, with regard to one another, than with regard to .he earth itfelf. The firft ftep taken for determining this matter, was to divide the eartlt into what is called Climates, It was obfcrved that the day was always twelve hours long on the equator, and that the longeft day encreafed in proportion as we advanced north or fouth on either fide of it. The ancients llkereforc determined how far any place was nortli or fouth of y 1 u 1 1 i4 .; $ ' xn INTRODUCTION. the equator, or what is called the Latitude of the place, from the grcateit length of the day from that place. This made them conceiv« a number of circles parallel to the equator, which bounded the length of the day at different diftances from the equator. And as they called the fpace contained between tlicfe circles, Climates, becaufe they declined from the equator towards tlie pole, fo the circles themfelves mav be called Climatical Parallels. This therefore was a new divifion of the earth, more minute than that of zones, and ftill continues in i)\f, though, as we lliallfhcw, the der;o;n which (irll introduced it, m.-!, !■- better anfwer- ed in another way. There are thirty climate? bttvcen the equator and either pole. In the firft twenty-four, th ■ da) s encreafe by half hours, but in the rcir.i'r^n'^ fix, between the polar circle and the poles, the days encreafe by moiiv.i:;. I'his the reader will be convinced of, when he becomes acquainted with the ufe of the globe ; in the mean time v/c fhall infert a table, which will fervc t.-? fliew in what climate any coun- try lies, fuppofing the length of the day, and the diftance of the place from the equator to be known. ■ CLIMATES between the Ec^uator and Polar Circles. • Latitude. Breadth. Latitude. Breadth. s V3 ;-■ 3 o D. M. D. M. s tf3 u 3 D. M. D. M. ^—4 S »— ^ tn o ■ u I 12; 8 ^'5 8 25 13 18,: 59 5^ 1 29 '3 16 2t; 8 00 14 19 6! 18 I 20 3 I3z 23 S^ 7 25 If ^9\ 62 25 I 07 4 14 30 ■■■■^ 6 30 i: 20 63 22 ,f7 's . 14;.. 3^' 2S 6 08 17 to- 64 o5 44 6 15 4> 22 4 54 18 21 64 49 43 / i5i 45 29 4 07 «9 21! 65 21 32 8 9 f6 49 01 3 32 20 T ■» 65 47 22 1 6, 52 00 2 57 21 221 Ot) 06 19 lO 17 H 27 2 29 22 23 66 20 14 1 ; '7l I The longitude of a place is Its fituation with regard to its mcriuian,/ nnd confequently reckoned towards the call or well; in reckoning the longitude there is no praticuiar fpot from which wc ought to fct out preferably to another, but for the advantage of a general rule, tiie me- ridian of Ferro, the moll wcllerly of the Canary Iflands, was conudered aj the' iirft meridian in moft of the globes and maps, and the longitude of places was reckoned to be fo many degrees cad or weft of the meri- dian of Ferro. Thefe degrees are marked on the equator. No place t.m have more than a hundred and eighty degrees of longitude, becaufe the circumference of the globe being three hundred and fixty degrees, na place can be removed from another, above half that dillan'ce ; but many ibreign geographers very improperly reckon the longitude quite round liie globe. The degrees of longitude are not equal like thofe of lati- tude, but diminifh in proportion as the meridians incline, or their dif-, t:mce contrads in approaching the equator. Hence in fixty degrees o^ latitude, a degree of longitude is but half the quantity of a degree oa, the equator, and fo of the rell. The number of miles contained in a; cl'?gree of longitude, in each parallel of latitudcj arc fet dovvn in the fol-; lowing tabic. ' . ' i A TABLE 'I'nc [ 3tiv ] i ■'A / I r~ A TABLE SHEWING The Number of Miles contained in a Degree of Longitude, in each Parallel of Latitude from the Equator. o ■ in '^ • in in f« u s • rt s ouh M 31 s OU, •- 4> rt s U- « 04 I 59 96 5» 43 61 29 2 S*9 94 \ 32 50 88 62 28 17 3 59 92 33 50 32 63 27 24 4 59 86 34 49 74 64 26 3Q 5 59 77 35 49 »5 65 25 36 6 59 ^l 36 48 54 66 24 4' 7 59 56 37 47 92 67 23 45 8 59 40 38 47 28 68 22 48 9 59 20 39 4^ 62 69 21 5» 10 59 08 40 46 CJ 70 20 52 II 58 Po 4* 45 28 71 >9 54 12 58 68 42 44 95 72 18 55 »3 58 46 43 43 88 73 »7 54 »4 58 22 44 43 16 74 16 53 «5 58 CO 45 42 43 75 '5 52 i6 £7 60 46 41 68 76 H 51 »7 57 30 47 41 00 77 13 50 i8 •^l 04 48 40 '5 78 12 48 »9 55 73 49 39 36 79 II 45 20 55 38 50 38 57 80 10 42 21 56 00 51 37 73 81 09 38 22 55 6r 52 n 00 82 08 35 23 55 23 53 36 18 83 07 32 24 St 81 54 35 26 84 06 28 25 54 38 55 34 4« 85 05 23 26 54 00 56 33 55 86 04 18 27 53 44 57 32 67 87 03 14 28 53 00 58 3« 79 88 02 09 «9 52 48 59 30 90 89 01 05 30 51 96 1 1 60 30 OD 90 00 00 Longitude INTRODUCTION. Longitude and Latititde found. XV gitude, in » «-• . 1 Sii e Jh vr *S 4> *j • f^ rt 29 « "04" 28 »7 27 24 26 30 25 36 24 4> 23 45 22 48 21 5» 20 52 19 54 18 55 17 54 16 53 15 52 1 H 5» 1 *3 50 1 12 48 1 II 45 1 10 42 1 °9 38 1 08 35 1 07 32 1 06 28 1 °5 23 1 "4 18 1 03 H 1 oz 09 1 01 °S 1 00 00 ILon GITU DE To find the Longitude and Latitude of any place, therefore, we Heed only bring that place to the brazen meridian, and we fhall find the degree of longitude marked on the equator, and the degree of latitude on the meridian. So that to find the difference between the latitude or longi- tude of two places, we have only to compare the degrees of either, thus found, with one another, and the reduflion of thefe degrees into miles, according to the table above given, and remembering that every de- gree of longitude at the equator, and every degree of latitude all over the globe, is equal to fixty geographic miles, or fixt)'-nine Englifh, we e may find what is o'clock in any part of the world, by mean'; cf the hour circle, and by bringing the plHce to the brafs meriduin. Thus when it is twelve c'ciock at fort St. George, it v/ants a qu: it.'r fr( in fevcn -at London, and fo of the reft ; it is eafy to obivTva fioru x.].b, that thofe i;k:ces which, lie nflecu degrees to tiic call of u:, ]iav> tii:- fun an h'.-iir before us j and, on the contrary, that tliofe which lie t!:e fame number of degrees to the weft of us, have tliC iun an hour afior us. So tha: when it is twelve o'clock 'at London, ir is one ft Naples, and eleven at the Madeira ifland?, every fifteen degrees cf longitude ar.f'.ver 10 one hour of time. Hence were it polT-'v-- to make a clock (o perfecl as to keep time, without painin?- or lofir.f, or being at all aitectcd by the motion of a Ihip, It would be eafy to determine the lonc'itude at fca. For what- ever contrivance will Ih.ew the hours of the day, at two different places in the fame abfohue point cf t'me, will ll'.evv t!;e uifFcreace of longi- tude between tiiofe places, by the eafy operati(,!i cf reducing every hour of time into fifteen degiees of longitude. There are a variety of other problems, fome cf winch called Panuioxci, are more curious than ufctul, which may be performed on t!ie globe. Tiiefe however can oc- cafion no uiiticulty to fuch as un;!erftand what has b;xn already ad- vanced ; and ieem to have been introduced into work^ of this kind, rather from a defire to amufe, tlian 10 inltrud. 8 Cf f. - ifEcuk in all ces of the earth ; aifo where it day and hour g, at London, s 51° 32' uorth. " July, which is leridian, and it ;. Then bring I quarter before he index comes de on the brafs the Eaft Indies, iredly over their fort St. George, lorge to the me- all places above lOll: ail Europe, b many degrees, c lioriibn, which lin eighteen de- T, all" tlie places ifing, and all in places under the under the lower J.' '^ 4 ic World. what is o'clock and by bringing Ic o'ciuck at fort ;ird fo of the ry.!;lc!\ lie fifteen c us ; and, oa dcgices to the ■.c.i it is twelve lat the Madein-i |e hour of time. to keep tiine, Ihc motion of a vor what- IditFerent places Ircr.ce of longi- I reducing every Ire a variety of le curious than Icwever car. oc- :ii already ad- lus kind, rat:her INTRODUCTION. xvn Of the Natural Divifions of the Earth. The conftituent parts of the Earth are two, the land and water. The parts of the land are continents, iflands, peninfulas, ifthmus's, promonto- ries, capes, coafts, mountains, &c. A continent is a large portion of land, containing feveral countries or kingdoms, without any entire feparation of its parts by water, as Eu- rope. An ifland is a fmaller part of land, quite furrounded by water, as Great-Britain. A peninfula is a traft of land every where furrounded by water, except at one narrow neck, by which it joins the neighbouring continent : and that neck of land which fo joins it, is called an Ifth- mus. A promontory is a hill, or point of land, ftretching itfelf into the fea, the end of which is called a Cape. A coaft or fliore is what part of a country which borders on the fea fide. Mountains, val- leys, woods, defarts, plains, &c. need no defcription. The moll: re- markable are taken notice of, and defcribed in the body of this work. The parts of the water arc oceans, feas, lakes, ftraits, gulphs, bays, or creeks, rivers, &c. The ocean is a great and fpacious colleflion of water, without any enn tire feparation of its parts by land, as the Atlantic ocean. The fea is a fmaller coUeftion of water, which communicates with the ocean, con- fined by the land, as the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. A lake is a large coUeftion of water, entirely furrounded by land, as the lake of Ge- neva, and the lakes in Canada. A ftrait is a narrow part of the tea, rcftrained or lying between two fhores, and opening a paffage out of one fea into another, as the ftrait of Gibraltar, or that of Magellan. A gulph is a part of the fea running up into the land, and furrounded by- it, except at the paffage whereby it communicated with the fea or ocean. If a gulph be very large, it is called an inland fea, as the Mediterranean ; if it do not go far into the land, it is called a bay, as the Bay of Bifcay ; if it be very fmall, a creek, haven, ftation, or road for fliips, as Milford Haven. Rivers, canals, brooks, &c. need no defcription, for thefa lefler divifions of water, like thofe of land, are to be met with in moll countries, and every one has a clear idea of what is meant by them. But in order to ftrengthen the remembrance of the great parts of land and water we have defcribed, it may be proper to obferve, that there is 9/ ftrong analogy or refemblance between them. The defcription of a con- tinent refembles that of an ocean, an ifland encompafled with water re- ferables a lake encompafled with land. A peninfula of land is like a inland fea. A promontory, or cape of land, is like a bay or and an ifthmus, whereby two lands are joined, refembles a ftrait, which unites one fea to another. To this defcription of the di- vifions of the earth, rather than add an enumeration of the various part* of land and water, which correfpond to them, and which the reader will find in the body of the work, we ftiall fubjoin a table, exhibiting the fu- perficial content of the whole globe in fquare miles, fixty to a degree, and alfo of the feas and unknown parts, the habitable earth, the four quarters or continents ; likewifeof the great empires and principal iflands^ which fliall be placed as they are fubordiuate to one another in ma^ nitu^e. gulph or creek of fea Of 1^ f? 'I if I i xviu INTRODUCTION. The Globe — Seas and unknown I'.irts — The Habit;iblc World — ■ Europe •■ ■ — Afia Africa ■ ■ — • — — — N. America — — — S. America — Perfun Empire undar Darius Roman £fnp. in its utmod height Ruflian Chinefc — — — — Great Mogul ■■ ■ ■ • — TurkiA — — Prcfent Perfian rBorneo ■ — Madagalcar — — Sumatra — — Japan Great Britain ■ ■ Celebes Manila Iceland Terra del Fue£o — — Mindinao — Cuba Java Si) u are Miles. 148,^10,627 ii7,S43,?2i 3o,C66,So6 2.749»349 10,257,487 8,506,208 ^,699,087 5>4S4>675 1,650,00c 1,6 1 0,000 3.303>48.S '.749>ooo 1,116,000 960,057 8oo,oco 328,000 168,000 120,00c 1 18,000 72,926 68,4.(jo 58,500 46,000 42.'075 39,200 38,400 38,250 Iflands. Hifpaniola — NcwloundLmd Ceylon Ireland ■ — — Formofa Anian — Cilolo Sicily — — Timor — — Sardinia Cyprus Jamaica — — Flores — — Ccram Briton — — Socatora — Candia — Porto Rico ■ Corfica — Zdaiul •— Majorca — St. Jago iNet'ropont — Ttn-riir — Gotland — ■ Madeira — St. Michael Square Miles. Iflands. loco Skyc >— Lewis ■ - ■ Funen -^ Vvica —— Minorca — ■ Rhodes — Cephalonia ■ Amboyna Orkney Pomona Scio ■ ■ Martinico Lemnos — Corfu — Providence • Man — — R'^inholm — Wight — Malta Barbadoes — Zant . Antigua — St.Chriftophcr's St. Helena — Guernfcy — Jcrfey Bermudas — Rhode — SlJU. Ml.. 900 76X 62 52, 4iio 41c 4to 324 3C0 260 22, 194 i(, lOc iCo 150 1 50J 140J I2:| 1C-. 8c ?c| 5»i 4-,l 4'' 361 Winds and Tides. We cannot finifh the dodrine of the earth, without confidering Winds and 7 ides, from which the changes tliiU happen on its furface princi- pally arife. Winds. The earth on which we live is even,' where furroiinded by a fine invi- fible fluid, which extends to feveral miles above its furface, and is called Air. It is found by experiments, thai a fmall quantity of air is capable of being expanded, fo as to fill a very large fpace, or to be compreffcd into a much fmallcr compafs than it occupied before. The general caufe of the expanfion of air is heat, the general caufe of its compreffion is cold. Hence if any part of the air or atmofphere, receive a greater de- gree of cold or heat than it had before, its parts will be put in motion, and expanded or comprefled. But when air is put in motion, we call it win4 in general ; and a bree7e, gale, and itorm, according to the quicknefs or velocity of that motion. Winds therefore, which are com- monly confidered as things extremely variable and uncertain, depend on a general caufe, and aft with more or lefs uniformity in proportion as the aftion of this caufe is more or lefs conftant. It is found by obferva- tions made at Tea, that from thirty degrees north latitude, to thirty de- grees fouth, there is a conftant call-wind throughout the year, blowing on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and called the Trade Wind. This is occafioned by the adion of the fun, which in moving from call to weft heats, and cenfcqucntly expands the air immediately under him ; by which means a fticam, or tide of air, always accompanies him in his 2 ** couife, 1 N r R D U C T I D N. K\X courfc, and occallons a perpetual eaft-wind within thefe limits. This gff-» nerai caufe however is modified by a number of" particulars} the explica- lion of which would be too tedious, and complicated for our prefent plan ; which is to mention fafts rather than theories. It is likewife found then, that in fome parts of the Indian ocean, which are not more than two hundred leagues from and, there are periodical winds, called Monfoons, which blow half the year one way, and half the year anothei" way. At the changing of thefe monfoons, which always happen at th* equinoxes, there are terrible ftorms of thunder, lightning, wind and rain* It is difcovered alfo, that in the fame latitudes, there is another kind of periodical winds, which blow from the land in the night, and good part of the morning, and from the fea about noon, till midnight ; thefe however do not extend above two or three leao;ues from fhore. Near the coaft of Guinea in Africa, the wind blows always from the weft, fouth* weft, or fouth. On the coaft of Peru in South America, the winds blow conltantly from the fouth-wcft. Beyond the latitude of thirty north and fouth, the winds, as we daily perceive in Great-Britain, are more variable, tho' they blow oftener from the weft than any other point. Between the fourth and tenth degrees of north latitude, and between the longitude of Cape Verd, and the eafteninioft of tlic Cipe Verd lilMotl.';, there is a trad of fea condemned to perpetual calm;;, attended with terrible thunder and light- ning, and fuoh rains, that this fea has acquired the name o( tae Rainsi Tides. \\ By the tides is meant that regular motion of the fea, according to Whick it ebbs and flows twice in twenty-four hours. The Doftrine of the Tides remained in obicurity till the immortal Sir Ifaac Newton explained it by his great principle nf gravity or attraction. For having demon* ftratctl that there is a principle in all bodies, within the folar fyftem, by which they mutually tirnw or attraiSt one another, in proportion to their dillance, it follov/s, liuit thofe parts of the fea, which are ijTimediately below the moon, uiu ft be drawn towards it, and confequently wherever the moon is nearly vertical, the fea will be raifedj which occafioiis the flowing of the tide there. A fiiniiar reafon occafions the flowing of the tide likewife in thofe places where the nloon is in the Nadir, and which muft be diametrically oppoflte to the former ; for in the kemifphere fartheft from the moon, the parts in the Nadir being lefs at- iratftcd by Tier, than the other parts which are nearer to her, gravitate lefs towarus the earth's center, and confequently muft he higher than the reft. Thfii'e p.irts of the earth « on the contrary, where the m.ion ap- pears on tliC horifon, or ninety degrees diftant from the Zenith or Nadir, will have \o\\ water; for as the waters in the Zenith and N.idir rife at the fame c.me, the waters in their neighbourhood will prcfs towards thofe places, to maintain the equilibrium ; to fupply the places of thefe others will move the fame wayj and fo on to the places ninety degrees diftant from the Zenith and Nadir, where tiie water will bC loweft. By combining this dodrinc with the diurnal motion of the darth, above ex- plained, \vc Ihall be fcnfible of the reafon why the tides tbb and flow, twice in twenty-four hours, in every place on this globe. The tides {ire higher than ordinary, twice every month, that is about thfc times of hew and full moon, and arc called Spring Tides ; for at fhele times the iclions of both the fun and moon are united, and draw in the! fame ftraight line, and confequently the fea muft bt hiore (ilwat^.i ; at the con- b t junclionj XX INTRODUCTION. junAIon, or when the fun and moon are on the fame fide of the earth, they both confpiic to raife the waters in the Zenith, and confequcntly in the Nadir ; and at the oppofition, or when the earth is between the iun and moon, while one occafions high water in the Zenith and Nadir, the other does the fame. The tides are Icfs than ordinary twice every month, about the firft and laft quarters of the moon, and are called Neap Tides ; for in the quarters the fun raifes the waters where the moon deprefles them, and deprefl'cs where the moon raifes them ; fo that the tides arc only occafioned by the difference by which the adion of the moon, which is ncarell us, prevails over that of the fun. Thefe things would happen uniformly, were the whole furface of the earth covered with water ; but fince there are a multitude of iflands, and continents, which interrupt the natural courfe of the water, a variety of appearances are to be met with in different places, which cannot be explained with- out regarding the fitiiation of Ihores, flraits, and other objects, which have a fliare in producing them. Maps. A map is the rcprefcntation of the earth, or a part thereof, on a plant furface. Maps differ from the globe in the fame manner as a pifture does from a ftatuc. The globe truly reprefents the earth, but a map no more than a plane furface can reprefent one that is fpherical. But altho* the earth can never be exhibited exadly by one map, yet, by means of fevcral of them, each containing about ten or twenty degrees of latitude, the reprcfentation will not fall very much fliortof the globe for exaftnefs; becaufe fuch maps, if joined together, would form a fpherical convex nearly as round as the globe itfelf. Cardinal Points. The north is confidered as the upper part of the map ; the fouth is at the bottom, oppofite to the north ; the eall is on the right hand, the face being turned to the north ; anu the weft on the left hand, oppofite to the eaft. From the top to the bottom are drawn meridians, or lines of lon- gitude ; and from fide to fide, parallels of latitude. The outermoft of the meridians and parallels are marked with degrees of latitude and lon- gitude, by means of which, and the fcale of miles commonly placed in the corner of the map, the fituation, diftances, &c. of places, may be found, as on the artificial globe. Thus to find thediftance of two places, fuppofe London and Paris, by the map, we have only to meafure the foace between them with the compaffes or a bit of thread, and to apply this dirtance to the fcale of miles, which (hows that London is two hun- dred and ten miles diftant from Paris. If the places lie direftly north or fouth, eaft or weft from one another, we have only to obferve the degrees on the meridians and parallels, and by turning thefe into miles, we obtain the diftance without meafuring. Rivers are defcribed in maps by black lines, and are wider towards the mouth than towards the head or ipring. Mountains are iketched on maps as on a pifture. Forefts and woods are reprefented by a kind of fhrub ; bogs and moraffes, by ftiades; fands and (hallo vs are defcribed by fmall dots; and roads ufually by doubly lines. Near harbours, the depth of the water is «xprefled by |j;ui-es reprei«nting fathoms. PART INTRODUCTION. XXI P A R T II. Of the Origin of Nations, Laws, Government, and Commerce. HAvIng, in the following work, mentioned the antient names of countries, and even fonietimes, in fpcaking of thefe countries, carried our hiltorical refearches beyond modern times ; it was thought neceflary. in order to prepare the reader for entering upon tlie particular hirtory of each country we defcribe, to phice before liis eye a general view of the hiftory of mankind, from the firJl ages of the world, to the reformation in religion during the fixtcenth century. By a hiftory of the world, we do not mean a mere lill of dates, which, when taken by itfelf, is a thing exti^mely infigniacant ; but an accumt of the moil interefting and important events which have happened among mankind ; with the caufes which have produced, and the effedls which have fol- lowed from them. This we judge to be a matter of hiyh importance ia itfelf, and indifpcnfibly requifite to tlic underltanding of the prefent (late of commerce, government, arti, and manners, in any particular country; which may be called commercial and p(jlitical geography, and which, undoubtedly, conflitutes the moft ufeful branch of that fcience. It appears in general, from the firft chapters of Genefis, that the world, before tlie flood, was extremely populous, that mankind had made confiderable improvement in the arts, and were become highly licentious in their morals and behaviour. Their irregularity gave occa- fion to a memorable cataftrophe, by which the whole hu- man race, except Noah and As family, were fwept from off ^^qIa the face of the earth. The deluge produced a very confi- derable change on the foil and atmofphere of this globe, and gave them a form lefs friendly to the frame and texture of the human body. Hence the abridgment of the life of man, and that formidable train of difeafes which hath ever fmcc made fuch havock in the world. A curious part of hiftory follows that of the deluge, the repeopling of the world, and the riling of a new generation from the ruins of the former. The memory of the three fons of Noah, the firll founders of nations, was long preferved among their feveral dcfcendants. Japhet continued fa- mous among the wellern nations under the celebrated name of Japetus ; the Hebrews paid an equal veneration to Shem, who was the founder of their race ; and among the Egyptians, Ham was long revered as a divi- nity, under the name of Jwpiter-Hammon. It appears that hunting was the principal occupation fome centuries after the deluge. The world teemed with wild beafts, and the great heroifm of thofe times confifted ia dellroying them. Hence Nimroii acquired immortal renown ; and by the admiration whicli his courage and dexterity univerfally excited, was enabled to acquire an authority over his fellow creatures, atxd to found at Babylon the firft monarchy, whofe origin is particularly nien- »g.- tioned in hiftory. Not long after, the foundation of Nineveh was laid by Aifur ; and in Egypt, tire four governments of Thebes, Then, Memphis, and Tanis, began to aflume fome appearance of forni and regularity, '^'1 it thefe events fliould have happened fo foon aftc^r the, deluge, whatever furprize it may have occafioned to the learned fome centuries ago, need not in the fmalleft degree excite the wonder of the prefent age. We have feen, from many iuftances, the powerful efFefts- of ^he principles of popula,tion, and how fpeedily mankiud encreafe b a when xxll INTRODUCTION. 1 'i Li- ] I , when the generative faculty lies under no reflraint. The kingdoms of Mexico and I'cru were irccmparably more extenfive than thole of Baby* Ion, Nineveh, and E;>ypt, durinjr this early aj^e ; and yet thefe king- doms arc not fiippoft^d to have cxillcd four centuries before the discovery of America by Columbus. As mankind continued to multiply on the earth, and to Jeparaie from each other, the tradition concerning the true God, was obliterated or obfcured. This occalicncd the calling of »oj6, Abraham to be the father of a cliofen people. From this period the hirtory ot' anticnt rations begins a little to expand iifelf ; and we leatn feveral paiticulars of very confidcrabU; importance. Mankind had not long been united into focietics before they fet thcm- felves to opprefs and deltroy one another. Chaderlaomer, king of the Elamites or Ferfians, was already become a robber and a conqueror. His force, however, muft not have been very confiderable, fince, in one cf thefe expeditions, Abraham, afTifted only by hib houfno'd, fet upon him in his retreat, and after n ficrec cni'.agement, recovered all the fpoil that had been taken. Abrah^:;! wu> f'lon after obliged, by a famine, to leave Canaan, the courtiy where God had commanded him to fettle, and to go into Egypt This journey give^ occafion to Mofes to mention fome particulars wifii regard to the Egyptiai.s, and every ftroke difcovers the chara({lers of ? a improved and powerful mtion. The court of the Egyptian monarch is defcribed in the moll brilKint colours. He is fur- rounded with a crowd of courtiers, folely occupied in gratifying his paffions. The particular governments into which this cou^^trywas divided, are now united under one powerful prince; and Ham, "ho led the colony ipto ?gypt, is become the founder of a mighty empire. \Vt are not, however, to imagine that all the laws which took place in Egypt, and v/hich have been lo juftly admired for their wifdom, were the work of this early fige. Diodorus Siculus, a Greek writer, mentions many fuccefiive princes who laboured for their eftabliihment and perfcdlion. jg But in the time of Jacob, the firlt principles of civil order and regpjar governments {eem to have been tolerably underilood among the Egyptians. The country was divided into feveral diftrifts or feparate fdepartments ; councils, compofcd of experienced and feleft perfons, were eftablifhed (cr the management of public affairs ; granaries for preferving corn, were erefted ; and, in fine, the Egyptians in this age enjoyed a commerce far from .••^tonfidcrable. Thefe faits, though of ari ancient datp, deferve our particular attention. It is from the Egyptians that many of the arts, both of elegance and utility, have been handed down in an uninterrupted chfihi to the modern nations of Europe. Ihe Egyptians commnnicated their arts to the Greeks ; the Greeks taught the Romans many improvements both in the arts of peace and war ; and to the Romans, the prefent inhabitants of Europe are indebted for theiy civility and refinement. I'he kingdoms of JJabylon and Nineveh re- Biaincd feparate for ieveral centuries ; but we know not even the names Cjf th? kings who governed them, till the time of Ninus, king of Nineveh, who, by the fplendor of his actions, reflects light on this dark hiftory. ^'ired by the Ipirit of conqueft, he extends the bounds of his kingdom, adds Babylon to his dominion, and lays the foundation of that monar- f]\y which, under the name of the Alfydfin cpipirc^ kfpt Afia under i\ie yoke fpr many ages. The hiftory of Europe now begins to dawn. Javan, fon of Japhet, Qn^ ^ta.^^{q^ of Noah^ is the fto^k froni \vhom all the people known by I N 1 R O D U C T I O N. XXIU the name of Greeks are defccndcd. Javan tllablifhed himfelf in tlie iilands in the wcftcrn ci-ad of Afia Minor, from whence it wa;; impofliblc that fonie wanderers fliould not pals ever into Europe. To thefe ftrll inhabitant; fiiccetued a cohiiiy from i'-^^ypt, who, about the time of Abra- ham, penetrated into Greece, and, under tlie name of Titans, ,^^ endeavoured to elhibliih moii:;ichy in thi;; country, and to intro- duce into it the l.uv., and civil pob'cy of the Egyptians. But the empl'-e of the Titans fooii tell afunder; and the antici.t Circck', wlio were at this time the moll rude and barbarous pionle in the world, .^gain tell back into their luwlcfs and f'lvage manner of life. Several colonies, however, foon after paflcd over from Afia into Greece, and by remain- ing in that country, produced a more cnnfiderable alteration on the man- ners of its inhabitants. The nioli antient of thefe were the colonies of Iiiachus and Ogyges ; of whom the former fettled in ."^rgos, and the later in Attica. Wc know extremely little of Ogyges or his fuccellbrs. Thofe of Inachus endeavoured to unite the difperfcj and wandering Greeks; and their endeavours for tliis purpofe were not altogether un- fuccefsful. But the hillory of G'ul's chofen people, is the only one with which we are much accjuainted during thofe ages. The train of curious ' events which occafioned the fettling of Jacob and his family in that part of Kgypt of whicii Tanis w.is the capital, are univerfally known. That patriarch died, according to the Septuagint verfion, 1794 years ^ before Chriit. This is a pretty remarkable a;ra with refpecl to the nations of heathen anticjuity, and concludes that period of time which the Greeks confidcred as ;U together unknown, and which they have hardly diiifigured by their fabulous narrations. Let us view this period then in another point of view, and confider what we can learn from the facred writings, with refped to the arte, manners, and laws cf antient nations. It is a common error among v.riters on this fubject, to confider all the nations of antiquity as being on the fame footing with regard to thofe matters. They fiiid fomc nation'^ extremely rude and barbarous, and hence they conclude that all were in that fituation. They difcover others acquainted with many .., ts, and hence they infer the wifdom of the firil a9,es. There appears, however, to have been as much difference betv/een the inhabitants of the antient v»orId, in points of arts and refine- ment, as between the civilii'ed kingdoms of modern Europe and the Indians in America or Negi-oes on the coall of Africa. Noah was, un- doubtedly, acquainted with ail the arts of the antediluvian world j thele he v.'ould communicate to hi:i cliildren, and they again would hand them down to their pollerity. Thofe nations therefore who fettled nearelt the original feat of mankind, and vv-ho had the bell opportunities to avail themfelvcs of the knowledge wldch their gieat ancellor was polieifed of, early formed thcmll'lvcs into regular focieties, and made confiderable improvements in the arts which are mcft fubfervient to human life. Agriculture appears to have been known in the firft ages of the world. Noah cultivated the vine ; in the time cf Jacob, the fig-tree and the al- mond were well known in the land of Canaan ; and the inftruments of hulbandry, long before rhe difcovery of them in Greece, are often men,, tioned in the facred writings. Jt is hardly to be fuppofed that the an- tient cities, both in Afia and Egypt, whofe foundation, as we have already mentioned, afccpds to the remotell antiquity, could jiave been built, unlefs the culture of the ground had been praclifed at that time, Nations who live by hunting or pafturage only, lead a wandering life, b 4 mi. XXIV INTRODUCTION. A A ■ ■ and feWom fix their refidence in cities. Commerce naturally follows agriculture ; and though we cannot trace the ilcps by which it was intro- duced among the antient nations, we may, from detached pafTages in (acred writ, afcertain the progrefs which had been made in it during the patriarchal times. We know, from the hiftory of civil fociety, that the commercial intercourfe between men muft be pretty confiderable, before the metals come to be confidered as the medium of trade : and yet this was the cafe even in the days of Abraham. It appears, however, from the relations which eftablifh this faiH:, that the ufe of money had not been of an antient date ; it had no mark to afcertain its weight or finenefs : and in a contract for a burying-place, in exchange for which Abram gave filver, the metal is weighed in prefence of all the people. But as commerce improved, and bargains of this fort became more common, this practice went into difufe^ and the quantity of filver was afcertained by a particular mark, which faved the trouble of weighing it. But this does not appear to have taken place till the time of Jacob, the fecond from Abram. The refilah, of v,hich we read in his time, was a piece of money, ftampcd with the fgure of a Iamb, and of a precife and ftated value. It appears, from the hiftory of Jofeph, that the commerce be- tween different nations was by this time regularly carried on. The If- maelites and Medianites, who bought him of his brethren, were tra- velling merchants, rcfembling the modern caravans, who carried fpices, perfumes, ard other rich commodities, from their own country into Egypt. The fame obfervations may be made from the book of Job, who, according to the beft chronology, was a native of Arabia Felix, and cotemporary with Jacob. He ipeaks of the roads of Thema and Saba, i. e. of the caravans who fet out from thofe cities of Arabia. If we refleift that the commodities of this country were r-^ther the luxuries than the conveniences of life", we Ihall have reafon to conclude, that the countries Into which they were fent for fale, and particularly Egypt, were ccnfiderably improved in arts and refinement ; for few people think of luxuries until the ufeful arts have made high advancements among them. In fpeaking of commerce, we ought carefully to diftinguifh be- tween the fpecies of it which is carried on by land, or inland commerce, and that which is carried on by lea ; which laft kind of traffic is both later in its origin, and flower in its progrefs. Had the defcendants of Noah been left to their own ingenuity, and received no tindure of the antediluvian knowledge from their wife ancellors, it is improbable they Ihould have ventured on navigating the open feas fo foon as we find they did. That branch of his pollerity who fettled on the cJafts of Paleftine, were the lirft people of the world among whom navigation was made fub- fervient to commerce; they were diftinguiflied by a word which in the Hebrew tongue fignifies merchants, and are the fame nation afterwards known to the Greeks by the name of Phenicians. Inhabiting a barren iand ungrateful foil, they fet themfelves to better their fituation by culti- vating the arts. Commerce was their capital objedl ; and with all the writers of pagan antiquity, they pafs for the inventors of whatever is fubfervient to it. At the time of Abraham they were regarded as a pow- erful nation j their maritime commerce is mentioned by Jacob in his laft words »-o his children : and if we may believe Herodotus in a matter of fuch remote antiquity, the Phenician;; had by this time navigated the coafts of Greece, and carried off the daughter of Inachus. The * INTRODUCTIOK. xxy tu rally follow* h it was intro- jd pafTages in 1 it during tlie ciety, that the lerable, before : : and yet this Kowever, from y had not been It or finenefs : which Abram :ople. But as more common, vas afcertained g it. But this ob, the fecond was a piece of ;cife and ftated commerce be- on. The If- iren, were tra- carried fpices, country into book of Job, Arabia Felix, 3f Thema and of Arabia. If er the luxuries lude, that the ularly Egypt, people think |ements among iftinguilh be- nd commerce, traffic is both ffcendants of indure of the probable they we find they |s of Palefline, as made fub- which in the n afterwards [ting a barren on by culti- with all the whatever is d as a pow- b in his laft a matter of ^vigated the The The arts of agriculture, commerce, and navigation, ftppofes the know- ledge of feveral others ; aftronomy, for inftance, or a knowledge of the fituation and revolutions of the heavenly bodies, is neceflary both to agri- culture and navigation ; that of working metals, to commerces ; and fo of other arts. In fact, we find that before the death of Jacob, feveral nations were fo well acquainted with the revolutions of the moon, as to meafure by them the duration of their year. It had been an univerfal cuftom among all the nations of antiquity, as well as the Jews, to divide time into the portion of a week, or feven days : this undoubtedly arofe from the tradition with regard to the origin of the world. It was natural for thofe nations who led a paftoral life, or who lived under a fercne Iky^ to obferve tht.t the various appearances of the moon were compleated nearly in four weeks : hence the divifion of a month. Thofe people again who lived by agriculture, and who had got among them the divi- jion of the month, would naturally remark, that twelve of thefe brought back the fame temperature of the air, or the fame feafons : hence the origin of what is called the lunar year, which has every where taken place in the infancy of fcience. This, together with the obfervation of tlie fixed Hais, which, as we learn from the book of Job, muft have beea very antient, naturally paved the way for the difcovery of the folar year, which at that time would be thought an immenfe improvement in aftro- nomy. But with regard to thofe branches of knowledge which we have mentioned, it is to be remembered that they were pecui'ar to the Egyp- tians and a few nations of Afia. Europe offers a frightful fpeftacle during this period. Who could believe that the Greeks, who in later ages be- came the patterns of politenefs and every elegant art, were defcended from a favage race of men, traverfing the woods and wilds, inhabiting tlie rocks and caverns, a wretched prey to wild animals, and fometimes to one another. This, however, is no more than what was to be ex- pecled. The defcendants of Noah, who removed at a great dif:2nce from the plains of Sennaar, loft all connexion with the civilifed part of man- kind. Their pollerity became ftill more ignorant ; and the human mind was at length funk into an abyfs of mifery and wrctchednefs. We might naturally expei*^ that, from the death of Jacob, and as we advance forward in time, the hillory of the great empires of Egypt and Affyria would emerge from their obfcurity : tliis, hjwever, is far from being the cafe; we only get a ;_,ampfe of them, and they difappear in- tirely for many ages. After the reign of Ninius, who fucceeded Ninus in the AfTyrian throne, we find an aftonifhing blank in the hiilory of this empire for no lefs than eight hundred years. The fl- lence of antient hiftory on this fubjed is commonly attributed to the fofcnefs and effeminacy of the fucceftbrs of Ninus, whole lives afford- ed no events vorthy of narration. Wars and commotions are the great themes of the hiftorian, while the gentle and happy reigns of a wife prince pafs unobfervcd and unrecorded. Sefoftris, a prince of wonderful abilities, is fuppofcd about th', time to have * mounted the throne of Egypt. By his affiduity and attention, the civil and military eftablilhments of the Egyptians received very confiderablc improvements. Egypt, in the time of Sefoftris and his immediate fuc- ccflbrs, was in all probability the moft powerful kingdom upon earth, and according to the beft calculation is fuppofed to have contained twenty-feven millions of inhabitants. But antient hiftory often excites, without gratifying our curiofityj for from the rcigii of Sefoftris to that of XXVI INTRODUCTION. • «r. 15? * ) , of Boccharis, we know not even thtf names of the intermediate ' * princes. If we judge, however, from collateral circutr.ftances, the count/)' n;uft itill huvc continued in a very flourifhing condition, for Egypt continued to pour forth her colonies into ciiilant nations. Athens, that feat of kurninn; and politenefs, that fchooK for all who afpire after wifdom, GV/es its foundation to Cecrops, who landed in Greece, with an Egyptian colony, and endeavoured to civilife the rough manners of the original inhabitants. From the inftitutions whicli Ce- crops eilabllfhed among the Athenians, it is eafy to infer in what fitua- tions they mull have lived before his arrival. The laws of maniage, wltich few nations are fo barbarous as to be altogether unacquainted with, were not known in Greece. Mankind, like the beafts of the field, were propagated by accidental rencounters, and without all knowledge of thofe tJ v/hom they owed their generation. Cranaus, who fuccceded Cecrops in the kingdom of Attica, purfued the fame beneficial ' plan, and endeavoured, by wife inftitutions, to bridle the keen paffions of a rude people. Whilft: thefe princes ufed their endeavours for civilifing this corr ■ of Greece, the other kingdoms, nto which this country, by the na: ' boundaries of rocks, mcuvitains, and rivers, is divided, and Vv, ^ci ;iad been already peopled by colonies from Egynt and the Eaft, began to aliume fome appearance of form and regularity. This engaged Aiii- phiftion, one of thofe uncommon geniufles who appear in the world for the benefit of Lhc age rn which they live and the admi- ration of pofterity, to think of fome expedient by which he might unite in one plan of politicks the feveral independent kingdoms of Greece, and thereby deliver them from thofe inteftine diviftons which niaft reHder them a prey to one another, or to the firil enemy who might think proper to invade them. Thefe refleiflions he communicated to the kings or leaders of the different territories, and by his eloquence and addrefs engaged twelve cities to unite together for their mutual prefer- vation. Two deputies from each of thefe cities afiembled twice a year at Thermopyh-e, and formed what, after the name of its founder, was called the Amphidionic Council. In this aflembly, whatever related to the general intereft of tlie confederacy was difcufled and finally deter- mined. Amphiftion likewifc, fenfible that thofe political connexions are the moll lalHng which a/e ftrengtliened by religion, committed to the Aniphidlions the care of the temple at Delphi, and of uie riches which, from the dedications of thofe who confulted the oracle, had been amafT i in it. This affembly, conltituted on fuch folid foundations, was the g fpring of aclion in Greece, while that country preferved its independence ; and by the union which it iiifpired among the Greeks, enabled them to defend their liberties againll all the force of the Perfian empire. Confidering the ciicumftances of the age ?n which it was inftituted, the Amphiftionic council is perhaps the moH remarkable political ellablilh- ment which ever tov'k place among mankind. The Greek ftates, who formerly had no connedion with one another, except by mutual inroads and hortilities, foon began to ad with concert, and to undertake diftant expeditions for the general intereft of the community^ The firu of thefe was the obfcure expedition of the Arp:onants, in \ nich all Greece '" appears to have been concerned. The ohjjd of the a ' '">nauts was %p open the commerce of the Euxine Sea, and to eftablilh colonies in the jidjaceat country of Colchis. The (liip Argo, which wj,s the admiral of the K^^. INTRODUCTION. XXVll le iniermedtate circumftances, condition, for tions. Athens, 'ho afpire after ded in Greece, ilife the rough ins which Cc- r in what fitua- s of man! age, rqu.iintcd with, "the field, were knowledfje of who fucceeded fame beneficial •ridlc the keen g this corr •■ of by th.' "Ti ' and \\. iCi' ,1.^0 Eaft, began to b engaged Aiu- appear in the and the admi- /hich he might It kingdoms of divifions which emy who might inicated to the loqutnce and mutual preler- ed twice a year founder, was tever related to finally deter- cal connexions jmmitted to the riches which, d been amar i was the g independence ; a bled them to Dire, inftituted, the tical eltablifh- ■k Hates, who mutual inroads dertake diflant e firi't of thefc :i.:h all Greece i ■""ing the progrefs of a vidlorious enemy, and when the event of a battle commonly decided the fate of an empire. But we muft now turn our attention to other objefts. The hiftory of Perfia, after the reign of Cy- rus, offers little, when confidered in itfelf, that merits our regard : but when combined with that of Greece, it becomes particularly interefting. The monarchs who fucceeded Cyrus, gave an opportunity to the Greeks, to exercife thefe virtues, which the freedom of their government had created and confirmed. Sparta remained under the influence of Lycur- gus's inttitutions : Athens had juft recovered from the tyranny of the Pi- fiftratida:, a family who had trampled on the laws of Solon, and ufurped the fupreme power. Such was their fituation, when the luft of univerfal empire, which never fails to torment thebreaft of tyrants, led Da- 540. rius to fend forth his numerous armies into Greece. But the Per- fians were no longer thofe invincible foldiers, who under Cyrus had conquered Afia. Their m'nds were enervated by luxury and fervi- tude. Athens, on the contrary, teemed with great men, whofe minds were nobly animated by the late recovery of their freedom. Milthiades, in the plains of Marathon, with ten thouHind Athenians, overcame an army of a hundred thoufand foot, and ten thoufand cavalry. His coun- trymen Themiftocles, and Ariftidis, the firft celebrated for his abilities, the fecond for his virtue, gained the next honours to the general. It does not, however, fall within our plan to mention the events of this war, which, as the nobleft monuments of virtue over force, of courage over numbers, of liberty over fervitude, deferve to be read at length in. an- cient writers. Xerxes, the fon of Darius, came in perfon into Greece, with two million one hundred thoufand men; and being every where defeated by fea and land, efcaped to Afia in a fifhing boat. Such was the fpirit of the Greeks, fo well did they know that " wanting ** virtue, life is pain and woe, that wanting liberty, even virtue mourns, ** and looks around for happinefs in vain." Tho' the Perfian war concluded glorioufly for the Greeks, it is, in a great mea- ftire, to ti.is war, that the fubfequent misfortunes of that nation are to be attributed. It was not the battles in which they fufFered the lofs of 3 i» 484. 4<»3- 1 N T R O t) tr C T I O N. XXXUl IS, overcame an fo many brave men, but thofe in which they acquired an immenfity of Perfi^ gold, it was not their enduring fo many hardlhips in the courfe of the war, but their connexion with the Perfians, after the conclufion of it, which fubverted the Grecian eftablifhments, and ruined the moll virtuous confederacy that ever exifted upon eaith. The Greeks became haughty after their viAories : delivered from the common enemy, they began to quarrel with one another : their quarrels were f )men^,d by Per- fian gold, of which they had acquired enough to make them defirous of more. Hence proceeded the famous Peloponnefian war, in which the Athenians and Lacedemonians tdtcd as principals, and drew *^'* after them the other ftates of Greece. They continued to weaken them- felves by thefe intelline divifions, till Philip, king of Macedon, a coun- try till his time little known, but which, by the aftive and crafty genius of this prince, became important and powerful, rendered himfelf the abfolute mailer of Greece, by the battle of Cherona:a. But this conquell is one of the firft we meet in hiftory, which did not de- 338. pena on the event of a battle. Philip had laid his fchemes fo deep, and by bribery, promifrs and intrigues, gained over fuch a number of confiderable perfons in the feveral ftates of Greece to his intereft, that another day would have put in his pofTeflion what Cheronjea had denied him. The Greeks had loll that virtue, which was the bafis of their confederacy. Their popular governments fervcd only to give a. fanc- tion to their licentioufnefs and corruption. The principal orators, in moft of their ftates, were bribed into the fervicc of Philip ; and all the eloquence of a Demofthenes, afllfted by truth and virtue, was unequal to the mean, but more feduftive arts of his opponents, who, by flattering the people, ufed the fureft method of winning their afFedlions. Philip had propofed to extend the boundaries of his empire; beyond the narrow limits of Greece. But he did not long furvive the battle of Che- rona;a. Upon his deceafe, his fon Alexander was chofen general againft the Perfians, by all the Grecian ftates, except the Athenians and The- bans. Thefe msde a feeble effort for expiring liberty. But they were obliged to yield to fuperior force. Cecure on the fide of Greece, Alexander fet out on his Perfian expedition, at the head of thirty thoufand foot, and five thoufand horfe. The fuccefs of this army in conquering the whole force of Darius, in three pitched battles, in over- running and fubduing not only the countries then known to the Greeks, but ipany parts of India, the very names of which had never reached an European ear, has been defcribed by many authors both ancient and mo- dern, and conftitutes a fingular part of the hiftory of the world. Soon after this rapid career of vidlory and fuccefs, Alexander died at Babylon. His captains, after facrificing all his family to their ^^3* ambition, divided among them his dominions. This gives rife to a nam- ' her of a:ras and p/ents, too complicated for our prefent purpofe, and even too uninterefting. After confidering therefore the ftate of arts and fciences in Greece, we ftiall pafs over to the Roman affairs, where the hiftorical deduftion is more fimple, and alfo more important. The bare names of illuftrious men, who flourilhetl in Greece, from the time of Cyrus to that of Alexander, would fill a large volume. During this period all the arts were carried to the highcft pitch of per- fection ; and the improvements we have hitherto mentioned, were but the dawning of this glorious day. Though the eaftern nations had raifsd magoi^cenc and ftupendous llru^ures, the Greek:! were the iirft people c in 330. XXXIV INTRODUCTION. ¥11 } in the world, wlio in their works of architetlure, added beauty to mat)', nificcncc, and elegance to grandeur. The temples of Jupiter Olympus and the Ephcri.in Diana, are the firft monuments of good tailc. They were erefted bv the Circciiin colonic?, w'.o fettled inAfia Mirrr, beff ,e the reign of Cyrus. Phidias the Athenian, is the firll fculptor, whofc ^■^ ■ worlis have been immortal. Zeuxi'. Parrhafius and I'imanthcus during the fame as'C, firil difcovercd the power of the pencil, and all the magic of painting. Compofition, in all its various br.:nches, reach- ed a degree of pcrfci^ion in the Greek language, of which a modcra reader can hardly form an idea. After Homer, the tragic poets ^Efchy- hi5, Sophocle-' and Eurijiides, weie the firil confiderabie improvers uf poetry. Herodotus gave fimplicity and elegance to profaic writing. Ifo- crates gave it cadence and harmony, but it was left to Thucydides and Demoflhenes, to difcover the full force of the Greek tongue. It was net however in the finer arts alone that the Greeks excelled. Every fpecie? of philofophy was cultiv.-ited among them with the utmoll fuccefs. Not to mention the divine Socrates, whofe charader has had the honour to be compared with that of the great founder of our religion ; his tliree difciples Plato, Ariftotle, and Xenophon, may for Itrength of reafoning, juilnefs of feutiment, and propriety of exprellion, be put on a footing with the writers of any age or country. Experience, indeed, in a hmg courfe of years, has ta'ight us many fecrets in nature, with which thel'e philofophers we.c unacqv.ainted, and which no Itrcngth of genius could divine. But whatever f )me vain empirics in learning may pretend, the moft learned and ingenious men, both in France and England, have acknowledged the fuperiority of the Greek philofophers, and hav>i reckon- ed themfelves happy in catching their turn of thinking, and manner cf expreffion. But the Greeks were not leis dilHnguilhed k.. '...cir atSlive than for their fpeculative talents. It would be endlcfs to recount the names of their famous llatcfmen and warriors, and it is impolliblc to mention a few without doing injuilice to a greater number. War was fiill reduced into an art by the Greeks. Their foldicrs fought from aa afFeftion to their country, and an ardor for glory, and not from a dread of their fuperiors. We have feon the cffetl of tins military virtue in their wars againft the Perfians : the caufe of it was the wife laws which Amphidioi^, Solon, and I>ycurgus, had eltablilhed in Greece. But we mull now leave this nation, whofe hiilory, both civil and phi- lofpphical, is as important, as their territory was inconfidcrablc, and turn our attention to the Roman afialrs, which are Hill more interefiinc, both on their own account, and tVom the relation in which they Hand to thofe of modern Europe. The chararter of Romulu:, the founder of the Roman ftate, when we view him as the leader of a few hiw- lefs and wandering banditti, is an objeft of extreme infignificance. But when we confider him as the founder of an empire as extenfive as tlie world, and whofe progrefs and decline have occafion«d tlie two o-reatcil revolutions, that ever happened in Eurcpe, we cannot help being inte- refted in his condud. His difpofition was extremely martial ; and the political ftate of Italy, divided into a number of fmall, but indcpendant dillrids, a^i''orded a noble field for the difplay of military talents. Ro- mulus was continually cm broiled v.'ith one or other of jiis neighbours, and v»ar was the only employment by which he and his companions ex- pelled not only to aggrandize themfelves, but even to fubiiil;. In the condutl of his wars with the neighbouring people, we may obfervc the i i'uiwi beauty to maw. upitcr Olympus jod tiulc. They k'liiTi-, bet' /e the : fculptor, whofe iiul Timanthcur, s pencil, and all br.'.nches, reach- which a modcra pic poets iEfchy- ibie improvers of faic writing. Ko- 5 Thucydides and in^ue. It was not •d. Every fpecies noH fuccefs. Not vdd the honour to sligion ; his three ngth of reafoning, put on a footing indeed, in a long , with which thelc th of genius could r may pretend, the nd Enj;l?nd, h:ive s, and hav^ rcckon- na, ;ui(l manner of jed f(.. '. .cir adive lefs to recount the it is impolliblc to nber. War was firll .rs fought from an J not from a dread military virtue in was the wife la-,\s liflicd in Greece, both civil and phl- fidciablc, and turn more intereftin;', 'hich they (land to lulu:, the founder ;ader of a few law- nfignificance. But [as extenfive as tlie i«d the two greateit it help being inte- martial ; and the J but independant litary talents. Ro- of his neighbours, his companions cx- to fubfiit. In the e may obferve the fame INTRODUCTION. XXXV fiime maxlrr.s by which the Romans afterwards became the maflcrs of the world. Inflcad of deftroying the nations he had fubjerted, he united them to the Roman ftatc, v.hcrcby Rome acquired a new acceflion of ftreagth from every war Ihe undertool:, and became powerful and popu- lous from that very circumftnnce which ruins and depopulates other king- doms. If the enemies, with which be cmtenJcJ, had, by means of the art or arms they employed, any confidcruble advantage, Romulus im- mediately adopted that praftice, or the ufc of that v/cnpon, and improved the military fyllcm of the Romans, by the united experience of all their enemies. We have an example of both thcfe maxims, by means of which the Roman ftate arrived at Inch a pitch of grandeur, in the war with the Sabines. R.omulus having conquered that nation, not only united them to the Romans, but finding their buckler preferable to the Roman, inllantly threw afide the btter, and mr.de ule of the Sabine buckler in fighting againd other flates. Romulus, though principally attached to war, did not altogether neg' .-ft the civil policy of his infant kingdom. He inftituted what was called the S'.'nate, a court originally compofed of a hundred perfons, diflinguiflied for their wifdom and ex- pcrieacc. He enafted laws for the adminiftration of juftice, and for briJling the fierce and unruly pafiions of his fdlov.'crs : and after a long rei^Mi fpent in promotirg the civil or military interells of his country, \va?, according to the belt conjecture, treacheroufiy put to death by the members of that fenate, which he himfclf had inlHtuted. The fucceflbrs of Romulus were .iU very extraordinary per{^:)nages. Numa, who came next to him, cflabl'flied the religious ceremonies of the Romans, and infpired them with tlir.t veneration for an oath, which was ever after the foul of their m.ilitary difcipline. Tullus Hofriiius, Ancus Martius, Tarquinius Prifcus, Servius Tullius, laboured each during his reign, for the grandeur of Rome, tut Tarquinius Sapeibus, the feventh nnd laft king, having obtained the crown by the execrable murder of his father-in-law Servius, continrcd to fupport it by the m."fl cruel and infamous tyranny. This, together with the infolcncc of hij Ton Sex- tiis Tarquiiiius, who, by diflionouring Lucretia, a Roman lady, aftrcnt- cd the whole nation, occafioned the expuhion of the Tarquin fa- mily, and with it the diflblution of the reg.d government. As the Romans however were continually engaged in war, they found it neccf- fary to have fome officer invelled with funrcme authority, who mioKt conduft them to the field, and regulate the r military enterpfize- in the room of the kings therefore they .ippointed two annual mag;'..aies tailed Conful?, who, v/ithout creating the fame jcdoufy, fucceeded to all the power of their fovereigns. This revolution was extremely fa- Ivourable to the Roman gnmdcur. The conibls, who enjoyed but a tem- Iporary power, were defirous of fignaiizing their rc-ign by fome great ac- tion : each vied with thofe who had gone before him, and the Romans were daily led out againll fome new enemy. When we add to this, that the people, naturally warlike, were infpired to deeds of valour by every [confideration which could excite them : that the citizens of Rome were ill foldiers, and fought for their lands, their children, and their liber- lie.s, we need not be furprized, that they fhould, in the courfe of , fome centuries, extend their power all over Italy. The Romans, now fecure at home, and finding no enemy to contend vith, turn their eyes abroad, and meet with a powerful rival in the Car- c 2 thaginians. XXXVi INTRODUCTION. ,t ^ i l.u 260. thaginians. This ftate had been founded on the coaft of the Mediterra- nean in Africa, fome time hffore Rome, by a colony of Phenicians, and, accordinc; to the pr.idicc of their motiier country, they had culti- vated commerce and naval grcatnefs. Carthage, in this dcfign, had proved wonderfully fuccefsful. She now commandid both fides of the Mediterranean. Befides that of A- frica, which ftie almoU entirely poflefl'ed, fhe had extended herfelf on the Spanifh fide, through the llreights. 'Ihus miftrefs of the fea, and of commerce, flie had fei'/.cd on the iflands of Corfica and Sardinia. Sicily had difficulty to defend itfelf; and the Romans were too nearly 264. ^^reatened not to take up arms. Hence a fucceflion of holtilities between thefe rival Hates, known in hiftory by the name of Pu- nic wars, in wliich the Carthaginians, with all their wealth and power, were an unequal match for the Romans. Carthage was a powerful republic, when Rome was a truckling ftate ; but ftie was now become corrupt and effeminate, while Rome was in the vigour of her political conftitution. Carthage employed mercenaries to carry on her wars; Rome, as we have afready mentioned, was compofed of foldiers. The firft war with Carthage taught the Remans the art of fighting on the fea, with which they had been hitherto unacquainted. A Carthaginian vefiel was wrecked on their coaft; they ufed it for a model, in three months fitted out a fleet, and the conful Duilius, who fought their firft naval battle, was vidortous. It is not to our purpoie to ention all the tranfiidlions of thefe wars. The behaviour of Reguli ^ Ro man general, may give us an idea of the fpirit which then an* ^u this people. Being taken prifoner in Africa, he is fent back on his parole to negotiate a change of prifoners. He maintains in the fenate, the propriety of that law, which cut off from thofe who fuifered themfelves to be taken, all hopes of being faved, and returns to a certain death. Neither was Carthage, though cojrupied, deficient in great men. Of all the enemies, the Romans ever had to contend with, Hannibal the Carthaginian, was the moft inflexible and dangerous. His father Hamilcar had imbibed an extreme hatred agalnft the Romans, and having fettled the inteftinc troubles of his country, he took an early opportunity to infpirc his fon, though but nine years old, with his own fentiments. For this purpofe he ordered a folemn facrifice to be offered to Jupiter, and leading his fon to the altar, aflced him whether he was willing to attend him in his expedition agalnft the Romans ; the courage- ous boy, not only confented to go, but conjured his father by the gods prefent, to form him to vidory, and teach him the art of conquering. That I will joyfully do, replied Hamilcar, and with all the care of a father who loves you, if you will fwear upon the altars, to be an eternal enemy to the Romans. Hannibal readily complied, and the folemnity of tht ceremony, and the facrednefs of the oath, made fuch an imprcf- fion upon his mind, as nothing afterwards could ever efface. ' Being appointed general at twenty-five years of age, he crofles the Ebro, the Pyrenees, and the Alps, and in a moment falls down upon Italy. The lofs of four battles threaten the fall of Rome. Sicily fides with the conqueror. Hieronymus, king of Syracufc, declares againft the RoiUans, and aVjoft all Italy abandons them. In this extremity Rome owed its prefer'^'ation to three greav men. Fabius Maximus, defpifing popular clamuur, and the mili- tary 212. r N T R O i:) U C T I O N. XXXVll tary ardour of his countrymen, dfclines coming to an engagement. The fircngth of Rome has time to recover. Maixellus raifes the iiege of Nola, taVes Syracuff, and revives the drooping fpirits of his troops. The Romans admired tiie characiter of thefc vreat men, hut faw foniething more divine in tlic young Scipio. The nicccfs of this young hero con- firmed tlie popular opinion, that he was of divine cxtradion, and held converfc with the gods. At the age of four and twenty, he flies ^ into Spain, where both his f.itiicr and uncle jiad loft their livesv at- tacks New Carthage, and carries it at the firft afiault. Upon his arrival in Africa, kings fubmit to him, Carthage trembles in her turn, and fees her armies defeated. Hannibal, fixtccn years vit!\orious is in vain called home to defend his country. Carthage is rendered tributary, gives hoftages, and engages never to enter upon a war, but with the con- fent of the Roman people. After the conqueft of Carthage, Rome had inconfiderable wars but great vidories ; before this time its wars were great, and its vidlorios incoiifulerable. At this time the world was di- vided, as it were, into two p;irts ; in the one fought tlie Romans and Carthaginians; the other w.-is .igitatod by thofe ijuarrels which had lafted fince the death of Alexander the Great. Their icene of adlion whs Greece, Egypt, and the Eall. The ftatcs of Greece had once more dif- engaged them felves from a foreign yoke. ^ hey were divided into three confederacies, the Etolians, Ac'icans, and iJcoti.ins; e.ich of thcfc was an aflbciation of free cities, which had afiemblics and magiftrates io com- mon. Of them all the Etolians were the moll confidcrable. The kings of Macedon maintained that fuperiority, which, in ancient times, when the balance of power was little attended to, a great prince naturally ■ pofTefTed over his lefs powerful neighbours. Philip, the prefent monaich, had rendered himfelf odious to the Greeks, by fome unpopular and ty- rannical fteps ; the Etolians were mart: irritated ; and hearing the fame of the Roman arms, called them into Greece, and overcame Philip by their afllftance. The victory however chiefly redounded to the advantage of the Romans. The Macedonian garrifons were obliged to evacuate Greece; the cities were all decl;ired free ; but Philip became a tributary to the Romans, and the ftatcs of Greece became tlieir dependants. The F.to'i .ns, difcovering their firll error, endeavoured to remedy it by ano- ther ftill more dangerous to thenifelvcs, and more advantageous to the Romans. As they had called the Romans into Greece to defend them againft Philip, they now called in Antiochus, king of Syria^ to defend them againft the Romans. The famous Hannibal too had recourfe to the fame prince, and who was at this time the moll powerful monarch in the eaft, and the fucceflbr to the dominions of Alexander in Afia. But Antiochus did not follow his advice (o much, as that of the Etolians ; for inftead of renewing the war in Italy, where Hannibal, from experience, judged the Romans to be moll vulnerable, he landed in Greece with a fmall body of troops, and being overcome without difficulty, fled over into Afia. In this war the Romans made ufe of Philip, for conquering Antiochus, as they had before done of the Etolians for conquering Philip. They now purfue Antiochus, the laft objeifl of their refentment, into Afia, and having vanqiiilhed him by fea and land, compel him to g iubmit to an infamou;i treaty. In thefo conquerts the Romans ftill allowed the ancient inhabitants to poifels their rerritory; they did not even change the form of government; thL* conquered nations became the allies of the Roman people, which ho.vever, under a fpecious name, c 3 concealed rrr frt k .( ,,i m ■1 rn \xxvm INTRODUCTION. 1C5. 121. 102, concti'led the moil fcrvilc of all conditions, and inferred, that they llioulu fabniit to whatever was ivviuired of ihcm. When we reflcft 0.1 thefe tafy conquclls, wc hive reaion to be ailonifhed at the refiftance whii h the Romans met with Irom a bai'oarous prince, Mithridates king of P'ntus. This monarch Iiowever had p;reat refources. His kingdom, bordering on the iuacceiubl.: mountain^ of Caacafus, abounded in a race of mcii, V hofe minds v\crc not enervated by pleafure, and whofe bodies were firm and vigorous. The ditT'jrent Itatf's of Gieece and Afia, who now began to feel the vvcie;!.t of their yoke, but had not fpirit to fliake it off, were tranfported at iinding a prince, who fl.rcd to diew himiclf an enemy to the Romans, r.n'.i cho.-.rtaily fubmitr^-d to his proiei^lion. Mithridates, however, was compelled to yield to the fjperior ftur of the Romans. Vanquifhed g faccelTively by J-^ylla and Lacullus, he was at length fubdued by Pompey, and fLiipiJed of his dominions and of his life. In Africa the Romiin arms met with tqii ;1 fuc:cfs. Mariiis, in conquering Ju- gurtha, made all feciue in that quarter. Even the barbarous na- tions beyond tl.e Alps, began to feel the weight of the Roman arms. T-allia Naiboncnfis had been reduced into a province. The Cimbri, Teu- tones, and other nortiiern nations of Europe, brc^ke into this part of the empire. The fame I^li.ius, v.'hofe name was fo terrible ia Africa, made tht; noith of Europe to tremble. The Barbarians re- tired to their wilds ar.d dcfcrtj, lefs formidable than the Roman le- gions. But vvliile Rome conqucrv:d the world, there fub filled an internal war within her walls. This wr.r had fubfilted from the firll periods of the p-nvcrnment. Rome, after the cxp>;liion of her kings, enjoyed but a nominal liberty. I'he defcendents of the ienators, who were diilin- guiflv.d by the name of Patricians, were invelled with fo many odious privilege.', th it tlie pc(/ple felt their uependance, and became determined to fhak? it off. A thoufand difputes on this fubje6l arofe betwixt the.n and the Patricians, which always .crminat^d in favour of liberty. Theie dilputc?, how>.vcr, while the Romans prelerved their virtue, were not attended with any dangerous confcquences. The Patricians, who loved their country, chearfuUy parted with fome of their privi- leges to faiisfy ti;e people ; and the p.'ople, on tiie other hand, though they obtained laws, by whieh tluy might be admitted to enjoy the firll Ciu.es v)f tr.e flate, and ihough they had the power of nomination, al- ways Lamed Patiiciam>. But v^I.lu the Romans, by the conquell cf fb/eign nation^, b.cair.e acquainted with all their luxuries and refine- men>.-. ; uhen they becariie taintca with the effeminacy and corruption of the eallern courts, and iported with e-zery thing juil and honourable, in order to obiaia them, the Hate, tern by the fa'^tions between its mem- ber-, .aid without virtue on either fide, to keep it together, became a prey to its own children. Hence the bloody feditiohs of the Gracchi, , enjoyed but lo were diilin- b many odious ne determined betwixt the,rt liberty. 1 their virtue, The Patricians, :>f their privi- hand, though enjoy the firlt )minati()n, al- e conquell ct cs and rcfine- l corruption of lonourablc, in veen its mcni- icr, became a tlie Gracchi, ten the nobles TQguc, tJ put nuy was now wealthy and id the Ibldicr:;, i/.cns. Tt»ey ey fought and lie. He might their country. They They who knew no country but the camp, and no authority but that of their general, were ever rcariy to obey him. The multiplicity of the Roman conqueils, however, which required their keeping on foot foveral armies at the fame time, retarded the fubverfrin of the republic. There armies were fo many checks upon each other. Had it not been for the folc'iers of Sylla, Rome would have furren .'red its liberty to the army of Marius. Julius Ca;far at length appears. By fu'jdiiing the Gauh, r, he gained his country the moil ufcful conqueft it ever made. Pom- pey, Kis only rival, is overcome in the plains of Phar^alin. Cieirir , viftorious appears in a moment all over the world, in Ec,vpt, in Afia, in Mauritania, in Spain, in Gaul, and in Britain ; con- queror on all fides, he is acknovvlcdged maftcr at Rome, and in tlie whole empire. Brutus and Callius think to give Rome l.er liberty, by llabbing him in the fenate houfe. But they only fubjeft her to tyiauts, who, without his clemency or abilities, were not inferior in am- bition. The republic falls into the hands of Mark Anthony ; young C:tfar 0£t?.vianus, nc-phew to Julius Caifar, pulls it from him by the fea fight at AAium ; there is no Brutus nor CafTius, o put »n end to his life. The friends of liberty have killed themlelves in de- fpair, and O :lavius, under the name of Auguilus, and title of emperor, remains the uiidiiturbedmafter of the empire. During thefe civil conunc- t'ons, the Romans dill preferved the glory of their arms among diftant na- tions, and while it was unknown who fliould be mafter at Rome, the Ro- iTi-ins were r.ithout difpiite the maiters of the world; their inilitarv difci- plme auU valcurabolilhed all the remains of the Carthaginian, tliei^crfian, tilt ((Ti^.k, the A.Tvrian, and Macedonian glory, and they were now only r. ii^m". No ' ioner therefore was Oitavius cUablilhed on the throne, than crnbaliadrrs from all ciuartcrs of the globe, crowd to make their fub- miifionv. yEthi^pia fues fc\ peace, the Parthians. who hod been a mo;':: formidable enemy, court his fricndihip, tiie Indies feck his ^^• alliance, P.<.nnonia acknowledges him, Germa iy dreals him, and ^[ the Wefer receives his laivs. Viilorious by Tea and land, he Ihuts the temple of Janus. The v/hole earth lives in pea.e under his power, and Jefus Chrilt comes into the world. Having thus traced the prcgreis of the Roman government, while i: remained a republic, our plan obliges us to lav a fev.- v/ords with regard to the arts, fciences,. and manners of that people. During the firlt ages of the republic, the Romans lived in a total neglecl, or rather con- tempt of all the elegant improvements of life. W,t-. politicks, and agrl- cuhure were the only art;, they ItMJii'd, hecaufe th', y were the only arts they eileemed. But upon the downfall of Cart'-ag", the Romans, hav- ii.g no cr.emy to dread from abroad, begnn to taite the iwi^^is uf fecurity, aiui to Cultivate the arts. Their progrels however was not gradual as in the other countries we have defcribeJ. The conquelt of Greece at once put them in polL'ilion of every thing molt rare, .curious, or ele- gant. Afia, which was the next victim, olfcred ail its llores, and the Romans, from the moil hinple people, fpet;djly bci.ime acquainted wirh the arts, the luxuries, ami refinements of the whole earth, liloquencc they had always cultivated as the high road to eminence and prefer- ment. The orations of Cicero are only inRilur to thofe of Demollhenes, v/hich, according to ;'ll our ideas, arc perffd produdions. In poetry Virgil yields only to Komcr, whc;fe " erfc, like the profu vi ]i)c;m)ilhenes, is perfect and inimitable. Horace however, in his fatires and cpiilleK, had iiu model •lucne the Greeks, and itandii iv tiiis day uniiv idled c 4 ' i» ! *1 %l INTRODUCTION. m JM >' .p^ \: it in that fpecics of writing. In hillory the Romans can boaft of Livy, who poffeiTes all the natural eafe of Herodotus, and is more defcrip- tive, more eloquent, and fentimental. Tacitus indeed did not flou- ri{h in the Auguftan ige, but his works do himfelf the greateft honour, while they difgrace his country ar.d human nature, whofe corruption and vices he paints in the moft ftriking colours. In phi- lofophy, if we except the works of Ciceio, and the fyftem of the Greek philofopher Epicurus, defcribed in the nervous poetry of Lucre- tius; the Romans, during the time of the republic, made not the leaft rtttempt. In tragedy, they never produced any thing excellent ; and Terence, though remarkable for purity of ftyle, wants that comica vis, or lively vein of humour, which diftinguilhed the Greek comedians, and which diftinguifhes our Sliakefpeare. We now return to our hillory, and are arrived at an xra, which prefents us with a fet of monfters, under the name of emperors, whofe hiftories, a few excepted, difgrace human nature. They did not indeed abolifli the forms of the Roman republic, though they extinguifhed its liberties, and while they were praftifing the moft unwarrantable cruelties upon their fubjefts, they themfelves were theflaves of their fold iers. They made the, world to tremble, while they in their turn trembled at the army. Rome, from the time of Auguftus, became the moft defpotic empire that ever fubfifted in Europe. To form an idea of their government, we need-only recal to our mind the fituation of Turkey at prefent. It is of no importance therefore to confider the charader of the emperors, fjnce tiiey had no power but what arofe from a mercenary ftanding army, nor to enter into a detail with regard to the tranfaftions of the court, which were direfted by that caprice, and cruelty and corruption, which univerfally prevail under a defpotic government. When it is faid that the Roman republic conquered the world,it is only meant of the civilized part of it, chiefly in Greece, Carthage, and Afia. A more diriicult tafk ftill remained, for the emperors to fubdue the barbarous nations of Europe ; the Germans, ''.e Gauls, the Britons, and even the remote corner of Scotland ; foi- .hough thefe countries had been difcovered, they were not cfFedlually fubdued by the Roman generals. Thefe nations, though rude and ignorant, were brave and independent. It was rather from the fu- periority of their difcipline than of their courage, that the Romans gained any advantage over them. The Roman wars, with the Germans, are defcribed by Tacitus, and from his accounts, though a Roman, it is eafy to difcover with what bravery they fought, and with what rt- luflance they fubmitted to a foreign yoke. From the obftinate refiftance of the Germans, we may judge of the difficulties the Romans met with in fubduing the other nations of Europe. The contefts were on both fides bloody ; the countries of Europe were fucceflively laid wafte, tlie inhabitants periftied in the field, many were carried into slavery, and but a feeble remnant fubmitted to the Roman power. This fituation of aftairs was extremely unfavourable to the happinefs of mankind. The barba- rous nations, indeed, from their intercourfe with the Romans, acquired fome tafte for the arts, fciences, language, and manners, of their new mafters. Thefe however were but miferable confolations for the lofs of liberty, for being deprived of the ufe of their arms, for being overawed by mercenary foldiers kept in pay to rcftrain them, and for being deli- vered over to rapacious governors, who plundered them without mercy. The only circumftance which could fupport them under thef; complicated calamities, was the hope of feeing better dayi. The INTRODUCTION. Kli The Roman empire, now ftretched out to fuch an extent, had loft it$ fpring and force. It contained within itfelf the feeds of diflblution ; and the violent irruption of the Goths and Vandals, and other Barbarians, haftened its deftrudlion. Thefe fierce tribes, whp came to take vengeance on the empire, either inhabited the various provinces of Germany, which had never been fubdued by the Romans, or were fcattereu over the vaft countries of the north of Europe, and north-weft of Afia, which are now inhabited by the Danes, the Swedes, the Poles, the fubjefts of the Ruffian empire, and the Tartars. They were drawn from their native country, by that reftlefsnefs which actuates the minds of Barbarians, and makes them rove from home in queft of plunder, or new fettlements. The firft invaders met with a powerful refiftance from the fuperior difcipline of the Roman legions ; but this, inltead of daunting men oi a ftrong and im- petuous temper, only roufed them to vengeance. They return to their companions, acquaint them with the unknown conveniencies and luxuries that abounded in countries better cultivated, or blefled with a milder cli- mate than their own ; they acquaint them with the battles they hadfought„ of the friends thev had loft, and warm them with refentment againft their opponents. Great bodies of armed men, fays an elegant hiftorim, in defcribing this fcene of defolation, with their wives and children, and Haves and flocks, iflued forth, like regular colonies, in queft of new fet- tlements. New adventurers followed mem. The lands which they de- ferted were occupied by more remote tribes of Barbarians. Thefe, in their turn, pufhed forward into more fertile countries, ai\d like a torrent con- tinually increafing, rolled on, and fwept every thing before them. Where- ever the Barbarians marched, their rout was marked with blood. They ravaged or deftroyed all around them. They made no diiUnftion between what was facred, and what was profane. They refpefted no age, or fex, or rank. If a man was called to fix upon the period, in the hillory of the world, during which, the condition of the humi race was moll calami- tous and afflided, he would, withc-'it hefttation, luiiae ihat which eiapied from the death of Theodoflus the Great, A. D. 395, to tlie c ' ibliflanent of the Lombards in Italy, A. D. 571. The contemporary .luthors, who beheld that fcene of defolation, labour, and are at a lofs for ex^ lelfions to defcribe the horror of it. The jcourg,: of God, the dejiroyer of nations, are the dreadful epithets by which they diftinguifti the moit noted of the barbarous leaders. Conftantine, who was emperor about the beginning of the fourth century, and who had embraced Chrillianity, changed the leat of em- pire from Rome to Conllantinople. This occafioned a prodigious alter- ation. The weftcrn and eailcrn provinces were feparated from each other, and governed by different fovereigns. The withdrawing the Roman legions from the Rhine ami tlie Danube to the eaft, threw down the wcftern barriers of the empire, and laid it open to the invaders. Rome (now known by the name of the Wcftern Empire, in contradi- ftinclion to Conllantinople, which from its fituation, was palled the Eaftern Empire) weakened by this diviiion, becomes a prey to the barbarous na- tions. Its antient glory, vainly deemed immortal, is effaced, and A- (loaces, a Barbarian chieftain, fits down on the throne of the Ciefars. Thefe irruptions into the empire, were gradual and fucceflive. The immenfe fabric of the Roman empire was the work of many ages, and leveral centuries were employed in demoliftiing it. The antient dif- cipline of the Romans, in military affairs, was fo efficacious, that the re- mains of it defcended to their fucteHbrs, and muft have proved an over- 2 match xlii INTRODUCTION. ■I*" i'l - i' r-ift 'H 1 i ^i ■^ f match for all their enemies, had it not been for the vices of their em- perors, and the univerfal corruption of manners among the people. Sa- tiated with the luxuries of the known world, .the emperors were at a lofs to find new provocatives. The molt dillant regions were explored, the ingenuity of mankind was exerclfcd, and the tribute of provinces ex- pended upon one favourite di(h. 1 he tyranny, and the univerfal depra- vation of manners that prevailed under the einperors, or as they are called Ccefars, could only be equalled by the barbarity of thofc nations, who overcame them. Towards the clofe of the fixth century, the Saxons, a German nation, were malters of the fouthern, and more fertile provinces of Britain; the Frank-, anoihor tribe ot Ciermans, of Gaul ; the Goths, of tipain ; the Goths and Lombards, of Italy, and the adjactnt provinces. Scarce any veftige of the Roman policy, jurifprudcnce, arts or literature remained. New forms of governnieiit, new laws, new manners, new drelTes, new languages, and new names of men and countries, were every where in- troduced. From this ^ :r^od till the fixteenth century, Europe exhibited a pidurc of moll melancholy Ciothic barbarity. Liteiature, fcience, talle wtre words fcarce in ufe during thefe ages. Perfons of the higlicll rank, and in the moll eminent flations, could not read or write. Many of the clergy did not underlland the breviary which they were obliged daily to recite ; feme of them could fcarce read it. The human mind neglefte.', nncultivatcd, and deprofled, funk into the moft profound ignorance. The fuperior genius of Charlemagne, who, about the beginning of the ninth centarv, jroverncd France, Germany, with part of Italy; and Alfred the Great in England, endeavoured to difpel this darknefs, and gave tlieir fubjedls a Ihort glimpfe of light. But the ignorance of the age was too powerful for their ttlbrts and inftitutions. The darknefs returned, and lettled over Europe more thick and heavy thsn formerly. A new divifion of property gradually introduced a new Ipecios of government formerly unknown ; which fii;gular inllitution is now dillin- j^uillied by the name of the feudal fyilem. The king or general, who led the Barbarians to conqueft, parcelled cut the lands of the vanquifhed among his chief oflicers, binding thole on whom they were bellowed, to follow his llandard witii a number of men, and to bear arms in his defence. The chief ofiiccrs iinitatcd the example of the fovercign^ and in dillributing portions of thcM- lands among their dependants, annexed the fame condition to the grai :. But though this fylleni icemed to be admirably calculatid for defence againll a foreign enemy,, it degenerated into a fyltem of opprellion. The ufurpation of the nobles bccrime unbounded and ii-itolerablc. They reduced the great body of the people into a Hate of acuial fervitude. They were deprived of the natural and moll unalienable rights of ha- manity. They were flaves lixed to the foil, wliich they cultivated, and together with it were transferred from one proprietor to another, by file, or by conveyance. Every oHcnded baron, )r chieftain, buckled on his armour, and fought redrefs at the head of his vaflals. His advcrfary jr.ct him in like holliie array. The ki-.i.Ircd and depenilants of the grellbr, as well as of the defender, v.erc involved m . the quarrel. ae toi> They had not even the liberty of remaining neuter*. • Tlii' Gothic fyfiem ftill prevails in Poland ; and a remnant of it coatiiiueJ in tlm I-Ii^hblds of ScoUiind to late as the war J74S. iicii page 70— jSi^ 7hc INTRODUCTION. xliii )f their cm- people. Sa- /ere at a lofs fcplorcd, the roviuccs cx- verfal liepra- as they are hofc nations, :rnian nation, Britain-, tlie f Spair. ; the Scarce any irc remained . tlreiles, new ^■ry where in- )ited a pit^ure :e, taile were lelt rank, and Many of the jligcd daily to ind neglc£le;i, 3;uorance. The [o- of the ninth and AliTcd the .nd gave their he age was too returned, and new fpecies of is now dillin- eral, who led c vanquithed /crc bellowed, ar arms in his bvereign, and nUii, annexed icemed to be it degenerated olerable. They uial ferviiude. rij;hts of ha- :i!ltivated, and other, by fale, budded on his His adverlaiy ■:'ndants of ti^.t: the quarrel. [t cQiiliauei in t^ii The The monarchs of Europe perceived the encroachments of their nobles with impatience. They declared, that as all men were by nature free born, they determined it Ihould be fo in reality as well as in name. In order to create fom« power, that might counterbalance thofe potent vaf- fals, who, while they cnflaved the people, controuled or gave law to the crown, a plan was adopted of conferring new privileges on towns. Thefe privileges aboliflied all marks of fervitude, and formed them into corpo- rations, or bodies politic, to be governed by a council and magiftrates of their own nomination. The acquifition of liberty made fuch a happy change in the condition of mankind, as roufed them from that ftupidity ajid inaftion into which they had been funk by the wrctchednefs of their former ftate. A fpirit of induftry revived; commerce became an objeifi of attention, and began to flourifh. Various caufes contributed to revive this fpirit of commerce, and to renew the intercourfe between different nations. Conilantinoplc, the capital of the eaftern, or Greek empire, had efcaped the ravages of the Gotlis and Vandals, v/ho overthrew that of the welt. In this city, fome faint glimmerings of light, literature, and fcicnce were preferved : this too, for many ages, was the great emporium of trade, and where fome rclilh for the precious commodities and curious manufadurcs of India was preferved. They communicated fome knowledge of thefe to their neighbours in Italy ; and the crufades, which were begun by the Chriftian powers of Europe with a view to drive the Turks from Jerufalem, opened a communication between Europe and the Eaft. Conftantinople wa» the gen'-'ral place of rendezvous for the Chrillian armies, in their way to Paleiline or on their return from thence. Though the objeft of thefe expeditions was conqueft and not commerce, and though the iffiie of them proved unfortunate, their commercial effects were both beneficial and permanent. Soon after the clofe of the holy war, the mariners compafs was in- vented, which facilitated the communication between remote nations, and brought them nearer to each other. The Italian ftates, particularly thofe of Venice and Genoa, began to eftabliih a regular commerce with the EaR, and the ports of Egypt, and drew from thence all the rich pro- ductions of India. Thefe commodities they difpofed of to great advan- tage among the other nations of Europe, who began to acquire fome talle of elegance, unknown to their predeceffors, or defpifed by them. Daring the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the commerce of Europe was almoit in the hands of the Italians, more commonly known in thefe :i^es by the nam.e of Lombards. Companies or Ibcieties of Lombard merchants fct'Jcd in every different kingdom ; they became the carriers, the mauufaclurcrs, and the bankers of Europe. One of thefe compa- nies fettled in London; hence the name of Lombard Street. While the Italians in the fouth of Europe cultivated trade with fuch indullry and fuccefs, the commercial fpirit awakened in the North towards the middle of the thirteenth century. As the Danes, Swedes, and other nations around the Baltic, were at that time extremely barba- rous, and infeited that fea with their piracies, this obliged the cities of Lubec and Hamburgh, foon after they had began to open fome trade with tlie Italians, to enter into a league of mutual defence. They de- lived fuch advantages from this union, thnt othfr towns acceded to tlieir confederacy ; and, in a Ihcrt time, eighty of the r >oil confiderable ««.. citiej, xliv INTRODUCTION. ^:' ' ' i^-' SI- I cities, fcattered through thofe vaft countries of Germany and Flanders which rtretch from the bottom of the Baltic to Cologne on the Rhine, joined in an alliance, called the Hanfeatic League ; which became K) formidable, that its alliance was courted, and its enmity was dreaded by the greateft monarchs. The members of this powerful aflbciation formed the firft fyftematic plan of commerce known in the middle ages, and con- dufted it by common laws enafted in their general aflemblies. They fupplied the rcil of Europe with naval ftores : and pitched on different towns, the moll eminent of which was Bruges, in Flanders, where they eftabliflied ftaples, in which their commerce was regularly carried on. Thither the Lombards brought the produdlions of India, together with the manufaftures of Italy, and exchanged them for the more bulky, but not lefs ufeful commodities of the North. As Brii_^es became the center of communication between the Lombards and Hanfeatic merchants, the Flemings traded with both in that city to fuch extent as well as advantage, as fpirited among them a general habit of induftry, which long rendered Flanders and the adjacent provinces the moll opulent, the moll populous, and beft cultivated countries in Europe, Struck with the flourilhing ftate of thefe provinces; of which he dif- covered the true caufe, Edward III. of England, endeavoured to excite a fpirit of induftry among his own fubjefts, who, blind to the advantages of their fttuation, and ignorant of the fource from which opulence was deftined to flow into their country, totally neglefted commerce, and did pot even attempt thofe manufnftures, the materials of which they fur- niftied to foreigners. By alluring Flemilh artifans to fettle in his domi- nions, as well as by many wife laws for the encouragement and regula- tion of trade, he gave a beginning to the woollen manufnclures of Eng- land J and iirll turned the aiflive and enterprizing genius of his people towards thofe arts which have raifed the Englifli to the firft rank among commercial nations. The Chriilian princes, after their great lofles in the cnifade?, endea- voured to cultivate the friendfhip of the great khans of 1'artary, whofe fame in arms had reached the moft remote corners of Europe and Afia, that they might be fome check upon the Turks, who had been fuch ene- mies to the Chriilian name ; and who, from a contemptible handful of wanderers, ferving occafioually in the armies of contending princes, had begun to extend their ravages over the fineft countries of Afia. The Chriftian embaflies were managed chiefly by monks, a wandering profeflton of men, who, impelled by zeal, and undaunted by difficulties ajid danger, found their way to the remote courts of thefe infidels. The Englifli philofopher, Roger Bacon, was fo induftrious as to coUeft from their relations, or traditions, many particulars of the Tartars, which are to be found in Purchas's Pilgrims, and other books of travels. The firft regular traveller of the monkifti kind, who committed his difcoveries to writing, was John du Plant Carpin, who, with fome of his brethren, about the year 1 24.6, carried a letter from pope Innocent to the great khan of Tartary, in favour of the Chriftian fubjefts in that prince's ex- tenfive ciominions. Soon after this, a fpirit ot travelling into Tartary and India became general ; and it would be no difiicult matter to prove that many Europeans, about the end of the fourteenth century, fcrved in tlic arniiet of Tamerlane, one of the greateft princes of Tartary, whole contjuells INTRODUCTION. 3cl\r conquers reached to the itioft remote corners of India ; and that they in- troduced into Europe the ufe of gunpowder and artillery ; the difcovery made by a German chymill being only partial and accidental. After the death of Tamerlane, who, jealous of the rifmg power of the Turks, had checked their progrefs, the Chriftian adventurers, upon their return, magnifying the vaft riches of the Eaft Indies, infpired tneir countrymen with a fpirit of adventure and difcovery, and were the firft that rendered a paflage thither by fea probable and praflicable. The Portuguefe had been always famous for their application to maritime affairs ; and to their difcovery of the Cape of Good-Hope, Great-Bri- tain is at this day indebted for her Indian commerce. At firft they contented themfelves with fliort voyages, creeping along the coafl of Africa, difcovering cape after cape ; but by making a gra- dual progrefs fouthward, they, in the year 1497, were fo fortunate as to fail beyond the Cape, which opened a paflage by fea to the caftern ocean, and all thofe countries known by the names of India, China, and Japan. While the Portuguefe were intent upon a pafTage to India by the eaft, Columbus, a native of Genoa, conceived a projeft of failing thither by the weft. His propofal being condemned by his countrymen, as chimerical and ablurd, he laid his fcheme fucceffively before the courts of France, England, and Portugal, where he had no better fuc- cefs. Such repeated difappointments wovrid have broken the fpirit of any man but Columbus. The expedition required expence, and he had nothing to defray it. Spain was now his only refource, and there, after eight years attendance, he fucceeded, through the intereft of queen Ifabella, who raifed money upon her jewels to defray the expences of his expedition, and to do honour to her fex. Columbus now fet fail, anno 1492, with a fleet of three fhips, upon the moft adventurous attempt ever undertaken by man, and in the fate of which the inhabitants of two worlds were interefted. In this voyage he had a thoufand difHcultics to contend with, and his failors, always difcontented, began to infift upon his return, threaten- ing, in cafe of refufal, to throw him overboard; but the firmnefs of the commander, and the difcovery of land, after a pafTage of thirty-three days, put an end to the commotion. From the appearance of the na- t'ves, he found, to his furprize, that this could not be the Indies he was in queft of, and which he foon difcovered to be a new world : of which the reader will find a more circumftantial account in tliat part of the follow- ing work which treats of America. Europe now bega.i to emerge out of that darknefs into which flie had been funk fmce the fubverfion of the Roman empire. Thefe difcovcries, from which fuch wealth was delllned to flow to the commercial nations of Europe, were fucceeded by others of unfpeakable benefit to mankind. The invention of printing, the revival of learning, arts, and fciences ; and, laftly, the happy reformation in religion, all diftinguilh the 15th and 1 6th century as the firft xra of modern hiftory. ** It was in thsfe ages that the powers of Europe were formed into one great political fyftem, in which each took a ftation, wherein it has fince remained, with lefs variation than could have been expeded, after the fhocks occafioned by fo many internal revolutions, and (o many foreign wars, of which we have given fom^ account in the hiftory of cnrh particular ftate in the following xlvi INTRODUCTION. following (heets. The great events which happened then have not hitlierto fpent their force. The political principles and maxims then cftablifhed, ftill continue to operate ; and the ideas concerning the ba- lance of power then introduced, or rendered general, ftill influence the councils of European nations." We fiiali now proceed to the main part of our work, beginning with Europe. Grand Divifions of EUROPE. |i ; :f1 /■ir^HIS grand divifion of the earth is fituated benvcen the loth deg. wA X and the 65th degree eaft Ion. from London ; and between the 36th znl 72d deg. of north lat. It is bounded on the nortli, by the Frozen Ocean ; oJ the eaft, by Afia; on the fouth, by the Mediterranean Sea, which divides i| from Africa; and on the weft, by the Atlantic Ocean, which feparates it rronl America : being 3000 miles long, and 2500 broad. It contains the followirf kingdoms and ftates. 1 Kingdoms. 1 Length. England Scotland Ireland 360 300 185 Breadth. LChicf City. Dift. & Bearing Diff. of Time : from London. 1 from London. 300 160 Loiidoi Edinburgh Dublin Norway Denmark 1000 240 300 180 Bergen Copenhagen Sweden 800 500 Litockholm I 750 N. E, Ruflia ISOO Poland 700 I ICO 680 Warfaw K.ofPru. 1 Domin. } Germany Bohemia Holland uncertain 6ovO 300 ISO Flanders France Spain Portugal Switzerland 200 600 :co 3C0 260 590 250 100 200 500 5C0 100 100 Mile?. « * * 400 N. 270 N. W. H. M. m * * o 12 aft. o 26 aft. Religions. Lutherans Calvinif!s Luth. and P.ip. 540 N. 500 N. E. o 24 bef. o 50 bef. Lutherans Lutherans Peter(bur» i 1140 N. E. 7bo E. Berlin 540 E. Vienna | 6co E. Prague 6ao E. Amfterdam iSo E. BruHcls Paris 180 S.E S 200 E. Madrid DO S. I 10 bef. 2 4 bef. I 24 bef. 59 I'ef- I 5 bef. I 4 bef. 18 b=f. 16 bef. 9 bef. C 17 aft. Ln therms Greek Churih Lifbon 850 S. W. I o 33 aft. Pap. Luth. & CM Luth. & Calv. Pap, Luth &C.1 Papifts Calvinlfts Papifts Papir Papifts Bern 420 S. E. I o 28 1-cf. Papilts Calvin. & Painn I Several 7 l^ied™''nt, Montferrat, Milan, Parma,Modena,MatUua, Venice, Genoa, Tufcany,i3 fmall ft.tes 5Tjrin, Cafal, Milan, Parma,MoJen,i, Mantua, Venice, Genoa, Florence. Popedom 240 Naples 'Hungary 280 120 I Rome 120 Naples Danubia Provinces Lit. Tartary Greece an 2 es 5 300 600 400 200 420 240 740 Buda I Conltan- tinople Caffa Athens 820 S. E. i o 52 bef, [Papifis 870 S. E. I 1 o bef. iPapift. 7S0 S. E. I 1 17 bef, jPapifts 1320 S. E, 1500 E. 1360 S. E. 58 bef. 24 bef. 37 ^^f- Mahometans, with fome Jews an J Chriftians, ^m n have not naxims then ning the ba- nfluence the jinniiig with • loth deg. \vfi!J en the 361)1 apj ozen Ocean ; oil which divides i| {eparates it fron ns the folio wind Religions, Lutherans CalviniHs Luth. and P:.p, Lutherans Lutherans ILvther.ms Greek ChufiF Fap. I.iith."&(~ I Lutb. & Calv. Pap. Luth &C. Papifts Calvin' fts Fapirts Pa pi us Papifts I'apilh Calvin. & Painn Genoa, Tufcany,i; Genoa, Florence. [Papifts iPapift. Papifts Mahometans, with fome Jews atiii Chriftiari!, t: ^. '. lii ».. « ' *f ! V 'inn1tvi wtorkfictfn r, k3 Claud 1 .1,' t ' 1 EUROPE. DENMARK. I Shall, according to my phn, begin this account of his Danifli majefty's dominions with the moll northerly fituations, and divide them into four parts : ift. Eaft ard Weft Greenland, Iceland, and the iflands in the Atlantic Ocean ; zd. Denmark proper j 3d. Norway j and 4thi his German territories. The dimenfions of this country may be feen in the following table. Denmark. Square miles. r 3 Chief cities. 3 Hi a. • Copei MS 47 S r9. 117 Jutland, 9,600 Wyburg, ' Slefwick, 2,115 70 6^ Slefwick, 274 114 Zealand 1. i>93S 60 60 COPENHAGKN, 2-^8 Funen I. 768 ^8 ^2 Odenfee, 437 7^ 2 Falfter and Laland L 1" 220 27 IZ Nikoping, Naxkaw, 248 247 46 P5 Femeren L 50 M 8 Sorge, 28s 73 :3 Alfen L 54 IS 6 Sonderborge, 260 9S ^ Mona L 39 14 S Stege, 490 32 Bornholm I. 160 20 12 Rottomby, 265 74 Iceland I. 46,000 A-^'i i8S Skalholt, 374 1050 > Norway, 7Ij4oo 7 SO 170 Bergen, 205 34S Wardhuys, 28,400 28s 172 Wardhuys, S47 1000 Wcftphalb t Oldenburg, 1260 62 3^ Oldenburg, 30s 220 Lower Saxc )ny, Strom nr, Total- 1000 52 32 Gluckftat, 127 15% 163,001 The reader may perceive, that in the above table no calculation it made of the dimenfions of Eaft and Weft Greenland ; becaufe, in fafl, they are not yet known, or known very imperfedly : we (hall, however* proceed to give the latcft accounts of them, and from the bell authorities that have come to our hande. B East ifi i DENMARK. East and West GREENLAND, ICELAND, and the ISLANDS IN THE Atlantic Ocean. * ♦ ' m East GREENLAND, THE moll northerly part of his Danifli majcfty's dominions ; or, as others call it, New Greenland, and the country of Spitzbergen, lies between loand 1 1 dcg. E. Ion. and 76 and 80 di^g. N. lat. Though it is now claimed by Denmark, ic certainly was difcovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby, in I353 ; and is llippofed to be a continuation of Old Greenland. It obtained the name jf Spitzbergen, from the height and rawgednefs of its rocks. Tliere is a whale- ft fhcry, chiefly profccuted by the Dutch and fome Britiih vciTels, on its coafts. It likcwife contains swo harbours ; one called Soutli-Haven, and the ctlier Maurice-Bay ; but the inland parts are uninhabited. W E s T G R E E N L A N D, LIES between the meridian of London, and 50 deg. W. Ion. and between 60 and 73 deg. N. lat. Inhabitants.] By the lateil accounts from the milTionaries, employed for the converfion of the Greenlanders, their whole number does not amount to above 957 flated inhabitants : Mr. Crantz, however, thinks that the roving fouthlanders of Greenland may amount to about 7000. There is a great refenihlance between the afptd, manners, and drefs of thofe natives, and the Efquimaux Americans, from whom they naturally differ but little, eve.; after all the pain', v/iiich the Danilh and German milJIonaries have taken to convert and civili/.e them. They live in huts during their winter, wliich is incredibly fevere ; but Mr. Grant?:, who has given us the latelt and bell accounts of this country, fays, that in their longell fummer days it is fo hot that the inhabitants arc obliged to throw ofF their fummer garments. They have no trade, thougli they have a moll improvable iiflicry upon their coails ; but they employ all the year either in fifhing or liunting, in which they are very dextrous. Curiosities.] The taking ofwliales in the feas cf Grcenkind, among the fields of ice that liavc been incrcahng for ages, is one of the greateit curiofities in nature. 'I'hele fields, or pieces of ice, arc more than a mile in length frequently, and upwards of a hundred I'cct in tl'icknefs ; and when they arc put: in motion by a ftorm, nothing can be mere ter- rible ; the Dutch had thirteen (liipa crulhed to pieces by thcijj in one feafon. There are feveral kinds of whales in Greenland ; fome v/liite, and others black. One of the black fort, the grand bay whales, is in moll eileem, on accounc of his bulk, and the grc.t quantity of fat or blubber he afibrds, which turns to oil. His tongue is about eighteen feet long, inclofed in long pieces of v.'hat wc call whalebone, v/liich are covered with a kind of hair like horfe-hair ; and on each fide of his tongue a.e two hundred and fifty pieces of this v.'halcbone. As to tlie bones of his body,^ they are as hard as an ox's bones, and of no uk. Tlicre are no teeth in his mouth ; and he is ufualiy between 60 and 80 feet long ; very thick about the head, but grows Icis from thence to the tail. When the feamen fee a whale fpout, the word is immediately given, /-///, /all, when every one haikns iioui the iliip to his boat j fix or eight mca t DENMARK. s;D the ; or, as izbergen. Though 5ir Hugh 1 of OU ;ight anJ. irofccuted ; contains :icc-Bay ; . Ion. and employed r does not cr, thinks 30ut 7000. nd drefs of y naturally id German ive in huts ■ant/., who vs, that in obliged to ,1 they have \11 the year Ind, among \\<. preateil )re than a tlucknefs ; |e lucre tcr- koip in one Ivhite, and is in moil I or blubber feet long, Ire covered Itongue a.o ]nc3 of his iiere are no ]ong ; very tely giycn» lix or eight men being appointed to a boat, and four or five boats ufually belong to one (hip. When they come near the whale, the harpoonccr flrikes him with his harpoon (a barbed dart) and the monfter finding himfelf wounded, runs fwiftly down into the deep, and would carry the boat along with him, if they did not give him line faft enough ; and to prevent the wood of the boat taking fire by the violent rubbing of the rope on tjie fide of it, one wets it conllantly with a mop. After the whale has run fome hundred fathoms deep, he is forced to come up for air, when he makes fuch a terrible noifc with his fpoi.ting, that fome have compared it to the firing of cannon. So foon ash.' appears on the furfaccof the water, fome of the harpooneers fiK another liarpoon in him, whereupon he plunges agaiii into the deep ; and when he comes up a fccond time, they pierce him with {pears in the vital parts, till he fpouts up Ilreams of blood inllead of water, beating the waves with his tail and fins, till the fea is all in a foam, the boats continuing to |hllow him fome leagues, till he has loft his llrcngth ; and when he is dying, he turns himfelf upon his back, and is drawn on fliore, or to the faip if they be at a dillance from the land. There they cut him in pieces, and by boiling the blubber, extract the oil, if they have conveniencies on Ihore ; otherwife they barrel up the pieces, and bring them home ; but nothing can fmell tlronger thaa thefe Oiips do. Every nfli is computed to yield between fixty and a hun- dred barrels of oil, of tlic value of 3I. or 4I. a barrel. Though the Danes claim this country of Eaft Greenland, where thefe whales are taken, the Dutch have in a manner monopolized this filliery* ICELAND, LIES bctAvecn 63 and 68 dcg. N. lat. and between 10 and 26 dcg. W. Ion. from the meridian of London ; extending from call to well about 720 miles. Inhabitants.] The inhabitants are fuppofed to be about 80,000 ; tliOugh it is thouglit that they were formerly far more numerous, till the country v/as depopulated by the fmall-pox and peiliiential difeafes. They are lubject to the crown of Denm.ark, and conform to tlic religion .^nd laws of f.'orway. His DauiU'i majef!) names their governor, called Staffts-amptmaud; bat he appoints a deputy-governor, calledAmptmaud, wJio refic'C'. in Iceland, at tlie king's palace of Reflefted, on a falary of 400 rixdollars ; and he has mngiihatcs under him, both in civil and fpiritua! cafes. The people are naturally hardy, honeil, and induftrious. They amufe themfelves with chefs and linging. In fome things they difier little from the Dar.es and >{orwegians ; though they have many culloms peculiar to themfl'lves. Trade.] The commerce of this ifland is monopolized by a Danifh company. Its exports confift of dried filh, faked mutton and lamb, beef, butter, tallow, train-oil, coarfe woollen cloth, ftockings, gloves;, raw wool, fliccp-flcin--, lamb-lkins, fox-furs of various colours, eider- down, an(' feathers. Thc'r imports confiil of timber, fifhing-lincs and hooks, 'o'acco, bread, horfe-flioes, brandy, wijjje, fait, linen, and a little filk ; c. .ifivc of fome neceflaries and fuperfluities for the more wealthy. S r p f . ' ^ H A N D R t V E N u E . ] As Iceland alFord s no bait for avarice or ambitioxi, tlie inhabitant:; depend entirely upon his Danifh majcfly's prctcftlonj av»i the revenue he dravvi from the country, amounts to about 30,000 crowns a year. B 3 Thb ■III! DENMARK: The faro Islands. SO called from their lyinp; in a duller, and the inliabitants ferrying; from one iiland to anotlici-. They aic about twenty-four in number, and lie be':\veen 6i and 63 dcp;. W. Ion. from London. The fpace of this duller extends about 60 miles in lengtli, and 40 in breaddi, to the wellward of Norway ; having; Slictland and the Orkneys on the fouth- ealt, and Greenland and Iceland upon the north and north-well. I'hc trade and income of the inhabitants, who may be about 3000 or 400 3, add little or nothing to the revenues of Denmark. Ui DENMARK Proper. DENMARK Proper is divided into two pnrts ; Jutland, and the iflandb at the entrance of the Baltic lea : its iituation and extent are as follow. Eetwecn Between E. Lon. N. Lat. Bcin "• < 240 miles in length. I So miles in breadth. It is divided on the noith from Norway by the Scaggerac fea, and from Sweden on the eaft by the Sound, on the fouth by Gcrnviny and the Ealtic; and the German fca divides it from Great-lJritain on the v/efl:. Provinces.] Jutland is the firll province, fubdivided into Alhurg, Wyburg, Aarhufen, Ryprn, and Slcfwick ; the chief towns of which arcAlburg, E. lon. 10, N. lat. 57 ; Wyburg, Aarhufen, Rypen, Slcf- wick, E. Inn. 9 45, N. lat. 54 45. The fecond province of Denmark is confidercd as its moll valuable lialf ; and contains the iflands which lie at the entrance of the Baltic. They confift of Zealand, Funen, Bornholm, Laland, Fabler, Mona, Fcmercn, and Alfcn. I'heir cliic-f towns are Copenhagen, E. lon. 13, N. lat. 55 30, Elfenore, Odcnfee, Rottom- by, Naxkaw, Nicoping, Stege, Borge, and Sonderborge. Mountains, fokests, lakes, 1 Jutland conufcs chiefly of barren RIVERS, CLIMATE, AND SOIL, j mountains, but fome corn grows 5n the vallics. The face of the country prefents a number of large forefts ; but there is fcarcely in Denmark a river navigable to a fhip of burden. Some lakes, which contain delicious fifhcs, are found In the iuLmd parts of the country. The climate is more temperate here, en account of the vapours from the furrounding fea, than it is in many more fouiherly parts cf Europe. Spring and autumn are fcafms fcarcely known in DL.r.r.::rk, where winter, and fultry heats during June, July, and A.uguil, poilois the air. The foil is more recommcndable f )r its pail'trage, tJian for its common vegetable produdlions. The vallics arc In gcncr.;! fruitltd ; b'lt the foil is fandy in the iflands, and requires plentiiul fliuwcrs to raiie rven a crop of hay. Animals.] Denmark produces an excclljut breed cf horics, both for the faddle and carriage ; and numbers of blad: cattle, faeep, and hogs, befides game j and its feci coaits ai'c generally well fupplicd with tlfli. Language, jl Ira to r:uio DENMARK. 5 Language, religion,") The language of Denmark is a dlalciH: AND LEARNING. j of the Tcutonic ; but High Dutch and French are fpokeii at court. The religion is Luthc ran ; and tl\e king- dom is divided into fix diocefes ; one in Zealand, one in Funen, and four in Jutland : theie diocefes are governed by biihops, whofe profefGon is entirely to fuperintend the other clergy ; nor have they any other mark of pre-eminency than a diflindlion of their ecclefiallical drefs, for they have neither cathedrals nor ecclefiallical courts, nor the fmallclt concern with civil affairs: their morals, how ■ er, are fo good, that they are revered by the people. The univcrfity of Copenhagen is faid now to be encouraged by the government ; but the Danes in general make no great figure in literature ; though aftronomy and medicine are highly indebted to Tycho Brahe, Borrichius, and the Bartholines ; not to mention that tin: Danes begin now to make fome promifing attempts in hiftory, poetry, and the drama. Manners.] The noble difpofition of his Danifh majeily for im- proving his countiy, renders it very difficult to fpeak with any certainty concerning the manners and cufloms, the police and manufactures of his dominions. Commerce, undoubtedly, is on the reviving hand in Den- mark ; and fmce the kings there have been rendered abfolute, particular titles of honour, fuch as thofe of count and baron, have been introduc«d into the kingdom ; but the adventuring, warlike fpirit, fecms to be loft among their nobility, whofe civil powers are indeed annihilated ; but they arc tyrants over their inferiors and tenants, who, as to property, are llill in a ftate of vaffalage. It is more than probable, however, that his prefent Danilh majefty will, in that and all other rcfpefts, give a new face to the police of his country ; and he has already taken fome efleftual meafures for that purpofe; by meliorating the Hate of the peafants ; the only fpur to indulhy. Army and navy.] The three laft kings of Denmark, notwith- ftanding the degeneracy of their people in martial affairs, were very re- fpeftable princes, by the number and difciplinc of their troops, which they have kept up with vail care. The prefent army of Denmark con- filts of 40,000 men, cavalry and infantry ; moll of whom are officered by foreigners. Though this army is burdenfome to the nation, yet it cofts little to the crown : great part of the infantry lie in Norway, where they live upon the boors at free quarter ; and in Denmark, the peafantry are obliged to maintain the cavalry in victuals and lodging, and even to furnidi them with money. His prefent majelly feems determined to re- eftablilh the naval force of his kingdom, and to rank himfelf as a mari- time power. It mull be acknowledged that he has great invitation to fuch a conduft ; his fubjeds in general are excellent feamen; Copen- hagen has a noble capacious lea-port ; and tlie prefent naval force of Denmark is faid to conful of thirty Ihips of the line. Fortifications.] The chic ("fortifications are thofe of Copenhagen, Cronenbiirg, New Elfenore, Aitcna, Reudfburg (which is reckoned the llrongeil in Denmark) Fred^ricia, in Juthmd; not to mention feveral other places now fortifying by his Danilh niajelly's order. Civil CONSTITUTION.] Tlie civil conllitution of Denmark, in its prefent defpotic Hate, arifes out of tlic ruins of the arillocratic powers which tlie nobility exercifed over their inferiors with moll intolerable tyranny. Formerly their kings were eledlive, and might be depofed by the convention of eilates, whigli included the reprcfeutatives of the pea- B 3 fants. ''Hfl ■ 11 1 •ll'l 1 H'l f vwW"^ : ='ij" ri iil 6 D E N M A R K.i^ fants. The king's royalty gave him pre-eminence in the field and tlic comri of julHce, but no revenues were attached to it ; and uulefs he liad a great ellate of his own, he v/as obliged to live like a private nobleman. la procefs of time, however, the regal dignity became hereditary ; or ra- ther, the ftates tacitly acquiefced in that mode of government, to prevent the horrible ravages which they had experienced from civil wars and dif- puted fucceffions. Their kings of the race of Oldenburg, the prefent royal family, though fome of them were brave and fpirited princes, did notchufe to abridge the nobility of their powers; and a Icries of unliic- cefhful wars rendered the nation in general fo miferablc, that the public liad not money for paying off the army. The difpute came to a ihort quelHon, which was, that tJie nobles Ihould fubniit to taxes, from which they pleaded an exemption. The inferior people then, as ufual, threw their eyes towards the king, for relief and protcdion from the oppreflions of tlie intermediate order of nobility : in this tliey v/ere encouraged by the clergy. In a meeting of the ftates, it was propofed that the nobles fliould bear their fliare in the common burden. Upon this, one Otto Craeg put the people in mind that the commons were no more than flaves to the loids. This was the watch-word, which had been concerted between the leaders of the commons, the clergy, and even tlie court itfelf. Nanfon, the fpeaker of the commons, catched hold of the term Slavery, the aflem- bly broke up in a ferment; and the corrynons, with the clergy, with- drew to a houfe of their own, where they refolved to make the king a folemn tender of their liberties and fervices ; and formally to eftablifn in ]iis family the hereditary facceiTion to their crown. This refolution was executed the next day. The bifliop of Copenhagen officiated as fpeaker for the clergy and commons. The king accepted of their tender, pro- mifing them relief and protedlion. The gates of Copenhagen were Ihut ; and the nobility, finding the nerves of their power thus cut, fubmitted \vith the beit grace they could, to confirm what had been done. It is happy for the Danes, that ever fince the year i66o, when tliis great revolution took plr.ce, fev/ or no inllances have happened, of abufing the defpotic powers thus vcucd in the king, which are at prefent perhaps more extenfive than tliofe of any crowned head in Europe. On the contrary, the adminiRradon of civil jiiliice in Denmark is confidered by many as a model for other nations ; and fome princes, his Prulfian majefly particularly, have actually adopted great part of it. The code of the Daniih laws, is a quarto volume, drawn up in tl^e language of the country, in fo plain and perfpicucus a manner, and upon fuch fimple principles of juiHcc, that the molt i(.;norant may learn it ; and every man may plead his own caufe : and no fuit is to hang in fufpence beyond one year and a month. But t/je king haih privilege to explain, nay, to alter and change the fame as he fiall think good. Jn Denmark there are two inferior courts, from whicli appeals lie to a High Right court in Copen- hagen, where the king preudes, affiiled by his chief nobility. Judges are punillied in cafes of milbehaviour or corruption. Other tribunals are inftituted for the affairs of the revenue, army, commerce, admiralty, and criminal matters. In fliort, it is allowed on all hands, that the civil policy of Denmark, and its executive powers, produce wonderful efied? for the fafety of the people as well as of the government. Natural CHARACTERANDcoN-7 The court of Denmark is very 6TITUT10N OF theDanes. j regular; and his prefent majelly, lik« len this ned, of preleni On fidered rulRan le code of the fimple ry man 3nd one to alter ftre two open- Judges als are and civil efi^a.* y. IS very lajefty. DENMARK. % like his father, admits his nobility to his councils, and to that decent Iharc of familiarity that belongs to their rank. As the higher .cla/Tes of people are daily vifiting the other courts of Europe, they are refining themfclvcs from their provincial habits and vices, particularly intem- perance in drinking, and convivial entertainm.ents. As they become more polite, they arc mere frugal likcwife ; and there is nothing in their habit and conftitullon diflercnt from the Englilli or French nobility. The common people arc naturally indolent, and fubjcft to apoplexies from hard drinking ; they in general, however, enjoy a happy Itate of health, as they experience few confumptive difcaies ; owing perhaps to t!ic purity of their fuel, which confills chielly of beech wood. PopuLAi ION.] By an aftual numeration, made in 1759, of his Danilh majefty's fulijcds, in his dominions o*" Denmark, Norway, Hol- llein, tlie iflands in tlie Baltic, and the counties of Oldenburg and Del- mcnhorft, in Wellplialia ; they amounted to 2,444,000 fouls, exclufive of the Icelanders and Grccnlanders. However difproportioned this num- ber may fccm, to the extent of his Danifh majeily's dominions, yet, every thing confidered, it is far greater than could have been expeded from the uncultivated Hate of his pofleffions ; and it is more than fuffi- cient for all the purpofes of commerce. As population generally keeps pace with plenty, efpecially in northern countries, there can be no doubt that the number of his Danilli majefty's fubjefts, in a few years, will be vallly encreafed, by the improvements introduced among them in agri- culture, and other arts. In proof of this, the gener.il fecundity of the Danifli women is naturally fuch, that their parents are not very fond of giving their children away in matrimony ; and the courtUiips among the lower ranks are tedious. Commerce.] I ftall, under this head, include the commodities and manufaftures imported to and exported from the country. Fir, and other timber, black cattle, horfes, butter, llock-fifli, tallow, hides, train-oil, tar, pitch, andiron, are the natural produft of the Dani{h dominions; and confequcntly arc ranked under the head of exports. To thefe we may add furs ; but the exportation of oats is forbid. The imports are, fait, wine, brandy; filk from France, Portugal, and Italy. Of late the Danes have had a great intercourfe with England, from whence they import broad-cloths, clocks, cabinet, lock-work, and all other manufactures car- ried on in the great trading towns of England. But nothing Ihews the C')mmercial fpirit of the Danes in a Ilronger light, than their eftablilh- ments in the Laft and Well-Indies. In :6i2. Chriiliern IV. of Denmark, eftablifhed an Eaft-India com- pany at Copenhagen ; and, foon after, four ftiips failed from thence to the Ealt-Indies. The hint of this trade was given to his Danilh r.iajefty by James I. of England, who married a princefs of Denmark ; and in 161 7 they built and fortified a caftle and town at Tranquebar, on the coall of Coromandel. The fecurity which many of the Indians found under the cannon of this for*:, invited numbers of them to fettle here ; fo that the Danifli Eall-India company were foon rich enough to pay to their king a yearly tribute of '10,000 rix-dollars. The company, how- ever, willing to become rich all of a fudden, in 162c, endeavoured to pofilfs themielves of the fpice-trade at Ceylon ; but were defeated by the Portugucfe. The truth is, they foon embroiled themfelves with the na- tive Indians on all hands ; and had it not been for the generous affiftance ^iven them by Mr. Pit, iui EngliUi Eaft-India governor, their fettlement :t> 4 at ii t DENMARK. at Tranquebar muR have been taken by the rajah of Tanjour. Upon the clofe of the wars of Europe, after the death of Charles XII. of Sweden, the Danifli Eaft-lndia company found thenifches fo much in debt, that they publi(l)cd propoflils for a new fubfcription, for enlarging their an- cient capital Itock, and for fitting out fliips to I'ranr^uebar, liengal, and China. Two years after, his Danilh majefty grarted a new charter to his Eali-India company, with vail privileges ; and for fomc time its com- merce was carried on with great vigour. I fliall jufl: mention, that the Danes likev/ifc poflels the ifland of St. Thomas, in the Well-Indies ; %vhich is .i free port, and celebrated for fmuggling; alfo the fort of ChrilHanbure, on the coall of Guinea ; and carry on a confidcrablc com- merce with tlic' Mediterranean. Revenues.] His Danilii mnjelly's revenues have three fources ; the impolition-i he lays upon his own fiibjefts ; the du»^ies paid by foreigners ; and hij own dcmcfne lands, including confifcations ; wine, fait, tobacco, smd provifions of all kinds, are moderately taxed. Marriages, paper, corporations, land, houfes, and pnll-money, raife a conjuicrable Aim. The expences of fortifications are borne by the people : and when the king's daughter Is married, they pay about 1 00,000 1. towards lier por- tion. The reader is to obferve, tliat the internal taxes of Denmark are very uncertain, becaufe they may be abated or raifed at the king's will. Culloms, and tolls upon exports and imports, are more certain. I'he tolls paid by llrangers, arlfe chiefly from foreign faips that pafs through the Sound into the Baltic, t]uv)ugh the narrc- llrait between Schoncn and the ifland of Zealand. Thcfe tolls are in _ oportion to the fizc of the ihip and value of the cargo, exhibited In bills of lading. This tax, which firms a capital part of his Danifli majelly's revenue, has more than once throv/n tlic northern parts of Europe into a flame. It was often difputcd by the Engliili and the Dutch; and the Swedes, for fome time, refufv-d to pay it ; but in the treaty of 1720, between Sweden and Den- mark, under the guarantee of his Britannic majefly, George I. the Swedes agreed to pay the fame rates as are paid by the fubjecls of Great-Britain and the Netherlands. The toll is paid at Elfenore, a tov/n feated on the Sound, at the entrance of the Baltic fea, and about eighteen miles diltant fi-oai Copenhagen. No euimate can be made of its produce, nor of the grofs revenue of Denmark ; though it is generally thotight to amount at prefent to about 700,0001. a year ; a fam which, in that countr)', goes far, and maintains a fplendid court, a-i.l powerful arma- ments both by fea and land. Political AND NATURAL ) Since the accefllon of his prcfcnt Da- iNTEfiESTs OF Denmark, j" nilh majcily, his court feems to have altered its maxims. His father. It is true, obferved a moll refpeftable neutrality during the late war ; but never could get rid of French in- fluence, no'cwlthilandiii"- his connections with Great- Britain. The fub- Jidies he received maintained his army ; but his family-difputes with PailTia, concerning iLiiil-in, and the afcendency which the French had obtained over the Svvedci, not to mention many other matters, did not fuife]- him to act tLat dc^iifive part in llie affairs of Europe, to which he vas invited by his fituatijn ; efpecially about the time the treaty of Clo- ftcr-feven was concluded. His prefent Danilh majelly's plan, feems to be that of forming his dominions into a Hate of Independency, by availing himfelf of their natural advantages. His friendfnip with Great-Britain,, and the prefent divided defpicable conclitiou of the Swedes, together 3 witH DENMARK. ^■ith the pacific difpofition^i of the princes of the empire, leave him at full leilurc to profccutc the great plans he has fonnod. '1 he improve- ments his fubjccts have made lince the reign ot' I'redci ic IV. who died in 17^0, in ni.nufadtvircs and the mechanical arts, arc ailonifliinc; ; and the vviie fiimptuary laws, efpecially thole againlt imports of foreign manu- faftures, keep immcnfe lums in tlie kino'dom. During the three lall rcip'ns, the povernment of Denmark Ipartd no coll in biiiunng foreign maiuifailurcrs into their kingdom. This gave great iir.-.brage to tlio Engliih ; who often defeated their attempts, and profccuted their agenld, if tound i.0 be jii.'iih fubjccts, with vail fcverity. \n Oiort, the Danci can be furnilhod at home now, not only with all the ncceflaiies, but the tk^ancies and luxuries of life ; and his prefcnt Danifh mnjctly is daily labouring to introduce the like improvements into the moil uillant parts of his clOi-ninions. With regard to the external intcrcfts of Dennnark, they are certainly belt fccurcd by cultivating a friendfiiip with the maritime powers. The prefent condition of her navy, renders her fecurc by fca frpm Sweden and Rullia, v/hofe marine, when united, falls (hort of that of Denmark ; for though the Ruflians maintain a large number of fhips, yet they aro fo poorly navigated, tl'.at Ruili.i cann( t be confidercd as a maritime power. The exports of Denmark enables her to carry en a very pro- fitable trade with France, Spain, and the Mediterranean j and flie is particularly courted by the Mahammedan Hates, on account of her Ihip- building fiores. His prefcr.t majclly, like his father and grandfather, makes Itron? efforts for drawinjr the trade of Hamburp; towards the fa- vouritc town of Altena ; but hitherto with little apparent fuccefs. This rlvallhip, however, never can embroil her with any other l^uropean power, provided his Danifli majefty is fo wife as to make no attempt upon the city of Hamburg itfelf. The political Itate of Germany, efpe- cially vvhile the elector of Hanover is upon good terms with the Danes, fecuics his Daniih miijeily's pofTefiions in tlie empire ; becaufe no prince tlierc would willingly fee them the acquifition of any German potentate ; nor can the poflefuon of them ever be formidable to the empire, while in the hands of Denmark. The Daniih government employs, in time of peace, all the feam' a it can fpare, for the purpofcs of commerce; bi,. upon any emergency, they can command 24,000 feamcn, who are regi- llered, for manning its fleet. From tliis fnort \ iew of the Danifli in- tcrell, v/e can almoft venture to pronounce, that the great fchemes pur- fued by the prince now on that throne, are intended to render him one of the greatell maritime powers in the North : nor do we perceive how he can be prevented, fo long as a llrong well-difciplined army fecures him from all invahons by land. At the fame time, from the fituation of his country, and its fcarcity of fpacious harbours, he never can be formi- dable to Gi cat-Britain, who naturally will endeavoin- to preferve the bailance of power in tlie North. The prelbnt imperial family of RulTia has indeed niany claims upon Denmark, en account of Hoifiein ; but as her polielHons were guaranteed by his Britannic majeily, there is but fmall ,'ippearance of her being engaged in a war on that account. Were euueavcur torcpciicls tncmlelvcs, Dy arms, ot tne hne pri them by Denmark ; but of this thcie is at prefent a very fmall like- Jihood 3 and;j whatever the arts of France may atteinnt, tiie Danes will always to DENMARK. '^' always look with a jealous eye upon every meafurc t.iken for aholiniirig the prefciit f'ums ff the SwecHfli conllitutinn. The grcaldl danger that can arifo to Denin.-rk frrm a ibrcio;n power is, when the Baltic lea (ai has happened more than once) is fo frozen over, as to bear not only men, but heavy artillery ; in which cafe the Swedes have been known to march over great armies, and to threaten the conqueft of the kingdom. Cities and chief buildings.] Copenhagen, which is fitiiated on the fine idand of Zealand, nukes a niagnihcent appearance at a dillance. Jt is very llrcng, and dtti-iiJcd by four royal callles or forts. It contains ten paridi chinches, beiides nine others, belonging to Calvinills and other pcrfuafions, and fomc; hoipitals. Copenhagen i.> .ndorned by fome public and private palaces, as they arc called. Its llrcets are 186 in number; and its inhabitants amount to 100,000. The houfes in the principal ftreets are built of brick, and thofe in their lanes chiefly of tim- ber. Its univcrfity has bt'cn already mentioned. But the chief glory of Copenhagen is its harbour, v.hicli admits indeed of only one fhitj to enter it at a time, but is cap:ible of containing 500. Several of the ftreets have cani.ls, and quays for fhips to lie clofc to the houles ; and its naval arfenal is laid far to exceed that of Venice. The hnc'll palace belonging to his Danilh majetty, lies about twenty Engliili mill's f/om Copenhngcn, and is called Fredericfburg. It is a moll jnagnifictr.t houl'c, and built in t!ie modern talle ; but ill contrived, and worfe fituated ; being in a moiil unhealthy foil. While the kings of Denmark reflde, as they often do, at this palace, thoy lay afidc great part cf their llatc, and mingle with their fubjefts in tJic diveriions both of the court ard the iield. Thofe of t]ie latter have in them i'omewhat very whimsical. Any ov.c who ha? ofi'ended againlt the hnvs of hunting, is obligtd to kneel bttuxvn the hcnis of the Hag th:it has been run down ; and raifing his pollerirrs, the king iufii^ls upon him, in prcfcnce of the queen and th.c ladies of ti:o court (ior v^'hofe merriment this exercife feenis to have been invoiteu) a ccrtai:i number of ilripes. After this, the of- fender is. Ci)ligeJ to make a certain number of reverences for the royal chaftifcnicnt. By the be:1: accounls, Frcdericflmrg, in magnificence, tjaintings, and furniture of every kind, fcarccly yields to any palace in r.urope. It Hands in the ir,idll of a Like of frefli water; and is divided jiito three courts, each joined to the other by a bridge. Jagerfturg, is a park vvhicli contains a royal country feat, called the Hf^'mitage ; which is rcinrkablc for the difpcfition of its apartments, and the quaintnefj of its furnituje ; particularly a machine, which con- veys the diflies to and frcnn the king's table in the fccond llory. The cliicf eccleliafdcid buildino- in Denmark, is the cathedral of Rofchild, where the kings and queen:, of Denm.ark were formerly buried, and their monuments ftill remain. Joining to this cathedral, by a covered paflagc, is a royal palace, built in 173^. Curiosities, natural > Denmark Proper, affords fewer of thefe AND artificial. j ^han the other parts of his Daniih mu- jefly's dominions, if we excep't the contents of the Rryal Mufeum at Copenhagen, wliicli confuls of a numerous colleflion of both. Bef'dcs artificial Ikcletcns, ivory carvings, models, clock-work, and a beautiful cabinet of ivory and ebony, made by a Danifli artill who was Hone blind, here are to be feen two famous antique drinking vcflcls ; the one of gold, the other of fdver, and both in rhc form of a huntinp--horn : that of rrold fccma to be of ^agan muiiuiailure} luiU from the rjiifed hieroglyphicai figures DENMARK. n Ii, however, were totally defeated by the Sv/edes at Gadeibulrh, who laid his favourite city of Altcna in alhcs. Frederic revenged himfeif, by ii'i/.ing great partof the ducal Hc^Utein, and (breing tiie Sv.edilh general, count Stein- bock, to furrender himfelf priioner, with all his troops. Jn the yc;ir 1716, the fucceffes of Frederic were fo great, by taking ''i'onningcn and iitrrdfund, by driving llie Swedes out of Norv/ny, and reJueing Wifnuir, in Pomerania, that his allies began to fufpe^t he. was aiming at the fove- teignty of all Scandinavia. Upon the return of Charles of Sweden from .his exile, he reneu'd tl.e v/ar againit Denmark, wit!) a moil embittered i'pirit ; but on the deatli of that prince, who was killed at the fiege of J'rcdericnial, Frederic durii not rei'ufe the ofier of his Britannic majelly';! mediation between hini and the crov.n of Sweden ; in confequencc of which, n peace V.' as concluded at Stockholm, which left him in pofielfiou of tlie dutchy of Slcfwic. Frederic died in the year 1730, after having, two ycai.T biltjre, feen his ci'jwtal reduced to allies, by an accidental fire, iiib fon and lijcccifor, ChrilHern Frederic, made no other ufe of his power, and the advantages with v.hich he mounted the throne, than to cultivate ; eacc with all his neighbours, and to promote the happinefs of his fubjcL'ts ; whom he eafed i,l many oppreliive taxes. In 17J4, after guarantying the Pragmatic Sandion, Chrifliern fent 60CO men to the aliiltanee oi ihc emperor, during the difputeof the fuc- celJion to the crovsn of I'oland. 'lliough he was pacilic, yet he was jealous cf his rights, e/peeially over llaiiiburgh. He obliged the Ham- Liiighirs to call in the mediaiion of Fruflia, to abolilh their bank, to admit the t(/in of Denm.".;k as current, and to pay him a millien of filver marks. He had, two years after, vi/,. 175)^, a dvputc with his Britannic majelly, about the little lordftdp of Steinhoril, which had been moiigaged to the latter by a duke of Kolflein Lawenburg, and which Cl.riiliern faid belonged to him. Sei',.; blood was fpilt during the tontcl; in which Chrllliern, it is thought, never v/as in earnelh It brt)i.'glu 'm, ho,vc\er, a treaty, in v/hich he availed himfelf of his Br; 'innic majelly's prediledion for his German donunions ; for he agreed to pay '!]!hrilHrrti a fubfidy of 70,0001. ilerling a year, on condition of keeping in readinefs 7000 troops for the proteilion cf Hanover : this \\as a gainful bargain for Dcnmarl:, And two years afier, he fei'cd iojne Dutch lliip;, for tradtr^g, without iiis leave, to Iceland ; but the dilicreuctt DENMARK. 15 difference was made up by the mediation of Sweden. Clirifllern had fo jl^rcat a party in that kingdom, tliat it was ;;cnera!!y thoiu^lu he would revive the union of Cahnar, by procuring liis fon to be declared fuc- ccflbr to his liien Swcdiih niajelty. Some Heps for that purpofe were certainly taken ; but whatever Chriflicrn's views n)i^ht have been, the dcfign was fruilraled by the jealoufy of other pov.crs, who could not bear the thoughts of feeing all Scandinavia fuhjeft to one family. Chri- ftiern died in 1746, with the character ol being tiic fatlier of his people. His fon and fuccenbr, Frederic V. h; d, in 1743, married the prin- ccfs Louifa, daughter to his Britannic nnjelly. He improved upon his father's plan, for the happine^^ of his people ; but took no concern, except that of a mediator, in the German wnr. For it was by his in- tervention, that the treaty of Cloller-feven was concluded between his royal highnefs the late dulce of Cumberland, and the French general Richlieu. Upon the death of his firil queen, who was mother to his prefent Danifh majefty, he married a dp.uglitcr of the duke of Brunfwic- Wolfenbuttel ; and died in 1766. His ion, Chniliern VI. was born the 2Qth of January, 1719; and married his Britannic niajelly'syoungell fiRer, ilieprincefs Carolina-Miitilda. I have already mentioned the many fair profpefts which this prince's I'eign has already opened for the good of hi.) people ; and can only add, Iiohi tiie fpccimrns he hrs given the public of his virtues, that he bids fair to be the grcatell king that ever filled the throne of Denmark. NORWAY. Name, nouNDARiEs, ] ^ fc ■* H R natural ilgLification of Norv/ay is, AND E.XTKNT. 3 ■*■ thc Northcm-way. It is bounded on the fouth by the entrance into the By'tic, called the Scnggerac, or Cate- nate ; on the v/elt and norlh, by the northern ocean; and on the eaft, it IS divide*! from Sweden by a Ion;.;- riuge of mountains, called at different parts by different name:; ; as i''illejicld, Dofi-efdd, Rundfield, and Dourfield. Tlie reader may confult the table ordiiaeniions in Denmark for its extent; but it is a country fo little i.nown to the rell of Europe, that it is difficult to fix its dimenfions with precifion, MouK'iAiNS.] Norway is reckoned one of the mcf^ mountainous countries in the world; for it coi;t;tins a chain of unequal mountains running from fouth to north : to ]>afs that of Hardang^ r, a man mull travel about fcventy Englifli miles; and to pafs others, upwards of fifty. Dofrefield is counted the highcit: mountain, perhaps, in I'.urope. 'i'ho rivers and catarads which inttrfodl thofo dreadful precipices, and are paifable only bv flight, tottering, wooden bridges, render travelling in tiiis country very tetrible and dangerous; though the governsr.ent is at the expence of providing, at differeiit Hagc;, houfes accommodated with fire, light, and kitchen furniture. Detached from this \alt chain, other imnienfe mountains prefent tluMiifclves ;ill over Norway ; fome ot them v\ith refcrvoirs of water on the top; and the whole forming a moil lur- prizing landfcapc. 'i'he attivity of the natives, in recovering their Iheep and goats, when penned up, through a falfe Uep, in one of ihofe rocks, is wonderful. 'I'he owner dirert-s himfelf to be lowered down from the top of the moui.ain, fatir.g on a crols flick, tied to tlie end of a long rope; and when he arrives at the place where the creature Hands, he luiietis it to jhe fame coid, and it h drawn up witii himfelf. Thu caverns I' "if i > D E N M A R K. . caverns that are to be met with in tliofe mountains, arc more wondcrfut than thofc, perhaps, in any other part of the work!, though Icfs liahlf to obfervation. One of them, called Dolilecn, was, in 1750, vihted by two clciigymcn ; who reported, th'it they proceeded in it till they heard the fea dafliing over their heads i that the paflage was as wide and high as an ordinary church, the fides perpendicular, and the roof vaulted : tliat they dcfcended a fliglit of natural ihiirs ; but when they arrived ;it another, they durll not venture to proceed, but returned ; and that they confumed two candles going and returning. 'I'he rivers and frcih-water lakes in this country, are well (locked ^ with iifli ; and navigable for veflcls of a confiderable burden. TJic molt extraordinary circumilance attending the lalccs is, that fome of them contain floating ilhinds, formed by the -roliefion of the roots of trees and Ihrubs; and thoug!\ torn from the main land, bear herbage and trees. So late as the yt"ar 1702, the nolde family feat of Borgc, near Fredc- ricftadt, fuddcniy fank, v;ith all its towers and battlements, into an abyfs a hundred fathom in depth; and its fite was inilantly lilled with a piece of water, which formed a lake 300 ells in length, and p.bout half as broad. This melancholy accii^ nt, by wliich fourteen people and 200 head of cattle perilhcd, was occafioned by the foundation be- ing undermined by the waters of a river. Forests.] The chief wcahh of Norway lie:; in its forefts, which fur- nifli foreigners witli malts, beams, planks, and boards ; and ferve bc- .fldes for all donvilic ufcs ; particularly the conllruffticn of houfes, bridges, fliips, and for charcoal to the founderics. The chief timber growing here are fir and pine, elm, aih, yew, benreed, (a very curious wood) birch, beech, oak, eel, or alder, juniper, the afpin-tree, the comf', or floe-trce, hafel, elder, and even ebony ; (under the mountains of Ktlen) Jyme and willows. The iiims which Norway receives for timb.j, ar*; very confiderable ; but the indullry of the iniiabitants is greatly aililled by the courfe of their rivers, and the fituation of their lakes ; wliich allbrds them not only the convenicncy already mentioned, of lloating down llieir timber, but tliat of ereding faw-mijis, for dividing their laro-e beams into planks and deals. A tenth of all fawed timber belongs to his Danilh majeily, and forms no mconfiderable part of his revenue. Cmmaik.] The climate of Norway varies according to its extent, end its expofiturc towards tlie fea. At Bergen, the winter is moderate, and the fea is pradicabh". The eallcrn parts of Norway are commonly covered with Jiiow ; and the cold generally fets in about the middle of Odol/'r, with intcnfe fjverity, to the middle of April ; the waters being :ill that while frozen to a coniiderable thicknefs. In 17 19, 7000 Sw»;des, who were on their march to attack Drontheim, perilhed in the fnow, on the mountains which feparate Sweden from Norway; and their bodies were found in difl'erent pollurcs. " ■*• "^vcn froil and fnow have their convenicncies, as they ficilitate the con>'eyance of goods by land. As to the more northerly parts of this country, called Finmark, the cold ij fo intcnfe, that they are but little known. At fk'rgen, the longi ll day conlills of about nineteen hours ;;.;d the Ihortiil about fix. in iuinnier, the inhabitants can read and write at midwiidit, by the li^;ht of the fky ; and in the molt northerly part.^, about nii-'.ruiuuKr, the inn i.s conlinually in view. In thofc parts, however, there is only a faint jdinimeiiiig of light at noon, for aI)out an hour and a iialf ; owing to the jcfkdUuu uf Uic Jiiu's .ro) i on Uit juouutiuuj. ^iiturv» upl>vithlUin.ling, has bfca ?i?cn tlicy 0]VJ11 As h tha ;'.t in' }; v\(n ii;l.!nt cuife and fn( w'h'dc Sto AN iliTginir NORWAY. 17 )ncIciTut i lialile I vifitod ill they ndc and /aulteu ; •rivcel ;it hat they i flocked ^'hc moit of them Lrces and nd trees, ir F rede- in to an Ucd with nd p.bout n people itiun bc- diich fiir- fevve be- , bridfijes, growir.s; HIS wood) comf\ or ofKden) nb.i, ar«5 adilled ; which (loatiiig in|^ their belones revenue, ts extent, noderate, imimonly middle of ers being Sw«xles, fnow, on ir bodies ave their ,md. As tlu! coKl le \vn[\< [\ fix. Ill the lij,ht the Inn ly a faint w'y to the ,aing,h:'8 bccu !ieen fo kind to the Norwegians, that in the midil of their darknefs, the fl:v is fo ferenc, and the moon and the aurora borealis fo bright, that they can carry on tlieir fiihcry, and work at their feveral trades in open air As the winter i;; cold, the fummer, In Norway, is proportionably hot ; fo that vegetation is incvcdibly quick ; for in fix weeks, or two montlis I'.t moll, barley is fown, grows, ripens, and is cut down. The air of Norway is faliibrious, excepting on fomc parts of the fca coafl, where it is noiliened by vapours and exhalations. It is Co pure in fomc of the inl.uul parts, that the inhabitants live fo lnn;>; as to be tired of lif; ; and caufe thcmfelvcs to be tranfported to a lefs falubrious air. Sudden tliaws, and fnow-falls, have, however, fometimes dreadful cfFcds, and deftroy whole villafTCs. Stones, metals, 7 Norway contains quarries of ?xcellent marble, AND MINERALS, j" 38 Vv'cU as iiiary other kinds of ftoncs ; and the magnet is found in the iron mines. The amianthus, or afbeilos, which vJu'n its delicate fibres are wove into clctli, are cleaned by the fire, is likewife found here ; as are chryftals, granates, amethylls, agate, thun- dcr-iloncs, and enale-iloncs. Gold found in Norway, has been coined into ducats. His Danilh majeily is now workii-g, to great advantage, a fdvcrmine at Koningfl^cr,^ ; other filvcr mines have been found in diftcrent pa.ts of the country ; and one of the many filvcr malTes that have been diilovcred, weig'iing 560 pounds, is to be feen in the Royal Mufeum at Copenhagen. 'I'lu lead, copper, and iron mines, are common in this country : one of th.c conprr-mines at Roraas, is tliought to be the richefl in Europe. Norway likewife produces quickfilver, fulphur, fait, and co:d mines; vitriol, allinn, and various kinds of loam ; the different rvinufaftures of which bring in a large revenue to the crown. Uncommon animals, } All the animals that arc natives of Den- rowLs A^M) fishes, j mark, nre to be found in Norway, with an adJiticn of many more. The wild bealls peculiar to Norway, are the elk, the rein-deer, the hares, the rabbit, the bear, the volf, the lynx, the fox, the glutton, the Icminpf, the ermine, the martn, and the beaver. The elk is a tal! afli-rolour;d animal, its iliape part: king at once of the horfe and the ilag ; it is harmlefs, and, in the wiuti r, focial ; and their tlclh tallcs like vcnifon. The rein-deer is a fpecies of Hag ; but we fhall have occafion to mention him more particularly afterwards. Rabbits in this country are fcarcc. The hares arc final 1 ; anc arc faid to live upon mice in the winter time, and to chanpe their colour from brown to white. The Norwegian bears are ftrong and fagacious : they arc remarkable for rot hurting children ; but their other qualities arc in common with the rclt of their fpecies in northern countries ; nor can we much credit the ^ery extraordinary fpccimens of their fagacity, recorded by the natives : thev arc hunted bv little doos : and fome prefer bear hams to thofc of vV{;ll]-)halia. The Norwegian wolves, though fierce, are fhy even of a cow or a goat, unleis impelled by hunger: the n: tives are dextrous in ;;giiig traps for thi-ni, in v/hich they icre taken or killed. I'he Ij'nx, III hy fi'ine called the goupcs, 1 they are of the cat kind, a is fiiKillcr than a wolf, but as dangerous : and have cl:iws like tygcrs ; they dig under- ground, and often undermine fliecp-folds, where they make dreadful ha vock. The ikin of the lynx is be:uitiful and vaUudde ; as is that of the jbhckfo:. White and red foxes are likewile found in Norway, and par- Itake of tiie nature of that wily animal in other countries ; they have a y particular !■'■* itllirli i't , liff^: 'i|Ji ?m« -itttffi ■I' VWl'^l, ^': n i ' t }S NORWAY. particular way of dra«(ing cnihs afliore, by dipping tlicir tails In tlie water, wh'ch the crab lays hold of. The glutton, oihciv^ile called the erven, orvidfras, rcfcnibles a tiirn- ipit dog ; with ;•. 1< nj; bcdy, tliick legs, {}iarp ckiws and tt'ctli: his fur, which is varii"g;:lcd, ia U' precious, that he is Ihot with blunt arrf)\vs, to priferve the fl.in unhurt: he is bold, and fo ravenous, tl'at it is fidd he will devour a carcife L.rgcr than himfelf, and unl.uithcns his lloinach by fquecziiig Idinrcir IcLwcLii two elofe-ftanding tites : when taken, he has been even kn^wn to eat dene and moitar. The crn-.inc is a little crea- ture, remaikable for its lliyncfs and ck'i.nlinefs ; and lew of our readers need to be t dd, that thcJr fur form,; a principal part even of royal niag- nifcente. There is litrlc difierer.c-' b ■•ween the ii;:;rtin and a large brown fore rt cat, only its head and Juout ar^ fii: rper ; it is very ferce, and its bite dangerous. The beaver is now a v>ell knc wn ;:npl.il)ious animal, refcnibling in its fliape a drg, v.iti: Ihort kgs and head, fniuU rrunti eyes and e;:rs, and a largo thick Ic; Iv tail : the caltcucum, I'o ufiul in medi- cine, is found on thi^ creptnie m a bag; hisfkin is valuable: but 1 fiiall have cciTficn to mcn'ion him more at large in treating of r^'orth Anie- xica. Beiidcs the aboveniontioned quadrupeds, Norway contains almolt all the rtlior aniir.rds known in Eun,pe. No country produces a greater varis.ty of birds than Norway. I {ii;dl ini nticu thc!'e that arc pf.culiar to itfcif, Tlie alks bi:itd upc^n rocks j their numbers often darien the air, and the ncife of th'^ir wings refem- bles a I'cOrm ; their fi/.e is the b'gnefs of a large uv.ck : tbv , ; re an aquatic ibwl, and tl'.eir flclh is rr.uch Lltecn-'.cd. l"l;c bcrg-uglc i ■ ;' CuiAl bird, about the largenefs of a thrulh. No fewer th:.ii thirt}- '.l;;ds of eagles, the land and t!ie fca ; the firmer is fo irrong, that Lc) has been known to carry off a child of two years eld : the fea, or i.(l-.-e>.; Ic, is larger than the other ; he fubfilb on aquatic food ; and fctierimes darts on large hilies with fuch force, that bein^ unable to free !i;s tiilons t'lom their bodie?, he is dragged into the \v:-v-;- and diownLJ. Tiic tiuicn refcmbles an eag'e, iut is n-iore har?rl-"f>; he is reck^'ned g'od f od, and burnnvs hin.i;.lf i;: fnow in winter. The v.'.riety of iiawks is grtdtcr jn Norway than in any other country ; and we meet there with all •■ ihcr kinds of do:i!Clhc fov.ls th 't are c:Tinion in Turope. Nature leenis to have adapted thrie aerial irihabitants for the era!! of Norwry ; and indullry has produced a fpecics of mankind pe'v.iii.nly ilttcd f<:! making thein ferviceable tc the hum: n ra^c : ihk .u the Ivid- jncn, or tliirber;;, who arc amajdugly dexterous in mouiMiiig tlie luipeil Tcckr, and bringing av/ay t];c birus and their eggs: ti.c latter arc nutri- tive food, and .ire fcrneiimcs patbeiled in vin'"t,';;r; the hefh is e. ten by die peaiant.;, who generally leliili it; while tin lealheis iJ!)d doVvU li^iin a^'roii^bic coiiauodity. Even UiS dogs cf ihx lununj in lliu uoitlein diiUiO- ■ tjHb-^' N O R W A Y. '9 i in the 5 a turn - his fui-, rows, to s fiud hi: m:ich by , he h;is ttlc crca- ir readers lyal nitig- oc brcAvn c, and hi is animal, Tund eyes in medi- bur. ! fuall n-lli Anic- ins almotl 1 fnall 5on locks; inn's refcm- : an ao^uatic {\.vA\ bird,_ ;!it kinds ct" And fc\ -Tal lapb, or co- \\en i^ f'i 't the h.ead, the 1-rage, ivorcu, lie er(-l'. v.;;uld If a b'i.ck or he i:i laid o '.i:;ds of .e i:as been ll-.-t...;ie, h let", me;, darts t;.I"n:i from The tiuicii 6 or od f' od, Is is grt .'.ter ;h all ^ditr ■'-.ccrallof I pv'':ali.!rly ;i iho b'ld- the G.>..|)cll ,• ar*. nutri- is e. ten by UU,\vn U'.m |,iO tund I'ln dilU.o-, difliit^ls, arc trained up to be aflillants to thofc bird-men in fcizing tiieir prey. The Scandinavian lakes and feas are aflonifliinidy fruitful in all fi(h that are found on tlie fea-coalls ot Europe, whicli need not here be cnu- nicratcd. Some f.Hies in thofe feas, however, have their pccidiarities. The hanc-mceren, is a fpecies of (hark ten fatlioms in lengtli, and its liver yields three calks of train-oil. 'J'lic tucUo-llyndcr ir. an exccfTu'C huoe turbot, v^hieli has been known to cover a man v.'ho had fallen ovcr- boi'.rd, to keep iiini from riilng. The feafon for hcrrihg-fifhing is an- nounced to tlie filhermen by the fpoucing of water from the whales (of which {cxcn difi'ercnt fpecies are mentioned) in following the hcrring- flioals. 'IhiC large whale refemblcs a cod, vvitli fniall eyes, a dark mar- bled (kin, and white belly : they fpout out the v/atcr, which 'hey take in hv infpiration, through two holes or openings in the head. They copulate like land-animals, Ihmding upright in the fca. A young whale, wlien firft produced, is about nine or ten feet long ; and the female fome- times brini's forth two at a birth. The whale devours fuch an incredible number of fiii-dl fiili, that his belly i-: often ready to buril ; in which cafe he makes a nwd. tremendous noiic from pain. The fmaller fiih have their revenge; fome of them fallen on his back, and inceflbntly beat him ; ')thers, with fliarp horns, or rather bones, on their beak?, fv/im under Ids belly, and lomctinies rip it up ; fome arc provided with long fliarp teetli, and te;ir his flelh. Even the aquatic birds of prey declare war againll him when he comes near tlie furface of the v.'ater; and ha has been known to be fo tortured, tJiat he has beat himfelf to death or» the rocks. The coafts of Norway may be faid to be the native co(Hntry of licrrings. Innumerable are the fhoals that come from under the ice at the nortii-pole; and about the latitude of Iceland divide themfeives into three bodies : one of thefe fupply the Weltcrn llles and coalls of Scotland, another directs its courfe round the cafrern part of Gre .t-liritain down the Channel, and the third enters tlie Baltic throin^h the Sound. They Ihrm great part of the food of the common people ; and the cod, ling, kabeliau, and torHc-fiflies, follow them, and leed upon their fpawn ; and ;irj taken in prodigious numbers in (Ifty or lixty fathoms water : thefe, lijiccially their roes, and the oil extraited from their livers, arc cvported ;iiid fold to great advantage; and above 150,000 people are maintained bv tlic herring and other filhing on the coall of Norv.'ay. The fea-devil h about iix feet in length, and is fu called fn m its mojillrous appearance ;!na voracity. The fea-fcorprnu is likewile of a hideous form, its head being larger than it:, whole body, which is about four feet in length; and i(> hue is faid to i:e poilonou::. 'i'he molt leemingl/ t.ibalous accounts of the ancients, concerning fea- !r.O!!)ler:s, are rendered credible by the productions cf the Norwegian leas ; ;hk1 tlie i"ea-liiake, or ferpent of the ocean, is no loii'rer counted a chimera. la 1756, one cf them v/as llrjt by a matter ot a lliip ; its liead rcfemblcd that of a horib ; the mouth was large and bl ick, as were the eyes, a uliite mane hanging from il:s neck : it floated on the furface of the wat-T, and held its hi^ad at leail two feet out of the fea : between the lead and ne;.k were icvcn or eight folds, wliitdi were very thick ; and Itlie length cf this fnake was more than a hundred yard?, li)me fay fa- thoms. They have a remarkable avcrfion to the fmcll of caftor; for Uliicli reafon, fliip, boat, and bark mailers, provide themfeives with jiiuiimities of that drug, to prevent being overfet ; the ferment's olfaftory U i nerves H I «' 1, ^ i r tr ':"P t ^ .t ^?t »-i 20 N o II \v 7\ y. nerves btinj^- rcniaikably cxquifite. The particularitlcn rccountCtl of this animal wouM be incrciihic, were t!icy not atroiled upon oath. Ej;'jclc (a very acdiu;!)lc aiahor') iays, that on tlic 6th clay of July, 1 73^ , alarpe and tVighttVJ {l- a- men Her railed itfcif ii) high out of the water, that Its head reached aiwve the inain-top-inall of the Ihip ; that it had a long fharp f»out, broad paws, and Iponted water like a whale ; that the body feenied to be covered with fcales ; the flcin was uneven and wrink- led, and the lower p..rt\va, formed like a fn;ke. The body of this mon- fcer is faid to be as thicl: a . a hogiliead ; liis fkin is variegated like a tortoife-fiicU ; and his excrement, which floats upon the furfacc of tlie water, is ccnofivc, and blifLcrs the hands of the feamen if they handle it. 1 fnould be under great diliicaky in incntioning the krakcn, or kor- ven, were not its cxillence proved fo ftrongly, as to put it out of all doubt Its bulk is faid to be a mile and a lialf in circumference; and when part oi' it appears rbovc the water, it refeniblcs a number of fmall illands and fand-banks, on which iiflies difportthemfelvcs, and fca- Aveeds prow : upon a farther emergement, a nur.ibcr of pellucid antennas each about the licig'-.t, form, and fy.e of a moderate mafi, appear j and by their aftirn and r;-aflion he gathers his food, confilling of fxnall fifhcs. When he fmks, wh'ch he does gradually, a dangerous fvvell of the fea fucceeds, and a kind of whirlpool is natuially formed in the water. In 1680, a young krtikcn pcriHied among- the rocks and clifls of the parifl^ cf Alllahong; and his death was attended by fuch a Iknch, that the cuanncl where it died was ijT-paflr.ble. V'.ithout entering into any ro- mantic theories, we may fafely fay, that the exillencc cf this filh being proved, accour;t3 fur many of thofe phenomena of floating i Hands, and tranutory appearances in t-u fea, that have hitherto been held as fabu- lous by tlie loavned, vvho could have no idea of fuch an anim.al. The mermen and mcr-womcn, hold their refidcnce in the Norwegian feas ; bat J cannot give credit to all that is related concerning them by the natives. The mcnr.an is about eight fpans long, and, un- doubtedly, has as 3i;ueli rcfem.blr.nce as an ape has to the human fuc- cies ; a high fvirehead, little eyes, a flat nofe, and large mouth, without chin cr cars, charaderize its head; its arms are lliort, but v/ithout joints or elbows, and tliey terminate in members refembling a human hand, but cf the paw kind, and tUe lingers connected by a membrane : the parts of generation indicate their fe.ves ; though their under parti, which »emain in the vvater, terminate like tiicre of fifhes. The females have breails, at which they fucklc their young ones. It would far exceed the bounds allotted to this article, to follov/ the Norv/cgian adventurer.-, through all the diiTercnt defcriptions which tl'.ey have giv.'!"? us of their filTies; but they are fo well' authenticated, thrc 1 make no doubt, a new and very furprizijig theory of aquatic aniiraL may in tin-.e be formed. Peopi.k, language, religion, } The NMrwegians are a middling ; AND CUSTOMS OK Norway. 3 kind of people, between the fun- pliciry of the Grcenlanders and Icelanders, and t'-^e more polifned man- ners of the Danes. Their religion is Lutlieran ; and they have bifhops, as thofe of Denmark, without temporal jurifdidicn. Their vicerovr like his mailer, is ablblute ; but we may eafdy conceive that he makes no barbarous ufe of his power, becaufe we knov/ of few or no rcprcfen- tations or infurrections of the people againit it. The Norwegians in general, are. flrong, robufi, and brave ; but quic'c in rcientir.o real or I'uppofcd injuries. The women are handfome and courteoui; N O R \V 21 DUntCu OK oath. 1734' pon ly, the water. It it iKid a ; that the nrl wrink- ■ thh mon- ated like a ICC ot' the handle it. n, or kor- out ot" nil cncc ; and number of s, and fca- d antenna.', )r,car ; and fmallfifhcs. 1 of the fca water. In ■ the parifli 1, that the ito any ro- s fiih tcinq; Hands, and :;ld as fabu- .1. Norvvf^ian rning them , and, un- human fpc- th, without thout joints irnan hand, ibrane : the r,vZ^, which ir.ales ha^■2 exceed the adventurer:^ v.:s of their )ubt, a new tbriTied. ^ a middling cen the fun- ilifned man- r.ve bilhops, :ir viceroVf lut he makes no rcprefcu- butquic"< ndfome and courteous ; (Oiirtcous ; and the TNorvveoiun f'Tin';, b)th i')r livin:', and enjd. The maniiers of the nr.d.l.'n^ Norv.i. plans, form a proper fubjctt of contemplation even to a r'hilofoplier, as they lead that hind of life v/hich we m.iy fay is furiiiihed with plenty ; but they are neither fond of luxury, nor dreadin^f pf-nury : this middle Itatc prolongs tlieir ages fv.rprizinglv. Though their drefs is accon-.'nodatcd to their climate, yet, by cuiiom, inil- d of c;aardinn; againil tiie inclemency of the weather, they outbrave i'j fo • t'ley expofc tliemfelves to ct^'ld, without anv coverture upon their brcalh or necks. A Ncrw .•r'ir.n of a hundred vears of arc, is not ac- counted pall his labour : and m 1733, four couples were married, and danced before his Danilh majcil:y at Frederlclhall, whofc ages, v/hen joined, exceeded 800 years. Notwitliilanding this, the inhabitants are fubjcct to the fcurvy ('vvhith breaks out in various manners) tlie catarrh, rheum.atifm, gout, and cpileply. The Norv/egian foldlers march with amazing expedition, cfpccially in winter, by the afTillapce of their (new Ihoes and icare«. TJie women wear clofe jackets, and girdles adorned with illver; with chains of the fame rctmd their necks, and gilt medals fixed to the eri'ls : thole lilver trinkets form the ornaments of a Norwe- <::an bride or bidic. The fimeral ceremonies of the Norwcf?ianr. contain veftifres of their ^ ^ o o former paganifm : they play on the vijlm at the head of the coflin, and while the corpfe is carried to the church, v/liich is t")ften done in a boat. Jn fome places tiie :nourners afk the dead perfou why he died ; whether his v.'ife and neigiibours were kind to h^jn, and otiier fuch queiHons ; frequently kneeling down and alking forgivenefs, if ever they had of- ftr.dcd the deceaied. Curiosities.] Thofe of Norway are only natural. On the coaft, lantudc 67, is that divadful vortex, or vv'hiripool, called by navigators tlie navel of the fea, and by fome Malelirom, or M ^Ikoelh-on. Tiie iiland Moriioe, from whence this ftreai.i derives its name, lies between the mountain Hcfleggcn in Lofoden, and the ifland Ver, which are about one leajj-ue diftant ; and between the iiland and coall on eacli ude, the ftream makes its v.ay. Between Mollcoe and Lofoden, it is near 400 fatiioni!) deep ; but between INloflcOG and Ver, it is fo fiiallow, as not to afrbrd palfage fnr a final 1 Ihip. When it is ilood, t!ie ilream runs up the country between Lofoden and Mofkoe with a boilterous rapidity; and when it is ebb, returns to the fea with a violence and noifp, unequalled by the loude.l: catarayts. Il is heard at thedillance of many leagues, and lorms a vortex or whirlpool of gi-eat depth and extent; lb violent, that if a Ihip comes near it, it is immediately drawn irrefilVibly into the whirl and I'here dirappears; being abforbed and carried down to the bottom in :i^>IL c a moment. 22 NOR \V .\ Y. > ■) a moment, where it is daflicd to phxcs againil thr- roclc,, : and jiifl at thtf tun of ebb and flood, when the water becomes Hill lor about a i]uartiT of an liour, it rifer) again in fcattcrcd fragments, icarccly to \,c kauv.va for the parts of a fliip. When it is agitated by a Itorni, it has reached veffels at the diftance of more than a Norway mile, where the crews luivo thought themfelvcs in perfedl fecurity. Perhap.-i it is liaidly in the pouc r of fancy to conceive a lituation of more horror, than of being thus driven forward by the fuJden violence of an impetuous torrent, to the vortex of a whirlpool, of v.'hich the noife and turbulence Hill incrcr.fir.g as it is ap- proached, are an earnefl: of quick and inevitable delhuilion ; while tl.c wretched viclims, in an agony cf defpair and terror, cry out for that help which they know to be impoflible ; and fee before them t.hc dreadful ahyls, in which they are about to be plunged and daihcd among the rockd at the bottom. Even animals which have come too near th- vortex, have expreficd the utmoft terror, when they find the ftream irrefiltible. Whales are fi j. quently can-ied away, and the moment they feel the force of the water, they ftruo-p-Ie againft it with all their might, howling and bellowing in a frightful manner. The like happens frequently to bears, v/ho attempt to fwim to the ifland to prey upon the ilieep. It is the opinion of Kirciier, that the malefcrom is a fea vortex, v.'liieh attracls the flood under the fhore of Norway, and difcharges it again in the giilph of Bothnia : but this opinion is now known to be erroneous, by tlie return of the {battered fragments oi'whatever happens to be fucked down by it. The large Items of firs and pines rife again ib Ihivered and fplintcred, that the pieces look as if covered with brillles. The vvholo phenomena are the effefts of the violence of tlie daily ebb and Hood, oc- cafioned by the contraftion of the llream in its courfe between the rock-,. Strength and revenue.] By the bell calculations, Norway can furnifh out 14,000 excellent feamen, and above 30,000 brave foldiers, for the ufe of their king, without hurting either trade or agriculture. The royal annual revenue from Norway amounts to about 200,000 1. and till his prefent majcdy's acccilion, tlie army, infcead of being ex- penfive, added confiderabiy to his majelly's income, by the fubfidics it brought him in from foreign princes. Commerce.] We have little to add to this head, difTercnt from whr.t we have already obferved as to Denmark. The duticj on their exports, moft of which have been already recounted, amount to about 100,000 rixdollars a year. History.] We mull refer to Denmark likewifc for this head. The anticnt Norv.cgians certainly wtve a very brave and powerful people, and the hardie it feamen in the v.'orld. If we are to believe their hilloiies, they were no ihangcrs to America long before it was difcovered by Co- lumbus. Many cuftoms of their anccilors are yet difccrnible in Ireland and the north cf Scotland, where they made frequent defcents, and foine fcttkments, which are generally confounded with thofe of the Danes. From their being the molt turbulent, they are become now the moft loyrd fubjedls in Europe ; which we can cafily account for, from the barbarity and tyrannv of their kings, when a feparatc people. Since the union of Calm;ir, tiieir hiltory, as well as intcrell:;, are the fame with that of Denmark. H4S D E N M A R K. ft3 jufl elf. ^hs a quarter as reached :rews luivu the pou'CT ;liU9 driven c vortex of as it is ap- whilc tliC )r that help vclfal abyls, •ocki at tlic e expreficj ilcs arc l\.:- the water, lowinor in a 'lio attempt rtex, v/l'.ich it again in 2 erroneous, :o be lucked blvercJ ami The whole d iiood, oc- 1 the rock^. ^lorway can ive foklieij, a'jriculturc. ;oo,003k being ex- "ubridicb i; from wlir.t icir exports, lUt lOOjOOO lead. The ful peopk', eir hillorics, red by Co- in Irckir.d , and fome the Danes, e rnoil loyal le barbarity he union of ►vith that ot His Danish Majesty's GERMAN DOMINIONS. TIT O SR dominions are mentioned in a fcparate article chiclly for the fake of order, as the inhabitants dilltr little or nothing from other Germans ; wc iludl therefore be more general in defcribing them. The duchy of Sl'fv.ic, which fome fiy properly belongs to Denmark, is bounded by Jutland, the Baltic, the duchy of MolUcin, and the German ocean. It is well watered, and produces plenty of corn ; but the capital city of Slefwic, which itands upon a fmall arm of the fea, called tlie Sley, is much decayed both in trade and population. Gottorp Hands likewile upon the SIcy ; and was once famous for tlie magnificent palace of its dukes, and for being tiic rcfidencc of tlic celebrated aurunomir Tycho IJralic ; fome of his planetary machines and globes IHU remaining in one of the fummcr-hnufe^ of the palace. Ilolilein belo!igs partly to Denmark and partly to Rufila. The capital of the Danifli Ikvidein is Gluckftadt, a well-built town and fortrefs, in a marfiiy fituation, on the right of the Elbe; in which is a Lutheran, a Cal\ inilt, a RomiOi church, and a Jews fynagogue ; and has fome foreign com.'ncrce. Kc}l is the capital of the Ducal Holliein, and is well built, has a harbour, and neat public edifices. The famous city of Hamburgli lies, in a geographical fenfe, in Hol- liein, but is n"vv an imperial, I'vec, and Ilanliatic city, lying on the verge of that part of Holliein called Stormar: it has the fovereignty of a fi.iall diih-ifft round it, of about ten miles circuit : it is one of the molt llourifliing commercial towns in Europe; .nnd though the kings of Den- mark 'liU lay claim to certain privileges within its walls, it may be con-» (idcred as a well-regulat^-d commonwealth. The number of its inhabi- tants are faid to amount to 180,000 ; and it is furnilhed with a vaft va- riety of nnble edifices, both public and private : it has two fpacious liarixiurs, fonncd by the river Elbe, vdiich runs through thetov.'n, and 84 bridges are thrown over its canals. Hamburgh has tlie good fortune of liaving been peculiarly favoured in its commerce by (jrcat-Britain, with whom it Hill carries on a great trade. The Hamburghers maintain twelve coiTipr.nies of foot, ai>d one troop of dragoons, bciides an' artil- lery company, in Wcilphalia, the king of Denmark has the counties of Oldenburg and Dclmenhorlt ; they lie near the Ibuth fide of the Wefcr ; their capi- tab, of the fame name, are both regularly fortified : and Oldenburg gave a title to the firll royal anceftor of his prefent Danifli majelly. L A P L A N D. THE northern fitu;,'.icn if Lapland, and the divifion of its property, require, before I proceed faitiier, that I treat of it under a diltindt head, and in the fame method that lobfervein other countries. jle country of Lapland extends, fo known ; from the North Cape in 71 •^o N, lat. to the White-Sea, under the an^tic circle. Part of Lap- l.uid belongs to the Danes, and is i-iicludcd in the govcrnnunt of Ward- Kuys ; part; to tiic Swedes, wkich is by far the molt valuable ; and foire C ^ parts, • ■■ |tri S IT U A T 1 N , E X T E N T , 7 The whol< 01 VISION AND NAME, j far as it is I 4mm '«} mm fi Mt^mm 1 1 I 1 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // // ^ M^ /- «> r/> 1.0 I.I 11.25 ism 12.5 ■ 50 "^^ HHB U 116 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 172-4503 ^>' '^ I u LAPLAND. H parts, in the caft, to the Mufcovitcs. It would be liiilc better tlian waiting the rcaJer'b time, to pretend to pjjiiit out the fuppofcd dimcn- fion.'s of tach. I'hat belonging to the Sweden, may he fccn in t!ie t-'.bl'j ci dimenficns given in the acc:uiitot" Sweden : but ctlier rcccunta fay, tlut it is about ico German miles in length, and 90 in breadth ; it coin- nrehends all the country from the Baltic, to the mountains tiiat fepanita Ncr.vay fr'::n Sweden. Th-j; Mufcoviie part lies tov/ards tJic ea!l, be- tween the lai-'.c Enarak. and tlic White-Sea. Thcfc parts, nitwiihitand- ing the rudenefs of the caunliy, are divided into fmalkr dlilricb ; gc::c- rafly taking their names from rivers : but, unlefs in the Sweuifii part, which is fubjecl to a prcfeil, tlie Laplanders can be faid to be und.-r no regular government. The SvveJifn Lapland thcrcibie is tiie obje^l con- fidered by authors in defcribing this country. It has been generally thought, that the Laplanders arc the defcendants of Finhnu'crs driven out of t'-.eir own country, and that they take their name from Lap-^.i's, which fignifics exiles. The reader, from what I have faid cf other northern countries, n;ay eafily conceive that in Lapland, fjr fome months in the fummer, the fun never fcts ; and during winter, it never rifes : but the irhi.bitants arc h well alliftcd by the twilight and the aurora bo- realis, that they never difcontinuc their work through darkncfs. Mountains, rivers,) The reader mull form in hi., mind, avail LAKES, Ar;D roRESTs. 3 mafs cf mountaini irregularly crowded toge- ther, to give him an idea of Lapland: they are, however, in fome in- tcrftices, feparatcd by rivers and la!:e3, v.'liich contain an incredible number of iflands, fome of which form delightful habifations ; and are believed by the natives to be the teri-eftrial Paradife : even roles and li;:wcrs grow wild on their borders in the fummer ; but this is but a fliort gleam of temperature ; f(/r the climate in general is exccllivcly fevcrc. Dufriy forefts, and ncifomc, uidiealthy mcraflcs, cover great part of the \\:x '. ountry ; {o that nothing can be more uncomfurtabit thjm the Hate of die inhabitants. Climate.] In winter, it Is no unr.runl\lnng for their lips to be fro- zen to the cup in attempting to drink j and in fome tliermometcrs, fpirits of v/ine arc concreted into iee : the limbs of the inJiabitants very often mortify with cold : drifts cf fnow threaten to bury the traveller, and c:?vcr the ground four or five feet deep. A thaw fumetimes tidies place, and tlicn the froll that fiiccceds, prefjnts tl\e Laplander widi a fmooth level of ice, over which he travels in his ilodge with inconceivable fwift- ncfs. T'le heats of fummer are e:;ccnivr for a Ihort time ; and the cata- rads whicli dalh from the mountains, often prefent to the eye the moll pit^urcfoue appearances. Metals and mitjerals.] Silver and gold mines, as well as thofe cf copper and lead, have been difeovered and w rked in Lapland : beau- tiful chryftals are found here, us are fome am.ethylls and topazes ; aifo various forts of mineral Hone-; furprizingly poliflied by the hand of na- ture ; valuable peaiL have been fometimes found in rivers, but never in the fcas, Ar' quickly the women recover from the pains of chilJ- biiih, and how hard;!,- the children of both fe.ves arc brought up. In rclicious matters the Laplanders have different priefts ; thoie under the Riiliians, and their ceremonies, being of the (jreck church. Co.MMEiJcr..] LirJe can be fa:d of the commerce of the Laplander'-. Their experts confill (>f ftlh, rein-deer, furs, baflcets, and toys; wit!i fome dried pikes, and checfes made of rein-deer milk. They receive for thcfe, ri.vdoilars, v/.-^'dlcn cloths linen, copper, tin, flour, oil, hides, needles, knives, fpirltuous liquors, tobacco, .ind other neceflaries. Their mines are generally wo:k„'d by fireignrrs, and produce no inconfidernhle ir. jfit. I'he Laplanders tiavel in a kind of caravan, with their famili:'\ 3 ^" I. di cl S W E D E N. ^7 to the Fiiil:iiul and Norway fairs. And tlie reader may make Come efli- xnntc ol" the indium of commerce among them, when he is told, that lifty fquirrt-ls fl:iiis, or one fbx-ftin, and a pair of I/ipland Ihoes, pro- duce one rixdollnr; but no computation can be made of the public re- venue, the G^rcaljil part of which is allotted for the maintenance of the clergy. With regard to the fccurity of their property, few difputcs hap- pen ; and their judges have no military to enforce their decrees, the people havinc; a lemarkablc nverfion to war ; and fo far as we know, never em- ployed in any army. The above is the lateft and bcft account that lia« been received of his extraordinary people. As to the other particulars relating to them, they are in common with their neighbours the Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, and Ruflians. SWEDEN. Boundaries AND 7 'TpHLS country is bounded by the Baltic (ea, EXTENT. 3 A the Sound, and ilie Catcgatc, or Scag- gcrac, on the fouih ; W/ the impanhblc moant.iins of Norway, on the well ; by Danilh or Norwegian Lapland, on the nortli ; and by Mul'- covy on tiie caft. 'Die fituation and extent of Sweden are as follow. lo E. Lon. Between Between Being N. Lat. 8oo miles in length. 500 miles in breadth. is divided into fcv^:! provinces Livonia. 4. fni^-ia. (thole two I. Sweden Proper. 2. Gothland, provinces belong now, however, to the Runians, having been conquered by Peter the C^reat, and ceded by pcilcrior trc;.tic;..) ^. Finhiud. 6. SweJiih Laphand : and 7. The Swedifli illands. Great aoatcmcnts mull be made for the lakes, and unimproved parts of Sweden ; wiiich are fo cxtenfivc, that tlie habitable part is con- lined t'l iiarrovv boundii. The following are the dimcnfions gi\en us of tliis kingdom. Sijuars Sum r ta 1 Sweden, miles. total. trs ^ Capital Citii.2. • '7<^>s?'; 223,715 f ■ S\»'L-c!:;!l — — — 47,90c "42 194 Stockholm Gotiu.iriJ — — — 2^,975 21-? 160 Calmar Schoncii — — — — 1960 77 56 I'Uiidcn 76,83s r Lapland, and ^1 W.Bothnia J 1 76,cpo 1 Tin-nc 420 34°lU.na 4j J rir.land, ; iiJ 3 1 E. Kothni.i ^ 1 73.C00 395 ■A > *^5 iCaienburg I 1 r.oilil.md 1. — — 1 ICOO Ko 2-, -\V.JI,y •^ L Oelind I. — — 560 1 50,-; Co «S 10 Barkh hn Upper ^ Pom^r iiiia, 1*, 960 47 24 'Stialfiiiid Saxony S f^Hr-" '• 3.0 a4 2 1 Ikrgen T -"' ' Tk9 tS SWEDEN. 1,^ ' i The face of Sweden is pretty fimilar to thofe of its neirjhL-.uriiig coun- trica ; only it has the auvautage of navigable rivtrt. Climate and seasons, | The fame may be faid with regard ti SOIL AND PRODUCTION, j rhis urticlc, oumnier buriU from winter; and vegetation is more fpeedy liian in foiithern climates ; for the fun is here i"o hot, as fometimes to fet foivlls on fre. Stoves and warm furs miti^;ate tjic cold of winter, which is fo intenfc, that the nofcs and e>c- tremities of tlie inhabitants are fomctimcs mortiiied ; and in fuch cafes, the beil remedy that has been found out, is rubbing the uucdcd part wicii Inow. 'I'h:; Swedes, fmce tlie days of Charles Xil. have been at incre- dible pains to correcf the native barrennelj of their couni.rv, by ereding collcgea of a[;riciiltun', cr.d in fonii; plu.ces with e.vceliCnt fuccefs. The ibil is much the fame svIlIi tliat of Denmark and fome parts of iNorway, 'ith it, becaufe a current lits always cut of the Baltic fea into the ocean. Animals, quadrupeds, 7 Theie differ little from thofe already BIRDS, and fishes. ] dcfciibcd in Norway and Denmark, to which I mult refer ; only the S\\ edtfn horfes are known to be more ferviceable in war than tlie German. 'l"he fyd:iif,van is faid to be peculiar to Sweden : it is about tliC fize of a lieldfare, but of a liner flavour, and beautifully feathered. I'he Swedilh luuvks, when carried to France, have been known to revifit tiieir n; .ive country; as appears from one that was killed in Finland, v/ith an infciiptluu on a iiuall gold plate, fignilying that he belonged, to the French kir.g. The fillics found in the rivers and lakes of Sweden, are the fune wiili t!iofe in other northern countries, nnd taken in fuch quantities, tliat their pikes (p.articularly) are faked and pickled for exportation. M'lie train-oil of the feals, taken in the gulph of Finknd, is a confidciablc article of exportation. Minerals and metals.] Sweden produces chryftals, amethyils, topazes, porphyry, lapij-iazuii, agaic, cornelhan, marble, and ether foifils. The chief wealt'i of Sv/eden, however, arifes from her mines of filvcr, copper, lead, and imn. The laft mentioned metal employs no fewer than 450 forges, ham-.r.crin^-nulls, and fm.elting-houfes. A kind of a gold mine has lil-ewife been diicovered In Sweden, but fo inconfiderable, that fjom the year 1741 to 1/47, it produced only 2,398 gold ducats, eath valued at 9 s. 4a. iteiling. The fint galhi y of one iiiver mine i» SWEDEN. i9 •ver, wiiica too fatlioms below the fuffaco of the earth ; the roof is fupported by pro- di^^ions oaken beams ; and from thence the miners deftcnd about fori fathoms to the lowell vein. This mine is laid to produce 20,000 crown a year. The produdl of the copper-mines is uncertain ; but the whole i. ioaJcJ with vaft taxes and reductions to the government, which has nr» other refources for the exigencies of ftate. Thofe fubterraneous manfions are nftoniihinj^ly fpacious, and at the fame time commodious for their inhabitants, u» that they fcem to form a hidden world. The water-fall* in Sweden afford excellent convcnicncy fi)r turning mills for forges ; and fjr ibmc years, the exports of Sweden for iron, brought in 300,000!. llcrling. Dr. Bufching thinks that they conftituted two-thirds of the national revenue. It muft, hov/e\cr, be obferved, that the extortions of the Swediih government, and the importation of American bar-iron into E'.irope, and fome other caufcs, have greatly diminilhed this manu- friturein Sweden ; fo that the Swedes very foon mu is aftd exports. Royal Stile.] The king's ftile is. King of the Goths and Van- dals, great prince of Finland, duke of Schonen, Pomeran, &c. History of Sweden.] The reader is not here to expeft, that I am to follow the wild romances of Swedifti hiftorians through the early ages. It is fufHcient to fay, that Sweden has as good a claim to be an ancient monarchy, as any we know of. Nor fhall I difpute her being the para- mount date of Scandinavia ; and that fhe borrowed her name from one of iicr princes. The introdudion of Chrillianity, however, by Anfga- rius, biftiop of Bremen, in 829, fceras to prefent the firft certain period of the Swedifli hiftory. The Goths, the ancient inhabitants of this country, joined by the Normans, Danes, Saxons, and Vandals, have had the reputation of fub- duing the Roman empire, and all the fouthem nations of Europe. It appears that the countries of Scandinavia (Sweden, Denmark, and Norway) were fometimes under the dominion of one prince, and at other times had each of them their refpe£livc fovereigns. The hiftory of Sweden, and indeed of all the northern nations, during the dark ages of Chrillianity, is confufed and unintereiling, and often doubtful; but fufficiently replete with murders, maflacrec. ^d ravages. That of Sweden is void of confiflency , till the death of Eric, the fon of Margaret, whom I have already mentioned to be the Semiramis of the North ; he was fucceeded by Canutfon, who reigned by the name of Charles I. and was acknowledged likewife by the Norwegians for their king ; but he grew fo unpopular, that he was befieged m Stockholm, and forced to fly to Dantzic; while Chriftierr, invited by the Swedilh nobility to renew the union of Calmar, was crowned king of Sweden : but the arfhluihop of Upfal declaring himfelf protector of the Swediih D UberticS| ,; I Ji i i'i ' 1 1 1 ■tl ' 34 SWEDEN. liberties, forced Chriftlern to accept of a capitulation ; to which, how- ever, he paid no regard. Chriftiern and his archbifhop then fell into variance with each other ; and both concurred in augmenting the miferies of the unhappy Swedes. At laft the archbifhop was fent prifoner to Den- mark : but Katil, the bifhop of Lincoping, defeated Chriftiern, and drove him into Denmark. Chriftiern endeavoured to regain his crown of Sweden, the garrifon he had left in the caftle of Stockholm making a vigorous refiftance ; but he was once more defeated byKatil, and a fenator, one Nelfon ; and Charles, who had lived all this time at Dantzic, was replaced upon the throne. Katil and Charles foon fell at variance ; and the archbiihop of Upfal beir.^ difcharged from his confinement by Chri- ftiern, Canutfon was beficged in Stoclcholm, where a battle, almoft un- paralleled in liiftory for (ury and bloodflied, was fought upon the ice. The prelates were victorious ; and Canutfon was obliged to renounce the crown of Sweden, and retire upon a fmall ftipend. The archbifliop, after this, aCled as lord paramount of Sweden ; but was oppofed by two of Canutfon's relations, Nils Sture a Eric Axelfon. The archbiihop was overpowered in the conteft, and Charles was recalled ; though hi< fon-in-law, Eric Axelfon, had been declared regent. Various flcirmiftics and abundance of bloodlhed followed; but in the year 1470, Charles died at Stockholm, after recommending his nephew, Steen Sture, to be adminiftrator. He was oppofed by Chriftiern, who was beaten in 148 1 ; and Sture perceiving a llrong bias among the Swedes for renewing the union of Cahnar, fcemed to give way to wie cleftion of John, the fon of the late Chriftiern : but Sture ftill retained the adminiftration, which oc- cafioncd a powerful confederacy of John's party, and the clergy, againft him. The event was, that Sture was forced to refign the adminiftrator- fliip, ujKjn his being declared governor of Dalecarlia, with a large re- venue ; and John was raifed to the throne with more unlimited power than any king of Sweden had ever enjoyed. John's army, though very ftrong, was Ihamefully beaten by a handful of Ditmarfians, for which he fell into contempt ; and Sture was again made regent. This rekindled the war with Denmark ; and Sweden was, for feme time, "n little better than a ftate of anarchy, under the govern- ment of adminiftrators. John dying in 15 13, his fon Chriftiern was proclaimed king of Den- mark and Norway. His unparalleled cruelties upon the Swedes, who chofe him for their king, and crowned him in 1520 at Upfal, have been mentioned in the hiftory of Denmark ; as has been the famous Guftavus Vafa, who emerged from the mines of Dalecarlia, where he had fecreted himfelf to avoid the fury of the tyrant. Ericfon, the father of Guftavus, had been murdered by Chriftiern, who intended to have thrown Vafa's mother and filters into the fea, but fuftered them to pcrilh in prifon. Chriftiern was fo much detefted, that Guftavus, who had been declared protector of the kingdom, was every where vidlorious ; and the tyrant, being forced by the Swedes and Danes to retire to the Low Countries, Guftavus was declared king of Sweden. He then reduced Stockholm, nnd made peace with Denmark ; whofe king, Frederic, had an intercft in oppofing the return of Chriftiern. Vafa, however, pofleffed the crown without a revenue ; for the clergy not only engroftcd all the gold and 1!'. '^r «f his kingdom, but all its commerce. This encreafed their we?.! th \A their luxury at the fame time; while their enormities, and th« cruf'';^ tJiay commilted itt their cupti, gave the Swedes fuch a dcteftatioa of th ;r 'Mi: SWEDEN. 35 I ftrder, that Vafa ventured to introduce proteHantifni into the kingdom. Olaus Petri, and fome lludents from Wirtcmbcrg, were upon this occa- fion the proteftant apoftles of Sweden. The trading cities embraced ilie reformation with great avidity ; but the internal parts of the provinces were fo tindured with poperv, that Vafa threatened to abdicate the crown, unlcfs the clergy was obligea to fubmit to fuch a reformation as had been eftablilhed in Germany. The nobility made fome dilliculty in agreeing to this propofition ; becaufe it tended to .idd the wealth of the church to that of the crown, which might thereby become defpotlc. Many .alterca- tions happened upon this pomt ; but Guftavus, at lall, triumphed over all oppofition ; and the exercife of the Roman-catholic religion was pro- hibited, under the fevereft penalties, in the year 1544 ; which have never et been relaxed. Guft.ivus, after a glorious reign, died in 1 559 ; while is eldeft fon, Eric, was preparing to embark for Eng^"'- 1, to marry queen Elizabeth. Under Eric, who fucceeded his father, Guflavus Vafa. ^lie titles of count and baron were introduced into Sweden, and made hereditary. Eric's miferable and caufclefs jealoufy of his brothe'i^ forceU them to take up arms ; and the fenate fiding with them, lie was depofcd in 1566. His brother Jolr fucceeded him, and entered into a ruiiiOUj war with Kuflia. John attempted, by the advice of his queen, to le-ertablifli the catholL religion in Swv Jen ; but, though he made ftrong efforts for tliat purpofe, and even reconciled himfelf to the pope, he was oppoled by his brother Charles, and the fchcme proved 'ncfl'eftual. John's fon, Sigif- mund, was, however, cLofen king of Poland in 1587, upon which he endeavoured again to rcllore the Roman-catholic religion in his domi- nions, but he uied in 1592. Charles, brother to king John, was chofen adminiftrator of Sweden ; and being a llicuuous protellant, his nephew, Sigifmund, endeavoured to drive him from the adminiftratorfhip, but without effed ; tili at laft, he and his family were excluded from the fucccflion to the crown, which was conferred upon Charles. The reign of Charles, through the prac- tices of Sigifmund, who was himfelf a powerful prince, and at the head of a great party both in Sweden and Ruflia, was turbulent; which gave the Danes encouragement to inv.nde Sweden. Their condudl was checked by the great Gultavus Adolphus, though then a minor, and heir appa- rent to Sweden. Upon the death of his father, which happened in 161 1, he was declared of age by the ftates, though then only in his eighteenth year. Guftavus, foon after his accefllon, found himfelf, through the power and intrigues of the Poles, Ruflians, and Danes, engaged in a war with all his neighbours, under infinite difadvantages ; all which he fur- mounted. He narrowly mified being mailer of Ruflia; but the Ruflians were fo tenacious of their independency, that his fcheme.was baffled. In 161 7, he made a peace, under the mediation of James I. of England, by which he recovered Livonia, and four towns in the prefcdlure of No- vogorod, with a fum of money befides. The ideas of Guftr:vus began now to extend themfelves. He had feen a vaft deal of military fervice, and he was affifted by the counfcls of La Gardie, one of the befl; generals and wifeft ftatcfmen of his age. His troops, by perpetual war, had become the beft difciplined anc? moft war- like in Europe ; and he carried his ambition farther than hilljrians are willing to acknowledge. The princes of the houfe of Auftria, were, it is certain, early je;ilous of his enterprizing fpirit, and fuppjrttd his D 2 anticnc 36 S W E » E N. 1 n ! ■; lo 1"- ii II; antient Jn-'DlacaMc enemy Siglfmiind, ulinin Gidliivii'; dt-featcd ; and in 1627, he tormcd the ficgc of Dantric, in which hf w:\s xinkncvl^t'iA ; but the attempt, which wa;; defcalfd only by the Oiddcn rife of the \i- ftula, added fo nnich *.<» hi.s military charai'U-r, tliat the protelhmt caufe placed him at the head of the conlederacy for rediieino; the houfe of Aulh-ia. His life, from that time, was a continued chain of the moll rapid and wonderful fucccllcs : even tl:c menlioa of each wtnild exceed our hound.^. It is fufficicr.t to fay, that ai'ier taking Riga, and over- running Livonia, he entered Poland, where he was vidorious ; and from tiience, in 1630, he landed in Pomerania, drove the German;5 out of Mccklenburgh, defeated t]\e famous count Tilly, the Auitrian gene- ral, who was till then thought invincible ; and over-ran Franconia. Upon the defeat and death of Tilly, Vv'alltnilcin, another Auilrian general, of equal rcpntiition, was appon-.ted to command againll Gulla- vus, who was killed iijHjn the plain of Lutzen, after gainin^i; a battle; which had he furvi'.cd, it would probaldy ha\-e put a period to the Aultrian grcatnefs. The amazing abilities of Guftavu? Ad'^lphus, both in the cabinet and the field, never appeared fo I'ully as after his death. He left behind him a fet of generals, trained by himfelf, who maintained the glory of the Swcdilh army Vv'ith nioft altonifliing valour and fuccef^;. The names of duke Bernard, Bannicr, Torllenlon, Wrangcl, and others, and their prodigious aftions in war, never can be torgotten in the annals of Europe. It is uncertain what courfc G;;(tavu3 would have purfued, had his life been prolonged, and his fuccefTes continued ; but there is the Ilrongcft rcafons to believe that he had in his eye fomewhat more than the relief of the protellants, and the rellojation of the Palatine family. His chancellor, Oxcnfticrn, was as confummatc a politician as he was a warrior ; and during the minority of his daughter ChrilHna, he managed the affairs of Sweden with fuch fuccefs, that ilie in a manner diftated the peace of Wcftphalia, which threw the affairs of Europe into a new i^'ftem, ChrilHna was but fix years of age when her father was killed. She received a noble education ; but her fine genius took an uncommon, and indeed romantic turn. She invited to her court J^efcartes, Salmafius, and other learned men ; to whom ihe was not, however, cxtreraely liberal. She exprefled a value for Grotius ; and fhe was an excellent judge of the polite arts; but illiberal, and indelicate in the choice of her private favourites. She at the fame time difchargod nil the duties of her high ftation ; and though her generals were baiely betrayed by France, Ihe continued to fupport the honour of her crown. Being refolved not to marry, Ihe rcfigned her crown to her coufm, Charles Guftavus, fon to the duke of Deux-Ponts, in 1654. Charles had great fuccefs againft the Poles : lie drove their king, John Cafimlr, into Silefia ; and received from them an oath of allegiance, which, with their ufual inconftancy, they broke. His progrefs upon the ice againft Denmark, has been already meiuioned ; and he died of a fever in 1660. His fon and fucceflbr, Charles XI. was not five years of age at his father's death ; and this rendered it neccflary for his guardians to conclude a peace with their neighbours, by which the Swedes gave up tlie ifland of Bomholm, and Drontheim, in Norway. All diH'erenccs were accommodated at the fame time with Ruifia and Holland ; and Iwe^ci) qootinue^ \9 pal^ a v^ry rc^fp c^abl^ ^^ur? in the affaixs of Eu- s% SWEDEN. 37 ted ; an J in nfm- eel '.fill ; lb of the \i- clh:nt caufi; the houfe of of the moll oiild exceed I, and ovcr- 5 ; ;ind frnm nana out of ilrian genc- Francnnia. itr Aullriaii -ainll Gurta- \g a battle ; :riod to the cabinet and ; behind him glory of the 'he names of I, and their e annals of )ijrfued, had there is the It more than itine family. as he was a he managed iner dilated into a new killed. She )mmon, and Imafius, and iiely liberal, jutfge of the " her private 5 of her high France, Ihe folved not to avus, fon to r king, John ' allegiance, refs upon the ed of a fever years of age guardians to des gave up II differences olland ; and ft'aixs of Eu- rope. rnpe. When Chnrlcs came to be of age, he recfivetl a fubfidy from the Kr^-nch king, Lewis XIV. but perceiving the liberties of Kiinipe to be in danger from that monarch's aniiiition, he entered int;) the alfinnce with Kngland and Holland ai^aiiill: him. He afterwards joined with iMauce againlt the houfe of Aiillria ; but being beaten in German) at iclem- Bellin, a powerful confederacy was formed againll h'm. The clctidr of Brandcnburgh made himfeh mailer of tjie Swfdiih I'omerania ; the biiliop of Muniler overran Drenien andVciden, and the Danes took Vvidr.iis, and fcvcial placts in Schoncn. They were afterwards beaten ; and Charles, by the treaty of St. Germains, which followed that of Niuie: wen, reco- vered all he had lofl, except Ibrne places in Germany. lie lnui married Ulrica Leonora, the king of Denmark's filler : but niude a very bad v.fc of the tranquillity he had regained ; for hr enfiaved and beggared b.is people, that he might render his power defpotic, and his army for.Mii- dable. The Hates jolt all their power; and SueJeu was reduced to t!;c condition of Denmaik. He ordereil the brave Patkid, who v^as at the head of the Livonian deputies, to lofe his head and hi ; rigiit Iiar.d, for the boldnefs of his remoniinince in favour or iiis ciUinlrymor., but he favcd himfelf by flight ; and Charles became io conliderable a power, that the conferences for a general peace at Ryiwic were opened und;.'r his mediation. Charles XL dleu in 1697, and was fuccceded by his minor fon, the famous Charles Xll. 'I'he hillory of no prince is better known than that of this hero. His father's will had fixed the age of his majority to eighteen, but it was liit afide for an earlier date by the management of count Piper ; who became thereby his firll ninifter. Soon after his ac- celilon, the kings of Denmark and Poland, and the czar of Mufcovy, formed a powerful confederacy againll him, encouraged by the mean opinion they had of his youth and abilities. He matle head irgainll them all ; and befieging Copenhagen, he didated the peace of Travcndahl to his Danilh majclly, by which the duke of Holllein was re-eilablilhed in his dominions. The czar Peter was at this time ravaging Ingria, at the head of 80,000 men, and had befieged Narva. The army of Charles did not exceed 20,000 men ; but fuch was his impatience, that he ad- vanced at the head of 8000, entirely routed the main body of the Ruf- fians, and raifed the fiege. Such were his fucceffe* ''nd fo numerous his prifoners, that the Ruflians attributed his aftit-i.j to necromancy. Charles from thence marched into Saxony, where his v^arlike atchieve- mcnts cqti ailed, if they did not excel, thofc of Guftavus Adnlphus. Hft dethroned Auguihis king of Poland: but he ftained all hi^ laurels, by {nitting the brave count Patki'.l to a death equally painful and ignomi- nious. He raifed Staniflaus to the crown of Poland ; and his name car- ried with it fuch terror, that he was courted by all the powers of Europe ; and among others, by the duke of Marlborough, in the name of queen Anne, amidil the full career of her fucccfles againft France. His llub- bornncfs and implacable difpofition, however, was fuch, that he can be confidered in a little better light than that of an illuftrious madman ; for he loll, in the battle of Pultowa, which he fought in his march to de- throne tne czar, more than all he had gained by his viftories His brave army was ruined, and he was forced to take refuge among the Turks at Bender. His adions there, in attempting to defend himfelf with 300 Swedes againft 30,000 Turks, prove him to have been worfe than fran* lie. The Turks found it, however, convenient for their aiTairs, to fet D 3 him mi 'S« RUSSIA. him at liberty. But his misfortunes did not cure his military madneH; • and after his return to his dominions, he profecuted his revenge againfi; Denmark, till he was killed by a cannon-fliot, at the ficge of Frede- riclhal, in Norway, belonging to the Danes, in 1718, when he was no more than thirty-fix years of age. Charles XII. was fucceeded, as I have already mentioned, by his fifter, the princefs Ulrica Eleonora, wife to the hereditary prince of Hefle. We have already fcen in what manner the Swedes recovered their liber- ties ; and given the i'ubllance of the capitulation figned by the queen and her hufband, when they entered upon the exercife of government. Their lirft care was to make a peace with Great-Britain ; which the late king intended to have invaded. The Swedes then, to prevent their farther loffes by the progrefs of the Ruffian, the Danifh, the Saxon, and other arms, made many great facrifices to obtain peace from thofe powers. The French, however, about the year 1738, formed a dangerous party in the kingdom, under the name of the Hats; which not only broke the internal quiet of the kingdom, but led it into a ruinous war with Ruflla. Their Sv/edilh majefties having no children, it was necelTary to fettle the fucceffion ; efpecially as the duke of HoUlein was defcended from the queen's eldeft fifter, and was, at the fame time, the prefumptive heir to the empire of Ruffia. Four competitors appeared ; the duke of Holftein Gottorp ; prince Frederic of HefTe-Caflel, nephew to the king ; the . prince of Denmark, and the duke of Deux-Ponts. The duke of Hol- ilein would have carried the eleftion, had he not embraced the Greek religion, that he might mount the throne of Ruffia. The czarina inter- pofed, and offered to reftore all the conquefts fhe had made from Sweden, excepting a fmall diftrift in Finland, if the Swedes would receive the duke c "^ Holftein 's uncle, the bifliop of Lubec, as their hereditary prince, and fucceftbr to their crown. This was agreed to ; and a peace was con- cluded at Abo, underthemediationof his Britannic majefty. This peace was fo firmly adhered to by the czarina, that his Danifti majefty thought proper to drop all the efFefts of his refentment, and the indignity done his fon. The prince fucceflbr married the princefs Ulrica, fifter to the king of Pruffia ; and entered into the pofleffion of his new dignity, which has proved to him a crown of thorns, in 175 1. The reader, from what has been already premifed, can be at no lols to know the fequel of the .iiwedifti hiftory to this prefent time. GREAT RUSSIA, or MUSCOVY, in Europe, Situation, extent,) A Ccording to the moft authentic accounts AND NAME. J "^^ of this mighty empire, it confifts of f5fteen (Mr. Voltaire fays fixtecn) provinces, or governments ; bofides part of Carelia, Efthonia, Ingria, and Livonia, which were conquere4 from Sweden. It is generally agreed, however, that it lies and 65 Between between HH > £. Lcn. 1500 miles In length. Bein:; N. Lat. 1 100 miles io breadth. The; try madncfs j elige againfi: ge of Frede- [\ he was no by his fifter, ICC of Heffe. :d their liber- he queen and iment. Their the late king their farther on, and other thofe powers, ingcrous party only broke the ar with Ruflia. ry to fettle the ided from the tive heir to the ke of Holftein the king; the ; duke of Hol- iced the Greek czarina inter- e from Sweden, uld receive the ireditary prince, peace was con- ■y. This peace [majefty thought indignity done [ca, fifter to the dignity, which 'cr, from what fequel of the In Europe, lentic accounts [, it confifts of [ments; boftdes /ere conquered in length. ij;i breadth. The i; .\» M ,/.' .<»* >^ ^>' x, A V / 'C V M () Z F, N O c' h, *KoU "<• V / ^, ^v> ' '''-'»> '// ^-^v *^r ''^^-'A, /^.. -vi ./y. ''<' ^^C^i-'-i '?«'. •i/y! ""'^^ A^ />; ^^'^^o .^^^.- , ^ ^^i^« n '-T-A.. i= ■it t>0 /A» /A; 4' ' J * ^1 I- »<^ t//t/lH'/t*>l 'N . iJi>/L ^'t.. T U U K"»^ '*v>^ ■^ ^- ■ ^\ JO^Atf.i/ 2t'/iyif.//\'//i /.o/ii/o/i "■L "^ "^ ;* \y^ » ■ ^ v/ 1 '" \ ^'^ l^^^ ■ 11 Vv >M >1^^^''^^^u4 7: AVt.Ai., .»V//^'. ■n The Greek Nk from fince *f # ll>i» But I RuiTia in the > /. »/ / # « RUSSIA. 39 TThe following are the dlmenfioiu of it, given us by Templcman. Square miles. r ? ro Dili. tr. Ruflia. sr • a* • 1050 Chief cities. Pcterf. burg. " R«f. or Muf. 784.650 1 160 Mofcow, 1^86 360 Belgorod, 71,900 •^7'; 28 s Woroncti, 1480 567 Creek Church i Don Coffacks 57,000 400 280 Panchina, 1800 900 Uk.Coffacks, 45,000 3 so 205 Kiow, 115c 570 L Lapland, 72,000 405 270 Kola, 503 S«5 Conquered r Finland, 4».3>o ^20 I So PZTERSIURC, 47' from Sweden « ( Livonia, 21,525 218 145 Riga, 385 280 fince 1700. [ Ingria, Total- 9,100 175 90 Notteburg, 1 170 22 1103,485 But according to Monf. Robert's map, publifhed at Paris in 1751, Ruffia in Europe confifts of the following provinces and governments : in the government of Archangel, are the provinces of Bielozerflcoi, Olo- neckoi, Ufting, Solfeamflcoi, Wiatka, Vologockoi ; tlie governments of Novogorod, Mofcow, Bielogorod, Kiowir, and Voroneflcoi ; the pro- vinces of Alatirfkoi, Galiczfkoi, and SoLHcamfkoi. Conquered from Sweden, part of Carelia, the provinces of Efthonia, Ingria, and Li- vonia. The reader, however, is to obferve, that the knowledge the public has of this empire, is but lately acquired ; and is Hill fo doubtful, that it i) very difficult to fix even the limits between the European and Afiatic^ RulTia. As to the names of Ruffia and Mufcovy, by which this empire^^ is arbitrarily called, they probably are owing to the antient ir habitants, the Ruffi, or Boruffi, and the river Mofca, upon which the ant'.ent capital Mofcow was built : but of this we know nothing certain. Mountains, rivers, forests, 7 The Zimnopoias mountains, AND FACE OF THE COUNTRY. J whicli lie in this fmpire, are thought to be the famous Montes Ripha;i of the antients. TIte moft con- fiderable rivers are theWoIga, which, after traverfing the grea^^ft part of Mufcovy, and winding a courfe of above 2000 Engfilh miles, difcharges itfelf into the Cafpian fea : it is not only reckoned the largeft, bu t one of the moft fertile rivers of Europe : it produces all kinds of filh ; and fertilizes all the lands on each fide with i>e richeft trees, /ruits, and «rege- tables : it rifes at tlie lake of Urano, at a fmall diftance from t-hc city of Rzeva Ullodimerfki, near the frontiers of Lithuania, about 56 15 lati- tude, and begins to be navigable about fix miles belo\v its fpring. The Don, or Tanais, which divides the moll eaftern part of Ruffia from Afja; its fpring is in the province of Rezan, on the nortli-eaft of the lake Iwan- Qfero ; and in its courfe towards the call, comes fo near the Wolga, that the late czar had undertaken to have cut a communication between them by means of a canal : this grand projedl, however, was defeated by the inuptions of the Tartars. This river, exclufive of its turnings and wind- ings, difcharges itfelf into the Palus M.xotis, or fea of Afoph, about 400 miles from its rife. The Borifthenes, or Dnieper, which is likewile one of the largeft rivers in Europe, rifes in the Walchonfki foreft, rung throuG[h Lithuania, the country of the Zaporog Coflacks, and that of the Nagaifch Tartars, and falls into the Euxine, or Black-fea, near Ocza- kow ; it hfis ;hirte^n catar^dts within a fmall diftance, 4. ^s I, M 4<5 RUSSIA. Or MufcOVy, the fo] NtRALS. 3 ""* exceed fifteen As to forefts, they abound in this extenfive country ; and the noithorn and north-eallcrn provinces, are in a manner dcfart ; nor can tlie ttw in- habitants they contain be called ChritHans rather than Pagans. Upon the whole, Mufcovy is in general a flat level country. Climate, soil, productions, ") In the fouthern parts of Rudin, fongolt day c!oc« hours and a half; whereas in the moft northern, the fun is feen in fummcr two months above the horizon. The reader from this will naturally conclmle, that there is in Mufcovy a valt divcrfity of foil x well as climate, and that the extremes of both are to be feen and felt in this vail empire. The Thefe do not differ greatly from FISHES, AND INSECTS. ) thofe dcicribcd in the Scandina-i vian provinces ; to which we muft refer the reader. The lynx, famous for its piercing eye, is a native of this empire ; and makes prey of every creature it can matter : they are faid to be produced chiefly in the fir-tree forefts. The hyaenas, bears, wolves, foxes, and other creatures already «fefcribed, afford their furs for cloathing the inhabitants ; but the furs of the black foxes, and ermine, are more valuable in Ruffia than elfewhere. The dromedary and camel were formerly almoft the only beaft of burden •known in many parts of Ruffia. Czar Peter encouraged a breed of large JjoHes for war and carriages ; but thofe employed in the ordinary pur- poies of life are but fmall ; as are their cows and ibeep, whic}^ (h^y fait for their winter provifions, We know of few or no birds in Ruffia, that have not been already de, feribed. The fame may be faid of fiflies ; only the Ruffians are better Erovided tha^i their neighbours are with flurgeon, cod, falmon, and be^ gas : the latter rcfemble a fturgeon, and is from twelve to fifteen feet in hngih i its fieih U white ^nd deHcious. Qf the roe of the ilurgeoiv tni RUSSIA. 41 I the belaga, the RuHians make the famous cavenr; fo much efteemcd for I its richncfs and flavour, that it is often fcnt in prefcnts to crowned heads. \ Hth called moA'a, in the noriiiein Dart of Europe, has tteth of which the inhabitants make handles for knives and fcymetars. Several fpecies of Ihell-riHi, as oillcrs, fcaU.'tp.-., cockles, and mufclcs, arc found here in ficlh-water lakes and rivers. As to infeifts, Ruflia, like other uncultivated countries, is peftcred with them in the fummcr time, from their lakes, niorafl'es, fwamps, and forefts ; but in the winter they difappear : Ionic of them ar*.' faid to retire to hollows in banks and rocks, till they are Called forth by the warmth of the fuccceding fummer. Before 1 quit this head, it is proper that I mention the baranetz, oi- lamb-plant, which has been impofed upon fome travellers and naturaliiU, as a vegetative animal, rcfembling a lamb, with a (kin of white curled wool. Many extraordinary properties have been afcribed to this plant, which is now found to be an ingenious fiction of the inh.ibitant8, barba- rous as they are efteemed ; and is prepared in the following manner t they open a fheep at the very time of yeaning, and taking out the lamb^ they flay it; they then extend the Ikin on the grafs ; and by the help of the dew and four milk, they render it prodigiouily thin, foft, fmooth« and white as fnow. As the Mohammedan neighbours of thofe Ruflian* are faid to be prohibited from wearing (kins of animals, the Ruffians pre- [tend that thofe (kins are a vegetable produftion, and difpofe of them to vaft advantage ; and they are highly cUcemcd likewife by the Rufiiaii I nobility. Character, manners, customs, 7 As the prefent Ruflians are AND POPULATION. § the dcfcendants of mtfTv dif- j ferent people, and inhabit prodigious trafts of country, fo we find among [them a vail variety of the particulars which fall under this article; ana the great reformations introduced of late years, as well as the dif-r coveries made, render former accounts to be but little depended upon, Many of the Tartars, who inhabit large portions of the Ruflian domir nions, now live in fixed houfes and villages, cultivate the land, and pay tribute like other fubjedls. Till lately, they were not admitted into tho RulTian armies ; but tljey now make excellent foldiers. Other Ruffiai) Tartars retain their old wandering lives. Both fides of the Wolga are in- habited by the Zeremiflcs and Morduars ; a peaceable induflrious people* The Ba(kirs are likewife fixed inhabitants of the tradl that reaches ffom Cafan to the frontiers of Siberia ; and have certain privileges, of wbich^ they are tenacious. The wandering Calmucs occupy the reft of thia tratft to Aftracan and the frontiers of the Ufbecs ; and in confideration of cer- tain prefents they receive from her imperial majefty, they ferve in h ich are now h the parties I ftark naked ble^ anyde- rowned with iuptial knot, of the bride, v/ifbing 41 wifhing that (he may prove as fruitful as that plant. She is then led home, with abundance of coarfe, and indeed indecent ceremonies, which are now left off even by the lowed ranks ; and the barbarous treatment of wires by their hufbands, which extended even to fcourging or broiling them to death, is either guarded againft by the laws of the country, or by particular ilipulations in the marriaee contrail. Little can be added with any certainty with regard to tlie inhabitants of Ruffia ; and to recur back to former barbarous times, could give a rational reader no entertain- ment. It is to be lamented, that among the many excellent regulations introduced into the Ruflian government, inebriation Hill continues, not only among the lower ranks, but perfons of dilHndlion ; nor are evea priefts or ladies aihamed of it on holidays. Among the mnny conve> niencies introduced of late into Ruflia, that of travelling upon poll roads, or in fledges during the winter, is extremely remarkable, and the ex- pence next to nothing. Her imperial majefty, in her journeys, is drawn in a houfe f hich contains a bed, a table, chairs, and other convenicncies for four people, by twenty-four po|l-horfes ; and the houfe itfclf is fixed on a fledge. Nothing can be more injudicious, or remote from truth, than the ac» counts we have from authors, of the population of this vail empire ; the whole of which, they think, does not exceed, at moft, feven millions. It is furprizing that fuch a miftake fliould have continued fo long, when we connder the immenfe armies brought into the field by the fovereigns of Ruflia, and the bloody wars they maintained in Afia and Europe. Mr. Voltaire is, perhaps, the firfl author who has attempted to undeceive the public in this refpeA ; and has done it upon very authentic grounds* by producing a lift, taken in 1747, of all the males who paid uie capi- tation, or poll-tax, and which amount to fix million, fix hundred and forty-fix thoufand, three hundred and ninety. In this number are in- cluded boys and old men ; but girls and women are not reckoned, nor boys born between the making of one regifler of the lands and another. Now, if we only reckon triple the number of heads fubjcA to be taxed. including women and girls, we fhall find near twenty millions of fouls. To this account may be added three hundred and fifty thoufand foldiers, and two hundred thoufand nobility and clergy ; and foreigners of all kinds, who are likewife exempted from the poll-tax ; as alfo (fays Mr. Voltaire) the inhabitants of the conquered countries, namely, Livonia. Efthonia, Ingria, Carelia, and a part of Finland ; the Ukraine, and the Don Coflacs, the Calmucs, and other Tartars ; the Samojedes, the Lap- landers, the Oftiacs, and all the idolatrous people of Siberia, a country of greater extent than China, are not included in this lift. Upon the whole, this writer does not exaggerate, when he affirms, that the inha- bitants of Ruflia do not amount to fewer than twenty-four millions. As her imperial majefty of all the Ruflias pofTefles many of the coun- tries from whence the prodigious fwarms of barbarians who overthrew the Roman empire ifllued, thtre is the flrongeft reafon to believe, that her dominions muft have been better peopled formerly than they are at prefent ; twenty-four millions being but a thin population for the im- menfe trafts of country flie pofTefles. As the like decreafe of inhabitants is obfervable in many other parts of the globe, we rre to look for the reafon in natural caufes, which we cannot difcufs here. Perhaps the in- troduAion of the fmall-pox and the venereal difeafe, may have aflifted in jhe depopulation ; aiid U is likely, that the prodigious quantity of llrong »n4 4\ i tut \k ^ RUSSIA. •ml fplritoous liqiioro, con fumed by the Inhal)itant9 of the north, u un* fricnuly tO{i;ennmtK>n. Revenue and expences.] Nothinij certain can bef«i«l concerning the revenues of this mijjhty empire ; but they arc, undoubtciIIy» ntprcfent, far fnperior to what they were in former times, even under Peter the CJrcat, lljcvalt exertions f t pnniotiny indullry, niiulcbylus fucccilbrs, cfpccially her prefcnt imperial mnjclly, nicilUiave greatly added to their income, which can fcarcely be reckoned at Icf^ than four millions ilerling annually. When the reader coiilidcrs this fum relatively, that is, according to the hij^h value of money in that empire, compared to its low value in Great-Bri- tain, he will find it a very confiderable revenue. 'I'hat it is fo, appears from the vaft armies maintained and paid by the late and prefent emprcfs, in Germany, Poland, and clfewhcre, when no part of the money returned to RufTia } nor do I find that they received any cOnfiderable fubfidy from the houfes of Bourbon and Aullria, who, indeed, were in no condition to grant them any. Mr. Voltaire fays, that in 173;, reckonng the tri- bute paid by the Tartars, with all taxes and duties in mon*y, the fum total amounted to thirteen millions of rubles (each ruble amounting to about 4s. 6d. fterling.) 'I'his income waa at that time furticient to main- tain 339,500, a;; well fca as land forces. The other expences, befidcs the payment of the army and navy of her prefcnt majelly, is very con- fiderable ; the number and difcipline of which are at leall equal to tliofe of her greateft predeceflbrs. Her court is elegant and magmficent ; her gnards and .itrendants fplendid ; and the encouragement fhe gives to Kamin^, the improvement of the arts, and ufeful aifcoverics, colls her ▼aft fums, exclufive of her ordinary expences of ftate. The Raffian troops, while in their own country, fubfift chiefly on pro- vifions furnifhetl them by the country people, according to their internal valuation. Some of the Ruffian revenues arife from monopolies ; which arc often neceffary in the infancy of commerce. The mott hazardous en- terprize undertaken by Peter the Great, was his imitating the conduft of Henty VIII. of England, in fcizing the revenues of the church; He ibuwd, perhaps, that policy and rjeceffity required that the greatett part «f them fhould be rellored, which was accordingly done ; his great aim being to deprive the patriarch of his exceffive power. The clergy, how- ever, are? taxed in Ruflia : but the pecuniary revenues of the crown arife fi'om taxes upon eftates, bagnios, bees, mills, iifheries, and other par- tiiculars. Commerce akd poli- ) I have joined thofe two articles nnderone TiCAL iNTBKESTs. y head, bccaufe (uch is the fituation and ^rength of Ruflia, that flie has nothing either to hope or to fear but from commerce. It is true, her territories are acceflible on the {rde of Poland, «nd therefore it is her intereft to prefcrve a ftrong party in that country; hut even this pohcy has commerce ciiiefly for its objeft, becaufe tKe g;ieateft part of the Diflidents of Poland arc the only traders in that great country ; a*id three-fourths of them being of the Greek church, confidcr her imperial majefly as their patroncis and proteftor. In treating of the Ruffian commerce, former accounts are of little fti' vice at this time, becaufe of it; great improvements and variations. By the b^ft and fareft information, the annual exports of Ruflia at prefent amount tot four millions of rabies ; and her imports do not exceed three Afllions ; fo that the balance of trade is yearly two hihidred and twtoty- Sve (h6ttfstrdpOQnd& iierling i» her favotur. This calculation^ however, is voyage. RUSSIA. 45 is fuhjc*^ to fuch uncortninties as tinte alone c.nn remove, arifing from Rujna'.*) commtrrcial conncitions with Grcat-Britiiin, from whom, alxxrt foiirteeii years ago, (he gained the grcatelt part of chat balance. Greats Britain, however, has, within that time, given Uich encouragement ta her American colonies, and to the Scotch and Irilh linen manufactures, that her imports from Kullla are greatly diminilhcj. On the other hand, the vail advantages which by later tnatics between Kngland und Ruflia, her imperial majelly has been enabled to acquire upon the Cal'pinn fea, and in the inland parts of Afia, will probably more t!»an counterbalance all tlie diminution which the Rufliun cx^x^rts to (jrcat-Brltain may have luffcred. Ruifia's produftions and exports, in general, are many, and very raluable, w'n.. furs and peltry of various ki^u^^, red leather, linen and thread, iron, copper, iail-eloth, hemp and fla\, pitch and tar, wax, honey, tallow, ifing-glafs, linfccd-ojl, pot-ufli, fonp, feathers, train- oil, hogs briltles, muflc, rhubarb, and other drugs ; timber, and alfo raw-filk from China and Perfia. Her foreign commerce, with the reft of Europe, is much cncreafed fince her conquefts from Sweden, efpecially of Livonia and Ingria ; and fince the eftablifliing of her new emporium of Petcrlburgh; whereby her naval intcrcourfe with the rell of Europe is made much more Ihort and leaiy. Ruffia carries on a commerce over l^nd, by caravans, to China, chiefly I in furs : and ihey bring back from thence tea, fiiks, cotton, gold, &c. To Bochara, near the river Oxus, Ruflia fends her own merchandize, in return for Indian filks, curled lamb-flcins, and ready money ; and alfo from the annual fair at Samarcand : Ihe likewife trades to Perfia, ly [Aftracan, crofs the Cafpian fea, for raw and wrought filk. Before the time of Peter the Great, Archangel, which lies upon the I White-Sea, was the only port of naval communication which RuiTia had 'with the reft of Europe; but it was fubjeft to a long and tempeftuou* voyawe.' This town is about three Englilh miles in length, aiid one in breadth: built all of wood, excepting the exchange, which is of Hone. Notwithftanding the decreafe of the trade of Archangel, by building Fcterfburgh, it IHII exports a confiderable quantity of merchandize. The hite and prefent emprclfes of Ruffia, were fo fenfible of the bene- fits Tiilling to commerce through peace, that they feem to have poftponed other valuable interefts to that confideration ; witnefs the facrihces made by the emprefs Elizabeth, to preferve the tranquillity of the north, in I latling the Swedifli Aiccelfion j and the moderation which her prefent majefty obferved in her fon's claims upon Denmark for the duchy of Holftcin when her hufband died. This difference, however, if not pru- dently prevented, may, fomc time or other, kindle a general flame in Ithe north, if not all over Europe. Cities, towns, palaces, ) Peterlburgh naturally takes the lead ANDOTHERBuiLDiNGs. ) in this di vii\on . It lies at the j unftion lofthc Neva with the lake Ladoga, already mentioned, in latitude 59 57 ; Ibut the reader may have a better idea of its fituation, by bein^ informed Ithat it ftands on both fides the river Neva, between that lake and the Ibottom of the Finland gulph. In the year 1703, this city confided of Itwo fmall fifhing huts, on a fpot (0 waterifh and fwampy, that the ground Iwas formed into nine iflands ; by which, according to Voltaire, its prin- apal c^uartcrs are ftill divided. Without cnterir^ into 100 minute 3 defwiption, 4« RUSSIA, y I defcription of this wonderful city, it is fufficient to fay, that it extendi atcut fix miles every way ; and contains every llruAure for magnificence, the improvement of the arts, revenue, navigation, war, commerce, and the like, that are to be found in the moll celebrated cities in Europe* It may appear furprizing, that the lateft authors who treat of that coun- try, diifer widely as to the population of Prterlburgh. Voltaire tells us, that it is faid to contain at prefent 400,000 fouls. This feems to be an over-rate, even admitting the imperial troops, attendants, and officers cf ftate to be included. Bufching, whom I am rather inclined to follow, thinks that Peterlburgh confifts of about 8000 houfes, and contains about 100,000 inhabitants: a number, however, that would feem.to be dif- p. oportioned to tliat of the houfes, did we not reflect on the great num- oe.- of fervants maintained by the Ruffian nobility and merchants. The new fummer palace is reckoned one of the lineft pieces of architcfture in Europe. In the middle of the city (which has neither gates nor walls) is a ftrong, beautiful fort ; and the admiralty and dock-yards are like- wife fortified. As Peter/burgh is the emporium of Ruffia, the number of foreign Ihips trading to it in the fummer time is furprifing. In winter, 3000 one-horfe fledges are employed for paflengers in the llreets. It contains twenty Ruffian, and four Lutheran churches, befides thofe of the Calvinifts ani Roman-catholics ; and is the feat of a univerfity^ and feveral academies. Peterlburgh is tlic capital of the province of Ingria, one of Peter the Great's conquefts. The city of Mofcow was formerly the glory of this great empire, and is ftill confiderable enough to figure among the capitals of Europe. It fiands, as has been already mentioned, on the river from which it takes its name, 1414. miles north-eaft of London; and though its llreets are not regular, it prefents a very pidurefque appearance, for it contains fuch a number of gardens, groves, lawns, and ftreams, that it feoms rather to be a cultivated country than a city. The antient magnificence cf this city would be incredible, was it not attellcd by the moft un- qiiellionable authors : but we are to make great allowances for the uncul- tivated ftate of the adjacent provinces, which might have made it appear with a greater luftre in a traveller's eyes. Neither Voltaire nor Bufching gives us any fatisfadory account of this capital ; and little credit is to be given to the authors who divide it into regular quarters, avid each quarter inhabited by a different order or profeffion. Bufching fpeaks of it as the largeft city in Europe ; but that can be only meant as to the ground it ftands on. It is generally agreed, that Mofcow contains 1600 churches and convents, and forty-three places or fquares. Bufching makes the merchants exchange to contain about 6000 fine (hops, which difplay a vaft pa.ade of commerce, efpecially to and from China. No city can contain a greater contrail than Mofcow docs, of magnificence and raean- nefs in building. The houfes of the inhabitants in general are miferable timber booths ; but their palaces, churches, convents, and other public edifices, are fpacious and lofty. The Krimlin, or grand imperial palace, is mentioned as one of the molt fuperb Ihufturcs in the world : it lies in the interior circle of the city, and contains the old imperial palace, plea- fure-houfe, and llablcs, a victtiulling-houre, the palace which formerly belonged to the patriarch, nine caihcdralE, five convents, four pariih churches, the arfenal, with tlie public colleges, and other offices. All the churches in ihc Krindin have bcauUlul fpires, moft of them gilt, or 3 COvei-eJ RUSSIA. 47 covered with filver : the archittfture is in the Gothic tafte ; bat the in- iidcs oi" the churches are richly ornamented ; and the pictures of the faiaa are decorated witli cold, filver, and precious ftones. Mention is made of the cathedral which has no fewer than nine towers, covered with cop- per double guilt, and contains a filver branch with forty-eight lights, {aid to weigh 2800 pounds. A volume would fcarcely fuffice to recount the other particulars of this city's magnificence. Its fumptuous monc- incnts of tne great dukes and czars, the magazine, the patriarchal palace, the exchequer, and chancery, are noble ftrudures. The public is na ftranger to the barbaious anecdote, that the czai* John Bafilides ordenel the architeft of the church of Jerufalcm to be deprived of his cye-fight, that he might never contrive its equal. The ftory is improbable, and took its rife from the arbitrary di(pofition of that great prince, i Umll kave occafion hereafter to mention the great bell ot Mofcow ; where the inha- bitants are fo dillrafledly fond of bells, that they are always tinkling » every quarter. 'I'he jewels and ornaments of an image of the vixgr» Mary, in the Kremclin church, and its other furniture, can be only equalled by what is fecn at the famous Holy Houfe of Loretto in Italy. Three colleges were founded by Peter the Great at Mofcow ; one for claflica'i learning and philofophy, the fecond for mathematics, and the third for navigation and aftronomy. To thefe he added a diipenCiry, which is a magnificent building, and tinder the care of fomc able Ger- man chemifts and apothecaries ; who furnifli medicines not only to the army, bat all over die kingdom. Mr. Voltaire fays, that Peter, who was attentive to every thing, did not negled Mofcow at the time he wa» building Peterlburgh ; for he caufed it to be paved, adorned it with noble edifices, ,md enriched it with manufadlures ; and within thefe few years, Mr. RUSSIA; 51 dr.lcs, from being a people as wild as their country, are now in a fair way of becoming good Chrillians. They are now acquainted with the iife of iron and linen, which they wear under their furs ; and they fuppjy the ufe of bread flour, by a curious compcfition of iilh-bone powder. '1 hey travel in fniall carriages drawn by dogs ; and a complete Kamtichadulian erjuipage, dr>gs, harnefs and all, colb in that country 4 1. 10 s. or near twenty rubles. Though fuicide is common among them, yet, in war, tlicy are the moft rank cowards in nature, making ufe of a kind of ar- niouT, and poisoned arrows. In going through the ceremony of mar- riage, the bridegroom mufi: fairly raviih his lady, in fpitc of all the rc- fiftance of her female attendance, before he can become a hulhand ; and then he himfelf grows fo indifierent, that he fuff^rs a kind of raps in his turn from the amorous affiduities of his fair one. The Kr.mtfcha- dalcs believed the immortality of the foul, before they were Chriuiuns. They are fuperftitious to extravagance ; and extremely fingular and ca- pricious in the different enjoyments of life, particularly their convivial entertainments. They feem to be of Tartar original ; and before they were humanized, their appearance and manners partook f:rongly of thofe of the Efquimaux in North America. The Siberians are another nation of RuiHa, whofe ufages deferve to be mentioned ; but we know lefs of them, than v/e do of the Kamtlcha.- tlales. Many of them, as has been already hinted, are Hill grofs pa- gans ; and their manners were fo barbarous, that Peter the Great thought iiC could not inflidt a greater puniihmcnt upon his capital enemies the Swedes, than by banifliing them to Siberia. The effeft was, that the S"'tedifli officers and foldiers introduced European ufages and, manufac- tures into the country, and thereby acquired a comfortable living. The Mohammedan Tartars form a confiderable part of the natives : and ac- cording to the lateft accounts, nature has been fo kind to the country, that an exile to Siberia will hereafter be but a very flight puniihmcnt. Persons and habits.] The Ruffians are in general a perfonable people ; but their eye-fight feejns to be defeftive, occafioned, probably, by the fnow, which for fo long a time of the year is continually prcfcnt to their eyes. Their complexions differ little from thofe of tlie Englilh or Scotch ; but the women think that an addition of red heightens their beauty. The conlHtutions of the Ruffians are vigorous ; but the inha- bitants of the coafts of the Frozen Ocean, who are of Tartar defcent, fill continue to cloath themfelves i.i deer-llcins, with the hairy fide in- wards. In other refpefts, the habirs of the RulT.ans of every denomi- nation, difi'er little or nothing from thofe of the moil polite nations ia Europe. Punishments.] The Ruffians are remarkable for the feverity and variety of their punifhments, which are both infliilcd and endured with wonderful infenfibility. Peter the Great ufed to fufpend the robbers upon the Volga, and other parts of his dominions, by iron honks fixed to their ribs, on gibbets, where they writhed themfelves to death, hun- ,drcds, nay, thoufands at a time. The fingle and double knoute were lately Inflided upon ladies, as well as men of quality. Both of them -•Ire excruciating ; but in the double knoute, the hands are bound behind (he prifoner's back, and the cord being fixed to a pulley, lifts him from the ground, with the diflocation of both his Piioulders ; and then his back is in a manner fcarified by the executioner, witli a hard thong, cut rom a wild afs's ikin. This punifhment has been ib often fatal, that K a a fur- I M II 1 5* b.r ' I HH 11 '^1 1 il^n S; il^B iBI mi 52 RUSSIA. a furjeon generally attends the patient, to pronounce the moment that it ihould ccafe. The boring and cutting out of the tono;ue, are likewiftt pradifcd in Jli'/lia ; and oven the late cmprcrs Elizribeth, though ilie prohibited capital puniflinicnls, was forced to give way to the nccelhty of thofc tortures. Fr r.t thcfe particulars, many have concluded that the feclin"T. of tJie Ruffians are different from thofe of mankind in general. Curiosities.] This article afFords no great entertainment, as Ruflia has but lately been admitted into the rank of civilized nations. She can, however, produce many ftupendous monuments of the public fpirit of her fovcrcigns ; part'cularly tlie canals made by Peter the (Jreat, Ibr the benefit of commerce. I ha\e already hinted at the paflioai the Ruf- fians have for bell-ringing ; and we are told, that t!ie great bell of Moi- cow, the largclt in the world, weighs four hundiod and forty-three thou- fand, fovea hundred and fcventy-two pounds v. ei^ht ; and was caft in the reign of the cmprcfs Anne: biit the beam on which it hung being burnt, it fell, and a large piece is broke out of it; lb that it lately lay in a manner ufclefs. The building of Pctcrfburgli, and raifmg it of a fudden from a i'cv/ ufliing-hut: to be a populous and rich city, is per- haps a curiofity hardly to be paralleled fince the erection of the Egyptian pyramids. The fame may be faid of the fortrefs of Kronlladt, which ii aimofl impregnable. This fortrefs and city emploj'ed, for fome years, 300,000 men, in laying its foundations, and driving piles, night and day ; a work which no monarch in Europe (Peter excepted) could have executed. The whole plan, v.dth a very little afTulance from fonie Ger- man engineers, was drawn by his own hand. Equally wonderful was the navy which he raifed to liis people, at a time when they could not be faid to have pofTclfed a ihip in any part of the globe. What is more wonderful than all, he vv;->i'.ght in perfon in all thofe amazing works, with the fame afliduity as if he had b;;cn a common labourer. Language. 1 The common lanc'uape of Ruilia, is a mixture of the Polifh and Sclavonian ; tlicu' pnclLs, however, and the moft learned of their clergy, make ufe of v.'luit is called modern Greek ; and they who know that language in its purity, are at no lofs for underiianding it in its corrupted ihite. The Uuflians have thirty-fix letters, the forms of which have a ilrong refemblance to the old Greek alphabet. History.] It is evident, b'lh from anticnt hillory and modern dif- cbveries, that fome of the moil: negiccled parts of the Rufllan empire at prcfent, were formerly rich and populous. I'lic reader who throws his eyes on a general map of Europe and Afia, may fee the advantages of their fituation, and their coniinuiiicatirn by rivers v.'ith the Black Sea, and the richeft provinces in tlie Roman and Greek empires. In later times, tliC Afiatic part of Rui?ia (which we have had yet no opportunity cf dclcribing) bordered witJi Sam.arcand, once the capital, under Jeng- hi? khan and Tamerlane, of a far more rich and powerful eiripire, dun any mentioned by hiilory ; and nothing is more certain, than that the conquell of RuiTia was among tlie lall attempts made by the former of thofe princes. Wc cannot, v.itii the fmallcll: degree of probability, ca-rry our cor.jcdlures, with regard to the hiiiory of RulTia, higher than the introdu'!lioii of Chriilianity, which happened about the tenth cen- tury ; when a princef; cf this country, called Olha, is faid to have been bapti7.ed at Conilantinoplc, and refufed the hand of the Greek emperor, John Zimijces, in marriage. Tius accounts for tlie Ruffians adopting th« Dment tlist ire likewiftf thovigh ihe he ncccfiity eluded th:it lankind in •, as RufTia ions. She ublic fpirit C J rent, lor ii the Ruf- 'Al of Mof- thrce thou- •as caft in iinig being t lately lay ing it of a ty, is per- L' Egyptian i, which ii "ome years, night and could have fome Ger- derfiil was could not lat is more ing works, ture of the learned of they who ding it in : forms of RUSSIA. •- 51 the Cjreck religion, and part of their alphabet. Photlus, the famous Greek patriarch, fcnt priclls to baptize the Rufiians, who were for fome time fubjet^ to the fee of Conlhintinoplc ; but the Greek patriarchs afterwards refigned all their authority ov«>r the Ruilian church ; and its bilhops ercdcd themfelves into patriarchs, who were in a mar.ner inde- pendent of the civil power. It is certain, that till the year 1450, the princes of Ruilia were but very little coniidercd, b'jirig chiciiy fub- jecled by the Tartars. It was about this time, th;it Jolm, or Iwan Ba- iilides, conquered the Tartars, and, among otiiers, the duke of Great Novogorod ; from whom he is faid to have carried 300 cart loais of gold and filver. His grandfon, the famous John Bafilowltz II. having cleared his country of the intruding Tartars, fubducd the kingdoms of Cal'an and Allracan Tartary, in Alia, and annexed them to the Ruinan dominions. By his cruelty, however, he obliged the inhabitants of fome of his linel't provinces, particularly Livonia and Ellhonia, to throw themfelves under the protCiShion of the Poles and Swedes. Before the time of this John Jf. the fovereign of RufHatook the title of Welike Knez, i. e. great prince, great lord, or great chief; which the Chriltian nations afterwra'ds ren- dered by that of great duke. The title of Tzar, or, as v/e call it, czar, was addzd to that of the Ruflian fovereigns, but it feems to have been of i'crfian or Afiatic original ; becaufe, at firlt, it was applied only to Ca- fan, Allracan, and the x\uim Siberia. Upon the death of John Bafi- iowit?., the Ruffian fucceliion was filled up by a fct of weak cruel princes, and their territories were torn in pieces by civil wars. In 1597, Boris Godonow, according to Voltaire, whofe information I prefer, as it fecms to be the molt authentic, aifaffinated Dcmetri, or Demetrius, the lawful heir, and ufurped the throne. A young monk took the name of Demetrius, pretending to be that prince, who had. efcaped from his murderers ; and with the afliftancc of the Poles, and a coniiderable party (which every tyrant lias againft him) he drove out the ufurper, and feizcd the crov/n himfelf. 7'he impoliure v/as difcovered as foon as he came to the fovereignty, becaufe the people were not pleafed v.'ith him, and he was murdered. Three other falfe Demetrius's llarted up one after another. Thefe impollures prove the defplcable ftate of ignorance in which the RuiTians were immerged. Their country became by turns a prey to the I'oles and the Swedes ; but was at length delivered by the good fenfe of the boyars, impelled, by their defpair, fo late as the year 1613. The independency of Rufiia was then on the point of being extinguiflied. Uladiflaus, ion to Sigifuuind II. of Poland, had been declared czar; hut the t}'ranny of the P.olcs was fuch, that it produced a general rebel- lion of the Rufiians, w!io drove the Poles out of Mofcow, where they had for fome time defended themiclvcs with unexampled courage. Phi- larete.^, archbilliop of Roilow, whofe wife was defcended of the antient fovereigns of Rallia, had been fcnt ambaffador to Polajid by Demetrius, one of the Ruffian tyrants ; and there he was detaijicd prifoner, under retence, chat his countrymen had rebelled againil Ulacliflaus. The oyars met in a body ; and fuch was their vencratioai for Phllaretes an<) liis wife, vyiiom the tyrant had Ihut up in a nunnery, that they elefted their fon, Michael, a youth of fifteen years ol'age, to be their fovereign. The father being exchanged for fome Polilh prifoners, returned to Rulija J and being created patriaixli by his fon, he reigned in the youngj £ ? niara'g I mmm '^4 RUSSIA. ..,, man's right with great pnulcncc and fuccefs. lie defeated the attempt; cf l!ic Poles to replace LHadiflaiis upon the throne, and likcwifc tho claims of a brother of Gullavus Adolphus, but fuhmittcd to young Michael without any terms. The claims of the Swedes and Poles upon R ilia, cccafioned a war between tuofe two people, which gave IViichad r. kind cf a breathing-time ; and he made ufe of it for the benefit of his ful'jtfts. I find, that focn after the clcftion of Michael, James I. of England font, at his invltatirn. Sir John Meyrick, as his ambaflador t>i Ri liia, upon fomc CGmmcrci.;l a^.airs, and to reclaim a certain fum of money \%hich Jaines had advanced to Michael or liis predecelTors, The F-ngiifh court, however, was fo ignorant of the affairs of that country, though a Ruflian company had been then eflabliflied at London, that James was actually unacquainted with the czar's name and title, for he cave him no other dcnorninaticn than that of Gieat duke and h-rd of Kufiia. Three yearn after, James and Michael became much better acquainted ; and the lutter concluded a commercial treaty v/ith England; which fliev.s him to have been not only v.'cll acquainted v/ith the intcrclls cf his cv.n fubjecls, but the Inws and ufages of nations. Before we take lca\c of iViichael, who furvivcd his father, I am to mention the modes cf the czar's nuptial.';, which I could not introduce into the mircellantous culloms < f their fubje^ls, and which are as follov/. His czarifli majelly's intention to marry being known, the moft celebrated beauties of his dominions v/ere lent for to court, and there entertained. They were vifited by the czar, and the moll magnificent nuptial preparations were made, bei'ore the happy lady was declared, by fending her magnificent jcvvtls, and a wedding robe. The reft of the candidates were then dif- miffcd to their feveral homes, with fuitablc prefcnts. The name of the lady's fatlicr who pleafed Michael, was Strefchnen ; and he was plough- ing his own farm, when it was announced to him, that he was father- in-law to the czar. Alexis fucceedcd his fatlier Michael, and was married in the fame jTianncr. He appears to have been a prince of great genius. He re- covered Smolenlko, Kiow, and the Ukraine ; but was unfortunate in hh wars with the Swedes. When the grand fignior, Mohammed IV, haughtily demanded fome poflefiions from him in the Ukraine, his an- swer was, *' that he fcorned to fnbm.it to a Mohammedan dog, and tha Jhis fcymitar was as good as the grand fignior's fabre." He attempted to drav,' up a code of laws for the civil government of his fubjefts, which is /aid to be ftiU in being. He cultivated a polite ccrrefpondence with the other powers of Europe ; and even with the court of Rom.e, though he ordered his ambafiador not to kifs the pope's toe. He fubdued a chief of the Don Cofiacs, named Stcnko Rafin, who endeavoured to make him- felf king cf Aftracan j and the rebel, with 12,000 of his adherents, were lianged on the high roads. He introduced linen and filk manufafturei into his dominions : and inltead of putting to death or enflaving his Lithuanian, Polifh, and Tartar prifoners, he fent them to people the ; hanks of the Volga and the Kama. He died fuddenly, at the age ot i forty-fix, in the beginning of the year 1675, after (hewing himfelf worthy j of being father to Peter the Great. | Alexis left behind him three fons and a daughter, who was a woman of great intrigue and fpirit. The names of the fons were Theodore, Iwan or John, and Peter, who was by a fecond marriage. Theodore mounted the throne, and (hewed excellent difpofiuons for the improvement of his fubjefts } R U S S I A. 55 Tiibjcfts ; but his bodily infirmities prevented hi:n fiom carr.ing thcai int.) c.vccution. He died witliout any iiTiio. His br< tlicr lvv;ui, hcin;^- r.lnioll blind and dumb, and otherv/ilb dillempercd, Tlv/'^dore, before his death, named his youn_p;er brother, Peter, to tlie fovcn-ii^-nly ; though thiM only ten years of age. This drilimtion waj dilplcafir.rr t) the atn- b'.d'nis piincefi Sophia ; and the found means to excite a ]ii)nible iedition among the Strelit/.cs, who then f ;r:ned the llanding amy cf RiifTia. Their excefTer. fii,-pr.(!ed all defcription ; but Sophia, by her manaoc- n:;:it, rt'placed her brother Iwan in his birthright ; and cxercifed the (Toverrinicnt herfclf, with the crcalell feverity and inhumanity ; for all the Rulfian grandee.; wlio were related to Peter, or whc^/m Iho fuppofcd to favour him, were put to cruel deaths. The inftances n^'vc^^ ^Y Voltaire, of her inhuman adminiib-ation, arc fliocking to humanity. At length, in 1682, the two princes, Iwan and Peter, were declared j nnt fove- reigns, and their filter their affjciate and co-regent. Her admiaillration was bloody and tumultuous ; nor durll fhe venture to clicck the fury of the Strclitzes, and other infurgents. Finding this debility in Jier own perfon, (he intended to have married prince Bafil Galitzin, who is faid to have been a man of fenfe and fpirit, and fome learning. Being placed at the head of the army by Sophia, he marched into Cnm Tartary; but Peter was now about feventeen years of age, and ailerted his right to the throne. Sophia and Iwan were then at Mofcow ; and upon Peter's pub- iiihing aloud, that a confpiracy had been formed by his fiiler to murder him, he was joined by the Strelitzes, who defeated or deilroyed Sophia's party, and forced herfelf to retire to a monallery. Galitzin's life wai ipared, but his great eftate was confifcated ; and the following curious fcntence was pronounced as his punifliment, " Thou art commanded by the moft clement c/ar, to repair to Karga, a town under tlie pole, and there to continue the remainder of thy days. His majefty, out of his extreme goodnefs, allows thee three pence per day for thy fubfillence." Upon the death of Iwan, which happened in 1696, Peter reigned alone. It far exceeds the bounds prcfcribed to this work, to give even a fum- inary detail of this great prince's adions. They may be collefted from the hiftories of the northern nations, Poland, Germany, and other countries ; fome of which I have already exhibited, as I intend to do the rell. All therefore that is neceflary in this place, is to give a general view of his power, and the vail reformation he introduced into His do- minions. Peter, towards the end of the laft century, though he had been but very indifferently educated, through the jcaloufy of his fifier, afTociated himfelf with Germans and Dutch ; the former for the fake of their manu- faftures, which he early introduced into his dominions ; and the latter, for their fkill in navigation, which he praftifed himfelf. His inclinations for the arts were encouraged by his favourite Le Fort, a Piedmontefe ; and general Gordon, a Scotchman, difclplined the czar's own regiment, confifting of 5000 foreigners ; while Le Fort raifed a regiment of 1 2,000, among whom he introduced the French and German cxercifes of arms, with a view of employing them in curbing the infolencies of the Stre- litzes. Peter, after this, began his travels ; leaving his military affairs in the hands of Gordon. He fct out as an attendant upon his own am- baffadors ; and his adventures in Holland and England, and other courts, are too numerous, and too well known, to be inferted here. By work- ing as a coramofl fhip-carpent^r at Deptford an^ Sajdam, he com- £ 4 pleteU *t^*'* r Hi' ii, ' If ■J^ i -m p HI ■■ ,1 'II U«.|;'|l: ■f # 5^ R U S S I A. plctcd hiiTifelf In fliin-huiUling and navigation: and thro' the excellent difciplinc introduced r.mong'his troops by the forci-ncrs, he not only ovcr-avved or criiflied all civil inlurrcftions, but all his enemies en ihij fide of Afia ; and at la't he even exterminated, all but two feeble n-gi- r.icnts, thri whole b'-dy of the Strelit7.cs. He rofe gradually through fvery ran!; and fcrvice b;)ta by fea and land ; and the many defeats which he received, cfpcciaily at Narva, fcemcd only to enlarge his am- bition, and e*{tcnd his ide:is. '^J'he buttles he loll rendered him a con- queror upon the \v!-.ole, by adding experience to his courage : and tl;c (>rner<>u:> friendlhip he Ihcu'ed to Aii^ullus, kin^ of Poland, both before and after hi wa<; dctiimned by the king of Sweden, redounds^ greatly to iiis honour. He haa no regard for rank, dillint't from merit : and he at lall married, by the name of Catherine, a young Lithuanian woman, v.'lio had been betrothed to a SwediHi foldler ; becaufc, after long coha- l)"t:itlon, he foand her p-jfreflbd of a foul formed to execute his plans, and to aillil: lihs cnunfLls. Cr.therine was fo much a ftrangcr to lier own country, that he;- hufband afterwards difcovered her brother, who fervcd i&s a c"imm'in foldier in his armies. But military and naval triumphs, wnich fuccccded one another alter the battle of I'ultowa, were not the chief glories of .Peter's reign. Ho applied himfelf with equal afliduity, as 1 i.avc already mentioned, to tlie cultivation of commerce, arts, and fciences : and, upon the whole, he made fuch acq uifitions of dominion, even in Eiimpe irfclf, that he may be ilnd at the time of his death, which happened in 1725, to have been the moft pov/orful prince of his age. Peter the Great was unlbrtunate in his cldell fon, who was called the c:^nrev.it7,, and who marivine; witliout his conlent, entered, as his father alietlgcd, into (:,:t,z dangerous pradlices againlt Jus perfon and govern- n:cnt ; for wliich he was tried and condemned to death. Under a fove- reign fo dcrpotic as Peter was, we can fay nothing as to the julHce of the charge. It was, undoubtedly, his will, that the young prince fl^ould \i(i tcund guilty ; but he died, as is faid, of a fever, before his fentence was put into cxccition, in 1722. Peter then ordered his wife Catharine to be crowned, witii the hime ma'Tniiicent ceremonies as if (lie had been a Greek cmorefs, and to be rtccr^nrzcd as his lucceffor ; which fhe ac- cordingly was, and mounted the Ruffian throne. S!ie died, after a glo- rious reign, in 1727, and was fucceedcd by Peter II. a minor, fon to the czarewitz. Many dcmellic revolutions liappened in Rufiia during the ihort reign of this p'-lnce ; but none was more remarkable than the difgrace and exile of prince Menaikoff, the favourite general in the two late reignK, and eilcemed the richeil fubjsdt in Europe. Peter died of the fmall-pox in 1730. Notwithtcauding the defpotlfm of Peter and his wife, the Ruffian fenate and nobility, upon the death of Pctjr II. ventured to fet afide the order of fiicccflion v.hich they had eftabliihed. The male ilTue of Peter was now extinguiflied ; and the duke of Holftein, fon to his cldeft daughter, was, by the dcilination of the hate emprefs, entitled to the frown : but the Ruffians, for political reafons, filled their throne with Anne, duchefs of Courland, fecond daughter to Iwan, Peter's eldell brother; though her eldcH fiUcr, the duchefs of Mecklenburgh, was elive. Her reign was profperous and glorious ; for though (he accepted cf the crown under limitations that were derogatQjry to her dignity, yet Ihe broke them all, aflerted the prerogative of her anceftors, and pu- nilhed the afpirin? Dolgoruki family, \wlio hftd impo(i;d upon her the ■' 3 ' limitjvtions. limit; vouri to m John, Uhic fucce( to be was RUSSIA. 51 r, who fcncj limitations, that tliey themfelves might govern. She r.iifcd her fa- vourite, Biron, to the duchy of Coiirland ; and was obliged to give way to many feverc executions on his account. Upon her death, in 1740, John, the fon of her niece, the prir.cjl-i of Mi-cklenbiifgh, by Antony Uhic, of Brunfwic Wolfenbuttel, was, by her will, entitled to the fucceliion : but being no more than two years old, Biron was appointed to be adminiftrator of the cmpliv: during hij nonage. This dellination was difagrecable to the princefs of Meckl Jnburgh and her hulband, and unpopular among the Ruflians. Count Munich was employed by the princcfs of Mccklcnburgh to arrell Biron ; who was tried, and con- demned to die, but was fent in exile to Siberia. The adminiftration of the princefs Anne of Mecklcnburgh and her hufband, was, upon many accounts, but particularly that of their Ger- man connexions, difagreeable, not only to the Ruliians, but to other powers of Europe ; and notwithftanding a prol'perous war they carried on with the Swedes, the princefs Elizabeth, daughter, by Catharine, to Peter the Great, formed luch a party, that in one night's time Ihe was declared and proclaimed emprel's of the Ruffias ; and the princefs of Mecklenburgh, her hulband, and fon, were made prifoners. Elizabeth's reign may be laid to have been more glorious than that of any of her predecefibrs, her father excepted. She aboliftied, as ha« been already hinted, capital puniihments ; and introduced into all civil and military proceedings a moderation till her time unknown in Ruflia: but at the fame time flie punilhcd the counts Munich and Ofterman, who had the chief management of affairs during the late adminillration, with exile. She made peace with Sweden ; and fettled, as we have I already fecn, the fuccefiion to that crown, as well as to her own domi- Inions, upon the moil: equitable foundation. Having glorioufly finiftied a war, which had been Itirrcd up againft her, v.'ith Sweden, (he replaced the natural order of fuccelhon in her own family, by declaring the duke of Hdhlcin-Gottorp, who was defcended from her elder filler, to be her heir. She gave him the title of Grand duke of Rulfia; and foon after her acceffion to the throne, Ihe called him to her court ; where he re- nounced the fucceffion to the crown of Sweden, which undoubtedly be- longed to him, embraced the Greek religion, and married a princefs of Anhalt-Zerbll, by whom he had a fon, who is now heir to the Rulliatt empire. Few princes have had a more uninterrupted career of glory than Eli- zabeth. She was completely vidorious over the Swedes. Her alliance was courted by Great-Britain, at the expcnce of a large fubfidy; but many political, and Ibme, as is laid, private reafons, determined her to take part with the houfe of Auftria againft the king of Pruflia in 1756? Kcr arms alone gave a turn to the fuccefs of the war which was in disfa-r voiir of PrufTia, notwithftanding that monarch's amazing abilities both in the field and cabinet. Her conquefts were fuch, as portended the en- I tire deftruflion of the Prufhan power, which was favcd only by her cri- tical death, on January 5, 1762. Elizabeth was fucceeded by Peter III. grand prince of Ruffia, an4 I duke of Holftein : a prin e whpfe conduft has been varioufly reprefented, He mounted the throne pofleiied of an enthufiaftic admiration of hi» JPruflian Majefty's virtues ; to whom he gave peace, and whofe prin-t Iciples and practices he feems to have adopted as the direftories of his Ifutufe reign, He might have fwmouajsd the ^ffe^s even of tkofe {)ecu.r liaritiesj, 1 i • i-l^ 1 I ! 1 ■ «' ■ : It;-!' w w.^ Hv . ' Si ISLES or SCOTLAND. liaritlcs, unpopular as they then were in Ruflia; liut it is faid, that In tiimcd at rclbmiations in his dominions, wliich even PttiT tlic Cr.-at tlurll not attempt ; and tliat he c\cn ventured to cut off tlie beards of l\h clcrc;y. His memory has been liiccvvilc acciilld of ccrt.iiu domeilic inii. dcUties, wliich v^erc too provokin^^ for a fplrited pi iiicef-> to bear. WIiiu. ever there may be in tlio'e fi'ooelHons, it Is certain that an univcrf;! confniracy was fo;med againll liim, and that iic fcarci !y knew an intct vj "between the ! Is of his crown and his lil'e, of wl:i:h h-- was deprivej U'hilc under an ignominious confinement. 'J'hat his condu^ with regard to Pnii'la, was not the fole. caufc of his depr-fition, feeim pretty evident f.om the meafures of his fucccfTor, who was his own wifl', and nov/ rei^nis by the title of Catharine IIJ. Tiiat princefs, with re- gard to Pruflia, trod in her hufband's ileps, and now follows the plan he chalked out. Tiie moll remarkable domeflic occurrence of her reign hitherto, is the deaih of prince hvan, fon to the princefh ofMeckkn- ■burgh, and, while he was in his cradle, emperor of RufTia. That priiuc loft his life in an ill-concerted confpiracy, which had been formed by fome private officers, to raife him to the throne. As the internal tranquillity of Poland is a capital ohjcft with Ruffia, iier prefent imperial majefty took a great concern in raiiing that king to the throne, and in fecuring the rights which the treaty of Oliva had ■given to the Greek and protcllant fubjefts of the Polifh republic. Tlr. umbrage which her armies gave to the Roman-catholic Poles, by their refidence in Poland, produced firft a civil war, and then confederncits againft all that had been done during the late tleclion ; which rendccd Poland a fcene of blood and con fufion. The Ottoman court, who had been long waiting-for fuch an opportunity, availed itfelfof theoccafion; they imprifoned, againft the laws of nations, the Ruffian miniiler at Cimi- Hantinople, declared war againft Ruffia, and marched 500,000 troops to the confines of Poland and Ruffia. Hoftilities are now begun on both fides; but as the war is only in its infancy, wc can fay notlung ;u to the event. SCOTLAND, AND ITS adjacent ISLES. ISLES OF SCOTLAND. I Shall, according to the general plan I have laid down, treat of the iflands belonging to Scotland, before I proceed to the defcription of that antient kingdom ; and, to avoid prolixity, I fhall comprehend un- der one head, thofe of Shetland, Orkney, and the Hebrides, or Weftern ifles. Situation and extent.] The iflands of Shetland lie north-ea(* of the Orcadcs, between 60 and 61 degrees of north latitude; andf.rc part of the Jhire of Orkney. The Orcades, or Orkney iflands, lie north of Dungfl)y-head, betwc;cn 59 and 60 degrees of north latitude ; divided from the continent by JPenthland Frith. The Weftern ifles are very numerous, and fome of them large; fituate between 55 and 59 de^r^es of north- latitude. Climate.] ). is faiil, that h; L-lcr tUc Or.Mt L- beards of ln\ iloincilic inl;. )bcar. \\'h:\t. X an iiiiivcrr;! iK'w an iiitci v;il .• was ilcprived candu(it \At.h (Sii'ion, feeim i his own will', icffs, with ro- ws the plan lie ! (;f her reign (b of IVIcckkn- . That prince ■en formed by a with Ruffia, ig that king to • of Oliva had epublic. Ths *oles, by their .1 confcdcrncics khlch rcndcicd loiirt, wlio had )f theoccafion; inifter at Ci^i- 00,000 troops begun on both ay notlung ak S L E S. n, treat of the defcription of ►mprehend un- liebrides, or lie north-eafl tude J and .'.re lead, betw.'^en continent by them large; Cl-lMATi;.] ■iliip JEBBfl MmiOt^ t^TuruWI/:ram.ZcnJ*m . SSBT w "^ Jfrr/'/.'/i Sfiifytft Jfi/t-.< It li K X ;,,,^ MouUud 1 UleA '/.'i!s ; {o that many of tn.itivcs live to a great age. They fee to road at midnight in June Lji'Jy; and during lour of thcMummcr montiis, they have frequent imjnunications, botii for bufmefs and ciiriofity, with each other, and I;]', the ccntir.ent : all the reft of the year, however, they arc 'liitjoU (lib!', thropgh fogs, darknefs, and Itorrns. It is % certain fad, [• a Scotch iiflicrman v.ns imprifoned in May, f<.)r publilhing the ac- Itstof tlie prince and pnncefs of Orange being railed to tlie throne of Vhnd the preceding November; and, probably, would have been ijVeJ, had not the ncwr l^cen conlirmed by the arrival of a fliip. [Chief islands and tov.'ns,] The largelt of the Shetland iflands, lichare forty-fix in number, (though mnny of them are uninhabited) (Mainland, v/hicli is 60 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. Its prin- ip2i town is Larwick, which contains 300 families ; the whole num- lirof families in the ifland not exceeding 500. Skalloway is another iv:;, where the remains of a caftle arc ilill to be feen, and is the feat of Iprclbytcry. On this ifland the Dutc>ii begin to fi(h for herring at Mid- r.mtr, :;nd their fifliing feafon lafts fix months. iThclargeJl of the Orkney iJlands, which are about thirty in number, licf.gh fcvcral of them are unpeopled) is called Pomona. Its length jtwKiity-foiu- miles, and its breadth, m feme places, nine. It contains fcepariih churches, and four exc-ilent harbours. jThcifle of IVIull, in the Hebrides, is twenty-four miles long, and, in Ime places, almoft as broad. It contains two parilhes, and a callle, lied Duart, which is the chief place in the ifland. The other princi- liweltern iflands are, Lewis, or Harries, (for they both form, but one land) which belongs to the fliire of Rofs, and is 100 miles in 'angth, IJ13 or 14 in breadth. Sky, belonging to the fliire of Invernef, is 40 liies long, and, in fome places, 30 broad ; fruitful, and well peopled, p, which is about 10 miles long, and 3 or 4 broad, is famous for Ictaining the cafile of Rothfay, which gave the title of duke to the M fons of the kings of Scotland; as it now docs to the prince of Ijles. Rothfay is likewife a royal burgh ; and the iflands of Bute and It'n, foim the fliire of Eute. The ifles of Ila and Jura, are part of ' I. ire, but they have no tovvns worthy notice. >ior«-h Wirt con- jii "" f odlent harbour, called Lochmaddy, famous for hcrring-fifli- ♦-'• ' ;h.J' omit the mention of many other of the Hebrides iflands, ^, 1 c .. prefent of fmall importance, cither to the public or the pro- [ictors, .'i" .'gh, probably, they may, in future tinscs, be of great icfcquence to both, by the very improvcable fiflieries upon their coafts. lannot, however, avoid mentioning the famous ifle of lona, once the pt and fandlu:. of weftern learning, and the burying-place of many ings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway. It is ftill famous for its re- fcues of fan<^imonious antiquity, as Piall be hereafter mentioned. pe authors have been at great. pains to defcribe the ifland of St. Kilda, jHirt, for no other reafon, that I can difcover, but bccaufe it is the ^l^ioteft of all the north-weft iflands, and very difficult of accefs ; for it not contain above thirty-five families, all of which are proteftant, '^''■.. r.o / very little of the value cf money. Inhabitants, customs, popula- 7 It is not to be imagined, TiON, LANGUAGE AND RELIGION. J ^^^^ ^^^^ inhabitants of the bds belonging to S<;otland, can be fo minutely defcribed here, as • 1^ Ifo ISLES OF SCOTLAND. ' r\; i. they have been by fome other authors ; not fo much on account of tk importance, as their curiofity. Thofe of Shetland and Orkney wci formerly fubjcfts to the crown of Denmark, who pledged them, andi the reign of James III. conveyed them in property to the crown of Sco land. The ifles of Shetland and Orkney form a ilewarty, or Ihij which fends a member to parliament. At prefent, the people in p-encn differ little from tjie Lowlanders of Scotland, only, perhaps, they jnore honed: and religious. Men of fortune there, have improved thl cflatcs wonderfully of late years; and have introduced into tlidr familj all the luxuries and elegancies that ai-e to be found at the tables cf thj KngliHi and Scotch neighbours. They build their dwelling, and oth lmul"es» in the moll fafliionable tafte ; and are remarkable for the fin jiefs of their linen. As to the common people, they live upon fifh, and land fowl (of which they have great plenty) particularly geefe ; their chief drink is whey-, which they have the art to ferment, fo as) give it a vinous quality. In fome of the northern iflands, the Nq *vegian, which is called the Norfe language, is ftill fpoken. Their vi *!)<-'=;T-)urfe with the Dutcli, during the filhing feafon, i"enders that ij ^_ common in the Shetland and Orkney illands. The people t'na are ,. expert as the- Norwegians, already defcribed, in feizing the nq cf fea-fowls, who build in the moll frightful precipices and rocks. T people's temperance prcfcrvcs them from many difeafes I^iown luxury. They cuje the fc'urvy and the jaundice, to v.'hich they areful jeft, with the powder of fnail-lhclls and fcurvy-grafs, of \\hich thj have plenty. '1 heir religion is protellant, accoj-ding to the difciplii ef the chi:rch of Scotland ; and tlieir civil infcitutiona are much the I'aJ with thofe of the country to which they belong. Nothing certain can be nieutioned as to the population of thofe thJ fiivifions of illands. We have the moll undoubted evidences of hilloa that about 400 years ago. they were much more populous than they ; now; for the Ijebridc,-) thernfelvos were known often to fend 10,1 lighting men into the field, without prejudice to their agriculture, prefent, their numbers arc faid nor. to exceed 48,000. The peopkl the Hebrides arc doathcJ, and live like the Scotch Highlanders, w| fhall hereafter be dcfcrlbeu. They are fimilar in perfons, conftitutio cuiloms, and prejudices ; but with this difference, that as the more pi lilhed manners of the Lowlanders are every day gaining ground in 1 Highlands, perhaps the defcendents of the autient Caledonians, in af| years, will be dilccrnible o.-ily ia t'lc Hebrides. Thofe iflands alone retain ti\e antient ufages of the Celts, as dcfoiti by the oideft and bell autliors ; but with a ftrong tindlure of the feuJ conllitution. Their flianachics fupply the place of the antient bards,' famous in hiftory ; and are tlie hiltorians, or rather the gencalogills, ' well as poets, of the nation and family. The chief is likewife attend^ when he appears abroad, Vvitli his mufician, v/ho is generally a baejpipj and dreil in the manner, but more fumptuoufly than the Englilh mf ftrels of former times ■'. Notwithilanding the contempt into which 1 jnufic is fallen, it is almoll incredible with what care and attention was cultivated among tliofe illanders, fmce the beginning ofthepicfJ century. They had regular colleges and profeflbrs, and the ftude; |ook degrees according to their prohcicncy. Many of the Celtic ritj • ;Se? Percy's ReliijiiQS of uJitient EngUni Poetry, in 3 volt. W'''* ISLES OF SCOTLAND. et of which \vc«*e too barbarous to be retained, or even mentioned, 'now aboliflied. The inhabitants, however, Hill prcferve tiie molt lofound refped and nflefticn for their fevcral chiefinins, notwithftand- rall the pains that have been taken by the Bri':ilh legillaliire to break C'f; connexions, which experience has ilaewn to be fo dangerous to Lrnnicnt The common people arc but little better lodged than the Icnvegian.-; and Laplanders, already defcribed ; though they :ertainly J better, for they have oaimcal, chccfe, butter-milk, and whey; and, ,jn they chufe it, plenty of mutton, beef, goat, kid, and A'cnifon. indulge themfelves, like their forefathers, iti a romantic poetical Iti' which is an enemy to induftry, and indeed to domeftic and per- laldeanlinefs. The agility of both fexes in the excrcifes of thr field, f^ in dancing to their favourite mufic, is remarkable. [Tlie reader would not pardon an author, who in treating of this fub- (liould omit that remarkable mantology, or gift of prophecy, which, [lin'^uiflies the inhabitants of the Hebrides under the name of the fe- i-fight. It would be equally abfurd to attempt to difprove the reality Itie inftances of this kind that have been brouglit by creditable authors, 1 to admit all that has been faid upon the fubjeft. The adepts of the [ond-fight pretend that they have certain revelations, or rather prefen- Ions, either really or typically, which fwim before their eyes, of cer- I events that are to happen in the compafs of twenty-four or forty- Iht hours. I do not, however, from the beft information, obferve It any two of thofe adepts agree as to the manner and form of thofe lelations, or that they have any fixed method for interpreting their lical appearances. The truth feems to be, that thofe iilanders, by lulo^ing themfelves in lazy habits, acquire vifionary ideas, and over- It their imaginations, till they are prefented with thofe phantafms, tell they miltake for fatidical manifellations. They inftantly begin to tphecy; and it would be abfurd to fuppofe, that amidft many thoii- kds cf predi^Jlions, fome did not happen to be fulfilled ; and thcfe [ng well attefted, gave a famSlion to tiie v.'hoIe. Many learned men have been of opinion, that the Hebrides being I mod wellerly iflands where the Celts fettled, their language muft kain there in its greatell purity. This opinon, thcigli very plau- le, has failed in experience. Many Celtic words, it is true, as wcU [ciilloms, are there found ; but a vatl iiitcrcourfe which the Hebrides iwith the Danes, the Norwegians, and other northern people, whofe Igiiagc is mixed with the ScLivonian r;nd Teutonic, which laft lias no pity with the Celtic, has rendered their Kmguage a compound; fo it approaches in no degree to the purity of the Celtic, commonly y iM-fe, wliich was fpoken by their neighbours in Lochaber and the >fitc coitils of Scotland, the undoubted doleendents of the Celts, [onsjwhnni their lanpuaoe remains more unmixed. riie religion profcfFcd in the Hebrides, is cliiefly prefbytcrian, as ilifhed in the church of Scotland; but popery and ignorance Hill vail among many of the iflanders, whilfl: fupcrititious prafticcs and pim fccni to be almoft grafted in their nature. SOIL, MINES, AND QUARRIES.] Though it IS not iu the power of pal philnlbphy to account for the reafon, yet it is certain that the both of the northern and wellern iilnnds belonging to Scotland, has liv'dan amazing alteration. It is cviderit to the cye-fight, that many pole iflands have been the habitutionj of the Druids, whofe temples are u ka^ '11 il m i Si il ' in 62 ISLES OF SCOTLAND. AirrouiKlcJ i)y ici^hbourliood. are flill vifible in mofl: of them; and thofc temples were groves, though little or no timber now grows in the nci;: The flumps of former trees, however, :ire dircernibK', as r4rc rr.ar" vefti^es ofgrraultur, f:\cn fince the admifTion of the Chrillian reliirion.j whicn prove the decreafe of the riches, power, and population, of tl-j inhabitants. Experience daily fliews, that if the foil of the nc>rthcrn and] weilern iflands till of late were barren, cold, and uncomfortable, it wjs owing to their waa': o^ culture ; for fuch fpots of them as are now cul. tivated, produce corn, vegetables, and garden-ftufF, more thiiu fullicieritj for the inhabitants ; and even fruit-trees are new brought to maturitv, Tin, lead, and filver mines; marl, flate, free-ilone, and even qiiarrieij of marble* have been found upon thofe iflands. They are not dellitutJ offincfrelh water; and lakes and rivulets that abound with excellenil trout. At the fame time it mull be owned, that tlie prefent face of the'j foil is bare, and unornamented with trees, excepting a few that are reared in gardens. Trade and MANUFACTuiiiis.] Thefe are all in their infancyini thofe iflands. The reader can eaiily fuppofc, that their ftaple ccmmo-j dity confifts of fifli, efpecially herrings, which are tlie beft in the worM,] and, when properly cured, are equal even to thofe of the Dutch. ThevI carry on likewifc a confiderable trade in down and feathers ; and thdrj Iheep affords them wool, which they manufacture into coarfe cloths; and even the linen manufadlure makes no fniall progrefs in thofe illands.l They carry their black cattle alive to the adjacent parts cf Scotland,] where they are difpofed of in falc or barter ; as are large quantities of their mutton, which they fait in the hide. Upon the whole, application) and induftry, with fome portion of public encouragement, are onlyj wanting to render thofe iflands at once ornamental and beneficial tiil their mother country, as well as to their inhabitants. Beasts, birds, and fishes.] Little can be faid on this head, tliat| Is peculiar to thofe iflands. In the countries already defcribed, mentioij has Leen made of moil cf the birds and fiflies that have been difcoverei here; only it is thought that they contain a fpecies of falcon or ha\vk,| of a more noble and docile nature than any that are to be found elfeT where. The Shetland ifles are famous for a frnall breed of horfes, whicli are incredibly aftive, ftrong, and hardy. The coafls of thofe iflandsj till within thefe twenty years, fecmed, however, to have been create! not for the inhabitants, but for flrangers. The latter furnifli the formel with wines, ftrong liquors, fpice, and luxuries of all kinds, for native commodities, at the gain of above 100 per cent. But it is tol hoped that this pernicious traffic now draws to an end. Three thoufanJ bufTes have been known to be employed in one year by the Dutch in thl herring-fifhery, befides thofe fitted out by the Hamburghcrs, Bremencrsj and other northern ports. Rarities and curiosities, 7 Thofe iflands exhibit many prcgl artificial and natural. 3 nant proofs, in their churches, thl veftiges of old forts, and other buildings both facred and civil, of whatj have already obferved, that they were formerly more populous than the] ^re now. The ufe and conflrudion of fome of thofe works are not eaiilj accounted for at prefent. In a gloomy valley belonging to Hoy, onec the weftern iflands, is a kind of a hermitage, cut out of a flone called | dwarf-ftone, thirty-fix feet long, eighteen broad, and nine thick ; which is a f«juare hole, about two feet high, for an entrance, with a W ISLES OP SCOTLAND. '^ . their infancy in | eir ftaple ccmmo- beft in the world, he Dutch. Thevl .■athers ; and thdr j I to coarfe cloths;! fs in thofe illands.j jarts cf Scotland,! large quantities ot vhole, applicatinnj jement, are onlyl and beneficial tci] fhibit many prca leir churches, thj d civil, of what I )pulous than thei orks are not eafilj 5 to Hoy, oiipc a ftone called j I nine thick ; ance, with a W ly fame fi7.e for a door. Within this entrance is the refeinblance of a i!vj with a pillow cut out of the ftone, big enough for two men to lie on : i; die other end is a couch, and in the middle a hcirth, with a hole cutk mt above for a chimney. It would be endlefs to recount the various vef- mes of the (Iruidical temples remaining in thofe ifi'ands, fome of which' avc required prodigious labour, and are ftupcnduous erections, of the ,r.ie nature as the famous Stonehciiae near Salilbury, which 1 ihall have cafion to dcfcribe : others fcem to be memorials of particular perfclis, actions, confuting of one large Hone ftanding upright ; fome of thc;n Lye been fculpturcd, and others have fcrved as fepnlchres, and are com- ofed of ftoncs cemented togetlier. Barrows, as they are called iu-Ejlg- jand, are frequent in thofe iflands ; and the monuments of Danilh and karver^ian fortifications might employ an able antiquary to defcribc. flic f-ipantic bones foamd in many burial places here, give room to bc- ;evc, that the former inhabi taints were of far larger fize than the prefcnt. ;t is likewife probable, from fome ancient remains, particularly cata- onibs, .ind nine filver fibulas or clafps, found at Stennis, one of the rkncvs, that the Romans were well acquainted with thofe parts. The cathedral of Kirkwall, the capital of the Orkneys, is a fine Gothic uilJing, dedicated to St. Magnus, but now converted into a parilh :hurch. Its roof is fupported by 1 4 pillars on each fide, and its fteeple, which is a good ring of bells, by four large pillars. The three gates the church arc chccquered with red and white polilhed ftones, em- fTed, and elegantly flowered. The Hebrides are Hill more diftinguiflied than the Orkney or Shetlancl cs for their remains of antiquity ; and it would far exceed the bounds lilotted to this head, were we even to mention every noted monument- und upon them, dedicated to civil, religious, or warlike purpofes. e cannot, however, avoid taking particular notice of the celebrated ifle fjoua, called St. Columb-Kill. We (hall not enter into the hiltory or rigin of the religious eredlions upon this ifland ; it is fufiicient to fay, ihat it fcems to have ferved as a fauftuary for St. Columba, and other loly men of learning, while Ireland, England, an i Scotland were dcfo- atcd by barbarifm. It appears that the northern pagans often landed re, and paid no regard to the fandlity of the place. The church of ^t. Mary, which is built in the form of a cathedral, is a beautiful fabric^ t contains the bodies of fome Scotch or Iriih kings, with fome Gv.iA'ic nfcriptions. The tomb of Columba, who lies buried here, is unin- fcribed. The fteeple is large, the cupola twenty-one feet fquare, the, ioors and windows are curioufly carved, and the altar is of tlie finefl arble. Innumerable are the infcriptions of ancient cuftoms and ccre- onies that are difcernible upon this idand, and give countenance to thQ 11-known obfervation, that v/hen learning was extindl in Europe, it found a refuge in Scotland, or rather in thofe iflands. The iflands belonging to Scotland contain likewife fome natural cu- iofities peculiar to themfelves ; the phafeoli, or Molucca beans, have en found in the Orkneys, driven, as is fuppofcd, from the Weft-Indies, lytheweftcrly winds, wiiith often force aihore many curious ihells and larine productions, highly cftecmed by naturalifts. In the parifli of km, a large piece of ftag's-horn was found very deep in the earth, by he inhabitants, who were digging for marl ; and certain bituminous ef- uvia produce furprizing phenomena, which the natives believe to b* ipernatural. Learning, learned men, t gee Scotland. J 'M 1 Wm Msta •■ mms mm mmi (Mi i Vi 1 {ti pi ■ Lit t'h fHi AND HISTORY, iN, 1 f 64 J If. I ( ! 1 1 5^i i' .'.I r If 4 ' SCOTLAND. Situation and extent. Between . 54 Between s and 59 J and I W. 1" I-on. J I 300 miles in length, > Being ^ Lat. I I 150 miles in breadth. ^ -. ^T^ HERE can be little doubt that the Scots were not the '-' A original inhabitants of this kingdom, which they in- vaded about the beginning of the fourth century, and having conquered the Pidls, the territories of botli were called Scotland ; and that the word Scot, is no other than a corruption of Scuyth, or Scythian ; bcinp- orioi- nally from tliat immenfe continent, called Scythia by the ancients. It is termed, by the Italians, Scotia ; by the Spaniards, Efcocia ; by tlie French, Efcoil'e ; by the Scots, Germans, and Englifli, Scotland. Boundaries.] Scotland, which contains an area of twenty-feven thoufand, feven hundred, ninety-four miles, is bounded on the fouth by England, and on the nortli, caft, and weft, by the Deucaledonian, Ger- man and Irifli feas. Divisions and subdivisions.] Scotland is divided Into the coun- ties fouth of the Frith of FortTi ; the capital of which, and of all the king- dom, is Edinburgh ; and thofe to the north of the fame river, where the chief town is Aberdeen. This was the ancient national divifion ; but fome modern writers, with lefs geographical accuracy, have divided it Into Highlands and Lowlands, on account of the diflcrent habits, man- ners, and culloms, of the inhabitants of each. Eighteen counties, or provinces, are allotted to the fouthern divifion, and twenty-tVv'O to the northern ; and thofc counties arc fubdivided into Iherifdoms, ftewarties, and bailiwicks, according to the ancient tenures and privileges of tlie landholders. Shires. 1. Edinburgh — 2. Haddington 3. Berwick — 4. Roxborough 5. Selkirk — 6> Peebles - y. Lanerk - 9. Dumfries - p. Wigto.vn ~ { I 1 Counties and other Subdiviiions. I'.lld-Lothian ' — — Eaft Lothian — — The Mers and Bailiary of Lauderdale — — - Tiviotdale, Lidfdale, and . Eflcdale — — F.ttnrick ForeU — — Tv.'eedale -^ —- Chief Towns. 7 5 Edbiburgh, W.Lon.3. Clvdfdale N)t]>.njale, Annandale Gullowuy, Welt Part 7 f Glaf N. Lat. 56. Dunbar and HMKl'mEtoiT. Berwick, Duns, and Lauder. Jedburgh, Hermitage) and Roxborough. Selkirk. Peebles. Glafgow, W. Lon. 4. Lat. 55-50. Ha- milton and Lanerk. Dumfries, Annand. Wigtown. 10. Air SCOTLAND. ej i into the coun- of all the Idntr. iver, where the divifion ; but lave divided it habits, man- Shircs. ho. Air — -"I III. Dumbarton 12. Bute and \ jj. Cathnefs — 7 '14. Renfrew — ,5. Stirling — 16. Linlithgow — U Perth — — j [18. Kincardin — jip. Aberdeen lio. Invernefs 111. Nairne and [!2. Cromartie 4 -i Vr Argyle — I24. Fife -i Counties and other Subdivifions. Kyle, Carrick, and Cun- ningham — — Lenox — — — Bute, Arran, and Cathnefs — ■ — Renfrew — — Stirling — — Weft Lothian — — Perth, Athol, Gowry, Broadalbin, Mon- teith, Strathern, Glenfliield, and Ray- nork — — — . Merns — — — Mar, Buchan, and Strathbogie — — Badenoch, Lochabar, Part of Rofs, and Murray — — Weftern Part of Mur- ray and Cromartie — Argyle, Cowal, Knap- dale, Kintire, and Lorn, with Part of the Weftern Ifles, particularly Ifla, Jura, Mull, Wift, Terif, Col, andLif- more — — — . Fife — — ^ ({ \ Chief Towns. Aire, Balgenny, anij Irwin. Dumbarton. f Rothfav. ■JWick.'W. Lon.-. N. (_ Lat. 58-4C. Renfrew. Stirling. Linlithgow, Perth, Athol, Scene* Blair, andDunkeld. Bervey. H01dAberdeen,WLon. 1-45. N.Lat. 57-12. New Aberdeen, Fra- ferfburgh, Peterhead. H >< Invernefs, Inverlochy. Nairne, Cromartie, layne, andTarbat. Inverary, Dunftafnag, Killonmer, and Campbletown. b). Forfar — 126. BamfF -1 27. Kirkcudbright 28. Sutherland — | b. Clacmanan and \ BO. Kinrofs — y Forfar, Angus , — — BamfF, Strathdovern, Boyne, Euzy, Bal- veny, Strathawin — Galloway, Eaft Part — Strathnaver Part and Dornock — — --1 I. Rofs b. Elgin — — Fife Part — — Rofs, Iflpsof Sky, Lewis, Harris, Ardvofs, and Glenelg — Murray — — "1 f St. Andrew, Couper, { J Burtit-Illand, Dum- f" I fermlin, Dyfart, and J (. Anftruther. Montrofe and Forfar. i < Bamff. Kirkcudbright. HStrathy. Dornock. < > CulrosandClacmanan» is. 7 C 111 Rcfs. Elgin, f Shires. 66 SCOT I, A N D. Shires. Counties nnd other Siibulvifions. 33 Orkney Chi'.'f Towns. Kirkv/all, \V. Lon. ntar t!ij IVicridiaii cf I.-^^ don, N. Lat. 6i. Tn all, thirty-thice flMrcs, wliich chufc thirty repreftnintlves to fit ij the parliament '-f tirejit-Britain ; Bute ;uul Cathncls fi afuig alteniatj as doNairr.c and Cromartic, :tnd Clacman.-.n and Kiniwfs. The royal IJoroughs vvivlch chuio icpre(cntaiives arc. f-jrKirkv/all, V incsofOrhncyandShct-IK,,^^;^!^;^;;' 1 land — — — II Nairnc, Kdinburg-h Kirkwall, Wick, 1) nine Dingwall, .md Tavuc Fortrole, Invcrncf and Foric's — — — Elgin, Cullciii, Bamtr, In- verury, and Kintore — — Aberdeen, Be.vy. Montrcfc, Aberbir.he, and Brechin Forfar, Perth, Dundee, Cow- per, and St. Anrirews — Crail, Kilrcnny, Anfrrnther Eall and Wei!:, and Pitten- weem — — — Dyfert, Pvirkaldy, Kinghorne, and Burnt Illand — — -! nnarijj kcud- [ liincrkcrthin, Dnmfcrmlln, ^ Q^eensfcny, Cul/oh, aaJ Siirling. ( Gl.'igovv, lU'!-!fr::'.v, Riiilii glen, and DuinbarLoii Haddington, Duubar, Nor;h-' Eerwic, Lawder, and Jd- biirgh — Selkirk, PcebU;, Linlithgow, 1 and Lanerk — — — ] Dumfries, Sanqut-har, Ann: Lochniaban, and Kirkc bright — Wigtown, New Galloway,) ijtranrawer, and Whiteh'>rn J Aire, Irwin, Rothl^iy, Canip-1 beltown, and Inveiary — j Climate, soil, air, and water.] The climate .ui over Scoihn^ is, from the variety of its hills, valleys, rivers, and lakes, for the mo part, agreeable and healthy, exempted from the inconveniencies chat atj tend the northern countries already defcribed, and even thole of amon foutherly fitnation. The air is, in general, moill and temperate ; bul an the neighbourhood of fome high mountains, which are covticd witlf eternal fnow, it is keen and piercing for about nine months in the vcaJ Day-light, at Midfummer, lafts eighteen hours and five minutes ; and the day and night, in winter, are in the fame proportion. Late expeJ lience has proved, that indullry, and fkilful agriculture, can reudertl-i foil of Scotland as fruitful as that of England ; though,- perhaps, maiijf ©f its vegetable and hortulane pi-oduftions may not come fo foon to matuJ jity. The inequality of the foil of Scotland is furprizing; and cannot bl accounted for by natural or apparent caufes ; fome of the nortlu rii proJ vinces being more fruitful and more early in their produdts than tlil fouthern : but thofe inequalities feem to be in common to all countricsj The water of Scotland is pure, light, and eafy to the ftomachj ani fome mineral waters have been difcovered. Mountains.] The principal mountains in Scotland arc the Gramj pian-hills, which run from eaft to weft, from near Aberdeen to Cowal iif Argyleihire, almoft the whole breadth of the kingdom. Another chai^ of mountains, called the Pentland Hills, runs through Lothian andjoij^ thofe of Tweedale. A third, called Lammer Muir, rifes near the ealter^ foail, aud rvms m&y^^d through the Merfe, Bciides thofe coutinueJ (hainsl SCOTLAND. 6; e fo foon to matui jhains, among which we may reckon the Cheviot or Tevitit Hills, on t,iie borders -^t' England, Scotland contains many dcf.iclicd mountains, nhich, from their conical fijTiire, fomenmes q;o by tiic Celtic word Laws. 'jjaiiy of them arc IhipcndouUv hii^h, and of beautiful fornu ; but too nu- merous to be particularized here. Rivers, lakes, and forests.] The larp;c{c river in Scotland 13 the Forth, which lifes In IVIonteith near Callendar, and pafling by Stir- ling, after dcicribing a number of beautiful meaiuiei-s, difuharrjcs itfflf liiitothat arm of the fea to which it givt-s the name of Frith of Forth. Si'cond to the Forth is the Tay, which ill'ues out of LochTay, in Broad- lilbin, and, running foiith-eali, falls into the fea at Dunclcf. The Spcy, Uiiich is called the moft rapid river in Scotland, iffues from a lake of the Ifjme name in Badcnoch, and, running from fTuth-v.-cIl: to north-eaft, Ifallj into the German Ocean ; as do the rivers Dee and Den, which run Ifron well to eali, and difembogue thcmielves near A'ocidcon. The ;|vie is a large river on the vveR ol' Scoiland, has its rife in Annandale, Lis north-weil through tiie valley of that name, and, afier pailing by Lanerk, Hamilton, the city of Glafgo;., Kenfrew, Dumbarton, anJ Jreenock, falls into the Frith of Clyde, oppofite to the ifle of Bute, [he Tweed ferves as a boundary between Scotland and England; and tifing on the borders of Lanerkfliire, after many be:'.wtiful f^-rpentint; urnings, difcharges itfelf into the fea at Berwick. Ecfidci tiiofe capital [ivers, Scotland contains many of an inferior fort, well provided with silmon, trout, and other fifties, which equally enrich and beautify the lountry. Several of thofe rivers go by tlie name of Eflc, v/iiich is tlie lid Celtic name for water. The greatell: improvement for inland navi- ptionthat has been attempted in Great-Britain, is now (1769) carrying on Eta very confiderable expence, by a fuciety of public- fpirited gentlemen, for joining the rivers Forth and Clyde together ; by which a communi- Jcation will be opened between tlie call and the weft feas, to the immcnfc ladvantage of the whole kingdom, as mull: be evident to every perfon vvho Illiall throw his eye upon the map of Scotland. The lakes of Scotland (there called Lochs) are too many to be particu- llarly defcribed. I'hofe called Locli Tay, Loch Lomond, and Loch An, land one or two more, prefcnt us v.'ith fuch pifturcfquc fccnes as are not Iniatchcd in Europe. Several of thofe lakes are beautifully fringed with hoods, and contain plenty of freili-v/ater fifli. Tlie Scois fometimes jgive the name of a loch to an arm of the fea, for example, Loch Fyn, Iwhich is fixty miles long and four broad, and is famous fo.- its excellent jiierrings : the Loch of Spinie, near F>igin, is remarkable by its n''mber lof Avails and cygnets, which often darken the air v.'ith their f...,hts ; owing, as fome think, to the plant olorina, which grows in its waters, ivith a ftrait ftalk and a clufter of feeds at the top. Near Lochncfs is a Ihill two miles perpendicular, on the top of which is a lake of cold frelli water, about thirty fi.thoms in length, too deep ever yet to be fathomed, |and never freezes ; whereas, but feventeen miles from thence, the Lake Lcchanwyn, or Green Lake, is covered with ice all the year round. The ancient province of Lochaber receives that name from being the nnuth of the lochs, by means of which the ancient Caledonians, the ge- buine defcendents of the Celts, were probably enabled to prefei-ve them- elves independent upon, and unmixed with, the Lowlanders. The face of Scotland, even where it is mort uninviting, prefcnts us ith the moll unqontrovcruble evidences of its having been formerly over- f 2 run m *jj €^ SCOTLAND. run with timber. The decpcfl: mofll-s, or nmrafTes, contain large logi of wood; and their waters being impregnated with turpentine have a prefervinji; quality, as appears by the human bodies which have been dif- covcred in thofe moHcs. The Sylva Caledonia, or Caledonian Forell, the remains of which are now tliought to be Etrick Wood, in the fouth of Scotland, famous in auticiuity for its beinir the harbour of tlic Calc- donian wild boars ; but fuch an animal is not now to be heard of in Scot- land. Several woods, however, Hill remain in that country ; and many I attempts have been made for reducing them into charcoal, for the ufc of) •furnatbs and foundcrics ; but Jying at a grep.t dillance from water-cai.[ riagc, though the work fucceeded perfectly in the execution, they wcrel found impradicable to be continued. Fir-trees grow in great perfa^icnl almoft all over Scotland, and form beautiful plantations. The Scotch! oak is excellent in the Highlands, where fomc woods reach twenty orl thirty miles in length, and four or five in breadth, but, through the iuconJ veniency already mentioned, without being of much emolument to tiiej proprietors. Metals and minerals. J Though Scotland does not at prefentj boaft of its gold mines, yet, it is certain, that it contains fach, or atl leaft that Scotland afforded a confiderable quantity of that metal foritil coinage. James V. and his father contrafted with certain Germans fori working the mines of Crawford-Moor ; and it is an undoubted h&, that! when James V. married the French king's daughter, a number of coveredl dilhes, filled with coins of Scotch gold, were prefented to the guefts byj way of deffert. The civil wars and troubles which follow under hii daughter and in the minority of his grandfon, drove thofe ncrs, tho chief of whom was called Cornelius, from their works, whivii, iincethall time, have never been recovered. Some fmall pieces of gold have beeo found in thofe parts waflied down by the floods. It likewife appears by the public records, that thofe beautiful coins ftruck by James V. cailej bonnet-pieces, were fabricated of gold found in Scotland, as were othei incJals of the fame metal. Several landholders in Scotland derive a large profit from their lead-j jnincs, which are here faid to be very rich, and to produce large quantiJ tic;, of filver ; but we know of no filver-mines that are worked at prefenti Some copper-mines have been found near Edinburgh ; and many parti of Scotland, in the eart, v. ell:, and northern counties, produce ex cellent coal of various kinds, Inrge quantities of which are exported, the vail emolument of the public. Limc-llone is here in great plenty, 5s frec-ltone ; fo that the hoiifes of the better fort are conftruited ofth moil beautiful materials. The indolence of the inhabitants of many placd .- in Scotland, where no coal is found, prevented them from fupplyingthi ciefeft by plantations of wood ; and the peat-mofTes being in many pan of tiie north efpecially, almofl exhaultcd, the inhabitants are put to gred difficulties for fuel : the talle for plantations, however, of all kinds jiow prevails, will foon remedy tliatinconvcniency. Lapis lazuli is faid to be dug up in Lanerkfhire ; allum-mines ha^ been found in Bamiflhire ; chryllaf, variegated pebbles, and other tran parent flones, which acbnit of the iineft polilh for feals, are found in niad f>arts of Scotland ; as are talc, flint, fea-fliells, potters-clay, and ^ eri-e.irth. The Hones which the country people call elf-arrow-head and to which they afiign a iupernatural origin and ufc, were probably tM flint heads of arrows made ui: of by the Cai»;doa."aos and ancient Scots. ' couaq Vec DU JdereJ jprelfnt llhey 3f (of the iTarious u.;ry> jjicis ■■I isi SCOTLAND. % entry produces greater plenty of iron-ore, both in mines and rtoncs, jn Scotland ; of which the proprietors now begin to tallc tlie fwceis, in' lljcir founderies and other metalline nianufadures. VEGtTADkE AND A N f M A I, piio-1 I havc nlrcadv obfcrved, that DUCTiONs, BY stA AND LAND, j tho foil of Scotland may be ren- ereJ iis fruitful as that of England. Many parts of the Low Countries at [relent exceed in value Englifh eftates of the fame extent, becaufe liicyare far lefs exhaufted antl worn out than thole in the fouthcrn parts jfthe ifland. Even the barren rocks of Scotland now produce grain of ,jrious kinds ; and agriculture is perhaps as well underftood,"^both in ,;„.;ryand praftice, among many of the Scotch landholders and farmer:;, jjitis in any part of Europe. I'hcir grounds produce wheat, rye, bar- lev, oat.", hemp, flax, hay, and palturage, and are generally well in- [cloicdand kept warm. In the fouthcrn counties the finell garden fruits, larticularly apricots, nectarines, and peaches, fall little, it at all, fliort ftliofe in England ; and the fame may be laid of the common fruits. fhe uncultivated parts of the Highlands abound in various kinds of falu- rious and pleafant-talled berries ; though it mull be owned, that many xtenfive trafts are covered with a Itn-ng heath. The fea-coaft produces c alga-marina, dulfe, or dulifti, a iioft wholefome nutritive weed, in reat quantities, and other marine plants. The filhcs on the coall of Scotland are much the fame with thofe of the (lands and counties already defcribed ; but the Scot . have improved in [heir filheries as much as they have 'n their manufaftiies and agriculture, [orfncieties have been formed, which have carried that branch of national /ealth to a perfection that never was before known in that country ; and lids fair to emulate, if not to excel, the Dutch themfelves, in curing, as fdl as catching, their fifh. In former times, the Scots feldom ven- ;ured to filh at a diftancc of above a league from the land, but they now ly in the deep waters as boldly and fuccefsfully as any of their neigh- Ibours. Their falmons, which they can fend more early, when prepared, to the Levant and fouthern markets than the Englifli or Irifh can, are of jrcat fervice to the nation, as the returns are generally made in fpecie, or kneficial commodities. * This country contains few or no kinds either of wild or domeftic anl- nials that are not common with their neighbours. The red-deer and the rae-buck are found in the Highlands, but their flefh is not comparable to Englifli venifon. Hares, and all other animals for game, are here )Ientiful ; as are the groufe and heathcock, which is a moll delicious lird, as likcwife are the capperkaily and the tarmacan, which is of the phcifant kind ; but thofe birds are fcarce even in the Highlands, and when difcovered are very fliy. The numbers of black cattle and ihcep, that cover the hills of Scotland towards the Highlands, are almoft incre- dible, and formerly brought large fums into the country, the black cattle efpecially, which, when fattened on the foutliern paftures, are reckoned fupeiior to Englifh beef. It is to be hoped, however, that this trade is row on its decline, by the vail increafe of manufai^urers, whole demands for butchers meat iiiuft lelTen the exportation of cattle into England. Some are of opinion, that a fufficient Hock, by proper methods, may be raifed to lupply both markets, to the great emolument of the mother country. Formerly the kings fit Scotland were at infinite pains to mend the breed of the Scotch hcrfes, by importing a larger and more generous F 3 ^und v dc'volnto ; but that pri- egc does not hold in royal burghs. A kirk-felTion is the loweft ecclefialHcal judicatory in Scotland, and its lithoritv does not extend beyond its own parifh. The members con fill the minillcr, elders, and deacons. The deacons are laymen, and aift tty much as cliurch-wardens do in England, by having the fupcrin- nrlency of the poor, and taking care of other parochial aflairs. I'he tier, or, as he is called, the ruling elder, is a place of great parochial ', and he is generally a lay pcrfon of quality or interelT in the pariih. W are fuppofcd to ad in a kind of a co-ordinancy with the minifter, idto be afhiting to him in many of his clerical duties, particularly in itcchifipg, vifiting the fick, and at the communion-table. The office of minifters, or preaching prelbyters, includes the offices of aeons and ruling-elders ; they alone can preach, adminifter the facra- lents, catechife, pronounce church cenfures, ordain deacons, and ruling ers, aflift at the impofition of hands upon otlier minifters, and mode- :eorprefide in all eccjefiaftical judicatories, I The 76 SCOTLAND. ^.■liii: S;'.' ' The bounces of this work do not admit of entering at-large upon th« doclrinal and economical part of the church of Scotland. It is fufficient to fay, tliat its firft principle is )x parity of ecclefiaftical authority among all its preJbyters ; that it agrees in its cenfures with the reformed churches abroad in the chief heads of oppoiition to popery ; but that it is modelled principally after the Calviniftical plan eftablilhed at Geneva. This efta- tlifliment, at various periods, proved fo tyrannical over the laity, by having the power of the greater and lefler excommunication, which were attended by a forfeiture of ellate, and fomctimes of life, that the kirk feinons, and other bodies, have been abridged of all their dangerous powers over the laity, who are extremely jealous of their being revived. It is faid, that even that relic of popery, the obliging fornicators of both fcxcs to fit upon what they call a repcnting-ftool, in the church, and ia full view of the congregation, begins to wear out ; it having been found, that the Scotch womt-n, on account of that penance, were the greateli infanticides h\ the world. In fhort, the power of the Scotch clergy is at prefent wry moderate, or at Icall very moderately exercifed; nor are they accountable for the extravagancies of their predeccflbrs. They have been, ever fince the Revolution, firm adherents to civil liberty, and the houfc of Hanover i and arted with remarkable intrepidity during the rebellion in 1745. They drefs without clerical robes ; but fome of theiu appear in the pulpit in gowns, after the Geneva form, and bands. They make no uk of fet forms in worfhip, but are not prohibited that of the Lord's prayer. The rents of the bifliops, fince the abolition of epifco- pacy, are paid to the king, who commonly appropriates them to pious purpofes. A thoufund pounds a year is always fent by his majefty for the ufe of the protellant fchools ercfted by aft of parliament in North- Britain, and the Weftern liles ; and the Scotch clergy, of late, have planned out funds for the fupport of their widows and orphans. Th-i number of parifhes in Scotland are eight hundred and ninety, whereof thirty-one are collegiaie churches, that is, where the cure is ferved by more than one miniitcr. Scotland, during the time of epifcopacy, contained two archbiflioprics, St. Andrew's and Glafgow; and twelve biflioprics, which aje, Edin- burgh, Dunkeld, Aberdeen, Murray, Brichen, Dumbarton, Rofs, Caith- nel's, Orkney, Galloway, Argyle, and the Ifles. The univcrfities of tliis kingdom are four, viz. thofe of St. Andrew, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and Glafgow. Learning and i,earned men.] For this article we may refer to tlie literary hiflory of Europe for thefe fourteen hundred years palh The v.ellcrn pans and iiles of Scotland produced St. Patric, the cele- brated apofcle of Irehmd ; and many others fince, whofe bare names Xvould make a long article. The writings of Adamnanus, and other autjiors, who lived before, and at the time of the conqueft of England, which arc come to our hands, are fpecimens of their learning. Charles tlie Great, or Charlemagne, moft unqueilionably held a correfpondence by letters with the kings of Scotland, with whom he formed a famous league; and employed Scotchmen in planning, fettling, and ruling his favourite univerfities, and other feminaries of learning, in France, Italy, »nd Germany. It is an undoubted truth, though a feeming paradoxical fatiy that Barbour, a Scotch poet, philofopher, and hiilorian, though ^rior in time to Chcuccr, having flouriflied in the year 1368, wrote, according to the modern idi;ai, purer Englifli than that bard, and his ter^Uitioi lb ptrliaf .s jiiore harmoniou!,. 'Ihc dellrudlion of the Scotch 3 niunuuicntj S C O T L A N a n IjonumenU of learning and antiquity, have rendered their early annalt Ikme, and often fabulous ; but the Latin Itile of Buchana«'s biftory in this day the moft claflical of all modern productions. 'I'he letters of lihe Scotch kings to the neighbouring princes, are incomparably the fineft Icompofitions of the times in which they were written, and are pure froiH- Ithebarbarifms of thofe fent them in anfwer. This is at le^ill a nianifcft [proof that claffical learning was better cultivated at the court -of Scotland, I than at any other in Europe. The famous difcovery of logarithms, was owing to Napier, the baron ofMarchilton ; and it would be endlefs to name the many great mathe- maticians which Scotland has fince produced. The fame may be faid of her divines, moralifts, phyficians, naturalifts, poets, hiftorians, and writers in every branch of literature, whofe eminent merits are coiv fcffed by the greateft enemies of that country. Commerce and manufactures.] Scotland may hitherto b« juftly looked upon as a non-defcribed country. All the writers, tiU ivithin thefe few years, who have treated of that nation, reprefent it at being in the very fame ftate as a century ago. In this they are not to blame, becaufe the alteration which the people and country have under- gone, has been inconceivably fudden. Without entering into tiie diC- puted point, how far Scotland was benefited by its union with England, it is certain that the expedition of the Scots to take poffeflion of Darien, and to carry on an Eaft and Weft-India trade, was founded upon triif principles of commerce, and (fo far as it went) executed with a nobl» Ipirit of enterprize. The mifcarriage of that fcheme, after receiving th# higheft and moft folemn fanftions, is a difgrace to tJie annals of that reign in which it happened ; as the Scots had then a free, indepen- dent, and unconnedled parliament. We are to account for the long languor of the Scottilh commerce, and many other misfortunes which that country fuftained, to the difguft the inhabitants conceived on that? account, and fome invafions of their rights, which they thought incon- fiilent with the articles of union. The intails and narrow fettJements of family eftates, and fome remains of the feudal inlUtutions, might con- tribute to the fame caufe. Mr. Pelham, when at the head of the adminiftration in England, after the extinftion of the rebellion in 1745, was the iirft nilnillcr v.ho dif- covered the true valueof Scotland, which then became a more coniiderable objctl of governmental enquiry than ever. All the benefits received by that country, for the rcl'.cf of the people from their feudal tyranny, wero eftcfted by that great n-'an. The bounties and encouragements granted to the Scots, for the bjncfit of trade and manuf;itlures, durin^j; his ad- miniilration, made them fcnfible of tlieir own importance; and had h» ken a Scotchman, muft have ruined his minillry. A fucceeuing mini- iter puriued Mr. Pelham's wife plan ; and jullly boafted in p.uliament, that he availed himlclf of the courage, good lenle, and fpirit of thcf Scots, in carrying on the moll cxtcnfive v\ar that Great Britain ever was engaged in. Let me add, to the honour of the Britllh govornment, that whatever indecent and mean rcfcntmcnts hiux- been expreifod by the refufe of the Englifla nation againll: the Scots, tlio latter have been ruflcred to avail themfelves of all die benefits of commerce and manu- failures they can claim, either in right of their former independency, the treaty of union, or poftcrior atls of parliamc;it. This is manifeft in the cxtcnfive trade they carry on with the Britifl* feidements in America and the Weft-Indies, Rud wiih all the nation^ to whick *) TrnJi ■ >ii I iiH ^8 S C O T L A N D. lii^)^l which the Englifla thcmklvcs trade; fo that the encreafc of thrir fjilp, ping within thefe tv,emy-fivc yc'ars pail, has been very confidcr.i'ole. The exports of thofe Ihips arc compofcd chiefiy of Scotch manufajtiiies fabricated from the produce of the foil, and the indutlry of Its iiiliabi! tants. In exchange for thofe, they import tobacco, rice, cotton, fuTar and rum, from the Britilh plantations ; and from other countries, their produi^s, to tha immenfe faving of their nation. The fifheries of Scotland are not confined to their own coafts, for they have a vaft concern in the whale-fiihery carried on upon the coatl: of Sp;tf. bergen ; and their returns are valuable, as the government allows tliem a bounty of forty (hillings for every ton of (hipping employed in that article. The late imorovenient of their fiflieries, whicii 1 have alrcr.dv mentioned, and whicii are daily encreafing, open inexhauii;il)ie Lnw of wealth; their cured fiih being by foreigners, and the Englifh plr.n- ters in America, preferred to thofe of Newfoundland. The bcueiits of thofe fiflieries are perhaps equalled by other manufactures canyino' on at land, particularly that of iron at Carron, in Sterlinglhiie, Their linen manufactory, notwithllanding a ftrong rivalfliip from Ire- Jand, fupported underhand by fome Engiifh, is in a flourilhing Itate. The thread manufacture of Scotland is equal, if not luperior, to any in the world ; and the lace fabricated from it, has been deemed worthy of royal wear and approbation. It has been faid fome years ago, that the exports from Scotland to England, and the Britilh plantations, in linen, cambrics, checks^ Olhaburgs, inkle, and the like commodities, amounted annually to 400,000!. cxclufive of their home confumption ; and there is reafori to believe that the fum is con- fiderably larger at prefent. The Scots are likewife making very pro- mifing eftbrts for eftablifliing woollen manufactures ; and their exports of caps, (lockings, mittens, and other articles of their own woo], begin to be very confiderable. The Scots, it is true, cannot pretend to rival the Englilh in their (iner cloths ; but they make at prefent fome broad cloth proper for the v/ear of people of fa(hion in an undrefs, and exceeding in quality and finenefs what is commonly called Yorkfhire cloth. Among the other late improvements of the Scots, we are not to forget the vail progrefs they have made in working the mines, and fmelt- ing the ores of their country. Their coal trade to England is well known; and of late they have turned even their (tones to account, by tlreir con- trafts for paving the (treets of London. If the great trade in cattle, which the Scots carried on of late with the Engiifh, is now diminiflied, it is owing to the belt of national caufes, that of an encreafe of home con- fumption. The trade carried on by the Scots with England, is chiefly from Leith, and the eaflern ports of the nation ; but Glafgow is the great em- porium for the American commerce. I have already mentioned the great project now executing for joining the Forth to the Clyde, which will render the benefits of trade of mutual advantage to both parts of Scodand. In (hort, the more that the feas, the fituation, the foil, harbours, and rivers of this country are known, the bette*- adapted it appears for all the purpofes of commerce, both foreign and domeftic. With regard to other manufaftures, not mentioned, fome of them are yet in their infancy. The town of Paidey itfelf employs an incredible number of hands, in fabricating a particular kind of flowered and itripcd lawns, which are a reafonable and elegant wear. Sugar-houfes have been erefted, and aie carrying on in Scotland j and jjlafs works of every kind. Paper- I iiiconiidl J", Treat 1 been iai| v.:."' iitncr ca| ar:", or Ili.vinl iiira'.itan;! land iicsl attach mol nn.ion, wl I'-crdlv al Whil • tU currency I upon an r h fomcwl on the val 1u t SCOTLAND. ^f fnnrr -mills nre tretniln^; every where* Tlie 'kotcli carpetirK^ innke neat j,;il Jaftiii'T fiirniuti-t; ; and Ibrne ciTays luiVi' been ,'atc'Iy nude, with no incon.'ideiT.blc /.Icgrce ol" llicceis, to carry tl at brnnch c;f m;un:f^.c^iirc to ai great perfciTtion as is fou»'d in any p;irc of Europe. . After all that has been laid, munv years will be required before the trade and improve- nvr't; of Scotland can bo broiif;hc t.) maturity. In any event, they never can frive umbra^'e to the Euglilli, as the interdts of the two people ar?, or nuirht to be the faiiiC. Ili.ving liiid thtis nv.ich, I cannot avoid obfervinj the prodiqinus dif- aiva'ataf!;e under which b.-)th the coi-nmercial and landed intcrc.'i' of Scot- Ir.d iics, fro-.n her n'-bility and great laiidholderi having too fond an att-n-hmcnt for Eap;land and forci?;n couiiti-icE, where th^^y fpcnd their r::Ay ;r.nncy. Tliiy is one of the evils arifing to Scotland frcni thn nnion, which removed the {('at of her legillature to Lonlo-i ; but it is (greatly augmented by thfi refort cf volunteer abfentecs to that capital. \Vhil.: this partiality fuhiiils, the Scots mull always be didrcli: lor a currency of fi^ccie. How far paper can funnily that dcfeifl, depends upan an attention to tlie b^dance of trade ; and tlie evil mav, perhnp.% bsfomewhat pi'cvonijd, by money remitted ffom England ior carrvins^ on the vail manufachircs and works now fct on f.)ot in Scotland. The gendemen v/ho refide in Scotland, ]r.\xc wifely abandoned I'rcnch riarec, (th.jugh too much of it is itill made ull* of in the country) and brandv, tbr rum, and the liquors produced in the Brllirn plantations; and their own malt liquors are now come to as great (if n well recorded by Tacitus, with the CiUedonian king Calgacus, SCOTLAND. U tilgacus, who w.is defeated; Some writers « think, th.it this remain If antiquity at Ardoch was, on account of the numerous Roman coins od infcriptions found nearit> a Roman caftellum or fort. Be that as it 1, it certainly is the moll entire and bell preferfed of any Roman an- Lait)' of that kind in Britain, having no Icfs than five rows of ditches InJ fix ramparts on the fouth fide ; and of the four gates which lead into [he area, three of them are very dillindl and plain, viz. the pnetoria, iecumana, and dextra : the prastorium, is the place where the general'* Itcnt llood. The Roman temple, or building in the form of the Pantheon at Rome> lorthe dome of St. Paul's at London, ftood upon the banks of the rivef Icarron, in Sterlingfhire, but has been lately barbaroufly demolifhed for . |t!ie purpofe of mending a mill-pond. Its height was twenty-two feet^ |ind its external circumference at the bafe was eighty-eight feet ; fo thac [ipon the whole, it was one of the moft compleat Roman antiquities in le world. It is thought to have been built by Agricola, or fome of his iccell'ors, as A temple to the god Terminus, as it ftood near the pre- aiture which bouaded the Roman empire in Britain to the north. Neai* •are fome artificial conical mounts of earth, which ftill retain the name ifDHni-pace, or Duni-pacis ; which ferve to evidence, that there was a iind of folemn compromife between the Romans and Caledonians, that! it former fhould not extend their empire farther to the northwards. Innumerable .tre the coins, urns, utenfils, infcriptions, and other re- nins of the Romans, that have been found in different parts of Scot- laid ; fome of them to the north of the prctenture, where, however, it «s not appear that they made any eftaBlilhrnent. By the infcriptions fiund near the pretenture, the names of the legions that built it, and l)w far they carried it on, may be learned. The remains of Roman' Itghways are frequent in the fouthem parts. Danilh camps and fortifications are eafily dlfcernible in feveral northern unties, and are known by their fquare figures and difficult fituations. me houfes of ftupendous fabrics remain in Rcfs-lhire, but whether they* :t Danilh, Pldilh, or Scotilh, does not appear. The elevations of of them are to be feen in Gordon's Itinerarium Septentrionale. I of opinion that they are Norwegian or Scandinavian ftruftures, and luilt about the fifth century, to favour the defcents of that people upoa lofe coafts. Two Piftiih monuments, as they are thought to be, of a very cxtraor- inary conftruftion, were lately Handing in Scotlatid, one of them at bernethy in Perthlhire, the other at Brechin in Angu^ : both of them columns, hollow in the inflde, and without a ftair-cafe ; that o^ " rechin is the moft entire, being covered at the top with a fpiral roof * "Ibne, with three or four windows above the cornifh : it confifts of y regular courfes of hewn free ftone, laid circularly and regularly, " id tapering towards the top. If thofe columns are really Piftiih, that pie mull have had among them archltefts that far exceeded thofe of ly coeval monuments to be found in Europe, as they have all the ap- arance of an order ; and the building is neat, and in the Roman taue architefturc. It is, however, difficult to affign them to any but the h, as they ftand in their dominions ; and wme fcnlptures upon that Brechin, denote it to be of Chriilian original. It is not indeed im- Mi that thof« fculptures are of a later date. Befides^ thofe two pi'l- * A ff SCOTLAND, not in ttislfi thcl |:.lclli^es of crcftions by t!-.c anticnt Scois thcmfelves, an* not owW curious but inftru^ive, as tluy regard many inportant events of their hiftor)'. That people had .-.mongtl them a rude notion of fculpture, in which they tranrniiticJ tlie aclftions of their kings and liemes. At a placu called Aborlemno, near Brechin, four or five ancient obelifks arc Itill to be fecn, called the Danilh Hones of Abcrlemao. They weie ercfttj aj commemorations of the Scotch viftories over rhat people ; and are adornrd with bafs reliefs of men on horfeback, and r.mny emlilcmatical figures and hierogliphics, not intelligible at this day, but minutely de- fcribcd by Mr. Gordon. Many other hilbrical monuments of the Jicotj may be difcovered on the like occafions ; but it mull be acknowledged, tlia't the obfcurity of their fculptures have encoumged a field of boundkls and frivolous conjcftures, fo that the interpretations of many of them arc often fanciful. It would, however, be unpardonable if I (hould ncglcit to mention the ftone near the town of Forrefs or Fortrofe, in Murray^ which far furpafles all the others in magnificence and grandeur, " and is (fays Mr. Gordon) perhaps, one of the moll llately monuments of that kind in Europe. It rifcs about twenty-three feet in height, abovcl ground, and is, as I am credibly informed, no lefs than twelve or fifteen I feet below ; fo that the whole height is at leall thirty-five feet, and itil breadth near five, it is all one fingle and entire Hone ; great variety of I figures in relievo are carved thereon, fome of them iHU dillindl and vifi- ble ; but the injury of the weather has obfcured thofe towards the upper- part." Though this monument has generally been looked upon asp jbanilh, yet I have little doubt of its being Scotch, and that it was [ erefted in commemoration of the final expulfion of tlie Danes out of j Murray, where they held their lall fettleraent in Scotlard, after the de- feat they received from Malcolm a few years before the conquell of Eng- land by the Normans. Befides thefe remains of Roman, Piftilh, Danifli, and Scotch ami- 1 quities, many druidical monuments and temples arc difccrnib.'e in the northern parts of Scotland, as well as in the ifles, where we may fuppofe that paganifm took its lall refuge. They are eafily perceived by their circular forms ; but though they are equally regular^ yet none of them are fo flupendous as the druidical eredbons in South-Britain. Therein in Perthlhire a barrowwhich feems to be a Britifh ereftion, and the moll | beautiful of the kind perhaps in the world ; it exadly refembles the figure of a fhip with the keel uppermoft. The common people call it I Ternay, which fome interpret to be terrtt navis, the (hip of earth. It Jeemfi to be of the moft remote antiq.iiity, and perhaps was erected to the^ jRiemory of fome Britifli prince, who a^ed as auxiliary to. the Romans ; j for it lies near Auchterardcr, not many miles diftant from the great rcencj of Agricola's operations. Scotland aflurds few natural curiofities bui: thofe we have already j jhentioned in defcribing the lakesj rivers, and mountains. Mention is i made of a heap of whire ilones, moll of them clear like chryftal, together^ with great plenty of oilier and other iea-fliell«, that are found on the top| of a mountain called Skorna Lappich in Rofsfhire, twenty miles diftanc from the fea. plains, in Aberdeenfhire, is faid to be remarkable for petrifying cave, called the Dropping-cave, where water oozing through a ip-ungy porous rock on the top, doth c^xiickly confoiidate after it drops! S C O T' L A N D. 83 (1 the bottom. Other natviral curiofitics belopoing to Scotland liave l.,kfn pod'cfiion of iti ilefcriptions and hiltories, but they goncrally owe their extraordinary qualities to the crcduli'y of the vul^>.ir, and viiniib »hcn they are (kilfully examined. Some cavcn.s that are to be found in Fifclhire, and arc probaidy natural, are ot v. vtraordinary dimcnfion;', and jiave been the fcenc.s of inhuman cruelties. CrriKS, TOWNS, ANo OTHFrt. li Di- 7 Edinburgh, thfr crjiital of Ficns PUBLIC AND PRiVA'i'E. J ScotJn.ai, natiir?.lly t:;!;e.s the lead in this divifion, which the bounds of our work oblij'« us to cnii- ViA. The caftle, before the uft of artillery, was deemed to be im- pregnable by force. It was probably built by the fnixon kincj lilcJwin, whole territories reached to the Firth of Forth, and who pave his name to Edinburgh, as it certainly did not fall into the hands of the Scots till the reip;n of Indulphus, who lived in the year 953. The town was huilt for the benefit of prott-dion from the calllc, and a more incon- if, 'ent fituation for a capital can fcarcily be conceived ; the high llreetj ivhich is on the ridge of a hill, lying ealt and wctl ; and the lanrs run- ning down its lidey, north and Ibuth. In former times the town was liirrounded by water, excepting towards the ealt ; fo lliat when th».' French landed i ' Scotland^ during the regency of Mary of Guife, they gave it ihc name of Liilebourg. This fuuation fuggelled the idea of building very lofty houfes divided into ftories, each of which contained a fuitc of X)oms, feme being la/ge and commodious for the ufe of a family ; fo that ■k high ftreet of Edinburgh made a moll auguft appearance, efpecially vl.u' terminated by the rude majefly of its caitle, built upon a lefty, in- ..,!,. lie, multiform rock. This crouded population, hov/evpr, was fo Ihockingly inconvenient, that the F.ng'ifh, who feldom went i.uiher intd ihe country, returned with the deepeti: impreflions of Scotch nalHncfs, ^hich became proverbial. The calHe has fome good apartments, a tole- rable train of artillery, and has not only a large magazine of arms and ammunition, but contains the regalia, which were depofited here under the moil folemn legal inllruments of their never being removed from thence. All that is known at prefent of ihofe regalia, is contained in the inftrument which was taken at the time of their being depofited/ where they are fully defcribed. Facing the caftle, at a long mile's diftance to the eaft, ftands the ab- bey, or rather palace, of Holyrood-houfe. Theinncr quadrangle of this palace, which was begun by James V. and finilhed by Charles II. is of magnificent modern ai'chitefture, built according to the plan, and under the diredlion of Sir William Bruce, a Scotch gentleman of family, and undoubtedly otie of the greateft archited^ of that age. Round the qua- drangle runs an arcade, adorned with pilallers ; and the infide contains Magnificent apartments for the duke of Hamilton, who is hereditary keeper of the palace, and Other noblemen. Its Icnjr gallery contains figures, fome of which are from portraits, but all of them painted by HMxlern hands, of the kings of Scotland down to the time of the Revo- lution. James VII. when duke of York, intended to have made great improvements about Ihis palace ; for at prefent nothing can be more uncomfortable than its fituation, at the bottom of bleak unimproved craggs and mountains, with fcarce a fmglc tret in its neighbourhood; "■he chapel belonging to the palace, as it ftood when repaired and orna- lentcd by that prince, is thought to have been the moft elegant piece of othic arohitsQure in Europe. It was the conventual church of the old ki z abbey. $4 SCOTLAND: i. . '*. , ! I. Pi: at* ■ *rned with noble feats, which are daily encreafing ; fjme of them yield to few in England : but they arc too numerous to be particularized here. I cannot, however, avoid men- tioning the duke of Cuccleugh's houfe at Dalkeith, that of the marquis of Lothian at Newbottle, and Hopton-houfe, fo called from the earl its owner. About four miles from Eiiinburgh is Rollin, noted for a (lately Gothic chapel, counted one of the nioft curious pieces of workmanfliip in Europe ; founded in the year 1440, by William St. Clair, prince ot Orkney ami duke of Oklenburgh. lU)flin is likewife famous for a viftory, or rather three viiftories in one day, which the Scots, who were no more than 8000 iu number, obtained over 30,000 Englifh, commanded by their ..bielb generals. Glalgow, in the fliire of Lanerk, fituated on a gentle declivity llopinp- towards the river Clyde, 44 miles well of Edinburgh, is for population' commerce, and riche?, the fecond city of Scotland, and, confidering its fir.c, the firll in Gvcat-Britain, and perhaps in Europe, as to elegance, re- gularity, and the beautiful materials of its buildings. The llreets crofseach t)ther at rigiit angles, and are broad, llrait, well paved, and confequently clean. Their houfes make a grand appearance, and are in general four or five fiories high, and many of them towards the center of the city are Supported by arcades, which form piazzas, and give the whole an air of jiiagnificence. Some of the modern built churches are in the iineft iHle of architedure, and the cathedral is a ftupendous Gothic building, hardly to be paralleled in that kind of architedlurc. It contains two churches, one above another, and is furniflied with a very fine fpire fpringing from a tower ; the whole being reckoned a mailerly and a jnatchlefs fabric. It was preferred from the fury of the Reformers by the refolution of the citizen?. The town-houfe is a lofty building, and has very noble apartments for the magirtrates. The univerfity is elleemed the moll fpacious and bell built of any in Scotland, and is at prefent in 4 thriving ftate. In this city are feveral well endowed hofpitals ; and it is particularly well fupplied with large and convenient inns, proper for the accommodation of the moll illullrious llranger. They hay e lately laid the foundation of a new bridge crofs the riyer Clyde ; but our bounds flo not allow us tq particularize that, and the other public-fpirited build- ings and works of t|iis city llill carrying on by the inhabitants, who do honour to the benefits arifing from their vail commerce, both foreign and internal ; which they carry on with amazing fuccefs. In Glalgow are feven churches, and eight or ten meeting-houfes for feftanes of various deno- minations. I'he number pf its inhabitants have been eftimated a{ 50,000. Aberdeen bids fair to be the third town in Scotland for improvement and population. It is the capital of a Ihire, to which it gives its name, and contains two towns, Ne'v and Old Aberdeen. The former h the ibire town, and evidently built for the purpofe of commerce. It is a large well built city, (ind Jias a good tjuay or tide-harbour : in it are three ^hutches and feveral epifcopal meeting-houfes, a confiderable degree of foreign commerce and much ihipmng, a well fjccjuciucd ^nivcrfity, and ■ ■ ■ ' above SCOTLAND. 87 itals : and it is Love 12,000 inhabitants. Old A-berdeen, near a mile dillant, tTiough liinioft joined to the new by means of a long village, has no dependence 1(11 the other ; it is a moderately large market-town, but has no haven. each of thefe two places there is a well endowed college, both toge- Lier being termed the univerfity of Aberdeen, altliough quite iudepeii- Jcnt of each other. Perth, the capital town of Perthlhirc, lying on the ■river Tay, trades to Norway and the BJtit: : it is finely lituated, has an [improving linen manufaflory, and licb in the neighbourhood of one of (tiis moll fertile fpotsin Great-Britain, called the carfe of Gowiy. Dun- I'ee, by the general computation, contains about 10,000 inhabitants : [it lies near the iriouth of the river 'I'ay : it is a town of confiderable I trade? exporting much linea, grain, herrings, and peltry, to fundrv [foreign parts: it has three churches. Montrofe, Aberbrothick, and Brechin, lie in the fame county of Angus : the firll has a great and flou- 1 illiiog f'"«^ign trade,, and the maaufadures of the other two are upon ;he thriving hand. It may be necelTary again to put the reader in mind, that I write with I ireat uncenainty with regard to Scotland, on account of its improving late. I have rather under, than over-rated the number of inhabitants in the towns I have mentioned. Edinburgh certainly contains more than ! to.ooo fouls, which is the common computation, to which I all along Conform myfelf; but the influx of people, and the encrcafe of matrimony \i proportion to that of property, mull create great alterations for the jettcr, and few for the worfe, becaufe the inhabitants who aie difpofed ;o indullry may always find employment. This uncej-tai«ty is the reafon *hy I omit a particiJar dcfcription of Dumfries, Air, Greenock, Pailley, Sterling, and about fifty other burghs and towns of very confiderable trade in Scotland. The antitnt Scots valued themfelves upon their trufting to their own [dour, and not to fortifications, for the defence of their country : this *as a maxim more heroical perhaps than prudent, as they have often experienced ; and indeed to this day theii forts would make but a forry figure, if regularly attacked. The caftles of Edinburgh, Sterling, and Dunbarton, formerly places of great ilrength, couid not hold out eiglit and forty hours, if befieged by 6000 regular troops, with proper artil- lery. Fort William^ which lies in the weft Highlands, is fufiicient to bridle the inhabitants of the neighbourhood, as are Fort George and Fort Augulhis, in the north and north-well; but none of them can be ccnfidered as defences againfl: a foreign enemy. 1 fliall not pretend to enter upon a defcriptlon of the noble edifice.t that have, within the courfe of this and the lall century, been ereded by private perfons in Scotland, becaufe they are Co numerous, that to par- ticularize them exceeds the bounds of my plan. It is fufiicient to fay, that many of them are equal to the moll uiperb buildings in England and foreign countries : and the reader's furprize af ithis will ceafe, when he is informed, that the genius of no people in the world is more devoted I to architefture than that of the nobility and gentry of Scotland ; and that there is no country in Europe, on account of the clieapnefs of niate- I rials, where it can be gratified at fo moderate an cxpence. Coins.] In the reign of Edward II. of England, the value and deno- I mi nations of coins were the fame in Scotland as in England. Towards I the reign of J^mes U. a Scotch ihilUng anfwered to about an EngliiU jfupence ; and aibout the reign of queen Mary of Scotland, it wa$ not C 4. ©ore ti SCOTLAND. J M' ill " Hi \ \ m ^uA-- V': more than an Fn^Iilh groat. It continued diminifliing in this marncrj till iifter the Union of tlie two crowns, under her fon ; when the vaiH refort of the Scotch nobility and gentry to the Englilh court, occifionedj fuch a drain of fpecie from Scotland, that by degrees a Scotch (liillino | fell to the value of one twelfth of an Englifli Shilling, and their pennies ' in proportion. A Scotch penny is now very rarely to be found ; and they were fticceedcd by bodies, which was double the value of a Scotch penny, and are Hill current, but are daily wea/ing out. A Scotch half. penny was called a babie • fome fay, becaufe it was firft ftamped with the head of James III. when he was a babe or baby ; but perhaps it is i only the corruption of two French words, ias piece, fignifying a low piece of money. The fame obfervation we have made of the Scotch Ihilling, holds of their pounds and marks ; which are not coins, butde- jaominations of fun^s. In all other refpefts, the currency of money in Scotland and England is the fame ; as very few people now r^'ckon by the Scotch computation. Revenues.] See England, Punishments.] Thefe are pretty much the fame in Scotland as in England, only that of beheading is performed by an inftrument called the Maiden : the model of which, it is well known, was brought from Hallifax in England to Scotland, by the regent earl of Morton, and it was hanfelled by his own execution. Laws and constitution.] No government in Europe was better fitted for the enjoyment of liberty, than that of Scotland was by its ori-, FJnal conlliti'f'on ; and if it was rcprehenfible in any refped, it was that It left more freedom to the fubjcdt than is confillent with civil fubordina- tion. The ancient kings of Scotland, at their coronation, took the follow, jng oath, containing tjirce promiics, viz. " In the name of Chrilt, I promife thefe three things to the Chriftian people my fubjefts : Firll, that I fiiall give order, and employ my force and afiillancc, that the church of God, and the Chriftian people, may enjoy true peace during our time, under our govcrnmeL''. Secondly, I fliall prohibit and hinder all pcrf;ns, of whatever degree, from violence ixrA injullice. Thirdly, In all judgments I (hall follow tlvi prefcriptions of juliice and mercy, to the end tha; our clement and mcrcitul God may Ihew mercy to nie, and to you." The parliament of Scotland anciently confiiied of all who held any portion of land, however iinall, of the crown, by military fervice. This parliament appointed the times of its own meeting and adjournment, and committees to fuperintend the adminiftration during the intervals of parliament ; it had a cinnmanding power in all matters of government ; It appropriated the public money, ordered the keeping of it, and called for the accounts ; it armed the people, and appointed commanders ; it jiamed and commiffioned ambaifadors ; it granted and limited pardons ; it appointed judges and courts of judicature ; it named ofiicers of ftate and privy-counlellors ; it annexed and alienated the revenues of the trown, and retrained grants by the king. The king of Scotland had no negative voice in parliament ; nor could he declare war, make peace, or conclude any other public bufinefs of importance, without the advice and approbation of parliament. The prerogative of the king was fo bounded, that he was not even entrufted with the executive part of the governinent, And fo Jute as the minority of James IV. who was co- . - temporary lffmpf>''a Ifointedl Iky the Ideal thai Ichieftal/ Ifidcrablc |adJ:-cf:i t| Ible the cf Scotlj event W.I witiiiianti we:iKen whoferc^ diepopCi I lone by \ifthe artl Indburgf heers eic bi.^hts Jiofe v.'cn Icentofth Their t Irought ii I swtive. Icnntttng SCOTLAND. «? Ittmpwary with and fon-in- law to Henry VII. of England, the parliament Ipointed out to him his duty, as the firft fcrvant of his people ; as appears Iw the ai^s ftill extont. In ftiort, the conlHtution was rather ariltocra- Itical than monarchical. The abxife of thefe ariftocratical powers, by tlie jchieftalns and great landholders, gave the king, however, a very con- Ifidcnible intcrcft among the lower ranks ; and a prince who had fenfe and ladJrcfa to retain the ai^i-'edlions of his people, was generally able to hum- jble the moll overgrown of his v^l ''■ \ \ itim 1'^"™ \ m 1 90 SCOTLAND. {'-,-i\ were fo prevalent, that the refcue of a great criminal was commonly fo much apprehended, that fcldom above two days palled between the fen- tcnce and the execution. Great uncertainty oc-ciirs in the Scotcli hiilory, by confounding parlia- ments with conventions ; the difference was, that a parliament could enaft laws as well as lay on taxes : a convention, or meeting of the ftates only met for the purpofes of taxation, liefore the Union, the i in all matters civil, wherein the king, or his donator, has intereft. Two foUicitors are named by his majeft), by way of affiftants to the lord-advo- cate. The office of juftice-clerk, entitles the poflefl.br to prefide in the criminal court of juftice, while the juftice-general, an office I ffiall de- fcribe hereafter, is abfent. The ancient conftitution of Scotland admitted of many other offices botji of the crown and ftate ; but they are either now extinft or too in- cpnfiderable to be defcribed here. That of Lyon king at arms, or the rex fajcialium, or grand herald of Scotland, is ttill in being, antl it was formerly an offi.ce of great fplendour and importance, infomuch that the fcicncc of heraldry was prcferved there in greater purity than in any other country in Europe. He was even crowned folemnly in parliament • with a golden circle ; and his authority, which is not the cafe in England, in all armorial affairs might be carried into execution by the civil law. The privy-council of Scotland before the revolution, had, or affumed, inquifitorial powers, even that of torture ; but it is now funk in the par- liament a^ privy-council of Great-Britain, and the civil and criminal caufes there are chiefly cognizable 6y two courts of judicature. The firfl is that of the college of juftice, which was inftitutcd by : James V. after the model of the French parliament, to fupply an ambu- ; latory committee of parliament, who took to themfelves the names of the Jords of council and feffion, which the prefent members of the college of I juftice SCOTLAND, W ylce ftlll retain. This court confifts of a prcfident and fourteen ordina- JV members, bcfidcs extraordinary ones named by the king, who may fit Ijad vote, but have no falarips, and are not bound to attendance. I'his Itourt may be called a ftahding jury in all matters of property that lie be» Ifore them. Their forms of proceeding do not lie within my plan, nei- Ihcr does any enquiry how far fuch an inlliti'^on, in fo narrow a country I, Scotland, js compatible with the fccurity of private property. The Icivil law \i tlicir diieflory in all matfiers that come not within the muni- liipal lawi of the kingdom. It h.is been often matter of furpri/e, that tw Scots were fo tenacious of the forms of their courts and the cflence oftljeir laws, as to referve them by the articles of ihe union. This, how- (Vtr, can be eafily accounted for, becaufe thofe laws and forms were ef- fciitial to the pofTeflion of eltates and lands, which in Scotland are often lidd by modes incompatible with the laws of England. I (hall jurt add, iliat the lords of council and felfion aft likewife as a court of equity ; but I heir decrees are fometimes (fortunately perhaps for the fubjeft) revcrfible iiv the Ijritifh parliament, to which an appeal lies. The julHce court is the highe/l criminal tribunal In Scotland; but in i prefent form it was inlHtuted fo late as the year 1672, wheji a lord iiilUce general, removeable at the king's pleafure, was appointed. I'his [lucrative office ttill exills in the perfon of one of the chief nobility ; but •jie ordinary members of the court, are thp juftice-clerk and five other I iidges, who are always nominated from the lords of feffion. In this court 'ae verdid of a jury condemns or acquits, but, as I have already hinted, dthout any neccflity of their being unanimous. Bcfides thofe two great courts of law, the Scots, by the articles of the I'Jnion, have acourt of exchequer. This court has the fame power, aur iiority, privilege, and jurifdiclion, over the revenue of Scotland, as the hourt of exchequer in England has over the revenues there ; and all matr hers and things competent to the court of exchequer of England relating Ithereto, are likewife competent to thp exchequer of Scotland. The judges lof the exchequer in Scotland exercife certain powers which formerly be- longed to the treafury, and are llijl veiled in that of England. The court of admiralty in Scotland, was, in the reign of Charles 11, by aft of parliament, declared to be a fupreme court, in all caufes com- petent to its own jurifdiftion ; and the lord high admiral is declared to be the king's lieutenant and jullice-general upon the feas, and in all ports, harbours, and creeks of the fame ; and upon frefh v.'aters and navigable rivers, below the firft bridge, or within flood-mark; fo that nothing competent to his jurifdiftion can be meddled with, in the firfl inftance, but by the lord high admiral and the judges of his court. Sentences palled in all inferior courts of admiralty, may be brought again before his court ; but no advocation lies from it to the lords of the lelFion, or any other judicatory, unlefs in cafes not maritime. Caufes are tried in thij Icourt by the civil law, which, in fuch cafes, is likewife the common law lof Scotland, as well as by the laws of Oleron, Wilby, and the I Ian fc- Itowns, and other maritime praftices and decifions common upon the con- liinent. The place of Jord admiral of Scotland is little more than nomi- Inal, but the falary annexed to it is reckoned worth joool. a year ; and pe judge of the admiralty is commonly a lawyer of dilliuclicn, with con- Ifidcrable perquifites pertaining to his office. The college or faculty of advocates, which an Avers to the Engl ifh inns "court, may be called the feminary of Scotch lawyers. They arc vvith- ,1 ' ' 1 I i'M \t A *4. ^ SCOTLAND. in themfi'Ives an orderly court, and their forms require great precjijol and examination to qualify its candidates for admiflion. Subordinate u them is a body of inferior lawyers, or, as they may be called, attornevl who call themfclves writers to the fignet, bccaufe they alone can fubfcribJ the writs thit pafs the fip;net ; they likewi/e have a bye government foj tJicIr own regulation, b'uch are the different law-courts that are held J the capital of Scotland ; we fliall pafs to thofc that are inferior. The government of the counties in Scotland was formerly verted iJ fherilFr. and ftewards, courts of regality, baron courts, commiflarlesl jufticcs of the peace, and coroners. 1 Formerly raerifl'doms were generally, though moll abfurdly, hcrcdij tabic ; but, by a late aft of parliament, they are now all veiled in tlJ crown ; it bein^ there enafted. That all high-fl^.eriffs, or Rewards, {liailJ I'cr t!ic future, te nominated and appointed annually by his majcfty, m heirs, and fucccflbrs. In regard to the fheriff-deputcs, and ilewart-de^ pi'tci., it is enafted. That there fliall only be one in each count)', or ftewartry, who mull be an advocate, of three years Handing at lealt.l For the fpace of fevcn years, thcfe deputies arc to be nominated by thel king, with fuch continuance as his majclly fliall think fit ; after whicHJ they are to enjoy their officer Aii vitam aut culpam^ that is, for life, un- lefs guilty of fome cf!"ence. Some other regulations have been likcwife| introduced, highly for the credit of the ftieriffs courts. Stewartries were formerly part of the ancient royal domain ; and thcl ftewarts had much the fame power in them, as the flieriff had in hisj county. ^ I Courts of regality of old, were held by virtue of a royal jurifdiftionl vefted in the lord, with particular immunities and privileges ; but tkfej were fo dangerous, and {^i extravagant, that all the Scotch regalities are now diffolved by an aft of pitrliament. Baron courts belong to every perfon who holds a barony of the kintf. In civil matters, they extend to caulcs not exceeding forty fliillings ller- ling; and in criminal cafes, to petty aftions of aflault and battery; but the punifiiment is not to exceed twenty fliillings llerling, or fetting tlie delinquent in the flocks for three hours, in the day time. Thcfe courts, JlOv>ever petty, were, in farmer days, inveftcd with the power of life and | idf-ath, which they have now loft. The courts of the comn.ifTaries in Scotland, anfwcr thofe of the Eng- lilh dinccfan chancellors, the highcfl of which is kept at Edinburgh; wherein, before four judges, aftions are pleaded concerning matters re Tating to wilU and teftamcnts ; the right of patronage to ecclefiarticnl benefices, tithe?, divorces, and caufes of that nature ; but in almoil all other parts of tlie kingdom, there fits but one judge on thcfe caufcs. According to the prefent inllitution, julliccs of the peace in Scotland fr^crcife pretty much the fam.e powers as thofe in England. In former t:mes, their office, though of very old ftanding, was infignificant, bcirij crp.Mped by the powers of the great feudal tyrants, who obtained an ad of parliamient, that they were not to take cognizance of riots till titteen days after the faft. The inftitution of coroners is as old as the reign of Malcolm 11. the great legiflator of Scotland, who lived before the Norman conqueft of Enghnd. They took cognizance of all breaches of the king's peace ; snd^ iJieywere required to have clerks to'regiflcr depofttions and matters of SCOTLAND. as well as verdiAs of jurors: the office, however, 1$ at prefcnt [jch (lifuicd in Scotland. (from the above ihort view of the Scotch laws and inftitutlons, it is jjin that they were radically the fame with thofe of the Englifli. Tiic Iter pretend indeed, that the Scots borrowed the contents of their Re' Lr Majfjlatemy their oldell law-book, from the work of Glanville, l!io was a judge under Henry II. of England. The Scots, on the other [•iiJ, with much better reafon, and far greater appearance of truth, fay, liiat Glanville's work was copied from their Regiam Majeflatem, even ^titk the peculiarities of the latter, which do not now, and uevcr did, |t,ill ill the laws of England. The royal burghs in Scotland form, as It were, a commercial parlia- uent, which meets once a year at Edinburgh, confifting of a reprefen- [ative from each burgh, to confult upon the common good of the whdic. fkir powers are pretty extenfivc, and before the Union they made laws lilating to fliipping, to mailers and owners of Ihips, to mariners and [lerckants, by whom they were freighted ; to manufafturers, fuch as jiaiding, linen, and yarn ; to the curing and packing of fifh, falmoai, |jd herrings ; to "the importing and exporting feveral commodities : the Iflde between Scotland and the Netherlands is fubjeft to their regulation : [,ey fix the ftaple-port, which was formerly at Dort, and is now at jiamphere. Their confervator is indeed nominated by the crown, but lEn their convention regulates his power, approves his deputies, and Ispoints his falary : fo that, in truth, the whole ftaple trade is fubjefted [t their management. Upon the whole, tliis is a very fmgular inlHtu- Jun, and fufficicntly proves the vafl: attention which the government of (fodand formerly paid to trade. It took its prefent form in the reiga of limes III. 1487, and had excellent confequences for the beneht of lammerce. Such are the laws and conftitution of Scotland, as they exift at prefent, lij their general view ; but our bounds do not permit us to defcend to far- Ikr particulars, which are various and complicated. The conformity iet',vcen the prarc the dcfcetit of luliu-- Ca-'far ; and wlio, fettling in Scotland, wen: joined by great numbers of their countrymen, who were driven northwards by the Romans. Tlio Scots, moll probably, were a nation of adventurers from the ancient Scythia, who had ferved in the armies on the continent ; and, as has ! be ^n already hinted, after conquering the other inhabitants, gave thdr I own name to the country. The tiatt by Ibutii of the Forth appears to have been inhabited by the Saxons, and by the Britons, who formed (in kingdom of Alcuith, the capital of which wa.sl")umbarton : but all thd'c people, in proccfs of time, were fubdued by the Scots. Having premifed thus much, it is unnecelTary for me to invcftigate the conftitution of Scotland from its fabulous, or even its early ages. It jj fufficient to add to what I have already faid upon that head, that they feem to have been as forward as any of their fouthern neighbours in the arts of war and government. It does not appear that the Caledonians, the ancient Celtic inhabl- tnnts of Scotland, were attacked by any of the Roman gen rals before Agricola. The name of the prince he fought with was Galdus, by Tacitus named Galgacus ; and the hillory of that war is not only tranf- mitted with great precifion, but cormbor.itcd by the remains of the Ro- man encampments and forts, raif(.'(' y Agricola in his march towards Dunkeld, the capital of the Calediaiians. The brave Hand made by | Galdus againft that great general, does honour to the valour of both I people J and the fentiments of the Caledonian, concerning the freedom and independency of his country, appear to have warmed the noble hiftorian with the fame generous paffion. It is plain, however, that! Tacitus thought it for the honour of Agricola to conceal fome part of this war ; for though he makes his countrymen victorious, yet they cer- tainly returned fouthward, to the province of the Horeili, which was the county of Fife, without improving their advantage. Galdus, otlierwife called Corbred, was, according to the Scotch hiilorians, the twenty-firft in a lineal defcent from Fergus I. the founder j of their monarchy ; and though this genealogy has of late been dif- puted, yet nothing can be more certam, from the Roman hiftories/j than that the Caledonians, or Scots, were governed by a fucceflion oP| brave and wife princes, during the abode of the Romans in Britain.' Their valiant refiftance obliged Agricola himfelf, and after him the em- perors Adrian and Severus, to build the two famous pretentures or walls, which will be defcribed in our account of England, to defend the Ro- mans from the Caledonians and Scots ; and that the independence of the j latter was never fubdued. Chriftianity was introduced into Scotland about the year 201 of the Chri- ftian aera, by Donald I. The Pidls, who, as before mentioned, were thedef- cendents of the ancient Britons, who had been forced northwards by theRo-j mans, had at this time gained a footing in Scotland ; and being often de- feated by the ancient inhabitants, chey joined with the Romans againft the| Scots and Caledonians, who were of the fame original, and confidered themfelves as one people ; fo that their monarchy fuffered a Ihort edipfe i^ but;^ it broke out with more luftre than ever under Fergus II. who reco-j vered his crown ; and his fucceffors gave many fevere overthrows to thd Romans and Bri(;fns, Whej o inveftifratc the arly ages. It is head, that they ighboura in the was Galclus, by not only tranf- lains of the Ro- march towards Hand made by : valour of both ling the freedom rmed the noble 1, however, that :eal fome part of jus, yet they cer- which was the SCOTLAND. 9<- When the Rommis left Britain in 448, the Scots, ^ appears by Gil- il-.,, a J]ritilh Ivalorian, were a p(nvc;t'i!l nation, and, in conjiindlioit »ith the Piftt^, invaded the Britoim ; and having torced the Roman pie- sntures, drove them to the very fea; fo that the Uiit'-ns app;it;d to the komans for relief; and in the famous letter, which they culled their jeroans, they ti.ll tliem, that they had no choice left, hiit tliat of beini^ Ifvallowed up by the fea, or pcrifhing l.y the fwords of the barbarians; Ifcr lo nil nations were called who were not Roman or under the Roman protL'ition, Dongard was then king of Scotland ; and it appears from the oldeil liiilories, and thofe that are leall favourable to monarchy, that the fuc- cefion to the crown of Scotland llill continued in the family of Fergus, but generally defcended coliaterally ; till the inconveniencies of that I mode of fucceflion were fo much felt, that by degrees it fell into difufe, mJ it was at lall fettled in the right line. About the year yg6, the Scots were governed by Achains, a prince () much refpedled, that his friendlhip was courted by Charlcma(rr./»^ [iml a league was concluded between them, which continued inviolate Lhile the monarchy of Scotland had an exiilence. No fatt of equal an- ilqiiity is better attelled than this league, together with the great fervice pibrmed by the learned men of ScotJand, in civilizing the vaft domi- j lions of that great conqueror, as has been already obicrved under the rticle of learnisg. The Pith ftill remained in Scotland as a feparate ation, and were powerful enough to m:ike war upon the Scots ; who, DOiit the year 843, when Kenneth Mac Alpin was king of Sec 'land, inally fubdued them, but not in the favage manner mentioned by fome sillorians, by extermination. For he obliged them to incorporate them- lielves with their conquerors, by taking their name and adopting their haws. The fucceflbrs of Kenneth Mac Alpin maintained almoll perpe- lual wars with the Saxons on the fuuthward, and the Danes and other barbarous nations towai-ds the north ; who being mailers of the lea, har- Irall'ed the Scots by powerful invafions. The latter, however, were move • fortunate than the En' ifli, for while the Danes were ereding a jjio-^ Inarchy in England, they were every where overthrown in Scotland by bloody battles, and at lail driven out of the kingtlom. The Saxon ami, iDaiilh monarchs were not more fuccefsful againll the Scots ; wlio main- mined their freedom and independency, not only againll foreigners, but lagainll their own kings, when tl>ey thought them endfingei:ed. The^ Ifeudal law was introduced among them by Malcolm U^ Malcolm Ilf. commonly called Malcolm Canraore, from two GaelHc [words which fignify a large head, but mofl: probabJy his great capacity, Iwas the eighty-fixth king of Scotland, frorn Fergus I. the fuppofcd Ifounder of the monarchy ; the forty-feventh from its rellorer, Fergus It. land the twenty-fecond fiom Kenneth III. who conquered the kingdom pfthe Pifts. Every reader who is acquainted with the tragedy of iVIac- Ibcth, as written by the inimitable Shakcfpcar, wlw keeps clofe to the Vafts delivered by hiftorians, can be no flranger to the fate of Malcolm's Kither, and his own hillory previous to his mounting the throne in the f'ear 1057. Fie was a wife and magnanimous prince, and in no rcfpe6^ Inferior to his contemporary the Norman cc-nqueror, with whom he was. |ften at war. He married Margaret, daughter to Edward, fur-named he Outlaw, fon to Edward Ironfme, king of England. By the death of er brother, Edgar Etheling, the Saxon right to tlie crown of England devolved f r, ] V; ;H m SCOTLAND; devolved upon the portcrtty of that princcfs, who was one of the wlft^l and woilhicd women of tiic ago ; and her daugliter^ Maud, was accord. J ingly married to Henry I. of England. Malcolm, after a glorious reign, ' vas killed, with his fon, treacnerouily, as it is faid, at the fiege of AInvcick, by the bcfieged. Malcolm III. was fuccecded by his brother, Donald VII. aird he was dethroned by Duncan II. whofe legitimacy was difputcd. They wtre fuccecded by Edgar, the fon of Malcolm III. who was a wife and va- liant prince ; and upon his death, David I. mounted the throne. Notwithllanding the endeavours of fome hiltorians to conceal what! they cannot deny, I mean the glories of this reign, yet David was,] perhaps, the greatell prince of his age, whether wc regard him as a man, a warrior, or a Icgiilator. The noble adlions he performed in the icr. vice of his niece, the cmprefs Maud, in her competition with king Ste- j)hen for the Englifh crown, give us the highell idea of his virtues, as they could be the refult only, of duty and principle. To him Henry II, the mightieft prince of his age, owed his crown j and his pofielTions in England, joined to the kingdom of Scotland, placed David's power on | an equality with that of England, when confined to this ifland. His] aclions and adventures, and the refources he always found in his own [ courage, prove him to have been a hero of the firll rank. If he ap» peared to be too lavifh to churchmen, and in his religious endowments, [ we are to confider, thefe were the only means by which he could then civilize his kingdom : and the code of laws I have already mentioned to have been drawn up by him, do his memory immortal honour. They are faid to have been compiled under his infpeftion by learned men, whom he affembled from all parts of Europe in his magnificent abbey of Melrofs. He was fuccecded by his grandfon, Malcolm IV. and he, by William, fur-named, from his valour, the Lyon. William's fon, Alexander II. was fuccecded, in 1249, by Alexander III. who was a I good king. He married, firft, Margaret, daughter to Henry III. of j England, by whom he had Alexander, the prince, who married the earlf of Flanders's daughter ; David, and Margaret, who married Hangowan,! or, as fome call him, Eric, fon to Magnus IV. king of Norway, who! bare to him a daughter, named Margaret, commonly called the Maideal cf Norway ; in whom king William's whole pollerity failed, and the j crown of Scotland returned to the defcendants of David, earl of Hunt- ingdon, brother to king Malcolm IV. and king William. I have been the more particular in this detail, becaufe it was pro-J dudtive of great events. Upon the death of Alexander III. John Balioi,! who was great-grandfon to David earl of Huntingdon, by his clderl daughter, Margaret, and Robert Bruce (grandfather to the great king! Robert Bruce) grandfon to the fame carl cf Huntingdon, by his younger slaughter Ifabel, became competitors for the crown of Scotland. The laws cf fucceflion, which were not then fo well ellabliflied in Europe as they are at prefent, rendered the cafe very difficult. Both parties werei almoll equally matched in intereft ; but after a confufed interregnum of] fome yeai's, the great nobility agreed in referring the decifion to Ed4 ward I. of England, the moft politic, ambitious prince of his age. He accepted the office of arbiter j but having long had an eye to the crown of Scotland, he revived fome obfolcte abfurd claims of its dependency upon that of England ; and finding that Balioi was difpofed to hold iti hy tliat difgraceiul tenujre, Edward awarded it to liim j but afterwardi detluonea SCOTLAND. n Itlironcd him, and treated him as a flave, without Bailors refcnt- l" It. 1^ After this, Edward ufed many bloody ciuleavours, by killing and arJcrin^ above 100,000 of the Scots, to annex their crown to his own ) ,t tiioagh they were often defeated, the indejicndcnt Scots never were nqiierpd. They were indeed but few, compared to thofe in the in- relc of Eilward and Baliol, which was the iame; and for fomc timt :rc obliged to temporir.e. Edward availed himfelf of their weaknefa ndhis own power. He accepted of a formal fiirrender of the crown Ifrom Baliol, to v.hom he allowed a penfion, but detained him in Eng- land; and fen t every nobleman in Scotland, whom he in the leaft fuf- Ipcftcd, to different prifons in or near London. He then forced the Scot$ Bfign inftruments of their fiibjcftion to him ; and moft barbaroufly car- ieJoff, or deilroyed, all the monuments of their hiftory, and the evi« t'nces of their independency ; and particularly the famous fatidical ilone^ (iiich is ftill to be feen in Wellminiler-Abbey. Thofe inhuman proceedings, while they rendered the Scots fenfible i their flavery, revived in them the idea^ of their freedom; and liwaiil, finding their fpirits were not to be fubdued, endeavoured to bfs them, and affcfted to treat them on the footing of an equality with h own rubje(!ts, by projefting an union, the chief articles of which have ke taken place, between the two kino;doms. The Scotch patriots [••ited this projedl with difdain ; and united under the brave William fillacc, the truell hero of his age, to expel the Englilh. Wal- be performed aftions that entitle him to eternal renown, in executing [cs {chemc. Being, however, no more than a private gentleman, ana i popuLirity daily increafing, the Scotch nobility, among whom waa belt Bruce, the fon of the firft competitor, began to fulpeft that he 1 an eye upon the crown, cfpecially after he had defeated the earl of iiiry, Edward's vicJeroy of Scotland, in the battle of Stirling, and had uceil the garrifons of Berwick and Roxburgh, and was declared by ic Ihtes of Scotland their proteftor. Their jealoufy operated fo far, t they formed violent cabals againft the brave Wallace. Edward, ipon this, once more invaded Scotland, at the head of the moll nume- r.nd beft difciplined army England had ever feen, for it confifted of licco foot, 3000 horfemen completely armed, and 4000 light armed ; was attended by a fleet to fupply it with provifions. Thefe, |;fides the troops who joined him in Scotland, formed an irrefiftible liKly ; fo that Edward was obliged to divide it, rcferving the command f^o.ooo of his bcft troops to himfelf. With thefe he attacked the Scotch l-my under Wallace at Falkirk, while their difputes ran fo high, that le brave regent was deferted by Gumming, the moll powerful nobleman 1 Scotland, and at the head of the beft divifion of his countrymen. f'allace, whofe troops did not exceed 30,000, being thus betrayed, was pated with vaft lofs, but made an orderly retreat ; during which he [and means to have a conference with Bruce, and to convince him of terror in joining with Edward. Wallace iHll continued in arms, and irformcd many gallant actions againft the Englifli ; but was betrayed p the hands of Edward, who moil ungeneroufiy put him to death at pndon as a traitor ; but he died himfelf, as he was preparing to renew inivafion of Scotland wi'h iViU more defolating fpirit of ambition. jBrace died foon after the battle of Falhirk ; but not before he had in- jred hi> fun, yvho was a pjifoner at large about the Engliili court, M ■ \ vviti '■[ 4 aS::l SCOT h A N n. with the gloiious rcfohition of vindicating his own rights, and his coirn try's independency. He cfcaped from London, and with his own h;iii killed Cumming, for hL attachment to Edward ; and after co!lcdin[rl few patriots, among whom were his own fwiir brothers, he afTumcd tl{ crown; but was defeated by the Englifli (who had a great army in Sco| land) at the battle at Methveii. After this defeat, he fled, with one i two friends, to the Wellern Ifles, and parts of Scotland, where his fatiguJ and fufterings were as inexprelfible, as the courage with which he anl his few friends (the lord Douglas efpecially) bore them was iiicrediblj Though his wife and daughter were lent prifoners to England, whep the heft of his friends, and two of his brothers, were unmercifully hufl chcred, yet, fuch was his perfevering fpirit, that he recovered all Scod land, exceptin*/ the caftle of Sterling, and improved every advantaj that was given hiin by the diftipated conduft of Edward II. who raifed aj army more numerous and better appointed iHll than that of his fathen to make a total conqueft of Scotland. It is faid that it confilled 300,000, but this mull be underftood as including the foreigners attend ing the camp, which in thofe days were very numerous ; but it is ad niitted on all hands, that it did not confift of fo few as 100,000 fighting men, while that of Bruce did not exceed 30,000 ; but all of them hcioej who had been bred up in a deteftation of tyranny. Edward, w' "» was not deficient in point of courage, led this nii^ht hoft towards Sterling, then befieged by Bruce ; who had chofen, \vit| the greateft judgment, a camp near Bannock-burn. The chief cilicer under Edward were, the earls of Gloucefter, Hereford, Pembrok,;, and Sir Giles Argenton. Thofe under Bruce were, his own brotlier Sir EdJ ward, who, next to himfelf, was reckoned to be the beft knight in Scot] land ; his nephew, Randolf, earl of Murray,, and the young lord Vv'all ter, high-fteward of Scotland. Edward's attack of the Scotch army wo! furious beyond difpute, and required all the courage and firmnefs ol Bruce and his friends to refift it, which they did fo efFeftually, th.Tt the)} gained one of the moft complete viftories that is rxorded in hiftory. Tlid great lofs of the Englilh fell upon the braveft part of their troops, whq were lee on by Edward in pcrfon againil Bruce himfelf. The ScotcH writers make the lofs of the Knvliih to amount to 50,000 men. Be thai as it will, there certainly never was a more total defea:, though the conj querors loft aooo. The flower of the Engliih nobility were either killed or taken priloners. Their camp, which was immenfely rich, and calJ culated for the purpofe rather of a triumph than a campaign, fell iiitq the hands of the Scotch ; and Edward himfelf, with a few followcrsJ favoured by the goodnefs of their horfes, were purfued by Douglas tq the gates of Berwick, from whence he efcaped in a 'iOiing-boat, ThiJ J ;reat and decifive battle happened in the year ^314; and Edward waij p certain of conqueft, that he canied with him, as part of his camp equipage, chains and fetters for the inhabitants of Scotland *. * Ho\5i' well the barda uf thofe days were acquainted with the Mufcs^i maj; be fscnfroU ikt tuUuwing lines, made on this memorable viftory, JVlrtyJBns 0/ England fore may ya mourn» For /our sommont «ou, havuloft at Bannockburn. ' With a hcve a lo v ! Wlut lio ' wi'^nM the \iu\f,of England^ • tf\\kk a rumby, Iow> I }A^ LJIli SCOTLAND. 99 fi'.d rem linder of Robert's reign was a feries of the mpfl glorious tellies ; and fo well did liis nobility underfland the principles of civil rtv, and fo unfettered they were by religions coniidcrations, tl\at in a ,'r dicy fent to the pope, they acknowledged that they had {<:t afide lid), for debafiJig the crown by holding it of England; and that they uld do the fame by Robert if he (hould make tlie like attempt. Ro- rt having thus delivered Scotland, font his brother Edward to Ireland, the head of an army, with which he conquered the greatcfi: part of It kingdom, and was pioclaimed its king; but by expofing himfclf 3 much, he was killed. Robert, before his death, which happened in <:8, made an advantageous peace with England ; and when he died, wan acknowledged to be indifputably the greateil hero of his age. The glory of the Scots may be faid to have been in its zenith under obcrt I. v/hn was fuccccded by his fon, David II. He was a virtuous Irincc, but his abilities, both in war and peace, were eclipfed by his ■other-in-law, and entniy, Edward III. of England, whofe filter he rricd. Edward, who was as keen as any of his prcdeceffors upon le conqueft of Scotland, efpoufed the caufe of Baliol, fon to Baliol, the iginal competitor. His progrefs was at firll amazingly rapid ; and he id Edward defeated the royal party in many bloody battles ; but Baliol sat laft driven out of his ufurped kingdom by the Scotch patriots. lavid had the misfortune to be taken prifoner by the Englifti at the little of Durham ; and after continuing above eleven years in captivity, I paid 100,000 marks, a fum which no prince in Europe but himfellf [raid have coirmanded at that time, for his ranfom ; and died in peace, lithout iflue, ii the year 1 37 1 . The crown of j^cotland then devolved upon the family of Stuart, by head having been married to the daughter of Robert I. The firll mg '^f that name was Robert II. a wife and brave prince. He was ccecded by his fen, Robert HI. whole age and infirmities difqualified from reigring ; fo that he was forced to truft the government to his rthlefs relatioiis. Robert, upon this, attempted to fend his fecond to France, but he was mort ungeneroufly intercepted by Henry IV. If England ; and after fuffering a long captivity, he was obliged to pay exorbitant ranfom. During the imprifonment of James in England, e military glf -y of the Scots was carried to its greateil height in France, here they fupported that tottering monarchy, and obtained the firll title if the kingdom. James, the firll of that name, upon his return to Scotland, difcovcioj at talents for government ; but was barbaroufly murdered in his bed ly fome of his relations, in 1487. A long minority fucc.^edcd ; but imcs II. would probably liave equalled the greateil of his aiceftois both In warlike and civil virtues, had he not been fuddenly killed by the ac- licenial burlting of a cannon, in the thirtieth year of his age, as he was fif-'ging the callle of Roxburgh, which was defended by the ^.nglilh. he turbulent reign of James III. was clofed by a rebellion ot' his fub- ds, in which he was bafely murdered in 1488, aged thirty-ax. His n, James IV. was the moll accomplilhed and magnificent prince of the e: he encouraged and protefted the commerce of his fubjeils, fo that ey rivalled the EngUfh in riches ; and the court of James, at the time hiH marriage with Henry \ II's daughter, was the moll fplcndid of ly in Europe. Even this alliance could not cure him of his family itempcr, a pr^dilet^ion (or the French, in whofc cstufe he rafhly cn- 11 z tered I m tf 'W # im 100 S C O T I. A N D. tercd, and was killed by the Englifh in the battle of F'oddcn, i:i ti^ fortieth year of his age. The minority of his fon, James V. was jona and ti:i-bulcnt : and when he grew up, he married two French ladies*. the nril being daughter to the king of France, and the latter of the houfei ofGiiife. lie proved a haughty, bloody-minded king; and, had hel lived, probably would have rumcd the liberties of his fubjecls, by fcizinffl upon all the church revenues; but he died in the thirty-firll year ofhisj age, of grief for an affront which his arms had fullained in an ill-judgtdj expedition againft the Englifh. His dauglitcr and Aicccflbr, Mary, was but a few hours old at thel time of her father's death. Her beauty, and the hifiory of her misfcr.; tunes, are alike famous in hiilory. It is fullicicnt here to fay, that dur- ing her minority, and while Ihc was wife to Francis II. of France, ths reformation began in Scotland : that being tailed to the throne of herl anceilors while a widow, flic married her ov.-n r.oufin-german, tlic Icrdj Darnley, whom her rebellious fubjofts put to death; i^nd not only laid the faft upon her, but in a manner obliged h^r to mi'-ry the chief agent in the murder. The conf.'quence was a rebellion, by which fhe was driven into Eiigland, where (he v/as bakdv detained a prifcner for eighteen I years, and afterwards barbaroufly murdered by queen Elizabeth in ' 1586-7. Mary's fon, James VI. of Scotland, fucceeded in right of his blood' from Henry VII. upon the death of queen Elizabeth, to the Englifh crown, after fliewing great ?bilitiej in the- government of Scodand. This union of the two crowns, in fadl deflroyed the independency, as it impoveriflied the people of Scotland ; for the feat of government being removed to England, their trade was checked, their agiiculture neglefted, and their gentry obliged to f^ek for bread in othe;- cv)untries. Jame^, «fter a fplendid, but troublefome reign over his three kingdoms, left them, in 1625, to his fon, the unfortunate Charles I. It is well known, that the defpotic principles of that prince received tlie f.rd check from the Scots ; and that, had it not been for them, he would eafdy have fubdued his Englifli rebels, who implored the alhltance of the icots; "but afterward;;, againll all the ties of lionour and humanity, brought him to the block in 1648. The Scots favv their error when it was too late ; and made fevcral lloody, but unfortunate attempts, to fave the father, and to rcitore his fon, Charles II. Thai: prince was finally defeated by Cromwell, at the battle of Worceller ; after which, to the time of his rclloration, the Eng- lifh gave law to Scotland. I have in another place touched uponth'^^ moil material parts of that prince's reign, and that of his deluded brother, James VII. of Scotland, and II. of England, as well as of king Wilham, who was fo far from being a friend to Scotland, that, relying, on hij joy il word to her parliament Hie wrs brought to the brink of ruin. ^'heilateof parties in England, at thcacccfrionofqucen Anne, wasfach, that the Whig;,, once more, had recourfe to the Scots, and offered them their own terms, if they v.'ould agree to the incorporate Union as it now ■ft^nds. It was long before the majc^rity of the Scotch parliament would lilten to the propofiil ; but at lalt, pi>rtly fr-jm cojuidion, and partly thro' the force cf money dillributed among the needy nobility, 't was agreed to; fince which event, the hiilory of Scotland becomes' the lam« y^'ith tliac of England. f ENGLAND. 'il ' d mM' |i| *t It- 'Vf V H .'. '; A N D. t. * D,<;\ H'f,>f /roni ^J J,o/iif<>ft . 0^ I Ai'rt ^^v AKP I li T S IT A? ^ ^ J! ' t.i ""* 7^*"*%*^ 'V y A'//.Vi//i Sr.^//' Betwee; Jetweei Clima BOUNI the fouthe the ifland welt, by S ncl, wliicl This fit liable to a da. coalls i prevents tfi lame dep;re Id the Ions en ;i dry i'( petu;il ven world, occ thp Tea. Name ANCIEf fome deriv'f prefer the mentioned, fiirriiiljed illund. In I of Bri/ama' painted or their bodies The wclteri by the rivei becaufe in^h [Koninns, aj When th [they dividec 1. Britani 2. Britan Wfiles, 3. IVfaxir nrrd a: aa r.ir a To thefe Ipofe to conti [ lOI ] ENGLAND. Situation and Extent. 2 o ET Between < and S- E. Lon. 16 20 W} C 50 o 5 Between < and S- N. Lat. i 56 o i Being ^60 miles in Icnpth. 300 miles in breadth. Climate and 7 ' | ^HE longeft day in the northern parts, contains BOUNDARIES, J X ^7 hoiirs 30 minutes; and the (horteft, in the fouthcrn, near 8 hours. It is bounded on the north, by that part of the ifland calleJ Scotland ; on the eaft, by the German Ocean ; on the weft, by St. George's Channel ; and on the fouth, by the Englifh Chan- nel, which parts it from France. This fituation, by the fea wafliing it on three fides, renders England liable to a great uncertainty of weather, fo that the inhabitants on the fea coalls are often vifited by agues and fevers. On the other hand, it prevents the extremes of heat and cold, to which other places, lying in the ;;ime depress of latitude, are fubjeft ; and it is, on that account, friendly tj the longevity of the inhabitants in general, efpccially thofe who liv» en a dry foil. I'o this fituation likewife, we are to afcribe that per- petual verdure for which England is admired and envied all over the worlJ, occafioned by the relreihing fhowers and the warm vapours of th? iea. Name and divisions, 7 Antiquaries are divided with regard to ANCIENT AND modern. ) tlic etymology of 'h;' word England ^ fome derive it from a Celtic word, fignifying a level country ; but I prefer the common etymology, of its being derived, as I have already mentioned, from a province now fubjeft to his Danifh majefty, which furniilied a great part of th.e original Saxon adventurers into this illunJ. In the time of the Romans, the whole ifland went by the name d Eritamiia. 'i'he word Brit, according to Mr. Camden, fignified painted or itained ; the ancient inhabitants being famous for painting' their bodies : other antiquaries, however, do not agree in this etymology. The weltcrn trail of Enr;!;ind, which is almoft leparated from the reft by the rivr^rs Severn and Dee, is called Wales, or the land of llrangers, kcaufc iii'Libited by the Eelgic Gauls, who wevkj driven thither by the Romans, and were itrangers to the old native:. When the Romans provinciated England (for they never did Scotland) they divided it into, j. Britanaia Prima, which contained the fouthern parts of the kingdom. 2. Britannia Secunda, containing the wellern parts, comprehending Wales, and, 3. IVlaxima L'^farienfis, which reached from the Trent as far north- v,r rd as their prct -.uure, or to the wall of Severus, and Ibmetimcs rt^ r.ir as th;U of A'Irian in Scotland. To indc diviiions fome add, the Flavia Ctefarienlis, which they fup- Ipofc to contain the midland counties. ii 3 When 1;^' a- iJ ';;« i*r til J ' '■■' i M i ■.mi VI l! IH "■Ml ^ViPl wP i.M 'M;-|- vfl ;; ;l? ; ^'; i'i 'I- 11 102 ENGLAND. When the Saxen invafion took place in the year 445, and when they were ellabliihcd in the year 582, their chief leaders appropriated to them. felves, after the manner of the other northern conquerors, the countries v.hich each had been the moll inftrumental in conqiierinj> ; and the whole formed a heptarchy, or political republic, confilHng of feven kint^doms; but in time of war, a chief was chofen out of the fcven kinjr? ; for which reafon I call it a political republic, its conftitutiun greatly relembliiig that of ancient Greece. 2. Kingdoms erected by the Saxons, ufually IWed the Kingdoms. Counties. Kent, founded by C Hengifl in 475, and s Kent ended in 823. t South-Saxons, f founded by Ella in ) Siu&x 491, and ended in J Suiry 600, (_ Eaft- Angles, f Norfolk founded by Uffa in J Suifolk 575, and ended in | Cambndjre 793^ , Weft-Saxons, founded by Cerdic in 1512, and ended in 1060, s. - H of Ely J [ Northumberland, founded by Ida. in 574, and ended in 792 Eafl-Saxon9, founded by Erche- • .,., ,, /• , ■' ,^ Midc.lefex, and win in ;27, and I c is Jc j ended in ;46. (. ^^ Hertford fGloucefter t With the llle r Cornwall I Devon — Dorfct — 'I Somerfet Wilts — I Hants — L Berks -> Lancaflcr — r York — J Durham — J Cumberland — < Weftmoreland — Northumberland, and Scotland to the Fryth ^ of Edinburgh Eflex — pait >< V >< Mercia, founded by Cridda in 582, and-< ended in 874. Hereford Worccfter Warwick Leiceller Rutland Northampton Lincoln Huntingdon — Bedford — Buckingham — = r Saxon Heptarchy. Chief Towns, Canterbury. Chichefler South'.vark. Norwich Bury St. Fdmoritii Cambridi'c Elv. Laiinceftoa Exeter Dorchefler Bath Saliniury Winchfllf-r Abingdon. • Lancallcr. York Durham Carlifle Appleby Nevvcallle. Lcndcn, Gloticefler He rcford Vv'orcefler "' WanvicI: Leiceiler Oakham Northampton Lincoln Huntingdon Bedford Alelburv 7. Merda, ■H ENGLAND. 103 Kingdoms. -. Mercia Counties. Oxford Staftbrd Derby Salop Nottingham Chcftei- And the other part , of ^ Hertford I 1 '■ Chief To. vns. Oxford Stafford Derby Shrewlbury Nottingham Lhclk-r Hertford. I have been the more follioitous to prefervc thofe divifions, as they nc- count !br different local culloms, and many very cflcntial modes of inhc- rkancc, which, to this day, prevail in PJngland, and which took their rife from difi-erent inllitutions under the Srfxons. Since the Norman con- fuell, BnglanJ has been divided into countie.% a ccrtiiiu number of which, excepting Middlefex and Chefhire, are comprehended in fix circuits, or annual progrefles of the judges for adminiftering jullicc to ihc fubjeds (/ho arc at a ^illance from the capital. Thefc .circuits are ; Circuits. I. Home Ciicuit. ^ Counties. ■EfTex — Hertford — Kent — >< Surry SufTex Chief Towns. "Chelmsford, Cokhefter, and Harwich. Hertford, St. Albnn's, Roy- Uon, Ware, Hitchen, and Baldocjc. Maidftone, Canterbury, Cha- tham, Rochelier, Green- wich, Woolwich, Dover, Deal, and Deptford. Southwark, Kingfton, Guild- ford, Croydon, Epfom, and Richmond. Chichefter, Lewe?, Rye, Eaft- grimllead, and Hailings. "Bucks — 1 TAfefliury, Buckingham, j Much-Wickham, and Marlow 2. Norfolk Circuit. < Bedford — Huntingdon Cambridge. Bedford, Ampthlll, Woburn, Donftable, Luton, and J Bigglefwadc. Huntingdon, St. Ives, and Kimbolton. H4 Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, and Royfton. 2. Norfolk ^ ik .")f I IJl I 104 ENGLAND. Circuits. 5. Norfolk Circuit. ^ Counties. Suffolk — Norfolk — rOxon •— '$. Oxford Circuit. Berks — ^ Gloucefter 1 \ Worcefter Monmouth Hereford — Salop — Stafford — '"Warwick — Leicefter — Derby — 4. Midland Circuit. ^ Nottingham Lincoln — Rutland — Northampton Chief Towns. Bury, Ipfwich, Sudhuryf Lcoftoff, and part of Newmarket. I Norwich, Thctford, Lynn; l_ and Yarmouth. 'Oxford, Banhury, Chipplniv. norton, Henley, Biirfurd, Whitney, Dorcliolkr, and Woodllock. Abingdon,Windf )r, Reading Wallingford, Newbury, Hungerford, and Maiden^ head. >< Gloucefter,Tevvkfbury,Circn. celler, and part of Briilol. Wcrcefter, Evelham, and Droitwich. Monmouth and Chcpllow. Hereford and Lcmfler. Shrewfbury, Ludlow, Brldo-- north and Wenlock. Stafford, Litchfield, and ^ Newcaflle under Line. "Warwick, Coventry, Bir- mingham, and Stratford upon Avon. Leicefter, Mclton-Mowbray, and Aftiby de la Zouch. ' Derby and Chellerfield, i^-^ Nottingham, Southwell, and Newark. Lincoln, Stamford, BoHon, and Grantham. Oakham and Uppingham. Northampton, Peterfborough, and Daventry. Circuits. ENGLAND. 105 Circuits. Counties. Hants — Wilu — Dorfct -~ r Weflern Circuit.^ Somerfet Devon Cornwall T York — I.Northcrn Circuit. Chief Towns. 'Winchellcr, Southampton, Portfinouth, Andovcr, L»a- fingllolcc, Chrillchuich, and Newport in the Ille of Wight. Salifbury, Devizes, Marl- borough, Malnilbury, Wil- ton, and Chippenham. _ r Durham «— Northumberland Lanpafler — Wcftruorcland Cumberland Dorchefter, Lyme, Shcrbom, Shafibury, Pool, Bland- ford, and Bridport. Bath, Wells, Briftol in part, Taunton, Bridgwater, and Ilcheller. Exeter, Plymouth, Barnfta- ple, Biddeford, Tiverton, Dartmouth,Taviftock,Top- Iham, and Oakhampton. Launcefton, Falmouth, Truro, Saltafh, Bodmyn, St. Ives, ^ Padftow, and Trcgony. f York, Leeds, Wakefield, Ha- lifax, Rippon, Pontefraft, Hull, Richmond, Scarbo- rough, Boroughbridge, Malton, Shefiield, Doncaf- ter, Whitby, Beverly, Northallerton, and Bur# lington or Bridlington. Durham, Stockton, Sunder- land, Stanhope, Barnard- Caftie, and Avvkland. >< Newcaftle, Berwick, Tin- mouth, Shields, and Hex- ham, Lancafter, Mancheftcr, Pref- ton, Liverpoolc, and Wig- gan. Appleby, Kendal, and Lonf- dale. Carlifle, Penrith, Cocker- mouth, and Whitehaven, Midcllc- f # IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) fe 4 :/. 1.0 I.I Hi . !!: i:^ 12.0 I' i IL25 i 1.4 V < Cardigan, and -Aberiftwith. ^Caermarthen, and Kidwelly. In ENGL A N D. 40 Counties, wluch fend up to parliament 80 knights. 25 Cities (Ely ncnc, London four) — 50 Citizens. 167 Boroughs, two each — — 354 Burgeffes. 5 Boroughs, (Abingdon, Banbury, Bewd- 1 ^ ley, Highham Ferrars, and Monmouth) > 5 Burgeffes. one eiicTi — — — j 3 Univei ENGLAND. 107 t Univerfities, — — — 4 rcprerentatives, 8 Ci-ini.c ports (Ha(linp;s, Dover, San(Vvich»"| j^.omney, Hythe, and their three depen- I ^ . dents, Rye, Winchellba, and Seatbrd) t:yo f • < . each, T— — — J WALES. [1: Counties, — —r- — 12 knights. 1: Boroui.';hs (Pembrnke two, Merioneth nons) 7 , „. one each m)l SCOTLAND. vShires -— — > — — - 10 kni'rlit*. Ijuiough lis 1 ; biir^ciiei. Total 55'^ Sou., AIR, SEASONS, 7 The foil of England and Walo'? difler in AND WATER. J cach coiinty, not Jo much from thf nature Itthc ground, though that mull be admitted to occafion a very coali- Ijrablc alteration, as from the progrefs whith the inh.ihitant • of each lnunty has made in the cultivation of laud and garden, the draining of Iiarflies, and many other local improvements, which are here carried to limiich greater degree of pcrfediou tJiau they are perhaps in any other Ijrt of the world, if we except China. To cuter upon particular fpeci- liens and proofs of thofe .mprovemcnts, would require a larj;c volume jutfelf". All that can be faid thcretbre is in general, that if 110 un- indly fcafons huppen, England produces corn not only fufficient to aintain her own inhabitants, but to bring immenfe fumsof ivaJy rao- (ey for her exports. The benefit, however, from thofc exports hare fcmetiraes tempted the inhabitants to carr)' out of the kingnlom m; M winds and ftorms, (n that in this rcfpcft England is tc foreigners, anc! people of delicate conlHtutions, more difagreeable than unfalubrious. (t cannot, however, be denied, that in England the weather is fo excefilvc- ly capricious, and unfavourable to certain conflitutions, that many of I the inJiubitants are obliged to fly to foreign countries, for a renovation] of their health. Many, efpccially foreigners, have attributed that re- markabic felf-diiratisfadion of the Englifh, which too often precedes toaftj j of fuicivle, to their air and climate ; but however thefe may operate, the! evil probably lies in the people's manner of living, which is more grofjj and Uixiirioi's, than tliat of any other nation. I After what we have obfervcd in the Englidi air, the reader may form fome idea of its feafons, which arc fo uncertain, that they admit of noj defcrlpaon. Spring, fammer, nutumn, and winter, fucceed each other, but in what mjiiia their diflercnt appearances take place, is very unde- termined, 'i'hc fpring begins fonietimes in February, and fomctimeil in April. In May the face of the country is as often covered with hoary froll as with blollbius. The beginning of June is often as cold as the middle of December, yet fometimes the thermometer rifes in that nontU as high as it docs in Italy. Even Aiigull has its vicilhtudes of heat and] cold, and upon an average September, and next to it Oclobcr, bid very fair to be the two niofl agreeable months in the year. The natives fome- times experience all the four feafons within the compafs of one day, cold J temperat", hot, and mild weather. After faying thus much, it wouldl be in vain to attempt any farther dcftription of the Engiilh feafons.l I'hcir inconllancy, however, are not attended with the effeds that mayj be naturally appreiiendcd, A fortnight, very feldom three weeks, gene-l rally make up the difference \\i:h regard lo the maturity of the fruits ofj the earth ; and it is generally obfervcd, ihat the inhabitants feldom fuf-J fcr Ly a JiOt fiimnier. Evcu t;,e greateil irregularity, and the moll unfa-j vour.'.blc appearances cf tlic feafon.^-, is not as in other countries, at- tended with famine, and very feldom w 1th fcarcity. Perhaps this, irtl a great mcaiure, may be owinp^ to the vail improvements of agricuitiireJ fcir when icarcitv iticlf has been co.i;plained of, it penerallv, if notal-l ways, proceeded from the exxcluve exportations of grain, on account ofj the drawback, and tlie pr('nt of the returns. in fpcaking of water, I do not intend to include rivers, brooks, or'j lakes, fori mean waters fcr the common convenlencics of life, and thofol that liave mineral qualities. The champain parts of England are generally fupplicd with excellent fprings and fountains, though a difccrning pa^* late in:iy perceive, that they commonly contain fome mineral iinprcgiu-' tion. In many high lying parts of the country, the inhabitants arflf d;f ivit fur water, and fupply thenifelves by trenches, or digJ p wi.dls. The conlHtutions of the Englifli, and the various dil- eafes to v/nicii they are liable, have rendered them extremely inquifitive' after fa.Iubrious waters, for the recovery and prefervation of their healthj fo that England tf ntains as many mineral wells, of known efficacy, a^ perhaps any coi'.ntiy in the v/orld. The moft celebrated are the hofl paths of lja;h and liriftol, in Sonterfetlhire, and of Buxton, in Derb)-J (liirc; the mineral w.iters of Tunbridge, Epfom, Dulwich, Afton, flar- rowgate, ami Sen borough. Sea water is iifed as commonly as any other for medicinal purpoles, and fo delicate are the tones of the Engiilh fibres, that the patients can perceive both in drinking and bathing, h difference I^tween tiic ki, water of one coall, and that of another. gr.^at!y ging deep w ■Wl^ £ N G L A N m rot) JTace or THE couNTRT ? Thc Induftry of the EnHIlh is, and ha» AND MOUNTAINS. 5 bccn fuch as to fupply the abfence ct'thofe hvours which nature has folavilhly beilowed upon ibme foreign climates,and jiimany refpeds even to exceed them. No nation in the world can equal ht cultivated parts of England in beautiful fcenes. The variety of high- lands and low-lands, the former gently fwclli.ig, and both of them form- jff profpefts equal to the moll luxuriant imagination, the corn and mca- iw ground, the intermixtures of cnclofures and plantations, the noble ■feats, comfortable houfes, chearful villages, and wcll-llocked farms, Ififten rifing in the neighbourhood of populous towns and cities, deco- Irated with the moft vivid colours of nature, are inexprelfible. The moll Ibarren fpots arc not without th ir verdure, but nothing can give us higher idea of the Englilh induftry, than by obferving that |S?me of the moft beautiful counties in the kingdom, are naturally the jofl barren, but rendered fruitful by labour. Upon the whole, it may le fafely aifirmed, that no country in Europe equals England in the itaaty of its profpcfts, or the opulence of its inhabitants. Though England is full of delightful rifing grouads, and the mott lochanting flopes, yet it contains few mountains. The moft noted are jiie Peak in Derbyfhire, the Endle in Lancaftiire, the Wolds in York- tire, the Cheviot-hills on the borders of Scotland, the Chiltem in hacks, Malvern in Worcefterlhire, Cotfwold in Glouccftcrlliire, the Wre- hn in Shropihire; with thofe of Plinlimmon and Snowden in Wales. la pieral, however, Wales, and the northern parts, may be termed moun- Icnous. Rivers and lakes.] The rivers in England add greatly to itsbeau- |i;, as well as its opulence; the Thames, the nobleft perhaps in the liorld, rifes on the confluence of Gloucefterfture, and after receiving the luny tributary ftreams of other rivers, it paffes to Oxibrd, then by Wal- lliigford, Reading, Marlow and Windfor. From thence to Kingfton, liherc formerly it met tiie tide, which, fmce the building of Weftminfter liridge, is faid to flow no higher tlian Richmond ; from whence it flows ) London, and after dividing the counties of Kent and Eflcx, it widens lits progrefs, till it falls into the fua at the Nore, from whence it is na- [igable in large ftiips to London bridge ; but for a more particular dc- Icripdon the reader muft confult tlic map. It was formerly a matter of kpioach to I igland, among foreigners, that fo capital a river fliould ViC fo few bridges ; thofe of London and Kingfton (which is of v/ood) leing the only two it had from the Nore, to the laft mentioned place, for jiany .ap;es. This inconveniency was in fome me;'.fure owing to the deai- lels of materials for building ftone bridges; but perhaps more to the pndaefs which the Englifli, in flirmcr days, had for watt:r ca "iage, and encouragement Oi*^ navigation. TJie vaft increafe of riches, com- terce, and inland trade, ari^ now multiplying bridges, and fome think the rrld cannot -oarallel for commodioulheis, architefturc, and workman- lip, that lately ereded at Welf-ninfter, and, when finiflied, that of Jhck Friars, Putney, Kcvv, and Hainpton-cnurt, have mw bridges like- life over the I'aames, and others are projciLling by public fpiriced pror etcrs of" the grounds on both fides. iTh'j river Medway, wliich rifes near Tunbridge, falls into the mouth ' the Thames, and is naviirable for the largcfi ihips as Cut as Chatham, here the nu-n of war are laid up. The Severn, reckoned the fecond p for importance in England, .ind the lirft for rapidity, nl'a at Plin- liuimon- : I l^ 1)1' r, 1 lil ii •:4 i-- no ENGLAND; limmon-hni in Wales ; becomes nav!c;able a^ Welch-Pool ; runs eaft tol Shre\vfl>ury ; thmi turning louth, v\iits Bridgenorth, Worccllcr, anjl Tcwkcfbury, \vher:r it receives the Upper Avon; after having paflciil Glouceller, it takes a (ijuth-weft direiJlion ; is near its moijth incrcafed byl the Wye and Uilrc, and difcharges itfelf Into the Briftol-channel, ncarl King-road ; and there the great Ihips, wliich cannot get up to BriiloL lie. The Trent riles in the Moorlands of Staflbrdfliire, and riinnii% fouth-eaft by Nevvcaille-under-line, divides that countv in two parts^ then turning nortli-eaft on the confines of Derbyfhire, vifits NottinghamJ running the whole length of that county to Lincolnihire, and being jojnl ed by the Oufe, and feveral other rivers towards the mouth, obtains the; name of the Humber, falling into the fea fouth-cart of Hall. : The other principal rivers in England, are the Oufe (which is a G?eJ lie word fignifying water in general) which falls into the Humber, afterl receiving tKe v.ater vi' mnny other rivers. Another Oufe rifes in Bucks J an'i falls into the fea near i^ynn in Norfolk. The Tine runs from weft to call through Northumberland 4 and falls into the German fea at Tin- mouth below Nevvcaille. The Teci runs from weft to eail, dividing Dur- ham from Yorkfliirc, and falls into the German fea below Stockton. The Tweed runs from well to call on the borders of Scotland, and falls into the German fea at Berwick. The Eden runs from fouth to north throiigi Weftmoreland and Cumberland, and palling by Carlifle, falls into Sohva) Frith below that city. The Lower Avon runs well through Wiltdiire ta Bath, and then dividing Somerfetlhire from Gloucelterlhire, runs to Brillol, falling into the mouth of the Severn below that city. The Der^ went, which runs from call to well through Cumberland, and palling b« Cockermouth, falls into the Irifh fea a little belowv The Ribble, whici runs from eaft to well through Lancalhire, and paffing by Prcllon, dif charges itfelf into the Irilh fea. The Mcrfey, which runs from thefouthJ eail to the north-well through Chefliire, and then dividing Chefliire fron Lancaihire, pafies by Liverpool, and falls into the hiih lea a little btlo« that town ; and the Dee rifes in Wales, and divides Flintlhire fron Chefliire, falling into the Irifli channel below Chcftcr. The lakes of England are but few, though it is plain from hiftory an^ antiquity, and indeed, in fome places from the face of the country, thai meres and fens have been very frequent in England, till drained and coni verted into arable land by induftry. The chief lakes now remaining are Soham mere, Wittlefea mere, and Ramfey mere, in the ifle of Ely in Cambridgefliire. All thefe meres in a rainy feafon are overflowed, and form a lake of forty or fifty miles in circumference. Winander mere lie in Weftmoreland, and fome fmall lakes in Lancafliire, go by the name 1 Derv^cnt waters. Forests.] The firft Norman kings of England, partly for politid purpofes, that they might the more effeftually enflave their new fubjeftJ and partly from the wantonnefs of power, converted immenfe trafts f round into forefts, for the benefit of hunting, and thefe were governe y laws peculiar to themfelves, fo that it was neceflary about the time « pafling the Magna Charta> to form them into a fort of a code, called th forcft-laws, and juftices in Eyre, fo ciUcd from their fitting in the op air, were appointed to fee them obferved. By degrees thofe vaft trafl were disforened, and the chief forefts, properly fo called, remaining oJ of no fewer tlum fixtv-nine, are thofe of Windfor, New Foreft, tH f orcft 9f Dean, ai^d Sherwood Foreit. 1'lioft; forefts produced former! £ N G I. A N D. IH «t qiinni'tios of excellent oak, e'ni, afh and beech, befules wnliuit- rifS poplar, m;ipl'', and other kin. Is of wood. In amient timvs liny- l;pj coiii.iincd lar<.;e wooJs, if ivn forefts, of chcfnut- trees, which e.\- teJcd all other k'nds of timber, for the piirpofe.s of buildinj';^ at ap- ;jro from many great houfci iVill llanding, in which the chefnut beams roof^ remain flil' frelh, and undecayed, thougli fome of them Jbcvc fix hundred years old. Mftals and minerals.] ^imong the minerals, the tin mines of Cornwall defervedly take the lead. They were known to the Greeks .ind Iphcnicians, the latter efpecially, fome ages before that of the Chriftian lira, and fince the Englilh have found the method of manufiifturing Ithcir tin into plates, and white iron, they are of immenfe benefit to the Ijjtion. An ore called Mundic is found in the beds of tin, which was jterv little regarded, till about fixty years ago, Sir Gilbert Clark difco- |i;red the art of manufacturing it, and it is faid now to bring in 150,000!. Iivear, and to equal in goodnefs the bell Spanifli copper, yieldinr^ sb lioportionable quantity of lapis calaminaris for making brafs. Thofe I'la-woiks are under peculiar regulations, by what are called the ftannary liws, and the miners have parliaments and privileges of their own, which Ire in force at this time. The number of Cornifh miners alone are faid Ij amount to 100,000. Some gold hais likewife been difcovered in Corn- hll, and the Englilh lead is impregnated with filver. The Englifh coin- It filver is particularly known by rofes, and that of Wales by that prince's |[ip of feathers. Devonfhire, and other counties of England, produces Itirble, but the bell kind, which refembles Egyptian granite^ is excef- llrelv hard to work. Quarries of freeftone are found in many places^ ISarthumberland and Cheihire yields allum and fait pits. The Englifh lillers earth is of fuch infinite confequence to the cloathing trade, that \i exportation is prohibited under the feverell: penalties. Pit and fea- 'jai 15 found in many counties of England, but the city of London, encourage the nurfery of feamcn, is fupplLcd only from the pits of [iwhumberland, Cumberland, Wellmorcland, and the bilhopric of Dur- m. The cargoes are (hipped at Newcaftle and Shields, and the expor- ttion of coals to other countries, is a valuable article. * Vegetable and animal pro- I This is fo copious an article, DUCTiONS BY s li A AND LAND. J and fuch improvements have been fide in gardening and agriculture, ever fince the bell printed accounts leliave had of both, that much mull be left to the reader's own obfervaticn liiJ experience. I have already touched in treating on the foil, upoa k corn trade of England, but nothing can be faid with any certainty CTCsrrning the quantities of wheat, barley, rye, peas, beans, vetches, n'^, und other horfo grain growing in the kingdcnn. Excellent inftitutions the improvement of agriculture, are now common in England, and iioir members are fo public fpirited as to print periodical accounts of Ihcir difcovcrics and experiments, which ferve to fhew that both agricultur* Ind gardening can admit to be carried to a much higher Hate of perfec- lon, tJian they are in at prcfcnt. Iloncy and fafirc re natives of Eng- pJ. It is almoit needlcfs to mention to the moll uninformed reader, in pat plenty the moll excellent fruits, apples, pears, plums, cherries, iclie% apricots, neftarincs, cunants, goofeberries, ralberries, and other brtulane produftions, grow here, and what vaft quantities of cy- pr, perry, metheglin, and the like liquors, are made in fome coun- ti, The cyder when kept, and made of proper apples, and in a par- ticular I-;:, 9 i I w. m i\ .•■i\. c 'I 112 E N G L A N D. ticular manner, is often preferred, by judicious palates, to Frenc!i wMU wine. It is not enouch to mention thofe improvements, did we not ohfenji that the natives of England have made the different fruits of all the world their own, fomctimes by fimple culture, but often by hot bed? and other means of forcing nature. The Englifh pine apples arc ddill cious, and now plentiful. The fame may be faid of other natives ofl the Eall and Welt Indies, Penla and Turkey. The Englifh grapes are! pleafing to the tafte, but their flavour is not exalte.l enough for mailing of wine, and indeed wet weather injures the flavour of all the other fine fruitil raifed here. Our kitchen gardens abound with Jill forts of grcpns, roots I and fallads, in perfeiflion, fuch as artichokes, afparagus, cauliflowcis I cabbage, coleworts, broccoli, peas, beans, kidney beans, fpinage, beets I lettuce, cellary, endive, turnips, carrots, potatoes, muflirooms, leaks,! onions and fhallots. I Woad for dying is cultivated in Bucks and Bedfordfhirc, as hemp and! flax is in other counties. In nothing, however, have the Englifh been] more fuccefsful, than in the cultivation of clover, cinquefoil, trefoil, faintfoin, lucern, and other meliorating grafles for the {oW. It belongij to a botanift to recount the various kinds of ufcful and falutary herbs, [ fluubs and roots, that grow in different parts of England. The foil ofl Kent, Efl'ex, Surry, and Hampfhire, is moil favourable to the difncuitf and tender culture of hops, which is now become a very cbhfiderabl«i article of trade. With regard to animal produftions, I Ihall begin with the quadrupeds.) The Engliih oxen are large and fat, but fome prefer for tlie table thel fmaller breed of the Scotch, and the Welch cattle, after grazing in I Englifh pailurcs. The Englifh horfes, upon the whole, are the bell] of any in the world, whether we regard their fpirit, ftrength, fwiftncfs, .or docility. Incredible have been the pains taken by all ranks, from tlvjl monarch down to the pcafant, for improving the breed of this favouritej and noble animal, and the fuccefshas been anfwerable, for they now unite! all the qualities, mvA beauties of Indian, Perfian, Arabian, Spanifh, and other foreign horfes. It is no uncommon thing for an Englifh horfe, marc, i or gilding, though not of the race kind, to run above twenty miles with- in the hour, and they have been known to do it in a carriage. The irrc- filliblc fpirit and weight of the Englifli cavalry, renders them the belt in the world in war: and an Englifli hunter will perform incredible thinjsj "in a fox or flag chace. Thofe v/hich draw equipages on the flreets of] London, are particularly beautiful, and a fet often cofls loool. a ftrongcr'r and a hea\ ier breed is employed for other draughts. I mufl not omit that] the exportation of horfes to France, and other countries, where they fell] for large prices, has of late become a conliderable article of commrrccj It is hard to fay how far tjiis traulc with our natural enemies is allowable,] but there is certainly Icfs danger attending it, as the animals are common-| ly gelded. The breed of afies and mules begin likewife to be improvedl and encouraged in England. The Englifh flicep are of two kinds, thofe that are valuable for their fleec'?, and thofe that are proper for tlie table The former are very large, and their f'.:'cccs conf'dtuto the original f.aj le commodity of En^-| Ir.nd. I have been creaildy informed, that in foi ie counties the inliabi- t.mts are as curious in tlicirlrccd of rams, as in ihufe of thjir horfes atid| dr>g5, and that in Linc'lmTire, par'acularly, it is no uncommon thin^ ter one of UiOlc aainiuli) to fell for ^ul. It jnull, however, be owned, th:it ENGLAND; . iia lioi'e I'lrgR fat flieep arc very rank eating. It is tiiought that in England lie millions of fleeces arc Ihorn annually, which, at a nicdium of a fleece, makes i,200,oool. It is fuppofed, however, that by the ! of the value of the fleeces, a fourth part of thir. fum ought to be IcJurteil at prefent. The other kind of Ihecp, which are fed upon the httns, fuch as thofc of Banftcad, Bagfhot-licath, and Dcvonfhire, there they have, what the farmers call, a Ihort bite, is little, if at all, jifenor in flavour and fvveetnefs, to venifon. The Englirti mallifFs and bulldogs, are the ftrongcft and fierceft of the linine fpCcies in the world, but either from the change of foil, or feed- m, they degenerate in foreign climates. James L of England, by way of Ltperimcnt, turned out two Englilh bulldogs, upon one of his moll ter- Inble lions in the Tower, and they laid him on his back. The maftiff", Iloftwer, is the preferable creature, having all the courage of the bull- g, without its fcrocity> and he is particularly dillinguifllcd for his fide- |ljy and docility. All the different fpecies of dogs, which abound irt per countries (and arc necdlcfs to be enumerated here) for the field, as liell as domelUc ufcs, are to be found in England. What I have obferved of the degeneracy of the Englifh dogs in forcigii [ountries, is applicable to the Englilh game cocks, which afford much hirbarous diverfion ta our fportfmen. The courage arid ferocity of thofe li'ds, is ^onifhing, and one of the true breed never leaves the pit alive Bthout viftory. The proprietors and feeders of this generous animal, arc liiewife extrelnely curious as to his blood and pedigree. Tame fowls are pretty much the fame in England, as in other coun- Ibks; turkics, peacocks, common poultry, fuch as cocks, pullets, and (ipons, geefe, fwans, ducks, and tame pidgeons. The wild fort are UUrJs, wild geefe, wild ducks, teal, wigeon, plover, pheafants, par- tidges, woodcocks, in the feafon, growfe, quail, landrail, fnipe, wood- figeons, hawks of different kinds, kites, owls, herons, crows, rooks, Isvens, magpies, jackdaws and jays, blackbirds, thruflier, nightingales, jjold-finches, linnets, larks, and a great variety of fmall birds, particu- llirly canary-birds, which breed in England. The wheat-ear is by many ]jireferred to the ortolan, for the delicacy of its flefh and flavour, and is leculiar to England. No country is better fupplied than England is with river and fea-fi(h; Jer rivers and ponds contain plenty of faimon, trout, eels, pike, perch, nelts, carp, tench, barbie, gudgeons, roach, dace, mullet, bream, lUice, flounders, and craw-flfli, befides a delicate lake fifli, called char« jfhich is found in fome freih water lakes o*" Wales and Cumberland, and fome fay no where elfe. The fea-flfli are cod, mackarel, haddock^ [hiting, herrings, pilchards, fltaitc, foles. The John Dory, found to- rards the weftern coall, is reckoned a great delicacy^ as is the red mul- Kt. Several other fi(h are found on tlie fame coafls. As to flic-fifli, pev are chiefly oyfters, the propagation of which, upon their proper anks, requires a peculiar culture. Lobllers, crabs, and fhrimps, and Ifcallops, one of the moll delicious of fliell fiflies, cockles, wilks, or piwinkles, and mufcles, with many other fmall {hell-fifli, abound iil [e Englilh feas. The whales chiefly vifit the corthern coaft; but great umbers of porpuflTes artd leals appear in the channel. After all, the nglilh have been, perhaps, with great juftice, accufed of not paying oper attention to their flflieries, which are cohfined to a few inconfi- Irable towns in the weA of England. The beil fifli that comes to the I tablfs III U4- ENGLAND. tables of the great in Lomlon, arc fold by the Dutch to Englifli ho.its, anil that iiidulhious people even take them upon the Englidi coalh Great at-l tenlion, it is true, has Ijeen paid within thefe thirty years paft, by the Knn-I lilh, to this importantconccrn. Many public fpirited noblemen, a; d tjontlt- inen, formed thcmfelves into a company for currying on a liritilh nfliiry.! Large fums were fubfcribed, and paid with unbounded generofity, Uufl^ jl and other veflels were built, and the motl pleafing profpedls of fucccfjl prefented themfelves to the public. They were, however, unaccounta bly difappointed, though it is hard to fay from what caufe, unlcfs ii w-^^ I that the price of Enghlh labour was too dear for bringing the commodiJ ty to the market, upon the fame terms as the Dutch, whole herrinfrrf were aftually furpaffed in the curing by the Britifh. With regard to reptiles, fuch as aciders, vipers, fnakes, and wormsJ and infctts, fuch as ants, gnats, wafps, ami flics, England is prcttyj much upon a par with the reft of Europe, and the diftercnce, if anvj becomes more proper for natural hillory, than geography. ' P Population, inhabitants, man-} The exemption of the EngJ NERS, customs, AND Di VERSIONS. } lilh cottftitution, from the defpotic powers e;/crcifed in foreign nations, not excepting republicsJ is one great rcafoa why it is very difficult to afcertain the number of in, habitants in England, and yet it is certain that this might occaficnallj be done, by parliamer»t, without any violation of public liberty. With regard to political calculations, they mull: be very fallible, when, applicj to England. The prodigious influx of foreigners, who fettle in the nal tion, the evacuations of inhabitants to America, their return from thcnceJ thr vaft numbers of hands employed in (hipping, and the late dernanj fif men for the Eaft Indies, and for fettling our new conquefts, are of them matters that render any calculation extremely precarious. UpJ fin the whole, I am apt to think that England is more populous, than the eflimators of her inhabitants are willing to atlow.^ The late warJ which broke out with France and Spain, annually employed abovj 200,000 Englilhmen, exclufive of Scotch and Irilh, by fea and hndJ and in its progrefs carried off, by various means, very near that num^ ber. The decay of population was indeed fenfibly felt, but not in conii parifon to what it was during the wars in queen Anne's nigH, iiwuoi not half of the numbers were then employed in the fea and land fervicq Great-Britain indeed was obliged to furnilh large contingents of mei to the confederate army, yet not above half of them were her own llih jcfts. I mention thole conjedlurcs, partly on the ftrength of the publS accounts, and partly from undifputed fadls, which fome now alive ir.aj remember, as the nobility, and even minillers of ftate oftv-n had tliej fervantp prcft from behind their coaches, to fupply the fea and laiid fervice, an expedient to which we were not reduced in the late war. At the fame time I am not of opinion, that England is at prefentna turally more populous, than it was in the reign of Charks I. though :1i is accidentally lo. The Englifli, of former ages, were ftrangers to tJi fcxceiTive ufc of fpirituous liquors, and other modes of living, tha: dclhudlive of propagation. On the other hand, the vaft quantities cultivated l.inds in England, fince thofe times, undoubtedly 'null ha been favourable to mankind, though upon an average, perhaps, a luaii fied couple has not fuch a numerous progeny now, as formerly. I vvi| lake the liberty to make another obf^;rvation, which (.ills within the coj Ai'Mnce of aimoll every aun, and that is the incredible cucreafe Ibreio ENGLAND. 115 b.Tigi names upon our parilh books, and public lifts, compared to what LfvVerc even in the reign of George I. After what has been premifed, it would be prcfumptuous to pretend Ijafceiwin the number of inhabitants in England and Wales, but in wy Ln private opinion, there cannot be fewer than feven millions, and Ijiat tliey are daily encreafing. The fallibility of political calculations, Ippears in a very ftriking light in thofe of the population of London, L-aufc it is impofTible to fix it upon any of the known rules or propor- Lis of births and burials. Calculators have been not only miftaken [r, Applying thofe rules to London, and, as they are called, the bills of ifflortality, but even in topical matters, becaufe about 100,000 inhabi- Lnts, at the very gates of London, do not lie within the bills of mor- |olity. Kngliflimen, in their perfons, are generally well-fized, regularly fea- lijcd, commonly fair, rather than otherwife, and florid in their complec- \mi- l'i*» however, to be prefumed, that the vaft numbers of foreign- £5 that arc intermingled and intermarried with the natives, have civea jcaft to tlieir perfons and completions, different from thofe of their an- hrtors, a hundred and fifty years ago. The women of England are faid cbethe moA beautiful of any in Europe. In the drefs of both fexes, . liforc the prefent reign of George IIL they followed the French ; but I Bit of the military officers, partook of the German, in compliment ta> t late majclly. The Englilh, at prefent, bid fair, to be the dictators 1 0! drefs to the French therafelves, at leaft with regard to elegance, neat- and richncfs of attire. People of quality and fortune, of both I to, appear on high occafions, in cloth of gold and filver, the richeft Itodes, fattins, filks and velvets^ both flowered and plain, and it is [the honour of the court, that thr foreign manufaftures of all thofe Irdifcouraged. Some of thofe rich llufi^s are faid to be brought to as jpat pcrfet^ion in England, as they are in France, or any other nation. Irfic full drefs of a clergyman confifts of his gown, caflbck, fcarf, bea- Itr-hat and rofe, all of black ; his undrefs is a dark grey frock, and Isain linen. The phyficians, the formality of whofe drefs, in large tie irukei and fwords, was formerly remarkable, if not ridiculous, begin Jo,v to drefs like other gentlemen, and men of bufinefs, that is, to wear jplain fuit of fuperfine cloth, excellent linen and wigs, thatfuit their Implections, and the form of their faces. Few Englimmen, tradefmen^ lerciiants and lawyers, as well as men of landed property, are without p« paffion for the fports of the field, on which occafions they drefk luh remarkable propriety, in a light frock, narrow brimmed hat, x lort bob wig, jockey boots, and buckflcin, or ihag breeches. The peo^ le of England love rather to be neat tlian fine in their apparel : but; Jce the acceliion of his prefent majelly, the dreflts at court, on folemn Icafions, are fuperb beyond defcription. Few even of the lowell tradef- l:n, on Sundays, carry about them Itfs than lol. in cloathing, com- jciiending hat, wig, ftockings, flioes and linen, and even many beg- p in the llrcet, appear decent in their drefs. In fhort, nonr but the pll abandoned of both fexcs arc otherwife ; and the appearance of a li) in holiday times, is commonly an indication of his indullry and Jorals. Of all people in the world the Englifli keep themfelves the mott lanly. Their nerves are fo delicate, that people of both fexes are fome- l«t'5 forcibly, nay mortally affected by imagination, infomuch, that be- h Che pracUee of isocuiation for the ^all-pox took place, it was I z thought ii6 K N G L A N D. U r,u It 'K I. \!^'\ I'll thouj;ht impropf r to mention th.Ji loathfomc difenfc, by iti true name, '^ any polite a>nij5.v»ys judiciouUy fuiteato his circumilanccs. E N G L A N D. M7 ulrt people in the wnrM know l)«*t(cr than tr.Klcfnien, nnJ men of bu- Lffls in Kngland, hnw to pa/ their court to their curtotncr., and ctn- Lrvers, n-iy even bv fawning ii|K>n, ;nm (onictinK'^ biibinj',, thrtr fcr- Lnti. 'I hofe arts tney confiOcr only as the means nf acquiring that in- Lpendcnce, the pride of wliiih too comrnotily ir.Tds them into a con- J jir/ extreme, even that of th-i^kini^ thcnif^rlvcs under no obi ieation firm Ije rules of decency, duty and ful>ordin uion. This carric. them to that Ltulancc, which is fo ofFenfive to ftranpcr.';, and though encouraged lihrough the want of education, ha; iis root in the nobleft of principles, lyiy underllood, I mean that ri^ht which the law., of England give to Lver/ man over his own proncrt) . 'I'lic fame laws, at the fame time, Itike no cognizance of the abnfe of libcry, if not carried into an ac- lual breach of the peace, fo that cxcry I'jv^lifhman has a copious range Ifr unpunilhed ill-manners, and unprov.-iked infolenci?. This liccn- wufnefs or abufe of freedom, is carrird in Knghmd to an aftonifhing Viglu, and fcems to be epidemical. It is the only public evil, that in- I (ifld "f lofmg, gathers (Irength, and what is to be lamented, its violence iialways in proportion to the niildncf. of the govcrnmenf, a\id its cau- oous execution of the laws, fo that it may be properly coiifidercd as a uode of that riotous dilTtpation I have already mentioned. The over fenfihility of the Knglilh, is difcdvered in nothing more than ijthc vail fubfcriptions for public charities, raifed by all degret-i of both fcKS. An Englilhman feels lU the pains which a fellow axrature fuf- |er«, and jwor and mifcrabU ' b.etfvs are relieved in England with a lib-- nlity that fome time or other may prove injurious to indullry, becaufe it tikes from the lev .^r ranks the ufual motives of labour, that tliey inv fave fomewhat for themfelves and families, againft the days of paia cfiickncfs. The very people who contribute to thofe coUeftions, are af- ftlTcd in proportion to their property for their parochial poor, who have jli;|);al demand for a maintenance, infomuch that there can be no beggar H Kngland but through choice or indolence ; and upwards of three m'.l- lons llerling is faid to be collertcd yearly in this country for charitable Ipurpofes. The inilitutions however of ext»-aparochiaI infirmaries, hofpitals, lind the like, arc in fome cafes reprehenfible. The vaft fums bellowed in liuiidingthem, the contratls made by their g"vernors, and even theelec- iMn of phyficians, who thereby acquire credit, which is the fame as pro- lit, very often beget heats and cabals, which are ver)' different from the Ifurpofes of difmterefled charity, owing to the violent attachments and Iprepoireffions of friends, and too often even to party confiderations. I Notwithllanding thofe noble provifions which would banilh poverty jHom any other country, the ftrcets of London, and the highways of lEngland, abound with objcdls of dillrefs, who beg in defiance of the hwb which render the pradicc feverely punifluiblc. This is owing to Ik manner in which the common people live, who confider the food to lie uneatable which in other countries would be thought luxurious. I The Enelifh, though irafcible, are the moft placable people in the Itorld, and will often facrifioe part of their intereft rather than proceed h extremity. They are eafily pi-evailed upon to forgive by fubmilTion, ad diey carry this lenity too far, by accepting of profeflions of forrow pbliihed in advertifements by thofe who offend them, and who feldoiii liefmcere; nay, often laugh at the eafinefs of their profecutors, for ifmiflir.g them fo gently. The unfufpeding nature of the Englifh, and I kir honelt open manners, efpecially of tliofe in the mercantile way, I 3 rcndej: iT ti8 E N G L A N D. yender them dupes in fcvcral refpefts. They attend to projeftors, and na fcheme is fo ridiculous that will not find abettors in England. They liften to the voice of misfortunes in trade, whether real or pretended deferved or accidep?:al, and generoufly contribute to the relief of the par- ties even by replacing them, often in a more creditable condition thaa ever. The loweft bred of the Englifli, are capable of thole and the like generous adlions, but they often make an oftentatious difplay of their own merits, which diminiflies their value. There is among the Englifl) of all ranks, a moll unpardonable preference given to wealth, over all other confiderations. Riches, both in public and private, compenfate for the abfence of every good quality. This offenfive failing arifes partly from the democratical part of their conftitution, which makes the pofil-f. fion of property a qualification for the Icj^iflature, and almoft every other fpecies of magiftracy, government, honours, and diftinftions. The fame attention to property operates in many other ihapes among the lower dalles, who think it gives them a right to be rude and difrcgardful of all about them, nor are the higher orders exempt from the fame fail- ina. The fame principle often influences their exterior appearances. Koblemen of the iirll rank have been often feen laying bets with butchers and coblers at horfc-races, and boxing-matches. Gentlemen and mer- chants of vaft property are not to be diftinguiflied either by their drefsor converfation from the meancil of their fervants, and a wager offered to te ftaked ip ready money againft a pennylefs antagonilt, is generally a decifive argument in public company. An Englifnman of thorough education and reading, is the mcfl .iccom- plilhed gentleman in the world, and underftands arts and fciences the beft. He is however fhy and retentive in his communications even ta difguft, and a man may be in company with him for months without dif- covcring that he knows any thing beyond the verge of a farm yard, or above the capacity of a horfc jockey. This unamiable coldnefs is fo far from being affeded, that it is a part of their natural conftitution. Liv- ing learning and genius meets with very little regard, even from thelirll rate of Enghihmeu -. and it is not unufual for them to throw afide the beil produdlionsof literature, if they are not acquainted with the author. While the ftate diiUndion of Whig and Tory fubfitted, the heads of each party affedled to patronize men of literary abilities, but tlic pecuniary encoii- Tagements given them were but verj' moderate, apd the very fe-.v who met with preferment in the Hate, might have earned them by a con^petent kn(nvledge of bufinefs, and that pliability which the dependents in office generally polTefs. We fcarce have an inftance even in the munificent xeign of queen Anne, or of her predeceflbrs, who owed fo much to the preis, of a man of genius, being, as fuch, made eafy iu his circumftances. Mr. Addifon had about 300 1. a year of the public money to afiiil him in his travels, and Mr. Pope though a Roman catholic was offered, but did not accept of, the like penfion from Mr. Craggs, the whig fccretary of flate, when it was remarlced that his tory friend and companion the carl of Oxford, when fole minifter, did nothing for him, but bewail his misfortune in being a papift. This reproach upon governmental munifi- cence is now wearing oft' under the patronage of his njajefty and his minillers. The unevennefs of the Englifh in their converfation is very remarkable: fometimes it is delicate, fprightiy, and replete with true wit ; fometimes it lifolid, ingenious and argumentative ; fometimes it is cold and phlegmatic, " ■ - " " - .-.-■, ^ ^^^ ENGLAND. 119 d. They pretended, ■ri borders upon difguft, and all in the fame pt I ji meetings they are renerally ncify, and their jhilc the loudeft arc the mod applauded. erfon. In thcli convivi- r wit is often ofl'enfive, ' Courag? is a quality that (ijns to be cogcnial to the Englidi nature. Boys, before they can ipeak, ■ilcover that they know the proper guards in boxing with their fills, a iiiality that perhaps is pecuHar to the En^liih, and is feconded by a jrengthof arm that ft-w odicr people cim exert. This gives tlie Englilh iblJiers an infinite fnpciioiity in all battles that are to be decided by the bnyonet fere wed upon the mull]U'?t. Tlie Englifh courage has likewifc tjie property, under able commanders, of being equally paffive as aftivc. Their foldiers will keep up their fij-e in the mouth of danger, but when (hi-y deliver it, it has a moiMreadful effedl upon their enemies ; and in na- v;il engagements tlioy aie unequalled. The Englifh are not remarkable for invention, though they are for their improvements upon the inventions of ctlitTs, and in the mechanical arts, they excell all nations in the world. The iiunfe application wliich an Engliihman gives to a favourite ftudy is incre* cbk, and, as it were, abforbs all his other ideas. This creates the nume- fjui inllances of mcntivl abrcnces that arc to be found in the nation. Alll have faid concerning tlie Englifli, is to be underftood of them in feneral as they are at prefcnt, for it is not to bedifiembled that every day jroJuces ilrong indications of great alterations in their manners. The i;iU'ortunes made during the late and the proceeding wars, the immenfc ::;jiiifitions of territory by peace, and above all the amazing encreafe of critorird as well as commercial "loperty in the Eaft Indies, have intro- CuCcd a ipccies of people among the Englifh, who have become rich «::hout inJuilrv, and by diminilhing the value of gold and filver have ccatcd a new iyllcm of finances in the nation. Time alone can (hew the cent : Hitherto the confequcnces feem to have been unfavourable, as it ki introduced among the commercial ranks a fpirit of luxury and ga- ning that is attended with the moll fatal efFefts, and an emulatioa mong merchants and traders of all kinds, to equal, or furpafs the no- bility and the courtiers. The plain frugal manners of men of buiincfs which prevailed fo lately as the acceffion of the prefent family to the [crown, are now difregarded for tallelefs extravagance in drefs and equi- page, and the mollexpenfive amufements and diveriions, not only in the capital but all over the trading towns of the kingdom. Even the cultoms of the Englirti have, fince the beginning of this cen- jturv, undergone an almoft total alteration. Their antient hofpitality Ifubfiils but in few places in the country, or is revived only upon ele"" n- eering occafions. Many of their favourite diverfions are now diiufed. JThofe remaining are operas, dramatic exhibitions, ridottos, and fome- himesmafquerades in or near London, but concerts of mufic, and card and [dancing afiemblies are commor all over the kingdom. I have already men- tioned ftagand fox hunting and horfe races, of which the Englilh of all deno- |minations;ire fond, even to infatuation. Somewhat however may be offered Ibywayof apology for thofe diverfions : The intenfe application which Itlie Englijli give to bufuiefs, tlicir fei'cntary lives, and luxurious diet re- quire exercile, and fome think that their excellent breed of horfes is en- creafed and improved by thofe amufements. The Englifh are remark- ably cool, both in lofmg and winning at play, but the former is often a tended with afts of fuicide. An Englilhman will rather murder him- lelf than bring a (harper, who he knows has fleeced him, to condign bunilhmcnt, even though warranted by law. Next to horfc-racing, and jjujiting, cock-fighting, to the reproach of the nation, is a favourite di- 1 4. verlion, ': I V'i : f 1 1 20 ENGLAND. verfion, r.inrng; the great, as well as the vulgar. Multitudes of both aftl fcmhie roi^nd tlic pit, at one cf thofe matches and enjoy the psnps aniM oeath of the gcncroir- aniiral, every fpcftator being concerned in a herl fonietimes of high funs. The athletic diverilon of cricket is flill ktpil up in the fouthern and weflcrn parts of England, and is fometimes prac-l tifcd by people of t^ic highelt rank. It is performed by a perfon whtfl with a clumfy wooden bat, defends a wicket raifcd of two flcnder flicks f with one acrofs, which is attacked by another perfon, who endeavour* to beat it down, with a hard leather ball, from a certain ftand. The farther the diftance is to which the ball is driven, the oftcner the de- fender is able to run between the wicket and the ftand. This is call.! ed gaining fo many notches, and he who gets the moft is the viftor. MaJ ny other paflimcs are common in England, feme of them of a very ro- buft nature, fuch as cudgelling, v.reltling, bowls, Ikittles, quoits, and prifon-bars ; not to mention duck-hunting, foot, and afs-races, dancinp puppet-ftiews. May garlands, and above all, ringing of bells, a Ipt'cics of mufic, which the Englifh boaft they have brought into an art. The barbarous diverfions of boxing and prize-fighting, which were as fre- quent in England, and equally inhuman, as the fliews of gladiators in Rome, are now prohibited, and all places of public diverfions, except- ing the royal theatres, are under regulations by aft of parliament. Other diverfions, Which arc common to other countries, fuch as tennis, fives billiards, cards, fwimming, angling, fowling, couifing, and the like, are familiar to the Englilh. Two kinds, and thofe highly laudable are perhaps peculiar to them, and thefe are rowing and failing. The latter, if not introduced, was patronized and encouraged, by his prefent majelly's father, the late prince of Wales, and may be confidered as a national improvement. The Englifh are exceflively fond of fltaiting, 5n which, however, they are not very expert, but they are adventurous in it often to the danger and lofs of their lives. The game afts have taken from the common eoplc a great fund of diverfion, though without an- ivvering the purpofes of the rich, for the farmers, and the country peo- ple deiiroy the game in their nets, which they dare not kill with the gun. This monopoly of game, among fo free a people as the Engliflij has been confidered in various lights. Religion.] The eitablifhed religion in England, is reformed from the errors of popery, and approaches nearer to the primitive chrilliani- ty, being equally removed from fuperftition, and indelicacy in its wor- Jliip, and as void of bigotry, as of licentioufnefs, in its praftice. The conftitution of the church is epifcopal, and its government by bifhops, whofe benefices were converted, by ihe Norman conqueror, into temporal baronies, in right of which, every bifhop has a feat, and vote in the houfe of peers. The benefices of the inferior clergy, are now freehold, but in many places, their tithes are impropriated in favour of the laity. The oeconomy of the church of Englantl, has been accufed for the ine- quality of its livings; fome of them, efpecially in Wales, being too fmall to maintain a clergyman, efpecially if he has a family, with any tolerable decency ; but this, perhaps, is unavoidable, and very probably never can be entirely remedied, though the crown, as well as private perfons, has done great things towards the augmentation of poor livings. The dignitaries of the church of England, fuch as deans, prebends, and the like, have generally large incomes ; fome of them exceeding in raluc thofe of biftiopric, for which rtafon the revenues of a rich deancr}-, ■ or ENGLAND. 121 lif other IK'ing, is often annexed to a poor biftiopric. At prefcnt, the Ijtry of the church of England, as to temporal matters, are in a mof^ Ijouiilhing fuiiation, hecaufe the value of their tithes encreafes, with the Ijiprovements of lands, which of late has been amazing in England. The |jvtreigns of England, ever fince the reign of Henry VIII. have been lalled m public writs, the fupreme heads of ihe church ; buttliis title con- leys no fpiritii.il mcaningi as it only denotes the regal power, to prevent Wecclefiallical difrerences, or in other words, to fubllitute the king in place of tlie pope, before the reformation, with regard to temporalities, Ld the internal a-conomy of the church. The kings of England never lintcrmcddle in ecclefiallical difputes, and are contented to give a fanftion Ito the legal rights of the clergy. The church cf England, under this defcriptlon, of the monarchical I power over it, is governed by two arriibifliops, and twenty-four biihops, Uefides the bifhop of Sodor and Man, who not being poflefled of an {ngliJh barony, dt)es not fit in the houfc of peers. The two archbi- ms, are thofe of Canterbury and York, who are both dignified with L,e addrefs of * your grace.' The former is the firft peer of the realm, V well as metropolitan of the Englilh church. He takes precedence next 3 the royal family, of all dukes and officers of ftatg. He is enabled to itld ecclefiallical courts upon all affairs that were formerly cognizable the court of Rome, when not repugnant to the law of God, or the I ling's prerogative. He has the privilege confequently of granting, in I ttrtain cafes, licenfes and difpenfaticns, toge*,her with the probate of I sills, when the party dying is worth upwards of five pounds. Befides j lis own diocefe, he has under him the biftiops of London, Wincheller, hj, Lincoln, Rochefter, Litchfield and Coventry, Hereford, Worcef- »r, Bath and Wells, Salilbury, Exeter, Chichefter, Norwich, Gloucef- (r, Oxford, Peterborough, Briftol j and, in Wales, St, David's, Lan-* I jiff, St. Afaph and Bangor. The archbilhop of Canterbury has, by the conftitution and laws of I England, fuch extenfive powers, that ever fince the death of archbilhop liaud (whofe charafter will be hereafter given) the government of Eng- jland has thought proper to raife to that dignity, none but men of very Imcderate principles, and of very inoffenfive abilities. This practice las been attended with excellent effefts, with regard to the public tran- louillity of the church, and conlequcntly of the ilate. The archbilhop of York takes place of all dukes, not of the blood loyal, and cf all officers of ftate, the lord chancellor excepted. He has In hii province, befides his own diocefe, the bifhoprics of Durham, Car- pile, Cheiler, and Sodor and Man. In Northumberland, he has the over of a palatine, and jurifdiftion in all criminal proceedings. The biffiops are addrelTed Your lordlhips, ftiled Right reverend fathers |n God, and precede as barons on all public occafions. They have all jic privileges Of peers, and the bifhoprics of London, Wincheller, Dur- lam, Salilbury, Ely and Lincoln, require no additional revenues to jjpport their prelates in the rank of noblemen. Englilh bifliops arc tc), jsamine and ordain priells and deacons, to confecrate churches and bu- Iving-placcs, and to adminifter the rite of confccration. Their jurif- ladion relates to the probation of wills ; to grant adminillration o^- Loods, to fuch as die intefiate ; to take care of perilhablc goods, wheti \D one will adminiAer, to collate to benefices ; to grant iniUtutions t(^ i, W *r;i 'm0 ;»■: ,ll'J o I- j.i) fi S-? :; • II?' ;^f 12"2 ENGLAND. livings ; to defend the liberties of the church ; and to viiit their own i dioceies once in three years. Deans and prebends of cathedrals, have been already mentioned, but 1 it would pi'rhaps be diiiicult to aflign their utility in the church, fartliLT than to add to the pomp of worfnip, and to make provifion for cler'/y- men of eminence and merit. England contains about fixty archdeacon.^, whofe office is to vifu the churches twice or thrice every year, but their offices are lefs lucrative than they arc honourable. Subordinate to them are the rural deans, formerly lliled arch prclbyters, who fignify the hi- Ihop's pleafure to bis clergy, the lower clafs of which conlilvs uf priclb :uicl deacons. The ccclefiaflical government of England is, properly fpeaking, lodg- 1 fd in the convocation, which is a national reprefeutative or fynod, and anfwers pretty near tO tlie ideas we have of a parliament. They are convoked at the fame time with every parliament, and their bufinefs is to confidcr of the Hate of the church, and to call thofe to an account who have .'idvanced new opinions, inconfiftent with the dodrines of the church of England. Seme high flying clergymen, during the reign of queen Anne, and in tlie beginning of that of George I. raifed tlie pow- ers of the convocation to a height that was inconfiftent with the prmci- ples of religioi s tolerrncy, and indeed of civil liberty; fo that the crown was obliged to exert its prerogative of calling the members together, and cf diifolving tliem, and ever fince tliey have not been permitted to fit for any time, in whi^h they could do bufinefs. The court of arches is the moft ancient confiftory of the province of Canterbury, and all appeals in church matters, fiom the judgment of j the inferior courts, arc dirci^'' to this. The procciies run in t!io name of the judge, who is called dean of the arches ; and the advocates, who plead in tins court, mull be doctors of the civil law. The court of au- dience has the fan'.c authority with this, to which the archbiihop's chan- eery war. formerly joined. The prerogative court is that wherein wills are prove.', and adminillrations tdken out. The court of peculiars, re- lating to certain parilhc;., have a jurifdi£lion among themielves, for the probate of wills, ar.d are therefore exempt from the biffiop's courts. The k;e of Caniirhury has no lefs than fifteen of theie peculiars. The court of delegates receives its name from its confilling of commiffioners delegated or appointed by the royal commiliion ; but it is -lo Ihnding court. E\e;y bUhop has alfo a court of his own, called the confiftory court. Every archdeacon has likewife his court, as well as the dean and chapter of every cathedral. 'l he church of England is, beyond any other church, tolerant in its principles. Pvloderation is its governing character, and it excludes no ic£i of Chrillir.RS from the exercife of their refpedive religious wor- ships. Without entering upon the motives of its reformation under Henry VIII. it is certain, that epifcopal government, excepting under the times of ulurpation, has ever fince prevailed in Engl^md. The wif- dom of acknov.'ledging the king the head of thp church, is confpicuoiis in difcniiraging all religcus perfecution and intolerancy, and if religi- ous fec^aries have multiplied in England, it is fjom the fame principle that civil liccncicufnefs has prevailed ; 1 mean a tendprnefs in matters that can afieft «'ither confcience or liberty. The bias which the clergy had towards popery, in the reign of Kenry VIII. and his fon, and pven fo late u: that of Elizabeth, occafioned an interpofttion of the civil power, l>eas, in treat ENGLAND. I2J Ijowcr, for :t farther reformation. Thence arofe the puritans, fo called Ifrcm their afFedling a Angular purity of life and manners. Many of Ijjiem were worthy pious men, and fome of them good patriots. Their lici'cendants are the modern preibyterians, who retain the fame charac- Lr, and have true principles of civil and religious liberty, only wit*i Lne differences as to church difcipline, and the modes of worfhip. Their loctrine, like the church of Scotland, was originally derived from the Geneva plan, inftituted by Calvin, and tcndea to an abolition of epif- Icopacy, and to veiling the government of the church in a parity of pref- Ibyters. The preibyterians, however, are now confidered as being diflen- jtcrs. The baptifts form another ftft of diffenters. Thefe do not bc- I'lieve that infants are proper objefts of baptifm, and in the baptifm of Ldults, they praftife immerfion into water. Blended with thefe are the independents, but it is hard to fay what are the particular tenets of thofe jecis, fo much have they deviated from their original principles, and fo jreatly do their profeffors differ from each other. The moderate clergy of the church of England, treat the preibyterians with affeftion and Hendlhip ; and though the hierarchy of their church, and the charader Idbilhops, are capital points in their religion, they confider their dif- iiences with the preibyterians, and even with the baptifts, as not being I tery material to falvation, nor indeed do many of the eflabliihed church iink that they are ftrittly and confcientioufly bound to believe the doftrinal nrta of the thirty-nine articles, which they are obliged to fubfcribe be- liire they can enter into holy orders. Some of them have of late con- ended iu writings, that all fubfcriptions to religious fyllems are repug- I jint to the fpirit of Chriftianity, and to reformation. The methodifts are a feft of a late inftitution, and their founder is I jnerally looked upon to be Mr. George Whitefield, a divine of the uurcli of England, but it is difficult to defcribe the tenets of this nu- jerous feft. All we know is, that tliey pretend to great fervour and kvotion, that their founder, who is ftill alive, thinks that the form of (cclefiaitical worftiip, and prayers, whether taken from a common hrayer book, or poured forth extempore, is a matterof indifference, and Ise accordingly makes ufe of both forms. His followers are rigid ob- lervers of the thirty-nine articles, and many of them profefs themfelves lo be calvinifts. But even this feci is fplit among themfelves, fome of [hem acknowledging Mr. Whitefield, and others Mr. Wefley, for their leader ; not to mention a variety of fubordinate feels (fome of whom are [ram Scotland) who have their feparate followers, both at London, and In the country of E-^'-'nd. I am to obferve, that there feems at pre- l^nt to be among thoie feftaries, and diflenters, a vaft relaxation of ec- pfiaQicai difcipline, which is chiefly owing to difunion among them- felves, and in fome meafure to the principle of free-thinking, the pro- lefrors of which are preibyterians or independents, and confider all iyf- ems of religious government, and tells of faith, as fo many fetters upoa leafon and confcience. The quakers form a numerous fcdl of diffenters in England, and pcr- laps if the r profell principles were to undergo a very ftridl examination, Ik)' would appear to be founded in free-thinking, though they pretend I» be guided by internal revelation, didated by the fpirit of God. That Itvelation, and that Ipint, however, arc jull what they pleafe to make |»em, and if they mean any thing, it is an abftraclion from all fenfual lieas^ in treating of the Cluillian religion, and its niyfteries, for they ^ attempt mm 124 ENGLAND. aiM,irf' <■- I attempt fo allejorize all the fads in thre gofpcl. This ha-s fubjef^e^i them to a charge of their clenyinp- all the fundamCTitab of Chrillianitv. Thoujrh Ibme of them have difclaimed this charce, yet they utterly de- ny, that the outward ptrfon, who fuffered his Dody to be crucified h/ the jews, without the gates of jemfalcm, is properly the fon of God. They diiclaim all religious creeds made ufe of by other Chriltians, and all the rnode^ of worlhip pradifed in other churches. They difiegarcl die authority of the clergy, and rcfufe to pay tithes unlcl's they are com- pelled by law. They neither ufe bnptifm, nor partake of the facva- ment. They affefl a peculiar plainnefs of drefs, both as to the form and tlw? colour:, of their cloaths, and they publickly declaim againll rcfiftauce, aixl the lerraliiy of going to war oa any account. With regard to tl)e refurreiticn of the body, and the doftrines of rewards and punilhmcnu hereafter, and many other capital points of Chrillianity, they have not yet explained themfclvcs authentically. Were all the other peculiarities of this icft to be defcribed, 3 rea- der, not acquainted with it, would be apt to thirjk it impoflible, t!i,it it Ihould alibciate with other ChriiUans. Nothing however is more certain, than that the quakers are moft excellent members of tlic com- jnunity. The llridtnefs of their morality makes amends for the oddities of their principles, and the funplicity of their living^, for the wildntG, of their opinions. '^Iheir oeconomy is admirable, fur though none of them pretend to any coercive power, yet their cenfurcs are fubmitced to as implicitly, as if they were RomilTi bigots under an innuifition. The highell punilhmont is a kind of excommunication, which I fliaU not pretend to dcfcribe, but which is taken off upon repentance and amend- ment, and the party is readmitted into all the privileges of tlieir body. Their goveniment is truly republican, and admirably well adapted to their principles. They have an annual meeting, which is generally in Nlay, at London, and this is reforted to by deputies from all parts of Great-Britain, Ireland, Holland, Germany, and the British planta- tions. In this meeting is examined the proceedings of their other meet- ings, which are monthly and quarterly. Indecencies of every kind are cenfurcd, contributions are received, accounts are examined, and dif- courfes, exhortations, and fermons are delivered fuitable to the exigency of tlie times, and their prevailing vices and immoralities. The good fcnfc for which this feft is remarkable, renders their leaders mo^e refpec- table, tha.i thofe which royalty or power appoint over other communi- ties. This, with the mildnefs of their behaviQur» fobriety, and great induflry, have raifed them .high in the efleem of the legiflature, which has even indulged them by admitting pf their aiErmationy inllcad of an oath in the courts of juftice. I ihall not here enter itxo sir political hillory, or in what manner on'; of their number, William Penn, formed that admirable eftabiiihment of their order, which ftill fubfiUs in Pen- fylvania. It is fuificicQt to obferve> that it was fonnd by experience, during the two laft wars with France, that their principles were incompa- tible, with either civil or military government ; and confequently, that, wplefs their enemies had been quakers likewife, they mull have been maf- ters of their country. This created great trouble with the mother coun- try, and it unfortunately happened, '^hat the quakers were as tenacious pf their property, as of their principles. Neceffity and danger, how- ever, at laft compelled them to contribute for their own defence, by their purfes, tho' we do not iind ;hat they did it m tteii" perfons -, ftom all ' wnich r. N G L A N n. 1^5 ^ivTi it appears that it \%'oulil be imprav^icablc to form quaj^ers into « jtnii government of any kind. The igfjoranceof Fox, and the firft leaders of this fcc^, !cd thequa- Kcis i'lto a thoufaiid extravagancies, by agitations and convuliions of I the body, which they termed the workings of the fpirk. Barclay, Kiith, land fomc other metnphyfical heads, defeaded the doftriiK, though they Idropt the fingularities of the profeiTion. This fbftened the ridicule of the I public, and iBarclay's fucceHbrs have omitted in their behaviour and a{K pearance many of thofr unmeaning fingularities. The ijuakcrs, it is tfue, in gener;H, ftilJ retain the appellation of Friend, inftea^i of Sir, and roafic ufe of TJiou and Tliee in diicourfe ; neither are they very ready t» pull off the' r liats, by way of civility or refpedl. They know, however, hniv to accommodate themfelves to the common ufages of life, npon particular emergencies, and the fjnBularities of a quaker of addre s ane fiow but juil dilcerniblc, and can give no offence to politencls, uuieli it is affeded. It is impofliblc to fay any thing with certainty concerning the number tf qicikera in England. In the beginning of the late reign they were eiiiin;ited at 50,000; and I am apt to believe, they are cncreafed, thai* (h.it esicrcafc is not pereeptible, by their laying afide moft of their fin- fiilarities. The regularity of their meetings is furprizing, and the ad- nonitions which they give to their brethren, by circular letters, fx'aim iiieir yearly meetings, are worthy imitation by the bell policed govera*- ncnt. The payment of tithes is a kind of a Handing grievance, be-' uufe it is renewed every year. They are however rtcady in their oppo* ttion to it. They who pay them voluntarily, are always cenfured. The books relating to their religion, which they print, mull be liceuA td by a committee before they are dif]Tcrfed. Many fajnilies in Englaiid ftill profefs the Roman catholic rcligiow, and its exercife is under very mild and gentle rellritlions. Though the penal laws againft papifts in England appear at firll to be fevcre, yet they arc executed with fo much lenity, that a Roman catholic feels him* I felf under few hardlhips. Legal evafions are found out for tneir dou* ble taxes, upou their landed pwperty, and, as tliey are labjed to none of the expences and troubles (unlefs voluntary) attending public of- liices, parliamentary elections, and the like burdt is, the Kngliih Ro- Iman catholics are in general in good circumftances, as to their private Ifortunes. The truth is, they know that a change of go\ernment, in- lllead of bettfcring, would hurt their fituation, becauie it would cacreal'e thejealoufy of the legiflature, which would undoubtedly expofe them daily to greater burdens, and heavier penalties. This fenablc confidcr- lation has of late rendered the Roman catholics as dutiful and zealous Ifubjecls as any his majefty has, and their interell in eledion of members lof parliament, which is confiderable, has for thefe thirty years pall, IcominoQly gone for the court. Scarcely any Englilh Roman caiholicy lexcepting thofe who were bred or had ferved abroad, were engaged in ths Irebellion of the year 1745, and tho' thofe at home were molt carefully lobferved, few or none of them were found guilty of dilloyal pradices. I fliould here take my leave of the Hate of religion in England, was- lit not neceffary to mention thofe who profefs no religion at all, and yet bve a vail influence upon the circumllances and Hate of the eilablilbed church. Thefe go under the name of Free-thinkers, and they are di~ I'ided into as many feds as Chriftianity itfelf. Arians and bocinians^ words = *' i'*'i 126 ENGLAND. words well known to imply a diibclief of the doftrines of the cliurch of England, with regard to the Trinity, (helter themfelves under the name of Free-thinkers. The Deift fhakes himfelf loofe of all religious inftitutions, by pleading Free-thinking. The Fatalift, who is a branch of deifm, and in fadl lif niiies the fame as a deill, does the like, and what is ftill worfe, free*living is often the confequence of free-think- ing, as is feen in the unbounded difTipation, debauchery and impiety of its profeflbrs. What the effefts of tliis irreligion may prove, is hard to fay, but it feems not to be fo general at prefent as in «'ny one reien iince the revolution. This is in a great meafure owing to the difcou- xagement it meets with from the royal example, which has brought an attendance upon religious ordinances into credit; at the court and ca- pital. Another circumftance, in favour of religion, is the noble pro- vifion, which the enjoyment of a bifhopric, or a dignified ftation in the church makes, for the younger fons of noble families. The bench of bifhops, has, at no time fince the reformation, been pofleffed by fo ma- ny men of birth and quality ; nor has it ever been known that fo many young perfons of rank and family, have been educated to the church, as at prefentt Learning and learned men.] England may be looked upon as another word for the feat of learning and the Mufcs. Her great Al- fred cultivated both in the time of the Saxons, when barbarifm and ig- norance overfpread the reft of Europe, nor has there fince his time been wanting a continual fucceffion of learned men, who have diftinguilhed themfelves by their writings or ftudies. Thefe are fo numerous, that a bare catalogue of their names, down to this day, would form a mode- rate volume. The Englifh inftitutions, for the benefit of ftudy, partake of the eharader of their learning. They are folid and fubftantial, and provide for the cafe, the difencumbrance, the peace, the plenty, and the conve- niency of its profeflbrs ; witnefs the two univerfitles of Oxford and Cambridge, inliitutions that arc not to be matched in the world, and which were refpcftcd even amidft the barbarous rage of civil war. The induftrious Leiand, who was himfelf a moving library, was the iirft who made a Ihort coUeftion of the lives and charadlers of thole learned perfons, who preceded the reign of his matter Henry VIII. among whom he has inferted fevc-ral of the blood royal of both fcxes, particularly a fon and daughter of the great Alfred, Editha, the queen of Edward the Confeflbr, and other Saxon princefles, fome of whom were equally de- voted to Mars as the Mufes. In fpeaking of the dark ages, it would be unpardonable, if I fliould omit the mention of that prodigy of learning, and natural philoiophy, Rcger Bacon, who was the forerunner in fcience to the great Bacon, lord Vcrulam, as the latter was to Sir Ifaac Newton. Among the other cu- rious works afcribed to him by Leiand, we find treatile^ upon the flux end reflux of the Britifh fea, upon metallurgy, upon aftronomy, cof- mographv, aad upon the impediments of knowledge. He lived under Henry III. and died at Oxford in 1248. The honourable Mr. Walpoip has preferved the memory of fome noble and roydl Englifti avitfiors, who have done honour to learning and the Mufes, and to his work I lauft refer. Since the Reiormation, England refembles a galaxyr of literature, and it is but doing juliice to the memory ot cardinal W-olfey, «houoh otherwife a dangerous and profligate miniiter, to acknowleuge tlut England. 127 ihould ilophy, ^n, lord per cu- |ie flux cof- under falpolp tftorsv VOTk I ixy- of 1 olfey, k^ietige Hat both Kis example and encouragemcnl, laid the foundation of the polite arts, and the revival of claflical learning in England. As many of the Englilh clergy had diflerent fentiments in religious matters, at Nie time of the reformation, encouragement was given to learned fo- ifianers, to fettle in England. Edward VI. during his (hort life, did a freat deal for the encojragement of thcfc foreigners, and (hewed difpo- lidons for cultivating the moll ufeful parts of learning, had he lived. JLearninf;, as well as liberty, fuffered an almoft total eclipfe in Eng- lland, during the bloody bigottcd reign of queen Mary. Elirabeth, her Ifiiler, was herfelf a learned princefs. She advanced many perfons oi' ccnfummate abilities, to high ranks, both in church and Itate, but flie fcems to have confidered their literary accomplifhments to have been on- 1^' lecondary to their civil. In this llie Ihewed herfelf a great politi- cian, but fhe would have been a more amiable queen, had Ihe raifed cenius from obkurity ; for though Ihe was no ttranger to Spencer's lilufe, Ihc fuffered herfelf to be fo much impofed upon, by an unfeeling nlniller, that the poet languilhed to dea^h in oblcurity. Though Ihc ailed the beauties of the divine Shakefpear, yet we know not that they tere diftinguilhed by any particular ads of her munificence, but her paiAmony was nobly fupplied by hei- favourite the-earl of Eflex, the po- iiteil fcholar of his age, and Ins friend the earl of Southampton, who were patrons of genius. The encouragement of lenrned foreigners in England, continued ta tie reign of James I. who was very munificent to Cafaubon, and other foreign authors of diltinition, even of different principles. He was timldf no great author, but his example had a wonderful efteft up- n his fuiijcdis, for in his rc-ign were formed thofe great mailers of colemic divinity, whofe works are almoft inexhauitible mines of knowledge, nor mull it be forgot, that the fecond Bacon, whom 1 lave already mentioned, v/as by him created vifcount Vcrulam, aud io.-d high chancellor of England. He was likewife the patron of Cam- I den, and other hiilorians, as well as antiquaries, whofe works aie te this day, llandards in thofe lludies. Upon the whole, therefore, itcan- Uoc be denied, that Englilh learning is under great obligations to Ijames I. I His fon Charles I. had a taUc for the polite arts, efpecially fculpture, Ipainting, and architedure. He was the patron of Rubens, Vandyke, llnigo Jones, and other eminent artiils, fothat had itnot been for the civil Iwars, he would probably have converted his couit and capital, into a Ifecond Athens, and the coUeclions he made for that purpofe, confider- ling his pecuniary ditiiculties were llupendous. His fa\ ouritc, the duke lof Buckuigham, imitated him in that refpeft, anJ laid out the amaz- ling fum of four hundred thouliind pounds fterling, upon his c binet of Ipamtings and curiofities. '^I'he earl of Arundel was, however, the Igrcut ivicccenas of that age, and by the immenfe acquifuions he made lof antiquities, efpecially his famous marble infcriptions, may ftand up- lon a fur^ting, as to the encouragement and utility of literature, with Ihe gic'teit of the Medicean princes. Charles, ana his court, had little loriio relilh for poetry. The public tiicotragenient of learning, and the arts, fuffered indeed luicciipi , dur.ng ihe time of the civil vvars, and tlie fuccicding iifur- l;ati.i). Many very learned men, however, found their litu:;ti6ns un- jierCi era well, tiiough he was no Ilranger to their political ientiments. .'it -W' 128 ENGLAND. fa eafy, that they followed their ftudies, to the vaft benefit of crpf* branch of learning, and many works of vaft literary merit, appcir- ed even in thofe times of diftradion. Uflier, Willis, Harrington Wilkins, and a prodigioiir number of other great names, were un- molellcd by that iifurper, arid he would cvtn have filled the univcrfities with literary merit, could he have done it with any degree of fafety ta his government. The reign of Charles II. was chiefly dirtinguiflicd by the great profi. ciency to which it carried natural knowledge, efpcciaiiy by the iniljtu- tion of the royal fociety. The kin" Iiimfelf was an excellent judce of i thofe ftudics, and though irreligious himfelf, England never abound- ed more with learned and able divines, than in his reign. H» loved painting and poetry, but was far more munificent to the former than the latter. The incomparable Paradife Loft by Milton» was pub- lilhcd in his reign, but fo little read, that the impreftion did not pay the expence of 15I. given by the bookfeller for the copy. The reign of Charles II. notwithftanding the bad tafte of his court in ievcral of the polite arts, by fome is reckoned the Auguftan age in England, and is dignified with the names of Boyle, Hook, Sydenham, Harvey, Tem- ple, Tillotfon, Butler, Cowley, Waller, Dryden, Wycherley, and Ot- j way. The pulpit aflumed more majeily, a better JHIc, and truer ener- gy, than it ever had knov/n before. Claflic literature, recovered many of its native graces, and though England could not under him boaft of a Jones, and a Vandyke, yet Sir Chriftopher Wren introduced a more ge- neral regularity, than ever had been known before in a;\,hitcdure, and many excellent Englifli painters (for Leiy and KncUer were foreigners) llourifhed in this reign. That of James II. though he likewife had a tafte for the fine arts, is thiefly diftinguifhed in the province of literature, by thofe compofitions that were publiflied by the Englilh divines againft popery, and which, for ftrength of reafoning, and depth of erudition, never were equalled j in any age or country. The names of Newton and Locke adorned the reign of William IIL e prince, who neither underftood, nor loved learning, or genius in any Jhape. Itflourifhed, however, in his reign, merely by the excellency of" ] the foil, in which it had been planted. It has been obferved» however^ that metaphyfical reafoning, and a fqueamifti fcepticifm in religious matters, prevailed too much, and this has been generally attributed to his indifference as to facred fubjeds. Argumentation, however, there- by acquired, and has ftill preferved a far more rational tone in every pro- vince of literature, than it had before, efpecially in religion and phi- ' lofophy. The moft uninformed readers are not unacquainted with the Improve- [ Inents which learning, and all the polite arts, received under the aufpices of I queen Anne, and which put her court at leaft on a footing with that of | Lewis XIV. in its moft fplendid days. Many of the great men^ vhfl had figured in the reigns of the Stuarts and William, were ftill alivejf and in the full exercife of their faculties, when a new race fprung up, Inj the republic of learning and the arts. Addlfon, Prior, Pope, SwiftJ Arbuthnot, Conffreve, Steele, Rowe, and many other excellent writers, both! in verie and profe, need but be mentioned to be admired, and the EnglKhj W«rc as trimaphant in literature as in war. Religious^ natural, and I moral] ENGLAND. ^29 jioral phllofophy kept pace with the polite arts, and even reljglous and political difputes contributed to the advancement of learninc, by the inbounded liberty which the laws of England dl-jw in Ipeculative 1 jattcrs. The minifters of George I. were the patrons of erudition, and fome Irfthem were no mean proficients thcmfclves. I have already obferved, lat in this reign a poet held the pen of full fccretnry of ftute, though JHr. Addifon's talents were very inadequate to the pjft, and his temper' liill more. Though George II. was himfelf no Mecarnas, yet his reign yielded jtononeof the preceding, in the numbers of learned and ingenious men lit produced. The bencn of bilhops was never known to be fo well pro- Ivided with able prelates, as it was in the early years of his reign, a full Iriroof that his nobility and minifters were judges of literary qualifica- Itions. In other departments of erudition, the favour of the public ge- Btrally fupplied the coldnefs of the court. After the rebellion in the yor 1745, when Mr. Pelham was confidcrcJ as being firll miniller, this foeen between government and literature, was in a great mcafure re- moved, and men of genius beg m tlicn to taile the royal bounty. The reign of his grandibn promifes to renew a golden age to learning ud all the arts. The noble inftitution of a royal academy, and his ma- jdly's generous munificence to men of merit, in every ftudy, have al- tody thrown an illuftrious refulgence round his court, which muft en- dor his memory to future generations. Befides learning, and the fine arts in general, the Englifli excel, in wkt we call, the learned profeffions. Their courts of jullice are adorn- ed with greater abilities and virtues, perhapr., than thofe which any otter country can boaft of. A remarkable inftance of which, occurs in I tilt appointments for the laft 200 years of their lord chancellors, who juld the higheft and the moll uncontroulable judicial feat in the kingdom, ltd yet it is acknowledged by all parties, that during that time, their tech has remained unpolluted by corruption, or partial afFeftions. The Iwinftances that may be alledged to the contrary, fix no imputation of liiifiil guilt upon the parties. The great lord chancellor Bacon was cen- nred indeed for corrupt praflices, but malevolence itfelf does not fay that llewassuilty any fartner than in too much indulgence to his fervants. Ifliecaie of one of his fucceflbrs is ftill more favourable to his memory, Ithiscenfure refie£ls difgrace only upon his enemies, and his lordfhip lias, in the eyes of every man of candour and confcience, acquitted, not |ilyofa£lual but intentional guilt. Even JefFeries, infernal as he was n his politics, never was accu^d of partiality i« the caufes that came liefore him as chancellor. j It m 'ft be acknowledged, that neither pulpit, nor bar-eloquence, ha« lien much ftudied in England ; but this is owin^ to the genius of the peo- lle, and their laws. The fermons of their divines, are often learned, jid always found as to the praflical and dodlrinal parts, but the many* jigious fefls in England, 'require to be oppofed rather by reafdning I In eloquence. An unaccountable notion has however prevailed I in among the clergy themfelves, that the latter is incompatible with n former, as if the arguments of Cicero and Demoilhenes were weak-^ lad by thpfe powers of language,^ with which they are adorned. A kt time, perhaps, may remove this prej^ofTefllcDy and convince th< K -■ clergy; .'4: U >n^ Ut I. iib ENGLAND. dcrgjr, as well as laity, that trtie eloquence is the firll and faireft han^ jnaid of argumentation. The rt-adcr, however, is not to imagine Uiatl ain infinuaiin^, that the preachers of the Englifli church are Ueftitutc( the graces of elocution, lb far from that, no clergy in the world cj equal them, in the purity and pcrfpicuity of language, though I thi« that if they confulted more than they do the powers of elocution, the vould preach v\ ith more effect. If the femblance of thofe powers, comiq from the mouths of ignorant tnrhufiafts, are attended with the ama ang cfft'iils we daily fee, what mull not be the confequencc,' if they we r.vertcd in reality, and fupportcd with fpirit and learning. The laws of England are of fo peculiar a call, that the feveral plead 3rgs at the bar, do not admit, or but very fparingly, of the flowers ( Ifuiech, and 1 am apt to think that a pleading in the Ciceronian manne V ould make a ridiculous appearance in Wellminfter-hall. The KngliJi lawyers, however, though thty deal little in eloquence, are well vcrfed i jhetoric and reafoning. Parliamentary fpeaking, not being bound down to that precedca V'liich is required in the courts of law, no nation in the worlcl can pro d.ice fo many examples of true eloquence, as the Englifh fenate in its tw houfes, witnefs the fine fpeeches made by both parties, in parliament 5ji the reign of Charles I. and thofe that have been printed fince acceflion of the prefent family. Medicine and lUrgery, botany, anatomy, and all the arts or ftiidii fi)r preferving life, have been carried into great perfeftion by the Ens Jjdi, and every member of the medical profeffion, is fure of an irapai «ial hearing at the bar of the public. The fame may be faid of mufic and theatrical exhibitions ; and as no people in the world encourage me rit in artills of every kind, equally as the Englilh do, no country cai fliew fo great a variety of literary excellence. Even agriculture and me chanifm, are now reduced in England to fciences, and that too without sn] j>ublic encouragement, but that given by private noblemen and gentle :jncn, who aflbciate themfelves for that purpofe. Language and dress.] The Englifh language is known to be compound of almoll every ether language in Europe, particularly thJ tSaxon, the French, and the Celtic. The Saxon however predominatesj and the words that are borrowed from the French, being radically Latin ire common to other nations, particularly the Spaniards and the Italians ^i'o defcribe it abftra£ledly, would be fuperfluous to an Englilh readerj "but relatively it enjoys all the properties, without any of the defefls o other European languages. It is more energetic, manly, and expreffiveJ ihan either the French, or the Italian ; more copious than the SpaniflJ and mcic eloquent than the German, or the other northern tonguejj it is fubjcft, however, to great provincialities in its accent, for thepeoJ pie of one county, can fcarcely underftand thofe of another, but thu happens in other countries. People of fortune and education in Eng| land, of both fcxes, commonly either fpeakj or underftand the French and many of them, the Italian and Spanilh • but it has been obferved that foreign nations have great difliculty in underftanding the few End lilh, who talk Latin, which is perhaps the reafon why that language iiifufed in England, even by the learned profeflions. As to the drefs of the Englifh, I have already mentioned fomewhat tit^ in {fcaung of their mano^rSk The Robiiit/, and people of fortune] of ENGLAND. •13^ ifboth Texes, drtfs as thofe of the fame rank in other parts of Europe 1 Ipd fince the vaft encouragement given by the court, to gold and filver lianufaAurei, perhaps more magnificently. The quantities of jewels liliat appear on public occalions are incredible, d'pecially iincr the vafl ijuifiuons of the F.nglifli, in the Baft-Indies. The fame nobility, and icrfons of diftindion, on ordinary occafions, drefs like creditable citi- m, that is neat, dean and plain, in the finelt cluthi and the bell of llioen. Commerce akd manufactures.] This article is fo copious, and ||iaj been fo well difcuiTed in former publications, many of which are Iinalkr-pieces in their kind, that the reader, I hope, will not cxpeft that {enter into minutiit. It is well known that commerce and manufadurei Uave raifed tiie Englilh to be at this day the firft and moll powerful pco< sle in the world. Hillorical reviews, on this head, would be tedious. It it fulHcieni to f^y, that it was not till the reign of Elizabeth, that Ungland began to feel her true weight in the fcale of commerce. She |lanned fome fettlements in America, Virginia particularly, but left the npencc attending them to be defrayed by her fubjc£ts, and indeed fhe [lastoo parfimonious to carry her own notions of trade into execution. |imes I. entered upon great and beneficial fchcmes for the Englilh trade. I The Eail-India company owes to him their fuccefs and exiilence, and the Jritifh America faw her moll flouriftiing colonies rife under Iiim and his bily. The fpirit of commerce went hand in hand with that of liber- It, and theit gradations have terminated in the prefent glorious ftate of k nation. It is not within my deiign to follow commerce through all kr fludUations and ftates. This would be an idle attempt, and it has iready taken up large volumes. The nature of a geographical work, itquires only a repre^ntation of the prefent ftate of commerce in every I ountry ; and in this light I flatter myfelf that I ftiall be able to treat of it with more precifion, than former writers upon the fame fubjeft. The prefent fyftem of Englifti politics may then properly be faid to iive taken rife in the reign of queen Elizabethi At this time the Pro- liellant religion was eftabhlhed, which naturally allied us to the reformed |Aates, and made all the Popiih powers our enemies^ We began in the fame reign to extend our trade, by which it be- Jtame neceflary for us alfo to watch the commercial progrels of our neigh-i Wiom ; and, if not to incommode and obftrudt th^ir traftic, to hinder hfm from impairing ours. We then likewife fettled colonics in America, which was become the treat fcene of European ambition. ; for, feeing with what treafures the Spaniards were annually enriched from Mexico and Peru, every nation magined, that an American conqueft or plantation would certainly fill he mother country with gf/ld and filver. The difcoveries of new legions, which were then every day made, the ||rofit of remote traffic, and the neceffity of long voyages, produced, in I few years, a great muliipUcation of ftiipping. The fea was confidered 18 the wealthy element ; and, by degreesi a pew kind of fovereignt/ [irofe, called naval dominion. As the chief trade of Europe, fo the chief maritime power was at firfti 1 the hands of the Portugucfe and Spaniards, v/ho, by a compaft, to I ihich the conient of other princes was not aiked, had divided the newly K. 3 diisti* ^'Ih • if i :\i:m m m.m hi' -i ^Xi 11 ii B^Hin 1Iri|v; P 11^ t.lBllHra If iii!, y*,; ■ 132 ENGLAND. difcovered countries between them : but the crown of Portugal having fallen to the king of Spain, or being fizzed by him, he was mailer of the ftiips of the two nations, with which he kept all the coafts of Europe in alarm, till the Armada, he had raifed at a vaft expence for the conqueft of Eng- land, was deftroyed ; which put a ftop, and almoft an end, to the naval power of the Spaniards. At this time the Dutch, who were oppreffed by the Spaniards, and feared yet greater evils than they felt, refolved no longer to endure tht infolence of their mafters ; they therefore revolted ; and after a ftruggle, in which they were alfifted by the money and forces of Elizabeth, ereded an independant and powerful common-wealth. When the inhabitants of the Low Countries had formed their fyftem of government, and fome remifllon of the war gave them leifure to form fchemes of future profperity, they eafiiy perceived that, as their territo- ries were narrow, and their numbers fmall, they could preferve themfelves . only by that power, which is the confequence of wealth ; and that by a people whofe country produced only the neceffaries of life, wealth was not to be acquired, but from foreign^ dominions, and by the tranfporta- tion of the produdls of one country into another. From this neceflity, thus juftly eftimated, arofe a plan of cammerce, which was for many years proficuted with an induftry and fuccefs, perhaps - never feen in the world before ; and by \7hich the poor tenants of mud- walled villages and impalTable bogs, erefted themfelves into high and mighty ftates, who fet the greateft monarchs at defiance, whofe alliance was courted by the proudeft, and whofe power was dreaded by the fierceft nations. By the eftablifliment of this Hate, there arofe to England a new ally, and a new rival. At this time, which feems to be the period deftined for the change of the face of Europe, France began firft to rife into power, and from de- fending her own provinces with difficulty and fluftuating fuccefs, to threaten her neighbours with incroachments and devaftations. Henry IV. having, after a long ftruggle, obtained the crown, found it eafy to go- vern nobles, exhaulled and wearied with a long civil war ; and having compofed the difputes between the Proteftants and Papifts, fo as to ob- tain, at leaft,. a truce for both parties, was at leifure to accumulate trea- fure, and raife forces which he propofed to have employed in a defign of fettling for ever the balance of Europe. Of this great fcheme he lived not to fee the vanit]^, or feel the difappointment ; for he was mur- dered in the midft of his mighty preparations. The French, however, were in this reign taught to know their own power ; and the great defigns of a king, whofe wifdom they had fo long experienced, even though they were not brought to aclual experiment, difpofed them to conhder themfelves as mafters of the deftiny of their neighbours : and from that time he that ihall nicely examine their fchemes and conduct, will find that they began to take an air of 'fuperiority, to which they had never pretended before ; and that they have been always employed more or lefs. openly, upon fchemes of dominion, though with frequent interruptions from domeftic troubles. When queen Elizabeth entered upon the government, the coftoms produced only 36,000!. a year ; at the reftoradon, they were lett to farm for 400,0001. and produced confideribly above double that fum before the revolution. I'he people of London, before we had any nlartations, and ENGLAND. 131 ad but very little *rade» were computed at about 100,000 ; at the death jf queen Elizabeth, they .vere increafed to 150,000, and are now above in times that number. In thofe days, we had not only our naval Acres, lat our (hips from our neighbours. Germany furniflied us with all things, jade of metal, even to nails ; wine, paper, linen, and a thoufand other fxini came from France. Portugal furniflied us with fugars ; all the j produce of America wns poured upon us from Spain ; and the Vene- tians and Genoefe retailed to us the commodities of the Eall Indies at their own price. In ftiort, the legal intereft of money *"as 1 2 per cent, and the common price of 04ir land ten or twelve years purchafe. We may add, that our manufactures were few, and thofe, but indiffer- ent; the number of Engliih merchauts very fmall, and our (hipping much inferior to what now belong to our American colonies. Such was the ftate of our trade when this great princefs came to the throne ; but as the limits of our undertaking do not permit us to give a detail of the gradual progrefs of commerce fince that reign, wc flatter wrfelves that the Britiih reader will not be difpleafed with the follow- ing view of our extenfive trade, at picfent carried on through the va- rious nations of the globe. Great Britain is, of all other countries, the moft proper for trade ; as well ffom its fituation, as an illand, as from the freedom and excellency of its tjnftitution, and from its natural products, and conilderable manufaftures. For exportation : our Conntry produces many of the moft fubllantial and jecefTary commodities, as butter, cheefe, corn, cattle, wool, iron, lead, tb, copper, leather, copperas, piicoal, alum, faftron. Sec. Our corn fcmetimes preferves other countrifis froin ftarving. Our liorfes are the Eoft ferviceable in the world, and highly valued by all nations, for their hrdinefs, beauty and ftrength. With beef, mutton, po'k, poultry, bif- (uit, we vidual not only our own fleets, but many foreigners that come and go. Our iron we export man«fac. There is fcarce a manufaftur^ \n Europe, but what is brought to great I perfeftion in England j and thereto' a it is perfciStly unncceflary to enu- merate them all. The wooll^-n manutaituro is tiie molt confulerable, and exceeds in goodnefs and quantity that of any other na'ion. Kard-vare I is another capital article ; locks, edge-tools, guns, fwords, and other I arms, exceed any thing of the kind; houfliold utenfils of brafs, iron, [ and pewter, alfo are very great articles ; our clocks and watches are in very great efteem. There are but few mauufadures we are defeilive in, i In thofe of lace and paper we do not fcem to excel ; but we import much more than we fliould, if the duty on Britifli paper was taken oit. As to foreign traflic, the woollen manufatlure is ftill the grea" foundation and fupport of it. Our American colonies are the objefts that naturally firxc prefent them- felves for our difcuflion, and they may be divided into two clafles, our pofleflions on die continent, and thofe in the iflands, which go under the name of the Weft-Indies. I fliall rank the En^lilh polFeflHons in North America, unli^r the h.uiis of die following colonies, viz. Hudfon'sBay, Labrador, Nc\ t'H;:u:l.n:':J, K 3 Ciiiiad.iy 11 ill ^% If m ; k !f ii irm 134 ENGLAND; Canada, Nova Scotia, New England, Rhode Ifland, Connecticut and New Hampfliire (the three lall forming one colony) New York' Penfylvania, Virginia, and Maryland (originally but one colony) North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Eall and Weft Florida, The chief commodities exported from Great Britain, to thofe colonies, are wrougiii- iror, fteel, copper, pewter, I'Jad, and brafs, cordage, hemp, fail cloth, fliip chandlery, painter's colours, millinery, hofiery, haber! dafhery, gloves, hats, broad cloths, ftufFs, flannels, Cojchefter bays,, long ell filks, gold and filver lace, Manchefter goods, Britifli, foreign^ and Lifli linens, earthen wares, grind-ftones, Birmingham and Sheffield wares, toys, fadlery, cabinet wares, feeds, clieefe, ttrong beer, fmoak- ing pipes, fnufFs, wines, fpirits, and drugs, Eaft India goods, books paper, leather, befides many other articles, according to the different wants and exigencies of the different colonics, impoffible to be enume- rated here. The commodities exported from America to Great Britain, and other markets, aretob .co, rice, flour, and bifcuit, wheat, beans, peas, oats, Indian corn, and other grain, fait beef, pork, hams, bacon, and veni- fon, bees wax, tongues, butter, -and cheefe, deer, and other flcins, Rax; feed, horfss, and live flock, timber, plank, malls, boards, ftaves, and ihingles, pot-afli, fhips bi Jit for fale, copper ore, and iron in bars and pigs ; befides many other commodities peculiar to the climes, and foil of different provinces. As to thofe, which have been acquired by the laft general peace, they are certainly very improveable, nor can we form any judgment of them, in their prefent infantine unfe*:tled flate. It does not enter within my defign, nor indeed does it fall within my fub-. jeft, to recapitulate the differences that unhappily fubfift at prefent be- tween thofe colonies, and their mother country. It is fufl'cient if I ex- hibit a flate of the trade between them, as it exifted , iien thofe dif- ferences took place, marking at the fy^e \ijfiie th$ ^oinmercial flrengtl) and ihipping of tiie colonies. Colonies. Hudfon's Bay Labrador, Amcri- 7 cm vefll-Is 110. 5 Ni-'wfcundland (2C00 boats) Canada Nova Scotja New Knelaiid Rliode liland, Connefticiit, and New Hamplhirtj New York Penfylvania Virginia and Ma- ryland Korth Carolina South Carolinii Georgia F.aft Florida W$a diK9 ^hips. Seamen. 4 »3o } I 3S0 34 6 46 35 330 34 T40 24 3 10 20,560 +08' 55i 3G 390 3;96o 408 i,63o 24P 24 120 Exports from Great Britain. I; l6,0QQ *73,430 105,000 26,500 395,000 I2,0CO J 31,000 611,000 865,000 18,000 365,000 49,000 7,000 97,000 Exports from t)ie Colonies, f" !t9»34<» 49,o5Q 345,000 105,500 38,ooq 370,500 1 14,501} 526,000 705,500 },040,coo 68,35a 395,666 74,zo() 63,000 jjOjS x8;9io 3>37o»9CO 3,914,606 The : r 1 V, jj . I E N G L A N D. »35 The Englifh trade with their Weft India iflands, confifts chiefly in fjgars, rum, cotton, logwood, cocoa, coffee, pimento, ginger, mateji- ;i for dyers, mahogany, and nianchinecl planks ; for thele the exports iom England are ofnabrugs, a coarfe kind of linen, with wliich the Jell Indians now clothe their flaves, linen of all forts, with broad cloth, jiJ kerfies,_for the planters, their overfeers and families; filks, and luifs for their ladies, and houfliold fervants ; red caps for their flaves of [jcth fexes ; llockings and (hoes of all forts ; gloves, and hats ; milliner/ Lre, and perukes; laces for linen, woollen, and filks ; ftrong beer, pale leer, pickles, candles, butter, and cheefe ; iron ware, as faws, ifles, axes, hatchets, chiflels, adzes, hoes, mattocks, gouges, planes, ajigres, nails ; lead, powder, and fliot ; brafs, and copper wares ; all forts ol* India goods, and toys, coals, and pantiles. Formerly the Engliih Welt India iflands, fent home large quantities of money in fpecie, which '.hey jot upon the balance of trade with the French, Spaniards and Portuguefc. we cannot, however, fpeak with any precifion, as to the particulars of tie trade between the Engliih Weil Indies, and the mother country, io' undoubtedly it is highly for the benefit of the latter, becaufe of the ceflions made of new iflands there by the late peace, which, when fully ppled, muft have a very fenflble influence upon the former fyftem of commerce in thofe parts, as I fliall have occafion to obferve in its proper The principal iflands belonging to the Englifh, in the Weft Indies, are tk Bermudas, or Summer iflands ; the Bahama, or Lucayan iflands, Ja- taica, Anguilla, Berbuda, St. Chriftopher's, Nevis, Antigua, Mont- fcrrat, St. Lucia, Dominica, St. Vincent, Barbados, Tobago, and Gra- nada, and the Grenadines, or Grenadillos. Of thefe Dominica, St. iucia, St. Vincent, Tobago, and Granada, were ceded by France ta Great Britain, by the definitive treaty of 1763. The trade of England to the Eaft Indies conftitutes one of the molt Supendous political, as well as commercial machines, that is to be met ivith in hiltory. The trade itfelf is exclufive, and lodged in a compa- ny, which has a temporary monopoly of it, in confideration of money I advanced to the government. Without entering into the hiftory of the Eall India trade, within thefe twenty years paft, and the company's con- cerns in that country, it is fufficient to uiy, that befides their fettle- ments on the coaft of^ India, which they enjoy under proper reftriftions» by aft of parliament, they have, through the various internal revoln- jtions which have happened in the empire of Indoftan, acquired fuch ter-« ritorial pofleffions, as renders them the moft formidable commercial re- public (for fo it may be called in its prcfent fituation) that has been I known in the world fince the demolition of Carthage. Their revenues are known, and that but imperfedly, only to the direflors of the compa- ny, who are chofen annually by the proprietors of the ftock ; but it has been publicly affirmed, that it amounts annually to above three millions and a half fterling. The cxpences of the company in forts, fleets, and armies, for maintaining thofe acquifitions, are certainly very great ; but ^fter thefe are defrayed, the company not only clears a vaft fum, but is able to pay to the government four hundred thoufand pounds yearly, for a certain time, partly by way of indemnification, for the expences of the public in protefting the companv, and partly as a tacit tribute for thofe pofTelTions that are territorial and not commercial. This republic there- tore cannot be faid to be independent, and it is hard to fay what form K 4 it 13^ ENGLAND. it '.nay take when the term of the bargain with the government expired. This cnnipany exports to the Eaft Indies all kinds of woollen manuJ fac^ure, aM foiis of hard-ware, lead, bullion, and quickfilver. TheiJ imports coifilt of gold, , diamonds, raw-filk, dru|;s, tea, pepper, arJ rack, p?r<'r!ain ware, fait petre for home confumption ; ard of wrought filks, m' fiins, Cullicoes, cottons, and all the woven ni.anufaftures of In. dia, for exprrtad'n to foreign countries. 1 Ihal! now prcceed to a con;| cife view of th" Englifh trade to other countries, accoi jinr to the lateft [ and mod authentic accounts. To Turkey England ferJs woollen cloths, tin, lead, and iron, in he. own bottoms, hard waie, iron utenfils, clocks, watches, verdigreafc | ipiqes, cochineel, and logwood. She imports from thence raw-filks I carpets, fkins, dying drugs, cotton, fn.rts, medicinal drugs, ccfFee, and] ibme otlier articles. Formerly the balance of this trade was about 500,0001. annually, in favour of Englaii'l. .The Englifh trade was afterwards diminilhcd through the praftices c*" the French, but it is now ! faid to be reviving. England exports to Italy, woollen goods of various kinds, peltry, lea- ther, lead, tin, fifli, and Eaft India goods ; and brings back raw and thrown filk, wines, oil, foap, olives, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, dried fruits, colours, anchovies, and other articles of luxury ; the ba- lance of this trade in favour of England, Is annually about 20o,oo«I. To Spain, England fends all kinds of woollen goods, leather, tin, lead, €fh, corn, iron and brafs manufadures, haberdafhery wares, aflbrtments of linen from Germany,, and elfewhere, for her American colonies ; and receives in return, wines, oil, dried fruits, oranges, lemons, olives, wools, indico, cochineal, and other dying drugs, colours, gold and fiU ver coin. Portugal, till of late, was, upon commercial accounts, the favourite ally of England, whofe fleets and armies have more than once faved Jier from deftruftion. Of late her miniftry have changed their fyftem, and have fallen in with the views of the houfe of Bourbon. They have cftablilhed courts, which are inconfifteni with the treaties between Portu- gal and England, and defraud the Englifh merchants of great parts of their capitals, which they find it impoflible to recover. They have like- wife erefted two Brazil companies ; the one for Maranham, and Graij Para, the other for Perambuco, greatly to the detriment of the Englilh rights. The court of Londop is, at this time, by its minifters, making the ftrongeft efforts for redrefs, and it is to be hoped they will be attendr ed with fuccefs, as Portugal itfelf cannot exift even as a kingdom, but by the proteftion of the Englifh. Before thefemifunderflandings happened, the Englifh trade to Portugal was highly beneficial for both nations. England fent to that country almofl the fame kinds of merchandizes as to Spain, and they received in return vafl quantities cf wines, with oils, fait, dried and moift fruits, dying drugs, and gold coins. To France, England fends much tobacco, lead, tin, flannels, horns, and fometimes corn ; and always much money at the long run ; and brings home, in a fmuggling way, a much greater value in wines, brandies, linen, cambrics, lace, vplvets, and many other prohibiited fopperies, and brocades; always very confiderably to England's difadvantage. But as there is no comniercial treaty fubfifling between England and France, ^o( ewif. in titpe of peace, England's jufl lofs cannot \)C afcertained. a i'l ENGLAND. 137 England (ends to Flanders, fergcs, flannels, tin, lead, fugars and to- llicco, and receives 'n return laces, linen, cambrics, and other articles [1 luxury, by which England lofes upon the balance 250,0001. fterling lorly. To Germany, England fends cloths and ftufFs, tin, pewter, fu- |g-s, tobacco, and Eaft India merchandize; and brings thence vail aantities of linen, thread, gcat-fkins, tinned- plates, timbers for all wines, and many other articles. Before the late war, the balance fthis trade was thought to be 500,000!. annually, to the prejudice of liDfland, but that fum is now greatly reduced, as moil of the German trinces now find it their interelt to clothe their armies in Englifh ma- inftftures. I have already mentioned the trade with Denmark, Norway, liveden, and Ruflia, which formerly was againll England, but the ba- llffice is now vaftly diminifhed by the great improvements of her Ameri- IflD colonies, in raifing hemp, flax, making pot-afhes, iron-v/orks, and lallow, all which ufed to be furniflied to her by the northern powers. To Holland, England, fends an imnienfe quantity of many forts of Iserchandize ; fuch as all kinds of woollen goods, hides, corn, coals. Jail India and Turkey merchandize, tobacco, tar, fugar, rice, ginger, Ll other American productions ; and makes returns in fne linen, lace, cnbrics, thread, tapes, incle, madder, boards, drugs, w])a]ebone, train- toys, and many other things; and the balance is ufually fuppoP.-d I lobe much in favour of England. I fhall forbear to mention the trade Ittween England and Ireland, till I come to treat of the latter kingdom. The acquifitions v/hich the Englifli have made upon the coaft of Gui- iies, particularly their fettlement at Senegal, have opened new fources of wjimerce v/ith Africa. The French, when in poffelfion of Senegal, irtied there for gold, flaves, hides, oftrich feathers, bees wax, millet, aabercjreafe, and above all, for that ufeful commodity, gum Senegal, wiicli was monopolized by them and the Dutch. At prefent England feds to the coali: of Guinea, fundry forts of coarfe woollen and linen, iion, pewter, brafs, and hardware nianufa£lures, lead-lhot, fwords, hives, fire-arms, gunpowder, and glafs manufaftures. And, befides is drawing no money out of the kingdom, it fupplies her American co- bnies with negro flaves, amounting in number to above 100,000 annually. riie other returns are in gold dull, gum, dying, and other drugs, red iood, Guinea grains, and ivory. To Arabia, Perfia, China, and other parts of Afia, England fends such foreign filver coin and bullion, and fundrv Englilh manufaftures ( woollen goods, and of lead, iron, and brafs i and brings home from iiofe remote regions, muflins, and cottons, of many various kinds, cal- icoes, raw and wrought filk, chints ; teas, porcel;,m, gold duft, colfee, ilt-petra, and many other drugs. And 16 great a quantity of thofe va- ious merchandize are re-exported to foreign European natioris, as more ian abundantly compenfates for all the fUvei- bullion which England irries out. With regard to the general account of England's foreign balance, the iports have been computed at feven millions llerjing, ajid its imports sfive, of which above one million is re-exported, fo that if this calcu- kion is true, Jipglaftd gains, annually, three millions ilerling in trade; k this is a pomt upop whicli thjs moft experienced merchants, and W calculators, differ. After all that has b.^en faid, it mufl: be ac- bwlcdged, that many exceptions lie to particular eftim^tes. The valt JBj»rovements at home, in iron, 'filk, linen, and other manufactures. ; !l I 138 E N G L A N m and the growing imports from America, muft greatly diminifh the Em^. liih imports from abroad^ On the other hand, fome of the other Euro > jpean natioHs are making vigorous efforts for rivalling the Engliih manu £i.£lure?> With what luccefs they may be atterided, time aloi^ can determine ; but hitherto, the appearances on their fide are not very pro. mifing. Yet our foreign trade docs not amount to one fixth part of the in- land ; the annual produce of the natural produ^s and manufaflures of Englau J amounting to above forty-two millions. The gold and filver of England is received from Portugal » Spain, Jamaica, the American colo- Aics, and Airtca ; but great part of this gold and filver we again, ex- port to Holland, and the Eaft-lndies ; and it is fuppofcd that t^^'o-thirds cf all tlie foreign tralfic of England is carried on ir> the port of London. We tlKill conclude this account of our trade with the following com- patTiiive view of fhipping, which, till a better table can be formed, may have its ufes. If tlie Ihipping of Europe be divided into twenty parts, then> Great Britain, &c. ts computed to have — — 6 *rhe United Provinces — — ... — 6 The fabjeds of the northern crowns — — 2. The trading cities of Germany, and the Auftrian Netherlands » France — — — — — 2 Spain and Portugal — — — — , ^ Italy, and the reft erf Europe — ■ — — i My bounds will not afford room to enter into a particular detail of the places where thofe Engliih manufadures, which are mentioned in the above account, are fabricated -, a few general ilri^ures, however, may be p. iper. Cornwall and Devonffiire fupply tin and lead, and woollen mann- faflures is common to almoft all the weftern counties. Dorfetfhire ma- Bofaftures cordage for the navy, feeds an incredible number of ftieep, and has large lace manufa£ture». Somerfetiliire, befides furnishing lead, copper, and lapis calaminaris, has large manufactures of bone lace, ftockings and caps. Briftol, which is both a city and county, is faid by fome to employ 2000 maritime veffels of all fizes, coafters as well as fiiips employed in foreign voyages: it has many very important manu- fitfiures ; its glafs-bottle and dnnking-glafs one alone occupying fifteen large hoofes : its brafs-wire manufaftures are alfo very eonfidcrable. Vail manufactures of all kinds, glafs in particclar, are carried on in London and its neighbourhood; the gold and iilvermanufafturea of London and Spitalhelds, through the encouragement given them by the court and the nobility, already equal, if they do not exceed, thofe of any country in F.Krope. Colchefter is famous for its manufaftures of bays and itrf^-s ; and Norwich for its excellent (luffs, camblets, druggets, and ftockings. Birmingham, though no corporation, is one of the largeil and moft populous towns in England, and carries on an amazing trade, intvcillcnt and ingenious hard-ware manufaftures, particularly fnuffand tobacco- boxes, buttons, fhoe-buckles, etwees, and inany other forts of ftccj and brivis wares : it is here, and in Sheffield, which is famou^ for Ciitlcn-, that the true genius of Engliih art and induftry is to be feen ; tpf f«th ;iie tiicir excvll«|»t inveiition? for fabricating hard svafcs, that {hey ENGLAND. n9 dimJnini theEn*^. )f the other Euro, the Engliih manu I, tirae aIon€ can : are not very pro. th part of the in- id manufaftures of gold and filver of lie American colo- liver we again, ex- fcd that tu'o-thirds J port of London, he following com- m be formed, may ts, then^ — 6 — 6 — z Netherlands i — 2 — a icular detail of the mentioned in the es, however, may woollen manu- Dorfetfliire ma- number of ftieep, is furnilhing lead, es of bone lace, county, is faid by )afters as well as important manu- occnpying fifteen onfiderable. Vail ied on in London res of London and by the court and >fe of any country res of bays and s, druggets, and me of the largeil n amazing trade, iculavly fnuffand ny other forts of ich is famou; for ' is to befeen; bard wares, that ;bey {)iev€an afford them for the fourth part of the price at which other na- tions can furniih the fame or an inferior kind : the cheapnefs of coals, and jU nece/Taries, and the conveniency of iltuation, no doubt, contribute gttatly to this. The northern counties of England carry on a prodigious trade in tha (oarfer and flighter woollen manufaftures ; witnefs thofe of Hallifax, Leeds, Wakefield, Richmond, Whitby, ahd, above all, Mancheller; ihich, by its cottons, dimities, tickens, and the like ftuffs, is become I beautiful and populous place, though it is no more than a village, and its higheft magiftrate a conitable. I might mention many other manu- fa^uring towns and places of England, each of which is noted for fome particular commodity, but the detail would become too bulky. I mult not, however, difmifs this head, without obfcrving the beautiful porce- lane and earthen ware that has of late years been manufactured in di£fe- j^nt places of England, particularly in Worcefterfliire and StafFordfliire. The Englifti carpets, though but a late manufafture, equals in ftrength and beauty any imported from abroad ; and, confequently, is a vaft fav- intr to the nation. The parliament, of late, has given encouragement for reviving the manufafture of falt-petre, which was firft attempted in England by Sir Walter Raleigh, but was dropt afterwards in favour of the Bad-India company : the fuccefs of fuch an undertaking would be of immenfe benefit, as well as fecurity to the nation. After all that has been faid on this head, the feats of manufa^ures* and confequently of trade, in England, are fludluating; they will always follow thofe places where living is cheap, and taxes are eafy : for this reafon, they have been obferved of late to move towards the northenx counties, where provifions are in plenty, and the land-tax very low ; add to this, that probably, in a few years, the inland navigations which are opening in many parts of England, will make vail alterations as to its internal ftate. Many fenfible but fpeculative Engliflimen, daily exprefs their appre- iienfions, left the weight of taxes and dearnefs of living in England, Hiould enable other nations to ruin the Englifh trade at foreign markets, hy underworking them. This objedlion is of a long ftanding, and would liave great weight, did not experience prove that it is not founded in fadl. An Englifh workman, it is true, lives much better than a foreigner, but ihcn he will do double, if not triple the work, in the fame timej,aii4 Other nations are taxed deeply as well as England. i^ort view of the Stocks, or public funds in England ^ nvith a» hijiorical account of the Eaji-Indiat the Bankf and South-Sea Comr panits. As there are few fubjefts of converfation more general than the value cf (locks, and hardly any thing fo little underftood, nothing can be more ifeful than a Ihort account of them, which we fliall here give in as clear ind concife a manner as poffible ; prefenting our readers with the ra- tonale of the ftocks, and a Ihort hiftory of the feveral companies, de- Icrlbing the nature of their feparate funds, the ufes to which they are ap- plied, and the various purpofes they anfwer, both with refpeft to the pernment, the companies tlicmfelves, and the community in ge- ftral, ws .'■■f iTiBK Ik iyi ft m M 1 1 I40 E N G L A N D. H Tl In order to give a clear idea of the money trar^6lions of the feveral companies, it is proper we (hould fay fomething of money in general and particularly of paper money, and the ditference between that and the curjxnr Ipccie. Money is the ftandard of the value of all the neccf- faries and accommodHtions of life, and paper-mnney is the rcprefentative of that Itandard to fi:ch a di';ncc, as to fupply it:, place, and to anfwcr al! the purpofes of gold arid fiivcT coin. Nothine is neceflary to make this reprefentative of money fupply the place of ^ecie, but the credit of that office or company, who delivers it ; which credit confifts in its al- ways being ready to turn it into foecie whenever required. This is ex. aftly the cafe of the Bank of England ; the notes of this company are of the fame value as the current coin, as they maybe turned into it whenever the poflefTor pleafes. From hence, as notes are a kind of money, the counterfeiting them is punillied with death, as well as coining. "^Phe method of depofiting money in the Bank, and exchanging it for notes (tliOuj;h they bear no intereft) is attended with manyconveniencies* as t'ley are not onlv fafer than money in the hands of the owner himfelf- but as tlie notes ai>' more portable, and capable of a much moreeafy COivv-cy.incc : fince a bci.ik i)(nc fr>y n verv la'i>i. fimi, ni^y !k: i*;r.t by the poii, and to prevent the defions r-i r<.i.;hers, niisy, wirhout dnmii'^-c, be cut in two, and font at two (everal times. Or bills, caiU- ». Bank poft. bin,'., may be had by application at the B.''.ik, which are particularly cai- cul.ited to prevent lofles' by robberies, they being made payable to the order oi' the perfon who takes them out, at a certain number of days after fight ; which gives an opportunity to flop bills at the Bank, if they ihould be loft, and prevents their being fo eafily negociated by ftrangcrs as common Bank notes are : and whoever confiders the hazard, the ex- pence and trouble, there would be in fending large fums of gold and iilver to and from diftant places, muft alfo confider this as a very Angular advantage. Befide which, another benefit attends them ; for if they are deftroyed by time, or other accident, the Bank will, on oath being made of fuch accident, and fecurity being given, pay the money to the perfon who was in pofleflion of them. Bank notes differ from all kinds of flock in thefe three particulars ; I. They are always of the fame value. 2. They are paid off with- out being transferred ; and, 3. They bear no intereft ; while flocks are a fhare in a company's funds, bought without any condition of having the principal returned. India bonds indeed (by fome perfons, though erroneoufly, denominated ftock) are to be excepted, they being made payable at fix months notice, either on the fide of the company or of the pofTefTor. By the word Stock was originally meant, a particular fum of money contributed to the eftablifhing a fund to enable a company to carry on a certain trade, by means of which the perfon became a partner in that trade, and received a fhare in the profit made thereby, in proportion to the money employed. But this term has been extended farther, though improperly, to fignify any fum of money which has been lent to the go- vernment, on condition of receiving a certaiif intereft till the money is repaid, and which makes a part of the national debt. As the fecurity both of the government and of the public companies is cfteemed pre- ferable to that of any private perfon, as the flocks arc negotiable and ; auy be fold at any time, and as the in(ereA is always pundually paid j wh«u [ ENGLAND. 141 L«n due, fo they are thereby enabled to borrow money on a lower in- -tJl than what might be obtained from lending it to private perfons, yere there muil be always Tome danger of lofmg both principal and in- tfft. I But as every capital flock or fnnd of a company is raifed for a partl- Ujrpurpofc, and limited by parliament to a certain fuin, it neceiiarily tllovvs, that when that fund is complcated, no flock can be bough i of L company ; though fhares already purehafed, may be transferred from iineperlon to another. This being the cafe, there is frequently a great jiifpfoportion between the original value of the fhares, and what is given llor them when transferred ; for if there are more buyers than fellers, a Iptrfon who is indifferent about felling, will not part with his fhare with- loat a confiderable profit to himfelf ; and on the contrary, if many are dif- Ipofed to fell, and few inclined to buy, tlie value of fuch fliares will natu- My fall, in proportion to the impauence of tJiofe who want to turn their Hock into fpecie. Thefe obfervations may ferve to give our readers fome idea of the na- tireof that unjullifiable and difhonefl practice called Stock-jobbing, the Lyiler)' of which confifts in nothing more than this: the perfons con- I (tmed in that pradicc, who are denominated Stock-jobbers, make con- tnftj to buy or fell, »t a certain diftant time, a certain quantity of fbme particular ftock, againft wliich time they endeavour, ' according as their cojtraft is, either to raife or lower fuch ftock, by raifmg rumours and fprcading fictitious ftories, in order to induce people either to fell out in aliiirr)'. and confequently cheap, if they are to deliver ftock ; or to be- come unwilling to fell, and confequently to make it dearer, if they are loreceive ilock. The perfons who make thefe contrafts are not In general pofTefTed of aiv real ftock, and when the time comes that they are to receive or de- lirer the quantity they have contracted for, they only pay fuch a fum of noney as makes the difference between the price the ftock was at whea I liiey made the cont^aft, and the price it happens to be at when the con- rad is fulfilled ; and it is no uncommon thing for perfons not worth Jiool. to make contrafts for the buying or felling 100,000 1. ftock. In lijie language of Exchange- Alley, the buyer in this cafe is called the Bull, Iind the feller the Bear. Befide thefe, there are another fet of men, who though of a higher [lank, may properly enough come under the fame denomination. Tiiefe ire your great monied men, who are dealers in ftock, and contractors Kith the government whenever any new money is to be borrowed. Thefe lindeed are not fictitious, but real buyers and fellers of ftock ; but by [nifing falfe hopes, or creating groundlefs fears, by pretending to buy or \k\\ large quantities of ftock on a fudden, by ufmg the fore-mentioned fet iTmen as their inftruments, and other like practices, are enabled to raife I « fall the ftock? one or two per cent, at pleafure. However, the real value of one ftock above another, on account of itf King more profitable to the proprietors, or any thing tJiat will really, or aly in imagination, afFeCt the credit of a company, or endajiger the go- xmment, by which that credit is fecured, muft naturally have a con- Kerable effeCl on the ftocks. Thus, with refpeCt to the intereft of the fioprittors, a fhare in the ftock of a trading company which produces il> or ^ 1. per cent, perann. muft be more valuable than an annuity with it'*; Uii E N C L A N D. '.;ii ^i'i mi^ ^>. tm with govrrnment fccurity, that produces no more than 3 I. or ili cent, pfcr annum ; and confcqutfntly fuch ftocic mail fell at a higher pnc^l than iuch an annuity. Though it muA be obferved^ that a Ihare in thJ ilock of a trading company producing 5I. or 61. per cent, per annum! ivill not fetch fo much money at market as a government annuity pro.*! ducing the fame fum, becaufe the fecurity of the company is not reck- 1 oned equal to that of the government, and the continuance of thcirl paying fo much per annum, is more precarious^ as their dividend is or ought to be, always in proportion to the profits of their trade. As the flocks of the Eaft-India) the Bank, and South-Sea companies are dilUnguifhed by dift'crent denominations, and are of a very different nature, we Ihall give a fhort hiltory of each of them, together with an account of the different flocks each is po/IefTed of, beginning with ths £afl-lndia company, as the firlt cllablifliedi Public trauing companies.] Of thefe the Eafl^-India company takes the lead ; and I have already given fome account of it, as b ' the capital commercial objed in England. The firfl idea of it wasl formed in queen Elizabeth's time, but it has fince adhiitted of vaftalJ terations. Its fhares, or fubfcriptions, were originally only 50 l.fterling J and its capital only 369,891 1. 5 s. but the directors having aconfi- derable dividend to make in 1676, it was agreed to joi i the profits to the capital, by which the fhares were doubled, and, confequently, each be- came of looL value, and the capital 739,782 1. los. to which capital, if 963,639 I. the profits of the company to the year 1685, be added, the whole flock will be found to be 1,703,402 I. Though the eflablifhment of thia company was vindicated in the clearefl manner by Sir Jofiah Childi I and other able advocates, yet the partiality which the duke of, York, afterwards James II. had for his favourite African trade, the lofTes it fuflained in wars with the Dutch, and the revolutions which had hap- pened in the affairs of Indotlan, damped the ardour of the public to fup- 1 port it J fo that at the time of the Revolution, when the war broke out lyith France, it was in a very indifferent fituation< This was in a great j tneaflirc owing to its having no parliamentary fan£lion« whereby its ftock often fold for one half lefs than it was really worth ; and it was refolved that a new company fhould be ereded, under the authority of par- liamept. The oppofition given to all the public fpirited meafiires of king Wil- liam by fadion, rendered this propofal a matter of vaft difliculty j but tttiafl, after many parliamentary enquiries, the new fubfcription pre- vailed ; and the fubl'cribers, upon advancing two millions to the public at 8 per cent, obtained an aft of parliament in their favour. The old company, however, retained a vafl interefl both in the parliament and nation; and the aft being found in fome refpefts defeftive, fo violent a ftruggle between the two companies arofe, that in the year 1702; they were united by an indenture tripartite. In the year i7oii, the yearly fund of 8 per cent, for two millions, was reduced to 5 per cent, by a loan of 1,200,000!. to the public, without any additional interefl; for which confideration the company obtained a prolongation of its exclufiv6 privi- leges ; and a new charter was granted to them, under the title cf^ The United Company of Merchants trading to the Eafl Indies. Its exclufive tight of trade was prolonged from time to time; and a farther fum was lent by the company in 1730, by which, though the company's pnvi;« leges were extended for thirty- duce years, yet the jntergft of their capital, whicli ENGLAND. '45 »iicK tlietJ amounted to 3,200,000!. was reduced to three per cent. ,iJ ailed the India 3 per cent, annuities. Thofe annuities are difierent from the trading ftock of the comp.nny, lilt proprietors of which, inllead of receiving a regular annuity, have, scording to their different fhares, a dividend of the profits arifing troin I lie company's trade; and that dividend rifes or falls according; to the tircumllanccs of the company, either real, or, as h too often the Cufe, pretended. A proprietor of (lock to the amount of 500 1. whether mait Of (voman, native or foreigner, has a right to be a manager, and to giv« a vote in the general council. Twothoufand pounds is the qualificatioa fbradireftor: the diredors are twenty-four in number, including the chairman and deputy-chairman, who may be rc-elcfted for four'yeari fncceffively. The chairman has a falaryof 200 1. a year, and each of" the directors i 50 1. The meetings, or court of direftors, are to be held It ieaft once a week ; but are commonlv oftcner, being fummoned as (ccafion requires. Oat of the body of diredlors are chojen feveral com- jtittees, who hare the peculiar infpe(5lio« of certain branches of the tompany's bufmefs; as the committee of corrcfpondence, a committee rfbijying, a committee of treafury, a houfe committee, a committee of larchoulcs, a committee of (hipping, a committee of accounts, a con»>f mittee of law-fnits, and a committee to prevent the growth of private trade ; who have under them a fecietary, cafhier, clerks, and warehoufe« keepers. The ama:ting territorial acquifitions of this company, which are at- tndcd with a proportionable encreafe of trade, joined to the diflention* among its managers both at home and abroad, have of late engaged the attention of the Tegiflatu*e fo much, that a reftridion has been laid for tieir dividends for a certain time, not to exceed 1 2 and a half per cent. Aj to the vaft fortunes acquired by their governors and officers abroad, ie lUtc in which they live, aod their other economical regulations, they vc foreign to this head. Odier officers of the company are governors and faftors abroad, fome I of whom have guards offoldiers, and live in all the ftate of fovereigi| I princes. I Bank of England.] The company of the Bank was incorporated by parliament, in the 5th and 6th years of king William and queen Mary, by the name of the Governor and Company of the Bank of Eng- land ; in confideration of the loan of i,20o,oool. granted to the govern- ment; for which the fubfcribers received almoft 8 per cent. By this charter, the company are not to borrow under their cor imon feal, unlefs by a^ of parliament ; they are not to trade, or fufFer ^ny perfon in tri/ft I for them, to trade in any goods, or merchandize; but they may deali [Is of exchange, in buying or felling bullion, and foreign gold an jilvercoin, Sec, By an ad of parliament pafTed In the 8th and 9th year of Will. JIL j ky were impowered to enlarge their capital ftock to 2,201,171 1. lo s. It was then alfo eaa£ied, that bank (lock (hould be a perfonal, and not a sal edate ; that no contract either in word or writing, for buyiag or Uliing bank ftock, fhould be good in law, unlefs regiftered in the l»oks (f the Bank within feven days ; and the (lock transferred in fourteen days, ad that it (hould be felony, without benefit of clergy, . to counterfeit the nmmon feal of the Banic, or any fealcd Bank billi or any Bank note, 6 to alter or erafe fuch bills or notes. 3 Bj 144 ENGLAND. m 11111 1 m ml 1 1 1 lli r* Bpiifls ii'' 1 ) By another aA paHed in the 7th of queen Anne, the company wei\ impowcrcd to augment their capital to 4,402,34.3 1. and they then al vanccd 400,000!. more to the government ; and in 1714, they advanced anotlier loan of* 1,500,000!. 1 Ir, the tliird year of the rcign of icing George I. the intcreft of thcij capital lloclc was reduced to 5 per cent, when the Banlc agreed to delivd up as many Exchequer bil!s as amounted to 2,000,000 1. and to acccpl an annuity of 100,000 1. and it wa3 declared iawfu! for the Bank to cm from their member.s in proportion to their intereds in the capital ftocld fuch fum3 of money as in a gencial court fhouid be found ncceffary. J any member fhouid negled to pav his lh.ire of the monies fo called fori at tlie titae appointed by notice in the London Gazette, and fixed upo| the Rojal Exchange, it Ihould be lawful for the Bank, not only to ftoi the dividend of fuch member, and to apply it toward payment of the mo^ ney in quertion ; but alfo to ftop the tranifers of the lliare of liich deJ faulter, and to charge him with an interell of 5 per cent, per annum,! for the money fo omitted to be paid : and if the principal and iqtercdl fhouid be three months unpaid, the Bank (hould then have power to fel],] fo much of the ftock belonging to the defaulter as would fatisfy thel fame. I After this, the Bank reduced the interell of the 2,000,000 1. lent to| the government, from ; to 4 per oent. and purcliafed fcveral other an- nuities, which were afterwards redeemed by the government, and the] national debt due to the Bank, reduced to 1,600,000 1. But in 1742,] the company engaged to fupply the government with 1,600,000 1. at 3 percent, which is now called the 3 per cent, annuities j fo that the government was now indebted to the company 3,200,000 1. the one half carrying 4, and the other 3 per cent. In the year 1746, the company agreed that the fum of 986,800!. due to them in the Exchequer bills uniatisfied, on the duties for licences to I fell fpirituous liquors by retail, (hould be cancelled, and in lieu thereof] to accept of an annuity of 39,442 1, the interell of that fum at 4 per cevz. The company alfo agreed to advance the further fum of i,ooo,oool. into the Exchequer, upon the credit of the duties arifing by the malt and land-tax, at 4 per cent, for Exchequer bills to be iffued for that pur* pofe ; in consideration of which, the company were enabled to augment their capital with 986,800 1. the interell of which, as well as that of the other annuities, was reduced to 3 and a half per cent, till the 25th of December 1757, and from that time to carrj'ouly 3 per cent. And in order to enable them to circulate; the laid Exchequer bills, they eftabliflied what is now called Bank circulation. The nature of which, not being well underftood, we Ihall take tl^e liberty to be a little more particular in its explanation than we have been with regard to the other flocks. The company of the Bank are obliged to keep cafh fufficient to arfwer not only the common, but alfo any extraordinary demand tlut may be . made upon them ; and whatever money they have by them, over and above the fum fuppofed necefTary for thefe pui-pofes, they employ in what may be called the trade of the company ; that is to fay, in difcounting bills of exchange, in buying of gold and filver, and in government feca- rities. Sec. But when the Bank entered into the above-mentioned con- tradl, as they did not keep unemployed a larger fum of money than what tiiey deemed ajecellary to anfwer their ordinary and extraordinary demandsy ENGLAND. HS Bands, they could not conveniently take out of their current calh fo a fum as a million, with which they were obliged to fiirnifh the llirtrnment, without cither Icflfening that fum they employed in dii- Lnting, buying gold and filver, &c. (which would have been very Ldvantageous to them) or inventing feme method that ihould anfwer ithc purpofes of keeping the million in cafli. The method which they |olc, and which fully anfwers their end, was as follows. iTht/ opened a fubfcription, which they renew annually, for a million fmoiiey ; wherein the iubfcribers advance lo percent, and enter into jcontraft to pay the remainder, or any part thereof, whenever the |aiik(hall call upon them, under the penalty of forfeiting the lo per tent, fo aHvanced ; in confideration of which, the Bank pays the fub- ribers 4 per cent, interelt for the money paid in, and one fourth per Jttnt. for the whole fum they agree to furnilh ; ai.d in cafe a call fliould (bimadc upon them for the whole, or any part thereof, the Bank far- liitr agrees to pay them at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum for fuch fum [till they repay it, which they are under an obligation to do at the end Itifthe year. By this means the Bank obtains all the purpofes of keep- lit* a million of money by them ; and though the fublcribers, if no call, iiinade upon them (which is in general the cafe) receive 6 and a half Mcent. for the money they advance, yet the company gains the fum 0113,500 1. per annum by the contradl ; as will appear by the following liccount. The Bank receives from the government for the advance of £. a million — — — — •— 30,000 The Bank pays to the fubfcribers who advance 100,000 1. and engage to pay (when called for) 900,000 1. more j_,w — I 6,500 The clear gain to the Bank therefore is — -^ 23,500 This is the (late of the cafe^ provided the compahy (hould make na on the fubfcribers, which they will be very unwilling to do, be- aafe it would not only lefTen their profit, but aifedl the public credit in pral. Bank (lock may not improperly be called a trading (lock, fince with Ills they deal very largely in foreign gold and filver, in difcounting bills nexchange, Sic. Befide which, they are allowed by the government Itry confiderable fums annually for the management of the annuities hid at their office. All which advantaores, render a (hare in their (lock Itry valuable ; though it is not equal m value to the Eaft-India (lock. !he company make dividends of the profits half yearly, of which notice I publicly given ; when thofe who have occafion for their money, may ndily receive it : but private perfons, if they judge convenient, are irmitted to continue their furids, and to have their intercH added to ie principal. This company is under the direction of a governor, deputy-governor, id twenty-four direftors, who are annually elefted by the general court, Jthe fame manner as in the Eail-Iudia company. Thirteen, or more, cnpofe a court of directors for managing the affairs of the company. Tne olFcers of this company arc very numerous. South-sea company.] During the long war with France, in the i^ of queen Anne, the payment oAhe failors of the royal navy being sijlefted, and they receiving tickets ^ftead of money, were frequently by their negcflities, to fell thefe tickets to avaritious men at a L difcount i- I., I; m m if '4 ,.i || ^i?i .'■s 1? !f>l ■1: 1' f^ffi ENGLAND. difcount of 40 1. and fomctimes 50 1. per cent. By thi , and othe means, the debts of the nation unprovided for by parliament, and- | means as they fhould think proper, raife fucli flams of money as in a gene-j ral court of the company fliould be judged necefFary. The company were! aifo empowered to raife money on the contracts, bonds, or obligationsj under their common feal, on the credit of their capital flock. But if thcj fub-governor, deputy-governor, or other members of the company,! ihould purchafe lands or revenues of the crown, upon account of the] corporation, or lend money by loan or anticipation, on any branch of the revenue, other than fuch part only on which a credit of loan wasj granted by parliament, fuch fiib-governor, or other member of the com- j pany, fhould forfeit treble the value of the money excepting only the Annuities for the years 1756, and i/jS, the lif«f annuities and the Exchcv^ucr orders : but the South-Sea jL 9. company k\' I I m i'l! ? I 1 148 ENGLAND. company ftill continues to divide 4 per cent, on their prefent capita^ Hock ; whiqh they, are enabled to do from the p;ofits they make on thJ fums allowed to them for management of the annuities paid at their ofl lice, end from the intereft of annuities which are not claimed by th? proprietors. 1 As the prices of the different ftocks are continually fluftuating abovl and below paty fo when a perfon who is not acquainted with tranl3 aftions of that nature, reads in the papers the prices of ftocks, wherJ [ool. of thofe refpeftive ftocW Bank ftock Is marked perhaps 127, India ditto 134 a 1345, South-Sej ditto 97 1, &c. he h to underftand, thnt u ' fell at fuch a time for thofe feveralfums. In comparing tlie prices of the different (locks one with another, i| mull be remembered, tliat the intereft due on them from the time of thi laft payment, is taken into the current price, and the feller never re^ ceives any feparate confideraiion for it, except in the cafe of Jndi bonds, where the intereft due Is calculated to the day of the fale, ani paid by the purchafer, over and above the premium agreed for. But the intereft on the different ftocks is paid at different times, this, if noi rightly underftood, would lead a perfon, not well acquainted wi them, into confiderable miftakes in \\m computation of their value fome always having a quarter's intereft due on them more than others^ which makes an appearance of a conficerable difference in thepricci when, in reality, there is none at all. Thus, for inftance, old South. Sea annuities fell at prefent for £. 85 .', or £. 85 10 s. while op South-Sea annuities fetch only £,. 84^, or/'. 84 15 s. though each them produce the fame annual fum of 3 per cent, but the old annuitii have a quarter's intereft more due on them than the new annuitiesL which amounts to 15 s. the evad diflerence. There is, however, onq or two caufes that will always make one fpecies of annuities fell fome what lower than another, though of the fame real value ; one of whid is, the annuities making but a fmall capita!, and there hot being, foi that reafon, fo many people at all times ready to buy into it, as int( others, where the quantity is larger ; becaufe it is apprehended thai whenever the government pays off the naiional debt, they will begiaj with that particular fpecies of annui'i\-, the capital of which is thei fmalleft. A ftock may likewife be affefted by the court of Chancery ; for that court Ihould order the money which is under their diredlion, to be laid out in any particular ftock, tliat ftock, by having more purchafers»i win '■'e raifed to a higher price than any other of the like value. ijy what has been faid, the reader will perceive how much the credii and intereft of the nation depends on the lupport of the public funds.' While tije annuities, and intereft for money advanced, is tlierc regularij paid, and the principal infured by both prince and people, (a fecuritj not 10 be had in ether nations) foreigners will lend us their property, and all Europe be interefted in our welfare j the paper of the com' panics will be convuted into money and merchandize, and Great-Brii tain can never want calh to carry her fchemes into execution. In other nations, credit is founded on the word of the prince, if amO' narchy; or that of the people, if a republic; but here if on the interefta of both prince and people, which is the ftrongcii. lecurity for however lovely and engaging honclly may be in other refpefts, in tereft in money-matters will always obtain confidence j becaulb man people pay ^icit regard to thgir intereft, ^', ho have but little veneratioi for virtue. . «^ #\ 10 N • #k (rt 00 >^ 0m rJ i- 9S .- i * 'ffi ■"; c rt .— — — • ^ T >^ t^ c S ^ .u . •^ "rf- C a fi A : n Hi- u 3 c ^ h^ , ^ 'w ■ =- • > •J •d C V A 3 C a ki U V. f ^0 12 u u iJ L, u iH ^ rt pi; « •Si ti C rt ENGLAND. ^49 Intereft per annum. W'lien du^ I When transferred. I Holidays. \ Jan. I, 6, 18,25, 30 Feb. ?., 24. March 25. April 23, 25. May 1 , 29. June 4, II, 24, 29. July 25. Augaft 12, 24. Sept. 2, 21, 22, 29. Oft. i8, 25,28. Nov. 1, 4, 5, 9, 30. Dtc.21,25,26,27,28 -2 1 W 3 "^ t- '■4 CO . ^ § .g "^ s ■->. b a. 3 w 57 to 2 M c « S *" t« M «*>« On2 g s s e •a S, *" -s el E GhQH ■ * pa • Tuef. Thurf. & Frid. Mon. Tu. Th. & Fr. Wedn. & Satur. Ditto Tuefd. & Thurf. Mon. Wed. & Frid. M.Tu. We.Th. &Fr. Tu. Wed. Th. & Fr. Wed. & Satur. Ditto Mon. Wed. & Frid. Ditto Tuef. Thurf. & Sat, Tuef. & Thurf. ^- w ^ 0-3 ON 0— «^ Ditto 5 April & 10 Oft. 5 Jan. & 5 July Ditto Dittc 5 April & 10 Oft. On On to *H I-. 1.^ 1.^ ON f< to to ... OOO-'OO'l-jjxOO 000^00«oroOw-» NO 'O »^ ir\ao '-' %.>.«. .,.^.^.^.^.^ ON ON On N t-^ tONO 00 fo -^^ u-i UO u^ t^ ro 'i- loOO , •-• "-■ to t* r^ w «-^ 00 On N rh 00 ►^ -^ 1^ 00 00 N 00 ro 00 N rv.NO NO N ON « to N to □0 10 00 On U .J I, u iu ^ rt :^:^ '< .« !u C ■» Tt-u-iON« m \ to « "4- UO 00 00 I^ ur\ 00 l^ N N 00 «\ t\ f% M.- r« .N N -t-00 00 NO LO 00 NO -"J- On "H NO . to N 00 tT to to 00 •^ to Cn r to ¥^ • . S ^ ^o ,; <^ « J ™ to s.. 10 '.oi^ . V3 u w^ 'J g ^, rf - -> :! ?;*J ti *^ c ^ a a r, '■ 9. c !p suS. ^ '^ U V tj Cl, CL, V ii ij a , a. -* to 1 N. B. Intereft on In- dia bonds due 31ft March and 30th of September. '50 ENGLAND. >f!l i Constitution and laws.] Tacitus, in defcribing fnch a conftij tntion as that of England, Teems to think, that however beauti-l ful it may be in theory, it will be found imprafticable in the execution.! Experience has proved his miftake, for by certain checks, that operate! mutually, and which did not fall withir^ his ideas, the Englifh confti, tution has continued in its full vigour for above five hundred years. \i\ muft, at the fame time, be admifted, that it has received, during thati time, many amendments, and fome interruptions, but its principles are] the fame, with thofe defcribed by the above-mentioned hiftorian, as beJ longing to the Germans, and the other northern anceftors of the Englilhi nation and which are veiy improperly blended under the name of Go-f thic. On the firft inyafion of England by the Saxons, who came from Germany, and the neighbouring countries, their laws and manners werel pretty much the fame, as thofe mentioned by Tacitus. The people had] a leader in time of war. The conquered lands, in proportion to the merits of his follower":, and their abilities to fer\'e him, were diftributcd among them, and th^ .^ -1^ was confidered as the common property which they wpre to unite 'ending againftall invaders. Frcfh adven- turers coming over, under it _ rate leaders, the old inhabitants were dri- ven into Wales, and thofe Readers, at laft, affumed the title of kings, ' over the feveral diftrids they had conquered. This change of appel- hition made them more refpeftable among the Britons, and tlieirj neighbours the Scots and Picts, but did not encreafe their power, the j operations of which continued to be confined to military affairs. All civil matters were propofed in a general aflembly of the chief offi. jcers, and the people, till, by degrees, fherifls, and other civil officers, I were appointed. The country was divided into wapentakes, and hun- dreds, names that (liU fubfift in England, and overfeers were chofen to direft them £br the good of the whole. The fhenfF was the judge of all civil and criminal matters, within the county, and to him, after the in- troduflion of Chr'ftianity, was added the bifhop. In procefs of time, as bufinefs multiplied, itinciant, and other judges, were appointed, but by the earliell records, it appears, that all civil matters were decided by twelve or fixteen men, living in the neighbourhood of the place where the difpute lay, and here we have the original of Englifh juries. Before the introduftion of Chriftianity, we know not whether the Gaxons admitted of juries in criminal matters, but we are certain that there was no aftion fo criminal, as not to be compenfatcd for by money*. A mulct was impofed in proportion to the guilt ; even if it was the mur- der of the king, upon the malefatJlor, and by paying it, he purchafed I;i3 pardon. Thofe barbarous ufages feem to have ceafed foon after the S::xons were converted to Chriftianity, and cafes of murder and felony were then tried, even in the king's court, by a jury. Royalty, among the Saxons, was not, ftridlly fpeaking, hereditary, though in faft it came to be rendered fo through the affettion which the people bore for the blcod of their kings, and for prefcrving the regula- rity of government. Even e.latcs and honours were not ftrittly heredita- j-y, till t.'iey were made fo by William the Conqueror. That prince new modelled the Englifh conftitution. He divided the conquered lands among his followers, as had been agreed before the # Called by the Saxon) Guzlt> and thence the v/otdguily in crimioal trials< tinva ENGLAND. »5i l^jie fif tlie invafion, in perpetual property. He partitioned out the llitds into knight's fees, an indetermined number of which formed a ba- Lv, and thofe baronies were given to the great noblemen, who compofed l(kat is called the King's Co'irt, or Court of Peers, from every baron Ling a peer or equal ':o another. In this court all civil as well as mi- litary matters, and the proportions of knights and men, which each aron was to raife for the king's fcrvice, were fettled. Even biftioprics [fere converted imo lay baroiiies, and were obliged, as others, to fur-» lilh their quotas. In other refpeds, the Conqueror, and the firfl: princes ff the Norman line, did all they could, to efface from the minds of the tople, the remembrance of the Saxon conftitution, but the attempt was Jto no purpofe. The nobility, as well as the people, had their com- (plaints againft the crown, and after much war and blood-fhed, the fa- Ijious charter pf Englilh liberties, fo well known by the name of Mag- ciCharta, vi^ forcibly, in a manner, obtained from king John, and coft- hrmed by his fon Henry III. who fucceeded to the crown in 1216. It hoes not appear, that till this reign, and after a great deal of blood had hem fpilt, the commons of England were reprefented in parliament, or ^reat council of the nation, fo entirely had the barons engroffed tothcmfelves, the difpofal of property. The precipe year, when the houfe of commons was formed. Is not hovvn, but we are certain, that it began in the reign of Henry III. though we fhall not enter into any difputes about their fpecific powers. Ws Ihall therefore proceed to defcribe the conllitution, as it ftands at prefcnt. In all ftates there is an abfolute fupreme power, to which the right of legiflation belongs ; and which, by the fingular conilitution of thefe kingdoms, is here veiled in the king, lords, and commons. Of the king.] The fupreme executive power of Great Britain, zsdlreland, is veiled by our conllitution in a fingle perfon, king, or queen ; for it is indifferent to which fex the crown defcends : the perfon , tntitled to it, whether male or female, is immediately intrufted with all the enfigns, rights, and prerogatives of fovereign power. The grand fundamental maxim upon which the right of fuccefHon Itothe throne of thefe kingdoms depends, is: " that the crown, by common law and conftitutional cuJlom, is hereditary ; and this in a manner peculiar to itfelf : but that the right of inheritance may from time to time be changed or limited by ad't of parliament : under which I limitations the crown Hill continues hereditar\'." That the reader may enter more clearly into the doduilion of the follow- ling roval fuccefiion, by its being transferred from the houfe of Tudor, to thatcf^iituart, it may be proper to inform him that on the death of queen 'Elizab,nh, without ilfuc, it became necefiary to recur to the other Iflucof ier grandfather Henry VII. by Elizabeth of York his queen : whofe eldeft iaugnter Margaret, havin,^ married Jamcp IV. king of Scotland, king limes tiie Sixih of Scotland, and of England the Firll, was the lineal le.ccndant from that alliance. So that in his perfon, as clearly as in Henry VIII. centered all the claims of the difterent competitors, from k Norman conqueit downward ; he being indifputably the lineal heir «r the conqueror. And, what is Itill more remarkable, in his perfor) jiD centcicd the right of the Saxon monavclis, which lv«d been fulpcnd- ^' I im I IJ2 ENGLAND, ed from the cohqucft till his acceflion. For Margaret, the filter of Ed giii- Athel'iig, the di lighter of Edward the Outlaw, and granddaughta of Icing Edmund Ironude, was the perlbn in whom the hereditary tip^m of the Saxon kings, fuppofingit not abelilhed by theconquelt, refuledJ She married Malcolm III. king of Scotland ; and Ifenry JI by a de^ fcent from Matilda their daughter, is generally called the r^liorcr of tha Saxon line. But it mull be remembered, that Malcolm, by his Saxoa queen, had fons as well as daughters j and chat the rcyal family of Scotland, from that time downward, were the oftspring of MalLolml and Margaret. Of this royal family king James I. waj the direct li,l neal defcetidant; and therefore united in his perfon every polfiblel claim, by hereditary right, to the Englilh as well as Scottifh throne I being the heir both of Egbert, and Wjlliam the Conqueror. | At the revolution, the convention of eftates, or reprefentativc body] of the nation, declared, that the mifconduft of king James II. amount- 1 ed to an abdication of the government, and that the throne was thereby vacant. ' In confequence of this vacancy, and from a regard to the ancient line the convention appointed the next Proteftant heirs of the blood royal or king Charles I. to fill the vacant throne, in the old order of fucceffion ; with a temporary exception, or preference, to the perfon of king Wil- liam III. On the impending failure of die Proteftant line of king Charles I. (whereby the throne might again have become vacant) the king and parliament extended the fettlement of the crown to the Proteftant line of I king James I. viz. to the princefs Sophia, of Hanover, and the heirs of her body, being proteftants : and flie is now the common ftock, from whom the heirs of the crown muft defcend *t The * A Chronology of EngliA Kincs, from the time that this country became united under one monarch, in the perfon of Egbert, who fubdued the other princes of the Saxon hep- tarchy, and gave the name of Angle-land to this part of the ifland, the Saxons and An- gles having, about four centuries before, invaded and fubdued the ancient Britons. whom they drove into Wales and Cornwall. Began to reign. 800 Egbert 838 Ethelwulf Ethelbald Ethelbert Ethelred Alfred Edward the Elder Athelftan Edmund Edred Edwy Edgar 975 Edward the Martyr 979 Ethejred II. JO 1 6 Edmund II. J 3017 Canute, king of Denoiark 1 !57 860 866 87* 900 9*5 946 955 959 Saxon PrlncsSi »«>35 Harold, Ofurper 1039 Hpruicanute 1 Daniflt. JBegan E N G D A N D. '53 fhe true ground and principle, npon which the revolution proceed- h was an entirely new cafe in politics, which had never before hap- hned in our hiflory ; the abdication of the reigninsr monarch, and the Ijcancy of the throne thereupon. It was not a defeazcincc of the rijrht /fucceflion, and a new limitation of the crown, by the king and mH houfes of parliament : it was the aft of the nation alone, upon a jonvidtion that there was no king in being. For in a full aflembly of [e lords and commons, met in convention upon the fuppofition of thb vacancy. ■ Saxon. legan to reien. ^'l Edward the ConfefTor 7 , ,ii6; Harold, Ufarpcr 5" I 1 (Commonly called the Conqueror, from his conquering Fnghnd) duke |ip66 William I. > of Normandy, a province fiicing the fouih of England, i>ow an- I 3 nexed to the French monarchy. ,c87 William II. 7 s^„, ^f ^^c Conqueror. Iico Henry I. i ^ iijc Stephen, grandfon to the Conqueror, by his fourth daughter Adela. I u IT C (Plantagenct) grandfon of Henry I. by his daughter the emprcfs Maud, "54 ^^"^y "• 2 and her fecond huiband Gcoffroy Planlagenet. „?9RichardI.7s„„3„f H II, 1159 John 5 i;i6 Henry III. fon of John. ^ ]i-i Edward I. fon of Henry III. ^C7 Edward II. fon of Edward I. ij!7 Edward III. fon »f Edward II. i]7 Richard II. grandfon of Edward JIT. by his eldeft fon, the black prince. Ij59 Henry IV. fon to' John of Gaunt, 4th fon to Edw. III.^ I '12 Henry V. fon of Henry IV". > Houfe of Lancafter. Ijjj Henry VI. fon of Henry V. J i;6i Edward IV. defcended from Edw. III. by Lionel his 3d fon } Houfe of York. Houfe of Tudor, in whom were united the houfes of Lancafter and York, by Henry VII's marriage with Elizabeth of York. 11S3 Edward V. fon of Edward IV 14S3 Richard III. brother of Edward IV. r (Tudor) fon of the coun- 1 1485 Henry VII. \ tefs of Richmond of C the houfe of Lancafter. 1508 Henry VI'I. fon of Henry VII. 1547 Edward VI. fon of Henry VIII. 'li^lElSbeth^D-ebters of Henry VIIL 1 , . , C Great erandfon of Tames IV. king of Scotland, and firft of the Stuart [feJamesLj fo^ify i„ England. 6:5 Charles I. fon of James L ! I'furpation by commonwealth and Cromwell. .649 Chai-lcsIL 7 s„„3 of Charles L l6.)4 James II. 5 ... 5 William III. nephew and fon-in-law of James IL iand Mary 7 Daughters of jamesll. inwhonieodcd the Proteftant line of Charles I. i'02 Anne 5 for James II. iipon his abdicating the throne, carried with him his infant fon (the lite pretender) who was excluded by a£V of parlia- ment, which fettled tlie fuccelTion in the next Pniteftant heirs of James VI. The fv.rvivjng Iflue of James, at the time of his death, were a fon and a daughter, viz. Charles, who fucceeded him, and the princefs Elizabeth, who married the eleftor palatine, who took the title of king of Cohemla, and left a d.-.ughter, the princeis So- phia, who married th« duke of Brunfwick Lunenburg, by whom ftje hai George, eleftor of Hanover, who afccnded the throjie, by aft of parliament, exprei.ly made in favour of his mother. !'r4 George I. v.ij George II. i;6o George IlL i (. Houfe of Hanovtr, I HI In 1 BMi HI H^HmI lii t^HKIH J^ffij mm «1 154- E N G 1. A N D. 11 H^Hw 1 vacancy, both hoiifcs came to tliis refolutton ; ** that klnj^ Jnmes IT, having endeavouie 1 to fuhvcrt the conftitution of the kingdom, by breaking the original contrafl between king and people; and by the ad- vice o\ jefuits, and otlier wicked perfons, having violated the funda- xnental laws ; and having v^itlidrawn himfclf out of this kingdom, has abdicated the r;ov"rfiment, and that the throne is thereby vacant." Thus t-nded at once, by this fudden and unexpedcd vacancy of the throne, the old line of fuccefTion : which from the conqueft had lalled above 6od years, and from the union of the Saxon heptarchy in king Egbert, aU mofl 900. Though in Hnne points (owing to the peculiar circumflances of things and periuns) tlie revolution was not altogether fo perfect as might have been wiihed; yet from ihcnce a new a-ra commenced, in which the bounds of prerogative and liberty have been better defined, the prin- ciples of govevnmcnt more thoroughly examined and underftood, and the rights of the I'ubjed more explicitly guarded by legal provifions, than in any other period of the EngHfh hiilory. In particular, it is wor- thy obfervatioii, that the convention, in this their judgment, avoided with great wifdom tiie v/:14 extreams into which the vifjonary theories i.f fome zealous republicans would have led them. They held that this mifcondudt of king fames amounted to an endeavour to fubvert the conftitutii^u, aiul not to an aftual fubverfion, or total diflblution of the government. They therefore very prudently voted it to amount to. no more than an abdication of the government, and a ponfequent va- cancy of the throne ; whereby the government was allowed to fubfill, though the executive miigilbiie was gone : and the kingly oriice to rcr main, though king James was no longer king. An^ thus the conllitu- tion was kept intirc ; which, upon every foimd principle of government, mull oiherwife have fallen to pieces, had fo principal and conllituent a part as the royal authority been aboliftied, or even lufpended. Hence it is ealy to cclleft, that the title to the crown is at prefent he- reditary, though not quite fo abf;)lutely hereditary as formerly ; and the common ftock or anceftor, from whom the defcent mull be derived, isi alfo difierent. Formerly the common ftock was king Egbert ; then William the Conqueror ; afterward, in James I.'s time, the two common flocks united, and lb continued till the vacancy of the throne in 1688: now it is the princefs Sophia, in whom the inheritance was veiled by the new king and parliament. Formerly the defcent was abfolutc, and the crown went to the next heir without any reltrittion ; hut now, upon the new fcttlement, the inheritance is conditional ; being limit-d to fuch heirs only, of the body cf the princefs Sophia, as are Proteilant mem- bers of the church of England, and are married to none but Piotellants. And in this due medium confifls the true conllitutional notion cf die right of luccefTion to the imperial crown of thefe kingdoms. T\\e ex- tiemes, between which it lleers, are each of them equally deilruftiveof thole en.'s for which Ibcietics were formed, and are kept on foot. Where the raagilhiite, upon every fucceflion, is eledled by the people, and may by the exprels provifion of the laws be depofed (if not puniihed) by his lubjefts, this may found like the perfetlion of liberty, and look well enough when delineated on paper ; but in praftice will be ever pioduftive of tuniultj conteutioii, and anarchy. J^nd, on the other haucl, divine indq-: ENGLAND. 153 jniffcafible hereditary ri^ht, when coupled with the doftrine of unli- jiited paffive obedience, is furely of all conftitutions the moll thoroiigh- lillavilh and dreadful. But when liich an hereditary right, as our law* lave created and veiled in the royal (lock, is clofely interwoven with ilinfc liberties, which are equally the inheritance of the fubjeft ; thi$ jnion will form a conflitution, in theory the mofl beautiful of any, in ffaftice the mofl approved, and, in all probability, will prove in dura- non the moft permanent. This conftitution, it is the duty of every Bri-t ton to unclerftand, to revere, and to defend. The principal duties of the king are exprefTed in his oath at the co- ronation, which is adminillered by one of the archbilhops, or bifliops, of the realm, in the prefence of all the people; who, on their parts, dD reciprocally take the oath of allegiance to the crown. This coro-. nation oath is conceived in the following terms : »* T^he archhijhop, or bijhop, Jhall fay. Will you folemnly promife and fwear, to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the llatutcs in parliament agreed on, and the laws and culloms of the fame ? — The king or queen jcill fay, I folemnly promife fo to do. Archbifljop or bijhop. Will you to your power caufe law and juftice, in mercy, to be executed in all your judgments?- King or queen. I inli. Archbijhop or lijhop. Will you to the utmoll of your power main- ta'n the laws of God, the true profeflion of the gofpel, and the Protef- taiit reformed religion ellablilhed by the law ? And will you preferve unto the bifliops and clergy of this realm, and to the churches com- mitted to their charge, all fuch rights and privileges as by the law do or Hall appertain unto them, or any of them \ >■ » King er queen. All tliis I promife to do. Jl.fler this the king or queen, hying his or her hand upon the holy 0els, jhall fay, I'he things which I have here before promifed, 1 mil perform and keep : fo help m>; God. And thenfhall ki/s the book." This is the form of the coronat ion oath, as it is now prelcribed by cur laws : and we may obferve, that in the king's part in this original coniraft, are exprefTed all the duties that a monarch can owe to his people; viz. to govern according to law : to execute judgment in iv.ercyt and to maintain the eftablifhed religion. With refpett to the latter of thefe three branches, we may farther remark, that by the adl of union, 5 Ann. c. 8. two preceding ftatutes are recited and confirmed ; the one of the parliament of Scotland, the other of the parliament of I'.ngland: which enaft ; the former, that every king at his fucceiiion Ih^ul take and fiibfcribe an oath, to preferve the Protellant religion, and Preibyteriaa church government in Scotland : the latter, that at his coronaiion he Ihall take and fubfcribe a iimilar oath, to preferve the fettlemcnt of the church of England within England, Ireland, Wales, and iierwick, and the territories thereunto belonging. The king of Great Britain, notwithftanding the limitation.i of the power of the crown, already mentioned, is o' :j of the greateil morarchs reigning over a free people. His perfon is fatred iu thi.: eye of the law, which makes it high treaibn fo much as to imagine or intcni his death ; jeither can he, in himfelf, be deemed guilty of any crime, the law taiung I/m' 111 156 ENGLAND. tt taking no cognizance of his aftions, but only in the pcrfons of hh miniilers, if they infringe the laws of the land. As to his power, ir has no bounds (except wjiere it breaks in upon the liberty and proper- ty of his fubjeds, as in making new laws, or raifing new taxcb) for he can make war or peace j fend and receive ambalTadors ; make treaties of league and commerce ; levy armies, fit out fleets, employ them as he thinks proper ; grant commiflions to his officers both by fea and land or revoke them at pleafurc ; difpofe of all magazines, caftles, &c. fum- mon the parliament to meet, and, when met, adjourn, prorogue, or diflblve it at plealure ; refufe his allent to any bill, though it hatli paiTud both houfcs ; which, confequently, by fuch a refufal, has no niorc forc^ than if it had never been moved. He poffeiTeth the ri^iit of chufiti" his own council ; of nominating all the great olhccrs of Hate, of the houftiol.l, and the church ; and, in fine, is the fountain of honour, from whom all degrees of nobility and knighthood are derived. Such is the dignity and power of a king of Great Britain, Ov THE PARLIAMENT.] Parliaments, in fome Ihape, are, as has been oj.-iVCil, oi' as high antiquity as the Saxon govcrnmcni in this ifland; and have iuDiiiled, in their prefent form, at leall five hundred years. The parliament is afTcmbled by the king's writs, and its fitting muft not be intermitted above three years, its conftituent parts urc, the king fiiting there in his royal political capacity, and the three eltatcs of the realm ; thj lords fpiritual, the lords tenipora , (who fit, together with the king, in one houfe) and the commons, who fit by themfelves in another. The king and thefe three eftates, together, form the great corporation or body politic of the kingdom, of wiiich the king is faid to be ca/iut, principiumy et finis. For .upon their coming together trie king meets them, either in perfon, or by reprefen*-ation ; witliout whicli there can be no beginning of a parliament j and he alfo has alone the power of difi'olving them. Jt is highly neceilary for preferving the balance of the conftitution, that the executive power fhould be a branch, though not the whole, of the legiflature. The crown cannot begin of itfelf any alterations in the prefent ellablifhed law ; but it may approve or difapprove of the altera- tions fuggefled and confented to by the two houfes. The legiflative therefore cannot abridge the executive power of any rights which it now has by law, without its own confent : fmce the law mud perpetually ftand as it now does, unlefs all the powers will agree to alter it. And herein indeed confills the true excellence of the Engliih government, that all the parts of it form a mutual check upon each other. In the le- giilature, the people are a check upon the nobility, and the nobility a check upon the people ; by the mutual privilege of rejefting what die other has refolved : while the kin? is a check upon both, which preferves the executive power from encroachments. The lords fpiritual confift of two archbifhops and twenty-four bifliops. The lords temporal confift of all the peers of the realm, the bifhops not being in ftri^lnefs held to be fuch, but merely lords of parliament. Some of the peers fit by defcent, as do all antient peers ; fome by creation, as do air the new-made ones ; others, fince the union with Scotland, by elec- tion, which is the cafe of the fixteen peers, who reprefent the body of the E N G L. A N D, ^57 tlic Scots nobility. The number of peers is indefinite, and may be idcrcafcd at will by the power of the crown. A body of nobility is more peculiarly neccflary in our mixed and (ompouiidcd conftitution, in order to fiipport the rights of both the j'own anrl the people ; by forming r. barrier to withftand the encroach- ments of both. It creates and prefcrvcs that gradual fcale of dignity, ivhich proceeds from the pcafant to the prince; rifing like a pyramid iffom a broad foundation, and diminifhing to a point as it rifes. The nobility therefore are the pillars, which are reared from among the peo- ple, more immediately to fupport the throne: and if that falls, they mull alfo be buried under its ruins. Accordingly, when in the lail cen- tury the commons had determined to extii-pate monarchy, they alfo voted I the houfe of lords to be ufelefs and dangerous. The commons confift of all fuch men of any property in the king- dom, as have not feats in the houfe of lords ; ever)' one of which has a voice in parliament, either perfonally, or by his leprcfentatives. In a free ftate, every man, who is fuppofed a free agent, ought to be, in fome mMfurc, his own governor ; and therefore a branch at leatroduftion of the bill may be originally oppofed .s the bill itfeli'may ftc either of the readings ; and, if the oppofition Ibccceds, the bill mull be dropt for that fefT.ons ; as it muft alio, it oppofed with fuccefs in .iny of the fubfequent ftages. After the fecond reading, it is committed, that is, referred to a com- mittee; which is either felefted by the houfe in matters of fmall impor- tance, or elfc, if the bill is a matter of great, or national confcquence, the houfe refolves itfelf '.ito a committee of the whole houfe. A com- mittee of the whole houfe is compofed of every member ; and, to form it, the fpeaker quits the chair, (another member being appoinieJ chair- man) and may fit and debate as a private member. In thcfe commit- tees, the bill is debated claufe by claufe, amendments made, the blanks £lled up, and fometimes the bill entirely new modelled. After it ha« gone through the committee, the chairman reports it to the houfe, with Such amendments as the committee have made ; and then the houfe re- confider the whcie bill again, and the quellion is repeatedly put upon every claufe anc amendment. When the houfe have agreed or difa- greed to the araenJnicnu of the committee, and fometimes added new amendments of th^ir own, the bill is then ordered tc be engrol|ed, or written in a ftronj grofs hand, on one or more long rolls of parchments fewed together. When this is finiflied, it is read a third time, and amendments are fometimes then made to it j and, if a Jicw tl«ufe be 1^, holdii Jill pafs. Lofthe r f,icurrenc( if houfe ol j iim 1 is wo Ij! other ho [&d, no 1 Ijcoir.ing a hj WO mal Ince, by tw ■ill remains lut if any lliebill to li.airree to Itoulc AldfJ ENGLAND. i6i- )f L^ed, It is done by tacking a feparate piece of parchment On the bill, Lliich is called a ryder. The fpeaker then again opens the contents; Ijid, holding it up in his hands, puts the quelHon, whetJier thi bill pafs. If this is agreed to, the title to it is then fettled. Aftc this, l^of the members is direfted to carry it to the lords, and def ; their fjcurrence ; who, attended by feveral more, carries it to the bar jf houfe of peers, and there delivers it to their fpeaker, who comes dowa hml's woolfack to receive it. It there partes through the forms, as in Ije other houfe, (except enr,ro{fing, which is already done) and, if re- Ijiled, no more notice is tJcen, but it \>vSi.-',l \-'m ' ^ w r\t ifM J m ll fi i ' IBflL f; \ B» « 'Wt i66 ENGLAND. ;l the exercife of many parts of his office, fomc nobleman/'j^ehfrally on«| of his own friends or family, is deputed to ai\ for him; and he wears I as his biilge, a gold baton tipped with ebony. The office of lord high admiral of England is, now, likewife held Ir conimifiion, and is equal in its importance ro r.ny of the procedin/l cfpccialiy fmce the growth of the Britilh naval power. The Erglilh ad- jniralty is a board of dire*fkion as well as execution, and is in its pro-| cecdings independent of the crown itfelf. All trials upon life andiieath I in maritime affairs, are appointed and held under a commiiTion immc-l diately iffuing from that board ; and the members muft fign even thel death warrants for execution : but it may be eafily conceived, that asl they arc renioveable at plcafure, they do nothing that can clalh wirh the! prerogative of the crown, and conform themfolvcs to the diretilions thtwl receive from his majefly. I'he board of admiralty regulates the whole] naval force of the realm, and names all its officers, or confirms tlienil when named ; fo that its jurifdiftion is very extenfive. They appoint! vice-admirals under them ; but an appeal from them lies to the higlxj court of admiralty, which is of a civil nature ; London is the place where! it is held; and all its procefles and proceedings run in the lord highad-J miral's name, or thofe of the commiffioners, and not in that of the kinj^.l The judge of this court is commonly a doAor of the civil law; but dlj criminal matters, relating to piracies, and other capital offences com.I mitted at fea, are tried and determined according to the laws of England,! by witnefles and a jury, ever fincc the reign of Henry VIII. It now re- mains to treat of the courts of law in England. Courts of law.] The court of Chancery, which is a court of] equity, is next in dignity to the high court of parliament, and is de-l figned to relieve the lubjeft againft frauds, breaches of trufl, and other! oppreffions; and to mitigate the rigour of the law. The lord highchan-j cellor fits as fole judge, and in his abfcnce the mailer of the Rolls. T.iej form of proceeding is by bills, anfwers, and decrees, the witnefles be-l ing examined in private : however, the decrees of this court are only] binding to the perfons of thofe concerned in them, for they do not affeil I their lands and goods; and confequently, if a man refules to comply] with the terms, they can do nothing more than fend him to the prlfon of j the Fleet. This court is always open ; and if a man be font to prifon,] the lord chancellor, in any vacation, can, if he fees reafon for it, grant a habeas corpus. \ The clerk of the crown likewife belongs to this court, being obliged, I or by his deputy, always to attend on the lord chancellor as often as he] fits for the difpatch of bulinefs; through his hands pafs all writs for fummoning the parliament or chufing of members ; coinmiffions of the peace, pardons, &c. The King's Bench, io called either from the kings of England fome- times fitting there in perfon, or becaufe all matters determinable byj common law between the king and his fubjefts, are here tried; except fuch aifairs as properly belong'to the court of Exchequer. This court is, likewife, a kind of cheque upon all the inferior courts, their judges, j and jullices of the peace. Here prefide four judges, the firil of whom i»j ililed lord chief juftice of the King's bench, or by way of eminence, | lord chief jufticc of England, to exprefs the great extent of his jurif* didioa over the kingdom .• for this court can grant fiohibitions in any \ eaufej ENGLAND. j6f ci/e depending either in fpiritual or temporal courts ; and the houTe of rfffs does often direft the lord chief juilice to iilue oui h.s warrant fjr jiiprehcading nerfons under the fuipicion of liigh crimes. The other iree judges art called juftices, or judges, of the k.inp;'s bench. Tlie court of common Pleas takes cognizance of all pleas debateable jjtween fubjedl and fubjeft ; and in it, befide all real aftions, fines and .tcoveries are tranfafted, and prohibitions are likewiie iffued out of j, as well as from the King's Bench. The firft jad!;;e of this court is {ilcd lord chief juftice of the common pleas, or common bench ; bendc nhom there are likewife tliree other judges, or juftices, of this court* N'one but ferjeants at law are allowed to plead here. Tiie court of Exchequer was inftituted for managing the revenues of the crown, and has a power of judging both according to law and ac- cording to equity. In the proceedings according to law, the lord chief baron of the Exchequer, and three other barons, prefide as judges. They aic ftiled barons, becaufe formerly none but barons of the realm were allowed to be judges in this court. Befide thefc, there is a fifth, called curfitor baron, who has not a judicial capacity, but is only employed in adminillring the oath to ilierifts and their oflicers, and alfo to feveral of tk officers of the cuftom-houfe. — But when this court proceeds accord- jtff to equity, then the lord trcafurer and the chancellor of the Exchequer prefide, aflifted by the other barons. All matters touching the king's trcaiury, revenue, cufloms, and fines, are here tried and determined.— Befide the officers already mentioned, there belong to the ExchcqueH, th« king's remembrancer, who takes and ftates all accounts of the revenue, culloms, excife, parliamentary aids and fubfidies, &c. except the ac* counts of the (heriiFs and their officers. The lord treafurer's remem* bncer, whofc bufinefs it is to make out procelTes againft ftieriiFs, re* ceivers of the revenue, and other officers. For putting the laws eiFedlually in execution, an hIgh-ihcrifF is an* Dually appointed for every county (except Weftmoreland and Cumber* laid) by the king ; whofe office is both miniftmal and judicaaL Heis [0 execute the king's mandates, and all writs dire^d to him out bf ithdr king's courts of juftice; to impannel juries, to. bring caafes and ' -maii* faftors to trial, to fee the fentences, both in civil and criminal affairsv executed. And at the affize to attend tke judges, dnd guard them' all the time they are in his county. It is alfo part of his office to cqllei^'all public fines, diftreffer, and amerciaments, into the Exchequeri or where the king (hall appoint, and to make fuch payments out of them as his majefty fhall think proper. . ■ i As his office is judicial, he keeps a courts called the coilnty court, ivhich is held by the Iheriff, or his undf.r-lherifFs, to hear and determine nil civil caufes in the county under fo' ty (hillings ; this, however, ii no court of record ; but the court, formerly called th3 IherifF's turnj Was one ; and the king's leet, through all the county : {or in this court, en- quiry was made into all criminal offences againft the common law, where by the Itatute law tliere was no reftraint. This eourtj however, ha« been long fince abolilhed. Under the fheriff are various officers, as the under-ftierifF, clerks, lewarts of courts, bailiffs, (in Loadon called ferjeants) conllables, Jiolers, beadier Sec. ■**■• M^. Th9 IB i68 ENGL A N D. U; iJi! The next oflicer to the Jhcriff, is the jurtice of peace, feveral whom are commillioned tor each county : and to them is entrulUd the. power of putting great p.irt of the ftatute law in execution, in relatioil to the highways, the pocr, \agranis, trcafon.s, felonies, riots, the pre.l fervation of the game, ivc. Sec. and they examine and commit to prifoHl all who break or diilurb the pence, and difquiet the king's fubjeits. lul order to punifh the offenders, they meet evcrv quarter at the county-! town, when a jury of twelve men, called the grand inquell of the coiin-l ty, is fummoned to appear. This jury, upon oath, is to enquire into! the cafes of all delinqueiit.N, ;',nd to prefent them by bill guilty of the! indidtment, or not guilty: the julUces commit the former to gaol for their trial at the next afiiz-s, and the latter are acquitted. This is call- ed the quarter-feilious for the county. The julhce of peace ou^ht to be a perfon of great good fenfe, fagacity, and integrity, and to be not without fomc knowledge of the law ; for as much power is lodircd in his hands, and as nothing is fo intoxicating, without thefe qualifica- 1 tions he will be apt to make miftakcs, and to llep beyond his authori- ty, for which he is liable to be called to an account at the court of kino'j j bench. Each county contains two coroners, who are to enquire, by a iury of neighbours, how and by whom any perfon came by a violent death, and to enter it on record as a plea of the crown. The civil government of cities \s a kind of fmall independent policy of icielf ; for every city hath, by charter from the king, a jurifdiftion ivithin itfelf, to judge in all matters civil and criminal ; with this re- ilraint only, that all .civil caules niav be removed from their courts to the higher courts at Welhr.inller ; and all offences that are capital, are committed to the judge of the alfize. The government of cities differs according to their difTcrent charters, immunities, and conllitutions. They arc cbhllituted with a mayor, aldermen, and burgefTes, who together make the corporation of the city, and hold a court of judicature, where the maydr prefides as judge. Some cities are counties, and chufe their own flicrifFs, and all of them have a powtr of making bye-laws, for their own government. Some have thought the government of cities, by mayor, aldermen, and common-council, is an epitome of the Eng- lilh government, by king, lords and commons. . The government of incorporated boroughs is much after the fame man- ner : in Ibme there is a mayor, and in others two bailiffs. All which, during their mayoralt)', or niagillracy, are juftices of the peace withia their liberties, and confequently elquires. ' For the batter government of villages, the lords of the ftiil, or manor (who were formerly calkd barojii)^iave generally a power to hold courts, called courts-ltet, and court .-biiron, where their tenants are obliged to atten^-and receive jufticc. Die biifineff of coiirts-leet is chieriy to pre- fent and punifh nuifimce.s ; and .it courts-baron, the conveyance.^ and alienatjous of the copyhold tenants ave em oiled, and they are admitted to thfir ellates on a defcent or purchaie. A conftable is a very antient and rcfpeilablcbflice of the peace, under the Eoglifh conftitution. Every hundred has a high conftabl-*, and every parifh in that hundred u conilable, and they are to attend tnc high con- ftable upon occafioni. Thty arc afftrted by another antient officer^ called the ENGLAND. 169 Lftvthinj); man, who formerly fuperintendcd tlie tenth part of a hun- (n-ti^ or ten free burgs, as they wt c called in the time of the 'Jaxons, Ljd each free burg coiifilling of ten f imilies. The bufinefs of a conlhi • be is to keep the peace in all cafes of quarrels and rir.ts. He can ini- Lifon offenders till they arc brought before a jufricc; of peace ; and it is liis duty to execute, within his dillrid, every warrant that is direckil j;)him from that magiilrate, or a bench of juilices. 'i'he ncglccl of the jold Saxon courts, both for the prefervatiun of the peace, ami the more Italv recovery of fniull debts, has been regretted by many eminent law- lers, and it has of late been foimd neceffary to revive (bine of them, and L appoint others of a ftmilar nature. I Belides thefe, there are courts of confcience fettled in many parts of Kiifland for the relief of the poor, in the recovery or payment of fmall Idebts, not exceeding forty fliillings. There neither is, nor ever was, any conftitution provided with fo ma- Ipv fences, as that of England is, for the fecnrity of perfonal liberty, lEverv man imprifoned has a right to bring a writ before a judge in WelU Iniinlter-hall, called his Habeas Corpus. It" that judge, after confidcring the caufe of commitment, fl»nll find I tliat tlie oftcnce is bailable, the party is immediately admitted to bail, 11 lie is condemned, or acquitted, in a proper court of jultice. The rights of individuals are fo attentively confidcred, that the fubjcft may, without the leall danger, fue his fovereign, or thofe who adl in liii name, and under his authority ; he may do this in open court, where the king maybe call, and be obliged to pay damages to his fubjcdl. He cannot take away the liberty of the leall individual, unlefs he has, by fome illegal ad, accufcd or fufpcdcd upon oath, to have forfeited his right to liberty, or except when the Hate is in danger, and the reprefentativcs of the people think the public fafety makes it ne- cfiFary that he lliould have the power of confining perfons, on a tiilpicion of guilt: fuch as that of an aft of rebellion within the kingdom, the legiflature has thought proper to pafs a teraporaiy fuf- feniion of the Habeas Corpus Aft ; but this never has been done b\it ivitli great difficulty and caution, and when the national fatety ab- iblutely required it. The king h.is aright to pardon, but neither he :or the judges, to whom he delegates his authority, can condemn a :i;iii as a criminal, except he be iiril found guilty, by twelve men, who null be his peers or his equals. That the judges may not be influenced hy the king, or his minifters, to mifreprefent the cafe to the jury, they have their ihlaries for life, and not during the pleafure of their fove- eign. Neither can the king take away, nor endanger the lite of any iibjecl, without trial, and the perfons being firil chargeable witii a capi- hl crime, as treafons, murder, felony, or fome other aft injurious to f i- ;;cty: nor can any fubjeft be deprived of his liberty for the higheit lime, till fome proof of his guilt be given upon oath before a magif- ■iite ; and he has then a right to infill upon his being brought, the firil pportunity, to a fair trial, or to be rellored to liberty on giving bail :,c his appearance. If a man is charged with a capital offence, he mull ;ot undergo the ignominy of being tried for his life, till the evidenceg 1: his guilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in fhich the faft is alledged to be committed^ and not without tv.'clve of them I 11 < II I 170 ENGLAND. them ap^reelng to a bill of indidment againft him. If they do this, he is to Hand a lecond trial befi^re twelve other men, whofc opinion is ilt. finitive. In fome cafes, the man (who is always fuppofcd innocent til] there is fufficient proof of his guilt) is allowed a copy of his inilia- ment, in order to help him to make his defence. He is alio furniflicd witJi thepanncl, or lift of the jury, who are his true and proper judges, that he may learn their charadters, and difcover whether they want abilities or whether they are prejudiced againft him. He may in open court per- emptorily obje£l to twenty of the number*, and to as many more as lie can give reafor for their not being admitted as his judges ; tiil at lafl twelve unexceptionable men, the neic;hbours of the party accufed, or living near the place where the fuppoled faft was committed, arc fworn, to give a true verdidl according to the evidence produced in court. By challenging the jury, ihc prifoner prevents all poffibility of bribery, or the influence of any fuperior power : by their living near the place where the fad was committed, they are fuppofed to be men who knew the prifoner's courfe of life, and the credit of the evidence. Thefe only are the judges, from whofe fentence the prifoner is to exped life or death, and upon their integrity and underftanding, the lives of all that are brought in danger ultimately depend ; and from their judgment there lies no appeal : they are therefore to be all of one mind, and after they have fully heard the evidence, are to be confined without meat, drink, or candle, till they are unanimous in acquitting, or condemn- ing the prilbner. Every juryman is therefore inverted with a folemn and awful trull : if he without evidence fubmits his opinion to that of any of the other jury, or yields in complaifance to the opinion of the judge; if he negleds to examine with the utmoft care; if he qucftions the veracity of the witnelies, who may be of an infamous charader; or after the moll impartial hearing has the leaft doubt upon his mind, and yet joins in condemning the perfon accufed ; he will wound his own confcience, and bring upon himiclf the complicated guilt of perjury and murder. The freedom of Englillimen confifts in its being out of the power of the judge on the bench to injure them, for declaring a man innocent, whom he wilhes to be brought in guilty. Was not this the cafe, juries would be ufelefs ; fo far from being judges them- lelves, they would only be the tools of another, who'e province it is not to guide, but to give a fandion to their determination. Tyranny might triumph over the lives and liberties of the fubjed, and the judge on the bench be the minifter of the prince's vengeance. Thefe are the glorious privileges which we enjoy above any other nation upon earth. Juries have always been confidcrcd as giving the xnoft efFedual check to tyranny ; for in a nation like this, where a king can do nothing againft law, they are a fecurity that he Ihall ne- ver make the laws, by a bad adminillration, the inftruments of cruelty and oppreflion. Was it not for juries, the advice given by father Paul, in his maxims of the republic of Venice, might take effed in its fulleft latitude. *' When the offence is committed by a nobleman againft a fubjed, fays he, let all ways be tried to juftify him ; and if that is not poffible to be done, let him be chaftiicd with greater noife than damage* The party may challenge thiity-Ave in cafe of treafon* u ENGLAND. 171 ]i it be a fabjcA that has affronted .1 noblcmnn, let him be puniilicd tt::h the utmoft fcvcrity, that the fubjcft may not "ct too £reat a cullora of laying their hands on the patrician crJrr." In iliort, wns it not far jiiric.., a corrupt nobleman might, whenever he pleafed, ail the tyrant, lihile the ju £u:/>y or f:ot guilty. U the prifoner anfwers ^«/7/y, his trial is at an end; but if lie anfwcrs tiot luiliy, the court proceeds on the trial, even though he r.v^y before have confeficd the faft : for the law of England takes no notice of fuch con- fclfion; and unlefs the witneffes, who are upon oath, prove him guilty of the crime, the jury muft acquit him, for they are d:!ec:lcd to bring ia their verdidl according to the evidence given in court. If the pri- funer refwfes to plead, that is, if he will not fay in court, whether he is guilty or not giiiity, he is by the law of England to be prclicd to death. When the witne/Tes have given in their evidence, and the prifoner has, by himfclf or his coii.ifel, crofs examined them, the judge recites to the jury the fubftance of the evidence given againll the prifoncr, and bids them difcharge their confcicnce ; when, if tJiC matter be very clear, they commonly give their verdic^t without going out of court ; and the foreman, for himfelf and the rell, declares the prifoner ^;<.'7/_>', 0: net guilty, as it may happen to be. But if tny doubt ajufes amon^ the jury, and the matter requires debate, they ail witlicraw into a room with a copy of the indidment, wliere iliey are locked up, till they are iinanimoully agreed on the verditit ; and if any one of tlie jury Ihuuld (lie during this their confinement, the prifoner will be atijuiited. When the jury have agreed on the verdiiS, they intivrjii the court thereof by an ofhccr who waits without, and the prifoner is again fet to tlic bar, to hear his verdifl. This is unalterable, except iii fume doubt- ful cafes, when the verdltl is brought in fpecial, and is therefore to be determined by the twelve judges of England. If die prifoner is found guilty, he is then afked what reafjn he can jive why fentence of death (liould'not be pafl'ed upon him? There ii niw no benefit of clergy — it is changed to tranlpoitatiou, or burnitjg in the hand. Upon a capital conviction the feateucc of deatji, alter a fa a;- 172 ENGLAND. ; t a fummary r.ccount of the trial, is pronounced on the prifoncr, In thele words : T/je laiv is, ^thnt thou Jhalt return to the place frcn ai'hntc' thcu cameft, and from thence he curried to the place cj excci,i:..;\ iLhcn thou Jhult hang by the neck, till thy bndy be dead, and the Lcrd hat'C mercy en thy foul : whereupon the flierill" is cliargcd with the execution. ■ Ailprifoncrs found not guilty by the jury, art immediately ncqiiitted and difcharged, and in fome cal'cs obtnin a copy of their indidnicnt from the court to proceed at law aguinll their profccutors. Of punishments.] 'I'hough the law^ of England are cftcemcd n o'c merciful, withrefpeft to ofFendtrs, than thofc wnich at prefent fubfiU in any other part of the hninvn world; yet the punifhmcnt of fuch who at their trial refufe to plead guilty or not guilty, is here very cruel. In this cafe the prifoncr is laid upon his bade, and his arms and h-gs being ftretched out with cords, and a confiderable weight laid upon his breaft, he is allowed only three morfels of barley bread, which is given him the next day without drink, after which he is allowed nothing but foul water till he expires. This, however, is a punifhment which is fcarcdy inflifted once in an age ; but fome offenders have chofe it to prelbrve their eftates for their children. Thofe guilty of this crime are not now fuffered to undergo fuch a length of torture, but have fo great a weight placed upon them, that they foon expire. In cafe of high treafon, tho' the criminal Hands mute, judgment is given againft him, as if he had been convifted, and his eftate is confircated. The law of England includes all capital crimes under high »:rer.fon, petty treafon, and felony. The firll confills in plotting, confpiiing, or rifing up ill arms againft the fcvereign, or in counterfeiting the coin. The traitor is punifhed by being drawn on a fledge to the place of ex- ecution, when, after being hanged upon a gallows for fome minutes, the body is cut down alive, the heart taken out and expofed to public view, and the entrails burnt : the head is then cut off, and the body quartered, after which the head is ufually fixed on fome ccnfpicuous place. All the criminal's lands and goois are forfeited, his wife lofes her dowry, and his children both their eiiates and nobility. But though coining of money is adjudged high trcalbn, the criminal is only drawn upon a fledge to the place of execution, and there hanged. Though the fentence paffed upon all traitors is the fame, yet with re- fpeft to perfons of quality, the punifhment is generally altered to behead- ing : a fcaffold is erefted for that purpofe, on which the criminal placing his head upon a block, it is ftruck off with an axe *. Th» punifhment for mifprifion of high treafon, that is, for neglefting or concealing it, is imprifonment for life, tlie forfeiture of all the offen- der's goods, and of the profits arifmg from his lands. Petty treafon is when a child kills his father, a wife her hufband, a clergyman his bifliop, or a fervant his mafler or mil^refs. This crime is punilhed by being drawn in a fledge to the place of execution, and there hanged upon a gallows till the criminal is dead. Women guilty both of this crime, and of high treafon, are fentenced to be burnt alive, but in- Itead of fuffcring the full rigour of the law, they are itrangled at the iiake before the fire takes hold of them. * This is not to be confidcred as a different punifhment ; but as a remiflion of all tit* parts uf the len're.nce mentioned before, excepting the article of bchcftdiug. Felony •felony! Thefc arc! fcon after| H) be pi feme Hlle\l vears to hi benefit of I i in the haf OtlKT M:'n'!.Tj 11 !nc ENGLAND. »75 •^clony includes murders, robberies, forging notes, bonds, deeds, fee. Thcfc are all punilhcd by hanging, only * murderers are to be executed fcon after fentrncc is palled ; and then delivered to the furgeons in Ofvier 10 be publicly difledcd. Perfons guilty of robbery, when there are iome Hlleviating circumftances, are fomctimcs tranfportcd for a term of tears to his majclly's plant.-.tion.s. And in all fuch felonies where the kiicfit of the clergy is allowed, as it is in uiany, the ciiminal is burnt in the hand with a hot iron. Other crimes punilhed by the laws are, M.'inilnuglucr, wliich is the unlawful killing of .1 pcrfon without pre- meditated malice, but with a prcfcnt intent to kill ; as when two who formerly meant no harm to each other, quarrel, and the one kills the ether; in this cafe, the criminal is allowed tiie benefit of his clergy for the firfl time, and only burnt in the hand. Chance-medley, is the accidental killing of a man without an evil in> tent, for which the offender v: alfo to be burnt in the hand ; unlefs the offender was doing an unlawful ad, which lall circumllance makes the punifhment death. Shop-lifting, and receiving goods knowing them to be (lolcn, arc punilhed with tranfportation to his majclly's coUmies, or burning in the knd. Perjury, or keeping diforderly hcufes, arc punifiied with the pillory and imprifonment. Pctty-larccny, or fmall theft, under the value of twelve-pence, is punilhed by whij)p*ng. Libelling, ui:'\pr t Ifc weights and meafurcs, and foreftalling the mar- ket, are commonly punilhed with llanding on the pillory, or whipping. For ftriking, fo as to draw blond, in the king's court, the criminal 19 punilhed with lofing his right hr.nd. For Itri king in Weftminfter-hall, while the courts ofjuftlce are fitting, is imprifonment for life, 'and forfeiture of all the oitender's eftate. Drunkards, vagabonds, and loofe, idle, diforderly perfons, are punilhc4 by being fet in the ftocks,. or by paying a fine. Of HUSBAND AND wHE.] The firfl; private relation of perfons is [hat of marriage, which 'ncludcs the reciprocal rights and duties of tiilbanJ and wife ; or, as moft of our elder law books call them, ia- tm and /effie. The holinefs of the matrimonial ftate is left entirely to the ecclefialHcal law ; the punifhment therefore, or annulling, of incef- mous, or other unfcriptijral marriages, is the province of fpir^tual courts. The Hrft legal difability is a prior marriage, or iiaving another huJband tr wife living J in which cafe, befides the penal tic j confcquent upon it ;sa felony, the fecond marriage is to all intents and purpofes void : po- Ijgamy being condemned both by the law of the New Teftament, and lie pjlicy of all prudent Itatcs, efpecially in thef^i northern climates. The fecond legal difability is want of age. This is futlicient to avoid all tiher contracts, on account of the imbecillity of judgment ir\ the parties ;ontratlii)g. Therefore if a boy under fourteen, or ii girl under twelve jears of age, marries, this marriage is impcrfeft ; and, when either of ' By a late aft murderers are to be executed within twenty-four hours after fentctice isptonoimced; but as Sunday is not reckoned a dii), ihoy arc generally tried on a Satur- |k, fo that they obtain a rcfjiit^ till MunJay. ' ' ' ' theia J 74 ENGLAND. ■p ' . ;■ I H li X.i theifl comes to the age of confent aforefaid, tliey may uifagrre, and de-t ciarc the marriage void, without any divorce or fentence ia the fpiritu- r:I court. Thi;; is founded on the civil law. But the c.non law pavf^ a greater rcn;.u\i to tlie conftitution, than the aq;e of the parties : for if they are bal-ius ad jnatrunoi^lum, it is a good marriage*, whatever their age may be. And in our law it is fo far a marriage, that if at the- aoe r.f coniint they agree to continue together, they need not be marriai again. If the huiband be of years ot difcretion, and the wife iiniL'r twelve, wh..-n Toe comes to years oi difcretion, he may diftgrce as well as liic may ; for in contrad, the obligation mull be mutual ; both muil fee bound, or neither ; and fo it is, 'vice 'vtrfa, when the wife is of yean cf difcretion, and the hulhan'l under. Another incapacity arifcs from v ant of confent of guardians. By the common law, if the parties themfelves were o{ the age of confent, there wanted no other concurrence to make the marrii^c valid : and this was agreeable to the canon law. But by fevcral itatutes, penalties of lool. are laid on ''very clergyman, who marries a couple either without publi- cation of banns (winch may give notice to parents or guardians) or with- out a licence, to obtain wliiclithe confent of parents or guardians muft be f\vorn to. And it has been lately thought proper to enaft, that all mar- riag-es celebrated by licence (for banns fuppofe notice) \\ here either of tiie parties is under twenty-one (not being a widow, or widower, who are iuppofed free) without the confent of the fithcr, or, if he lie nor livinc^, ef the mother or guardians, Ihall be abi'vlucely void. A provifmn is made> as ia the civil law, when the moiher or guardian is non ccwpa, beyond fea, or nnreafonablv froward, to difpenic witii fuch confciu at the difcretion oi the lord chancellor ; but no provifion is made, in c:Ul' the fither fl) )u!d labour under any mental or odicr incapacity. Mucii may be, and much iias been faid, both tor and againft this innovation irpon our antient laws and conllitution. On the one hand, it prevents the c'.indellinc marriage of ir.inors, which are often a terrible inconve- nience to thofe private families wherein they happen. On the other hand, rcllraints upon marriages, elpeciallv among the lowvr claf;, are evidently detrimental to the pub'.it, by hindering the encrenfc of peo- ple ; and to religion and morality, by encouraging licentiournefs ar.J debauchery,, among the fingle 0/ both fcxes ; and tjiercby deflroying one ntradt themielves in due fbrni of la. , to ma!:e it a good civil marriage. Verbal contraQs arc now of no force, to compel a future rnanMag/.'. Neither is nr^y marriage at prcfcnt valid, that is not cclebrat- fd in fome parilii churc!', or public cliapfl, uidefs by ilifpenlation from the archbilhop cf Cmrerbury. It muft alio be preceded by pubiicarioi) of banns, or by licence from the fpiritual judge. Jt is held to be alio cfTential to marrLige, that it be performed by a perfon in orders: though in the times of the gr;intl rebellion, all marriages were performed by the julUces of the peace ; and thefe marriages were declared valid in the luc- ceeding reign. But, as tl-.e law nov/ flands, wc may upon the whole eol- }e6t, that no marriage by the temprral law is void, tliat is celebrated by a perfon in orders, — in a parifh clurch, or public chapel (or elfewhere, py a diipenfaiicn) — Jn purllianrc of banns or a lie -'nee, — between ftngio pcilonsi ENGLAND. "^IS Ljj-Qfis, — confcnting, — of found mind,— -and of the age of twenty-one jjjfj . — or of the age of fourteen in male, and twelve in female, with '[•ifcnt of parents or g\ ardians, or v/ii' out it, in cafe of widowhood. There are two kinds of divorce, die one total, the other partial. The rial divorce muft be for fome of the canonical caufes of impediment, and ■i)le cxiilinp: before the marriage; as confanguinity, allinity, or cor- onal inibccillity. The iflue of fuch marriage, as is tlius entirely dif- dved, arc ballards. The other kind of divorce is when the marriage is juft and lawful, and litrcforethe law is tender of diflblving it ; but, for fon e Aipervenient jaufe, it becomes improper, or impoHible, for the parties to live toge- jicr: as in the cafe of intolerable ill temper, or adultery, in either of ;lie parties. In this cafe the law allows alimony to the wife (except iv'nen for fldultery, the parliament grants a total divorcr, as has happen- ed frequently of late years) which is that allowance, which is made to a Voman, for her fupport, out of the hulband's cftate ; being fettled at the (iifcretioa of the ccclefiaftical judge, on confideration of all the circum- anccs of the cafe, and the rank and quality of the parties. Having thus Ihewn how marriages may be made, or diffolved, I come now, lalUy, to fpeak of the legal confequences of fuch making, or dif- Iblution. ^ ^ _ ^ ■ By n-.arriage, the hufl>and and wife are one perfon in law ; ^^hat is, the vorv being, or legal exillence of the woman, is fufpended during the marriage, or at lead is incorporated and confolidated into that of the jisiband : under whofe wing, protetEtion, and co-ver., fliq performs every thing;, and is therefore called in our law French, a feme -covert, under tiie protcvfiion and influence of her hufband, her hnron, or lord ; and kr condition, during her marriage, is called her co'v'.rture. Upon this pripcip];, of an union of perfon in hufband and wife, depend almoft all thelcgnl rights, duties, and difabillties, that either of them acquire by tk marriage. I fpeak not at prefent of the rights of property, but of fsch as arc merely per/oual. l^or this reafon a man cannot grant any tiling to his wife, or enter into covenant with her ; f Jr the grant would ic to 111 ppofe her feparate exillence; and the covenant with her, would ieonly to covenant with himfclf ; and therefore it is generally true, that ilcompacls made between huflsand and wife, when fmgle, are voided by ;!ie intermarriage. A woman indeed may be attorney for her hulband ; srthat implies no feparation from, but is rather a reprcfentation of her lird. And a hufband may alfo bequeath any thing to his wife by will ; Srthat cannot take effett till the coverture is determined by his death. liic hulband is bound to provide his wife with nfceflarics by law, as ajch as himfelf ; and if flie contrafts debts for them; he is obliged to ;3y them ; but, for any thing, befides neccfiaries, he is not chargeable, llfo if a wife elopes, and lives with another man, the huiband is not iirgeable even for necelTarics ; at Icaft, if the perfon who furniflie<} km, is fulficiently apprized of her elopement. If the wife be indebted kforc marriage, the hufband is bound afterwards to pay the debt ; for is has adopted her and her circumftances together. If the v,'if'e be in- j»ed in her perfon or property, Ihc can bring no aiJlion for redreis V. diout her huloand'a concurrence, and in his name, as well as her own ; i'.t.ther can flie be liicd, with'^nt making the hufband a defendant ; ex- cept when the hulband has abjured the realm, or is bauiflied ; for then i'f is dead in law. In criminal profccutions, it is true, tho wife may 1>C !:!».: ■ f ; ft-' 'i •■J tl: h 176 E N G I. AND. be indiflcd, and puniflipd feparatcly ; for the union is only a civil union. But, ill trial.') of any Joi t, they are not alkmcd to be evidences for, or againll, each other; partly bccaulc it is impoluble their telliniony fliould 1-k; indifferent ; but principally bccaiife of the union of perlon. But where the offl^ncc in directly atrainll the perfon of the wife, this rule has Wen ufually diipenfed with ; and, therefore, in cafe a. woman be forci- lily taken away, and married, Ihe may be a witnefs againll fuch her huf. band, in order to convicl iiim of felony. In the civil law, the hulhaiul and the wife are confidered as two dif- tinct perfons ; an I may have feparate ellates, contrafts, debts, and in. juries ; and, therefore, in our ecclcfiaftical courts, a woman may fue, and be fued, without her hulhand. But, though our law in general confiders man and wife as one perftn, yet there are fomc iulbnces in which flie is feparately confidered, as infe- rior to him, and acting by hii cnnpulfion. And therefore all deeds ex- ecuted, and a-.'ts done, by her, during her coverture, arc void; except it be a iine, or the like matter of record, in which cafe Ihe mult be fole- ly and fecretly examined, to learn if her ail be voluntary. She cannot by will devife land to her hulband, unlefs under fpecial circumftances ; for at the time of making it, ihe is fuppofed to be under his coercion. And in fome felonies, and other inferior crimes, committed by her, thro' conftraint of her huiband, the law extufcs her : but this extendi not to •jeafon or nnirdcr. The huiband alfo (by the old, and likevvifc by the civil law) might give hib wife moderate correction. For, as he is to anfwer for her mifbe- haviour, the law thought it reafonable to entrult him, with this power of rellraining her, by domeilic chatUfrment, in the fame moderation that a man is allowed to correct his fervants or children ; for whom the mailer or parent i> alfo liable in fome cafes to anfwer. But in the poHter reign of Charles II . this power of corredion began to be doubted ; and a wife may now have lecurity of the peace againll her huiband ; or, in return, a huiband againlt hio wife : yet the lower rank of people, who were always fond of the old common law, ilill claim and exert their antient privilege ; and the courts of law will lUU permit a huiband to rellrain a wife of her liberty, in cafe of any grofs mifbehaviour. Thefe are the chief legal cH'eds of marriage during the coverture ; upon which we may obferve, that even the difabilities, which the wife lies under, are for the molt part intended for her protedion and bene- fit. So great a favourite is the female fex of the laws of England. Revenues of the Bri- 7 The king's ecclefiallical revenue con- TiSH government. J fills in, I. The cullody of the tempo- ralities of vacant biflioprics ; from which he receives little or no advan- tage. 2. Corodies and penlions, formerly arifuig from allowances of meat, drink, and cloathing, due to the king from an abbey or monallry, and which he generally beilowed upon favourite fervants ; but now, 1 be- lieve, difufed. 3. Extra-parochial tithes. 4. The iirll fruits and tenths of benefices. At prefent, fuch has been tho bounty of the crown to the church, that thofe fm r branches atford little ■r no revenue. 'I'he king's Orel. nary temporal revenue cjufilts in, 1. The demefne lands of the crown. 2. The hereditary e xcife ; being part of the I'onfideration for the purchafe of his fcoilal profits, and the preroga- ;^vps of purveyance and pre-emption. 3. An annual fum iffuing from ENGLAND. 177 Uoirtlie Jiit^on wine licences; being the refidue of the fame confideia- joa, 4. His forells. 5. His courts' of juilice, &c. The extraordinary grants are ufually called by the fynonlmous names Jul aids, fubfidies, and fupplies ; and are granted, as has been before feteJ, by the commons of Great-Britain, in parliament afTembled : ,so, when they have voted a fupply to his majelly, and fettled the quan- L of that fupply, ufually jrefolve themfelves into what is called a com- jitteeof ways and means, to confidor of the ways and means of raifing L fupply fo voted. And in this committee every member (though it is I joked upon as the peculiar province of the chancellor of the exchequer) jijypropofc fuch fcheme of taxation as he thinks will be leaft dctrimen- Lto the public. The refolutions of this commitlrce (when approved by J.vcte of the houfc) are in general eJlcemed to be (as it were) final and londiifivc. For, though the fupply cannot be aftually raifed upon th« hied till directed by an a6l of the v/hole parliament, yet no monied iijiiwill fcruple to advance to the government any quantity of ready [alli, on the credit of a bare vote of the houfe of commons, tiiough ni> aw be yet parted to eftablifh it. The annual taxes are, i. The land tax, or the antient fubfidy raifed ■upon a new affeflment. 2. The malt tax, being an annual excifc on lalt, mum, cyder, and perry. . Tlic perpetual taxes are, i. The cuftoms* or tonnage ".nd poundage Icfall merchandize exported or imported. 2. The exclie duty, or inland jimpolition, on a great variety of commodities. 3. The fait duty. 4. JTlie * poll office, or duty for the carriage of letters. 5. The ftamp jdiiij on paper, parchment, &c. 6. The duty on houfes and windows. It, The duty on licences for hackney coaches and chairs. 8. The duty iioScesand penfions. The clear neat produce of thefc fevcral branches of the revenue, after charges of coUeding and management paid, amounts annually to jiboiit fev';n millions and three quarters fterling; befides two millions and [iqwrter raifed .annually, at an average, by the land and malt tax» pw thefe immenfe fums are . appropriated, is next to be confidered. Ifcd this is, firll and principally, to the payment of the interell of the Iponal debt. I Older to take a clear and comprclicnfive view of the nature of this Iconal debt, it muft be firft premiicd, that after the Revolution, when IE new connexions with Eumpe introduced a new fyftcm of foreign Itiitics ; the expenccs of the nation, not only in fettling the new ella- iment, but in maintaining long wars, as principals, on tlio conti- Ie;, for the feciirity of the Dutcli barrier, reducing the Frcncli mo- lEhy, fettling the Spanilh fucceflion, fupporting the houfe of Auftria, jmuiiuing the liberties of ^he Germanic body, and other purpofes, in*. jKied to an unufual degree : infomuch that it was not thought advife- liieto raife all the expcnces of any one year by taxes to be levied within Ilk year, lelt the unaccullomed weight of them fhould create murmurs jjaag the people. It v.'as therefore the policy of the times, to antici- Iptlie revenues of their poflcrity, by b.^rrowing immenfe fums for the Ttrnt fervice of the llate, and tQ lay no more taxes upon the fubje6t •From the ycrrs 1715 to T763, the annual amount of f^finked letters gradually in* |»aiil'r3m a3,cocl. iei7f,73sl. N thjm 'm %■ \lil ft' 11 lifi Kiris J! I7S ENGLAND. W.-- ¥■ than would fuiHce to pay the annual intereft of the fums fo bor- rowed: by this means converting the principal debt into a new fpecies of property, transferable from one man to another, at any time and in any quantity. A fyftem which feems to have had its original in the ftate of Florence, A. D. 1344: which government then owed about 60,000 1. fterling : and, being unable to pay it, formed the principal into an ag- gregate fum, called metaphorically a mount or bank : the Ih ares whereof were transferable like our ftocks. This 1. id the foundation of what is called the national debt : for a few long annuities created in the reign of Charles II. will hardly deferve that name. And the example then fet has been fo clofely followed, during the long wars in the reign of queen Anne, and fince ; that the capital of the national debt (funded and un- funded) amounted, in January 1765, to upward of 145,000,000!. to pay the intereft of which, and the charges for management, amounting annually to about four millions and three quarters, the extraordinary re- venues juft now enumerated (excepting only the land-tax and annual malt-tax) are in the firft place mortgaged, and made perpetual by par- liament ; but ftill redeemable by the fame anthority that impofed them : which, if it at any time can pay off the capital, will aboliih thofe taxes which are raifed to difcharge the intereil. It is indifputably certain, that the prefent magnitude of our national incumbrances very far exceeds all calculations of commercial benefit, and is produftivc of the greateft inconveniencies. For, firft, the enor- mous taxes that are raifed upoi; the neceffaries of life, for the payment of i the intereft of this debt, are a hurt both to trade and manufaftures ; by raifmg the price, as well of the artificer's fubfiftence, as of the raw mate- rial ; and of cotirfe, in a much greater proportion, the price of the com- modity itfelf. Secondly, if part of this debt be owing to foreigners, either they draw out of the kingdom annually a confiderable quantity of | fpecie for the intereft ; or elfe it is made an argument to grant them un- 1 reafonable privileges, in order to induce them to refide here. Thirdly,! if the whole be owing to fubjefts only, it is then charging the aftive ii\i j induftrious fubjedl, who pays his Ihare of the taxes, to maintain the in- 1 dolent and idle creditor who receives them. Laftly, and principally, it weakens the internal ftrength of a ftate, by anticipating thofe refources which Ihould be refcrved to defend it in cafe of neceflitj. The intereft we now pay for our debts would be nearly fufficient to maintain any war, I that any national motives could require. And if our anceftors in king! William's time had annually paid, fo long as their exigencies lafted,! even a lefs fum than we now annually raife upon their accounts, theyj would, in time of war, have borne no greater burdens than they havel bequeathed to, and fettled upon, their pofterity in time of peace j andj might have been eafed the inftant the exigence was over. j I'he produce of the feveral taxes before-mentioned were originally fepa^l rate and diftinil funds ; being fecurities for the fums advanced on each! feveral tax, and for them only. But at laft it became neceffary, in ordef to avoid confufxon, as they multiplied yearly, to reduce the number ofl thefe feparate funds, by uniting and blending them together; fuper^ adding the faith of parliament for tht general ftcurity of the whole, that there are now only three capital funds of any accouitt : the aggre^ati fund, and the general fund^ fo called from fuch union and aaaitionf and the South Sea fund, being the produce of the taxes appropriated td pay the intereft of fuch part of the national debt as was advanced by thar fe N G L A N b. 179 company and its annuitants. Whereby the feparate funds, wlilch were (lius united, are become mutual fecurities for each other; and the whole produce of them, thus aggregated, liable to pay fuch intercft or annui- ries as were formerly cnarged upon each dillinft fund ; the faith of the willature being moreover engaged to fupply any cafual deficiencies. The cuftoms, excifes, ana other taxes, which are to fupport thefe finds, depending on contingencies, upon exports, imports, and con- umptions, muft necelfarily be of a very uncertain amount : but tlvey tive always been confiderably more than fafficient to anfwer the (harge upon them. The furplufles therefore of the three great national funds, the aggregate^ general, and South-Sea funds, over and above the 2itereftand annuities charged upon them, are direfted by ftatute 3 Geo. I. ;. 7. to be carried together, and to attend the difpofition of parliament ; ind are ufually denominated the finking fund, becaufe originally de- ilined to fink and lower the national debt. To this have been fince added many other intire duties, granted in fubfequent years ; and the annual Intereft of the fums borrowed on their refpedive credits, is charged on, and payable oUt of the produce of the finking fund. However the neat furplufles and favings, after all deduftions paid, amount annually to a very confiderable fum ; particularly in the year ending at Chriftmas i;64, to about two millions and a quarter. For, as the intereft on the national debt has been at feveral times reduced, (by the confent of thd proprietors, who had their option either to lower their intereft, or be paid their principal) the favings from the appropriated revenues mull needs be cxtreamly large. This finking fund is the laft refort of the nation; its only domeftic refource, on which muft chiefly depfllid all the hopes we can entertain of ever difcharging or moderating our incum- brances. And therefore the prudent application of the large fums, now ariling from this fund, is a point of the utmoft importance, and well worthy the ferious attention of parliament ; which was thereby enabled, in the year 1765, to reduce above two millions fterling of the public debt. But, before any part of the aggregate fund (the furplufles whereof are CDC of the chief ingredients that form the finking fund) can be applied todiminilh the principal of the public debt, it ftands mortgaged by par- liament to raife an annual fum for the maintenance of the king's houf- kld and the civil lift. For this purpofc, in the late reigns, the produce of certain branches of the excife and cuftomsy the poil-oilice, the duty On wine-licences, the revenues of the remaining crown lands, the profits infing from courts of juftice, (which articles include all the hereditaiy menues of the crown) and alfo a clear annuity of 120,000 1. in moneys wre fettled on the king for lifej for the fupport of his majefty's houf- kold, and the honour and dignity of the crown. And, as the amount of Me feveral branches was uncf rtain, (though in the laft reign they were computed to have fometim^;. r lifed almoft a million) if they did not arife atiually to 800,000 1. the p'l 'ament engaged to make up the deficiency. Bit his prefent majefty hay' •, foon after his acceflion, fpontancoufly figtified his confent, that his owi. hereditary revenues might be fodifpofed of, as might beft conduce to the otility and fatisfadioh of the public ; and having gracioufly accepted the limited fum of 800,000 1. per anttum, fonhe fupport of his civil lift, (and that alfo charged with three life an- nuities, to the princefs of Wales, the duke of Cumberland, and princefs i Amelia, to Uie amount of 77,0001.) the faid hereditary, and other rc- N a venues. ,?;••* i8o ENGLAND. venues, are now carried into, and made a part of, the aggregate fur J; and the aggregate fund is charged with the payment of the whole nii- "nuity to the crown of 800,000 1. per amuan. Hereby the revenues tlicm- felves, being put under the fame care and management astheotiui- branches of the pu'olic patrimony, will produce more, and be better tol- ledled than heretofore ; and the public is a gainer of upward of ioo,oool. fer anniivi, by this difintcrefted bounty of his majelly. The civil lifl' thus liquidated, together with the four millions and three quarters, in! tereft of the national debt, and the two millions and a quarter produced from the finking fund, make up the feven millions and three quarters per annum, neat money, which were before ftated to be the annual pro- duce of our perpetual taxes : befide the immenfe, though uncertain fums, arifing from the annual taxes on land and malt, but which, at an ave- rage, may be calculated at more than two millions and a quarter; and which, added to the preceding fum, make the clear produce of the taxes, cxclufive of the charge of colleding, which are raifed yearly on the pco- pie of ihis country, amount to upward often million fterling. The expences defrayed by the civil lillj.are thofe that in any fhapc ;c. late to civil government ; as the expences of the houfhold, ali falariesto officers of ftate, to the judges, and every of the king's feirants ; the ap- pointments to foreign ambaH'adors, the maintenance oi the queen and royal family, the king's private expences, or privy purfe, and other very numerous outgoings ; as fecret fervice-money, penfions, and ctbcr bounties. Thcfe fometinies have fo far exceeded tlie revenues appointed for that purpofe, that application has been made to parliament, to dif- charge the debts contraded on tlie civil lift ; as particularly in 1724, when one million was granted for that purpofe by the ftatute xi Geo. I. c. 17. The civil lift is indeed properly the whole of the king's revenue in hij own diftinvl capacity ; the reft being rather the revenue of the public, or its creditors, though ccllefted, and diftributed again, in the name, and by the ofriccrs of tlio crown ; it now ftanding in the fame place, as the hereditary income did formerly ; and, as that has gradually diminillied, the parliamentary appointments have encreafed. Military A^KD MAR IKE 1 The military ftate includes the whole STRCNGTH OF Great- > of the foldicry ; or, fuch perfons as are Britain. j peculiarly appointed among the reft of tlie people, for the fafcguard and defence of the realm. In a land of liberty it is extremely dangerous to make a diftinft order of the profeftion of arms. In fuch, no man fliould take up arms, but ■with a view to defend his country and its laws : he puts not off the citi- zen when he enters the camp j but it is becaufe he is a citizen, and would wifti to continue fo, tliat he makes himfelf for a while a foldicr. The laws, therefore, and conftitution of thefe kingdoms know no fuch ftate, j as that of a perpetual ftanding foldier, bred up to no other profeffiou ■than that of war : and it was not till the reign of Henry VII. that tL' kings of Eiigland had fo much as a guard about their perfons. It feems univcrfally af^reed by all hiftorians, that king Alfred firftj fettled a national militia in tliis kingdom, and by his prudent difcipline, ' made all the fubjeits of his dominions foldiers. In the mean time we are not to imagine that the kingdom was leftj >vli.uliy without defence, in cafe of domeftic infurreftions, or the profpect «i lur.^gn iavallons. iiciide thole, who by th«ir military tenures, were] , . J ■' bounds ENGLAND. i8i limiml to perform forty days fervice in the field, tlic flatute of Wln- cheller obliged every man, according to his eltate and degree, to pro- viJc a determinate quantity of fnch arms as were then in ufc, in order lokeep the peace: and conltablcs were appointed in all hundreds, to fee ti,it fuch arms wae provided. Thefe weapons were cliangc! by the fta- liiC 4 and 5 Ph. and M. c. 2. into others of more modern ..rvice ; but Ikith this aad the former provifion were repealed in the reign of James I. Hhile thefe continued in force, it was ufual from time to time, for our irinces tc iflue commiflions of array, and fend into every county oiiiccrs i] whom they could confide, to mufter and array (or fct in military or- ier) the inhabitants of every diftri^ I' n"t! :82 ENGLAND. parliament. The land forces * of thcfc kingdoms, in time of peace, amount to about 40,000 men, including troops and garrifons in Ireland, Gi- braltar, Minorca, and America ; but in time of war, there have been in Britifli pay, natives and foreigners, above 150,000!. The rcgiftered militia in England confifts of near aoo.ooo. To keep this body of I troops in order, an annual aft of parliament paHes, *• to punilh mutiny ^nd defertion, and for the better payment of the army and their quar- ters." This regulates the manner in which they are to be difperfed among the feveral innkeepers and viftu^llers throughout the kingdom ; and eftablifhes a law martial for their government. By this, among other things, it is enafted, that if any officer and foldier ihall excite, or join ^ny mutiny, or, knowing of it, ihall not give notice to the commanding officer J or (hall defert, or lift in any other regiment, or fleep upon his f oft, or leave it before he is relieved, or hold correfpondence with a rebel £ S'nS. rr o £ w t* t» t> ta On OS 0\ 0\ 0\ ^ H t> t* t* M (* t* t* oj o ve OS 00 OS ^ OS 4. 4k 4k Ui Os«») t- Us 00 OS OS OS ^\ ^ OS OS o 1 HMMMHU>.^.^4k OVV/t ^ OS.^ 00«O M M OS 0% OS « -JO »» w o »• M OS OS 0\ 000 o osH c^sos oeo-l^ve M HMMMMCrtifk OS ^ COM O OS OS OS OS o o o t> 00 M ua •fs -^ -f^ OsuJ •1^ O Wi ^ 4. OS OS 00 00 00 00 9 OSOS OOM o> o% 0\ o\ ►•1 8 o u >? ■^ — o »J 2 15, « " O O 3 >^ c n 9 p. trou - « " 15 8 *1 O O u g, _ OS rt " ft.n>'n ^ 1 OS W /v Jo!-4iA 5.osS S«2 J! ,2 2 ? o 5 o 50 o o a, •3 A 2 ffs 3 S, o g., J. 7 -.^3 fi-<2 5 o-w 5 g 2. SLoock. S - p 5 -" ij P OS O" CrO n 00 u a •Too'S. \ ENGLAND. 183 ^j^J or enemy, or ftrike or ufe violence to his fupcj lor officer, or (hall ^jfobcy his lawful command ; fuch offender Ihall fuffer fuch punilhment as a court martial (hall inflicl, though it extend to death itfelf. Officers and foldiers that have been in the king's fei-vice, are by feve- ral ftatutes, enafted, at the clofe of feveral wars, at liberty to ufe any uade or occupation they are fit for, in any town of the kingdom (ex- tent the two univerfities) notwithllanding any ftatuto, cullom or charter •0 the contrary. And foldiers in actual military fervice, may make ver- lial wills, and difpofe of their goods, wages, and other perfonal chattels, without thofe forms, folenuiities, and expences, which the law requires in other cafes. The maritime ftate is nearly related to the former ; though much more igreeable to the principles of our free conilitution. The royal navy of England hath ever been its greateft defence and ornament ; it is its an- cient and natural ftrength ; the floating bulwark of the idand ; an ar- my, from which, however Itrong and powerful, no danger can ever be apprehended to liberty : and accordingly it has been aifiduoufly culti- vated, even from the earlieft ages. To fo much perfedion was our naval reputation arrived in the twelfth century, that the code of maritime laws, which are called the laws of Oleron, and are received by all na- tions in Europe, as the ground and fubftruftion of all their marine con- iHtutions, was confefledly compiled by our king Richard I. at the ifle of Oleron, on the coaft of France, then part of the poffeflions of the crown of England. And yet, fo vaftly inferior were our anceftors in this point, to the prefent age, that even in the maritime reign of queen Elizabeth, Sir Edward Coke thinks it matter of boall, that the royal navy of Eng- land then confided of thirty-three fhips. The prefent condition of our marine is in great meafure owing to the falutaiy provifions of the fta- tutes, called the navigation afts ; whereby the conftant increafe of Eng- ijlh fhipping and feamen, was not only encouraged, but rendered una- yoidably neceffary. The moll beneficial ftatute for the trade and com- merce of thefe kingdoms, is that navigation-aft, the rudiments of which were firft framed in 1650, with a narrow partial view: being intended to mortify the fugar iflands, which were difaffedled to the parliament, and ftill held out for Charles II. by flopping the gainful trade which they then carried ou with the Dutch ; and at the fame time to clip (he wings of thofe our opulent and afpiring neighbours. This prohi- bited all Ihips of foreign nations from trading with any Englilh planta- tions without licence from the council of ftate. In 1 65 1 , the prohibition was extended alfo to the mother country ; and no goods were fuffered to be imported into England, or any of its dependencies, in any other than Englifh bottoms; or in the fhips of that European nation, of which the merchandize imported was the genuine growth or manufaiSlure. At thereftoration, the former provifions were continued, by ftatute 12 Car. II. c. 18. with this very material improvement, that the mafter, and three fourths of the mariners fhall alio be Englilh fubjedls. The coniplement of feamen, in time of peace, ufually amounts to twelve or fifteen thoufand. In time of war, they have amounted to no lefs than fixty thoufand men. This navy is commonly divided into three fqnadrons, namely, the red, white, and blue, which are fo termed from the difference of their co- lours. Each fquadron has its admiral ; but tlie admiral of the red fqua- dron has the principal cpmmapd of the whole, and is ftiled vice-adnii- N 4 ral 0WM * ■M 1 r: .iJ.ft - 1|? I ! i84 ENGLAND. U? ml of Great Britain. Subject to each admiral is alfo a vice ainl a renr- rdmiral. But the fupreme command of our naval force is, next to the king, in the lords commiirioni-Ts of the admiralty. Notwithlhndinp our favourable fituation for a maritime power, it was not until the v.-iR armament fent to fubdue this nation by Spain, in 1588, thpc the na- tion, by a vigorous effort, became fully fenfible of its true ir tcrcll and natural llrength, which it has fmcc fo happily cultivated. We may venture to affirm that the Britifh navy, during the late war was able to cope w'th all the other fleets in Europe. In the cnurfe ol" a few years it entirely vr.nquiihed the whole naval power of France, dif, ablcd Spain, and kept the Dutch in .-hvc. For the proteftion of the Britifli empire, and the annoyance of oiir enemies, it was then divided into feveral powerful fquadronr, and fo judicioufly ftatloned, that while one fleet was Aiccefsfully battering walls hitherto reckoned impregnable, others were employed in frullrating the defigns of France, and efcorting home the riches of the eallcrn and wef- tern worlds. Many laws have been made for tJie fupply of the royal ua\y with feamen ; for their regulation when on board ; and to confer privileoej and rewards on them, during, and after their fervice. 1. For thcLr fupply. The power of imprefling men, for the fea-fer- vlce, by the king's commifllon, has been a matter of fome difpute, and fubmitted to with great rcludlance ; though it hath very clearly and learn- edly been fliewn by Sir Michael Foflcr, that the prn/'ice of imprefling, and granting powers to the admiralty for that purpoi. is of very anticut date, and hath been uniformly continued by a regular feries of prece- dents to the prefent time; whence he concludes it to be a part of the common law. The difficulty arifes from hence, that no ftatute, or ad of parliament, has exprefsly declared this power to be in the crown, though many of them verv ftrongly imply it. But befides this method of impreffing, (which \a only defenfible from public neceffity, to which all private confiderations mull give wav) there are other Vv-ays that tend to the increaf* of feamen, and manning the royal navy, great advantages in point of wages are given to volunteer feamen, in order to induce them to enter into his majefly's fervice; and every foreign feaman, who, during a war Ihall ferve two years in any man of war, merchantman, or privateer, is naturalized ///o fuSii, 2. The method of ordering feamen in the royal fleet, aud keepinir up a regular difcipline there, is diredled by certain cxprefs rules, arti- cles, and orders, firft enafted by the authority of parliament, foou af- ter the refl:oration ; but fince new modelled and altered, after the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, to remedy fome dcfcdts which were of fatal confe- quence in conduding the preceding war. In thefe articles of the navy, almoll every poffible offence is fct down, and the punifliment thereof an- nexed, in which refpeft the feamen have much the advantage over t'.clr brethren in the land fervice ; whofe articles of war are not enafted by parliament ; but framed from time to time at the pleafurc of the crown. 3. With regard to the privileges conferred on failors, they are pretty much the fame with thofe conferred on foldiers ; with regard to relief, when maimed, or wounded, or fuperannuated, either by county rates, or the royal hofpital at Greenwich; with regard alfo to the exercife of trades, and the power of making teftamcnts ; and, farther, no feaman aboard his majeity's flaips can be arrefted for any debt, unlefs tlie fame be ENGLAND. i8. jicfiv'nrn to amount to at leaft twenty pounds ; though by the annual mu- tiny act, a fuldier may be arrefted for a debt which extends to half that vaJae, but not to lefs amount. I ihall clofe this account of the military and maritime ftrength of Eng;- i-nJ, or rather of Great Britain, by obfcrving, that though fea ofiicers ::d jailors, arc fubjedl to a perpetual at\ of parliament, which anfwera lie annual military aft, which is palled for the government of the army, ,.t neither of thofe bodies arc exempted from legal jurifdidlion in civil (' criminal cafes, but in a few inllances of no great moment. The fol- Jcrs, particularly, may be called upon by a eivil magillrate, to enable im to preferve tlic peace, againft all attempts to break it. The milita- i\ol»cer, who commands the foldiers on thofe occafions, is to take his iireclions from the magirtrate, and both he and they, if their proceedings ;a' ic(Tular, are indemnified againll all confequences, be they ever fo fa- ;r.!, The civil magiilrate, however, is extremely cautious in calling tor tiie military on thefe occafions, upon any commotion, whatever*. Coins.] TlieRoy^l Navy of Great Britain, as it ftood at the clofc of the Year 176a* iV. B. Thofe in Ita/ics were taken from the French or Spaniards* Fin:? Ratks. Guns Guns Guns 70 Chichcftcr 74 Superb Co Lion Cnns 74 Cornwall 70 Swiftlure 60 Medway jao Britannia 74 CuUodcn 74 'Icvicratre 60 Montague 100 Royjl George 64 Defiance 70 Temple 50 Norwich I.) R. Suvertign 66 Devonfhire 74 Terrible 6u Nottingham 70 Dorfetfhirc 74 Thunderer 50 Orijiame Second Rates. 74 Dragon 74 Torbay 60 Panther 74 Dublin 64 Tiidcnt 60 Pembroke no Blenlicim 64 Elizabeth 74 Valiant 50 Portland ;u Duke 64 ?:ilcx 70 Vanguard 50 Prefton CO St. George 74 Fame 74 Warfpight 60 Prince of Oranjft « Namur 80 Foudroyant 60 Rippon u Nfptuna 70 Grafton Fourth Rates. 50 Romney a Ocwn 64 Hampton-Court 50 Rochcfter 0) Prince 74 Hercules 60 Achilles 50 Salifbury s: Princcfs Roval 74 Hero 60 America 50 Sutherland - Royil William 74 Kent 60 Anfon 60 Weymouth Sandwich 74 Lenox 50 Antelope 50 Winchcfter ;; Union 74 Magiiariime 50 Afliftancc 60 Windfor 68 Marlborough 50 Centurion 60 York Third Rates. 74 Mars 50 Chatham 64 Midcfle 50 Chefter Fifth Ratss^ (1 Africa 64 Monmouth Dreadnought t, Jliide 64 Naffau 50 Deptford 31 Adventur* •1 Airotjant 80 Newark 60 Dunkirk 32 Alarm (; Beiiford 74 Norfolk 60 Edgar 32 Aetbvfa L Bclliqucux 70 Northumberland 50 Falkland 32 ^olus -: Bdlona 70 Or ford 50 Falmouth 32 Bokgne qBelleifls 64 Pr. Frederick 60 Firme 32 Bofton i\Bki:f.,lf.v:t 80 Princel'8 Amelia 60 Fhciiritie 32 Blonde 7: Buckingham 60 Princefs Mary 50 Guernfqy 36 Brilliant pKiirl'-rd 64 Revenge 50 Hamplhire 32 Ci-cfceiit h Cambridge 74 Slirewlbury 60 Jerfey 38 Danae ^4 Ciipt.'.in 70 Somcrfjt 60 ifiUrcynfg 32 Dlnaa 7 I:: > in t-M ''' M ii t ! N If L .1 * ll ml I * ' ■ j36 ENGLAND. |i t\k I I" ^, ! Coins.] In Great Britain money is computed by pounds, (liillinm, «ind pence, twelve pence making a fliiliing, and twenty Ihillings one I pound, which is only an imaginary coin. The gold pieces confut only of guineas, halves, and quarters : the filver, ot' crowns, half-crownj Ihillings, Jixpcnccs, groats, and even down to a diver penny ; and the copper money, only of half-pence, and furthings. In a country like Eng. land, where the intrinfic value of the filver is very near equal, and in fomc coins, crown pieces particularly, fupcrior to the nominal; the coinage of fjlver money is a matter of great confequence, and yet the prcfent ftate of the national currency, icems to demand a new coinage of ihillings and fix-pences, the intrinfic value of the latter being many of them worn down to half their nominal value. This can only be done by Cuns. 32 Emerald 44 Enterprire jz Flora 44 Gofport 3* TinQ 3» Lark 44 Launceftoii. 30 Looe 44 Lynn 36 Mil^ir^e 32 Miijcrva • 3s Montreal 3* Niger 36 Fallal 44 Penzance 44 Phoenix 44 Prince Edw, 32 Quebec 44 Rainbovt 36 Reaoiun |X Repulfe 3« Richmond 32 Saphire ' 32 Southampton 32 Stagg 31 Thames 33 Thetis 30 Torringtofl 31 Tweed 36 Venus 32 V^pl 44 Woolwich Sixth Rates. 28 AAaeon »8 Aiiive 20 Aldborough 24 Amazon aS Aqu'ilon 1% Argo 24 Arundel 28 Boreal 28 Cerberus 24 Coventry Guns. 20 Dcal-Caftic 24 Dolphin 24 Eebn 20 Flamborough 24 Fowey 24 Garland zo Gibraltar ao Glafgow zo Greyhound 24 Hind Z4 Kennington 28 Levant 24 Lively 28 Liverpool z8 Lizard 24 Ludlow-Caftle 28 Maidftone 24 Mercury z8 Milford 24 Nightifigale 24 Portmahon zo Rofe 24 Rye 2o Scarborough 20 Seaford 20 Seahorte 28 Shannon 24 Sheerners 24 Solebay 20 Syreit 24 Surprize 28 Tartar 24 ttrpfichort 28 Trent 28 Valeur 28 Unicorn 24 Wager Sloops. 14 Albany 10 Alderney |o Antigua 12 Badger 16 Baltimore Guns. 10 RarbaHocs ;o Bonctta 8 Cruzicr 18 Cygnet 10 Diligence 14 Difpatch lo Druid 14 Efcortc 16 Favourite 1 8 Ferret 8 Flambio't Prime. 8 Fly 14 Fortune 14 Grampus 10 Granado 8 Goree 8 Happy 8 Hazard 14 Hornet 14 Hound 10 Hunter 14 Jamaica 10 King's Fiiher 8 Laurel 6 Lurcher 18 Merlin 16 Mortar 18 Nautilus 8 Peggy 10 Pomona 10 Otter 14 Pelican 14 Porcupine 18 PoftillioQ 8 Ranger Racehorfe 14 Saltafli 8 Savage 14 Senegal 14 Sardome 8 Speedwell 10 Spy 14 Swallow 14 Swift 1^ Swaj) jlites. Guns. f" — 1 74 1^ Tamer J «4 Terror 4 60 10 Thunder ( 44 i;|-Trial 3 ^T J 3* 14 Vulture I 90 8 Wafp Ditto, 16 Weazle a 80 .8 Wolf 4 5° 10 Zepbir 6 24 90 Bo Ml VefTcls. 3 74 Bafiiifk j 60 Blaft 3 74 Carcais 4 5° Fired rake 7 ** 3 74 Furnace \ 24 Infernal 4 60 Fire-Sh, no Gum. /Etna 3 <4 4 60 C Cormorant s Grampus Guns. A Lightning 100 Pluto I Raven Roman Emperor Proferpine 80 74 Salamander 70 Strombolo 68 Di Vefuvius 66 Di 64 Yachtj. Whenafli aother, wh 10 Dorfet i:p remains 8 Fubbs I 8 Katharine !he Pay of Augufta Admira Stozbshijs. An Ad Vice A 20 Crown TLtix A 24 South-Sea-Caftle, Firft C Shipi I?. N G L A N D. 187 \fitn aft of parltamfnt, and by the public lofing the difference between {he bullion of the new and the old money. Befides the coins already mentioned, five and two guinea pieces are coined at the Tower of Lon- con, but they are not generally current, nor is any filver coin that is lower than fix-pence. The coins of the famous Simon, in the time (f Cromwell, and in the beginning of Charles II. 's reign, are remarlc- jble for their beauty. Antk^uities AND CURIOSITIES, 1 Thc anticjuitics of England NATURAL AND A RT I [• 1 CI AL. 3 are either Britifli, Roman, Sax- I on, or Daniih, and Anglo Normannic, but thefe, excepting the Roman, throw I I Sb, noGutii* ORISHIiSSi Ships ovit of Comniiflion and building. Hates. 3 J Guns. Namet. ' Rates. Guns. Names. Rates. Guns. Names. 74 Albion. 44 Elthani 3 84 Ramillies €4 Afia 44 Expedition 3 64 Roynl Oak 4 60 Augufta «o FnnmdMe 4 60 Rupert 5 44 Anglefea 5^ Gloucefter 4 50 Ruby ( 3» Aurora 44 Glory R. Charlotte 90 BarJIettr npw /hip aS Guadalupe Yacht Ditto, a 44 Haftings 3 «4 Suffolk ] 80 Boyne 44 Heftor % 60 St. Alban*$ 3 4 50 Briftol 30 Jnfon »+ Sphinx 6 44 Blandford 90 London 3 74 Triumph 90 Blenheim PiofpitaUlhip ^ Mary Galley Martin Sloop 28 JO Vengeance Viper 1 74 Canada Mary Yacht z 100 Viftory 4 60 Canterbury 74 Monarcl) VultureSloop 3 74 Courageux 50 Nonfuch 4 Warwick 4 50 Cokheftcr 80 I'r. Carolina s Winchelfca 1 74 Defiance 60 Pr, Lou i fa 4 €0 Worctfter « *4 Experiment 60 Plymouth William and 4 60 Eagle 44 Poole Mary Yacht 3 «4 Edinburgh 90 Queen 3 64 Yarmouth 4 60 Exeter loo Royal Anne Guns. joo 90 80 Complement of Men, and Weight of Metal, in the Royal Navy, Ships of three Decks. Men* Metal. 850 4x 24 iz 7JO 31 j8 IX 80 74 650 70 5«o 68 Ditto !S6 Ditto 64 480 600 3a 18 Ships of two Decks. 3* 18 3« iS 24 12 Guns. 60 60 50 50 Men. 420 4C0 350 300 Metal. S4 12 44 40 250 •24 24 18 18 9 IZ 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 36 3» 28 20 Frigates of one Deck* 240 210 200 160 12 It 9 9 6 6 4- 4 When afllip of war becomes old or imfit for fervice, the fame name is transferred t«» iiother, which is built, as it is calleH, upon her bottom, while a fingle beam of the old ';:p remains, :he name cannot be chanired unlefs by aft of parliament. !he Pay of the Officers of the Royal Navy in each Rate. Captains to Flags. Admiral and Commanders in Chief of the Fleet An Admiral — — i _— — Vice Admiral — ' ■ " ■ ' ' ' ■ Rear Admjral — — — _ _ — Firft Captain to the Commander in Chief — — Second ditto, and Captain to other Admirals Flag OrricERs, and the per day. »-- to V. Admirals 7 if firft or fccond Rates, to —to R. Admirals 5 have thc pay of fuch Rates. 5 3 2 I I t o o o lo JO »5 'S o 16 13 O o o o o o o 6 m^\' i8J ENGLAND. throw no great light upon anticnt hi/lury. The chief Eritirh anuqui. tics, are thofe circles of flones, particuI.irJy tliat called Stouchcii"c in Wilifliire, which probably were plaecs of facred worlliip in the diius oi ills the Druids. Sto'nehenge is, by Inigo Jones, Dr. Stiikeley, and otluis tlefcribed as a regular circu]:ir liriifturc. The body of the work conh cf two circles, and two ovals, which arc thus compofcd. The upn-li; ftoncs are placed at three feet and a half diilance fiom each other, and joined at top by over-thwart flones, with tendons (;iLcd to the mortik, in the uprights, for keeping them in their div: pofition. Some of th:;c i" I i'Vi ri iK fbmes, or over-thwart flones, are quite plain. 'I'he outlide circle is near cnc hundred and eighty feet in ''•''meter ; between which, and the r.e.vt circle, there is a walk of three hundred feet in circumference, v.hai haj OFFICERS. Captain f-cr (Jr.y Liciitenant per f'- moiiih aJ maftcr & pilots of yatchtscnch 3/ los Maftcr'E mate Midiliipinan Schoolmafter Captain's clerl* Qiiarter-niaftcr CJ^iar. .Tiafter's mate F'l'alfvViin Boiitfwain's mate \('oman of the llicetr Coxi'waiii Waiter (ail maker Sail laker's inate Sail n.akfr's crew * Gunner dinner''.; matc Yeo. of pin^ dcr room QiKi-i't/r gunner * Armourer /-vnmurcr's mate Cunfiiiith Carpentor < .irpciuer's mate Cirpcntcr's crew Purfer Steward — • Steward's mate Cook — Surgeon f Sur^^enii'!. firft mate 1 — ' — fccond niatc ' third mate ' — — fourili and fifth Chaplain \ I ^Irft. I. s. d. I 5 9 a . 3 6 2 5 2 ■; I IS I 10 4 I '5 I 12 I 12 T IS I S I 5 4 I J 5 I IS I 6 « 5 I 10 I 5 4 2 I 6 c, 4 G I 5 I % I 5 5 3 2 10 2 I 10 19 Second I. s. d. o 16 o 050 S 8 o 77 \rd I, s. d. o 13 6 040 760 o o o o 15 10 10 15 10 10 '5 8 a 2 o 2 I I 3 I I I I I I 5 3 10 1 IS I IS 1 6 2 o 10 5 10 o 6 :o 5 o S o o 10 o 10 I I 3 I 3 I I I 5 3 2 I o 19 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Q o o o o a o S c I o 5 03 o I z o \z o;. o jO 16 17 17 17 12 o O 17, 8 S IS 8 5 o 12 12 5 17 8 Fourth L I. 19 0,0 19 c Fifth r. d. 8 o 2 S 2 o 10 o 10 u 3 o C o 5 o 8 o f) o 6 o o o o o o o o o o 8 S 5 8 8 ,S 10 6 5 o 12 o 5 o S o o 8 5 ° o o o o 10 o Sixth .'. s. J. 080 040 500 220 6 5 o 6 6 6 10 8 5 o o 6 o 6 o 5 o 10 o 5 o 200 I ID O I J O ? 00 I o o I 4 500 3 « U * One to every four ^uns, f Fujides zd, a nuntb fiom cub matt^ J^ I'lJiJ^ ^d, attiCMi'bficm tacl> rauM^ E N G L A N n; I'll antiijui- tllC tillK!, ot' and otlur.s, work confiils The upiv.j,. » otlicr, ;'i„d the moniie, ^iine of th'.'i;; HI t]iickn..i., The uprial.t but the trer, circle is near nd the ne.vt Sixth .'. 77. 080 040 500 [§9 6 5 ^ 6 6 6 30 8 rj .5 6 6 5 10 5 10 , I 4 s 3 y j!^ a furpiizlng and awful cflecl on the beholders. After nil the de- fjiptions of, and diifertations upon, this celebrated antiquity, by inge- v.ms writers, it is not to be denied, that it has given rife to many ex- i;av;i?ani ridiculous conjefturcs, from t!ic time of Leland, who has beea very particular on the fubjeft, down to Stukeley, who, on a favourita. noint of antiquity, fometimcs formed the moft entliuiialHc conjeftuues. The harrows that are near this monument, were certainly graves of per- fins of both fexcs, eminent in peace or war, fome of tliem leaving been oneneil, and bones, arms and anticnt trinkets, found within them. 'Moiiun'ents of the fame kind as that of Stonehcnge, are to be met v.ith in Cumberland, Oxfordfliire, Cornwall, Devonlhire, and marty other part.'! of England, as well as in Scotland, and the ifles, which have been already mentioned. The Pvoman antiquities in Rnglnnd, confifl chiefly of alta" and mo- mimcntal infcriptions, which inllruft us as to the legionary ftatlons of the Romnns in Britain, and the names of fome of their commanders. The Roman military ways give us the hioheft idea of the civil as well as mi- litarv policy of thofe conquerors. Their velliges are numerous ; one i» mentioned by Leland, as beginning at Dover^ and pafling through Kent M London, from thence to St. Alhnn's, Dun (table, Stratford, Towcef- tn-, Liitleburn, St. Gilliert's hill near Shrcv/ibury, then by Stratton, and i.> through the middle of Wales to Cardigan. The great Via Militaris called Hermen-ilreet, pafll'd fmm Lom^on through Lincoln, where a b:n ;ch of it, from Pomfrct to ]')onrailer, ftrikcs out to the wcllward, pa':ing through Tadcafter to York, and from thence to Aidby, where ir;u;ain joined Hermcn ftrcct. There wotdd however be no end of d«- I'cribing the vciliges of ,he Roman roads in England, many of which i'crve as foundations to our prcient liighways. The great earl of Arundel, i]x (elchrated PLngliih antiquary, had formed a noble plan for defcribing iiiofe which pais through Suiiex and Surrv towards f,ondon, but the civil ..;r breaking out, pur an end to the undertaking. The remains of ma- !;/ Roman camps are difcornible all over England. Their fituations arc [cnciaHy fo v.'cll chofen, mid their fortiiications appear to have been fo nmplete, that there is fome reafnn to believe, that they were the con- :'ant habitations of tlic Roman fokiiers in Englanjl, though it is certain ;i(^m the baths ard teflerated pavements, that have been found in diffc- rint parts, that u.eir chief officers and magiftrates, lived in towns or vil- l.s. Roman avails have likewife been found in England ; and, perhaps, y-'pn die borders of Wales, many remains of their fortifications and t.ililes, arc blended with thoie of a later date, and it is diHicult for the r:!C)il expert architeft to pronounce that fome halls and courts arc not en- tivly Roman. The private cabinets of noblemen, and gentlemo-.i, as \^ell as the public rcpofitories, contain vail number of Roman ;u-ms, tuns, fibul.x', trinkets, and the like, that have been found in England, bt the moll amazing monument of the Roman power in England, is i^e pr.etenture, or wall of Severus, comtnonly called the Picl's ua)l, tinning through Northumberland and Cumberland, beginning at Tii'- riuth, and ending at Solway Frith, being about eighty miles in length. T!ie wall at firll confided only of ilnkes, and turf, with a ditch, but '^events built it with llonc forts, and turrets, at projx'r dillances, fo tii:.l each might have -1 fpeedy communication with the other, and il: ^^15 attended all along by a deep ditclij-'or ViiUum, to the north, and a militurv fit .I'-i ■' I,' ll*?, ^|*^^1'l!i \^'i Ef i fiff^: igo fi N G L A N 15. military high way to the foutii. This prodigious work, however, wjj better calculated to ftrike the Scotch and Pifts, with terror, than to give any real fecurity to the Roman pofleffions. In feme places the wall; the vallum, and the road, are plainly difcernible, and the latter fer 'f s as a foundation for a modern work of the fame kind, carri- ed on at L.'-e public expence. A critical account of the Roman antiqui- ties in England, is among the defiderata of hillory, but perhaps it is too great a defign for any one man to execute, as it cannot be done without vifiting every place, and every objed in pcjfon. The Saxon antiquities in England confift chiefly in ecdefiaftical edi- fices, and places of ftrength. At Winchefter is Ihewn the round table of king Arthur, with the names of his knights. The antiquity of thi: table has been difputed by Cambden, and later writers, perhaps with reafon, but if it is not Britilh, it certainly is Saxon. The cathedral of Winchefter, ferved as the burying place of feveral Saxon kings, whole bones were colleftcd together by bifliop Fox, in fix large wooden cheft^. Many monuments of Saxon antiquity, prefent themfelves all over the kingdom, though they are often not to be difcerned from the Norman- nic ; and the Britilh Mufeum contains feveral llriking original fpecimens of their learning. Many Saxon charters figned by the king, and his no- bles, with a plain crofs inftead of their names, are Hill to be met with. The writing is neat and legible, and v/as always performed by a clergy- man, who affixed the name and quality of every donor, or witnefs, to his refpeftive crofs. The Danilh ereftions in England, are hardly dif- cernible from the Saxon. The form of their camps are round, and ge- nerally built upon eminences, but their forts ?»re fquare. All England is full of Anglo Normannic monuments, whi.h I chufe to call fo, becaufe, though the princes, under whom they were raifed, were of Norman original, yet the expence was defrayed by Englifhmen, with Englilh money. York-minfter, and Wellminfter-hall, and abbey, are perhaps the fineft fpecimens to be found in Europe, of that Gothic manner, which prevailed in building, before the recovery of the Greek and Roman architecture. All the cathedrals, and old churches in the kingdom, are more or lefs in the fame tafte, if we except St. Paul's. In fhort, thofe ereftions are fo common, that they fcarcely deferve the name of curiofities. It is uncertain, whether the artificial excavations, found in fome parts of England, are Britilh, Saxon, or Norman. That un- der the old caftle of Ryegate in Surry, is very remarkable, and feems to have been defigned for fecreting the cattle and effcAs of the nativcj, in times of war and invaiion. It contains an oblong fquare hall, round which runs a bench, cut out of the fame rock, for fitting upon ; and tradition fays, that it was the room in which tlic barons of England met, during their wars v/ith king John. The rock itfclf is foft, and Ver) prafticable ; but it is hard to fay, where the excavation, which i: continued in a f juare paffage, about fix feet hij^h, and four wide, ter- minates, becaufe the work is fallen in in fome places. The natural curiofities of England are fo various, that I can touch upon them only i". gencrul, as there is no end of defcribing the feve- ral medicinal waters and fprings, which are to be found in every part of the country. They have been analyfed with great accuracy and care, by feveral learned naturalills, who, as their interefts, or inclinations led them, have not been fparing in recommending their falubrious quali- ENGLAND. tgt tifs. England however is not fmgular In its medicinal waters, though is fciTiC countries the difcovering and examining them is fcarce worth while. In England, a well frequented well or fpring, is a certain eflate to its proprietor. The moft remarkable of thefe wells have been di- vided into thofe for bathing, and thofe for purging. The chief of the former lie in Somerfetfhirc ; and the Bath waters are famous through all [jie world, both for drinking and bathing. Spaws of the fame kind are found at Scarborough, and other parts of Yorkftiire ; at Tunbridge in Kent ; Epfom and Dulwich in Surry ; Afton and Ifli igton in Middle- fex. Here alfo are many remarkable fprings ; whereof onie are impreg- nated either with fait, as that at Droitwich in WorceKer ; or fulphur, as the famous well of Wigan in Lancafliirc, or bituminous matter, as fhat at Pitchford in Shropfhire. Others have a petrifying quality, as that near Lutterworth in Leiccllerfliire, and a dropping well in the well riding of Yorkfhire. And finally, fome ebb and flow, as thofe of the Peak in Derbylhire, and Laywell near Torbay, whofe waters 'ife and fall feveral times in an hour. To thefe we may add that remarkable fountain near Richard's caftle in Herefordfhire, commonly called Bone- well, which is generally full of fmall bones, like thofe of frogs or fi(h, though often cleared out. At AnclifF, near Wigan in Lancalhirc, is the famous burning well ; the water is cold, neither has it any fmcU ; yet there is fo ftrong a vapou/ of fulphur ifl'uing out with the ftream, that upon applying a light to it, the top of the water is covered with a flame, like that of bi'ia.ng fpirits, which laits feveral hours, and emits fo fierce a heat that mcai. may be boiled over it. The fluid itfclf will not burn when taken out of the well. Derbyfliire is celebrated for many natural curlofities. The Mam Tor, or Mother Tower, is faid to be continually mouldering away, but never diminifhes. The Elden Hole, about four miles from the fame place. This is a chafm in the fide of a mountain, near feven yards wide, and fourteen long, diminilhing in extent within the rock, but of what depth is not known. A plummet once drew eight hundred and eighty- four yards of line after it, whereof the lall eighty were wet, without finding a bottom. The entrance of Poole's Hole near Buxton, for fe- veral paces, is very low, but foon opens into a very lofty vault, like the infide of a Gothic cathedral. The height is certainly very great, jet much fhort of what fome have afierted, who reckon it a quarter of a mile perpendicular, though in length it exceeds that dimcniion. A current of water, which ru!is along the middle, adds, by its founding ilream, re-ecchoed on all fides, very much to the allonifhment of all who vifit this vaft concave. The drops of water which hang from the fcoi", and on the fides, have an amufing effcft ; for tliey not only refledl lamberlefs rays from the candles carried by the guides, but as they are of a petrifying quality, they harden in feveral places into various forms, Khicti, with the help of a ftrong imagination, may pafs for lions, fonts, organs, and the like. The entrance into that natural wonder, which iifrom its hideoufnefs, named the Devil's Arfe, is wide at firlt, and i'^ - nrds of thirty feet perpendicular. Several cottagers dwell under itj who (eem in a great meafure to fubfill by guiding ftrangcrs into the cavern, wiiich is crofl'ed by four itream? of water, and then is thought impafl*a* ble. The vault, in feveral places, rr kes a noble appearance, which ii particularly beautiful, by being chequered by various coloured ftones. Tkk aic ihc mvU celebrated natural cAcavatioiis in Ljigland, where they fei ENGL A N D. km' *i- * • ■'!« m ft ||; t ; they are beheld with- great wonder, but are nothing comparable (o tho/i' that exill in Germany, and other parts, both of Europe and Afia. Some fpots of England are faid to have a petrifying quality. Wc are told, that near Whitby in Yorkfhire, are foun-.I certain ftones, refem- bHng the folds and wreaths of a ferpent ; aUb other ftones of fevcral fizes, and fo exaftly round, as if artificially made for cannon balls which being broke, do commonly contain the form and likenefs of fer- ments, wreathed in circles, but generally without heads. In fomc parts cf Glouceflerfhire ftones are found, refembling cockles, oifters, and other teftaceous marine animals. Thofe curiofities, however, in oth?r countries, would, as fuch, make but a poor appearance, and even ia England they are often magnified by ignorance and credulity. Universities.] I have already mentioned the two univerfitics cf Cambridge and Oxford, which have been the fenixnaries of more learned men than any in Europe, and fome have ventured to fay, thai; all other literary inftitutions. It is certain that their magnificent build- ings, which of late years, in fplendour and archilefture, rival the mo;t fuperb royal edifices, the rich endowments, the liberal eafe and tran- ejuillity enjoyed by thofe who inhabit them, furp.js all the ideas which foreigners, who vifit them, conceive of literary focieties. So refpectable are they in their foundations, that each univerfity fends two members to the Britifti parliamerif, and their chancellors and ofiicers have ever a ci- vil jurifdiction over theii ftudcnts, the better to fecure their indepen- dency. Their colleges, in their revenues and buildings, exceed thofe of many other univerfities. In Oxford there are twenty, befides jive halls, that are not endowed, and where the ftudents maintain them- felvcs. The colleges of Oxford are Univerfity, founded as fome fay by Alfred the Great. Baliol, founded by John Baliol, king of Scots, in 1262. Merton, founded by Walter of Merton, biihop of Rochefter, •and high chancellor of England, in 1267. Exeter, founded in 13 16, l)y Walter Stapleton, biftiop of Exeter, and lord treafurer of England. . Oriel, founded by Edward II. in the year 1324. Queen's, founded by Robert Eglesfield, chaplain to queen Philippa, confort to Edward III. in her honour. New college, founded in 1386, by William of Wick- ham, billinp of Wincheft.'r, but finilhed by Thomas de Rothcram, arch- biftiop of York, and lord high chancellor, in the year 1475. All Souls, founded by Henry Chichley, archbiftiop of Canterbury, in 1437, Magdalen, was founded by William Patten, alias Wainfleet, biihop of Winchefter, and lord chancellor, in the year 14^8. Brazen Nofe, fjunded in 1509, by William Smith, biftiop of Lincoln. Corpus Chrilti, founded in 15 16, by R'chard Fox, biftiop of Winchefter. Chrift Church, founded by cardinal Wolfcy, in 15 15, but completed by others, aad is now the cathedral cf the dioccfe. Trinity, founded by Sir Thomas pope, foon after the reformation. St. John iaqjC" was founded io 1555, by Sir Thojnas White, lord mayor of London, jefus, was Dcgiin by Hugh Price, prebendary of Rochefter, :ii:d appropriated to the Welch. Wadham, fo called from its founder Nicholas Wadham, cf Somerfet- Jliire, Efq. It was begun by him in the year i6ijy, but finiihcd after his death, by his lady, in 161 3. Pembroke, fo called in honour of the earl of Pembroke, then lord high chancellor, was founded by Thomas Tefdale, Efq; Richard Wrightwick, B. D. in 16^4. Worccllcr, was eredcd into a college, by Sir Thomas Couke cf Aftley, in Worceftcr- ftiire. E N (> L A N D. ' n3 'IV) thell' nineteen niny be added IJertrord college, fnrn:erly H;'-t- \\;\\ : Imt a patent h.iviriT; p.-ilu'.l the gr'j.Tt fra] in tiic year 17^0, for , , u!'" 't into n collej?;e, that do{lr;-n is now carrying :pto execution. Th-' live hrdls are tlicfe follo'vini^ : AIl^-iii hall, RclmunJ hall, St. Mary's hrdi, New-inn hall, fi'"! St. Mary Magdalen hall. 'liic colleges of Cambridge are Peter-h'vjfe, founded by ITugh iJnl- ;:,;un, prior of Ely. in icq-?, \vho v/r.,s afterwards bifliop of that iec. Chii-c hnll, founded in 1140, by a benefaclion of lady Elizabeth Cbue, coiin'icis of AHlor. Pembroke hall, founded C^vcn ycara af'cr, by a coiintcfj of Pembrclie. St. Bennet's, or Corpus CJi.riiti, fonndvjd about •he fiimc time, by the united guilds, or frntcrnitic.s of Corpus Chi'iil:!, ;ind tiie Bielfed Virgin. Trinity hall, fc.iiuied by Kat'-man, biiliop of N'orwich, about the year ii;4S. Gonvil and Caius, founded by Ed- mund dc (jonvil in 1348, cnnplered by biihop IjHteman, and additiona!- !v cnd'AVcd two hundred years afier, by Jo'in Ci'ius, ,. phyficiau. King's college, founded by Henry \ I. and completed I)y hh fuccefibrs. Queen's colk'x;, wa.-i founded by the fame king's conforr, biit finiilied bv Ktiza- kth, wife to Edw.ard JV. Catherine Indl, fciunded by Richard Wood- lari^. in 1475. }^^'^^ college, founded by John Alcock, bifliop of Ely, i:ithe reign of Henry VJI. Chrill college was founded about the fame tine, by that king's jiinther, Margnret, countes of PJchmond. St. John's college was founded by the fame lady. M.K/dalen college was founded by Thomas Audley, baron of Warden, in the reign of Henry Vili. Trinity college, was found'.d by Henry Vlll. Emanuel college, by Sir Walter MilJ'nav, in 1584. Sidney college was founded by Thomas Raicliif, e;'.ri of Suifex, in 158S, and luid its name from his ■ '.a FrruiCi!s Sidntv. Ar e H c I s H o ]• I", c « A N n p r s :r T" :i t c s .] To the following lid, I have uibioined the fiirn earh fee is charged in the king's boc»ks ; for thougli t'h.iU;m is far from being the real annual value of the fee, yet it afTnb ill forming a comparative ciiiniHte bi'tweeii the revenues of each fe* v.'lth tiiofc of another. Archbifnoprics, Canterbury, 26:^2 : 12 : 2. '^'ork, 1640 ; o o. Bilhoprics, London, loool. Durham, 1821 : i : 3. Winch jfler, '.•*73 : 18 : /. Thofe tb.ree biflioprics take precedency of all ct'icrs in England, and the others according to the feniority of their confec.-ations. Ely, 2134 '• '-^ ■ 6' ^''^^^ ^^'^ Wells, 533 : i • 3. H 'reford, •08 : li : o. Rociieiler, 358 14:0. Litchneld and Coventry, ]].) : 17 : 3. Chcller, 420 : i : H. Worccfter^ 92a : 13:3. Chi- tkiler, 6j-j : i : 3. St. Ai'aplj, 187 : 11 : 8. Saliflvary, 13^5 : 5:9. ilangor, 131 : 16 : 3. Norwich, S34 : 11 : 7. Gloucef- '■■' 3'? • 7 • 3- Lundaff, 144 : 14 : 2. Lincoln, S2 : 4 : 9. Srilbi, 294 : 11 : o. Cirjillc, 531 : 4 : 9. Exeter, 500. P:ter- IroiiHi, 41,). : 17 : 8. 0::ford, 3S1 : u : o. David's, 426: j. : i. Vac. hilhop of Sodor and Pvlan docs n it fit in tiie lioufc of pcerr. PvOYAL TITTIES, ARM:;,) Tlic titlc of the king of Englind, is, Avn OKDERs. j By tlie Grace of God* of Great-Britain, Fnna-, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith. The flefigaation of ili kings of England, war formerly his ot her Grace, or Highnels, till H'nry VIIL to put himfelf on a footing with the emperor Charlts V. af- I'j-cd that of niajelty, but the old deugnatiou was not abobihed, till to- ^«h the cud of tjuceii Eliiabeth's icign. - il Since Rff' f^ KlrC f : '« ':^«! 1 \^ t r t ■'.}' ■ t-f iri'^^ '! . 194 E N G L A N D. Since the acCclTion of the prefent royal family of Great-Britain, anfio 1714, the royal atchicvcmcnt is niarlhalled as follows: quarterly, in the firll grand quarter, Man, three lions pajfnnt guardant, in pale, Sol, the imperial enfi.Hni of England, impaled with the royal arms of Scotland, which are, Scl, a lisn ramptvit within a duuble trej/uie Jioiucfcd and court' terfiovjercd, 'i.'ith JJturs-dj-lis, Mars. The fecond quarter is the roval arm-i of France, viz. 'Jupiter, three fleurs-de-lis^ Sol. The third, the cnligns of Ireland ; which is, 'Jupiter, an harps Sol, Jlringed Luna. And the fourth jjrand quarter is his prefent majelly's own coat, viz. Man, ti'jo lioTis pajfant guardant, Sol, for Brunfwick, impaled with Lmienburc, t.i'hich is, SoJ, femee of hearts^ proper, a I on, rampant., Jupiter, havino- anticnt Saxony, viz. Mars, an horfe cu< rant Luna ente (or grafted) /, haje ; and, in a Jhield furtout. Mars, the diadem, or crown of Chcirlc- viagne ; the whole, within a garter, as fovereign of that moll noble or- der of knighthood. 'I'he motto of Dieu et man Droits that is, God atid my Right, is as olj as the reign of Richard I. who aflumed it to Ihew his independency up- on all earthly powers. It was afterwards revived by Edward III. when he laid claim to the crown of France. Almolt every king of England had a particular badge or cognizance : fometimes a white hart, fonie- times a fetlock with a falcon, by which it is faid Edward TV. alludad to the infidelity of one of his millreftes, and fometimes a portcullis, which was that of th are divided as t*") the viriginal of that motto, but ir ccrtainlv jiluded to the bad faith of the rVcnch kini^ John, I'.dward't coiuenipor.'H)-. This order i> fo rdpe«ilabloulders, and de- firing them to rife by the title of Sir. It is a mark of pcrfonal regard from the crown, and therefore the titlf ones not defccnd to po'ierity. Other knighthoods formerly took place in l^nclnnd, fuch as thofe of baii- herets, batchelors, knights of tlie carpet, and the like, but they arc now* difufcd. It is fomewhat difficult to account for the original of the word efqulre, which formerly fignified a perf )n bearing the arms of a nobleman or knight, and they were therefore called armigeri. This title denoted any perfon, who, by his birth or property, wah entitled to bear arms ; but itis at prefent applied promifcuoully to any man, v.ho can afi'ord to livc_ in the charadl:er of a gentleman v/ithout trade, arv! oven a tradefman, if lie is a jullice of peace, (icniiinds the appellation. This dcgr?c, fo late as ill the reign of Henry IV . v<,ai an ordi^-. :,nd conierrcd by the king, by patting about the party's necic, a collar of hS. ar.d g'Ving him a pair pf iJver fpurs. Gower thi* po»ji. appears froni hi? eiligii.'; on his tomb ire Southwark, to have been ;^ii efquiie by creation. Scijeants-at-biw, nnd? other ferjeants belonging to the king's houihold, jultices of the peace, ioclors in divinity, la.v and phyfic, take place of other efquire>, and i'is remarkable, that all the fon? of duke;;, marquifes, carls, vifcoiint';, " snJ barons, arc in the eye of the law, no more than efquires, though commonly defigned by noble titles. The appellation of gentleman, tho* now confounded with tliC mean ranks of pcopic, is the root gf all Knglilh honour, for every nob'Lm.r! i': prcllimcd 10 bo a gentleman, though eve- ry gontlcmari is not .■• '.I'Mcmnn. ii2 Cities, m w li'' Si!, 196" E N G L A N T>. Cities, towns, forts, andI This head is fo very evtenfiv?, OTHER EDIFICES, p u B L I c > tli.Tt I c.in Only touch upoii objed! AND PRivATK. J t'l^t Can aflill in giving the reader fome idea of its importance, grandeur, or utility. * London naturally takes the lead in this divifion ; it appears to have been founded between the rei>jns of Julius L\xfar and Nero, but by whom is uncertain ; f«)r we are told hy I'acitus, that it was a place of great trade in Nero's time, and foon after became the capital of the illand. It was firft walled about with hewn Hones, and Britifli bricks, by Conftan- tfir.e the Great, and the walls formed an oblong fquarc, in compafs about three miles, with feven principal gate-;. The fame emperor made it a b'fliop's fee ; for it appears, that the blfhop of London was at the coun- cil of Aries, in the year 314 : he alfo fettled a mint in it, as is plain from fome of his coins. London, in its large fcnfe, is the metropolis of Great Britain, includ- ing Wcilminlk'-, Souvhwark, and part of Middlefex, it is a city of a ve./ furprizing exten', of prodigious wealth, and of the moft extenfive trade. This city, when ':onfidered with all its ;'.;lvantages, is now what ancient Rome once was; the feat of liberty, the encourager of arts,, and the admiration of the whole world. It is fituatcd on the banks of the Th::mes^ a river, which, thou it diflicult to afcertain its ex- tent. However, its length from call to welt, is generally allowed to be above fcVi'.n miles from Hyde-park corner to Poplar, and its breadth, in fome places, three, in otlier two ; and in other agaia not much above lialf a mile. Hence the circumtisrer.cc of the whole i.-: almoll eigh- teen miles. Eut it is mucli eaucr to form an idea of the large ex- icnt of a tity I'o irregularly built, by the number of the people, who mm T: 'w'^kB^B ' 9 ''. '• 111 Mil T ■ li^iiW) 5 " * London is fitup.fcd in 51° 30' novtii latitude, 400 miles fouth of Edii\b:ireii, and :i70 fout!i-ea I 198 ENGLAND. width of the bridj^e is 44 fc-'t, lir.\i))p; on each fide a fine fontwav for pnfi'cngcrs. It cDiifid'. of 14 pilars and 13 large, and two fmall arches, ihiit in the ccnttr btine 76 feat wKlc, and the rell dccreafinrr four fct\. t'acli from the other; io that the two lead arches of the 13 groat ones a;e each 52 feot. It i.s computed th.u the value of 40,000!. in Hone and other niateriali is always under water. This magnihcent (Irudlure wa.? built in II years and nine months, ;Mid cod about 389,500!. The bridge building at Blaclc-fviav.s, falls notliing ihort of that of Weilminfler, either in maj^nificence or workmanfhip ; but the fituation of the ground on the two ihore«, obliged the architeft to employ ellipti. cal arches ; which, however hv.vc a very fine cfteft ; and many unquef. tional judges, prefer it to Weflminiler-bridge. Blacic-friars-bridge ij c, building at the expence of the city of London, which being near the center cf this metropolis, will be of the utmoft convenience to town and country. The cathedral of St. Paul's js the moll capacious, magnificent, .nnd regular Proteftant church in the world. The length within is five hun- dred feet ; and its height, frojn the marble pavement to the crofs, on the top of the cupola, is three hundred and forty. It is built of Port- land Itone, according to the Greek and Roman orders, in the form of a crofs, after the mod.'! of St. Peter's at Rome, to which in fome refpefts it is luperior. St. Paul's church is the principal work of Sir Chrifto. pher Wren, and undoubtedly the only work of the fame magnitude, that ever was compleatcd by one man. He lived to a great age, and finithcd the building thirty-feven years after he himfelf laid the full ilore. It t:ikes up fix acres of ground, though the whole length of this church meafurer. no more than the width of St. Peter's. The expence of rebuilding it after the fire of London, was defrayed by a duty on coals, and ib computed at a million fleiling. Weftminiler-Abbcy, or the collegiate church of Wcflminfter, is a ve- ncrable pile (^f buildini^, in the Gothic tafte. It was firft built by Ed- ward the Confeilbr ; king Henry III. rebuilt it from the ground, and Henry \'II. added a fine chapel to the call end of it : this is the repo. fitory c{ the decealed Brit.ih kings and nobility ; and here are alfo mo- numents eretSled to the memory of many great and illullrious perfonages, commanders by Tea and land, philoiophers, poets, Sec. In the reign of queen Anne, 4000I. a year, out of the coal duty, was granted by par- liament fur keeping it in repair. The infide of the church of St. Stephen's Walbrook, is admired for its lightnefs and elegance, and does h(mour to the memory of Sir Chri^ topher W ren. The fame may be faid of the fteeples of St. Mary-le-Bow, and St. Bride's, which are fuppofcd to be the mofl complete in their kind of any in Europe, though architedure has laid down po rules for fuch eredions. Few churches in or about London are without fome Reality. The fimplicity of the portico in Covent Garden is worthy the purert ages of antient architedure. That of St. Martin's in the Fields would be noble and llriking, could it be leen from a proper point ot view. Several' of the new churches are built in an elegant talte, and ^ven fome of the chapels have gracefulnefs and proportion to recommend them. ' The Banquetting-houfe at Whitehall, is but a very fmall part of a noble palace, deflgned by Iiiigo Jones, for the royal refidence, and a^ it now flands, under all its difadvantages, its fymetry, and ornaments, ^re in the highelt llile and execution of architedtur-% ' rjnatioii KingVbi if*iuer, Thnt if the cit ■a illy wo fxcccuj a ivith a about 30 for perlbr with .1 11 ■ llrcc't, hv Clmr lief. T tm, tlie liid rt-'lun tiic pillar ji'.cn; ami The R fol'i al)0vi W'.; mi tl;c New- ENGLAND. ^99 \Vc(lm'inftcr-1iall, tlmtigh on the outfidf it makes a mean, and no verv advantageous appearance, is a noble (jothic l)uilding, and is laid to be the laigcrt room in tl\c world, it being 220 feet long, and 70 broad. It; root' is the linell of its kind that can be fecn. Here is held the co- nnation fealls of our kings and queens ; alf) the courts of cliancery, ;;ini'Vbench, and common pitas, and above Ihiirs, that of the ex- vhi-quer. That beautiful column, called tlvc Monument *, crciflcd at the charge ,'f the city, to perpetuate the memory of its brinj»; dcflroyed by (ire, is lulliv worthv of notice. This column, which is of the Doric order, cxceedi aJI the obelifks and pillars of the ancients, it being icz feet high, with H Hair c:.fe in the middle to afccnd to the balcony, which is ibout ^0 feet fliort of rive top, from whence there are other Heps, made for ncrVons to look out at the top of all, u'hicli is fafluoned like an urn, ivith a ll.ime ifi'uing froi;) it. On the bafe of the Monument, next the ilrcc't, t!ie dcllrudion of the ciiv, and the relief given to the fuflerers hv Clinrles n. and his hrothi.v, is emblem.itically renreftnred in has re- lief. The north and (outh fides of tiie bale hr.ve each a Latin infcrip- tion, the one defcribing it.; dreadful dcfoJation, and tlie other its fplen- tiiJ ri-'fiu'redion ; and on tlie tait lidei. an inlcr pti-ni, iliewing when {'.iC oillar 'N'as begun aiid liuiihed. The charge of ere'Jting this monu- ff.cr.t amounicd to upward of 13,000). The Koy"d Exchange is a kirge noble builJi-.i^, and is fald to have collahove 80,000 1. W'l.: might here give a dcfcription of the Tower |, Bank of F.iigianJ, the Vew-treafurv, the AdmiraJty-oJlice, and the Ilorfe-guiu-ds at White- hall, * It k cre,(5cd very near tlie fpnt where vIib fire '.-.toko cut in 1 660. ■j- In examining the luriolitlcv; of th,* Tms'i-r or !.)nJ.vi, it \\'\U Ik; f'^fur tn bejin with thole on the ouri'ide tbo (iriiicip il aiU' ; ttic rir-.t i..ui\^ a ftianj'or iiiaally g"i:s To tilil is the wild hearts ; wiiich, ficin their fitiKiridn, hd\ prcfi.-nt llicnilVhoi : ioi- luving i;iiicre(l tlie outer {;atc, and pad'cd wliat is t;illed the rjUH-[j,v,.\rcl, the kp''ncr's h.MUb pre- •mts itfclt" hctoie you, \\hi(.li is known by a paiiitcd lion on 'lit wull, and anoilicr over ihi! door wfeich leads Ut /heir (k-ni). ]?y rin;;inj; a bell, and paying; (Ix-p.-iKC each i^erfon, sou may ealily gain admittaiia'. The next place worthy of obiervation is the Vint, which ci)m;-reh: nJs P.e.xr oi\--third if tlie TcHvcr, and contains hoiiles for all the cfticjrr. iielon^inp to the i"in,^i;v'. On pal- ling the principal gate you lee the White Tdver, built ly Wiiliam the Con^iieror. This is a large, fqiiare, irregular ilone huildijii!, fana.ul iilmoll in the icnler, ni) one fide an- "vering Jto anothcTj nor art any of i\i watch l^iweij, of which there arc four at the top, Imik iJike. One of thel'c tmvers is now converted itito an obfervatory. In the fir.1: llory jfi; two noble room^, one ci which is a fni.iU armmny for the fca-tervice, it having vari- Mo forts of .irms, very (urioully laid up, for above 10,000 le.imi.n. In the other rooin tK m.iny dofets and prelVes, all filled with ^^ariike enj^incs and Inilruments of death, O'cr this are two other floors, one principally filled with arms ; the oilier with arms and iiliLT warlike inftruments, as fp.vdcF, fliovel?, tM\k-axe?, and chcveaux de frize. In the u;>er llory, are kept match, flieep-fkinf, tanrifd hidcF, A'c. and in a little room, called luiiiis Cicfar's chapel, arc depofiied fome r, couls, w.ntaininp perhaps the ancient ufages vA cullnms of the place. In ths Imildiiiu; , n* nl'b i,reler\ed the models of the new iii- vtiitcd engines of dellruilion, that have fvorr t'mo o time bien prefented to the go\;;rn- in.'nt. Near the fouth-wcft anjflc- of the Vv'i. ft. Tower, is the Sp.-.niHi arniuuiv, in v.hich arc depofited the fpoils of what was v.'inly called the Inviiu'.Me Ainuda; in order So perpetuate to latelt pofterity, the memory of that fignal vitt't), obt.iined b\ the Eng- li.liover the whole naval power of Spain, in the reii-tn of I'hilip II. Vou now come to the /jrand lloie-houfe, a noble huildinp, to the north.v.ird of the Wiute Tower, tiiat fxlcnds 245 feet in ii'fi'fih, ami 60 in Irea.Itii, It was bey'.in Vy U 4 ' i...lt5 *••■ li i-i' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) &< {./ « i. W e 1.0 I.I lAil^S |2.5 IS IS IL25 iu 1.6 ^A tiff v* ''^ o / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAlM itTRHT WEBSTER, N.Y. USSO (716) •73-4503 \ iV , in which arc ccn'.hiv.ly cn'.j.ioycd abo'.'.r h.LittvCn furbinitr', in clc.Tiirir, repiiir'nu', . i.d new placing the ;irm-. On enteriTig the armiuiry, you foe what th.y Ci'.ll ■.'. wihK-ini'h of arms, fojani'i.Hy ii;!". pofcd, that at one view you beheld .;rms fi-r i-.;riv ?c,ccoincn, :''! bright, and fit fn- fvr- vicc : a fiv;ht w'licli it is imrofiVidc t.> l-hokl without alVonilbpicr.t ; and bclMie thoi'e cx- pol'ed to ViCW, there were, l-efoic tu- Ltt war, f.-t- •- 11 il.dli flait up, ea. h clicfl boWin' xbcui I, see r.'i.:1i'.if. 'i he arms were eri(^lii..ily diriiofed b\ Mi. liarris, who comrivcii to t-!:ice them Jn tl-.is bcaut'hil c rJ.er, both hete and in \lie (iiurd chamber ff HjiTir'.iin- co'jrt. Hi; was a cvnimcn [:iin-: liih 5 1 ui aiur he ha.i perfi i iv .:d this work, v S'th Is the admiration of people of all n.'.rions, he w.is allow td a penl'ion In ni the i-rv.wn itr h'.i Ii.gJiuiity. I'pwn the ground floor rni^.jr the fmall armoury, h a larcc r'iom of ca_ual dicienror.j vithiliat, riipncried by 7,c pillar;:, ainning roc.nd with implements of war. Thisnom, which i' 24 iLet liieh, has .. ].a(!j.c in il.e middle 16 feet x'.ii'--. At the flight of fuch a v.irirty of ll'e iiKMr dj-e;'dful erujines of denniilion, bc'bre w hofe tluir.dcr the moil hipcrb fc.ifice?, the nublef}- works- of art, and number of the human fpecic?, f;-!l roeethcr in cr,j ecmmoii and ur.diiiipjiuiil.'-d ruin; one lani'.ot help wifi.in^ that thnfe horrible in- \-entions had fijll lain, like a I'aife turiteptlon, in the v.omb of r.aiare, never to have lwn ripened into hirrh. 'Ihc hor!'c arn^oury is a plain bv-cic bi'iilirr, a little to the r.'ftsvr.rd of the Vtly.'x Tower ; and is an cdifiee rutner tonve:''cnt th.v.i decant, where the f( eJlator is entcrt.-in- cd with a re^v/Lieiiti n of thole kinc.n and lieroes of our own nation, with v.hcfc ^zU Lint anions it is tu be fuppnfjj hi; i^ well acquainted ; f 'mc c f them Cfji'-ipicd and /ittinp, on hurlibiuk, iii ilu: fame brigb.t and fhining armour they were ufjd to wear when they peif^irmed ihofe glorious afliciis ib.at give them a diiliiijjuillied place in the Biiti.1i annaib. You now eome to ''\e line of kings, wliicli your cor.d\iftor berins Iiy rcvtifirii; tli; order uf thronobn^y j lo that in foil; wing them ve ir.uil pl.u e the V.i} fivlb. Jn .1 dark, ftron^, ftone room, about ic yards to trie c.'.ltw"..id of the '^riud (Itre-lnnife, or njw a'm.oury, t!ie crown jewels are depofitcd. I. The imperial crown, wuli wiiitii it is pretended that ail the b.in;.;s of fr 'land have been crowned fincc Edward ihe Coiilcf- Jor, in J0i2. It is cf g:dd, enriched with diamonds, rubie-:, emcr.ilJF, I'apliircs and pearls : the Cip wiihin is of purple velvet, lined witli while laifeVy, tv.rned up w ih tliice rows of crm.inc. They .ire however miftaken in fliiwiu^ tliis as the ancient im- perial di.idem of Si. Edv/ard J for ih ;t, with tiie other molt aneient reg, lia ot this kinj- tiom, wa: kept in the ar^hr.d rnim is '.he clcliit/s in VVeilunnllcr Abbey till tl;e ^r.;ad rebellion i whenir: 642, Iia; ry -Mcrtin, by order tif th.e parlianiei;t, bicl.e open the iro:i c;k<1 in which it wt3 feeured, tcok it thente, and lidd it, logeiher wiih the whc., I'word, and feepicr of Si.lidv.arJ. ilowcvci', af'.er the rcftor-nivui, king Cliulei II. h.»d o'le made in imitttion I'f it, which is ihaV nowfliewn. II. The i-.ilden orb or ^'lobe, pal in- to the I'.ing's ri|jht hand before h: i'i crowned ; and boriie in his left with the feepler i;i his rigj't, upon his veti'.rn into Wcltrninitcr Hall, alter he is crowr.ed. It is abtuit f>x jnthes in diamet , cd^'.ed wiili pe .rl, and enriched with pieeions lioiics. (Jnthet. pij :in amjthyi>, of ,1 vioiet eilour, near an inch and a half in heignt, fet with a rich cioi's of gold, adorned with dii'mun.i!;, pejrls, and precious l*^cne''. 1 he wliole heiiht of the ball and cup is eleven inrhc^. HI. The golden fcepter, with h ; crofs fet upon a l.iiT.e jm^'- thyd of great value, garniflied round with table diamonds. The h.andlcof the fccpicr io plain; but il.c pu.rmel is fet round with rubier, emeralds, ;.nd fmall diamonds. »'l'hct>;) rifes into a Jhs'r dc In oi fix leave:, all enriched with precious lloiics, from whence ilViic"; a rnound or fall, made of tlie amcthyft alre.idy mintionid. Tiie crols is quite covtrLil \vi'-l. precioi.s tionef. IV. The fcepter with the dove, tlie einblcin of peace, pcrcbeJ pn th'j tc-' of a fmall Jerufulem trols, finely crnannjnUd with taWe diamoiids and jeweli el ENGLAND. 201 ,t1,fr public buildings ; bcfidc the magnificent edifices ruiCcd by our no- vi] V • 'Ti Charltun-houfe, Marlborough-houfe, and Buckingham-houfe, ''jjj'janKs's park; tlie duke of Montague's, and the duke of Riclv- -ond's in tlu Privy-garden :, the earl of Chellerfield's houfe, near H.Jc-p'aik; lac duke of Devonfhire's, and the late cail of Bath's, ia lit 5 r crcat v.iUic. This emblem was firft ufed by Edward the Confeffor, as af pears hy hia \- but the ancient iccf tcrand dove was fold with the reft of the regalia, and thiijiow • the Tower was made after the rcftoration. V. St. Edward's ftaff, four foot fevca and a half iu lcnp,th, and three iichcs three quarters in circumference, all of , toKi, which ia carried before the Ving at his coronatim. VI. The rich crowa , llatt" Ns'irn by his majcfiy in parliament; in which is a krge emerald feven inchei , ,,n.v a peail efteemed the fineft in the world, and a ruby of inelHmable value. VIT. he irown belonging to his royal highnefs the prince of Wales. The king wears Jiis ,'i",vn on his head while he fits upon the throne ; but that of the prince of W aljs is ;;-A.;d before him, to lliew that he is not yet come to it. VIU. The late queen Ma- , , iTJWii, c;l(ibe, and fceptcr, with the diadem flic wore at her coronation with licr ,f;.;t king William III. IX. An ivory fccpve;-, with a dove on the top, made for ,;n; I.imes II. 's qiKvn, whofe garniture is gold, and the dove on the top E>)ld, ciuuncll- Juiiih vvUltc. X. The curtana, or fword of mercy, which has a bl.ide ihirty-tvvo ir.clirt long, and near two broad, is without a point, and is borne naked bcfoie 'he king ,-: hiicornnation, between the two fwords of juftiec, ('[intual and tem;'oral. XI. The . i'cn fpiirs, and the annillas, which are bracelets for t.ie wrifts. Theic, thnujh very jT/':v.p, are worn at the coronation, XII. The aii:piillit, rr eaule of ijoid^ finely en- "•:;y;i) which liolds the holy oil the kings and qu.-ens of England arc anointed with; ■ r.d the polden fpnon that ihe bifhop pours the nil inio. 'Ihefe are two pieces of "T.-ir sntiqiiity. The golden eagle, including the pcdeftal, is about nine inches high, :"ithe WHIPS expand about (t\cn inches. Th*- whole weiilis about ten ounces. I'hc htjJi'l" the eai:le t'.rews off about the middle of the neck, which is made hollow, for lu: ling the holy oil; and when the king is anointed by the bifliop, tlie oil is poured '•„o*he fpoon out of the bird's bi}l. Xlll. A rich falt-feller of (Kite, inform like the Viire White Tower, and h exquifinly wrought, that the workmanfliip of modern •.i".:', is in no degree equal to it. it is of gold, and ufed only on the kind's table at \:.". c'.cnaticn. XIV. A noble filvcr font, double gilt, and elegantly wrought, in hich the royal f.Miiily are chriftened. XV. A large filver fountain, prcfentcd to king (.Irrks JI. by the town .li Plymouth, very curioufly wrought ; but much inferior in mi:) to the above. Befide thefe, which are commonly fhewn, there are in the jewel ■'..::, all the crown jewels worn by the prince and princefl'es at coronations, and a jA .t variety of curious old plate. Tae Record Of.itc tonfiltj of three rooms, one above another, and a large round room, '-';:e the rolls arc kept. Thefe are all handfomely wainfcoted, the wainfcot being ', icd into prcll'M round each room, within which are (helves, and repofitories for tjic . ii; and for the ealier finding of them, the year of each reign is infcribcd on the '.'\; of thofc prefies, and the records p!.u;ed accordingly. Within tlicfe prelle?, which .■; 'nt to fifty-fix in number, are depofited all the rolls, from the firft year of the 'un of king John, to the beginning of the reign of Richard III. but thofe after this iu:renod are kept in the rolls chapel. The records in the Tower, among other ;.";', con'-ain, the foundation of abbies, .■'nd other religio is houfes ; the ancient te- ;:! of all the lands in England, with a furvey of the manors; the m-'einal of laws :t. iiiUiitef i proceedings ot the courts of common law and equity ; the rights of Eng- l.'Jto the domi)'.ion of the Brilifh feas ; leagues and treaties '.vith <"iTign princes; !'c otchiivcnients uf England in foreign wurs ; the iciilemcnt of Irol nd, as to law i'lv! iDminicn ; the forms of fubinillion of !f>me Siottith kings, for ten aories held ia iii.'iid; ancient 2;rants of our kinjs to thiir fubk'iis ; privileges and immuniliei \:.i::.K.i to cities and corporitions during the pericd above-mentioned ; enrollments of i-'.rsand deeds made before the conquvll ; the hounds of all the forefts in F.nij.b.nd, yii.iihe feveral rcfj^e£tive rights of the inhabitants I o common pafture, and many other inV.rt;',nt records, all regularly difpofed, and referred ti> in near a tlioufand folio in- c-u', This Oihce i': kept open, and attendance conftantly given, from feven o'clock i^'l ore, except in the months of December, January and Erbruary, when it is open f':yiiom cifht to one, Sundays and holidays excepted, A feuich here is half a guinea, j.rwhic]) you ijaay pcrufc any one fubjcit a year, 'I {■'. b' I 'I II I' I lib 202 ENGLAND. 5n Piccadilly ; Northumberland houfc, in ihe Strand ; tlic houfc of th? dukes of NewcalHc and Queenlberry ; of lord liatcman ; of I'tntral Wade, in Saville-row ; the earl of Granville's, Mr. Pelham's, the uuke nf Bedford's, and Montague hovirf" *, in liloonilbury ; with n great num. ber of others of the ncbjlity and gentry ; but thele would be foflicii-nt to fill a large volume. No place in tlie world is bcttjr fupplied v.iih water from the Thames •nnd the New River; which is not only of inconceivable Ifrvice to every family, but, by means of fire-plugs every v here difpcrftd, the keys oV which are depoiited with the parifii ofijcers, tl'c city is, in a great inc;i- fure, fecured from the fpreading of lire; for thefe i'lii(;s yre no Iooikt opened than there is valt quantities of water to fupply the i urines. This plenty of water has been attended with anoth«" advantaj;**, ithw given rife to feveral companies, who infure houfes aiul goods, tr(>n\ fiiv; an advantage, that is not to be met with in any other nation on earth ; ihe premium is ihiall t, and the recovery, in cafe of loA, is eafy and • '''he Rritilh Mufiuin is drpofited in Montagne lioufc. Sir Han; Sloine, h.r", (who died in 17^)) w-'y iwt improperly be called the founder of thi* Briiifli M:il'ci!in tor if- bciinj cHabliflied by parliament, wjs only in confciiucni c of" hi:i K-uving by wiji Jiis noble collection of" f> itural hifVory, his large library, and his niini!.ro\is curiofitics wliich coii him (;o,ocol. to the ufe of the public on eomlitioti thjt tl>e narliimrntwoiH pay 20,cco 1. to his cxeciitorii. To lhi» collection wire idded 'iic Cottottiiin iibtsr)', tiic Harlcian nunufcripls, collected by the Oxford family, and pnnlmed likewile Vy rh; parliament, and a collection of book!: given by the Idle major Edwardi. His Ijtc tri- jefty, in confulcration of its great nlfulnefs, was gracioully pleiifed to :ul(l thereto, the royal libraries of books and manufcripts coUedled by the feveral kings of Erg! ind. The Sloanian colledtion confiils of an amazing number of curiofitit-o j ;imong whicli are, the library, including books of drawings, mdnufcnpts, and prints amounting t^ about 50,occ volumes. Medals and coins, ancient and modem, 2-,occ;. Cameos .ml intaglios, about 700. Seals i68. Veffels, Arc. of agate, jafper, &c. 542. Antiqui. ties, 1,125. I'retious ftones, agates, jafpers, &c. 2,256. Metal?, minerals, ores, ir. 3,715. Cryllals, fpars, &c. 1,864. F«)llils, flints, ftones, 1,275. Earths, fands, lalti, 1,035. Bitumens, iulphurs, ambers, &c. 29')- Talcs, miciP, jiec. 38S, Corals, fpiingc^, Ace. 1,431. Tcftacea, or HicUs, &c. 5,843. Echini, echinitx, Sic. 659. Allerix, trochi, cntrovlii, &c. 241. Cruftacev, crabs, lobfters, Stc. 363. Slcllie, marine, Itar-fifhes, &c. 173. Fi(h, and their parts, &c. 1,555. Birds and their parts, eggs and nerts, of different fpecies, 1,172. Quadrupeds, &c. 1,886. Vipers, ferpents, &c, 511. Jnfe£ts, Sec, 5,439. Vegetables, 12,506. Hortus liccus, or volumes of dried plant, 334. Humana, as calculi, aiutomicai preparations, 756. A^ifcellaneous things, natu- ral, 2,098. Mathematical inftruments, 55. A catalogue of all the above is written in a number of i.irge volumes. f The terms of infurance are as follows, vu. every perfon infuring, fliali pay for every 100 1. infurcd on goods, indofed in brick or ftone — — If half ha2ardous, as to fituation, or kind of goods -_— _ It" hazardous — — —« — — If hazardous, and half haiardous — • -«__-_ — If hazardous, and hazardous _^ _ ►_. — — __ For every lool. infurcd on goods, in'lofed in pait brick, and part tiinbcr If half hazardous, as to fjtuation, or kind of goods — — — If hazardous — _ _ __ __ — . If hazardous, and half hazardous »- — . — — if hazardous and hazardous -_ — _ _ ._ For every 100 1, infurcd on goods, inrlofcd in timber — . — . ~. If half haiardous, as to filuation, or kind of goods «« — — . 1/ hazardous — — __ — .... — . If hazardous, and half hazardous — — — — J( haxardouf:, and hnti^'UO.us to the Thamef, and zil cntiiifv di-ftitu'-: ci ih;'.t li'ifui rcruhirin, cnnvcnicocc, and utillly, Co vtr)- defnr.hlc in tommncial cities. 'J hj obferv.i may Irnm thirrcc direct his view t^ 1'ov>c;-liiM, the Cunoivi-houfe, Tiiaines-rrretrt, Watling-firctt, and the pairaci's to Li ndon bricj'gc ; thcnre to the miferab'y ccntriicd :ivcni:;i into J^pittalficlds, Whilrchapel, and Moorfieldi. He may conilder the Situation of St. Faiil's, and other clrdichci, that of the Mor.uir.enr, th* Compnnies )ialls, and other public buildinjr, that sre ihrul up in cor- Tiers, and pL.^ed in fuch a manner as muil tempt fr.-ery r.'CTjncr to [c- lieve that they were de.'if^ncd to be concealed. The obfe.-'.er miy next take in all thofe wretched parts which he will fnd on both fidts ilie i'leet-maiket ; necefiity will oblige him to proceed late ilmi'.hf.eld, frr the fake of breathing a frefher air; and when he ha5 conridcred a fpor, capable of the preateft advantages, but deftitutc nf gny, he rray plunge into the deplorable avenues and horrid pafTagcs in thiit neigiibcurhood. He m:iy thence proceed to Baldwin's Garc'tn^, through the ruir.s rt" which iihe cfcapcs without hurt, he may reach GrayVInn-lane ; whicS thouj^ii one of the principal avenues to this rr.etropoli.*, is deipic^bi: beyond conception. From thence he iray trivc! into Hrll)ora, v.hcre thic firit objetit that prefcnts itfelf to view, is Middlc-ra*-, a ni-iiance iinivcrii'.Ily detelkd, but fuffcrcd to remain a public difgrzcs to the f.r.d llrect in l.ondon. He may hobble on with fome fiti'-facUon, until he arrives at Dread St. Giles's, where, if he can bear to fee a fir.c rituati,;n rovercd v. ith ruinous buildings, and inhabited by the moil deplotablt oi;j.'c1-j that human nature can furniih ; he may vifir the environ;. Ficm hv-ntv lie riiay proceed along Oxford-road, and firiking into the town oa uhich hand he jleafes, he will obfene the f.neft fituaticn covtred with a yrofiifion (M defimity, tliat has been obtruded cn the public, for want of a gcner;'.!, ■. vll regulated, limited plan, which fhcdd have been enforced hy connr.iruoners appointed by authority', men of found jutlg- xnent, tatlc*, and activity ; had that happily been the ca^e, all the ghring {jiiii'ifiities, whii h are perpetually llaring in the facei^, and infulting the vincicrilancings of pcrlcns of icicr.cc and taile, would revtr have had exif- tence. But private property', and pitiful, mean underilandings, fuited to the capnciticf. of the projcdtors, ha\c taken plarc of that regularity and clegan'.e, which a «^eneral pla:i would have profluced ; and nothing ic^ms to have been confidered for tv.enty yecrs j^all, but the intcrcJl cf a t'cw tallclcls builders, v.ho have entered into a combination, pi'.inliiller bridge he may conduct i:;n{t;If into St. George's Fields ; one nt the lew fpotaljoiit London which 1,1; not yet fallen a flKrihce to the dep.v.vcJ talle of" modern builders ; licre v^iiiav indulp^c himfelF with the contemplation of" what aJvuntageou* .-;nffs may yet be done for th!s hitlierto m-glecied metropolis. Irom what ha:, been laid jf the cities of London and Wcilminfler, f',eic cannot remain the leaft doubt but that their Hate, vvi;h regard t» racnil^cence, elegance, and convcnicncy. is in fuch places very dclpi- cjiiic ; but we have the pleaiure to find, that the neccfilty of rendering Km otherwife is now become a miittcr of ferious concern to p?rfons in puiver ; and that fome general pl.m is likely to be fornicd and obferved }3; their improvement. In the citi-s of Paris, Edinburgh, Rotterdam, aJ other placfo, the government take* cognisance of ail pui.iic build- ws, both ufeful and ornamental. We might in this place take notice of the very elegant, iifcri:!, and rcu'lTary improvement, by the prefent method of paving atud ei-.'.i^'Juning; tr.elhect.s upon thtr plan of thi; Higii-Hieet oi" Edinburcdi ; an improve- neiu which is felt in the moil il-nfibie manner by all ranks and degrtx-s cf people. The ro:v.'£ arc continued f'r federal mi!c:> round upon the UiC plan ; and, evclulivi; of Iamp.^ regularly placed «)» each fide, at ib;t (iillancss, arc rendered more fafe by watchmen placed wiihiu a ullof eaci' oihei', who are protected from the weather liy proper boxes. Nothing can appear more brilliant th:.n taofe lights when vic\,ed at a (i'ilar.cc, cfpi'cially where the road:, run ccrofs ; ar.d even the principal i'.'.ccti, fucli as i*aIl-MaIl, New Bond-ftreet, Sec. convey an idea of ele- tanc." and magnificence ; upon the whole, tlicrc never was, in any age ir country, a public feheme adopted which reikcb more gl ;:y upon go- TC.Tiir.ciir, cr does greater honour to the perfon vviio originiuly propolijj. i:;a fapport'.'d it. Tiie new bridge and new ftrcets, the embanldii^ the river, "and many cur improvements now in ngitation, added to the fuccefs and utility of kh..! has hctn done, are llrong demonftraticns of tlic good fetife, taile^ ;:.l public fpirit of feme ruling men ; and we have die greaieJt reaf iit D bi;licve that this hitherto nrglcilcd metropolis will become, in ; :t cf bti^uty, convcnicncy, and elegance, what it is in we ilth and C'.v.erce, the glory of the iihuid, the admiration of every llranger. an J i'Uil c'ly Oil caith. London i-> the centre of tr::de ; '". has :'.n intimate hood, and all over the kingdom. They are by far more fuperb and ele- gant than the fubjefts of any other nation can difplay ; witnefs thofe of j the duke of Devonlhire, the countefs of Leiceller, lord Scarfdalc, the [ earl Temple, and earl Pembroke, where more remains of antiquity I are to be found than are in the poiieinon of any fubjefl in tlie world. Sir Gregory Page, the earl of Tilney, and hundreds of others equallv gr.ind and fumptuous. But thofe capital houfes of tl.e Engliih nobility and gentry have an excellency diftinA from what is to be met with ini any other part of the globe, which is, that all of them are completej without and within, all the apartments and members bcini^ fuitable tai each other, both in conftruftion and furniture, and all kept in thchigheiM prefervation. It often happens, that thcboufe, however elegant .ind cotllyj is not the principal objed of the feat, which confills :.i its hortulan? andT rural decorations. Viftas, opening landfcapes, temples, all of them thd lefult of that enchanting art of imitating nature, and uniting beauty witil magnificence. j It cannot be cxpefted that I fhould here enter iuto a dct.iil of the cliidi towns of England ; which, to fay the truth, have little Icides their comj iherce, and the conveniency of their fituation, to rcc( mmend themj though fome of them have noble public buildings and bridg s. Brillo! i thooght to be the largefl citj' in the firitilh dominions, after Loiulon ;>n^ E N G I. A N D. 207 HuWln, to coiitnin about loo.oco inhabitants. No nalion in the wnrM inihevv Tach dock-yardi, and all convcniciicics for the Kintlruvtion anJ 'jjrs of the royal navy, as Fortrmnuth, which is the moll rcijular tor- lincation in Enyland, Plymouth, Chatham, Woolwich, and l)c>gtt'ord. The roy-il hofpital at Greenwich for fiipcrannuateii feamen, is Icarcely fvcefdcd by any royal palace for its magnificence and rypL-nce. In (lioit, ^Jrv town in Kneland is noted for Ibnie particular production or manu- tadure, to which its building and appearance arc jh neully fitted, and tliouch Kngland contains many excellent and c jninuidiuus lea-ports yet. .]| of them have an immediate connection with London, which is th« common centre of national commerce. H;jTORV.] In the account I have yivtn of the laws and conftitutiony j,ay be found great part of the hittorv of England, which i fliall not here repeat, but confine myfelf to the difi^ercnt j^-radatjons of events, in ft clironulogical order, connected with the improvement of arts, fcienccs, commerce, and manufactures, at their pri»pcr periods, and that in ai manner fuitable to the propnfed brevity of this work. When lulius C:efar, about fifty-two years before the birth of Chrift, meditated a conqucft of Britain, the natives, undoubtedly, had great connections with the Gauls, and other people of the continent, in go- verntiient, religion and commerce, rude as the latter was. C;vfar wiote ihcliillorv of his two expeditions, which he pretended were accompanied with vail diHicultics, and attended by fuch adv.antages over the illandcr^-, that tlicv agreed to pay tribute. From contemporary, and other author>, 15 well .as Ca'far's own n.irrative, it plainly appears, that his victories nere incomplete and indecifive ; nor did the Romans rf,.eive the lealk idvar.tagc from his expedition, but a better knowledge of the iiland than •Jiey had before. The Britons, at the time of Cxfar's dcfcciit, wcr^*; »overned, in time of w-tr, by a political confederacy, of which Canil)e- ian, whofe territories lay in Hertfordiliire, and lime of the adjacent nunties, was the head; and this form of government continued among cem tor fome time. The Britons lived, during the long reign of Auguftus Cx'far, rather lithe allies than the tributaries of the Romans ; but the communications bttwecn Rome and Great Britain being then extended, the emperor Uiudiiis Cufar, about forty-two years after the birth of Chrift, under- took an expedition in perfon, in which he feems to have been fucceisful ijiinll Britain. Hh conqueih, however, were imperfect ; Caradacus uiBoadicia, though a woman, made noble Hands againll the Romans. The former was taken prifoner, after a defperate battle, and carried to Koine, where his undaunted behaviour before Clau^ius gained him the iliiiiration of the victors, and is celebrated in the hillories of the times. Boiiicia being opprcfTed in a manner that difgracc* the Roman name, ai defeated, dildained to furvive the liberties ot her country; and Ajncola, general toDomitian, after fubduing South Britain, carried hi« iraii, as has been already feen in the hiftory of Scotland, northwards, into Caledonia, where his fuccelTors had no reafon to boaft of their progrefs, ten' inch of ground being bravely defended. During the time the oraans remained in Britain, they were proteftcd from the invafions of iitC.ledonians, Scots, and Pifts, by the pr.-stentiires or walls I have (o :cii mentioned ; and we are told that the Roman language, learning, Icttihv.ns, became familiar in Britain. There feems, however, to be t more j^rpbaUe, rh it the Romans w i i'l. ! 11 I ' 20S E N G LAND. I' Romans confidcrcd Britain chiefly as a nurfery for tiiclr armie«, on « •• count of the nipcrior (Ircn^th of" body and cournge oi'thc inhnbiijuta, wjici. dilciplined. '1 hat this vvai tlio calf, appears plainly cnuuph Iroin \.\h- ,;,. fcncflcCs ftate ot the Briton?, when the government of Pvomc recalled he- lorcri from th:.t illand about the year 40S. J have nlready t.ikcn nutici; that during the abode of the ]\oinans in Britain, tJicy iiitr.';duicd ir.to it;]! the luxuries of Ituly ; but it is certain, that under them the South liri. tons were moll abjeit ilavcj, and that thegtnius of liberty retreated nortu- ward?, where the native:) had made a brave renilance ai^ainll the tynuu, of the worlil. With regard to tiie Briton?, in their manner of life, as defcrihcd by Cxfar, and the belt authors, they differed little from the rudeinhabitiiPi, of the northern climates that have been ahraJy jnciuioned ; bit tucv certainly lowed corn, though, perhaps, they chiefly iubniU'd upon ani. mal food and milk. Their cloathing was (liins, and their lortilicatiorj beams of wood. 'I'hey were dexterous in the managemi'nt ot their cha- riot;,. beyond credibility, and they fought with lanceii, darts, and iworj^. V/omen ibmetimes led their armies to the held, and were recognized ..^ fovercigns of their parti>.r.lar uiflrids. They favoured a pi imogeniturc in their fucccilion to roy.dty, but fet it ahde on the finallell incor.vi.-- riency attending it. '1 hey painted their bodies with woad, wliich t?ave thciu a bluilli or grcenitli call; and they arc faid to have had h(,'urcs of animals, and heavenly bodies on their fkins. In their marriages iliev we;; not very delicate, for they formed themlelves into what v.c may call ma- trimonial clubs. 'I'vvelve or fourlern men married as m;uiy wives, ami each wife was in common to them all, but her children belonged to tne original hufl)and. 'I'hough the Britons were unqucflicnably very brave, when iiicrr- porated with the Roman legions abroad, yet we i lu h.v.:| Lci.n ENGLAND. 209 tkorKS upon u^n contcmpornry with GilJa.';, mention*, indeed, a few fu^ls, but rothing that c;iii be relied on, or that can form a conneclcd hiilory. V'ecan, therefore, only lucnticn the names of Merlin, a reputed prince snd prophet; Pen.lragon, the celebrated Arthur, and Thali'.'ffin, whofe are faid to be extant, with others of lefs note. All we know the whole is, that after repeated bloody wars, in which the Jritons were fonietimcs the enemies, and fonietimcs the allies of the Scots, and other northern nations ; the Saxons became mailers of all Enjbnd, to the fouth of Adrian's, or rather, Scvcrus's wall ; but the Sects and Ti'^s feem to have been matters of all the territory to ihc north tfthat, thougli they fuffcrcd the Briton?, wiio had been driven mrth- «rds, to be governed by thrir own iribiirsry kin^^s ; an iniiTmixture that has created gre..t doubts and ccnfufions in hillory, which I fliall not htre pretend to iiniavcl. Ihivc already givL-n a fkctch of the onftitution and government which t'j: Saxons imported into Enghmd, and which form by far the mofl va- lable part of their anticnt hiitory. We have no accr.jnt of the Anwlo-Sax'ons convcrficn to Chriftianity bat fromPopilh writers, v. hogenerally endeavour to magnify the merits of their' fjpwiori. Accoiding to them, Ethelbcrt kini^ of Kent, who claimed prc- tmincnce in the heptarchy, as being defcended from Hcngilt, married the king of France's daughter, and (he being a Chrifiian, Pope Gregory tJie Great feizcd that opportunity to enforce t^e converfion of ner hulband to Chrillianity, or rather to Popery. For that purpofe, about the ye.-rr 596, he fentovcr to England the famous Auftin, the monk, who probably found no great difficulty in converting the king and his people, and alfo Sebert, Icir- of the Eaft Saxons, who wa'i baptized, and founded the cathedral of St. Paul in London. The monk then l)yhis iMaftcr*s order attempted to bring the churches of the Britons in Walt, to a conformity with that of Rome; particularly as to the celebration of Eallcr, but finding a ftout lefilbnce on the part of the biihops and clergy, he perfuaded his Chrif- lian converts to mafiacre them, which they did to the number of 1 200 priells and monks, and reduced the Britons, who were found in the hep- urcliy, to a ftate of flavery, which fomc think gave rife to the antient villenage in England. Aullin is accounted the firft archbilhop of Can- terbury, and died in 605, as his convert Ethelbert did foon after. it docs not f;dl within my defign :o relate the feparate hiftory of every particular nation that form.cd the heptarchy. It is fufficient to fay, that the Pope, in Auftin's time, fupplied England with about 400 hundred monks, and that the popilh clergy took care to keep their kings and lai:v under the mod deplorable ignorance, but always magnifying the power and fanftity of his holinefs. Hence it was, that the Anglo-Saxons, (iuring their heptarchy, were governed by priefts and monks ; and as they iw; convenient, perfuaded their kings cither to fhut themfelves up in cloi!lers,or to undc.take pilgrimages to Rome, where they finilhed their Jays; no lefs than thirty Anglo-Saxon kings, during the heptarchy, re- figncii their crowns in that manner, and among them was Ina, king of the Weft Saxons, though in other rcfpefls he was a wife and brave prJBCC. The bounty of thofe Anglo-Saxon kings to the fee of Rome, tt'2s therefore unlimited; and EthcKvald, king of Mercia, whom I have already mentioned, impofed an annual tax of a penny, upon evexy Iwufc, which v.as aflervvards known by the name of Peter's pence. U\ 11 Th« 510 ENGLAND. I III The AiM;!c-').ixon Icin;»s cl'tiri'; flie hcptarcliy, commonly rlmfe r,r« who w.i» to be the hc.ul of lluir political confec'.c'racy, tor reguKuin their cni.ctriis, but witliout any jiirirdi»nion in the dominions of otlar' The clergy, wc may cauly fiippofc, had great influence on thofc »,cc.: Anns ; and ihc hillory of" the Sa.;on heptarchy is little more than that of crLncs, treaPms, and murdf-rs conunittcd by the infligations of priciK and monks. Even their criminal law, as 1 have already inferred, aJmittd of a pecuniary compeufatiou for murder, and regicide itfelf. Under all thofe difad vantages of bigotry and barbarity, the Anrlo. Saxons were happy in coiuparifon of the nations on the continent; [,c. caufc they were free from the Saracens, who had overun Spain, Ita!", and the finell countries in l''i:rope. London was then a place of vrgiblc, and all of them mean. Ale and alehoufcs are mentioned in the laws of Ina, about the year 728; and in this flate was the Saxon heptarchy in Englanii, when, about the year 800, the .Anglo-Saxons, tired out with the t\ranny of their petty kings, united in calling to the government cf the hep. tarchy, Egbert, who was the eldcfi remaining branch of the race of Cerdic. Charles the great, otherwlfe Charlcmaigne, w?.« then kin; of France, and emperor of Germany ; and 1 have, in a former part of this work, mentioned the commercial treaty between him and OjTu, king of Mtrcia, to whom he fent in a prefent, a Hungarian fword, a belt, and two filkcn vefts. Egbert had been obliged, by llatc jcnlouf.cs, to fly to the cour: of Charles for protcclion from the perfecutions of Eadburga, daughter of I Offa, wife to jUrithric, king cf the Weft Saxons. Egl)ert acquired at the court of Charles the arts both of war and government, and fc.al united the Saxon I'.eptarcliy i»i his own perfni, but without fubduiii« Wales. He changed the name of his kingdnin into that of Engle-lonJ.j or Englaiul ; but there is reafon to believe th;:t forae part of Engl:inil| continued ilill to be governed by independent princes of the blood w| Cerdic, though they pa;d, pcihips, a fmall trlbu:e to Egbert. His pro;'- perity excited the envy of tiie noriiiern nations, who, under the name '^i Danes, then intefted the fcuS, and were no llrangers to the coaih of] England; for about the year S32 tl\cy made defcL-.ds u^trn Kent aiidj Dorfetlhire, where they defeated Egbert in pcrfon, nnd cairicd off abua-i dance of booty to tiicir fli'ps. yibout two year-s after ihey landed inj Cornwall, and, though they v.-cre j^in-d by tiie Ccrnifli Britons, th^vj were driven out of England by Egbert, v, Jio died in the year 838, aCj Wincheftcr, his chief refidcnce. Egbert was fucccedcd by his Ton Ethehvoif, who divided his pov.-cij with his eldell Ton Atlielilan. By this rime England h.^d become a fceiiS •f blood and rav«gcs, thro' the r'snev.al of iLe Dauilh iDvalions ; ani EdichvoIfJ ENGLAND. 211 th the t\ rann; iv.iiions ; .ml f,;i,;!w'oIf after fomc lime bravely nppnfino; them, retired in a fit of ' rlglit ; fo that the ConfefTor, as is faid, devifed the fucccfiion of hi.^ crown upon ids death to Willian «luke of Nonna:idy. Be thut as i: will, it is certain, that upon the death ENGLAND. 215 (jtjtljofthe Cnnfeflbr, in the year 1066, Harold, fon to Godwin earl of Kent, mounted the throne of England. William duke of Normandy, though a ballard, was then in the un- rivalled poirefi'on of that great datchy, and refolved to aflert his right to the crown of England. For that purpofe he invited the ncighbourmg princes, as well as nis own vafTxIs, to join him, and by way of antici- pation, he parcelled out the territory of England to each in proportica to the number of men he brought into the field, making it thereby their ir.tereil to afTill hira eflcclaally. By thcfe means he collefted 40,000 oftlij bravcll and mod regular troops in Europe, and while Harold wa» esibarrafled with frefli inv.ifionr. from the Danes, William landed in Eng- land without oppofitioij, Harold returning from the north, encountered William at Huntings in Sufil-x, witli a fiiperior army, but Harold being iiilled, the crown of Eiij^land devolved upon William, in the year 1066. I cannot fnd any gre.it improvements, either in arts or arms, which ae Saxons had made in England fi nee the firll invafion of the Dane.i, Tliofe barbarians feem to h^vc carried off with thjm almoft all the bul- lion and ready money of the: A'^^glo-Saxons, for I perceive that Alfred ihe Great left no more to Ids two daughters for their portions than 100 1. acli. The rcturii of the Danes to Enj;l:ind, and the vitflories which had been gained over the:.!, !;:id undoubtedly brought back great part of th« money and bullion tiicy liad carried ou; for wc are told that Harold, iit his laft viftory over tlu' Danes, j-e;Ta'nt'd as much treafure as twelve lully rncncauld carry ofr". V/e iiave, ind.ed, very particular accounts of the wilueof provliions and mani!!;.c\v:rcs in tl. >fe days ; a palfrey coft loj. Ill acre of land (according to biiliop Fleetwood in his Chronicon Pre- tiofura) !!■•. a!)d abide of land, containing 120 acres, 100 s. but thc/e ii great diiiicuky in forming tic pio^^oiticm of value which thofe niillin^s bore t'l the pr^fent rtand.ird oi' rn-.iiiey, ti'.ough many ingenious trpatifes il.ive been written on that head. A Tacep v.-as efliniated at is. an ox ui computed at 6;. a cow at 4s.- a man at three pounds. The board jages of a child, the fird year, wa". eight Ihillings. The tenants of !«hircbnrne were obliged at their choice to p.ay cither fix pence or four h.tis. Silk and cotton were quite iinknov/n. Linen was not much ufed. In tiie Saxon times land was divided among all the male childrtn of the keaffd. Entails were fometimes praflifed in thofe times. With regard to the manners of the Anglo-Saxons, we can fay little, htthat diey were in general a rude, uncultivated people, ignorant of letters, un(kilful in the mechanical arts, untamed to fubmiflion under law ai:d gn-ernmcnt, addicted to intemperance, riot, and diforder. r.en fo ](Hv as the reign of Canute, they fold their clvildren and kin- crcd into foreign part.s. Their be!l finality was their military courage, w.iidi yet wa.- not fupported by difcipliiu; or condudt. Even the Norman hiilori;;ns, nct.vithlhuuiing t.ie low Itatt of the arts in their own country, fptik of ih.'m as barbarians, when they mention the invafion made upon tiicm by the duke of Normar.dy. Conqueil put the people in a fituation (t'recv'iving flowly from abroad the rudiments of fcience and cultivation, tiiiiof corrcdins: their rourh and licentious manners. Their uncultivated lute might be owing to the clergy, who always di.couraged manufafiures. V\'e ;ire, however, to diltingaifli between the fecular clergy, and tiie regulars or monks. Many of the former, among the Anglo-Saxons, were mcnofexeniplary lives, and t cellent magiftiates. The latter depended upon the li^e of Rome, and dirciited the confcienccs rf the kin^ and t*ie great men, and were generally ignorant, and often a bloody let. i' 3 A 1 1 m \l f m !'■ i 'Wau (k \ ffi 1 1 t.l 1- n t^A- ENGLAND. i: ■ 3.; ■I' ill li^ I ? A great deal of the Saxon barbarifm was likewife owing to tlr.ir conti- nual intCTCourfe with the continent: and the Danilh .invafions, which Jcft little lOom for civil or literary improvements. Amidft all thofc de- feds, public and pcrfonal liberty were well undcrllood and guarded by the Saxon inftituticns ; and we owe to them, at this day, the moll valua- ble privileges of Engliih fubjedts. The lofs which both fides fuiTered at the battle of Haftines' is uncertain. Anglo Saxon authors {v.y, that Harold was fo impatient to fight, that he aitacked William v;ith half rf his army, fo that the advantage of numbers was on the fide of the Norman ; and, indeed, the death of Harold foems to have decided the day, and William with very little further diliicuky took po/Teflion of the throne, and new jnodelled the whole conftituiion of England in the manner I have already dclcribed, by converting all the lands into knights fees, which are faid to have amounted to 62,000, which were held of the great pcrfons who had afliited him in his conqueft, and who were bound to .ittend him with their knights and their foliovvers in his wars. V.'illiam found it no eafy matter to keep poficflion of his crown. Edgar Etheling, and his fifk-r, the next Anglo-Saxon heirs, were affec- tionately received in Scotland, and many of the Saxon lords took arms and formed confpiracies in England. William got the better of all dif- ficulties, efpecially after he had made a peace with Malcolin, king cf Scotland, who married Etheling's filler ; but not v.'i'Jiout exercifing hor- rible cruelties upon the Anglo-Saxons, whom he obliged to put out their candles and fires every evening at eight o'clock, at the found of the cur- few bell. He introduced Norman laws and language ; he bridled the coun- try with fort?, and difarmed the old inhabitants ; in iliort, he did every thing poflible to obliterate every trace of the Anglo-Saxon conilitution. Whiie he was thus employed, his eldcll fon Rotert rebelled againfl: him, but without fiiccefs ; and William, before his death, caufed a g'.'ncral lurvcy ^of all the lands of England to ..e made, or rather to he ciinpleted, (fr it was begun in Edward the Confeflbr's time) and an account to he taken of the villains, ilaves, and live flock upon each ellate, all wiiich was recorded in a book called Doomfday-book, which is now kc^pt in the Exchequer. He died in the fixty-firft year of his age, and the twenty-liul cf his reign, and was buried in his own abbey at Caen in Nojmanay. The fucceffion to the crown of England was difputed between iiis fons Robert and William, (commonly called Rufus) but it was carried in favour of the latter. He was a brave and intrepid prince, bu'. no frienJ to the clergy, who have, therefore, been unfavourable to his memoiy. He was Jilcewife hated by the Normans, wlio loved his elder brother, and confequently was engaged in perpetua' wars witli his brothers, and rebellions of his people. About this time the crufades to tlie Holy Land began, and in 899, R.obert, who was among the firll to engage, ac commodated matters with William for a fum of money, which he levied from tiic cicrgy. William behaved with gre:it gepcrofity towards Edgar Etheling and the court of Scotland, notwithllanding all the provocatloni he had received from that quarter, but was accidentally killed as he wa. hunting in New Foreft, in the year iioo, and the Ibrty-tburth year of his age. He is ch.iofly accufed of rapacioufhefs and opprelfion j but th.' circi'.mllaucrs of his reign had great demands for money, which he \v. gcntt, earl of Anjou. Henry died of a furfeit, in the feventy-cighth ye:;- of his age, in 1 135. Notwithltanding the late fettlement of fuccefT:n v.cre tlien abroad ; and Stephen was aflifled in his ufurpation by his br vtiu-r tlic billiop of VVinchcIlcr, and the other great prelates, that he it hold his crown dependent, as it were upon them. Matilda, how- niig ever, found a generous protector in her uncle, David, king of Scotlandj(|* '' and :i worthy lubjed in her natural brother Robert, earl of Gloucefter, who headed her party before her fon grew up. A long and bloody war enik'd, the clergy having abfolved Stephen and all his friends from their juilt of breaking the a£l of fucceffion ; but at length the barons, who Jrcadc'd the power of the clergy, inclined towards Matilda j and Stephen, who depended chiefly ou foreign mercenaries, having been abandoned by the clergy, was defeated and taken prifoner in 1141 ; and being car- ried before IViatilda, fhe impotently upbraided him, and ordered him to be put in chains. Matilda was proud and weak ; the clergy were bold and ambitious ; and when joined with the nobility, who were fiidlious and turbulent, they were an overmatch for the crown. Being now matters of the foil of England, they forgot the principles of their Normannic conftitution, becaufc it rendered them dependent upon the crown. They demanded to be govern- ed by the Saxon laws, according to the charter that had been granted by Hchry I. upon his acccHion ; and finding Matilda refratilory, they drove her »wt of England in 1142. Stephen having been exchr.nge.l for the earl of Glouccller, who had been taken prifoner likewife, upon his obtaining his liberty, found that his clergy and nobility had, in fail, excluded him from the government, by building eleven hundred callles (tho' they owe .".11 their rights to the king) wliere each owner lived as an independent prince. We do not, however^ find that this alleviated the feudal I'ub- 1* 4 jecliQa 2l5 ENGLAND. jeftion of the inferior ranlrs. Stephen was ill enough advifed to attempt to fcrcc them into a compliance with his will, by declarinjj his ion puftace lieir apparent to the kingdom ; and cxafperated the clcr<»y fo much, that they invited over young Henry of Anjou, who had "been acknowledged duke of Normandy, and v/as fon to the emprefs; and he accordingly landed in England with an army ftf foreigners. This meafure divided the clergy from the barons, who were appre- hcnfive of a fecond conquell ; and the earl of Arundel, with the heads of the lay arillocracy, propofed an accommodation, to which both parties agreed. Stephen, who about that time loll his fon Euftacc, was to re- tain the name and ofcce of king ; but Henry, who was in facl inverted with the chief executive power, was acknowledged his fucceffor. Though this accommodation was only precarious and impeifed, vet it was received by the Englifh, who had bled at every pore during the late civil wars, with raptures cf joy; and Stephen dying ver/ opportunely, Henry mounted the throne without a rival m 1154. Henry II. furnamed Plantagenct, was by far the grcateft prince of his time. It is true he owed his crown to the arms and valour of his great grand uncle, David king of Scotland, and the virtues and wifdom of the earl of Gloucef. ter ; but Henry, as he grew up, difcovered amazing abilities for government, having performed, in the fixteenth year of his age, aftions that would liave dignified the moft experienced warriors. At his acceffion to the Jty. Henry perceived the good policy of this, and brough boroughs to fuch a height, that if a bondman or fervant remained in a borouzh a year and a day, he was by fuch refidence made free. He eredled Waliingford, Winchefter, and Oxford, into free boroughs, for the fervices the inhabitants had done to his mother and himlelf ; by jdifcharging them from every burden, excepting the fixed fee-farm rcntcf %uch town ; and this throughout all England, excepting London. This gave .1 vail acceffion of povver to the crown, becaufe the crown alone could fupport the boroughs againft their feudal tyrants, and enabled Henry to reduce his overgrown nobility. Without being very fc-upulous in adhering to bis former engagements, he lefume I the exceffive grants of crown lands by Stephen, on pretence of his being a ufiirper. He demoliflied the rebellious calHes that hiid been built ; but when he came to touch the dergy, he found the 1 iifurpations not to be fliaken. He perceived that the root of all their enor- mous diforders lay in Rome, where the Popes had exempted churchmen^ not only from lay courts, but civil taxi's. The bloody cruelties and ciilbrders, occafioned by thofe exemptions, all over the kingdom, would be incredible were they not att'.'fted by the moil unexceptionable evi- dences. Unfortunately for Henry, the h.'ad of the Englilti church, and chancellor of the kingdom, was the celebrated Thomas Becket. Tliii man, powerful from his offices, and llill more fo by his popularity, ariiing from a pretended fandity, was violent, intrepid, and a determined enemy to temporal power of every kind, but withal, cool and politic. The king affembled his nobility at Clarendon, the name of which place is ilill famous for the conftitutions there enadled ; which, in fait, aho- lilhed the authority of the Romilh fee over the linglilh clergy. Becket finding it in v..in to reiift the itream, figned thofe conftitutions, till they could be ratified by the Pope ; who, as he forefaw, rejected them. ENGLAND. 217 Hcnr>', though a prince of the moft determined fpirit at any of his time, ivastkii tinbruil d with all his neighbour' : and the fee of Rome was at the lame time in its meridian grandeur. 'Ihough Bccket was arraigned Slid convicted of public peculation, while he was chancellor, yet he fled 10 France, where the Pope and the French king cfpoufed his quarrel. The cfrcci \v;is, that all the Euolilh clergy who were on the king's fide ivere excommunicated, and the fubjcifts ablolvei from their allegiance. This dilconccrtcd Henry i'o much, that he lubmitted to treat, and even (0 be in fill tfd by his rebel prelate, who rcturneJ triumphantly through the threes of London in 11 70. His return (welled his pride, and cn- crealed his infolence, till both became iniupportable to Henry, who was then in Normandy. Finding tliat he was in fad only the firlt fubjedl ol hii own dominions, he v/as heard to fay, in the anguilh of his heart, *' h tiiere none wiio will revenge his monarch's caufe upon this auda- " cious pricll?" Thefe words reached the ears of four knights, Hugh Norvii, William Tracy, Hugh Brito, and Richard Fitzwifej and, without acquainting Henry of their intentions, they went over to Eng* land, where they beat out Becket's brains before the altar of his own church at Canterbury. Henry was in no condition to fecond the blind obedience of his knights; and the public rclcntmcnt rofe fo high, on the fuppofition that he \sas privy to tlie murder, that he fubmitted to be fcourged by monks at the tomb of the pretended martyr. Henry, in confcquence of his well i'.nv)\vn maxim, endeavoured to cancel all the grunts wliich had been made by Stephen to the royal family of Scotland, and adlually rcfumcd their moft valuable poUefTions in the north of England. I'his occajioned a war between the two king- doms, in which William king of Scotland was taken priiuner, and forced to pay for his ranfom ioo,ocol. As the money and coins of Scotland were at that time of the fame intrinfic value, and as one half of the ranfom was paid in ready money, and the other at a time ap- pointed, it has been obferved by bilhop Nicholion, and other very accu- rate authors ; that, confidcring the valt diiticulti^^s which England in the next reign had, to pay the ranfom of Icing Richard, Scotland mult iiave then poll'ciTed more ready money than England, a fuit, which liiough undoubted, is not eafily accounted for upon any hiilorical fyltem hitherto formed. Henry likewife diftinguifhed his reign by the conqueft of Ireland, which 1 fhall have t)ccaiion to mention when 1 treat of that ifland ; and by marrying Eleanor, the divorced queen of France, but the heirefs of Guienne and Foidou, he became almoll as powerful as the French king himielf in his own « - Inions, and the greateft prince in ChriJlen- doni. Henry, however, in his old age was far from being fortun..te. He had u turn for plcafure, and cmbarrafled himfelf in intrigues with women, particularly the fair Rofamond, which were relented by hisqueeii Eleanor, by her feducing her fons Henry, (wliom his father had uuad- vifedly cauicd to be crowned in his own lile-tin-e) Richard and John, into repe;;ted rebellions, which at laft broke the old man's fpirit, and he died obicurely at Chinou, in i'i;fnce, iu the 56th year of his age. In 1 1 89. . During the reign of Henry, corporation charters were eftablilhcd all over England, by which, as I have already hinted, the power of the |)arons was greatly reduced. Thole corporations encouraged trade ; but maiiufadures, cfpcciuUy tnoie of hik, lecm iliii to luvc" been confined ' ■ ' • a to h i 2l8 E ivr G L A N D. to Spain and Tuly ; for the filk coronation mbc5, made ate of by yr.im* Henry and his queen, coft 87I. los. Ad. in t}»e C;enff of London j account, primed by Mr. Madox ; a vail lura in thcfc tiays. Henry in, troduccd the ufe of glafs in windows into Cngiaml, zr.d Aone arches in building. M^lmibury, and other hirtorians who livai under him, are remarkable for their Latin iliJe, Hnich in fome places is bc:h pure and elegant. Durino the thirty- five years of his reign he had fuch vail re- fourccs in his Englifli demcfne lands, and his French dcminicns, that he never once demanded a luljfidy or aid from his people; though, hel-drs Iiis carrying on alnioft continual wars wiiji 'cciiand, Fr«.-. :e, and Wulej he maintained his conquell of Ireland. 'I he fum he left in ready money, at his death, has, perhaps, been exaggci ated, but the moll moderate accounts make it amount to 200,000!. of cur money. In this reign, and in thofe barbarous ages, h wa? r caitom In Lon- don for great nniTxbers, to the u.v.cu-l >.;' .; >;uiiar?d or more, of the fons and relations of eminent citizens, to form thcmfclvcs into a licenllou', confederacy, to break into rich houfes, and plunder them, to rob and murder pniTfengers, and to coniirit v.ith impunity a>'l forts of diforders. Henry fo far abolifhed the barbarous and abfurd praclicc of forfeitin? Iliips, wliich had been wrerJ-cd on the coafl, that if one man or aaimil was alive in the fliip, the veficl and gooJs were reitored to the owners. This prince was alfo the firii. who levied a tax on the ir.o\'t;able or per- fonal eftatcs of his fubje»5l.';, nobles as well as people. Their zeal for the holy wars made them fubmit to this innova:J',R ; and a precedent being once cbtiiined, this taxation became, in follcwing reigns, the ufual inetho-1 of fiipplying the neceilitics of the cro;*-c. It was a uiual praftice of the kings of .England to repeat the Cfremony of their coro- nation thrice a year, on afll'iiibling tl:c llates at the three great feiilval;. Henry, after the firit years of his reign, never rzRe\v:d this ceremosiv, which was found to be veiy expcr.uve and very ufe-It:'^, None of ins fucceflbrs ever revived it. 6ince we are here coilciting fome detached inilances, which fhov/ the fcniua of thefe ?.ges, it may no: hi i;nproperto mention tlie quTrrel between Rocer, arclibiinop ct YtrJ", and Richar.1 archbifiiop of C:intcrbury. We may j'.icige of the violence of military men and Ir.ymen, v/hcn eccicllauics could ppxeed to fuch extremities. The Tone's Jo; ate havin;4 fiimmoned an aiiemblv of the cler?v at London ; and as both the aichbilhops pretended to fit on his right kind, tliis quellion of p-ecedency h?got a controveriy "bt-twceri them. The jnonks and retainers of arehhiihop Richard fell upon Roger in the pre- fence of tlie cardinal and of the fynod, th:cw him on the ground, trampled him under foot, and lo bruifed him v»-ith blows, that he w.s taken up half dejid, and his life was with diSicalty (av^d from *' eir violence. • Richard f. furnamed Coeur dc Lion, was the third, hat clJell furviv- ing fon of Henry ir. The clergy had found me^ns to gain him over, and for their own ends they pcriua>k'd him to ni:ike a moil mn.gniiicent ruinous crufadc to the Holy Lrnd, where he took Afcslon, and perform- ed actions of valour that give countenance even to the faMcs of antiquity, After feveral glorious, but fr'.iitlefs campaigns, he made 2 truce of thn-c years ; and in his return to f'ngland he was treachen>cf!y farpriztd by the duke of Auitria ; who, in 1193, fent him prifoner to the cmperrr liCnry \'L His ranfom was hxcd by the C^'rdid eirpeior at 70,000 marli pf l^ilver ; but the particular weight of a German and Engliili niajk i> nc; E N G L A N" D. ii^ rot afccrtaineil, though it is by fome computed at ;500,oool. of our money- According to contemporary authors, the raifinj:; of this ranfoTU roved to be a matter of fo much difficulty, that all the church plate J, melted dov/n, and a tax was laid on all perfons, both cccleilaitical ,„J fcctilir, of one fourth part of their income, for one year ; and l\:ntv (hillings on every knight*s-fee ; alfo one year's wool borrowed of the Cift^Tcians, befides money railed upon the clergy of the king's French iiiiinions ; and 2000 marks, which were fnrnilhed by William king of Scotland, in gratitude for Richard's generous behaviour to him before his Jeparture. Though all thofe fums are well authenticated, yet it is not eafy to reconcile them with certain other money tranfaiilions of this reign, bat by fuppoAng that Richard carried off with him, and expended abroad, all the vifible fpecie in the kingdom ; and that the people had referved vail hoards, which they afterwards produced, when commerce :oo'< a brifker turn. _ •- ^ Upon Richard's return from his captivity, he held a parliament at Nottingham ; whither William king of Scotland came, and demanded the counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, Wcftmoreland, and Lancaftcr, as his predeceflbrs had enjoyed the fame. Richard put him oiTfor the prefent with fair words, yet by advice of his council he granted William, by charter, the following honours and benefits for him and his fuccefi'ors, viz. " That whencvxr a king of Scotland was to be fummoned to ihe court of England, to do homage for the lands he held in England, he ihould be, at the river Tweed, rev;eived by the bifliop of Durham, r.d the llieriff of Northumberland, and they (hould condjicl him to the river Tees, where the archbifliop and (hcriff of York fhould receive him; and fo in like fort tlie biftiop, and flieriffs of the other (hires, till he arrived at court. On his journey he had loo (hillings (15 1. of our nionev) per day, allowed him for charges. At court thirty (hillings per day; twelve waftels, and twelve fimnels of the king's, (tv/o forts of fine bread in ufe then) four quarts of the king's boft wine ; fix quarts of ordinary wine ; two pound weight of pepper ; and four pound weight of cinnamon: four v/ax lights ; forty great long perches of the king's bell candles ; and twenty-four of the ordinary ones. And on his return he was to be conduced as before, with the fame allowances." Whilft the Scottifli kings enjoyed their lands in England, they found i: their intereft, once generally in every king's rei^n, t perform the fjid homage ; but when they were deprived of their faia lands, they p:;id no more homage. Woollen broad-cloths were made in England at this time. An ox fold for three (liillings, which anfwers to nine (hillings of our money, and a fhecp at four pence, or one (hilling. Richard, upon his return, found his dominions in great diforder, through the practices of his bro- ther John, whom he however pardoned ; and by the invafions of the French, whom he repelled, but was flain in befieging the caftle of Chalons, in 1 199. The rci',i. of his brother John, who fucceeded him, is infamous \% tncEngTrr. hiftorv. He is (aid to have put to death Arthur, the eldeil ion of his brother Geoffrey, who had the hereditary right to the crown. The young prince's mother, Conilance, coniplaineJ to Philip, the king of France, who, upon his non-appearanc: at ais c.iurt, as a vaifal, de- prived him oif Normandy. John notwitliflanding in his wars with the French, Scotch, an 1 Iriih, gave many proofs of pjrlonal valour, but bi\amc at lall fa approhcnliiv ot a French invaiion, that he rendered himlclf li £2© E N G I. A N D. IP himfclf a irihutarv to tlir Pope, and laid hu crown and regalia at ili« foot of the legate Pandulph, who kept them for five days. The grsat barons relented his mcmncrs by tak ng armr., but he repeatfjd his Ihameful fubmiflions to the Pope, and »fter expe: i ncing various for- tuncii of war, John was at lall brought fo low, that the barons obliged him, in 121 5, to fign the great dtcJ, fo well known by the name of Ma evident, from the fame relations, that he had gr.at provociitions from the clergy and the barons, v.ho in t'leir turni ait mpteJ to annihilate the rc^al prerogative. It is undeniabi'-, at the finie time, that under John the cummons of Eng- land laid tiie foundation of all the wealth and privileges they nowcnjov; ;ind the commerce of En'; land received a moll furprizing tncrea'e. H; m;'y be called the fatlier cf the privileges of free boroughs, which lie eriubliratd, and endowed all over his kingdom ; and it was under him that the Hone bridge, as it flood fome years ago, was crefted croli the Thanaes at London. The city of London owes her privileges to him. The office of mayor, before his reign, was for life; but he gave tliem a charter to chulb a mayor out of their own body, annually, and ti> eled their fherifts and common-council annually, as at prcfent. England was in a deplorable ntur.ticn when her crown devolved u'^m Henry HI. the late king's fon, who was but nine years of age. 'Ihc earl of Pembroke was chofen his guardian ; and the Pope taking pan with the young prince, the French were defeated, and driven out of the kingdom, and their kmg obliged to renounce all claims upon the crov.n of England. The regent can of Pembroke, who had thus retrieved tlic independency of l;is country, died in 1219, and the regency devolved upon the biir.op of Wincheller. The French king all this time kept pofTefiion of Normandy ; but at home the Pope was now become king of England, and fent no fewer than 300 of his rapacious clergy at one time to take pofleffion of its bell benefices, and to load tne people with taxes. This even was encrealed, by lienry marrying the daughter of the king of Provence, a needy prince, whcfe poor relations engrofl'cd the bell cllates and places in the kingdom. The king was of a foft, pliable difpofuion, and had been perfuadcd to violate the Great Chart^rr. An aflbciation of the barons was formed againlt him and his government, ;ind a civil war breaking out, Henry fccmed to be abanuone4 by .".il but his Gafcons, and foreign mercenaries. His profufton brought him ' inw ENGLAND. 221 into I'nexprcflible difiicultics, and the famous Stephen Monifort being chofen general of the aflbciation, he and his two fons were defeated, and taken prifoners, at the battle of Lewes. A difference happcninjj between Montfort, and the earl of (jlouccller, a nol)leman oi' great authority, uince Edward, Henry's eldell fon, obtained his liberty, and afi-:mbling aj many as he could of his father's fubjed^?, who were jealous ot Mont- fort, and weary of the tyranny of the barons, he gave battle to the rebels, whom hr defeated at Hverlham, and killed Montfort. The re^ prefcntativcs of the commons of England, both knights and burgeflcs, formed now parr of the Englilh legiflature, in a feparate houfe, and this pave the drii blow to feudal tenures in En'.; land, but hillorians are not agreed in what manner the commons, before this time, formed any part of the EngliHi parliaments, or great councils. Prince Edwajd being fn'-affcd about this time in a crufade, Henry, during his abfence, died in 1272, and in the fifty-fixth year of his reign, which was uncomfort- able and inglorious. During his reign, the principal cuftoms arofe frora the importation of French and Rhenifh wines, the Englifh being as yet llrangcrs to thofe of Spain, Portugal and Italy. Intcrcft had in that age mounted to an enormous height, as might be expiiiled from the bar- barifm of the times, and mens ignorance of commerce, which was ftiH \er)' low, though it /eem$ rather to have cncrearcd fince the conqueiL Tliere are inftances of 50 1. percent, paid for money, which te:rpted the Jews to remain in England, notwithltanding the grievous opprellions tliey laboured under, from the bigotry of the age, and Henry's extor- tions. In 125-5 Henry made a frcfh demand of Sooo marks from the Jews, and threatened to hang them, if they refuied compliance. They BOW loft all patience, and defircd leave to retire with their effefts out oi' the kingdom. But the king replied, '♦ Hov/ can I remedy the oppref- ionyou complain off I am myfelf a beggar; I am defpoiled; 1 anv llripped of all my revenues ; I owe above 200,000 marks ; and if I had feid 300,000, I fliould not exceed the truth ; 1 am obliged to pay my fon, prince Edward, 15,000 marks a year ; I have not a farthing ; and Imult have money from any hand,, from any quarter, or by any means." Kinjr John, his fiather, once demanded 10,000 marks from a Jew of Brillol : and on his rcfufal, ordered one of his teeth to be drawn every day till he Ihould confent. The Jew loft fcven teeth, and then 'paid tlie fum required of him. Edward's returning tf* England, on the news of his father's death, in- vited all who held of his crown in capitt, to his coronation dinner, which confiftcd (that the reader may have fome idea of the luxury of the times) ef 278 bacon hogs,, 450 hogs, 440 oxen, 430 Iheep, 22,600 hens and capons, and ij fat goats; (fee Rymcr's Fcedera). Edward was a brave and a politic prince, a:id being perfeflly well ac- quainted with the laws,, interelts, and conftitution ot his kingdom, iiis regulations and reformations of his laws, have juftly given him the title ct the Engliflx Jultinian. He paffed the famous mortmain aft, where- by all pcrfons were retrained from giving, hy will ot etherivi/e, their eftates to thofe Jo ea/Ied, religious purpofcs, and the ibcieties that never die, without a iicenli; from the crown." tie fettled the privileges of the cinque ports, which, though now very inconfiderablc, were then obliged to attend the king when he went beyond fea, with fifty-feven (hips, each kving twenty armed foldiers on board, and to maintain them at thc'j •wu toils for tbr fpace of fiftewi.days. He rrducei the Welch to paiv him. H' 222 ENGLAND. him tribute, and annexed its principality to his crown, and was the firft who gave the title of prince of Wales to his eldcll fon. 'Ihoupli he encouraged foreigners to trade with England, yet the aggregate bo'dv of every particular nation reflding here, became anfwerable for the mif- demeanors of every individual perfon of their number. He regulated the forms of parliament, and their manner of giving aids towanls the nation's defence, as they now ftand, with very little variation. Per- ceiving that the indolence of his fubjefts rendered them a prey to tlic Jews, who were the great ufurers and money dealers of the times, lie expelled them out of Kngland, and feized all their immovc.ible eilites. I have in the article of Scotland mentioned the unjuilifiable manner in which he abolished the independency of that kingdom ; but, oa the other hand, it mull be acknowledged that he held the balance of po.ver in Europe, and employed the valt fums he raifed from his fubjci'ts, for the agf^randizement of his crown and people. He had frequent w,irs abroad, efpecially with France, in which he was not very fuccefsful, and would willingly have abridged the power of the barons, and great nobi- lity, had they not been fo ftrong. His vail connexions with the continent were produdlive of many be- refits to his fubjcils, particularly by the introdudlion of reading glaflcs and I'peftacles, though they are faid to have been invented in the la f reign, by the famous friar Bacon, whom I have already mentioned. Windmills were ereded in England, about the fame time, and the rs- gnalation of gold and filver workmanthip w.as afcertained by an aflav, and mark of the goldfmiths company. After all, Edward's continental wars were unfortunate both to htmfelf and the Englifli, by draining them of their wealth, and it is thought that he too irtuch negledled the wojllen manufadures of his kingdom. He was often embroiled with the pope, especially upon the aftairs of Scotland, and he died in 1 307, while he was upon a frefli expedition to exterminate that people. His fon and fucccfibr Edward II. ihewed early difpofitions for encou- raging favourites, but Gavefton, his chief minion, being baniflied by his father Edward, he mounted the throne, with vail advantages, both political and perfonal, all which he foon forfeited by his own imprudence, He recalled Gavefton, and loaded him with honours, and married Ifa- bella, daughter to the French king, who rellorcd to him part of the territories, which Edward I. had loit in France. The knights templars were fupprefled in his reign, and though the baron* obliged him once more to baniih his favourite, and to confirm the great charter, yet king Robert Bruce recjv.ered all Scotland, excepting tha caftle of Stirling, near to which, at Bannockburn, Edward in perlon received the grcateft defeat that England ever fuffered, in 1314. Gavellon being beheaded by the barons, Edward fixed upon young Hugh Spencer for his favourite. but he was banilhed, together with his father, an aged nobleman of great honour and courage. His queen, a furious ambitious woman, perfuad- ed her hulband to recall the Spencer.s, while the common people, from their hatred to the barons, joined the king's ilandard, and afte.- defeat- ing them, reftored him to the exercifc of all his prerogatives. A cruel ufe was made of thofe fuccefies, and many noble patriots, w th their eltates, fell vidlims to the queen's revenge, but at lalt ihe became ena- int)ured with Roger Mortimer, who was her prilbner, and had been one of the moft adive of the antiroyalift lords. A breach between litr and the Spencers foon followed, and going over to France with her iover, . ■ . ^ Ihe E N G' L A N n. i^i Die found means to form fach a psny in England, thRt returning wiih fonic French troops, ihc put the cldoil Spsnccr to an ignominious deatli, made her hull)and prifoner, ;inJ forced him to abdicate liis crown, in fa- vour of his fon Edward HI. then fifteen years of age. Nothing now but the death of Edward II. was wantinp; to complete her guilt, and he w,is moll barbaroufly mucdered in Ilejkcley-cniUe. by ruljiiuis, fuppoXed to be employed by her .ind her paramour Mortimer. The fate of Edward 11. was in funic meafure as unjufl. as it was cruel. His chief misfortune lay in not bcln^^ a match for Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, the greatjfl military and political genius of his age, by whicii tk Knglifli loll that kingdom. It cannot, at the fame time, be denied, that he was too much engroflcd by favnurites, who led him into fangni- nary nieafures. In other refpcfln he was a fir better friend tlian his fa- ther had been to public liberty. Hr even voluntiirily limited his mva prerogative, in a parliament ]\.;.l at London iu 1324, and he fccurcd the tenants of great barons, from being opprcflt-d by their lords. None of his predeceTl'nrr. equalled him in his encouragtment of commerce, anJ he protc^ed his trading fubjefls wicli great fpirit againll the Hanfeatic league, and the neighbouring powers. Upon an average, the difference of living then and now fecms to be nearly as 5 or 6 ir- to i, always re- membering that their money contained thrice as much filver as our mcv neyorcoinof the fame denomination does. Tiius, lor example, if a goofethen coft 2d. ', that rs 7 d. I of our money, or according to the proportion of 6 to i, it would now coft 3 s. 9 d. Edward III. mounted the thn.ne in 1327. He was then under th« tuition of his mother, who cohabited with M n-timer, and they endea- voured to keep pofieifion of their power, by executing many pf^pular mcifurcs, and putting an end to all national dificrenccs with iji:o£:land. Edward, young as he was, was foon fcnfiblc of their defigns. H.' hir- rl::ci\ them in pcrfon at the licad of a few chofen friends in the caiUe of Nottingham. Mortime'r was ignoiranioiifly put to a public dcatli, and the ijucen herfclf was fliut up in condneinent. It was not long before Edward found means to quarrel with l):;vid, king of Scotland, who had married his filler, and who was drivvn to France by Edward Baiicl, who ifted as Edward's tributar/ king of Scotland, and general. So')n after, upon the death of Charles tho I'V.ir, king nf France (without illbe) who kid fucceeded by viitiie of the Salic law, which the Frengh pretended cut off all female fiicccflion to that crov/n, Philip of Valois claimed it, as being the next heir male by fucccitio:!, but he was oppoied by Edward, as beins the fon of Ifaliclla, wlio was fnler to the three laft mentioned kings of France, ajid firft jn the female fucceilion. The former was preferred, but the cafe being doubtful, Edward purlued his cl.iinv lir.d invaded France with a powerful army. On this occafion, the vail ditVerence between the feudal conftituticns f>f France, which were then in full force, and thi' government of England, more favourable to public liberty, appeared. '^I'he French ofiicers knew rofiibordlnatlon. They and their men were cquaUy undifciplined. and dilbbedient, though far moie numerous than their enemies in the field. The Englifli freemen, on the other hand, having now vail property to Tgut for, which they could call their ovvn, independent of a feudal law, knew its value, and had learned 10 defend it by providing themfelve^ v/ith proper armour, and fubmittin^^ to military exercifes, and propor fubcr(iinat';on in the field. The war, on viic part oi' Edward, was thiYe- ^: ■■' ' • 224 ENGLAND. t i , S!';'t.- fore a continued fccne of fucccA and viif^ory. At Crc/Ty, in 1346, ab^ve 100,000 French were dcfc-itcd, chiefly by the valour of the prince of Wales, who was but fixtc^n years of ; ^^c (his father being no mor.* than thirty-four) thouj>h llu- Knglilh did not exceed 30,000. The lof» of the French far e\cccdc\l the number of the Knglifh army, whofe lolscon- filled of no more than three Unij^hts, and one ciuuire, and about hity private men. The battle of Poittiors was fought m 1356, between the prince of Walts, and tlic Krtnch i::nr^ John, but with fupcrior advan- tages of numbers on the part of the Frcnth, who were tot.nlly di.'feaid, and their king and hi:i favourite fon Philip taken prifoners. It is thouglit that the number of French killed in thi;; battle, was double that of all the EngliOi army, but the modelty and politenefs with which the prince treated his royal prilbners, formed the brighteft wreath in his parhmci. Edward's glories were not confined to I'jancc. Having left his (juctn Philippa, daughter to the carl of Ilainault, regent of F.nglanu, ftie had the good fortune to take prifoncr David, king of Scotland, who had ventured to invade England, about fix weeks after the battle ofCreilv was fought. Thus Kdw.ud, on iiis return, had the glory to fee tv,u crowned heads his captives at London. Both kings we;e afterwards ran- fomed, but John returned to England, and died nt the palace of the Saroy. After the treaty of l»retij;ni, into which Edward III. is faid to have been frightened by a drea^ifnl ftorm, his fortunes declined. He had refigned his French dominions entirely to the prince of Wales, and he funk in the crtecm of his fubjed\s at home, on account of his attachment to his miltrcfs, one Alice Piers. The prince of Wales, commonly called the Black Prince, while he was making a glorious cam- paign in Spain, where he reinllated Peter the Cruel on that throne, was ieized with a confumptivc diforder, which carried him off in the year 1372. His father did not long furvive him, for he died difpirited, and obfcure, in 1377, at Shene, in Surry, aged fi:;ty-nve. No prince ever underftood the balance and interelts of Europe better than Edward did. Having fet his heart on the conqueft of France, he gratified the more readily his people in their demands for proteftion, and fecurity to their liberties and properties, but he thereby exhaufted his regal dominions ; neither was his fucceiTor, when he mounted the throne, fo powerful a prince as he was, in the beginning of his reign. He has the glo/y of eftablifliing the woollen manufadlure among the Englifh, who, till his time, generally exported the unwrought commo- dity. The rate uf living in his reign, feems to have b* en much the fame as in the late nign, and few of the Englifli fliips, cv^en of w.ir, ex- ceeded forty or titty tons. But notwithftanding the vafl encreafe of pro- perty in England, villainage ftill continued in the royal, epifcopal, and baronial manors. Hiftorians are not agreed, whether Edward made ufe of artillery, in his firft invafion of France, but it certainly was well known before his death. The magnificent caftle of Windfor, was built by Edward III. and his method of condufting that wo k may fcrvc as a fpecimen of the condition of the people in that age. Inftead of allur- ing workmen by contrafts and wages, he aflefled every county in Eng- land to fend him fo many mafons, tilers, and carpenters, as if he had been levying an army. Soldiers were enlifted only for a Ihort time ; they lived idle all the refl of the year, ?ind commonly all the reft of their lives ; one fuccefsful campaign, by pay and plunder, and the ranfom of prifouers, was fuppofed to Jb« a fmali fcrtun» to a man : whicli was a • great ENGLAND. 225 oreit allurement to enter into the fervicc. The wages of a maftcr car- Pfntfrwas limited through the whole year to three-pence a day, a com-* mon carpenter to two-pence, money of that age. John VVicklifFe, a icculir pricil, educated at Oxford, began, in the latter end of this reign, ,0 iprcaJ the doArines of reformation by his difcourfes, fermons, and writings? and he made many difciplcs of all ranki and flations. He fttms to have been a man of parts and learninn; ; and has the iionour of bcin? the firil perfon in Europe, who publickiy called in qiicllion thofe doclrines, which had univcrfally paflbd for certain and utulilputed, dur- ing (0 many ?.ges. The doctrines of WicklifFc, being derived from his fcarch into the fcriptures, and into ecclefialHcal antiquity, were nearly the fame with thole propagated 1/ the reformers in the fixteenth century. But though the age fccmcd Itrongly difpofed to receive them, affairs were not yet fJv ripe for this great revolution, which was rclerved for a more free and enquiring period, that gave the finirtiing blow to Romilli fuperftition in this and many other kingdoms of Europe. His difciples were dirtin- ouilhed by the name of Wicklithtes or Lollards. Richard II. was no more than eleven years of age, when he mounted the throne. The Englifh arms were then unfuccefsful, both in FraJice and Scotland. The dodrincs of Wickiifie had taken root under John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaftcr, the king's uncle, and one of his guar- dians, and gave enlarged notions of liberty to the villains, and lower ranks of people. The truth is, agriculture was then in fo flourilhing a Hate, that corn, and other viftuals, were fuffercd to be tranfported, and the Englilh had fallen upon a way of manufafturing for exportation, like- wile their leather, horns, and other native commodities, and with regard to the woollen manufaftures, they feein from records to have been ex- ceeded by noi;e in Europe.- John of Gaunt's foreign connexions with the crowns of Portug.al and Spain, were of prejudice to England, and fo many men were employed in unfuccefsful wars, that the commons of England, like powder receiving a fpark of fire, all at once flamed out into rebellion, under the condudl of Ball, a prieft, Wat Tyler, and odiers, the fcum of the people. Their profeft principles were thofe of levelling, but it foon appeared, that their real intention wae to have murdered the king, and fei'-.ed upon the government. Richard was not then above fixtecn, but he aded with great fpirir and wifdom. He faced the ftorm of the infurgents, at the head of Lon- doners, while Walworth the mayor, and Philpot an alderman, had the courage to put Tyler, the arch traitor, to death, in the midft of his " rabble. This, witii the feafonable behaviour of Richard, quelled tlie infurreftion for that time, but it broke out with the moft bloody efFedtst- in other parts of England, and tho* it was fupprefl'ed by making many examples of feverity and julHce among the infurgents, yet the common jKople never after that loll fight of their own importance, till by degrees they obtained thofe privileges which they now enjoy. Had Ricnard been a prince of real abilities, he might, after the fuppreffion of thofe in- furgents, have ellabliihed the tranquillity of his dominions on a fure foundation, but he delivered himfelf up to worthlefs favourites, particu- . larly Sir Michael de la Pole, whom he created lord chancellor, judge r Trefilian, and above all, Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, whom he ! created duke of Ireland. They were obnoxious both to the parliament I and people, and Richard ftooped to the mail ignoble xneafures to fave Q^ thcia i 226 E N G I. A N D. them ; but he found that it was not in his power. They were att.iinted and ccndcmned to I'uH'cr as truitors ; but l*cle, and the duke of Ireland efcapecl abroa<'., where thoy died in obfcurity. Richard afibciatcd tcr himleif a new fet of favourites. I lis people, and great lords, ngain took arms, and being headed by the duke of Gloiicefter, the king's uncle, they forced Richard once more into their terms, but bein ^ inf;nccre in all his compliances, he was upon the point of becoming more dcfpo- tic than any king of England ever had been, wlxen he loit his crown auJ life by a Hidden catallrophe. A quarrel happened between the duke of Hereford, fon to the duke of Lancafler, and the duke of Norfolk, and Richard baniflied them both, with particular marks of injuflicc to the former, who now became duke of Lancallcr by ins father's death. Richard carrying over a ^reat army to quell a rebellion in Ireland, a Ihong party was formed in Eng- land, who oft'ered the duke of Lancallcr the crown. He landed at Ra- venfpur in Yorkfhirc, and was foon at the head of 600 men, all of them Engiifli. Richard hurried back to England, where his troops rcfuiing to fight, he was made prifoner, with no more than twenty attendants, and being carried to London, he was depofed in full parliament, upon a formal charge of mifcondu^Sl, and foon after he was murdered, in 1399, at Weilminller. Though the nobility of England were pofleflcd of great power at U)e time of this revolution, yet we do not find that it abated the influence of tl.e commons. They had the courage to remonftrate boldly in par- liament againil the ufury, which was but too much praftifed in Kngland, and other abufes of both clergy and laity, and the dcftruilion of liie feudal pov/ers foon followed. Kenry the fourth, '^ fon of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancafter, fourth fon of Edward III. being fettled in the throne of England, in preju- dice to the elder branches of Edward III.'s family, the great nobility were in hopes that this glaring dcfcft of his title would render him dependent upon them. At firll fome confpiracies were formed agaiiiil him among his great men, but he crulhed them by his adivity and itea- dinefi, and laid a plan for reducing their overgrown powers. This v.as underftood by the Piercy family, the greateft in the north of England, who complained of Henry having deprived them of fome Scotch pn- foners, and a dangerous rebellion bioke out under the old earl of Northumberland, and his Ion the famous Henry Piercy> furnnmed the Hotfpur, but it ended in the dtfeat of the rebels, chiefly by the va- lour of the prince of Wales. With equal good fortune Henry luppreff. ed the infurrcLlions of the '* jIcIi, under Owen Glendovver, and by his prudent conceilions to Jiis parliament, to the commons particularly, 3^ I'" J r, ; rt «( ;■ * The throne beinj^ now vnc»nt, the duke of Lancafter ft&pped forth, and havinj criiffed himrdf on his nnhead, and on hi.s Ineall-, and called upon the name of Chnit, he pronounced thefe '.. j; _s, whi^h 1 fliall give in the original language, bccaufe of their Angularity. //.' tl>e fUDUi: of FaJiTt Son, a- J Hc/y Ghojf, I Ifrmy of Lancafler, challenge thh rctme tf Tnglandc, end the croun, ivlti. nil the meiKbics, and the af/purtcnances ; ali J that am lit- jitudit hy right line of the blade (meaning a claim in right of his mother) coming fro the^udf Li.ig Ihnry three, mid tircgc /Lit rigli that Cod of his grace hath fent me, nvitb heljit ^ ■ ifM, ai:d of my frieiidcs, to recover it ; the which ritviic wai in poynt 19 be atidutu iy^'' fsut cf the goi/emtince, and ondoyiug of the g'lde lawes, 1 ' ■ hi E N G I. A N D. 227 furnnmed the i,e?.t !?-ft conquered all opnofition, while, to falve the dcfeiJl of his title, tliep.iiliainent entailed the crovvu upon him, and the heirs male of his DcdV) lawfully begotten, thereby fhutting out all female fucceffion.- Ihe vouno- duke of Rothfay, heir to die crown of Scotland, falling a .riibiier into Henry's hands about this time, was of infinite fervice to [jjfovernn-'ent ; and before his death, which happened in 141 3, in the }jr;v-lixth year of his age, he had the fatisfacLion to fee his fon, and licalibr, the prince of Wales, difongage himfeif from many youthful loiiies, which had till thi'n difgraced his conduft. The Engliili marine was now fo greatly encreafe'?, that we find an Fn^rlilh veii'el of 200 tons in the Baltic, and many other fhips of equal hiii-den, carrying on an imnienfe trade all over Europe, but with the Hanfc towns in particular. With regard to pul>lic liberty, Henry IV. Si I have already hinted, was the firll prince who gave the different orilers in parliament, efpecially that of the commons, their due weight. It is however a little furpri/.ing, that learning was at this time at a lai'.ch lower pafs in England, and all over Europe, than it had been :co years before. Bilhops, when tcftifying fvnodal afts, were often forced to do it by proxy in Hv following terms, vi?. " as I cannot read r.'i'cif, N. N. hath fubfcri')ed for me; or, as my lord bifhcp cannot wiitc hiaifelf, at his requelx I have fubfcribed." Thcbabr.ce of trade with foreign parts was againft England, at thfc acai'iion of Henry V. in 1413, fo greatly had luxury encreafed. The Lollards, or the followers of WicklifF, were exceffivcly numerous, and hadchofen S'r John Oldcaftlc for their head, but Henry difperfed them, jiid executed their leader. Henry next turned his eyes towards FrancCj wliich he had many incitements for invading, efpecially from the dif- ii£ed ftate of that kingdom. The infolcnce of' the French .''mbafla- te at laft exafperated Henry and his people fo much, that he invaded that country, where he firil took Harfleur, and then defeated liie French in the battle of Agincourt, wliich equalled thofe of CrcfTy auiPoiftiers in glory to the Engliih, bui; exceeded them in its confe- ll^ences, on account of the vaft number of French princes of the blood, and ether great noblemen, who were there k i'ed. Henry, v/ho was as jreat a politician as a warrior, made fuch alliances, and divided the French among themfelvcs fo effeftually, that he forced the qr.eeu of I'nnce, whole hufband Charles VI. was a lunatic, to agree to his mar- rying her daughter, the princcfs Catharine, to diiinherit the dauphin, ;d to declare Hcnrv, rco-ent of France, during- her hufband's life, and iiim and his iflue i'ucccilbrs to the French monarchy, which mufl: at iiii time have been exterminated, had not the Scots (though their king ftill continued Henry's captive) furniflicd the dauphin with vaft fupplics, aiidprefcrvcd the French crown for his iie.id. Henry, however, made :i triumphal entry into Paris, where the dauphin was profcribed ; and af- ter receiving the fealty cf the French nobility, he returned to England toby a force that might cruih the Dauphin and his Scotch auxilia- Tie<. He probably would have been futcefsful, had he not died of a pk'dtic difonlcr, in 1422. il^nry V.'s valt fua:ellc8 in Frarce rc\'ived the trade of England,. I'uh.t tlic fame time encrtafcd and cllablifhed the privileges and iiuc'-- t:^':. of the Engliih commonalty. As he died when he was only thirty- four years of age, it is hard to fay, if he had lived, whether he might uottuvc jviuu the law to all the continent of Euiop;, wlxich wh: then Q^ ?. ;gr&atly :« . '; *tl r-' 228 ENGLAND. en'; J Hi f A. Bk hi ■{■: *t greatly diilracled by the diviiions among its princes : but whether tlif' would have been of fervice or prejudice to the growing liberties of hi- Englifti fubjcdls we cannot determine. It required a prince equally able as Henry IV. and V. to con- firm the title of the Lancaller houfe to the throne of England. Henry VI. furnamed of \\ indfor, was no more than nine months old, when in confequence of the treaty of Troyes, concluded by his father with the l-'rench court, he was proclaimed king of France, as well as of Eng, land. He was under the tuition of his two uncles, the dukes of Bed- ford and Glouceller, both of them princes of great accomplilhments, \ir. tues, and courage, but unable to prcferve their brother's conquells. Upon the death of Charles VI. the affcftions of the French for his fami- ly revived in the perfon of his fon and fuccefibr, Charles VII. Tiie duke of Bedford, who v/as regent of France, performed many glorious ac- tions, and at laft laid fiege to Orleans, which, if taken, would have completed the conqueft of France. The fiege was raifed by the valour and good conduft of the Maid of Orleans, a phenomenon hardly to be papallelled in hiftory, bein^^ born of the loweft extraftion, and bred a cow-keeper, and fometimes a helper in ftables at public inns. She muft notwithftanding hsvc poffefled an amazing fund of fagacity as well as valour. After an unparallelled train of glorious adions, and placing the crown upon her fovcreign's head, flie was accidentally taken prifoner by the Engliih, who burnt her alive for being a witch and a heretic The death of the duke of Bedford, and the agreement of the duke of Burgundy, the great allv of the Engliih, with Charles VII. contri- buted to the entire ruin of the Englilli interell in France, notwithftand- ing the amazing courage of Talbot, the firft eaxl of Shrewibur-, and their other officers. The capital r'ibforiune of England, at th j time, was ito difunion at home. The duke of Glouceller loll his authority in the government, and tit*: king married Margaret, daughter to the needy king of Sicily, a vvomaii of a high fpirit, but an implacable difpofi- tion, while the cardinal of Wincheller, who was the richeil fubjeft in England, if not in Euiope, prefided at the head of the treafury, and by his avarice ruined tlie intereil of England, both at home and abroad. Next to the cardinal, the duke of York, who was lord lieutenant of Ireland, was the moll powerful fubjeft in England. He was defcendcd bv the mother's fide from Lionel, an elder fon of Edward III. and prior in claim to the reigning king, who was defcended from John of Gaunt, Edward's youngell fon, and he affefted to keep up the diftindion of a white rofe, that of the houfe of Lancafter being red. It is certain, he paid no regai'd to the parliamentary entail of the r-own upon the reigning family, and he loll no opportunity of forming a party to affert his right, but ricled at firll with a mod profound diflimula- tion. The duke of Suliblk was a favourite of the queen, who was a profeft enemy to the duke of York, but being impeached in parliament, he was banilhed for live years, and !.ad his head llruck oft' on board a Jhip by a common failor. This was followed by Cade's infurreftion, which was fupprefled by the valour of the citizens of London, and thr queen fccmcd to be perfeftly fecure againll the duke of York. The in- glorious management of the Engliih affairs in France befriended him, und upon his arrival in England from Ireland, he found a ftrong party of ENGLAND. 229 of the nobility his friends, but hc'\v.;9, he cpenly claimed the crovvn, and the queen was again defeated by the carl of Warwick, who was now called the King-maker. A parliament upon this being aflcmbled, it was cnaclcd, that ilcnry Ihould poflcfs the throne for life, but that the duke of Yoj-k fnould fucceed him, to the exclufion of all Henry's iffuc. All, excepting the magnanimous queen, agreed to this compromife. She retreated northwards, and the king be- ing Ihll a prifoner, flie pleaded his caule fo well, that aflcmbling a frelh army, fhe fought the battle of Wakefield, where the duke of York was defeated and {lain in 1460. It is pretty extraordinary, that though the duke of York, and his party, openly afierted his claim to the crown, they Hill profefied allegi- ance to Henry; but the duke of York's fon, afterwards Edward IV. pre- pared to revenge his father's death, and obtained feveral vidlories over the royalills. The queen, however, advanced towards London, and defeat- Lie the earl of Warwick, in the fecond battle of St. Alban's, fhe deli- vered her hufband; but the diforders committed by her northern troops difgufted the Londoners fo much, that llic durit not enter London, where the duke of York was received on the 28th of February, 1461, while tlie queen and her hufband were obliged to retreat northwards. She foon raifed another army, and fought the battJs of l^owton, the mofc bloody perhaps that ever happened in any civil war. After prodigies of valour had been performed oi. both fides, tlic victory remained with young king Edward, and near 40,000 men lay dead on the field of battle. Margaret and her hulhand were once more obliged to fly to Scotland, where thcv met with a generous proteclion. It may be proper to obferve, that thih civil war was carried on with greater animofity, than any perhaps ever h.nown. l^^argarct war, as blood thirlly as her opponents, and when priloncrs jof citliej- Me vvx-rc made, their deadis, efpecially if they were of any rank, were deferred only for a few hours. Margaret, by the conce.Tions flie made to the Scots, foon raifed a frelh army there, and in the north of England, but met with defeat upon defeat, till at laft her hulband, the unfortunate Henry, was carried pri- foner to London. The duke of York, now Edward TV. being crowned on the 29th of |unc, fell in love with, and jnarricd Elizabeth, the widow of Sir )oliii Uray, which difubliged the great enrl of Warwick fo much, that he be- Q,3 ' came <:.,'■ "'':■■ 2 30 E N G L A N D. $ &I came his enemy, and gaiivnr^ over the duke of Clarence, E luarj's [)r,% ther, Edward was m:!.de prifoncr, but efcaping from his confiiicment the earl of iVarwick, and the French king Lewis XI. declared for th: reftoration of Hinry, who was replaced on the throne, and Edward nar- rowly cf^apcd to Holland. R( tiirninn; from thence, he advanced to London, under pretence of claiming his dukedom of York, but bciiif, received into the capital, herefnmed theexercifc of royal authority, made king Henry once more his prifoner, and defeated and killed the haurrh- ty earl of Warwick, and his b'-'^'-lier in the battle of Barnct. A few- days after he defeated a frefh army of l.ancaflrians, and made queen W;ir. j^aret prifoncr, together witli her fon, prince Edward, whom Ed\v.;rd'j brother, the duke of Gloucefter, murdtved in eld blood, as he is faid (but v/iih no great fhew of probability) to havcdom. his father He:«v M. then a prifoner in the Tower of London, a few c! lys after. Edward being now fettled on the throne, was guilty Ci the utn.oil cruelly to ail the Lancaftrian party, wliom he put to death, v.'herev?rhc could find them, fo that they were threatened with utter cxtermina.ion. The great objecl of his vengeance was Hcnvv, earl of Richmond. He was defcended from John Beaufn-t, the clueH Ion of the earl of Soincr- fet, who was the eldcil fon of John of Gaunt, by his lall: wife Catlia- rine Swineford, but born in adultery, during her hufband's life-time, This difability, however, was afterwards removed, both by the pope and by the parliament, and the defcendants of John of Gaunt, by that lady, as far as could be done, were declared legitimate. The \u\ lord, John, duke of Somerfct, left a daughter, Margaret, who was niarricj to Edmund T'.;v:or, earl of llichmond, and their fen was Henry, earl of Richmond (afterwards Elenry V.ll.) who, at the time I treat of, lived in France, to fecure himfelf from the cruelty of Edv»ard. The reader may fee, from the detail of this important genealogy, that the young earl of Richmond had not the fmalleft claim in bicod (even iuppofnig the illegitimacy of his anccllors had been removed) to the crown of Eng- land. l^he kingdom of England was, in 1474, in a deplorable fituatioii, The king was immerfed in c.xpenuve and criminal luxuries, in which be was imitated by his great men, who, to fupport their extravagancies he came penfioners to the French king. The parliament feemed to act only as the executioners of Edward's blovi.. 7im 232 ENGLAND. I' '■^?:i ! * iikii..^ ".'I Tho' the fame aft of baftardy afFefted the daaghtcrs, as well as the fon^iof the late king, yet no difputcs were raifed upon the legitimacy of the princefs Elizabeth, el Jell daughter to Edv.ard IV. and who, as had been before concerted, married Henry of Lancafier, earl of Richmond, thereby uniting both houfes. Henry, however, re^d his right upon conqucft, andfeemcJ to pay no regard to the advanugei of hii mariiaae. He was the moll fagacious monarch that ever had rtigned in England : but, at the fame time, the moll jealous of his power, for he (hut up the carl of Warwick, fon to the duke of Clareftce, brother to Edward IV. a clofe prifoncr in the Tower, though he was but a boy, and though nothing was alledged againft him but his propinquity to the houfe of York. He was the firll who inftituted that gu^rd called Yeon-.cn, v,hich Hill fubfilts, and in imitation of his predeceiror, he gave an irre- coverable blow to the dangerous privileges aflumed by the barons, in abo- lifliin^ liveries, and retainers, by which every mziehcior could ftielter himfelf from the law, by affuming a nobleman's liver)', and attending his perfon. Some rebellions happened in the beginning of his reign, but they were eafily fupprclTed, as was the impoihire cf l^mhert Simnel, who pretended to be tJie imprifoned earl of Warwick. The defpotic court of liar chamber, owed its original to Hcnr)', but, at the fame time, it mull be acknowledged, that he pafled many acls, especially for trade and navigation, that vv-ere highly tor the benefit of hii fuhjects. They expreAcd their gratitude, by the great fupplies and benevolences they afforded him, and as a hnilhing llroke to the feudil tenures, an adt polled by which the bcirons and gentlemen of landed inteteit were at libcrtv to fell and mortgage their lajids, without hots or licences for the alie- nation. This, if we rrgard its confequences, is perhaps the mcfl important aft that e- ./ pafled in an Englilli p;.rliam.ent, though its tendency feems only to have been known to the politic king. Luxury, by the increafe of tride, and the difcovcry of America, haxi broken with irrefillible force into England, and rnonied property being chicfiy in the hands of the commons, the cllatcs of the barcns became theirs, but without any of their dangerous privileges, and thuc the barcnlal powers were foon cxtincaiifiied in England. Henry, after encountering and fiirmounting many diCicuhies both in France and Ireland, was attacked in the pofiefiion of his throne, by a young man, one Perkin Warbcck, who pretended to be the duke of York, fccond Ion to Edward IV. and was acknowledged as I'uch by the duchels of Burgundy, Edward's filler. We (hall not folh/w the adven- tures cf this young man, which were various and urxcmmcn, but it is certain that many of tlie Englifli, with the courts cf France and Scotland, believed him to be what he pretended. Henry endea- cured to prove the death of Edward V. and his brother, but never cid it to the public 'atisfaftio'^, and tJ-.ough James IV. cf Scotland difmlStd Perkin out of ''is dominions, being engaged in a treaty of marmgc with Henry's c: lell daughter, yet by the kind manner in which he entertained and difmifled him, it is plain tliat he believed him to be the real duke of York, efpecially as he refufed to deliver up his pcriln, which he might liave dene with honour, had he thought him an impoilor. Perkin, after various unfortunate adventures, fell into Henry's hands, and was fhut up in the Tower of London, from whence he endeavoured to efcrje piong y/ith the innocent earl of Warwick, for which Perkin was hanged, 2 arid ii'' ■' !! ENGLAND. 233 (ind the earl beheaded. It is faid, that Perkin made a conftlfion of his impollures before his death, but if he did, it might have been extorted from him, either upon the hope of pardon, or the fear of torture. In jiqg, Henry's eldell fon, Arthur, prince of Wales, was married to the princefs Catharine, cf Arragon, dau^^hter to the king and queen of Spain, and he dying foon after, fuch was Henry's reludance to re- fund her preat dowry, that he confcnted to her being married again to liis fecond fon, then prince of Wales, on pretence that the firft match h,id not been confummated. Soon after, Henry's eldell daughter, the trincefs Margaret, was fent with a moil magniticent train to Scotland, where fhe was married to James IV. Henry, at the time of his death, which happened in 1509, was poflefild of i,8co.cool. ftcrling, which ii equivalent to five millions at prclcrt, fo that .he may he fuppofed to have been mailer of more ready mc ncy than .ill the kings in Europe leficles pofleired, the mines cf Peru and Mexico being then only beginning to be worked. I have already mentioned the vaft alteration wliich happened in the cnnftitution of England, during Henry \ U's reij^n. His excefllve love of money was the probable reafon why he did not become mafler of the Weft Indies, he having the firft oft'er of the difcovery from Colum- bus. He made however amends by encouraging Cabot, who difcovered North America, and we may obfcrve, to the praife of this king, that fometimes, in order to promote commerce, he lent to merchants fums of money, without intereft ; when he knew, that their llock was not fuf- (icient for thofe enterprizes, which they had in view. From the propor- tional prices of living produced by Madox, Fleetwood, and other writers, agriculture and breeding of cattle mull have been prodigioully ad- vanced, before Henry's death ; an inllancc of this is given in the cafe cf lady Anne, fifter to Henry's queen, w.ho had an allowance of 20 s. per week, for her exhibition, fuftentation, and ccnvenient diet of meat and drink ; alfo, for two gentlewomen, one woman child, one gentle- man, one yeoman, and three grooms (in all tight perfons) 5 i 1. lis. 8d. per annum, for their wages, diet, and cloatlung, by the year; and for the maintenance of feven horfcs yearly, 16 1. 9 s. 4 d. /'. e. for each horfe 2 1, 7 s. od. ^ yearly, money being Itill i ' times as weighty as our modern iilver coin. Wheat was that year no more than 3 s. 4 d. a quarter, which snfwers to 5 s. of our money, confequently it was about leven times as cheap as at prefent ; fo that had all other nccelTarics been equally cheap, Ik could have lived as well as on 1260!. 10 s. 6d. of our modern money, or ten times as cheap as at prefent. The fine arts were as far advanced in England at the fucceffion of Henry VIII. 1509, as in any European country, if we except Italy, and perhaps no prince ever entered wiih greater advantages than he did en the exercife of royalty. Ycung, vigojoui, and rich, without any rival, he held the balance of power in Europe, but it is certain, that he negleded thefe advantages in commerce, with which his father became too lately acquainted. Imagining he could not Hand in need of a fupply, he did not improve Cabot's difcoveries, and he futFered the Eait and Well Indies to be engrofied by Portugal and Spain. His va- nity engaged him too much in the affairs o^ the continent, and his flat- tirers encouraged him to make preparations for the conquell of all France. Thefe projects, and his eftabliihing what is properly called a navy royal, for the permanent defence of th^' nation (a molt excellent mcafure) lc4 li !J 234 ENGLAND. m If'': ? ■ 1 led lum into incrcdibK: expences. Me was on all occafi^ns the diinp nf the emperor Maximilian, the poorell prince in Europe, and earlv in his reign he gave himfelf alniod entirely up to the guidance of the cc- lebrated cardinal Woliey. While involved in a war with France, hib lieutenant, the earl of Surry, conquered and killed Jnmes IV. of f-cor land, who had invaded England, and he became a candidate for the German empire, during its vacancy, but foon refigned his prctcnficn,, tt Francis I. of France, and Charles of Aurtria, king of Sp?Jn, who w;,, cleded in 15 19. Henry's conduce, in the long anxl bloody wars be- tween thofe princes, was directed by Wolfcy's views upon the popcclom. which he hoped to gain by the intcrell of C'jjarles, but finding himfcif twice deceived, he perfuaded his nafter to declare himfelf for Tranci-, who had been taken prifoncr at the battle of Pavia. Henry, however, continued to be the dupe of all parties, and to pay great part of their «.\pences, till at lalt he was forced to lay vuR burdens upon his fubj-ifis. Henry continued all this time the great enemy of the reformation, and the champion of the popes, and th*^ Romifli church. He wrote s. book againft Luther, about 15:1, for which the pope gave him the tit!* . fiitHclent pi'iof that lie fmcerely believed his prctcnfions to be well frcjidcd. lie made no allowances for the glories of Eli/abedi ; which, a 1 have cbferved, difguifed her moft arbitrary a61s ; and none for the f;ee, liberal fcntiments v/hich the improvement of knowledge and leam- uig hi) J ilirtiifed through England. It is necdlefs, perhaps, to point out !!ic vstiencrcafe of property through trade and navigation, which enabled. tne Kngilih at the fame time to defend their liberties. James's hril uttcmpt ct grcitt confequcnce was to elieft a union between England and ^cutlind; but though he failed in this through the avcrfion of tha Kr/'ilfii to that mcafure, he fliewed no violent refentm>.'nt at the difappoinl- inent. K v.as an advantage to him at the beginning cf his reign that the courts of Rome and Spain were thought to be his enemies ; and this (ipliiion was encreafed by the discovery and defeat of the gun-powder irjon, the particulars of which are well known. I have taken notice, in feveral preceding parts of this work, oi tiie v::ll obligations which commerce and colonization owed to this prince ; ;!;d, in fact, he laid the foundations of all the advantages which thu Knglirti have reaped from either. That his pedantry was ridiculous can- no: be denied ; and it is certain that he had no juil ideas of tbcEngliih cor.ititution and liberties. This led him into many abfurd difputes with. hii parliaineni, and has thrown a molt difagreeable fliade upon his me- mory. Without enquiring from what motive his love of peace proceeded, 1 may venture to affirm that it was produftive of many blcHings to England; and though his perpetual negociations have given rife to much, I'atire again jl his parfon and government, yet they were lefs expenfivc and dcllrudive to his people than any wars he could have entered into. Herellorcd to the Dutch their cautionary towns, upon difcharging part of the mortgage that was upon them ; but he procured from Spain at tiic feme time an acknowledgment of their independency. janics gave his daughter the princefs Elizabeth in marriage to ths elcdor p'.latinCf the moll powerful proteftant prince in Germany, and be foon after aflumcd the crown of Bohemia. The memory of James has been much abufed for his tame behaviour after that prince had loll his Jdngdom and eleftorate by the imperial arms ; but it is to be obferved that he always oppofcd his fon-in-law's afluming the crown of Bohemia ; that had he kindled a war to reinftate him in that and his eledorate, he probably would have flood Angle in the lame, excepting the feeble and uncertain IP I [ j*^ J I I ^^r. :!Pk: if I' !l 240 ENGLAND. uncertain aflillance he might have received from the elcftor's donendci.tj and friends in Germany. Nothinf^, however, is more certain than that James furniihed the elector with Irirge fums of money to retrieve them and that he actually raifed a regiment of 2200 men, under Sir Horace Vere, who carried tliem over to Germany, where tlie Germans, under the marquis of Anfpach, refuled to fecond them againll Spinola the Spanifli general, and that the eleftor hurt his own caufe by not (rivin'^ the brave count Mansfield tlie command of his troops inftead of Anfpach. James has been greatly and jullly blamed for his partiality to favour- ites. His firll was Robert Car, a private Scotch gentleman, who was raifed to be firft miniller and earl of Somerfet. He married the countefs of Effex, who had obtained a divorce from her hufjand, and was with her found guilty of poifoning Sir Thomas Overbury in the Tower; but James, contrary as is faid to a folemi": o?,th he made, pardoned them both. His next favourite was George Villiers, a private Englifh gen- tleman, who, upon Somerfet's difgra':e, was admitted to an unufual ftiare of favour and familiarity with his fovereign. James had at that time formed a fyftem of policy to himfelf for attaching himfelf intimately to the court of Spain, that it might affill him in recovering the palatinate ; and to this fyftem he had facrificed the brave Sir Walter Raleigh, on s « charge of having committed hoftiJities againft the Spanifh fettlements in the Weft-Indies. James having loft his eldeft fon Henry prince of Wales, who had an invincible antipathy to a popifl; match, threw his eyes upon the ir.fanta of Spain, as a proper wife for his fon Charles, who had liic- ceeded to that principality. Buckingham, who was equally a favourite with the fon as the father, fell in with the prince's romantic humour, and againft the king's will they travelled in difguife to Spain, where a moft folemn farce of courtftiip was played, but the prince returned with- out his bride, a: J, had it not been for the royal partiality in his favour, the earl of Bnftol, who was then a\nba(Iador in Spain, would probably have brought Buckingham to the block. Tames was all this while perpetually jarring with his parliament, whom he could -not perfuade to furnifti money equal to his demands ; but at laft he agreed to his fon's marrying the princefs Henrietta Maria, filler to Lewis XJII. and daughter to Henry the Great of France. He died before the completion of this match, and it is thought that had he lived, he would have difcarded Buckingham. His death happened in 1625, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. As to the prog»efs of the arts and learn- ing under his reign, it has been already defcribed. James encouraged and employed that excellent painter Sir Peter Paul Rubens, as wt'l as Inigo Jones, who reftored the pure tafte of architedlure in England. His was the golden reign for theological learning ; and under him poetical genius, though not much encouraged at court, arrived at its vertical point. Charles I. was unfortunate in his marriage with the princefs Henrietta Maria. He feems to have been but a cold lover, and he quarrelled with and fent back her favourite attendants a few days after her arrival in England. On the ouicr hand Ihe had a liigh fpirit, disdained and difliked every thing that was incompatible in government with her Italian and arbitrary education, and was a difagrceable v/ife, notvviih- ftanding herhufband's fubmiflion and tendernefs. The fpirit of the people had forced the late king into a breach with Spain, and Chailcs early ENGLAND. 241 j^ygfiich indications of his partiality for Buckingham, and his own dd- lOtic temper, that the parliament was remifs in furniihing him wirh the 'var. In a {hori time Buckingham pcriiraded money lor carrying on Charles to take the part of the French Hugonots,*in their quarrel with that crown. They were fo ill fupported, though Charles was fiiicerc in feiving them, that Rochelle was reduced to extremity, by which the nroteftant iniereft received an irrecoverable blow in France. The blame ot all the public niifcarriagcs and difgraces was thrown by, the almoft, unanimous voice both of the parliament and people upon the favourite ; but he fheltercd himfelf from their vengeance under the royal prate£lIoii till he was murdered by one Felton, a fubal jrn officer, ac he was ready to embark for the relief of Rochelle, whi.ch foon after furrendered to car- dinal Richlieu. The death of the duke of Buckingham, which happened in 1628, did not deter Charles from his arbitrary proceedings, which the Englilh pa- triots in that enlightened age conhdered as fo many afts of tyranny. Pie, without authority of parliament, laid arbitrary impofiticns upon trade, which were refufed to be paid by many of the merchants and members of thehoufc of commons. Seme of them were imprifoned, and the judges were cl.'ecked for admitting them to bail. The houfe of commons refented thofe proceedings by drawing up a proteft, and denying admittance to the geiuleman-ulher of the black rod, who came to adjourn them, till it wasllnilhed. This fervedonlv to widen the breach, and the king dif- fohed the parliament, after which he exhibited informations againft nine of the moll eminent members, among whom was tlie great Mr. Selden. Theyobjefted to the jurifdidtion of the court, but their plea was over- ruled, and they were fent to prifon during the king's pleafure. Every thhig now operated towards the deltrudtion of Charles. The commons had voted him no money even for the maintenance of his houihold, and prefuming on what had been praftifed in reigns when the principles cf liberty were imperfcftly, or not at all underilood, he levied money upon monopolies of fait, foap, and fuch necefTaries, and other obfolete claims, particularly for knighthood. His government becoming every day more and more unpopular. Burton, a divine, Prynne, a, lawyer, and Boftwick, a phyfician, all of them men of mean parts, but defperately refolute and fiery, founded the trumpet of fedition, and their punilhmcnts were fo fevere that they encreafed the unpo larity of the government. Unfortunately for Charles, he put his confcience into the hands of Laud archbilhop of Canterbury, who was as great a bigot as himfelf, both in church and ftate. Laud advifed him. to perfecute the puritans, and to introduce the religion of the church of England into Scotland. The Scots upon this formed fecret conneftions with the dif- contented Englilh, and invaded Englan.!, where Charles was 16 ill-ferved by his Oilicers and his army, fhat he was forced to agi-cc to an inglorious peace with the Scots ; but neither party being fincere in obfcrving the terms, and Charles difcovering that fome of their great men had offered to throw themfelves under the protection of the French king, he raifed a frefli army by virtue of his prerogative. All his preparations, however, were bafHed by the Scots, who made tlvemfelves mailers of Newcaille and Durham, and being openly befriended by the houfe of commons, tliey obliged the king to comply with their demands. Charles did thi. with fo bad a grace, though he took a journey to Scotland for that purpofc, '.hat it did him no fervice ; on the contrary it P. encouraged 't' I- 1 !. i| 45="i 242 ENGLAND I i ? H i! i 1 ii «' l! J ii IB 1 IS 1 encouraged the commons to rife in their demands. He h.ad made Went. worth earl of Strafford, v. man of great abilities, prefident of the ouncil of the north, and lord lieutenant of Ireland ; and he was generally believed to be the firll niinilkr of Hate. StrafFoi-d had been at the head of the oppolition, and by changing his party he became fo much the objeft of public detelhiiion, that they forced Charges in an illegal and imperioui manner to confent to the cuttinj off his head; and Laud loft his foon after in like maimer. Charles, when it was too late, faw the necefllty of moderation, and ft)ught to recover the affedions of his people by paffing the Petition of Right, and agreed to other popular demands made by the commons. This compliance did him no fervicc. A rebellion broke out in Ireland, where the proteftants were maflacred by the papifts, and great pains were taken to perfuade the public that Charles fccretly favoured them out of hatred to his Englilh fubjefts. The bifliops were expelkd the houfe of peers, and the leaders of the EngUfli houlc of commons kept up a correfpojt. dence with the difccntented Scots. Charles was ill enough advifcd to go in perfoi, to the houfc of commons, and demanded that lordKimbol. ton, Mr. Pym, Mr, Hampden, Mr. HoUis, Sir Arthur Hafelrig, r.nd Mr. Stroud, fliould be apprehended, but they previoufly had rr^ade their ffcape. This aft of Ciiarles was refented as higH treafon againft his people, and the commons rejefted all' the offers of fatisfadtion he could make them. The city of London took the alarm, and the accufed members into its protection. The train-bands \/ere raifed, and' the mobs were fo unruly, that Charles removed from Whitehall to Hampton -court, and from theirce into Yorkfhirc, where he raifed an anny to face that which tJie parliament, or rather the houfs of commons, had raifed in and abbut London. That the nation in general did not think their liberties in danger, or that the king was a tyrant, appears from the alacrity and numbers with which he was ferved, and which was compofed of three fourths of the landed property of England. The parliament, however, took upon themfelves the executive power, and were favoured by many of the trading towns and corporations, but its great refource lay in London. The king's general was the earl of Lindfey, a brave, but not an- enter- prizing commander, but he had great dependence on his nephews the princes Rupert and Maurice, fons to the eleclor palatine, by his filler the princefs Elizabeth. In the beginning of tlie war tlie fenfe of honour which prevailed among the king's officers was too ftrong for the princi- ples on which the pa'-liament forces fought, but a fpirit of enthufiafn catching the Lttier, it became too powerful for honour. The earl of Efftx. w^' made general under the parHamenl, and the firll battle \v;;s fought ai Edge-hill in Warwickfliirc, in Odobor 1642 ; but both paitiu claimed the vidtory, though the advantage lay with Charles, for the par; liament wa" fo much diltrefTcd, that they invited the Scots to come to their alfiftancc, and they accordingly invaded England anew, with about 20,000 horfe and foot. Charles attempted to remove the parliament to Oxford, where many mcnv.bcrs of both hoults mat ; but his enemies con^ tinned ftill fitting at Wcllrniiifler, where they profecuted their animofi- ties agalnfl the royaliils wiih great fury. The independent party, which hnd fcarcely before been thought of, bi^gan now to unmalk themfelves atiil to figure at We 'Inr' after. They equally h;i.tvd ihe preihytcrians, who till ihtn had condutlcd the robi^Hion, as thi-y did ihu anuiiib, and i^c!'- '2 wai ENGLAND. w, with about 24j was their management, under the diredlion of the famous Oliver Crom- well, that a plan was formed, for difinifling the earls of Elfex, and Man- cheller, and the heads of the prefbyterians, from the parliament's fervice, and for introducing Fairfax, who was an excellent officer, but more ma- nageable, tho' a prefbyterian, and fome independent ofiicers. In the mean while, the war went on with unremitting fury on both fides. Two battles ^eK fought at Newbury, in which the advantage inclined to the king. He had likevvife many other fuccefies, and having defeated Sir William Waller, he purfued the earl of Eflex, who remained ftill in command, into Cornwall, from whence he was obliged to efcape by fea, but his in- fantry furrendered themfelves prifoners to the io;'?liils, though his caval- ry delivered themfelves by their valour. The firft fatal blow the king's army received, was at Marfton-moor; where, through the imprudence of prince Rupert, the earl of Manchcf- tj defeated the royal army, of which 4000 were killed, and 1500 taken prifoners. This vidlory was owing chiefly to the courage and conduft of Cromwell, and though it might nave been retrieved by the fucceflTes of Charles In the weft, yet his whole conduft was a ftring of miftakes, till at laft, his affairs became irretrievable. It is true, many treaties of peace, particularly one ;it Uxb-idge, were fet on foo;. during the war, and the heads of t . p. '• terian party would have agreed to terms, that would have boun fling's prerogative. They were catwit-'.od, betrayed; and overruled, b/ thi independents, who w^re affifted by theftiffnefs, and iinamiable behaviour of Charles himfelf. In fhort, the independents a' lift fucceededj in perfuading the members at Weftminfter, that lhar.es was not '.o be trufted, whatever his concefiions might be. From that moment the affairs of the royalifts ruflied into luin. Sir Thomas Fairfax, whofe father, lord Fairfax, remained in the north, was at the head of the army, which was now new modelled, fo that Charles by piece- meal loll all his towns and forts, and was defeated by Fairfax and Cronj- well, at the dcciftve battle of Nafeby, owing partly as ufual to tlie mif- conduft of prince Rupert. This battle was followed by frelh misfortunes to Charles, who retired to Oxford, the only place where he thought he could be fafe. The Scots were then bcIi'^jTing Newark* and no good underftanding ' benveen theia a:ci .;.e Englilh parliamentarians, but the beiland ^^ '',■"■>}. rhought it prudent to make their peace. ' !,i '"is affairs, he efcaped in difguife from- :in; bvio^re Newark j upon a prbmifc of protec-. The Scots, however, ;;: .; fo intimidated, by the rcfolutions of the parliament at Weftminfter, that they put the perfon of Charles into the hands of th p.i'-liament's commiifioners, not fufpefting thp fatal confequences. The preft)yterians now favv, more than ever, the necefllty of making peac? with the Icing, but they wer- no longer mafters, beinp Ibrced to receivp laws from the army, and the independents. The latter now avowed their intent'/'is. They firft by force took Charles out of the hands of the comiri;'-, /lers in June 1647, and then dreading that a trea- ty might ftill take pi..:., wifh the king, they imprifoned forty-one of the; preibyterian members, v.-.red tiic houle of peers to be ufclefs, and that of the commons was reduced to i (;o independents, and moft of them officers '■;' '.hi army. In the mean while Charles, who unhappily promifcd himfclf ic'-el from thofs diffentions, was carried from prifon to prifou, andfome- R 5 tJmss mollloya! friends Chai: (niiiis melancholy fit. a (Mord tc the Scotch :;3n. u:n ■■■* liVi - *| ill' . anm^ % titl $.il] %:. n :.^ 244 E N G L A N D. i! ! 4 '^H times cnjolcd by the imlrpcndcnts, with hopes of deliverance, but ,i v/ays narrowly watched. Several rrcatics were fet on foot, bat all mif. carried, and he h.id been imprudent enough, after his cfFcftin^ an tfcapc, to put hlmfelf into colonel Hammond's hands, the pariiiiment'j j^overnor oi' the ifle of Wight. A frefh negotiation was begun and almoft riniihcd, when the independents, dreading the general difpofition of thtl people for peace, once more fcizcd upon the king's perfon, brouolit him a prifoner to London, carried him before a mock court of iuUfce cf their own orcfting, and after a fham trial, his head was cut off, l^ fore his cv.n palace at Whitehall, on the 30th of January, 1648-9. Charles is allowed to have had many virtues, and there is reafcn to 1 believe, that alHitlion had taught him fo much wifdom and moderation that had he been reflored to his throne, he would have become amcil excellent prince. This undoubtedly v/as the fcnfe of his people, 3; the time of his murder, as it was univei-fally dctefted by all but the pa. ficide,", who brought him to the block, and were heated by cnthufialm, Many, in the courle of the rebellion, who had been his great oppn. nents in parli:iment, bccar .^^ fxncere convei-ts to his caufe, in which they loft their lives fvnd fortunes ' ever did any prince die more gene- rallv lamented, than he did, :is people. We cannot refleft upon the great lofs of lives, to the a. .Junt at leaft of one hundred thoufand ^ghting men, during the fix years of the civil war, without bein* in- clined to think that England was more populous then, tl\an it is now. Though the hiftory of that period has been minutely related, by writers of all parties, who had the very bell opportunities to know the tme ftate of the nation, yet we do not find that the lofs of men had any influ- ence upon agriculture or commerce, or the exercife of the common arts oflife, and provifions rather funk than rofe in their value. The furvivi m children of Charles, were Charles and James, who were fucceffively kings of England, Henry, duke of Gioucelter, who died foon after hi} I brother's relloration ; the princefs Mary, married to th=^ prince of Orange, and mother to William, prince of Orange, who was afterwards king of England, and the prin :ef3 Henrietta Maria, who was married to the duke ' ©f Orleans, and whofe daughter was married to Vidor Amadeus, duke ; ef Savoy, and king of Sardinia. They who brought Chailes to the block, were men of different per- 1 fualions and principles, but many of them pofleffed moft amavuHg abili- ties for government. They omitted no mcafure that could give a perpe- tual exclufion to kingly power in England, and ir cannot be denied, that after th«y ereftcd themfelves into a commonwealth, ihcy did prodigi- ous things, for retrieving the glory of England by lea. They were joined by many of the prelbvtcrians, and both faclions hated Cromwell and Ircton, tliougli they were forced to employ them in the redui.'lion of Ire- land, and afterwards .'igainlt the Scots, who had received Charles II. as 1 their king. By cutting down the timber upon the royal domains, they I produced, as it were by magic, all at once, a fleet fuperior to any that had ever been fcen in Europe. Their general, Cromwell, invaded Scot- land, and though he was there reduced to great difficulties, he totally de- feated the Scots, at the battles of Dunbar, and Worcefter. The fame I commonwealth pailed an aft of navigation, and declaring war againftj the Dutch, who were thought till then invincible at fea, they eficitually I humbled thofe repiiblicans in repealed cngagemcats. I 9 , m ENGLAND. 245 igy this time Cromwell, who hated the republic, had the addrefs to nethimlclf declared commander in chief of the Eni;liih army. Admiral Blake, and the other EHglilli admirals, carried the terror of the Englilh. rame by fea, to all quarters of the globe ; and Cromwell having now but little employment, began to be afraid that his fcrvices would be for- gotKn, for which rcafon lie went without any ceremony, with a file of inufqueteers, diflblved the parliament, and opprobrloufly drove all the members out of their houfe. H". next annihilated the council of ilatc, with whom the executive power v/as lodged, and transferred tht adminif- tration of goveqiment to about a hundred and forty perfons, whom he dimmoned to Whitehall, on the 4th of July, 1653. The war with Holland, in which the Englilh were again viftorious, fiili continued. Seven bloody engagements by fea, were fought in little more than the compafs of one year, and in the laft, which was dccifive in favour of England, the Dutch loll their brave aJ.miral Van Tromp. Cromwell all this while wanted to be declared king, but he perceived that he mull encounter unfunnountable difficulties from Fleetwood, and his other friends, if he fliould perftH in his refolution. lie was however de- dared lord protedor of the commonwealth of England, a title, under which he exercifed all the power that had been formerly annexed to the re'^al dignity. He next proceeded to new model the government, and various were the fchemes that were propofed, eftabliflied, and proved abortive. Thofe fchemes, however, were temporary, and fuiied to each iunfture, nor have we any high idea of Cromwell's political capacity, but in his management of the army, by which he did every thing. He was openly or fecretly thwarted by people of property all over England, and however daz4led hillorians have been with his amazing fortune and power, it appears, from the lieft evidences, that during the continuance of his protedlorate, he was perpetually diilreft for money, to keep the wheels of his government going. His wants at laft led him into the fatal error of taking part with France aqainil Spain, in hopes that the rich Spanifli prizes would fupply him uith ready money. He lent the French court 6000 men, and Dunkirk being taken by their afliftance from the Spaniards, he took pofleflion of it, Finding that his ufurpation gave as much difcontent to his own par- ti-, as terror to the royalills, he had thoughts of renewing the model of theconititutiou, and aftually ereftcd a houfe of lords out of his own creatures. No king ever acted either in England, or Scotland, more defpotically than he did, yet no t) rant ever had fewer real friends, and even thofe few threatened to oppofe him, if he fhould take upon him the title of king. Hillorians, in drawing a charadter of Cromwell, have beti! impofed upon by his amazing fuccefs, artd dazzled by the luftre (if his fortune ; but wh^n we confult Thurloe's, and other ftate papers, the impofition in a great meafure vanilhcs. After a moft uncomfortable ufiirpatioa of four years, eight months, and thirteen days, he died fur- rounded by enthufialh, on the 3d of September, 1658, in the fixtleth year of hiii age. It is not to be denied that England acquired much more refpeft from foreign powers, between the death of Charles I. and that of Cromwell, than Ihe had been treated witli fjiice the death of Elizabeth. This wa« owing to tlie great men who formed the republic, which Cromwell abo- lilhcd, and who as it were inllantaneoufly called forth the naval flrength fi the kingdom. ^Jcithcr they nor Cromwell had formed anv iixcd H 3 ' f'lau § I ii 1 'i'i n 246 ENGLAND. r l! plan of legiflatlon, and his fafety was owing to the different fentimentj of government, that prevaih d among the heads of dje republic. In the year 16^6, the charge of the public amounted to one million, three hundred thoufand pounds, of which a milli^;: went to the fupport of the navy and army, and the remainder to th::t of t!i» civil government. In the fame year, Cromwell abolilhed all tenures in ccpite, by knight's fervice, and foccage in chief, and likewife thi? courri of wards and live- ries. Several other grievances that had been complaiued of, during the late reigns, were likewife removed. Next jear the total charge, or public expence of England, amounted to tv.-o m-illioni, three hundred twenty fix thoufand, nine hundred and cight)--mnc pcnr.ds. The col- ledicns by afrefli-nents, excife, and cufloms, paid into the Exchequer, Jimounted to two millions, three hundred and fixn--two thoufand pounds, four Ihillinr-s. Upon the whole it cannot be denied, that England, from the year 1648, to the year 1658, v. as improved equally in riches ai in power. The le- l^al intcrcil of money was reduced from 8 to 6 prr cent, a fare fymp- torn of encreaftng cninmerce. The navigation ad, that palladium of the Englifli trade, was planned and eftablifhed, thoagh afterwards con- iirmcd under Charles TI. Monopolies of all kinJs were abolilhed, and liberty of confcicnce to all fedls v.'as granted ta the vatl advantage of po- pulation, and manufactures, which had fufFered greatly by Laud's into- lerant fchemcs having driven numbers of handicnifts to America, and foreign countries. To the abov-* national mejioraticrns, we may add the modefty and frugality, introduced among the cx>niaion people, and the citizens in particulp.r, by which they were enabled toincreafe their capi- tals. It appc-^is however that Cromwell, had he lived, and been firmly iettled in the goveri'rent, would have broken throagh the fober maxims of the republicans ; for, fome time before his death, he affefted great magnificence in his perf^n, court, and attendants- We know of no art or Icience, that was patronized by the ufurper, and yet he had the good fortuiie to nieet in the perfon of Cooper, an exceUest mi^iarure painter, and his coins, done by Simons, exceed in beauty arrd workmanfhip any of that age. He is likewife faid to have paid fome regard to men of learning, and particularly to thofe entrufted with the care of youth at the univerfities. The fate of Richard Cromwell, who fucccedei his father Oliver, as protedlor, fuificiently proves the little forecaft, which the latter had in matters of government, and his being almoft totally unbefriended. Richard was placed in his dignity by thole who wanted to make him the tool of their own government, and he was driven without the leaft ilruggle or oppofition into contempt and obfcuritjr. It is in vain for hiftorians of any party to afcribe the rcftoracca of Charles II. (who with his mother and brothers, during the uftupation, had lived abroad on a very precarious fubfiftence) to the merits of any psracular perfons. It was effefted by the general concurrence of die pec-p!e, who found by ex- perience, that neither peace nor proteftion were to be obtained, but b/ ireftoring the ancient conftitution of monarchy. General Monk, a man of military abilities, but of no principles, excepting fuch as ferved his ambition or intereft, had the fagacity to obftri-e th?-, and after tempo- Hfing in various fhapcs, being at the Ji^ad of the army, he made the principal figure- in reiloring Charles II. For thii he waa created duke Ul ENGLAND. ■247 cf Albemarle, confirmed in the command of the army, and loaded with honours and riches. Charles II. being rcftored in i66c, in the firft year of his reign, feem- edto be under no influence, hut that of his people's happinefs. Upon tis confirming the abolition cf all the feudal tenures, he received from the parliament a gift of the excifc for life, and in this aft, coffee and tea are mentioned. By his long refidencj, and that of his friends abroad, he imported into England, the culture of many elegant vegetables, fucU astlutof afparagus, artichokes, cauliflowers, and feveral kinds of beans, peas, and fallads. Under him, Jamaica, which had been conquered, tut neglcded, by the Englifh, during the late ufurpation, was improv- ed, and made a fugar colony. The Royal Society was inftituted, and many popular acts refpeftrng trade and colonization were pafl'cd. In ftoit, Charles knew, and cultivated the true interelts of his kingdom, tillhev/as warped by pleafure, and fank in indolence, failings that had the fame confequences as defpotifm itf.lf. He took a paternal concern in the I'ulFerings of the citizens, v/hen Lnndim w:is burnt down in 1666, end its being rebuilt with greater lu'lre and conveniences, is a proof o£ ths cncrcafe of licr trade ; but there wab no bound of Charles's lovi: of pleafure, which led him into the moll extravagant expences. He has bc;n feverely, but perhaps uniuilly cenfured, for felling Dunkirk to the French king, to fupply his neccMities, aiccr ha had fquandered the ini- meiife fums granted him by parliament. The price was about 250,000 1. fterling. In this he is more defenHble, than he was in his fecret con- nexions with France. Tbcfe are fuppofed to have brought on a war with the Dutch, but tiieir behaviour and ingratitude to England, merited the fevereil chaftifement. The iirll fymptoms of his degeneracy as a king, appeared in his giv- ing way to the popular clamour, againll the lord Clarendon, one of the wii'eft and moft difmtercllcd llatefmen, that ever England could boalt of, and facrificing him to the fycophants of his plcafurable hours. The iirll Dutch war, which began in 1665, was carried on, with great refo- lution and fuirit, under the duke of York, but through Charles's mifap- plication of the public money, which had been granted for the war, tlie Dutch, while a treaty of peace was depending at Breda, found means to infult the royal navy of England, by failing up the Medway, as far as Chatham, ail dellroyed feveral capital fliips of war. Soon after this a peace wus concluded at Breda, between Great Britain, and the States general, for the prefervation of the Spanifh Netherlands, and Swe- den having acceded to the treaty, it was called the triple alliance. If we look into the hiftory of thofe times, we Ihall find that the humbling the power of France, was the ruling pafiion of almoft all the rell of Europe ; but at the fame time that every Itate at enmity with her, had particular views cf its own, which defeated every plan of confede- racy again 11. the French pov/cr. The fituation of Charles, in this ref- peft, was delicate. The infults and rivalfliip of the Dutch, were into- lerable to the trading part of Ins people, but his parliament thought that all confiderations ought to gi\c way to the humiliation of the Freiicli king. Charles found fuch oppofition from his parlianient, and fuch difficulties in raifing money, that he v.-as p.rfuaJcd by his French mif- tref<, tlie duchcis of Portfmouth, to throw himfelf into the arms of the French king, who promifed to fupply him with mcsney, fufliciem to ^1 I. I ^luble him to rule without a parliament. This \us always been a ca- pital hjM 14^ ENGLAND. I ■■» ' :Yt pital charge agalnll Charles II. and it had, I am apt to think, too great a weight with his parliament, whofe conduft, in fome particulars, is not to be vindicated. In 1 67 1, Charles was fo ill advifed as to feize upon the money nf the bankers, which had been lent him at 8 1. per cent, r.nd to fluit up the Exchequer. This was an indefcnfible ftep, and Charles pretended to jullify it by the neceffity of his aftairs, being then on the eve of a ficfh war with Holland. This was declared in 1672, and had aimed proved fatal to thrit republic. In this war the Englifh fleet, and army, aded in conjunclion with thofc of France. The duke of York commanded the Kno^lifh fleet, and difplayed great gallantry in that llation. The duke of Monmouth, the cldell and favourite natural fon of Charles, commanded 6000 iMiglilh forces, who joined the French in the Low Countries, and all Holland mnft have fallen into the hands of the French, had it not been for the vanity of their monarch, who was in a hurry to enjoy his triumph in his capital, and fome very unforefcen circumllances. All confidence was now loft between Charl'^.'s and his parliament, notwithilanding the glory which the Engliih fleet obtained by fca ag:iinil the Dutch. The popular clamour at lall obliged Charles to give peace to that -^ -public, in confidcration of 200,000 1. which was paid him ; but in f.ime things Charles aded very defpotically. He complained of the freedom taken with his prciogutive in cofFee-houfes, and ordered tliein to be Ihut up, but in a few days after to be opened. His parliament addrefied him but in vain, to make war with France, in the year 167-, for he was now entirely devoted to that crown, and regularly recc'vedits money as a penfioner. It is not however to be denied, that the trade of England was now incredibly encreafcd, and Charles entered into many vigorous meafures for its protcdion and fupport. "This gave him no merit in the eyes of his parliament, which grew every day more and more furious, and imtraftablc, againlt the French and the Papilb ; at the head of whom was the . king's eldeft brother, and prefumptive heir of the crown, the duke of York. Charles, not- withilanding the oppofition he met with in parliament, knew that he had the aftedlions of his people, but was too indolent to take advantage of that circumftancc. He dreaded the profpeft of a civif war, and of- fered any conceflions to avoid it. The conduft of his parliament on this occafion is indefenfiblc. Many of the member* ,vere bent upon fuch a revolution as afterwards took place, and were lecretly determined, that the duke of York never Ihould reign. In 1678, the famous Titus Oates, and fome other mifcreants forged a plot, charging the papilh with a defign to murder the king, and to introduce popery by means of jefuits in England, and from St. Omer's. Though nothing could be more ridiculous, and more fclf-contradiftory, than the whole of this forgery, yet it w as fupported by even a frantic zeal, on the part of the parliament. The aged and innocent lord Staftord, Coleman, fecretary to the duke of York, with many Jefuits, and other papifts, were pub- licly executed on perjured evidences. The queen herfelf efcaped with difficulty : the duke of York was obliged to retire into foreign parts, and Charles, though convinced that the whole was. an infamous impof- ture, yielded to the torrent. At lall it fpent its force. The earl of Shaftefbury, who was at the head of the oppofition, puflied on the total exclufion of the duke of York from the throne. He was feconded by the ill advifed duke of Monmouth, and the bill, after pafling the com- inens, mifcarricd in the houfe of peers. All England was again in a • flame, ENGLAND. 249 fljfflfi tut t^'^ kitiof, by a well-timed adjournment of the parliament to Ovi.;i«;l, recovered the afFedions of his people, to an almoll incredible '! i.. .hike of York-, and his party, made a fcandnlous ufe of their vki ■'.'. 'l-'T-y truniped up on their fide a plot of the protel'ant.s for kill- 'f^n or feiziiu; the king, and altering the government. This plot was as fa'f"^' Jis r»iat which had been ibrged againll: the papills. 'Vhe excellent 'ord Rufiol, who had been remarkable in his oppohiion to the nopifti fucceliion, Algernon Sidney, and fcveral dillingiiilhedprotellanis, were tried, condcniued, and fuflered death, and the king Jet his foot upon the neck oi oppofition. Even the city of London was intimidated into the meafures of the court, as v.ere almoll all the corporations in the kin(;dom. The duke of Monmouth, and the eajl of Shaftefbury, were obliged to fly, and the duke of York returned in triumph to Whitehall. It was thought, however, that Charles intended to have recalled the duke of Monmouth, and to have executed fome meafures lor the future quiet of his reign, when he died in February, 1684-5, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. He had married Catharine, infanta of Portugal, by whom he received a large fortune in ready money, befides the town and fortrefs of Tangier in Africa, but he left behind him no lawful illue. The defcendents of his natural fons and daughters, are now among the moft diftinguilhed of the Britiflr nobility. In recounting the principal events of this reign, I have been fuffi- ciently explicit as to the principles, both of the king and the oppofition to his government. The heads of the latter were pre(byterians, and had been greatly inftrumcntal in the civil war againft the king, and the ururpatlons that followed. They had been raifed and preferred by Charles, in hopes of their being ufeful in bringing their party into his meafiipes, and he would probably have fucceeded, had not the remains of the old royalifts, and the diflipated part of the court, fallen in with the king's foible for pleafure. The prefbyterians, however, availed them- idves of their credit, in the early part c\ his reign, when the fervour of loyalty was abated, to bring into parlia.'nent fuch a number of their friends, as rendered the reign of Charles V'.-ry uneafv, and it was owing, perhaps, to them, that civil liberty, and ptoteftantifm, now exift in the Englilh government. On the other hand, they fcetil to have carried their jealoufy of a popilh fucceflbr too far, and the people, without doors, certainly thought that the parliament ought to have tyeen fatisfied with thelegairellraints and difabilities, which Charles offered to impofe upon his fucceflbr. This gate fuch a turn to the affeftiohs of the people, as k'ft Charles, and his brother, at the time of his death, mailers of the laws and liberties of England. The reign of Charles has been celebfatcd for wit and debauchery, but both were coarfe and indelicate, 't'lie court was the nurfery of vice, and the ftage exhibited fcenes of impurity. Some readers, however, were found, who could admire Milton, as well as Dryden, and never perhaps were the pulpits of England (o well fupplied with preachers, as in this reign. Our language was harmonized, refined, and rendered natural, witnefs the llile of fermons ; and the days of Charles ihay be called the Augullan age of mathematics, and natural philofophy. Charles loved, patronized and underftood the arts, more than he encouraged, or re- warded them, efpecially thofe of Englifli growth, but this negledl pro- ceeded not frcni narrow-mindedness but indolence, and want oi' reflexion. If 1 1 h' ill ! : I 8 so ENGLAND; 1^ i;> ill Ik I ' ''.I- I If the memory of Charles IF. has been traduced for being the fir/l linTllili pritice, who formed a body of Handing forces, a • i^nrds to his perlbn jt oucht to hr ri'mcnibcred, at tlic fame tiri ''.at he carried the ail of Our). building to the highell perfc^ili' n , aid that the ropl navy c" En|^;]arid, at tJiif> day, owti ii. fineiT impiovements to his, and his bro. ther' ;ri'i ,ii •.ll'uivs and architecture. All the uppuntion which, during the late reign, had Ihaken the throne fecm to have vanilhed, at the acceflion of James II. The popular afl feftion towards him was encrcafed by the early declaration he made in favour of the church of England, which, during the late reign, had formally pronounced all refiftance to the reigning Icing to be unlav.fu', This dodrinc proved fatal to James, and almull ruined protrllamin, The arnr.y and people fupporicd liim, in ciaihlng llie '11 rornif.' md in- deed wicked rebellion ot the duke of Monmouth, \vh') pretend-. .• r.^ iv_. the lawfiil fon of Charles II. and, as fuch, had afi'umed the tule of | king. That duke's liead being cut off, James dcfperatcly rcfolved to try liow far the praftice of tlie church of England would agree with li r dodlrine of non-rcfiilance. The experiment failed him. lie jnade the moft provoi:ing fteps to render popery the eilablillicd religion of his do- minions. He pretended to a power of difpenfing with the known laws; he inftituted an illegal ecclefiaftical court, he openly received and ad- mitte.l into his privy-council> the pope's emiffaries, and gave them more refpei^l than was due to the miniUers of a fovereign prince. The encroach- ments he made upon both the civil and religious liberties of his people, are almoll beyond defcription, and were dilapproved of by the pope himfelf, and all fober Roman catholics. His fending to prifon, and profecuting for a libel, feven bifliops, for prefenting a petition againil reading his declaration, and their acquittal upon a legal trial, alarmed his bell protertant friends. Many great men, who wilhed well to James, applied for relief to the prince of Orange, his fon-in-law in Holland, who undertook it on pre- tence of reftoring church and ftate to their due rights. The prince land- ed ; his daughter Anne, princefs of Denmark, her hu/band, and many of the beft friends of James left him, and joined the prince of Oiangc, who foon difcovercd that he expefted the crown. James might ftill have reigned, but he was furrounded with French emiffaries, and ignorant Jefuits, who wiflied him not to reign rather than not reftore popery. They fecretly perfuaded him to fend his queen and fon, then but fix months old, to France, and to follow them in perfon, which he did, and thus in 1 688, ended his reign in England. This fhort reign affords little matter for the national progrefs in its true interefts. James is allowed, on .all hands, to have underftood them, and that had it not been for his bigotry, he would have been a mod excellent king of England. The writings of the Englilh divines again ft popery, in this reign, are efteemcd to be the moll maftcrly pieces of controverfy that ever were publiflied on that fubjeft. Had it not been for the baleful influence of the Jefuits over James, the prince of Orange might have found his views upon the crown fruftrated. The condudt of James gave him advantages, he could not have hoped for. Few were in the prince's fecret, and when a convention of the ilates was called, it was plain, that had not James abdicated his throne, it would not have been filled by the prince and princefs of Orange, ^vcn tha^t w^s not done without long, debates. It is well known tha; king E N G L A N D. 251 ijlf^ff William's chief object, was to hiimhie the power of France, an" • jjffjrn was fpcnt in an almoll uninterrupted courfe of hoftilities with that power, which were fupportcd by England, at an expcnce (he had nvcr known before. The nation had {;rown cautious, thro' the experi- ence of the two ]-.\\. reign.s and he gave his confcnt to the bill of rights, v.hich contained all the perple could claim, for the prefervation of their iibertifs, 'Ihe two lail kings h.ad made a very bad ufe of the wliole -itional revenue, which was put into their hands, and which was found i}be lufficicnt to raife and maintain a (landing army. The revenue was therefore divided, part was allotted for the current national fcrvice of (lie year, and wn.s to be accounted for to parliament, and part, which is liiHcalled the civil lill money, was given to the king, for the ("upport of his houfe and dignity. It was the jul> fenfe the people had of their civil and religious rights jb.c, that could provoke the people of England to agree to the late revolution, for they never in other refpefts had been at fo nigh a pitch of v.caltliand profperity, as in the year 1688. The tonage of their mer- chant ihips, as appears from Dr. Davenant, was, that year, nearr'juble (owhat it had been in 1666 ; and the tonage of the royal navy, which in 1660, was only 62,594 tons, was in 1688 encrcafcd to 101,032 tons. The encreafe of the cuiloms, and the annual rental of F^ngland, was in the fame proportion. It was therefore no wonder, if a ftrong party, both in the parliament and nation, was formed againll the government, which was hourly encreafed by the king's prediledion for the Dutch. The war with France, which, en the king's part, was far from being fuccefsful, required an enormous expence, and thelrirti continued in gene- ral, faitiiful to king James. Many Englilh, who wiflied well to the Stuart family, dr'^aded their being reltored by conqueft, and the parliament enabled C." ..:ng to reduce Ireland, and to gain the battle of the Boyn ajjainll James, who there lo(l all the military honour he had acquired before. The marine of France, however, proved fuperior to that of England, in the beginning of the war; but in the year 1692, that of France received an irrecoverable blow in the defeat at La tlogue, which the French feel to this day. Invafions were threatened, and confpiracies difcovered every day againft the government, and the fupply of the continental war forced the par- liament to open new refources for money. A land-tax was impofed, and every fubjedl's lands were taxed, according to their valuations given in bythefevcral counties. Thofe who were the moft loyal, were the hea- viel! taxed, and this prepofterous burtlum lUlI continues ; but thegreateft and boldeft operation in finances, that ever took place, was eftablilhed in this reign, which was carrying on the war by borrowing money upon parliamentary fecnrities, which form what are now called the public funds. The chief projeiilor of this Cchcmc, is faid to have been Charles Montague, afterwards lord Halifax. His chief argunv-nt for fuch a projcil was, that it would oblige the moneyed part of the nation to be- friend the revolution intereft, becaufe after lending their money, they could have no hopes of being repaid, but by fupporting that interell. and that the weight of taxes would oblige the commercial people to be more induftrious. How well thofe views have been anfwered, is need- lefs to obferve, as I have already mentioned the prefcnt Ilate of public ffedit. ■^illiain^ iM i < Jl i r, m j; , «■ ■ 1 i " V 1 iM ■,^' *5a' E N G I. A N D. William, nntwithilanding the vail fcrvico he had done to ilic nation ar.d the public benefits which took phice under his aufpices, p.Mticiilariy I in the eftablillimcnt ot' the bank of F.npland, and the rccoiniug tht filvcr money, met with fo many mortiricationi from his parlinr^tin th;; he aftiially refolvcd upon an abdication, and had drawn up a f|)cechtrir| th.'t purpofe, which he was prevailed upon to fupprcfs. He \()r\^ bcr: the affronts he met with in hopes of being fupported in his war with Fiance, but at laft, in 1697, he was forced to conclude the peace of I Uyfvvick with the French king, who acknowledged his title to the crov.n cf England. By this time William had loll his queen, but the govern- mcnt was continued in his perfon. After pcice was reilored, the com. mons obliged him to difband his army, all out an inconfiderable number, and to dilmifs his favourite Dutch guards. Towards the end of his teign his fears of feeing the whole Spanilh monarchy in pofllflion of France at the death of the catholic king Charles II. which was every cby expecled, led him into a very impolitic meafure, which was the Partition treaty with France, by which that monarchy was to be divided between the hoiifes of Bourbon and Auftria. This treaty was hithly refcnted by the parliament, and feme of his minillry were impeached for advifing it. It is thought that William <"aw his error when it w;is too late. His minillcrs were acquitted from their impeachment, and the death of kinj James difccvcrcd the iiilincerity of the French court, which immediately proclaimed his ion king of Great Britain. This perfidy rendered William again popular in England. The two houfes palled the bill of abjuration, and an addrefs for a wr.r with France. The la!l and moll glorious acl of William's reign was his paiTing the bill for fettling the fucceflion to the crown in the houfc of Hanover, on the twelfth of June 1701. His death was haftened by n fall he had from his horfc, foon after he had renewed the grand alliance againll France, on the eighth of Marcli 1702, new ililc. Thir, prince was not made by n.ituro for popularity. His manners were cold .urn forbidding. Hi: iiotions of national government inclined towards defpotilm ; and it was nbfeived, that though he owed his royalty to the whigs, yet he favouycd the torie;., a.s ol'ten as he could do it with Aifety. 'J'he refcuc and pnMervation of religion and public liberty were the only glories of William's re'gn, for England under him fuffered levcrely both by fea and land, and the public debt, at the time of his death, amounted to the then unheard of fum of fourteen millions. I have nothing to add after this, as to tlie general Hate of England in the beginning of the eighteenth century. Anne, princcf:- of Denmark, being the next proteftant heir to her father j.imcs II. fnccccdcd king William in the throne. As (lie had been ill treated by the late king, it was thought Ihc would have deviated from his mcafme*, but the behaviour of the French in acknovyl edging the title of her brotlier, who La.- fince been well known by the aamc of the pretender, left her no choice, and flie refolved to fulfil all William's en- gagements with his allies, and to employ the earl of Marlborough, who had been imprifoned in the late reign on a fufpicion of Jacobitifm, and whofe wife was her favourite, as her general. She could not have made a better choice of a general and a llatefman, for that earl excelled in both. No fooner was he placed at the head of the Englifn army abros''. |han his genius and adivitv gave a new turn to the war, and he became a£ much ihc iiivourile of liie Dutch as his wife was of the queen. The capital E N G L A N D. ^i^i taplt.il menfurc of cnnt'muing the war n?;iln!l Fr:tnc(? being fixed, tho queen t'uiul no great ditiitulty in forming her niinillry, wno were tor tiicnif^rt p;iit toric's, and ihe carl of'dodoiphin, who (tliough afterwards alcaJint^ whig) was thou!:;ht all his life to ha\c a predilection for the late l;iiT [;.;nc.i and his queen, win placcu :\': tiie head of the treafury. His lijii had married the carl of Mailborough';. cldclt daiighlcr, and the carl coiiU trull no other with that iniportani dcpaitment. I ih.ill hereafter have occafion to mention the glorious viftories oh- tJni'J by the carl, who was foon made duke of Marlborough. Thofe ol Blenheim and Ramilies gave the firlt moll efFcAual checks to the French power. By that of Blcniieim, the empire of Germany was faved fiom immediate delhuiftion. Though prince Eugene was that day joined in command with the duke, yet the glory of the d.iy was confefledly owing to the latter. The French general 'Fallard was taken prifoner, and lint to England ; and 2o,oco French and Bavarians were killed, wounded, or drowned in the Danube, befides about 13,000 who were taken, and a proportionable number of cannon, artillery, and trophies of war. About the fame time the Englifli admiral, Sir George Rook, reduced Gibraltar, which ilili remains in our poflefiion. The battle of llamilieg was fought and gained under the duke of Marlborough alone. The lofs of the enemy there has been varioufly reported ; it is generally fuppofed to have been 8000 killed or wounded, and 6000 taken prifoners ; but the confequences (hewed its importance. Philip, dt of Anjou, had, in confequence of his predeceffor's will, been rerog by king William as king of Spain, but his fucceflion waa difputed b) . . aichduke of Auftria, who took upon himfelf the title of Charles III. and his caufe was favoured by the confederates. After the battle of Ramilies the dates of Flanders affembled at Ghent, and recog- nized him for their fovereign, while the confederates took pofleffion of Louvain, BruHels, Mechlin, Ghent, Oudenarde, Bruges, and Antwerp ; and feveral other confiderable places in Flanders and Brabant, and ac- knowledged the title of king Charles. The next great battle gained over the French was at Oudenarde, where they loll 3000 on the field, and about 7000 were taken prifoners, and the year after, September 1 1, 1709, the allies forced the French lines at Malplaquet, near Mons, with the lofs of about 20,000 men. Thus far 1 have recounted the flattering kcefles of the Englifh, but they were attended with many potions of bitter alloy. The queen had fent a very fine army to aflift Charles III. in Spain, under the command of lord Galway; but in 1707, after he had been joined by the Portuguefe, the Englifh were defeated in the plains of Almanza chiefly through the cowardice of their allies. Though fome advantages were obtained at fea, yet that war in general was carried on to the detriment if not to the difgrace of England. Prince George of Denmark, hulband to the queen, was then lord high admiral, but he had trufted the affairs of that board to underlings, who were either cor- rupted or ignorant, and complaints coming from every quarter, with re- gard to that department, the houfe of commons were put in very bad humour, nor did things feem to be much better managed after the prince's death. The immenfe fums raifed for the current fervice of the year being feverely felt, and but indifferently accounted for, it appeared that England had borne the chief burden of the war ; that neither the AuHrians, Germans, nor Dutch, hod furniilied their ftipuluted quotas, and r. i,.'"' It 254 ENGLAND. J '■ hi' and that they trufced to the Englifh parliament for making tl)em ?ooi A noble defign, which had been planned at the court, ^and was to have been executed by the affiftance of the fleet of England,' for taking Toulon at a vail expence, mifcarricd through the frlfiflincfs of the court of Vienna, whofe chief objedl of attention was their own war in Naples. At the fame time England felt feverely the (carcity of hands in carrying on her trade and manufaftures, and the French king, the haughty Lewis XIV. profefled his read^ncfs to agree to almoft any terms the Englifli fiiould prefcrib':. Thefe and many other internal difputes about the prerogative, the fucceflion, religion, and ether public matters, had created great fer- ments in the nation and p.arliament. The nueen ftuck clofe to the duke of Marlborough and his friend;;, who finding that the tories inclined to treat with France, put themfelves at the head of the whigs, who were for continuing the war, from which the duke and his dependen* received immenfe emoluments. The failures of the Germans and Dutch could not however be longer diflembled, and the perfonal interell of the duchefe of Marlborough with the queen began to be Ihaken by her own infolence, The whigs at lalt were forced to give way to a treaty, and the con- ferences were held at Gertruydenbuig, They were managed on the part of England by the duke of Marlborough and the lord Townfhend, and by the marquis de Torcy for the French. It foon appeared that the Englifh plenipotentiaries were not in earneft, and that the Dutch were entirely guided by the duke of Marlborough. The French king was gradually brought to comply with all the demands of the allies, except- ing that of employing his own troops againft the duke of Anjou, his grandfon, in Spain, where the fortune of war continued ftill doubtful. All his offers were rejected by the duke and his aflbciate, and tlie war was continued. The unreafonable ii.»ughtinefs of the Englifh plenipotentiaries at Gcr- truydt nburg faved France, and affairs from that day took a turn in. cheir favour. Means were found to convince the queen, who was not delli- tute of fenfe, and faithfully attached to the churcn of England, that the war in the end, if continued, muft prove ruinous to her and her people, and that the whiws were no friends to the national relifjion. The gene- ral cry of the people was that the church was in danger, which, though groundlefs, had great efFefts. One Sacheverel, an ignorant, worthlefs preacher, had efpoufed this cl'^nour in one of his fermons, with the rid>- culous, impracticable doctrines of pafTive obedience and non-refiitancc. It was, as it were, agreed by both J)arties to try their Itrcngth in this man's cafe. He was impeached by the commons, and found guilty by the lords, who ventured to pafs upon him only a very fmall cenfure. After this trial the queen's atfedions were entirely alienated from the ducheis of Marlborough, and the whig adniinillration. iler friends loll their places, which w ere fupy lied by tories, and even the command of the army was taken from the duke of Marlborough, and given to the duke of Ormond, who procaced orders for a c'*ffatinn of arms ; but they were dilVeg«rded by the queer.*" flli''3 in the Britifh pay. Conferences were opened for a peace at Utrcrlit to wliich :he queen and the French king fent plenipotentiaries, and tiie allies being d\:fcatedat Denain, they grew fenuble that they were no match for the French, nov; that they were abandoned by the Englifh. In ihort the terms were agreed upon between France and England. The reader needs not be inicnwl ENGLAND. 255 IS, with the rid>- Lftjje particular ceffions made by the French, efpecially that of Dunkirk j bat after all, the peace wouUl have been indefenlible had it not been t'uv the death of the emperor Jofcph, by which his brother Charles III. for whom the war was chiefly undertaken, became emperor of Germany, as well as king of Spain, and the bad faith of the EngliHi allies, in not fuljillino- their engagements, and throwing upon the Britilh parlianicut jluioit the whole weight of the war, not to mention tiie exhaufttd Hate r (he kincfdom. Mr. Harley, who was created earl of Oxford, and lord hiffh treal'urer of England, was then confidcrcd as the queen's riril ininif- ter, but the net>oci?,dons for the peace went through the hards of Mr. Harley and lord Ilolingbroke, one of the principal fecretaiies of fiate. Theminiftry endeavoured to llifle the complaints of the whigs, and the remonftrances of prince Eugene, who arrived in England on the part of the allies, by falling upon the contraftors, foragers, and other agents of I the fleet and army, whom they accufed of corrupt praAic.es. The queen was at this time in a critical fituation. The whigs, with- I out attempting to anfwer the arguments of the tories for peace, con- ! demned it as ihameful. The majority of the houfe of lords was of that I party, but that of the houfe of common;' were tories. The queen was t afraid that the peers would rejeft th" peace, and by an unprecedented : exercife of her prerogative {he created twelve peers at one time, which I fecured the approbation of the parliament for the peace. Such was the I Hate of affairs at this critical period; and I am apt to think from their I completion that the queen had by forne fecret influence, which never has vet been difcovered, and was even concealed from her minillers, inclined tocallher brother to the fucceffion. The rell of the queen's life was ren- ' dered uneafy by the jarring of pa-ties. The whigs demanded a writ foe the eleftoral prince of Hanover, as duke of Cambridge, to come to England, and Ihe was obliged to difmifs. her lord treafurer, when flie fell into a lethargic diforder, which carried her off the firft of Augult 1 7 14* the fiftieth year of her age, and the tliirteenth of her reign. 1 have nothing to add to what I have already faid of lier charader, but than though flie was a favourite with neither party in her parliament till towards the end of her reign, when the tories atfedcd to idolize her, yer. her people dignified her with the namt- of the Good queen Anne. Not- wiihllanding all I have faid of the exhaulledftate of England before the peace of Utrecht was concluded, yet the public credit was little or nothing affefted by her death, though the national debt then amounted to about fifty millions, fo firm was the dependence of the peeple upon the fe- curity of parliament. Anne had not Itrcngth of mind, by hcEfelf, to carry any importani; refolve into execution ; and ihe left public mcaiures in lb indecifive a tiate, that upon her death the fucceflion took place in terms of the ait ut" fotlement, and George 1. eleftor of Hanover, was proclaimed king of Great Britain, his motlicr, who would have been next in fuccellion^ having died but a few days before. He came over tolingland with iirong prcpoileflions againit the tory miniftry, moll of whom he difplaced ; but Miisdid not make any great alteration to his prejudice in England ; whihi the Scots were driven into rebellion in 1715, which was happily ffup' prcllbd the beginning of the next year. Some deluded noblemen and gen- tlemen in the north of England joined a party of the Scotch rebels, but they were furrounded at Prellon, where they delivered up tlieir rrms, and their leaderi were fcnt prifouers to London, where fome cf them, fuffered. The. in '7 j J- m 25^ ENGLAND* .1^ ■; 1 ; t;l The tones and Jacobites, however, raifcd mobs and commotions ?> London, Oxford, and other parts ci Englant', but they were foon fup. prefied by making their ringleaders exr.inplei of jultice. Lord Oxford was imprifoned for three years, but the capital profecution of him by the whigs for the hand he had in tlic pence of Utrecht, was fecretly dlfap. pnwed of by the king, and dropped. After all, the nation was in fuch a difpofition that the miniftiy dtrft not venture to call a new parliainent, and the members of that which was fitting voted a continuance of their duration from three to .feven years which is thought to have been the greatelt llretch of parliamentary power ever kno^vn. Several other extraordinary meafures took place about the fame time. Mr. Shippen, an excellent fpeaker, and member of parliament, was fent to the Tower for faying that the king's fpeecli was calculated for the meridian of Hanover rather than of London ; and one Matthews, a young journeyman printer, was hanged for compofinga iilly pamphlet, that in later times would not have been thought worthy of animadverfion. The truth is, the whig minillry were exceffively jealous of every thing that feemed to affeft their mailer's title, and George L though a fagacious, moderate prince, undoubtedly rendered England too fubfervient to his continental connexions, which weie various and complicated. He quarrelled with the czar about their Ger- man concerns, and had net the king of Sweden been killed fo critically as he was, Great Britain probably would have been invaded by thofe nor- thern conquerors. In lyiii he quarrelled with Spain on account of the quadruple alliance, that had been formed by Great Britain, France, Germany, and the ftates general; and his admiral. Sir George Byng, by his orders, dellroyed the Spanilh fleet near Syracufe. A trifling war with Spain then com- menced, but it was foon ended by the Spaniards delivering up Sardinia and Sicily. A national punilhment different from plague, peftilence, and famine, overtook Eugland in the year 172c, by the fudden rife of the South-Sea Stock, one of the trading comp;inies. This company was but of late crcdioti, and was owing to a fcheme of carrying on an exclufive trade, and making a fettltment in the South feas, which had been formed in 171 1. Jn 1720 the company obtained an acl to encrcafe their capital Hock by redeeming the public debts ; and was then inverted with the alliento of negroes, which had been llipulated between Great Britain and Spain. In fliort, it became l^i favourite a company, that by the twen- tieth of June this year, their itock roie to 890 per cent, and afterwards to 1000; but before the end of September it fell to 150, by which mil- lions were invohed in ruin. Though this might be owing to the in- vonfidcrate avarice of the fubfcribers, yet the public imagined that the miniflry had contributed to the calamity ; and fomc of the dircdors infinuatcJ as if the minifters and their friends had been the chief gainers. 'Jhe latter, however, had the addiefs to efcape without cenfure, but the parliamtiu pailed a bill whieh coutifcatcd the ellutes of the diredors, with an allowance lor their maintenance ; a poor reparation for the public injuries. Tiie Jncobitcs thought to avail tlienifelvcs of the national difconientof ihe Sc'Uih-fca lehenie, and I'.ugland's couneclions with the continent, which «'\cry day encreafed. One L,ayer, a lawyer, was tried and exe- cuted foi liigu-treaion. Several perfons of great quality and dillimiliyn were ENGLAND. 257 „„fj apprehended on fufpicion, but the ftorm fl'II chieHy on Francis Atterbury, lord bifliop of Rochcitcr, who \v:is deprived of his fee and jjjj in parliament, and baniflied for life. I'his miiit h:iv? been at hc(k ■ an idle plot, and the reality of it has never been difcovered, fo that the iulHceofthe bilhop's cenfure has been quelHoned. After the fjnnent of tdis plot had fiibfided, the miniftry, who were all in ths interell of ftnover, ventured upon feveral bold meafures, in f)ine of which the national intereft if not honour was evidently facrirtced to that electorate. The crown of Great Britain was engaged in every continental difpute, lijivever remote it was from her intereil ; and a difference llill fubfiiling between the courts of Madrid and Vienna, it was agreed that it iliould be determined by a congrefs to be held at Canibray, under the aufpices ofFrance. This congrefs proved abortive, and England was involved in frelli difficulties on account of Hanover. So fiuftuatinp; was the fcatc of Europe at this time, that in September 172^, a freih treaty was con- cluded at Hanover between the kings of Great Britain, France, and Prullia, to counterbalance an alliance that had been formed between tl'.e courts of Vienna and Madrid'. A fquadron was fent to tlie iJaitic, ano-' tlicrto the Mediterranean, and a third, unaer .admirvil Hofier, to the Well Indies to watch the Spanifli plate fleets. Tliis lall was a fatal as wellas an inglorious expedition. The admiral and moit of his men periihed bveoidcmical difcafes, and the hulks of his fliips rotted i'o as to render tliem unfit for fervice. The management of the Spaniards was little better. Tliey loll near 10,000 men in the ficge of Gibraltar, whicrr thev were obliged to raifc. The king, in his fpeech to the parliament, publiclv accufed the emperor of a defign to place the pretender upon the' throne of Great Britain, but this was ftrenuouily denied by baron Palmer, the imperial reiident at London, who was therefore ordered to le.we tho kingdom. ■ • A quarrel with the emperor was the mofl: dangerous to Hanover of any that could happen; but though an oppofition in the houfe of commons W5 formed by Sir William VVyndham and Mr. Pulteney, the parliament continued to be more and more lavilh in granting money, and railing enormous fubfidies for the protedion of Hanover, to the kings of Den- inirttand S\/eden, and the landgrave of Hefle Caifcl. Such was the Ihteof aflairs in Europe, when George I. fuddenly died on the eleventh ot'lune 1727, at Oihaburgh, in the iixty-eighth year of his age, and the tnirteenth of his reign. This period is tao late t:) olFer any thm;); new by wiiyofobrervation on national improvements. The reign of George 1. is remarkable for the incredible number of bubbles and cheating projeds, to which it gave rife, and for the great alteration of the fyJlem of Europe, bvtheconceni which the Englilh took in the affairs of the continent. The inititution of the finking fund for diminilhing t^ie national debt, ]'i hkmk owing to this period. The value of the northern parts of the kingdom began now to be better underftood than formerly, and the f:i.tJ ofraanuficlurcs began to ihift. This was chielly owing to the uueiiuul dillribution of tiie land tax, which rendered it diilicult tor the poor to fulilillin certain counties, which had been forward in riving in the true value of tiieir ellates when that tax took place. Sir Robert Walpole was confidered as firlt min'tilcr of England when v>eoi"gc' I, died, and fomc dillVrcnces having happened between him and tlic prince of Wales, it was generally tlx. uglit upon the arcclUon ci tiieiaticr to the crown that Sir Robert would be difphccJ. That might ^ hivf >.* : . »■ n;-;ji^ :i jif*; lll.;-.^if • ■! '. V r 258 ENGLAND. have been the cafe coukl another perfon have been found equally capable as he was, to manage the houfe of commons, and to !a;ratify that predilec' tion for Hanover which George II. inherited from his father. No minif. ter ever underi^ood better the temper of the people of Rf^gland, and none perhaps ever tried it more. He filled all places of power, trull and profit, and almoft the houfe of commons itfclf, with his own creatures but peace was his darling objcil, bccaufe he thought that war mull be fatal' io his power. The times are too recent for me to enter upon particulars it is UifRcicnt to fay, that during his long adminiftration he never loft a quel^ion that he was in earnell to carry. The excife fcheme was the firll mcafure that gave a Ihnck to his power, and even that he could have carried, had he i.ot been afraid of the fpirit of the people without doors which might have either produced an infiirredion, or endangered hii intereft in the next general eleftion. Having compromifed all diffe- rences with Spain, he filled all the courts of Europe with embaflies and negociations, and the new parliament gratified him with the means of performing his engagements. He continued and enlarged the fubfidies paid to the German princes for the fecurity of Hanover, and had even the addrefs to obtain from time to time votes of credit for fulfilling hi; intermediate engagements, and in the mean while, to amule the public, he fuiFered enquiries into the ilai of the jails, and other matters that did not aftedl his own power, to proceed. His pacific fyftem brought him, however, into inconvertiencics bothai iiome and abroad. He encouraged the Spaniards to continue their de- pivdations upon the Britiih (hipping in the American feas, and the French to treat the Knglilh court with info'encc and negled. At home, . many of the great peers thought themfelvcs flighted, and they interdtcd themfelves more than ever they had done in elections. This, together with the difgull of the people at the propofed excife fcheme, about the years 1736 and 17.^7, encreafed the minority in the houfe of common to 130, "-at lome of thofe were as able men and as good fpeakers as ever had fat in a parliament, and taking advantage of the encreafing com- plaints againll: the Spaniards, they gave the miniller great uneafinefs, Having thus fiiewn Walpole's adminillration in tl9 j,^\vas refponfible for all the meafurcs of government. The deb:itc3 concerning the Spanilh depredations, and the proofs that were brought to iupport the complaints of the merchants, made at lall an imprc'.iion even upon many of Walpole's friends. The heads of the oppoiition in bothhoufes of parliament accufed the minilkr of having by t.'ie treaty cf Seville, and other negotiations, introduced a branch of the hoiilc of Bourbon into Italy, and deprefled the houfe of Aullria, the anticnt and natural ally of England. They expoicd, with invincible force of clo- fluciicc and reafoning, the injuilicc and difgrace as well as lofs arjfing irom the Spanifh depreciations, and the neceility of repelling force by force. Sir Robert adhered to his pacific lyllcni, and concluded a Ihamc- ful and indefenfible compromife, under the title of a convention, with the court of Spain, that it produced a war with that nation. Queen Caroline, confort to George U. had been always a firm friend to the niinirter, but (he died when a variance fubfilied between the king and his ion the prince of Wales. The latter complained, that througJi Walpole's influence he v/as deprived not only of the power but the provifion to which his birth entitled him, and he put himielf at the jieadof the oppofition tvith fo much firmnefs, that it was generally forc- feen that Walpole's power was drawing to a crifis. Admiral Vernon* who hated the miniltci-, was fent with a fquadron of lix Ihips to the Well Indies, where he took and deniolilhed Porto Bel lo ; but being a hot, imprat^icable man, he mifcarried in his other attempts, cfpeciuily that upon Carthagena, in which many thoufands of Britilh lives were wantonly thrown away. The oppofition exulted in Vernon's fuccefs, and imputed his mifcarriagcs to the minifter's ilarving the war, by with- holding the means for carrying it on. The general eledion approuching^ fo prevalent was the interell of the prince cf Wales in Ent^land, and that of the duke of Argyle in Scotland, that a majority was returned to parliament who were no friends to the niiniller, and after a few trying civifions he retired from the houfe, rcfigncd his cmplc)'n;cnts, and loiixc days after was created earl of Orford. George 11. bore the lofs of his m'nlfler with the greateft equanimity, and even conferred titles of honour and pnlls of di!t:nclion upon th'o heads cf the oppofition. By this tiine, the deatli of tlie emp-ror Chii.'les VI. the danger of the prr.gmatic fand^on (v.-hlch meant the fuc- ccffinn of his daughter to the Aultrian dominions) through the arr.biti^n ofl'rance, who had fdled all Germany with her armies, and m.any oth.er concurrent caufes, induced Georpc to take the leading part in a con'.i- rmital w.^r. He wa.. encouraged to this by lord Carteret, afterwards earl ot" Grenville, an able, but a hcadllrong miviiiltr, whohi Genrge had made his fecretary of llate, and, indeed, by the voice of the nation ia general. George accordingly put hinifelf at the head of h's army, tiHioht and gained the battle of Dcttingen, and his not fuilciing his general, the earl of Stair, to improve the blow, was thought to proceed Irom tcndernefs for his eledoral dominions. This partiality created a univerfrj tlame in England, and the clamour raifed againll his lordlhip'$ mcafures was cncreaf'.-d by the duke of Newcaftle and his brother, lord chancellor Hardwicke, the lord Harrington, and (^ther miniilers, who rcfigned, or offered to refign their places if lord Carteret Ihouid retain his iniluence in the cabinet. His. niajelty was obliged to give way to v.'hat he thought was the' voice of his people, and he indulged them with accepting the fervjccs of forae gentlemen who never hiid birea confiderad S3 , kS i6o ENGLAND. i' I J"., ii.tr as 7,ealoiis riicnn'i to the houfe cf Har.rrver. Atter vanous removriU Mr. Pflliam was placed at the head of the treafar/, and appointed chaij. cellor ol'tiie exchequer, and confequently watconCdered as firll minillcr (^r rather the power of the premierlhl^j was divided betvveen him and hi' brother the duke of Newcaltle. Great Britain wan then cng;a!:!;ed in a very expend ve war both a^^ainll the French and Spaniards, and her enemies ibtght to avail themttlves of the general difcontcnt that had prevailed zn England on account of Hanover, and which, even in parliamenianr debate?, exceeded the bounds cf duty. This naturally fuggefted to tlxm the idea of applying to the pretender, vvlio refided at Rome, and he agreed that his fon, who ' was a fprightly yonng m.an, Ihould repair to France, from whence he fet fail, rnd narrowly efcapcd with a few folioiA-ers in a frigate to the weftern coalls of Scotland, between the iflands oiyiuWand Skey, where he dif. covered himfelf, affcmbled his follower?, and pobiirfied a manifello exciting the nation to a rebellion. It is neceflary, before we relate the unaccountable fuccefs of this enterprizc, to mske a fhort rctrofpei.'t to foreign parts. The war of 1741 proved unfortunate in the Weft Indies, through the fatal divifions between admiral Vernon and general Wentwcrth, who commanded the land troops, and it was thcaight that above 20,000 Britifli foldiers and fearnen periflicd in the iEprzcticable attempt of Qr- thagena, and the inclemency of the 'air and ciimate during other idle expeditions. The ycaf 1742 had been fpent in negcdations in the courts of Peter fburgh and Berlin, which, though cxpcclhe, proved of little or 110 fcrvice to Great Britain, fo that the vl&rry of Dettingen left the French troops in much the fame fituation as befafie. A difference be- tween the admirals Matthev/s and Leftock had fufered the Spanirti and French fleets to efcape out of Toulon with bat litt'e lofs, and foon after tlie French, who had before afted only as allies to the Spaniards, de- clared war againft Great Britain, who declared war againft the French in her turn. The Dutch, the natural allies of England, during this war carried on a moil: lucrative trade, nor could tfeey be brought to aft againlt the French, till the people entered into aiTociations and infurrec- tions againft the government.- Their murine wxi. in a miierable con- dition, and when they at lait fent a body of tro*^ to join the EritifhanJ Aullrian armicf, which, indeed, had been v,-vuzhsdlY commanded for one or two campaigns, they did it with fu bad a ^ntce, that it was plain they did not intend to aft in earneft. When the duke of Cumberland took upon himfelf the command of the array, the French, to the great reproach of the allies, were almoU ma-ierb cf the barrier in the Nether- 1 lands, and were befieging Tournay. The duke aiitempted to raife the 1 fiegc, but by the coldncls cf the Auftrians, the cow-ardice of the Dutch, whofe government all along held a fecret correfVjndence with France, and miiconduft fome,v\here elle, he lofi: the hztde of Fontenov, and: 7000 of his bell: mCn, though it is generally al5«med that his difpofitions j v/ere excellent, and both he and his trx^p.^ behaved with unexampled intrepidity. 'i'o counterbalance fuch a traia of misfortunes, admiral | Anfon returned this year to England, v.ith an iramenfe treafurc, vvhicli,| he had taken from the Spaniard";, in his voyzge roand the world, and the Englifii commcxlorc Warron, v.-ith cclvcd Pep perel, took from the I French the important town and ibitrefs of LoiiiiSwwg in the ifland of| Cape Breton. .4 Sudij ENGLAND. 261 Juch was the ftate of affairs abroad in Auf^ufl 174J, wlien the pre • ttiiut-r's clJelt fon, at the head of feme Highland followers, furpri7.cd ,p(idilarmed a party of the king's troops in the weilern Highlands, and advanced with great rapidity to Perth. I ihall only add to what I have already faid of the progrcfs and fapprefTion of this rebellion, that j[ fpfcaJ too great ai. alarm throug'i Enghnd. The government never fo thoroughly experienced as it did ai tha: time, the benefit of the public debt for tlie fupport of the revolui'on. The French r.nd the Jacobite rartv (for fuch there was at that timr in Engl tud) had Iriid a deep fchenie y d llreffing the Bank ; but common danger abolilhed all dillindions, jiiJ united them in the defence of one interell, which was private pro- pertv. The merchants undertook in their a idrefs to the king to fup- port it, by receiving bank notes in payment. This fcafonable meafure iaveJ public credit, but the defeat of the rebels by the duke of Cumber- land at CuUoden, and the executions that fciloweJ, did not reflore tran- quillity to Europe. Though the prince of Orange, fon-in-law to his niajcftv George ll. was, by the credit of his majelcy and the fpirit of the people of the United Provinces, raifcd to be tiieir uadtholier, the Diirch never could be brought to acl hearcily in the war. The allies were defeated at Val, near Maeftricht, raxi the duke of Cumberland was in danger of being made prifoncr. Bcrgen-op-zoom was taken in a iMiiner that has never yet been accounted for. The allies fuffcred other dil'o-races on the continent; and it pow became the general opinion in England tiiat peace was neceifary to favc t'.ie duke and his army from total deftruftion. By this time, hoivever, the French marine and com- merce were in danger of being annihilated by the Engliih at fea, under the commands of the admirals Anfon, Warren, Hawke, and other gal- lant officers, but the Engliih arms were not fo fuccefsful as could have been wilhed un ier rear admiral Do.'cawea in the Eait-Indies. In this Itate of affairs, the fucceiles of die French and Engliih during the war, may be faid to have been balanced, and both minillrics turned their tMughts to peace. The queilion is net yet decided which party had thegreateit reafou to defire it, the French and Spaniai-ds for the immenfe olTes they had fullained by fea, or the allies f.r the difg.aces they had frf'ered by la id. Whatever niay be in this, preliminaries ^:r peace v/erc figned in April 1748, and a definitive treaty was oncludcd at Aix la Chapelle, in Oftober, the bafis of which was the reftitutiou on both fides of all places taken during the war. The number of prizes taken by the [ Engliih in this war, from its cjmmc-ncement to the finning the prelimi* riar.es of peace, was 3434; namely, 1249 fir.m the Spaniards, and 2185 from the French ; and that they loir duiing the war, 3238 ; 1 360 being taken by tiie Spaniards, and i6';8 by the French. Several of the fliips taken from tlie Spaniards were immenfcly rich ; fo that the balance upon tbiMviiole air.ounted to ahnoil two millions, in favour of the Enghfh, Sucliis the grofs cakuL'ition on both fides, bu: the confequcnces plainly [proved that die Icffes of the French and Spaniards mull have been mucli greater. The vait fortunes made by privi.ce perfons all of u fudden, fuf- hciently Ihcwed that immenfe fums had not been brought to the public account ; but the greateft proof was, tliat neAt year the intereit of the national debt was reduced from four to three aad a half per cent, for feveii year.^, after which the whole was to itaud rcdugvd to three per (cnt, S I This 262 E N G L A N D. ) "'• i( :■ 4. This was the boldcll flrnke of financing that ever was attemptt(i pcrliaps in any country, conftftently with public faith, for the creditors of the frovcrnmcnt, after a final 1 InefTeftuul cppofition, continued their nionc-y in the funds, and a few who fold out even made interelt to have it replaced on the fame fecurity, cr were paid off their principal fuins out of the finking fund. This was an xrd of improvements, Mr. l'elham\ candour and rectitude of adminiflration leaving him few or no enemies in p.niliament, and he omitted no opportunity of carrying into execution every Ichcme for the improvement of commerce, manufadures, and the iifneries, the benefits of which were felt during the fucceeding war, and arc to this day. Every intelligent perfon, however, confidered the peace of Aix la Chapelle as no better than an armed cefTation of hoftihties. The French employed thcmfelves in recruiting and repairing their marine, and had laid a deep fchcme for poffelling themfelves of the Britifli hack fettlements in America, and for cutting off all communica- tion between the Englifli and the native Indians, in which cafe our colcnieii muft have been reduced to a narrow flip on the coafts, without the means of uniting any iubfillcnce but from the mother country, Fcrt;;;^.ateiy fnr CJreat Brlt.iiii they difclofed their intention by entering upon I'.ollilities before tliey lu'.d power to fupport them. In the mean while, a new treaty of commerce was (igned at Madrid, betv.cen Great jjritain and Sj-rjn, by which, in confideration of a huii- dred thoufaiid \-oi:nds, the Soiith-Sea company gave up all their future claimsto the alueiito contnid. In March 1750, died, univerfally lamentd, his royal highncfs Frederic* prince of Wales. In May 1 751, an aft paffid for regrlating the commencement of the year, by which the old llilewas aboliflied, and the new ftile ellabliihcd, to the vaft conveniency of the fub. jcft. This was done by finking eleven days in September 1752, and there-. after bcginniiig the year on tiic f.rit of January. In 1753 the famous aft pailed for preventing clandeflinc marriages ; but whether it is for the benefit of the fubjecl is a point that is IHII very quellionable. The pub- lic of Encland about this time luliained an immenfe lofs by the death of ^Ir. Pelham, who was indifputahly the honcfieft, wifefl, the moft popu, lar, and therelrie the moft iuecefsful minifter England had ever feen. The bprefactd encroachments of the French, who had built forts on j Cur back fctikments in America, and the difpofnions they made for fending over vafi bodies of veteran troops to fupport iho,e encroachments, produced a wonderful fpiiit in England, elpecially after admiral Buf- cawcn was ordered with eleven fhips of the line, befides a frigate and two I regiments, to fail to the banks of Newfoundland, where he came up with and took two French men of war, the reft of their fleet efcaping up the river St. Laurence, by the ftraits of Belleifle. No fooner was ii known that hoftilities were begun, than the public of England poured their money into the government's loan, and orders were iifued for making general reprizals in Europe as well as in America ; and that;" the French (hips, whether outward or homeward bound, flic/uld nei flopped and brought into Britifli ports. Thefe orders were fo effedualj that before the end of the year, above 300 of the richeft French mer- chant fhips, and above 8000 of their beft failors were brought into Britilh! ports. This well-timed meafure had fuch an effeft, that the French had! iicither hands to navigate their merchant-men, nor to man their fhipjj of war, for about two years after near 30,000 French fca^le^. vvefe foundj to be prifoners in England, . ( ENGLAND. 26j jfljiily 171;;. general Bradiock, who had been injiulicioufly fcnt from 1 upland to attack the i'lcnch and reduce the fcrts on the Ohio, wa"; dc- fu;iJ and killed, by falling into an ambufcade of the I'lrnch and Indians near Fort du (^cfiie i but major general Joluifin defeated a Lody otfrcncii near Crown i^oint, of whom iiL- killed aboMt looo. TheEnidiHi at this time could nol ]><: f.iii 10 liuve any firft mii.i'ler; I'j,,,,,. great men ajj-reed '•■• v.)'Jiing but in oppoung the meafiires of the Cj'Dinct, which ii.'i \< ■n undertaken without their confent. 7'hc £n('lilli navy in 175 j (,>..nr,llcd of one iliip of 1 10 gun?, five of 160 guns each, thirteen of 90, cij^ht of So, f.ve of 74., twenty-nine of 70, four of66i one of 64, ihlrly-three of 60, tlirce of 54, tweuty-ciglit of 50, four of 44, thirty-five of 40, and forty-two of 20 ; four lloopb of war of ijj fruiii each, two <^f 16, eleven of 14, thirteen of 12, and ore of 10; kildes a gieat number of bomb-ketches, firelhips, and tenders ; aforcefuf- jicicnt to oppofc the united maritime llrength of all the powers of r,un)pe. Whilft that of the French, even at the end of this ye;'.r, and including the fliips then upon the Hocks, amounted to no r.uire than fix Oiips of boguns, twenty-one of 74, one of 7:, four of 70, thirty-orie of 64, two of 60, fix of 50, and thirty-two frigates. In proportion as the fpiriis of ilic public were elevated by thofe in- vincible armaments, they were funk with an acc.'unt tlir.t the French hid landed 11,000 men in Minorca, to attack fore St. Philip there, that admiral Byng, who had been fcnt oat v.ith a fquadron at leall cijual to that of the French, had been bafi^led if not defeated by their admiral Galidoniere, and that at lall Minorca was furrcndercd by gcu?ral Blake- rxy. 'i'he Englilh were far more alarmed than they ought to have been 21 thofe events. The lofa of iVlinorca wa;. more fliamcful th:;n d .•trimen- td to thekingdora, but the popular outcry was fuch, that the kinij gave up Byng to public julHce, and he was lliot to death at Portfmouth for cwvardice. It was about this time that Mr. Pitt was placed, as fccretary of flate, at the head of the adminidration. He had been long known to be a bold fpeaker, and he foon proved hinifelf to be as fpirited a miniller. Tlie riifcarriages in the Mediterranean had no confequence but the lofs of fort h't, Philip, which was more than repaired by the vail fuccefs of the I'.nglifli privateers, both in Europe and Anici-ica. 'Flic fucccilci of the F-ngliih in tic Eaft ladies, under Colonel Clive, arc almolHncredible. lie defeated Suraja Dowla, nabob of Eengal, Bahar, and Orixa, and placed Jallier AllyCawn in the antient fear of the nabobs of thofc provinces. Suraja L)o,vla, who was in the French interell, was a few days after liis being defeated taken by the new nabob Jallier Ally Cawn's fon, and pat t^ dath. This event laid the foundation of the prcfent amazing extent of ficltesand territory, which the Englifli now poi'icfi in the Eaii Indies. Mr. Pitt introduced into the cal)inet a new fyllem of operations againft France, than which nothing could be better calculated to reilore tlic: fpirits of his coutitrymen, and to alarm their enemies. Far from dread- ing ai) invafi'Jn, he planned an expedition for carrying the arms of Eng-- land into France itlelf, and the defcent was to be made at Rochiforl, under general Sir John Mordauut, who was to command the land troops. Nothing could be more prominng than the difpofitions for this expedi- tion. It failed on the eighth of September, and admiral Hawke brought both the fea and land forces back 0:1 the fixtli of Odobcr to St. Helen's without the general making an attempt to land on the coMi of France. S 4. He prwT .i;;i I I, (h i\ 264 ENGLAND. He was tried find rcquitted without the public munmirinp, fo great an cpinicn had the people of the niiniller, who, to do him jiilHce, did not i'lifil-r a mr.n or a Ihip belonging to the Englilh army or navy to lie idle. The French havin^: attacked the eleftorate of Hanover with a moft powerful army, merely becaiifc his Britannic majelly refilled to wink at thtir encroi'.chmcnts in America, the Englilh parliament, in gratitude, vctcd laire fupplies of men and money in defence of the eleiloral domi- nions. The dnirnwiiu- their guns overboard ; and the reft of the fleet, confilling of Hve Ihips ot the line, and three frigates, cfcaped in the night. The Engliih loii oi this occafion, the ElFex of 64, and the Refoiuticn of 74 guns. Ah: this engagement, the Ffcnch gave over all thoughts of their intcndeJ invafion of Great Britain. In February 1760, Captain Thurot, a French marine adventurer, who had with three floops of war alarmed the coafts of Scotland, and adually made a defcent at Carrickfergus in Ireland, was, on his return from thence, met, defeated, and killed by Capt. Elliot, who was the commodore of three fliips, inferior in force to the Frenchman's fquadron. Every day's gazette added to the accounts of the fuccefl'es of the Engliih, and the uitcr ruin of the French finances, which that government did not blufi-» publicly to avow. In ihort, Great Britain now reigned as (uk jniflreis of the main, and had fucceeded in every meafure that had been projciled for her ov/n fafeiy and advantage. Tiie war in Germany, however, continued Hill as undecifue as it waj expcnnve, and many in England began 10 confider it now as foreign lo the internal intcrells of Great Britain. The French again and n'^zm ihewcd difpofitions for treating, and the charges of the war, which began now to amount to little lefs than eighteen millions llerling yearly, in- clined the BritiHi minillry to liften to their propofals. A negotiation was accordingly entered upon,which proved abortive,as did many other piojech for accommodation, but on the twenty- fifth of Oftober 1760, George II. died fuddenly, full of years and glory, and was luccecded by his grar.d- fon, now George III. eldeft fon to the late prince of Wales. The memory of George II. is reprehcnfible on no head but his predi- leftion for his elertoral dominions. He never could fcparate an iJta that there was any difference between them and his regal dominions, and he was fomctimes ill enough advifed to declare fo much in his fpeechcs to pailiar.ient. 'V\'c are, however, to remember, that his people gratified him in this partiality, and that he never adled by power or prcrc^ativc. He was jult rather than generous, and in matters of ceconomy, either in his ftate or his houfhold, he was willing to connive at abufes, if they had the fanclion of law and cuftom. By this means thofe mifmanagements about his court were multiplied to an enormous degree, and even under clerks in offices amafl'ed fortunes ten times greater than their legal fataries or perquifites could raife. He was not very acceflible to converfation, ana therefore it was no wonder that having left Germany ai'tcr he had attained to man's eftate, he ilill retained foreign notions both of men and things. In government he had no favourite, for he parted with Sir Robert Walpole's adminiftration with great indifference, and Ihewed very little concern at the fubfequent revolutions among his fervants. This quality may be deemed a virtue, as it contributed greatly to the internal quiet of his reign, and prevented the people from loading the king with the faults of his minillers. In his perfonal difpofition he was pafTionate, but placable, fearlefs of danger, fond of military parade, and enjoyed the memory of the campaigns in which he ferved when young. His ^ffeclions, either public or private, were never known to interfere with ENGLAND. 267 t}i« ordinary courfc of jufticc ; and though his rcien w.is .rc Ilruck at, by the redudion of the Havannah, the Urongcft and mcll important f )rt which his catholic majelly held in the Weft Indies. The capture of the Hcrmionc, the cargo of which was valued at a million fterling, preceded the birth of the prince of Wales, and the treafure pafied in triumph through Wellminltcr to the Bank, the very hour he was born. The lofs of the Havannah, with the fhip* and treafures there taken from the Spaniards, was fuccccded by tlie rcduclion of Manilla in the Eall Indie.;, by general Draper and admiral Cornilh, with the capture of the 'i'rinidad, reckoned worth three millions of dollars. To counterad thofe dreadful blows given to the family compait, the French and Spaniards opened their lail rcP-)urce, which was to quarrel with and invade Portugal, which had been always under the peculiar proteftion of the Britifli arm?. Whether this quarrri was real or pretended is not for me to decide. It certainly cmbarrafllxl his Britannic majelly, who was obliged to fend thither armaments both liy feaand land. The negotiations for peace v/ere now refumed, and the necefTit)' of foncluding one was acknowledged by all his mr.jelly's minilters and privy counfellors excepting two. Many difficulties were furmountcd, and the war in Germany vvas continued between the French and Engliih wich greater fury than ever. The enemy, however, at laft granted fuch terms as the Jiritilh miniftry thought admiflible and adequate to the occafion. A cef- fation of arms took place in Germany, and in all other quarters, r.nd on the tenth of February 1763, the definitive treaty of peace between his ?nUnpic ;najcfty, the |noll chriilian king, and the king of Spain, was (:cncludc4 r '^ H ■ til 2^.9 ENGLAND, • I \ I ; conchtded at Paris and acceded to by the king of Portugal ; Mnrcli ti, the rarificariuns wcir exchanged at P;.ris. The zzd the pe;icc wa^ lolcmnly proclaimed at the ufual places in Weftminfier and London- 2nd thf treaty having; on the eighteenth been laid before the parliumerr, it met with the approbation of a majority of both houfes. Ey this treaty, the whole of the continent of North America, on thij fide the MIfliflippi, except the town of New Orleans, , 3. Pr;. ce WiiH.'.m Kcnry, burn Angufl 21, 1765. 4. I'rinteft Ch.ivLttc, born September to, 1766. 5. I'n.i 'C Edvv;n\l, born November z, 1767. t. Prir.cefs Ai'.guih'. Sophia, Lorn Kovembci 8, 1768. Augulli-., dai.'^.hter to 1 rederic 11. duke oi' Saxe Gotha, now princefs dowager of Wales \los born N'ovcr.iber ju, 17 in. Her iilue by the late prince of Wales, 1, Ker royal highnefs Aiigolhi, born Augufl- 11, 1737, married to the hcrciltJ'y pi-ince of Brun!\\ick: Liinenburjih, January t6, 1764. 2. His pre lent m-ijcfty. ^5. Prince William IJer.rv, duke of Gloucefter, b:irn Novembe ^5, 1743. 4. Prince Henrv Frederic duke of Cumberland, born November 7, 17.55. 5. Princefs Caroline iM. I iida, bcrujuly22, 1751 i married .^t St. James's Cftober i, j}»66, by proxy, to Cihriltian VII. king of Denmark, who was born Jan. 29, 1749. His lat ; majefty's iiTue by queen Caroline now living. a. Princefs Aniclia Sophi.., born June ic, 1711. 2. Princefs M.;ry, born Miircb 5. 1733-4J married to the prince of Hcffe Caffelj July 15, 1740. mi -''^^v WALE S. .^ r ^^9 y -^r rtfii: V/ A ' r+^ , E f% tifr,* :u':->*i fs Qowa2cr of W.ik; d to l!ie licredltarv THOUGH this principality is polif'cally included in Englriud, yet as it has diftin numerous, that it would be urijuft to particularilc any. It is furticient to fay that their clergy are now excellent fcholars, and the Welch make as good a liguie in li'ierature as any of their neighbours. Commerce and manufactures.] The Welcii are on a footing .15 to their commerce and manufactures, with many of the weftern and northern counties of England. Their trade is mollly inland, or with England, into which they import numbers of black cattle. Milford- haven, which is reckoned the fineft in Europe, lies in Pembrokefhire, but the Welch have hitherto reaped no great benefit from it, though gf late confidtrable fums have been granted by parliament for its fortifica- tions. It lies under two capital di fad vantages. The Hril is, that bj- making it the rendezvous of all the EnglKh marine, a bold attempt of an enemy might totally deflroy the ihipping, however Ihongly they may be defended by walls and forts. The i'ame objeclion however lies to every harbour that contains fliips of war and merchantmen. The fecond, and perhaps the chief difadvantage it lies under, is the ftrong oppofition to rendering it the capital harbour of the kingdom, that it mull meet with in parliament, from the numerous Cornilh and Weft-country members, the benefit of whofe efiatci muft be greatly lefiened by the difule of Plymouth and Portfmouth, and other harbours. The town of Pembroke mployr. near 200 merchant ftiips, and its inhabitants carry on an exten- iive trade. la Brecknockiliirc Jirc fevcral wogUtfu flianufaitures, and W.de? ■1; I 19 27i \V A L E S. a OTcat colli trade with Enp-Iand and even i r'Jii' ii 1- ; :il'^» ii. * Wales in fjencral i..irrics on Ireland. Revekues.] As to the revenues, 1 lira'c alrc;uly mentioned the land- tav, and the crown has a certain, though fiiiall property, in the product of the filver and lead-mines ; but it is laid that the revenue accruin-/ to the prince of Wales for his principality, does not exceed 7 or bcooi. a year. Constitution and government.] Wales was united, and in. corporated with England, in the -z/th of Henry Vlll. when, by acl of parliament, the governnu;nt of it was modelled according to the EnMilli form ; all laws, cultom.s, and tenm-es, contrary to tliofe of Eugiand, being abrogated, and the inhabitants admitted to a participation of a!! the Englilh liberties and privileges, particularly that of fending mcniben to parliament, viz. a knight for every Ihire, and a burgefs for ever) fhire-town, except Merioneth. By the thirty-fourth and thirty- fifth 01 the fame reign, there were ordained four feveral circuit', for the adrai- nillration of juitice in the faid fhires, each of which was to include three ihires ; fo that the chief jullice of Chcller has under his jurifdiftion tlie three feveral Ihires of Flint, Denbigh and Montgomery. The Ihires cf Caernarvon, Merioneth, and Anglefey, arc under the juiHces ofNortli Wales. Thofe of Caermarthen, Pembrokelliire and Cardigan, have alfo their julHccs, as have likewife thofe of Radnor, Brecknock and Gla- morgan. By the eighteenth of queen Elizabeth, one other jufcice-alRftant was ordained to the former juhices ; fo that now every of the faid four circuits has two julHces, viz. one chief juftice, and a fecond juitice al- fiftant. Coins.] Soine curious coins of V/elch princes are faid to be found in the cabinets of the curious, but T do not find that they have been vcrv ferviceable in afccrtaining the ancient hiftory of the country. A K r I Qu I t u; s and curiosities,} Wales abounds in the remains natural AND ARTIFICIAL. ) of antiquity. Several of its caiVics are Ihipendoufly large ; and in fomc the remains of Roman arclii- tefture are plainly difcernible. 'J'hc architefture of others are doubtful, I and fome appear to be partly Britilh,. and partly Roman. In Brecknock- Ihire are ibme rude Iculptures, upon a llone fix feet high, called t'ne Maiden-Stone ; but the remains of the druidical inilitutions, and placti of worihip, arc chiefly difccrnibic in tlie ille of Anglefey, the ancient | Mona, mentioned by Tacitus, who defcribcs it as being the chief fenii- nary of the druidical rites and religion. To give a dcfcription oftliel Roman altars, antiquities and uteniils, which have been difcovcrcd in Wales, would be endiCfs J but futm-e antiquaries may make great difco- veries from them. Among the other artificial curiolities, is king OiiVs dyke, which i.s laid to have been a boundary between the Saxons, and the Welch or Britons. Clierphiily-caiUe in Glamorganfliire, is laid to have been the largeit in Great-Britain, excepting Windfor, and the re- mains of It Ihcwit to have been a moft beautiful fabric. One half of a round tower has fallen quite down, but the other over-hangs its bails more than nine feet, and is as great a curiofity as the leaning tower cl Pifa in Italy. The chief natural cuiiofitics arc a'! follov/. At a fmall village, called Newton in Glanwrganlhir*.', is a remarkable fpring nigh the fea, which ebbs- and ticnvs cc^ntrary to the fea. In M^Tioncthlhire is Kader Idris, a mouiitain reniarkai.>k' for its height, wiiich atirbrdi variety of A!p;nc| ^,iants. h i Si WALE S. 2/3 Inland and even HclMts. I» Carnarvon fliirc is the high mountain of Penmanmooer, crofs W whicli the public road lies, and occarions no fmall terror to many travel- Uf^; tr.'Hi (HK' hand the impending rock fcems ready every minute to wulli ill'-''" ^^' pieces, and the great precipice below, which is furroundej Ltk fe.i, is fo hidcoiis .liul full of danger, that one falfc ilep is of dif- ' jiconpjijueiice. Snovvdon hill is by triangular meafurcment 1240 yards irpciiLicuIar height. For BIPH0PR1C3 (See England.) We are however to obferve, that in lormcr times Wales contained rnorc biiliupiics than it does new, and ibout the time of the coni|iiei1: of England, the religious foundations lerc, far exceeded the wealth of all the other parts oi die principality. CiTits, TOWNS, FORTS, akdI VValcs contalns no ciries Or towns OTHER EDiFicKs, PUBLIC > that are remarkable, either for po- AND PRIVATE. J puloufncfs Or magnilicencc. Beau- iris is the cliief town of Anglefey, and has a harbour for fiiips. Brock- ock tndes in cloathing. Cardigan is a large populous town, and lies tilt' neighbourhood of lead and filver mines. Caennarthen has a large iridic, and is governed by a mayor, two iheriffo and aldermen, who v;ear arlet '"Jwns, and other cniigns of flate. Pembrcike is well inhabited veeiitlcmen and tradefmen, and part of the county is fo fertile, and iij:ifaii:, that it is called Little England. As to the other towns of OS, I flinll not mention tl:cm. I am however to obferve, that Wah's, inancient times, was a far more populous and wen.ithy country, than it atprefent ; and though it contains no regular fortincation, yet many fits old cairles arc fo ilrongly built, and To well fituated, that they iglitbi turned into ftrong forts, by a little expcnce, witncfs the vigo- us defence which many of them made in the civil wars, between krlss I. and his parliament. Arms.] The armr of the prince of Wales difiers from thofe of Eng- ;nd, only by the addition of a label of three prnnt'-i His cap, orba.lge if olhich feathers, was occafioned by a trophy : ; ihat kind, v.liich Ed- ward the Elr.ck Prince took f'om the king of iBcMciiiiii, when iie was lied at the battle of Poidicr , and the motto is Lh di:n, I fc'rvc. St. avid, commonly called Sr. Taiiy, is the tutelar faint of the Welch, iriii'- badge is a leek, wliich is wore o.i his day, the lir. of Anarch, and irivlii'zh various reafons \vwz been afhgncd. His'.'ORY.] The ancient hifiory of Walc5 is uncertain, on account ti-.e number of petty princes vviio governed it. That they w.tj fove- :ign and independent, appears from the Englifli hillury. It was for- lerly inhabited by three different tribes of the Britons, the Silurcs, the imets, and the Ordovices. 1 hefe people cut out fo n.uch work lor the omans, that they do not appear ever to have been entirely fnbdued, tho' art of their country, as appears from the ruins ofcailles, was bi idled by rrilbns. Though tl;e Sr.xons, as I have already obferved, conquered le counties of iVIonmouih and Hereford, yet they never penetrated ifthcr, and the Welch remained an independent people, governe'd by cir own prin.es, and their own lr.vs. About the year JJ70, Roderic, ng of Wales, divided his donn ons among his three fons; and the mesof thefe divifions were, D.' etia, or Jiouth Wal'i- ; PoVefia, or wis-Latid; aod Vcnedotia, or N.-'H Wales. This divifion gtive a ml blow to tlic independency ot Wa'es. About the year 1112, Ifuryl. of England planted a colony of Flemings on the frontiers of I'ales, to fcrve as a barrier to Rnyianu, none of the Welch princes T * _-- • . ' . •• • . b«ing IT Ri£«tSon of the ifle of Angle.l fey, he drove the Welch to the mruntains of Snow don, and obliVjl them to fubmit to pay a tribute. The Wckh however made fcveralef.f forts under young Llewellin, but at lafi, in 1285, he was killed in batl tie. He was fucceeded by his brother David, :he lall independent prirctl of Wales, who, falling into Edward's kaxidi thrcugh trencher)', was him moit barbaroufly and unjuilly hangciJ, asid Edward, from thattime'l pretended that Wales was annexed 10 hh cror.vn of England. It u\ about this time, probably, that Edward p«Tp«trai;ed the inhuman mi\ facre of the Welch bards. Perceiving rhar fcis cruelty was not fufiicier,;! to complete his conqueft, he ordered his ^oeen to be delivered in Ca.-) narvon caftle, that the Welch, having z pncce born among themfelvcJ might the mere readily recognize his ainhcriiy. This prince was tkl unhappy Edward II. and from him the tilJe cf prince of Wales has aJ ways defcendcd to the eldeft fon s of the Englifli kings. The hifton'ofl Wales and England becomes now the fame. It is proper, however^ tjl obferve, that the kings of England havealwap found it their interefttol foothe the Welch, with particular marks of indr regard. Their eldeil fens not only held the titular dignity, but aftaally kept a court at Luc-f low, and a regular council with a prefjdent was named by the crownj for the adminiftration of all the affairs cf &e principality. This waji thought fo neceffary a piece of policy, tJjat when Henry VIII. had u ion, his daughter Mary was created princdi of Wales, IRELAND, Situation, boundaries, extert, and cLiNfATE, THE ifland of Ireland is fitnated on t£e w^ft (ide of England, ixj twcen 6 and 10 degrees wefl Iart of Down, | aiid to coniai| 15,067,: ..Ifiha/t,' <>/'/////fJ('//'o/// //'//'/ TcryL Jf?r//t 7''. o/M^ \ LlmfrW^Z., »««ii»«'/'. iftroiiin ^. Itrt ^"^.M^jl"^^^^ f!i/-/i'fitjfcirf jr, j:.\,lfi:ATi ililfoj Xr/u'tfrt I II I S II J^^ Cr^ W?nh> e .AM/o ~ •^ V r'Orvwr r^~C o Mjc ■^< 'X ..0' i 'v^ '^^SAfrrr •«r i $^ 6^' S3S. to »tf jr«' 4*' .P' '*•' 7*' T. h'if>'f>'» •IV//J/' : i f ;'^ r.A'ifrAi'/' S,"'/' ■■ ■fi-r. IRELAND; 275 jjogjjij Irlfti plantation acres, which makes 1^,927,864 acres of kEn'elilh ftatute mcalure, and is held to bear proportion to England and Iwalc'as 18 to 30. Mr. Templeman, who makes the length 275, and the breadth 1 59 miles, gives it an area of 27,457 fquare miles. Frum the fall part of Wexford to St. David's in Wales, it is reckoned f'criy-five milts, but the pifTage between Donaghadce and Portpatrick in Scotland ii only twenty miles. I The climate of Ireland differs little from that of England, with which it would almoft perfedlly agree, were the foil equally improved. Uncultivated fwamps, bogs, and foroll , and uninhabited banks of rivers, naturally produce fogs and an unwholefome thicknefs of air, as is the cafe with fome parts of England itfelf ; but upon the whole the air of the cul- [tivated part of Ireland is as mild and falubrious, and as friendly to human nature as that of England ; fome have thought that it is even more fo. Name and divisions, ancient and modern.] More conjeftures as to the Latin (Hibernia) Irifli (Erin) as well as the Engliih name of jthis ifland, have been formed than the fubjeft deferves. It probably takes its rife from a Phanician or Gallic term, fignifying the farthell h:bitation weftward. It is pretty extraordinary, that even modern authors are not agreed as to the diviflons of Ireland ; fome dividing it into five circuits, and fome into four provinces, thofe of Leinfter, Ulfter, Connaught, and Muniler. I Ihall follow the lad divifion as being the moft common, and likewife the moll antient. LeinHer, 12 Counties.-^ UWer, 9 Counties. Coutitiet, rDublin Louth Wicklow Wexford Longford Eaft Meath Weft Meath King's County Queen's Cr aty Kilkenny Kildare Carlogh fDown I Armaglit I Monaghan I Cavan ^ Antrim I Londonderry I Tyrone I Fermanagh ^Donnegal Chief To-wntt Dublin Drogheda Wicklow Wexford Longford Trim Mullinger Phillipstown Maryborough Kilkenny Kildare Carlogh Down Charlemont Monaghan Cavan Carrickfergus Derry Onragh Enniucillen Donneg^ ■f.:.z\'x Connaught 'mm I .i;i;L;' 276 I R K L A N n. Counties. rl.etrim / Rofcommoiv I Galway l_ Clare Munfierj. 5 Counties, (Cork Kerry Limerick Tippcrary Woicrfcrd Chief 1 oT.\.tii» Let rim Rofcommon BalHnrobc .Slign ti.ilvvsy Eiinis Cork Tralc:- Linierii k Clonmcl Wuterlord To thef'* fornf* geopninlcrs add tlic* circuit of Mcath, contrJninjr tfie counties of Ealt Meath, Well Alciith, and Longfon,!, in the province of Lcinllcr. Son., SEASONS, AND WATLK.] TIic foil of froland in jrpneral i; fruitful, pcrliaps beyond that of England itfelt", wlien properly culti- vated. Pallaraoc, tillag", ami meadow orcuind abound in thi.s kinojdom; but till of late tillage wa^ too much difcountenanced, though the ground is excellent: for the culture of all grains ; and in Ibmc of the noithern parts of the kingdom abundance of hemp and flax are railed, a cuJtiva- tion of infinite advantage to the linen manufailure. Ireland rears vail numbers of black cattle and Iheep. The Iriih wool is excellent, but many have thought that the prohibition oFexporting it to any other nation but England, is of detriment to both kingdoms, becaufe it encouragn the inhabitants to fniuggle it into France. The prodigious, and, indeed, incredible fupplies of fait provilions (fifh excepted) flapped at Cork, and carried to all parts of the v.'orld, are proofs fcarccly to be exhibited ia any other country, of the natural fertility of the Iriih foil. As ta the feafons of Ireland, they differ little from tlinfe of Great Britain, in thi fame latitude. I muft not here forget that Ireland is remarkable for breeding and nourifliing no venomous creatures. Ireland contains a vail number of lakes, or, as they were formerly called, loughs, particularly in the provinces oi Ullter and Connaught. Many of them produce large quantitiei cf fine fifli ; and the great hki Ncagh, between the counties of Antrim, Down and Armagh, it; remark- able for its petrifying qu.iiity. Though thofe loughs in the main ha\e but few properties that are not in common with th.e like bodies of water in other countries, yet they have given rife to many traditionary accounts among the natives, which disfigure and difgracc their true hiltory, and even modern, geographers have been niore copious on that head than cither truth or the fubjeiit can admit of. The Iriih are fo fond of loughi, that, like the Scots,. th«y often give that term to iulcts of the fea. Irehind abounds with rivers; tlic Shamaon, which rifes from Loch Allen in the province of Connaught, divides it from Lcinller and Munf- ter, .ind running through feveral lakes, after a courfe of 145 milej, falls into the Atlantic ocean, between Kerry Point and Loop-Head. 2. The Liffy, which is called the princefs of the Iriflx rivers, rifes in mountains about ten miles fouth of Dublin, runs through that capital, where it forms a fpacious harbour, and afterwards falls into the bay of Dublin. 5, The Boyne is obftrucled by wears, but runs into the Irifli iea. I H E L A N D. 277 contr.iiiiii'r tfie A. Tl'/ ^'rne tnl^fs its foiucc from a I;:ice hctwrrn tlif coiinficf of Lonr*- tTii anil C'i\';'n ; in it- c'>urfr ii formi rcvcnil fmall i/lamls, fomc cf which arc inliabited, ;ir.vl contain 8 or 900 acifs ; it contitaics its C'>uHi! filial! v(l'.''i>iif^n« where the fmooiliiu'ra of its Ilrcani is intrrriipted by a !„,„; rock, whiih it psfll-s by a f.rcat f;;!!, called t'lt Lcnp, ;;nd hid- ,>nlv ;ift:T fdii into the fca, ai)d afillh to mnke the harh;nir of J)onni'(i;al. r, '("he I,r.''.'j;nn w.itf.T riil> lyvir the cfntrr i)f the county if Dmvn, waihes ii.li'.irn anfi Rflfall, where it wiJciu iiuo a large bay called Carrick- iVri'iis L )'ij',h. Ireland r^ntains a number of ether riivr^, but geographer?, and even tk iiiuive'. differ, no: only in tlicir in-'por'ance and utility, but their r;:mc.^, whicli mr.y be owing to the proniilcuoun ufe of the Irifh and Enf;Iini laii,t;iirige. It is certain, iij.f.n the whole, that the inland navi- natioii of" licland is very improvcaMe, and that many f.-hernc arc now nil foot foy th;it purpDle ; one is for cuttin^^ navigable conununicatjons bft'.a-en fevenl tivcn; of aconfulerable diihtnccin the heart of the country [) Duhlin, v.liich cumot fill of Lcin^; attended with the very befl cli'ects 10 manuhidurci and comnv-TC^'. Days and haubcurs.] I have piven a fcparate article to bays and harbours becaufe nn'.:;re has in t!iat .'ci'pcct bc.n particularly favourable to Ireland; Init they arc c.-'prihie of vail iniprovenient. Watfrford haven runs httwcen I.einiler and Munller, vaw t.":tcnds einlit miles almoft in a liraiqht line, from fouth to nortii. It is defended by Duucaiinon fort, and having paired it about a leaj^iie, the haven divides iiiclf into two arms; that to the wi.il h-ad.s to the city of Waterford, and is the mouth of tlie river Suir ; and the other leads .0 Rof;, v.'hich is here called the river of Rofs, being b'.dow the junction of the H.irrow and the Noer. Both thefe .Tms arc capable of receiving i^iips of a large burden. The largell (hips nay anchor fafely in Carlingford haven, between Lcinller and Munflcr, but it is dcllitute ^f trade. The bay of Carlingford is fafe and fpacious, iu is Killybc!;'. harb-)ur, which lies on the well ojfthe county of Donnegal, and is capacious cnouj'h to contain a great fleet ; and fliips of the greatell burden can inake it at any time of tide. Hautry-bay, famous for a fea encasement in king William's reron, between the French and the l.nglifii, and Kllmore-bay or river, are of large extent both in breadth and length. ])unmanus-bay has e\ery v/herc a good anchorage. Balti- more-hay is much larger than any of the t'lree immediately before-men- tioned bavs, th'Uirh not Iiretcliin"- into the land as they do, but formins rr.thcr the figure of a h.nlf moon. 'I'he haven of ICinfale is one of the innll commr.dious and bell harbours in rhe kint'dom, well Iheltered from' the v.'inds, and defend; d by a llr:)ng fort called Charles Fort, bccaufc it v/as built in the reign of Cliarle^j IT. Two forts are ercifted to defend Cork haven, which is alfb a I'nCc and commodious harbour, narrow at the cnr,-ance, but deep and fafe, and tlieitered within from all v/inds as far as the city of Coi:-'. TliC bay of Carrickfergus, five milci broad, and from 1 z 10 zo failioin deep, 'is memorable for^^the landing cf king William in I'i^o, and of Thurot in 1760. I have alrer.dy mentioned the bay of Dublin. Eefidcs tjie above, Ireland con- tains many excellent harbours, fomc of which have been improved by parliamentary aids. Mountains.] The Irifh language !ias been more happy in dillinguifh- ingthe hze of mountains than perhaps yny other. A knock fignihcs a low hill, unconnev:kd with any clher emiiuiice; a flicvc marks a craggy T 3 JugU 278 IRELAND. m.\ high mountain, gradually afcending and continued in feveral ridges ; n htm or bin fignifies a pinnacle or mountain of the firft magnitude, ending in a iharpor abrupt precipice. The two laft are often feen and compounded together in one and the fame range. Ireland, however, when compared with fome other countries, is far from being mountainous. The moun- tains of Mourne and Ifeah, in the county of Down, are reckoned among fome of the highcll in tne kingdom, of -viiich Slicu-Denard has been cal- culated at a perpendicular hcighth of 1056 yards. Many other moun- tains are found in Ireland, but they contain little or nothing particular, if we except the fabulous hiflories that are annexed to fome of them. Many of thofe mountains contain in their bowels beds of mines, mine- rals, coals, quarries of ftone, flate and marble, with veins of iron, lead, and copper. Forests.] The chief forefts in Ireland lie in Leinller, the King's and Queen's counties, and thofe of Wexford and Carlogh. In Ullter there are great forefts, and in Oie county of Donnegal and in the north part of Tyrone ; alfo in the county of Fermanagh, along Loughlin Earnc, and in tlie north part of the county of Down, v/herein is fome good timber, and the oak is efteemed as good as any of the English growth, and as iit for fhip-building. Metal:. r^r.D minerals.] The mines of Ireland are late difcove- ries. Several contain filver and lead, and it is faid tliat thirty pounds of theii lead ore produce a pound of filver ; but the richeft filver mine is at Wicklow. A copper and lead mine have been difcovered at Tipperary, as likewife iron ore, and excellent free-ftone for building. Some of the Irifli marble ijuarrics contair' a kind of porphyry, being red ftriped with white. Quarries of fine flate are found in moil counties. The coals that are dug at Kilkenny emit very little fmoke, and it contains a chrlf- talline flream which has no fediment. Thofe peculiarities, with the ferenity of the air in that place, have given rife to the well knovn proverb, I'hat Kilkenny contains fire without fmoke, water without mud, and air without fog. Vec-table and animal produc- 7 There is little that falls un- TiONS, BY SEA AND LAND. J dcr this head that is pccuHar to Ireland, her produdtions being much the fame as in England and Scotland. Ireland affords excellent turf and mofs, which are of vaft fer- vice for firing, where wood and coals are fcirce. A few wolves .vere former' • found in Ireland, but they are nr-w almoft exterminated by their wclf-dogs, which are much larger tha'i malUlFs, fnaped like grry- houndi, yet as gentle and governable as Ipaniels. What I have alrtady obfervcd about the Irifli exportation of fait provifions, fufhciently evinces the prodigious numbers of hogs, Iheep, as well as black cattle, bred in that kingdom. Rabbits are faid to be more plentiful there than in Eng- land. The fifh that are caught upon the coalls of Ireland are likewiie in greater plenty than on thofe of Liigland, and fome of them larger and Ireland is faid ^i> concain two millions ar.d a half of more excellent in their kind. Population, inhabitants, man-) ners, cu^^toms, and diversions. J inhabitants ,- but I fufpei^ that the calculation is over-charged by near half a mill"on. As it is of great confequence to afcertain as near as pof- fible the numbers of inhabitants of Ireland of both religions, we ihall give them according to the bell accounts, as they ftqod i*i the four prq- vinces jn 1733. Proteilant Leiiiller — Munllcr — Connau^ht I R E L A N D. ProtcHant families. — 62,620 — — - 25,21-S — — >3.337 — ■ — 4,299 279 Popin familici. 3^'459 92,4.2+ - 506,407 • 44>'33 Total 105,494 Total 281,423 Which, at five to each family in tljc country, and ten for Dublin, and {even fir Corl^ city, makes in all 2,015,229 fouls. I am apt to think, iviien we confider the wafte of war by L-a and la.nd, and tht vad emigrations of the Iriili to Britain, the Britiili colonies and other nations ; that the above calcuhuioii may nearly ferve for the prefcnt times, though the balance of number is certainly greatly rifeu on the fide of proteitan- tifm J and in fome late debates in the Iriih parliament it has been all'erted tliat the luimber of inhabitants of Ireland amount to three millions. The old Irifh, or, as they are termed by the proteftants, the mere Irifli, nrc generally reprefented as an ignorant, uueivili/.ed, and i lundering fort of people. Impatient of abnfe, and injury, they are im- placable ajid violent in all their afledions, but quick of apprehenfion, courteous to ftrnjigers, and patient of iiardihips. Though in theferefpeds the/e is, perhaps, little dillerence between them and the more unin- formed part of their iieio;hbours, yet their barbarifms are more eafy to be accounted for from accidental than natural caufes. By far the greateft number of them are papiils, and it is the interelt of their priells, who govern them with an ablblutc nvay, to keep them in the ir:il\ profound ipnorance. They alfo lie under many legal difabilities, wliich ii) their Civn country difcourapes the exertion both of their mental and l)odily .♦'aculdes ; bu^ when eaipluyed in the fcrvicc of foreign princes they art: dilHnguilhcd for intrep^iity, courage, and fidelity, 'i'he furnames, ef- pccially of the better for, have gener;;!!/ an O > r Mac, which fignifieJ fon, places before them. Formerly the O svas ufed by their chiefs only, orfuch as piqued thtmfelves upon the antiquity of their families. Their muficis the bagpipe, but theii tunes are generally of a melancholy , i WM »-i^,, i^:H ! H !i Britons, as defcnbed by Roman authors, or the prefent Indian inhabi, tants of America. Mean huts or cabbins built ofcln} and ilraw, ^ar- titioncd in the middle by a wall of the fame materials, fcrve the double purpofes of accommodating th? family, who live and Hecp promifcuouHv having their fires of tuifin the middle of the floor, with an opening through the roof for a chimney ; tlie other being occupied by a tow, or fuch pieces of furnituiC as are not in immediate ufe. Their wealth confiils of a cow, fometimes a horfc, fomc poul. try, and a fpot for potatoes. Coarfe bread, potatoes, ej^os, milk, and fometimes fifli, conrtltute their food. For however plentifully the fields may be Hocked with cattle, thefe poor natives feldom tafte butcher's meat of any kind. Their children, plump, robull, and hf-arty, fcarccly know the ufe of cloath:;, and are not afhamed to r:a::e upon ilrangers or make their appearance upon the roads in this primitive manner. In this id.'- and doplora'.jle Hate many thouiauds are in a manner loft to the community and to themielves, who, if they had an equal chance with their neighbours of bfring inflrufted in the real principles of chrif- tianity, inured and encouraged to induftry and labour, and obedience to their fovereign, would add confiderable Hrength to the Jji-uiih govern- meut and their (v.vn. The Spaniards and French, pariiciiiarly the latter J-a'.e not failed to avail thi.mfelvos of the unc'>mfoi-table fituation of the Irifh at Iiome, by all'.'ring tiicni to enter their icrvice, and in this th'.-y have hitherto been allilced by priells and Jefuics, whr.fc intereft it is to infufe iui) tl\j minds of their credulous difcjplts an av.^riion to t!ie Bri- tifh government; but a'.'C have now the pleafing proioect vf a happy refnr- ination among thefe people from the numerous Englilh protelhint uorkin? fchoolj, lately eftabliflied over ihekingdMn, which inilitution v.il! un- doubf.'r'iy ftriUc deq:>er at the root of pt'pcry than all the e.iucavours of the Britilh monarchs to reduce them. The defcendants of the Englilh and Scots fii:ce the conqueft of Ireland by Heniyll. though not the moll numerous, form the weaJtIiielt part of the nation. Of thefe arc moll of the nobMity, gentry, and principal trader.-, who inhabit the caftern and northern coafls, v.-here mol!: of the trade oiTreland is caniedon, cfpecially Belfall, Londro;T)Oting I'.nglifli proteftant working fchools, though of no older (JKr thia 17 17, has been ama/ingly fuccefsful, as have mai.y inflitii- tion; of the fame kin -I, in introducing induilry and knowledge among their ih ; and no cnuarry in the vvc rid can ihev/ fuch public fpirited fffirts as have been made by the government of Ireland, iince that time, for thc'fe purpofes. Learn'ino and learkld men.] Ifwc arc to believe the fabulous jccounts of Ireland, learning flouriflied there while ihe was dormant in all the other vnts of the globe. The truth is, that thL- Iriili writers, in evcrv branch ui' karning, arts, and fciences, are ccjual to tlufe of their nci?hbours. Archbifhop Uiher docs honour to literature it•:(- Mm ml ■ ;i ^m M» ;i , ' ( 1 Hi: 282 IRELAND. Fit,' H|i Ml, tiJ 1 ,«i is! ' earned their inland manufaftures, even thofe of luxury, to an amaziii' height, and that their lords lieutenants, and their court, have of lat- encouraged them by their examples, and, while they arc in that govtm- nienr, making ufc of no others. Language.] The lan^^ur.ge of the Irifli is fundamentally the fame with the Britifh and Welch, and a iaieft ci (he Celtic, which wn^ made ufe of by the Scotch Highlaru.rs, oppofite the Irifli cna[l«. [[ is, however, in a great mcafurc dt I'ced by provincial alterations, but not fo altered as to render the Irifli, \v'elch, and Highlanders unintelli- giblc to each other. The ufage of thi.; Irifli language otcafions amoiirr i^., common people, who fpeak both chat and the Englilli, a difaui-ccabli; lone in fpcaking, which diffufes i'.ijif among the vulgar in gen'Tal, and even among the better fort who d ) not under/land Iriili. ft i, probable however, that a fcvj ages hence thw latter will \fc accouRtcd among the dead languages. Dress.] With regard to drcfs, that of the Irifli commonalty at prefcnt docs not much differ from iiic Engliih. Tlie nntient habit of the Irilh wasa frize cloak, with a fringed or fliaggy border, and their under garment a doublet and clofc breeches called trowfers. The women wore a mantle over a long gown, and both men and women a kind of (lioe v/ithout a heel, made of half tanned leather, called a bi -gue, which among the common people is Hill in ufc, as in the Highlands of Scotland. Public trading coMpANits.] Of thofe I know of none in Ire- land, as the bankers cannot be admitted as fuch; neither can the Dublin fociety for the encouragement of manufaftures and commerce, which was incorporated in 1750. The linen hall, however, that u creded at Dublin, is under as juil and nice regulations as any commer- cial houfe in Europe. Rkvenuks.] The revenue of Ireland is fuppofed at prefcnt to exceed half a million Iterling, of which the Irifli complain greatly that about 70,000 I. is granted in penfions, and a great part to abfenlees. In Ire- land the public revenue arifes from hereditary and temporary duties, of whioh the king is the trullee, for applying it to particular purpofcs ; but there is bcfides this a private revenue arifing from the anlient demefn'; lands, from forfeitures for treafon and felony, prifage of wines, light- houfe duties, and a fmall part of the cafual revenue, not granted by par- liam.ent ; and in this tiie crown has the fame unlimited property that a fubjeft has in his own freehold. The extent of that revenue is perhaps a fecret tc the public. It is a happy circumftance for the Irifh, that the revenues nccefl'ary for the fupport of their govemment, and other purpofes, arc rai fed with fo much eafe as to be fcarcely felt by the people. Their lands arc not faddled with heavy taxes, nor their trade with foreign nations cramp&l with innumerable duties. Hence proceed the amazing low prices of almoll every article of general confumption. Good claret wine is fold in the metropolis of the kingdom at two Ihilling , I ottle, and other liquoii proportionably cheap. Butcher's meat, thougn now on the rife, fron; the late great exports, is fold at two pence per pound. Turkih at twenty pence, and other poultry at a trifling expence. Soap and candles ib low as to tempt coafling veflels to fnnigglc them into Britain, In the province of Munller butcher's meat is fold .11 one penny farthing per pound ; large fowl* at three pence each. And that the taxation upoii inl;:nd I R E L A n D. 283 uiland trade fits eafy, appears from the cheapnefs of almoft every article fibricatcd there. Ncvvlpapers of a large fize are fold at a halfpenny, and advertifements of a nwderate length arc infcrted for fixpencc. Such was the happy fit' d-tion of Great Britain before the commencement of tliatload of debt, contr.idted in confcqucncc of our foreign connet^tions and German wars. Constitution and ooveknmekt.] Ireland is ilill a rliftlnft, though a dependent fubordinate kingdom. It was only entitled, the dominion or lordlhip of Ireland, and the king's iHle was no other than Doniinus Hiberniie, Lord of Ireland, till the tliirty-third year of king Henrv VIII. when he afl'iimed the title of king, which is recognized by aft of parliament in the fame reign. But, as England and Scotland are now one and the fame kingdom, and yet differ in their municipal laws ; fo England and Ireland arc, on the otlier hand, diltinft kingdoms, and vet in genenil agree in their law;. For after the conquclt o'." Ireland by kill? Henry II. the laws of England were received and Avorn to by the Irifh nation, aflcmblcd at the council of Lifmore. " .id as Ireland, thus conquered, planted, arrJ governed, liill continue-) in a ftate of depen- dence, it mult necefTarily conform to, and be obliged by iuch laws as the fuperior Hate thinks proper to prefcribe. But this Hate of dependence being almoft forgotten, and ready to be difputed by the Irilh nation, it became neceflary, fome years .'igo, to dc> clare how that matter really Hood : And, therefore, by Ibitute 6th of Gcofffe 1. It is declared, tiiat the kingdom of Ireland ought to be fub- ordinate to, and dependent upon, the imperial crown of Great Britain, as being infeparably united thereto ; and that tlie king's majclty, with the conlcnt of the lords and commons of Great Britain, in parliament, hath power to m.ike laws to bind the people of Ireland. Theconftitiition of thelrilh government, as it rtaads at prefent, with regard to dillril .nivejullice, is nearly the fame witii that of England. A chief goveriio'-, who generailygoes by the name of lord lieutenant, isfent over Irom En-^inrid bv the king, whdrn hereprefenls, hut his power is in fome meafL'.t r itraincd, and in others enlarged, according to the kinrr's pleafure, or tlie exigency of the times. On his entering uoon this honourable ofiice, his letters patent arc publickiy read in the council- chamber, and having taken the ufual oaths before the lord chancellor, the Avoid, which is to be carried before him, is delivered into hjj hands, and he is feated in the chair of i'.ate, attended by the lord chancellor, the menibcrs of llie privy-council, the peers ai.d nobles, the king at arms, a fergeantatmace, and other oilice. : v. ilnte ; and he never appear? publickiy without being attended by a body of horfe-guards. Hence, with refpedt tohis anthcjity, his train and fplcndor, there is no viceroy in chrillen- dom that comes nearer to the grandeur and majelly of a king. He has a council compofed of the great othcer;. of the crown; namely, the chan- cellor, lreafiirer> and fuch of the arclibifliops, earls, biihops, barons, judges, and gentlemen, as his majelly is plealed to appoint. The par- liament here, as well as in England, is the fLi])renie court, which is convened by the king's writ ; and generally fits once every Tecond year. It confills, as in England, of a houfe of lords and commons. Of the lornier many are li^nglilh or Britilh peers or commons of Great Britain ; a few arc papi lis, who cannot lit w ithout being properly qualified ; an4 the number of commons amount to about three hundred. Since the atfcllipn of his prelent maJLll;, Irilh parliaments 1ihv«? been rendered octcuniaL til I Mil if :'■■ \ ' ', 'ml'0 l)'.\ 1 "■. 'i !' 1 w im\ 25^4 IRELAND. i Ti' w •%': iii oftcnnial. The laws arc raaf^e hy thf hnufe of lonl:; .anc! common, nfU'r which they are ftnt m TTj-hn-d ?cr '^^ royri! approbrition ; wh^.^' if jipproved of by his majifty ana c^jr •., they p;:fs ih«; great fca! rf En^'hmd, and are rctnnied. 'j hui O'i'r r* " li'iufes of parliament nir;l-e Jaws which bind the l:iiigdi;m, rrdfe t2?.rr fbr the fupporc oi gnvernrri'-nt and for the n'ainiainance of an army t*f iS,cco men, who are placed in barracl:'; in fcveral paitv of th'/ l-ir^c^iosn. Forth'- rrrriilar diilribtticn ( f juCicr, there are alio in Ireland fop. terms held annually for the dccifici: oj ci":f'»': ; and fmr court:. ofiuHifM' the chancery, kinj^'s-bcnch, con,moa--xt-i% md exchequer. The hi^li! ihcriff;; of the fevcnvl counties v.cre ii«:.Tm'.Tly thofen by the ncoph I but are now noniinr.ted by the !crd lirv.'.i.\:.nt. From this ,:^encr:i! viav it appears that the civil and ccclefiafljuJ sQiatuticns arc almoll the fams 1 in Ireland as in England. MiMTARV siritNGTH.] Ivtlzni jn^rntains and pays an army of l6,oco men, who have been often uf uii^«i!ar fervice to England. The reader, from the fVxtch 1 ! are ^.Iready prraof t-'c population of Inland, may enfily f"rm an tllimate ff the riiT.bf- cf lighting men in the kin-^- dom. Thofe parts of Irtdand that arc rjoa ancultivattd, contain num- l»er!) of inhu,bit;inrs that ha\e very link icfcf: cirher of -'ivine or human laws, and icr.ular forces are abfolutciy c^cefTar)-- for keeping tliem in rrder, witneis the late infuritflion-, of w? Whiteboys, :,nd othrr ban- ditti, who were infti^2;ated by ihtir prreiSi. h doc: not, however, appear that the bulk '"f the Iriih cathorc+ ire fond of a revoluti 'ii in government, as few or uone cf thrmjocKri! Tr.uuot in his dexent upon Carnckfergur, or took any part Vviui the pretender in th;- laft rebellion. Coins.] Th;' coins of Ireland are zi preferit of the fame den-imlna- iions and the like fabric with thofe cf ilj.jiinJ, r nly an Hn^li!'. iliillinfr pafies in Ireland for thirteen pence. Wfcjt tfce antient coins oi il.c Liili were, is at prefent a matter of mere curiofitrand gr.'at unccr<:;dnty. Antiquities and curiosijuj, J I rave alrcav'y mentioned ilic NATURAL AM) ARTIFICIAL. J %rclf-d^gi in Ireland, and her exemption from all \enomous animals. The Iriih gui-hawks ami 'ger- falcons are celebrated for their fliapt ai&d ^A^auty. The moofc-ileer ii thought to have been formerly a r.ativt- r-f tiiij ifiand, their horui being fometinies dug up cf in great a f.ze, thz* €ms pair has been found near eleven feet Irom the tip of the r'ght horn to the tip of the left ; but the grcateil natural cunofity in Iieland n tfee Giant's Caufeway in the county of Antrim, about eight miles fTm one to two feet in diameter, and <^enc- rjivconfill of abtxic forty j;-'ints, moil of whicii feparatc very ea/ily, yj one may walk along upon tiiC tops of the pillars as i'ar as to tiic cdgt; ct the water, _ " But this is not the moll fm^^ular part of this extraordinary curiofitv, ;rj cliii's thcmrdvcs being Uill m.'re furprizin^;. From the bottojii, i,h:di is of black llone, to the hcic'-'u of about iixty tcct, they are ui- viiieJ at equal diihinces by ftripc^ of a redJilh llonc, that refembles a cement about four inches in thicknefi ; up.in this there is anotlicr llratuni cf the fame black llone, with a llratum n\c inches tliick of the red. Over tfii) is another llratum ten feet thick divided in the fame manner ; thtti ajirafjra of the red llone twenty feet dcvp, and above tbac a Itraium of upright pillars ; above thefe pillars lie^ another Itratiini of black itor.e, twenty feet high ; and, above this again, anotac: llratum of upright pilkii,, lifing in fome places to the tops of the cliit^, in others not !"o high, and i.n others again above it, wliere they are called the chimneys. The face oi'tiide cliiis extends about three F.nglilh miles." The cavities, the romaatic profpett?., catara6ls, and other plcafing iinJ uncommon natural obje(.'ts to be met willi in Irehmd, arc too nume- fC'Ji to be called rarities, and fcveral piirnphlcts have been employed in (lefcribing tliem. As to the artiiicial raiities in Trojand, the cii;ef are the round Pharos, or (lone towers, found upon the coaR-., and fuppoicd ta he built by the Danes and N.'irwcgians, who made ufe of tnem as ip\ - men or barbicans, light-houfes or beacons. Universities.] Ireland contain^ but one univerfity (if a college can k called fuch) which is that cf Dublin, fjur ' 'd by ((uccn Elizabeth^ aadcr the title of the College of the iiody am; i' .divided Triiuiy, ne:u- Dubiin, with a power of confc. -ring de^n-c-e.. of batchelur.;, mailers, and liocbrs, in all the arts and facui'ies. At prelctit it couli ;•..■; of a provoit» Icven fenior, thirteen junior fellows, and leventy Icl^olars of lae honfe» who have UKiintenance upon tne foundation. The vifitors are the chan- cellor or vic<,' chancellor, and tlic archbiihop of DuMi'i. ARCKBisnOpKics AND BISHOPRICS.] I'lic arclibifhopiics are four, Vmagh, Calhel, Dublin, and i ua-Ti. The bilhops are eighteen, viz. Clogher, Clonfcrt, Clnyne, Cork, Dcrry, Down, Drumore, Klphi?!, Kil.l.ue, Kiialow, Leighlin, Lime- •ii', Mcath, O/Tory, Rapho, a.nd Watcrtord. Cities, towns, forts, and OTHtR } Dublin, the capital of Ei)iKici-:s, PUBLIC AND TRiVATE. ^ Iiclaud, is in magnitude :iiuithe numb.'r of inhabitant., mc lijcond city in the Briciih dommions ; aach about the li7.c of Stockholm, Co{>enhagcn, Berlin, and Marlcillcs, and ii) funpufed to conuin near 300,000 inhabitants, it is lifaated 270 allies noith-v.eil of Lon !' r., and lixty miles due well from Holyhead, iu Nortii Wales, the uCuu .iation of the paffage veflels between (ireat Bri- tain and Ireland. Du.;ija ilands about fevcn miles from the lea, at the bottam of a lar: o a ;1 fpacious b.ay, to which it gives iKime, upon the nviT Liflcy,. w\.[ .' .. .ivides it aimoil into two equ.d part.s, and is bauked in through tiie wjiole ipngth of the city, on bodi iides, which form Ipacioiis quay: , ■■ , '. -re vr(i;-!s bc-lov/ the . hrll bridge load and unload btfor e the merchant. Uujrs and wafch^u^cs. A ihaiigcr upon, cjitering ' ■"•It *! i ■ ■' • tWM 286 IRELAND. fi Mifesiii .'%tj- i^ ^ ?tj the bay of Dublin, which in ftormy weather is extremely dangerous, 15 agreeably furprized with the beautiful profpeft on each fide, and the dillant view of Wicklow mountains ; but Dublin, from its low fituation makes no great appearance. The increafc of Dublin, within twenty years laft paft, is incredible, and it is generally fuppofed that 4000 houfes have been added to the city and fuburbs fince the reign of queen Anne. This city in its appearance bears a near refemblance to London. The houfes are of brick ; the old ftreets are narrow and mean, but the new Jlreets are more elegant and better planned than thofe of the metropolis of Great Britain. Sackville ftreet, which is f jmetimes called the Mall 5s particularly noble. The houfes are elegant, lofty, and uniformly ' bujlt, and a gravel walk runs through the whole at an equal diftance from the fides. The river LifFey, though navigable for fea veflels as far as the cuftom- houfe, or centre of the city, is but fmall, when compared to the Thames at London. Over it are two handfome bridges, lately built of ftone, in imitation of ihat at Weltminiler, and three others that have little to re- commend them. Hitherto the centre of Dublin towards the cuftom- houfe was crouded and inconvenient for commercial purpofcs ; but of late a new ftreet has been opened, leading from Eflex bridge to the caftle, where the lord lieutenant refides. A new exchange is building, the firll ilone of which was laid by lord Townlhend, the then lord lieutenant, and feveral other ufeful undertakings and embellilhments are in agitation. The barracks are pleafantly fituated on an eminence near the river. They confift of four large courts, in which are generally quartered four battalions of foot, and one* regiment of horfe ; from hence the caftle and city guards are relieved daily. They are laid to be the largeft and com- pleateft building of the kind in Europe. The linen hall was ereded at the public expence, and opened in the year 1728, for the reception of fuch linen cloths as were brought to Dublin for fale, for which there are convenient apartments. It is entirely under the direftion of the truftees for the encouragement of the linen manufaftory of Ireland, who are compofed of the lord chancellor, the primate, the archbilhop of Dublin, and the principal part of the nobility and gentry. This national inftitution is produftive of great advantages, by preventing many frauds which otherwife would be committed in a capital branch of trade, by which many thoufands are employed, and the kingdom greatly enriched. Stevens Green is a moft extenfive fquare, being one mile in circum- ference. It is partly laid out in gravel walks, like St. James's park, with trees on each fide, in which may be feen, in fine weather, a refortof as much beauty, gaiety, and finery, as at any of the public places in England. Many of the houfes round the green are v>ny Itately, but a want of uniformity is obfervable throughout the whole. Ample amends will be made for this defeft by another fpacious frjuare near Stevens Green, now laid out and partly built. The houfes bei:;^; lofty, uniform, and carried on with ftone as far as the firft floor, will gi\ e the whole an air of magnificence, not exceeded by any thing of the kird in Britain, if we except Bath. The front of Trinity college, extending above 300 feet, is ouilt of Portland ftone in the fineft tafte. The « I R E I. A N D, 2^7 ily (lingprous, is ich fide, and the its low fituation, thin twenty years :hat 4000 houfes of queen Anne. ) London. The san, but the new f the metropolis i called the Mall, I and uniformly n equal diftance *ar as the cuftom- :d to the Thames built of ftone, in have little to re- irds the cuftom- ofes; but of late ge to the caftle, tuilding, thefirft lord lieutenant, ilhments are in :e near the river. ly quartered four ice the caftle and largeft and com- d opened in the were brought to ts. It is entirely nt of the linen chancellor, the rt of the nobility reat advantages, committed in a employed, and mile in circum- mes's park, with I', a refort of as ublic places in y Itately, but a Ample amends are near Stevens : lofty, uniform, \ e the whole an kii d in Britain, feet, is ouilt of The ' The parliament houfe was begun in 1729, and finlftied bi 1739, at the cxpcncc of 40,000 1. This fuperb pile is in general of the Ionic order, and is at this day jiillly accounted one of the foremoft architcftural beauties. The portico in particular is, perhaps, without parallel ; the internal parts have alfo many beauties, and the manner in which the building is lighted, has been much admired. But one of the greateft and moft laudable undertakings that this age can boaft of, is the building a llone wall about the breadth of a moderate iVreet, a proportionable heighth, and three miles in length, to conlinc the channel of tlic bay, and CO Ihelter vcflels in ilormy weather. The civil government of Dublin is by a lord mayor, &c. the fame as in London— Every third year, the lord mayor, and the twenty-four com- panies, by virtue of r.n old charter, arc obliged to perambnlate the city^ and its liberties, which tlicy call riding the Franchifes. Upon thi» oc- cafion the citizens vie with each other, in {how and often t.tion, which is fometimcs produftive of difagrccablc confequences to many of their families. In Dublin are two large theatres, that are generaiiy well filled, and which fcrvc as a kind of nurfcry to thofc in I-ondon. In this city are 18 pariih churches, 8 chapeh, three churches for French, .nnd one for Dutch proteilants, 7 prelbyterian meeting houfes, i for methodiih, 2 for quakers, and 16 Roman catlioHc chnpt;ls. A royal hofpital, like that at Chclfea, for invalids ; a lying-in hofpital, witi; gardens, built and laid out in the fincft taile ; an hofpit"! for lunaticks built at the ex- pence of the famous dean Swift ; and fundry other hofpitals for patients of every kind. Some of the churches have been lately rebuilt, and others are rebuilding in a more elegant manner. And indeed whatever way a ftranger turns himfelf in this city, he will perceive a fpirit of elegance and magnificence ; and if he extends his view over the whole kingdom, he will conclude that works of ornament, and public utility in Ireland, keep pace with thofe cre£ling, great as they are, over the different parts of Great Britain. For it muft be acknowledged that no nation in Eu- rope, comparatively ipcaking, has expended fuch fums as the grants of the Irifh parliament, which has been, and continues to be, the life and foulof whatever is carried on ; witnefs the many noble ereftions, churches, hofpitals, bridges ; the forming of harbours, public roads, canals, one of which is now cutting acrofs the kingdom to Dublin, and many other public and private undertakings. It has, however, been matter of furprize, that with all this fpirit of national improvement, few or no good inns are to be met with in Ireland. In the capital, which may be claffed among the fecond order of cities of Europe, there is not one inn that deferves that name. This may. in fome meafure, be accounted for by the long, and fomctinies dangerous paflage from Chefter or Holyhead to Ireland, which prevents the gentry of England, with their families, from vifiting that ifland ; but as it is now propofed to make turnpike roads to Portpatric in Scotland, from whence the paflage is (hort and fafe, the roads of Ireland may by this means become more frequented, efpeclally when the rural beauties of that kingdom are more generally known. For though in England, France and Italy, a traveller meets with views the moll luxuriant and rich, he is fometimes cloyed with a famenefs that runs through the whole ; but in thofe countries of North Britain and Ireland, the rugged mountains, v/hofe trips look down upon the clouds, the extenfive lakes, enriched with bufliy illands, the cavities, gicns, catarads, the numerous feaiLered t ^^ 2{r3 I R r: LAN IX %:' i ,1 ■ r5 ^^■liKfffi HMk ; ^kisi^if'>E^? |^B^^^|k||||| I^^^^^H^^^^^hS^M'v^S jfira.tMiral ,1 i i • ai^^^vi i ^HHHHhbBmxI Win i)i ^^H^^^HifllwS m <.^' i ^ "'li^^^lm^Biaa, 1^ ^Jii Mi , H^^^l Il9 ' i 1 HBH^ / ■j KWnlli! ■i jHSi '^PiS^ m^^ffl-^;if i.p ■1 . flS;,'^^ railil '^1 ' 'i ' ' ffl {^ *''Jg'\^^B BPjq f ;' 1 -P?^!t*^'|i '•«/■' --b 1 r 1 kaiiii|ir.i.| : PiHk ]<^ii ; ■1 . lyn^HK^yii 1 m '' ifiHHHii 1 >fl^H ^E^M^^^^^^^^bhS' - II i I' mm I^HHff 1 TOJM^ffil^"' ,1 '■ ^^H|j|i|: HhShHI^j -Ml l^i^y' k' --„ fcatluTi'tl crc.itlnn, hopping liom «Ii/r to clilF, ;ii\il otluT pl'".riiu' anj unconininii n;itiiial objctls, ll>;it lii't]iicni!y pn-ffiit ilicinli'Ivcs in v.i'rious forms ami 111 a pes, liavc a wdiulcilul i-ilci I upon tlii' iiiia-'inatioii, .imj arc plcafing to the laiuv of «\i ly admirer of naiurc, liowtvir ii>ii"h or unadorned witli artitieial lie.iufies. Cork is dcfervedly nekoneil the lecoiul city in Ireland, in mv. nitudc, riehes, and comnienc. it liis 129 milts foiiihv.dl of Dul)lin, and contains ahove Si 00 honle; , ini:abii^il ehielly li, pro. tcllants. Small vellel;. tome up to i:s (ju.'y, and llaiul alxnu loca miles up the river I,ee. 'I'lii . is the chief port of nu rih;,nt., in the kingdom ; and there is, [v/rliaps, more beef, tallow, aiul Imtter Ihippcd olF here, than in all ihe other ports of Ireland put tn- gethcr. Hence there is a great refint of (hip, ti) this pnrt, paniiuLirly of thofe bound from Great l>ritain to Jamaica, Jhirbauos, and all ihe Carribbee iflands, which put in here to viiJliial and coinpIe:;t tiicir laJir,". Waterford is reckoned next tot'ork for riches and (hipping. It i, tiun- manded by Duncannon Fort, and on the well fide of the town is a ciMdcl. Limeric is a handli^ire, populous, commercial, llrong city, and H.,., on both (ides the Shannon. Bclfall, a large loaport and trading town at the mouth of the Liirr;i'n water. Downpatrick has a (lourilhing linen nianul'aclure. L'aniei<- fcrgus (or KnockfergMs) is by ionie deemed the capital town of the pri- vince, has a good harbour and callle, but little commerce. Thefe places lie oppolite the north parts of ]'",ngland, and Cialloway in Scothaid. Dcrry (or J.ondonderry, us it is moll ulually called) (lands on Loiigh- Foyl, is a llrong litdc city, having fomc linen manutlnltures, with lomc commerce and (liipping. And this extreme north part of Ireland is fiiua- teU fo near to Scotland, that they are in fight of each others coaih, Donnegal, the county town of tiie lame name (otheiwife called the county of Tyrconncl) is a place of Ibme trade; as is likcwife l',ni\illul- ling. .^11 uiiicii lail mentioned places, and many more (though \ci) confiderable ones) art chicHy, and moll indullrioully, emplosed in the jnanufatluring of linen and linen thread, to the great beneiit of the wliolc kingdom, which, by its vail annual exportations of linen into lMU;l."inJ, is enabled to pay for the great annual importations from England into Ireland ; and likewiie to render the money conftantly drawn ironi Ire- land into England by her abfentces, lels grievous to her. Kinialc is a populous and llrong town, with an excellent harbour, and confiderable commerce and fliipping : And it is, moreover, occafionally a llation for the navy royal ; fcir which end this port is furnifhed vvitii proper naval oliicers and llorekeepers. 'Ihcugh Ireland contains no ftrong places, according to the modern improvements in fortiiication, yet it has feveral forts and garrifons, that fcrve as comfortable fmccures to military officers. The chief are Lon- donderry and Culmore fort, Cork, Limeric, Kinlitle, Duncannon, Rofs-CalUe, Dublin, Charlemont, Galway, Carricfergus, Maryborough, and Athlone. Each of thofe forts i^ furniflied with deputy governors, under various denominations, who have pecuniary provilions from the government. It cruiHot be pretended that Ireland is as yet furnifiicdwith many public edrhccs,that can compare with thofe that are to be found in countries u litre ibverclgns, and their courts rcfide, but it has many elegant public build- ings, whidido hpmur tu the tafte and public ipirii of the inhabitants. IRELAND. 289 Th? prrli.imrnt houfi-, callhr, lidc.v-bn.lia*, ami Icvcr.-.l cJihc;."; about Dublin, already inontioiicd, a.c inaj;iiifiicnt, and c-lfj'..i'it pirct;» of ai- chitiihin". 'li^d many iiolili- (irithii: tliiuclicvs, ;.iul oiiicr builJiii'^';;, arc tobe i'l'" '" l'*-''''"''- 'I'lii; liilli nobility, and gniriy of i<.,!tiiii>-, now vie wicli tliofc ot linjMand in ihc ma^niiicciu liru -tiirc ( 1" iIk Ir iioiir»;<, nnJ the i-Icgancc of ilifir omaniL-nts ; but it. would be uiiiall, v.Ik ic* there an' (<> many c-(|u;d in talk- and niaf;nincc.'iu:c, to p.n-tictiiair.'.c any. Jn Ipcakiiig ow, hov.ever, that it was divided amongll feveral petty princes, and tliKi ileriry II. of England, provoked at their piracies, and their aflifling his enemies, by tlie inftigaticn of the Pope, had refolved to fubdue them. A fair pi ete.xt olicied about ii6a, Deiniot Mac Mu;roiigh. king of Leinlkr, und an cpprefliv.v U lyiaut. ^.V^< '^^ O.^*^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) « 1.0 I.I 1.25 m 125 us ,;, 1^ ■ 21 U6 IL 12.0 iiil U 116 4" Photographic Sdences Corporation ^^ ^\ V •1>^ <^ ^ ^1\ 33 WIS1 MAIN STRICT WI1$TIR.N.Y. I4SM (7t«) t73-4903 6^ 6^ ^ Ir^O. IRELAND. tyrant, quarrclied with all his nci;i;hbour.-, and carried off" the wife of j petty piipcc, O R')irk. A coiifodfr.-.Cy beinir formed aj^r.inll h.7, iin icr llndcric O'L'rnnor, (who it fecms was the parnmount klnT ^ Irdfiiui) he was driven from his country, raid took rcfugo at the cma of Henry II. who promifcd to reilore him upon taking an oath of kal;,- to the crown of England for hirafelf, and all the petty kinj^^i i^_. pending on him, who were very numerous. Henry, who was t!u.n in France, recommended IVlac Dennot's caufe to the Mngliih barons, and particularly to S;rongbow, carl of Pembroke, Robert Fitz Stephen, and Maurice Fitz CJerald. '1 hofe noblemen undertook the expedition upon much tlie fame principles as the Norman and Breton lordb did the ton- queft of England under William I. and Strongbow wris to marry \Inc Dcrmot's daugluer Eva. In 1169, the adventurers reduced tlie towns tt Wexfuid and \Vaterford ; and next year Strongbow arriving with a ftrong reinforcement, his marriage was celebrated. 'I'hc de;"-endants of the Danes continued Hill pofTefil'd of Dublin, which, after fome ineffertual oppofition made by king O'Connor, wij taken and plundered by thcEngiifh foldiers, but Mac 'lurkil the Panilli king efcapvd to his fhipping. Upon the death of Dermot, Henry II, became jealous of earl Strongbow, feized upon his eftates in England and Wales, and recalled his fubjcfts from Ireland. 'I'hc Iiifh, abou: the fame time, to the amount of about 60,000, beficged Dublin, under king O'Connor ; but though all Slrongbow's Irifli friends and illics hi now leit hi!'!!, and the city was reduced to great extremity, he forced tlie Irifli to raife the Jivge with great U fs, and going over to England he appeafed Henry by iwearing fealty to him and his heirs, and refigning into his hand ali t'lc Iriih cities and forts he held. During SirongbowS abfence, Mac Turkil returning with a great fleet, attempted to retake the city cf Dublin, but was killed at the fiege ; and in him ended the race of the Eallerling princes in Ireland. Tn 1I7:» Henry 11. attended by 400 knights, 4000 veteran foldicn, and the flower of Ills Engiiih noo.iity, landed near Waterford ; and not only all the petty princes of Lelaiid, excepting the king of Ulller, but the great i::ng Rcdoric 0'C.'onnr«r, fnbmitted to Henry, who prctenJvd that O'Connor's (•.ibmiflion included that of Ulfter, and that confequntly he was rh." paramount I'ovcreign cf Ireland. Be that as it will, ho htfecied to keep a magniticent court, and held a parliament at Dublin, where he parcelled out the cUates of Ireland, as William the Conqueror had done in England, to his I'.nglilh nobility. He then fettled a civil adminiilra- tion at Dubiin, as i:e:ir as p )irinle to that of England, to which h'j ir- turned in 1173, having firii fettled an Engiifli colony from Briibl in Dtiblin, with all the iibcities and i'vce cultoms, fays their charter-, •which the citizens of Biillol enjoyed. From that time Dublin began to flouriih. Thus the conquelt of Ireland was efi"efted by the Englilh almoft with as much eafj as that of Mexico was by the Spaniards, and for much the fame reafons, tlie rude, and unarmed Hate of the nitivc.-. and the diJ'erences that prevailed among their princes or leaders • Henry gave the title of LirJ of Ireland to his fon John, wl)o, in r i8-, went over in perfon to Ireland ; bat John and his g' idy Norman c(urtiL"> made a very ill ulc of their power, and rendered themfelves hateful tu tlie Irifh, wlu) were otherwiie very well difpofcd tov/ards the EngHfli. Richard I. was too much taken up with the cru fades to pay much rcjiard eo the aftaifa of Ireland, but king John, after hii acccili -n, made amend; lur I 1^ K I. A N D. ttff :r's plan, T'l:^ foiTifr l)iliaviour towards tht! rriHi. ire t-iilargccl his farhc ,,; Hitrnducini; into Ireland iMigliih laws and ufiiccrn, and ):'.• crc^i'cd tluit rail ot the provinces of Lcin'lcr and MunftiT which was wiihin the l',nj;!ilh p^!c, into twelve counties. 1 find, however, that the deibcndaiit') of the aiitient princes in other places paid him no more than a nominal fubicftion. They governed by their old Brchon laws, and cxercifcd all aftj of f()vcrei[^nty within their own Hates; and indeed this was pretty much the cafe lb late as the reign of JamejI. The unfcttlcd reign oj;* Hfnrv III. his wars, and captivity, gave the Irilh a very mean opinioa ft' the Engliili government during his reign ; but they fcem to have con- t;;iiicJ quiet under his ion Edward 1. Gavefton, tl»e famous favourite of Edward II. acquired great credit while he a£lcd as lieutenant of IrJand, but the fuccefles of the Scotch king, Robert Bruce, had almoll proved fatal to the Englilh intereft in Ireland, and fuggcllei to the Iriih the idea of transferring their allegiance from the kings of England to Edward Bruce, king Robert's brother. That prince accordingly in- vaded Ireland, where he gave repeated defeats to the Englilh grnernrrs nnJ armies, and being fuppor ted by his brother in perfon, he v.ai actually cro.vncd king of Dundalk, and narrowly mifled being mailer cf Dublin. T.'.e younger Bruce fecms to hnve been violent in the cNcrcife of his f.i.creignty, and he w.is at laft defeated and killed by Dermin^.'ham tlie tiT'lith general. After this Edward II. ruled lrcl::nd witli great mcde- n'.icn, and pafled feveral excellent aifls wi;h regard to ihat country. But during the minority of Edward III. the commotions were again rmweJ in Ireland, and not fupprefled without great lofs and difgrace on the fide of the Englifh. In 1333 a rebellion broke out, in wjiich the Englilh inhabitants had no inconfiderable fliarc. A fucccllion of vigo- rous, brave governors, however, at lall quieted the infurgents ; and about the year 1 36 1, prince Lionel, fon to Edward III. having married the hcirefs of UllKr, was fent over to govern Ireland, and, ifpoflible, to' reduce its inhabitants to an entire conformity with the laws ot England. In this he made a great progrefs, but did not entirely accomplilh it. It appears, at this time, that the Irilh were in a very flourifhing condition, and that one cf the grcatell grievances they complained of was, that the Engliili fent overmen of mean birth to govern them. In 1394, Richard 11. finding that the execution of his deljjotic fchemes in England mull be abortivu without farther fupport, parted over to Ireland with an army of 34,000 men well armed and appointed. As he made no ufe of force, the lilh looked upon his prefence to be a high compliment to their nation, and admired die magnificence of his court. Ricliard, on the other hand, cjurtcd them by .ill the arts he could employ, and bellowed the honour cf knighthood on their chiefs. In fhort, he behaved f) as to entirely win their .iftcftions. In 1399, Richard being then defpotic in England, undertook a frefli expedition into Ireland to re .'ngc the death of his lord lieatcnant, the earl of March, who had beei. killed by the wild IrJili. Hi? army again ilruck the natives with conlicrnation, and they threw thcnuMves upon his mercv. It wa.i during thi: expcdilion that the duke ol Lancailer landed in England, and Richard, upon his return, liiiJiug liimfdfdeierted, and that he toufd not depend upon the Irilh, lurrcniercU his crown to his rival. The l,i(h, after Richard'"! death, iliil retained a w.arm afieflion for the houfeof York, and upon ih: revival of that fu.niily's claim to the crowi>, V z ^- , enibiiiccd 2^2 IRELAND. 1 \i i embraced it 1 caufe. Even the acccfllon of Henry VIT. to tlic crown nf England did not reconcile them to his title, as duke ot* Lancallei, aiij the Irifli readily joined l,ambt;rt Simnel, who pretended to be the clduj fon of' Edward IV. but for this they paid di.ar, being defeated in their attempt to invade England. This made them fomewhat cautious at firil of joining Perkin Waibeck, notwiihrtanding his plaufiblc pretences to be the duke of York, fecond fon of Edward IV. He was, however, at lall recognized as king by the Irilh, and in the preceding paoes the leader may learn the event of liis iiillory. Henry behaved with modera- tion tow;irds his favourws, and was contented vith requiring the Iriih nobility to take a frelh oath of allegiance to his government. Thij lenity had the dcfircd ctFcd, during the aaminillration of the two earls of Kildare, the carl of Surrv, and the earl of Ormond. Henry VJH, goveriK'd Ireland by fupporting its chiefs againll each other, but tluv were tampered with by the emperor Charles V. upon which Henry made liis natural fon, the duke of Richnwnd, his lord lieutenant. This did not prevent the Irilh fi-om breaking out into rebellion in the year irio, nndcr FJlz Gerald, who had been lord deputy, and who w;is won over by the emperor, but was ac lall hanged at Tyburn. After thi.% the houle of Aulhia found their account iw their ijuatrels with Enclanj, to form a llrong party among the Irifh. About the year 1542 James V. kiiig of Scotland, formed fomc pre- fcnfions OB the crown of Ireland, and was favoured by a ttronj^ pwy among the Iriih themfelveo. It is hard to iay, had he lived, what the confequence of his claim m'ght have been. Henry undcrilood that tlic Iriih had a mean opinion of his dignity, as the kings of England ha] hitherto aflumed no higher title than that of lords of Ireland. He there- fore took that of king of Ireland, which had a great cfFcdt witl\ the native Irifli, who thought that allegiance was not due to a lord ; and, to Ipeak t!ie truth, it was Ibmcwhat furprlzing that this expedient was not thought of before, h pr'>duced a more perfert fubmilfion of the native Jrifli to Henry's government than ever had been known, aiid even Neil, who pretended to be fucceffor to the lall paramouat king of Ireland, fvvore allegiance to Henry, wiio created him earl of Tyrone. The Pope, however, and tlie princes of the houfe of Autlria, by re- mitting money* and fometimcs fending over troops to the Irifli, Hill kept up their inteiell in that kingdom, and drew from them vaft numbers of men to their armies, where they proved as good foltlicrs as any in tiurope. This created inexprcllibli; difficulties to the Engliib govern- ment, even in the reign of Edward VI. but it is remarkable that the reformation took place in the Engliih part of Ireland with little or 110 oppofition. The Irilh fecm to have been verj' quiet during the reign of queen Mary, but they proved thorns in the f.dc of queen Elizabeth. T'he perpetual difputcs (he had with the Roman Catholics, borh at home and abroad, gave her great uneafinefs, and the Pope, and the Uoule or Aiillria always found new refourccs againil: her in Ireland. The Spaniards polfeflttl themfelvcs cf Kinfale; and the rebellions of Tyrone, who baffled and outwitted her favourke general the earl of Efll'x, arc well i;no\vn 141 the Engliih hiftory. The lord-deputy MountjoVy win"* Aicceeded Eflex, was the firil En?;- iiflnnan wlio gave a mortal blow to the praftices of the Spaniards m IrclanJ, by defeating them and the Irilh b-fore Kinlale, and bringing T\K>ne prifoncr to England; whew ht ww pardoned by queen Eli/..- IRELAND. bcth n i^°-' '^'''''•'' l'^"*'fy» ftiewn to fuch an offender, ir a proof nf the: drGvili'l rippivhepfions lili/.aherh had trom tlic popiili iiucrcfl in In-lami. lamcK !• confinncd the poiilf]l(«is of ilie Irilh ; butl'uch was the inilucnct* ct'thi rope unci the Si)ani;iril ., that the rails ot Tyrone ami 'i'yrcorn'.-l, and ili^'ir P-'tV, planned a new rch.'Ilion, aiai att^-mptcd ti^ Icizc the cra'ilf of Dublin ; but thvir pint l>ein^ JilcovcrcJ, tlicir chiefs ^.■xi bcyoi'd jc^s. 'i'hcy \vc;e not idle abro-id ; t'cr m i';oS, they inilii»aicd iSir C liin 0'Do[;liarty to a jVclli rcbcIHcn, !iy pn'inirnig him Irctdy Aip- ri;. s ot men and uionvy i'i\.m J^pain. Sir Calirti \v;:s kilied in the dif- nji;-, HiiJ hi^ adlv-'rcnts wtre tiik;-n and c.-Cs;cuted. The attainders of the jrjih rebels which pailld in tlie reigns of Junes and l'',li/.abcth, vefted in u<: crown 511,405 acre:, in the icvcral counties of Donnejfal, Ty- rone, Cukrain, Fcnuaiiaoji, Cavan, and AiTna^-h; and enabled the j;;n(r to mi.'.ic that protcllant phifltation in the n.irth of Ireland, which fl(HV, front the molt rebellious province of the kingdom, h the moll qcict and reformed. Thofe prodigious attainders, however juil and neccfiary they might ir, operated fatally for the Enj^liih in the r-A'^n of Charles 1. The Irilh Ro:Tian-catho!icb in general, were influenced by their priells to hope nov m^- to repo.icfs the lands (-f their forctather'-, but to rcilorc the popilh Kiic;ion ill Ireland. They therefore entereti into a deep ami dcieilable CMlpiracy tn- mafllicreinr!; all the lingliih piotellantsin that kingdom. In this tiny weie enconraged by the unhappy c'iffentions that brcke out be- t..':..n die king and his parliaments \n En;j;land and Scotland. Their bloody riau being di'x.^vercd by t'lc J^nglifli government at Dublin, prevented th:it city from fallir-^- ir.t » tlieir hands. They howe\rr p".rtly tvccutcd, in 1^41, their horrid fcheme of mafi'acre : l>iit authors have not agreed n, to till" number*! who wci-c nuirdercd ; prrhaps they have I;e?:i exagge- i>ii,d by warm protcllant write:-?, fome of v.iiom have mount.d the mr.n- l' r of tlic fufVereri to 40,000 ; other accounts fneak oi 10, coo or i 2,00:3, Slid foino hsve even diininilhed that n'.iniber. What folJowcd in con- fcqucncc of this rebellicn, and the redui'tion of Ireland by Cromwell, who retaliated the crur-itics of -J-.- Jrilh papilt". upon thcmftlvi-i, belor.gc to the hiltory of h^nglar.d. It is certain that tiiey fmurttd in feverely, tiiut they were qui( t vluring the reign of Charles H. His popilh fuceclior ,rid brother, even after the Revolution took place, f;^und an afyluiri in la nJ; and wai encouraged to hope, that by the ailillance of tac na- ti'.L's there, he might remount his throne: but he was deceived, and liis own pufillanimity co-operated \v!th hi' difappointment. He i-.'ns drivcnout of Ireland b}' his lon-in-lav/, after the battle of tlio Boyne, the only vidlory that William ever gained in perfon. James, it is true, foatjbt at the head of an undifciplined rabble, but his French auxiliarii-s were J;.r from behaving as heroe.-. It mult be acknowledged, however, that \w kh both the field and the kingdom too foon for a brave man. The for- fciiiircs that fell to the crown on account of the Iriih rebellion, and the Revolution, arc almoll incredible; and had the aols of parliament whicli jjave them away been ftricUy enforced, Ireland mull have been peopled with Britifli inhabitants. But many political reafons occurred for nor driving the Irifii to defpair. The friends of the Revolution and the niotellant religion were fulficiently gratified out of the forfeited eilates. Too many of the Roman-catholics might have been forced abroad ; and it was proper that a due balance Ihouid be prclc'rvcd between the Ro- waa-cathuUc and the proteiluat intereil. U 3 It li 294 ISLE OF MAN. It w.T- therefore thouj^ht prudent to relax the rcinr. nf ,'^ov( rnir.c:r and not to put tlie forfi'iu.ri-s too rifroroufly into execution. The t:\, pt.'ricncc of half :i ccniv; y has rr;;firmcd tlic wildoin of the above cor,. liderations. The knUy of tlic miafures purfued in regard to the Iriili Rr;n."n-c:ithnlics, and ihe eri.it p.'.ins tn!:en for the inllruftion of thtir chilurcn, with ih'.' pro;:ic;>. which kncwlt'dt'C and the ails have made in that country, have di;iii;iil]»ul the popiJ.i intcreft fo much; that the Iriili piotellaius hivf of Lite difputcd many points of tlicir dependency. The fpirit of indunry li.is cnaLk'd the Irilh to know their own tlrcn^th and importance, to v.hich ione accidental circumllances have con- currcd. All her ports are now opened for the exportation of wool and woollen yarn hi any part of Grcct-Britain. In 1757, the fcarcity of provinces in l-'.ngLind occafioncd a rtatute for permitting the importa- lion of fait beef, n^ik, and butter, from Ireland; and alfo of tallow 2nd live cattle. This ftatutc was temporary, and prolonged to the 24th of December 1 761 ; but by r. ftatutc of the fccond of his prefent majeftv, it was cnadcJ, " For the more eafily viftualling of his majefty's iliipc, tranfport:-, A:c. in his fervice," fulted beef, pork, and butter, are per- jnitted to be imported from Ireland duty free, and for none other pur- pofe, for one year, to end on the 24th of December 1762. How far the late .icl for rendering parliaments in Ireland oftennial, may operate to its benefit, ij as yet inipoflible to be determined : in all appearance, it will create a very material alteration in the civil policy of that kingdom, and will prove to be by no means for the benefit of tbt independency upon England which is fo much the idol of the Irifli pa- triots. It ii likewife to be apprehended, that the ofiennial returns of general eledlions, may have a fatal efFedl upon the morals of the labour. ing people, as is too often fccn in England, where indiillry flourifhes moll in thofe places (witnefs Mancheiler, Birmingham, and Shclficld) v.'hich fend no member to theBritifli parliament. I mi;-,hi here conclude the geography and hillory of Great-Britsin and Jrclr.rul, were it not tliat flveral fniallcr iflands are under the allegiance of the crown of England, and having local privileges and dillindtions, could not be con. prchended under a more general head. In treating of rhcm tJiertforc 1 fiu'Ii deviate from my common method, but ob.wvc brevity as much as the fubjcit will permit. ISLE OF MAN. THIS is not the TJona mentioned by Tacitus. Some think that it t.'ikes 11-5 name from the Srixon word M^.':js; (or among) bccaufe lying in bt, George \s Channel, it is at an equal uiftance from the king- tlnni;; of England, Scr.tlr.nd, and Ireland ; but Mona fcems to have been a gencricnl name with the ancients for any detached ifiand. Its length from north to f that in the north of Engl.-.nd, from which it. does not tiifTcr much in other rtipcifls. 'ihe hilly parts are barren, and the 'ybrT-'.pir.n fruitful in wheat, barley, oats, rye, jlax, hemp, roots, and pulfe. ISLE OF MAN. 2p5 hs of ,'^n\( rnir,c.. 'cution. Thctx. ^f the above co- ■K^«d to the InS, '■'llruaion of their uts have made in "ch: that the Iriih iependcncv. The licir own'ilrcngtli itances have con. tportation of wool 1757. the fcarcity [tting the importa. n'' alfo of tallow ionged to the 241!, 's prefentmajeftv, iis majefty's fl,ip:, butter, arc per. r none other pur- 62. Ireland cflennia!, ctermined : in all' the civil policy of the benefit of I'ht 'I of the Irifh pa. ennial returns of ■als of the labmir. ndullry floiiri/lifs m, and Shclfidd) ^me think that It among) bccaufe e from the king. ?ms to have hccn and. Its length rom eight to lif- hy-foar degrees, ^ the three Bri- here is whole- fituation, pretty i!ch it. docs not irren, and tlif tnp, roots, and pulfg rjlfc. The rid£;e of mountains which as it were divides iLc ifiand, both rrotcins and fcrtili/es the vallles, where there is good paiturage. The tftt." io't of inhabitants have good fizcablc horfcs, and a fm;.ll kind, \,Iiicli i> f^vfc and hardy ; nor are they troubled with any noxious ani- '.ali. 'r'K-' coalls abound with fea-fowl ; and the pufiins, which breed in nibbit-h<'les, arc a! moil a lump cf fat, and ellecmed very deliciom. I; i, faiu ihat ihis iHand abounds with iron, lead, and cn^iper mines, p,i;!';h iinv.iJii^rht, as arc thc (jurirrics of marble, flati*, and it.mc. The Iflc of Man contains fevcntcen pariihes ;inJ four towns on the f,.;coa!ls. Calllc-town is the metropolis of the ifianJ, and the feat of i;sg.ncrntncnt ; I'eele, which, of late years, begins to flourilli ; Dcag- iij, which has the beft market and beft trade in the illand, as well as •Krichcft and moft populous town, on account of its excellent harbour, jnJ its fine mole, extending into the fea ; Ramfey has likewifc a t Ji'.fi- (JunbL' commerce, on account of its fpacious bay, in which fliips may ride fafs from all windr. excepting the north-eaft. The reader, by thrown in" his eyes on the map, may fee how conveniently this illand is fituated fo; being the l^orchoufc of fmugglers, which it was tiil vyithin theie fVw vwrs, to the inexpreflible prejudice of his majelly's i-cvciiuc ; and lliis /itced'arily leads me to touch upon the hiilory of the i;l:\Md. During the time of the Scandinavian rovers on the fcas which I have before mentioned, this ifland was their rendezvous, and their chief fcrcc was here collefted, from whercc they annoyed the Hebrides, Great- Britain and Ireland. The kings of Man are often mentioned in hiilory ; anJ though we have no regular account of their fucccffion, and know but a few of their names, yet they undoubtedly were for fome ages mriers of thofc feas. About the year 1263, Alexander II. king of Scotland, a fpirited prince, having defeated the Danes, laid claim to th* fiipcriority of Man, and obliged Owen, or John, its king, to acknow- kd^-e him as lore} paramount. It fecms to have continued, either tribii- tuyorin property of the Icings of Scotland, till it was reduced by EJ- warJ I. and the kings of England, from that time, exercifed the fupL-- ricrity over the ifland ; though wc find it Hill poflefTed by the pollerity of its Daaifli princes, in the reign of Edward III. who difpofl'efled the M queen of the ifland, and bellowed it on his favourite, Mountague, earl of Salilbury. His family being forfeited, Henry IV. bellowed Man, aiid the patronage of the bifliopric, firll upon the Northumberland family, and thit being forfeited, upon Sir John Stanley, whofe pollerity, the earls of D:rby, enjoyed it, till, by failure of heirs male, it devolved upon the duke ofAthol, who married the filler of the laft lord Derby. Reafons of Hate rendering it neceflary for the crowm of Great-Britain to purchafc the cifionis and the illand from the Athol fr.mily, the bargain was coni- pletcJin the reign of his prefent majelly, by 70,000!. being paid to the duke in 1765. The duke, however, retains his territorial property in the ifland, though the form of its government is altered, and the king has now tl;f? fame rights, powers, and prerogatives, as the dukes for- inor.'y enjoyed. The inhabitants, however, retain ftill many of ilieir ai'tient conilitutions and cuftoms. The ellabliflicd religion in Man is that of the church of England. Till- king has now the nomination of the hifliop, who is called billiop ;f .S'Klerand Man; and he enjoys all the fpiritual rights and prc-tminencjs fit in the Britifli houfc of peers, his ic; U 4 ne->i;f ■* f .■^' V. ' 4 ct other bilhops, but does not 2^6 ISLE OF MAN. J revcr having been ercfted into an Engli(h barony. The ecclefiadicjj governraeni is well kept up in this ifland, and the livings are cnm, /ortable. Tht lanj^iiagc, which is called thf Manks, and is fpoken bv tho common people, is radically Erfe, or Jrifh, but with a mixture of 1 other lang;ia;»cs, The New Teftamcnt and Common Prayer Book have ' been tranllated into the Manks langua^^e. The natives, v.lio arc faid*o am.iunt to above 20,000, are inoffenfivc, charitable, and hofpitahle, The better fort live in ftonc houres, and the poorer in thatched ; and their ordinary bread is made of oatmeal. Their produfts for exporta. tion conA'l of wool, hides, and taJlow ; which they exchange with fo. reign flapping for commodities they may have occafion for from other parts, lltfore the fouih promontory of Man, is a little ifland called the Calf of Man : it is about three miles in circuit, and feparated from Msn by a channel about two furlongs broad. This ifland afl"'>rds fome curiofliies which may amufe an antiquarv. They confift chiefly of Runic fepulchral infcriptions and monuments of antient brafs, daggers, and other weapons of that metal and partly of pure gold, v/hicli arc fometimes dug qp, and fecm to indicate the fplen- tlor of its antient pofTeflbrs. I forbear to mcnt'on in this place the iflcs of Anglefey and Wight, the f;ril being annexed to VVale^, and llie other to Hanipfliirc. la thu* Englini channel arc four ifl.mds fubjeft to England ; thefe are jerfey, Guernfey, AUlcrncy, and Sark ; which, though they lie much ;iearcr to the toail of Normandy than to that of England, are within the diocefe of Wincliellcr. They lie in a duller in Mount St. Michael's bay, between Cape la Hague in Nnrmandy, and Cape Frebelle 'ti Brit- tany. The coinpntcd diilance between Jerfey and Sark is four kaguej; between that and Guernfey, fcven leagues; and between the fame anc| Aldcrney, nine leagues. Jerlcy- was known to the Romans; and lies fa; thcll within the bay, in forty-nine degrees feven minutes north latitude, and in the fecond de- gree iwcnty-fix minutes weft longitude, eighteen miles weft of Nor- j-nandy. The north fide is inacceTiible through lofty cliffs, the fouth is ahnoft level with the water ; the higher land in its midland part is wtll planted, and abound:! with orchards, from which is made an incredible Quantity of excellent cyder. The vallies arc fruitful and well cultivated, and contain plenty of cattle and flieep. The inhabitants negleft tillage too much, being intent upon the culture of cyder, the improvement of commerce, and particu'arly the manufrdurp of ftockings. The honey in jerfey is remarKably fine ; and the ifland is well fopphed with filh and wild-fowl almoft of every kind, fome of both being peculiar to the ifland, and very delicious. The ifland is not above twelve miles in length, but the air is fo falu- brious, that in Camden's time, it was faid there was here no bufinefs for a phyfician. The inhabitants in numbc- are about 20,000, and are di- vided into twelve pariflics. The capital town is St. Helier, which con- tains above 400 houfcs, and makes a handfome appearance. The pro- perty of this iiland belonged formerly to the Cartprets, a Norman family, who have been always attached to the royal intereft, and gave proteftioa to Charles 11. both when king and prince of Vales, at a time when no part of the Britifli dominions durll recognize him. The language of the inhabitants is French, with which moft of iSem intermingle Englifh Y^ords. Kaiit ftockings and caps form their ftaple commodity, but they ' " " carry The ecclefia(li:j| livings are cmn. ind is fpokenbv rh a mixture nf I ?u\yer Book have ' , v.lio are faid-o and hofpitalile, in tlntchcd ; ar.d lufts for exporta. ixchange with fo. n for from other ! ifland called the araied from M.n jfe an antiquary. kI monuments of tal and partly of iidicate the fplen- Icfey and Wight, p 111 ire. gland ; there are h they lie much d, are within the imt St. Michael'j F rebel le 'u Brit- <. is four k'ague;; :n the fame aTi(j| I within the bay, in the fecond de- :s weft of Nnr- fFs, the fouth is land part is wtll le an incredible well cultivated, ts ncgleft tillage improvement of Igs. Xhe honey ed with fjlh and ar to the ifland, aii: is fo falu- no bufinefs for 30, and are di- |ier, which con- Kc. The pro- lorman family, Igavc proteftioQ time when no language of the nkigle Englifh jdity, but they carry *•* / J)i'ff.U'4\it^>ftt JiiVidtVt Sdify. '^«v, ^ t X.1^^^ Tifrliay .ajf/r ,, .9:11 A y^^' jT**:; J**^ L** -J*'! i-V V Jif .>f -I ^v/>> > \^MS%iif ^mrJS'*"'^^'' ^— ^f^» >,J12! IMantJf Ur»rt iUrb. HmiIm. i-»si;;" Offn>nl\ i.irui 7t 6?\l' V -» a: A' A* aiul O ji s ci^ TMf./. A Tlff^ ]toU«»t f(^i / A't/; Aivd ^'JlW/ ^»4,vA ..^tf\ ^ Xa ..<<^^^.rmr ^.. , . P z XJ-z Ji z A ?r j) Wi V/i .J*' "^ ^tfi^i 71 «' y" itnRivi \\m\^ Js-^-- 5>" J^^if"'' ME /] Jlktiiurfis D I T E K R A X K A 1^ S E A w 1 i't frown FRANCE. 297 -j-y on a confidcrable trade in fifli with Newfoundland, ainl dlTpofc of tncir cargoes in the Mediterranean. 'Ihe governor is appointed by the rrown P* Enr;l:ind, b'lt the civil adminillration rrlls with a bailey, TilltJ by twelve jurats. As this i/Iand is the principal remain of the iuchy of Normandy depending o.i the kind's of England, it preftrvcs the [J lf.,Jal forms, and particularly the aflcnibly of llatis, which is as it »ert a niiniaturc of the Briiilh parliumeut, m fettled in the time of Ed- Guernfey is thirteen miles and a half from fouth-wcft to noith-eaft, and twelve and a half, where broadeit, c:ill and \\ei\ ; but has only tea ruriili«f to which there are but eight miniflers, four of the pnrifliei bc- ijg uaited, and Alderncy and Sr.rU having one .i-piece. Though this is :f,iuch finer ifland than that of jerfey, yet it is far lefs viduable, becaufe iiii not fo well cultivated, nor is it lo populous. It abounds in cyder; jnd the inhabitants fpealc French : but want of firing is the greatcU in- Miivcnitncy that both 'llaiuls labour under. The only harbour httre is jtSt. Peter le Port, which is guarded by two ibrtc, one called the Old- Ciltle, the other Calllc-Cornct. Guernicy is likewife pirr of the aiiucnl Nornmn patrimony. AlJcrney is about eight miles in comnaf., .md is by much the neareft efdlthefe iflands to iScrmandy, from v.hith it is fcpar...cd by a narrow lirait, called tiic Ra:e of Alucrnt-y, v/Id-.li i-. a d'n'^erou , pnfl*a(.re in Itormy weather, when the tv.o currents meet, cthrrwifc it i: fall*, and hai depth ci" '.v.iter for the largell liiips. This iflar.d is healthy, and the f"'! is remarkable for a fine breed of cows. Suk is a fn:all illand de- pending upon Guernfey'; the inh.ibitants are icnj;-Iived, and ciijoy from nature all the conveniencies of life. The inhabitimts of ilic three la^ mentioned iflands are thought to be abont 20,000. The religion of al! the four iflands is that of the church of England, though formerly the inhabitants were Calviniils. FRANCE, A^ fome part of France lies as far north as the fouthemmoft corne^ of England, we ftiall now proceed to that kingdom ; though p^ (Jf Gefmany and Poland lies to the northward of France. Situation and Extent. Between < Between and 8 E 42 and Being Lat. 6qo miles in length. 500 miles in breadth. Boundaries.] It is bounded by the Engliih channel and the Ne- therlands, oh the north ; by Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, call : by die Mediterranean and the Fyrcncan mountains, fouth ; and by the BayofBifcay, welt. This 298 FRANCE. Tiii'^ !:ingdom is divided, and tlie dimensions of the feveral parti liifliiidi')' f|ic-tifR'd in the following tabic, by Mr. Templcmau. Divisions antiekt and modern. Cuuniries Names, Squnri; •-I Chief Cities. trr Mile:. fj 3 » France. #-Oik:nn;!ois 2-iO ?• .,. • 130 23c 17C 466 21, 050 iSo Orleans Cuicnnc I^jS'-.C 216 120 Bourdeaux Galcoi^ne 8,Soo I2<; QO Aux or Augh Langucdoc ij>i7S 200 "5 Thoujoufe L'<-onnois I2,5CC 175 '10 Lyon 411 Champiignc IC,CCO 140 110 Rhcims 204 Brctagr.c 9,icc 170 10s Rennci V.IO Papifls -"y Normandy 8,200 iss 8S Rouen 86 rrovcnce 6,3oo 9$ 92 Aix S4f~ Burgundy 6,7co ISO S6 Dijon i^S Daupliine S,S;c 107 90 Grenoble 488 Ifle of France 5,200 ICO 8S Par is 2C3 14° French Compt$ 4,coc ICC 60 Bcfancon j Ficardy V-Roufillon 3,650 120 87 Amiens 140 1,400 50 44 Perpignan 533 Total— 131.C95 r;.-.tv, I'ari:. 3'5 31C 2C? "4 i6r 60 3'?o 14 *45 170 ^88 In former times it was divided into twelve provinces, viz. Normandy, Picardy, the Ifle of France, Champaign, Bretagne, Orleannois, Bur- gundy, Lyonnois, Guicnnc, Languedoc, Dauphine, and Provence. I'hefe had their feveral parliaments, who gave their confent for the tnafting the laws of their civil government. But they have been dif. folved ever Hncc the year 1614.; and the kingdom, ever fince, is divided into thirty-fix provinces, which ordinarily go under the name of gene- r^ities. But, in all thefe, there are only twelve parliaments fubfilHng, viz. I. Pau. 2. Dijon. 3. Rennes. 4. Grenoble. 5. Beran9on. 6. Bourdeaux. 7. Paris. 8. Touloufe. ^. Metz. 10. Rouen. 11. Aix, 1 2. Doway. Name and climate.] France took its name from the Francs, a German nation, who conquered the Gauls, the antient inhabitants. By its fituation, it is the moll compaft kingdom perhaps in the world, and well fitted for every purpofe botli of power and commerce ; and fince the beginning of the 11; th century, their inhabitants have fully availed thcmfelvcs of their natur.il advant.iges. Did not the province of Bri- tany ftretch above 100 miles farther into the ocean than any other part of the kingdom, its form would be ainioll fquare, and the breadth and length pretty nearly equal, being nc.?r 600 miles over either w.iy. The air, particularly that of the interior parts of the kingdom, is in genera! mild and wholefome ; but fome late authors think it is not near io falu- brious as is pretended ; and it mull be acknowledged, that the French have been but too fuccefsful in givinf^- the inhabitants of Great-Britain falfe prepofTeflions in favour of their own country. It mull be owned, that their weather is more clear and fettled than in England. In the northern provinces, however, the winters arc more inter fely cold, and |he inhabitants not lo well j'upplied ^vi:h hfing, which in l'n.n<:c is chiefly of wood. FRANCE. 209 . I'jic hcai.:> ^r. many rij burn up the ground, (j ihnt ic has no vcrti'.ire bu: ihc clvi;;f mil- wrtune attending the French foi' is, thr.t the ir.}i;;bir?.nti hnvin^rr but a pre- cjrious fccurity in their own property,- do not .n^ply tiujinielvo uiiHcicnrly 10 cultivation and agriculture. Nature, hov, ;-v>.'r, hui, done wonrlLrs for them, and both animal and vegetable piouudicns arc fuiind iiicro in vnll plenty. The French have of late endeavoured to fupply the lofs arifing frrnx jjijif precarious title to their lands, by inilitiiting academies of a^^ricul- tjfj, and propofing premiums for its improvement, as in r.ngland ; but ji-o-tf expedients, however fuccefsful they may be in particular inllances, can never become of national utility in any but a free country, where the h'alhndman is fure of enjoying the fruit of his labour. It muit at the liinie time be admitted, that the French exceed perhaps tjic Fnglifii thcmfclves in the theory of agriculture. No nation is better fnpplieJ than France is with wholefome fprings and water; of which tiie inha- bitants make excellent ufe, by the help of art and engines, for all t]\o coavenicnciei; of life. I IhaJl afterwards ipeak of their canals and nii- iic:rJ waters. Before 1 leave this head it may be proper to obferve, that the foil, r>% well as the air o*" France, is different in different parts of the kingdom. The upper part of Provence is proper for corn ; the lower, for high- favoured fruits. Some foils produce timber, and others little more tbnjuil as much rye and chefnuts as ferve tofubfill the poor inhiibiti;i>t-. The ibil of Burgundy is juftly called the mother of wine and co^-n ; and Picariiy is faid to be the national granary or magazine for corn, flax, anJ fruit ; .nnd fo on of the rell of the kingdom, where even their wine (lilfcrs in qualities according to the difference of the foil. We Ihall be obliged to refume this fubjedl. Mountains.] The chief mountains in France, or its borders, are, J. The Alps, which divide France from Italy. 2. The Pyrenees, which divide France from Spain. 3. Vauge, which divides Lorrain from Bur- gundy and Alface. 4. Mount Jura, which divides Franche-Conipte irom Switzerland, 5. The Cevennes, in the province of Languedoc; Slid, 6. Mount Dor, in the province of Auvcrgne. Rive lis and lakes.] The principal rivers in ^ 'nee are, the Loire, the Rhone, the Garonne, and the Seine. The ijoire takes it courfu north and north-weft, being, with all its windings, from its fource to thefea, competed to run about 500 miles. The Rhone flows on fouth- weft to Lyons and then runs on due fouth till it falls into the Medi- terranean. The Garonne rifes in the Pyrenean mountains, takes its courfe, firft, jiorth-eatt, and has a communication with the Mediterra- nean by rneans of a canal, the work of Lewis XIV, The Seine, foon after its rife, runs to the north-weft, vifitir.g Troves, Paris, and Rouen, in its way, and falls into the Englifti channel. To thefe we may add, tlieSoane, which falls into the Rhone at Lyons ; the Charcntc, which rifes near Havre de Grace, runs in and difcharges itiislf in tlie Eav of Bifray. The Rhine, which rifes in Swiflcrland, is the eailern boundary between Francc and Qerjn»ny, Qnd receives the Mofolle and t};e barte ifl its pAifage, The Somme, which runs north-wcil tliroii^Ii pi-anly, m 300 FRANCE. and fulls into the Englifli channel helow AbbeviJc. ThcVnr, wh'chi rifes in the Alps, and runs foiith, dividin"^ France from Italv, fall., into! the Mediterranean well of Nice. The Adonr runs from eait ro ^^..^ I through Gafcoigne, and falls into the Bay of Bifcay below Baynnnc. ' The vail advant.igc, both in comir.eice and convcnicncy, ul;ich arifcil to France from thofc rivers, is wonderfully improved by the artirn;i;ilrivcrjl :ind canals which form the chief glory of the reign of Lewis XIV. 'I'liat ofl Languedoc v.as begun in the year 1666, and completed in 1680: it v,a$| intended for a communication between the ocean and ilie Mediterranean for ihe fpeedier pafiage of the FreacI) fleet ; but though it was ciuric.l « il :it an imincnfe expence, for 100 miles, over hills ai;d vallies, and evtnl through a mountain in one place, it has not anfwered that purnofc. ]]y the canal of Calais, travellers eafily pafs by water from thence to St. Onier, Gravcline, Dunkirk, Yper, and other places. The canal of j <.)rleans is another noble work, and runs a courfc of eighteen Icaj'uc^, to the immenfe benefit of the public and the royal revenue-. ":-rancc! ;;bounds with other canals of the like kind, which render her inland na- vigation inexprcLlbly commodious and beneficial. Few lakes are found in this country. There is one at the top of n\ hill near Alegre, which the vulgar report to be bottondcfs. '1 iiere is i another at Ifloi re, in Anvergne; and one at La Befle, in which if you throw a Hone, it caufcs a noife like thunder. Metals and minerals.] Languedoc is faid to contain veins cf| gold and filvcr. Alfacc has mines of filver and copper, but they arc mo i rxpenfive to he wrought. Alabafter, black marble, jalpcr, and coal, are found in n-iany parts cf the kingdom. Britany abo^inds in mines of iron, copper, tin, and lead. At Laverdau, in Cominges, tliere is a 1 mine of cJialk. At Berry there is a mine of okcr, which ferves for nult- ing of metals, and for dying, particularly the bell drab-clothr ; and m the province of Anjou are feveral quarries of fine white Hone. Sonic ex- cellent turcjuoifes (the only gem that France produces) are found in L.m-. giicdoc ; and great rare is taken to keep the mines of marble and frcc- llone open all over the kingdom. Ve G ET A B L E AND ANIMAL p R 0- 1 Francc abounds in excellent roots, DUCT IONS By SEA AND LAND, j which are more proper for foups than thofe of England. As to all kinds of feafoning and fallads, they are more plentiful, and in fome places better than in England ; they being, next to their vines, the chief objetl of their culture. The pro- vince of Gaflmois p-roduces great quantities of faiFron. The wines of! Champ.igne, Burgundy, Bourdeaux, Gafcony, and other provinces of Francc, are fb well known, that they need only to be mentioned. It is fufficient to obfcrve, that though they differ very fenfibly in their tafte and properties, yet all of them are excellent, particularly thofe of Cham- pagne, Burgundy, Bourdeaux, Pontacke, Hermitage, and frontiniacj and there are few conllitutions, be they ever fo valetudinary, to which fome one or other of them is not adapted. Oak, elm, afli, and other timber common in England, is found in France ; but it is faid, that the internal parts of the kingdom begin to feel the want of fuel. A great deal of fait is made at Rhee, and about Rochfort on the coaft of bain- toign. Languedoc produces an herb called kali, which when burnt makes excellent pot-aflies. The French formerly were famous for hord- culture, but tlicy are at prcfent far inferior to the Englilh both in tl>e ^na«irc. FRANCE. 301 .y-jtrfment and difpofition of their gardens. Piunes an caper» are • uuccd at Bourdeaux and near Toulon. not to be tenor to and ficin France contains few animals, either wild or tame, that are i ,i,pj in England, excepting wolves. Theii borfts are far in r^Ec^li^h ; nor is the wool of their flicep fo fine. The hair .ftiie chamois, or mountain goats, arc more valuable than thcfo of Eng- i^^^j. We know of no difference between ihe marine piodii(ftions of ffjnce and thofe. of England, but that the former ii not lb well ferved, Iven on their fca-coafts, with falt-watcr fi/h. fcREbTS.] The chief forell.s of France are thofe of Orleans, which cjatain 14,000 acres of wood of various kinds, oak, elm, aJh, &c. and lie Ibreft of Fontainblcau near as large ; and near Morthiiuioir is a firellof tall, ftrait timber, of 40G0 trees. Befidcs thcfe, ':ir£f'^ numbeii c; woods, ibme of tliem defcrving the nr>me of forells, lie in different rrcvinccs ; but too remote from lea carriage to be of national utility. Mineral waters and re- 7 The waters of Bareges, which He MARKADLE SPRINGS. 3 ncar the bordcrs of Spain, under ihe Pvrcnean mountains, have of late been preferred to all the others of France, for the recovery of health. The bell judges think that the cures Krformed by them, arc more owing to their accidental fuccefs, with ijaie great perfons, and the falubricy of the air and foil, than tl.? virtues cf the waters. The waters of Sulrzbach in Alface, cure the palfy, weak lerves, and the Hone, At BagMCiis, not far from Bareges, are fcvcral sholfome minerals and baths, to which people n.Tort as to the Englilh (liihs, at fpring and autumn. Forges in Normandy is celebrated for its BJnenil waters, and thofe of St. Amand cure the gra\el and oblbudtions. It would be endlefs to enumerate all the other real or pretended minc- ralvvclls in Frr.nce, therefore I mull omit them, as well as many remark- lok Iprings ; but there is one near Aignc in Auvergne, which boils viniendy, and makes a noife like water thrown upon lime ; ii has littlu crno tallc, but has a poifonous quality, and the birds that drink of ic die inlbntly. Population, inhabitants, k:anner«,T If we believe fome CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. j Frcuch v.'rilcrs, France contains 20,000,000 of inhabitants ; but the calculation is certainly cverllraincd by at leaft 4,000,000, and of the remainder near 200,006 are KclefialHcs. I fliall not difpute thepopuloufncfs of f r.ince in former times, ktit is certain that the numbers of her natives, and thofe too the moll nfeful to the public, have, during the lall and prcfcnt centuiy, been, great- ly reduced, firll, by the revocation of the cdid of Nantes, and other re-* ligious perfecutioits ; fecondly, by her pcrpjtual wars ; thirdly, by her {migrants to her colonies. Some writers make perhaps the numbers too low, wiien they fix them at 13, 000, 000. It is evideiK however that Jliere is a great deleft of population in the interior provinces. The French, in their perfons, are rather lower than fhcif ncighbotirs ? but they are well proportioned and adlve, and move tree than other na- tions in general from bodily deformities. The nobility and gentry acccm- pliih thcnifelvcs irr the academical exercifes. of dancing, fcncHig, and riding ; in the praftlee of which, fliey excel all their neighbours in Ikill and graccfulnefs. They arc fond of hunting; and the gentry huve now leftoiF their heavy jack-boot';, their huge war-faddlc, and montlrons curb- bridle, in that cxercifc ; and atcomxnodiite themlclve- to th? F.nglidv ih&nncf. 4 *! ^" 302 FRANCE. manner. The landlords are as jealous of their game as they are Jn Er land, and equally niggardly of ii to their inferiors. A ft'w of the Frcicli princes of the blood, and nobility, are more magnificent in their pal-a- and equipages than any of the Englilh ; but the other r^nlcs of life rri: defpicable, when compared to the riches, elegance, and opulence, nVt only of the Englilh nobility and gentry in general, but to the mid'niiirr people. * The genius and manners of the French are well known, and have been the fubjeft of many able pens. A national vanity is their prcdcnii- nant charader, and they are perhaps the only people ever heard of, who have derived great utility from a national weaknefs. It fupports them under misfortunes, and inipells them to aftions to which true courare in- fpires other nations. This charader, however, is confpicuous only ia the higher and middling ranks, where it produces excellent officers, tor the common foldiers of France have few or no ideas of heroifm. Hence it has been obferved, with great julHce, of the French and Englifli, that the French ofHcers will lead, if their foldiers will follow, and the Eir*. liih foldiers will follow, if their officers will lead. This fame principle of vanity is of admirable ufc to the government, becaufe the lower ranks when they fee their fupcriors elated, as in the time of the lail war with England, under the moll difgraceful lofTcs, never think that they are unfortunate ; thence proceeds the pallive fubmifiion of the French under all their calamities. For thia reafon the common people are keot in profound ignorance, and frequently made to believe, that every thing goes well abroad at times, when the very reverfe happens ; of this we have u llriking inflance in their ordering bonfires, and other :•:• joicings at Paris, after the memorable battle of Minden, though 8000 Engliih obtained a compleat viilory over their whole army. The French may be charai^cri-xd as being well mannered, rather than well bred. They are indifuiminately complaifant and oilicious, but they feldom know how to adjuil their behaviour to the fituation and charadter of thofe they convcrfe with. All is a repeated round of po- litenefs, which for want of difcernment becomes affected, often ridicu- lous, and always difguflful to fentimental people. The French have been cenfiired for infmcerity ; but this is a fault which they poffefs in no greater degree tlian their neighbours, and the imputation is generally owing to their excefs of civility, which throws a fufpicious light upon their candour. The French, in private life, have juil as much virtue as other European nations, and have given as many proofs of gencrofity, and difintcrcllcdnels ; but this is far from being the charaiSler of their government, which hns prepoflefFcd the Englifli againll the whole nation, and when the French are no longer formidable, they will be no longer thought faithlcfs. It is doing the French no ni'^re than jnfiice to acknowK-dge that they have given a polifli to the ferocious manners and even virtiies of other nations. They have long pollclil-d the lead in taRe, f.ifhi-'ii and drefs, but it feems now to be in the wane, and they begin to think, that the linglifli are not barbarians. This .".Iteration of opinion has not how. ever taken its rife from their wits, their learned men, their courtiers, nor the middle r.inks of life. The fuprricr orders of men in France are of a very different call from thofe below them. They fee with indig- nation the frivoloufncfs o^ their court, and however complying they nwy FRANCE. 303 ^„ appenr in public, when retired, they keep themfelvps facred from its lilies. Independent b^' their rank and fortunes, they think and aft for i,j^felves. They are open to conviclion, and examine things to the liittom. They faw during the late war the management of their armies, .jijjr finances and fleetSj with lllent indignation, and their refearches i^ere favourable to the Englifh. The ccnclufion of the late peace, and jtevifits which they have fince paid to England, have improved that tooJ opinion, the courtiers theml'elves have fallen in with it, and what j-,3is years ago would have been thought incredible, people of fiifliion ia France now ftudy the Engliih language, and imitate them in their cuf- ,gc, amufements, drefs, and buildings. The^ both imitate and admire (jj writers; the names of Milton, Pope, Addifon, Hume, Robertfon, Jichardfen, and many others of the lali and prcfent century, are facred jTiono the French of any education ; an-l to fay the truth, the rati.igs "f fuch men h..ve equally contributed, with our military rcpu- ution, to raife the name of Great Britain, to that degree, in which it iij been held of late by foreign nation;;, and to render our language more univerfal, and even a neceffary lludy among foreign nobility. j;itwc cannot quit this article of the manners and culloms of the French, viithoiit giving a more minute view of fjme dilHnguilhing peculiarities obl'cr\al>lt:.it of Fratice puldifhcd a general flale t. f the public debts, hy which it rippcarcd the king (c:;rccly owed 340 millions of livrej. T'sis b;;ing done by a n.itlonp.l rcbbcry, we can form no idea but til's; of Ji ij'Ctlfn' of the me.-iir; by which fo great a reduviiou was efTodcd. Tl;c I'lencli court has not fmce that time blulhed to own, to wit towards the conclulnn oC the late war, and alfo in this prefent year 1760, i'i.;t tlicii l.ii'g WIS bankrupt; and his minifters have piul'ucd meaiurcs p;\'^ty much finul.u lo thole pradifed by the regent to recruit the royal finances. Some writers fay that the annual revenues of France, ordinary and extraordijinry, by the accoi.nt if th.cir own financiers, (including Lor- rain) ilo not .mount to cL-ar fix miilions ilerling, which is not equal to the natural revenue of England alone. Though I am apt to think that this calculation of the French revenues is rather too low, and that (hey may be fixed at feven millions ; yet we ave not to form our ideas of them from the great armaments, garrilbns, and fortifications maintained by the French king, becaufe theii cxpence is inconfiderable to him, com- pared to what they would be to a king of Great Britain ; and the like obfervation holds good in all the other departments of public expence in both kingdoms. The French themfelves, it is true, magnify the reve- nues of their crown fometimes to twelve millions ilerling, or above ; but their natural vanity gives them no right to any credit on fuch a head ; and though it is not at all impollible that the French king, in time of war, may raife fuch a fum upon his fubjefts, and difcharge U by repaying them with one third of the debt, yet that is not to be accounted as a ftated national revenue, and tends only to prove the mifery of the fub-« jeft, and the injuflice of the crov/n. In France taxes are raifed by tnc taille, or land-tax. The taillon, which the nobility are obliged to pay as well as the commons, is only another land-tax ; by aids, which we call cuftoms on merchandize ; by gabels, which is a tax upon fait ; by a capitation, or poll-tax ; by the tenths of ertates and employments ; by the fale of all offices of julUce; by a tenth, or free gift of the clergy, exclufive of the annual fum of twelve millions of livi,cs, which that body has of late advanced to the king. Constitution and government.] The conftitution of France, in feudal times, was very unfavourable to monarchy, but the oppreflions of the great landholders by degreco grew fo irkfome to the fubjecis, that they preferred the monarchical to the ariftocratical government. Arillo- vacy however itill fubfifted in forne degree to ;he beginning of the latt centurv, FRANCE. 311 fie revenues of ''1 '7i6, the t'* ^c- about tJ-iCn doubly a ■'^03 miilions y ;n the kin^^. ;"'"s, in to'ur flate of the 340 millions ^fiini no icioa •cduaioii was ^l to own, to s prefcnt year lave puifiicj :in to recruit 3rdinnry and :ludiiig Lor- not eqnd to > tJu'iik that w. and that our ideas of maintained oMm, com- aud the like ■ expence in fy the reve. above; but ich a head ; in time of by repajing unted as n of the fub, he taillon, ns,h only indize ; by tx; by the jf jullice; al fum of iced to the tenturVi chlefl/ through the necefllty which the Ifucjonnts were under to liave princes of the blood, and men of great quality tor their kaders ; butRichlieu, in the time of Lewis XIII. gave it a mortal blow, and all the civil difputes in France fincc has been amoii^ grca; lam f;)r power and places, and between the kings and their p.uliam'tit , but the latter werclddom or never attended with any fan^^uinary eliects. The prcient parliament of Fr;!nce has no analogy with that C)f Great Britain, it waa originally inilituttJ to fervc a.-, a kind of a law alliilant tothe affembly of the Hates, which was compofcd or' the ';reat peer.; and landholders of the kingdom, and ever fince it contiiuiod to bn a law, jadatlall, a money court, and the members- have h.ail the coura^^e of late to claim a kind of a negative power to the royal edicts, whicli ihey" pretend can be of no validity till regillered by them. His moll: chrilliati Bsjeily has often tried to invalidate their adi and to intlmidaic their pcrfons, but, defpotic as he is, he has never ventured to inilict any tarthcr puniflimcnt than a flight b.'inifliment or impriibnment for their moll provoking acts of difobedience. This ridiculous fituation between power and privilege Ihcws the in- f.rmity of the French conilitution, as the king dares not punilh, and his parliament will not obey ; but it difcovcrs at the fa:nc time, that the nation in general thinkb the parliament its natural guardian againlt the court. The kingdom of France is divided into thirty governments, over each of which is appointed a king's lieutenant-genend, a fuperintendant, who pretty much refemblcs the lord lieutenants in England, but their execudve powers are far more cxtcnfive. Dillributive juilice in France is adminiilercd by parliaments, chamber of accounts, courts of aid, prefidial courts, generalities, cltdions, and other courts. The par- liaments were in number liftcen, thofe of Paris, I'ouloufe, Rouen, Grenoble, Bourdeaux, Dijon, Aix, Remes, Pau, Mets, Befanyon, Douay, Perpignan, Colmar, and Arras. Several of thelc parliaments however are now united into one. The parliament of Paris is the chief, and takes the lead in all national bufmefs. It is divided into ten chambers. The grand chamber Is appropriated chiefly for the trial of peers. The Tour- ntlleCivil judges in all matters of property above the value of 1000 livrcs. TheTournclle Criminel receives and decides appeals from inferior courts ill criminal cafes. Befides thefe three capital chambers, there are five of rccjuefts for receiving the depof'tions of witnefles, and determining caufes, pretty much in the fame manner as our bills and anfwers in chancery and the exchequer. The next court of judicature in France is the chamber of accounts, where all matters of public finances are examined, treaties of peace and grants regillered, and the valTalages due from the royal fiefs are received. The chambers are in number twelve, and held in the cities of Paris, Rouen, Dijon, Nantes, Montpeiier, Grenoble, Aix, Pau, Blois, Lille, Aire, and Dole. The third court of judicature Is the court of aid, where all matters that relate to the royal revenue, and the raifing of money are determined. The fourth arc the prefidial courts, which are compofed of judges for determining matters in appeal from magillrates of little towns and villages. The next court are the generalities, who proportion the taxes to be raifed in their diftrifts, according to the fum that is appointee! to bp X 4 levied. ** 312 FRANCE. I .x: • levied. They likewift take cognizance of matters relating tc» the crow, lands, and certain branches of the revenue. Thofe courts are in numb] twenty-three, each confiding of twenty-three perfons, and they are diftr buted over the kingdom for the more convenient difpatch of bufinefs. Subjeft to thefe generalities are the courts of eleftions, which fetti tlie fmaller proportions of taxes that are to be paid by parilhes, anl inferior diftriiSls, an^ how much each individual in the fame is to pay This is done by a c6lleftor, who returns the afleffments to the court generalities. Befides the above courts, the French have intendants oi julHce, police, and finances, whofe powers, when properly executed! are of great fervice to the peace of the community. They have likewifl ^provolls, fenefcals, bailiffs, and other officers, whom we have no room tj enumerate. After the reader has been told of the excellency of the climate, and fertility of the foil in France ; her numerous manufaftures, and extenJ five commerce ; her great cities, numerous towns, fea-ports, rivers andl canals ; the cheapnefs of provifions, wines, and liquors ; the formidaljlel armies and fleets fhe has fent forth to the terror of Kurope ; and the natu- ral character of her inhabitants, their fprightlinefs and gaiety, he will undoubtedly conclude, that France is the moll powerful nation, and her people the mofl opulent and happy in Europe. The reverfe, however, appears to be the Itate of that nation at prefent ; and we do not find that in any former period they were more rich or more happy. True it is, that in a country fo extenflve and fruitful, her government finds immenfe refources in men and money; but, as if the French councils were direded by an evil genius, thefe refources, great as they are, by a wrong application have proved the ruin of the people. The moft obvious caufes of this national poverty took their rife from the ambition and vanity of their kings and leading men, which led them into fchemes of univerfal dominion, the aggrandizement of their name, and the enflaving of Chriftendom. Their wars, which they fbmetimci carried on againll half of Europe, and in which they were generally un- fortunate, led them into difficulties to which the ordinary revenues were inadequate ; and hence proceeded the arbitrary demands upon the fub- jeft, under various pretences, in the name of loans, free gifts, &c. When thefe failed, other methods, more defpotic and unwarrantable, fuch as raifmg and reducing the value of money as it fuited their owa purpofes, national bankruptcies, and other grievous oppreffions, weri adopted, which gave the finifhing blow to pub'ic credit, inook the foun- dations of trade, commerce, and induftry, the fruits of which no man could call his own. When we confider the motives of thefe war^, a defire to enflave and render more miferable the nations around them, that man mull b« devoid of humanity whofe breaft is not raifed with indignation upot\ the bare mention of the blood that has been fpilt, the miferies and defo- laiions that have happened, and the numerous places that have fallen a facrifice to their ambition. It appears too plain, from their late attack upon Corfica, that their own misfortunes have not taught them wifJom or humanity, for while they thus gr-fp after foreign con- queft, their own country exhibits a pidlure of mifery and beggary. Their towns, a very few excepted, make a moft difmal and fohtary appearance. The Ihops are mean beyond defcription; and the pai- fengers, that faunter 3 through a labyrint]i of narrow dirty ftreets, appear FRANCE. 3'3 i^sx to be chiefly compofed of priefts and devotee*, pafling to (JW ^^^^> hair-drefTcrs, and beggars. That this is the appearance of their towns and many of their cities, I appeal to the obfcrvation of jnv one who has been in that kingdom. Were it poUible to mcntioia I people more indigent than thofe citizens, we might deicribe tliQ lariners and peafantry. We have in another place mentioned the natural jdvantagcs of France, where the hills are covered with grr.pes, and molt Mtenfive plains produce excellent crops of corn, rye, and barley. Aniidft this profufion of plenty, the farmer and his family barely exift upon the gleanings ; and his cattle, which are feldom numerous, pick a fubfifti-nce in the fununcr months from the fkirts of his fields. Here the firmer, meagre, difpirited, and deprcfi'ed, exhibits a fpcftacle of indi- gence hardly credible. And to fee him plowing the ground with a lean cow, an afs, and a goat yoked together, excites in an Fnglilh traveller tliat pity to which human nature is entitled. He forgets the country nhile he feels for the man. Many of the taxes and revenues in France are let out for a time to the bell bidder, or, as it is there called, farmed ; and thefc harpies, th«» farmers general, and their underlings, make no fcruple of fleecing the people moll unmercifully ; and the refidue, if any do remain, goes ta fa'jsfy the cravings of a numerous clergy, who in their turn are obliged, is well as the laity, to advance the government immenfe fums, under ijie names of tenths and free gifts, exclufive of which, as I have obferved ilfewhere, they are now taxed with a certain fum, to be paid annually, Asoppreflions are at prefent exercifed in full vigour, and taxes in- C!«afing, there is the greateft probability that the bulk of the French nation will long remain thr.t poor, unhappy, and miferable people we hve been reprefenting them, which in truth is a happy circumfliance for ihc liberties ani the peace of Europe. Military \nd marine strength.] In time of peace, the crown ofFrance maintains about 200,000 men, but, as I have already hinted, at a very fmall expence. In the time of war 400,000 have been brought to the field ; but thofe which are raifed from the militia arc very indiffe- rent troops. In the reign of Lewis XIV. the French had at one time 100 (hips of the liu:, wluch was almoll equal to the marine force of all Europe befides. Tlie French have, however, at fea been generally defeated by the Engllfh. The engagement at La Hogue, which happened in 1692, gave a blow to the French marine which it never has recovered. The prefent king, Lewis XV. has :nore than once made prodigious efforts towards re-ellablifliing his navy, but his officers and feamen are fo much inferior to thofe of I''ngland, that he fcemed during the late war to have built fhips of force for the fervice of Great Britain, fo frequent were the captures made by the Englifli. At prefent, viz. 1769, we are told, that including 50 gun fhips, the French navy amounts to fixty-four fliips of the line, and twenty-five frigates, bcfides fmaller veflTels. Antiquities and curiosities,! Few countries, if we except ^NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. j Italy, Can boall of morc valua» ble remains of antiquity than France. iSome of the French antiquities belong to the time of the Celts, and confequently compared to them thofe of Rome are modern. Father Mabillon has given us a moft curious account of the fepulchres of their kings, which have been difcovered fo far back as Pharamond ; and fome of them when broken open \ver« found to contain ornaments and jewels of value. At ^heims, aod other pans 1 T' f: *"'" *i ^■- II 1 tl 3H FRANCE. parts of France, are to be feen triumphal arches, but the mod entire "s at Orange, erefted on account of the vidtory obtained over the cimb ' and Teutones by Caius Marius and Luftatius Catulus. After G-xjl was reduced to a Roman province, the Romans took vaft dclitrht jn adorning it with magnificent edifices, both civil and facred, (onic of which are more entire than any to be met with in Italy itfelf. "ju ruins of an amphitheatre are to be found at Chalons, and likewife at Vienne. Nifmes, however, exhibits the moft valuable remains ot aiitlcut architecture of any place in France. The famous Pont du Garde was raifed in the Augultan age by the Roman colony of Nifmes, to convey a ftream of water between two mountains for the ufe of that city, and is as frcfli to this day as Weilmi niter bridge. It confills of three bridges, or tires of arches one above another ■ tlie height is 174 feet, and the length extends to 723. The moderns are indebted for this, and many other llupendous aqueduds, to the igno- rance of the ancients that all ilreams will rife as high as their heads. Manv other ruins of antiquity are found at Nifmes, but the chief is the tempV of Diana, whofe velliges are Hill remaining. The amphitheatre which is thought to be the fincll and moll entire of the kind of any in Europe, but above all, the b.oufe ereded by the emperor Adrian, called the Mr.ifon Carrie. The architedture and fculpture of this building is fo tiquifilejy beaatiful that it enchants even the molt ignorant, and it io itill entire, being very little affcded either by the ravages of time, or the havock of war. At Arcs in Provence is to be feen an obelifk of oriental granite, which is 52 feet high, and 7 feet diameter at the bafe, and all but one ilone. Roman temples are frequent in France. The moll particular are in Burgundy and Guienne, and other places bcfides the neighbourhood of Nifir.cs, contain magnificent ruins of aquedufts. The paflaae cut througli the middle of a rock near Brian )n in Dauphiny, is thought to be a Reman work, if not of greater antiquity. The round buckler of r.iafly filver taken out of the Rhone in 1665, being twenty inches in v^iameter, and weighing twenty-one pounds, containing the llory of Scipio's continence, is thought to be coeval with that great general. It would be cndlefs to recount the different monuments of antiquity to be lound in France, particularly in the cabinets of the curious. I iiave ;1 ready menticned ieveral remarkable fprings and mount:iin> which may be confidcred as natural curiofitics. Some of the modern works of art, particularly the canals, have been already mentioned, and fome fubterrau'.-ous pallagcs and holer, efpecially at St. Aubin in Bri- tany and Niont in Dauphiiiy, arc really llupendous. CiTi Es A NO TOWN s.] Thcfc .'iVC nujiicrous in France, of which we fliall only mention Paris, Liih^ and their principal fca-ports, Bred and Toulon. I.iUc, in French Flanders, is thought to be the moll regular and ftrongcft fortification in ]'".urope, and was the mafler-plece of tlie fanioih Vauban. U is garrifoned with above 10,000 regulars j and for its mag- nificence and elegance, it is called Little Parij. Its manufailurcs of filic, cambrick, aiid cam.blet?, are very confiderable ; and its inhabitants amount to about ico,ooo. E!,vciy reader is acquainted with the hilloiv of Dunkirk, which the French ha\e been obliged to demolilh, but is ftiil a thorn in the fide of the EngUlh, by being a harbour for tlicir fmuggleii. The reft of French Flanders, and its Nttiierlands, abound with fordiied tpvvns, which carry ou very gaiaful manuiadures. Movir.r ■I FRANCE. 315 Moving fouthward, ,we come to the lile of France, the capital of ^lijch, and the whole kingdom, is Paris. This city has been fo often delcribcd, thnt it may appear fuperfluous to mention it more particularly, nereit not that the vanity of the French has given it a preference, which jtbvno means defervcs, to all the capitals in the world, in every refpeft, lOt excepting even population. Many of the Englifli have been im- pofedupon in this refpeit; and I have already hinted at the rcr.fons, particularly the computing from the births and burials v, itliin the. bill j of mortality, which exclude the moll populous pariihes about London. ;iiiother millakc lies in computing from births and marriages. The num- [ler of difTenters of all kinds in and about London, who do not regiller (te births of their children, is amazing; and many of the poorer fort cannot afford the expcnce of fuch regillration. Ai, other peculiarity cx- i;lingin London is, that moll of the Londoners, v.ho can afford the ex- pence, when they find thcmfclves confumpti\-e, or Jthervvife indifpofed, retire into the country, where they are buried, and thereby excluded from the bills of mortality. The population of Paris therefore, where theregillers are more exadl and accellibie to the poor, and where ttie re- liaioniiiul the police are more uniform and Ihid, is far more eafily aicer- talned than that of London ; and by the bell accounts, it does not amount to 700,000, which is not two thirds of tlie numbers inhabiting iondon and VVcllminfler, and the contiguous parifhes. Paris contains more works of public muniiicence than utility. Its palaces are more fhewy, and fome of its Hreets, fv|uares, hofpitals, and churches, more fuperbly decorated ; but Paris, notwithflanding its boafted police, is greatly inferior to London in many of the conveniencies of life, and the folid enjoyments of fociety. Without entering into mere minute difquifitions, Paris, it mull be ov/ned, is the paradife of fplendor and di/Tipation. The tapellry of the Gobelines is unequalled Irir beauty and richnefs. The Louvre is a building that does honour to architefture itfclf ; and the inllitution of the French academy far exceeds any thing of the kind in England or elfewhere. The Tuilleries, the palace of Orleans, or, as it is called, Luxembourg, where a valuable col- kftion of paintings are ftiewn, the Royal Palace, the King's Library, the Guild- liall, and thehofpital for invalids, are fuperb to the highefl degree. The city of Paris is faid to be fifteen miles in circumference. The hotels of the French nobleffe, at Paris, take up a great deal of room, with their court-yards and gardens ; and fo do their convents and churches. The ftreets are very narrow, and the houfes very high. The houfes are built of Hone, and are generally mean, even to wretchednef^, owing partly to their containing a different family on every floor. The river Jleine, which runs through the centre of the city, is not half fo large as the Thames at London: it is too far diilant from the fea for the purpofes cf navigation, and is not furnifhed, as the Thames, with veficls or boats of any fort : over it are many Hone and wooden bridges, wliich jiave nothing to recommend them. The ftreets of Paris are generally froivdcd, particularly with coaches, which gives that capital the ap- pearance of wealth and grandeur ; though, in reality, there is more Ihow tian fubllance. The glittering carriages that dazzle the eye of ilrangers, are mollly common hacks, hired by the day or week to the numerous foreigners who vifit that city; and in truth, the greateil part »f the fade pf Paris a rifes from tlie conllant fuccellion of Grangers that arrive daily jrom eyery nation and quarter of the globe. Thii afcendency over other nations 5'6 FRANCE. nations, is undoubtedly owing to the reputation of their language, their public buildings, the Gobelines, or manufacture of tapeltry, their libra- ries, and collections of paintings that are open to the public; the cheap, neft of provifions, excellency of the French wines, and, above all the purity of the air and climate in France. With all thefe advantages liowever, Paris, in general, will not bear 0. comparifon with London in the more eflential circumftances of a thriving foreign and domef^ic trade, the cleannefs of their ftreets, elegance of their houfes, efpecially within • the plenty of water, and that of a better quality than the Seine, which it is faid difagrees with ftrangers, as do likewife their fmall wines. In the houfes d' Paris, moft of the floors are of brick, and have no other kind of cleaning than that of being fprinbled with water, and fwept once a day. Thefe brick floors, the ftone flairs, the want of wainfcotting in the rooms, and the thick party walls of ftone, are, however, good pre- fervatives againft fire, which feldom does any damage in this city. In- Head of wainfcotting, the vails are covered with tapeftry or damalk. The beds in general are very good, and well ornamented, with teller and curtains ; but bugs are here a moft intolerable nuifance, which fre- quently oblige ftrangers to {[ee\t on the floor during the exceffive heat in die fummer. Their fliops are but poorly ftored with goods ; nor has their government made the provifions that are ever in its power for th« comfort of the infcrio- ranks ; its whole attention feeming to be direfted to the conveniency and fplendor of the great. The fliopkeepers, an in- dolent loitering people, feldom make their appearance before dinner in any other than a morning drefs, of velvet cap, filk night-gown, and Morocco flippers ; but when they intenr! a vifit or going abroad, all the punctilios of a courtier are attended to, and hardly the refcmblance of a man remains. There is a remarkable contraft between this clafs of people and thofe of the fame rank in London. In Paris, the women pack up parcel*, enter the orders, and do moft of the drudgery bufmefs of thefliop, while the hufl)and loiters about, talks of the great, offa- fhions and diverfions, the invincible force of their armies, the fplendor of the grand monarque, and the revolutions that they are made to believq frequently happen in England. The Parifians, however, are remarkably temperate in their living, and to be intoxicated with liquor is confidered as infamous. Bread,, and all manner of butchers meat and poultry, are extremely good in Paris ; the beef is excellent ; the wine which is gene- rally drunk, is a very thin kind of Burgundy. The common people, in the fummer feafon, live chiefly on bread, butter, grapes, and wine. The Parifians fcarcely know the ufe of tea, but they have coffee in plentj'. The police of Paris is fo well attended to, that quarrels, accidents, or felonies, feldom happen. The ftreets are patrolled at night by horfe and foot, fo judicioufly ftationed, that no offender can efcape their vigilance. They likewife vifit the publicans precifely at the hour of twelve at night, to fee that the company are gone ; for in Paris no liquor can be had after that time. The public roads in France are under the fame excellent re- gulation, which, with the torture of the rack, prevents robberies in that kingdom ; but, for the fame reafons, when robberies do happen, they are always attended with the death of the unfortunate traveller ; and this is the praClice hi tvery country of Europe, England and Scot- land excepted. The environs of Paris are very pleafant, and contain a number of line feats, faiall town% 4nd viUaT;es Ipme of them being icattered FRANCE. 31'? (t the edge of mountains that rife from the Seine, are remnrkably de- The palace of Verfailles, in the neighbourhood of Paris, though naenificent and cxpenfive bevoud conception, and adorned with all Lt art can furnifh, is properly a collet^tion of buildings, each of ex- juifitc architefture, but not forming a whole, agreeable to the grand aid fublime of that art. Trianon, Marli, St. Germain en Lave, Meu-' joji, and other royal palaces, are laid out with talle and judgment ; jach has its peculiar beauties for the entertainment and amufement of I luxurious court J but fome of them are in a ihameful condition, both u to repairs and cleanlinefs. Breft is a fmall, but very ftrong town, upon the Englifli chan- jtl^ with a moft ipacious and fine fortified road and harbour, the belt ^i fafell in all the kingdom : yet its entrance is difiicult, by reafon of many rocks lying under water. At Breft is a court of admiralty, an academy for fea-afFairs, docks, and magazines for all kinds of naval ions, rope-yards, ftore-houfes, Sec. infomuch, that it may now b« ttnned the capital receptacle on the ocean for the navy-royal of France, jnd is admirably well adapted for that end ' Lewis XIV. rendered Tculon, from a pitiful villaf;rt.„j predeceflbr's widow ; and after a Milan and Naples, moil of them diigracetul to the French, he finifhejl the war with England, and married Mary, the beautiful filler of Ht^n I t^ Vlll. but being then thicken in years, he furvivcd his nuptials onl I a few months, for he died in 1515. He was fucceeded, in virtue the Salic law, by Francis I. count of Angoulefme. I have alrcadi/l Jnentioned this prince as being the great patron and father of the! arts and fcicnces in France. 1 nough he was brave to excefs in hiil own perfon, and had defeated the Swifs, whom till then were dcemcil invincible, yet he was an unfortunate warrior. He was a candidate for the imperial crown, but loft it, Charles V. being chnfen. Hjl made fome dazzling expeditions againft Spain; but fufFered his mother I of whom he was very fond, to abufc his power ; by which he difoblijjedl the conftable of Bourbon, the greateft of his fubjecls, who joined in t| confederacy againft him with the emperor and Henry VIII. of England,! In a capital expedition he undertook into Italy, he was taken prifonerl at the battle of Pavia, and obliged to agree to difhonourable terms I which he never meant to perform, to regain his liberty. His non-per.j formancc of thofe conditions was afterwards the fource of many wars be.l tween him and the emperor ; and he uied in 1547. France, at the time of his death, notwithftanding the variety of diC4 agreeable events during the late reign, was in a flourilhing condition,! PVancis I. was fucceeded by his fon, Henry II. who upon the whole wail an excellent and fortunate prince. He continued the war with the em-l peror of Germany to great advantage for his own dominions ; and wal 10 well ferved by the duke of Guife, that though he loft the battle of St. Quintin, againft the Spaniards and the Englifh, he retook Calaijj from the latter, who never fince had any footing in France. He marriedl his fon, the dauphin, to Mary queen of Scots, in hopes of uniting thit! kingdom to his crown ; but in this fcheme he, or rather his country, wai! unfortunate, as may be feen in the hiftory of Scotland. He was killcdl in the year 1559, at an unhappy tilting-match, by the count of Mont- gomery. He was fucceeded by his fon, Francis II. a weak, fickly, inaftlvej prince, whofe power was entirely engroffed by a prince of the houfej of Guife, uncle to his wife, the beautiful queen of Scotland. This en-J groflment of power encouraged the Bourbon, the Montmorenci, andl other great families, to form a ftrong oppofition againft the government.! Anthony, king of Navarre, was at the head of tiie Bourbon family ; but! the queen-mother, the famous Catharine of Medicis, being obliged toj take part v/ith the Guifes, the confederacy, who had adopted the caufe of I Hugonotifm, was broken in pieces, when the fudden death of Francis! happened, in the year 1560. This event took place while the prince of Conde, brother to the king! of Navarre, was under fentence of death, for a confpiracy againft the! court, but the queen-mother faved him, to balance tne interett of the! Guifes ; fo that the fole direction of affairs fell into her hands, during tliej minority of her fecond fon, Charles IX. Her regency was a continued! feries of diflimulation, treachery, and murder. The duke of Guife,! who was the fcourge of the proteftants, was treacherouily murdered b/j one Poltrot, at the fiege of Orleans ; and the ^ murderer was thjughttol have been inftigated by the famous Colignij .idmiral jf France, whov/asj then at the head of the protciiant paity. Three civil wiirs fucceeded each] 3 other»| FRANCE. 323 ,,],jf, At laft the court pretended to grant the Hugonota a very advan- ijitious peace, and a match was concluded between Henry, tlie young ijlg of Navarre and a proteftant, and the P'rench king's filler. The licai'; of the protellunts were invited to celebnte the nuptials at Paris, v,itli the infernal view of butchering them all, if poC'-le, in one night. This projeft proved but too fuccefsful, though it was not completely ewcuteJ, on St. Bartholomew's day, 1572. The king himfclf afllfted in ihe maflacre, in which the admiral fell; and it is faici that about 30,000 .fQiellants were murdered at Paris, and in otlier parts of France ; and thi) brought on a fourth civil war. Though a frclh peace was concluded ij 1573 with the protellants, yet a fifth civil war broke out the next year, vhenthe bloody Charles IX. died without heirs. His third brother, the dukeof Anjou, had, fome time before, been tliofen king of Poland j and hearing of his brother's death, he, with lone difficulty, efcaped to France, where he took quiet poflcflion of that (TOwn, by the name of Henry III. Religion at that time fupplied to the reformed nobility of France the feudal powers they had loft. The heads of the protellants could raife jimiesof Hugonots. The governors of provinces behaved in them as if they had been independent of the crown ; and the parties were fo Kjaally balanced, that the name of the king alone turned the fcale. A loly league was formed for the defence of the catholic religion, at the licad of which was the duke of Guife. The protellants, under the prince ofConde, and the duke of Alenfon, the king's brother, called in the German princes fo their affiftance ; and a fixth civil war broke out in 1J77, in which the king of Spain took the part of the league, in revenge (ftheduke of Alenfon declaring himfcif lord of the Netherlands. This civil war was finilhcd within the year, by another (ham peace. Tlie king, ever fince his acceflion to the crown, had plunged himfelf into a (ourfe of infamous debauchery and religious extravagance. He was en- tirely governed by his profligate favourites, but he pofleflTed natural pdfenfe. He began to fu^eft that the profcriptions of the pro- tellants, and the fetting afide from the fucceflion the king of Navarre, on account of his religion, which was aimed at by the holy league, was with a view to place the duke of Guife, the idol of the Roman-catholics, on the throne, to which that duke had fome diftant pretences. A feventh civil war broke out in 1579, and another in the year 1585, both of them to the difadvantage of the protellants, through the abilities of the duke of Guife. The king thought him now fo dangerous, that after inviting lim in a friendly manner to court, both he and his brother, the cardinal, we, by his majefty's orders, and, in a manner, under his eye, bafely alTaflinated. The leaguers, upon this, declared that Henry had for- feited the crown, and was an enemy to religion. This obliged him td throwhimfelf into the arms of the proteftants ; but while he was be- fieging Paris, wh re the leaguers had their greatelt forciin. Henry next challikd the duke of Savoy, who had taken advantage of the late tioubles in his kingdom ; and applied himfelf, with wonderful attention and fuccef^, to cultivate the happinefs of his people, by tiicournging manufatJlures, particularly that of filk, the benefit of which France feels at this day. Having re-eftabll(hed the tranquillity, and, in a great meafure, fccured the happincfs of his people, he formed connedtions with the neighbouring powers for reducing the ambition of the houfe of Aurtria ; for which purpofc, it is faid, he had formed great fchemes, and colleftcd a formidable army ; others fay (for his inte.iticn d.ocs not clearly appeal-) that he dcfigned to have formed Chrirtcndom into a great republic, of which France was to be the head, to drive the Turks out of Europe ; while others attribute his preparations to more ignoble motive:., that of a criminal paflion for a favourite prin- cefs, whofe hufband had carried her, for proteclion, into the Aultrian dominions. Whatever may be in thofe conjedures, it is certain, that while he was making preparations for the coronation of his queen, Mary ofMedicis, and was ready t* enter upon his grand expedition, he was a/lafiinated in his coach in JiC dreets of Paris, by ane Ravilliac, like Cle- ment, another young enthuAall, in 1610. Lewis XIII. fon to Henry IV. dcfcrvedly named the Great, was but nine years of age at the time of his filther's death. As he grew up, he difcarded his mother and her f:ivouritcs, and chofe for his minifter the fa- mous cardinal Richelieu, who put a period, by his refolute and bloody ir.eafurcs, to the remaining liberties of i ranee, and to the elbiblilhment of the proteftants there, by taking from them Rochelle, though Charlei 1. of England, who had married the French king's filler, endeavoured, by his fleet and arms, to prevent it. This put an end to the civil wars on account of religion in France. Hillorians fay, that in thefe wars above a "million of men loft their lives ; that 150,000,000 livres were fpent in carrying them on ; and that nine cities, four hundred villages, two thoufand churches, two thoufand mona,fteries, and ten thoufand houfcs, were burnt, or othcrwife dclkoyed durin^; their continuance. Richelieu,! FRANCE. 325 RlcMieu, l)y a mnfteily train of politics, tliou^^h himfclf was next to jicnthiifiaft for popery, fiipported the proteftantj of Germany, and Gulta- tJs AdoIpJi"''' againil the houfc of AuUria; and after quelling all the f,[,j|||,iiis and confpiracics whic'i had ht-en forim'd ugain't hlia in France, li((litS46 Air, son,, and seasons.] The air of the United Provinces is foggy and grois, until n is purihed by the froft in winter, when the cafl wina ufually fcts ia for about four months, and their harbours are frozen up. The nioifture of the air caiifcs metals to ruil, and wood to mould, irorc thar. in any other country, which is the reafon of their perpetually rub- bing and fcouring, and the brightncfs and clcanlinefs in their lioufes fo much taken notice of. The foil is unfavourable to vegetation, but by the indulhy nf the inhabitants in making canals it is rendered fit for paflure, and in many places for tillage. Rivers.] Their rivers are an important confideration to the United Provinces. The Rhine formerly ran in one channel by Utreclit, and Leyden, but that channel bcin choakcd, formed three Branches on entering Holland; the Waal, the Lech, and the IiTel. The Maefe run* from call to weft, and falls into the fea oppoiite to England. The Scheld rifes in Picardy, and runs north-eaft by Cambray, Tournay, Ghent, and Antwerp, below which city it divides into two branches, the one called the Wellern Scheld, and the other the Oiler Scheld ; the (irll fcparating Flanders from Zealand, and the other running nortii by Bcrgen-op-zoom, and afterwards call, between the illands of Eeveland and Showcn, falU into the fea a little below. The Vecht runs through the provinces of Ovcriirel, and falls into the Zuyder Zee. There arc few harbours in the United Provinces ; the beil ale Rotterdam, Hclvoctfluys, and Flulh- inj; Anifterdam, though one of the greateft ports in Europe, is fituated On ib (hallow water that larcje fhips loaded cannot enter it. V E r, E T A B L E A N D A N I M A L p R o - 1 Thefc provi uccs are not remark- r>ucTi0NS BY SEA AND LANO. 5^ ablc for any peculiar vegetable produiUons. The corn growing upon the drained bo^s and meadows fatten le^n German wd Danifh cattle to a vail fiz.-, and their hoifes are V 4. . larger iM n i i 328 N E T H E R J. A N D S. larger lliAii common. In fome places they have wild boars and wolves and their ilorks and MrJ.i of pafla;;e len.v.* the country about the middle of" A'.igufl, a\id iciMirn tlic ibllowi^ February. Their river fiHi is much the i:.me as our-?, but tlicir fca lilli-is generally larger, owing perhaps to their filhing in dconer waiter. No herrings V'fit their coalis, and tlicy have no oiiler beds. Notwith Vanding all thofc inconveniences, the in- duftry c.*"i;hc Hollanders t'uiivHlu;5 as great a plenty of the neceffaries and commodities of life, and upon as eafy terms a? they are to be met with in any part of Europe. ) Population', inhabitants, ^^A^•-') The feven United Pro- NERS, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS, y vinces are perhaps the beft pe'^pled of any fpot of the fame extent in the world. They contain, ac- cording to the beir accounts, 113 cities and towns, 1400 villages, and about two millions of inhabitants ; befides the twenty-five towns, and the people in what is called the Ln.ndi of the Generality, or conquered countries and towns of other parts of the Netherlands. The manners, habits, and even the minds of the Dutch (for fo the inhabitants of th; United Provinces arc called in general) feem tp be formed by their fitua- tion, and to arife from their naturrvl wants. The common people r-^ in that frugality and porfeveranc^;; under all difiiculties, which tn ,' Ud to fliake off" tlic Spanifli yokt. I'heir country, which is pi; u ..»? moimds and dykes, is a perpetual incentive to labour, and the artiiicial drains with which it is eve'-y where interfedtcu, mull be kept in perpetual repair. Even what may be called their natural conimod'ti.?s, their bi.ttt-r and cheefe, are produced by a conftant attention to laboiious partsof lit'e. Their principal food they earn out of the fea by their herring filhcrics, for they difpnfe of their moR. valuable fillies to the Englilh, and othet nations, for the fake ci' gain. I'hcir aiv and temperature of climate incline them to phler niatic, flow difpofitions, both of body and mind ; and yet they are irafcihle, efpecially if heated with liquor. Even their virtues are owing to their coldncfs with regard to every object that does not immodiatidy concern their own interefts ; for in all other rcfpci^s thty arc quiet neighbours and peaceable fubjcfts. Their attention toihccon- ftitiition and independency of their country is owing to the fame prin- ciple, for they wore never known to aiTeft a change of government but when they thought tliemfc-hes on the brink of perdition. The valour ot the Dutch becomes waj-ni and aftiye when they find their inteivft ar ilake, witnefs their fea wars with England. Their boors, though flow of undcrilanding, arc nianagcabl by fair means. Their feamen are a plain, blunt, but rough, furly, and ill-mann'Tc' fort of people, and .ippear to be infenfiblc of public fpirit and affcili* for each other. Their trade fmcn are not to be trulled but when they know themfelves to be under the lafh of the law for impofitions. The warmer pafiions are no natives of this country, and love itfelf is Jittle better than a nu-chanical afiedion, arifing from intcrcll, conve- nicncy, or habiu I'hough a Dutchman, when drunk, is guilty of every fpecies of brutality ; and though tliey have been known to exercife the jnoft dreadful inhumanities for rlieir intereft abroad, where they though^ themfcl^es free from diicovcr}-, yet they arc in general quiet and inofFenfive ia their own country, which exhibits but few inl'.inces of inurder, rapine, or violence. In all thofe particulars the women ex- aftly refemble the men, efpecially in their n^^Lur;.' ij;ditFer ;' re as to tiie khcr palfions. As to the habitual tippling and drinkii.jij >.h...ged upon ■ ' • ■ both N E T H E R L A N D S. 329 m Hoth fexes, it is owing in a great meafure to the nature of th€ir foil uid climate. The diverfions of tlio Dutch dificr not much from thofe of theEnglii'h, jjio feem to have borrowed from them the neatnefs of their d/inking l)O0ths, (kittle and other grounds, and fmall pieces of water, which form theamufemenls of the middling ranks, n>->t to mention their hand organs, and other nLifiCul inventions. The Dutcii are well acquainted with boivh, bi!l'r,rds, «'hefs, and lennis, and the field fports that are fuitable to their ountf/. They arc the bell fkatcrs upon the ice in the world. It i^aniaziiie to fee the crowds in a hard froll upon the ice, and their great dexterity in ficating ; both men and women darting along, or rather ilvino. with inconceivable velocity. They feldom ufe more words than isneci'irary about their bufinefs. Every clafs of men are extremely fr«gal. Jvery man ipends l-^'fs than his income, be that what it will ; fmoaking tobacco is pradtifed by old and young of both fexcs ; and, as they are wnerally plodding.upon ways and means of getting money, ro people are fo unfociablc. Amonir the middling ranks, the difference between waiters and fervants, by their mutual behaviour, is fcarcely difcernible. The rich traders and mechanics, however, begin now to approximate to the luxuries of Englifli and Freuch drefiing and living; and their nobility and high migiilrates whj have retired from trade, rival thofe of any other part of Europe in their tables, buildings, furniture and quipages. Holland, with all its commercial advantages, is not a defirable country to live in, efpecialjy to foreigners. Here are no mountains nor rifing eroundj, no plantations, purling ftreams, or catarac^b. The wlwle face ot' the country, when viewed from a tower or Iteeple, has the a'>pearance ofa continued marfh or bog, drained at certain ditlances by innumerable ditdies ; and the canals, which ferve as high roads, are frequently in a Hate of ftagnation. The ufual way of pafling from town to town is by traftfcouts or covered boats, dragged along by horfes at a How trot. This method of travelling is cheap, but extremely dull, for there is a kwtuii'i through all the provinces. In Amllerdam, which is built upon I ', b no fprings'of freih or wholefome water, which obliges the inha- ■N r.r. preferve the rain water in refervoirs. ^ ■ t 1 I'heir drefs formerly was noted for the large breeches of . ., ■ >: .nd the jerkirw, plam mobbs, ihort petticoats, and other odditit ■■f the women ; all which, added to the natural tliicicnefs and dumfinels of their perfons, gave them a very grotefque appearance. Thofe drefl'es now prevail only among the lower ranj E. Lon. I 49 7 I and Y N. Lat. J SI 3 -* Being 200 miles in length. 2CX} miles in bisadth* I ' ' aft t ;■■] ^ ^1 334 NETHERLANDS. Provinces. I. Brabant Chief towns. . "^ r Bruflcls, E. Ion. 4 dcg. 6 min. 2. Antwerp 3. Malines 4. Limburg 5. Luxemburg 6. Namur 7. Hainault 8. Cambreiis 9. Artois 10. Flanders I I N. lat. 50-50. : ^S } ■» * the middle ' J L Limburg, E. — — ^ - Luxemburg, S. E. - 1 1 Namur, S. • ( J Mons, in the middle, n Cambray, S. W. \ I Arras, S. W. -* ^ Ghent, N. Boundaries.} T^OUNDED by the United Provinces on the fj north ; by Germany, eaft ; by Lorrain, Cham- paign, and Picardy in France, fouth ; and by another part of Picardy, and the Englifh fea, weft. As this country belongs to three different powers, the Auftrians, French, and Dutch, we Ihall be more particular in diftinguKhing the provinces and towns belonging to each Hate. 1. Province of BRABANT. Subdiviflons. I. Dutch Brabant owns. 2. Aufirian Brabant jChief towns. fBoifleduc Br^da j Bergen-op-Zoom ^-l Maeftricht, S. E. 1 Grave, N. E. Lsteenbcrgen } ^- ^* "^rBruflels, E. Ion. 4 deg. 6 min. 11 N. lat. 50-50. >< Louvain 1 I Vilvorden J V. Landen }• m the middle. 2. ANTWERP; and, 3. M A L I N E S, are provinces inde- jp^dant of Brabant, though furrounded by it, and fubjeft to the fioafe of Auftria. 4. Province of L I M B U R G, S. E. Chief towns SLimbufg, E. Ion. 6-5, N. lat. 50-37. fubjeft to Auftria. ^f""" . I fubjeft to the Fauquemont, or > ■' Valkenburg j Dutch. 5. Province NETHERLANDS. 335 5. Province of LUXEMBURG. Subdivifions. Chief towns. f«h Luxemburg — } { Jl^Ze^ } «• E- 6. Province of N A M U R, in the middle, fubjeft to Au/Irla. 1 f Namur, on the Sambre and Maefe, Clucf towns ' > < E. Ion. 4-50. N. lat. 50-30. 3 4 Charleroy on the Sambre. Subdiviilons. Auilnin Hainault Province of HAINAULT. Chief towns. French Hainault HMons, E. Ion. 3-33. 1 N. lat. 50-34. I In Aeth I mi Enguien J r "1 r Valenciennes I J Bouchain f J Conde Jt . Landrecy 8. Province of CAMBRESIS. Subjea to France HCambray, E. of Arrks, E. Ion. 3-15. N. lat. 50-15. Crevecour, S. of Cambray. Subjeft to France Province of A R T O I S. ") f Arras, S. W. on the Scarpe, I ! E. Ion. 2-50. N. lat. 50-20. Omer, E. of Boulogne 10. Province of FLANDERS. Subdivifions. Chief towns. Datch Flanders HSluys, N. Axel, N. Hulft, N. Sas van Ghent, N. Ii??i m 1; if- 'I?. 3:1 ■ I! tmi Sdbdiviilons. r* 33^ NETHERLANDS. Subdlvlilons. Auftrlan Fkndcrj Chief towns. Ghent, on the Scheldt, E. Ion« 3-36. N. lat. 51. Bruges 1 Oftend S N. W. near the fca. ! Newport 3 Y-^ Oudenard on the Schcld. French Flanders r*' -. J f on tlic Lis, Dixmudc 3 Ypres, N. of Lifle Tournay on the Scheld _Menin on the Lis 1 f Lifle, W. of Tournay 11 Dunliirk, on the coall E. of I Calais ^•^ Douay, W. of Arras I Mardike, W. of Dunkirk j I St. Amand, N. of Valenciennes ; ' J i,Gravelin, E. of Calais. Air, soil, and produce.] The air of Brabant, and upon the Cfiaft. of Flanders, is bad; that in the intcfior parts is more healthful, and the feafons more fettled, both in winter and fummcr, than tht7 •'''^ in England. The foil and its produce are rich, efpecially in corn and fruits. They have abundance of pallure; and Flanders itfelf has been reckoned the granary of France and Germany, and Ibmctimes of Eng- land. The moft barren parts for corn, rear far more profita'c'- crops of flax, which is here cultivated to great pcrfedlion. Upon the .s-nole, the Auilrian NtJtherlands, by the culture, commerce, and indullry of the inhabitants, was formerly the richell and moll beautiful fpot in Europe, whether we regard the variety of its manufatlures, the map^r.liiccnce and riches of its ciiie?, the amenity of its roads and villages, and the fertility ef its land. If it has fiillcn off in later times, it is owing partly to the negledl of its government, but chiefly to its vicinity to England and Hoi- land ; but it is Hill a moll defirable and pleafant country. There are few or no mountains in the Netherlands : Flanders is a flat country, not a fingle hill in it. Brabant, and the rcll of the provinces, confill of little hills and vallies, woods, inclofed grounds, and campaign fields. Rivers and canals.] The chief rivers are the Maefe, Sambre, Demer, Dyle, Nctlie, Geet, Sanne, Ruppel, Scheld, Lis, Scarpe, Deule, and Dender. The principal canals are thofe of Bruilbls, Ghent, and Ollend. • Metals and minerals.] Mines of iron, copper, lead, and Brim- ftone, are found in Luxemburg, Limburg, and Liege, as are fome mar- ble quarries. Inhabitac'ts, POPULATION, MAN- 7 The Flemings (for fo the KERS, cusi OMS, AND DivtRSiONs. ) inhabitants of Flanders and the Aurtrian Low Countries are generally called) are thought to be a heavy, blunt, honeil people; but their manners arc fcmcwhat indelicate. Formerly they were known to right dcfperatcly in defence of their coun- try ; at prefent they make no great figure. The Auftrian Netherlands are extremely populous, but authors diftcr as to their numbers. Perhaps we may fix them at a medium at a million and a half. They are igno- rant, Isr E T H E R L A N D S. ?>^1 »jut, and fonc' of religions exhibitions and pageant";. Their oth'-r di- ifrfinns arc the fame with thofe of the peafants of the neighbouring countries. Relioion.] The eflabliflicd religion here is the Roman-catholic ; bat protcllants, and other fec^b, are not molefted. Akchbishoprics AND BISHOPRICS.] Thc archbifhoprics are Cam- lirav, Maline or Mccklin ; tlic bifhoprics, Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp, AwSi Ypres, Tournay, St. Omer, Namur, and Ruremonde. Learning, learned} The Society of Jefus has produced the mo.'l MEN, and artists. J learned men in the Auflri.in Low Countries, Inwhich they had many comfortable fettlemcnts, wliich are now up n thedecline. Works of theology, and the civil and canon law, Latin iv^fms and plays, arc their chief produftions. Strada is an eleoaiit hiilomn and poet. The Flemifh painters and fculptors have great me- rit, and form a fchool by themfelves. The works of Rubens and Van- dyke cannot be fufficiently admired. Fiainingo, or the Flemings mo- dels for heads, particularly thofe of ch'idren, have never yet be.'n equalled ; and the Flemings formerly engrofTed tapeftry-weaving to themfelves. Universities.] Louvain, Douay, and St. Omer. Dress and language.] The inhabitants of French Flanders are mere Frenchmen and women in both thofe particulars. The Flemings on the frontiers of Holland drefs like the Dutch boors, and their lan- guage is the fame ; but the better fort of people fpeak French, and drefi in the fame tafte. Commerce and manufactures.] The chief manufa^lures of the French and Auftrian Netherlands, are their beautiful linens and laces ; in which, notwithftanding thc boafted improvements of their nein;hbours, they are yet unrivalled, particularly in that fpecies called cambricli.'-, from Cambray, the chief place of its manufadure. Thofe manufai^urci form t.he principal article of their commerce. Revenues.] Thefe rife from the demefne lands and cuHoms ; but fo mach is the trade of the Auftrian Flanders now reduced, t;liat they are faid not to defray the expence of their government. The French Ne- therlands bring in a corifiderable revenue to the crown. ^ CoN'STiTUTiON AND GOVERNMENT.] The Auftrian Netherlands are dill confidered as a circle of the empire, of which the archJucal iioufe, as being fovereign of the whole, is the fole direftor r.nd lummon- ing prince. This circle contributes its Ihare to the impofts of the empire, and fends an envoy to thc diet, but is not fubjetft to the judicato\ j of the empire. It is under a governor-general, appointed by the court of Vienna, who, at prefent, is his ferene highnefs prince Charles of Lor- rain, brother to the late, and uncle to the prefent emperor. The face of an afl'embly, or parliament, for each province, is itill kept up, and confifts of the clergy, nobility, and deputies of towns, who meet ac EruiTels. Each province claims particular privileges, but they arc of very litde eftei^ ; and the governor feldom or never finds any reiillance to the will of his court. Every province has a particular governor, fub- jeft to the regent j and caufcs are here decided according to the civil and canon law. Military strength.] The troops maintained here by the em- frefs-queen are chiefly employed in tlic frontier garrifons. Though by thc barrier treaty, thc Aultrians were gbliged to maintfcin three-fifth..; of Z thofe #> iv •41 Be I ' 1 m ^■1 ^ I ' It I i3« NETHERLANDS. thofe garrifons, and tlic Dutch two, yet Iwth of ihcm arc miferablv ds. ficicnt in their quotas the whole uquiriiijj at kail 30,000 men, aiid ia time of war above lo.oco more. Antiqjuties AN f) cuHiosiTits, 7 Some Roman mnmnncntu of NATURAL AND A R Ti F ic 1 A I. . J tt'mplcs and Other biiildines art to be found in tiioie provinces Many curious btl! , churches, and the like, ancient and modern, are alfo foun.l here; and the ma<;i,ificent oli edifices of every kind, fcen through all their cities, give cvidcncib of their former grandeur. Cities.] This article has employed fevcral large volumes publiihed by different authors, but in times when tlie Auflrian Netherlands wers fer more flburilhing than now. The walls of Ghent, formerly the capi- tal of Flanders, and celebrated for its linen and woollen, manufailures, contain the circuit of ten miles, but now unoccupied, aad great part of it in a manner a void. Bruges, formerly fo noted for its tracfe anj mannfaftuires, but above all for its fine canals, is now dwirxllcd tn an in- confiderable place. Ollend is now no more than a convenient harbour for uaders; and Ypres, a ftrong garrifon town. The iame may be faid of Charleroy and Namur, which lie in the Aulhian Hafnault. Louvain, the capital of the Aullrian Brabant, Inllead of its (lourilhin? Tnanufaftories and places of trade, now contains pretty gardens, walks, and arbours. Brullels retains foraewhat of its antient manufaftories ; and Antwerp, oace the emporium of the European continent, is now reduced to be a tapellry and thread lacc-ihop, with the houle-^ of fom: Bankers, jewellfcrs, and painters adjoining. It may be obferved here,, that every gentleman's houfe is Me or cbatteau ; and that there are more llrong towns in the NethcnanUs than in all the reft of Europe ; but fince the decline of their trade, by the rife of the Englifli and Dutch, thefe town;, are coniiderably diminilhed in lize, and whole llreets, particularly in Antwerp, are in appearance uninhabited. In Flanders, provifions are extremely good and cheap. A ftrahger may dine in Bruflels on feven or eight difl\es of meat for lel'^ than a ftiilling Englifh. Travelling is fafe, reafonable and delightful in this luxurious country. The roads arc generally a broad cauleway, and run for fome miles in a ftraight line, till they teiminate with the VJ'ew of foiue noble buildings. Arms.] The arms of Flanders are, or, a lion fable^ and languid gules. History.] The leventeen provinces, and that part of Germany which lies well of the Rhine, was called Belgicje Galliie by the Romans. Upon the decline of that empire, the Goths, and other northern people, poflcfied thcmfelves of thefe provinces firft, as they oafled through them m their way. to France, and other parts of the Roman empire ; apd after being crefted into fmall governments, the heads cf which were dcfpotic within their own dominions, they were fwallowed up by the houfe of Bur- gundy. T'he emperor Charles V. the heir of that family, ranked- them as part of the enrpire, under the title of the Circle of Burgundy. Hi» ton Philip':: tyranny made the iuhabitnnts attempt to throw off'' his yoke, which occafioned a general infurrecliou. The counts Hoorn, Egmont, .ind the prince of Orangs, appearing at the head of it, and Luther's joformation gaining ground about the fame time in the Ncthcrlamls, lus difciples joined the malecontents. Wla'reiip^u king Philip introduced * kindof iniiuifitipn, in order to rup-r;-!- them,- and many dioufa.!'.ds werr put s. = miferatlv Je. mnniiirifnt'! of ;r Iniildings art irchcs, and the mai^hificent oli iJtncool" their umo<; publidied tlitrlands wers '"':'•')■ the capi. maiiufailurcs, d. great Dart of Its tracle and xllcd to an in- iJiient harbour ne may be faid It. ■ its (lourinimg ndcus, walks, lanufaftories ; inent, is now oufc« of fom: is Me or thcnaiias thaa trade, by the dy diminiflied n appearance i and cheap. " meat for h\\ nd delightful Kid cauleway, lato with the and languid of Germany the Romans, chern people, "irouph them ; ; and after ffcre defpotic loufeof Biir- mik I'd- them jiindy. Hit iff' his yoke, n, Egmont, and Luther's it.'rlands, lu's ntrodticcii a^ Hvfai'ds uert / N^ V / / i/HM. ii 1 '..'i n, i\ N. "V fUA t t» I r* \^ i^-- t i Ii ,0 /<^ IVR^MABK // n \\etttcrp i .^T i'j',ilirct\ Wi«nutr Statir^t , farm R Zee JA I *-^Ji . "^ I . kwWauSwov, "*>\ ^1^ '*'' i^. i^/w/' .„.^.-Mti^^ > "/Nlursjyy^ fir/zn ^^ a //>• /S J.rru/if.l':ii.„ I Gxt\f pt' C S^K Jl^'' T(7un\ui Liiiu-iTVbiu* ^ tCuUw iraiiltl IVtAutiv L V « A V >klat "-yj9,,Vj,rjL' .J^^nn^ '^*''^^^&>j. <- Ot^-*"^^^ s bv J^ -J orila k E ^STJi SA. 1 ^ .^ Tltol Kill lun. JFrtw // and the afliilance afforded them by queen Elizabeth, both in troops and money, that they forced the crown of Spain at lail to declare them a free people, about the year 1609 ; and afterwards they were acknowledged by all Europe to be an independant ftate, under the title of fht United Provinces. When the houfe of Auilria, which for fome ages ruled over Germany, Spain, and part of Italy, with which they after- wards continued to carrv on bloody wars^ was become no longer formi- dable, and when the public jealoufy was direfted againlt that of Bourbon; which was favoured by the government of Holland, who had difpofleflea the prince of Orange of the iladtholderlhip, the fpirit of the people was (uch, that they revived it in the perfon of the prince, who was afterwards William III. king of Great-Britiiin ; and during his reign, and that of ^ueen Anne, they were principals in the grand confederacy againil Lewis XIV. king of France. By their fea wars with feiigland, under Cromwell, and in the reign of Charles II. they acquired the reputation ofa formidable naval power j but, a;; I have already mentioned, their. military virtue is on the decline. The Spaniards remained pofTefled of the other ten provinces, or, as they are termed, the Low Countries, un- til the duke of Marlboro ugh > general of the allies, gained the me- morable viiSlory of Ramilies, in the year 1706. After which, Bruffcls, the capitali and great part of thefe provinces, acknowledged Charles VL afterwards emperor of Germany, their foVereign J ana his daughter," the emprefs queen, remained pofl'eflcd of them until the war of 1741^ when the French made an entire conqueft of *' m, except part ot the province of Luxemburg ; and tb; places retainea by the French, by thtf peace of Aix-la-Ghapelie in the year 1748, maybe fcen in the precedin^f general table of divinohs. , mi l« m J mm _%_ GERMANY. SiTUATioif AND EXTENT; 600' miles in length. 5-00 miles in b/eadth.' BOUND AR It 5. 'T^ H E epipirc of Gfcrmany, properly (o called, li X bounded by the German ocean, Denmark, andf the Baltic, on the north ; by Poland and Hungary, including Bohemia^ Cn the call ; by Swiczcrlond and the Alps, which dividers it IroA' hil/i Z a on \ mf f 340 GERMAN Y. on the fouth ; and by the dominions of France and the Low Counfne=- on the weft, from which it is feparatcd by the Rhine, Mofclle, and the Macs. ' 'm Grand DIVISIONS.] The divifions of Germany, as laid down even by modern writers, are various and uncertain. I Ihall therefore ftick to thofe that are moft generally received. Germany formerly was divided into the Upper, or fouthcrn, and the Lower, or northern. The em- peror Maximilian, predeccflbr and grandfather to the emperor Charles V. aivided it into ten great circles ; and the divifion was confirmed in the diet of Nuremberg, in 1552 ; but the circle of Burgundy, or the feven- teen provinces of the Low Countries, being now detached from the em- pire, we are to confine ourfelves to nine of thofe divifions, as they now fubfiit. Whereof three are in the north, three in the middle, and three in the fouth. The northern circles The circles in the middle The fouthern circles 5 Upper S-iXony Lower Saxony Weftphalia f Upper Rhin» •^ Lower Rhine ^ Franconia f Auftria '< Bavaria ^ Swabia. Diviljons. Pomerartia, in the North Circle. Chief towns. f Stetin, ^. Ion. 14-50, 1. Upper SAXONY Subdivi.'ions. f Pruffian Pomerania, N. E. C Swedifti Pomerania, N. W. Brandenburg in the middle, 1 Altmark, weft fubjeft to its own elctlilor > Ivliddlemark the king of Pruffia. j Newark, eaft r Duchy of Saxony, N. Saxony, Proper, in the I Liifatia, marq. eaft. , _ ifouth, fubje£t to iti< Miinia, marq. fouth >< Drefden, t. Ion. 13-36. own eledor. / \ I N. Lat. 5 1 I. Miflein. _, . . . ,, ( Erfurtt, fubieft to the Thunngia, langr. weft . | deftor of Mentz. •j N, !at. 53-30. (. Stralfund Stendel Berlin, Potfdam Francfort, Cuftrin, I r Wittenburgh \ Banti:en, Gorlits rSaxe Meiningcn I Saxe Zeits The dutchic.<; of 3 Meiningen Zeits Altenburq; •- -^3 ./ Weimer g Gotha o I Eifnach l^Saalfield. j Saxe Altenburg, S. E. Saxe Weimer, weft Saxe -Gotha, weft — Saxe Eifnnch, S. W. Saxe Saalfiold — f Schwa"rtfl>urg, W. 1 Su. ^sft to their f Schwartlbnrg The counties of < Bclchingen, N. >. jefpedive -^ Belchingen ^ Mansfield, N. J <-ounts f Hall, middle, fubj- f^. to Pruflla Yhe dutchien of < Saxe Naumberg, fubiect to its ^, own duke ■ 11 i Mansfield. Hall Naumburg* GERMANY. Divlfions. Subdivifions. r J Stolbcrg;, north-weft • ( Hchcnltein, weft — The counties Principality of 5rlc of — Anhalt, north Saxe Hall, weft Cliief towns. 7 r Stolberg 3 ( Northhauftn C Deflau, Zerbft \ BernbergjKothen. Hall Voigtland, fouth, fubjcfttothe) p, Eledor of Saxony — } f^owfn. »-*/ of -{'':So?s;''''^-*°'^}M"< j Dclmonhurft Hoye LDiephoIt. fMunfter,E.lon.7-io. N. lat. 52. Paderborn Ofnaburg Lippe, Pyrmont Mmden Ravenlburg Arenlburg Tecklinburg Ritberg Schawenburg -Cleef, E. Ion. 5-36, N. lat. 51-4.0. Dufleldorf Juiiers Aix • . Ham r'S Liege, E. Ion. 5-36, N. lat. 50-40. Huy Bsnthcini ^Steinfort 4 Upper RHINE Circle, { the I Subdivifions. Heflc Caflel^ landg, Chief towms. 2Q. Divifions. HeiTe Each of the above fub>divifions are fubjeft to their refpeftive landgraves. Hefle Marpurg Hefle Darmftadt landg. N. — •) rCa/lel,.E. Ion. 9. M N. lat. 5X.20. , I^ndg. N. — ri Marpurg It, landg. S. — J (_Darmftat. Counties in the Wctteraw foiuh. Hefle Hoberg Hefle Rhinefield Hefle Wanfried Naflau Dillenburg — " Nafl*au Diets Nafl"au Hadamar Naflau Kerberg Naflau Siegen Nafl'au Jdflein Naflau Weilburg Naflau Wift)aden Nalfau Bielfteid Naflau Otwciler Naflau Ufingen = =H si ^ C g 2 o ^ g O rt 000 ^, Hombere Rhinefield Wonfield. ■"Dillenburg Diets Hadamar Kerberg Siegen Idftein Weilburg Wift)ade^ Bielilein Otweiler _Ufingen. GERMANY. 34* Subdivifions. Pivifions. Territory of Ffankfort, a fovereign ftate Chief towns. f Frankfort on the Maine — < K. Ion. 8-30. N. lat. ^ 5o-io-aniraperialcity, County of Erpach, lubjeft to Its own count-»-Rrpach calh „ • ^ c • - r • a » I Spire **" the Rhine, an Bifhopric of Spire, a fovereign ftate - | imperial city DucliyofZwebruggen, orDeuxponts, ^"bjed 7 ^^^^ ^^^^.^ ^j^^p^^ to the duke or Deuxponts — — 3 ^ County of Catzenelbogcn, fubjeft to Hefle \ Cat;zenelbogen on the ( Lhoa Caffel "Waldec, fubjeft to its own count Solms, fubjeft to its own count Hanaii, fubjeft to Heffe Caflel — Eyfenberg, fub. to its own count Counties of «^ Soyn ■ ' ■ — ■' Wicd _ Wetgenftein — ■ Haiztield ■ — — ^Wefterberg Waldec Solms Hanau Eyfenberg >-'^ Savn Wied Witgenftein Hatzfield (^Wellerberg. Fuld. Hirchfield. Abbyof Fuld, fubjeft to its abbot Hircbiield — fubjeft to Hefle Caffd 5. Lower RHINE Circle. Divifions. Chief towns. Talatinate of the Rhine, on bothT f" Heidelbu*^ on the Necjkar, E. loi^ fides that River, fubjeft to the ^J _ 8-40. N. lat. 49-20. clcftor Palatine ~ ' Archbilhoprics and Eleftorates of r Mentz t' Phillifljurg, Manh^ini, and Fran- kendal on the Rhine. 1 •§ rCologne, on the Rhone, 1 "S 5> . 1 ^- ^*'"' ^'4°' N. lat. 50-5P, V. 2 (5 § / Bonn, on the Rhine. [« J^cS j Meptz, on the Rhine, Af- - I ■^'1 "« I chaffcnburg, on the Maine. ■Triers J ^ i. Triers, 011 the Mofelle. «/i • rtrr r ■ A *« | Worms, On the Rhine, an Bi(hopnc of Worms, a foveretgn ftate -| in.periai city. [ Ouchy of Simmeren, fubjeft to its own duke-r-Simajeren. rRhinegravcrtein — • — ■ T rRhinegravcftein I Meurs, ful^eft to Pruflja | j Meurs - . - J Veldf.nti, fubjeft tothceleftor I .' Vcldeats Counties of ^ Pdatiie ^~ - (< Sp?nheim Le/mingen — "■"11 Creutznach .Leymingcn. Siihoprics 6. FRANCONIA Circle. Divifions. Chief towns, 5 ^-^"'V^- 7 S Subjea .0 their r.- 7 V ^""ft-rg f Cullenback, lCci-a*^*i,- ^ 1 i Cullen- Z 4 ^ Onipach, S. !«,-! 'If ■;,-»!■< m If |9K| ■1 i miLm n |i^»fi 1 •HH 1 V.K mm y 344 GERMANY. Subdivifions. Chief towns, Principality of Henneburgh, N. — . — Henncburgh. Duchy of Cobcrw, north, fubjcft to its duke — Coberg Duchy of Hilbursjhaufen, fubject to its duke — Hilburghaufen. Burgravate of Nuremburg, S. E. an independent") Nurenburg, an ftate J ■ Terri imperial city. 'erritory of die ereat matter of the Teutonic order, 7 n/r , ' JVIergentheim. S. W. jMergenthcm. f'Reineck, W. : "| rReineck Bareith, E. fub. to its own margrave j j Bareith Papenheim, S. fub. to its own count j j Papenheim Werfheim, W. I J Wertheim ] Caffel ' Schwartzcnburg count LHolach, S. W. r-r. -• ^c J vvertneim, w. Counties of ^ Caffel. middle - - Schwartzenburgh, fubjedl to its own I I middle Holach. 7. AUSTRIA Circle. The whole circle belongs to the emprefs queen of Hungary. Divifion. Chief towns. f Vienna, E. Ion,. 16-20. Ajchduchy of Auftria Proper — { f Stira and Cilley, C. I Carinthia — Duchies of \ Carniola — f I Goritia •— • — Cgunty of Tyrol — — N. lat. 48-20. Lints Ens, weft. Gratz, Cilley, S. E. Glagenfurt, Lavemund, S.E, Laubach, Zexknits, Trieftc;^ St. Veits, S. E. Gorits, S. E. Infpruck 1 S, W. on the Erixcn > confines of Italy ">ent J and Switzerland, 7|Er } 1 T 8. BAVARIA Circle. : Subdivifions. Chief towns. IrMunich, E. Ion. 11-32. j N. lat. 48-5. Landfliut^ Subject to the IngoHftat, N. W Dona- Veleaor of Ba- \ wert, [RatifbonJN. an ini- Jf . j penal city. ^^"^* Amberg,[Sultnjach]N.cfthc I Danube, fubje£l to the elec- L tor Palatine Freiffingen, fubjeft to its bilhop — -— Freiffingen Bimopricof Paifau, f ubjeft to its o wn J p^^.^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ rtw^'" ^'''^' ^"^ ^'^ '° the deaor J ^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ Archbiihopric of Saltfburg, fubjeft to its ? , y^f,^ ■ « 1? tr 11 pwn archbifhop ^ ^^ r^\ ^^^^^^''S' S- £• Hallen, GERMANY, 9. SWAB I A CmcLE. '345 Chief towns. Ion. Subdlvifions. w .w^.,^. "tofw„„c„,burss.uW.d [ ?-it:^^;*S-ai,bro„lNV4t! M.™„i. -5 Baden Baden ? !:l''if.f,u.aYve^B'"'^"Dourlach P" "i Uf lBadenDo„Hach5«47ji:f""| BadcnWeiler f---"' jijopric of A„gfl=urg. fubjca .0 i., cvn | -^lte,"B",™S:'„'i'i; bilhop — --- ^ ^ near the Danube. pTT» /• • /I ^. I Ulin, o;i theDiinube, an iiiii. Terntooy of Ulm, a fovcreign ftate | ^^V„j ^. ""^' **" '™" Bilhopric of Conftance, fubjeft to its own { Conflance, on the lake of billiop under the houfe of AuHrla \ Conllance. f Mindelhejm T Subjedt to f Mindelheim, S, of Augfijurg, '.^' < Furftemburg J? their refpec- < Furllenburg, S. ^ Hohenzollern j tive princes ^ Hohenzollern, S. bilhop Princip lilies of f Oeting Counties of < Koningfcck — t Hohenrichburg Baronies of | Limpurg^ - Abbies r Kempten - J Bach aw , ^^ 1 Lindaw r Oeting, eaft < Koneckfeck, fouth-eaft t.Gemund, north ' Waldburg, fouth-eaft Limparg, north. Kempten, on the Iller Buchaw, S. of the Danube Lindaw, on the lake of _ ^ Conftance, imperial cities. [Nordlingen, nonh of the Da- nub9 Memminghen, eaft Rotwell, on the Ncckar, and many more. {Black forcft, N. W. 7 du- £ ii jt a- u r,,. r ij r- }• Rhienheld and LaufFenbur» Rhienheld C. j «» Marqailateof Burgaw •— Burgaw, eaft. ''rrSf^-' jFriburghandBnfac. Imperial cities, or fovercign dates Name.] Great part of modern Germany lay in antient Gaul, as I have already mentioned ; and the word Germany is of itfelf but modern. Many fanciful derivations have been given of the word ; the moft pro- bable is, that it is compounded of Ger^ or Gar, and Matt ; which, in the ancient Celtic, fignifies a warlike man. The Germans, however, went by various other names, fuch as Allemanni, Teutones ; which laft is faid to have been their moft ancient defigpation ; and the Germans themfelves call their country Teuchland. Climate, soil, seasons, and water..] The climate of Ger- many, as in all large trafts of ground, differs greatly, not only on account of the fituation, north, eaft, fouth, and weft, but according to die improvement of the foil, which has a vaft efletl upon the climate. i he molt mild and fettled we^tl»er is found in the middle of the country. ^»«; 1*^ PL i *24^ GERMANY; at an equal dIAance ftom th« fca and tlw Alps. In the north it ij /harp • towardb ilic fouth it is more te/nperate. The foil of Gcrmanv ii not improved to the full by culture, and there. fore in many places it is bare andllerile, though in others it is furpri/.inplv fruitful. Agriculture, however, is daily improving, which nmft necef. farily change the molt barren parts of Germany greatly to their advantaw. The feafons vary as much as the foil. In the fouth and wcflern pa^-ti they are mere regular than thofe that lie near the fea, or that abound with lakes and rivers. The north wind and the eaftcrn blafts arc un- i'avourablc to vegetation. Upon the whole, there is no great difFerence between the feafons of Germany and thofe of Great Britain. Mountains.] The chief mountains of Germany are the Alps, which divide it ffom Italy, and thofe which feparate Saxony, Bavaria, and Moravia from Bohemia. Many other large tra£ls of mountains, ho\wver, are found in diflereut parts of the empire. Rivers and lakes.] No country can boaft a greater variety of noble large rivers than Germany. At their head (lands the Danube or Donaw, fo called from the fwiftnefs of the current, and which fome pretend to ba naturally the fmeft river in the world. From Vienna to Belgrade it is fo broad, that, in the wars between the Turks and Chriftianj, ftiips of war have been engaged on it ; and its convenicncy for carriage to all the coun- tries through which it pafTes is inconceivable. The Danube contains a vaft number ofcataraft; and whirlpools, which interrupt the courfe of navi- gation. Its ftream is r.ipid, aiid its courfe, without reckoning turnings or windings, is computed to be 1620 miles. The other principal rivers are the Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Wcfer, andMofelle. The chief lakes of Germany, not to mention many inferior ones, are thofe of Conftance and Bregentz. Befides theie are the Chiemfec, or the lake of Bavaria ; and the Zecknitzer-fee in the dutchy of Carniola, whofe waters often run oiF and return again in an extraordinary manner. Befides thofe lakes and rivers, in fome of which are found pearls, Ger- aiany contains large noxious bodies of (landing water, which are next to peftilential, and afflift the neighbouring natives wiU; many deplorable cliforders. Forests.] The vail pafllon which the Germans have for hunting the wild boar, is the reafon why perhaps there are more woods and chaces yet [landing in Germany than in mod other countries. The Heraynian forell, which in Cicfar's time was nine days journey in length, and fix in breadth, is now cut down in many places, or parcelled out into woods, which go by particular names. Moft of the woods are pine, fir, oak, and beech. There is a vad number of forefts of lefs note in every part of this country ; almod every count, baron, or gentleman, having a chace or park adorned with pleafure hou(es, and well docked with game, viz. deer, of which there are feven or eight forts, as roebucks, dags, &c. of all (izes and colours, and many of a vad growth; plenty of hares, conies, foxes, bears, wolves, and boars. They abound fo much alfo with wild fowl, that in many places the peafants leave them and venifon for their ordinary food. Metals anp minerals.] Germany abounds in both. Bohemia, and many places in the circle of Audria, and other parts of Ger- many, contain mines of diver, quickfilver, copper, tin, iron, lead, fjulphur, nitre, and vitriol. Salt-petre, falt-mipes, and falt-pits arc foun^ GERMANY. 347 /bund In Auftria, Bavaria, Silefia, and the Lower Saxony ; as are carbun- ties, amethifts, jafper, faphire, agate, alabatter, feveral forts of pearls, tarquoU ftones, and the finell of rubies, which adorn the cabinets of the greateft princes ard virtuofi. In Bavaria, Tirol, and Liege are quarries of curious marble, ilate, chalk, ochre, red lead, allum and bitumen ; befides other foflils. In feveral places are dug up (tones, which to a ilrong fancy reprefent different animals, and fometimcs trees of the human form. Many of the German circles furnirti coal-pits, and the terra. fmllata of Mentz, with white, yellow, and red veins, is thought to be a antidote againft poifon. Mineral waters and eaths.] Germany is faid to contain more cf thofe than all Europfe befides. All Europe has heard of the Sp« waters, and thofe of Pyrmont. Thofe of Aix la Chapelle are ftill more noted. They are divided into the Emperor's Bath, and the Little Bath, and the fprings of both are Co hot, that they let them cool ten or twelve hours before they ufe them. Each of thofe, and many other v. aters have their partisans in the medical faculty, and if we are to believe all they fay, they cure difeafes internal and cutaneous, either by drinking or bathing. The baths and medicinal waters of Embs, Wilbaden, Schwal- bach, and Wildungen, likewife perform their wonders in almoll all difeafes. The mineral fprings at the laft mentioned place are faid to intoxicate as foon as wine, and therefore they are inclofed. Carlfjad and Baden baths have been defcribed and recommended by many great phyficians, and ufed with great fuccefs by many royal perfonages. After all, many are of opinion that great part of the falutary virtues afcribed to thefe waters is owing to the exercifes and amufements of the patients. It is the intereft of the proprietors to provide for both ; and many of the German princes feel the benefit of the many elegant and polite iiillitutions for the diverfion of the public. The neatnefs, clcan- linefs, and conveniency of the places of public refort are inconceivable ; and though at firft they are attended with expence, yet they more thaa pay themfelves in a few ypars by the company which crouds to them from ill parts of the world, many of whom do not repair thither fof tealfh, but for amufement and converfation. Vegetable and animal productions.] Thefe differ in Ger- many very little, if at all, from the countries I have already defcribed ; but naturalifts are of opinion, that had the Germans, even before the middle of this century, been acquainted with agriculture, their country would have been the moft fruitful of any in Europe. Even in its prefent, what we may call rude (late, provifions are more cheap and plentiful in Germany than in any other country perhaps in the world ; witnefs the prodigious armies which the molt uncultivated part of it maintained during the late war, while many of the richell and molt fertile provinces femained untouched. The Rhenifh and the Mofelle wines differ from thofe of other countries' in a pecyliar lightnefs and deterfive qualities, more fovercign in fome 4ifcafes than any medicine. The German wild boar differs in colour from our common hogs. Thfir flelh, and the hams made of it is preferred by many, even to thofe of Weflmoreland, for flavour and grain. The glutton of Germany is faid to be the moft voracious of all animals. Its prey is almoll every thing that has Ufe, which ^t can mailer, whom they furprizc artfully and devour •Mf ! I I m 348 G E R M A N^ Y. devour greedily, efpccially birils hares, rabbits, goaf, and fawn* On thofc tlic pfutton feeds fo rav^noufly, that it falls Into a kiml nf a torpid ftate, and not being able to movt- li? is killed by the huntlinen • but though both boars and iviiives will kill hi.Ti in that condition, thty will not eat him. His colcur is a beautiful brown, with a faint tinne of red. Germany yi-^lds abundance of excellent heavy horfes ; but their oxen and flKcp are not comparable to thofc of Ergland, probably owing to the want of (kill in feeding and rearing them. Some parts of Germany are remarkable for fme larks, and great variety oi* fingiu^ birds, which fere fcnt to all parts of Europe. Population, INHABITANTS, MANNERS, 7 As the empire of Ger- cusTOMs, DIVERSIONS, AND DRESS, j many is a collodion of feparate rtate«, each having a different government and police, we can fay little with prccifiou as to the number of its inhabitants ; but if thty are fixed at twenty millions, the number is perhaps not exaggerated. When the landholders become better acquainted with agriculture and cultivation, population mull naturally encreafe among them. The Germans in their perfons are tall, fair, and rtrong built. The ladies have generally fine complexions ; and fomc of them have all the delicacy of features and fhape that are fo bewitching in other nations ; but this muft be underllood oi the higher ranks. Both men and women afFeft rich diefies, which in fafliion are the fame as in France and England ; but the better fort of men arc exccffively fond of gold and filver lace, efpccially it they are in the army. The ladies at the principal courts differ not much in their drcis from the French and Englifh, only they are not fo excelTively fond of paint, as the former. At fome courts they appear in rich furs, and all of them are loaded with jewels, if they can obtain them. The female part of the burghers families, in many of the German towns, drefs in a very different manner, and fome of them inconceivably fantaftic, as may be feen in many prints publifhed in books of travels ; but in -this refpeft they are gradually reforming, and many of them make quite a different appear- ance in their drefs from what they did thirty or forty years ago ; as to the peafantry and labourers, they drefs as in other parts of Europe, according to their employments; conveniency, and opulence. The ftoves made ufe of in Germany are the fame with thofe already mentioned, in the northern nations, and are fometimes made portable, fo that the ladies carry them to church. In Weftphalia, and many other parts of Germany, they fleep between two feather-beds; with ftieets Hitched to them, which by ufe becomes a very comfortable praiftice. The moll unhappy part of tfie Germans are the tenants of little needy princes ; who fqueeze them to keep up their own grandeur ; but in general the circumftances of the common people are far preferable to thofe of the French. The Germans are naturally a frank, honeft, hofpitable people, free from artifice and difguife. The higher orders are ridiculoufly proud of titles, anceftry, and Oiew. The Germans, in general, are thought to want animation, as their perfons promife more vigour and aftivity than they commonly exert, even in the field of battle. When commanded by great geperals, efpccially the Italians, fuch as Montecuculi and prince Eugene, they hAve done great things, both againft the Turks and the GERMANY. 349 LtFrfnch. The imptrial arms have fcldnm made any remarkable fignre Ljinft cither of ihofc two nations, or againll the Swedes or Spaniards," ihen conunanded by German generals. 'I'liis pollil/Iv might be owing to Le arbitrary obllinacy of the court of Vienna ; for in the two lalt wars LeAuftrians exhibited prodigies of military valour and genius. Indullry, application; ?^nd perfeveranre are the great charadtcrirtics of iheGerman nation, cfpccially the mechanicnl p;irt of it. Their works of art would be incredible were they not vifible, tfpecially in watch and clock-making, jewelry, turnery, fculpturc, drawing, painting, and ! certain kinds of architedure, fome of whic'i I (hall have occaiion to rntntlon. The Germans have been charged with intemperance in eating md drinking, and perhaps not unjull'y, owing to the vail plenty of their ciuntry in vvine and provifions of every kind. But thofe praftices feem [Divto he wearing out. At the greatell tables, though the guells drink pretty freely at dinner, yet the repaft is commonly finifhed by coffee, alter three or four public toafts have been drank. But no people have more featHng at marriages, funerals, and birth-days. The German nobility are generally men of fo much honour, that a ll\3rper in other countries, efpecially in England, meets with more credit it he pretends to be a German, rather than of any other nation. The merchants and tradefmen are very civil and obliging. All the fons of noblemen inherit their fathers titles, which greatly perplexes the iuralds and gentalogifts of that country. This perhaps is one of the reafons v/hy the German hulbands are not quite fo complaifant as thev ought otherwife to be to their ladies, who are not entitled to any pre- tminence at the table ; nor indeed do they feem to affecl it, being far m either ambition or loquacity ; though they are faid to be I'omewhat ;oo fond of gaming. From what has been prcmifed. it inay eafily be conceived, that many of the German nobility, having no other hereditary tiate than a high founding title, cafily enter into their armies, and thofe of other fovereigns. Their fondnefs for title is attended with many other inconveniencies. Their princes think that the cultivation of their lands, though it may treble their revenue, is below their .ittention ; and that, :3 they are a fpecies of beings fuperior to labourers of every kind, they would demean themfelves in being concerned in the improvement of their grounds. The domeftic diverftons of the Germans are the fame as in England ; billiards, cards, dice, fencing, dancing, and the like. In fummer, people of falhion repair to places of public refort, and drink the waters. As to their field diverfions, befides their favourite one of hunting, they have bull and bear baiting, and the like. The inhabitants of Vienna live liixurioufly, a great part of their time being fpent in feafting and caroufmg ; and in winter, when the feveral branches of the Danube are frozen over, and the ground covered with fnow, the ladies take their recreation in fledges of different Ihapes, fuch as gritllns, tygers, fvvans, fcollop- (hells, &c. Here the lady fits, dreffcd in velvet lined with rich furs, and adorned with laces and jewels, having on her head a velvet cap ; and the fledge is drawn by one horfe, flag, or other creature, fet off with plumes of feathers, ribbons, and bells. As this diverfion is taken chiefly in the night-time, fervants ride before the fledge with torches, and a gentleman iitting on the fledge behind guides the horfe. Religion.] ', ' M 350 GERMANY. Religion.] This is a copious article, but I fhall confine ihyfelf ta what is moft ncceflary to be knowij. Before the reformation introduced by Luther, the German bifhops were poflefled (as indeed many of them are at this day) of prodigious power and revenues, and were the tyrants of! the emperors as well as the people. Their ignorance wus only equalled ! by their fuperftition. The Bohemians were the firft who had an idea of reformation, and made fo glorious a ftand for many years againft the errors of Rome, that they were indulged jn the liberty of taking the facrament in both kinds, and other freedoms not tolerated in the Romifti church. Thij was in a great meafure owing to WicklifF, an Englilhman, who went much farther in reforming the real errors of popery than Luther himfelf. He was feconded by John Hufs, and Jerome of Prague, who, notwith- ftanding the emperor's fafe conduct, were infamoufly burnt at the council t/f Conftance. The reformation introduced by Luther, of which we have fpoke in the introduftion, though it lirur!: at the chief abufes in the church of Rome, was thought in fome points (particularly that of confubftantiation, by which the real body of Chrirt, as well as the elements of bread and wine, is fuppofed to be taken in the facrament) to be imperfeft. Cal- vinifm, therefore, or the religion of Geneva (as now praftifed in the chiTch of Scotland) was introduced into Germany, and is now the reli- gion of the king of Pruflia, the landgrave of Hefle, and fome other princes, who maintain a parity of orders in the church. Some go fo far as to fay that the numbers of prott ilants and papifts in the empire are now almofl: equal. Cennany, particularly Bohemia, Moravia, and the Palatinate, is overniii with fedtaries of all kinds ; and Jews abound in the empire. At prefent, the raodes of worfliip and forms of church govern- ment are by the protcltant German princes confidered in a civil rather than a religious light. 'Tht protectant clergy are learned and exemplary in their deportment, but the popifli ignorant and libertine. Archbishopsees and eishopsees.] Thefe are differently repre- fentcd bv authors, fome of whom reprefent Vienna as being a fufFragan to the archbilhopfee of Saltzburg ; and others as being an archbifhopric but depending immediately upon the Pope. The others are the arch- biihop of Mentz, who has under him twelve fuffragans, but one of them, the biihop Of Bamberg, is faid to be exempted from his jurifdiftion ;— Triers has three fuliragans ; — Cologne has four ; — Magdeburg has five ; — Salrzbiirg has nine, befidcs Vienna ; — and Bremen three. At different periods fmce the reformation it has been found expedient to fatihfy tile claims of temporal princes, to fecularize the following biihopfees, Bremen, Verden, Magdeburg, Halberftadt, Minden, Ofna- burg, which goes alternately i the houses of Bavaria and Hanover, and is now held by his Britannic majefty's lecond fon, and Lubec. Such of thcfe fees as were archbiflioprics are now confidered ai duchies, and the bilhoprics as principalities. Learning and learned men.] No country has produced a greater variety of authors than Germany, and there is no where a more general talte foi reading, efpecially in the proteflant countries. Printing is encouraged to a fault ; every man of .letters is an author ; they multiply books without number, thoufands of thefcfcs and difputations are annually publifiied ; for no man can be a graduate in their univerfities, who hiS not publilhed one difputatiOn at Icaft. In this country there are 36 um- verfit^es GERMANY. 351 vtrfioes, of which 17 are proteftant, 17 Roman CatKoIlc» and two mixed; befides a valt number of colleges, gymnalia, pedagogies, and litin fchools. TI ere are alfo many academies and focietics tor the pro- moting the fludv of natural philofophy, the belles lettres, antiquities, ic. as the Imperial Leopoldine academy of the natttree curioji ; the aca- demy of fcicnces at Berlin, at Gottingen, at Erfurth, at Leipfic, ai Puilbuvgh, to which we may add the Latin fociety at Gena. Of the public libraries, the moft celebrated are thofe of Vienna, V/olfcnbuttle, Hanover, Gottingen, Weimar, and the council library at Leipfic. The Gernuins have written largely upon tl e Roman and Canon Luws ; Staid, Van Sweiten, Storkh, and Hoftinap, have contributed greatly to the im- provement of phyfic ; Ruvinus and Dillenius of botany J Heifter of ana- tomy and furgery; Newman, Zewmermann, Pott, and MargnifF of chymiilry. In philofophy, natural and moral, the reputation of Leib- nitz, Wolfius, Puffendorf, Thomafius, Otto van Gueriche, and Kepler, is great. Every prince, baron, and gentleman in Germany is a chymirt or natur.'l philofopher. Germany has alfo produced good political writers, geographers, and hiftorians, of whom Bufhing is the moll: vola- minouf ; but they feem to have no great talte or capacity for works of wit and citertainment, as poetry, plays, romances, and novels, or what is called the belles lettres ; but they have had fome good critics and anti- quarians. They have one great defed, howevei, in all their writings, namely, that they are extremely prolix, di/, voluminous, and mechani- cal, and know little or nothing of that valuable art in which many nations excel, na. iely, of enlivening their performances, and mixing the pleafant with the ufeful. With refpecl to the line arts, tlie Germans have acquitted themfelves tolerably well. Germany has produced fome good painters, architedls, fculptors, and engravers. They even pretend to have been the firft inventors of engraving, etching, and metzotinto, as well as of gunpowder, guns and printing. For the improvement of fome of thefe arts academies have been ellabhflied in fome parts of Germany ; at Vienna, in particular, and Berlin are academies for painting, fculp- ture and archite«Jhire ; at Drefden and Niirenberg are academies for painting ; and at Aulburgh is the Imperial Fraucifcan academy of the line arts. Germany has likewife produced Ibuie excellent nuificianr, Handel, Bach, Hafle, of v/hom Handel Itands at the head ; and it i* acknowledged that he arrived at the fublime of mufic, but ht had not the fmalleft Idea between mufic and fentimental expreflion. Language. The Teutonic part of the German tongue is- an original language, and has no relation to the Celtic. It is called High Dutch^ and is the mother tongue cf all Germany ; but varies {o much in its dialeft, that the people of one province fcarcciy underlland thole of another. Latin and French are the moll ufeful Lmgu-iges in Germany, when a traveller Is ignorant of High Dutch. The German Pater-Nofler is as follows : U/i/t'i- h\ilerr de hu hijl in mmmel ; geheiligtt iver dt'ik nahnu : zukomm niis liini rdch : tiein •ixille gejihete auf crden, luie in hinimel ; un/tr iaigllch hrod gib um had ; und 'vngih uns uii/er Jc'jitjd ah ivir vergehen utfjcrn ji aldigern ; und J'uerra urn iiicht in I'trfiichuKg fondern elafe nns 'Von -vcLcl. '\"\.t'.\. CoMMERcr AM) MANUFACTURES.] Gcnnanv lias \all advantages in point of commerce, from its fituation, in llie heart of Kuio^k, and pi^^rt(^:.tcd as ii "/ere with great river;. It; r\»x\\t materials for con\- lucrce Ii 352 G E 1^ M A 1<^ t. merce (befides the mines and minerals I have already mentienfd) a*; hemp, hops, flax, anife, cummins, tobacco, faffron, madder, truffle? variety of excellent roots and pot-herbs, and fine fruits, equal to tliofeof France and Italy. Germany exports to other countries corn, tobacco horfes, lean cattle, butter, cheefe, honey, wax, wines, linen and woollen, yarn, ribbons, filk and cotton ftufFs, toys, turnery wares in wood, metals, and ivory, goat-lHns, wool, timber, bo;h for (hip-build. ing and houfes, cannon, and bullets, bombs and bomb-ihells, iron plates and ftoves, tinned plates, ileel work, copper, brafi-wire, porce. lain, the fincfl; upon earth, earthen-ware, glafTcs, mirrors, hog's bridles, mum, beer, tartar, fmalts, zaffer, Prulfian blue, printer's ink, and many other things. Some think that the balance of trade between England and Germany is to the difadvantage of the former ; but others are of a different opinion, as they cannot import coarfe woollen manufactures, and feveral other commodities, fo cheap from any other country. The revocation of the edift of Nantes, by Lewis XIV. which obliged the French proteftants to fettle in different parts of Europe, was of "in- finite fervice to the German manufaftures. They now make velvets, filks, ftufFs of all kinds, fine and coarfe ; linen and thread, and every thing neceflary for wear, to great pcrfeftion. The porcelain of Meiffen, in the eleftorate of Saxony, and its paintings, exceed that of all the world. They manufadure paper, tobacco, wax, clock and lock work, and the Nuremberg artificers are famous for toys and hardwares of every kind. Trading companies.] The Afiatic company of Embclen, eftablifn- ed by his prefent PrufTian majelly, is, exclufive of the Hanfeatic league, the only commercial company in Germany ; but in the great cities very large extenfive partnerrtiips in trade fubfilt. Revenues.] The only revenue falling under this head is that of the emperor, who as fuch has an annual income of about 5 or 6000 poiunb, llerling, arifing from fome inconfiderable fiefs in the Black Foreft. Tiie Aullrian revenues arc immenfc, and are thought to amount to fevc-n mil- lions Irerling in Germany and Italy, a fuin that goes far in thoic coun- tries. The late king of Prwifia, whofe revenues were not near To exten- five as, thofe of his prcl'ent majeily, though he maintained a large army, was lb good an ccconomift that he left feven millions rterling in his coffers ; and fome have thought that Silefia alone brings half a million ilerling every year to this king. To behold the magnificence of many of the German courts, a flranger is apt to conceive very high ideas or the incomes of tlieir princes, which is owing to the hig'a price of money in that country, and confequently the low price of provifions and manufac- tures. In iacl, though it is plain that fome princes have much larger re\tnucs than others, yet we cannot fpeak with any tnleiablc prc- , cifion on a fubjcil of fucii variety and uncertainty, and which compre- hends fo many independent Hates. Coi^sTiTUTiON AND GOVERNMENT.] Almofl cvcry prince in Gcr- ;inany (and there arc about 300 of them) is arbitrary with regard to the vovtrnment of his own e'^aies, but the whole of them f:rm a ^veat con- federacy, governed by political laws, at the head of whicli is the empe- ror, and whofe power in the colledive body or the diet, is not direflorial but executive, and even that gives him vaft influence. The fupreine power in Germany is in the diet, which is compoied of the emperor, or , ia GERMANY. 353 )(ien, eftablifii- Tcat cities jjlus abfence, of his commiiTary, and of the three colleges of the empire. The firrt of thefe is the elefkoral college ; the fecond is the college of princes ; and the third, the college of imperial towns. The dignity of the empire, though ele»^ive, has for fome centuries belonged to the houfe of Au(lria» as being the moil powerful of the German princes j but by French management upon the death of Charles VI. grandfather, by the mother's fide, to the prefent emperor, the ele^or of Bavaria was chofen to that dignity, and died, as is fup- pofed, of heart-break, after a Ihort uncomfortable reign. The power of tlie emperor is regulated by the capitulation he Hgns at his election } and the perlon, who in his life-time is chofen king of the Romans, fucceeds without a new eledion to the empire. He can confer titles and enfran- chifements upcn cities and towns, but as emperor he can levy no taxes» nor make war nor peace without the confent of the diet. When that confent is obtained, every prince muft contribute his quota of men and noney, as valued in the matriculation roll, though perhaps, as an eiedor or prince, he may efpoufe a different fide from that of the diet. This forms the intricacy of the German conftitution* for George II. of England was obliged to furniih his quota againll the houfe of Auftria, and the king of Pruffia, while he was fighting for them both. The emperor claims a precedency for his ambafTadors m all chriflian courts. The electors of the empire are nin« in number. Each has a particular office in the imperial court, and they have the fole election of th« emperor. They are in order, Firil, The archbilhop of Mentz^ who is high chancellor of the empire when in German y^ Second, The archbilhop of Treves, who is high chancellor of the empire in France. Third, The archbifhop of Cologne, who is the fame in Italy. The king, or rather eledtor of Bohemia, who is cup-bearer. The eleftor of Bavaria> who is grand fewer, or officer who ferves out the fealls. The eleftor of Saxony, who is great marfhal of the empire. The eleftor of Brandenburgh (now king of Pruffia) who is great ehtoberlain; The eleAor palatine^ who Is great ll-nvard ; and The eledlor of Hanover, who claims the part of arch-treafufer. It is neceffary for the emperor before he calls a diet to have the advice of thofc members j and during the vacancy of the imperial throne the eleftors of Saxony and Bavaria have jurifditilion, the former over the northern, and the latttr over the fouthern circles. The ecclefiaftical princes are as abfolute as the temporal ones in their feveral dominions. Thfc chief of thefe, befides the three ecclefiaftical elcdors already mentioned, are the archbilhop of Saltzbiirg, the bifliops of LiegCi Munfter, Spire, Worms, Wirtlburg, Stralburg, Ofnaburg, Bamberg, and Paderborn. Befides thefe are many other ecclefiaftical pnnces. Germany abounds with many abbots and abbelFes, whoio j'liirdjiftions are likewife abfojute; and fome of them very confiderable, nd all of them are chofen by tlieir feveral chapters. I'he chief of the vu'iar printes are the landgrave of Hefle, the dukes of Brimfwick w Ifcnbuttel, Wirtembcrg, Mecklenburgh, Saxe-Gotha, the mar- 'it: e. of Baden and Culmbach, with the princes of Naflau, Auhalr, funuaburg, and many other;, who have all high titles, and are A a fovercigns i. :: ^ ii» i^-* 54- GERMAN r: m ti Sovereigns In their own dominions. The fret cities are likewlfe fovo- reign ftates ; thofe which are imperial, or oompofe a part of the diet bear the imperial eagle in their arms ; thofc which are Hanfe-towns, ct which we have fpoken in the Introduction, have ftill great privileges and immunities, but they fubfift no longer as a political body. The imperial chamber, and that of Vienna, which is better known by the name of the Aulic-conncil, are the two fupreme courts for deter- mining the great caulcb of the empire, arifing between its rcfpedive niembers. It confills of fifty judges or affeffors. The prcfident and f*<5ur of them are appointed jjy the emperor, and each of the elettors chufe oiw, and the other princes and iVates the reft. This court is at prefent held at \Vet7,lar,,but fonriCily it refided at Spire ; and caufes may be brought before it by appeal. The aulic-council was originally na better than a revenue court for the dominions of the houfe of Auftria. As that family's power encreafed, the jurifdiftion of the aulic-council was extended ; and at laft, to the great difguft of the princes of the empire, it ufiirped upon the powers of the imperial chamber, and evei> of the diet. It confifts of a prefident, a vice-chancellor, a vice-prefi- dent, and a certain number of aulic counfellors, of whom fix are prote- Ibnts, befides other officers, but the emperor in fiaft is matter of the court. Thefe courts follow the ancient laws of the empire for their guides, the golden bull, the pacification of Pafi'au, and the civil law* Beiides thele courts of juftice, each of the nine circles I have already mentioned has a direAor to take care of the peace and order of the circle. Thefe direftons are commonly as follow. For Weltphalia, the bifhop of Miinfter, or duke of Neuburg. For Lower Saxony, the eleftor of Hano- ver or Brandenburg. For Upper Saxony, the eleftor of Saxony. For the Lower Rhine, the archbifhop of Mentz. For the Upper Rhine, the eleftor Palatine or bilhop of Worms. For Franconia,. the bifliop of Bamburg, or marquij of Culmbachk For Suabia , the duke of Wirtem- berg, or bilhop of Conftance. For Bavaria, the tle^^^or of Bavaria, or archbilhop 6f Saltzbupg ; and for Auftria, the archduke of Auftria, his imperial inajefty. After, upon any great emergency, the votes of the diet are collefted, and fentence pronounced, the emperor by his prerogjitive commits the execution of it to a particular prince or princefs, whofe troops live at free quarter upon the eftates of the delinquent party, and he is obliged to make good all expences j upon the whole, the conftitution of the Ger- iiianic body is of itfelf a ftudy of no fmall difficulty. But however plau- fibly invented the feveral check3 upon the imperial power may be, it is certain that the houfe of Aurtria.has more than once endangeredthe liber- ties of the empire, and that they have been faved.by France. At prefent u great power, the houfe of Brandenburg, has ftarted up to oalance the AuiHan greatnefs ; and there feems to be no great appearance of any internal commotions among the princes of the empire,, a circumftance that is extremely favourable to the tranquillity of Europe, and the intc- reft of Great Britain in particular. Before I clofe this head, it may be ncceflary to inform the reader of the meaning of a tcnft which has of late frequently appeared in the German hiftory, I mean that of the Pragma- tic Sanftion. This is no other than a provifion iHade by the emperor Charles VI. for prcfcrvlag the indivifibility of the Auftrian dominion;; in GERMAN Y. ^55 in the perfoirof the next defcendant of the laft pofTeflbr, whether male or female- This provifion has been often difputed by other branches of the houfc of Auftria, who have been occafionally fupported by France from political views, though the pragmatic fanftion is ftrc :gly guarantied by jjmoft all the powers of Europe. The late emperor, eledlor of Bavaria, and the late king of Poland attempted to overthrow it, as being de- (cended from the daur^hters of the emperor Jofeph, elder brother to Charles VI. It has lilc^wife berti again and again oppofed by the court ofSpain. Few of the territories of the German princes are fo large as to be jfligned to viceroys, tobe oppreffed and fleeced at pleafure ; nor are they without redrcfs when they fuffer any grievance ; they may appeal to the general diet or great council of the empire for relief. Whereas in Francd the lives and fortunes of the fubjeft are entirely at the difpofal of the grand monarch. The fubjefts of the petty princes in Germany are gene* rally the moft unhappy; for thefe princes, affefting the grandeur and fplendor of the more powerful, in the number and appearance of their officers and domeftics, in their palaces, gardens, piftures, curiofities^ guards, bands of mufic, tables, drefs. and furniture, are obliged to fupport all this vain pomp and parade at the expence of their vaflals and dependants. With refpcft to the burghers and peafants of Ger- many, the former in many places enjoy great privileges ; the latter alfo, in fome parts, for inftance, in Franconia, Swabia, and on the Rhine, are generally a free people, or only perform certain fcrvices to their fuperiors, and only pay taxes ; whereas in the marquifate of Branden- , burg, Pomerania, Lufatia, Moravia, Bohemia, Auitria, &c. they may ' iuftly be denominated flaves, though in different degrees. Military strength.] t)uring the two laft wars, very little regard was paid, in carrying them on, to the antient German conftitutions, the whole management being engrofled by the head of the houfe of Auilria. The elcftor of Mentz keeps what is called a matriculation book or regifter, which among other letters contain the alleflments of men and money, which every prince and ftate, who are members of the empire, is to advance when the army of the empire takes the field. The con- tributions in money are called Roman months, on account of the monthly aflelTments paid to the emperors when they vifited Rome. Thofe afTclf- mcnts however are fubjeft to great mutability. It is fufficient here to fay, that upon a moderate computation the fecular princes of the empire can bring to the field 379,000 men, and the eeclefiaftical 74,500, in all 453, coo ; of thofe the emperor, as head of the houfe of Auilria, is fup- pojed to furnifh 90,000. The eleftor of^ Mentz may maintain - — • 6000 The eleftor of Triers ■ ■ ■ — 6000 Tie eleftor of Cologne »-. *-* -^ 6000 '^ he bifhop of Munfter — — — — 8000 \e bifhop of Liege ■ -■ 8000 8000 2000 5000 3000 2500 6000 .The ' archbilhop of Saltzburg Tht hifhop of Wurzburg The bi.Tiop of Hamburg The bifhop of Paderbom The bifhop of Ofnabrug Thf abbvt of Fulda A» a '35^ GERMANY. The other biJhopiics of the empire — — The abbics and provoftihips of the empire Total of the ecclcfiaftical princes The empefor, for Hungary — - " ' For Bohemia, Silefia, antl Moravia -For AuHria, and other dominions The king of Pruffia The eleftor of Saxony — The elcftor Palatine - The duke of Wirtemburg The landgrave of Heffe Caffcl The prince of Baden — The eletflor of Hanover The duke of Holftein - The duke of Mecklenburg The princes of Anhalt The prince of Lawenburg The eleftor of Bavaria The dukes of Saxony — The prince of NafTau The other princes and imperial towns The fecular princes The ccclefialUcal princes Total <5cod 8000 pro — — - gen 74500 or I > 3CO00 curl 30000 bur 30000 mat 40000 cur 25000 r.ov 15000 mn 15000 low 15000 All 10000 Bb 30000 am 12C00 am 15000 C Oooo 6000 30000 1 0000 fDrefden, the clcftor of Saxony's capital, that its fortifications, pa. laces, public buildings, churches, and charitable foundations ; and above all, its fuburbs are 'magnificent beyond all exprelfion, that it is beautifully fituated on both fides the Elbe ; and that it is the fchool of Germany, for ftatuary, painting, enamelling, and carving ; not to men- tion its mirrors, and founderies for bells and cannon, and its foreign commerce carried on by means of the Elbe. The inhabitants of Dref. den, by the lateft accounts, amount to 1 10,000. The city of Hanover, the capital of that electorate, ftands on the river Leine, but is of no great confideration. It contains about twelve hundred houfes, among which there is an eledlora! palace. It carries on feme manufaftures ; and in its neighbourhood lies the palace and elegant gar- dens of Hcrenhaiifen. The dominions of the eleftorate of Hanover con- tain about 750,000 people, who live in fifty-eight cities, and fixty market towns, befides villages. The city and fuburbs of Bremen, belonging by furchafe to the faid eleftor, contains about 50,000 inhabitants, and has a cpnfiderable trade by the Wefer. The other towns belonging to the faid electorate have trade and manufaftnres ; but, in general, it muft be i-cmarked, that the eleftorate has fufFered greatly by the acceflion cf the Hanover family to the crown of Great Britain, I fhall here juft mention, on account of its relation to our royal family, the feiularized bifliopric ©f Ofnabupg, lying between the' rivers Wefer and Ems. The chief city, Ofnaburg, has been long famous all over Europe for the manufafture known by the name of the duchy, and for the manufafture of the bell Weftphalia hams. The whole revenue of the bifliopric amounts to ^bout 3Oj00ol. Frefiau, the coital of Silefia, which fornjerly belonged to the king- (dorni fef Bohemia, lies on the fivefr Oder, and is a fine city, where all feds' of Ghriftians and Jews are tolerated, but the magiftracy is Lutheran^ ;-8inee Silefia fell under the Pruflian dominion, its trade is greatly improved', though very inconfidi^i^ble before. The manufec- thres of Silefia, which prirtclpally center at Breflau, are humerous. The revenue of thewhole is by"femfr*iaid-to bring his PrulHan majefty in neaj a million fterling; but thfs fum- feems to be exaggeratedv'if, as other authors of good hits writCj it never biX>uglit'- into the Koufe af Auftria above 5oo,ooal.yearfy. " ^^■^■■'" ";''*• i • ' vi^i ■ \t\r. ' Vienna is the capital of the circle 'tofAuftrift, andlteln* tfte refidcnce of the emperor, is fuppofed to be the Capital of Gefmauy. 'It-is a noble and a iironj^city, and the princes of the houfe '6f Aaftria have emitted norhing that cnijld contribute to its grandeur ahd riches. . The two Au- ftrias, and the hereditary dominions of that 'houfe, are by nature fowell furnidvcd with all materials forthe luxuries, the conveniencies, and the necefia.ies of life, that foreign importations into this city are almoli totally prohibited. Vienna cotitains an excellent univerfity, a bank, which is in the management of her own magiltrates, and a court of com- tnerce immediately fubjcft to the aulic council. Its religious buildings, with the wulks and gardens, occupy a fixth part of the town; but the 'fuburbi arc larger than tl;e city. It would be endlefs to enumerate the many palaces, two of which are imperial, of this capital ; its fquares, academicjj and librari95 j and, among others, the fine one of P""*^^ Eugene^ GERMANY. 359 any in Gfu all fine cities, ifications, pa. idations; and on, that it is the fchool of ; not to men- md its foreign :ants of Dref, is on the river welve hundred rries on feme id elegant gar- Hanover con- id fixty market belonging by tants, and has >nging to the al, it mull be xeffion of the juft mention, ized bifliopric he chief city, ! manufadiire e of the bell : amounts to to the king- B city, where magiftracy is , its trade is ^he manufac. imerous. The lajefty in neaj' r'if, as other fe a£ Aultria tfltf refidcnca "It -is a noble bave emitted rhe two Au- 'ature fo wel! ties, and the y are almofl ity, a bank, oiirt of com- is buildings, ivn ; but the umerate the 1 its fquares, le cf prince Eugene, tngene, mti\ his and the imperial cabinets of curiofities. The inha- bitants, if we are to believe Dr. Bufching, are between 180,000 and 200,000 ; and the encouragement given them by their fovereigns, has rendered Vienna the rendezvous of all the nations round. After all that has been faid of this magnificent city, the moll candid andfenfiblc of thofe who have vifited it, are far from being lavilh in its nraife. The fUeets, excepting fome in the fuburbs, are narrow and dirty ; the houfes and furniture of the citizens are greatly difproportioned JO the magnificence of the palaces, fqiiarcs, and otlier public buildings; butabovi: all, tlie exceffive impolls J^id by the hoiife of Aullria upop f very commodity in its dominiojis, mull always keep the manufacluririg part of their fubjeils poor. His j-rcfent imperial majeAy feems to bp (enfibleoffrut^s which were plain to all the world but his prcdcceflbjs and their c;punfeUors ; he examit^es things with his own eyes, and has de'ccnded from tlint haughtineC of demeanour which rendered tl:e impo^ rial court fp long dilagrceablc, and indeed ridiculous, to the rell of Eu- rope. Jn general, the condition of the Auflrian fubjccls has bceii greatly meliorated fuice his a,C(;eftion to the imperial throne ; but in this Jie zds agi'eeably lo the feutiments of his mother, who is the immediate pfieflbr of.thofe vail dominions, Imperia'l, royal, and othxk 7 The emperor of Germany pre- TiTiiEs, AKMs AND ORDEHS. ) tcnds to be fucccllbr to the em- perors of Rome, and has long, on that acQount, been admitted to a tacit precpdency on all public cccafion^ among the powers of Europfi. Auilriais but an archdukedom ; nor. has h.?, as the head of that houle, ayptein ttje eledlion of emperor, wiiich is limited to Bohemia. Innu- merable are the titles of principalities, dukedoms, baronies, and the like, with which he is veiled a$ archduke. The arms of the empire are a black eagle with two hcids, hoverin^;, with expanded wings, in a ^eldof gold; and over the head.vof the eagle is fecn the imperi:d crown. Jt would be equally ufclel;; as difficult to enumerate all the different .quarterings and armorial bearings of the archducal family. Eveiy cledlor, and indeed every independent prince of any importance in Ger- many, claims a right of inltituting orders; but the emperors pretend that tliey are no't admiffible uulefs confirmed by thom- 'i'be emperors of Germany, as w?ll .^!>. the kings of Spain, confer the order of the Golden Fleece, .a^defcej^d«td( fromthe.houfe of Burgundy. The emprefs dowager Ejeonora, in 1662. and 1666, created two orders of ladies, or female inights.; and the^prefent emprefs-queeh inllituted the order of St. Terefa. History.], "T^e manners of the ancient Germans are defcribed. by dieeleganrt and manly pencil of Tacitus, the Roman hlllorlan. They wer^ a brave and independant race of men^ and peculiarly dillinguifhcd by their love of liberty and arms. They oppofed the force of the Ro- maa empire^ not in its origin or in its dscline, but after it had arriveJ at maturity, and ftill continued in its ful) vigour. The country yvas divided into a number of principalities, independant of each other, though occafiopally . conneded by a military union for defending themfelves againll fuch enemies as threatened the liberty of them all. In this fitua- tion Germany remained, notwithftanding the efforts of particular chief- tains, or prinpcs, to reduce the reft into fubjedion, until the beginning; of the ninth century : then it was that Charlemaigne, one of thofe e.x- centric and fuperior geniuffes who fometimes ftart up in a barbarous age, £rft ext«jnded his military power, and afterwards his civil authority, over A a 4 the ■' i / I' .ii^!' r $Co GERMANY. the whole of this empire. The poftcrity of Charlemaigne inherited Ae empire* of Germany until the year 880, at which time the d.lfcrpnt ITrihces afTumins their original independence, rejedled the Carlovinian ine, and placed Arnulph, king of Bavaria, on the throne. Since this time, Germany has ever been confidered as an eleiftive monarchy, I'rinces of different families, according to the prevalence of their intcrcil and arms, have mounted the throne. Of thefe, the moft confiderable, uf til the Auftrian line acauired the imperial power, were the houfes of Saxony, Franconia, and ovvabia. The reigns of thefe emperors con- tain nothing more remarkable than the contefts between them and the popes. From hence, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, arofe the factions of the Guelphs and Ghibelines, of whicli the former was attached to the popes, and the latter to the emperor ; and both, by their virulence and inveteracy, tended to difquiet the empire for feveral ages. The emj" rors too were often 4t war with the infidels, and fometimes, as happens in all eleftive kingdoms, with one another about the fucceflion. iBut what more deferves the attention of a judicious reader than all ihoic noify but uninterefting difputes, is the progrefs of government in Ger- many, which was in fome meafure oppofite to that of the other kingdoms of Eurojpe. "When the empire, r ifed by Charlemaigne, fell afunder, all the different independant print aflumed the right of eleftion ; and thofc now diftinguiflied by the name of eledlors, had no peculiar or legal influence in appointing a fuccelTor to the ipiperial throne : they were only the ofHcers of the king's houfhold, his fecretary, his fteward, chap- lain, marfhal, or mafter of his horfe, &c, By deerees, however, as they lived near the king's perfon, and had, like all the other prince.t, independant territories belonging to them, they encreafed their influence and authority ; and in the reign of Otho III. 984, acquired the ible right of elefting the emperor. Thus while in the other kingdoms of Europe, the dignity of the great lords, who were all originally allodial, or independant barons, was diminifhed by the power of the king, as in France, and by the influence of the people, as in Great Britain ; in Qer« many, on the other hand, the power of the eledors was raifed upon the ruins of the emperor's fupremacy^, and of th ■ peoples jurifdiAion. In 1 440, Frederic III. duke of Auftria, was elefted emperor, and the im- perial dignity continued in the male line of that family for three hundred years. His fucceflbr. Maximilian, married the heirefs of Charles, duke of Burgundy, whereoy Burgundy, and the feventeen pro\'inces of the Netherlands, were annexed to the houfe of Auflria. Charles V» gnintl- ibn of Maximilian, and heir to the kingdom of Spain, \va» eledcd em- peror in the year 1519. In his reign happened the reformation of reli- gion in ff-'veral parts of Qermany, which however was not confirmed by public authority till the year 1648, by the treaty of Weilphalia, and in, the reign of Ferdinand III. The reiign of Charles V. was continually difturbed by his wars with the German princes and French king : tl\ough fuccefsfnl in the beginning of his reign, his good fortune, towards the cnnclufion of it, began to forfake him ; which, with other reafons, occafioned his abdication of the crown. His brother, Ferdinand I. who in 155S fiicceeded to the throne, proved a nioderat'e prince with regard to religion. He had the addrefs to ^et his fon Maximilian declared king of the Romans in his own lite time, and died in 1564. By his lafl will he ordered, that if either his own male iilue, or that of his bfoihcr Charles, Aould fail, his Aultrias eftates GERMANY. ^6/ fHatrt fhould revert to his fecond daughter, Anne, wife to the cleftor of Bavaria, and her iffue. I mention this delUnation, as it gave fife to tht oppoficion made by the houfe of Bavaria to the prugm;itic fanftion, infevmr of the cmprds-queen of Hungan', on the death of her father, Chsrlcs VI. The reign of Maximilian If. was dilhirbtd with internal commotions, and an invafion from the Turks ; but he died in peace, in 1576. He was fucceeded by his fon Rodolph, who was involved in van with the Hungarians, and in differences with hii brother Matthias, towhom he ceded Hungary and Auftria in his life time. He was fuc- ceeded in the empire by Matthias, under whom the reformers, who went ander the names of Lutherans and Calvinifks, were fo much divided jnionj ihemfelves, as to threaten the empire with a civil war. The am- bition of Matthias, at laft, reconciled them ; but the Bohemians revolted, and threw the imperial commiflaries out of a window in Prague. This Mverife to a war which lafted thirty years. Matthias thought to have exterminated both parties, but they formed a confederacy, belied the Evangelic League, which was counterbalanced by a catholic league. Matthias dying in 16 18, was fucceeded by his coufm, Ferdinand II. but the Bohemians offered their crown to Frederic, the eleftor Palatine, the moft powerful proteftant prince in Germany, and fon-in-Iaw to hi« Britannic majefty James L That prince was incautious enough to accept of the crown; but he loft it, by being entirely defeated by the duke of Bavaria and the imperial gener.ils, at the battle of Prague, and he him- fdf was deprived of his electorate, the belt part of which was given to the duke of Bavaria. The proteftant princes of Germany, however, had among them at this time many able commanders, who were at the head of armies, and continued the war with wonderful obftinacy ; among them were the margrave of Baden Durlach ; Chriflian, duke ofBruni> wie, and count Mansfeld : the lall was one of the bell generals of the igt. Chriftiern IV. king of Denmark, declared for them ; and Riche- lieu,, the French ^ inifter, was not fond of feeing the houfe of Auftr*'. aggrandized. Tht emperor, on the other hand, had excellent generals; and Chriftiern, having put himfelf at the head of the evangelic league, was defeated by Tilly, an imperialift of great reputation in war. Fer- diiifind made fo moderate a afe of his advantages obtained over the pro- teftants, that they formed a frefh confederacy at Leipfic, of which the celebrated Qaftayiis Adoiphus, of 3vveden, was the head. I have al- ready defcribed^ his amazing vidories and progrefs, when he was killed itthe battle ofLutzen, in 1632. But the proteftant caufe did not die with him. He had brought up a fet of heroes, fuch as the duke of Saxc Weimar, Torftehfon, Bannier, and others, who ihook the Auftrian pow«r, till under the mediation of Sweden, a general peace was con- cluded among all the powers at war, at Munfter, in thj year 1648 ; which forms the bafis of the prefent political fyftem of Europe. Ferdinand II.' was fucceeded by his fon Ferdinand lU. who died in 1657, and was fucceeded by the emperor Leopold, a fevere, unamiable, and not very fortunate prince. He had two great powers to contend with, France on the one fide, and the Turks on the other ; and was a iofer in his war with both. France took from him Alface, and many other frontier places of the empire ; and the Turks would have taken Vienna, had the fiege not been raifed by John Sobieflci, king of Poland. Prince Eugene, of Savoy, was a young adventurer in arms about the year 1697 > ^^ being one of tht; imperial generals^ g^ve the Turks the iirft ,;; n|| m 1 1 i % hi] 36« GERMANY. ' ■'■' 1 1 'tii i ' Tirft checks they received in Hungary. The empire, however, cowKl ant have yvitliilood the power of l^Vance, had r.ot the prince of Orange, afterwards king William III. of England, laid the foundation of the grand confederacy aj^ainft the French power, the confcqucnccs of which have been already cd'cribed. The Hungarians, fccretly encouraged by the French, and exaiptr-'-ted by the unfeeling tyranny of Leopold, were ilill in arms, under the jiote^ion of the Porte, when that prince died in 1705, He was fucceeded by his fon Jofcph, who put the eledork of Cologne «rd Bavarir. to the ban of the empire ; but being very ill ferved by prince Jjcwis of Baden, general of the empire, the French partly recovered their affairs, notwithllanding their repeated defeats. The duke of Marl- borough had not all the fuccefs he expeAed or deferved. Jofcph himfelf v/as fulpecled of a defign to fubvert the Germanic liberties ; ;ind it wui ;f)lain by his conduft, that he cxpedted England fhould take the labour- ing car in the war, which was to be entirely carried on for his benefit. 1 lie Enj:;lifli were difgulled at his flownefs and felfifhnefs ; but he died in j,7 1 1, before he had reduced the Hungarians ; and leaving no male iffuc, he was fucceeded in the eiTipire by his brother, Charles VI. whom the iiUies were endeavouring to place on the throne of Spain, in oppofition to Philip, duke of Anjou, grandfon to Lewis XIV. When the peace of Utrecht took place in 1713, Charles at firft mace .a fhtw as if he would continue the war, but found himfelf unable, now that he was forfaken by the Englilh. He therefore was obliged to con- clude a peace with France at Baden in 1714, that he might attend the progrefs of the Turks in Hungary, where ihey received a total defeat ■irom prince Eugene, at the battle of Peterwaradin. ; They received another of eaual importance from the fame general' in 1717, bcfoK Belgrade, which fell into the hands of the iftiperialifts ; and next year ! the peace of Paflarowitz, between them and the Turks, was concluded. Charles employed every minute of his leifure'in making arrangements for encreafing and preferving his hereditary dominions in Italy and the Mediterranean. Happily for him, the crown of Britain devolved to the houfe of Hanover, an event which gave him ? very decifive weight in Europe, by the con neftions .between George J, andfJI. in the ?mpire- j Charles was Icnfible of this,, arid carried matters with fo high a hand,! -that about the years 1724 and J 725, a breach enfued /between him and iGeorge I. and fo unfteady was the fyftem of affairs .all fjover Europe it that time, that the capital powers often changed their OW alliances, and concluded new ones contradiAory to their intereft. Witfeoyt entering into particulars, it is fufficient toobferVe, that thefafety of Han0ver« apdits aggrandizement, was the main objeftof the Britilh court; as thatoftlje emperor was the eftabliihment of tie pragmatic fanftion, in favour of hjs j daughter, he having no male iffue. Mutual conceilions upon thofe great points, reftored a good undecftanding between George II. and the em- peror Charles ; and the eleflor of Saxony being prevailed upon by (ht purport of gaining the throne of Poland, relinquiihed the great claimi he had upon the Auftrian fucceffion. The emperor, after this, had very bad fuccefs in a war he entered intoj with the Turks, which he had undertaken chiefly to indemnify hinrffij for the great facrifices he had made in Italy to the princes of the lifetflTfif j Bourbon. Prince Eugene was then dead, and he had no general to fup- ply his place. The fyftem of France, however, under cardinal Fleurj, happecM GERMANY. 3^3 hippened at that time to be pacific, and fhe obtained for him, from the Turks, a better peace than he had realbn to expect. Charles, to keep the German and other Kluropean powers eafy, liad, before his dc.ith, Lven his eldcft daughter, the prefcnt cmprcfs-quccii, in niarnagc to the hjke of Lorraiii, a prince who could bring no accelliou of power to the ;\iillrian family. Charles died in 1740. He was no fooner in the grave, than all he had fo lonq; laboured fur niall have been overthrown, had it not been for the finnnci'i ol' (Jcorqc 11. The pragmatic fanftion was attacked on all hands. The young king of PrulTia e'ntered, and conquered wi:h an irrefilliblj army, vSileiia, which h faid had bt-en wrongfully difir.embered from Km, fainlly. 'i'he kinj» cl Spain and the eleftor of Bavaria fct up claims dircti^ly incompatible with the pragmatic fanftion, and in this they were joined by Fr.uice ; tV)u;;h all thofe powers had folemnly guarantied it. 'i'he imperial Mrone, after a confideraWle vacancy, was tilled up by the elector of Bavaria, who took the title of Charles VII. in January 174.'.. The French poured their armies into Bohemia, where they took Fragu',- ; and the queen of Hungary, to take off the weight of Pruflia, was torc-d to cede to that prince the moft valuable part of the duchy of Silefia by a tormal treaty. Her youth, her beauty, and fufferings, and the noble fortitude with which fhe bore them, touched the hearts of the Hungarians, into whofc arms Ihe threw herlelf and her little fon ; and though they had been dways remarkable for tlreir difaMeclion to the houfe of Aullria, they de- clired unanimoufly in her favour. Her g.'ncrals drove the French out cfBohemia ; and George II. at the head of nn Englilh and Hanoverian ar.Tiy, gained the battle cf Dcttingcn, in 1743. Charles VII. was at this time miferable on the imperial throne, and would have given the ^ueen of Hungary almoft her own terms ; but (he haughtily and impo- iiticly rejefted all accornmodailjn, though advifed to it by his Britannic inajelly, her belt, and indeed only friend. This oblUnacy gave a colour for the king of Pruffia to invade Bohemia, under pretence of fupporting the imperial dignity : but though he took Prague, and fubducd the freatelt part of the kingdom, he was not fupported by the French ; upon which he abandoned all his conquelb, and retired to Silefia.' This event confirmed the obftinacy of the queen of Hup.gary, who came to an ac^ commodation with the emperor, that fhe might recover Siiefia. Soon after, his imperial majelly, in the beginning of the year 1745, died ; and the duke of Lorrain, then grand duke of Tufcaoy, confut to her Huu-» garian majelly, after furmounting fome ditHculties, was chofcn empcror. The bad fuccefsof the allies againit the French and Bavarians in the Low Countries, and the lofs of the batde -cf Fontenuy, retarded the operations of the cmprefs-que?n againll his Pruliian majelty. Ttie latter beat the emperor's brother, prince Charles of Lorrain, who had before driven the Prufiians out of Bohemia ; and the condudl of the emprefs-queen was fuch, that his Britannic majelty thought proper to guarantee to him the pofll'flion of Silelia, as ceded by treaty. Soon after, m Pruflian majelty pretended that he had difcovercd a fccret convention which had been entered into between the emprels-queen, the emprels of Kuffia, and the king of Poland, as eleiftor of Saxony, to itrip him of his floiTiinions, and to divide them among thenifelves. Upon this his Prui- Can majelly, all of a fudden, drove the king of Poland out of Saxony, tiefeated his troops, and took polfefiion of Qreidea j whicii he held till a LCUty i\ Ml 3^A- C E R M A N r. treaty was made under the mediation of his Britannic majc^ily, by \,ll<]\\ the king of Pruflia acknowledged the great duke of Tufcany for emperor. I The war, however, continued in the Low Countrie; , not onlv to the! difadvantage, but to the difcrcdit of the Auftrians and Diucii, till it was finifhed by the treaty cf Aix-la-Chapelle, in April 174S. I'.y thattieatv Silefia was once more guaranteed to the king of Prulfia, It was not loiiij 1 before that monarch's jealoufies were renewed [and verified ; and tlic eni- prcfs of Ruflia's views falling in with thofe of the emprefs-queen, and the king of Poland, who were unnaturally fupported by France in their new fchemes, a frcfli war was kindled in the empire, 'i'he kino ot" Pruflia declr'"-' agr.inft the admiflion of the Ruffians into Germany, and his Britannic inajelty againft that of the Ficnch. Upon thofe two prin- ciples all former differences were forgotten, and the Britifli parliamiTit agreed to pay an annual fubfidy of 670,000!. to hi,. Prufrmn nriajelly during the continuance of the war, the flames of which were now k- kindled witli more fury than ever. His Prufiian majefty once more broke into Saxony, defeated the im- perial general Brown at the battle of Lowofitz, forced the Saxons to lay down their arms, though almofl impregnably fortified at Pirna, and tlie eledlor of S. iony fled to his regal dominions in Poland. After this, his Pruf. fian majefty was put to the ban of the empire ; and the French /)Oured, by one quarter, their armies, as the Ruffians did by anotiier, irto the em- pire. The conduft of his PrufTian majefly or* this occaJton is the moll iimazing that is to be met with in hiflory. He broke once more iut.i Bohemia with inconceivable rapidity, and defeated an army of near 100,000 Auftrians, under general Brown, who was killed, as the brave marfhal Schwerin was on the fide of the Pruffians. He then bcfieged Prague, and plied it with a moft tremendous artillery ; but jull as he was beginning to imagine that his troops were invincible, they were defeated at Collin, by the Auftrian general Dmin, and obliged to raife the fiege, and tr fall back upon Eifcnach. The operations of the war now multi- plied every day. The imperialifls, under count Dnun, v/eie formed into excellent troops j but they were beat at the battle of, Liffa, and the Pruf- fians took Breflau, and obtained many other great advantages. The Ruffians, after entering Germany, gave a new turn to the afpcft of the war; and the cautious, yet enterprizing genius of count Daun, laid his Praflian majefly under infinite difficult^-;, notwithllanding all \m amaz- ing viftoriea. At firft he defeated the Ruffians at ZorndorfF; but an attack made upon his army, in the night time, by count Daun, at Jlockkirchen, had almoft proved fatal to his "rfairs, though he retrieved them with admirable prefence of mind. He was obliged, liowever, to fiicrifice Saxony for the fafety of Silefia ; and it has been obferved thaf few periods of hiftory afFoixi fuch room for reflieftion as this caaipaigr did ; fix fieges were raifcd almoft at the fame time ; thai of Col'uei^, uy the Ruffians ; that of Leipfic, by the duke of iJcux-Ponts, who com- manded the army of the empire; that of Drefden, by Daun ; thorc oi Neifs, Cofc!, and Torgau, by the Auflrians. Brevity obliges me to omit many capital fcencs wuieh palled at the f ime time in Germany, between the French, who were Iriven out ot Hanover, and the Englifh, or their allies. The opera ions on both iides arc of little importance to hiftory, becaufe nothing \ v;is done tiiat was decifve, though extremely burdenfbine and Ijloody to Great-Brita;ii. It falls mwe witkin my plan to Bieiitiou die iu-ratitude of the enipidi- , ' '.. ' '1 cniccn GERMANY. Z^5 reat-Iintriiii. (jjecn to his Britannic majefty, and his allies and generals, who were tlireatened with the ban of the empire. I'he Ruffians had taken pfoffei- fion of all the kingdom of Pruffia, and laid fiege to Colbcrg, the only port of his Pruffian majefty in the Baltic. Till then, he had entertained tjomean aa opinion of the Ruffians, but he foon found them by far the nioii forml'I.ible enemies he had, as they were advancing, under coun'i Soltikoff, in a body of 100,000 men, to Silefia. In this dilhefs he aded with a courage and rcfolution that bordered upon dcfpair, but was, at lail, totally defeated by the Ruffians, with the lofs of 20,000 of his beft men, in a battle near Frankfort. He became now the tennis-balj of fortune. Succeeding defeats feemed to announce his ruin, and nil avenues towards peace were fhut up. He Im^'. loft, fmce the firft of Odober 1756, the j^rcat marftial Keith, and forty brave generals, be- rte thofe who were wounded and made prifoners. The imperial gene- ra!, Laudoan, defe.ucd his army under Fouquet, on which he had great: dependence, at Landflaut, and thereby opened to the Auftrians a ready irate into Silefia. None but his Pruffian majefty would have thought of cintiiiuin^'; the war imder fuch repeated lofles ; but every defeat he re- ceived leemed to give him fcefh fpirits. It is not perhaps very eafy to jccDunt for the ir.ai\ivity of his enemies after his defeat near Frankfort, but by the jealoufy which the imperial generals entertained of their- Ruinaii allies. Tncy had taken Berlin, and laid the inhabitants under pccuniarv contributions ; but towards the end of the campaign, he de- feated the imperialifts in the battle of Torgau, in which count Daun was, woundicd. This was the beft fought aftion the king of Pruffia had ever teen engae;ed in, but it coft him 10,000 of his beft troops, and was at- tenilcd with no great confequences in his favour. New reinforcements n'liid arrived every day from Ruffia, the taking of Colberg by the Ruf- Inns, anJ of Schweidnitz by the Auftrians, wOrS on the point of corn- pleating hii ruin, when his moll formidable enemy, the empref:i of Ruffia, died, January 5, 1762 j George II. had died on the 25th of Ocbber, 1760. The deaths of thofe illuftrious pcrfonages were followed by great con- fM'jence« The Britifti miniftry of George III. fought to finilh the war V!!h honour, and the new emperor of Ruffij rec.illed his armies. Hi» Pruffian majofty was, notwithftanding, fo very much reduced by his !)fe, that the emprefs-queen, probably, would have complcnied hii (iiruilion, had it not been for the wife backwardnefs of the other Ger- man princes not to annihilate the houfe of Brandenbr.rgh. At firft the I emprefs-quccn rcjecled all terms propofed to her, and ordered 30,000 - nen to be added to her armies. The vifible backwardi\efs of her gene- jr,'.lb to execute her orders, and the fucccfles otstained by his Pruffian r.ajelly, at laft prevailed upon her to agree to an armifticf, which wai loon followed by the treaty of Hubertftiurg, which fecured o his Pruffian majefty the poflcffion of Silefia. Upon the death of the emperor, her |!i:ilband, in 1765, her fon Jofeph, who had been crowned king of the jRimansin 1764, fucceeded him in the empire. The imperial court has jfornicd fevcral arrangements of diftincl fovereignties in the Auftrian jtamily out of their Italian dominions, and fcem at prefent to cidtivatc :i mdk fyftem both in the empire and all over Europe. His imperial nujcfty, though young, has difcovered great talents for government. H« has paid a vifit, incognito, and with moderate attendance, to Romc» ml the principal coArts of Italv, and has had a perfonal interview with his ,. mi •t i <: 365 f R U S S I A. his Prnflian majefly ; all which circumftances indicate that he is deter- mined to be his own mailer, and not to be impoi'ed. apou by his mi. nifters. |#Vr|f^ tff^^^^^ ■ si L The kingdom of PRUSSIA, formerly DUCAL P R U S S I A» 7 '"f^ HIS country is bounded to ine Situation, boundaries ^ ^^ ^,_^ AND EXTENT. 3 A north by part of Samogitia; to the fouth, by Poland Proper and Mafovia ; to the eait, by part ot Li- thuania; and to the weft, by Polilh Pruffia and the Baltic. Its greatcll length is about i6o miles, and breadth about loo. Name, air, soil, produce,? The name of Pruflia is evidentlv AND RIVERS. J derived from the Borufli, the an- clent Inhabitants of the country. The air, upon the whole, is wliok- fome, and the foil fruitful in corn and other commodities, and affords plenty of pit-coal and fuel. It:J animal produftions are horfes, flieep, deer, and game ; bears, wolves, wild boars, and foxes. Its rivers and lakes are well ftorcd with fiihes ; and amber, which is thought to h-: formed of an oil coagulated by vitriol, is found on its coalls towaiuj the Baltic. The woods fMrnifh the inhabitants with wax, honey, and pitch, beiides quantities of pot-aflies. The rivers here fomctimcs da | damage by inundations, and the principal are, the Viilula, thePiegcl, j the Memel or Mammcl, the Paflarge, and the Elbe. Population, inhabitants, manners, 7 As Pruflia, fince thel CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. 3 beginning of the pre- fent century, has become a moll, refpedable power upon the continent of Europe, 1 Ihail, for the information of my readers, deviate from my ufual plan, that 1 nK:y bring before their eyes the whole of his Pruffian majefty's territories, which lie fcattered in other divifions of Germany, Poland, Swifl'erland, and the northern kingdoms, with their names)] all which they will find in the following table. n rS Proteftants. Countries Names Square 3 CbiefCities, —1 Dlft.fr, Miliis. 3- a. ? ^^ 350 Berlin. Poland. Piuflia, 160 120 KoNINGS. 283 \ Brandenburg, Up. Saxony. •( Pomcr.inia, ' Swe. I'omer.'.nin, 10,910 215 IIO Berlin, 5'o 4,820 150 63 Camin, 560 96 2,991 QO 4S Stelin, 29S 67 Lo.S„<,„y. ISt? '>535 h 50 Magdeburg, 447 70 450 42 17 Halbciftat, 42c 105 Silefia. Crollbn, 55° 33 2S Crollcn, 570 63 r'Minden, 595 42 26 Mindcn, 325 190 1 Ravcnfburu, 5''5 3? 34 Ravenfburg, 30S 215 Weftphalia. <{ l;}^^ 120 630 ^5 43 II 21 Lingen, Cleves, 272 210 452 302 1 Mcurs, 1 35 10 6 Meurs, 230 ?93 C -M;irk, 980 S^ 43 Ham, 270 25J Netherlands. Gehier, 360 34 23 Gelders, 228 302 Switajerland. Neufchatel, 320 32 no Neufchatel. 266 4'4 Total- 34»77i ■ PRUSSIA. 3^7 FORMERLY 'riiffia, fince the I (hall here confine myfclf to Pruflla as a kinf^dom, becaufe his Pruf- Canmajeily's other dominions fall under the delcription of the countries where they lie. ^ _ The inhabitants of this kingdom were, by Dr. Bufching, computed to amount to 635,998 perfons capable of bearing arms : and if fo (for I ereatly doubt their computation is eicaggerated) it muft then be morer populous than is generally imagined. Since the year 1719, it is com- puted that about 34,000 cclonilts hav ^ removed thitherward from France, Smtzerland, and Germany; of which number, 17,000 were Saltz- bur^hers. Thefe emigrants have built 400 fmall villages, 11 towns» 86 (eats, and 50 new churches ; and have founded 1000 village fchools, chiefly in that part of the country named Little Lithuania. The manners of the inhabitants difter bat little from thofe of the other inhabitants of Germany. The fame mtybe faid of their cultoiu* and diveriions. Relic.ion, scHCDLs, 1 The religion of Pruflia is, through his AND ACADEMIES, f prcfcnt majefty's wifdom, very tolerant. The eftabliflied religions are thofe of the Lutherans and Calvin ifl.s, but chiefly the former ; but papifts, anabaptifts, and almoO- all other feds, sre here tolerated. The coun*^ry, as well as the towns, abounds in fchools. An univerfity was founded at Koninglberg in 1 544,. but we know of no very remarkable learned men that it has produced. Commerce and manufactures.] His prefent majefty of Pruflia,. bv the afliftance of an excellent police, has brought the commerce and aanufadilures of this country to a very flnuri(hing itate, which is daily improving. The manufaftures of PrufTia confirt of glafs, iron-work, paper, gunpowder, copper and brafs mills ; manufadlurps of cloth*, camblet, linen, filk., ftockings, and other articles. The inhabitants export variety of naval (lores, amber, linfeed, and hcmp-fced, oatmeal, iilh, mead, tallow, and caviar; and it is faid that 500 Ihips arc loaded every year with thofe commodities, chiefly from Koninglberg. Revenues.] His PruiTian msjeil\ , by means of the h:ippy fitiiatiorr- ofhis country, its inlajid navigation,, and jiis own excellent re;Tu!ations, derives an ama'^ing revenue from this country, which, abonf a century. a:id a half ago, was the feat of boors and harbarifm. It is faid, that amber alone brings him in 26,000 dollars antiually. His other revenues, arife from his demefnes, his duties of cuiloms and tolls, and the fub- iidies yearly granted by the feveral ftates; but the exact fum i.s not known, though we may conclude that it is very coniiderable, from tJie immcnfe charges of the late war. CoN.^TiTUTiON AND GOVERNMENT.] His Prufljan majelly is ab- folute through all his dominions, but is too wiie to oppreCs his fubjefts, though he avails himfclftothe full of his power. The government of this' kingdom is by a regency of four chancellors of il^a/c. viz. 1 . The great mailer; 2. The great burgrave ; 3. The great ch..ticellor ; and, 4. The great marlhal. There arcalfo fome other councils, and thirty-feven baili- wicks. The ftates confift, i. Of councellors of ilate ; 2. Of deputies from the nobility ; and, 3:. From the commons. Beiides thefe inllitu- tions, his majedy has eredled a board for commerce and navigation. Military strength.] The regulations of this department, introduced by his ma^lty, have a wonderful quick operation in form- ing his troops and recruiting his armies. Every regim-jnt ha.s a par- *cular . diftrid alliffncd it,, where the young m';tt proper for bearing; .^:i '!i: . ■ V, ' ;.: ■'m i' i' 1 : §■<■ >- v .4! ;i W i r' it »^ij' ■ F -If k s^-.|i! 368 PRUSSIA; fM \ m It t:^ ' m ill arms are regiftered ; anJ wh^n occafion offers, they join their rcglmerft and being incorporated witi. veterans, they foon become well dilcipUntd troops. Antiquities at^'d curiosities, 7 c r- *- ' {- See Germany. natural akd artificial. 3 ^ Cities.] The kingdom of PruiTia is divided into the German and Lithuanian departments ; the foimcr of which contains 280 parillies, and the latter 105. Koningfberg, the capit.il of the whole kingdom, feated in 54 degrees 43 minutes north latliude, or. the river Pregol, over which it has ievcn bridges, and is about 84 miles from Dantzic. According to Dr. Bufching, this city is feven miles in circumference, and contains 3,800 houfes, and about 60,000 inhabitants. This comput.ition, I doubt, is a little exaggerated likewife, bccaufe it fuppofcs, at an average, near fixteen perlons in every houfe, Koningfberg has ever made a confiderable figure in commerce and fhipping; ii^ river being navigable for fhips; of which 493 foreign ones arrived here in the year 1752, befides 298coafters; and that 373 floats of timber were, in the conipafs of that year, brought down the Prcgel. This city, befides its college or univerfity, which contains thirty-eight profeflbrs, boalls of magnificent palaces, a town- houfe, and exchange; not to mention gardens and other embellifhments. It has a good harbour and citadel, which is called Fredericfburg, and is u regular fquare. Arms, and orders of knighthood.] The roya' arms of Pruflia are argent, an eagle dil'played fable, crowned, or, for 1 -ufTia. Azure, the imperial fceptre, or. for Courland. Argent, an eagle difplaycd, gules, with fcHiiciitular v.rfaTh% for the m.irquifate of Brandenburg. To thefe are added the refpectivc arms of the feveral provinces fubjeil to the PrufTian crown. There are two orders of knighthood ; the firft, that of the black eagle, infiituted by Frederic I. on the day of his coronation at Koningiberg, with this motto, suum cuique. The fovereign is always grand maftcr, ziid the number of knights, exdufive of the royal family, is limited to thirty. Next to this is the order of Merit, inftituted by his prefent majcfty ; the motto is Pour i.f mfrite. History.] The ancient hillory of PrufTia, like that of other king- doms, is loft in the clouds of fidion and roinauce. The inhabitants appear to have been a brave and warlike people, and refufed to fubmit to the neighbouring princes, who, on pretence of converting them to chrif^ianity, wanted to fulj '^ ♦hem to fiavery. They maoe a noble Hand againft the kings of Pol. md. one of whom, Boleilaus IV. was by them defeated and killed in 1163. They continued independent ?nd pagans till the time of the crufades, when the German knip^hts of tlie Teutonic order, about the jear 1/30, undertook their con verfion by the ©dgeof the fword, but upon condition of having, as i reward, the pro- perty of the country, when conquered. A long ferics of wars follo\vi.'ii, in which the inhabitants of Prunia were almoll extirpated l)y the reli- gious knight.-:, who in the thirteenth century, after committing the moll incredible barbarities, peopled the country with Gtrnuuis. After ihii valt wafte of blood, in i.\66, a peace was concluded between the kniglu^ of the Teutonic order, and Cafimir, k ng of Poland, by which it v\;b agreed, that the part now call^-d Polifh Prullia ihinild cuhtinue a It jiro\ II BOHEMIA. 3% province, Under the king's proteftion ; and that the knights and the mnd mafter Ihoui'.d poilefs the other part ; but were to acknowledge ihemfelves vaflals of Poland. This gave rife to freih wars, in wliich the knights endeavoured, but unfuccefsfully, to throw oiF their vaflalage to Poland. In 1525, Albert, margrave of B.-andenburgh, and the lalt grand uiafter of the Teutonic ©rder, concluded a peace at Cracow, by which the margrave was acknowledged duke of the call part of Prulfia, (formerly called, for that reafon. Ducal Pruflla) but to be held as a fief ofPoland, and to dcfcend to his male heirs ; and upon failure of his male iil'ue, to his brothers and their male heirs. Thus ended the fove- reignty of the Teutonic order in Pruflia, :.fter it had fubfilled near 300 years. In 1657, the elcdor Frederic William, of Brandenburgh, de- fervedly called the Great, had Ducal Pruflia confirmed to him ; and by the conventions of Welau a.id Brcinberg, it was freed, by Cafimir, king of Poland, from vaflalage ; and he and his defcendents were declared independent and fovereign lord;} of this part of Pruflia. As the proteftant religion had been introduced into this country by the nargravc Albert, and the eleftors of Brandenburgh were now of that perfuafion, the proteftant interell favoured them fo much, that Frederic, thefon of Frederic-William the Grest, was raifed to the dignity of king ofPvulfia, in a folemn aflTembly of the fl:ates of the empire, and foon after acknowledged as fuch by all the powers of Chriltendom. tlis cjrandfon, the prefent king of Pruflia, in the memoirs of his family, gives us no high idea of this firft king's talents for government, but ex- patiates on thofe of hi« own father, Frederic- William, who fucceeded in 1713. He certainly was a prince of ftrong natural parts, .^nd performed prodigious fervices to his country, but too often at the expence of liuma- nity, and the magnanimity which ought to adorn a king. At his death, which happened in 1740, he is faid to have Icfr Teven millions Iterling in his treafury, which has enabled his fon, by his \/onderful vidorics, and the more wonderful refources, by which he repaired his defeats, to be- come the admiration of the prefent age. The kingdom ok BOHEMIA, SlTUATIOt^ AND EXTENT. Bcuvecn Between 1 5 \ ^- E. Lon. Lat. 300 miles in length. Being I 250 miles in breadth. EoL'.vDARUs.^TJ^^^^DED by Saxony and Brandenburgh, on the fj iiuith; by Poland and. Hungary, on the call; U Aiilhia and Bavaria, on the fouth ; and by the palatinate of Bavaria, l:i the welt} comprciit'nding, i. Bohemia Proper; 2. Silefia ; and 3. Mora via. Bb Divifion; t i!l < U *> A^\y m !' -a .M ih 1 1 1 [1 , if! III *' ' si mt ^ 370 ]g O H E M I A' I. Bohemia F mollly fubj Houfe of Prnper.W.l f )jetl to the W Aulbia. I I 2. Silefia, eaft, moflly | fubjeft to the king f of Pruffia. I Dlvirions. Chief towns. ^ Prague, E. Ion. 14-20. N. lat. 50. Koningfgratz, E. Glatz, E. fubjeil to the king of Pruflla. Egra, W. Breflau, E. Ion. 16-50. N. lat. 51-15. Glogaw, N. Croflen, N. JagendorfF, S. Tropaw, S. fubjeft to the houfe of Auftrla. Tefchcn, S. fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria. Olmutz, E. Ion. 16-45. N. lat. 49-40. Brin, middle. Igla, S. W. Soil and air.] The air of B'jhemia is not thought fo wholefome a$ that of the reft of Germany, though its foil and produce are pretty much the fame. Mountains.] Boliemia, though almoft furroundcd with mountains, contains none of note or diftinftion. Metals and minerals.] This kingdom contains rich mines of filver, quickfilver, copper, iron, lead, fulphur, and faltpetre. Its chief .mannfadures arc linen, copper, iron, and glafs. Population, inhabitants, MANNERS, 7 We have no certain CUSTOMS AND DIVERSIONS. J account of the prcfent population of Bohemia; about a hundred and fifty years ago, it was computed to contain three millions of inhabitants : they are thought at frefent not to be fo numerous. The Bohemians, in their perfons, ba- its, and manners, rcfemble the Germans. There is, among them, no middle ftate of people ; for every lord is a fovereign, and every tenant a Have. The lower ranks are accufed of being addicled to pilfering and fuperllition. But though the Bohemians, at prefent, are nut remarkable either for arts or arms, yet they formerly diilinguiflied themfelvcs as the inoll intrepid af^crtcrb of civil and religious liberty in Europe ; witnefs the e.irly introduction of the nformed religion into tlieir country, when jt was fcarcely known in :my othei-, the many glorious defeats they gave to the Aaflrian power, .'mkI I'^eit i^cnennis ftruggles for independency. Their virtues may be cfnfidered .1'- the cau:es of their decay ; as no means were left unemployed by their delpotic millers for breaking their fpiriti though it is certain, their internal jeahjuiies and dilfentions greatly con ■ tributt*d to tlieir fubjedion. Their calloms and diverfions are the fame as in Germany. Religion.] Though popery is the eftablifhed religion of Bohemia, yet nihny of tlie Moravians have embraced a vifionary unintelligible pro- teibntifm, if it deferves that name, which they propagate, by their zealous minioiiarles, througli :iU part:.; of the globe ; Ibnic of whom have lately made proiclytes in Great- Britain : they have a niCLting-houfe ii> London, and have obtained an ail of parliament for a tcttlcment in the plantation.-. .'\p.ch!ijis!ici^p.rcs AND 51 s iio pu I OS. ] Prague if the only Bohemian archbilhupiic. The billicprics are Kuiungijr-*'"''' l>r'-'i'3L'» ^'^^ ^'' mau. - Language.] i; t' BOHEMIA. 371 Linen t in the Lancuaoe.] The proper language of the Bohemians is a dialetfl of the Sclavonian, but they generally fpeak Gorman and High Dutch. UNivERbiTv.] The only univerfity in Bohemia is tJuit of Prague. Commerce and MANurACTUft.Es.] See Germany. Revenues.] The revenues of Bohemia are whatever the fovercign Isplcafed to exaft from the ftatcs of the kingdom, when they are annual- ivalTembled at Prague. They may perhaps amount to 500,0001. a year. Constitution and government.] The forms, and only the forms, of the old Bohemian conltitution iHll fubfill: ; but the go^'ernincnt, under the emprefs-queen, is defpotic. Their Itarcs are compofed of the clergy, nobility, gentry, and reprefentatives of towns. TJieir fove- reigns, of late, have not been fond of provoking them by ill ul'age, and they have a general averfion towards the Auftriuns. This kingdom is frequently defaibed as part of Germany, K>ut with little reafon, fur it is not in any of the nine circles, nor does it contribute any thing towards the forces or revenues of the empire, nor is it fubjeil to any of its laws. What gives fome colour to this millake is, that the king of Bohemia is the fifll fecular cletilor of the empire, and their kings have been elected eirperors of Germany for many years. CiTius AND TOWNS.] Prague, the capital of Bohemia, is one of the finclt and moil magnificent cities in Europe, and famous for its noble bridge. Its circumference is fo large, that the grand Pruffian army, in its laft fiege^ never could completely invell it. For this reafou it is able to make a vigorous defence in cafe of a regular fiege. The inhabitants, however, are thought not to be proportioned to its capa- doufnefs, being tliought not to exceed 70,000 Chriftians, and abouC 13,000 Jews. It contains ninety- tw"> churches and chapels, and forty doiiters. It is a place of little or no trade, and therefore the middling inhabitants are not wealthy ; but the Jews are faid to carry on a large commerce in jewels. Bohemia contains many other towns, fome of which are fortified, but they are remarkable neither for ftrength nor manufactures. Olmutz is the capital of Moravia : it is well fortified, and has manufadures of woollen, iron, glafs, paper, and gunpowder. Arms.] The arms of Bohemia are, argent, a lion gules, the tail moved, and paiied in faltier, crowned languid, and armed, or. HiSTORV,] The Bohemian nobility uied to elcft their own princes, thou;;li the emperors of Germany fometimcs impofed a king upon them, and at length ufuiped tiiat throne themfflves. In 1414 John Hufs and leromc of Prague, t.vo of the firft reformers, were burnt at the council of Conllance, tiio' the emperor of Germany had given them his protec- tictii This cccaiioned an infurredlon in Bohemia : the people of Prague threw the emperor's oihcers out of the windows of the council chambers, and the famous Zifca afTembling an army of 40,000 Bohemians, de- feated the emperor's forces in feveral engagements, and drove the im- peti.iIilU out of the kingdom. The divifions of the Huffites among thcm- 'cl.'fs, enabled the emperors to keep poireffion of Bohemia, thougli an attenpt ,vas made to throw off the imperial ycke, by elettiiig a piotef- tant king in the perfon of the prince Piilatiiie, fcn-in-Iaw to James I. of England. The misfortunes ot this pnnce are well known. He was driven from Bohemia, by the emperor's generals, and being ftiipt of his other dominions, v/as forced to depend on the court of England for » labfiftence; and the Bohemians, fince that time, have remained fubjeft to 'die houll- of Aultrla. B b J HUNGARY. 1* i'.i i'if h 41 v!f' ■ i 1 u Ki sWIt Id and filver mines, but with plenty of excellent copper, vitriol, iron, orpiment, quickfUver, cryfo- colla, and terra figillata. Before Hungary bc.ame the feat of deftruc- tive wars, between Turks and Chrillians, or fell under the power of th; houfe of Auftria, thofe mines were furniihed with proper works and workmen, and produced vaft revenues to the native princes. The Hungarian gold and filver employed mint-houfc^s, not only in Hung.iry, but in Germany, and the continent of Europe, but all thofe minej are now greatly diminilbed in il»ek value, their work being dcftroye, it mieht become fo again in about a cntury hence. Bnth Hunt>ariej at prcient, exclufive of Tranfylvania, and Croatia, are tliought to tont.iin ab')ut two millions and a half of inhabitants. The Hju^ririauh havj in-mncnj peculiar to themfelves. They pique themfelves on being d'-fccriucd from thofe herocb, who formed the bulwark of CiiriiU-iidom againft ihc infidel?. In their perfons they ar; well made. Their fur-c:ip:i, their clofe-bodied coars, girded by a fclh, and their cloak or m.iiule, which is fo contrived, as to buckle under one arm, fo that the right hand may be always at liberty, gives them an airofmilitiny dignity. The men (have their beards, but preferve their whiiker; on their upper lips. Their ufual arms are a broad fword, and a kind of pole-ax, befides their nre-arms. The lad es are reckoned hand- foincr than thoie of Auftria, and their fible drefs with the flecves ftrait to their arms, and their Hays faftened before with gold, pearl, or diamond little buttons, are well known to the French and Englilh ladies. Both ■; n and wojnen, in what they call the nxine towns, wear fur and even Iheep-flcin drefles. The inns upon the roads are moit mifjrable hovels, and even thofe feldom to be met with. Their hogs, svhich yield the chief animal food for their peafants, and their poultry, live in the fame apartment with their owners. The gout, and the fever, owing to the iinwholefomenefs of the air, are the predominant difeafes in Hurt- gary. The natives in general are indolent, and leave trade and nianufac- mre: to the Greeks and other Grangers, fettled in their country, the flatnefs ot which renders travelling commodious, either by land or water. The di- verfions of the inhabitants are of the warlike and athletic kind. They are in general a brave and magnanimous people, l^heir ancellors, even iince the beginning of the prelent century, were fo jealous of their liber- {'«, that rather than be tyrannized over, by the houfe of Aultria, they often fubmitted to that of Othman j but their lideliiy to the prefent fmprefs queen, notwithftanding the provocations they received from her houfe, will be always remembered to their honour. Kkligion.] The eltabliihed religion of the Hungarians, is the Ro- nian-catholic, though the major part of the inhabitants are proteltants or Greeks, and the prefent emprefs queen, out of gratitude for their fer- *'ices, has fe^ored ijiem to the full excrcife of their civil and veligious iibenies. B b 3 Arsh* -I i r n /• ■l 'r I'! 374 HUNGARY. '' !U I lir ■1 1 Arcubishotrics and bishopuics.] The archbiflioprics are Prcf- burg, Cjia:i arnl Colnci'.a. Tl>c billioprits Great '-Varadin, Agria, Vcf. prin, Ra.ib, and Ave diurches. Lamguace.j As the Hungarians arc mixed with Germans, SclavoJ liians and VV'alachiuns, tlicy havo a variety of dialcds, and one of them is iaid t) approach near the Hebrew. Tlie better and the middlenioll rank fpcak German, and almoll all of ihcm Laiin, either pure oil barbarous. Universities.] In tlic univerfities (if they can be properly fo call- ed) of Finian, Buda, Raab, and Cafcham, are profcffors of the fcvcr.il j arts and fcicnces, who are commonly Jefuits ; fo that the Lutherans, and Calvinills, who arc more numerous thiin the Roman-catholics in Hunga- ry, go to German and other univerfities. Commerce and manufactures.] Having already menlionei! the natural produce of the country, all I can add is, that the chief maim- fadurcs and exports of the natives, confill of metals, drugs and fait. Constitution and oovernmknt.] The Hungarians dillikc the term of queen, and call their prcfent fovereign King Tercla. Their go. vernment preferves the remains of many checks upon the regal power. They have a diet or parliament, a Hungary-ofiice, which refembles our chancery, and which refides at Vienna; as the ftadtholders council, which comes pretty near the Britifh privy-council, but has a municipal jurif- diftion, does at Prclburg. Every royal town has its fenate, and the Gefpan chafts refemble our jullices of the peace. Befides this they have exchequer and nine chambers, and other fubordinate courts. Military strenoth.] The cmprefs queen can bring to the field, ^t any time, 50,000 Hungarians in their own country, but feldom draws out of it above 10,000 ; thefe are generally light-horfe, and well knowrj to modern times by the name of huffars. They are not near fo large as the German horfe ; and therefore the huffars (land upon their fhort ftir- rups when they ftrike. Their expedition and alertnefs has been found fo ferviceable in war, that the greatett powers in Europe have troops that go by the fame name. Their foot are called Heydukes, and wear feathers in their caps, according to the number of enemies they pretend to have killed : both horfe and foot are an excellent militia, very goo4 at a purfuit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equal to re- gular troops in a pitched battle. Coins.] Hungary was formerly remarkable for its coinage, and there are Aill extant in the cabinets of the curious, a complete feries oi coins of their former kings. More Greek and Roman medals have been difcovered in this country, than perhaps in any other in Europe. Antiquities and curiosities, 7 The artificial curiofities o{ natural and artificial. j this country, confift of iis bridges, baths .and mines. The bridge of Efiek built over the Danube, and Drave, is properly fpeaking, a continuation of bridges, five miles in length, fortified with towers at certain diftances. It was an impor- tant pafs during the \vars betvveen the Turks and Hungarians. A bridge of boats runs over the Danube, half a mile long, between Buda and Pcil; a 1 1 about twenty Hungarian miles diflance from Belgrade, is the re- mains of a bridge, ej-efted fjy the Romans, adjudged to be the moH piagnificent of any in the world. The baths and mines here have nothing tp diftipguifh them from the like works in other countries. One of the moll remarkable natural curiofities of Hungary, is a pavcrn in a mountain near iizelitze j the aperture of this cavern, which ..■-/■.■ ' ■ ■ " ■ ■ \ tVonu TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, &c. 5/ J niopricsarerrcf-l ►'i^n, Agria, Vd-f Germans, Sclavo., and one of them a tlie middlenioil either pure of| properly fo all ^'•> of tlic fcvcra, Lutherans holies in Hunga- ' the :ly mrntioned the tlic chief maiiu- '^'•p ami f:ih iriaus diflib rcHi. Their go. ;he re^al power. :h refembjesour s council, wliich municipal jurif- fenate, and the es this they have rts. ring to the field, ut feldom draws and well known : near fo large as their fhort ftir- has been found 'pe have troops ukes, and wear iej they pretend litia, very goocj not equal to re- coinage, and nplete feries of daJs have been Europe. curiofities of :onfift of ii3 :r the Danube, ;es, five miles vas an impor- ns. A bridge uda and Veil ; de, is the re- • be the mof: have nothiii? u ungary, is a a vera, which iTonts ) I'hefc arc greatly decay- 3 ed from their antitat mag- I fronts the fouth, is eighteen fathom high, and cii;ht broad, its fubtt^rra- ncous paffiij^cs confilt entirely of folic! rock, Itrctching away further fouth than hns been yet tlifcovered ; ai far as it is praiititabL' to go, the height ii found to be fifty fitiioms, and the bre.idth twenty-fix. Mat;/ otkr wonderful p?.r'.icul;.r3 are related ot this cavern, vhich is n.n article inniitural philofophy. Alloniniing rocks are common in Hungary, and fome of its churches aire of auuiirable architedurc. Cities, towns, forts, and other EDIFICrS, PVULIC AND PRIVATIi- niiiccnce, but many of the fcrtirications arc IHII very llrojig, and kept in good order. Prelburg is fortified. In it the Hungarian regalia are Kept. Biida, formerly the capital of Fiungary, retains little of its aniient mag- nificence, but its Ihtngth and forafications, and the fan»e may be faid of Pelt, which lies pn the oppofite fide of the Danube. Raab is likewlfc aftrongcity, as is Gran and Comovra. Tockay has been already racn- tioncd for the excellency of its wines. Arms.] The cmprefi^ queen, for armorial cnfigtis, bears quarterly, barwife argent, and pailes of eight pieces. History.] The Huns, after fubduing this country, rommunlofttcd their name to it, being then part of the antient Pannonia. Hungary was formerly an affenTblagc of dilFcient iVates, and the firft who allltm- cd the title of king, was Stephen, al)out the year looo, when hs embraced chrilHanity. About the year i^io, king Charles Roberc afcendcd the throne, and fubdued Bulgaria, Scrvia, Cn:>ntea, jlalnia- tia, Sclavonia, ^nil niany otJicr provinces ; but many of l\\ofc con- quells were af'.erv\a;as reduced by tiie Venetians, Turks, and odicr powers. In tlie Hr'tecnth century, Huuniade.s, who was guardian to the infant king Ladii]au,s, bravely vepulfcd tl;e Turks, wha invaded Hun- gary ; and upon the death of Ladifh-^iis, the Hungarians in I45i>. raifc'd Matthius Corvinus, fon to Hunniadcs, to their throne, Levvii, ki«L^ of Hungary, in 1526, was kilhd in a battle, fighting agaivUl Solyjnaii, «mperor of the Turks. This battle had almoft proved fatal to Hungary, but archduke Ferdinand, brother to the emperor Charles \. having niai- ricd the filter of Lewis, he claimed the title of Hungary, ia whicit iiC lucceeded, with feme diiiiculty, and that kingdom has ever nnce belong- ed to the houfe of Auftria, though by its conlHtucion iti crown augUl 10 be eleftive. For tiic reft of the Hi^ngarian hillory, lee Germany. T R AN S YI.V A N I A, S C L A VO N I A, CROATIA. AND I HAVE ti '.'Own 'lofe countries under one divlficn, for fovcrni reafons, particular^ bcc< ufe we have noprcrife, or authentic account of thdr extent and boui;..'; :':s; and it is very difhcult to ,''x what part of them belongs to the Houfe of Auftria, and what to the Turks, or other na- tions. The beft account therefore f can give of theui is as fo'.low^ : Tranfylvania is generally reckoned to belong to Hungary, and is bound- ed on the north by Upper Hungary and Poland ; on the eaft by Molda- via and Walachia ; on the fouth by Walachia ; and on the Well by Upper and Lower Hungary. Its length is extended about a hundred and eighty miles, and its breadth a hundred and twenty, but furrounded pn all fides by high mountains. Its produce, vegetables and animals, ]B b 4. are J'! »!*. « I M ■■■'■' iii I km- © <* "C o IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k A :/. z ^^ o o 1.0 I.I V2A ui m ■2.5 I 2.2 2.0 mi IE V] o> r /. Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WI5^ MA?*I S7lrt«T WEBSTIR.N.i. 14380 (716)872-4S03 iV i •SJ \\ V "T"^ ^ ^ ^ >» '^q\ 1 376 TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, ^,. are almoll the fame with thofe of Hungary. The air is wholefome and temperate, but their wine, though good, is not equal to the Hungarian. Its chief city is Hermanftat, and us interior government ftill partakti greatly of the antient feudal fyftem, being compofed of many indepen- dent Hates and princes. They owe but a nominal fubje£lion to the Auftrians, who leave them in poffeflion of all their privileges. Papiftj, Lutherans, Calvinifts, Socinians, Arians, Greeks, Mahomedans, and other feflaries, here enjoy their feveral religions. Tranfylvania is thou^Iu to add but little to the Auftrian revenue, though it exports fome met the Hungarian, jnt ftill partaku f many indepen- ubjeftion to the '»Jcges. Papiftj, ahomedans, and Ivania is thou^lu ;orts fome tntuih I well-built citv, >vifion8 here arc [ovemmcnt is at "ade up of lU. or parliamt'iir, e fovereign, to They have a n cafe of gric- tants of xvhich bdued. Their >ulation of the I bring to the liole number of ry force is re- each, but it is oufeof Auftiia rmanllat is its trouble them- Roman catho- their govern- treaty of Car- the houfe of il arillocracv, d degrees of orth-latitudc. and fixty in : Danube on on the weft. le other na- a furprizing s, is becauic 'hiph by d^~ iquered into rivers, and leir defccn- rians> the pjpendancy. if Europe, at liberty, ttachment as /enfibl^ ; they pn?- fcnoA '1. m ill JT M d"}] S4\ S3\ n H /,i 'f' '7 '^ f*i -•" -' . .„ ^V. , ta//na/^/fi^''/'^'^ ^ K'y., f- Jtof frvcn VV I l./l/i'/Hi-l y.l/,Mr/- t3Pw//v.v ii.. vf/W^nf.^ - /-- iainrnbtirjl ^ Uii*»»«lno^ .f^la ---/. luliuiii -v-i*?* — \- -Mr^ (! H\K [A I J' i ' ol J. A x /LSILMKy'''^ i Zif/i/tcAiK I ^\ !' -\tm — wrtnBiii liiiL «nnh' mwrTWDr niwtran»i:"^nin (inirol* .."•S" -'•// ^ :ui..a -I— +■ ay \\ Aj y*rar X^nio/'i/ ><> :h^ te ^<«rf '/.rn « .seta I »-^ ■*- - i \ I i K l^ A.t-j / •>♦. i4 — '. 'i. iLirHTANt nufi I PurssiA. k h ///v///// SfaMcWAK JC 4i^ /V AV /^' « "1 — r .)i' ^>2^A ~-\. (tJ o f • s**" Y, n Bar. HimA>t rpyoJi>/|o Ti I a| 1 ♦-tt.'^^^^'S^ t-> 1 ^/v,^,"^-. »» v^ ■tncf t/a'fntun*tai- ^ ^<' tfw/rt/rz^ |*> ■4 — pM ji4 — U" — I ■"■ >!■ *^^ ^ \ T h'lt-'hin ■<<•"'/' !?<; .»<' ,V .fs ,Xi .14 lionjfit.Kaat /rom/.ontion \ I s ft/rom Aonttpn POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. ^77 (frved the pragmatic Tanftion, and kept the unpcrial crown in that famiJy. The Sclavr niiins formerly gave fo much work to the Roman arms, that it is thoujfht the word Slave took it« original from them, on account of the great nambcrs of them who were carried into bondage^ fo late as the reign of Charlemagne. Thougti Sclavonia yields neither in beauty nor fertility io Hungary and Tranfylvania, )jet the ravages of war are full vifibie in the face of the countrv, which lies in a great mcafuie unimproved. The Sdavonians, from their ignorance, perhaps, are zea- lous Roman-catholics, though Greeks and jews are tolerated. Here wc pat with •■wo biihoprics, that of Pofega, which is the capital of tlie iduntr)', and Zagrab, which lies on the Drave ; but we know of na iinivernties. The xnhab' tants are compofed of Servians, Radzians, Croats, W ala^hians, Germans, Hungarians, and a vaft number of other people, vhofc names were never known even to the Auftrians themfelves, but from the military muder-rolls, when they poured their troops into tibe add during the two lall wars, Croatia lies between the fifteenth and fcventeenth degrees of eaft longitude, and the forty-fifth and forty-feventh of north latitude. It i« eifhtv miles in length, and feventy in breadth. The manners, govero- nienti religion, language, . and culloms of the Croats, are fimiJar ta thofe of the Sclavonians and Tranfylvanians, They arc excellent irro- gjlar troops, and as fuch are famous in modern hiftory, under the name of Pandours, and various other defignations. The truth is, the houfe of Auftria finds its intereft in fufFering them, and the neight)ouring na^ tions to li^ e in their own manner. Their towns are blende4 with eacli ether, there fcarcely being any diftinftion of boundaries. Zagnib (whicli 1 1 have already mentioned) for inilanc, is thought to-be the capital of Croatia. All the fovereignty exercill'J over them by the Auftrians, fcems 10 con lid in the military arrangements for bringing them occafionally into the Held. As to the other Auftrian dominipns they are h intermixed \vrtl^ jhofe [ of the Venetians, and other nations, that it is impoflible toleparate tlic^n, and they ihall be mentioned occafionally. POLAND, 1NC1.UDINC LITHUANIA. Situation and Extent. Lon. I I 700 miles in length. Belni Jiat. 680 miles in breadth. Vf/'Ath SriiZ/f. BouNDAR.iES.]TT is very difficult, if not impoflible, to afcerr X tain with any precifion, the real extent of the I Polilh dominions, through the uncertain pofleflion of its extiemities by JthsTurks, Tartars, Coflacs, and other nations. It is boundcil on the north by Livonia, Mufcovy, and the Baltic; on the fouth with Uppcf [Mungary, Tranfylvania, and Valachia ; on the epft with Mufcovy, and ||.ittle Tfir^ary ; and on the well with Germany. Jn a work lik*thii, the rcadcf cannot e.vpcdi to be entertained with a \n m 378 POLAND, wcLUDmc LITHUANIA. vaft arc not variety of names that form the divifions of this great country. Thev lot well kuovvu even to the natives tliemfclves, and a minute account oJ" them cm he of no qfe cither to ftrangers or natives ; hut the chiet ob'.kcje to fuch an undertaking, arifes from the different claims of the ^Tcat powers of the north. The geographers, for inflancc, have placed t'uf kiigdom of Pruffia in Poland, though it is well known that his Pruf. f.an r-.ajefty is ita fole fovereign (vide ut fupra). In like manner Cour- i lid ii comprehended under Poland, though her Ruffian majefty has the rjitiro difpol^ 1 of that duchy. The beft general divifion therefore of Pulund ib ^'i tclluw:i. Provinces. Palatinates. 'Pofnania Kalim — . Brcfty 1 Compr. . «-«.o» »«i-„j Wladiflaw J Cujavia. the Weft. ^p^^^^^ Rava - Lencicia — — Saradia ■ ■ ■ Inowlcoz ■ ' " ,'' f Cracow — — :t. Little 'ftjland, on J the Weft. I Sandomira — — (, Lubjin 3.PruffiaRoyal,N.W. ofWipfelorViftula, . ^oft of it f^b. toS Poland. 4. Samogitia North. • Wilna Braflaw 5. Lithuania, North.^Py|^5;5^ Troki T Minflci I M^ciflaw 6. Warfovia,orMaf- lp_„ii,a fovia in the Middle. ^^^"^^ ^•.SiS!"' '"""}B«ift -» rDant I I «^ i,Novogrodcck — Chief Towns. rPofna Kalilh, Gnefna,?.. Lon. i8. N. Lat. 5?. Brefty Wladiflaw y ■{ Dobrzin Plociko Rava Lencicia Suradia Inowlcoz. "1 f Cracow, E. Lon. 19. I J 30. N. Lat. 50. II Sandomira J iLubliii Dantzic, a free City, under the proteftion ' Poland, E. Lon. si 10. N. Lat. C4. ^^Elblng ^^ Marienburg Culm ^Thorn ^ ■ Rofienne ' [ Midnick "V/ilna, E. Lon. 25-15. Lat. 55. Braflaw P«leiko ► ^ Wipteik i Troki, Grodno Minflci Mfciflaw i^Novogrodeck H WARSAW, E. Lon. ai-5. Lat. 52-15. Czerflco Novogro4 H Bielik Provinces. POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. J79 Provinces. Palatinates. I Polcfia, in the / Middle. ( Drcflici 5. Red Ruflia, South- / ^^^^^ ^ Chief I'owns. :fnci C Chclm Well. [ ] RrefT ■; c chcii [ ] IJcU/. 3 ( Lfinl: 10 ^cmbcr;* Podolia, South- 1 Upper I'odolia — 1 { C;;inJ;iicc Eaft. 3 Lower Podolia — j" ( Bra flaw II. Volhinia, South- 7 Upper \'nlhiiiia — If Dufoc, or Lucke Eaft. jLow^-r \'olUInia — 3 ( Bialgorod. Name.] It is generally thoijorl^t that Poland takes its mmc from Polu, or Pole, a Sclavonian word fi^niiying a country fit for hunting, for which none was formerly more proncr, on accoim: of its plains, woods, wild beafts, and yarnc rf every kind. Clim AT E.] The air of Poland is fiicn as may be cxpci^cd from fo exten- fivebut level a climate. In the north parts it is cold hut lioulthy. The Carpathian mountains, which fcparatc Poland from Hungary, is covered with everlafting fnow, which has boea known to fall in th:: midft offummer. Upon thc^ whole, however, the climate of Poland is tem- perate, and far from being fo uufcitk'd, either in winter or fummcr, 9s might be fuppofei.1 from io northerly a fituation. Soil, paopucE and watmis.] Poh.nd is in genera! a level coun- tr)', and the fc-JI is fertile in ci rn, as appears from the vail quantities that are fent from thence down the VHl;.la, t > Dantzic, and are bought up by the Dutch, and other natioHs. The pallures of Poland, efpecial- Iv in Podolia, are rich beyond exprclnon ; and it is faid one can Iiardly fee the cattle that are gjazing in the inor.dow^. Here arc mines of filver, copper, iron, fait and coals ; the interi )r parts of Poland contain forei};, which furnilh timber in fo great (quantities, that it is employed in houie- building, inllead of bricks, ftonc and tils.- u Various kinds of fruits and herbs, and fome grapes are produced in Poland, and arc excellent when they meet with culture, but their wine feldom or never comes to pcrfccHon. Poland produces various kinds of clays fit fcr pip^s andcarihen ware. The water of many fprings is boiled iiito fult. I'li^" virtues of a fpring, in the palatinate of Cracov/, which cncreafes and decreafes with the moon, are faid to be wonderful for the prefervation of life, and it is reported, that the neighbouring inhabitants commonly live to a hun- dred, and fome of them to a huiidred and fifty years of age. Thi;. fprin^^ is inflximmahle, arid by app'yi'ig a torch to it, it Hames like tiie fubtlelt fpifit of wine. The flame nov.cver dances on the furfacc, without heating the water, and if neglected to be cxtinguiilicd, which it may e.ifily be, it communicates itit-lf liy fubterrancous cciy'uit.i, to the roots ot trees, in a neighbouring wood, v.hich it confunies ; and about thirty- five years ago, the flames arc i'aid to have lafted for thrve years, be- fore they could be entirely cxtincuilhcd. Rivers.] The chief rivers of Poland are, the Viiluia 9jr, yV'tiyfcJ, the Neiller, Noiper or Borillhcnes, the J^.>g, and the Dvvini* .^f, .",' , ;-, Lakes.] The chief of the few lakes contained in Poland, Is Gopta, in the palatinate of Byzclly and Birals, or the White Lake, and is faid (0 d) e tliofc who waQi in it of a fwavihy ccniplc;^ion. Vege- i ,¥ if.. nil '' " ' ■■? -: h ir-) i ■ hi' :? P hi' Lin W^ ■■ ■1 . i 39 ; : ■ ^' \ ' '{n 1- > • J : t g5o POLAND, rNCLUDr>;c LITHUANIA. VuGiTAniT. AND ANIMAL PRODUCTIONS } 'I'hc vcgctiihle prodnc- jv LAND AND WATiiR. J tions of Polarul have httn already mentionfcl under the article of Son., though fomc are pecu- liar to itfelf', particularly ;i kind of manna (if it tan be called a vc^ctabk) which in May and June the inhabitants fwcep into fieves with the dew ard it ferves for food drefTed various ways. The forells of WaHbvia or Mafovia, contain plenty of uri, or buffalw^, whofc flefl^ the Poles powder, and efteem it an excellent cfirti. Horfer,, wolves, boars, elk>, and deer, all of them wild, are common in tjie Pohfh forces ; and there is a fpecies of wild liorfes and afles, that the nobility of the Ukrain, as well as natives, aie fond of. A kind of woif, rtfemblinj* a hart, with fpots on his belly and legs, is found here, and affords the "bell furs in the country ; but the elk, which is common in Poland, as well a^ in fome otiier northern countries, is a very cvtra- ordjnaiy animal. The flelh of the Polifli elk forms the mnft delicious part of their grcatell feufls. His body is of the deer make, but much thicker and longer ; (he legs high, the feet broad and cloven, the horn^ large, rough, and broad, like a wild goat's. Naturalilh have obfervcd, that upon dirtcfting an elk, there was found in its head fome lar^^e flics, with its brains almoil eaten away: and it is an obfervation, futii:icr.tly atlerted, that in the large woodi and wildcrneflcs of the north, this poor animal is attacked, towards the winter chiefly, by a larger lort of ilic?, that, through its cars, attempt to take up their winter quarters in its head. This perfecution ij thought to afiedl the elk with the failiii^^- fickncfs, by which means it is taken, which would ctherwife prove no tafy mutter. Poland produces a creature called bohac : it refembles a guinca.pi;, but they feem to be the beaver kid. They are noted for digging hoks in the ground, which they enter in Oftober, and do not come out, ex- cept occafionally for food, till April : they have feparate apartments f r their provifions, lodgings, and their dead; they live togctiicr by ten or twelve in a herd. We do not perceive that Poland contains any fpecic: of birds peculi.ir to itfelf ; only we are told that the quaiis there have green legs, and that their fleih is reckoned to be unwholefomc. Poland contains no particular fpecies of fifh that we know of. Porui.ATiON, INHABITANTS, MANNERS, 7 From what has been CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. j faid cf the extent of Poland, it is impollible to form an eftimate of the numbers of its inha- bitants : they unaoubtedly, before the breaking out of the prefent war, were very numerous ; but they are fo little known, even at prefent, that numbers of them, in remoter parts, continue ftill to be heathens, or have very imperfeft notions lof Chrillianity. Some have fuppofed Po- land and Lithuania to contain fifteen millions of inhabitants, and to be at leaft as populous as France. When we confider that the Poles have no colonies, and fometimes enjoy long trafts of peace, and that no fewer than two millions of Jews are uiid to inhabit their villages, exclufive of tbofe who live in their cities and towns, perhaps this calculation is not exaggerated. The Poles, in their perfons, make a noble appearance ; their complexion* is fair, and their (napes are well proportioned. They aje brave, honclt, and hofpitable ; and their women Iprightly, yet mo- de{>, and fubmiHive to their hufbands. The diverfions of the Poles are warlike and manly; vaulting, dancing, and riding the great horfc, hunting, (kating, bull and bear-baiting, 'i"hcy I'UliAlNlJ, ISCLtDlNG LllllUAr«lA. 381 flicy ufu.'illy travel on horfiback -. a I'olifli gentleman will not travel « Ho^'j.throw without his horle ; and they are To hardy, that they will jcipupon the ground, without any bed or covering, in f'rolt and fnow. The Poles never live above (lairs, and their apartments are not united ; the Icitchcn is on one fide, the liable on another, the dwelling^houfe on th( thiiil, and the gate on the front. They content thcmielves with J tew fmall beds, and if any lodge at their houfes, they mull carry their bedding with them. When they lit down to dinner or (upper, they have tkcir trumpets and other mufic playing, and a number of gentlemen to wiit (Ml them at table, all fcrving with the moll profound refped ; for ijie nobles who are poor frequently find themfelves under the neceffity cfferxing them that arc rich; but their patron u'aially treats them with i,\lhy, and permits the eldell to cat with him at his tabic, with his cap off; and every one of them has his peafant boy to wait on him, main- tiineJ bv tlic mailer of the family. At an entcriainment, the Poles lay teithcr knives forks, nor fpoons, but every gueft brings them witii liim; iind they no fooner fit down to table, than all the doors are (hut, and not opened till t!ic company return home. It is ufual for a noble- man to give li'« fervant part of his meat, which he eats as he Hands be- hinJ hirn, and to let him drink out of the fame cup with him(elf : bat this is tlic lefs extraordinary, if it be confidcred, that thefe fervants arc tliamccl Wis equal. Dumpers arc much in faOiion, both here and in Riiiua ; iKjr will they cafily cxcufe any perfon from pledging them. It would exceed the bounds of this work to defcribc the grandeur and equipages of the Polifli nobility, and the reader may figure to himfvlf an idea of all that is furtidious, ceremonious, expenfive, and (hewy in life, to have any conception of their way of living. They carrv the pomp ''f their attendance, when they appear abroad, even to ridicule, for it is not -uniifual to fee \e lady of a Polilh jgrand^e, befides a coach ind fix, with a great number of fer\'ants, attended by an old gentlemen- glhcr, an old gentlewoman for their govcrnante, nnd a dwarf of cack fex to hold up her train ; and if it be night, her coach is furroundeJ by a great number of flambeaux. The figure of all their pomp, however, is proportioned to their ellates, but each perfon goes as far as his income can aftbrd. The Poles are divided into nobles, citizens, and peafants. Though Poland has its princes, counts, and barons, yet the whole body of the nobility are aaturally on a level, except the difference that arifes from the public polls they enjoy. Hence all who are of noble birth call one another brothers. They do not value titles of honour, but think a gen- tleman of Poland is the higheft appellation they can enjoy. They enjoy many confiderable privileges, and indeed the boallcd Polilh liberty i» properly limited to them alone, partly by th« indulgence of former kings, but more generally from antient cullom and prefcription. They have a pnvier of life and death over their tenants and vaflals ; pay no taxes ; are fubjecl to none but the kinj ; may chufe whom they will for their king, and lay him under what rellraints they pleafe by the fatSa ctn- vitta ; and none but they, and the burghers of fome particular towns;, can purchafe lands. In ihort, they arc almoll entirely indetiendrnt, enjoying many other privileges entirely incompatible with a wc»: emu- lated Hate ; but if they engage in trade, they forfeit their nobility. Thcfe great privileges make the Poliih gentry powerl'ul ; many of them 3 haVe q\' t I » •:( fifil Ij 382 I^OI-AND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. have large territories, with a dcfpotic power, as we have faiJ, overiHcir tenants, whom tltey call their lubjcvllb, an J transfer or alHjrn over uitji the lands, cattle, and furniiure. Sonic of* tlwrn have elhiics of from five to thirty leagues in extent, and are stUu hereditary foveieignj (f cities, with v.hich the king has no concern. One of their nobles pof. fefles above four thoufand towns and villa|',es. Some of them can raiu ci^ht or ten thoufand mei.. The houfc of a nobleman is a fccure afylum for pcrfons who have committed any crime ; for none mull prefumc to take them from thence by force. They have their horfe and foot guards, which are upon duty day and night before their palaces and in their anti- chambers, and march before them when they go abroad. They make aui extraordinary figure when they come to the diet, fome of them hav- ing five thoufand guards and attendants ; and their debates in the fenute nrc often determined by the fword. When great men have fuits at bvv, the diet, Or rather tribunals, -iecidethem; yet the execution of the fcn- tence muft be left to the longeft (Word ; for the juftice of the kingdom is commonly too weak for the grandees. Sometimes they raife five or lix thoufand men of a fide, plunder and burn one another's cities, and be- fiege callles and forts : for they think it below them to fubmit to the fentence of judges, without a field battle. As to the peafants, they are born flaves, and have no notion of libe**^ '. If one lorJ kills thepeafant of another, he is not capitally convicted, but only obliged to make reparation, by another peafant equal in value. A nobleman who is dc- iirous of cultivating a piece of land, builds a little wooden houfe, ia which he fettles a peafant and his family, giving him a cow, two horfes, a certain number of gcefe, hens, &c. and as much corn as is fufticient to maintain him the firll yerir, and to improve for his own future fub- Jiflence and the advant.-ige of his lord. The peafants having no property, all their acquifitions f«*rve only to enrich their mailer. They are indifpcjifibly obliged to cultivate the earth ; they are incap:iblc of entering upon any condition of life that might procure them freedom, without the penniflion of their lords ; and they are expofcd to the diiinal, and frequently t..tal effcds, of the ca- price, cruelty, and barbarity of their tyrannical mailers, who oppreh them with impunity ; and having the power of liie and property in their hands, too often abufe it in the molt grofs and wanton manner, their wives and daughters being expofed to the moil brutal treatment. One biefling, however, attends the wretched fituation of the Polifh peafants, which is their infenfibility. Born flave.s and accuilomed from their infancy to hardfhips and {evert labour, they fcarce entertain an idea of better circumflances and more liberty. They regard their mailers as a fuperior order of beings, and hardly ever repine at their levere lot. Chcarful and contented with their condition, they are ready upon every occafion to facriiice themfelves and their families for their mailer, efpe- cially if the latter take care to feed them well. Ihey think that a man fan never be very wretched while he has any thing to cat. 1 have been thiJ more circunillantial in defcribin^ t)>e manners and prefent ftate of the Poles, as it bears a near refemblance, in fome particulars, to diat of our own country and Europe in general during the feudal ages. Dress.] The drels of the Poles is pretty fingular. They cut the hair of their heads lliort, and Ihave their beards, leaving only large whifkers. They wear a veil which reaches down to the middle of tie POLAND. ifiCLuomo LITHUANIA. ^S^j Iff, and a kind of gown over it lined with fur and girded with a fulh, t,nhe llfcvci fit as clofc to their arms a» a waifttoat. Thcif Lrm:he» j,( *i«l€, and make but one j 'ecc with their ftnckings. They wear si fii; cap ; their Ihlrts arc wii.iout collar or wriilbandi, dud thtJy wear Dfithcr llock nor rtlckcl :th. Inftead of fliocs, tiiey Wear 'I*Urkcy leather liflotk, wi:h thill folcs, and deep ihon heels bent like an half rtinon. Tiny carry a polc-ax, and a fabre or cutlafs, by thdr fidei. ' When tcv appear on horfcbaclc, they wear ovtr all a fl-ii)rt cloul-, which is cKnmonly covered with furs both within and without. The p<-ople oF rttbeft quality wtfar fables, and others the flcins oftygtrs, leopards, &c. Sfflieof them have liAy fuits of clothes, all as Hch as poffiblci and which (id'ccnd from father to fon. Were it tiot for our own partiality to (hort dreltes. we muft acknow- ledge that of the Poles to be piQurefque and majeitic. Charlei> II. of England, thought of introducing the Polifli drefs into his court, and, liter his rclloration, wore it for wo years, chieflv fbr the cncourage- nent of Knglifh broad-cloth, but difcontinucd it through hi:> con- Bfftions with the French. The habit of the women comes very near to that of the men ; hui ^'^me pwple offailiion, of both iVvrs, affcft the French or F-nglidi iii .des. A* to the pcafants, in winter they wear a fheep's-flcin with the ..ool in- wd, and in lummcr a thick coarfe cloth; but as to lintr, ihcy , L'ar none. Their boots are the rinds of trees wrapped about their ic^., wiih tk thicker parts to f i ird the foles of their feet. The women have a litchful eye over their daughters, and make thcmi wear little bclL before aad behind, • o give notice where they are, and what they are doin^. The inns of this country are long ilables built with board-> and covered v!th ftraw, without furniture or windows ; there is a chambe.- at one enJ, but none can lodge there, becaufc of flies and other vermin ; fo thit Grangers generally chufe rather to lodge among the horfes. Tra- vellers arc obliged to carry provifions with them ; and when ioroirnieri want a fupply, they apply to the lord of the village, who forthwith pro- ndes them with ncccflhries. Religion.] No country has bred more deifcs and fi-cc- thinkers i;i rfligious matters than Poland: then"mber of protcilants in their n:pub- lic IS very confidcrable, and when thefc are joined to the Greek church, the whole are called DiiTidents. At the fame time, the Polilh no'oility, nd the bulk of the nation, arc tenacious of the Roman-cathc^lic religion, even to cnthufiafm, witnefs the prefent war carried on in PolraiJ. The treaty of Oliva, which was concluded in 1660, and tolerated the difli- dents, was guaranteed by the principal powc-s in Europe, but has fmce been fo far di'regarded by the Poles, that about the year 1724, they msde a public maflacre, under the fandion of law, of the prott'ilants at Thorn, for which no fitisfailion has been as yet obtained. Tiio fame may be faid of the other numerous provifions made for the protection of the proteftants, v/ho were pcrfecutcd, when Jew?, Turk^, and inlidcls of every kind, have been tolerated and encouraged. Thi.- monallerics iu Poland are by fomc writers faid to be fnc iiundred fevcnty-n.x. and the nunneries a hundred fcventeen, befides two hundred f^rty fi:: fc;Tiin.iric/ [ (ir colleges, and thirty-one abbeys. The clergy are even poflltled of wo-thirds of the l.indi and revenues of the kingdom. Th? Polifa clergy, i« general, are illiterate bigots, and the monks are the moli: proi'igiito lorminkiml. After what has been f:iid, the reader cannot be at a^lofs to if ?^l m- ^84 POLAND, iHccbDiNG LITHUANIA, to account for the vaft fwa/ which the clergy at this time appear to \mt in Poland, in fpite of treaties and capitulations. Their diiaftldion to ihcir king is, however, not to be imputed entirely to religion, but to the march of the RuiDans into the heart of the republic. ARCHBiSMOfRics AND Bi«H0PRics.1 Polaud 4Bontain$ two arcli- bifhoprics ; Guefna, which has for its fuitragans, the biiliops of Cracow, Cujavia, Culm, Lucko, Mednick, Ploiko, Pofna, and Wilna; and Lemburg, whofe fuffragans are, the bifhops of Chelm, Kaminicck, and FremyziT. The archbifhop of Guefna, beiides being primate, and, during ftn interreign, prince-regent of the kingdom, is always a cardinal. The •ther bilhops, particularly Cracow, enjoy great privileges and immu. jtities. Learning and learned men.] Though Copernicus, the great sdtorer of the true aflronomical fyftem ; Socinus, who has puzzled fo jnany orthodox divines; Vorftius, and fome other learned men, were natives of Poland, yet its foil is far from being favourable to learning. Latin is fpoken, though incorrectly, by the common people in fome provinces. But the contempt which the nobility, who place their chief importance in the privileges of their rank, have ever fliown for learning, the fervitude of the lower people, and the univerfal fuperflition among all ranks of men, thefe circumilances have wonderfully retarded, and notwithftanding the liberal efforts of his prefent majelly, ftill continue to letard the progrefs of letters in this kingdom. Universities.] The univerfities of Poland are thofe of Cracow, Pofna or Pofen, and. Wilna. The fixll confifts of eleven colleges, and lias the fuperviforlhip of fourteen grammar-fchools difperfed through the city. That of Pofna is rather a jefuits college than an univerfity- We know nothing particular of Wilna ; and all of them, by this time, are ^obably ruined. LAtiirjuACK.] The PoUih language is a dialcftof Sclavonic, and is both harfli and unharmonious, on account of the vaft number of confo- iiants it enjploys, fome of their word* having no vowels at all. The Lithuanians and Livonians have a langu.ige full of corrupted Latin words ; but the RuiTian. and German tongues are underftood in the pro- vinces bordering on thofe countries. Commerce and manufactures.] Some linen and woollen cloths and hard-wares, arc manufadlured in the interior parts of Poland ; but commerce is entirely confined to the city of Dantzic, and their other towns on the Villula and the B.altic, of which I fhall treat afterwards. REVENUES.} Though the king of Poland is ftinted in the political exercife of his prerogative, yet his revenue is fufficient to maintain him and his houfhold with great fplendor, as he pays no troops, or ofiiccrs ot Hate, nor even his body guards. The prefent king had a :nllion and lalf of florins fettled upon him by the commifllon of ftate; arvl the in- come of his predcceflbrs generally amounted to 140,000!. ilerling. The public revenues arife cliiefly from the crown-lands, the falt-mines in the palatinate of Cracow, antient tolls and cuftoms, particularly thoft cf Elbing and Dantzic, the rents of Maricnburg, Dirlhaa, and Ro ^enhuj, afid of the government of Cracow and diilri£t of Niepoliomicz. Constitution am> oovtRNMENT.] Whole volumes have been written upon this fubjedl, but it remains in a great meafure ftill un- known. Tlie king is the head of the republic, and is eledled by tk ncbility and cicrgy'in the I'lains of Waifaw. They elcd him on horlb- backi POLAND INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 3^5 luck ; and in cafe there fhould be a refractory minority, the majority lias no controul over them, but to cut them in pieces with their fabres. Immediately af'-er his eleftion, he figns the paJ?a cowenta of the Icing- dom, by which he engages to introduce no foreigners into the army or ffovernment ; fo that in mft he is no more than prefidcnt of the fenate, which is compofed of the primate, the archbifhop of Lemburg, fifteea bilhops, and a hundred and thirty laymen, confifting of the great officers jfllate, the palatines, and caftcllans. The diets of Poland are ordinary and extraordinary : the former meet once in two, and Ibmetimis three years ; the latter is fummoned by the king, upon critical emergencies ; but one difl'enting voice renders all •jieir deliberations incffei^ual. Thellarolh properly are governors and judges in particular ftarollies or (liftrifts, though fome enjr>y this title without any jurifdidion at all. The palatines and callellans, befides being fenators, are lord-lieutenants and aepnty-licutenants in their refpeftive palatinates. Previous to a general diet, cither ordinary or extraordinary, which en fit but fix weeks, there are dietines, or provincial diets, held in dilTerciu diftriils. The king fends them letters containing the heads of the bufmcfs that is to be treated of in the general diet. The gentry of ' each pulatiiiate may fit in the dietine, and chufe nuncios or deputies, to arrv their refolutions tff the grand diet. The great diet confifts of the king, fenators, and thofe deputies from provinces and towns, viz. a hun- dred feventy-eight for Poland and Lithuania, and feventy for Pruffia ; jiid it meets twice at W -faw and once at G-odno, by turns, for the conveniency of the Lithuanians, who made it oae of the articles of their union with Poland. The king may nominate the great officers of ftate, but they are ac- countable only to the fenate, neither can he difplace them when once appointed. When he is abient from Poland, his place is fupplied by the aichbifhop of Guefna, and if that fee is vacant, by the bifhop of Plofko. The ten great officers of ftate in Poland, who are fenators, are, the two great marfhals, one of Poland, the other of Lithuania ; the chan- cellor of the kingdom, and the chancellor of the duchy ; the vice-chan- cellor of the kingdom, and the vice-chancellor of the duchy ; the trea- furer of the kingdom, and the treafurer of the duchy ; the fub-marftial, or marfhiil of the court of the kingdom ; and the fub-marfhal, or marihal of the court of the duchy. Such are the outlines of this motley constitution, which ' licw mo- delled with almoft every new king, according to the paSia coti'venta which he is obliged to fign ; fo that nothing of it can be faid with cer- tainty, and lefs at this time than ever ; there being now a total diiTolu- tion of all order in Pohi-id. It muft, however, be acknowledged, that in the imperfedl (ketch 1 have exhibited, we can difcern the great out- lines of a noble and free government. The precautions taken to limit the king's power, and yet inveft him with an ample prerogative, are worthy of a wife people. The inflitutions of the diet and dietines are favourable to public liberty, as are many other provifions in th^ republic.^ It labo.ured, however, even in its beft rtate, under incurable dilbrders. The exercife of the vefo^ or the tribunitial negative, that is vefted in every member "f a diet or dietine, muft always be deftruftive of order and government. It is founded, however, upon Gothic principles, and tbt uiilinuted jurilUicliou which the great lords, in former ages, ufed to C c «n]oy t n I 386 POLAND INCLUDING LITHUANIA; enjoy nil over Europe. Thrwnntoffubordinationin the executive pnrtsaf the conftitiuion, iuid the rciulcring noblemen independent .-md unac- countable (nr their conduft, is a blemifh which perhaps may be imprac- tic;d)Ic to remove, as it can hv dnne only by their own conCent. After all, when wc exa-vine the bell accounts of ihe prcfent conditution oi' Poland, ani cmnpp.rj them with the ancient hillory of Great-liijtnin and other Eumptan k'ngdoms, we may perceive a wonderful finiilaritv between v.hat tlu-fe were fi^rim rly, and wliat Poland is at prcfent. Tliij naturally leads us to infer, that the government of Poland cannot he otherwife improved than by the introduction of arts, ni'anuladures, and commerce, which would render the common people independent on the nobility, and prcvcnl the l;;ttrr h-y.n havin^jj it in their power t:) aanny their fovereiy,n, and to maintain thofe unequal privileges which arc i"a hurtful to the comnnniity. If a nobleman of great abilities, and who happened to ]->oflefs an eMenfive territory within the kingdom, flioukl be elected fuvereign, he might perhaps, by a proper ufe of the prerc>patives of difpofmg of all places of tni'l and profit, and of ennobling the pic- beians, which are alreaiiy vetted m the crov/n, ellablifh the fucctfiion ;a his own family, and deliver the Poles from thofe perpetual convulfianj which mull ever attend an elective kingdom. MiMTAKY .sTiiP.Nc, JH.] The innate pride of the Polifli nnhilitv is fuch, that thoy always appear in tlic field on horfeback ; and it is laid that Poland can raiie a hundred thoufand, and Litliuania fc\enty thou- f..nd cavalry, and that with eale ; but it nuiU be undcrllood that Icrvains Are inclDded. As to thiir infantry, they are generally hired from Ger- man}-, but are foon difmiricd, beeauie they mull be njaintaincd by ex- traordinary taxes, of whicli the Polifh gr-an.iees are by no means fend. As to the o'- 'inary army of the Poles, it conlills of vhirty-lix thoiilar.J men, in Poland, and twelve thoufand in Lithuania, cantoned into crown- lands. The plolnollte confills of all the nolulity of the kingdom r.ud their followers, excepting the chancellor, and the ibirolls of frontier places ; and they may be c;dled by the king into the field upon extra- (.•rdinary occafions, but he cp.nnot k'-ep them above fix weeks in arnb, neither are they obliged to march ab;.ve three leagues out of the kingdom. The PoliAi huilars are the fincll and moll Ihewy body of cavalry in Kurope ; next to them are the pancerns ; and both thofe bodies wear defenlivc armour of coats of mail and iron caps. The rell of their cavalry are armed with mulkets and heavy fcimiters. After all that ha'^ been laid, the Pclilli cavalry arc extremely inefficient in the field, frr tiunigh the men are brave, and their horfes excellent, they are llrangcrs to all difcipline ; and when drav/n out, notwithllandtng ail tlie authority their crown-general, the'; other olliccrs, and even the king himfelf, hava over them, they are oppieflive and deibutlive to the court. It is cerJain, notvvith'landiu!;, that the Poles may be rendered excellent troops by dil- ciplinc, and that on various occafions, particularly under John Sobieiki, they made as great a figure in arms as any people in Eun^pe, and proved the bulwark of Chrillendom againll the infidels. It did not fuit the Snxon princes, who fucceeded that hero, to encourage a maraal fpirit in the Poles, whom they perpetually overawed with their elecloral twops; lior indeed to introduce any reformation among them, cither civil or military ; the efJeds of which condud has been fmce, and ib now fevtrely felt in that devoted country. AAfTjqjJiTiEs AND cuRiosiTirs, 7 Thc frcquent incurfions of the NATURAL AND ARTiFiciA!.. j Tartars, and other barbarous HA. cccutivcpnrtsBf t-'nt ami unac- nay be imprac- conlcnt. After : coniUtution n( ' Grcat-P.iitain, di'ifiil fimilarity : prcfent. TliiV oland cannot he nuladurcs, and pendent on thfr 30\vcr tr) aiinnv es which arc i"o ilitits, and who ;dom, ihouldbe the prerogatives aohlinp; the pie- the Aicctnion in tiial convulfions 'olifli nnhilitv is ; and it is i'aid ia To cnty thou- lod that iorvaius Iiired from Ger- lintained by ex- no means f nd. irty-fix thouianj inej into crown- he kingdom r.ud oils of frontier d upon extra- weeks in arnii, f the kingdom. of cavalry in bodies wear le rcll of their all that ha* the field, \cr ure ll rangers 11 the authority g himfelf, havs It is certain, troops by d:l- John Sobiefivi, pe, and proved d not fuit the ariial fpirit in edoral troops ; cither civil or ib now fevcrely icurfions of the tlicr barbarous nations. le :er fV POLAND i.vcLUDfVG LITHUANIA. 3R7 nations, into Poland, probably forced the women fbmctimes to leave their children expoftd in the wood?, where we nuid riippolb they were nurfed by bears and other wild bealls, otherwife it is difficult to account for their iubfiflence. It is certain that fuch beings have been found in the woods both of Poland and Germany, diverted of all the properties ofhumanity but the form. When taken, they generally went on all fours ; but it is faid, that fome of them have, by proper management, attained to the ufe of fpeech ; but this perhaps may be quelHoned. The falt-mines of Poland confill of wonderful caverns fcveral hundred vards djcp, at the bottom of which are many intricate windings and labyrinths. Out of thefc are dug four different kinds of falts; one ex- tremely hard, like chryftal ; another fofter, but clearer; a third vhite.. but brittle : thefe are all brackiih ; but the fourth, fomewhat frelher. Thefe four kinds are dug in different mines, near the city of Cracow; on one fide of them there is a llream of falt-water, and on the other, one offielh. The revenue arifing from thofe, and other falt-mines, is very confiderable, and form part of the royal revenue; fome having com- puted them at 40,0001. llerling a year. Out of fome mines at Itza, about feventy miles north-eall of Cracow, are dug fcveral kinds of earth, which are excellently adapted to the potters ufe, and fupply all Poland with earthen-ware. Under the mountains adjoining to Kiow, in the defcrts of Pcdolia, are feveral grottos., v here a great number of human bodies are preferved, though buried a vaft many years fince, being neither fo hard nor fo black as thv- Egyptian mummicf,. Among them are two prince?, in the habits they ufed to wear. It is thought that this preferving quality is owing to the nature of the foil, which is dry and fandy. Poland can boall of few antiquities, as old Sarmatia was never perfeftly known to the Romans themfelves. Its artificial rarities are but few, the chief being the gold, filver, and enamelled veffels, prefented by the kings and prelates of Poland, and preferved in the cathedral of Guefna. Cities, towns, forts, and other 7 Warfaw lies on the Viftula, EDIFICES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, j and almoft in the center of Poland. It is the royal refidence ; but though it contains many magni- ficent palaces and other buildings, befides churches and convents, it has little or no commerce. I'hc fame may be faid of Cracow, which is the capital (though that honour is dilputed by Warfaw) for we are told, that notvvithftanding it lies in the neighbourhood of the rich fait mines, and is faid to contain fifty churches and convents, its commerce is incon- iiderable. Dantzic is the capital of Polifh Pruflia, and is famous in hiflory on many accounts, particularly that of its being formerly at the head of the Hanfeatic aflbciation, commonly called the Ilanfe-tovvns. It is fiuiated Qj^. the Viltula, near five miles from the Baltic, iu 53 degrees ;H minutSl north latitude, and in 18 degrees 35 minutei caft longitude, it is j|*4argc, beautiful, populous city; its houfes generally are five ftoriej high ; and many of its ftreets are planted with chefnut-trces. It lub a.^nc harbour, and is ftill a moll eminent commercial city, although it feems to be fomewhat pall i:s meridian glory, which was probably about the time that the prefident de Thou wrote his much eflecmed U'.Horlu fui Tempcris; wherein, under the year 1607, -he To highly cele- b'«c5 its commerce and grandeur. It is a republic, with a finall adja- ler.t territory about forty miles round it, under the proteition of the C c i king ;i< 388 POLAND, including LITHUANIA. king and the republic of PoLnnd. Its magiftracy, and the majority of !tg inhabitants, are -Lutherans; although the Romaniils and Calvinilh be equally tolerated in it. It is rich, and has twenty-fix parilhes, with many convents and hofpitals. The elder inhabitants make her number amount to two hundred thoufand ; but later computations fall very con- fiderably ftiort of it ; as appears by its annual bill of mortality, exhibited by Dr. Bufching, who tells us, that in the year 1752, there died there but i846pcrfons. Its own (hipping is numerous, but the foreign (hips conftantly reforting to it are more fo, whereof 10 14 arrived there in the year 1752 ; in wluch year alfo 1 288 Polifli veflels came down the Viilula, chiefly laden with corn, for its matchlefs granaries ; from whence that grain is diflributed to many foreign nations ; Poland being juiUy deemed the greateft magazine of corn in all Europe, and Dantzic the greateft port for diftributing it every where: befide which, Dantzic exports great quantities of naval ftores, and vaft variety of other articles. Dr. Bufching affirms, that it appears from antient records, as early as the year 997, that Dantzic was a large commercial city, and not a village or inconfidcrable town, as fome pretend. The inhabitants of Dantzic have often changed their mailers, and have fometimes been under the proteftion of the Engliih and Dutch, but of late they have (hewn a great prediledlion for the kingdom and republic of Poland, as being lefs lively to rival them in their trade, or abridge them of their immunities, which reach even to the privilege of coining money. Though ftrongly fortified, and pofTefTed ofa hundred tind fifty large brafs cannon, it could not, through its fituation, ftand a regular iiege, being furrounded with cminencics ; and in 1734, the inhabitants diicovered a remarkable attachment and fidelity towards Staniflaus, king of Poland, not only when his enemies, the Ruffians, were at their gates, but even in pofTcffion of the city. The reafon why Dantzic, Thorn, and Elbing, enjoy privileges, both civil and religious, very different from thofe of the relt of Poland is, becaufe not being able to endure the tyranny of the Teutonic knights, they put themfelvcs under the proteftion of Poland ; but referving to themfelves large and ample privileges, which they ftill enjoy. OruERS.] The order of the White Eagle was inft'.tuted by An- guflus II. in the year 1705. Its enfign is a crofs of gold, enamelled with red, and appendant to a blue riboon. The motto, Pro fide, ngi tt lege. History.] Poland, of old, was divided into many fmall flatcs or principalities, eachalmoll independent of another, though they generally had fome prince who was paramount over the reft. In the year 830, a peafant, one Piaftus, was elefted to the fovereign throne. He lived to the age of a hundred and twenty years, and his reign was fo long and aufpicious, that every native Pole who has been iince eleftcd king is called a piart. From tnis period to the clofe of the fourteenth centur}', we have no certain records of the hiilory of Poland. Jagellon, who at this time mounted the throne, was grand duke of Livonia, and a pagan : but on his being cledled king of Poland, he not only became a Chriliian, but was at pains to bring over his fubjei5ls to that religion. He united .his hereditary dominions to thofe of Poland, which gave fuch influence to his pollcrity over the hearts of the Poles, that the crown was preferved in his tamily, until the male line extingiiifhed in Sigifmund Auguftus, in ij^i. At ihl- time two powerful competitors appeared for Uie crown . i of POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 3S9 if Poland. Thefe were Henry, duke of Anjou, brother to Charles IX. |;ing of France, and Maxir Mian, ofAuftria. The French intereft pre- vailed ; but Henry had not been four months on the throne of Poland, when ills brother died, and he returned privately into France, which Icingdom he governed by the name of Henry III. The party who had eipoufed Maximilian's intereft, endeavoured once more t;' revive hii pretenlions ; but the majority of the Poles being defirous to choor E. Lon. | T 2 md J. N. Lat. I I 1 Boundaries.] T T is bounded by Alface and Suabia in Germa- X ny, on the north ; by the lake of Conftance, Ti- rol and Trent, on the eaft ; by Italy on the fouth ; and by France on the weft. Divisions.] Swifllrland is divided into thirteen cantons, which ftand in point of" precedency as follows: i. Zurich; 2. Berne; 3. Luccrn; 4. >Vic ; 5. Switz; 6. Underwald ; 7. Zug ; 8. Claris; 9. Bafil nr Bafle ; 10. Friburg ; n. Solothurn ; 12. Schaft'haufen ; 13. Appenzel. The beft account we have of the dimenlions, and principal towns of (each canton, is as follows. Countries Names. Square Miles. r n a 8. Chief Cities. Dirt. fr. Bafil. Switzerland. III 87 lie r Berne 2,346 Berne 400 3:» =""■-«- • j fsL.i„ 7*8 34 33 Zurich 415 45 140 23 9 SLhafthaule 405 47 C Bafil 240 21 18 BASIL 375 -. Liicem 460 33 35 Lucern 422 48 Underwald 270 »3 16 Stantz 430 56 Uri 61Z 48 21 Altorf 442 67 Papifts. < Suifle »5o 27 13 Suifle 437 62 Friburg 370 24 21 Friburg 392 50 Zug 112 18 10 Zug 426 50 ^ Solothurn aS3 31 24 Solothurn 390 23 Calvin, and C Appenzel Pap fts. I Claris 270 23 21 Apenzel 455 85 *57 a4 18 Claris 449 78 ^Baden i Baden 408 11 BremgSrten > Mellingen * 216 26 12 Bremgarten 4»5 The Suhjeas Mellingen 407 33 of the Swit- Rhintal 4x3 20 5 Rheineck 450 9' zers. Cal- j Turgow ] H9 18 II Frowanfield 419 60 vinifts and Lugano ^ Lugano 500 "5 PapiAt. Locarno / 850 Locarno 492 119 Mendris f 5* 30 Mendris 5H 138 .Magia J A^a 486 112 Total— 7533 Soil, air, seasons and water.] This hilng a mountainous country, lying upon the Alps, the frofts are confequently bitter in win- ter, the hills being covered with fnow, fometimes all the year long. In fummer the inequality of the foil renders the fame province very une- qual ill its feafons ; on one fide of thofe mountains the inhabitants are often SWITZERLAND, ^^2 D. es in length. Bs in breadth. bia in Germa- Conftnncc, Ti. f France on the 'ns, which /land e ; 3. Luccrn; • ; 9. Bafil or 13. Appenzel. icipal towns of r? Diit.fr. • g.? BafJ. '1 a^ .•* 400 3:> 4»S 45 405 47 375 422 48 430 56 442 67 437 62 392 50 426 50 390 33 455 85 449 78 408 H 415 407 33 450 91 419 60 500 "5 492 119 ^l* 138 486 112 lountainous ttcr in win- long. In very une- bitants are often i often reaping, while they are fowing on another. The vallies, howeiTr, srewarm and fruitful, when well cultivated, as they generally are. Th« country is fubjeft to rains and tempefts, for which reafon public grana- ries are every where erefted to fupply the failure of their crops. The wuter of Swiilerland is generally excellent, and often defccnds from the mountains in large or fmall catarafts, which havt a plcafing effeft. Rivers and lakes.] The chief rivers are the Rhine, the Aar, the Kufs, the Jun, the Rhone, the Thur and the Oglios. The lakes are thofe ofGeneva, Conftance, Thun, Lucem, Zurich, Neufchatel and Bi.*nde. Metai.s and minerals.] The mountains contain mines of iron, cnifal, virgin fulphur, and fprings tf mineral waters. VEfiETAni-E AND ANIMAL PRODUCTIONS.] Sheep and cattle are the chief animal produftions of this country ; corn and wood, and fome wine, with pot-herbs of almoft every kind, are likewife found here. The rrnducc, however, of ail thofe articles, are no more than fufficient for ne inhabitants, who are too far removed from v/ater-carriage to be pro- rttd by the (lately timber that grows in their woods. They have vaft plenty of game, fifli and fowl. Population, inhabitants, man-I According to the bcft ac- NURs, CUSTOMS AND DIVERSIONS. J counts, the cantoi^s of Swit- ycrliind contain about two millions of inhabitants, who ar^ a brave, hardy, indudrious people, remarkable for their fidelity, and attachment w the caufe they undertake. Like the old Romans, they are equally inured to arms and agriculture. AH the cantons are regimented in a manner, that contributes equally to the fafety and profit of the inhabi- tants, who fupply foreign powers with excellent foldiers. They are fa jealous of their liberties, that they difcourage foreigners from fettlinjr among them. Their nobility and gentry difdain the profeflion of trade and manufadurcs. It is faid, that in many places of Switzerland, the inhabitants, efpecially thofe towards France, begin to degenerate from the antient fimplicity of their manners and drefs. Their cuftoms and diverfions are of the warlike and adlive kind, and the magiftrates of moft of the cantons, impofe fines upon plays, gaming, and even dancing, ex- cepting at marriages. Religion.] Though all the Swifs cantons form but one political republic, yet they are not united in religion, as the reader, in the table prefixed, may perceive. Thofe differences in religion formerly created many public commotions, which feem now to have fubfided. Zuing, commonly called Zuinglius, was the apoftle of protettantifm in Switzer- land. He was a moderate reformer, and differed from Luther, and Calvin, only in a few fpeculative points; fo that Calvinifm is faid to be the religion of the proteltant Swifies. Learning and learned men.] Calvin, whofc name is fo well known in all proteilant countri«s, inlHtuted laws for ' ; city of Geneva, which aie held in high efteem by the moft learned of that country. The ingenious and eloquent RoufTeau too, whofe works the prefent age have received with fo much approbation, is a citizen of Geneva. U NiVERs IT I ES.] The univerfity of Bafil contains a noble library, fome valuable manufcripts, and an excellent colleftion of medals. The other univerfities are thofe of Bern, Laufanne and Zurich. Lanouaoe.] Several languages prevail in Switzerland ; but the moft common is German. The Swifies, who border upon France, fpeak a ballard French, as thofe near Italy do a corrupted Latin, or Italian. Commerce 7 H- m 394 SWITZERLAND. Commerce and manufacturrs.] The produiilions of tiic loom, linen, Uimity, lace, llockings, handkercliict's, ami gloves, arc commju in Switzerland; and the inhabitants arc now beginning to fabricate, luit. U'ithllanding their fumptuary laws, (ilks, vflvcts, and woi. lien inaimf..c. turcs. Their great progn-i's in thofe manufuctureb, and in agriculture, gives them a prolpect ot" bi.ing able loon to make fomc expoiij. Revenui-s and taxu-s.] I'he variety of cantons that conllituto tlic Swils confederacy, n nder.i it ditHcult to give a prerifc acc(junt of ilitir revenues. Thole of the canton of Bern, are faid to amount annually to three hundred thoufand crowns, and thofe cf Zurich to a liuudred m! fifty thoufand, the other cantons in proportion to tlieir produce and uii- uufaftures. Whatever i. faved, after defraying the neceir^ry expentL. of government, is laid up as a couunon ilcck, and it has been laid, tlu: tJie Swifle^ are poffejTtJ of 500,000 1. Iterling in the I'^nglilli funds, U- fides thofe in other banks. Their revenues arife; i. from the profits of thedemefne l;:nds ; 2. tVi tenth of the produce of all the lands in the country; 3. callonis aiij duties on merchandize ; 4. the revenues ariling from the fale of fait, and ibme cafual taxes. CoNSTiTUTio.N AND GOVERNMENT.] Thcfc are very com plicuted heads, though belrnging to the fame body, being partly monarchical, partly ariftocratical, and partly democraticul. Tlie bifliop of Balil, anj abbot of St. Gaul, are fovcreigns. Every canton is abfolute in its own jurlfdidlion, but thofe of Bern, Zurich, and Lucern, with other depcn- dencies, are ariftocratical ; thofe of Uri, Schwitz, Underwald, Zug, Claris, and Appenzel, arc democratical. But even thofe arillocracic, and democracies, differ in their particular modes of government. Pti- haps in fad the democratical and popular part, as well as the arillocra- tical, are governed by their fcveral leaders among the nobility, gentry, or eminent citizens. The confederacy, confidcred as a republic, comprehends three divi- fions. The lirll, are tlie Svuffes, properly fo called. The fecond, are the Griibns, or the ilates, confederated with the Swifles, for their commrm protedlion. The third, arc thofe prefeftures, which, though fubjert to the other two, by purchafe or otherwife, preferve each its own partic.ihr magiftrates. Every canton forms within itfelf a little republic ; but when any controverfy nifes, that may aiVeil the whole confederacy, it is refer- red to the general diet, which fits at Baden, where every canton having a vote, every quellion is decided by the majority. 'X"'he general diet con- filVs of two deputies irorn each canton, bcfides a deputy from the abbot of St. Gaul, and the cities of St. Gaul and Bienne. Military stre.ngth,] The internal ftrength of the Swifs cantons confift of thirteen thoufand four hundred men, raifed according to the population and abilities of each. The oeconomy and wifdom with wnicK this force is raifed and employed, are truly admirable, as are the arrange- . Bients which are made by the general diet, for keeping up that great bo- dy of militia, from which foreign ilatCj and princes are fupplicd, fo as to benefit the ftate, without any prejudice to its population. Antiqc'ities and curiosities,) Every dilhi^l of a canton in natural and artificial. j this mountainous country, prc- fents the traveller witii a natural cnriofity ; fomctimes in the ihape of wild but beautiful profped^, interfperfcd with loftv buildings, wonderful hermitages, cfpecially one two lcriguc;j from Friburg. 'Jhis >vas forin':i! by S W I T Z E U 1. A N D. 395 li/thc li;uidti of a fir.gle liernr.lt, who l.ibourt-d on it for twenty- five years, mid was living in 1707. It is the grcatcll curiolity of the* kinJ pi-rhap* in tlic world, as it contain;* a chapel, a parlour, twenty-eight p.icca .ui twenty I'ljci in height, a c.ibinct, a kiichcn. Itn^'th, twelve in brcad-th, and tw a cellar, and other apart nit nt.->, wiiii the alt.U", benehcs, iloiiruig, and cii'lin"', all cut out of the rock. The ni:rrcalitcv;, falfe diamonds, a,id other lloncs, found in thofe mountainb, are jullly ran]:cd uniong the natural curiofities of the country. The ru:n» of Cxlar's wall, whicJi extended eighteen miles in len<^th, from mount Juki, to tiic banks of lake Lcnian, are ftill difccrnible. Many monuments of antiquity have been difcoverei near the baths of Uadeii, which were know n to the Romans la the time of Tatitus. Switzerland boails of many uuble religious build- in:;s, particularly a colk-gc of jcfuits ; and many cabiiiets of valuable manulcripts, aiuiqucs, and curioiitics of all kinds. Cities.] Of iliefe'the moll confiderable is the city of Bern, ftandin* on the river Aar. This city and canton, it is faid, foiuis alniull a thija of tilt Helvetic confederacy, and can, upon occafion, fit out .1 hundred thour.mu armed men. All the other cities in Switzerland are excellent- ly well provided in arfenaL, bridges, and public edifices. I jhall here, to prevent a repetition, mention the tity of Geneva, which is an aflbciate of Switzerland, and is und<:r the protedion of tlie Helvetic body, but within itlclf is an independent Iluic, and republic. The city is well built, and well fortified, contains thirty thoufarid inha- bitants, moil of whom are Calvi Hills. It is fituated upon the efilux of the Rhone, from the large fine lake of Geneva. It is celebrated for llic learning of the prcfeilcrs of its univerfity, and the good government of its colleges, the purity of its air, and the politencfa of its inhabitants. By its fituation, it is a thoroughfare from Germany, France, and Italy. ]t contjiins a number of fine manufadlures and artiils ; fo that the pro- tcftants, efpecially fuch as are of a liberal turn, elleem it a moil de- lightful place. HisTORV.] Theprefent Swiflcs and Grifons, as has been alrerJy men- tianed, are the defccndentsof the antient Helvetii, fubdutd by Julius Cie- far. Their mountainous uninviting fituiition, formed a intter 1« urity for their liberties, than their forts or armies, and the fame is their c ife atpre- fent. They continued long under little better than a nominal fuhjeclicni to the Burgundians and Germans, till about the year 1 300, when the emperor Albert I. treated them with fo much rigour, that they petitioned him againft the cruelty of his governors. This ferved only to redouble the hardlhips of the people, and one of Albert's Aullriau govjmors.Grifler, iiL the wantonnefs of tyranny, fet up a hat upon a pole, to which he ordered the natives to pay as much refpect as to himfelf. One William Tell, be- ing obferved to pafs frequently without taking notice of the hat, and be- ing an exceUent markfnian, the tyrant condemned him to be hanged, unlcfs he cleft an apple upon hi: ion's head, at a ceriain diflance, with an arrow. Tell clelt the arrow, and Griller alking him the meaning of another arrow he faw iluck in iiis belt, he bluntly anfwered, that it was intended to his [Griller's] heart, if he had killed his fon. Tt'l] was condemned to prifcm upon this, but making his efcape, he wairhtd his opportunity, and (hot the tyrant, and thereby luid ihs; ioundations of the Helvetic liberty, Natwith- .mi. ] • ,'■•■ Ml 39^ S P A I N. Notwiihftandine the above flory, which might be true in the whnlf nt SBrt, it fcems to be certain that the revolt of the Swifles from the Au. rian tyrannv had been planned among Ibme noble patriots for foinc timt kefore. Their mcafures were In jull, and their courage fo intrepid, that ihcy foon found a union of feveral cantons, which daily encreald, and repeatedly defeated the united powers of France and Germany ; till fcy the treaty of Wellphaiia in 1648, their confederacy was declared to be •'free and independent (late. With regard to the military charaftcr, and treat adlions of the Swiflcs, I mull refer the reader to the hilloric> of urope. S P A I N. Situation and Extent. f low. 1 -| r Between < and b. Lon. | I •'oo miles in length. Between < and i \. lat. I near 500 miles in breadth. Boundaries. TT is bounded on the weft by Portugal and the At- X lantic oce.in ; by the Mediterranean, on the call; by the bay nf Bifcay and the Vyrencan hills, on the north ; and by the lirrii: of the fea of Gibraltar, .>n the fouth. It is now divided into fourteen dillrifts, befides illands in the Medi- terranean. Countries Names. Spain. Papifts u S 1 c *- I ^Cattjlc, New Andalulia Caftile, Old Arragon Ertreinadura Galicb Leon Catalonia Granada Valencia Bifcay and Ipufcoa Afturia Murcia *- Navarre Sc^l!;irc Miles. a i7,R4o' 2 Majorca I. Yvica I. 6,^00 14,400 12,600 11,000 11,200 9000 Sioo 6800 4760 4600 3600 3000 1400 62, Total — 150,263 9S 120 *73 »99 190 iSo 16s 16 17a 200 180 140 124 ^7 92 58 37 Chief Cities. i?o »35 140 105 123 I20 96 I ID 45 75 55 55 65 45 40 as M^nRip Seville Burgos Saragola Badajos Compoflella Leon Barcelona Granada Valencia Bilboa Oviedo Murcia I'ampclona Majorca Yvica Din. ft. Madrid. 690 890 580 840 635 580 021 850 712 237 362 810 5*5 618 588 20? "5 96 iSo 276 '63 290 iSo 180 184 208 165 '95 315 265 Ancient names and divisions.] Spain formerly included Por- tugal, and was known to the antici.>,s by the name of Iberia, andHefpe- ria, as well as Hifpania. It was, about the time of the Punic wars, divided into Citerlor and Ulterior ; the Citerior, or hither part, con- tained the provinces lying noruH of the river Ebro; and the Ulterior, which was t.He largcft part, comprehended all that lay beyond that river, innumerable are the changes that it afterwards underwent; but there is no country of whofe antient liiibry, at leaft the interior part of it, we know lefs cf than that of Spain. ■2r Je in the whnfr nr Tes from the Au- lots for feme tiint rape fo intrepid, i daily encreakd, id Germany ; till vas declared to be ry clurafter, nnd to the hilloricj uf I in length. miles in breadth. ligul and the At. an, on the eail; orth J and by the inds in the Medi- L'l. ^3 Din.fr. ^r^ Madrid. • 690 890 20? 580 "5 590 96 Si4o iSo 635 276 <;So 16; 622 290 850 180 712 180 »17 184 562 208 810 165 S^S >9S 618 J'S 588 265 included Por- ria, andHefpe- he Punic wars, her part, con- d the Ulterior, yond that river. ; but there is part of it, w? Ihtfi,i%> //.'•.'/'//.■/// /.•//./.'// % «5i I ii I wmm ^nnmti nniiil^- - ■Ullllli- - hiiniM — - miiiiiif immri— liiiiiiiii Mining -immiw jnu JII'MH J 4 ■■m\wki iiuuiuL ;i ... \ ^ ^ 'l 1 -"'■V Vi Ct^cTimts ^ A^ muuo K I Tnw ifv^ ...^ ,^^«_j- .. « , OXJ) C>S T IT.0JI -t^t^n^ \'n\ji-ix9y,lj ^ Ill/At dcV/t^,- — — 1 , Sort a ^tt'c/r _ r* * t (^4/e Ji'srt/cA^f^^ ry^ r'» .;. 5?'^^'V. M A «» » « A A< .0 •/.!•«v •«v Allfffnt, i-Hiiuw .^ miumai — nnmiiir M K ^ XL Mi/i//f, ' >Y 7}hii' xr miiiiL iimiiiK — miuma . . i i nHHia TJ f/-' ri^rtdftvt m y / ■^ /■>"< •/if.< •CI- SPAIN. 397 Soil and waver.] Excepting duriug the equlnoxial rains, the air ofSpain is dry and ferene, but exceflive hot in the fouthern provincci in jiine, July, and Auguil. The vaft nnountains that run through Spain are, however, very beneficial to the inhabit.-'.nts, by the refrcfhing breexes that cone from them in the fouthcninioH parts ; though ihofc towards the north and north-eaft, arc in the winter very cold, and in the night make a traveller fliivcr. So few writers have treated of the interior parts of Spain, that the public kne«' little of them till within thefe fifty years. The foil of Spain, liis well known, was formerly fruitful in corn, but the natives now find a fcarcity of it, by their difufc of tillage, through tlieir indolence; ^e caufes of which I (hall explain afterwards. It produces, in many places Jmoft fpontancouily, the richcll and moil delicious fruits that are to be found in France j-nd Italy, oranges, lemons, prunes, citrons, almonds, nifins, and figs. Her wines, cfpecially her fack and flierry, are in liigU requell among fareigners ; and Dr. Bufching fays, that the inhabiurits cf Malaga, and the neighbouring country, export yearly wines ^nd raifins to the amount of two hundred fixty-eight thoufand feven hundred and lifty-ninc pounds llerling. Spain indeed offers to the traveller large Uaifls of unpromifmg, becaaft uncultivated ground; but no couatr/ perhaps maintains fuch a number of inhabitants, who neither toil nor work for their food ; fuch are the generous qualities of its foil. Evea fsgar canes thrive in Spain; and it yields faffron, honey, and filk, iu (Treat abundance. A late writer, Ullariz, a Spaniard himfelf, com- putes the number of fhepherds in Spain to the amount of forty thoufand ; and has given us a moft curious detail of their oeconomy, their changes of pafture at certain times of the year, and many other particulars unknown till lately to the public. Thofe (heep-walks aftbrd the finelt of wool, and are a treafure in themfeh'es. Some of the mountains in Spain are doathed with rich trees, fruits, and herbage, to the tops ; and Seville oranges are noted all over the world. No country produces a greater variety than Spain does of aromatic herbs, which renders the tafte of their kids and iheep fo exquifitely delicious. The kingdom of Murcia abounds fo much with mulberry-trees, that the produftof its filk amounts to 200,000 1. a year. Upon the whole, few countries in the world owe more than Spain does to nature, and Icfs to induilry. The waters (efpecially thofe that are medicinal) of Spain, are littl* known, but many falutiferous fprings are found in Granada, Seville, and Cordoua. All over Spain the waters are found to have fuch healing qualities, that they are oiitd lying oppofite to it in Africa, RlVi;R« '" I 5$8 SPAIN. Rivers AfJD lakes.] TRefc are the Douro, formerly Diirius ; tf,(» Ebro, the ancient Ibei us J the Guadalaviar, nnwTurio; the Tajo, fnr- mtrly celebrated by the name of the Tagus, wliich falls into the Medi- terranean bclnw Lifljon. Several lakes in Spain, particularly that of Beneventa, abound witii fifties, particularly excellent trout. The water of a lake near .Antiquen is made into fait by the heat of the fun. Bays.] The chief bays are thoic of Bifcay, Ferrol, Corunna (comtnoh- ly called the Groyne) Vigo, Cadiz, Gibraltar, Carthagena, /Micaiu Altea, Valentin, Rofcr, and Majorca in that ifland. The harbour of I'ort-Mah^'^, in the ifland of Minorca, belongs to England. The Ihait of Gibraltar divides l^urope from Africa. Mktai.s and miner/ ls.] Spain abounds in both, and in as great variety, and of the fame k.'uds, as the other countries of Europe. Cor- nelian, agate, load-llones, jacinths, turquois-ltones, quickfilver, con- per, lead, fulphur, allum, cahmine, chryllal, marbles of feveral kind;, with other lloncs ; and even dian.onds, emeralds, and amethylls are found here. The Spunifli iron, next to that cf Damafcus, furnilhes the bd arms in the world ; and in former times, brought in a vail revenue to the crown ; the art of working it being here in great perfection. Even to tliis day, Spanilli gun-barrels, and fwords of Toledo, are highly valued. Amongll the antients, Spain was celebrated for gold and ftlver mines ; and filver was in fuch plenty, that Strabo, who was contem- porary v.'ith Auguftus Ca^far, informs us, that when the Carthaginians took poflcflion of Spain, their domeftic and agricultural utenfils were of that metal. Thefe mines have now difrppcarcd, but whether by their being exhaulled, or through the indolence of the inhabitants in not working them, we cannot fay ; though the latter caufe feems to be the moll probable. Animal productions') The Spanifh horfes, efpecially thofe of BY SEA AND LAND. J Andulufia, are thought to be the hand- fomeftof any in Europe, and at the fame time very fleet and ferviceable. The king does all he can to monopolize the finell breeds for his own flables and f^rvice. Spain furniflies likewife mules and black cattle; and their wild bulls have fo much ferocity, that their bull-fcalls was the moll niagnificent fpeftacle the court of Spain could exhibit, nor are they row difufed. Wolves are the chief bealls of prey that pefler Spain, which is well llored with ail the game and wild fowl that are to be found in the neighbouring countries I have already defcribed. The Spanilli feas aflbrd excellent fifli of all kinds, efpecially anchovies, which are here cured in great perfeftion. Population, inhabitants, manners, 7 Spain, formerly the mod CUSTOM.'!, DIVERSIONS, AND DRESS. j populous kingdom in Europe, is now but thinly inhabited. This is owing partly to the grca drains of people fent to America, and partly to the indolence of the na- ti\ es, who are at no pains to raife food for their families. Another caul'e may bo afligncd, and that is, the vaft numbers of ecclefiallics, of both kxes, who lead a. life of celibacy. Other writers have given feveral other caufes, but I apprehend that they are in a great meafure removed by the regulations and checks upon the clergy that have been introduced by his prefent catho- lic majelly. Be that .as it will, fome late writers have computed the inha- bitants of Spain at fcven millions and a half; ethers fay that they do not exceed five millions. This calculation, 1 think, is uuder-ratcd, when we SPAIN. 399 v,'e rcfleft on the numerous armies which Spain has raifed and recruited iinc. uiL- licgiiiniug of :his century. The pcilons of the Spaniards are generally tall, efpecially the Ca- llili.ns ; their hair and complexions fwarthy, but their countenances arc very cxpreiilve. The court of Madrid hai. of late been at great pains to c!:ar their upper lips of nuillaciioes, and to introduce among them the frcnch drels, inilead of their black cloaks, their fliort jerkin, "llrait breeches, and long Toledo fwords, which drefb is now chiefly confined n the lower ranks. The Spaniards, before the acceliion of the h.>ufe of Il-'urbon to their throne, aifeclcd that antiquated drefs in hatred and cntenipt of Lhe French; and the govtinuK'nt, probably, will find fome dilficultv in .abolilhing it quite, as tlie fame fpirit is far from being ex- tii'.nuiihed. An old Caililian, or Spaniard, who fees none above him, thinks hinifelf the molt important being in nature; and the fame pride is commonly communicated to his defcendents. 'I'his is the true reafoii why lb many of them are fo fond of removing to America, where they can retain all their native importance, witliout the danger of feeing a iupcrior. Ridiculous, however, as this pride h\ it Is produ£live of the moil e.\alt'-"d qualities. It infpires the nation with generous, humane, and virtuous fentiments ; it being feldom found that a Spanilh nobleman, Sfcntieman, or even trader, is guilty of a mean adlion. During the moll embiitered wars they have had with England for near feventy years mil, we know of no inilance of their taking adk'antage (as they might e;i:ily have done) of confifcating the Uritilh property on board their gal- leons and plate fieet, which was equally fecure in time of war as peace. This is the more furpri/ing, as Philip V. was often needy, and his minillers were far from being fcrupulous of brcjiking their good faith widi Great-Britain. Bv the bell and moll: creditable accounts of the late war, it appears that the Spaniards in South America gave the moll humane and noble relief to all Britilh fubjefts who were in diftrefs and fell into their hands, not only by fupplying them with necefTiiries, but money ; and treating them in the moll hofpitable manner while they remained among them. Having fiid thus much, we are carefully to diilinguifli between the Spanilh nobility, gentry, and traders, and their government, who are to be put on the lame footing with the lower ranks of Spaniards, who are as mean and rapacious as thole of any other country. The kings of Spain of the houle of Bourbon, have feldom ventured to employ native Spaniards of great families as their minillers. Thefe are generally French or Italians, but moil com.nonly the latter, who riie into power by the moll infamous arts, and of 'ate times from the moll abjecl llations. Hence it is that the French kuvjs of Spain, ni;ce their acceflion to that monarchy, have been but vcryindiirer;:ntly fervcd in the cabinet. Albe- roiii, who haij tlie greatell genius among them, embroiled liis mailer with all Europe, till he was driven into e.xile and difgrace ; and Gri- makii, the lall of thv?ir Italian mini;ters, haxarded a rebellion in the capital, by his opprcHive and unpopukir meafurcs. The common people who live on the coalb, partake of ail the bad q'.ialities thit are to be found in other nations. They are an alTemblaee ot jews, French, Ruffians, InUi adventurers, and Hnglilh fmugglers ; who bom^ unable to live in their own country, mingle with the Spaniards- la I lime of VA;r, tiic follow privatccria^ with greit fuccefs ; and when 40O SPAIN. [i I T/hen peace rcnurn?, they engage in all illicit praftices, and often enter into the Ir.Ih and Walloon guards in the Spanilh fervice. The beauty of the Spanifti ladies reigns mollly in their novels and l^omances ; for though it mull be acknowledged that Spain produces as fine women as any country in the world, yet beauty is far from forming their general charaAer. In their perfons, tlicy are commonly fmall and ilender ; but they are faid to employ vaft art in fupplying the defefts of nature. If we are to hazard a conjcilure, we might rcafonably fuppofe that thofe artifices rather diminilh than encreafe tneir beauty, efpeciully when they are turned of twenty-five. Their indifcriminate ufe of paint, not only upon their faces, but their necks, arms, and hands, undoubt- edly disfigures their complexions, and flirivels their fkin. It is at the fame time univerfally allowed, that they have great wit and vivacity. After all I have faid, it is more than probable that the vaft pains taken by the government of Spain, may at lall eradicate thofe cuftoms and habits among the Spaniards that feem fo ridiculous to foreigners. They are univerfally known to have refined notions and excellent fenll-; and this', if improved by ftudy and travelling, which they now ftand iu great need of, would render them fuperior to the French thcmfelves. Their flow deliberate manner of proceeding, either in council or war, has of late years worn off to fuch a degree, that during the two laft wars, they were found to be as quick both in rcfolving and executing, if not more fo, than their enemies. Their fecrecy, conftancy, and patience, Iwve always been deemed exemplary ; and in feveral of their provinces, particularly Galicia, Granada, and Andalufia, the common people have, tor fome time, alfiduouily applied themfflves to agriculture and labour. Among the many good qualities poflefled by the Spaniards, their fobriety in eating and drinking is remarkable. They frequently break- faft, as well as lup in bed ; their brcakfril is ufually chocolate, tea being very feldom drank. Their dinner is generally beef, mutton, veal, pork, and bacon, greens, &c. all boiled together. They live much upon gar- lic, chives, falad, and radilhes ; which, according to one of their pro- verbs, are food for a gentleman. The men drink very little wine ; and the women ufe water or chocolate. Both fexcs ufually flcep after dinner, a.nd take the air in the cool of the evenings. Dancing is fo much their favourite entertainment, that you may fee a grandmother, mother, and daughter, all in the iiime country dance. Their theatrical exhibitions are generally infipid and ridiculous bombaft. The prompter's head ap- pears through a trap door above the level of the ftage, and he reads the play loud enough to be heard by the audience. Gallantry is a ruling paflion in Spain. Jealoufy, lince the accefliou of the houfe of Bourbon, has flept in peace. I'lie nightly mulical ferenadcs of miltreries by their lovers are Itill in ufe. ^i'he fights of the cavaliers, or bull-fealh, are almoll peculiar to thi.s country, and make a capital figure in painting the genius and manner? of the Spaniards. On thefe occafions, young gentlemen have an opportunity of lliewirig their courage and aftivity before their miftrefics ; and the valour of the cavalier is proclaimed, honoured, and rewarded, according to the number and fiercencfs of the bulls he has killed in thefe encounters. Great pains arc ufed in fettling the form and weapons of the combat, fo as to give a relief to the gai* lantry of the cavalier, ""i'he diverfion itfelf is undoubtedly of Moorifh original, and >vas adopted by the Spaniards when upon good terms witli tliat nation, partly through complaifance, and partly through rivalfhip. Relioion. SPAIN. 401 and often enter ,ntry is a ruling Religion.] The horrors of the Romifli rell.^ion, the only one tole- rated in Spain, are now almoft extinguilhed there, by moderating the penalties of the inquilition, a tribunal difgraceful to human nature ; but though difufed, it is not abrogated ; only the ecclefiallics and their ofH- cers can carry no fentence into execution without the royal authority. It is ilill in force againft the Moorifh and Jewi(h pretended converts. The Spaniards, however, embrace and pra^life the Roman-catholic reli- gion with all its abfurdities ; and in this they have been fo fteady, that their king is dillinguifhed by the epithet of Molt Catholic. Archbishoprics and bishoprics.] In Spain there are eight arch- bilhoprics, and forty-fix bilhoprics. The archbifliop of Toledo is lliled ' ik Primate of Spain ; he is great chancellor of Callile ; has a revenue of 100,000 1. fterling per annum. The riches of the Spaniih churches and convents are the unvarying objefts of admiration to all travellers as neli as natives ; but there is a lamenefs in them all, excepting that they differ in the degrees of treafure and jewels they contain. Learninc and learned men.] Spain has not produced learned men in proportion to the excellent capacities of its natives. This defeft may, in fome meafure, be owing to their indolence and bigotry, which docs not fuffer them to apply to the ftudy of the polite arts. Several old fathers of the church were Spaniards ; and learning owes a great deal , to Ifidore, bifliop of Seville, and cardinal Ximenes. Spain has likewife produced fojae excellent phyficians. Calderoni and Lopez de Vega, have , by fome been put in competition with our Shakefpear in the drama, where it muft be owned they Ihew great genius. Such was tlie gloom of the Aullriaii government, that took place with the emperor Charles V, that the inimitable Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote, lilled in a ilation little fuperior to that of a common foldicr, and died neglected, > after fighting bravely for his country at the battle of Lepanto< His \ fatire upon knight-errantry, in his adventures of Don Quixote, did as much fervice to his country, by curing them of that ridiculous fpirit, a* , it now does honour to his own memory. He is perhaps to be placed at the head at once of moral and humorous fatirifts. Tolliuus, a divine, the molt voluminous perhaps that ever wrote, was a Spaniard; but his works have been long diftinguilhed only by their bulk. Herrera, and fome other hiitorians, particularly De Sol is, have Ihewn great abilities in hiftory, by inveftigating the antiquities of Ame- rica, and writing the hiftory of its conquelt by their countrymen. Spain has likewife produced many travellers and voyagers to both the Indies, who are equally amufing and inftruftive. If it fhould happen that the Spaniards could difengage themfelves from their abilradled metaphyfical turn of thinking, they certainly would make a capital figure in lite- rature. Some of the Spaniards have diftinguilhed fhcmfclvcs in the polite arts, particularly Murillo, in painting; and not only the cicies, but the pa- laces, efpecially the Efcurial, difcovcr many itriking fpeCimcns of their abilities as fculptors and architects ; but neither ^heir names nor works ere much known in other parts of Europe. Language.] The ground-work of the Spajiifh language, like that of the Italian, is Latin; and it might be called a baftard Latin, were it i not for the terminations, and the exotic words introduced into it by the jMooro and Goths, efpecially the former. It is at pjcfcnt a moft majcftic and exprclTive language; and it is remarkable, that foreigners who un- D d derltand M m i 402 s p A I n; r f derftand it the heft, pi i7e it the moi>. It makes but n poor figure even in thf beft trnnllators ; and Cervantes fpeaks as awkward Englilh, as bhakefpear docs French. It may, ho\vever, be confidcred as a llandard tongue, having retained its purity for upwards of two hundred years. Their Pater-nofler runs thus ; Padro nuejiro, que ejlas en los cielos, Jan^i- Jicadc fea tu nomhre\ i-en^a ttt regno ; hagafi! in njoluntad, ojjien In t terra cnmo en el cielo ; <^n ncs hoy nuejlro pan colidiano ; y pcrdona nos nuejlras Jfudas ajjt comn ncs otmsy perdonamos a vuejiros deudores ; y no ncs metas en tentacion, wwf librn r.cf de tnaly porque tao es le regno ; y la potenciu ; y la, gloria per los Jiglos . Amen. Universities.] InSpain are reckoned twenty-two univerfitics, fome make them twenty-four ; as, Seville, Granada, Compoftella, Toledo,Val!a- dolid, Salamanca, Alcala, Siguenza, Valencia, Lerida, Huefca, Sara- gofa, Tortofa, Ofluna, Onata, Gandia, Barcelona, Murcia, Tara- gona, Baeza, Avila, Oriuela, Oviedo, and Palencia. Commerce and manufactures.] The Spaniards, unhappily for themfelves, make gold and filver the chief branches both of their ex- ports and imports. I'hey import it from Amerca, from whence they export it to other countries of Europe. Cadiz is the chief emporium for this commerce. *• Hither (fays Mr. Anderfon, in his Hiftory of Contmerce) other European nations fend their merchandize, to be Ihipped off in Spanifh bottoms for America, ftieltered (or, as our old Ens;lilh phrafe has it, coloured) under the names of Spanifh faftors. Thofe foreign nations have here their agents and correfpondents, and the con- fiils of thofe nations make a confiderable figure. Cadiz has been faid to have the (ineft florehoufes and magazines for commerce of any city in Europe; and to it the flota and galleons regularly import the trcafurcs of Spanifh America. The proper Spanifli merchandize exported from Cadiz to America are of no great value; but the duty on the foreign merchartdize fent thither would yield a great levenue, (and confequently the profits of merchants and their agents would fink) were it not for the many fraudulent praftices for eluding thofe duties. The manufaftures of Spain are chiefly of filk, wool, copper, ar.tf hard-ware. Great "efforts have been made by the government to pre- vent other European nations from reaping the chief advantage of the American coriimcrce ; but thefe never can be fucctfsful, till a fpirit ct induftry is awakened among the natives, fo as to enable them to fupply their American poficiTions with their own commodities and merchandize. 'Mean while, the good faith and faciiity with which the Engliih, French, Dutch, and other nations, carry on this contraband trade, render them jjreaier gainer^ by it than the Spaniards themfelves are, tlve clear profits i'ddom an)Ounting to lei's than twenty per cent. Thi.s evidently make; it an iinponant concern, that t!*ore inuucnrc riches ihould. belong to the Spaniards rather 'than fo nny aiilive Eurnpcan nation : but 1 ihall have ccc."fion to touch this fubjcit in the account of Amt- rica. Revenues.} The revenues ariiing to the icing from cM Spain, vearlv amount to- five millions fcerllug-, thou'^h finac fav ei^ht ; and rhey form the furell iuppoit of ids government. Mis /Xmcricaii nicome, jt is true, is immcnfe, but it >■> uenc'rally in a manner cmhe/.zlcd or an tlcipated before it arrives in Old Spain. The king has a. nfth ol' all the filvev miIle^ that are work*.'.], but little of it comci into his cofFci:;. Hf falls upon nicans, however, in iMfe of a war, or any public cnuTgc-ncy, T.0 j(?queikT into hi,s own hands great part of the Ainerknn tiralures belonging poor figure ev«D ard Englilh, as ;d as a llandard hundred years. los cielos, faiWlt- , ojjicn In tierra ^ona nos nuejhas y no ncs metas en a potencia ; y la niverfitics, fome i,Toledo,Valla- , Huefca, Sara- Murcia, Tara- ards, unhappily both of their ex- am whence they chief emporium n his Hiftory of ze, to be fliipped our old Enj!;lHh fatflors. Thofe ts, and the con- iz has been faid ce of any city in t the trcafurcs of ! exported from r on the foreign ind confequently re it not for the ol, copper, ar.rf 'ernment to pre- .d van cage of thr , til! a fpirit (>t them to fiipply ud niercliandize. nglilh, French, lie, render them tlve clear profits rvidcntly inakc5 ici. belong to the ut 1 ihall have 'Vom eld Spain, fay eight ; and Dcricaii income, •inhe/'/.led or an- lifth ol' aU the his cofixTa. Hf iblic <'tm'rg;cnKy, neiknn tiralures bckn>i;ing SPAIN: '403 belonging to his fubjefts, who never complain, becaufc they are always punftually repaid with intercll. The finances of his prcltMit catholip majefty are in excellent order, and on a better footing, both for hlmfclf and his people, than thofc of any of his pr- decefTors. As to tlie taxes from whence the internal revenues arife, they are va- rious, arbitrary, and fo much fiiited to conveniency, that we cannot fix them at any certainty. They fall upon a'l kinds of goods, houfes, lands» timber, and provifions ; the clergy and military orucrs arc llkcwife taxed. Military and marine strength.] The land forces of the crown of Spain, in time of peace, are never fewer than forty thouiand ; but in cafe of a war, they amount, without prejudice to the kingdom, to ninety-fix thoufand. The great dependence of the king, however, is upon his Walloon or foreign guards. His prefent catholic majefly has been at great care and expence to raifc a pov.-erful marine ; and hib fleets in Europe and America at prefent exceeds fifty Ihips of the line. Antiquities AND CURIOSITIES, 1 The former of thefe confift artificial AND NATURAL. J chicfly of Roman and iVloorilh'' rntiquiiies. Near Segovia, a grand aquedi:il:t, ercfted by Tmjan, erf- tends over a deep valley between two hills, and Is fupported by a double row of a hundred and feventy arches. Other i^oman aquedudls, theatres, andcirci, are to be found at Terragona, Toledo, and dificrent parts of Spain. A ruinous watch-tower near Cadiz, is vulgarly, but erroneoufly, thought to be one of the pillars of Hercules. The Moorilh antiquities, efpccially the palace of Granada, are mag-: rificent and rich : the infide is overlaid with jafper and porphyry, and the walls contain m^ny Arabic infcriptions ; the whole is executed in. what we improperly call the Gothic tafte, but it is really Saracen, tho' the Goths of Spain adopted it. Many other noble monuments, eredled in the Moorifh times, remain in Spaing fome of tiicm. in tolerable pre- fcrvation, and others exhibiting fuperb ruins. : > L..,. . Among the natural curiofities, the medicinal fprings, and foma noify lakes, form a principal part, but we mult not forget the river Guadiana, • which, like Mole in -England, runs under ground, and then is faid to emerge. • . , . Chief cities.] Madrid, though unrortlnsd, it being only furround- ed by a mud wall, is the capital of Spain, and contains aboutthree hun- dred thoufand inhabitants. All its grandeur, which the Spaniards blazoa with great pomp, docs not prevent its being, according to the bell ac- counts, a dirty uncomfortable place to live in, efpecially for iirangers. It is furrounded with very lofty mountains, whole fummits are always covered with fnow. The houfes in Madrid are of brick ; and are laid out chiefly for fliew, conveniency bcing.little confidered ; thus you will p;!ls through ufually two or three large apartments of no ufe, in order to come at a fmall room at the end where tlxe family fit. The houfes in general look more like prifons, than the habitations of people at their liberty ; the windows befide having a balcony, being grated with iron bars, particularly the lower range, and fonietimes all the reft. Separate femiiics generally inhabit the lame houic, as in Paris and Edinburgh. Foreigners are very much diftrefled for lodgings a ^ Madrid, as the Spaniards are not fond of taking ftrangers into their houfes, efpecially if they are; not catholics. Its greateft excellency is the cheapnels of its pioviiions, but neither tavern, coffee-houfc, nor news paper, excepting the Madrid I) d 2 gazette. i'lVl, m 4^4 SPAIN. II |1! \ 1: pa7.cttc, arc to he fouiul in the whole ciiy. The boalled rnya! paJaws round it are dfjiinned tor hunting ieati, pr houfe.s of reiircmqnt for their kiiii's. Some of tliciii conraiii llije painting-) and good llatues. The chief v( thnl'e pnh.c..., aie die liuen Retire, Cula dc Oampo, Aranjue/, and t)t. Ilcldbnfo. The pride o( Sp;iin, hcvever, is tlie Rfeurial, and the natives fay, pi'rh.ip,', with jultice, th.it tlie building of it coll more than that of any julace in Euiopc. 'I'ht dcfcription of' this palace forms a fi/.c.ible (juarto volume, and it is faid, that Philip IT. who was Its founder, expended upon it three millions, thiec hundred and fixty thoufand pounds ller. Jinfj. The Spaniards fay, that this building, beiides its palace, contains a church, a maufoleum, cloilters, a convent^ a colJege, and a library, beiides large apartments for all kinds, of artills and mechanics, noble Avail:?, with txtcufivc park.t and gardens, beautified with fountains ami collly ornaments. The fathers that live in the cowvent are two hundred, and they have an annual revenue of 12,000 1. The maufoleum, or bu- rying-place of the kings and quepns of Spain, is call^ the Pantheon, tiecaufe it is built upon the plan of that f rmple at Roine» as the church to which it belongs is upon the model of St. Peter's. , 'r'">>l Allowing to the Spaniards tiieir full eftimate of the incredible fums bellowed on this palace, and on its farniture, ftatMCS, paintings, co- lumns, vafes, and the like decorations, which are ni<>rt amazingly rich, and beautiful, yet we hazard nothing in faying, that the fabric itf»;lf difcovers a bad tafte, upon the whole. The conceit of building it in the form of a gridiron, becaule St. Laurence, to whom it is dedicated, wa; broiled on fuch a utenfil, and multiplying the fa"n\e figure through it,^ principal ornaments, could have been formed only jn the brain of a tallelefs bigot, fuch as Philip II. who erefted it to commemorate the viftory he obtained over the French (but by tlie aflillance of the Englifli forces) at St. Quintin, on St. Laurence's day, in the ye»r 1.563. It has been enriched and adorned by his fucceffors, but its outfide has a gloomy appearance, and the inlide is compofcd of different ftruilures, fome of which are mailer-pieces of arcbitefture, but forming a dif»greeable whole. It muil however be confeft, that the pidkujes and fta(ues that have found admifHon here, are excellent in their kind, and fome of them not to be equalled even in Italy itfelf. Cadiz has been already mentioned, as the emporium of Spain. It flands on an ifland feparated from the continent of Andalufia, by a very narrow arm of the fea, ovi:r which a fortified bridge is throwrv, andjoim it to the main land. The entrance into the bay is about five hundred fathoms wide, and guardtd by two forts called the Puntals. The en- trance has never been of late years attempted by the Englilh, in their wars with Spain, becaufe of the vaft interell our merchants have in the treafures there, which they could not reclaim from the captors. Seville i?, next to Madrid, the largeil city in Spain, but is greatly de- cayed both in riches and population. Its manutaiturers in wool and filk, who formerly amounted to lixteen tiioufand, are now reduced to four hundred, and its great office of commerce to Spaniflm America, is re- moved to Cadiz. Notwithllanding the pride and • oftentation of the Spaniards, their penury is cafily difcemible, but their wants are few, and their appetites eafily fatisfied. The inferior orders even in the greateft cities are miferably lodged, and thofe lodgings wretchedly furniih- ed. The poorer forts, both men and wouieri> wear ueitiier ihocs norilock- II SPAIN. 405 incredible fuins inrs. A trtivellfr in Spain muft carrv provifions and hediUnf^ with him, and if perchance he meets with the appearance of an inn, he iniill even cook his viftuals, it being beneath tlic dignity of a ."^paninrd, to perform thcfe offices to fl rangers ; but of ia^'c fonie tolcraL. inns are opened in the citifs, and through the kingdom, by Irlfli or Frentiimen. Tl»e pride, indolence, and larinefs of the Spaniard*, are powerful induce- ments to their more induftrious neighbours the Jiench, who are to he found in all parts of the kingdom, and here a wonderful contrail diftin_c;uifh the charadler of two neighbouring na'ion;. The Spaninrd feldom ftirs from home, or puts his hand to work of ..nv Lind. lie fiCfps, goes to mafs, takes his evening walk. While the induilrious Frenchman becomes a thorough domcftic ; he is butcher, cook, and taylor, all in thf fame family ; he powders the hair, ci'.ts the corn, wipes the Ihces, ami after makin*; himfelf ufcful in a,ihoufand dilRnnt lliapes, he returns to iiis native country lo.ndcd with dollars, and laughs out the remainder «f his days at the expence of his proud benefaftor. Royal ARMS, titles, no-) Spain fornvcrly comprehended twelve BiLiTY AND OftDERs. J kingdoms, all wiiich, \sith ieveral others, v.'crc by name entered into the royal titles, fo chat they amount- ed in all to about thirty-two. This abfurd culioju is ftiil otcafionally continued, but the king is now generally contented with the title of his rr.tholic majefcy. The kings of Spain are inaugurated by the delivery of a fword without being crowned. Their fignaturc never mentions ilu-ir name, but I the itiKo, Their eldcll fon is called prince of Allurias, r.nd their younger children of bctJi fcjies, are by way of diitindion called infants or infantas, that is children. The armorial bearing of the kings of Spain, like their title, is load- ed with the .irms of all their kingdoms. It is now a fliield, divided into four quarters, of which the uppermoll on the right hand, and the lowell on the left contain a. caftle, or, with three towers, for Caitile ; and in the unpcrmoft on the left, and the lowcft on the right, are three lior.i gules for Leon ; with three lillies in the center for Anjou. The general name for thofe Spaniih nobility and gentry, tmmixed with the Moorilh blood, is Hidalgo. They are divided into princes, dukts, raarquiill-s, counts, vifcounts, and other inferior titles. Such as are created grandees, may ftand covered before the king, and are treated with princely diilinftions. A grandee cannot be apprehended without the king's order ; and cardinals, archbiihops, embiifladors, knights of the golden fleece, and certain other great dignitaries, both in church and ftate, have the privilege, as well as the grandees, to appear covered be- fore the king. The knights of the three military orders of St. jame?, Calatrava, and Alcantara, are efteemed noblemen ; they wore inftituted in the long wars between the Clu-illians and the Moor^, as an encourage- ment f^ valour ; and have large eftatcs annexed to their refpcdlivc orders, confifting chiefly of towers or territories recovered from the Moors! Constitution and government.] Spain, Jroni being tlie moll free, is now the moil defpotic kingdom in liurope. The monarchy is hereditary, and females are capable of fucceflio::. It has even beei: queftioned, wheth r his catholic -majeilv may not o.-mueaih his crown upon his demiie, to any branch of the lOyal family he pleafcf. It ie at kaft certain, that the houfe of Bourbon luouuttJ tlic tluonc of Spiiin, m virtue of the Ui\ will of Chavk-s II. D d % Th-s Stlii t 4o6 SPAIN. 1 The cortes or parliaments of the kinedom, which formerly, cfpccially ill Ciftile, h.id j^rt-atcr power and privileges than that of England, arc now aholilhcil, but fome faint remains of their conftitution, are ftilNif. cirnible in llie ji;()Vi'rnmcnt, though all of them are incfl'ctflual, and under the contro'il of llic kiiij». 'I'Jic privy-council, which is compofcd of a number of noblemen or grandLCb, nominated by the kiiijj, fits only to prepare matters, and to iliia-ll papers for the c ibintl-council or junta, which confills of the firll ibcrctnry of Hate, and three or four more named by the king, and in them rcfidcs the direiflion of all the executive part of c;ovcrnment. The council of war takes co};;ii/.ancc of military affairs only. The council of Callile is ilie hip,helt 1 iw tribunal of the kingdom. The feveral courts of the royal audiences, are thofe of Galicia, Seville, Majorca, the Ca- naries, Sarai^oJfa, Valentia .".nd Barcelona. Thefe judge primarily in all taufcs within fifteen miles of their refpedive cities or capitals, and re- cc've appeals from interior jurifilidions. Uefides thofe there are many Subordinate tribunals for the police, the finances, and other branches of bufmefs. The government of Spanifh America forms a fyllcm of itfelf, and ij delegated to viceroys, and other magillrates, who are in their refpectivc iliilricls almoll abfoiuie. A council for the Indies is eftablifhed in Old Spain, and confiUs of a governor, four fecretaries, twenty-two counfel- lors, befidcs otlicers. Their decifion is final in matters relating to America. The members are generally chofen from the viceroys and magiftrates, who have fcrved in ihiit country. 1"he tvvo great viceroyalties of Peru jind Mexico are fo coriiiderable, that they are feldom trufted to one perdm for more than three years, btt they arc thought fuflicient to make his fortune in that time. The foreign pofieflions of the crown of Spain, befides thofe in Ame- rica, are the towns of Centa, Oran, and Mafulquivir, on the coaft of Barbary in Africa, and in Alia, the iflands of St. Lazaro, the Philip- pines and Ladrcnes. The chief iflands belonging to Spaiii in Europe, are thofe of Majorca, and Yvijca, of which we have nothing particular to fay. Minorca is in- deed a SpaniOi illand, but it was taken by the Englifh in i7o8. The Spanifli inhabitants enjoy theii rsligion, and particular privileges, to Vviiich they are entitled by ticades, and they are faid to amount o 27,000. Revolutions and memo- J See Portugal ; the two kingdoms be- KABLK evo!;t3. j jiig formerly under one head. PORTUGAL, Situation and E\'TEN't» Lon. ? 7 1 Between < and > E. L 10 S f 37 7 Between -< and > N. Lat. Beinff 300 miles in Icngthf 100 miles In breadth. BoUNCARIESi P O R 1 U G A L. 407 BovNDARins.]T T is bounded l.y Spain on the nnrih niul ca(\, :uid X t'n the |i)iith ;iii'l wcil hy ilit- Atlantic ocean. Antient names and 7 This kingdom \va.:, in the time of the DIVISIONS. 3 Romans called I, iiruaiiia. The efymrloj>y of ihc modern name is uncertain. It ninll probnbly is drrived fioiji fonie noted hiirlvjur or port, to which Cauls (for fo ilrangcrs are callec fea breezes. IVIouNTAiNS.] The face of Portugal is mountainous, or rathcf rocky, for their mountains are generally barren : the chief are thofe which divide Algarve from Alentejo ; thofe of Tralos Montes, and the rock of Liibon, at the mouth of the Tajo. vVater and rivers.] Though every brook in Portugal is reckon- ed a river, yet the chief Portugueze rivers are mentioned in Spain, all of them falling into the Atlantic ocean. The Tagus, or Tajo, was cele- brated for its golden fand. Portugal contains feveral roaring lakes and fprings, fome of them are abforbent even of the lightcll fuhihmces, fuch as wood, cork, and feathers ; fome, particularly one .about fcrty-fivc raiies from Liibon, are medicinal and fanativc, and fome hot baths are l:)i;nd in the little kingdom, or rather province of Algan'e. Promontories and bays.] The promontories or capes of Portu- ;^al, are Cape Mondego, near the mouth of the river Mondcgo ; Cape Hoca, at the north entrance of the river Tajo ; Cape Efpithcl, at the louth entrance of the river Tajo ; and Cape St. Vincent, on the foutli- well point of Algarve. T'he ba}s are thofe of Cadoan, or St. Ubc2, fouth of Lifbon, and Lagos Bay in Algarve. AwiMALs.] The fea-filh, on the coall of Portugal, arc reckoned ex- cellent ; on tlic land the hogs ;uid kids are tolerable eating. Their mule.: D d 4 are j« .' 40 1 P O R T U G A L. are furc and fcrvlccable, both for draught and cai.iage ; and their hnrfes though flight are lively'. Population, jxhaeitants, 1 According to the bed calculation AND CL'STOMs. 3 Portug:il COD tuins ncar two million of inhabitants. By a furvey made in the y-ar 1732, there were in that kin2;fIom, 3,344 pariflics, end 1,742,230 lay-pcrfons (which is but 52: hut/ to each pariflu on a medium) befides about 300,000 ecclefialtics of both fcxes. The modern Portugiieze retain nothing cf that adventurous enter- pvlv.inj: fpirit that rendered their forefathers fo illuftrious tliree hundred )ears ago. They have ever fince the houfe of Braganza mounted the throne, degenerated in all their virtues, though fome noble exceptions are ftill remaining among them, and no people are fo little obliged as the Portugueze are to the reports of hiltorians and travellers. Their degeneracy is evidently owing to the weakncfs of their monarchy, which renders them inadive, for fear of difobliging their powerful neighbour^, and that inaftivity has proved the fource of pride, and other unmanly vices. Treachery has been laid to tiieir charge, as well as ingratitude, and above all, an intemperate paffion for revenge. They are if poflible more fuperftitious, and, both in high and common life, affeft more llate than the Spaniards themfelves. Among the lower people, thieving is commonly praftifed, and all ranks are accufed of being unfair in their dealings, efrscially with ftrangers. It is hard, however, to fay what al- teration may be made in the charadler of the Portugueze, by the "xpal- fion of the Jefuits, and the diminution of the papal influence ajiiong them, but above all, by that fpirit of independency, with regard to com- mercial affairs, upon Great Britain, which, not much to the honour of their g/atitude, is now fo much encouraged by their court and miniftry. The Portugueze are neither fo tall, nor fo well made as the Spaniards, whofe habits and cufloms they imitate, only the Portugueze quality affeft to be more gayly and richly dreft. The Portugueze ladies are thin vrd fmali of ftature. Their complexion is olive; their eyes black and exprefiive, and their features gencrallv regular. They are efteerned to be generous, moderate, and witty. They dreri like tlie Spanifh ladies, with much awkwardnefs and affefted gravity, but in general more magnifi- cent, and they are taught by their hufband.s to exacl from their fervants an homage, that jn other countrif's is paid only to royal perfonages. The furniture of the houfco, cfpecially of their grandees, is rich and fuperb to exetfo, and they maintain an incrcdibi? number of doinelHcs, as they nevfr difcharge any jj^o furvivc, ifi.er ferving ':helr ancellors. PvELiGioN.] The elinblilhed religion of Portugal is popery in the f^riiTteil fenfe. The Portugueze hav^ a patriarch, but formerly he de- pj.ided entirely upon the pojH', unlcf;; wiicn a quane] fubfifted between the courts of R(mie and Luhv. 1. The power of his holiiicfs in Portugal has been of late fo mucii curuii!ed, that it is dilhcull to defcribe the re- ligious Hate of that country ; all we know is, that the royal revenues are greatly cncrcafed at the cxpcr.cc of the religious in.litutions in the king- dom. The power of the inquifition i^ now taken out of the hands of eccltfia^'cs, and converted to a ftaie-trap for the benefit of the cro»vn. A:ici{BiL,HOprstc^ and xjishoph its,] The archblfhoprics are thofe of liraga, Rvora and Lifbon. The firil of thefc has ttn futfragan biihops ; the fec«>;ui tv/ ; ; auirue, but neglefted poetical genius. Lang i; AGE.] T'le Portugueze language differs but little from that of Spain, and that provincially. Their P^ifer Nujier runs tlius: Padre iicjjo q,ie ejfjs 71(js Ccos, SanSlificado feio ttt name ; "jenha a nos ten rcynst jiia flit a a tra yctade, ajji nos ceos, comma na ti. -a. O paonojfa de ca- dati'i, dano lo oie nejlodia. E pcrdoa nos feuhor, as nojfas divides, ajji (omn tins pcrdoamos a os ticjjos devedoes. E nuo nos dexes cahir om tentatio, ms libra nos do ma!. Amen. IJMVERsiTiti.] Thefe are Lilbon, Evora and Coimbra; but that of Jafoon fcarcely deferves the name of an univcrfity. Commerce and manufactures.] Thef.-, within ihefc fevencr t\^\i years, have taken a furprizing turn in Portugal. The enterprizing minifitr there, has projeftcJ many new companies and regulations, which have been again and again complained of, as unjult and opprcflivc to the privileges which the Britifli merchants formerly enjoyed by the moll fo- knn trtaticF. The Furt;iguc7C exchange their wine, fait, and fruits, and :noft of their own materials for foreign manufactures. Th?y make a little linen, and feme coarfe filk, and woollen, with a vat-iety of draw work, and are excellent in prefcrving and candying fruit. The commerce of Portugal, though feemingly extenfive, proves of little folid benefit to her, as the European nations, trading with her, cngrofs all the produc- tions of her colonies, as well as her own native con, modi ties, as her gold, diamonds, pearls, fugars, cocoa-nuts, fine red wood, tobacco, hides, and the drugs of Brafil ; her ivory, ebony, . fpices, and drugs of Africa and E aft India ; \n exchange for the almoft numberlefs manufac-. turcs, and the vail quantity of corn and falt-fiih, fw^pplied by thofe Eu- ropean nations, and by the Englilh North American colonies. The Portugueze foreign fettlements are, however, not only of immcnfe value, but valtly improvable. They bring gold from their plantations oa the call and weft coafts of Africa, and likewife (laves for manufadurin^j their fugars and tobacco in Brafil, and their fouth American fettlement.s. What the value of thefe may be, is unknown perhaps to the Portu- gceze therafelves, but they certainly abound in all the precious ftones, and rich mines of gold and filver, and other commodities that are pro- duced in the Spanim dominions there. It is computed that the ki'ig's fifth of gold, fent from Brafil, amounts annually in 300,000!. fterliug, noiwithftanding the vaft contraband trade. The liiile Ihipping the Por- tugutize have, is chiefly employed in c:irryir2 c;! iliz flive trade, .inj A COf- rm i n i 410 PORTUGAL; a correfpondence with Goa, their chief fet:lement in the Eafl-Indles and their other pofieffions there. Revenues and taxes.) The revenues of the crown amount to above three millions and a half fterling, annually. The cuftoms and dq- ties on goods exported, and imported, are excellive and farmed out, but if the l'ortiip;ueze miniftry fliould fucceed in all their ambitious projefts, and in ella'-.ulhing cx'clufive companies, to the prejudice of the Britilli trade, the inhabitants will be able to bear thefe taxes without murmuring. i'on.i.:^n merchandize pays 23 per cent, on in^iortation, and fifh from Newfoundland 25 per cent, Fiih taken in the neighbouring fcas and rivers pay 27 'per cent, and the tax upon lands and cattle that are fold is 10 per cent. The king draws a confidcrablc revenue from the fe- vcral orders of knighthood, of which he is grand niafter. The pnpc, in contidcratron of the large fums he draws out pf Portugal, give's the king the money arifnig from indulgcncies and licences to eat flcfh at tiinc'j proluhitt'd, &c. The king's revenue is now increafed by ihi fupprcliion of religious orders and inflitiitions. Royal tivles and arms.] The king's title:; arc, king of Por- tugal, and the Algarvts, lord of Guinea, and of the navigation c^nr • and commerce of hrhiopia, Anbia, Perfia, and Brafil. The j ' I was complimented by the jjopc, with the title of his moll faitluji lua- jelly. That of his eldelt (vi\ is prince of Brafil. The arms of Portui[)al ire, argent, five efcutcheons, azure, placed crofs-wife, e;ich chart.ed vath a,, many befants as the firft, placed falti"-- wife, and pointed fable, for Pcj-tugal. The fliield bordered, giUc , charged with feven towers, or, three in chief, and two in each flaiich. The creft is a crown, or, under the two flanchcs, and the bail* of the fhield appears at the end of it ; two crofles, the firil fiower-de-luce, vert, which is for the order of Avis, and the fecond patee, gules, for the order of Chrill; tlic motto is changeable, each king afluming a new one: but it is frequently thefe words, Pro Re^e et Grege, viz. For the Kin^ and the People. Nobility and orfjers.] The titles and dillinilionsof their nobility are pretty much the fame with thofe of Spain. Their orders of knight- hood are four; i. That of Chrift ; 2. The order of James; 3. The prder of Avis. All thofe orders have large commanderies, and revenues annexed to them- The order of Malta has likevvife twenty- three com- nianderies in Portugai. Military ano marine strength.] The Portugueze government (depends chit; fly for proteftion on England, and therefore they have fo many year.^ fliam.efully neglecled both their army and fleet. Their troc^ in time of peace ought to amount to fourteen thoufand, but they arc without difcipline or courage, and their regiments are thin. -The prefer: |:ing, however, f;nce the late invafion of his dominions by tlie French and Spaniards, has employed EnglKh andfc-eign officers, for difcipHnin!,' his t'-oops, rjnd repairing his fortifications. The marine of Portugal in 1754, confilled only of twelve Ihips of war, who ^vere emp'oyedonly as convoy ,1 and carriers, but were quite unprovided for afticn. The prefen: king is preparing to put his fleet upon a piore rpfpedable footing. Curiosities.] The lakes and fountains which have been already nen'ioned form the chief of thefe. The remains of foiiie calllcs in the ?.!jorilh tallc arc llill Handing. The Roman hndge and ' ncduft at C'jimbrii, are ilill almoU entire and dcfcrvedly admjieU. I nc walls f;t ^ iSantaret'ii PORTUGAL. 4U n the Eafl-Indles, crown amount to be cuftoms and dy. 1 farmed out, but imbitious projefts, ice of the BiitKh ithout murmuring, in, and fiih from ihouring feas and :attle that are fold mc from the fe- ifter. The pnpc, 3rtugal, gives the Es to eat flcHi at increafed by the re, king of For- ivigatioi) c'inr . The .. -« t noft faitliiui \ii.i. ns, azure, plar'.i rft, placed faki"-- bordi-red, gulc , 3 in each flancli. i the baib of the ver-dc-luce, vert, les, for the order ing a new one; :. jpor the Kin;; of their nobilitv >rders of kaight- Jamcs ; 3. Tiie Bs, and revenuci enty-three com- ueze government they have fo et. Their troCj. d, but they are in. ■ The prefer: by the French for difcipHnin?,' ; of Portugal in mp'oyed only as n. I'he prelcn: ; footing. re been already t: calllcs Ui the rrl • ' acduft at [he walls d ^ iJantarccn Sar.tareen arc faid to be of Roman work likewife. The church and mo- nafiery near Lilbon, where the kings of Portugal are buried, arc incx- prcffibly magnificent, and feveral monallerics in PorLugal are dug out of :hc hard rock. To thefe curiofities we may add, that his prefent molt faithful majelly is poffcfied of the largeft diamond, which was found in Brafd, that ever was perhaps feen in the world,. Constitution and government.] The crown of Portugal is abfolute, but the nation ftill preferve.s an appearance of its ancient free conftitution, in the mer'^'ng of the cortes or ftatcs, confiding like our parliam'^nts, of clergy, nobility and commons. They pretepd to a right of being confulted upon the impofition of new taxes, but the only real power they have is that their aflentis necefi'aryin every new regulation, with regard to the fucccfllon. In this they fire indulged, to prevent all future difputes on that accoimt. T.he fucceffion in Portugal may devolve to the female line. All great preferments, both fpiritual and temporal, are difpofed of in the council of fcate, which is compofcd of an equal number of the clergy and nobility, with the fecretary of ftate. A council of v.-ar regu- lates all military affairs, as the treafury courts do the finances. The council of the palace ii the highei^ tribunal that can receive appeals, but the Cafa da i3Upp'iica9ao is a tribunal, from which no appeal can be brought. The laws of Portugal are contained in three duodecimo vo- lumes, and have the civil law for their foundation. Chief cities.] The city of Oporto, confilting of about 50,000 inhabitants, carries on a great trade with England, efpecially for wines. Lilbon is the capital of Portugal, and is thought to contain zco, 000 in- habitants. Great part of it was ruined by an earthquake in 1755, but the calamity was not fo dreadful as it was at firil rcprcfentcd. It Hill contains many magnificent palace?, churches, and public buildings. Its ifituation renders its appearance at once delightful and fuperb, and it is defervcdly accounted the greateli: port in Europe, next to London and Amu-'idam. The harboijr is fpacious and (czyw, and the city itfelf 'is ;>';..';rded from any fudden attack towards the La by fo;-ts, though they . u? . make but a poor defiance againll fliips of war. . .CRY OF Spain and Portugal.] Spain wa-^ probably firft ppo- '. 'ro: ' Gaul, to which it lies contiguous, or from Africa, fiom which :ij. 4'. i) feparated by the narrow ftrait of Gibraltar. The Fhenicianj fsnt cl.-.ies thither, and built Cadiz and Malaga. Afterwards, upon the rife of Rome and Carthage, the poflefiion of this kinfjdom becatre an objcf): of contention between t'lole powerful republic;; ; but at length the Roinan aims j .cvailed, and vSpain remained in their poUciuon until the fall of that empire, v/hen it became :i prry to the Goth'. Tlicfe, h. their turn, were invaded It; the Saracens, who, about the end i"'f the 7th century, had pofll-fled themfelvej) of the fiucil kingdoms of Afia and Africa ; ana not content with the i.T.incnfe rc!;ions ilKit formerly rimpofcd great part of the Ailiy'rian, Greek, and Roman empirv's, they rrof-; the Mediterranenrn, ravage Spain, and cllablilh themfclvej in th? j'jiithciiy provinces of that kingdom. Don Pelago is mentioned as the firll old Spanifh prince who diftin- ^uilhed himlelf againll: thefe iniidcls, (who were afterwards known by pc name of Moors^ and he took the title of kin" of Ailuria about thii vcar 720, • ■ ■ • !>. I i 412 PORTUGAL. ii His fuccefles animated other Chr'iAian princes to take arms likewife, and the two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal for many ages were per- petually embroiled in bloody wars. In the mean while, every adven- turer was entitled to the conqucfts he made upon the Moors, till Spain at laft was divided into twelve or fourteen kingdoms ; and about the year 1095, Henry of Burgundy was declared, by the king of Leon, count cf Portugal; but his fon, Alphonfo, threw off his dependence on Leon, and declared himfelt king. A fcries of brave princes gave the Moors repeated overthrows in Spain, till about the year 1475, when all the kingdoms in Spain, Portugal excepted, were united by the marriage of Ferdinand, king of Arragon, and Ifabella, the heirefs, and afterwards queen, ofCalHle, who took Granada, and e:^pellcd the Moors and Jews, to the number of 170,000 families, out of Spam. I Ihall, in their proper places, mention the vaft acquisitions made at this time to Spain by the tlifcovery of America, and the firft expeditions of the Pftrtuguefc to the Eaft Indies, by the difcovery of the Cape of Good-Hope; but the fuc- ce^es o hoth nations were attended with difagreeable confequences. The e • ' . of the Moors and Jews, in a manner depopuhted Spain of artifts, 1. rers, and manufadurers ; and the difcovery of America not only addcu to that calamity, but rendered the remaining Spaniards rnoft deplorably indolent. To complete their misfortunes, Ferdinand and Ifabella introduced the popifli inquifition, with all its horrors, into their dominions, as a fafeguard againft the return of the Moors and Jews.' Portugal, after (as has been already mentioned) being governed by a race of brave kings, fell to Sebaftian, about the year 1557. He loll his life and a f.ne army, in a headftrong, unjuft, and ill-concerted expe- dition into Africa ; and foon after, Philip H. of Spain, united Portugal to his own dominions about the year 1580, though the Braganza family pretended to a prior right. Philip II. was the fon of Charles V. emperor of Germany, and king of Spain in right of his mother, who was daughter to Ferdinand and Ifabella. The defcendents of Philip, who were the eldeft branch of the Aulbian family, proved to be very weak princes; but Philip and hh father had fo totally ruined the antient liberties of Spain, that they reigned almoft unmolefled in their own dominions. Their viceroys, how- ever, were at once fo tyrannical and infolent over the Portuguefe, that in the year 1640, their nobility, by a well-condudled confpiracy, expelled their tyrants, and placed the duke of Braganza, by the title of John IV. upon their throne ; and ever fmce, Portugal has been a dilHn*^ kingdom from Spain. The Auftrian race failing in Spain in the perfon of Charles II. Philip, duke of Anjou, fecond fon to the dauphin of France, and grandfon to Lewis XIV. mounted that throne in 1701, by virtue of his predeCeiTor's will. After a long and bloody ftruggle with the German branch of the Jioufe of Auftria, fupportcd by England, he was confirmed in his dignity, at the conclufion of the peace of Utrecht, 171 3. After a long and tur- bulent reign, which was dillurbed by the ambition of his wife, Elizabeth, of Parma, he died in 1746. He was fucceeded by his fan, Ferdinand VI. who^ in 1759, died without iffue, through melancholy for the lofs of his uifc. Ferdinand was fucceeded by Charles III. the prefent king of Spain, fon to Pliijip V. by his wife, the princefs of Parma. The PoMu(_uicfe could not have fupportcd themfelves under their revolt Iram bpain, hd PORTUGAL. 413 rah not the latter power been engaged in wars with England and Holland ; snd upon the reftoration of Charles II. of Enab.nd, that prince havin^j married a princefs of Portugal, prevailed with the crown of Spain, iu ,563, to give up all prcteitiions to that kingdom. Alphonfo, fon to Jolin IV. was then king of Portugal. He hnd the misfortune to difagrce at once with his wife and his brother, Peter, and they uniting their interelh.. not only foitcd Alphonfo to refign his crown, but obtained a dilpenration frpm the pope for their marriage, which was aftually con- fummated. They had a daughter ; but Peter, by a fecond marriage, had Cms, the eldcft of whom was John, his fucceflbr, and father to his prefi at Portuguefe majefty. John, like iiis father, joined the grand can- {'ederacy formed by king William; but neither of them were of niucli fervice in humbling the power of France. On the contrary, they had aimoft ruined the allies, by occafioning the lofs of the great battle of Ahnanza in 1707. John died iti 1750, and was fnccecded by his fon, his prefent majerty. In 1760, the king was attacked by aiTaflins, and narrowly efcaped with his life in a folitary place near Belem. The exe- cutions of nobility and others which followed, are Ihocking to humanity, ' efpecially as we know of no clear proof agaiuft the parties. From this confpiracy is dated the expulfion of the jefuits (who are fuppofed to have been at the bottom of the treafon) from all the parts of his moll faithful majefty's dominions. The prcfcut king having no fon, his eldeil daughter was married, by difpenfation from the pope, to Don Pedro, her own uncle, to prevent the crown filling into a foreign family, and the next year, 1761, fhe was brought to bed of a fon, called the prince. ofBeira. In 1762, when war broke out between Spain and England, the Spa- niards, and their allies the French, pretended to force his faithful ma- jefty into their alliance, and to garrifon his fea-towns againft the Englifh with their troops. The king of Portugal rejedled this prppofal, and de- clared war againft the Spaniards, who, without refiftance, entered Por- tugal with a confidcrable army, while a body of French threatened it ffom another quarter. Some have doubted whether any of thofe courts were in earnelt upon this occalion, and whether the whole of the pre- tended war was not concerted to foice England into a peace with France and Spain, in confideration of Portugal's apparent danger. It is certain that both the French and Spaniards carried on the war in a very dilatory- manner, and that had they been in earneft, they might have been maHtrx of Lifbon long before the arrival of the Englifh troops to the afliHauce of the Portugueie. Be that as it will, a few Englifh battalions put an efFetSual ftop, by their courage and mancxsuvres, to the progrefa of the invafion. Portugal wasfaved, and a peace was concluded at Fontainbleau in 1763. Not- withftanding this eminent fervice performed by the Englilli to the Por- tuguefe, v/ho had been often faved before ia the like manner, the latter, ever fiiice that period, cannot be faid to have beheld their dclivereis widi a friendly eye. The moil captious diilinCfiioas and frivolous pretences have been invented by the Portuguefe minifters for crampirng the Englilb trade, and depriving them of their unqusftianed privilege j; not to men- tion that his moll faithful majelly is faid ni)w to have became a party in the famous family compafl of the houfc of Bourbon. As to Spain, her king is fo warmly attacht'd to that conipacl, that he even hazarded bis American dominions to fupport ip. War being de- ciar.-d m P f 414 1 T A L r. dared bftween him and England, the latter took from him the Havan-i nah, in tlie jilaiui of Cuba, and thereby rendered hcrlt-lf entirely niillrefs of the navigation of the Spaniih plate fleets. Many circunvUanccs con- curred to make a peace ueceflary to England, and upon its contlulion, the Havannah was rellored to Spain. His prcfent catholic majefty does all he can to oblige his fiihjefts to dcfill from their antient drefs and manners, and carried his cndeavouri fo far, that it occafioned fo dangerous an infurrcdion at Madrid, as obliged him to part with his miniller. I'M • ITALY. Between Between •{ and 47 Situation and Extent, Lon. I I 600 miles in length. Being 400 miles in breadth* Boundaries.] TT is bounded by Switzerland and the Alps, which X. divide it from Germany, ou the north} by an- other part of Germany, and the gulph of Venice, eaft ; by the Mfdi- ttrranean, fouth ; and by the fan.ie lea, the Alps, and ilie river \'ar, which divide it from France, oh the vvolt. The form of Italy, however, renderj it very difficult to afccrtain its extent and dimti'fions; for fomc fay,, .jiat according to the hciV accounts it is, from the fiontitrs of Switzeilund to the cxtrcnltv of ihti.'klnrdnm of Naples, about feven hundred and fifty riikr, In.IevWtK • pnd fmm the frontiers of the duchy of Savoy, to thofe of ii.c doniinion? of the ilatcs of Venice, which is its grcatcll: breadth, 'about four. Iiuiutivil niilej, though in fome parts it is fcarce one hundred. , V'f'.'.','. V"^!^'',] . The whole of the Italian dominions, comprch'endin§"tne Venniilin, (now feized upon by Fi.uicc)' Corfica, and the v enctian illuudo, are divided and exhibited in the folIowinptabL*. lim the ir-ivan- entirely miilrefs :uinUauccs con- II iis coiitlulion, : his fuhjefts to his {.'nJcavouri at MaJrid, as es in length. cs ill breadth* h*e -Alps, which north} by nii- ; by the IVT^'di- the rivfi- \'af, o flfcort-ain its e hciV accounts if t,h(-.'k:n^dom Mid fmm the of the il.'Ucs of" niile.^, though the Vp::::i:3in, in iihuulo, are hv 11 \- M Ill i S^O*>r^^"^ M EDI TIE II H A ^ i: A N ^^ I . I . if /3 .'•■%• V'' ITALY. 4^5 r" f 'p. Countric Name;. Si|iinrp •^ ChicfCitk'. ap Dft.fr. Mile-. C-. Rm c. JtMy. I. JO m3 ■J • 5'=7 1 I'icdmont 6619 T.nin 204 1 Savoy 3S7» «7 6c Chinibiry 4i(i 81 To the kingJ Montfcrrat 446 4c 2Z Cafal 546 42 of Sardinia. | AleUandrine 204 27 20 Alexandria 5^'7 60 / Oneplia ,'5* 24 / Oneglia 742 67 V. Sardinia I, 6600 H'; 57 Capliari 7^7 356 To if? own k. Naples 2Z,000 275 20c Naples 810 lOZ _ , f Milan To the cm- 1 . . 54^.1 »5^ 70 Milan 581 240 10 tne tm i jy^^^j^^ 700 47 27 Mantua 640 7.12 P""'- ) MirandoU 120 19 10 Mirandola 663 19Z To the king ?;.■■. , of Naples S > 9400 180 92 Palermo 794 214 rope'F dominions 14.348 435 J4-! ROMB 821 To France Venaiflin 520 37 21 Avignon 516 37"; To the tmper. Tufcany 6640 "5 94 Florence 720 "5 Maffa 82 16 II M.ifla 665 154 Parma 122s 48 37 Parma 652 194. Modena 1560 65 ir) Modena 673 177 Piombino 100 22 l8 Piombino 790 90 Monaco 24 12 4 Monaco 7^7 275 Lucca 286 28 15 Lucca 66^ 130 St. Marino ? St. Marino 768 129 Genoa 2400 160 25 Genoa 76:? 213 To France Corfica I, 2520 90 38 Baftia 756 lao ■Venice 8434 '75 95 Venice ioi;5 22<; Iftria P. I24.S 63 32 Capo d'lftrla 67c <52 Dalmatia P. 1400 135 20 Zara iccg 190 Ifles of Dalmatia 1364 T- J • .1. r Cephalonia Venetirn^'iS^'^f-'-Corcyra 428 40 18 Cephalonica 912 5fi7 194 31 10 Corfu 919 4.87 Venetian < Zant,or Zacynthus d.mmions. (_st. Maura 120 56 23 12 / Zant St. Maura 920 913 600 541 C Little Cephalonia I Ithaca olim H 7 3 914 55^ Total— 75.576 Soil and air.] The happy foil of Italy produces the comforts and luxuries of life in great abundance; each Jiib-icl has its peculiar cxxcl- Icncy and commodity ; wines, the molt delicious fruit?, and oil, are the moll general produftions. As much com grows here r.? fervcs the inha- bitants; and was the grou-nd duly cultivated, the Italians might export it to their neighbours* The Italian checlcs, particularly thofe caP' d Parmefans, and their native filk, form a principal part of their cc...- merce. There is here a great variety of air ; and fome parts oi' Italy bear .melancholy proofs of the alterations that accidental caufes make on the face of nature ; for the Camnaf^na di Ro.ma, where the .ir.tient P.omans enjoyed the moft falubrious air of any place perhaps on the globe, is now almoil peftilential through the decrcafe of inhabitants, which has occa- lioned a ftagnatlon of waters, and putrid exhalations. The air of the northern parts, which lie among the Alpii, or in their neighbourhood, is keen and piercing, the ground being, in many placcG, covered with fftow in winter. The Appcnnines, which are a ridge of mountains that longitudinally almolt divide It:»ly, have great effcdls on its climate ; the countries on the fouUi being warm, thofe on the north mild and tempe- rate. m'fi 4.6 I T A L Y. rate. The fc.i bjrezes refrefh the kin:;dom of N'.ipic:. fo mucli, tl.atr'* remaikalil«' IiKtuufrticury of air i, touiul tlieir, iv'tuuliiiandi; t j^, fomhern lituiiiion. Iir general, the air of Italy nuiy be faid to be J.y and pure. Mount \iN's.] We h:ive already mentioned tl.c Alps an« ITALY. 421 ire, Chrift and a " I .nce to the bifhop of Rome, the fucceffor of St. Peter, the prince of the apoftles, and vicar of Jefus Chrifl;. " I do undoubtedly receive and profefs all other things which have been delivered, defined, and declared by the facred canons and oecume- nical councils, and cfpecially by the holy fynod of Trent. And all other things contrary thereto, and all herefies condemned, rejefted, and ^-uia- ihematizcd by the church, I do likewife condemn, rcjeft, and anathe- matize." Archbishoprics.] There are thirty-eight archbifhoprics in Italy, bHt the fuft'ragans annexed to them are too indefinite and arbitrary for the reader to depend upon, the pope creating or fuppreffing them as he pleafes. Language.] The Italiar; language is remarkable for its fmoothnefs, and the facility with which it enters into raufical compofitions. The ground-work of it is Latin, and it is eafily maltered by a good claflical Icholar. Almoft every ftate in Italy has a diflerent dialed j and the prodigious pains taken by the literary focietics there, may at laft fix rhe Italian into a ftandard language. At prefent, the Tufcan ftile and wriring is moft in requcft. The Lord's prayer runs thus : Padro noftro, cbe fei tie cieli, JiafanSll- fiCato il tuo nome ; /"/ two regno 'venga ; la tu< •volitnta Jia fafta, fi come in ('do coji anche in terra ; dacci haggi il nojlro pane catidiatto ; crcTnitticii mfiri dehitif Ji come not anchora remittiamo a tiojlri dcbiiori ; e non ivdta-d in tentatione, ma liheraci dal maligna ; perchioche tuo e il regnOf e la po tenza, e la gloria in Jhnpiterno. Amen. Universities.] Thofe of Italy are, Rome, Venice, Florence, Mantua, Padua, Parma, Verona, Milan, Pavia, Bologaa, Ferrara, Pifa, Naples, Salerno, and Perufia. Antiquities and curiosities, 7 Italy is t''" native country of NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. j sU that 1 ""endous, great, or beautifii], either in antient or modern times. A Miy miehc be filled by defcriptions and delineations of all that is rare arid cuiioua in the arts; nor does the bounOo of this work admit of mentioi.iug even For him that forgeth letters apoftolical, 1 1. 7 s. For him that takes two holy orders in one day, 2 1. 6 s. For a king for going to the holy fepulcbre without Ucencf, 7 1. 10 !• DISPENSATIONS. For a baftard to enter all holy orders, 18 s. For a man or woman that is found hanged, that they may have chriftian burial, 1 1. 7 s. W. LICENCES. For a layman to change his vow of going to Rome to vifit the apoftollc churches, iSs. To eat flefh and white meats in Lent, and other fading days, 10 s. 6d. That a Icing or queen fliall enjoy fuch indulgences, ab if they went to Rome, 15 1. For a queen to adopt a child, 300 1. To marry in times prohibited, 2 1. 5 s. To eat flefli in times prohibited, i I. 4 s. Not to be tied to fafting days, 1 1. 4 s. For a town to take out of the church them (murderers) that have taken fani> viry therein, 4). 10 s. FACULTIES, To abfolvc all delinquents, 3 t. To difpcnfe with irreguUrilic?, 3 1. ... E e 3 ll«>r m. Ml '■■:% 422 ITALY. their general heads. AJl I can do is to give the reader the namtsof ihufe objcc'j that aic moll dillinguillied cither for antiquity or ex- cellcnce. I'ht: amphitheatres claim the firft rank, as a fpecies of the moD^^ ftrik. ing magniiiccncc ; that which was er'.ttcd by Vcipalian, and finilheii by Bomitian, called the Colofeo, now {lands at Rome. The amphitheatre of Verona, erefted by tlie conful Flaminius, is thought to be the moll entire of any in Italy. The ruins of other theatres and amphitheatres are vifible in other places. The triumphal arches of Vefpafi an, Sepumius Scvtius 'ind Conllantine the Great, are llill Handing, though decayed. The ruins of the baths, palaces, and temples, particularly that oi the Pantheon, aiifw^r all the ideas we can fcriii of the Roman grandeur. The pillars of Trajan and Aatonine, t;ie ;;;rn:cr a hundred and feventy. f.vc feet high, and the latter covered with inilruclive fculptures. are ilill reiiiaining. A traveller forgets the dcvaflations of the northern barba- rians, when he fees the roilrated column ereded by Duiliius, in comme- moration of the firft naval vidlory the Romans gained over the Caitl.a- ginians. The llatue of the wolf giving fuck to Romulus and Remus, with vifible marks of the llroke of lightning, mentioned by Cicero ; the very original brafs plates containing the laws of the twelve tables ; and a thouland other ■ lentical antiquities, fome of them tranfmitted unhurt to tlij preftnt times ; not to mention medals and the infinite variety of fw'ali and engraved lion'---; which abound in the cabinets of the curi'.'us. Many p„laccs, all over Italy, are farninird with buds and llatueb iabri- Cuicd in the times of the republic and the liighcr cni[.'ire. I'hc Appian, Flauiinian, and ^milian road^:, tiie firll two hundred miles, th'-' fecond a hundred iind tliiriy, and the tlilul fifiy miles in lengtli, are in many places iHll entire ; nor is tlie reader to exped any defciiptiou of the magnificent ruins of villas, refervoirs, bridge?, and tiic like, that prefent themf^dve;; all over the country «)f Italy. The fubterraneoiis condrudions of Italy arc as ihipcndous as thcfe above ground, witnefs the cloaca:^ and catacombs, or repufitories for dead bodies, in the neiglibnurhood of Rome and Naples. It is ml above tv/cnty years /ince a painter'j apprentice diicovered tlie ancient city of P.eftuin or Polidonia, in the kin^^Jom of Naples, Hill Handing; for fo indiirerent are tliu country people of Italy about objeds of aiiti- qtiity, that it was a new dilcovery to liic learned. An incxhauilil)],.' mine of cur.oiities are daily dug out of the ruins of llcrculaneuni, a city lying between Naples and \ eluvius, snd funk in an earthquake levtn- tee;; htindred years ago. With regard to iiodern curioft'es, they are .is bewildering as t!,: remains of antiquity. Rome iticif contains three hundred churches filled with all that i^ rare in arLhiti"i:;t:urc, painting, and fciilptuiv. Ktich city and town of Italy contains a proportionable number. 1 iie church of St. Peter, at Rome, is the moll: ailniilhirg, bold, and regu- lar fabric, that ever perhaps exilled ; .ind when evamined by the ruk-^i of art, it may be ivrnn'il fauUK-fs. 'Vh: hnufe and chapel of Loreito is rich beyond imagination, nOfrwitldland;i>g the ridiculous romance that ccxpofes its hiilory. The natural curioHties of Italy, though remn jihlc, are not fo nune-r rous as its artiiicial. Mount Vefuvius, near Nnples, snd Mount A.ir,A, in Sicily, are remarkalde for emitting fire from tlieir tops. Mount /Et' a is fi.\ty miles in circumference, and at the top tiierc is a bafon of ful- t)hur ITALY. 42J roir.aiicc lliat phor fix miles round, from whence fometimes ifiue rivers of melted niintrals that run down into the fea. There is generally an earthquake kibre any great eruption. In 1693, the port town of Catania was over- turned, and eighteen thoufand people periihcd. Between the lakes Agnano and Puzzeli there is a valley called Solfatara, becaufe vail quan- tities of fulphur are continually forced out of the clefts by fubterrancin tires. The grotto del Cana: is remarkable for its poifonous ileams, and is fo called from their killing dogs that enter it, if forced to remain there. The poifon of the tarantula, an infed or fpider, is well known to be rcmovv'd only by mufic and dancing ; and fcorpions, vipers, and fcrpents, are common in Apulia. States OK Italy, coNSTiTU- 7 Thus far I have been enabled TiON, AND CHIEF CITIES. ) to treat of Italy in general, but I am li<;re conftralned to deviate from my ufual method., The Italian {later. are not like the republics of Holland, or Switzerland, or the empire of Germany, cemented by a political confederacy, to which every member is accountable; for every Italian ftate has diflinft forms of government, trade, and intcrclls. 1 (hall be therefore obliged to take a ie^urate \'-c\y of each, to aflill the reader in forming an idea of the whole. His Sardinian majclly takes his royal title from that ifland ; and he is now a powerful prince in Italy, of which he is called the Janus, or keeper, ajainlt the French. He has an order of knighthood which is called the Annunciade, inilituted by the firll duke of Savoy, to commemorate his brave defence of Rhodes againft the infidels. The motto of the order is Fert, that is, Fortitudo ejus Rhodufn tcnuit. The collr.r of the order is fiteen links, to Ihew the liftecn myfteries of the Virgin ; at the end is the portraiture of our Lady, with the hillory of the annunciation. His Sardinian majefty's capital, Turin, is ftrongly fortified, and one of the finell cities in Europe; but the country of Savoy is mountainous and barren, and its natives are forced to feek their bread all over the world. They are elleemed a fimple but very honell people. The king is lo r.ji'olute, that his revenues confift of what he pleafes to raife upon his fubjeds. His ordinary income, befides his own family provinces, cannot be lefs than 500,0001. llerling, out of which he maintains fifteen thoufand men in time of peace. During a war, when ainlled by foreign fubfidies, he can bring to the field forty thoufand rncn. The aggrandize- ment of his prefect Sardinian majefty is chiefly owing to England, to whom, by his fituation and neighbourhood, ho is a natural ally, f ir the prefervatlon of the balance of power in Europe. The Miianefe, belonging to the houfe of Aullria, is a more fonnlvlable fiate, and formerly gave law to all Italy, when under the jjovernnient of its own dukes. The fertility i^nd amenity of the country is ;;hnoll. incre- dible. Milan, the capital, and its citadel, i:; very itrr^i^:^, and funiiihcd with a magnificent cathedral in the Gothic tallo, whicii rontains a \ery rich treafury, confilling chiefly of ecclefiaflical furnitun;, roni|»oll\I of gold, filver, and precious Hones, The revenue c f the durhy is above 300,000!. annually, which is fuppofed to m;iir,;a'n aii ji.niy.of tliiriy thoufand men. The natives arc fond c\'i literary ?.rd political afTeinhlk-. , where they hold forth almoll on all fubjec^ts. With ;tll ity i\atural ai.u acquired advantages, the natives- of Milan make but few exp-rts, \'i-\ rh,it its revenue, unlefs the court of Vienna il.ould porfiie fonio other fyi^cnj of improvement, cannot be much bettered. The republic of Genoa is vaftly degenerated from it. antient pm-.rr aud opuleuce, though the fpirit of tradf; Hill contiimes anion^ its nobility E c .f uii«l m ffilp m HMi M> flu K^^ |H|il 4H I T A L Y. t! and citixcns. Genoa is a moft* fuperb city. The inhabitants of diftinc- tion drcfs in black, in a plain, if not an uncouth manner, perhaps, to fave expences. Their chief manufaftures are velvets, damafks, gold and filver tiJFues ai a paper. The city of Genoa contains about a hun- dred and fifty thoiifand inhabitants (but fome writers greatly diminifh that number) among whom are many rich trading individuals. Its ma- ritime power is dwindled down to fix galHes, and about fix hundred fol- dicrs. The chief fafety of this republic confifts in the jealoufy of other European powers, becaufe to any one of them it would be a moft valua- ble acquifition. The common people are wretched beyond expreflion, as is the foil of its territory, which reaches about a hundred and thirty-fix miles in length, and twenty in breadth. Near the fea fome parts are tolerably well cultivated. The government of Genoa is purely arifto- cratical, being entirely veiled in the nobility. Venice is one of the moft celebrated republics in the world, on account both of its conftitution and former power. It is comrofed of feveral fine provinces on the continent of Italy, fome iflands in the Adriatic and part of Dalmatia. The city of Venice is leatcd on feventy-two iilands at the bottom of the north end of the Adriatic fea, and is feparated from the continent by a marfhy lake of five Italian miles in breadth, too (hallow for large fhips to navigate, which forms its principal ftrength. Venice preferves the veftiges of its antient magnificence, but is in every refpeft degenerated except in the paiTion which its inhabitants ftill retain for mufic and mummery during their carnivals. They feem to have loft their antient tafte for painting and architefture, and to be returning to Gothicifm. They have however lately had fome fpirited differences with the court of Rome, and feem to be difpofed to throw off their obe- dience to its head. As to the conflitution of the republic, to which it is faid they owe their independency, we can write little with any pre- cifion, becaufe it is kept a myftery to all but the members, and even of them (fuch are its intricacies and checks) few or none know it perfedtly. AH we know for certain is, that like Genoa, the govemment is arifto- ctatic, and that the nobility are divided into fix clalTes, amounting in the whole to twenty-five hundred, each of whom, when twenty-five years of age, has a right to be a member of the council. Thei's eic& a doge or chief magiftrate, in a peculiar manner by ballot, which is managed by gold and filver ball?. The doge is inverted with great ftate, and with emblems of fupreme authority, but has very little power, and is fl]ut up in the city as a prifoner. The government and laws aro ma- naged by five different councils of the nobles. As every Venetian of a noble family is himfelf noble, great num- bers of thcin go about the ftreets begging, and generally prelent a filver or tin liox, to ftrangers, to receive their alms. All the orders are dreft in black gowns, large wigs and caps, which they hold in their hands. The ceremony of the doge's marrying the Adriatic once a year, by dropping into it a ring, fVom his bucentaur or ftate-barge, attended by thofe of all the nobility, is the moft fuperb exhibition in Venice, but not comparable for magnificence to a lord mayor's fliew. The inhabitants of Venice are fiiid to amount to two hundred thoufand. The grandeur and convenience of the city, particularly the public palaces, the treafu- ry, and the arfenal, are beyond expreflion. Over the feveral canals of Venice, aie laid near five hundred bridges, the greatcft part of which art ^one. The Venetians ftiii have fome manufaftures in fcarlet cloth, gold an4 I T A L r. 425 and filver ftuffs, and above all, fine looking-glaflcs, all which bring in a confiderable revenue to the owners ; that of the Hate annually is faid to amount to eight millions of Italian ducats, each valued at twenty pence of our money. Out of this the expenccs of the ftate are defrayecf, and the army, which confifts of fixteen thoufand regular troops, always commanded by a foreign general, in time of peace, and ten thouiand militia, is paid. They keep up a fmall fleet for curbing the infolencies of the piratical dates of Barbary, and they have among them fcveral orders of knighthood, the chief of which are tbofc of the Golden Star, fo called from its badge, which is conferred ^nly on the firft quality, and the military order of St. Marc, the badge of which is a medal of that apoftle. In ecclefiallical matters the Venetians have two pntriarchs ; the autho- rity of one reaches over all the provinces, but neither of them have much power ; and both of them are chofen by the fenate, and all religions, even the Mahometan and Pagan, excepting Proteftants, are here tole- rated in the free cxeixife of their religion. The Venetians live in the perpetual extremes of the moll infanlous debaucheries, or the mod ridiculous devotion. Priefts and nuns abandon themfelves to the former, during the carnival, which is chiefiy held in St. Marc's place, where fometimes fifteen thoufand people afTcmblc. The principal city of Tufcany is Florence, which is now poflefTcd by a younger branch of the houfe of Auftria, after being long held by ihe illuftrious houfe of Medicis, who made their capital the cabinet of all that is valuable, rich, and maflerly, in architefture, literature, and the arts, efpecially thofe of painting and fculpture. It is thought to contain above feventy thoufand inhabitants. The beauties and riches of the grand dukes palaces, have been often defcribed, but all defcription falls liort of their contents, fo tnat in evciy refpeft it is reckoned, after Rome, the fecond city in Italy. The celebrated Venus of Medici, which, take it all in all, is thought to be the ftandard of tafte in female beauty and proportion, ftands in a room called the Tribunal. The infcription on its bafe mentions its being made by Clcomenes, an Athenian, the fon of Apollodorus. It is of white marble, and furroundcd by other mailer- pieces of fculpture, fome of which are faid to be the works of Praxiteles, and other Greek mafters. Every corner of this beautiful city, which ftands between mountains covered with olive trees, vineyards, and de- lightful villas, and divided by the Arno, is full of wonders in the arts of painting, ftatuary, and architedure. It is a place of fome ftrength, and contains an archbifiiop's fee, and a univerfity. The inhabitants boail of the improvements they have made in the Italian tongue, by means of their Academia della Cri.fca, and fcveral other academics are now efta- blifhed at Florence. Though the Florentines nftcft great date, yet their nobility and gentry drive a retail trade in wine, which they ill! from their cellar windows, ind fometimes they even hang out a broken fiafk, as a fign where it may be bought. Tney deal, befides wine and fruits, jngold and filver fluffs. Since the acceffion of the archduke Peter Leo- paid, brother to the prefent emperor, to this duchy, a great reformation has been introduced, both into the government, and manufciftnres, to the great benefit of the finances. It is thought that the great duchy of Tuf- ,cany could bring to the field, upon occafion, thirty thoufand fighting men, and that its prefent revenues are above 500,000 1. a year. The other )] 425 ITALY. ether principal towns of Tufcany, arePidi, Leghorn, and Sienna; the firil and laft are much decayed. The inhabitants of Lucca, which is a fniall free commonwealth, lying rn the Tufcan fea, in a moll delightful plain, are the moft indullrious or all the Italians. They have improved their country into a beautiful garden, ih that though they do not exceed a hundred and twenty thou- fand, their annual revenue amounts to 80,000 1. fterling. Their capital is Lucca, wh ch contains about forty thoufand inhabitants, who deal in mercery goods, wines, and fruits, cfpecially olives. This republic is under the proteclion of the houfe of Auftria. The republic of St. Marino is here mentioned as a geographical cu- riofity. Its territories confifl of a high, craggy mountain, with a few eminences at the bottom, and the inhabitants boaft of having preferved their liberties, as a republic, for one thoufand three hundred years. It \s under the protedion cf the pope, and the inoffenfive manners of th.- inhabitants, who are not above five thoufand in all, with the fmall value of their territory, have preferved its conflitution. The duchy and city of Parma, together with the duchies of Placentia and Guaflalla, now form one of the moll fiourilhing Hates in Italy of its extent. The foil of Parma and Placentia are fertile, and produce the richeil fruits and pallurages, and contain conliderable manufadlures of filk. It is the feat of a bilhop's fee, and an univerfity ; and fome of its raagniiicent churchcj are painted by the famous Coreggio. The prcfiint duke of Parma, is a prince of the houfe of Bourbon, and fon to Don Philip, his catholic majclly's younger brother. This country was lately the feat of a bloody war between the Aultrians, Spaniards, and Neapo- litans. The cities of Parma and Placentia are enriched with magniii- cent buildings, but his catholic maiclly, on his accelfion to the throne of Naples, IS faid to have carried with him thither, the moil remarkable pi£lures, and moveable curiofities. The duke's court is thought to be the politeft of any in Icaly, and it is faid that his revenues exceed ioo,coo 1. fterling a year, a fum which I am apt to think is exaggerated. The city of Parma is faid to contain hfty thoufand inhabitants. Mantua, formerly a rich duchy, bringing to its own dukes five hun- dred thoufand crowns a year, is now much decayed. The government of it is annexed to that of the Milanefe, In pofleffion of the houfe of Aullria. The capital is one of the llrongeft fortreHes in Europe, and contains, about lixteen thoufand inhabitants, who boaft that Virgil was a native of their country. The duchy of Modena (formerly Mutina) is ftill governed by Its own duke, the head of the houle of Kite, from whom the family of Bruni- wick delcended. The duke is abfolute within his own dominions, which arefruiiful, and extend in length fifty-fix Englilh miles, and in breadth about th'.rty. The duke is under the protection of the houfe of Auftria, and is a vaflal of the empire. His doniiixions, however, are far from being flf^urifliing, though very improve:;bIe, they having been alternately wailed by the late belligerent powers in Iti.'ly. The ecclefialtic:;! llate, which contain^ Rome, formerly the capital of ' the world, lies about the middle of Italy. Its length is about two hun- dred and forty miles, but its breadth varies from twenty to a hundred and twenty miles. The bad effc^fts of Popii'^ tyranny, fuperltition, and ©ppreflion, are here ften in tlie highcH perfedion. Thofe fpots, which, uiidcf the inalteri of the worl.i, were formed into (o many tcrfeftrial pa- radill';, I T A L Y.r 427 Sienna; the firft radifcs furrounJing their magnificent villas, nnd cnrlciied with all tlic luxuiics that art andnatiue could produce, aivnow coiiviricdinto noxious piiHlf ntial marfhcs and c|u;iginirt.s, and the territory that formerly con- UtiiRil a niilliorj of inhabiiants, aftbrds at pn-ftnt a milerablc iiibfiflcriCe to about five hundred. Notwithilanding ti>i.'., the pope ii> a coniJderable temporal prince, and feme fuppcfe that his annual ixnenue amounts to above a million llerling, though iome authors calculate them to he much higher. When we fpeak comparatively, the fum of a million ilerling is too high a revenue to arifc from his territorial polielHons ; his accidental income, which formerly far exceeded that Ann, is now diminiftied by the liipprciiion of the order of the Jcfuits, from whom he drew vail fupplies, and the meafurcs t<':ken.by the popiih powers, for preventing the great tcclefiailical iiTiies of money to Rome. Actordinsi; to the bell and lateil icccunts, the taxes upon the provifions and lodgings, furnidjed to fo- reigners, who fpend immenfe lums in vifiting his dominions, form now the grcateil part of his accidental revenues. From what has happened,, within thefe twenty years paft, there is rcafon to believe that the pope's territories will be redixccd to the limits, which the houfes of Aultria, jnd Bourbon, fhall pleafe to defcribe. Some late popes have aimed at the improvement of their territories, but their labours have had no great enect. The difcouragemtnt of indullry and agriculture, fecms to be interwoven in the conuitution of the papal government, which is veiled in proud lazy ecclefiallics. Their, indqlence, and the fanaticifm of their ttoriliip, inA'ft their inferiors, who prefer begging, and impoiing upon llrangtrs, to indullry ancj agriculture,, efpecially as they mult h' Id their properties, by the precarious tenure of the will of their fuperiors. In fliort, the inhabitants of many parts qf the.ccclefiallical ftate mull perifli, through their Jloth, did not the fe-'tility pif their foil fpontaneoufly afford them fubfillence. I am here, however, to make one general remark on Italy, which is, that the poverty and floth of, the lower ranks, do not. take their rife from their natural difpofitions This obfervation is not confined to the pupal dominions. The Italian princes aifecled to be the patrons of all the curious and coflly arts ami each vied with the other to make his court the repofitory of tafte and magnificence. This paflion difabled them from laying out money ppon works of public utility, or from encouraging tlue indullry, or lelieving the wants of their fubjcfls, and its mifcrable effciits are feen. Thefplen- dour and furniture of churches in the papal domijiions^ are inc.xprellible, and partly account for the mifery of the fubjeds. This cenfure, how- evir, admits of exceptions, even in a manner at the gates of Rome. Modern Rome contains, within its circuit, a vail number of gardens and vineyards. I have already touched upon its curiofities and antiquitic--. It Hands upon the Tybcr, an inconfidcrable river, when compared to tho Thames, and navigated by fmall boats, barges and lighters. The caiUe of St. Angelo, though its chief fortrefs, would be found to be a place of fmall llrength, \ycre it regularly befieged, The city Handing upon the ruins of antient Rcnic lies much higher, fo drat it is diHicult to dil"- tingiiifli the fcven hills on. which it was originally built. When we con- fider Rome, as it now ftands, there is the llrongeil reafon to believe that it exceeds antient Rome itfelf, in the magnificence of its llruiJturc.s ; no- thiiig in the old city, when miftrefs of the world, could come in com- petition with Sf. Peter's church, and perhaps many other churches in Kojiie, exceed in beauty of .irchiteilure, and value of materials, utcn- fiis Hi i.( ;-'V i.^^ 'Mi ■♦• f. ■i 4 428^ ITALY. fils and furniture. Her antient temples, thouph it muft be acknowledged that the Pantheon muft have been an amazing ftruAure. The inhabi- tants of Rome in 17 14, amounted to one hundred and forty-three thoufand. If we confider that the fpirit of travelling is much encreafed fince that time, we cannot reafonably fuppofe them to be diminilhed at frcfent. There is nothing very particular in the pope's temporal government at Rome. Like other princes, he has his guards, or (birri, who take care of the peace of the city, under proper magiftrates, both ecclefiaftical and civil. The Campagna di Roma, which contains Rome, is under the infpcflion of his holinefs. In the other i^rovinces he governs by legates and vice legates. He monopolizes all the corn in his territo- ries, and has alw.iys a fufficient number of troops on foot, under proper officers, to keep the provinces in awe. The prefcnt pope, who haj taken the name of Clement XIV. has wifely difclaimed all intention of oppofing any arms to the neighbouring princes, but thofe of prayers and fupplications. I have nnder the head of religion mentioned the ecclefiaftical govern- ment of the papacy. As to the rota, and other fubordinate chambers 6f this complicated jurifdiclion, they are too numerous to be even named, and do not fall properly under my plan. Under a government fo conftituted, it cannot be luppofed that the commercial exports of the ecclefiaftical ftatc arc of much value. Next to Rome, Bologna, the capital of die Bolognefe, is the mofl confidicrable city in the ecclefiaftical ftatc, and an exception to the in- dolence of its other inhabitants. The government is under a legjite a latere, who is always a cardinal, and changed every three years. The jieople here live more fociably, and comfortably, than the other fubjefts of the pope ; and perhaps their diftance from Rome, which is a hundred and fixty-five miles north-weft, has contributed to their cafe. The reft of the ecclefiaftical ftate, contains many towns celebrated in antient hifto- ry, and even now exhibiting the moft ftriking veftiges of their flourifli- ing ftate, about the beginning of the fixteenth century ; but they are Aow little better than delolate, though here and there, a luxurious mag- nificent church and convent may be found, which is fupported by the toil and fweat of the neighbouring pcafants. The grandeur of Ferrara, Ravenna, Rimini, Urbino (the native city of the celebrated painter Raphael) Ancona, and many other ftates, and cities, illuftrious in former times, are now to be feen only in their ruins, and antient hiftory. Loretto, oft the other hand, an obfcure (pot never thought or heard of, in times of antiquity, is the admiration of the world, for the riches it contains, and the prodigious refort to it of pil- grims, and other devotees, from a notion induftrioufly propagated by the Romiih clergy, that the houfe, in which the Virgin Mary is faid to have dwelt at Nazareth, was carried thither through the air by angels, attended with many other miraculous circumftanccs, fuch as that all the trees, on the arrival of the facrcd manfion, bowed with the profoundeft reverence ; great care is taken to prevent any bits of the materials of this houfe, from being carried to other places, and expofed as reliques to the jirejudice of Loretto. The image of the Virgin Mary, and of the di- Vine infant, are of cedar, placed in a fmall apartment, feparated from the others by a filver ballultrade, which has-a gate of the fame metal. it ITALY. ^^9 It is impoffible to deftribe the gold chains, the rings, and jewels, eme- xalJs, pearls, and rubies, wheruwith this iuiagc is loaded, and the angels of folid gold, who are here placed on every fide, arc equally enriched with the moil precious aiai^ionds. To the I'uperiUtion of Roman catho- lic princes, Loretto is 1 ulebted for this njafs of iicafure. It has bcc^ matter of furprize, tliat no attempt has yet been made by the Turks upon Loretto, cfpecially as it is badly fortified, and Hands near the fea. The king of Naples and Sicily, or, as he is more properly called, tlie King of the Two Sicilies, is poflefled of the largcit dominions of any prince in Italy, as they comprehend the ancient countries of Samnium Campania, Apulia, Magna Grecia, and the i/land of Sicily. They ace bounded on all fides by the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, except on the north-eail, where it terminates on the cccleHailical Hate. Its greatelt length, from fouth-eall to nortli-well, is about two hundred and eight/ Englifli miles ; and its breadth, from the north-eail to the fouth-well, from ninety-fix to a hundred and twenty. The air is hot, and its (oil fruitful of every thing produced in Italy. The wines called Vino Greco, and Lachrymas Chriili, are excellent. The capital, which is extremely fuperb, and adorned with all the profufion of art and riches, and its neighbourhood, would be one of the moil delightful places in Europe to live in, were it not for their vicinity to the volcano of Vefuvius, which fometimes threaten the city with deilrudlion, and the foil being peilerei with infedls and reptiles, fome of which are venomous. Though above two-thirds of the property of the kingdom are in the hands of the ecclefiailics, the protellants live here witli ^reat freedom ; and though his Neapolitan majclly prefents to his holinels every year, a palfrey, as an acknowledgment that his kingdom is a fief of the pontifi- cate, yet no inquifition is eltabliihcd in Naples. The prefent revenues of that king, amount to above 750,000 1. ilerlinga year, but it is more than probable that, by the new ellabliihed police purfued by the princes of the houfe of Bourbon, of abridging the influence and revenues of the clergy, his Neapolitan majeily's annual income will coniiderably exceed a million fierling. He has a numerous but poor nobility, confiiling of princes, dukes, marquilTes, and other high-founding titles ; and his ca- pital, by far the moil populous in Italy, contains, at leail, three hundred thoufand inhabitants. Through every fpot of this kingdom the traveller may be faid to tread on ClaiTic ground, and no country prefents the eye with more beautiful profpeds. The iiland of Sicily, once the granary of the world for corn, ftill continues to fupply Naples, and other parts, with that commodity, but its cultivation, and confequently fertility, is greatly diminiihcd. Its ve- getable, mineral, and animal produftions, are pretty much the fame witli thofe of Italy. Palermo, its capital, is laid to contain a hundred and twenty thouiand inhabitants, and both that city, and MeiBna, carry on a biifk trade. Sardinii, which gives a royal title to that king, lies about a hundred and fifty miles .welt of Leghorn, is near a hundred and fixty miles in length, from north to fouth, aiui eighty in breadth from eali to well. It» capital Cagliari, is an oniverlity, an archbiihopric, and the feat of the viceroy. It is thought that his Sardinian majefty's revenues, from this iiland, does not exceed coco 1. ilerling a year, though it yields plenty «1 corn and wine, andh£W"a coral filhcry. Its air is bad from its marihes and 430 r T A L Y. M i and morafl'es. It wai formerlv annexed to the crown of Spaii hut r.t the peace of Utrecht it was given to th? emperor, and in 17 19 to the houtc of Savoy. The ifland of Corfica lies oppofitc the Genoefo continent, heturcn the gulph of Genoa and the ifland of Sardinia, extending from fo:iv. one to torty-three degrees of latitude, and from nine to ten degree? of eaft longitude. Th's ifland Ik better known by the i:oble fland whiv.h tlie inhabitants have niaiic oi' late uiulcr general Paoli, for their liberv, againil their Genoefe tyrnnt;;, than from any advantages they enjoy, from nature or fituation. Though mountainous and woody, it produce? corn, wine, figs, almonds, chefnuts, olives, and other fruits. It has alP) fome cattle and horfes, and is plentifully fupplied, both by the fea and rivers, with fitli. The inhabitants are faid to amount to a hundred and twenty thoufund. BalHa, the capital, is a place of fome (Irength, but othr towns of the ifland, that were in pofleffion of the malecoiitents, appcj to have b»cn but poo.ly fortified. Capca, Ifchia, and other iflands, on the coafts of Naples and Italv, have nothing to dillinguiih them, but the ruins of their antiquities, aiid their being now beautiful fummer- retreats for their owneii. I fliall here mention the ifle of Malta, though it is .-^ot properly ranked with the Italian iflands. It was formerly called Melita, and is fituated in the fifteenth degree of eall longitude, and forty- fifth degret?, fifteen minutes, north latitude, fixty miles fouth of cape Paflaro in Si- cily, and is of an oval figure, twenty miles long, and twelve broad. It; air is clear, but cxceflively hot, the whole ifland feems to be a white rock covered with a th'fi fiirface of earth, which is however amazingly productive of excellent fruit and vegetables, and garden fluff of all kind;. This iflancl, or rather rock, was given to the knights of St. Johnof Jcra- falcm in 1530, when the Turks drove them out of Rhodes, and they are now known by the diflinrtion of the knights of Malta. They are under vows of celibacy and chaftity, but they keep the former much better th-n the latter. They have confiderable poffeflions in the Roman catholic coun- tries on the continent, and are under the government of a grand-mafler, who is elected for life. They are confidered as the bulwark of Chriilea- dom againll the Turks on that fide. They wear crofles of a particuhr form, and they ne\ er have degenerated from the military glory of their predeceffors. They are generally of noble families, and are ranked according to their nations. Not onlv their chief town Valetta, rr Malta, and its harbour, but their whole ifland is fo well fortified, as to be deemed impregnable by the infidels. History.] Italy was probably firfl: peopled from Greece, as we ha\e mentioned in the Introduction, to which we refer the reader, for the antient hiftory of this country, which, for many ages, gave law to the then known world under the Romans. The fucccllbrs of Charle- magne claimed, and for fome time pofll-fled the fovereignty of Italy, but tlieir civil wars at home, foon gave an opportunity to their gover- nors, to either afliime or purchafe the fovereignty of the feveral ftatcs over which they prefideu. Savoy and Piedmont, in time, fell to the lot of the courts of Mauricnne, the ancjilors of his prefcnt Sardinian ma- jelly, whofe father (as I have already obferved) became king of Sardinia, in virtue of the quadruple alliance concluded in 1718. The Milanefe, the fairefl portion in Italy, went through feveral hands ; the Vilcontis were fuccecded bv the Galea^zos, and the Sforzas but fell at lalt into the ITALY. 4^' the hnnds of Charles V. about the year 1525, who gave it to his fon I'hilip 11. king of Spain. It remained with th;it crown till the French Nurc driven out cf Italy, in 1706, by the imperialills. They were dif- poireficd of it in 1743 ; but by the emperor's ceflion of Naples and Sici- !v, to the prefent king of Spain, it r t. rncd to the houle of Aullria, wtio governs it by a viceroy. The duchy of Mantua was formerly j^ovrrncd by the f.iniily of Gon- 7af;:i, who adhering to France, the territory kvas forfeited, as a fief of the empire, to the houfe of Aullria, whidi now poffefles it, the hit duke dying without male ifl'uc, but by Guattalla was fepanited from ic in 1748, and made part of the duchy of Parma. The firit duke of Parma was natural fon to pope Paul III. the duchy h.isinj^ been annexed to the holy fee in 154^, by pope Julius II. 'J'hs dcitendants of the houfe of Farnefe, terminated in the late queen dow- ager ot Spain, whofc fon, his prefent catholic majcfty, obtained that Juthy, and his nephew now holds it with the duchy of Placentia. 'I'hc Venetians were formerly the moll formidable maritime power in Europe. In 1 194 they conquered Conflantinople itfelf, and held it for foine time, together with great part of the continent of F.urope and Afia. They were more than once brought to the brinu '"f deltruition, by the confederacies formed againit them, among the of hii powers of Kurope, efoeciaHy by the league of Cambray, in iijog, but were as often faved bv t!ie difiinion of the confederates. The difcovery of the voyage to India, by the cape of Good Hope, gave the firft blow to their greatncfs, . it loll them the Indian trade. By degrees the Turks took from them fl^ T moil valuable polfeflions on the continent, and fo late as the year 4715, they loft the Morea. 'I'hc Genoefe, for fome time, difputed the empire of the Mediterra- nenn fea, with the Venetians, but were feldom or never able to maintain their own independency by land, being genejally protefted, and fomc- times fubjecled by the French and imperialifts. Their doge or firlt ma- gillrate is crowned king of Corfica, though it does not clearly appear by uhat title, and that illand is now ceded to the French by the Genoefe. The fucccfsful effort they made in driving the vidtorious Auftrians out of tht'ir cap'tal, during the war which was terminated by the peace of Aix- la-Chapclle in 1748, has few parallels in hiftory, and ferves to (hew the efFefts of defpair under oppreflion. At preient they are pofleffed of re- venue, barely fufticient to preferve the appearance of a fovere gn Hate. The great duchy of Tulcany belonged to the emperors, wlio govern- ed it by deputies, to the year 1240, when the /amous dillindtions of tl>e Gwelphs, who were the partizans of the pope, and the Gibellines took place. The popes then perfuaded the imperial governors in Tufcany, to put themfelves under the proteftion of the church, but the Floren- tines, in a Ihort time, formed themfelves into a free common-wealth, and bravely defended their liberties agair*} both parties by turns. Fac- tion at lall ihook their freedom, and the family of Medici, long before tf.ey were declared, either princes or dukes, in fail governed F lorence, though the rights and privileges of the people feemed ftill to exiih The Medici, particularly Cofmo, who was delervedly called the Father of his Country, being in the fecret, fliared with the Venetians in the immenfe profits of the Eaft India trade, before the difcoveries made by the Por- tugueze. His revenue, in ready money, exceeded that of any fovereign fnace in Europe, and enabled his lucceHbr^ to rife to fovcicign power. Pope h . , It . ji " i 1 Sii '•3 II Ml ^*l 43' I T Y. Pope Pius V. gave one of his defcendcnts Cofmo (the great patron of the arts), the title of great duke of Tufcany in 1570, and it continued in his family to the death of Gallon in 1737, without iffue. The great duchy was then claimed by the emperor Charles VI. as a fief of the empire, and given to his fon-in-law, the duke of Lorrain, who was aftervards emperor. His fon is now grand duke, and Tufcany affumes a ne\»' face. Leghorn, wliich belongs to him, carries on a great trade, and 1 veral lliips of very confiderablft force are now ftationed on the Tufcan coafts to prevent the depredation of the infidels. No country has undergone greater viciffitudes of government than Na- cles, chiefly owing to the inconftancy of the natives, which feems to be incoxporated with dicir air. Chriftians and Saracens by turns conquer- ed it. The Normans under Tancred drove out the Saracens, and by their cnineftions with the Greeks eflabliihed there, while the reft of Eu- rope was plunged m monkilh ignorance, a moft refpedable monarchy flourilhing ift arts and arms. But *he popes ftill claimed Naples and Sicily, as fiefs of the Holy See, though their authority was difputed ■by thofe {pirited princes. About the year 1166, the popes being then all powerful in Europe, the'r intrigues broke into the fuccef- iion of Tancred's line, and Naples and Sicily at lall came into the pof- feffion or the French ; and the houfe of Anjou, with fome interruptions, and tragical revolutions, held it till the Spaniards drove them out in "1504, and it was then annexed to the crown of Spain. The government of the Spaniards was fo oppreflive, that it gave rife to tlie famous revolt, headed by Maflaniello, a young filherman, without ihoes or Itockings. His faccefs was fo furprizing, that he obliged the haughty Spaniards to abolifh the opprell-ve taxes, rnd to confirm the liberties of the people. Before thefe could be re-euablifhed perfeftly, he turned delirious, through lu: continual agitations of body and mind, and he was put to death ^t the )i2sd of his own mob. Naples and Si- cily continuca with the Spaniards till the year 1706, when thearchdi.ke Charles, rfterwitrds emperor, took poffefllon of the kingdom. By virtue of variolic treaties, which had introduced Don Carlos to the poflelHon of Parma arid Placentia, a new war broke out in 1733, between the houies of AuRiia and Bourbon, about the pofieffion of iNaples, and Don Carlos was receive;! into the capito!, where he was proclaimed king of both Sicilies ; this wis followed by a very bloody campaign, but the farther eiFufion of blocd was llopt by a peace between France and the emperor, to which the courts of Madrid afld Naples at firft demurred, but after- wards acceded ii,; 1736, and Don Cailos remained king of Naples. Upon hi^ acceJion to the crown of Spain in 1759, it being found, by the infpcdlion of phyficians, and ' her trials, that his eldeft fon was by nature incapacitated for reigning, ne refigned the crown of Naples to ^is third Ion, Ferdinand IV. who lately married an archduch^fs of Auitria. The hiftory of the papacy is connefted with that of Chrifienciom itfelf. The moll folid foundations for its temporal power, were laid by the fji- mous Matilda, oountefs of Tufcany, and heirefs to the greateft part ot Italy, who bequeathed a large portion of her dominions to the famous pope Gregory VII. (who, before his accefiion in 1073, was fo well known by the name of Hildebrand.) It is not to be expct^led, that I am here to enter into a detail of the ignorance of the laity, and the othsr caafes that operated to the aggrandizement of the papacy, previous to 2 iHc TURKEY rrj EUROPE. 433 the reformation. Even fince that aera the (late of Europe has been fuch, that the popes have had more than once great weight in its public affairs, chiefly through the weaknefs and bigotry of temporal princes,' who feeiri now to be recovering from their religious delufions. The papal powor is evidently now at a low ebb. The order of Jefuits, who are not improperly called its janilTaries, has* been exterminated out of France, Spain, Naples and Portugal ; and is but juil tolerated in other popifh countries. The pope hinifelf is treated by Roman catholic princes, with very little more ceremony than is due to him, as bilhop of Rome, and pofTeiTed of a temporal principality. This humiliation it is reafonable to believe, will terminate ir a total fepa:ration frotri the hdly fee of all its foreign emoluments, which even, fince the beginning of the prefent century, were immenfe, and to the reducing his holinefs to the exercife of his ecclefiaftical fundlions as firft bilhop in Chrillcndom. Arms.] The chief armorial bearings in Italy, are as follow. The pope, as fovereign prince over the land of the church, bears for his efcutcheon, gules, confilHng of a long headcape, or, furmounted with acrofs, pe?rled and garnifhed with three royal crowns, together with the two ke' s of St. Peter, placed in faltier. The arms of Tufcany, or, live rounc^.ies, gules, two, two, and one, and one in chief, azure, charged with thr^e flower-de-luces, or. Thofe of Venice, azure, a lion wingedii fejant, or, holding under one of his paws, a book covered, argent. Laftly, thofe of Genoa, argent, a crofs, gules, with a crown clofed for the itland of Corficaj and for lupporters, two griffins, or. tip* , l' lU '-'It-. TURKEY. The Grand Signior*s Dominions are divided into 1. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 2. TURKEY IN ASIA. 3. TURKEY IN AFRICA. TURKEY IN EUROPE. Between Between Situation and extent. 000 mites in length. Lat. \ / 900 miles in bttadtli. C 17 7 < and S- E. Lon. C 34 7 < and > N. Lat. t 49 3 BouNDARiEs.]T)OUNDRD by Ruflia, PoIaAl, and Sclavonia, on Xj the north ; by Circallia, the BIu«.k oea, the Pro- pontis, Hellefpont, and Archipelago, on the calt ; by the Mcditerra- nein, on the fouth ; by the fame fea,- and the Vtuctian and Aullriaa texiitories, on the -eft. F f Divlfions. 434 TURKEY IN EUROPE. Pivifions. Subdivifions. Chief towns, !Crim and Little Tar- "^ C Precop. tary, the ancient 1 1 Brachiferia. TauricaCherfonefe W KafFa. Budziac Tartary — Jt.Ocz.ikow. fBefTarabia North of the Danube are . t,ic Provinces of — "^ Moldavia, olim Da- cia — — Wallachia, another part of the ancient Dacia ■ "Bulgaria, the eaft" part of the antient Myfia — — i 'Bendar. Belgorod. Jazy. >'-^ Chotzim, Falczin. Tergovifc. fWidin. Niwpoli. Siliftria. Scopia. South of theDaoubcare-^ Servra, the weft part }"{ Belgrade. of Myfia Bofnia, part ofthcan- _ tient Illyricum Semendria. Nifla. Seraio. On .le Eofpho™ andf -S "— US^o^r'^' fMacedonia Hellcfpont South of mountRhodope or Argentum, the north 7 Theffaly, now Janua yj Salonichl. Part "of the antient 3 L Phillippopoli, 'Strymon. ContefFa. Greece Achaia and Eoeotia, now Livadia rEpirus — — On the Adriatic fea or Gulph of Venice, the-^ antient Illyricum — Albanea Dalmatia v-Ragufa republic Athens. j Thebes. ^Lepajito, '"Chimjera* Butrinto. j . Durazzo. yi Dulcigno. Drino. Narenza. >'Raguf9i» Piv'ifioni- TURKEY IN EUROPIl. 435 Diviflons. Subdivifions. "Corinthia — In the Morea, the an tient Peloponncfus, be- 7 ing the ibuth divifion of Greece, are — — Argos Sparta Olympian where the Games were held Arcadia Ells >< J L Chief towns. "Corinth. Argos. Napoli de Romania. Lacediemon, now Mifitra, on the River Eurotas. Olympia, or Longi- nica, on the river Alpheus, Modon. Coron. Patras. Elis, or Belvidere, on the river Pe- neus. Soil, air, Seasons and waTer.] Nature has lavifhed uphn the inhabitants of Turkey, all her bleflngs in thofe fowr particulars. The foil, though unimprovedj is luxuriant beyond defcriptior. The air is falubrious, and friendly to the imagination, unlefs when it is corrupted from Egypt, and the neighbouring countries, or through the indolence and uncleannefs of the Turkifh manner of living. The feafons are here regular, and pleafant, and have been celebrated from the remoteft times of antiquity. The Turks are invited to frequent bathings, by the purity and wholefomenefs of the water all over their dominions. Mountains.] Thefe are the moft celebrated of any in the world, and at the fame time often the moft fruitful. Mount Athos lies on a peninfula, running into the Egean fea ; the mounts Pindus and Olym- pus, celebrated in Grecian fables, feparate ThefFaly from Epirus. Par- naflus, fo famous for being confecrated to the Mufes, is well known. Mount Haenus is likewife often mentioned by the posts ; but molt of the other mountains have changed their names, witnefs the mountains Suha, Witofka, Staras, Plamina, and many others. Even the moft ce- lebrated mountains above mentioned, have had modern names impoled upon them, by the Barbarians in their neighbourhood. Seas.] The Euxine or Black Sea; the Palus Maeotis, or Sea of Afaph ; the fea of Marmora, which feparates Europe from Afia ; the Archipelago ; the Ionian fea, and the Levant, are fo many evidences that Turkey in Europe, particularly that part of it where Conftantinople ftaiids, of all other countries had th6 beft claim to be miftrefs of the world. Straits.] Thofe of the Hellefpont and Bofphorus, are joined to the fea Marmora, and are remarkable in modem as well as antient hillory. RiVERs.] The Danube, the Save, the Neifter, the Nieper, and the Don, are the beft knov/n rivers in this country, thcugh many others We been celebrated by poets and hiftcrians, f f 2 Lakes.] r iii I ir>' T "■ S '^ ■■Iv^l f'*! I. II 43^ TURKEY IN EUROPE. Lakes.] Thefe nre not extremely remarkable, nor are they mentioned with any great applaiife, either by the antients or moderns. The Lago di Sentari lies in Albania. It communicates with the Lago di Plave, and the Lago di Holti. The Stymphalus, (o famous for its harpies, and ravenous birds, lies in the Morea ; and Peneus, from its qualities, is thought to be the lalce from, wliich the Styx, conceived by the antients to be the paflage into hell, irtucs. Metals and mineral.] Turkey in Europe contains avariety of all forti of mines, and its marble? are eitetmed the fineft of the world. Veohtables and productions.] Thele are excellent all over the European Turkey, efpecially when affiled by the fmallell: degree of in- dulhy. Befides not and garden herbs of almoft every kind, this country produces in great abundance find perfeclion, oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, grapes of an uncommon fwectncfs, excellent figs, almonds, olives and cotton. Befides thcle, many drugs, not common in other parts of Europe, are produced here. Animals.] l"he TheiTalian, or Turkilh horfes, are excellent both for their beauty and fcrvice. The black cattle are large, efpecially in Greece. The goats are a moft valuable part of the animal creation to the inhabitants, for the nutrition they afford, both of milk and fleflu The large eagles which abound in the neighbourhood of Babadagi, fur- rifli the beft feathers for arrows for the Turkifli and Tartan archers, and they fell at an uncommon price. Partridges are very plentiful in Greece, as are all other kinds of fowls and quadrupedes, all over Turkey in Eu«- rope, but the Turks and Mahomedans in general, are not very fond of animal food. Antiquities and curiosities, 7 Almoft every fpot of ground, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. } cvcry rivcr, and every foun- tain in Greece, prefents the traveller with the ruins of a celebrated an- tiquity. On the Ifthmus of Corinth, the ruins of Neptune's temple, and the theatre, where the Ifthmean games were celebrated, are Itill vifible. Athens^ which contains at prefent above ten thoufand inhabi- tants, is a fruitful fource of the moft magnificent and celebrated antiqui- ties in the world, and to particularize them would be eudlefs. I cannot, however, omit mentioning the temple of Minerva, thougjit by fome to be the fineft extant. The temple of the eight winds, ar.d the lantern of Demofthenes, are ftill entire. The remains of the tempie of the oracle of Apollo, are ftill vifible at Caftri, on the fouth fide of mount Par- naffiis, and the marble fteps that defcend to a pleafant running water, fuppofed to be the renowned Caftalian fpring, with the niclics for lia- tues in the rock, are llill difceinible. The famous cave of Trophonius is llill a natural curiofity in Livadiaj, the old Bccotia. Cities.] Conllantmople, the capital of this great empire, is fituated on the European fide of the Bofphorus. It was built upon the ruins of the ancient Byzantium, by the Roman emperor Conftuntinc the Grcar, as a more inviting fituation than Rome, for the feat of empire. It became v-fterwards the capital of the Greek emp'irc, and having cfcapcd the dc- llrudtive rage of the barbarous nations, it was the greatcll as well as the moft beautiful city in Europe, and the only one during the Gothic ages, in which tliere remained any image of the anticr.t elegance in manners and rirts. While it remained in the pofiVliion of the Greek, emperors, it vv, s the only m.irt in Europe, for th;; commodities of the Eaft Indies. It tierlvcd great advantages from its beijig the jtudezvous of the cruzadcr>, aiiJ TURKEY IN EUROPE. 437 of Tiophonuis and being then in the meridian of its glory, the European writers, in the ages of the crufades, fpeak of it with aftonifhment. " O what a vaft city is Conftantinople, (exclaims one when he firrt beheld it) and how beautiful ! how many monaflcries are there in it, and h' -v many palaces built with wonderful art ! how many manufaftures are there in the city amazing to behold 1 It would be aftonifhing to relate how it abounds with all good things, with gold, filver, and Huffs of various kinds j for every hour fliips arrive in ttie port with all things necelTary for the ufe of man." Conftantinople is at this day one of the fined cities in the world by its fituation and its port. It is frequently called the Port, by way of eminence. The profpwl from it is noble. It abounds with antiquities. Vhe mofque of St. Sophia, once a Chriftian church, is thought in fome refpefts to exceed in grandeur and architecture St. Peter's at Rome. The city itfelf is built in a triangular form, with the Seraglio ftanding on a point of one of the angles, from whence ihciC is a profpeft of the delightful coaft of the LcfTer Afia, which is not to be equalled. Botlv the magnitude and population of Conftantinople have been greatly ex- aggerated by credulous travellers. The beft authors think that it does not contain above 800,000 inhabitants, three-fourths of whom are faid to be Greeks and Armenians, and the reft are Jews and Turks. Others fup- pofethe inhabitants not to exceed 600,000. As to the population, manners, religion, government, revenues^ learning, military ftrength, commerce, and manufadlures of the Turks, tliefe fcveral heads depending on the fame principles all orer the empire, ihall be mentioned under Turkey in Afia. ISLANDS belonging to TURKEY in EUROPE, being Part of Antient Greece. I Shall mention thofe iflands chiefly for the ufe of fuch readers as are couverfant with antient hiftory, of which they make fo diftinguiftied a part. Negropont, the antient Eubcea, ftretches from the fouth-eaft to the north-weft, and on the caftern coaft of Achaia or Livadia. It is ninety miles long and twenty-five broad. Here the Turkilh gallles lie. The tides on its coarts are irregular ; and the ifland itfelf abounds in corn, wine, and fruit. Lcmnos, lies on the north part of the Egean fea or Archipelago, and is almoft a fquare of twenty-five miles in length and breadth. Though it produces corn and wine, yet its principal riches arife from its mineral earth, fometimes called terra Lemna ox figillata, becaufe it is fealed up by the Turks, who receive therefrom a confiderable revenue. Tenedos, is remarkable only for its lying oppofite to old Troy, and Its being n entioned by Virgil as the place to which the Greeks retired, and left tl e Trojans in a fatal fccurity. Scyro. is about fixty miles in circumference, and is remarkable chiefly for the r i • ins of antiquity which it contains. Lefljos, .:^ Myteline, is about fifty miles long, and is famous for the number of pii.'lofophers and poets it produced. The inhabitants were formerly noted for their prodigality. Scio, or Chios, lies about eighty miles weft of Smyrna, and is about a hundred miles in circumference. This ifland, though rocky and iuountaiiious, produces ej^ccjlent wine, but no corn. It is inhabited by F f 3 1C0,00Q ^* mm: ill* 1 1 ' f 1: i w 438 TURKEY IN EUROPE. !' iri J .11 I 100,000 Greeks, 10,009 Turks, and about 3000 Latins. The inha» bitants have manufaftures of filk, velvet, gold and filver fluffs. The iiland likewife produces oil and filk, and the lentifk-tree, or maiHc, from which the government draws its chief revenue. The women of this, and almofl all the other Greek iflands, have in all ages been cele- brated, for their beauty, and their perfons have been the mofl pc-rfeG, models of fymmetry to painters and flatuaries. They are not, ho vever, renowned for their modelty or virtue ; and even the Greek nuns are laid to be lavifh of their favours. Among the poets and hiftorians faid to be born here, the inhabitants reckon Homer, and fhew a little fquarc huufe, which they call Homer's School. Tlie Greeks pky a capitation tax for the exercife of thtnr religion and laws ; the rate of the highefl rank is ten crowns a-head, the fecond three, andthemeancft two and a half, yearly. .Samos, lies oppofite to Ephefiis, on the coaft of the LefTer Afia, about feven miles from the continent. It is thirty miles long and fifteen Jjroad. This ifland gave birth to Pythagor-.o, and is inhabited by Greek ChriiHans, who aie well treated by the Turks, their mailers. The mufcadine Saniian wine is in high requeft ; and the ifland, befides, pro- duces wool, which they fell to the French ; oil, pomegranates, and filk. This ifland is fuppofed to have been the native country of Juno ; and feme travellers think that the ruins of her temple, and of the antient city Samos, are the finefl remains of antiquity in the Levant. To the fouth of Samos lies Patmos, about twenty miles in circum- ference, but fo barren and dreary, that it may be called a rock rather than an ifland. It has, however, a convenient haven ; and the few Greek monks who are upon the ifland, fhew a cave where St. John is fuppofed to have written the Apocalypfe. The Cyclades iflands lie like a circle round Delos, the chief of them, which lies fouth of the iflands Mycone and Tirfe, and almoft midway between the continents of Afia and Europe. Though Delos is not above fix miles in circumference, it is one of the moft celebrated of all the Grecian iflands, as being the birth-place of Apollo and Diana, the mag. nificent ruins of whofe temples are flill vifible. This ifland is ajmolj deflitute of inhabitants. Faros, lies between the iflands of Luxia and Melos. Like all the other Greek iflands, it contains the mofl ftriking and magnificent ruins of antiquity ; but is chiefly renowned for the beauty and whitenefs of its marble. Cerigo, or Cytherea, lies fouth-eaft of the Morea, and is about fifty ipiles in circumference, but rocky and mountainous, and chiefly remarks able for being the favourite refidence of Venus. Santorin, is one of the moft fouthermoft iflands in the Archipelago, and was formerly called Califta, and afterwards Thera. Though feem- ingly covered with pumice-Hones, yet, through the induftry of the inha- bitants, who are about io,coo, it produces barley and wine, with fome wheat. One third of the people are of the Latin church, and fubjetJl to a popiih bifhop. Near this ifland another arofe of the fame nam?, from the bottom of the fea, in 1707. At the time of its birth there was an tarrhquake, at'.cnded with mod dreadful lightnings and thunders and boilings of th.: icu. fnr fevcral days, fo that when it arofe out of the fea it was a mere volcano, but the burnings fbon ceafed. It is about two hun- dri'd feet above the fea, and at the time of its firfl emerging it was about i mik broad und Ave miles in circumference, but it has fmcc encrcafed. Several TURKEY IN EUROPE. 4J9 Several other iflands of the Archipelago appear to havt had the like original, but the Tea in their neighbourhood is fo deep as not to be fathomed. The famous ifland of Rhodes is fituated in the 28th degree of eaft lon- gitude, and 36 deg. 20 minutes north latitude, about twenty miles fouth- welt of the continent of Lefler Afia, being about fifty miles long, and nventy-five broad. This ifland abounds in wine, and many of the neccf- iaries of life, but the inhabitants import Jieir corn from the neighbour- ing country. The colofTus of brafs which antiently flood at the mouth of its harbour, and was fifty fathom wide, was defervedly accounted one of the wonders of the world : one foot being placed on each fide of the harbour, fhips paffed between its legs ; and it held in one hand a light-houfe for the dire<5tion of mariners. The face of the coloflus repre- lented the fun, to whom this image was dedicated ; and its height was about a hundred and thirty-five feet. The inhabitants of this ifland wen; formerly matters of the fea ; and the Rhodian law was the dire^ory of the Romans in maritime affairs. The knights of St. John of Jerofalem, after lofing Paleftipe, took this ifland from the Turks in 1308, but loft it to them in 1522, and afterwards retired to Malta. Candia, the antient Crete, is dill renowned for its hundred cities, for its being the birth-place of Jupiter, the feat of legiflature to ?.U Greece, and many other hiftorical and political diftinftions. It lies be- tween 3 c and 36 degrees of north latitude, being two hundred miles long and fixty broad, almoft equally diftant from Europe, Afia, and Africa. The famous Mount Ida ftands in the middle of the ifland, and is no better than a barren rock ; and Lethe, the river of oblivion, is a tor- pid ftream. Some of the vallies of this ifland produce wine, fruits, and corn ; all of them remarkably excellent in their kinds. The ftege of Can* dia, the capital of the ifland, in modern times, was far more wonderful and bloody than that of Troy. The Turks invcfted it in the beginning of the year 164.5, and its Venetian garrifon, after bravely defending itfelf till the latter end of September 1669, made, at latt, an honourable capitulation. The fiege coft the Turks 180,000 men, and the Venetians 80,000. Cyprus, lies in the Levant fea, about thirty miles diftant from the codfts of Syria and Paleftine. It is a hundred and fifty miles long and fcventy broad, and lies at almoft an equal diftance from Europe and Africa. It was formerly famous for. the worftiip of Venus, the Cyprian goddefs ; and during the time of the crufades, was a rich flourifiiing kingdom, inhabited by Chriftians. Its wine, efpecially that which grows at the bottom of the celebrated Mount Olympus, is the moft palatable and richeft of all that grows in the Greek iflands. Nicofla is the capital, and the fee of a Greek archbifliop. Famagufta, its antient capital, has a good harbour ; and the natural produce of the ifland is fo rich, that many European nations find their account in keeping con- fuls refiding upon it ; but the oppreflions of the Turks have depopulated and impoverilhed it to a furprizing degree, though the revenue they get from it does not exceed 1250 1. a year. Its female inhabitants do not degenerate from.their anceftors as devotees to Venus ; and P;iphos, the antient feat of pleafureand corruption, is one of the divifions nf t.ie ifl;ind. Richard I. king of England, fubdued Cyprus, on account of its kingVv treachery; and its royal title was transferred to Guy Lufignan, king of jerufalem, from whence it paflTed to the Venetians, wlio iliil hold thst Ciijpty honour. F f 4 lae ■mm I'.i: H.1 440 ASIA. I; The inajjds in the Ionian fea are, Sapienza, Strivali, Zante, Ceplia. Ionia, Santa Maura, Corfu, and others of fmaller note, particularly Kola dej Compare, which would not deferve mention, had it not been the antient Ithaca, the birth-place and kingdom of Ulyfles. Thofc iflands in general are fruitful. Zante, belonging to the Vene- tians, has a populous capital of the fame name, and is a place of con- fiderable trade, efpecially in fruits. Corfu, which is the capital of that ifland, is a place of great ftrength, and belongs likewife to the Vene- tians, who concern themfelvcs very little about the welfare or govern- ment of thofe and other idands, fo that the inhabitants, who arc gene- rally Greeks, bear a very indifferent charafter. ASIA. As Afia exceeds Europe and Africa in the extent of its territories, it is alfo fuperior to them in the ferenity of its air, the fertility of its foil, the delicioufnefs of its fruits, the fragrancy and balfamic qua- lities of its plants, fpices, and gums ; the falubrity of its drugs ; the quantity, variety, beauty, and value of its gems ; the richnefs of its metals, and the iinenefs of its filks and cottons. It was in Afia, accord- ing to the iacred records, that the Allwife Creator planted the garden of Eden, in which he formed the jirft man and firft woman, from whom the race of mankind was to fpring. Afia became again the nurfery of the world after the deluge, whence the defcendants of Noah difperfed their various colonies into all the other parts of the globe. It was in Afia that rgia 1440 looo 2000 15^0 1000 2COO 1300 IICO 1200 1300 270 J 60 2in 90 750 3^ J 560 310 360 • * « 300 *' • » > Chief Cities. Tobolfkoi Chynian Tibet Samercand Pekin DcUy iiaiTi or Pegu Ifpahan M ecca Aleppo D.ft. if bcarip.j, from Loriuon. iOiff. of time fromLonJon. 2z6o IT. E. 4480 N. £, 3780 E. 2800 E. 43to S. E. 3720 S. E. 5040 S. £. 2460 S. £. 2640 S, E. Terufalem Buifa or Smyrna Bagdad 'E'rerum Tffljs i860 S. £. 1920 S. E. 1440 S. E. 2160 S. £. 1^60 S.E. 1920 E. 4 10 bef. 8 4 bef. 5 40 bef. 4 36 bef. 7 24 hcf. 5 16 bef. 6 44 bef. 3 20 bel". 2 52 bef. 2 30 bef. 2 24 bef. I 48 bef. 56 bef. 2 44 bef. 3 10 bef. Reli Chrift, & Pji Pagans Pagans Pagani Pagans Mahometans | Chrift.fclj] Clmfl^"M3 Mahom et anil }Mahumt- tans, ttiil I lomc fcK Chriiliau,] TURKEY IN ASIA. Situation and extent. Between Between 27 and 45 28 and 45 Long. Lat. Being 1000 miles in length. 870 miles in breadth. Boundaries.] "OOunded by the Black Sea and Circaflia, on the X3 north ; by Perfia, on the eaft ; by Arabia and the Levant fea, on the South ; .and by the Archipelago, the Hellefpont, jind Propontis, which fcparate it from Europe, on the weft. Pivifions, fhe eaftern pro- vinces are ] ] Subdivifions. "i. Eyraco Arabic or Chaldea ■— — 2. Diarbec or Mefo- j potamia — — j 3. Curdlllan or AiTy- 1 ria — — — 3 4. TurcomaniaorAr- 7 ' msnia — — 3 V 5. Georgia, including 1 Mengrelia and Ima- I retta, and pait of J CircafTia ■. — — J Chief Towns. Bo/Tor a and Bagdat. Diarbec, Orfa, and Moufoul. Nineveh and Betlij, Erzerum and V^an. Amarchia and Gonic. Divifi'jiw. "T- )iff. of time •omLonJon. 4 10 bef. 8 4 bef. 5 40 bet". 4 36 bcF. 7 S4 ^ef. Chrift. ic PjJ •'agans Pagans Pagan! 5 16 bef. Pagans Mah. fTpT. 6 44 bet". Pagirtj 3 20 bef". Mahom eunil I 52 bcf. Mahometan! I s 30 bef. 2 24 bef. t 48 bef. 2 56 bef. t 44 bef. 3 lo bef. Chrift. j tlvij M ahomet an?] MahomTl tans, wli; Jome fc» Chrilllau,) 1 iiiles in length, les in breadth. ^ircafiia, on the by Arabia and the Hellefpont, 'ft. lief Towns. » and Bagdat. :c, Orfa, and jfoul. ?h and Betli^. m and Van. hia and Gonic. DivifioiWw T.Juh'/ii/i ^I I (2. V 7^ J )\Ivhhii^ .d \ * M \JUi, *• fi 1 LUt3 ^?^ rswr t^A // "II. ZaMi r. V ^iL-^x^;^ ■> i ^ ^ > 'j^ ■^'Mm:. j^ch^ ym^^i^i , i JBP ri/e7ifijj.7,.i JibLdiv ^• ^' (Asia., I'm/ 1 Ihe Ivst [Authorities. *^N Vfada^a£c UrX m "1 !■ IW ■ M-lif ■/■'7/ S,'//A/ : I£}ti/\/^.^'c7/iZonifo; ■ . I ^' «:,>- /i ! ;: ^; .h- u \ . ty ',.}* ■l.'uf.. *■• * ■;■!■ H'W TURKEY IN ASIA. 445 Divifions. ^'atolia, or the Lef- 2. Amafia ' kr Afia, on the-^ well, I 3. AladuUa Subdivifions. Chief Town^. .. ,. ,, 1 { Burlh, Nici, Smyrna, :. Natoha Proper - || and Ephefus. 7 J Amafia, Trape^ond, "" I I and ijinope. L+- Caramania Eall of the Levant ) Syria, with PalclHne, Sea i or the Holy Land — - — I < Ajazzo arid iVlarat. i ) Satalia and Teraffo. Aleppo, Antioch, Da- malctiSjTyrejSidon, Tripoli, Scande- roun, and Jcrufalem. Olympus ; 2 Lc'.'inon I'igris; Taurus and 5. Hermon. 3- Orantes ; Mountains.] The mountains are, i. Anti-taurus ; 3. Caucafus and Arrarat ; 4. Rivers.] The rivers are, i. Euphrates; ^.Meander; 5. Sarabat ; 6. Kara; and, 7. Jordan. AiK AND CLIMATE.] Though both are delightful in the utinofl degree, and naturally falubrious to the human conftitution, yet fuch is the equality with which the Author of nature has dirpcnfei his benefits, that Turkey, both in Europe and Afia, is often viiited by the plague ; a frightful I'courge of mankind, wherever it takes place, but here doubly ceitruttive, from the native indolence of the Turks, and their fiiper- llitioui belief in predeilination, which prevents them from ufing the lead precaution to defend theml'elves againft this calamity- Soii. AND PRODugE.] As this country contains the moil fertile pro- vinus of Afi;., I need fcarcely inform the reader that it produces all the luxuries of lits. in the utmoll abundance, notwithftanding the indolence of its owners, xlaw filk, corn, wine, oil, hone/, fruit of every ipccies, coiite, myrrh, frankintenfe, and odoriferous plants and drugs, are na- tives ht-re almolt without culture, which is prad\iftd chiefly by Greek init AnneK'ah ChrilUans. The olives, citrons, lemons, oranges, hgh» and dates, produced in thofe provinces, are highly delicious, and in iuiii plenty, that they coll the inhabitants a mere trifle, and it is faid, in iome places nothing. Their afparagus is oftL'n as large as a man';* leg, and their grapes far exceed thofe of other countries in largenefs. In fton, nature has brought all her produdlions here to the highell per- fedion. Anim/^l productions 7 The fame may be faid of their animah, BV SEA AND LAUD. j Thc breed of the I'urkiih and Aiahian horfes, the latter efpecially, are valuable beyond any in t'ii'^ world, and hve confiderably improved that of the Englith. We know ot no qua- diapeds that are peculiar to thofe countries, but tliey co'itain all that anJ nccdlary for the ui'e of mankind. Camels are here ii much rvqueii:, from their ftrength, theif agilitv, and, above all, thei.- modiT.ition in tating and drinking, which is greater than that of any other known ani- mal. Their numerous licrds of goats furnilh the materials for their camblcth. Their kids and ihecp are exrjr.iate catipf^, nnd ^u" faid to iurpafi, in flavour and talte, thole of Europe ; but tncir other hutchcis meal, beef particularly, is not fo fine. As to birds, they have wild fowl iu vail perfcclion ; theii oilrlche.- arc ""I'hc Roman '-pn.urf"i jrycii known by tticir tallncfs, llupidity, ;uui hcavlncl^-. t: »•! I I m '¥ 444 TURKEY in- EUROPE and ASIA. epicures prized no fi Hi except lampreys, mullets, and oyftcfs, but thcfc that were found in Afia. MtTALs AND MINERALS.] Thib country contains all tlie rncldh that arc to be found in the richell kingdoms and provinces ot Europe; I'.nd its medicinal Ipringb and batlis exceed thoic ot' any in tl;e known world. Of the TURKS in EUROPE and ASIA. if ^'ll ill • Population, inhabitants, T ^ i '^ H E population of this great , MANNERS, CUSTOMS AND J J^ couotry is by no mcsiis DIVERSIONS. J equal either to its extent or kni- lity, nor iuive the bell geographers been able to afcertain it, becaufe of the uncert;iinty of its limits. It certainly is not fo great as it ,vas before uc Chriflian a;ra, or even under the Roinan emperors ; owing to vai ioii'; caufcs, .ind above all, to the tyn'nny under which the natives live, anil their polvgamy, which is undoubtedly an enemy to population, as may be evinced from many reafons, and particularly becaufe the Greeks and Armenians, amorg whom it is not pradtifed, are incomparably more praline than the 'i'urks, notwithltanding the rigid fubjeiition in which ihcy arc kept by the latter. The plague is another caufe of depopula- t'on. The Turkilh emperor, however, has more fubjefts than any two European princes. As to the inhabitants, they ;ire generally well made and robiiR men; when young their complexion': are fair, and lhei> faces handfome ; their hair and eyes ate black or dark brown. The women, when young, are commonly handfome, but Uiey geucrally look old at thirty. In their demeanour, the Turks are rather hypochondriac, grave, feuate, and paf- five ; but when agitated by paflion, furious, raging, ungovernable; big with diilimulation, jealou.^-, fufpicious, and vindidive beyond conception; in matters of religion, tenacious, fuperlHtious, and morofe. Though uncapable of much benevolence, or even humanity with regard to Jews, Chriitians, or any who differ from them in religious matters, they arc not devoid of focial aftedions for thole of their own religion, luit intercll is their fupreme good, and when that comes in competition, all tics of religion, confanguinity, or friendflaip, are fpeedily diflblved. The mo- rals of the Afiatic Turks are far preferable to thofe of the European. They are hofpitable to flrangers ; and the vices of avarice and inhuma- nity reign chiefly among their great men. They are likewife faid to be charitable to one apother, and punrtual in their dealings. Their cha- rity and public fpirit b nioit conipicuouh in their building caravanferas or places of entertainment on roads that are dellitute of accommodations, for the refrelhment of poor pilgrims or travellers. With the fnaie Jaudablc view, they fearch out the bell fprings, and dig wells, which in thofe c )untries is a luxury to weary travellers. The Turks lit crofs-leggtd upon n ats, not only at their meals but in company. Their ideas, ex- cept what they acquire from opium, are iimpie and confined, feklom r>.'::ching without the walls of their own houfes, where they fit converling >vith their women, drinl;ing cof^'ee, i'moaking tobacco, or ciiewing opium. They have little curiofity to be informed of the Hate of their own, or any Ciher country. If a vilier, balhaw, or other ofHcer, is turned out, or llrangled, they fay no more on the occalion, than that there will be «i new Vilier or ^vcruor^ iel4unii cncj^uirii!^ into the rcafon of the dif- grace iSlA. , oyftcft, but thcfc IS all tlie m.etah .'inccs of Europe ; ly ill U;c kuown ASIA. ition of this great is by no nu-sus :s extent or itni- I it, bccaufe of the it .vub beiore tae owing to vaiioas natives live, and pulation, as in;.v : the Greeks and :omparabIy more 3Je(ition in which ufe of dcpopula- &.S than any two and rob u 11 men ; handfome ; their when young, are tliirty. In their , lisdate, and paf- igovernablc; big /ond conception ; ■torofe. Though I regard to Jews, natters, they art jion. iUit interell tition, all tics of dved. The mo- >f the European. ice and inhuuia- :ewife faid to be gs. Their cha- l caravanferas or iccommodurions, With the fnaic wells, which in ; lit crofs-legged Their ideas, ex- ;onfined, feldom ey fit convcrhng ciiewiiig opium. 'j( their own, or , is turned out, at there will be Ton of the dif- grace TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 445 frace of tlie former minifler. They are perfevfh ftrangers to vie and aorceab'.e converiation. They have few printed book,s, and fcKloin read an}' other than the Alcoran, and the comniL-nti upon it. Nothing is ncgociattd in Turkey without prefcnts ; and here juftice may be bojght and fold. The Turks dine abcat eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and they fup at Evciii the winter and fix in the fummer, and this is their principal meai. Among the great people, their diihcs are fcrved up one by one; but ;;;cy have neither knife nor fork, and il ey are not permitted by their rdigion to ufe gold or filver fpoons. Thc.r victuals are always high fea- fontd. Rice is the common food of lI e lower lort, lometimes it is boiled up with gravy ; but their ohicf dini u pilau, which is mutton and tbivl boiled to rags, and the rice beir.g boiled tjuite dry, the r.vop is high Ikfoncd, und poured upon it. They drink water, llierbet, and coffee ; and tne only debauch they know is in opium, which gives them fcnfa- :ioni rclbmbling thofe of intoxication. Gueils of higii rank ioinetimes have their beards perfumed by a female Have of the I'amily. They arc temperate and fober from a principle of tlieir lehjdon, which fjrLids them the u!c of wine; though in private many of them indulge them- iuves in the ufe of llrong .Iquors. Their common falutation is by an iiidination of the head, and laying their right hand on their brcall. They flccp, in linen waillcoats and drawers, upon mattrefles, und cover tJiemi'elves witli a quilt. Few or none of the confiderable in'*abit;Mus of this vail empire have any notion of walking ur riding cither for health or Ji- -rfitin. The moll religious among them tind, however, fuilicient ex- UL.C: when they conform themfch es to the frequent oblations, prayers, and liies prefci-ibcd them by Mahomet. Their active diverfions confiit in Ihooting at a mark, or tilting it witli urts, at which they are very expert. Some of their great men are fond of hunting, and take the field with numerous equipages, which are joined by their inferiors ; but this is often done for political purpofes, that they may kr. v the Ilrength of their dependants. Witliin doors, tiie chefs or draught- 1 1'.ird are their ufoal amufcments ; and if they play at chance game.'^, they never bet money, that being prohibited by the Alcoran. Dp.ess.] The men Ihave their heads, leaving a lock on the crown, and wear their beards long. They cover their heads with a turban, and never put it off but when they deep. Their ihlrts are without coll ir or wrillband, and over them they throw a long veil, which they tie v/irh a falli, and over the veil they wear a loofe gown fbmewhat fiiorter. Tiieir breeches, or drawers, are of a piece v.'ith their llockings : and inllead of lines they wear flippers, winch they put oft' when they enter a tomplc or hcufe. They fuflcr no Chriillans, or other people, to wear white tur- bans. The Jrefs of the women diiTcrs little from that of the men, only they wear iHflcncd caps upon their heads ..ith horns foi cihing like a mitre, and wear their hair down. When tf: / appear u ,; oad they are lb niaffled up as not to be known by their iitareil rclatit)ns~ Such of the women as are virtuous make no ule of paint to heighten ..icir beauty, or todifguiie their complexion, but they often tinge their hands and feet with henna, which gives therti a deep yellow. The men make ufe of the fame expedient to colour their beards. MARRrAOK.'i.] Mairi;i<-es in this country arc cl.iefly negoclaifid by tin; ladies. When the :e:aij are agreed upon, the bride^'iuoin pa\s h:\\.\ ■ i 466 TURKEY in EUROPE and ASIA. down n fum of money, a licence is taken out from the cade, or proper magillratc, and the parties are married. The bargain is celebiated, as in other nations, with mirth and jollity, and the money is generally em- ployed in furnilhing the houfe of thr; young couple. A man may marry as many women as he can maintain, but under the reftriftion of a cen- forlal power, to prevent too great a plurality of wives. Befides their wives, the wealthy Turks keep a kind of Seraglio of women jbut all thtie indulgcncies are fometimes infulHcient to gratify their unnatural defires. Funerals.] The burials of the Turks are decent. The corpfe js attended by the relations, chanting pafTages from the Koran ; ana after being dcpofited in a mol'que (for lb they call their temples) they are buried in a field, by the inian or pricR, who pronounces a funeral fer- mon at the time of the interment. I'he male relations exprefs thtir lor- row by alms and prayers ; the women, by decking the tomb on certiin days with flowers aj»d green leaves ; and in mourning for a hulband, they wear a particular head-drefs, and leave oiF all linery for twehe months. Religion.] The eftabliflied religion is that of the Mahometan, fo called from Mahomet, the author of u ; fome account of which the reader v.iU fee in another place. The Turks profefs that of the fedt of Omar ; but thefe are fplit into as many feilaries as their neighbours the Chrillians. There is no ordination among their clergy, any peribn may be a prieft that pk-afes to take the habit and perform the fun-ttions of hi: order, and may lay down his oflice when he pleafes. Their chief priclt or mufti feems to have great power in the flate. Ecclesiastical INSTITUTIONS 7 The Turkifh government hav- OF CHRISTIANS. j iug fomied thefe inrl part of its finances, they are tolerated where they are moft profitable , but the hardfhips impofed upon the Greek church are fuch, as mull always dif- pofe that people to favour any revolution of government, jeruralem, Alexandria, and Antioch, are patriarchates ; and their heads are in- dulged, according as they pay for their privilege, with a civil as well a; an ecclcfiaftical authoritv ovei their votaries. The fame mav be faidol the Neilorian and Armenian patriarchs ; and every great city that can pay for the privilege has its archbifliop or biihop. Learning and learned men.] I know of none among the Turk', who profefs a fovereign contempt for our learning. Greece, which vvi' the native country of genius, arts, and fciences, produces at prefem, befides Turks, numerous bands ofChriftian bifhops, prieils, and monies, who in general are as ignorant as the Turks themlelvcs, and are divldd into various abfurd fefts of what they call Chriftianity. Language.] The radical languages of this empire are the Sclavo- ni.in, which feems to have hren the mother tongue of the antiei.'t Turks; j the Greek modernized, but ftih u..».l..g a relation to the old language; the Arabic, and the Syriac, a dialed of which is ftiU fpoken. A fpeci- men of the modern Greek follows in thoir I'atemollcr : Pater kemas, opios ifo ees tos ouranous : hngia jlhito to otioma feu : m I erti he bnf.Ha/ou : to thdeniafou na genet ex, itxon en te ge, os is ton outli- ne ti : to ptfumi bemas doze hemas fimoren : kti fi choraje hh.'os ta cr:!H(iu\ bcrnon itzone, kof bemas Jickorafomen ckinous cpou : mas adikounka: ma I Uf»iS hemaii is to pira/mo^ allafo/on hemas apo to kaxo. Amen. k CoMi.URCF the old language; fpokeri. A fpeci- TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 447 Commerce and manufactures.] Tliefe objects are little at- tended to in the Turkifh dominions. The nature ot their government deilroys that happy ieciirity which is the mother of arts, indiillry, and commerce ; and luch is the debafemcnt of the human mind when borne down by tyranny and oppreflion, that all the great -advantages of com- merce which nature has r.s it were thrown under the feet of the inhabi- tants by their fituation, ai-e herC' totally negktSted. The advantages of Tyre, Sidon, Alexandria, and all thofe countries which carried on the commerce of the antient world, are overlooked. I'hey command the navigation of the Red Sea, which oper.s a communication to the fouthern ocean, and prefcnts them with all the riches of the Indies. Whoever looks on a map of Turkey, muft admire tne fituation of their capital, upon a narrow ftrait that feparates Europe from Afia, and communicates oil the fouth with the Mediterranean icn, therchy opening a paflagc to all the European nations as well as the nail of Africa. I'he fame Itrait, communicating northwards with the BlvK Sea, opens a palfage, by- means of the Danube and other great rivers, into the interior parts of Germany, Poland, and Ruflia. In this extenfive empire, where all the commodities neceffary for the hrgeil plan of induftry and commerce arc produced, the Turks content themfelves with manufadiuring cottons, carpets, leather, and foap. The moft valuable of their commodities, fuch as li'k, a variety of drugs, and dying It uft's, they generally export without gi'.ing them much additional value from their own labour. The internal commerce of the empire is extremely fmall, and managed entirely by jews and Armenians, in their tralKc with Europe the Turks arc altogether paflive. The Engliih. French, Dutch, and o<-her Europeans, refort hither with their commo- ditie-, and bring back thofe of Turkey in the fame bottoms. They feldom attempt any dillanr voyages, aad are pofiefied only ot a tew coalting vcflels in the Afiatic I'urkey ; their chief naval armaments lying oil the fide of Europe. The inatcontion of the Turks to objects of commerce is perhaps the belt fecurity to tht-ir goven.'ncut. The hJance of power cftabliflied among the princes of j.uropef, and their jealoufies of one another, fecures to the iuHdeis t^e pofll-llion of coua- :ries, which in the hands of the Ruilians, or any -.(iWe Ihite, might indaiiger the commerce of their neighbours, efpecally the trade with India. CoN-sTiTUTTON AND GOVERNMENT,] The 7 itrkifli government 13 coninionly exhibited as a picture of al! that h Ihockitig and uiinatural in arl)itrary power. Cut from the late accounts of Sir j.>mes Potter, who refided at the Porte, in qualicy of embailador, from hit i^ritannic ma- jdly, it appears that the rigours of that dcfpouc govcniiaent, are confi- derahlv moderated by the power of reli"icin. For thou^ii in this em- pirc there is no hereditary fuccelfion to property, the rights of mdu idual* niay be rendered fixed, and iccurc, by l)eiug annexed to the church, which is done at an inconhdorable cxpence. Evm Jews and Ciullliari'- may in this manner fecure the enjoyment of their lands to the latc!t pollcrity, and fo facred and inviolable has thi? law been held, that there is no inllance of an attempt on the fide of the prince to trefpafs or reverfe it. Neither does the oblcrvance of thi^ inltitution altogether de- penu on the fuperllition of the fultan ; he knows that any attempt to violate it, would Ihake the foundations of his throne, which is foicly fuppurted by the laws of religion. Were he to tr^fpafs th:;fe laws, he " ' becomes n n I: I ; )Jl,' \i , , w : ..: ;.ifp: (1 't'l i 1 1 ;48 TURKEY m EUROPE and ASIA: Wf\:''f becomes an infidel, and ceafes to be the lawful fovereign. The fame ob. fi^rvarion extends to all the rules laid down in the Koran, which was dc- fijjned by Mahomet, both as a political code, and as a religious fyllem. The laws there enadled, having all the force of religious prejudices to fupport them, are inviolable ; and by them the civil rights of the Ma- hometans are regulated. Even the comments on this book, which ex- plain the law where it is obfcure ; or extend and compleat what Mahomet had left imperfecl, are conceived to be of equal validit)' with the iirlt iniHtiition of the prophet, and no member of the fociety, however powerful, can tranlgrefs them without cenfure, or violate them without puniihmenr. The Afiatic 'I'urks, or rather fubjeils of the Turkilh em- pire, who liold their polfeflions by a kind of military tenure on condition ♦)f their fcrving in the field with a particular number of men, think themfelves, while they perform that agreement, almoll independent of his majcily, who fcldom calls for the head of the ellate of a fubjert, who J?; not an immediate fervant of the court. The moll unhappy fuhjeds of the I'urkiih government, are thofc who approach the highclt dignities of llate, ami whofe fdrtuncs are conrtantly cxpofed to fudden alterations, and dep?nd on the breath of their mafler. There is a gradation of great officers in Turkc}-, of whom the vizir, or prime minlfter, the chiaya, ftcond in power to the vizir, the reis eftendi, or fecretary of Hate, are the moft confiderable. Thele, as well as the mufti, or high prielt, the balhaws, or governors of provinces, the civil judges, and many others -are commonly railed by their application and alilduity, from the ineanell llations in life, and are often the children of Tartar, or ChriiHan flavcj taken in war, I'utored in the fchool of adverfity, and arriving at pre- eminence tlirough a thoufand difEculties and dangers, thcfc men are ge- nerally as diftinguifned for abilities, as deficient in virtue. They pof- fefs all the diirmiulation, intrigue, and corruption, which often accom- panies ambition in a humble rank, and tliey have a farther reatbn for plundering the people, becaufe they are uncertain how long they may pofiefi tlic dignities to which they are arrived. The adminiftration of juflico, therefore, is extremely corrupt over the whole empire ; bat this proceeds liom the manners of the judges, and not from the lawi of tlie kingdom, which are founded on very equitable principles. Revenues.] The riches drav.'n from the various provinces of this empire mull be immenfe. The revenues arifc from the cuftoms, and s variety of taxes which lall chiefly on the Chriitians, and other fubjeds, not of the Mahometan religion. Another branch of the revenue arifes from the annup.l tribute paid by the 'i'ars.-.rs, atu' other nations bordering upon Turkey, but governed by their o-'wt. princes and laws. All thefe, however, are trifling, when compared with the \ all fums extorted from the governor; of province , and officers of llate, under the name of pre- fents. Thek" hnrpit!,, to indemnify tlicmfi Ives, as we have airendy oblerv- ed, exercifc every fpccics of opprellion that ilu-ir avarice can fuggeil, tillljc- come wealthy from the vitals of the countries they are fentto govern, their r'ches give rife to a pretended fufpicion nf difloyaity or mili.ondaft, ;;nd the whole fortune of the offender dc\ohcs to the crown. He is leldom acquainted with the nature of the ofa-nce, or the names of his acculers; but, without giving him thi' leall opportunity of making a defence, an oiliccr is dilpatched, v^itl' an imperial decree, to take off his head. Tii'- u'.ihappy bajia receives it with the lughell refpect, putting it on his head, iiid, after he has read it, fays, fv, 'ikHI of iioU and the emperor bt TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA: 449 dene, or fome fuch exprefllon, tcflifying his entire refignation to the will ct hii prince. Then he takes the fiJken cord, which the ofiicer has ready in his bofom, and having tied it about his own neck, and faid a Hiort prayer, the officer's iervants throw him on the floor, and, drawing the cord llrait, foon difpatch liim ; after which his head is cut oft', and carried to court. Forces.] The militia of tlie Turkifli empire is of two forts; the f.rll have certain lands appointed for their maintenance, and the other ii paid out of the trcafury. Thofe that have certain lands, amount to about two hundred and fixty-eight thoufand troopers, effeftive men. Be- j'lies thefe, there are alfo certain auxiliary forces raifed by the tributary countries of this empire; as the Tartars, Walachians, Moldavians, and Georgians, who are commanded by their refpedive princes. The Kan of the Crim Tartars is obliged to furnifh a hundred thoufand men, and ;o fcrve in perfon, when the grand ilgnior takes the field. In every war, faefides the above forces, there are great numbers of volunteers, who live at their own charge, in expedation of fucceeding the officers. Thefe adventurers do not only promife thcmfelves an eftate if they furvive, but are taught, that if they die in a war againil tlie Chrillians, they ihail go immediately to paradife. The forces, which receive their pay, from the treafury, are called the Spahis, or iiOrfe-guards, and are in iwmber about twelve thoufand ; and the janizaiies, or foot-guards, who areefteemed the befl foldiers in the Turkifli armies, and ou them they principally depend in an engagement. Thefe amount to about twenty- live thoufand men, who are quartered in and near Conllantinople. They frequently grow mutinous, and have proceeded fo far fometimes as to depofe the fultau. They are educated in the feraglio, and trained up to the exercife of arms from their infancy ; and there are not lefs than a hundred thoufand foot foldiers, fcattered over every province of the em- pire, who procure thcmfelves to be regiftered in this body, to enjoy the privileges of janizaries, which are ve;"' great, being fubjed to no ju- rifuiftion, but that of their aga, or chief commander. Arms and titi-es.] The emperor's titles are fwelled with all the pomp of eaflern magniticence. He is iHIed by his fubjcds, t/je Shadonm cf Cod, a Gad en Earth, Brother to the Sun mid Moon, difpoftr of all earth- ly Croiv/is, SsV. The grand fignior's arms arc, vert, a crefcent argent, crelled with a lurbant, charged with three black plumes of heron's quills, with this motto, Donee totum itnpleat orbem. Court and seraglio.] Great care is taken in the education of the youths, who are defigned for tl. j ila'te, the army, or the navy ; but they are fi.'ldoni preferred till they are about forty years of age, and they rife by cheif merit. They are generally the children of Chriilian parents, either taken in war, purchafcJ, or prefents from the vicToys ana governors of dillant provinces, the moft beautiful, well made, and fprightly children, that can be met with, and are always reviewed and approved of by the figrdor, before they are fent to the colleges, or feminaries, where they are educated for employments, according to their genius or abilities. The ladies of the feragiio, are a colledion of beautiful young women, chiefly fent as prefents from the provinces, and the Greek ifiands, moft of them the children of Chriflian parents. On their admiffion they are committPa tJ the care of old ladies, tauglit mufic, dancing, and other accompliltiments, and furniilied with the richcft clot?ies and ornamcifts. Thefe ladies are fcarce ever fuffercd to g« abroad, except when the grand C> g ngnior ■<; \ ■- f . i 'i ( 'I i f: 450 TURKEY v.j KUKOPR and ASIA. fignior removes from oik-; place to anniVier, when .1 troop of l)l;u[; tumiciis coiivi'Vb them t'> tlif bo;it'^, wliich are inclulld wiiii hittice^ • and, when they Ro by hncl, they arc put into clofc chnriots, and fignal, are made at certain d.llanccs, to give notice that none appror.ch iLc roads, through which they inarch. Among the emperor\-> attciul;;nts are a number ot' nuites, who ad and converfe by ilgns with great quick- nef?, and ibnie dwarfs who are exhibited for the divcrfion of hij inajelly. Antk^uit I !• s AND c u R lOs TT /' F. 8.] Thefe are fo variotis, that they have furnilhcd inatter for many voluminous pul)lications, and other:; ;ii,' appearing every dav. 'I'hofe countries contained all that w;is rich .-in,! inagnilicent in architciflure, and fculpture, and neither the b.irbariry of the Turk.s, nor the depredations they have fnlFered from the European^ fcemed to have diminilhed their number. 'J'hey are more or lels pu- .ect, acC'irding to the air, foil, or climate, in which they iland, andall of tl'.em bear deplorable marks of negleft. Many of the finell temple.; arc converted into Turkiih mofques, or Greek churches, anil are mcrj dibfu'ured than thofe which remain in ruins. Amidil fuch a plcnituu of curiofities, all that can be done here is to feled fome of the mo;! ftriking; and I Ihall bep;in with Balbec and Palmyra, which form tl.. pride of ail antiquity. Balbec is fituated on a rifmg plain, between Tripoli in Svria an;; Damafciis, and i^ the Heliopolis of C:vlo Syria. Its remains of antiquity difplay, according to the belt ju<'ges, the boldcit plan that c\cr was attempted in architedlurc. The portico of the temple of Hcliopolij ii inexprefllbly fuperb, though disfigured by two I'urkifli towers. The hexa- gonal court behind it, is now known only by the magniiicence of its ruins. Their walls were adorned with Corinthian pilailers and llatucs and it opens into a quadrangular court of the fame talle and grandeur, The great temple to which thii leads, is now fo ruined, that it is known only by an entablature, lupported by nine lofty columns, each coniilii:;:; of tlnee pieces joined together, by iron pins, without cement. Someu thofe pins are a foot long, and a foot in diameter, and the fordid Turki are daily at work to dcllroy the columns, for the fake of the iron. A fmall temple is Uill Ihinding, with a pedellal of eight columns in front, end fifteen in flank, and every where richly ornamented with figures in pJto relief, expreffing the heads ot gods, heroes, and emperors, and par; of the anrient invtliology. To the well of this temple is another, of.i circular form, of the Corinthian and Ionic order, but disfigured with Turkiili mofques and houfcj. I'hc other parts of this ancient city are proportionr.hly beautiful and ilupendous. - Various have been the conjeclures concerning the founders of thoii i immeiife buildings. The inhabitants of Alia afcribe them to Solomon, j but feme make them fo modern, as the 'imc of Antoninus Pius. Pc: haps they arc of difii rent a'r,;s, r.nd thoi'gli that prince, and his fuccel- fors, may have rebuilt feme part of their.> yet the boldnefs of their ;u' chitedurc, tire beauty of their ornaments, j.rd the Ihipendc us executioaj of the whole, feem to fix their fnindation to a period before the Chriif tian ivra, but without mounting to the times (A the Jews, or the Phen;- cians, who probably knew little of the Greek It'le, in building ar. ornamenting. Balbec is at prefent a little city, encompafled witii a waii 'I'he inhabitants, who are about five thoufand in number, live in or iv:< the circular temple, in hoiu'e^ built out of tlie autient ruins A trt<' ilu;.i TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 451 lis ancient citv are | toiunus Pius. Per (InnC quarry, in the ncighbourliood, furninied the ftones for the body of the temple, and one of the Hones, not ijuite detached from the bottom of the quarry, is feventy feet long, fourteen broad, and fourteen feet Sveinclies deep, ;ind redujed to our meaiiue is one thoufand one hundred ;,nJ ill irty- five tons. A coarfe white marble quarry, at a greater dillance, fiirniihed the ornamental parts. palmyra, or as it wai called by the antients, Tadmor in the Dcfart, ii Jituatcd in the wilds of Arabia Petrx-a, about thirty-three degrees of north latitude, and two hundred miles to the louth-ealt of Aleppo. It :> approached through a narrow plain lined as it were with the lemains rf antiquity, and opening all at once, the eye is preiented with the moil Itriking objeds that are to be found in the world. The temple of the Sun lies in ruins, but the accefs to it is through a vaft number of beau- dfiil Corinthian columns of white marble, the grandeur and beauty of which can only be known by the plates of it, which have been drawn, and publilhed by a gentleman now alive, who, with his friends, paid it a vilit fome years ago, purpofely to preferve fome remembrance of fuch acuriofity. As thofe drawings or copies from them are now common, we mult refer the reader to them, efpecially as he can form no very ade- quate ideas of the ruins, from the printed relation. Superb arches, umzing columns, a colonade extending four thoufand feet in length, terminated by a noble maufo'eum, temples, fine porticos, periilyles, in- !;rcolumniations, and entablatures, all of them in the highell liile, and liiiilhed with the moil beautiful materials, appear on all hands, but fo difperled and disjointed, that it is impoflible from them to form an idea rf the whole when perfect. Thofe llriking ruins are contralled by the miferable huts of the wild Arabs, who refide in or near them. Nothing but ocular proof could convince any man, that fo fupcrb a citv, formerly ten miles in circumference, could exiil in the midll of trads of barren uninhabitable fands. Nothing however is more certain, than that Palmyra was formerly the capital of a great kingdom ; that it was the pride as well as the emporium of the eaftern world, and that its merchants dealt with the Romans, and the wellern nations, for the mer- chandizes and luxuries of India and Arabia. Its prefent altered fituation, therefore, can be accounted for only by natural cauies, which have turn- ed the moil fertile trafts into barren defarts. The Afiatics think that Palmyra, as well as Balbec, owes its original to Solomon, and in this they receive fome countenance from facred hiilory. In profane hiilory it is not mentioned before the time of Marc Anthony, and its moil fuperb iiuildings, arc thought to be of the lower empire, about the time of GalHenus. Odenathus, the lail king of Palmyra, was highly carefTed by that em- peror, and even declared Auguihis. His widow Zenobia reigned in great glory for fome time, and Longinus, the celebrated critic, was her fecrc- tary. Not being able to brook the Roman tyranny, ilie declared war againll the emperor Aurelian, who took her prifoncr, led her in triumph to Rome, and butchered her principal nobility, and among others, the excellent Longinus. He afterwards dellroycd her city, and maflacred its inhabitants, but expended large Aims out of Zenobia's trcafures in repairing the temple of the Sun, the niajeilic ruins of which have been mentioned. This, it muli be acknowledged, is bat a very lame account cf that celebrated city ; nor do any of tj\e Palmy rf-'ue infcrlptions reach iihove tl;e Chrillian xra, though there can be no doubt that the city iticif G R 2 is tip, i!?'?lit I hllr:lriT g 452 TURKEY in EUROPE and ASIA; is of irmch higher antiquity. The emperor Juflinian made fome cfToit; to rcftore it to its antient fplendor, but without effccl, for it dwindled hy degrees to its prefent wretched llnte. It has been obferved very juiHy, that its architecture, and the proportions of its columns, are by uo means equal in purity to thoi'c of Balbc-c. Nothing call be more futile, than the boafted antiquities Hicwn by the Greek and Ar'Tienian priclls in and near Jfrufalem, which ix well known to have been lo oftrn razud to the ground, and rebuilt anew, that no fccne of our Saviour's life and fulleringE, can be afccrtaincd, and yet thofe ecclefiaftics fubfiil by their forgeries, and pretend'ng to pjuide tra- vellers to every fpot mentioned in th- Old and New Teilament. Thcv arL\ it is true, under fcverc contributions to the Turks, but the tra.ie flill goes on though much diminillied in its profits. The church of the Holy Sepulchre, as it is called, faid to be built by Helena, mother to Conltantine the fJreat, is ftill Handing, and of tolerable good archi- tenure, but its different divifions, and the difpofitions made round it, are chietlv calculated to fupport the forgeries of its keepers. Other churchcr, built by the fame lady, are found in Paleftine ; but the country is lo altered in its appearance and qualities, that it is one of the moft defpica- ble of any in Afia, and it is in vain for a modern traveller to attempt to trace in it any veftiges of the kingdom of David and Solomon. Mecca and Medina are curiofities only through the fuperftition of the Mahometans. Their buildings are mean, when compared to European houfes or churches ; and even the temple of Mecca makes but a ibrry appearance, though creiflcd on the fpot where the great prophet is faiil to have been born. The fame may be faidof the mofqueat Medina, where that impoftor was buried ; fo that the vaft fums fpent yearly by Maho- metan pilgrims, in vifiting thofe places, are undoubtedly converted to temporal ufes. I fhall not amufe the reader with any accounts of the fpot which is faid to have formed Paradife, and to have been fituated be- tween the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, where there are fome trails which undoubtedly deferve that name. The different ruins, fome of them in- exprelTibly magnificent, that are to be found in thole immenfe regions cannot be appropriated with any certainty to their original founders ; I'o great is the ignorance in which they have been buried for thefe thou- fand years part. It is indeed eafy to pronounce whether the ftile of their buildings are Greek, Roman, or Saracen, but all other information niuil come from their infcriptions. The neighbourhood of Smyrna (now called Ifmir) contains many va- luable antiquities, but it cannot be imagined that a learned man could devote his whole life to explain them. The fame may be faid of Aleppo, and a number of other places celebrated in antiquity, and now known only by geographical obfervations. The feat of old Troy cannot be dif- tinguilhed by the fmalleft veflige, and is known only by its lying oppo- fiie to the ifle of Tenedos, and the name of a brook, which the poe:s magnified into a wonderful river. A temple of marble built in honour of Auguftus Casfar, at MilafTo in Caria, and a few ftrudtures of the /fame kind, in the neighbourhood, are among the antiquities that arc ftill entire. Three theatres of white marble, and a noble circus near ' Laodicer, have fufFered very little from time or barbarifm, and fome travellers think that they difcern the ruins of the celebrated temple of Blana^ near Ephefus. $ - CXTIES.] TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 453 Cities.] Thefc arc very numerous, and at the fame time very in- jlqiiihcant, becauil" they hnve little or no trade, and are greatly decayed fiom their antient grandeur. Scandcroon ftands upon the Ate of Old /llexandria, but it is now almoft depopulated. Superb remains of an» tquit\' are found in its neighbourhood. Aleppo, however, prcfcrvcs a rd'pciitiible rank among the cities of the Aliatic Turkey. It is lliU the cipital of Syria, and is fuperior in its buildings and convenicncies, to moll of the 'I'urkiOi cities. Iti, houfes, as ufiial in the eail, confiftof a large court, with a dead wall to the llreet, with an arcade or piazza running raund it, paved with marble, and an elegant fountain of the fame in the middle. Aleppo, and its fuburbs, are feven miles in compafs, and contain two hundred and thirty-five thoufand inhabitants, of whom thirty thoullind are Chrilllans, and five thoufand arc Jews. It is furniihed with molt of the convcniencies of life, excepting good water, within the walls, and even that is fupplled by an aqueduct, iWid to have been creeled hv the emprefs Helena. Their gardens are plcafant, being laid out in viiicvards, olive, tig and pillachio trees, but the country round is rough and barren. Foreign merchants are numerous here, and tranfaft their buunefb in caravanfcras, or large fquare buildings, containing their \>.ire-houfes, lodging rooms, and counting houfes. This city abounds ill neat, and feme of them magnificent mofques, public bagnios, which are very refrefliing, and bazars, or market places, which are fcrmed into bng, narrow, covered ftreets, with little fhops, as in other parts of the- e.ilt. Their coffee is excellent, and confidered by the Turks as a high luxury, and their fweetmeats and fruits are delicious. European mer- chants live here in greater iplendor and fafety, than in any other city ot the TurkiOi empire, which is owing to particular capitulations with the Po ^e. The Knglifh, I'lx-nch, and Dutch, have confuls, who are much refpeftcd, and appear abroad, the Englifli efpecially, with marks of diltintlion. The heat of the country makes it convenient for the inhabitants to deep in the open air, here and over all Arabia, and many other parts of the call; for which reafon their houfes are flat on the top. This pradice accounts for the early acquaintance thofe nations had with aftronomy, and the motions of the heavenly bodies, and explains fonve parts of the holy fcripture. As the Turks are very uniform, in their way of living, this account of Aleppo may give the reader an idea of the other Turkifh cities. Bagdat, built upon the Tigris in thirty-three degrees, fifteen minutes norm latitude, and forty-three degrees eaft longitude from London, is the capital of the antient Chaldea, and was once the metropolis of the cahfr.te, the moll powerful monarchy in the earth. Bagdat retains but few marks of its antient grandeur. It is rudel,jr fortitied, but the conveniency of its fituation renders it one of the feats of the Turkifn governnu:..:, :\nd has Hill a confiderable trade, being an^ nually vifited by the Siiyrnr, Aleppo and weftern caravans. Antient AlTvria is no v called the Turkifli Curdillan, though part of it h (ubjev^ to the Perfia:^ . The capital is Curdiftan ; the antient Ni- nivch being now a heap of ruins. Curdiftan is faid to be for the moll part cut out of a mountain, and is the relidence of a viceroy, or beg- lerbeg. Orfa, formerly Edefla, is the capital of the fine province of iMcfopotamia. It is now a mean pLace, and chiefly fupported by a ma« nutacturc of Turkey le-.ther. Georgia, or Gurgiftan, though fubjeil to (^ Turks, is chiefly peopled by Chriftiau*, a brave, warlike race of Gg } men, M ^1 k ;l ; rl ■ igl I 111 f 1 ■::'¥•.: jl ,.^'. ^'.. \ ^^vr'# IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I ff- 140 IL25 iu lA^ llB |2.5 ■ so "^^ ■■■ U£ Ui |2.2 IIIIIM 1.6 P^ Z c,? Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STit»^i WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SM (716) •72-4503 P ^ '^ o 4>. "L ;\ '^ 6^ 454 TURKEY in EUROPE and ASIA. men, and now at war with the Mahometans. Their capital TcHi> l a handlbnie city, and makes a fine appearance, its inhabitants being ahout thirly thouland. The Gcorjfians in general are by fomc travdltis (.lid to be the handfomcll people in the world, and iomc think that they early received the pradicc of inocuhuion for the lhi;iIl-pov. They mi.kc no fcruj)le of f'llinn; and driukin;^ wines in their capital, and other towns, and tht'ir valour has procured thorn many diltinguilhed liberties and pri- vileges. The antient cities of Damafcus, Tyre and Sidon, ftill retain pnrt nf their former trade. Damafcus is called Sham, and tho approach to it by the river is inexpreflibly beautiful. It contains a fine mofque, which was formerly a Chrillian church. It ftill is famous for its ftcel works, fuch as fword blades, knives, and the like ; the excellent temper ot" •which is f-^id to be owing to a quality in the water. The inhabitants Jlill manufadlure rhofe beautiful filks, called Damafks from their citv, .and carry on a confidcrable traffic in raw and worked filk ; rofe water, cxiradicd from the famous damafk rofes, fruits and wine. The neigh- ;bourhood of the city is ftill beautiful, efpecially to the Turks, who de- light in verdure and gardens. Sidon, which likewife lies within the an- tient Phenicia, in thirty-three degrees, thijty- three minutes of north la- titude, has ftill fome trade, and a tolerable harbour. Tyre, now calKd Sur, about twenty miles diftant from Sidon, fo famous formerly for its rich dye, is now only inhabited by a few mifcrablc lilliermen, who live in the ruins of its antient grandeur. Natolia, or Afia Minor, comprehending the antient provinces of Lydi?, Pamphylia, Pifidia, Lycoania, Cilicia, Cappadocia, and Ponttis, or Amafia ; all of them territories celebrated in the Greek and Ror,;!i hiftcry, are now, thro'.;gh the Turkilh indolence and tyranny, eitiu'r tor- fa!en, or a theatre of ruins. The fcites of antient cities arc it'll dif- ccrnible, and fo luxuriou-; is nature in thofe countries, that in many places (lie triumphs over her forlorn condition. The felfilh Turks culii- vaie no more land than maintain thcmfelvcs, and their gardens and lur;,- mer-houfes fill up the circuit of their moft flourifhing cities. The moil judicious travellers, upon an attentive furvey of thofe countries, fully vindicate all that has been faid by facred and profane writers of their beauty,, llrengrh, fertility, and papulation. Even Paleftine and Juda-a, the moft deiplcable at prefent of all thofe countries, lies buried within the luxuriancie.s of its own foil. The Turks feem particularly fond oi rcprefenting it in the moll dreadful colour?, and have formed a thoufnnd i'ailVhoods concerning it, which have impof-d upon weak ChrilHans, Whether thofe CHnitries could ever be reftored to their antient oi-andeur, trade, and population, may be a qucilion v.ith fome ; but I apprehend that it would now be impoftible (let the Turkilh government be ever fo bcncacent) to divert commerce (without which, all attempts of tl^at kind mu I be fc.'ble) from its European channels. There can however be no "kjuciMoi;, that a government lefs brutal and bigotted than that of tlr; Turks, mi[,-ht make the natives a powerful as well as a happy people jvithin theniiclve^. The mi:-ifortune is, that the Greeks, Armenians, and oth^.r letfls of Chriitians there, partake but too much of the Turkifli llirpidify. ',I"houc;h they arc not fufi*orcd to wear white turbans, or to ride «m hotfeback, and are fui'jccled to a (houfand indignities and miferici, aiid are even, in many places, far inoif num 'rou- than their opprcilors, rtt fo ;i'.ijti t I- ih-.'ir ipiiit, that hey make no cftjrt:. for their own deli- vwanr;', and thf-y arc contented ujitjer .'.!l their moniiltatiuns. Ifthty 1 are TURKEY iM EUROPE and ASIA. 455 arc lefs inJolent than their opprcflbrs, it is bccaufe they mull othcrvvife }{;irve, and they dare not enjoy even the property they acquire, !ett it ihould bo difcovered to their tyraats, who would confider it as their own. Origin and progress of the Turks.] It has been the fate of the more louthcrn and fertile p.iits of Afia, at different periods, to be conquered by that warlike and hardv race of -nen, who inhabit the vail rnuntry, known to the antients by the name of licythia, and anicng the j.iodcrnh by that of 'I'artary. One tribe of thcfe people, called '1 urks or Turcomans, which name fignihcs Wanderers, extended its conquclts under various leaders, and during fevcral centuries, from the fhore or" the Cafpian, to the iiraits of the Dardanelles. 'I'heir being long rcfident, in the cap-icity of body puards, about the cou; t^ of the Samcens, they embraced the clodrine of Mahomet, and adted f r a lunp time, a.^ mer- cenaries in the armies of contending princes. Their chief rclidencc was in the neighbourhood of mount Caucali;s, from whence they removed to Armenia Major, and after being employed as mercenaries, by the fultans vf Ferfia, they feized that kingdom, and fpread their ravages over all tlir nciglibooring countries. Bound by their religion to make converts to (.lahometanifm, they never were without a pretence for invading and ra- \;^/>ing the dominions of the Greek emperors, and were fometinus com- n:;ndcd by very able generals. Upon the dedenfion of the califatc or empire of the Saracens, they marie thcmfolves mailers of Palelline ; and the- vifiting the Holy City of Jerufalem, being then part of the Chrrftiaii fxcrcifes, in which they had been tolerated by the Saracens, the Turks Irid the luiropian pilgrims under fuch heavy contributions, and exercifed fich hoirible cruelties upon the Chrillian inhabitants of the countr)', as I'.r.c rife to the famous Crufades, which we have mentioned more fully ici the Introdudion. It unfortunately happened, that the Greek em- j\ro'o v.'cre generally mon- jealous of the progrefs of the Chriltians than tJic Turks, and though after oceans of blood were fpilt, a L'hrilHan king- dom was ereded at Jerufalem under Godfrey of Bouillon, neither he nor his Aiccelfors were pofleflcd of any real power for maintaining it. U'he 'I'urks, about the year 1347, had extended their dominions on every ilde, and poflefled themfelves under Othman, of fome of the fineft pro- vinces in Afia, of Nice, and Prufa in Bithynia, which Othman made his capital, and, as it were, firtt embodied them into a nation ; hence they took the name of Othmans from that leader, the appellation of Turks, as it fu^nifies in the original, wanderers, or baniflied men, being confi- dered by them as a term of reproach. Othman was fuccecded by a race ot the moll warlike princes that are mentioned in hii^ory. About the year 1357, ^^^V pafl'id the HcUefpont, ami got a fe)oting in Europe, and Amurath fettled the feat of his cmp-re s". Adrianople. Such was their conquells, that Bajazet F. after defeating ;he Greek emperor Sigifmund, laid iiege to Conftantinople, in hopes of fuhjeding all tlie Grcjk em- pire. His greatnefs and infolence provoked 1 amerlanc, who was juft then returned from his caitern conquclts, to declare war againft him. A dc- ciiivc battle was fought between thole rival conquerors, in the plain where Pompey defeated Mlthritlates, in which Bajazct's array was cut in pieces, and he himfelf taken prifoner. The fuccellors of Tamerlane, by declaring war againlt one another, left the Turks more powerful than ever, and the* their career was checked by the valour of the Venetians ami Hungarians, they gradually reduced the dominions of the Greek empire, arid after a long fiegc Mahomet II. took Conllaniinoplc in 1453. Thu;, aticr aa exiftente of ten centuries from its firll cummcncemcn: under G g 4 <'^^- i;< 456 TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. Conftantinc the Great, ended the Greek empire, an event which had kvn long forcfeen, and was owing to many cauics, the chief was the total ih- generacy of the Greek emperors themfelves, their courts and ^aIIlilit■^ ; the diflike their fubjedls had to the popes, and the wellern church, one of their patriarchs declaring publicKly to a Roniilh legate, •♦ that he ** would rather fee a turban, than the pope's tiara, upon the great ah.ir *• of Conftantinople." But as the Turks, when they extended their conqucfts, did not exterminate, but reduced the nations to fubjedlion, the remains of the antient Greeks ftill exift, as we have already obferved, particularly in Conftantinople, and the neighbouring iilands, were, tho' under grievous oppreflions, they profefs Chriftianity under their own pa- triarchs, it is faid that the modern Greeks, though pining under the tyrannical yoke of the Turkiih government, ftill prefervc (omewhat oF the exterior appearance, though nothing of the internal principles whicli diitinguifhcd their anceftors. I'he conqueft of Conftantinople was followed by the fubmiflion of all Greece, and from this time the Turks have been looked upon as an Eiy- ropean power. Mahomet died in 1481, and was fucceeded by Bajazet II. who carried on war againft the Hungarians and Venetians, as well as the Perfians and Egyptians. Bajazet falling ill of the gout, became indolent, was harraflcd by family differences, and at laft, by order of his fecond foii, Selim, he was poifoned by a Jew phyfician. Sclim afterwards ordered his elder brother, Achmet, to be ftrangled, with many other princes of the Othman race. He defeated the Pcrfians, and the prince ct Mount Taurus ; but being unable to penetrate into Perfia, he turned his arms againft Egypt, which, after many bloody battles, he annexed to his own dominions, as he did Aleppo, Antioch, Tripoli, Damafcus, Gaza, and many other towns. He was fucceeded, in 1520, by his fon, Soliman the Magnificent; who taking advantage of the differences which prevailed among the Chriftian powers, took Rhodes, and drove the knights from that illand to Malta, which was given them by the emperor Charles V. The reign of Soliman, after this, was a continual war with the Chriftian powers and generally fuccefsful, both by fea and land ; but he mifcarricd in an attempt he made to take the Ille of Malta. This Soliman is looked upon as the greateft prince that ever filled the throne of Othman. He was fucceeded, in 1566, by his fon, Selim 11. In his reign, the Turkiih marine received an irrecoverable blow from the Chriftians, in the battle of Lepanto. This defeat might have proved fatal to the Turkiih power, had the blow been purfued by the Chriftians, efpecially the Spaniards. Selim, however, took Cyprus from the Venetians, and Tunis, in Africa, from the Moors. Hr was fucceeded, in 1575, by his fon, Amurath III, who forced the Periians to cede Tauris, Teilis, and many other cities, to the Turks. He likewife took the important for- trefs of Raab, in Hungary; and in 1593, he was fucceeded by Ma- homet III. The memory of this prince is diftinguiihed, by his ordering nineteen of his brothers to be ftrangled, and ten of his father's concu- bines, who were fuppofed to be pregnant, to be thrown into the fea. He was often unfuccefsful in his wars with the Chriftians ; and died of the {>lague in 1604. Though his fucceffor, Achmet, was beaten by the ^erfians, yet he forced the Auftrians to a treaty in 1606, and to confent chat he fhould keep what he was in poiTeflion of in Hungary. Ofman, a prince egate, '* that he TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 457 a prince of great fpirit, but no more than fixteen years of age, being uni'iiccefsful againft the Poles^ he was put to death by the janifaries, whole power he intended to hive reduced. Amurath IV. fuccecdcd in 1623, and took fiagdad from the Pcrfians. His brother, Ibrahim, fiic* cceded him in 1640, a worthlefs, inaflive prince, and ilrangled by the janifaries in 1648. His fucceilbr, Mahomet, was excelltrtly well ferved by his grand vizir, Cuperli. He took Candy from the Vcnctiajis, after it had been befieged for thirty years. This conqucfl: coft the Venetians, ;nd their allies, 80,000 men, and the Turks, it is faid, 180,000. A bloody war fuccccded bet /een the imperialills and the Turks, in which the ktter were fo fuccefsful, that they laid iiege to Vienna, but were forced (as has been already mentioned) to raife it with great lofh, by lohn Sobieflci, king of Poland, and other Chriftian generals. Mahomet AZhatlall ihutup in prifon by his fubjedls, and dying in 1693, hu was iucceedcd by his brother, Soliman II. The Turks continued nnfuccefsful in their wars during this reign, jrd that of his fucceflbr, Achmet; but Muftapha II. who mounted the throne in 1693, headed his armies in perfon, and after fome bri(k cam- paigns, he was defeated by prince Eugene, and the peace of Carlowltz, ixtween the imperialifts and Turks, was concluded in 1699. Soon after, Mullapha was depofed, his mufti was beheaded, and hi.s brother, Achmet III. mounted the throne. He was the prince who gave Ihelter, at Bender, to Charles XII. of Sweden '; and ended a war with the Ruflians by a glorious peace concluded at Pruth. He hatl afterwards a war with the Venetians, which alarmed all theChriftian powers. The fceneofadion was tranflated to Hungary, where the imperial general, prince Eugene, (jave fo many repeated defeats to the infidels, that they were forced to lonclude a disgraceful peace, at Pafl'arowitz, in 17 18. An unfortunate ivar with the Perfians, under Kouli Khan, fucceeding, the populace de- manded the heads of the vizir, the chief admiral, and the fecretary, which were accordingly llruck off; but Achmet was depo»od, and Ma- homet V. advanced to the throne. He was unfucccfsful in his wars with Kouli Khan, and at laft obliged to recognize that ufurpcr as fophi of Perf.a. He was, after that, engaged in a war with the impnialifts and the I iflians ; againft the former he was viftorious, but the fucccflcs of the latter, which threatened Conftantinople itfelf, forced him to agret :.a a haily treaty with the emperor, and after that to another with the Ruf- fian?, which was greatly to hi3 diiadvantage. Mahomet died in 17';<|.. He was fucceeded by his brother, Ofman ill. who died in 1757, ana was fucceeded by Muftapha III. who is now rcignii j, and engaged in {1769) a hitherto unfuccefsful war with the Ruflians. The perfcverance of the Turks, fupplied by their nnmerous Afiatlc Rrmier, and their implicit fubmiflion to their ofiiccrs, rather than any excellency in military difcipline or courage in war, have been the great fprings of thofe fuccefles which render their empire at prcf;?nt fo formi- E. Ion. | | V Beins ^ about 40C0 miles in icngili. Between I and [-N. Lit. I I 2400 miles in breadth. L 72 } J »- BouNUAR.iiis.]TT would be deceiving the reader to dcfire him to X depend upon any accounts given us by {"'oit.-i- phcrs, of the extciu, limits, and fituation of thofe vail regions. Kvcii the emprefs of Riiilia and her miniftry arc ignorant of her limits v.ith the Chinefe, the Perfians ^n«^l other nations. Tartary, taken in its fu Heft extent, is bounded by the Frozen Ocean, on the north ; by thi- Pacific Ocean, on the eaft ; by China, India, Perfja, and theCafpiu Sea, on the fouth ; and by Mufcovy, on the welt. Grand divifions. North-caft divifion South-eaft divifion North-well divifion < South-weft divifion < Middle divifion Subdivlfions. Kamtfcliatka 'I'artars jakutflcoi Tartars Bratfki -— — Thibet and Mongul Tartars Chief towns. tfchalka. tlkoi. Bratlki. Poion Kudak Snmoicda — — Olliack Circallian and Ai^racan Tartary — — Siberia — — Kalmuc and Ulhec Tartary — :| I 5 Kam 5 I Jaku I! 7 S Manp-aJla. J ( Kortfkoi. I ( Terki. I Altracan. f Tobollki. < Bokharia. l_ Samarcand. Mountains.] The principal mountains are thofe of Caucafi-s, in Circaflia. Seas.] Thcfe are the Frozen Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the] Cafpian Sea. Rivers.] The rivers are, the Wolga, which runs a courfe of two | thoufand miles ; the Obey, which divides Afia from Europe ; the Ta- bol, Irtis, Genefa or Jenika ; the Lena, and the Argun, which divides | the Ruffian and Chinefe empires. Air, cli\iate, soil, | The air of this country is very different, I and produce. j by reafon of its vaft extent from north r fouth ; the northern parts reaching beyond the ardtic polar circle, and tin fouthern being in the fame latitudes with Spain, France, Italy, part ct Turkey, and the northern parta of Siberia. Novj T ART ARY in ASIA. 459 000 miles in Icngtli. ilcs in breadth. Kova Zcmbla and Riifllan Lapland arc m(ift uncomfortable regions; the earth, which is covered with (now nine months in the year, being fvtremely barren, and every where incumbered with unv.'holclome inarihes, uninhabited mountains, and impenetrable thickncfits. Though i)ihcria is as it were another name for a country of horror, yet we are ;olJ that (he air in the fouthcrn parts is tolerably mild, the foil fur- niihtd with good water, and cultivated with fome fuccefs. The belt accounts we have of its interior appearance is from the ingeniou.s French (rentlemen who were fcnt thither to make allronomical obfervations ; (hey all a^'^ee in reprefentinp it as a dilmai region, and almail unin- habited. Allracan, and the fouthern parts of 'fartary, are cxtren-.ely fertile, owing more lo nature than induilry. The parts that are culti- vated produce excellent fruits of alnioll all the kinds known in Europe, cfpecially grapes, which are reckoned the largeft and finell in the world. 'I'heir fummers are very dry ; and from the end of July to the beginning ofOt'^ober, the air is pellerej and tho ibil fonetimes ruined by incredible (juantities of locull?. Mr. Hell, who travelled with the Ruffian ambai- ):dor to China, reprcfents fome parts of Tartary as delir.ibk* and fertile countries, the grals growing fpontancoufly to an amav.ing height. Metals and minf-rals.] Jt is laid that Siberia contains mines of ffold, filver, copper, iron, jai'per, lapis lazuli, and loadHoncs ; a fort of large teeth found here, creates fome difputc among the naturalil's, whether they belong to elephants or are a marine produiition ; ihcir ap- pearance is certainly whimfical and curious when polilhcd with ait and (kill. ANrviAf.s.] Thefe are camels, dromedaries, bears, wolves, and nil the other land and amphibious animals that are comnun in the nostii parts of Europe. Their horfcs are of a good fize for the fiddle, anl very hardy ; as they run wild till they are five or (ix years eld, tlijv arc generally headdrong. Near Alhacan there is a bird called by the Ruf- fians baba, of a grey colour, and fomething larger than a (vvau ; l.c has abroad bill, under which hangs a bag that may contain a rjutrc or more ; he wades near the edge of the river, and on fceinp, a llioal of fry orfmall filhes, fpreads his wings and drives them to a (hallovv, where na gobbles as many of them as he can into his bag, and then ci;fiing jIIk^pc, tats them or carries them to the young. Some travellers take tiiis bird to be the pelican. Population, inhabitants, manners, } We can form r.r^ pro- ci;sTOMS, diversions, and dress. 3 bable guefs as to the rumbcr of inhabitants in Tartary, but from many circumll nces v.e m.iy conclude that they are not proportioned to the extent of their country. They are in general ftrong made, (lout men ; their faces broad, their nofes flattifh, their eyes fmall and black, but very quick ; their beards are fcarcely vifible, as they continually thin them by pulling up the hairs by the roots. The beauty of th' '^'ircalTian women is a kisul of llaple commodity in that country ; for parents there make no fcrupk' of felling their daughters to recruit theferaglios of the great men of Turkey and Perfia. They are purchafed, when young, by ir.erchants, and taught fuch accomplifhments as fuits their capacities, to reiukr them more valuable again (I the day of fale. The 'l";jrtars in gen -ral are a wandering fort of people ; in their peregrinations they fet out in the fpring, their number in one body being frequently ten liunifTud, pre- ceded by their (locks and herds. When they tomj to an invitinrj ipot, ihv-y 460 T A R T A R Y tn ASIA. ^li I jii . r they live ufon it till all its grafs and verdure is eaten up. Tliey hnvt little money, except what they get from their neighbours the Runi.ins Perfians, or Turks, in exi.liaiijjc for cattle ; wi»;h this they purch.ilc cloth, fillc, ftufts, and oth':r apparel for their women. They h:ive few mechanics, except thofc who juake arms. Tiiey avoid all i.i()(nir as tne grcatell flavcry, their only enipjoyment is tending their Hockb, huntin?, and managing their horfes. Jf they are angry with a pcrfon, they ui(K he may live in one fixed place, and work like a RuHian. Among them- felvts they arc very hofnitable, and wonderfully To to the Ih-angers .mj travellers who confidentially put thsmfclvci under their protedion. They are naturally of an cafy chcarful temper, always difpofed to laughter, and fcljom depicited by care or melancholy. 'I'herc h a. ftrong rcfemblance between the northern Tartars and fomc naiinns of Canada in North America, particularly when any of their people are inhrm through great ai/e, or feized with diilempers reckom-l incurable, they make a fmall hut for the patient near fome river, in which they leave him with fome provifions, and feldom or never return to vifit him. On fuch occafions they fay they do their parents a good OiTice, in fending them to a better world. Notwithilanding this beha- viour, many nations of the Tartars, efpccially towards the fouth, are tradable, humane, and are fufceptible of pious and virtuous fentimcnis. Their afFedion for their fathers, and their fubmifllon to their authority, cannot be exceeded ; and this noble quality of filial love has dittinguiflied them in all ages. Hillory tells us, that Darius, king of Perfia, having invaded them with all t)»c i'ortes of his empire, and the Scythians retiring by little and little, Darius fent an ambaflador to demand where it was they prnpofed to conclude their retreat, and when they intended to Ixgin fighting. They returned for anfwer, with a fpirit fo peculiar to that people, " 'i'hat they had no cities nor cultivated fields, for the defence of which they (hould give him b.Tttle ; but when once he was come to the place of their fathers monuments, he Ihould then underlland in what manner the Scythi.Tiis ufcd to light." The TartP.is are ii;urcd to hoilincjanfliip from their infancy ; they fel- dom appear on foot. They are dextrous in Ihooting at a mark, info- much that a Tartar, while at full gr.llop, will cleft a pole with an arrow, though at a confiderablc diftance. The drefs of the men is very fimple and fit for adion ; it g'-nerally conhfts of a fliort j.icket, with narrow flcev2s made of dcers fitin, having the fur outward ; I'rowfers and hofe of the fame kind of fkin, both of one piece, and light to the limbs. The Tartars live in huts half funk under ground ; they have a fire in jhe middle, with a hole in the top to let t)Ut the fmoak, and benches round the fire to fit or lye upon. This fecms to be the common method of living among all the northern nations, from ^apland, eallward, to the japanefe ocean. In the northern provinces, during the winter, every family burrows iti'elf as it were under ground ; and we are told that io fociable are they in their difpofitions, that they make fubterraneous com- municTtions with each other, fo that they may be faid to live in an invifible city. The Tart.irs are immcdera^^ely fond of horfe-flefii, cfpe- cially if it be young, and a little taii.ttd, which makes their cabins extremely naufeous. Tiiough horie flelh be preferred raw by lome northern tribes, the general way of eating it is after it has been fmoaked and dried. The Tart.iri purchafe their wives with cattle. In their marriages they are not very delicate. Little or no difteience is niade between the child of a concubine or flave, and that of the \\\ic : Lut T AR T ARY i>t ASIA. 461 but among the licads of tribes, the wifcN fnn is always preferred to the fucccllion. After a wile is turned of fcrvy, Ihc is employed in menial duties as another fcrvant, and as fucli mull attend the young wives who luccecd to their places; nor is it uncommon in fomc of the more bar- barous tribes for a father to marry his own daughter. Rp.Lir.iON,] The religion of the 'I'arti'.rj i'omtrwhat rcfemblcs thoir civil government, and is commonly accommodated to that of their neighbours, for it partakes of tlic Mahometan, the (jentoo, the Greek, and even the popilh religions. Some of them are the groflcR idolators, and worlhip little rttde images drefled up in rags. Each has his own deity, with whom they arc very free when matters do not go according to tiicir own mind. The religion and government of the kingdom of Tibft form the moll extraordinary article that is to be found in the hillory of mankind. The Tibettians are governed by a living, eating, ami drinking god, whom they believe to be omnipotent, and whom they call the Grand Lama, or Dalay Lama. He refidcs in a pagoda or trmplc, upon the mountain Putali, in a crofs-lcgged pofturc, but with- out ipeaking or moving, otherwife than by fometimes lifting his hand in approbation of a favourite worfliippcr. Not only the Tibettians, but the neighbouring princes and people flock in incredible numbers, with rich prefents, to pay him their adorations ; and he generally ap- pears to be a healthy, ruddy-faced young man, about twenty-feven years of age. 'i'his being appoints deputies under him, the chief of whom is called the Tipa, who takes care of all the temporal affairs of the king- dom, and has a number of fubilituted lamas. Thefe are properly the king and the governorn of Tibet, both civil and military ; it being below the dignity of ti.e grand lama to fuperintend any temporal concerns. As to the grand lama, he is himfelf the moll miferable wretch in th« empire. He is purchafed, when young, from a healthy peafant, and privately brought up by tiie lamas to the bufinefs of his funftion, which IS to move by clock-work, and to be carried m ftate to the place of his imprifonment, where he remains till next day, when the farce of his enthronement is repeated. When he falls ill, or becomes too old to it\ his part, he is difpatched by his minillers, who produce another, as like him as they can iind, in his room ; and when any alteration is obfervcd, they always give lat):,faclory reafons why the dalay lama ha„ chatii^ed his appearance. He is never fuiFered to touch any of the fine fruits or viands that are brought to his Ihrine, all which are devoured by his mi- nillers, who take care to diet him in his prlfon. Such arc the general out- lines of this pretended theocni'-y, in which all travellers arc agreed, how- ever they only differ among themfelvcs as to modes and circumftances. Learning.] The reader may be furprized to find this article among a nation of Tartars, yet nothing is more certain than hat under Zingis Kan and Tamerlane, and their eajfly defccndants, Allracan and the neighbouring countries were the feats of learning and politenefs as well as empire and magnificence. Modern luxury, be it ever fo fplcndid, falls Ihort of that of thole princes ; and fome remains of their tafte in architedlure are Hill extant, but in fpots fo defolate, that they arc almoft inacceffible. The cultivation of learning was the firft care of the prince, and generally committed to the care of his own relations or principal grandees. They wrote in the Pcrfian and Arabic tongues ; and their hilbries, many of which are flill extant in manufcript, carry with them the ilrongell marks of authenticity. COMMERCI if f m 1! |i i 1 1 4^2 1' A R I A R Y IN A S I A. CoMMFRCE ANO M A MM A (1 1' Ri ».] This lieiid itiakcs no fifrnrc iij fhc hitlory ot 'I'jirtaiy, their chicK traffic confirtinj^ in fkins, beavers, ihubarb, muflc, anil filli. 'i'lit* Allratans, notvvithllundin^ their iiitrr. ruptions by the wilil Tartars, carry on a confidcrablc traffic into l'cri":.i, to wlnth tiicy export red leather, woollen and linen cloth, and fixnc European rnaniif;ic\ure;i. CiTics AND I OWNS.] Of thcfc wc know little but the names, and that they are no better than fixed herds. They niny be laid to be places of abode rather than towns or cities, for we do not find tliat they arc under .niv rei;u!ar p,overnment, or that they can make a defence againil an enemy. The h."w places, however, that are mentioned in pajrc 4^^', jncrit notice. Toboliki and Ailracan are confiderable cities, the iirit containinr; fifteen thoufand, and the later fcventy thoufand inhabitaru\ Forts, villajves, ar.d towns are cre^Jled in dilTerent parts of Siberia, k: civilizing the inhabitants, and rendering them obedient to the Ruflian gcvernmtnt. But I apprehend it will require a tonfiderablc time before any Irxcd plan of government can be formed in this country. Curiosities.] Thefe are comprehended in the remains of the buildings left by the abovcmentioned great concjuerors and their fuc- ccflbrs ; they are, however, but little known to Europeans, though muny of them are faid to have been difovcred by the wandering Tartar^ in the internal parts of the country. Some gold r.nd filver coins of th',* fame princes have likewife been found, with fevcral manufcripts neatly written, which have been carried to Peterlburgh. In 1720, fays Mr. Vdtaire, in his llillory of Peter the Great, there was found in Calmuc Tartary, a fubtcrrancous houfe of ilone, fomc urns, lamps, and car- rings, an cquellrian llaluc, an oriental prince with a diadem on his head, two women feated on thrones, and a roil of manufcripts, which was fen; by Peter the Great to tlie Academy of Infcriptions at Paris, and provci to be in the language of Tibet. History.] I'hough it is certain that Tartary, formerly known by the name of Scythia, furnilhcd thofe amazing numbers who, under various names, dcltroyed the Roman empire, and peopled the northern parts of Europe, yet it is now but very thinly inhabited ; and thofe fine provinces, where learning and the arts refided, are now fcenes of horror and barbarity. 'I'his mull have been owing to the dreadful mafTacres made among the nations by the two abovcmcntionea conquerors and their defbcndants ; for nothing is more common in their hillories than their pjitting to the fword three or four hundred thoufand people in a few days. 'I'he country of UlLcc Tartary was once the feat of a more powerful empire than that of Rome or Greece. It was not only the native country, but the favourite rcfidcncc of Zingis Khan and Tamerlane, who en- riched it with the fpoils of the eaftern world. It is fb difficult to difcover any remains of magni'ficence here, that feme authors have abfurdly queltioiicd the veracity of the hiflorians of thcfe great conquerors, though it be better etlablillied than that of the Greek or Roman writers. The fame may be faid of Tamerlane, whofc memory has been more permanent than that of Zingis Khan, and whofc defcent is claimed not only by all the khans and petty princes of Tartary, but by the emperor of Indollan himft'If. The capital of this country is Bokluu ia, which was known to the ancients by the name of Bucharia, and it is lituated in the latitude of CHINA AND CHINESE TARTARY. 46^ cf ^9 ilcprccs 15 minutes, and thirteen miles diilnnt from the once fi- iiicus city of Saniarcanii, the birth-place of T.-iiiierlane the Cjreat. The prell'Mt inhabitants of this inimenfe common compoie iniiumcrablo tribes, who range at pleafure with tlicir flock.s anil llieir herds, in tlic olJ patriarchal manner. Their tribes arc commamled by feparate khan<* or leaders, who, upon prirticidar inu-rcrciicic. v\.i\ a great khan, who claims a paraniount jpovver over (lranii;ers as well a-- natives, and who ran I)! lug iiitv) the Held Irom twenty to a liundred thoiiUnd hoWlmcn. Their chief lelidtiue is a kind of military Ihstioii, which is moved and fliificd according to the chance of war and other occalion.'. They arc bounded on every fide by the Ruilian, the Chinele, the Moi^ul, the Perfian, or tiic Tuikifli empires ; each of whom are piiihin'r on their com|uclls in this extenftve, and in feme places fertile country. The khans pay a tribute, or acknowledgement of their dependency, upon one or other of iiieir powerful neighbours, who treat them with caution and lenity; a* the frjendthip of thcfc barbarians is of the utmoll confequence to the powers with whom they are allied. vSome tribes, however, affed inde- pendancy, and when united they form a powerful body, and of late have been very formidable to their neighbours, particularly to the Chinefc, as wc Ihall mention in our account of that empire. The method of carrying on war, by wailing the country, is very antient among the Tartars, and praitiled by all of them from the Da- nube eallwaid. This circunillance renders them a dreadful enemy to regular troops, who mull thereby be deprived of all fubfillcnce ; while die Tartar"-, having always many fpare horfes to kill and cat, are at no Mi (or provifions. J The Empire of CHIN A. Situation and Extent. Between Between 151 ] and S N. C 50 J E. Lon. Beinn- Lat. 1 2000 miles in length. / 1600 miles in breadth. Boundaries. ]TT is bounded by the Chinefe Tartary, on the north ; X by the Pacific ocean, which divides it from Nrrth America, on the call; by the Chinefian fea, fouth ; and by Tonquih, and the Tartarian countries of Tibet and llufiia, on the well. Divisions.] The great divifion of this empire, according to the au- tiiors of the Univerfal Hillory, is into rifteen province^ (excluiive of that of Lyau-tong, which is fituatc without the great wall, though under the lame dominion) ; each of which might, for tlieir largenefs, fertility, populoufiiefs, '.".nd ooulencc, pals for lb many dillind kingu. hut it is necellary to inform the reader, that the informations contain- ed in Du Halde's voluminous account of Cliina, are drawn from ili<; papers of Jefuits, and other religious fent thither by the pope, but whole iiiiliions have been at an end for abovo half a century. Some of thoie fathers 464 CHINA AND CHINESE TARTARY. athen were men of penetration and judgment, and had great oppnrinnt- ties ot being informed about a century a^o; but even titcir uccoimt, of this empire are juftly to be fufpefled. They had powerful cnemic- ;,t the court of Rome, where they maintained their footing, only by in.io- nifying their own labours and fucccH'cs, as well as the importance ot the Cninefc empire. Name.] It is probably owing to a Chinefc word, fignifying MlJdlf, /rem a notion the natives had that their country lay in the middle of the world. Mountains.] China, excepting to the north, is a pl.iin country, and contains no remarkable mountains. Rivers and water.] The chief are the Yamour, and the Arj^un, which arc the boundary between the Kuflian and Chinefe Tartary ; ihe Crocceus, or Whambo, or the Yellow River ; the Kiam, or the Blue River, and the Tay, which rifes in the province of Qucychew. Com- mon water in China, is very indifferent, and is in fome places boiled to make it fit for ufe. Bays.] The chief are thofe of Nanking and Canton. Forests.] Such is the induHry of the Chinefe, that they are not encumbered with foreils or wood, thoa^** no country is better fitted for producing timber of all kinds. They lufFer, however, none to grow but for ornament and ufe, or on the fides of mountains, from whence the trees, when cut down, can be conveyed to any place by water. Canals.] Thefe are fufficient to entitle the antient Chinefe to the charafter of being the wifelt and mofl induflrious people in the world. The commodiou(ncfs and length of thofe canals are incredible. The chief of them are lined with hewn flonc on the fides, and they are fo deep, that they carry large vefTels, and fometimes they extend above a thou- Iknd miles in length. Thofe veflels are fitted up for all the convenien- cies of life, and it has been thought by fome that in China the water contains as many inhabitants as the land. They are furnilhed with fione quays, and fometimes with bridges of an .imazing conftruilion. The navigation is flow, and the vefTtls fometimes drawn by men. No precautions are wanting, that could be formed by art or perfeverance for tiic fafety of the pafTcngers in cafe a canal is crolTed by a rapid rivtr, or expofed to torrents from the mountains. Thofe canals, and the variety that is fecn upon »hcir borders, rcnderb China the moft delightful to the eye of any country in the world, as well as fertile, in places that are not fo by nature. Air, soil a:«d produce.] The air of thi'; empire is according to the fituation of the places. Towards the north it is fharp, in the mid- tile mild, and in the fouth Jiot. The foil is either by nature or art fruit- JLd of every thing that can -miniflcr to the nccefTities, conveniencics, or luxuries of life. The culture of the cotton, and the rice fields, fiom which the bulk of the inhabitants are cloathed and fed, is ingenious ahnoft beyond defcription. The raie trees, and aromatic produdions, cither ornamental or medicinal, that abound in other parts of the world, arc to be found in China, and fome are peculiar to itfelf ; but even a ca- talogue of them would form a little volume. Some, however, mull be mentioned. The tallow tree hM a fliort trunk, a fmooth bark, crooked branches, red le;ives, fhaped like a heart, and is about the height of a common cherry-tree. The fruit it produces has all the quintities of our tallow, and when manufuflurcd with oil, ferve the natives 0.3 candles, but *'■' • slain country, and lowevcr, mi ChUNA a>;d chin^esh tartary. ^r,^ (bicH ftrong, nor is their lif^ht clear. Of the oilier trees, pccnlinr to China, are fonif which yic' I a kind of flour ; Tome partake ot the nature of pt'ppiT. The gum of funic arc poifonou , but attord the fined vaniilh in the world. After all that can bo ("aid of thofe, aiid many other beautiful andiifcfid tiecs.rhc Chincfe, notwitlilliiuling th'.'ir induilry, are f) wedded to their anticr.t cuilom', tliat they arc very little, if at all, meliorated by tultivaticn. The fame may be f.iid of th^ir ricliell fruitj, which, in Cincr.il, arc far from being fo delicious a^ th.)fc of Eur 'pe, and indccil ot America. This is owing to the Ciiinefc never praftifiug grafting, or inoculation of trees, and knowing nothing of experimental gardening. Ir would 1).: impardon.ible here not to mention tlic jaw-filk, which i'ct much abound; in Chin:i, and above all, the tea plant or Ihrub. It is planted in rows, and pruned to prevent iti lu:airir.ncy. Nctwi'.hf.andir.g our long inlcrccurfe with CrJir , wiicer.. arc Hill diviJe I ..bout the dit- iVr* lit i'peries and cultiiie of tlii- pl:uit. It is gene rally il.ouijit that the f.'ccii aiid Iv'luagrOws on the fame Ihrab. but tl'iat, tlic latter admits of imc kind of preparation, which takes .".way its raking qu '" irs, and lives it a deeper colour. The other kind.., which go by the a .tics of inijKiial, rongo, fmglo, and the like, are occafioned probi'^'y by the r:mire of the f ih, ..nd from the pr -vinccs.in which tliey grow The cuIluic of thib plant fecnib to be very limple, and it is cci aiii, that fome kinds aro of a much higher and delicious fl;ivo'jr than others. It is •ho'j^ht that the ii..-;i, which is called the Flower of the tea, i imported cwr land fo Ruflla : but we know of little diU'crencc in tlu^ir ''iiects on the human body. The greati-ll is between the bohea and the green. I am apt to think that the Portugucijc had the ufe of tea long before tlic Englifh, and that it was introduced among the latter, before the re- llorauon, as mention of it is made in the lirll act of parliament, that fettled the cxcife on the king for life in 1660. Cathr.rine of Lilhon, wife to Charles II. rendered the ufc of it common at his court. 'I'he ginfcng, fo fimous among the Chincfe, as the univcrfal remedy, and monopolized even by their emperors, is now found to be but a common root, and is difcovcred in the Britidi America. When brought to Europe, it is little liiuincruifhed for its healing qualities, and th s inllance alone ought to teach us with what caution the former accounts of China are to be read. The ginfcng, however, is a native of the Chincfe Tartary. Mltai-s and minerals.] China (if wc are to believe naturalifls) produces all metals and minerals that are known in the world. White copper is peculiar to itfelf, but we know oi no extraordinary quality it pofi'cnes. One of the fund.iment.il maxims of the Chincfe governnie;it is that of not introducing a fupcrabundancy of gold and filver, for fear of hurting induftry. Their g( Id mines, therefore, are but (lightly worked, nnd the currency of that metal is fupplicd by the grains the people pick up in the fand of rivers and mountains. The fjlver fpccie is furnilhed from the mines of Honan. Population and inhabitants.] The number of Chincfe, by the bed accounts, do not fall Ihr.rt of hfry millions; a number difpro- portioned to what we are told of the vail population of particular cities and provinces. Moll of thofe accounts are exaggerated, and porfons, who vifit China without any view of becoming authors, arc greatly dif- appointed in their mighty cxpeftations. The Chincfe, in their perfcns, are middle-fized, their faces broad, tlicir eyes black and fin.'ill, their nofes rather Ihort. The Chincfe have panicular idcai of beautv. They H K pluck tl'' fcT. Ill.l 466 CHINA AND CHINESE TARTARY. pluck up the hairs of the lower part of their faces, by the roots, with twee/xrs, leaving a few Ilraj^glini^ ones hy way of beard. I'hcir Tartar princes compt'; ihem to cut oft" tne hair of their heads, and like Maho- metans, to wear only a lock rn the crown. Their complexions toward. the north is fair, towards the fouth fwarthy, and the fatter a man is, ihcy think him the handfomer. Men of (]uality, and learning, who are not much cxpofed to the fun, are delicately complexioned, and they wjio .irc bred to letters, let the nails of their fingers grow to an enormous lengUi, to Ihew that they are not employed in manual labour. The women have little -tyes, plump, rofy lips, black hair, regular features, and a delicati.* though florid complexion. The fmallnefs (.f their feet is reckoned a principal part of their beauty, and no fwathini^ is omitted, when they are younjTi to give them that accomplifhment, lo that when they grow up, th-y ma/ be faid to totter rather than to walk. 'I'his fanciful piece of biauty wn-^^ probably invented by the anticnt Clii- iiefe, to palliate their jeal^'ily. To enter into all the ilarch ridiculous formalities of the ChintTc, cfpecially their men of quality, wlicn paying or receiving vifits, wouKI give my rciider little information, and lefsamufcment, and very probahly come too late, as the manners of the Chinefc, fince they fell under tht- power of the "^I'artars, arc greatly altered, and daily vary. Jt is Aitii- cient to obfcrve, that the legiflators of Cliina, looking upon fubmiflion and fubordination as the corner-ftones of all fociety, devifed thofe out- ward marks of rcfpetl, ridiculous .ts they appear to us, as the tell of duty and refped from inferiors to fuperiors, and their capital maxim was, that the man who was deficient in civility, was void of good fenfe. Morals.] By the latell and bell accounts, the Chinefe in general arc the mofl diflionell, low, thieving fct in the world, and diey employ their natural quicknef's only to improve the arts of cheating the nations they deal with, cfpecially the Europeans, whom they cheat with great calc.. particularly the Englilh, but they obfcrve that none but a Chinefc can cheat a Chinefc. They are fond of law difputes beyond any people in the world. Their hypocrify is without bounds, and the men of pro- perty among them, pradlile the moll avowed bribery, and the lowcll meannclTes to obtain preferment. Dress.] This varies according to the degrees of men among them. The men wear caps on their head;, of the fafhion of a bell, thofe of qua- lity are ornamented with jewels. The rcll of their drcfs is eafy and loofe, confilling of a veil and a fafli, a coat or gown thrown over them, filk boots quilted with cotton, and a pair of drawers. The ladies towards the fouth wear nothing on their head. Sometimes their hair is drawn up in a net, and fometimes it is difhcvclled. Their drcfs dift'ers but little fmm that of the men, only their gown or upper garment has very large open fkcves. The drefs, both of men and women» varies however ac- cording to the temperature of the climate. Marriages.] The parties never fee each other in China till the bar- gain is concluded by the parents, and that is generally when the parties, are pcrfeft children. Next to being barren, the grcatcft fcandal is to bring females into the world ; and if a woman of a poor family happens to have three or four gixis, fuccclTively, flie will cxpofc or llranglc them, which is the principal rcaibu of fo many children being found in the flrccts and highways. Funerals.} \ and the lowcll CHINA AND CHINESE TARTARY. 4^7 Funerals.] People of note caufc their coflins to be mndcj and tlieir tombs to be built in their lifc-tinie. No pcrlbns are buried within the walls of a city, nor is a dcini corpfe Aiflered to be brought inlo a town, if a pcrfon died in the country. Every Cliinefe keeps in his lioufc a table, upon which are written the nnn.cs of hi^ father, grandfather, and grtat grandfallier ; hcfoic \>hicli tlicy ficqumtly burn inccnfu". and prollrate thcnifelves ; imd when the father of a l.imil) dies, tiie name of* the great grandfather is taken away, and that of ihi- cit-ceaii-d is adi!id. Genius and i,i auninc] '1 he j>eniu; of the Chii.cfc is jjeciiliaf to themfelves. I'hey Iiavc no conccpti n of vvha is beautiful in writ- ing, regular in aicliittdure, or natural in painting, and yit mi ilieir gardening, and planning their "^rounds, they liit upon the tme fu'o- iimc and beautiful. The learning of tlie Chinefe has been difplayed in fcveral fpeciniens publilhed by Du Ilalde, as well as of poetry, but they contain no more than a let of maxims ;nid precepts, accommodated to public and private life, without any thing argununtative or defcrip- tive. They perform all the operations ol arithmetic with prodigious quicknefs, but diHcrently from the Jiuropeans. 7'ill the latter came smong them, thev were ignoratit of matliematica! learning, and all its depending arts. They had no apparanis for allronomical cbfcrvations; and metaphyfical learning, if it exilfed among them, was only known to their philofopliers ; but even the arts introduced by the Jefuits, werfl of very fhorc duration .imong them, and lalled very little longer than the reign of Can}>-hi, wlio was contemporary with our Charles Jf. nof is it very probable they ever will be revived. It has been generally fiid, that they underllood printing bef ne the Europeans, but that can be only applied to block printing, for lh<; ft'file and moveable types wrre undoubtedly Dutch or German inventions. 'I'he Chinefe, how- ever, had almanacs, which were llamped from plates or blocks, many hundred years before printing was diicovered in Europe. The invention of gunpowder is juilly claimed by tlie Chinefe, who made ufe of it againil Zingis Khan and Tamerlane. 'I'hey feem to have known no- thing of fmall fire-arms, and to have been acquainted only with the cannon, which they call the fire-pan. 'I'heir indullry in their manu-> faclures of fluff's, porcelane, japanning, and the like fedentary tradej is amazing, and can be equalled only by their labours in the field, in making canals, levelling mountains, raifing gardens, and r>?vi^ating theii' junks and boats. Language.] Tlie Chinefe language confifls of a very few words, or rather fyllables, which adndt of fij many variations, and fo much modi- fied by founds and action, that it is generally thought no flranger can attain it, fb as to fpoak it. Revenues.] 'I'heie are faid by fome, to amount to twenty millions fteding a year; but tiiis cannot be meant in money, which does not at all abound in China. The taxes colletikd fur the ufe of the government in rice, and other commodities, are certainly very great, and very poffi- bly amount to that lum. Trade atvd manufactures.] China is fo happily fituatcd, and produces fuch a variety of materials for manufaftures, that it may be faid to be th>' native land of indullry; but it is an indullry without taflc or elegance, though carried on with vaft art and neatnefs. They make paper of the bark ot bamboo, and other trees, as well as of cotton, but not comparable for records, or printing, to the European. Their ink, for II h 2 th« n IS 1 11 i''! Hi ft ill t i III Wl' m 468 CHINA AND CHINESE TARTARY. the ufe of drawing, is well known in England, and is faid to be made of oil and lamp-black. I have already mentioned the antiquity of their printing, which they ftill do by cutting their characters on blocks of wood. The manuf'.dure of that earthen ware, generally known by the name of China, was lortg a fecret in Europe, and brought immenfc fums to that country. The antients knew and eflcemed it highly under the name of Porcelaine, but it was of a much better fabric than the mo- dern. Though the Chint-fL- affcd to keep that manufadure itill a fecret, yet it is well known th:;; the principal material is a prepared pulverized earth, and that feveral iuiropean countries far exceed the Chinefe in ma- iiufaiEluring this commodity. The Chinefe filks are generally plain and flowered gawfes, and tliey are faid to have been originally fabricated in that country, where the art of rearing filk-worms was iirft difcovered. They manufactuie filks likewife of a more durable kind, and their cot- ton, and other cloth?, are famous for furnifhing a light \/arm wear. Their trade, it is well known, is open to all the Eiiropean nations, \vith whom they deal for reautuil Liut» OB I I W^i rni'a (onMifiar s I AM ^Ic/th liiLu'i S TJ X I> O e E A TST ' Sours Hast Jrewi/Xond^nv VI ">^I^*l/ ■?% J i INDIA IN CENTERAL. 473 [pay him divine honours. The hramins (for (o t\:t Gentoo prlcfts are cailcil) pretend that he bequeathed to them a book called the V'idam, containing his doftrines and inllitiitions ; and that thouj^h the original is lolh they are iHIl pollcfTed of a commentary upon it, tailed the Sh.ihftah, which is wrote in the Sanlcrit language, now a dead lanniage, and Jciiown onlv to the bramins who lludy it. The foundation ct Brumma's ulofirine confiftcd in the belief of a fuprcme Being, who has created a rciilar gradation of beings, fome fuperior, and fcmie inferior to man ; in the immortality of the foul, and a future tlatc of r^-ward;. and punilh- nicnts, which is to con fi ft of a tranfmigralion into dilfv^rent bodies, ac- C'jrdin'j; to the lives they have led in their prc-exiilcnt llate. Imoui this it tppv'ars more than probable that the Pyihagorean metenipfichofis took its rife in India. The necefllty of inculcating this fublime, but othcrwife complicated dcftrinc, into the lower ranks, induced the bramins, who are by no means unanimous in their dotSirines, to have recourfe to fenfible repre- fent.uions of the Deity and his attributes ; fo that the original dodrines of Brumma have degenerated to rank ridiculr.us idolatry, in the worflnp ot the moll hideous figures, cither delineated or carved ; fo that the belief of an omnipotent Being is now almoft loll among the Gentoos. Tliofe Indians are particularly diftinguifhcd from the rcll of mankind [ly their divifion into tribes, the four principal of which are the l)ramins, foldiers, labourers, and mechanics. ^J iicie are again fubdividcd into a muhiplicity of inferior diftinftions. The bramins have an entire power, which they ufe commonly to very bad purpoies, over the minds of the people, though fome of them are fuperllit.oiis, moral, and innocent. Tiiey are all of them fuch bigots, that excepting the Hallachores, who are the rsjfufe and outcafts of the other tribes, and dilbwiied and deteiled by them all, Mr. Scrafton doubts (whatever the Roman catholics may pretend) whether there ever was an inftance of any oti:cr of the Gentoos being converted by the miflionaries. In Ihort, the hraiains in general are a defigning degenerate fct of men ; but Mr. Scrafton, v.lio gives us that pifture of them, acknowledges that, amidll all their errors, they sgree in thofe truths which form the harmoTy of the univerfe, that there is cm fiipreme God, and that he is bej} plea/fd ly charity iind gond avorks. The foldiers are commonly called Rajah -poot.:, or pcrloi.s dcfcendei from rajahs, and refide chiefly in the northern provinces and are gene- rally more fair complexioned than the people of the unithern provinces, who are quite black. Thefe rajah-poots are a rohufi, brave, faithful people, and enter into the fcrvice of thofe who will pay tlicm ; but when ' their leader falls in battle, they think that their cngaj;ements to him are finilhed, and tlicy run off the held without any fain upon their repu- tation. The labourers are the farmers and all who are concrrncd in the culti- vation of lands. The mechanics are merchants, bankers, traders of all kinds, and are divided into many fubordinations. Thofe different tribes (fays Mr. Scrafton) are foi bid to intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with each other, or even to drink out of the fame vefiel with one of another tribe; and every deviation in thcfc points, fubjeclg ' them to be rejeded by their tribe, renders them for ever polluted, and they are thenceforward obhged to herd with the Hallachores. This divi- fjoa is attended with infinite incoaveaiwncies, for eAt--ptJng the rajah- poots, 474 INDIA rW CBNERAL.' :1 |xx)ts, no Crntnn thinks nf defcndinp liimfclf in cafe of invnlTons, whj'cJj whrn nradc frfun the ff.i, havf hcen generally fuccdsful- The famcdivi. fion, however, hns, notvvithlfandJng ail thff convulfions of thtir govtrn- mcnt, and all tlicir oppreflions under the Mahometans prelervcd fhrir liianufatflures among them, which while the fon can follow no other trade than that of his father, can never be loll but by exterminating tKc pcpple. Ditl'crcnt kinds of food arc afllgncd to different tribes. The bramini touch nothing that has life ; the foldicr:i are permitted to eat vcnifcn, mnttrn, and fifh ; the laboun-rs and merchants live diffcrenrly, accord- ing to their fex and prnfcflion;, fomc of them being allowed ta eat Itlli, but none of thfui animal food. The pridice of women burning themfelves, upon the death of thtir hufband':, is now faid lo b: difufed all over Tndoft.in ; and tlif Gtntwi in general chiil'e death by famine rather than pollute themfelves by eating a forliiddcn f vid. Thl.s piclure of the Gcnto<)3 fcems to be drawn bctij.c #)ur wars with the French in that country; for if we are to believe lori.c traveller?, they begin now to relax in the pr.trtice of their nlijjiouj 'ing early, the males before fourteen, and their women at ten or eleven years of age, keeps them low and feeble in their pcrfons. A man is in the decline of life at thirty, and the beauty of the women at eighteer; but at twenty-five they have all :he marks of old age. We are not therefore to wonder at their being foon Grangers to all perfonal exxrtion and vigour of mind; and it is with them a frequent faying, that it is better to fit than to walk, to lis down than to fit, to fleep than to wake, ^nd death is the bcft of all. The Mahometans, who, inlndoflan, are called Moors, are of Perfian, Tprkilh, Arabic, aqd other cxtraftions. They early began, in the rei^nj INDIA IN O ENERAL. 475 reigns of the califs of Bagdad, to invadr Indoftan. Thcv penetrated as firas Delhi, wliicli they made ttieir cipital. 'Jlu-y l< tiled rol'mies in fi'veral place.-, \vho!o delcendants :;re n'uv callril I'ytnns ; but ihvir cni- p;rc was overthrown by Tamerlane, who founded tiie M"n:;ul ;;overn-. meat, which llill fubfuh. Thofc princes bcin{» Ibid Mahometans, received umitr their protcd\i'>n all who profcfrej the fime n'lij;ion, and who b'ring : brave a 'live pcop'e, counterb:ilanced the numbers of the n.uives. They are faiil to have introduced the diviiiun of province , over which they appnititcd (bubahs ; and ihnfe provinces, each of wliich might be llil'.'d a i;re.tt empire, were lubiiiviucd into nabobflup', lacli nabob Ih:- ing inuiiedialely a. countable to his f-iuhah, who in p-i^cefs of time btcime almnd inde,itndcnt on the emperor, or, as he is called, the grer.t moj'ul, upon ilii-ir paying him an annual tribute. The vail refort of I'crlian and i\irt;ir tribc-s have iikcv'. iie llrengtluped the »VJahometaa goicrnnient ; but it is obfervable, that in two or three j»ener::tions, the priK^fny of all tliofe adventurers, who ihouch they brinq; niuhinc; 'vith them but their hcjrfes and their fwords, detjcncrute into ull caUern indo- kr.cc and fenfuality. Of all rhoic tribis, the Marattas at prcfent make the j'rcatell f.^jnre. They arc a Icind of mercL'naries, who live on the mountains between Lidollan and Perfia. Tiiey commonly ferve on horieback, and when well commanded, they have been known to j»ivc law even to the court of Delhi. Though they arc originally CJcnto -s, yet they arc of bold active fpirits, and pay no great reped to the principles of iheir relij'ion. Mr. Scrafton fays, that the Mahometans or Moors arc of fo detellable a tharador, that he never knew ab()\e two or three exceptions, and thofc were among the Tartar and I'erfian officers of the army. They arc void of every principle e\en of their own religion ; and if tliey have a virtue, it ii an ajpearance of hofpitality, but it is an appearance only ; ibr while they are drinking with, and embracing a fiieiul, they will Uab him to the heart. Th^ people of Indoflan arc governed by no written laws, and their courts of juilicc are direded by precedents. The Mah<.Miictan inlUtutcs prevail only in their great towns and iheir ne!gi\hourhood. '^I'hc empire IS hereditary, and the emperor is heir only to liis own officers. All lands go in the hereditary line, and continue in tliat Ib.te even down to the fubten-'iits, while the lord cin p. y his taxes, and tlic latter their rent, both which arc immutably fixed in the public books of each diflrift. The imperial dcmcfne lanus arc thofc of tlie great rajah fimilies, which fell to Tamerlane and his fucceil'ors. Certain portions of them are called jaghire Lnds, and are bellowed by the crown on the great lords or om- rahs, and upon their death revert to the cmpeior; but the rights of the fubtenants, even of thofc lands are indefeafiblc. Such arc the outlines of the government by which this great empire long fubfiiled, without ahnoll the fcmbiance of virtue among its great officers cither civil or military. It v/as (haken, however, after the inva- fion of Mahomet Shah, which was aiti-ndcd by fo great a diminution of t.hc imperial authority, that the foubahs and nabobs became abfolute in their own governments. Though they coi'ld not alter the fundamental Jaws of property, yet they invenced new taxes, which begp/ircd the people, to pay their own armies and fupport their power ; l'> that many of the pople, a Jew years ago, after being unmercifully plundered by coHedors Wi4 tax-mafters, were lef; to pcfill) through want. I'o fum up the ^ wiferjr » tf If 47^ INDIA beyond the G a n c e s. mifery of the inhabitants, tho partly fo tf) the innucrns. Air and climate.] This country is fo litde knov.n, that authors difFer concerning its air, feme preferring that of the foutlicrn, and iomc that of the nortiiern parts. It is grncrally agreed, that the air of the firmer is hot and dry, but in fbme places moiil, and cnnlequently un- healthy. The climate is fubjeft to hurricane:, lightnings, and inun- dation?, fo that the people build their houies upon high piJlars to defend them from floods ; and they have no other idea of feali'ns, but wet and dr.'. Ealterly and weftcrly monfons (which is an Indian word) prevail in this country. Mountains.] Thefe run from north to fouth almoft the whole Idigth of the country ; but the lands near the fea are low, and annually cvcrflowedin the rainy feafon. Rivers.] The chief are Domea, Mccon, Menan, and Ava. Bays and straits.] The bays of Bengal, Siain, and Ccchin- Cbina. The ftraits of Malacca and Sincapora. The promontarics of Siam, Romana, and Banfac. Soil and product of the 7 The foil of all IndoHian is fruitful' DIFFERENT NATIONS. j in general, and produces all the deli- cious fruits that are found in other countries, as well as roots and vege- tables. This peninfula abounds likewifc in filks, elephants, and qua- drupeds, both domeftic and wild, that are common in the countries nlreadv defcribed. The natives drive a crreat trade in p-o]J, diamonds, rubies, topazes, amethylls, and other precious ftones. Tcnquin pro- duces little or no corn or wine, but is the moil healthfiil country of all the peninfula. In fome places, efpccially towards the norch, the inhabi- tants h.ave fvvellings in their throats, owing to the badnefs of their water. Inhabitants, customs, 7 The Tonquincfe are excellent mccha- AND diversion:^. j ^'^c^f and tuT traders ; but greatly op- prelTed by their king and great lords. His majcily engroflcs the trade, and his fadors fell by retale to the Dutch and other nation':. The Ton- quincfe are fond of lacquer houfes, which arc unwhclcf^mc and poi- lonous. The people in the fouth are a favage race, and go almoil naked* vith large fdver and gold car-rings, and coral, amber, or iktil bracek^ts. In 1 "onquln and Cochin-China, the two fexes are icaicely liillinguMiiable by their drefs, which refembles that of the Pcrfians. The people of quality are fond of Englifli broad-cloth, red or green, and others we:ir a dark coloured cotton cloth. In Azem, which 'm thought ^nc; of the belt countries in Afia, the inhabitants prefer dogs flefh to all otlier animal fjod. The people of that kingdom pay no taxes, bcc."uie the king is fole proprietor of all the gold and filver and ofher incials foi>nd in his kingdom. They live, however, eafily and comfortably. Ai:;',oll: every" houJc- 478 INDIA beyond the Ganges. houfe-keeper has aii elephant for the conveniency of his wives and \yts, men, polygamy being pradifcd all over Indoftan. It is unquelHonabIc that thofc Indians, as well as the Chinefe, had the life of gur.powdcr before it was kwown in Europe, and the invention u generally afcribrd to the Azcniefe. The inhabitants of the foitthernl liivifion of this peninfula go under the name of Malayans, from the I neignbouring country of Malacca. Though the religious fupcrltitions that prevail in this peninfula are as | grofs as thofe defcribed under the article of Tibet, and the civil govern- ment of the two countries in many particulars refemble each other, yet the people believe in a future ftate ; and when their kings are interred, a number of animals are buried with them, and fuch veflels of gold and filver as they think can be of ufe to them in their future life. The peo- pie in this peninfula are commonly very fond of fhew, and often make an appearance beyond their circumftances. They are delicate in no part of their drefs but in their hair, which they buckle up in a very agreeable manner. In their food they are loathfome, for befides dogs, they eat rats, mice, ferpents, and Itinking fifh. The people of Arrakan are equally indelicate in their amours, for they hire Dutch and other fo- reigners to confummate the nuptials with their virgins, and value their ■women mull when in a ftate of pregnancy. Their treatment of the fick is ridiculous beyond belief; and in many places, when a patient is judged to be incurable, he is expofed on the bank of fome river, where ' he is either drowned or devoured by birds or hearts of prey. The diverfions common in this country are fiihing and hunting, the celebration of feftivals, and their ading comedies by torch-light from evening to morning. Manufactures and commerce.] Thefe vary in the different countries of this peninfula, but the chief brar^hes have been already mentioned. The inhabitants, in fome parts, a» j obliged to manufadure their fait out of afties. In all handicraft trades that they underttand, the pecole are more indurtrious and better workmen than the Europeans; and in weaving, fewing, embroidering, and fome other manufatlures, it is faid that the Indians do as much work with their feet as their hands. Their painting, though they are ignorant of drawing, is amazingly vivid in its colours. The finenefs of theii linen, and their fillagree work in gold and filver, are beyond any thing of thofe kinds to be found in other parts of the world. The commerce of India, in ftiorr, is courted by all trading nations in the world, and probably has been fo from the earlieit ages : it was not unknown even in Solomon's time ; and the Greeks and Romans drew from thence their higheft materials of luxury. The greateft (hare of it, through events foreign to this part of our work, is now centered in England, though that of the Dutch is ftill very con- liderable ; ti-tat of the French has boen for fome time on the decline ; nor is that of the Swedes and Danes entirely difcontinued. Learning and learned men.] It is more than probable that the Egyptians, the natior from which the Greeks and Romans drew the fine arts, owed them to the bramins, and the Gentoos, who are fometimes called Banians. The names, however, of the legiflators and bramins, or whoever their learned men were who fpread theh knowledge among the Eaft-Indians, have either perifhed or are obfcured by impenetrable clouds of allegory. Some late Englifh authors, who were well acquainted with the affairs of Indoitan, have aflurcd u« that that empire iiill con- Saini his wives and \vd. INDIA beyond the Ganges, 479 tshii mei^ of the moft unfpottcd lives and profound knowledge of .ill the (^i/inal bramin theology, morality, and civil ccnllitutions. ijuch men jrehard to be diicovertii, but wlien accefTible, they arc inoJeil An J cora- jnunic^tivc in all branches of their leaniing, but ihoie in v.hich ili'r-y arc enjoined an inviolable fecrecy ; and we have fome well attclttd inftances vicrc they have fuffercd death ruther tl.an betray tlicir Ibcrcts, wJich ar« hereditary in their families. Others, from the profligate fclfifii ciia- ijders of the common braniins, ihink that all this lancHty and learning ii mere pretext and grimace- I have already meationcd their under- ianding aftronomy fo fir as to calculate eclipfes. Langi;age.] The language of the court of Delhi is Perfian, but ia this pcninfula it is chiefly Malayan, as we have already obfcrved, iaterfperfed with other dialeds. Constitution, GOVERNMENT, 7 This article is fo extenuve, RARITIES, AND CITIES. J that it requires a flight review «f the kingdoms that form this peninfula. In Azcm, I have already ob- fervcd, the king is proprietor of all tlie gold and hlvcr : he pays little ornotliing to the great mogul. We know little or noticing of the king- dom of I'ipra, but that it was antiently fubjeft to the kings of Arrakan ; and that they fend to the Chinefe gold and filk, for which they receive lijrer in return- Arrakan lies to Jie fouth of Tipra, and is governed b" twelve princes, fubjedl to the chief king, who refides in his capital. His palace is very large, and contains, as we are told, fevcn idols caft ia TOJd of two inches thick, each of a man's height, and covered over with tiamonds and other precious ftones. Pegu lies between the 1 10th and 116th degrees of longitude, and between 14 and 19 degrees of north latitude, ceing about 350 Englilh miles in length, and alraoft the fame in breadth. It is uncertain whether it is not at prefcnt fubjcd to the king or emperor of Ava. The riches of the king (whoever lie is) are almoil incredible ; fome of his idols, as big as life, being of mally gold and lilver. His revenues arife from the rents of lands, of v.'hich he is fole proprietor, and from duties on merchandife; fo that fome think him to be the richcft monarch in the world, excepting the Cliineie emperor. He can bring a million, and on occafion, a million and a half of foidiers to the held, well cloathed and armed; and he is faid to be mailer of eight hundred trained elephants, each with a caftle on liis back holding f'ovir foidiers. The conllitution of his empire in of the feudal kind, for he afligns lands and towns to his nobles upon railitai-y tenures. Macao is the great mart of trade in Pegu. VVe know little of the kingdom of Ava ; we arc not even Aire to whom it belongs. It is faid, the honours the king afiumes are next to divine. His fubjcfts trade chiefly in mufk and jewels, rubies and faphires. In other particulars, the inhabitants rcfcmble thofe of Pegu. In thofc king- doms, and indeed in the greateft part of this peninfula, the dcdrines of the Lama or Dairo, the living god, already defcribed, equally prevail as thofe of the bramins. Whether the foruicr is not a corruption of the latter, and both uf them of ill undcrilood Chrillianiiy and judaifm, i» an enquiry fcarcely worth purfulng. The principles of ilic Lama arc bell calculated for rendering tlie king a mere cypher in his government, which is entirely veiled in his prielis and minillers. The kingdom of Laos or Lahos. This kingdom formerly included that of Jangoma or Jangomay, but wo know few particulars of it that can b« depended upon. It is faid to be immcnfcly populous, to abound in wm^\ t M. li', 480 INDIA beyond the G a n c e 8. in all the rich commodities as well as the grofs fuperftitions of the call, and to be divided into a number of petty kingdoms, all of them holJinf of one fovereign, who, like his oriental brethren, is abfolutely defpotic, and lives in inexpreflible pomp and magnificence ; but being of the Lama religion, is the flave of his priefts and miniftcrs. Siam. The kingdom of Siam has been often defcrlbcd by miHionaricsl and pretended travellers in the mcft romantic terms, and therefore we can pay little other credit to their accounts further than that it is a ricii and populous kingdom, and that it approaches in its government, po- licy, the quickncfs and acutcnefs of its inhabitants, very near to the Chinefe. The ki'igdom of Siam is furrounded by high mountains, which, on the ealt fide, feparate it from the kingdoms of Kamboja and Laos ; on the welt, from Pegu ; and on the north, from Ava, or, mere properly, from Jangoma, whic). is fubjedl to Ava ; on the fouth, it ij walhcd by the river Siam, and ha' the peninfula of Malacca, the north- well part whereof is under its doi.Tinion. The extent of the cnuntrv, however, is very uncertain, and it ii~ but indifferently peopled. The inhabitants, of both fexcs, are more rpiodefl than any found in the re:l of this peninfula. Great care is taken Df the education of their children, Their marriages are fimple, and performed by their talapoins or prieft- fprinkling holy watrr upon the couple, and repeating feme prayers. We are told that gold is To abundant in this country, that their moll pon- derous images are made of it, and that it is feen in vafl quantities on the outfide of the king's palace. Thofe relations are found by modern tra- vellers to be the fidions of French and other miffionaries ; for though the country has m'nes of gold, their ornaments of gold are either ex- ccflive thin plates or a very bright lacker that cover wooden or other ma- terials. The go\ernmcnt here is e.vcefiively defpotic ; even fcrvants null appear before their mailers in a kneeling poilure; and the mandarines are profiratcd before the king. Siam, the capital, is reprefented ns a large city, but fcarccly a fixth part of it is inhabited ; and the palace is about a mile and a half in circuit. Cankok, which Hands about eighteen leagues to the fouth of Siam, and twelve miles from the fea, is the only place towards the coail that is fortified with walls, batteries, and brali cannon; and the Dutch have a fadory at Ligor, which Hands on the call fide of the peninfula of Malacca, but belonging to Siam. The peninfula of Malacca is a large country, and contains fevcral kingdoms or provinces. The Dutch, however, are faid to be the real matters and fovereigns of the whole peninfula, being in poU'eflion of the capital (Malacca.) The inhabitants differ but little from brutes in their manner of living ; and yet the Malayan language is reckoned the purcll of any fpokcn in all the Indies. As a proof that v.'e know very little of the internal parts of the country, we are told by the latefl travellers, that its chief produce. is tin, pepper, elephants teeth, canes, and gums, Some miffionaries pretend that it is the Golden Chcrfonefus or Peninfula cf the anticnts, and that the inhabitants ufed to meafure their riches by bars of gold. The truth is, that the excellent fituation of this country admits of a trade with India ; fo that when it vvas firfl difcovered by the Portuguefe, who were afterwards expelled by the Dutch, it was the richeft city in the eail, next to Goa and Ormus, being the key cf the China, the Japan, the Moluccas, and the Sunda trade. The country, however, at prefent, is chiefly valuable for its trade with the Chineie, This degeneracy of the Malayans, who were formerly an- indullrious ingenious INDIA beyond the Ganges^ 481 ingenious people, is eafily accounted for, by the tyranny of the Dutch, whofe intereft it is that they fhould never recover from their prefcnt ftate of ignorance and flavery. The Englifli carry on a fmuggling kind of trade in their country fliips, from the coaft of Coromandel and the bay of Bengal, to Malacca. This commerce is connived at by the Dutch governor and council among them, who little regard the orders of their fuperiors, provided they can enrich thcmfclves. Cambodia, or Camboja, is a country little known to the Europeans ; but according to the beft information is fituated between the 9th and i6th deg. 30 min. iior*h latitude, and tl^; 19th deg. 3omin. and 126 deg. of eailern longitude. As it ftretches feven degrees thirty-fix minutes from fouth to north, its greateft length that way is about five hundred and twenty EnglilTi miles ; and its greatell breadth from weft to eaft, including fix degrees thirty minutes of longitude, about three hundred ninety-eight miles. This kingdom has a fpacious river running through it, the banks of which are the only habitable parts of the nation, on account of its fultry air, and the peftiferous gnats, ferpents, and other animals bred in the woods. Its foil, commodities, trade, animals, and produfts by fea and land, are much the fame with the other kingdoms of this vail peninfula. The betel, a creeping plant of a particular flavour, and, as they fay, an excellent remedy for all thofe difeafcs that are com- mon to the inhabitants of the Eaft- Indies, is the higheft luxury of the Cambodians, from the king to the peafant, but is very unpalatable and difagrceable to the Europeans. The fame barbarous magnificence, defpo- tifm of their king, and ignorance of the people, prevail here as through- out the reft of the peninfula. Between Cambodia and Cochin-China lies the '".tie kingdom of Champa, the inhabitants of which trade with the Chinefe, and feem therefore to be fomewhat more civilized tlian their neighbours. Cochin-China, or the weftern China, is fituated under the torrid zone, and extends, according to fome authors, from the 12th to the 1 8th degree, but, according to others, from the 8th to the 17th degree of north latitude, or about five hundred miles in length ; but is much lefs extenlive in its breadth from eaft to weft. Laos, Cambodia, and Champa, as well as fome other fmaller kingdoms, are faid to be tribu- tary to Cochin China, fome particulars of which I have mentioned in the general view of this peninfula. The manners and religion of the people feem to be originally Chinefe, and they are much given to trade. Their king is faid to be immerfely rich, and his kingdom enjoys all the advantages of commerce that are found in the other parts of the Eaft-Indies j but at the fame time we are told that this mighty prince, as well as the king of Tonquin, are fubjeft to the Chinefe emperor. It is rcafonable to fuppofe, that all thofe rich countries were peopled from China, or at leaft, that they had, fome time or other, been go- verned by one head, till the mother empire became fo large, that it might be convenient to parcel it out, referving to itfelf a kind of fcudil dependence over them all. Tonquin has been already mentioned, and I can add little to what has been faid, unlefs I was to adopt the fiitions of the popi/h miirionariei. The government of this kingdom, however, is paVticular. The Ton- quinefe had revolted from the Chinefe, which was attended by a civil war, A compromife at laft took place hctv/een the chief of the revolt sn tdi'l 482 INDIA widiin the Ganges. and the reprcfentative of the antient kings, by which the former wa have fill the executive powers of the government, under tlie nam^ the Chouah ; but that the Bua, or real king, ftiould retain the re titles, and be permitted Ibme inconfiderablc civil prerogatives within palace, from which neither he nor any of his family can ftir without penniflton of the chouah. This hillory feems to be of the lama extrafti or at leaft copied from thr.t worfliip. The chouah refides generally in ihe capital Cachao, which is fitua near the center of the kinydom. The bua's palace rs a vaft ftrudli and has a fine arien:;!. The Englifh have a very flourilhing houft the north fide of their city, conveniently Httcd up with ftorehoufcs oflice-houft's, a noble dining-room, and liandfome apartments for merchants factors, and officers of th^ company. The above is the imperfed account I am enabled, without depart from the rules of probability, to give of tliis vaft peninfula. Its rarit conulling of houies overlaid v/ith gold, and folid idols of the lame me adorned with an infinite number of precious Hones and jewels, are m tioned by many travellers ; but it is difficult to give them credit, w. we confider the undifciplined wcaknefs of the inhabitants, their fuj ftition, indolence, ignorance, and native timidity ; which muft ren them a prey not Only to European adventurers, but to the Tartar c querors of China. To this we may add, the univcrfally admitted pafl of thofe people for oftentatlon, and the many difcoveries that have b made by candid travellers, of their difplaying plated or gilded furnit and ornaments, at which they arc wonderfully expert, for thole of m; gold. The pofTeffion ofrubies, and other precious ftones of an extraordin fize, and even of white or party-coloured elephants, convey among th credulous people a pre-eminence of rank and royalty, and has fometii occafioned bloody wars. After all, it muft be acknowledged that he ever dark the accounts v/e have of thofe kingdoms may be, yet then fufficient evidence to prove that they are immenfely rich in all the ti fures of nature ; but that thofe advantages are attended with mi natural calamities, fuch as floods, volcanos, earthquakes, tempefts, above all, rapacious and poifoaous animals, which render the poflefl of life, even for an hour, precarious and uncertain. INDIA within tlie Ganges, or die Empire the Great Mogul. Situation and extent, including the Peninfula weft of Ganges. 66 Between -{ and 92 Between { i I ^- ( E.Lon. 1 fz J I Being i 2000 miles in length. 500 miles in breadth BOUNDAR INDIA v^ithift the Ganges. 48/ which the former was tn iment, under the name of fliould retain the royal ivil prerogatives within his family can ftir without the i be of the lama extradion> Cachao, which is fituated palace is a vaft llrufture, very flouriihing houfe on cd up with ftorehoufcs and dfoaie apartments for the y. labled, without departing aft peninfula. Its raritie:, d idols of the (ame metal, ones and jewels, are men- to give them credit, when 2 inhabitants, their fuper- lidity ; which muft render rs, but to the Tartar con- mivcrfally admitted paflioa difcoveries that have been plated or gilded furniture r expert, for thole of maffy I ftones of an extraordinary hants, convey among thofe royalty, and has fometimes e acknowledged that how- ;doms may be, yet there h lenfely rich in all the trea- are attended with many Earthquakes, tempells, and vhich render the pofleflion ertain. or die Empire of e Peninfula weft of the 2000 miles in length. 1500 miles in breadth. BOUNDARIE*' B0UKDARI£S.] THIS empire is bounded by Ulbec Tartary and Tibet, on the north ; by Tibet and the Hay of Bengal, on the eaftj by the Indian Ocean, on the fouth ; by the fame and Perfia, on the weft. The main land being the Mogul enpirc, or Indoftan properly fo called. Grand divifions. Provinces. "Bengal Proper The nnrth-eaft divifion of India, containing the provinces of Ben- tsl, on the mouths of/ the Ganges, and thofe of the mountains of Naugracut The north-weft divi- iion on the frontiers of ?erlia, and on the ri- icr Indus The middle divifion J Naugracut — jefuat — — Patna — — Necbal — — Gore — — ^Rotas — — "Soret ^ Jcfielmere — Tata, or Sinda Bucknor <- Multan — — Haican — — Cabul ■— — Candifli Berar — — Chitor — — Ratipor — — Narvar — — Gualeor — — Agra Delly Lahor, or Pencah Hendowns ■— Caflimere — — Jengapour -i— Afmer, orBando Chief towns. Calcutta Fort William 1 Huegly — C Englifli Dacca — j Malda, Englilh andDutch Chatigan Cafiumbazar Naugracut Rajap'.mr Patna Necbal Gore Rotas, rjaganal Jaflelmerd I Tata yJ Bucknor Multan Haican Cabul ^Medipour Berar Chitor Ratipor Narvar Gualeor " — . . Agra — — M Delly, E. Ion. ^9. N. lat. 28. Lahor Hendowns Caflimere Jengapour Afmer. Mountains.] The moft remarkable mountains of Indoftan, are the prodigious ones that feparate it from Perfia and Tibet, and are inha- bited by Marattas, Afghans or Patans* and other people more warlike than the Gentoos. Rivers.] Thefe are the Indus and the Ganges, both of them known to the antients, and held in the higheft efteem, and even veneration, by, the modern inhabitants. Befides thole rivers, many others water this country. Seas, bays and capes.] Thefe are the Indian ocean; the bay of Bengal ; the gulph of Cambaya; the ftreights of Ramanakoel i cape Comurin and Diu. lis A(B I'M i: -!i tm s i Wr' f'^ rx« of the enipiiv. C^;:ara;| INDIA within the G a n c e s,* 4S5 Guzarat Is a maritime province on the gulph of Cambaya, and one of the fineil in India, but inhabited by a fierce rapacious people. It is laid to contain thirty-five cities. Amed-Abad is the capital of the province, where there is an Englilh fadtory, and is faiJ, in wealth, to vie with the richeft towns in P^urope. About forty-three French leagues diftant lies Surat, where the Englifli have a flourifliing faftory. It was taken by them in the late war, but it is uncertain vshethcr it is Hill in their poflclTion. The province of Agra Is the largeft in all Indoftan, containing forty large towns and three hundred and forty villages. Agra is the greateft city, and its caiUe the largcft fortification in all the Indies. The Dutch have a fadlory there, but the Englilh have none. The city of Dehli, which is the capital of that province. Is llkewift ths capital of Indollan. It is defcribed as being a fine city, and con- taining the imperial palace, which is adorned with the ufual magnificence of theEaft. Its ftables formerly contained twelve thoufand horfes, brought from Arabia, Perfia, and Tartary; and five hundred elephants. When the forage is burnt up by the heats of the feafon, as is often the cafe, thefe horfes are faid to be fed in the morning with bread, butter, and I'ugar, and in the evening with rice-milk properly prepared. Tatta, the capital of Sind, is a large city ; and it is faid that a plague which happened in 1699 carried ofi^ above eighty thoufand of its maniifafturers in fiik and cotton. It is ftill famous for the manufafture of palanquins, which are a kind of canopied couches, on which the great men all over India, Europeans as well as natives, repofe when they appear abroad. They are carried by four men, who will trot along, morning and evening, forty miles a day ; ten being ufually hired, who carry the palanquin by turns, four at a time. Though a palanquin is dear at firll coft, yet the porters may be hired for nine or ten Ihillings a month each, out of which they maintain themfelves. The Indus, at Tatta, is about a mile broad, and famous for its fine carp. Though the province of Multan is not very fruitful, yet it yields ex- cellent iron and canes ; and the inhabitants, by their fjtuation, arp enabled to deal with the Perfians and Tartars yearly for above fixcy thou- fand horfes. The province of Caflimere, being furrounded with mountains, is diffi- cult of accefs, but when entered, it appears to be the paradife of the Indies. It is faid to contain a hundred thoufand villages, to be ftored with cattle and game, without any beads of prey. The capital (Caffi- mere) (lands by a large lake ; and both fexes, the women efpecially, are almoft as fair as the Europeans, and are faid to be witty, dexterous, and ingenious. The province and city of Labor formerly made a great figure In the Jndian hiftory, and is iHll one of the largeft and finell nrovinces in the ndies, producing the beft fugars of any in Indoftan." Its capital was once about nine miles long, but is now much decayed. We know little of the provinces of Ayud, Vjirad, Bekar, and Hallabas, that is not in common v/ith the other provinces of Indoftan, excepting that they are inhabited by a hardy race of men, who feem never to have been conquered, and though they fubmit to the moguls, live in an eafy, inde- pendent ftate. In fome of thofe provinces many of the European fruits, |)lants, an4 flowers, thrive as in their native foil. 1 i 3 Bengal, ^IP :'r- m 486 INDIA within the Ganges. '■•••'I Bengal, of all the Indian provinces, is perhaps the moft interediiig to an EnglHh reader. It is ellecmed to be the llorehoufe of the Eaft-Indics. Its fertility exceeds that of Egypt after being overflowed by the Nile; ^nd the produce of its foil confills of rice, fugar-canes, corn, fefamuni, finall mulberry, and other trees. Its callicocs, filks, falt-petre, lakka, opium, wax, and civet, go all over the worhl ; and provifions here are in vail plenty, and incredibly cheap, efpccially pullets, ducks, and gccfe. The country is intcrfcded by canals cut out of the Ganges for the benefit of commerce ; and extends near a hundred leagues on both fides the Ganges, being full of cities, towns, villages, and caiUcs. In Bengal, tlie worfhip of the Gentoos is praftifed in its greateil pu- rity ; and their ficred river (Ganges) is in a manner lined with their magnificent pagods or temples. The women, notwithftanding thei: religion, are faid by fomc to be lafcivious and enticing. The principal EngKfli faiflory in Bengal is at Calcutta, and is called Fort William; it is fituated on the river Ilughly, the moll wcftcrly branch of t!ie Ganges. '1 he fort itfelf is faid to be irKJgnlar, and un- tenable agaiufl diicipl'ncd troops; but the fervants of the company have provided themfelves with an excellent houfe, and moft convenient apart- ir.ents for their own accommodation. As the town itfelf may be no.v i.dd to he in poflclfion of the company, an Englifli civil government, by a m.iyn and aldermen, has been introduced into it. It does not, how- cvvr, Icjni rooUc o\.iicjal fatisfaftion, on account of the vail influence .whici; the comp:i!.y has always over ilic magillrates, and many complainij from private peifons have lately reached England. In 1756, tho InJian nabob, cr viceroy, quarrelled with the company, and i)ivc{kd Calcutta with a large body of black troops, The governor, and fome cf the princip:'.! perfons of the place, threw themfelves, with their chief elfcds, on board the fliips ^n the river; they who remained, for fome hours, bravely defended the place ; but their ajnmunition being expended, they iui rendered upon terms. The foubah, a capricious, un- feeling tyrant, inllead of obferving the capitulation, forced Mr. Hohvcll, ■the governor's chief lervant, and a hundred and forty-five Britifti fubjedb, into a little but fecure prifon, called the Black-hole, a place about eighteen feetfquare, and Ihut up f/om almoll all communication of free air. Their miferies during the night were inexprefilble, and before morning no more than twenty-three were found alive, the reft dying of iuflx>cation, which was generally attej^ded with a honible phrenfy. Among thofe faved was Mr. Holwell himfelf, who has written a moil afleiSling account of the cataftrophe. The infcnfible tyrant returned to liis capital after plundering the place, imagining he had routed the Englifli out cf his dominions ; but the feafonable arrival of admiral Watfon and colonel (now lord) Clive, put them once more, with fome difiiculty, in pofllilion of the place ; and the war was concluded by the glorious batde of Plafley, ga-.-i'd by the colonel, and the death of the tyrant Suraja Dowla, in whofe place Mhir J4fi"eir was advanced to the foubahfliip. The capital of Bengal, where the nabob keeps his court, is Patna or Makfudabad; and Bannares, lying in the fanae province, is the Geatoo univenity, and celebrated for its fandlity. Chandenagore, is the principal place poflefled by the French in Ben-, gal : it lies higher up the river than Calcutta. But though ftrons'ly fortified, fiirniflicd with a giirrifon of five hundred Europeans, and twelve huijdred Indians, and defended by a hundred and twenty- three pieces of ' ' 1 cannon INDIA vrithin the Ganges. 4^7 Jioft intereding to If theEaft-Iiidics, [ed by the Nile ; corn, fffamuiii, iTalt-petrc, Inkb, frovifions here are cts, ducks, and the Ganges for leagues on both and callles. I in its grcateil pu- r^ lined with their vithftanding thei- Ufa, and is called the moil vvcfterly irregular., and un- the company have convenient apart- itfelf may be no.v il government, by It does not, how- ' tiie valt influence d many complaints with the company, >s. The governor, V themfelves, with hey who remained, apimunition being , a capricious, un- )rced IVIr. Holwcll, ive Britifli fubjcdb, >Ie, a place about imunication of free filble, and before ", the reft dying of horiible phrenfy. as written a moll ant returned to his routed the Englilh Imiral Watfon and fome difficulty, in the glorious battle the tyrant Suraja to the foubahftiip. :ourt, is Patna or »ce, is the Gentoo le French in Ben, t though ftront^ly jeans, and twelve ity-tluce pieces of cannon eannon and three mortars, it was taken in the late war by the Engliflj admirals Watfon and Pocock, and colonel Clivc. Ilugley, which lies fifty miles to the north of Calcutta, upon the Ganges, i.< a place of pro- digious trade for the richeft of all Indian commodities. The Dutch have here a well fortified faftory. The fcarch for diamonds is carried on by about ten thoufand people from Saumelpour, which lies thirty leagues to the north of Hugley, for about fifty miles fartlier. Dakka is faid to be the largeft city of Bengal, and the tide comes up to its walls. It con- tains an Englifli and a Dutch factory. 'Jhe other chief towns are Caf- fiimbazar, Chinchura, Bainagur, and Maldo; lidldcs a number of other places of lefs note, but all of them rich in the Indian manu- faftures. Wc know little concerning the province of Malva, which lies to the weft of Bengal, but that it is as fertile as the other provinces, and that its chief city is Ratifpor. The province of Kandiih iiicludtvs that of Berar and part of Orixa, .ind its capital is Pirampur, fo that it is of pro- digious extent, and carries on a vail trade in chintzes, callicoes, and embroidered Huffs. The above are the provinces belonging to the mogul's empire to the north of what is properly called the Peninfula within the Ganges. Thofe that lie to the fouthward fall into the defcription of the peninlula itfelf. History.] It is not at all to the credit of our Eall-India compa- ny's fervants, that notwithftanding their long refidence in Indolbn, they differ in their accounts of the revolutions of that country. All we know for certain is, that Tamerlane made a deep imprcf- fion upon this country, and that the prefent emperor pretends tt> reign in his right. The hiftory of his immediate defccndcnts has been variouHy reprefentcd, but all agree in the main that they were magnifi- cent and defpotic princes, that they committed their provinces, as has been already obferved, to rapacious governors, or to their own fons, by which their empire was often miferably torn in pieces. At lengtli, to- wards the middle of the lait century, the famous Aurengzcbe, in the year 1667, though the youngeft ajnong many fons of the reigning emperor, after defeating or murdering all his brethren, mounted the throne of Indoftan, and may be confidered as the real founder and legiflator of the empire. He was a great and a politic prince, and the firft who extended his dominion, though it was little better than nominal, over the penin- fula without the Ganges, which is at prefent fo well known to the En- glilh. He lived fo late as the year 1707, and it is faid that fome of his jE,reat officers of ftate were alive ten or twelve years ago. From what has been already (aid of this empire, Aurengzebe ieems to have left too much power to the governors of his dillant provinces, and to have been at no pains in preventing the effefts of that dreadful defpotifm, which while in his hands preferved the tranquillity of his empire, but when it defcended to his weak indolent fucceffors, occafioned its overthrow. In 1713, four of his grandfons difputed the empire, which, after a bloody ftruggle, fell to the cldeft, Mauzo'din, who took the name of jehandar Shaw. This prince was a ilave to his pleafures, and was go- verned by his miftrefs fo abfolutely, that his great omrahs confpired Jigainft him, and raifed to the throne one of his nephew s, who llruck off his uncle's head. The new emperor, whofe name was Furjukhfir, was governed and at la • enflaved by two brothers of the name of Seyd, who abuled his power fo grolsly, that being afraid to piuiilU ihcai pablici) , 1 i 4 lie ml i; 488 INDIA within the Ganges. ^^M ^ t'T \M he ordered them both to be privately affafllnated. They difcovcrej hij intention, and dethroned the emperor, in whofc place they railed a grandfon of Aurenc'/c'Dc, by his daughter, a youth of feventeen years of age, after imprifoning and tlrangling Furrukhfir. The youne emperor proved difagrccable to the brothers, and being foon poifonedj they raifcd to the throne his elder brother, who took the title of Shaw Jehan. I'hc rajahs of Indoflan, whofe anccllors had entered into ftipulations, or v;hat may be called faSla conventa, when they admitted the Mogul family, took the field againft the two brothers, but the latter were viftorious, And Shaw Jchan was put in tranquil po/Tcflion of the empire, but died in 17 19. He was fucceeded by another prince of the Mogul race, who took the name of Mohammed Shaw, and entered into private meafures with his great rajahs for deftroying the Scyds, who were declared enemies to Nizam al Muluck, one of Aurengzebe's favourite generals. Nizam, it Is faid, was privately encouraged by the emperor to declare himfelf againd the brothers, and to proclaim himfelf foubah of Dccan, which belonged to one of the Seyds, who was afTaffinated by the emperor's order, who immediately advanced to Delhi to deftroy the other brother ; but he no fooner underllood what had happened, than he proclaimed the fultan Ibrahim, another of the Mogul prmces, emperor. A battle en- fued in 1720, in which the emperor was victorious, and is faid to have ufed his conquoft with great moderation, for he remitted Ibrahim to the prifon from whence he had been taken ; and Seyd, being likewife a pri- foner, was condemned to perpetual confinement, but the emperor took pol- feflion of his vail riches. Seyd did not long furvive his connneinent ; and upon his death, the emperor abandoned himfelf to the fame courfe of ple£- fures that had been fo fata! to his predeceffors. As to Nizam, he became now the great imperial general, and was often employed againft the Ma- rattas, whom he defeated, when they had almoft made themfelves maftcrs of Agra and Dehli. He was confirmed in his foubahfhip, and was confi- deredas the firft fubjeft in the empire. Authors, however, are divided as to his motives for inviting Kouli Khan, the Perfian monarch, to invade In- doftan. It is thought that he had intelligence of a ftrong party formed againfl him at court ; but the truth perhaps is, that Nizam did not think that Nadir Shaw could have fuccefs, and at firft wanted to make himfelf ufftful by oppofing him. The fuccefs of Nadir Shaw is well known, and the immenfe treafure which he carried from Indoftan in 1 739. Belides thofe treafures, he obliged the Mogul tofanender to him all the lands to the weft of the rivers Attock and Synd, comprehending the provinces of Peyfhor, Kabul, and Gagna, with many other rich and populous principalities, the whole of them almoft equal m value to the crown of Perfia itfelf. This invafion coft the Gentoos two hundred thoufand lives. As to the plunder made by Nadir Shaw, fome accounts, and thofe too ftrongly authenticated, make it amount to the incredible fum of two hundred and thirty-one millions fterling, as mentioned by the London Gazette of thofe times. The moft moderate fay that Nadir's own Ihare amounted to confiderably above feventy millions. Be that as it will, the invafion of Nadir Shaw may be confidered as putting a period to the greatnefs of the Mogul empire in the houfe of Tameriane. The hiftory of it, fmce that time, is lefs known than that of Tamerlane itfelf. According to the beft accounts, upon the retreat of Nadir Shaw, who left the emperor in pofTeflion of his dignity, the Patans invaded his dominions ; and fo treacherous were thi; emperor's generals and miniftry, that none of them would The PENINSULA within the Ganges. 489 f/ould head an army againil thein, till the emperor's fori, a youth of eighteen years of age, bravely unJertnok the cutnmand, punilhed the confpiracy that had oecn foimed agaiult his father, and completely de- feated the invaders. During tliis campaign, the emperor was llrangled by his vizier : but by a courfe of wcll-mTtcd diillmulation, the young emperor, who was called Amet Shaw, found means to put the confpi- rators to death, but foon after was driven from his throne by a ficdi in- vafion of the Patans and Marattas. Some pretend that one Allum Geer was firft proclaimed emperor, and then murdered by the fame vizier, who raifed another prince to the throne. Whether this Allum Geer 10 the fame with Amet Shaw is uncertain, as are the intermediate revolu- tions that followed. At prefent, the imperial dignity of Indoltan is veiled in Shaw Zatlah, who is univcrfaily acknowledged to be the true heir of the Tamerlane race ; but his power is feeble, and he depends upon the protedion of the Engliih, whole intcrell it is to fupport him, as his authority is the beft legal guarantee. As to the goVvHiment and conllitution of Indoftan, we mull refer to what we have already obfervcd. The emperor of Indoltan, or great Mo- gul (fo called from being delccnded from Tamerlane the Mongul Tartar) on his advancement to the throne, affumes lomc gr^nd titlo; as, Tht Coif ijiteror of the World \ tht Ornament of the Throne, Uc. but he is ne\'er crowned. The Peninsula within the Ganges. Grand divifions. Provinces. 'Madura Tanjour Eaft fide of Bif- nagar, or Car- nate — — The fouth - eaft coaft of India, fi- tuate on the bay of Bengal, ufu-'S ally called the coaft of Coro- mandel. Golconda Orixa Chief towns. rMadura Tanjour Trincombar, Danes Negapatan, Dutch Bifnagar Portanova, Dutch Fort St. David, Engliih Pondicherry, 1 p^^^^^ v-onymere, 3 Coblon Sadrafapatan, Dutch St. Thomas, Portuguefe y} Fort St. George, or Madrafs, E. Lon. 80. N. Lat. 13. Engliih Pellicate, Dutch Golconda Gani, or Coulor, diamond mines MuHulapatan, Englifh and Dutch Vizacapatan, Engliih fiimlipatan, Dutch Orix^ '-Ballafore, Engliih .' i Grand 400 The PENINSULA within the Ga>:ges; iaianii diviiion!!. Provinces. Chi't* towns. "Well lidf of Bof--) fTrgapatan. Dutch nagar, or Car- II ate Tlir fotuh - weft ^ Decan, or \'ifia- )■ -{ AmH'i\go, Kngliih Cochin, Dutch Callicut, ) ,. ,.- 'I'll- k ( I'.ncliih I ulichtry, J *> Canannorc, Dutch Monguclorc, ) Dutch and Por. Baflilort,', J tu^ucfc Raalconda, diamond mines. bar. of Mala- pour The fouth - well coaiV of Ijidia, u- lually called the coailof Mnlabar. Cimbaya, Ciuzarat cr < Cawar, F.nglKh Cioa, I'ortujjuefc Rajaporc, French Dabal, Fngliih Dundee, ) I, . r ci 1 > rortucuerc Bombay, illc and town, Knglill Biiflaim, J n . r Saik-tte, I P^f'"fi"^''^- fDanion, Tortuguefo I Surat, K. Lon. 72 N. I,at. I 21-30. '^7 Swalley ' j Barak, Kngllfli and Dutch I Aniedabr.£ < Cambaya ^)ieu, I'ortugucfr. Ci.m.\TE, SKASOKs, ANO TROnvcE,] A chaiH of mountains runuiii; from north to fouth, renders it winter on one fide of this peninriil.i, >vhile it is fumn.er on the other. About the end of June, a fouth-wtil wind begins to blow from the fea, on the coatl of Malabar, which, wiih continual rains lall four niontlr during which lime all In ferer.c upon the coalt of Coroin:mdel (the wellcrn and eallcrn coafts being 10 tleuoniinated.) I'owards the end of Ddober, the rainy fe.ilon, and tlic rhanre of the monfoon beoins on the Coromandel coail, which buintt dellituie of good harbour?, renders it extremely ilangerous for lliips to remain there, during that time, and to this i-s owing the periodical re- turns of the Knglilh thipping to Bombay, upon the iVlalalwr coalh The air is naturally hot in this peiiinluia, but i.; r.-fVetlied by bree/es, tlio wind .'dtering every twelve hours ; thr.t is, frcMn inivinight to noon it blows f»fl" the lanil, when it is intolerably hot, and during the other twtlv\' hours from the lea. wliiih lail proves a gre.it n-frtihinent to the iuiiihi tant-s of the coall. The produce of the foil is the fame with th.it in the other part of the I'all Indies. ']"he like may bo laid of their qua druped:, hlli, fowl, and noxious crt'.itur.'aI, uuu \<, likl to be governed by a (overeign king, who has nndrr Inm lcvc::',y tributary princes, rr:h of l.i'.-m independent in hit. o" n dominions, but paying jr-m a tax. The chief value of this kingdom kerns to conhit A a |HMrl lilhery upon Us coall. Tanjaor is a little kingdom, King tv» :lic call of Madura. 'J'he foil is iertile, and its prince, rich. Wiiliiu It lies the J^anilh Hall India lettlemeni of 'rranquebar, and the Dutch tortrefs of N^'gap.itam, and the capit.il city is Tanjaor. 'I'he Carnatic, as it is now called, is well known to the Knf,!ifl<. It ii hoimdcd on the eall by the bay of l>engaU on the north by the river K.rilbia, which divides it from Golkonda ; on tiie wetl by X'ifipur, or V iliapur ; ami, on the fouth, by the kingdoms of Melfaur and Tanjaor; U-iiig in length, from fouth to north, about ihrce hundred and lurty-uvc niilt'>, and two hundred and feventy-tix in brea.ith from eiil to weit. '1 he capital of the Carnatic is bifnagar, and the i.(v.uury in general is tllccir.cd iuaUhful, fertile, and po^ndous. Within country, upon tilt; Coromandel coall, lies fort St. David's, bcl )ngi.ig to the J'".ngl!:li, uitii a dillrid round it. 'I'he fort is llrong, and of gieat import.mcij to our trade. Five leagues to ilic n->rth, lies I'oadicherry, once tne emporium of the I'lench in the Eall-lndies, but now deniolilhed by thu I'aglilh, who took it in the late war. It was rcllored by 'he peace of lMi!taint)ic:iu, in 1763. I'oit til. Cieorge, better known by the name of Madrafs, is the capi- tal ul thr- I'.ngliih Kail India company's dominions in ih.' Kail Indies. U ii liiuated iti ihirte.n dci-rvC:. nindi latitude, and eii'hteen ihirn'es call louiMtude, and is dillaiu eailward from London, about tour t'loufand tglii hundred miles, (iirat comphiints have been m.ide of t!:** litiia- ti^ui of this tort. l\o paiii.s have been Ipared by tl:e company, m rer.- iLruig ii impiegi\al)Ic to any force that can be brought aj^iinit it bv liie jKUives. jt proteds two town--', called, from tin; comj>icdions of their lovoral inhabuaiits, the White and the black. The W liitL* Town i>i tor- Iilu.\!, and contains an luigliih coipmaiion of .1 niayor, aiul aldermen. J\othing has been omitted to m.nu the natural badnei's of it> lituaiion, whicli leems originally to be owing to the neighbourh/od of ilic diaaiond lUiiUi, which are but a week's jt)urney dillant. 'i'hoi;' miiies aie uiuler tlie iiiiiion of a mo;;,ul officer, who lets them out by adnieafurenu'nt. Bad encloiin^i; the content-, by palliiados, all drinioiuls ,d)dve a cerlain weight tl ■* i 492 The PENIN5ULA within the Gangi^. weight belong to the emperor. The diftrlft bslo'iging to Madrafs, m of little value for its product, and mull iranort its own provifions. Eigii- ty thoufand inhabitants of various nations, are faid to be dependent up- on Madrals ; but its fafety contifts in the Aiperiority of the Englilh by fca. It carries on a confiderable trade with China, Perfia, and Mocha. The reader ncds not be informed of the immenfe fortunes acquired by the Englini, upon this coaft, within thefe twenty years. The go- vernor of Madrais has a council to aflill him, and when he goes abroad, app^'ars in vnfl fplcndor. The differences that now rage among the directors and jjroprictcr ; of the company in England, prevent my laying any thing concerning the police of this government. The company has received all the encouragement and aflillance the Englifh parlianient can give them, even to the introducing of martial law into their poffeflions. There fecm, however, to he fome fundamental errors in tlieir conllitu- tion. The direi'tors confidcr the riches acquired by their governors and other fervants, as being pliuu'ered from the company, and of late they have fent out lupcrintendents to controul their governors and overgrown fcrvants, but with what fuccefs time mull demonllrate. As this is a fubjeft of the greateft importance, that ever perhaps occurred in '"*. geography of a commercial country, the reader will indulge me in c or two reflcdtions as I am not to refume the fubjefl. The Englilh Eall India company, through the dtftraftions of the Mogul empire, the fupport of oui- government, and the undauited but fortunate fuccefles of their military ofiicers, have acquired fo ainazing a property in this peninfnla, and in Indollan, that it is fuperior to the revenues of many crowned heada, and fome of their own fervants pre- tend, that when all their expences are paid, their clear revenue amounts to near two millions ilerling, out of which they are to pay four hun- dred thoufand pounds annimlly, to the government, while they are futfered to enjoy their revenues. How that revenue is colleiSled, or from whence it arifes, is bell known to the company, part of it however has been granted in property, and part of it is fecured on mortgages, for difcharging their expences in fupporting the intereits of their friends, the emperor, and the relpeftive foubahs and nabobs they have aflifted. Be that as it may, this company exercifes at prefent many righu appropriated to fovereignty, fuch as thofe of holding forts, coining money, and the like. Thofe powers are undoubtedly incompatible with the principles of a commercial limited company, an it became the dignity of the Englilh government, to fend out an officer of their own, (as they have done in tiie perfon of Sir John Lindfay) to take fuch mcafures witli the Ealtcrn princes and potentates, as may render the acquifitions of the company permanent and national. Without entering into any dilputes agitated of late between the di- reftors and the government, the poifibiiity of fuch a permanency and even extending our influence in India, is pretiy evident. From what h;is been already faid, the Gentoos are entirely pafTive in all the re- volutions of their government. The Moors, or Mahometans, ignorant and treacherous as they are, appear to have no violent attachments to ^ny religious principle, and are abjeft enough to live under any form of government, that their emperor fhall prefcribe ; nor arc they at prefent, when the Engliih arc his friends, in any conditio n to difcute t'lcir joint wills. Thelc con ft derations manifefl the wiidom o!- not di-ivii;: ;hem jnco dcfpcrate meai'ures, and thereby cfFcfting a umon of iheir forces, which The PENINSULA within the Ganczs. 493 ^■iiich muft prove fatal to the Britifli intcreft there ; and in any event mull rencicr it precarious, unlcfs fupportcd in tlie name, and by the au- thority of tlie Britilh empire. PolikiU, lying to the north of Madrafs, belongs to the Dutch. We know little of the kingdom and capital of Ikkari. The ce]ebrat'.;i Heyder Ally, with whom the company lias lately made a peace, is faii to be a native of the kingdom of Meliiir, wliich lies to the fout.'i-weft of the Carnatic ; and the Chriltians of the apoitle St. Thomas, live at the foot of the mountains Gatti, that fcparate Aicfiar from Malabar. I have already mentioned the I.ingdom of (jolkunda, which befides its diamonds, it famous for the cheapnefs of its proviilons, and for making white wine of grapes that are r.'pe in January. Golkonda is faid to be fubjed to a pince, who, though tributary to the Mogul, is im- ■ jnenfely rich, and can raife a hundred thoufand men. The capital of his . dominions is called Bagnagar, but the kingdom takes its name from the city of Golkonda. Eall-louth-eaft of Golkonda, lies Mafulipatan, where the Englifli and Dutch have faftories. The Englilh_have alfo faftories at Ganjam, and Vizigapatan, on this coall; and the Dutch at Narfipore. The province of Or;xa, from whence the Englifh company f''-aw great part of their revenues, lies to the north of Golkonda, cx- ending in length from eaft to weft, al-jnt five hundred and fifty miJes, and in breadth about two hundred ar.d forty. It is governed likewife by a tributary prince. lu this province Hands the idolatry temple of Jagary- B unt, which they fay is attended by five hundred priefts. It is an irreguhu- pyramidal black Hone, of about four or five hundred weight, with two rich diamonds near the top, to reprefent eyes, and the nofe and mouth painted with Vermillion. The country of Dekan comprehends feveral large province?, anr fojne kingdoms, particularly thofe of Baglana, Balagate, and Tclenga, and the kingdom of Vifiapur. The truth is, the names, dependeiicie!., and governments of thofe provinces, are extremely unfeltled. They havinjj been reduced by Aurengzebe, or his father, and lubjed to almoli an- nual revolutions and alterations. Modern geographers are not agreed upon tK<;i: iiituation and extent, bvit we are told, that the principal towns ar«; A aea^^-^bad, and Dolt-abad, ox' Dowlet-abad ; and that the latter is tii - i^^iill place in all Indoftan. Near it lies the famous pagods of El. \, '!• a ' 'ain about two leagues fquare. The tombs, chapels, tern* pies, pi],' r , and many thoufand figures that furround it, are faid to be cut out oi i.l>w natural rock, and to furpafs all the other cITorts of liu- man art. Telenga lies on the call of Golkonda, and its capital Bcdcr, t.ntains a garrifon of three thoufand men. liie inhabitants of thi» ^.'ovince fpeak a l.uguage peculiar to thcmfelves. Baglana lies to the weft of Telcnga, and forms the fmalleft province of the empire; Its capital is Mouler. The Portugueze tcnicory begins here at the port of Daman, twenty-one leagues fouth of Surat, and f '"nds ^Imoll twenty leagues to the north of Goa. ■ ifiapur is a large kingdom tributary to the Mogul, but its particular it?.x-. ^ is ^mcertain. The weftern part is called Koiikan, which is intiT- mn.gica with the Portuguezx pofll-ifions. Th? king of Viiiapur is faid to have a yearly revenue of fix millions ftcrling, and to bring to the field a hundred and fifty thoufand foldiers. His capital L of the lame name, and his country very fruitful. The principal places on this coail are, Paman, Bafl'aim Trapor, or Tarapor, Chawl, D .ridi-Pajahpur, D.;b.»i- 3 Kajupur, sfF fJ 4 ! [( » I i^ I I L, t •-! 494 The PENINSULA within the Ganges. <.-j II. whs gave it to the Eaft India company, and the ' into three Roman catholic parilhes, inhabited by are called Popifli Meftizos and Canarins, the Rajupur, Ghiria, an.l Vingurla. The Portugueze have loft feveral valuable poireflions on this coaft, and thofe which remain are on the decline. Among the iflands lying upon the fame coaft is that of Bombay, be- longing to the Englifh Eaft India company, in the latitude of fourteen degrees north, forty-five leagues fouth of Surat, and about forty north of Diinda Dejapore. Its harbour can conveniently hold a thoufand ihips at anchor. The iflund itfelf is about fcven miles in. length, and twenty in circumference, but its fituation and harbour are its chief recommenda- tions, being deftitute of almoft all the convenicncies of life. The town is about a mile long, and poorly built, and the climate was fatal to Englifh couftitutions, till experience, caution and temperance, taught them prcfervatives againrt its unwholefomenefs. The beft water there is prefcrvcd in tanks, which receive it in the rainy feafons. • The fort is a regular quadrangle, and well built of ftcne. Many black merchants re- fide here. This iiland was part of the portion paid with the infanta of Portugal, to Chnrl " " " ------ idand is lUll . Portuguese, and are called Popifli former being a mix; oreed of the natives and PortugnJeze, and the other the aborigines of the country. The Englifli have fallen upon jnethods to render this ifland and town, under all their difadvantages, a fafe, if not an agreeable refidence. The reader need fcarcely be informed, that the governor and council of Bombay, have lucrative pofts as well as the officers under them. Tlie troops on the ifland, are commanded by Eng- lifli officers, and the natives, when formed into regular companies, and difciplined, are here, and all over the Eaft Indies, called Seapoys. The inhabitants of the ifland amount to near fixty thoufand of different na- tions ; each of whom enjoys the practice of his religion unmolefted. Near Bombay are feveral other iflands, one of which, called Elephanta, contains the moft inexplicable antiquity, perhaps in the world. A figure of an cle .;h:int of the natural fize cut coarfely on ftone, prefents itfelf on the landing place, near the bottom of a mountain. An eafy flope then leads to a ftnpendous temple, hewn out of the folid rock, eighty or ninety feet long, and forty broad. The roof, which is cut flat, is fup- poited by regular rows of pillars, about ten feet high, with capitals, re- fembling round cufliions, as if prefled by the weight of the incumbent mountain. At the farther end, are three gigantic figures, which have been multiplied by the blind zeal of the Portugueze. Befides the temple, are various images, and gronpes on each hand cut in the ftone ; one of the latter bearing a rude refcmblance of the judgment of Solomon ; be- fides a colonnade, with a door of regular archite<^\ure ; but the whole bears no manner of rcfemblancc to any of the Gcntoo works. The ifland and city of Goa, the capital of the Portugueze fettlements, in the Eall Indies lies about thirty miles fouth of Vingurla. The ifland is about twenty-fcven miles in compafs. It has one of the fineft and beft fortified ports in the Indies. This was formerly a moft fuperb fettlemcnt, and was lurpaffed cither in bulk or beauty by few of the European cities. It is faid that the revenues of the Jefuits upon this ifland, equalled thofe of the crown of Portugal. Goa, as well as the reft of the Portuguese pofleffions on this coaft, are under a vice- roy, who ftill keeps up the remains of the antient fplendor of the go- vernment. The rich pcninfula of Salzete, is dependant on Goa* Snnda lies Persia; 493 lies fouth of the Portugueze territories, and is governed by a rajah, tri- butary to the mogul. The Englifa tackory oi' Cor>var, is one of the moil: pleafant and healthful of any upon the Malabar coaft. Ka- nora lies about forty miles to the fouth of Goa, and reaches to Cali- cut. Its foil is famous for producing rice, that fupplics many parts of Europe, and fo;ne of tlie Indies. The Kanorines are faid generally [0 be governed by a lady, whofe fon has the title of rajah, and her fub- jefts are accounted the braved and moft civilized of any in that peninfula, and remarkably given to commerce. Tho' Malabar gives name to the whole fouth-well coaft of the penin- fula, yet it is confined at prefent to the country {o called, lying on the weft of cape Comorin, and called the Dominions of the Samorin. The Malabar language, however, is common in the Carnitic, and the country itfelf is rich and fertile, but peftered with green adders, whofe poilbn is incurable. It was formerly a large kingdom of itfelf. I'he moiV remark- able places in Malabar are Kannamore, containing a Dutch factory ami fort; Tillicheri, where the Englilh have a fmull iettlement, keeping a conliant garrifon of thirty or forty foldiers. Calicut, where tlie i' icnclx and Portugueze, have fmall factories, befides various other diftincl ter- ritories and cities. Cape Comorin, which is tlie fouthermoft part of this peninfula, though not above three leagues in extent, i? famous for uniting in the fame garden, the two feafons of the year; the trees beings loaded with bloffoms and fruit on the one fide, while on the other fiue they are ftripped of all their leaves. This furprizing phenomenon is owing to the mountains of Gatti or Gate, fo oftfen mentioned, which traverfe the whole peninfula from fouth to north. On the oppplite fides of the Cape, the winds are conftantly at variance ; blowing from the weft on the weft fide, and from the eaft on the eaftern fide. Before I take my leave of India, it may be proper to obferve, tlut in the little diftridl of Cochin within Malabar, are to be found foiue thou- fands of Jews, who pretend to be of the tribe of Manaileh, and co iiave records engraved on copper plates in Hebrew charaders. They are iaJi to be fo poor, that many of them embrace the Gentoo religion. The like difcoveries of the Jews and their records have been made in China, and other places of Afia, which have occafioned vyrious I'pecuiations among the learned. w ll/- 1^ r '.'•< Wt iim PERSIA. Situation and Extent. 44 Between < and J- E. Lon. ( 70 Between V 25 7 < and J- N. Lat. t 44 J Beint 1300 miles in length. 1 ICO miles in breadth. Boundaries.] T^yrODERN Perfia is bounded by the mountain- of _[VX Ararat, or Daghiftan, which divide it from Cir- caflian Tartary, on the north-weft ; by the Cafpian fea, which divides it ti'oni m 496 P E R S I A. from Ruflia, on the north ; by the river Oxus, which divides it from Uf- bcc Tartary, on the north call ; by India on the eaft, and by the Indian ocean, and the gulphs of Perfia and Ormus, on the fouth } and by Arabia and Turkey on the weft. Modern Perfia comprehends the antient Hyrcania, Baftria, Sufiana, Parthia, Medea, and part of Adyria, Iberia, and Colchis. The modern divifions of Perfia are extremely uncertain, and of little impoitance to tlie reader. Name.] . Perfia, according to the poets, derived its name from Per- fius, the ion of Jupiter and Danae. Lefs fabulous authors, fuppofe it derived from Paras, which fignifies a horfeman, the Perfians or Par- thians, being always celebrated for their flcill in horfemanlhip. Air.} In fo cxtenfive an empire this is very different. Thofe parts which border upon Caucafus and Daghiftan, and the mountains near the Cafpian fea, are cold, as lying in the neighbourhood of thofe mountaitu which are commonly covered with fnow. The air in the midland pro- vinces of Perfia is ferene, pure, and exhilerating, but in the fouthern provinces it is hot, and lometimes communicates noxious blafls to the inidland parts, which are fo often mortal, that the inhabitants fortify their heads with very thick turbans. ► Soil and productions.] Thofe vary like die air. The ft)il is far from being luxuriant towards Tartary, and the Cafpian fea, but with cultivation it might produce abundance of corn and fruits. South of mount Taurus, the fertility of the country in corn, fruits, wine, and the other luxuries of life, are equalled by few countries. It produces wine and oil in plenty, fenna, rhubarb, and the fineft of drugs. The fruits are delicious, efpt-cially their dates, oranges, piftachio-nuts, melons, cucur.»bers, and garden ftuff, not to mention vaft quantities of excellent filk, and the gulph of BafTora, formerly furnifhed great part of Europe and Afia with very fine pearls. Some parts near Ifpahan efpecially pro- duce almoft all the lowers that are valued in Europe, and from fome of them, the rofes efpecially, they extrad waters of a falubrious, and odorific kind, which form a gainful commodity in trade. In fhort, the fruits, vegetables, and flowers of Perfia, are of a moft exalted flavour, and had the natives the art of horticulture, to as great perfcftion as fome nations in Europe, by tranfplanting, engrafting, and other meliorations, they would add greatly to the nau-ral riches of the country. The Perfian afTa fcetida flows from a plant caikd Hiltot, and turns into a gum. Some of it is white, and fome black. ; .but the former is fo much valued, that the natives make very rich fauces out of it, and fometimes eat it as a rarity. Mountains.] Thefe are Caucafus and Ararat, which are called the mountains of Daghiftan ; jind the vaft colledlion of mountains called Taurus, and their divifions run through the middle of the country from Natolia to India. Rivers.] It has been obfervcd, that no country, of fo great an ex- tent, has fo few navigable rivers as Perfia. The moft confidcrable ave thofe of the Kur, ?.ntiently Cyrus ; and Aras, antiently Araxcs, which rife in or near the mountains of Ararat, and joining their ftreams, fall into the Cafpian fea. Some fmall rivulets falling from the mountains, water the country, but their Ihcanis are fo inconfidci-dblc, that few or pone of them can he navigated even by boats. The Oxus can fcarcely be called a Perfian river, "though it divides Perfia from Ufbsc Tartary. Pcriia has the river Indii^ on the cilt, unJ the Euphrates ;ind Tigris on ihe weft. Wat&r.] PERSIA. ith J and by Arabia 497 Water.] The fcarcity of rivers in Perfia, is joined to a fcarcity o^ water ; but the defeft, where it prevails, is admirably well fupplied by means of refervoirs, aquedufts, canals, and othey ingenious methods. Metals and minerals.] Periia contains mines of iron, copper, lead, and above all, turquoife ftones, which are found in Chorafan. Sulphur, falt-petre, and antimony, are found in the mountainsi Quar- ries of red, white, and black marble, have been difcovered near Tau- ris, and natural fait in the province of Carkmenia. Population, inhabitants, man- I It is impoflible to fpeak NERS, customs and diversions. J with any cdrtaintv Concern- ing the population of a country fo little known as that of Perfia. If we are to judge by the vaft armies in modern as well as antient times^ raifed there, the numbers it contains mufl be very great. The Perfians of both fexes are generally handfome, the men being fond of Georgian and Circaflian women. Their complexions towards the fouth, are fome- what fwarthy. The men Ihave their heads, but the young men fuffer a lock of hair to grow on each fide, and the beard of their chin to reach up to their temples ; but religious people wear long beards. The latter have a kind of fquare caps, which rifes ten or twelve inches, but a Ihorter kind for the fummer. Men of rank and quality wear very magnificent turbans, many of them cod five and twenty pounds, and few under nine or ten. They have a maxim to keep their heads very warm, fo that they never pull off their caps or their turbans, out of refpeft even to the king. Their drefs is very fimple. Next to their Ikin they wear callico fliirts, over them a veft, which reaches below the knee, gist with a fafli, and over that a loofe garment fomewhat Ihorter. The ma- terials of their cloaths, however, are commonly very expenfive, confiding of the richeft furs, filks, muflin, cottons, and the like valuable ftufFs, richly embroidered with gold and filver. They wear a kind of loofe boots on their legs, and flippers on their feet. They are fond of riding, and very expenfive in their equipages. They wear at all times a dagger in their falh, and linen trowzers. The collars of their (hirts and cloaths are open, fo that their drefs upon the whole is far better adapted for the purpofes both of health and adivity, than the long flowing robes of the Turks. That of the women is not much different, only their vefts are longer. They wear their hair dilhevelled, and a ftiffened cap on their heads- Their wear, as well as that of the men, is very coftly, and they are at great pains to heighten their beauty by art, colours, and waflies. The ornamental part of their drefs confifting of pearls and jewels of all kinds, are difpofed of about their heads and perfons with great tafte. It is ob- ferved however that their profufion in drefs, to make a figure abroad, often keeps them poor at home. The common people live with more propriety, and confequetitly more decency. Their cloathing and furniture is neat and clean. They ac- cuftom themfelves to frequent waftiings and ablutions, which are the more neceflary, as they feldom change their linen. In the morning early they drink coffee, about eleven go to dinner, upon fruits, fweetmcats, and milk. Their chief meal is at night, when they fup upon pilau, already deicribed. They are temperate, but ufe opium, though not in fuch abundance as the Turks, nor are they very delicate in their entertain- ments of eating and drinking. They never cut their brend, for which reafon it is baked into thia cakes. They arc great mailers of ceremony K k towar(ki VI (- "i i ^ftl 'n 498 PERSIA. towards (heir fuperiors, and fo polite, that they accommodate Europcar^ who vifit them with ftools, that they may not be forced to fit crofs legged. They are fo immoderately fond of tobacco, which they fmokc through a tube fixed in water, fo as to be cool in the mouth, that when it has been prohibited by fheir princes, they have been known to leave their country, rather than be debarred from that enjoyment. The Perfians are naturally fond of poetry, moral fcntcnces, and hyperbole. Their long wars, and their national revolutions, have mingled the native Perfians with barba- rous nations, and are faid to have taught them diiruniilation ; but they are flill pleafing and plaufible in their behaviour, and in all ages they have been remarkable for hofpitality. The Perfians write like the Hebrews, from the right to the left, and are neat in their feals and materials for writing, and are wonderfully ex- peditious in the art. The number of people employed on their manu- fcripts (for no printing is allowed there) is incredible. Their great foible feems to be oftentation in their equipages and drefles, nor are they kls jealous of their women than the Turks, and other eartern nations. Tlicy are fond of mufic, and take a pleafure in converfing irv large companies, but their chief diverfions are thofe of the field, hunting, hawking, horfe- manlhip, and the excrcife of arms, in all which they are very dexterous. They excell, as their anceftors the Parthians did, in archery. Thf^y arc fond of rope dancers, jugglers, and fighting of wild beafts, anti piivaiely play at games of chance. The lower people are incredibly fwif c of foot, for the Perfians make frequent ufe of carriers, though poll; horfes ii:c pro- vided for the difpatch of the royal bufinefs. Religion.] The Perfians are Mahometans of the fed of Ali, for which reafon the Turks, who follow the fucceffion of Omar, and Abu Bekr, call them heretics. Their religion is, ifpofiible, in fomc things more fantaftical and fcnfual, than that of the Turks, but in many points it is mingled with fome bramin fuperftitions. When they are taxed by the Chriltians with drinking llrong liquors, as many of them do, they anfwer very fenfibly. " You Chrilb'ans whore and get drunk, though *V you know you are committing fins, which is the very cafe with us." To enumerate their fuperftitions, fafts and ceremonies, would require a volume, which, when read, could communicate neither inllrudlion nor entertainment. Having mentioned the bramins, the comparifon be- tween them and the Perfian gucbrcs or gaurs, who pretend to be the be in f ivour of the Arabs. The common people, efpecially towards the Ibuthern coalls of the Cafnian fea, fpeak Turliifli, and the Arabic prubablv was introduced into Pcrfia, imder the califate, when learning floarilhcd in thoib countries. The learned Perfians have generally vvriiten in the Arabic, and people of quality among them have adopted it as the modilh language, as we do the French. Tiie pure Per- fic is faid to be fpoken in the Ibuthcrn parts, on the ccaih of the Per- fian gulph, and in Ifpahan, but many of the provinces fpea!; a barba- rous mixture of the Turkifli, RuiUan, and other languages. Their Pater-Noftcr is of the following tcnour : Ei PacL-n) ;,■;:; hih d:r cfmonl ; pak bafchcd 7nam tit ; bayayed pc'/chah: tu ; fcbvjad chtvaaftt: tu henzju- hiiaukib dfr ofmon niz dsr-zemtn ; bt'/j rinra jrnrouz luiii kefaj ronz tnara ; 'i\jitdnrgud/ar mar a konhhan ma v:.j:iKankih7na tiiz, rn'ig far'un orm'ot mar a ; iviidor Qzm.iji/ch miriedux,zmara ; likht cf.\ilus kmi mura cz 'fchsrirt Amen. K k 2 ' Manl'- l-l f :H $00 PERSIA. Manufactuhi^s and commerce.] The Perfians equal. If not exceed, all the manufafturers in the world in filk, woollen, mohair, carpets, aiul leather. Their works in thefc, join fancy, tafte and ele- gance, to richnefs, neatnefs, and flicw, and yet they are ignorant of painting, and their drawings arc very rude. Their dying excels that of Europe. Their filver and gold laces, and threads, are admirable for prefcrving their luftre. Their embroideries and horfe furniture are not to be equalled, nor are they ignorant of the pottery, and window glafs irtanufaftures. On the other hand, their carpenters are very indifferent artifts, which is faid to be owing to the fcarcity of timber all over Per- fia. fhcir j -vvcllers and goldfmiths are clumfy workmen, and they are ignorant of bck-mi'king, and rhe mnnuf'jfturc of" iMokincj-glafles. Upon the whole, ihcy lie umitr incxpreffible difiidvantagcs from the form of their government, which render: them Haves to their kings, who often engrofs cither their Libour or their profits. The trade of the pLriiuui, who have little or no fliipping of their own, is carried on in foreign bottoms. That between the Englrih and other Tip.tions, by the galph of Ormus at Gombroon, was the mod gainful they had, but the oerpctual wars they have been engaged in, have ruined their commerce. The great fcheme of the Engliin m trading with the Perfians through Ruflla, promifed vail advantages to both nations, but it has hitherto anfwered the expeftations of ndther. Perhaps the court of Peterfburgh is not fond of fuffering the Engli/h to eftablifh them- il'Ives upon the Cafpian fea, the navigation of which is now pofleffed by the Ruffians ; but nothing can be faid with certainty on that head, till the government of Perfia is in a more fettled condition than it is at prefent. Constitution and government.] Both thcfe are extremely precarious, as relling in the breaft of a defpotic and often capricious r*04 narch. The Perfians however had fome fundamental rules of go,^;ri- incnt. They excluded from their throne females, but not their male progeny. Blindnefs likewife was a difqualification for the royal fuccef- fion. In other refpefts the king's will was a law for the people. The inftances that have been given of the cruelties and inhumanities praftifed by the Mahometan kings of Perfia, are almoft incredible, efpecially during the two laft centuries. The reafon given to the Chriftian am- bafladors, by Shah Abbas, the greateil and moft polite among them, was, that the Perfians were fuch brutes, and fo infenfible by nature, that they could not be governed, without theexercife of exemplary cruelties. The favourites of the prince, female, as well as male, are his only coun- fellors, and the fmallell difobedience to their will, is attended with im- mediate death. The Perfians have no degrees of nobility, fo that the refpeft due to every man, on account of his high ftation, expires with ibimfelf. The king has been known to prefer a younger fon to his throne, by putting out the eyes of the elder brother. Arms and titles.] The arms of the Perfian monarch area lion couchant looking at the rifing fun. His title is Shah, or the Difpofer of Kingdoms. Shan or Khan, and Sultan, which he afi'umes likewife, are Tartar titles. To ads of ftate the Perfian monarch does not fubfcribe his name, but the grant runs in this manner, vir. This aft is given by him whom the un'vcrfe obeys. Rkvenues.] The crown claims one- third of the cattle, corn and fruits of-7ii& fubjefts, and likewife a tiUfd of £Ik and cotton. No rank, cr PERSIA; 501 01 condition of Pcrfians, is exempted from fevere taxations and fervices. The governors of province-! have particnlar lands afligrcd to them for maintaining their retinues and troops, and the crown lands defray the expences of the court, king's houfhold, and great ofliccrs of ftnte ; after faying thus much, the reader cannot doubt that the revenues of the Per- fun kings, or as they are called Sophis, were prodigious, but nothing can be faid with any certainty in the prefcnt dillrafted (late of that coun- try. Even the water that is let into fields and gardens is fubjeifl to a tax, and foreigners, who are not Mahometans, pay each a ducat a head. MiLiTARV STRENGTH.] This confiftcd formerly of cavalry, and it is now thought to exceed that of the Turks. Since the beginning of this century, however, their kings have raifed bodies of infantry. The regular troops of both brought to the field, even under Kouli Khan, did not exceed fi?:ty thoufand; but according to the modern hillories of Per- fia, they are eafily recruited in cafe of a defeat. The Perfians have few fortified towns ; nor had they any iliips of war, until Kouli Kan built a royal navy, but fince his death we hear no more of their fleet. Antiquitijj^ AMD CURIOSITIES, 7 Thc monuments of antiquity in NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. \ Perfip, are morc celebrated for their magnificence and expence, than their beauty or tafte. No more than nineteen columns which formerly belonged to the famous palace of Perfepolis, are now remaining. Each is about fifteen feet high, and compofed of excellent Parian marble. The ruins of other antient build- ings are found in many parts of Pcrfia, but void of that elegance and beauty, that is difplayed in the Greek architedlure. The tombs of tho kings of Peffia are llupendous works, being cut out of a rock, and high- ly ornamented with fculpture-;. The chief of the modern edifices is a pillar to be feen at li'pahan, fixty feet high, confirting of the fkulls of beads, erefted by Shah Abbas, after the fuppreflion of a rebellion. Abbas had vowed to ereft fuch a column of human flculls, bm upon the fubmiffion of the rebels, he performed his vow by fubftituting thofe of brutes, each of the rebels furniftiing one. The baths near Gombroon, work fuch cures, that they are efteemed among the natural curiofities of Perfia. The fprings of the famous naph- tha, are mentioned often in natural hiftory, for their furprizing qua- lities j but the chief of the natural cuiiofities in this country, is the burning phenomenon, and its inflammatory neighbourhood, already mentioned under the article of Religion. Houses, cities, and 7 The houfes of men of quality in Perfia, PUBLIC EDIFICES, j are in the fame talle with thofe of the Aiia- tic Turks already defcribed. They are feldom above one llory high, built of bricks, with flat roofs for Walking on, and thick walls. T i'- hall is arched, the doors are clumfey and narrow, and the rooms have no communication but with the hall ; the kitchens and office-houfes being built apart. Few of them have chimnies, but a round hole in the middle of the room. Their furniture chiefly confifts of carpets, and their beds are two thick cotton quilts, which ferve them likewife as coverlets, with carpets under them. Ifpahari or Spahawn, the capital of Perfia, is feated fifty degrees eaft longitude, and thirty-two degrees, thirty minutes north latitude, in a fine plain, within a mile of the river Zenderhend, wh^ch iupplies it with water. It is faid to be twelve miles in circumference. The ftreets are narrow and crooked, and the chief am:Mement of the inhabitants u On the flat roofs of their houfes, where they fpend their fummer evenings, K k 3 and 502 PERSIA. ■«. and difiercnt families aflbciatc together. The royal fquarc h a tliird af a mile in length, and about half as much in breadth, and we arc t'lld, that the royal palace, with ihc buildin^'b and o;ardcns bclouoing to it, ii three miles in circumference. There are in Ilpalian i6o molques, i3oo caravanftias, 260 public baths, a prodigious number of /inc Iquarcs, ftrcets, and palaces in which arc canals, and trees plan7.d to lliade and better accommodate the people. '1 his capii.il is laid formerly to h.tVQ contained 650,000 inha'iitants ; but v/ai olvtn depopulated by Koiili Khan durin_^; his wars, fo that we may eafdy fuppofe, ili^t it has loil ;:reat part of its antiint niav.nificence. jn 1744, when Mr. Hanway was there, it w.is tliout^nt that not above 50CO of it.^ houfe:. were inhabited. Schiras lit-s abi;ut two hur.dred miles to the fout'i of Allracan. It i; an open town, but its :iei^liboi:rheod is inexprciribly rich and b:':.utirul, bcinif laid oiit for many miles in gardens, the flower.-i, fruits, and wines of which are inconip.'uablc. The vines of Schiras are reckoned the bcft of any in Perfia. I'his town is the capital of Far,^ the antient Perfia, and contains a kind of a college for the fludy of caftjrn learning. It contains an uncommon number of mofcjues, is adorned by many noble buildings, but its llreets are nf.rrow and inconvenient, and not abov^ four ihouiund of i's houfes are inhabited. Cafbin, the capital of the anticnt Parthia, when Mr. Hamvay was there, had not above eleven thnuhnd houfes inhabited, the reft being re- duced to ruins. It ha-?, like other eallern cities, fome magnificent pub- lic and royal buildingj, but the inhabitants live in a flovenly manner, their houfes Handing, as we ;ire told, below the furfacc of tlic earth, the conveniency of water. MosquEs AND BAGNIOS.] I thought proper to place them .. .. under a general head, as their form of building is pretty much the fame all over the Mahometan countries. Mofques are religious buildings, fquare, and generally of I'tone ; before the chief gate there is a fquare court, paved with white marble, and low galleries round it, whofe roof is fupported by marble pillars, Thofe galleries ferve f)r places of ablution before the Mahometans go into the mofque. About every molque there are fix high towers, called minaret;, each of which has three little open galleries, one above another. Thele tower.', as well as the mbfques, are covered with lead, and adorned with gilding and other ornaments ; and from thence, inllead of a bell, the people are called to prayer by certain officers appointed for that purpofe. No woman is allowed to enter the mofque, nor can a man with his Ihoes or llockings on. Near moft mofques is a place of entertainment for Grangers during three d.iys, and the tomb of the founder, with conve- iiiencies for reading the Koran, and praying for the fouls of the de- ceafed. The bagnios in the Mahometan countries are wot:derfully well con- ftnifted for the purpofe of bathing. Sometimes they are fquare, but I oft'.;Rcr circular, built cf while well polilhcd ftone or marble. Each bagnio contains three rooms; the firft for drefiing and undrcfling; the fecond contains the water, and the third the bath ; all of them paved | v/ith black and white marble. The operation of the bath is very curious, but wholefome ; though to thofe not accuitomed to it, it is painful. The j waiter rubs the patient with great vigour, then handles and ftretches his limbs as if he was diflocating every bone in the bcay ; all which exercifes are, in thofe inert warm countries, very conducive to health. In public bagnios, the men bathe from morning to four in the attaTOon, when all male P E R S I A. 503 uarc h a third ni" ;inJ we arc told, )ck)!iyjng to it, ii o molt[ues, i Hoq r of fir.c (qiiarcs, n^.d to lliadc and formerly to havQ puLitcd by Koiili c, tiiat it has loil Mr. Hanwaywas were inhabited. f Aliracan. It is ich and br:.utifu!, fruits, and wines reckoned the bcft K- antient Pcrfia, jrn learning. It ;d by many noble It, and not above Mr. Hanway was the reft being re- magnificent pub- flovenly manner, :c of die earth, ) place them .. .. :tty much the fame lly of Itone ; before ;e marble, and low ble pillars, Thofe )mctans go into the :s, called minaret-, /t another. Thele , and adorned with Head of a bell, the d for that purpofe. man with his ihoes ■ entertainment for under, with conve- ne fouls of the de- )t:derfully well con- ey are fquare, but I or marble. Each nd undrcfllng ; the all of them paved >ath is very curious, it is painful. The :es and ftretches his all which exercifcs health. In public akwH-oon, when all male rf.ale attendants being removed, the ladies fuccccd, and when coming out of the bath difplay their fiueil cloaths. I might here attempt to dcfcribe the eallcrn feraglios or harams, the n'O.nens apartments ; but from tlie moft credible Recounts, they are con- trived according to the talk and conveniency of the owner, and divided into a certain number of apartments, which arc fcldom or never entered by llranpers ; and there is no country where women are fo llriilly guarded and confined as among the great men in Pcrfia. History.] All antient hillorians mention the Perfian monarchs and their grandeur, and no empire has undergone a greater variety of govern- ments. It is here fufficient to fay, that the Perfian empire fucceeded the A.Tyrian or Babylonian, and that Cyrus laid its foundation about 556 years before Ciirill: ; ard rellored the Ifraelites, who had been captive at Babylon, to libt-rty. It ended in the perfon of Darius, who was con- quered by Alexander 329 years before Chrift. When Alexander's em- pire was divided among his great general ofKccrs, their pofterity wai canquered by the Romans. 'I'hefe laft, however, never fully fubdued Perlia, and the natives had princes of their own, who more than once (lefcate:a, cuinii ncgfor nach-ix leinsn aca dolna ; mjalii iudalhchalna fi-hajarib ; Liken vrjjina ma iincj- cherir. Amen. Government.] The inland country of Arabia i; under the govern- ment of many petty princes who are jailed xerifs and imans, both of them including the ottices of king and pried, in the lame manner as the califs of the Saracens, the iucceiiors of Mahomet. Thefe mon.-.rchs appear to be abfolute, b'>tli in Ipirituals and temporals ; the fuccefiion is hereditary, and they have no other laws than thofj found in the Koran and the comments upon it. The northern Arabs owe fubjcction to the Turks, and are governed by Lv.fhaws refidi.^g among them ; but it is certain they receive large gratuities from the grand fignior for protc«lting the pilgrims that pafs through their comitry from the robberies of their jpountryjnen. The Arabians have no ilandiug regular militia, but thu kin?i ARABIA. 507 . tea, water, .-aid fiial drink ; thev Icings command both the perfons and the purfes of their fubjefts as the iictcffity of affairs require. Chief cities, curiosities, 7 What is called the Defert of Sinai, AND ARTS. 3 is a beautiful plain near nine miles long and above three in breadth ; it lies open to the north-eaft, but to the Ibuthward is clofcd by fome of the lower eminences of Mount Sinai ; and other pr.rts of that mountain make fuch encroachments upon the plain as to divide it in two, each fo capacious as to be fuflicient to receive the whole camp of tlie Ifraelites. Fr(;m Mount Sinai may be fcen Mount Horeb, where Mofes kept the flocks of Jethro, his father-in-law, when he faw the burning bufli. On ihofe mountains are many chapels and cells, pifl'efied by the Greek and Ltitin monks, who, like the religious at Jerufalem, pretend to (hew the very I'pot where every miracle or tranfaftion recorded in fcripuire hap- pened. The chief cities in Arabia are Mocho, Aden, Mufchat and Suez, wliere m.-.ft of the traue of this country is carried on ; but thofe of Mecca, v.iiich is the capital of all Arabia, and Medina, deferve particular notice. Kt Mecca, the birth-place of Mahomet, is a mofque fo glorious that it is generally counted the mod magnificent and beft built of any temple in the world : its lofty roof being raifed in fafhion of a dome, and covered with gold, with two beautiful towers at the end, of extraordinary height nnd archilieflure, make a delightful appearance, and are confpicr.ous at a great diftance. The mofque hath a hundred gates, with a v\indow over each ; and the whole building witliln is decorated with the fincfl: gildings and tapeRry. The luunbsr of pilgrims who yearly vifit this place is ahnoft incredible, every mufrulmiin being obliged by his religion to come hither oiicc in his life time, or fend a deputy. At Medina, about fifty miles from the Red Sea, the city to which Mahomet fled when he was driven out of Mecca, and the place where he was buried, is a Itately mo'que, fupported by four hun d pillars, and furniflied vvith three hundred filver lamw:, which are con'iiually burn- ing. It is called the Moil: Holy by the Turks, becaufe lu it is placed the coffin of their prophet TJahomet, covered v/ith cloth of gold, u :cr a canopy of filver liflue, which the bafhaw of Egypt, by order of tli * grar.d fignior, renews every year. The camel v/hich carries it derives a fcrt of iandlity from it, and is never to be ufed in any drudgery after- wards. Over the foot of the coffin is a rich golden crefcent, fo curioufly vvroiiglit, and -'domed with precious ftones, that it is ellecmed a mafter- piecc of great value. Tliithcr the pilgrims refort, as to Mecca, but not in fuch numbers. History.] The hiflory of this country in fome meafure differs from that of all others : for as the flavcry and fubjeftion of other nations make a great part of their hiftory, that of the Arabs is intirely compofed of their conquells or independence. The Arabs are defcended of Ifmael, of whofe poflerity it 'vas foretold, that they (hould be invincible, " have • their hands againll every man, and every man's hands againll theirs.'* They are at prefent, and have remained from the remotell ages, during the various conqucfls of the Greeks, Romans, and Tartars, a convincing proof of the divinity of this preditHon. Toward the north, and the fea coalls of Arabia, indeed the inhabitants are kept in .iwc by the Turks, but the wandering tribes in the {outhern and inland parts acknowledge themfelves for fubjecls of no foreign pG>\cr, and do not fail to harrafs afid I ;l'f' 5o8 ARABIA; f m and annoy all Grangers who come into their country. The cnnqueHs of the Arabs make as wonderful a part of their hiflory, as the independence and freedom which they have ever continued to enjoy. Thefe, as well as their religion, began with one man, whofe charafter forms a very fingular phenomenon in the hiftory of mankind. This was the famons Mimomet, a native of Mecca, a city of that diviiion of Arabia, wtuch, for the luxnriancy of its foil, and happy temperature of its climate, has ever been efteemed the lovelieft and fweeteft region of the world, and ij diilinguifhfd by the epithet of Happy. He was born about th-^; year 571, ir the reign of Juftinian XI. emperor of Conftantinople. Though defcended of mean parentage, illiterate and poor, Mahomet was en- dowcd with a fubtile genius, like thofe of the fame country, and pof. feiled an enterpri/.e and ambition peculiar to himfelf, and much beyonl his condition. He had been employed, in the early part of his life, by an uncle, Abuteleb, as a faftor, and had occafion, in this capacit)', to travel into S}'ria, Paleftine, and Egypt. He was afterward'- taken into the fcrvice of a rich merchant, upon whofe death he married hii widow, Cadiga, and by her means came to be poffeflcd of great wealth and of a numerou family. During his peregrinations into Egypt and the Eaft, he had obferved the vaft variety of fefts in religion, whofe hatred againft each other was ftrong and inveterate, while at the fame time there were many particulars in which the greater part of theni were agreed. He carefully laid hold of thefe particulars, by means of which, and by addrelfing himfelf to the love of power, riches, and plcafure, paflions jiniverfal among men, he expefted to raife a new fyftera of religion, more general than any which hitherto had been eftablifhed. In this defign he was affifted by a Sergian monk, whofe libertine difpo- £tion had made him forfake his cloifter and prafeflion, and engage in the fervice of Cadiga, witli whom he remained as a domeftic when Mahomet was taken to her bed. This monk was pcrfeftly qualified, by his great learning, for fupplying the defefts which his mailer, for want of a liben! education, laboured under, and which, in all probability, muft have ob- ilrufted the execution of his defign. It was neceflary, however, that the religion they propofed to eilabli& flionld have a divine fandion. and for this purpofe Mahomet turned a calamity, with which he was afflided, to his advantage. He was often fubjeft to fits of the epilepfy, a difcafe which thofe whom it afilitEb are deilrous to conceal ; Mahcmet gave oot therefore that thefe fits were trances into which he was nuraculouily thrown by God Almighty, and during which he was inftrudcd in his will, which he was commanded to publifh to the world. By this i&ange I (lory, and by leading a retired, abllemious, and auilere life, he eafily acquired a chara£ler for fuperior fanflity among his acquaintance and oeighbonrs. When he thought himfelf fufficiently fortified by the num- bers and enthufiafm of his followers, he boldly declared himfelf a pro- phet, fent by God into the world, not only to teach his will, but to I compel mankind to ob»r it. As we have already mentioned, he did not lay the foundations of his fyilem fo narrow as only to comprehend the natives of his own country. His mind, though rude and enthufiallic, ] was enl^g^ by travelling into diflant lands, whofe manners and reli- gion he had made a peculiar ftudy. He propofed that the fyftem he I eftablilhed ihould extend over all the neighbouring nations, to whofe doftrincs and prejudices he had taken care to adapt it. Thecaftem' joqntjics were at this time ftrongly infcfted with the herefy of Arius, who I Arabia. 5^9 wKo allowed the prophetic office, but denied the divinity of Jefus Chrift. Eg)'pt and Arabia were filled with Jews, who had fled into thefc corners of the world from the perfecution of the emperor Adrian, who threatened the total extinftion of that people. The other inhabitants of thefe countries were pagans. Thefe, however, had little attachment to their decayed and derided idolatry ; and like men whofe religious principle '■a weak, had given themfelves over to pleafure and fenfuality, or to the iqttifttion of riches, in order to be the better able to indulge in the gra- iification of fenfe, which, together with the dotlrine of predellination, tompofed the fole principles of their religion and phtlofophy. Maho- jnet's fyftem was exadly fuited to thefe three kinds of men. To gratify the two former, he declared that there was one God, who created the world and governed all things in it ; that he had fent various prophets into the world to teach his will to mankind, among whom Mofes and jefus Chrift were the moft eminent ; but the endeavours of thefe had proved inefFeftual, and God had therefore now fent his laft and greateft prophet, with a commiffion more ample than what Mofes or Chrift had be«A entrufted with. He had commanded him not only to publiih his laws, but to fubdue thofe who were unwilling to believe or olaey them ; and for this end to eftablilh a kingdom upon earth which fliould propa- gate the divine law throughout the world ; that God had defigned utter nin and deftruftion to thofe who (hould refufe to fubmit to him, but to his faithful followers had given the fpoils and poffeffions of all the earth, ii a reward in this life, and had provided for them hereafte- a paradife of all fenfual enjoyments, efpecially thofe of bve ; that the pleafures of fiich as died in propagating the faith would be peculiarly intenfe, and vaftly tranfcend thofe of the reft. Thefe, together with the proliibition of drinking ftrong liquors (a reftraint not very fevere in warm climates) and the dodrine of predelUnation, were the capital articles of Maho- med's creed. They were no fooner publifhed, than a vaft many of his countrymen embraced them with implicit faith. They were written by tlie prieft we formerly mentioned, and compofc a book called the Koran, or Alkoran, by way of eminence, as we fay the Bible, which means I'he Book. The perfon of Mahomet, however, was familiar to the inhabitants of Mecca; fo that the greater part of them were fufiiciently convinced of the deceit. The more enlightened and leading men entered into a defign to cut him off j but Mahomet getting notice of their inten- tion led from his native city to Medina Talmachi, or the city of the Prophet. The fame of his miracles and doftrinc was, according to cuftom, greateft at a diftance, and the inhabitants of Medina received him with open arms. From this flight, which happened in the 622 of Chrift, the forty-fourth year of Mahomet's age, and the tenth of his miniftry, his followers, the Mahometans, compute their time, and the xra is called in Arabic, Hegira, i. c. the Flight. Mahomet, by the afliltance of the inhabitants of Medina, and of others whom his infmuation and addrefs daily attacliod to iiim, brought overall his countrymen to a belief, or at leall to an acquicfccnce in his doftrines. The fpeedy propagation of his fyilem among tlic Arabians was a new argument in its behalf among the inhabitants of Egypt and the Eaft, who were previoufly difpofed to it. Arian?, Jews, and Gen- tiles, all forfook their antignt faith, and became Mahon^.ctans. In a word, the contagion fpread over Arabia, Syria, Egypt, and Perfia ; and MaLomet, from a deceitful hypocrite, became the moil powerful monarch :f ' !, '$10 Indian and ORfEf^TAL Islands". monarch in his time. He died in 629, Ie:iving two branches of his raw* both efteemed divine.tmoncr their fubj efts. Thele were the caliphs oM I'erfia and of Egypt, under the laft of which Arabia was included. The former of thcfe turned their arms to the Eaft, and made conquefis of many countries. The caliphs of Egypt and Arabia dir^'ded their ravages towards Europe, and under the name of Saracens or Moors (which they obtained becaufe they entered Europe from Mauritania, in Africa, the country of the Moors) reduced moll of Spain, France, Italy, and the iflands in the Mediterranean. In this manner did the fwccellbrs of thnt impoHor fprcad their religion; and conquells over the greatell part of Afia, Africa, and Europe; and they llill give law to a very confidcruble part of mankind. The INDIAN and ORIENTAL ISLANDS af^ 1. ' i ^11 v. Ladrone Iflands, of which the chief town is faid to k\ JL Guam, cait longitude 140, north lalitude 14; they ar- about twelve in number. The people took th:ir name from their pilfcf.l ing qualities. Wc know nothing of them worth a particular montionj excepting that lord Anfon landed upon one of them (Tinian) where hj found great refrefhment for himfclf and his crew. 2. The Japan Iflands, which together form what has been called tliil empire of Japan, and are governed by a moll defpotic prince, v/ho iil fometimes called emperor andfometimcs king. They are fituated about A hundred and fifty miles eail of China, and extend from the 30th to tk«| 41ft degree of latitude, and from the 130th to the /47th of eaft loii^iT tude. The chief town is Jcddo, in the 141II degree of eall longitude, and the 36th of north latitude. The foil and produftions of the coumirl arc pretty much the fame with thofe of China; and the inhabitants w\ famous for their lacquer v/arc, known by the name of Japan. TtJ iflands themfelves are \'ery in:icc:"fiible, through their high rocks anil tempeiluous feas ; they are fubjecl to earthquakes, and have fume vrl-f canos. I have already mentioned the circumltance of the Dutch e,\'pellis)l the Portugueie from this gainful trade. The Japancfe themfelves are tiitl groffcil of all idolators, and fo irreconcileable to ChrilHanity, that it iil commonly faid the Dutch, who are tiie on";y European people with wlwal they nov/ trade, pretend themfelves to be no Chrillians, and humour tiul yapanefe in the moil abfurd fuperilitions. Notwithilanding all this conj pliance, the natives are very fliy and rigorous in all their dealings wiil the ])utch, and Nangha"al, in the ifland of Ximo, is the only plsiJ wacrc they are fufT'ered to trade. Autiiors pretend to give us very pstJ ticular accounts of the inhabitants, cuiloms, and manners of ilvi iflander?, tlicir foil, commodities, and trade ; but their information c.™ wv) little initruciion, r.nd the wliole fubfilts on a precarious foniiaiiticif All wc kno'.v for ccrtnin is that notwirhlcanding their fupcrilition aa io-siorance, the nativ.'j arc a moil iuduHrions penetrating people ; ihl thcv excel tf'..' Chincf; th'.'mielvcs in the raanufatturcri that are common j biuh oniv-ries and at k-all equrd thorn in huibandry and tlie arts of It ']. Tho Philippines of which ti'cre are eleven hundred in r.uj h.':, Ivinp; in th» Cliiucil: ;l:a, (p^rt oi" liic Pacific Ocean) tlircc hd SLANDS arj, ;ic Ocean) three to Indian and Oriental Islands. git Ld miles fouth-eaft of China, of which Manilla or I.uconia, the thief, is f >ur luimlicil miles long and two hundred broad. The in- |iP.[);i^'its coulill of Chint-fu, Ethiopians, Malays, Spaniards, Forlugucfe, ^V.iidos or pp.inted pcopl.-, and Mellcs, u mixture of all thefe. The property of the iflands belong tn the king of Spain, they having been ^ii'covcred by Mageil-.ui, and aftervvardb conquered by the Spaniards Ij.ithe reign of Philip II, from whom they take tlieir name. Their fitiia- Ipi is fuch between tlie c:ifccrn and wellern continents, that the inhabi- lyits trade with iVIcxico and Peru, as well as all the iflands and places of lie Eall-lndics. Two fliips from Acapulco, in Mexico, carry on this l(omnierce for the Spaniards, wlio make 400 per cent, profit. l"he coun- Irv is fruitful in all the necefTaries of lift.-, and beautiful to the eye. Ve- juifon 'f idl kinds, buffalocf, hogs, Iheep, goats, and a particular largo Hpecies of monkeys, are found here in great plenty. The nell of the bird pican affords that diffolving jelly which is fo voluptuous a rarity at iuropcan tables. Many Europc'an fruii-s and flowers thrive furprizingly tnthofc iflands. If a fprig of an orange or lemon tree is planted there. It becomes within the year a fruit-bearing tree ; fo that the verdure and iuxuriancy of the foil is almofl: incredible. The tree amet fupplies fthe natives v/ilh water; and there is alfo a kind of cane, which if cut |vie!d:i fair wuter enougli for u draught, of which there is plenty in the Ijnciii'.tuins, where wurcr i.^ moll vvanted. The city of Manilla contains about three thoufand inhabitants ; Its port liiCavitc, lying at the diilance of three leagues, and defended by the cale of St. Philip. In the year 1762, Manilla was reduced by the fcagiirn under general Draper and admiral Corniili, who took it by IHorni, and humanely fuHercd the archbiflxp, v/ho was the Spanifli vice- Lw ;.t the fame time, to ranfom the place for about a million flerling. fl'a'c bargain, however, was ungcneruuily d'.fov.'ned by him and the court ofSpaiu, fo that great part of the ran:bm is ilill unpaid. The Spanifli wovcrnir.ent is fettled there, bat the Indian inliabitants pay a capitation [tax. The other iflands, particularly MindLinao, the largeit next to Lit- conia, r.re governed by petty princes of their own, whom they call ful- tans. The uiltan of iViindanao is a Mahonietan. I Upon the whole, though thefe iflands are enriched with all the pro- fuficn of nature, yet they are fubjedl to moll: dreadful earthquakes, thun- rains, and lightning ; and the foil is pcllcrcd with many noxious and rcnemous creatures, and evcp herbs and flowers, whofe poifons kill •imoil inrtantaneoufly. Some of tlieir mountains are volcanos. 4. The Molucca, commonly called the Spice or Clove Iflands. Thefe arc not out of fight of each ot ler, and lie all within the conipafs of tv.en- ky-iivc leagues to the fuuth of the Philippines, in 125 degrees of call [ongitnde, and between one degree fouth, and two north latitutle. 'hey are in number five, viz. Eachian, Machian, Motyr, Ternate, and jJorc. Thole iflands produce neither corn ner rice, fo that the inha- bitants live upon a bread made of fagoe. Their chief produce confiib of bloves, mace, and nutmegs, in vail quantities, v/hich arc monopolized l)y the Dutch with h much jcaloufy, that they dellroy the plants lell the jatives flioiikl fell the fupcrnnmcr.iry fpices to oiher naiion;i. Thofe Iflands, af:er being fubjeft to various po-.vers, arc now governed by three tings, fubordinatc to the Dutch. Tne laU-'r, however, if at war with tn^'md, might be e;ifily difpoflcucd, and their pofll-i'uon of tlicn; r.r this time m u M 5ii Indian and Oriental Islands, time is precarious, when tliey difFer with thofe princes. Ternate is th^ largell of thofe iflands, though no more than thirty miles in circutrJ ference. The Dutch have here a fort called Viftoria, and anothcrj called Fort Orange, in Machian. 5. Amboyna. This ifland, taken in a large fenfe, is one, and thd moft confidcrable, of the Moluccas, which, in fadl, it commands. is fituated in the Archipelago of St. Lazarus, between the third and fourth degree of fouth latitude, 145 degrees of longitude from the Ca nary iflands, and 120 leagues to the eallward ofBatavia. Amboyna ijl about leventy miles in circumference, and defended by a Dutch ^yarrifonj of feven or eight hundred men, befides fmall forts, who protcci thcirj clove plantations. It is well known that when the Portuguefe were driven! off this ifland, the trade of it was carried on by the Englifli a.. J Dutclijj and the barbarities of the latter in firft torturing and then murdering the I Englifli, and thereby cngroffing the whole trade, and that of Banda, can! never be forgotten, for it muft be tranfmitted as a memorial of Dutch! infamy to all pofterity. This tragical event happened in 1622, andi!| ftill unrevenged. 6. The Banda, or Nutmeg Iflands, are fituated between 127 and ui\ degrees eaft longitude, and between four and five fouth ladtude, com- prehending the iflands of Lantor, the chief town of which isLantor, ini 128 degress of eart longitude, and four degrees thirty minutes of fouth I latitude. Poleron, Rofmging, Pooloway, and Gonapi. The chief! forts belonging to the Dutch on thofe iflands, are thofe of Revenge and [ Naflau. The nutmeg, covered with the mace, grows on thofe iflandi only, and they are entirely fubjeft to the Dutch. In feveral iflands tha:| lie near Banda and Amboyna, the nutmeg and clove would grow, be- caufe, as naturalifls tell us, birds, efpecially doves and pigeons, fwallowi the nutmeg and clove whole, and void them in the fame ftafe ; which is one of the reafons why the Dutch declare war againft both birds and their wild plantations. The great nutmeg harvefl is in June andj Augufi. 7. The ifland of Celebes, or MacafTar, is fituated under the equator, I between the ifland of Borneo and the Spice Iflands, at the diftance of 160 leagues from Batavia, and is 500 miles long, and 200 broad. This ifland, notwithllanding its heat, is rendered habitable by breezes from the north, and periodical rains. Its chief produ£l is pepper and opium; and tlif natives are expert in the ftudy of poifons, with a variety of which na- ture has furnifhed them. The Dutch have a fortification on this ifland,! but the internal part of it is governed by three kings, the chief of whom lefides in the town of Macaflar. In this, and indeed in almoft all tlicj Oriental iflands, the inhabitants live in houfes built on large poll:, which are accefTible only by ladders, which they pull up in the night- time, for their fecurity againft venemous animals. They are faid to b«j hofpitable and faithful, if not provoked. They carry on a large tradel with the Chinefe ; and if their chiefs were not perpetually at war wii each other, they might eafily drive the Dutch from their ifland. Theif| port of Jampoden is the molt capacious of any in that part of the world! The Dutch have likewife fortified Gilolo ai»a Ceram, two other fpice| iflands lying under the equator. 8. The Sunda iflands. Thefe are fituated in the Indian Ocean, between 93 and 1 20 degrees of eaft longitude, and between eight de I m Indian and Oriental Islands. 513 tilt j;rtes north and eight degrees fouth latitude, comprehending the iflands otijorneo, Sumatra, Java, Bally, Lamboe, and Banca. Borneo is laid to be eight hundred miles long and feven hundred broad, and is therefore thought to be the largell ifland in the world. The inland part of the country is marlhy and unnealthy, and the inhabitants live in towns built upon floats in the middle of the rivers. The foil produces rice, cotton, canes, pepper, camphire, the tropical fruits, gold, and excellent diamonds. The famous ourang-outang, one of which was difl'eftcd by Dr. Tyfon at Oxford, is a native of this country, and is thought of all irrational beings, to refemble a man the moli. The original inhabitants are faid to live in the mountains, and make ufe of poifoned darts, but the fea coaft is governed by Mahometan princes ; the chief port of the ifland is Benjar-Maflecn, and carries on a commerce witli all trading nations. Sumatra has Malacca on the north, Borneo on the weft, and Java 01 fouth-eaft, from which it is divided by the ftraits of Sunda ; it is divided into two equal parts by the equator, extending five degree.^, and upwards, north-weft of it, and five on the fouth-eaft, and is a thoiafand milts long, and a hundred broad. This iftand produces fo much gold, that it is thought to be the Ophir mentioned in the fcriptures ; but its chief trade with the Europeans lies in pepper. The Englilh Eaft-India company have two fettlements here, Bencoolen and Fort-Marlborough, from whence they bring their chief cargoes of pepper. The king of Achen is the chief of the Mahometan princes who poflefs the fea coafts. The interior parts are governed by pagan princes ; and the natural pro- ducts of Sumatra are pretty much the ^ame with thofe of the adjacent iilands. The greateft part of Java belongs to the Dutch, who have here erefted a kind of commercial monarchy, the capital of v.'hich is Batavia, a noble and populous city, lying in the latitude of fix degrees fouth, at the mouth of the river Jucata, and furnilhed with one of the fineft harbours in the world. The town itfelf is built in the manner of thofe in Holland, and is about a league and a half in circumference, with live gates, and furrounded by regular fortifications ; but its fuburbs are faid to be ten times more populous than itfelf. The government here is a mixture of eaftern magnificence and European police, and held by the Dutch gover- nor-general of- the Indies. When he appears abroad, he is attended by his guards and officers, and with a fplendor fuperior to that of any Euro- pean potentate, excepting upon folemn occafions. The city is as beau- tiful as it is ftrong, and its fine canals, bridges, and avenues, render it a moft agreeable refidence. The defcription of it, its government, and public edifices, have employed whole volumes. The citadel, where the governor has his palace, commands the town and the fuburbs, which are inhabited by natives of almoft every nation in the world ; the Chinefe refiding in this ifland being computed at a hundred thoufand ; but about thirty thoufand of that nation were barbaroufly mafl*acred, without the fmalleft oftence that ever was proved upon them, in 1740. This maf- facre was too unprovoked and deteftable to be defended even by the Dutch, who, when the governor arrived in Europe, fent him back to be tried at Batavia ; but he never has been heard of flnce. A Dutch gafrifon of three thoufand men conftantly refides at Batavia, and about fifteen thoufand troops are quartered in the ifland and the neighbourhood of the city. Their government is admirably well calculated to prevent Li the 'ft'^' IV'^i II (h '] 1 *f n I i 514 Indian and Opiental Islands. the independency either of the civil or military power ; and England itfelf would find it difficult to (hake that republican empire. 9. The Andaman and Nicobar iflands. Thefe iflands He at the en- trance of the bay of Bengal, and furnifli prcvifions, confiding of tropi- cal fruits and other neceflaries, for the fhips that toiKh ther-;. They are cthcrwife too inconfiderable to be mentioned. They are inhabited by a hannlefs, inoftenfive, but idolatrous people, 10. The Maldives^i Thefe are a valt duller of fmall iflands, extend- ing from the eighth degree of north latitude to the fourth of fouth. They are chiefly reforted to by the Dutch, who drive on a profitable trade with the natives for cowries, a kind of fmall fhells, which go, or rather for- merly went for money upon the coafts of Guinea and other parts of Africa. The cocoa of the Maldives is an excellent commodity in a medi- cinal capacity: •* of this tree (fays a well-informed author) they build vefl'els of twenty or thirty tons ; their hulls, mails, fails, rigging, anchors, cables, provifions, and firing, are all from this ufeful tree." 11. Ceylon. This ifland, though perhaps not the largell, is thought to be by nature the richell and finell ifland in the world. It lies in lon- gitude from 78 deg. to 82 deg. i min. call, latitude from 6 deg. to 10 north. It is about two hundred and fifty miles long, and two hundred broad, and is fituated in the Indian Ocean, near Cape Comorin. The natives call it, with fome fliew of reafon, the tcrrcllrial paradife ; and it produces, befides excellent fru.ts of all kinds, long pepper, fine cotton, ivory, filk, tobacco, ebony, i-nulk, cryllal, falt-petrc, fulphur, lead, iron, Heel, copper, befides cinnamon, gold, and filver, and all kinds of precious Hones, except diamonds. All kinds of fowls and filh abound here. Every part of the ifland is well wooded and watered, and befide* fome curious animals peculiar to itfelf, it has plenty of cows, buffaloes, goats, hogs, deer, hares, dogs, and other quadrupeds. The Ceylon ele- phant is preferred to all others, efpecially if fpotted ; but feveral noxious aninvals, fuch as ferpents and ants, are likewifc found here. The chief commodity of the ifland, however, is its cinnamon, which is by far the bell in all Afia. Though its trees grow in great profufion, yet the bell is found in the neighbourhood of Columbo, the chief fettlement of the Dutch, and Negambo. The middle of the country is mountainous and woody, fo that the rich and beautiful vallies are left in the pofTeffion of the Dutch, who have in a manner fliut up the king in his capital city, Candy, which Hands on a mountain in the middle of the ifland, fo that he has fcarcely any communication with other nations, or any property in the riches of his own dominions. The defcendants of the ancient inha- bitants are called Cinglafles, who, though idolaters, value themfelvej upon maintaining their ancient laws and culloms. They are in general a fober inoffenfive people, and are mingled with Moors, Malabars, Por- tuguefe, and Dutch. It may be here proper to obferve, that the cinnamon tree, which is a native of this ifland, has two, if not three barks, whkh form the true cinnamon ; the trees of a middling growth and a?e afford the bell ; and the body of the tree, which when llripped is white, ferves for bu'lding and other iHes. In 1656, the Dutch were invited by the natives cf this delicious ifland to defend them againft the Portuguefe, whom they ex- pelled, and have monopolized it ever fince to them^lves. Formofa is likewife an' oriental ifland. It is fituated to the eaft of China^ near the province of Fo-kien, and is divided into two parts by a chaia of AFRICA. 5^5 of mountains, which runs through the middle, beginning at the fouth coaft, and ending at the north. That part of the ifland which lies to the weft of the mountains belongs to the Chinefe, and is fituatcd between twenty*two degrees, eight minutes, and twenty-five degrees, twenty mi- nutes north latitude. This is likcwife a very fine ifland, and abounds with all the ncceflaries of life. The Chinefe account the inhabitants of its eaftern part as favages, tho* they are faid to be a very inoffenfive people. The inhabitants of the cultivated parts are the fame with the Chinefe already defcribed. The Chinefe have likewife made thcmfelves maf- ters of feveral other iflands in thefe feas, of which we fcarccly know the names ; that of Hainan, is between fixty and feventy leagues long, and between fifty and fixty in breadth, and but twelve miles from the province of Canton. The original inhabitants are a Ihy, cowardly people, and live in the moft unwholefome part of the ifland, the coaft and cultivated parts, which are very valuable, being poflefled by the Chinefe. With regard to the language of all the Oriental iflands, nothing cer- tain can be faid. Each ifland has a particular tongue ; but the Malayan, Chinefe, PortugUefc, Dutch and Indian words are fo frequent among them, that it is difficult for a European, who is not very expert in thole matters, to know the radical language. The fame may be almoft faid of their religion, for though its original is certainly Pagan, yet it is inter* mixed with many Mahometan, Jewifli, Chriftian, and other foreign fu- perditions. The other iflands of Afia, are thofe of Kamtfchatka, and the Kurile ifles in the eaftern or Pacific ocean, many of them lately difcovered by the Ruflians, and but little known. We have already mentioned Bom- bay, on the Malabar coaft. ■/it: If' if' AFRICA. A FRIC A, the third grand divifion of the globe, is generally repre- x\. fent'jd as bearing fome refcmblance to the form of a pyramid, the bafe being the northern part of it, which runs along the fliores of the Mediterranean, and the point or top of the pyramid, the cape of Good Hope. Africa is a peninfula of a prodigious extent, joined to Afia only by a neck of land, about fixty miles over, between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, ufually called the Ifthmus of Suez, and is fituate between thirty-feven degrees itorthj and thirty-five fouth latitude ; whereby its Utmoft extent from north to fouth, is about four thoufand three hun- dred miles ; and between eighteen degrees weft, and fifty eaft longitude, being about four thoufand two hundred miles broad. It is bounded on the noirth by the Mediterranean fea, which feparates it from Europe j on the eaft by the Ifthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian ocean, which divides it from Afia ; on the fouth by the fouthern ocean ; and on the wfeft by the greit Atlantic ocean, which feparates it from America. As the equator divides this e)(tenfive country almoft in the middle, and the far greateft part of it is within the tropicsj the heat is in many places alruoft infupportable to an European ; it being there greatly in- creafed by the rays of the fun from vaft deferts of burning fands. The Coafts, however, and banks of rivers, fuch as the Nile, are gene- L 1 4 rally I'tl 5i6 AFRICA. ■ i rally fertile ; and moft parts of this region are inhabited, though it is far from being fo populous as Europe or Afia. From what "oan^o Congo Vng'Ma 'Jcrituela Matanap Ajan Zanguebar Monomotapa Mi/nenrigi Sofo:.. TerradeNai CaiTaria or 7 Hottentots 5 41C 540 300 M 450 900 1400 960 900 480 6po 780 3C0 420 250 240 300 350 660 660 300 350 660 Loango St. Salvador Lciando Beneguela No Towns Brava Melinda cr Mo- zambique Monomotapa Chicova Sofola No Towns Cape of Good Hope 3300 S. 3480 S. 37 5° S. 3900 S, 3702 S. E. 4440 S. F, 4500 s. 4260' "4000 S. E. 5200 S, o 44 bef. I o bef. o 5R Te'f.' 58 bef. 2 40 bef. Chrif.&l'jtarJ Chrif.&Pagjni Chrif.&Payj| Pagans Pagans Pagans Pagans Pagans 1 44 bef. I Pagans 2 18 bef. 4 bef. Pagans Pagans Moft Aupid Pagans Haviiig (^iven the reader fome idea of Africa, in general, with the principal kingdoms, and their fuppcfedaimenfions, we fhall now confider It under three grand diyifions : firft, Egypt ; fecondly, the Itates of Barbary ; and, laicly, that part of Africa bietween the tropic of Cancer, and the cape cf Good Kope; the laft of thefe divifions, indeed, is vaftly greater than the other two, but the nations, which it contains, are fo little known, and fo barbarous, and like all barbarous nations lb fimilar in mofl rcfpedi; to one another, that they i ly, without impropriety, be th'-own unfler one general head. N 1 Between JJetween f E G Y P T. Situation and Extent. 600 miles In lepgtj^. 250 miles in breadvb. ". of time n London. 24 aft. 13 bef, 39 bef. 56 bef. 2 6 bef. 12 bc'f. 32 aft. 24 aft. 38 aft. 20 bef. 12 bef. 20 bef. 36 bef. Religions. Mahometans Mahomeians Mahomeians Mahometans Mahometans Mahometans Pagans Mah. & Paj, Chriftians Chrifl. ^.TT Europeans. 44 bef. o bef, sFFe'f." 58 bef. * * 40 bef. 38 18" bef. 44 bef. 18 bef. Chrif.&l'atar.J Chrif.& Pagan! Chrif.&Pa^aasj Pagans Pagans Pagans Pagans 'Pagans 'Pagans ft « 4 bef. Pagans Pagans Moft ftupii Pagans neral, with the II now confider , the Hates of ipic of Cancer, udeed, isvallly ;ontains, are fo tions lb fxmilar tnpropricty, be les In length?, es in breadvh. T.Kdte/u'm S'o.ufft,*U' . 1 i 'I I t '-' i !• , r- ' % !■: < ■. JW i<'rcera u^^ \f Gi "7 ^ ■^'uw. '''''-^^*• /^f^c^X J °P" im . y>-« Ittui Africa, Authoritie s . [-r ' -3 ?i:i5 C.of Crood IHpe^P"^^ : "i^J'^ T.K/f^o^4ft SoM^^fit EGYPT. ^ 519 Bo UNDARIES. TT is bounded by the Mediterranean fea, north; JL by the Red Sea, eaft ; by Abyflinla, or the Upper I Ethiopia, on the fouth ; and by the defart of Barca, and the unknown parts of Africa, weft. Divifions. Northern divifion contains Southern divifion contains SubdiviHons. Lower Egypt Chief towns. ") ("Grand Cairo, E. Lon. i 1 32. N. Lat. 30. L ; Bulac I Alexandria \ Rofetto I Upper Egypt J | LDamietta Sayd or Thebes Coffiar. Air.] In April and May the air is 'hot, and often infeftious ; the inhabitants are blinded with drifts of fand. l-hofe evils are remedied by the rifing and overflowins: of the Nile. Soil and produce.] Whoever is in the leaft Acquainted with lite- rature, knows that the vaft fertility of Egypt is not owing to rain, (little falling in that country) but to the annual overflowing of the Nile. It begins to jife when tlie fun is vertical in Ethiopia, and the annual rains fall there, viz. the latter end of M.ay to September, and fometimes Oftober. At the height of its flood in the Lower Egypt, nothing is to be feen in the plains, but the tops of forelts and fruit-trees, their towns and villages being built upon eminences either natural or artificial. When the river is at its proper height, the inhabitants celebrate a kind of a jubilee, with all forts of feftivities. The banks or mounds which confine it, are cut by the Turkifli ba(ha, attended by his grandees ; but according to captain Norden, who was prefent on the occalion, the fpec- tade is not very magnificent. When the banks are cut, the water is let into what they call the Chalis, or grand canal, which runs through Cairo, from whence it is diftributed into cuts, for fupplying their fields and gardens. This being done, and the waters beginning to retire, fuch is the fertility of the foil, that the labouring hufbandman is next to no- thing. He throws his wheat and barley into the ground in OiSober and May. He turns his cattle out to graze in November, and in about fix weeks, nothing can be more charming than the profpedl, which the face of the country prefents, in rifing corn, vegetables, and verdure of every fort. Oranges, lemons, and fruits, perfume the air. The cul- ture of pulfe, melons, fugar canes, and other plants, which require moifture, is fupplied by fmall but regular cuts from ciilerns and refer- voirs. Dates, plantanes, grapes, figs, and palm-trees, from which wine is made, are Here plentiful. March and April are the harveft months, and they j.-oduce three crops ; one of lettuces and cucumbers, (the latter being i i chief food of tiic inhabitants) one of corn, and one of melons. Tht ' gyptian pallurage is equally prolific, moft of the quadrupeds produci. / two at a time, and the llicep four lambs a year. Animals.] Egy[.' abounds in black cattle, and it is faid that the inhabit.iuts employ cveiy day two hundred thouAmd oxen, in raif- ing water for their grounds. They have a fine large breed cf alles, upon which the ChriUians ride, thofe people not being iufrered to ride on any other beaft. The Egyptian horfes are very fine; they never tfot, but L 1 4 walk ' 'j I i\:i "?i I I 'I : f t:? .*. %:t li V irii lili i^'l 111 11 i 520 I* EGYPT. walk well, and gallop with great fpied, turn fhort, Hop in a moment, and are extremely tra^lable. The hippopotamus, or river horfe, an amphibious animal, refembling an ox, in its hinder parts, with the head like a horfe, is common in Upper Egypt. Tygers, hyenas, ca- mels, antelopes, apes, with the head like a dog, and the rat, called Ichneumon, are natives of Egypt. The camelion, a little animal fomething refembling a lizard, that changes colour as you Hand to look upon him, is found here as well as in other countries. The crocodile was formerly thought peculiar to this country ; but there does not fcem to be any material difference between it, and the alligators of India and America. They are both amphibious animals, in the form of a lizard, and grow till they are about twenty feet in length, and have four (hort legs, with large feet armed with claws, and their backs are covered with a kind of impenetrable fcales, like armour. The croco- dile waits for his prey in the fedgc, and other cover, on the fides of rivers, and pretty much refembling the trunk of an old tree, fometimes furprizej the unwary traveller with his fore paws, or beats him down with hij tail. This country produces likcwife great numbers of eagles, hawks, peli. cans, and v.ater-fowls of all kinds. The ibis, a creature (according to Mr. Norden) fomewhat refembling a duck, was deified by the antient Egyptians for its deftroying ferpents, and peftiferous infedls. They were thought to be peculiar to Egypt, but a fpecies of them is faid to have been lately difcovered in other parts of Africa. Oftriches are common here, and are fo ftrcng, that the Arabs fometimes ride upon their backs. Population and inhabitants.] As the population of Egypt is almoft confined to the banks of the Nile, and the reft of the country in- habited by Arabs, and other nations, we can fay little upon this head, with precifion. It feems however to be certain, that Egypt is at prefent not near fo populous as formerly, and that its depopulation is owing to the inhabitants being flaves to the Turks. They are, however. Hill very numerous, but the populoufnefs of Cairo, as if it contained two millions, js a mere fiftion. Manners, customs, and diversions.] Thedefcendents of the original Egyptians, are an ill-looked flovenly people, immerfed in in- dolence, and are diftinguifhed by the name of Coptis ; in their com- plexions they are rather fun-burnt than fwarthy, or black. Their an- ceftors were once Chriftians, and in general they ftill pretend to be of that religion. Mahometanifm is the prevailing worfhip among the na- tives. Thofe who inhabit the villages and fields, at any confiderable diftance from the Nile, I have already mentioned to confift of Arabs or their defcendtnts, who are of a deep, fwarthy complexion, and they are reprcfcnted by the beft authorities, as retaining the patriarchal tending their flocks, and many of them without any fixed place of abode. The Turks, who refide in Egypt, retain all their Ottoman pride and jnfolence, and the Turkifh habit, to diftinguifh themfelves from the Arabs and Coptic, who drefs very plain, their chief finery being an upper garment of white linen, and linen drawers, but their ordinary drefs is of blue linen, with a long cloath coat, either over or under it. The Chriftians and Arabs of the meaner kind, content themfelves with a linen or woollen wrapper, which they fold, blanket-like, round their wear blue leather flippers, the other natives of thuntry; but there and the alligators limals, in the form n length, and have d their backs are lour. The croco- » the fides of rivers, ometimes furprizej m down with hii gles, hawks, peii. ture (according to fied by the antient ifefts. They were m is faid to have ches are common upon their backs, lation of Egypt is of the country in- !e upon this head, igypt is at prefent on is owing to the owever, Hill very ined two millionb, lefcendents of the immerfed in in- 5; in their com- ack. Their an- pretend to be of >p among the na- any confiderable confift of Arabs lexion, and they the patriarchal d place of abode. :oman pride and nfelves from the y being an upper iinary drefs is of under it. The emfelves with a round their natives of thp The drefs of the women ke, ivoiTicn is tawdry and unbecoming, but their clnaths are filk, when they m afford it, and fuch of them as are not cxpofed to the fun, have de- llicatc complexions and features. The Coptis are generally excellent ac- omptants, and many of them live by teaching the other natives to read nd write. Their excrcifes and diverfions arc much the fame as thofc ade ufe of in Perfia, and other Afiatic dominions. A 'I Egypt is over- un with jugglers, fortune-tellers, mountebanks, and travelling flight- f-hand men. Religion.] To what I have already faid concerning the religion of gypt, it is proper to add, that the bulk of the Mahometans are enthu- lalls, and have among them their fantos or fellows who pretend to a [fuperior degree of holinefs, and without any ceremony intrude into the beft houfes, where it would be dangerous to turn them out. The Egyp- jtian Turks mind religious affairs very little, and it would be hard to fay what fpccies of chriftianity is profefTed by the ChrilHan iCops, which are here numerous, but they profefs themfelves to be of the {Greek church, and enemies to that of Rome. In religious, and indeed in many civil matters, they are under the jurifdiftion of the patriarch icf Alexandria, who by the dint of money generally purchafes a protec- ton at the Ottoman court. Learning and learned men.] Though it is paft difpute that the reeks derived all their knowledge from the antient Egyptians, yet carce a veftige of it remains among their defcendents. This is owing to he bigotry and ignorance of their Mahometan mailers ; but here it is )roper to make one obfervation which is of general ufe. The califs who ubdued Egypt, were of three kinds. The firft, who were the immediate VcelTors of Mahomet, made war from confcience and principle upon all kind of literature excepting the Alcoran ; and hence it was that when they took pofleflion of Alexandria, which contained the moll magnificent library the world ever beheld, its valuable manufcripts were applied for fome months in cooking their viftuals, and warming their baths. The fame fate attended upon the other magnificent Egyptian librai-ies. The califs of the fecond race, were men of tafte and learning, but of a peculiar ilrain. They bought up all the manufcripts that furvived the general conflagration relating to aftronomy, medicine, and fome ulclcfs parts of philofophy, but they had no tafte for the Greek arts of architefture, fculp- ture, painting, or poetry, and learning was confined to their own courts End colleges, without ever finding its way back to Egypt. The lower race of califs, efpecially thofe who called themfelves califs of Egypt, dif- graccd human nature, and the Turks have rivetted the chains of barba- roiib ignorance which they impofed. All the learning therefore poflell'cd by the modern Egyptians confills ii arithmetical calculations for the dii])atch of bufinefs, the jargon of allrology, a few noflrums in medicine, and fome knowledge of Arabcfquc or the Mahometan religion. Languagk.] The Coptic is the moft antient langtir-irte of Egypt. This was fucceedcd by the Greek, about the time of Aipxander the Great; and that by the Arabic, upon the commencement of the calif itc, ivlicn the Arabs difpofleflcd the Greeks of Egypt. The Arabic, or Ar.i - fc^fque, as it is called, is flill the current language, but the Coptic and HiOdern Greek continue to be fpokcn. Constitution and government.] Thefc feem to be but little M^own to modern times. It is certain tltat ligypt h i\ib\c3 to the Turks, i It ■I llltl ill 111 ■I % i ^ 522 *J$ EGYPT. Turks, and that even the meancft janiTary is refpefled by the natives.! A viceroy is fent to Egypt, under the title of the paflia of Cairo, and ul one of the grcateft officers of the Ottoman empire; but as the interiorl parts of Egypt are almoft inacceffiblc to ilrangers, we know little ot thcirl government and laws. It is generally agreed, that the paflia is veryl careful how he provokes the little princes, or rather heads of cl:;ns, who! ha' parcelled out Egypt among themfdves, and whom he governs chkfiyj by playing one againft another. He has however a large regular arniy.f and a mihtia, which ferve as nurferies from whence the Ottoman troops! are recruited. The keeping up this army employs his chief attention. It has fometimes happened, that thofe paihas have employed their arms I againft their maflers; and they are fometimes difplaced by the Pone, upon complaints from thofe pettjj princes. Thoie circuniftances may account for the reafon why Egypt is not over-loaded with taxes. Captr.in I Norden has given us the beft, and indeed a very unfavourable account) of thofe petty princes, who are called the Schechs of the Bedouins, orj wandering Arabs, who are fometimes too powerful to receive laws fromj the Turkifh government. A certain number of beys or begs, arc appointed over the proi'inccjj of Egypt, under the paftia. Though thefe beys are defigned to be checkil upon him, yet they often afTume independent powers, and many of tliem| have vaft revenues. Mtt^iTARY STRENGTH.] Authors are greatly divided on this article.! Captain |*iorden tells us, that it is divided into two corps of janifaries, and alTafs are the chief, the former amounting to about fix or eight! thoufand, and the latter to between three and four thoufand. The otherl troops are of little account. After all, it does not at all appear, that I the pafha ever ventures to employ thofe troops againft the Arab or Egyp-I tian princes I have already mentioned, and who have feparate armies of I their own ; fo that, in faA, their dependance upon the Porte, is littlef snore than nominal, and amounts at moft to feudal fervices. REViNUES.] Thefe are very inconfiderable, when compared to tliel natural riches of the country, and the defpotifm of its governmcnj Some fay that they amount to a million fterling, but that two-thirds ctl the whole is fpent in the country. I Curiosities and ANTith, and ibur bundred and eighty in breadth. 4 ''ft ''A S-Hi tin I ;■ r 1* ir f; 526 The States of B A R B A R Y. Fez is about a hundred and twenty-five miles in length, and muclil the fame in breadth. It lies between the kingdom of Algiers to thecal)! and Morocco on the fouth, and is furrounded in other parti; hy the fcaj It is now united to Morocco. Algiers, formerly a kingdom, is bounded on the eaft by the kinj^doml of Tunis, on the north by the Mediterranean, on the fouth by Moum Atlas, and on the weft by the kingdoms of Morocco and Tafilct. h^-. tends fix hundred miles from call to well along the Barbary coall, and d] about four hundred in brendth. Tunis is bounded on the north-caft by the Mediterranean fea, anjl the kingdom of Tripoli; on the fouth by feveral tribes of the Arab J and on the weft bv the kingdom of Algiers and the country of Efi>i)i| being four hundred miles in length from eaft to weft, and two huiidrtll and fifty in breadth from north to fouth. Tripoli, including Barca, is bounded on the north by thd MeditetJ ranean fc.i ; on the fouth by the country of the Bcriberies ; on the wet by the kingdom of Tunis, Biledulgerid* and a territory of the GadaJ mis ; and on the eaft by Egypt. It is about eleven hundred miles along the fca-coaft, but the breadth is various. Each capital bears the name of the ftate or kingdom to which it| belong;;. This being premifed, I Ihall confider the Barbary ftates as formint (which they really do) a great political confedtiacy, however indepeni dent each may be as to the cxercife cf its internal policy ; nor is there j Sreater diftercnce than happens in different provinces of the fame kin?^ om, in the cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants. i AiR AND sf.a;-ons.] The air of Morocco is mild, as is that of AU| giers, and indeed all the other ftates, excepting in the months of July and Au^uft. Soil and produce.] Thofe ftates under the Roman empire, wen juftly denominated the garden of the world, and to have a refidence theii was confidered as the higheft ftage of luxury. The produce of their foil formed thofe magazines, which furniftied all Italy, and great part of tliJ Roman empire, with corn, wine and oil. Though the lands are no/ uncultivated, thro' the oppreflion and barbarity of their conftitution, yd they are ftill fertile, not only in the above-mentioned commodities, bui in dates, figs, raifms, almonds, apples, pears, cherries, plums, citronsJ lemons, oranges, pomegranates, with plenty of roots and herbs in theil kitchen gardens. Excellent hemp and flax grow on tlieir plains, andbjl the report of Europeans, who have lived there for fome time, the coun try abounds with all that can add to the plc^fures of life, for their greij {»eople find means to evade the fobriety prefcribed by the Mahometai aw, and make free with excellent wines, and fpirits of their own growtl and manufafture. Algiers produces falt-petre, and great quantities ofei| cellent fait, and lead and iron have been found in feveral places of Barba MANUFACtuRES AND COM MERGE.] The lower fubjcdls of thol ftates, know very few imaginary wants, and depend partly upon thef j>iracies, to be fupplied with neceflary utenfils and manufailures, that their exports confift chiefly of leather, fine mats, cmbroiderd handkerchiefs, fword knots and carpets, which are cheaper and foftj than thofe of Turkey, though not fo good in other refpefts. As m Jeave almoft all their commercial affairs to the Jews and Chriftians fettle! among them, the latter have eftabliihed illk and linen works^ whicf 2 fuPPl The States of B A R B A R Y. 5^7 ingdom to which id I fiipply the higher ranks of their own fubjet^s. They have no (hips that« fopcrly fpeaking, are employed in commerce ; fo that the French and [gglifii carry on the greateft part of their trade. Thtir exports, befides l^ofe already mentioned, confiH in elephants teeth, odrich feathers, cop. i(r, tin, wool, hides, honey, wax, dates, raifins, olives, almonds, gum labic, and fandrac. The inhabitants of Morocco are likewifc faid to larry on a confidcrable trade by caravans to Mecca, Medina, and fome jiland parts of Africa, from whence they bring back vail numbers of groes, who ferve in their armies, and are ilaves in their houfcs and fields. In return for their exports, the Eurrpeans furnilh them with timber, tillery of all kinds, gunpowder, and whatever they want, either in ;heir public or private capacities, the particulars of which are too many :ofpccify. The duties paid by the Englifh in the ports of Morocco, are but half thofe paid by other Europeans. It is a general obfervation that Donation is fond of trading with thefc Hates, not onlv on account of thtir capricious defpotifm, but the villainy of their individuals, both na- tives and Jews, who take all opportunities of cheating, and when de- Kcicd, are fcldom punifhed. It has often been thought furpriTiing, that the Chrillian powers flioulH f.fTer their marine to be infulted by thofe barbarians, who take the (hips c all nations with whom they are at peace, or rather, who do not p;iy aem a fubfidy either in money or commodities. We cannot account for ais forbearance otherwife, than by fuppofing, firft, that a breach with iiem might provoke the Porte, who pretends to be their lord paramount; econdly, that no Chriftian power would be fond of feeing Algiers, and herell of that coail, in poflcfTion of another; and, thirdly, that nothing :ouId be got by a bombardment of any of their towns, as the inhabi- lants would inftantly carry their efFeds into their defarts and mountains. To that the benefit, refulting from the conquefl, mull be tedious and precarious. Animals.] Neither the elephant nor the rhinoceros, is to be found in the Hates of Barbary, but their defarts abound with lions, tigers, leo- pards, and monftrous ferpents. The Barbary horfes were formerly very valuable, and thought equal to the Arabian. Though their breed are now faid to be decayed, yet fome very fine ones have.been lately imported into England. Their camels and dromedaries, alTes, mules, and kum- rahs, a moll ferviceable creature, begot by an afs upon a cow , are their bealb of burden. Their cows are but fmall, and barren of milk. Their flieep yield but indifferent fleeces, but are very large, as arc their goats. Thedubba is a wild beaft of the carnivorous kind; bears, porcupines, foxes, apes, hares, rabbits, ferrets, weafcls, moles, cameleons, and all kinds of reptiles are found here. The rhaad and killaws, a bird about tlie fize of a large pullet, are birds of Barbary, and are efleen^eJ excel- lent food. They have likewife the ftragary, and the houbaara, the former like a jay, and the latter as large as a capon, of variegated colours. Par- tridges and quails, eagles, hawks, and all kind of wild-fowl, are found on this coaft, and of the fmaller birds, the capfa-fparrow is remarkable for its beauty, and the fwcetnefs of its note, which is thought to exceed that of any other bird, but it cannot live out of its own climate. The feasand bays of Barbary abound with the finefl and moft delicious fifh cf every kind, and preferred by the antients to thofe of Europe. Population and inhabitants.] Morocco was certainly for- aerly far more populous than it is now, if, as travellers fay, its capit^d contained I \ r a I i '1 i ' : I: i , i'- 523 The States of BARBARY. contained a hundred thoufand houfes, whereas at prefent, It is thoiir,; not to contain above twenty-five the jfand inhabitants, nor can we thiim that the other parts of the country are more populous., if it is true, thai their king or emperor has eighty thoufand horfe and foot, of foreign iie,| groes, in his armies. The city of Algiers is faid to contain a hundred thoufand Mahometans, fifteen thoufand Jews, and two thoufand Chrif;ian flaves, but no ellimate can be formed as to the populoufnefs of its terri- tory. Some travellers report, that it is inhabited by a friendly hoSi- table people, who are very different in their manners and chara&r, from thofe of the metropolis. Tunis is the moft poliflied republicui" all the Barbary Ihtes. The capital contains ten thoufand families, zi above three thoufand tradefmen's /hops, and its fuburbs confift of a thci. land houfes. The Tunifuie. are indeed exceptions to the other ftate of Barbary ; for even the moft civilized of the European govert. ments, might improve from their manners. Their diftindtions are wcl kept up, and proper refpeft is paid to the military, mercantile, and learned profeflions. They cultivate fricndlhip with the European llates; arts and manufactures have been lately introduced among them, andtk inhabitants are faid at prefent to be well acquainted with the varioui labours of the loom. The Tunifinc women ire exceflively' handfome in their perfons, and though the mei» are fun-burnt, the complexion of the ladies is very de- licate, nor are they lefs neat and elegant in th?ir drefs, but they improve the beauty of their eyes by art, particularly the powder of lead ore, the fame pigment, according to vhe opinion of the learned Dr. Shavv. rhnt k. zabel made ufe of wnen Ihe ir. faid (2 Kings chap. ix. verfe 30.) to have painted her face, the words of the original being, that (lie fet off her eves with the powder of lead-ore. The gentlemen in general are fbber, orderlv, and clean in their perfons, their behaviour genteel and complaifant, and a wonderful regul irity reigns through all the llreets and city. Tripoli was once the riclu'ft, moil populous, and opulent of all thf ftates on the coaft ; but it is nov much reduced, and th,- inhabitants have all the vices of ch ; Algerines. 'I he inhabitants are faid to amount to between four and five hundred thoufand. Mannrrs and diversions.] Thefe are pretty much of a piece with thofe of the Egyptians already defcribcd. The fubjefts of the Bar- bar/ ftates, however, in general fubfilHng by piracy, are allowed to b« bold intrepid mariners, and will fight deiperately when they meet with a prize at fea. They are notwithftanding far inferior to the Englifh, and other European ftates, both in the conftruftion and management of theii veflels. They are, if we except the Tunifmes, void of all art, and li- teK''.ture. The mifery and poverty of the inhabitants of Morocco, who are not immediately in the emperor's fervice, are beyond all defcription, but thofe who inhabit the inland parts of the country, are a hofpitable inoflenfive people, and indeed it is a general obfervation, that the more diftant the inhabitants of thofe ftates are from the feats of their govern- ment, their manners are the more pure. Notwithftanding their poverty, they have a livelinefs about them, efpecially thofe who are of Arabic dc fcent, that gives them an air of contentment, and having nothing to lofe, they arc peaceable among themfelves. The Moors are fuppofed tc be the original inhabitants, but are now blended with the Arab?, ar. both are cruelly opprefted by a handful of infolent dohiineering Turkii the relufo of the ftrcets of Conltantinople. I Dres' •■n^i The States or BARBARY. 529 Dress] The drefs of tlicfc people is a linen fliirt, over wliich tl.cy tie s iiik or cloth vcilmcnt wiih a falli, and o\er th;'.t a loofe coat. Their drawers are made of linen. The uriiis and legs of the wearer are bare, but they have Hipper^ on their feet; and perfons of condition /oinetimcs wear buikins. 'I'hey never move their turbans, but poll off their dippers ivhcii they attend religious duties, or the perfon of their fovereign. They arc fond of Itriped and fancied filks. 'I'he drefs of the women is not very different from that of the men, but their drawers arc longer, and they wear a fort of a cawl on their hc;ids inileaJ of a tin ban. The chief furniture of their hoiifes confifts of carpets and mattr^lles on which they lit ur.dlic. In eating, tlieir llovenlinefs is (hocking. The;,' are prohibited gold and filver vefTels, and their meat, which they fwallow by hanilfuls, is boiled Oi- roalled to rags ; adultery in the woman is puniflied ./th death ; but though the men are indulged with a plurality of wives and concu- biiu's, they commit the moil unnatiir.il crimes witit impunity. LANf.uAGE.J As the ttates of Darbary po'lVfs thofe countries that formerly went by the name of Mauritania and Numidin, the antient .\frican language is itill fpoken in Tome of th^; inland countries, and tven by fome inhabitants of the city of Morocco. In the fea port owns, and maritime countries, a baftard kind of Arabic i; fpokcn, and :he fea-faring people are no itrangers to that medley of living and dead languages, that is fo well known in all the pons of the Mediterranean, b/thc name of Lingua Fr.mca. Religion.] The inhabitants of thofe ftates arc Mahometans : but many lubjeds of Morov co follow the tenci:. of one Hamccl, a n-iodorn fcclarill, and an enemy lO the antient doctrine of the ciliis. All of them are very fond of ideots, and in fome cafes tliL'ir protcvliort fcreons offenders from puniflirnent, lor the moil notorious crimes. In the main, however, the Moors of Barbary, as the inhabitants of thofe Hates are called, have adopted Jie very worll p;trts of the Mahometan relifion, and Teem to have retained only as much of it as authorizes them to com- mit the moll horrible villanies. Constitution and government.] In Morocco government can- not be faid to e*- id. The emperors have for fome ages been parties, judges, ani even executioners, with their own hands, in all criminal in.atters, ner is their brutality more incretUble than the fabmiffion with which tkir fubje-'ls bear it. .In abfence of the emperor, every miiitnry otHcer has the power of life and death in his hand, and it is ieidom that th.ey mind the form of a judicial proceeding. Some velligcs however oi' the calitHte government llIU continue, for in places where no milimy oHicer rtfidci, the niufti or highpiieil is the fountain of all juilJce, :ind mdir h:m the cadis, or civil oTlicers, who nil as our juiHees of the pi*ace. Tho' the emperor of Morocco is not immediately iubjed to the porte, yec he ."xknowledges the grand fignior to be his fupcrior, aiid he pays hitn a liiilant allegiance as the chi-.f rcpicientativc ot iviahcmer. Vr hat I i'.nc laid of Morocco is applicable to Fez, botli kingdoms being uow undwV one emj)eror. Tho' vMgiei", Tunis, and Tripoli, have each (^f ihem a TurkiHi p'.fiia Ctdcy, who governs in the naii'e of the Ciiand oiyuior, yet v.rv lilile re- garu IS pjud by ni;. Icrocious fubjeifls, to his authority. He cannot even tt Ir.id to be r.omlnat.'d by tiie porte. Vvhen a xacircv ot the gcvern- Jiient happens, which it wouiwiouly djcs by '.Ti;;iier, every fuluier in the ivl ni arnijr . i\ ; * ill A u 'U It.! I-' I '■'%■ ' -H \\ I I 530 The Sr^iTES of BARBARY. army has a vote in chufing the fucceeding dey, and thniigli the clefliDn 1 is often attended with blood-fhcd, yet it is no iboner fixed than he !• chearfully recognized and obeyed. It is true, he nuift be confirmed by the porte, but that is fcldoni refilled, as the divan is no ftrangor to tiii^ difpofitions of the people. The power of the dey is defpotic, and tiiu income of the dey of Algiers, amounts to about 150,003). .-; vcar, without greatly oppreifing the fubjecls, who arc very tenacious of tlitu- property. Thefe deys pay flight annual tributes to the pnrte. Wlie:i the grand fignior is at war v/ith a Chrillian power, he requires their r,i. iillance, as he does that of the king of Morocco, but he is obeyed on!/ as they think proper. Subordinate to tlie deys are officers, both tnilita;; a.nd civil, and in all matters of importance, the dey is expodcd to t;:!;^ the advice of a common counci', which confills of thirty palhas. Thefij paflias {cldom fail cf forming parties, among the faldiers, againil uiei reigning dey, whom they make no fcruple of alFallinating, even in coun-l cil, and the llrongell candidate then fills his place. Sometimes he is de- pofed, fomecimes, though but very feldom, he refigns his authority to fave his life, and it is f.ddoni he dies a natural death upon the throne. The audiority of tiie dey is unlimited, but an unfuccefsfiil expedition, or too pacific a condud, ibidom lails to put an end to his life andgov(;rii- ment. REVENUES.] I have already mentioned thofc of Algiers, but thcv are now faid to be exceeded by Tunis. They confilt of a certain proportion if the prizes taken from Chriftians, a fmall capit.ition tax, and the c::lloir.5 paid by the Engliih, French, and ot'.icr nar'ons, v/ho are fuffcrtd to tracie with thofe llates. As to the king of Morocco, we can form no idea cf his revenues, becaufe none of his fubjeds can be faid to pofu;is any pro- perty. P'rorn the manner of his living, Ins attendants and app.uranfc, we may conclude he does not abound in riches. '^I'hc ranfomsot Lhriiiian fiaves are his perquifites. He fometimes Ihares in the vcfiels of tlie i.^its ' ftalcs, which entitles him to part of their prizes. He claims a t(iuh of the goods of his Mahometan iUhjcct;^, and lix crowns a year from ever/ Jev/ merchant. He has likevvife confiderable profits in the NegrolanJ, and other caravans, efpecirdly the fiave trade towards the fouth. It i; thought tliat the whole of his O'dinary revenue in money, does not ex- j ceed 165,000 1. a year. 1 Military strength 7 By the bek accounts we have received, AT SHA AND LA\D. j" the king of iVItirocco can bring to the held j ;i hundred thoufand men, but the ftrength of iiis ainiy confilts of cavalry jT.ounted by his negro flavcs. Thofe wretches are brought young to Mo- rocco, know no otiacr Hate l)ut fw'rvitude, and uo other mailer hut th;;t j hirg, and prove iJie finneft fupport of his tyranny. About the year 172; itil I he naval i jrce of Morocco confiiled only of three fmall fliips, whicul lav at Sallee, and being full of men, fomctiines brought in prizes, 'flie Algerines mrincain about fix thouiand five hiuidred foot, confilHngofj Turks, and rologlies, or the ions of foldiejs. Hart cf them i'erve as marines on board their vc.Tels. About a dioufand of them do gar;if!in[ f Numiuia, being inaccclUble on ail fides, except- ing the Ibuth-welv. Bcudes the above towns and cities, many others, formerly of great rc.iow!i, lie fcattered up and down this imnienfe trafl of country. I cannot, however, leave it without mentioning the city of Fez, at prcfent the capital of that k'lgdorn : fome fay that it contains near three liundred thoufand inhabiiaiits, befidcs merchants and foreignerj. It5 mofqus amount to five hundred, one of them magni- ficent beyond dcfcription, and about a mile and a half in circumfercm e, Mequinez is elleemed the great emporium of all Carbary. Sallee lies in the fame kingdom, and was formerly famous for thj piracies of its inha- bitants. Tangier, fituated about two miles within the llraits of Gibral- tar, v/as given by the crown of Portugal as part of the dowry of queen Catharine, conibrt of Charles J.T. of England. It was intended to be to the Englilh what Gibraltar is now ; and it mull have been a moll noblo acquifition, had not the mifunderilandings between him and his parlia- ment obliged him to blov/ up its fortifications and demoiiib its harbour; lb that from being one of the fineil cities in Afiica, it is now little better than a fiQiing town. Ceut.i, upon the fame llrait, almoil oppofite to Gibraltar, is itill in the hands of the Spaniards, but often, if not always beficgedor blocked up by the Moors. Tctuan, wiiich lies within twenty miles of Ceuta, is now but an ordinary town, containing about eight hundred houfes ; but t!ie inhabitants are faid to be rich, extremely complaifant, and they li\e in an elegant m.'inner. The pro'.inces of Suz, Tafilet, and Gefula, form no part of the Hate? of Barbary, though ihe king of Morocco pretends to be their ibvereign; nor do tli'-y contain any thing that is particularly curioui-. Revolutjons and memorable evenT'j.] There perhaps is no problem in liillory fo unaccountable as the decadence of the fplendor, power, and gl ry of the Hates of Barbary, which, v.'lieu Rome was millrefs of the world, formed the fair !'■ iewels in the impcri:;! diadem. h \v:v, not till the fevcnth century that, aftei mcy hud been by turns in p;)jrelli';n of the Vandals and tlie Greek emperors, tlie calil's of Bagdat ton''u,Mcd them, and from thence became mailers of ahno'l all iipaiii, from v/hcnce tiieir pollerity was totally driven about the year 1492, when the exile.-, fettled aniorig their friends and countrymen on the Barbary coali, This naturally begot a perpetual war betv\e..'ii them ai: 1 the Spaniards, v/no preiied them fi.) liard, tliat they called to tlielr .'.[filbance the two famous brothets B.-.rbarofla, who were admirals cf the Tuikilh fleet, and v.'JiJ after hre.ikii'g the opanifii ;. :jke, impoied upon the iniMbitant? of all thofe itates (excepting iVlorotCv)) their own. S' m;- attemnts were madiJ by the emperor Ciuirlci V. to rcJucu xll^ierj and Tunis, but they I I wca'l {. es, fome of them ons, and is about ;nihcent, but neat rchants and their frcfh water. The tcr being the moil •e, on account of the want of fweet out a mile in cir- It was a place of fpiitos between the nt Cirta, and one 1 all fides, except- les, many others, wn this imnienfe It mentioning the fome fay that it jcr> merchants and of them magni- in circumferem e. ry. Sallee lies in iracies of its inha- : llraits of Gibral- 2 dowry of queen j intended to be to teen a moll nobla m and his parlia- lolilTi its harbour ; is now little better ilnioil oppofite to ften, if not always vithin twenty miles out eight hundred ncly complaifant, part of the ftates )c their fovereign; )Li!;. re perhaps is no of the Iplendor, v.'lien Rome wa> iniMcriul diadem. bcfii by turns ni califs of Ba'^dat ahunll all t^paio, t )e,ir 1 49-, when the Barbary coali. ; 1 the Spaniard', ;,[r;:l:anc-j the t\v;) the Tuik'lh fleei, in the Ti'j.ibitanti nv att'-'nints wci;- 1 'runis, but thi-yi Of the SLAVE COAST, &c. 533 Lcre unfuccefsful ; and, as we have already obfervcd, the inhabitants |i;ave in faft (haken off the Turkifh yoke likewife. The emperors or kings of Morocco, are the fucceffirs of thnfe fovc- .-eigns of that country who were called xeriiTs, and whofe powers refem- hled that of the califat. They have been in general a fet of bloody livrants, though they have had among them fome able princes, particu- Jlirly Muley Moluc, who defeated and killed don Sebaltian, king of Iportugal. They have lived in almoft a continued rtate of v.ariare with Ithe kings of Spain and othffr Ciirillian prince? ever fmce ; nor does the [crown of Great-Britain fometimes difdain, as in the year 1769, to pur- I chafe their friendship with preftnts. Of A F R I C A, from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope. See the Table and Map. THIS immcnfe territory is, comparatively fpeaking, very little known ; there is no traveller that has penetrated into the interior wrts, fo that we are ignorant not only of the bounds but even of the lames of feveral inland countries. In many material circumftances, the nhabitants of this extenfive continent agree with each other. If we ex- cept the people of Abyflinia, who are tawny, and profcfs a mixture of Chriilianity, Judalfm and Paganifm, they are all of a black com- plexion : in their religion, except on the fea coalls, which have been vifitcd and fettled by ftrangers, they are pagans : and the form of government is .very where monarchical. Few princes, however, pof- fefs a very extenfive jurifdidion ; for as the natives of this part of Africa are grofsly ignorant in all the arts of utility or refinement, they are little acquainted with one another ; and generally united in fmall focieties, each governed by its own prince. In Abylfmii indeed, as well a') in Congo, Loango, and Angola, we are told of powerful iuoiiarchs ; b^it on examination, it is found that the authority of thefe princes Hands on a precarious footing, each tribe or feparate body of their fubjefts being under the influence of a petty chieftain of their own, to whofe commands, however contrary to thofe of the negafcl a negafcht, or king of kings, they are always ready to fubmit. This -"ndced mull always be the cafe among rude nations, where the art of govcruiug, like all others, is in a very fimple and imperfccl Hate. In the uicceflion « the throne, force generally prevails over right ; and an uncle, a bro- ther, or other collateral relation, is on this account commonly prefcrr-J to the defcendants, whether male or female. The fertility of a country fo prodigioufly extenfive, might be fiippofl'd mnre various than we find it is ; in fad, there is no medium in tl-.is p,:rt ot Africa with regard to the advantages of foil ; it is eithei pei rcoAly Xym- ren, or extremely fertile : this arifes from the intenfe hea; of tl-c dm, which, where it meets with fulHcient moilluic, producer the uirnofl liixuriancy ; and in thofe countries where there are few river.s 'educes the furface of the earth to a barren faud. Of this fort are the countries of Anian and Zaaro, which, for want of water, and confcqufutly of all other neceffaries, are reduced to perfcft defcrts, as the name of tl^- latter tlcnotes. In tiiofc countries, on the other hand, where there is plenty of water, and particularly where the rivers ovcrHow the land prut of the ytur, as in Abylliniii, the picidiidions of nature, botii of ilio anim.1l H!. ' ; '■ ?.•'■■ ■ ( . ^\s ■ -M' WA ' ii 5' 534 AFRICAN ISLANDS. m j*"n;w a 'I' > and vegetable kinds, are found in the liiglieft perfeflion nnd grcate.^ abundance. The countries of Mandingo, Ethiopia, Congo, Angola, I Batua, Truticui, Mcnonictapa, Cafati, and Mchcncmugi, are extremely rich in gold and filvcr. Ti;e baler metals likewife are found in thefe] and many other parts of Africa. But the perfons of the natives make the jnofc confidcrable article in the produce and traffic of th's miferable quar- ter of the globe. On the Guinea or vvcl'.ern coalt, the Euglifli trade tii James Fort, nnd other fettlencnls near the river Gambia, where tky e"ccliange their woollen a.id linen" man ufaftu res, their hard ware ar,i ipiriuious liijuors, for the perfonr. of the natives. Among the Negrnes, ;i man's wealth confiUs in the number of his family, whom he fells lik; lo many cattle, atid often at an inferior price. Gold and ivory, next lo the flave trade, form the principal branches cf Airican comraerce. 1 hti are carried on from tlie fan.ie coall: where the i)utc.h and French, as well as Englifh, have tlicir fcttkunents for this purpofe. The Portugucfe are in pofl'ffli-n of the call: and v.'eil: coafl of Africa fiom t'.e Tropic of Ca- pricorn to tlie Eipiator ; wh.ich imir.eu'e tiatit they became mafters of [ly their fuccefHvc atLeaipts and happy difcovery and navigation of the Cnpe of Good Hope. From the coaft of Zanguebar, on the eallern fide, they trade not only for the articles abovcnieiitirned, but likevvife for leverai others, iis fenna, aloes, civet, ambergris, and frankincenfe. The Dutch ha'c fettleinents tov/ards the fouthern parts of the continent, in the coun- try called Ci.firaria, or the land of the Hottentots, where their Hiips bound for India ufually put in, and trade v/iih the natives for their cuidi', in exchange for which they give them fpirltuous- liquors. History. "^ The hifrory of this coniinentis little known, and probably affords no materials v^hich deferve lo render it more lo. We know from the antients, who failed a confiderablc way round the coafts, that the inha- bitants were in the fame rude fituaticn near 7,0^0 years ago in which thcv are at prefeut, that is, they had nothing: of humanity about ihera but the form. This may cither be accounted for by fuppofing that nature ha^ placed fome iniuperable barrier between the natives of this divilion oi Africa and the inhabitants o; Europe, or that the former, being fo long acci'.llonied to a favan-e manner of life, and dereneratinc from one a?e to another, at length became altogether incapable of mjakmg any pro- grcis in ci\ility or fcience. It is very certain that all the attempts of the Europeans, particularly of the Dutch at the Cape of Good Hupe, h::ve been hitherto inefleflua! for making the Icail impreffion on thefe favage mortals, or giving them the leall iuclinauon or e\en ide;'. of the European j manner df life. AFRICAN ISLANDS. OF the African illands, fome lie in the Eaftern or Indian Ocean, and fome in the VVeilern or Atlantic. We ihall begin with tkolo jn the Indian Ocean, the chief of which are Zocotra, Babelmandd, Madagafcar, the Comora lilands, Bourbon, and MauritiuR. ZocoTKA. This ifland is fituatcd in call Ion. 53, north lat. 12, thirty ^ leagues caft of Cape Gardefoi, on the continent of Africa ; it is eii^hty miles long and fifty-four broad, and has two good harbours, where the European fhips ufed f>.nncrly to put in when they loll thtir paflagc to • • • India. AFRICAN ISLANDS. B3 J 1 or Indian Ocean, Inula. It is a populous plentiful counlry, yielding moll of the fruits rml ];lants that are uUiaUy found witiiin the tropic:i, together with frank- iiiccnfe, gum-trag;int, and aloes. I'ac inhabitants are Mahometans, of Arab extraclion, ;iud are under the government of a prince who is pro- bably tributary to i:ho Porte. iiASELMANOiiL. The iCand of Babelinandel gives name to thcftraits at [he entrance of tlic Red Sea, wlicrj it is fituatcd in eaft Ion. 44-30, north I lat. 12, about four miles both from the Arabian and Abyfiinian ihores. The Abylilnians or Ethiopians, and tlie Arabians, formerly contended wiili grjat tury for ihc poliijilion of this illand, as it commands the cn- I trance into the Soutli Sea, and preferves a communication with the ocean. This (trait v/a^ formerly the only pafl'age through which the commodities of India found their v.ay to Europe ; but fmce tlie difcovery of the Cape ofG lod Hope tlie trade b'/ the Red Sea is of little importance. The iikiid is of little value, being a barren fandy fpot of earth not five miles round. CoMORA. Tliefe idands are fituated between 41 and 46 eafi: Ion. and retwecn 10 and 14 ibuth lat. at an equal diilance from IVladagafcar and ihe continent of Africa. Joanna, the chief, is about thirty miles long Vi[i liftcen broad, and affords plenty of provifious, and fuch fruits as are prjJiiced betvetn the tropics. Eall India fliips, bound to Bombay, uliully touch jicre for refrelhmcnts. The inhabitants are Negroes of the Mahometan pcrfuafion, and entertain our ieamen with great hu- manity. Madagascar. This is :'te largefiof the African iflands, andis fituated between 43 and 51 deg. eail ion. and betvvcen 22 and 26 fouth lat. three hur.dred miles ibuth-eall of the continent of Africa; it being near a thoiifiiid miies in length from n)rth to iouch, and generally between two and three hundred mdes broad. The fea rolls with great rapidity, and is e.vcceJing rough between this illand and !-l^.e continent of the Cape of Good Hope, forming a channel or pad'age, through which all Euro- pean lliips, in their voyage to and from India, generally fail, unlefs pre- vented by llorms. A'hulagafcar is a pleafant, dehraWe, and fertile country, abounding in fuj^ar, honey, vines, fruit trees, vegetables, valuable gums, corn, cattle, fowls, precious fiones, iron, fome filver, copper, llc-d, and tin. It aiTords an agreeable variety of hill. , rallies, woxls, and champaign; watered with numerous rivers, and well 'KTr.-d v.itli filh. The air is genvTaily temperate, and faid to he very liealtliy, though in a hot cli- itiate. The inhabitrints ..; e of differoit complfxi.nis and religions; fome uhite, foiiie Negroes, fv)me IV'Iaiiomocar.s, lome pagans. The whites and tliofe of a tawny complexion wiio inhabit the coafls, arc defcended from the Arabs, as is evident from their Jan^niagc, and thc'r religious rites; but here arc no mnfques, temples, nor any Itated worlbip, except that tliey ofler facrifice of beails on particular occafions ; as v.hen fick, when they plant yams, or rice, v/hen they hold their aflemblics, circum- cife their children, declare war, enter into ncv built houie',, '.\ bury their deaJ, Man/ of thoni obil'rve the Jew fabbath, and give fome account of the fric.red hiftory, the creation and fail of man, as alio of Noah, AbrahaiT., T/Iofes, and David; from v.'heuce it is conjedured they arc defcended ( f Jews who »;o,meriy fettled here, though none knows liOvV or when. 'I'liis ifland v/as' difcovered by the Portuguefe in 1^92, and the Efeiich took poifcliion o." it in 1642 ; but the pij'iple dif- M m 4 likin.s ■ '■ ir il , I ij If ,1.; ft /33^ AFRICAN ISLANDS. »: ■; lil;inp; their ,p;f>vrrniri'^nt, drove out the French in 165 i ; fince wliich th; jvunt's have had the fnle pofllMlion oF the ilhind, under a number of P petiy iiiiiiCi-'s, who ma!:c war upon one another lor flavcs and plundrr. Jt i.i thought the I''rc'ich will nji^uin iittcnipt to eltablifti thenifelvcs here if" the ctlicr muritirie povver.s do not interfere. Mai-kitius. Mair.iec, cr Mauritius, was fo called by the Dutch, who firfl t:)uched here in i\,()ii, in honour of prime Maurice their fladth )ldtr. It is f:tuated in till Ion. 56, fouth I.'.t. 20. It is of an «n'al form, about u hundred and fiiiy miles in circuniferenee, with a fine harbour, capal'' of hoidinjt^ hfiy lar^-ie fliips, fecure againll any wind that blows, ami a hundred t.uhon^.s dc^p at the entrance. The climate is extremely hcalil,, and piralant. The mount.iins, ofwhi-.h there are many, rrid foine To high that their tops are covered with fno^v, produce the bej} ebony ii. the world, bcildv^<; various oitier kinds of valuable wood, tv/o of v/hich gri-rttly rerend)Ie eb'>.Tv iii quality; one red, the other yellow as wax. The iilund is wat.:;\d with leviral ['leafnt rivers well llockcd v.'ith filh; and though the foil is none of the molt fruitful, yields plenty of tobacco, rice, fruit, and feed;-, a great number of cattle, deer, goats and llccp. It svas formerly fubjedl to the Dutch, but is now in the poflefllon of the 1 pjenvh. BouRBOK. The Ille of Bourbon is fituated in caft Ion. 54, fouth Int. 21, about t]}rci'' hundred miles ealt of M.idagafcar, and is about niiicy miles round. There are many good roads for O.ipping round Eoar'iK>n, particularly on the north and Ibuth fides ; but hardly a finnlc harbour where fhips can lidc fecure againil thofe hurricanes which blow durino the monfoons. JndeLil the coalh is fo furrounded with blind rochs, iunk a few feet below the water, that coaiHng along flu)re is at all times dan- gerous. On the fouthern extremity is a vo'cano, which continually throw;, out llanics, fmoke, and fulphiir, with :i hideous roaring noife, terrible in the niidu to mariners. The climate here, thouph extremely hot, is healthy, being relrelhcd v>']lh cooling gales that bloiv morning and evening iiora the fca and land : Ibniciimcs, however, terrible hur- ricanes ihakc tlie whole ifland almoll to its foundation ; but gericrally without any other bad coiiLquencc than frightening the inhabitants. ITie ilhind abounds in brooks and fprinr-S and in fruit, i'vuh. and cattle, with exxellcnt tobacco (v^hivh the French have planted there) aloes, white pepper, ebony, palm, and other kinds of wood, and frui{ trees. Miiny of the trvTs yirld odoriferous gums and raifuis, particularly benzoin of an e.\c( llcnt iort and in great plenty. The rivers are well ftucked with hfii, the coall with land end fea tortoifcs, and every part of the country with horned cattle, as well as hogs and goats. Ambergris, • coral, and the moil beautiful ihells, are found upon the (here. The v/oods are full of turtle doves, paroquets, pigeons, and i great variety of other buds, beastilul to the eye and ph;af.inc to the palate. The French fiTli fettled here in the year 1672, after thev were drove from the illaiid of Madag.ifcar. They have now fome c (',) I eruel 1" ; i ^ I- I !P' * I ^i -f: ll 11 .:. ^41 53^ AFRICAN ISLANDS. m || 1 '■' '* 1 1 1 1 cruel, as to turn many more than tht-y ufe, leaving them to die on i". ' fbore. St. Matthew. This is ;i fmrll ifland, lyinc;in 9 dc^. vjc(\ Ion. ■.\c4 2-30 fouth lat. three hundred miles to the north-eail: of Afceniion, a.,J >vas alio diictivercd by the I'ortujnK'il', who planted ;ind ki-pt pr.lRfiion ,)t' it for lomc tunc ; liut alt(.'rw:irti.s dcfctting it, this itland now remain uninhabited, having little to invite other nations to fettle there excepts lir.all i ke oflVelli water. The four follcv.'ing idands, viz. St. Thomas, Anaboa, Piinces Ifian!, and l'cr,.ando Fo, are fituated in the gulph of Guinea, between Conp and Benin ; all of them were dilcovcred by the Portuguefe, and are iliil in the p'.Jlellicn of tiiat nation, and furnifli ihipping with frclh water and provifions as tliey pai:; by. Cape Vi:?.i) Islands. Thefc iflands nre fo called from a cape of that name on rhc Afn.::; ci;all, near the river (ianinia, over againft v.hlch they lii,', at the diliante of three hundred mile;, biuween 23 and 26 uc!'. Ave li: Ion. an.l 15 and 18 deg. north lat. 'I'hey were difcoverfd in tiic year 1460, by the Portucuefc, and are about twenty in nimibcr ; but i'on-.e of them, being only barren uninhabited rocks, are not woriH notice. St. J;:go, jJravo, Fago, Mayo, Bonavil'ta, Sal, St. Nithohis, tit. Luei.i, St. Vincent, Santa Cru?., and St. Antonio, are the inoJi coii- j'.dcrable, arid are fubjecl to tjie Fortuguefe. 'I'he air, generally ipe;;l:- Jng, is very hot, and in iinne of llieui very unvvhoicibme. They are inhabited by Europeans, or th'i dcfcendants of Europeans, and Ne- groes. St. Jaco. where the Portnguefc viceroy rcfides, is the nn/fl: fniiifiil, bell inhabited, and largeil of them all, being a hundred ami fifty miles in circumf 'rence ; yet it is niountain.ou:-, and h.is much barren iaad in it. Jts produce is {'\\g:.v, cotton, fome wine, Indian corn, cocoa-nut', oranges, and other tropical fruif. ; plenty of roots, garden- ihifis, and they have plenty of hogs and poultry, and fomc of the prettieil green monkies, with black fices, that are to be m.ec with any wh.TC. iJaya, situated on the eafl: {u\c, ha> a good port, rmd is iel-jom wi hout ilii[)s thoft: outward !>ound ta Guinea or the Ealt Indirs, from England, H.>1- laud, and France, often touching here for water and refelhmcnts. In the ifiand of Mayo or May, immenfe quroitities of f:dt is made hy the heat of the fiwi from the fea v/atcr, which, at .'pring tide^, is reeeimi into a fort of pan, formed by a fand-bank, whicli runs along tlie coail for two or three miles. Here the EnrHfii drive a confiderable trade ior fait, .md ha\e commonly .t man of v«ar to guard the vefleis that conic 10 load with it, which in fome "cars amount to a hi'-ridred or more. Th;' fait tolb nothino- except f-^r rakin^i' it tM^-ether, whcelin<^ it out of the pond, and carrying it o!i afrj:^ to the boats, which is done at a very cheap jratc. Seve;al of oar riiip.s come hither for a freight of afTes, which thsy carry to BarbadoGs iind otiier Briliih plantations. The inhabitants 0: this iiland, even the p-overnor and prieits. are all He'^roe-, and fneak tlie Fortuguefe language. The Negro governor expects a fmall prcknt from every commander tliat loads fait, and is plealed to be invited aboard thi;r ihips. TliC fea water is fo excefiive clear on tills coaft, that an Englilll failor who dropped his watch, perceived it at the bottom, though many fathoms deep, am. had it brought up by one of the natives, who are in general expert at diving. ihem to die on r()pcans, and I\c- iom \vi hout ilii; il;i\-cs, wao are in AFRICAN ISLANDS. 539 The iflancl of Fojro is remarkable for being a volcano, continually fcnJinir up rulphiircous exhalations; and fonictimcs the flame breaks out, like ,hiir.i, in a terrible manner, throwing out pumice Hones that annoy iill the adjaci nt [art;. Canarii.3. 'I'he Canaries, antiently called the Fortunate Iflands, arft fcveii in nunibrr, and liru.ucd between 12 and 19 de<^. well Ion. and Jjtt'.vijn 27 and 29 deg. north lat. about a humlred and iifiy miles fouth- wc'l of Mo' ncco. Their particular names are, Palma, Hiero, Gomcra» Teneri/il', Grand Canaria, Fuertuventura, and Langarotc. Thefe iilands enjoy a pure temperate air, and abound in the ntoll delicious fruits, pfpecially grapes, which produce thofe rich wines that obtain the name; of tile Canary, whereof the greateft part is exported to England, which, in time of ptace is computed at ten ihoufand hoglheads annually. The Canaries a'l'.und with ihofe little beautiful birds that bear their name» r.nd are no.v Co common and fo much admired in Europe; but their wild notes in their native land far excel thoie in a cage or foreign clime. Gr:.nJ Canary, which co;nir.unicates its name to the whole, is about a hundred and iiftv miles in circumference, and fo extremely fertile, as :o prodiice two harwlb in the year. Tonerill'e, the largeft of thefe illaiids next to tliat of the Grand Canary, is about a hundrcvl and twenty miles round; a fv.rt;iic country, abounding in corn, wine, and oil; though it is pretty much encumbered with mountains, particularly the Pe;ik, of which Mr. Gl^fs obferves, that in coming in with this iiland, in clear weather, the Peak wiay be cafily difcerned at a hundred and twenty miles dilcance, and in failing from it r.t a hundred and fifty. The Peak is an afcent in the fjrm of a fugar-loaf", about fifteen miles ia circuniffrence, and according to the account of Sprat, biiliop of Rochcitcr, publiihed in the Philofophical Tranfa*::"lions, near three miles perpendi- cular. Tills mc-unU'in is a volcano, and fonictiines throws out fucli quantities of l'u'.p!.ur pnd mehed ore, as to convert the richell lands into barren def-rts, Thefe iflands were firft difcovercd and planted by the Carthaginians ; but t'.ie Remans deilroying that Ihite, put a Hop to the nivigacion on the wed coaft of Africa, ;-.nd the Ca.laries lay concealed from tlie. reli of the world, until they were again difcovcred by the Spa- niards in the year 1+05, to whom they iVill belong. It is remarkable, that thougli the natives rcLmbled the Africans ii their ilature and com- plexion when the Spaniards firll came among them, their language was different from that fpokcn on the continent; they retained none of their .curtoins, W'-ere maflcrs of no fcienco, and did not know there was any country in the world befidcs their own. iVIadeiras. The three i (lands called the Madeiras, are fituatcd, ac- cording to the author of y\nfon'3 voyage, ia a fine climate in 32-27 north iar. and frcrn : ?-30 to 19-30 well Ion. about a hundred miles north cf the Canaries, and as in:!:v,' weft of Sallee, in Morocco. The iargCil, from wdiich the reli derive the general name of Madeiras, or rather Matcera, on account of its bei:.g formerly ahnoll covered witli wood, is about fevcnty-five miles long, iixty broad, and a hundred and eighty in circumference. It is conipo.'--d of one continued hill, of a con- lidcr.ible height, extending from call to v/eft ; the declivity of which, on ihc Ibuth fide, is cnltivaced and intcrfpsrfed with vineyards ; and in the midll of this Hope the merchants have fixed their country feats, which form a very agreeable profpect. 'fhere is but one confiderable town in the i ■I 'I' ; Ui: :^-': ^ ^ ^ ^.^a! .o.T^^^' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 lie U^ Iii4 1 2.2 luu Mil 2.0 V f. /^ ^>. Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 VAfT »"A«N M«IIT WnSTIR.N.r. MSN (716) •72-4503 540 AFRICAN ISLANDS. the whole ifland, which is named Fonchial, fcated on the fouth part of the ifland, at the bottom of a large bay; towards the fea, it is defended by a high wall, with a battery of cannon, and is the only place where it is puiTible for a boat to land, and even here the beach is covered with lari'.c Hones, and a violent furf continually beats upon it. '1 liougli this ifland feems to have been known to the anticnts, yet it lay conceaUd for many generations, and was at length difcovcred by tht Portiigucli: in 1519: hut others aflert that it was firll difcovereu by an Enj^liil.mrn, in the year 1344. Be that .is it will, the Tortiiguefe took pofulT.on ofit, and are flill almoft the only people who inhabit it. 'Ih: Portugucri.', at their firli landing, finding it little better than a thiclj fortft, rendered the ground capable of cultivation by fctting fire to this ^ooc' J and it is now very fertile, producing in great al.-jndancc the richcft wii-C, fugar, the moll delicate fruits cipecially oranges, Icmoni, and pomep/anates ; together with corn, honey, and wax: it abounds alio with boars and other wild hearts, and with all forts of fowls, beadci numerous groves of cedar trees, and thofe that yield dragons blood, jn;)Uic, jhkY otiter gums. The inhabitants of this ifle make the bell fwect-me:i.ts in ihe world, and fucceed wonderfully in prcfcrving citroni and rr''nj.;cs, and in making marmalade and perfumed paftes, which ex- ceed thole of Genoa. The fugar they make is extremely beautiful, and fmells i.arurally of violets. This indeed is faid to be the f.rft place in the welt, where tliat manufafture was fet on foot, and from thence was carried to the Brazils in America. The Fortuguefc not finding it fo pro- fitable as at firft, have pulled up the grcatcll part of their fugar canes, and planted vineyards in their Head, which produce feveral forts of ex- cellent wine, particularly that which bears the name of the ifland, malm- ley, and tent ; of all which the inhabitants make and fell prodigious C|uantities. No lefs than twenty thoafand hogrtieads of Madeira, it is faid, arc yearly exported, the created part to the Weft Indies, efpccially to Barbadocs, the Madeira wine not only enduring a hot climate better than any oiher, but even being improved when expofed to the fun in barrels after the bung is taken out. It is faid no venomous animal caa live here. Of the two other iflands, one is called P(;rt Santo, which lies at a fmull diftancc from Madeira, is about eight miles in eompaf?, and extremely fertile. It has very good harbours, whcie rtiips may ride with fafety againll all winds, except the I'outh-wcrt ; and is frequented by Indiamen outward and homeward bound. The other ifland is an inconfldcrable barren rock. Azores. Leaving the Madeiras, with which wc clofe the account of Africa, we continue our courfe wcftw.".rd through this imntenfe ocean, which brings us to the Azores, or, as they are called, the Wcilern Iflands, which are fituated between 25 and 32 deg. well Ion. and be- tween 37 and 40 north lat. nine hundred miles welt of Portugjil, and as many call of Newfoundland, lying almoft in the mid-way between Ku- rope and America, ihey are nine in number, and are named Sinta Klaria, St. Miguel or St. lyiichael, Tercera, St. George, Gratiola, Fayal, Pico, Mores, and Corvo. They were difcovcred by the Per t'l^'uelc, to whom they ftill belong, and wcrj called in gcn.ral the Azores, from the great number of hawks and falcons found among ihcm. AH thcje illaiidh enjcy a very clear and fcrenc (ky, with a falubiious air; but are expoled to violent earthquakes, from \vliich thoy have ftequcntly iufl'cicd J and alio by the inundauoub of fmrounding v.avcs. They are, however, AMERICA. 541 jiowcver, cxtrciiiely fertile in com, wine, and a variety of fruit, al(a lattlf, fowl, and fifli. It is remarkable that no poifonous or noxious animal brecls on the I Azores, and if carried thither will expire in a few hours. St. Michael, which is the largell, being near a hundred miles in cir- humference, and containing fifty thouf.ind ir habitants, was twice in- jiadcd and plundered by tnc Englilh in ti.e reign of ijucen Elizabeth, jrerccra is the moll important of thef^* iflands, on account of its harbour, Lhich is fpacious, "ind has good anchorage, but is expofcd to the fouth- jeall winds. Its capital town, Angra, contains a cathedral and five Ichiirches, and is the refidcnce of the governor of thcfe illands, as well as |lhc bifliop. AMERICA. 1 17 E are now to treat of a country of vaft extent and fertility, and VV which, tho' little cultivated by the hand of art, owes in many tfpecls more to that of nature than any other divifion of the globe. The particular circumftances of this country require that we (hould in fome mcafure vary our plan, and, before dcfcribing irs prefcnt ftate, afF;»rd fuch information with regard to its difcovcry, as is moll neceTary for fa- tiifying our reaicrs. Towards the clofe of the fourteenth century, Venice ani Genoa were the only powers in Europe who cwei their fupport to commerce. Aa iiitori'erence of interells infpired a mutual rivallhip ; but in tratfic Venice was PMch fupcrior. She engrofll'd the whole commerce of India, then, nnd inilced alv/ays the moft valuable in the world, but hitherto intirely carried on throup,h the inland parts of Afia, or by the way of Egypt and the Red Sea. In this ftate of affair;, Columbus, a native of Genoa, whofe knowledge of the true figure of the earth, however attained, was much fupcrior to the general notions of the age in which he lived, con- ceived a projfd of failing to the Indies by a bold and unknown rout, jind of opening to his country a new fource of opulence and power. But tliis propofal of failing weftward to the Indies was rejected by the C»e- Bocfe as chimerical, and the principles on which it was founded were ccndcmneJ as abfuid. Stung with difappointmcnt and indignation, Columbus retired from his country, laid his fchemc before the court of Kran*.c, where his reception was llill more mortifying, and where, ac- cording to the practice of that people, he was laughed at and ridiculed. Henry VI [. of England was his nextreurt; but the cautious politics of that prince were tlie moll oppofitc imaginable to a great but unrcrtaia defigp. in Portugal, where the fpirlt of adventure and difcovery about thii time began to operate, he had rcafon to cxpeft better liicccls. But ihc Portugucfe contented tliemfelves with creeping along the coall of Africa, and difcovering one cape after another; they had no notion of viTituring at once into the open fca, and of rilking the whole at once. ji'.i'.h repeated difappointments would have broken the fpirit of any man but Columbus. The expedition required expence, and he had nothing to liefr-iy it. His mind, however, ftill remained firm ; he became the more cuamourcd ot iiit, defign tiie more difficulty he found in accompliihiiig it, au4 '54i AMERICA: and he was infplrcd with that noble cnthuriafm which always animate) an advcntrous -uid original genius. Spain was now his only R-rourci', and there, after eight voars attendance, he fuccccded tliroiigh the inu-rclt of a woman. This was the celebrated queen Ifabclla, who railed moncr upon her jewels to defray the expence of his cxpL-dition and to do honoi;: to her fcx. Columbus now fct fail, anno 1492, with a fleet of three Ihips, upon the mod adventrous aitemot ever undertaken by man, ani in the fate of which the inhabitants of two worlds were interciled. In this voyage he had a thoufand difficulties to contend with ; the moll ftriking was the variation of the compafs, then firll obferved, and which fcemed to threaten that the laws of nature were altered on an unknown ocean, and the only guide he had left was ready to forfake him. His failors, always difcontented, now broke out into open mutiny, thn-at- cning to throw him overboard, and infilled on their return. But ths firninefs of tlie commander, and much more the difcuvi'ry of land, after a voyage of thirty-three days, put an end to tlie commotion. Columbus firll landed on one of the Bahama iflands, but there, to his furprize and forrow, difcovcred, from the poverty of the inhabitants, that thtfe could not be the Indies he was in queft of. In llocrinf^ fouthward, how- ever, he found the Uland called Hifpaniola, abounding in all the nccef- faries of life, inhabited by a humane and hofpitable people, and what was of ftill greater confcqucnce, as. it infurcd his favourable reception at home, promifmg, from fome famples he received, confiderable quan- tities of gold. This illand therefore he propofed to make the centre of his difcoveries: and having left upon it a few of his companions, as tho ground-work of a colony, returned to Spain to procure the neceflary reinforcements. The court was then at Barcelona ; Columbus travelled thither from Seville, amidll the act! nnations of the people, attended by feme of the inhabitants, the gold, the arms, utenfds, and ornaments of the country he had difcovcred. This entry into Barcelona was a fpccie? of triumph more glorious than tiiat of conquerors, more uncommon, and more inno- cent. In this voyage he had acquired a general knowledge of all the idands in that great fea which divides north and fouth America; but he had no idea that there was an ocean between him and China. Thus were the Weft-Indies difcovcred by feeking a paffagc to the Kaft; and even after the dilcovery, llill conceived to be a part of the euilern hemif- phere. The prt-fcnt fuccefs of Columbus, his former difappointmenls, and the glory attending fo une.\pe£led a difcovery, rendered the Ci)urt of Spain as eager to forward his deiigns now, as it had been dilatory before. A fleet of feventecn fiil was immediately prepared; all the necefiuiies for conqueil or difcovery were embarked; and fifteen hi.ndred men, among whom were federal of high rank and fortune, prepared io accom« pany Columbus, now appointed governor with the ir.oit ample authority. It i:; impoHible to determine whether the genius of this grea: man i 1 nrll conceivin^j the idea of thcfe difcoveries, or his fagacity in the execution of the plan lie had conceived, moit dcferve our adr.iiiation. Initead of hurrying from Ua to fea, and from one illand la anotlier, wliich, c^n- fidering the ordinary motives to artion among manlcind, was naurr.lly to be expcilcd, Columbus, with fuch a held before him, unable to ti;v« on either hand without finding new objcds qf his curiofity and his pri orca: man i i lirll itv in the execution i ration. Initcad of <)ther, wliich, c^n- :ind, was nau rally \im, unable to tuHi i-.!lity and his prioll experienced ofiicers. Montezuma pleaded innocence, in which Cortez ieemed extremely ready to believe him, thouj^ii . '. the fame time be alleged that the Spaniards in general would never be perfuaded ot it N n unlefs *'i 54^ A M E R I C A. unlcfs he returned along with them to their rcfulcnce, which would f?. move all jealnufy between the two nations. The Ibccefs of this intcrvinvi fliewed the fuperiority of the Kuropcan :uldrc'l;i. A powerful monnrchj in the middle of his own palace, and kirroiindcd by his guards, ik,^A hinjfelf up a prifoner, to be difpofed of according to the iiKlination'ijfal few gentlemen who came to demand him. Cortc/, had now got into|.iJ hands an engine by which every thing might be accomplilhcd. '1 ;e[ /imericans had the highelt rcfpciil, or rather a fuperlHtious veneration tor] their emperor. Cortez therefore, by keeping him in his power, allow, ing him to enjny every mark of royalty but his freedom, and at the fain:! time, from a thorough knowledge of his charaiJler, being able to flntti:! all his talles and paflions, maintained the eafy fovereignty of Mexico, bl governing its prince. Did ihc Mexicans, grown familiar with the SpaJ iiiards, begin to abate of their rcfpeft ? Montezuma was the firll to tinchl them more politenefs. Was there a tumult, excited through the cni-jltvl or avarice of tlie Spaniard-. ? Montezuma afcended the battlements nfl l\is priloii, and harangued his Mexicans into order and fubmiflion. Thisj farce coniinu(.d a long while : but on one of thefe occafions, when Mon-I te/nma was flunnefully difgracing his character by julHfying the encmicsl of his country, a Hone, from an unknown hand, Ihuck him on the) temple, which in a few days occafioned his death. The Mexicans, nowj delivered from this emperor, who co-operated fo ftrongly with the Spa iiiards, clcifl a new prince, the famous Gatimozin, who from the begin- 1 ring difcovcred an implacable animofity againft the Spanilh name. Under | his conduft the unhappy Mexicans rulhed againft thofe very men, whom a little before they had offered toworlhip. The Spaniards, however, bv the dexterous management of Cortez, were too rirmly eitablilhed to bj cupelled from Mexico. The inimenfe tribute which the grandees ot tbii i country had agreed to pay to the crown of Spain, amounted to fix hun- dred ihoufand marks of pure gold, befides an amazing quantity of prc-j cious itones, a fifth part of which was diflributed among the foldiersj ftimulated their avarice and their courage, and made them v.illing to| perifh rather than part with fo precious a booty. The Mexicans, how- ever, made no fmall efforts for independence ; but all their valour, amil dcfpair itfelf, gave way before what they called the Spanilh thundcr.f Gatimozin and the cmprefs weie taken prifoners. This was the prince! •,vho, when he lay ftretched on burning coals, by order of one of tliel receivers of the king of Spain's exchequer, who inflided the torture tol make him difcovcr into what part of the lake he had thrown his richcsF faid to his high prieft, condemned to the fame puniftiment, and makinjj hideous cries, " Do you tal;e me to lay on a bed of rofes ?" The high| priell remained filent, and died in an .id of obedience to bis fovereigii. Cortez, by getting a fecond emptror into his hands, made a coinplctel conqueft of Mexico ; with which the Caftille D'Or, Daricn, and othcr| provinces, fell into the hands of the Spaniards. While Cortez, and his foldiers, were employed in reducing Mexico,! they got intelligence of another great empire, iituated towards the eqiii-f not^tial line, and the tropic of Capr'.c* rn, which was fiud to abound inj jrold and filvcr, and precious ftones, and to be governed by a prince morel magnificent than Montezuma. This .vas the empire of Peru, whichl extended in length near thirty degrees, and was the only other coiint;y| in America, which deferved the name of a civilized kingdom. Whctliel jt liappened, that the Spanifh government hud not recei\'cd certain in- ttlligciicJ AMERICA. 54? ^cliipciice concerning Peru, or that, being engaged in a multiplicity of iacr concerns, they did not chufc to adventure on new cnterprizes ; c::rain it is, that thi.< cxtcnlivc country, more important than Mexico ■jllf, was reJiiceil by the endeavours, and at the cxpencc, of three pri- i;te pcrion^. 'I'lie names of ihefe were, Francii Tizarro, Almagro, .ui Lucqucs, a prieft, and a man of confiderablc fortune. The two ;rir.cr were natives of Panama, men of doubtful birth, and of low edu- itioii. l*izairo, the foul of the enteipri/e, could neither read nor »ritc. They tailed over into Spain, and vvithout dilficulty, obtained a [jrant of wh;;t they ihould conquer. Pizarro then fet out for the con- \id of Peru, with two hundred and fifty foot, fixty horfe, and twelv* llmall pit'ces of cannon, drawn by iLu e^i from the conquered countries. Ifwc refleifl that the Peruvians naturally entertained the fame prejudices ^kith the Mexicans, in favour of the Spanilh nation, and were befide, of acharuder IHII more foft and unwarlike, it need not furprize us, after that has been faid of the conquefl: of Mexico, that with this inconfider- kbk force, Pizarro fliould make a deep impreiTion on the Peruvian em- pire. Tiiere were particular circumftances likcwife which confpired to afill him, and which, as they difcover fnnewh.it of the hillory, religion, ud Hate of the human mind in this immcnfc continent, it may not be iiipropcr to relate. Mango Capac was the founder of the Peruvian empire. He was ine of thofa uncommon men who, calm and difpafTionatc thcmfelvcs, an obfervc the paffions of their fellow creatures, and turn them to heir own profit or glory. He obfervcd that the people of Peru ,vere naturally fuperftitious, and had a particular veneration for the fun. He pretended therefore to be dcfcended from that luminary, whofj wor- (hip he was fent to eftablifli, and whofeauthority he was entitled to bear. By this llory, romantic as it appears, he eafily deceived a credulous peo- ple, and brought a large extent of territory under his jurifdiftion ; a hrgcr he ftill fubdued by his arms; but both the force, and the deceit, he (itiployed for the moft laudable purpofes. He united and civilized the diilreflbd and barbarous people ; ha bent them to laws and arts ; he foften- fdthem by the inftitutions of a benevolent religion ; in fliort, there was no part of America, where agriculture and the arts were Ai afliduoufly cultivated, and where the people were of fo mild and ingenuous man- ners. A race of princes lucceedcd Mango, dillinguiflied by the title of Vrcas, and revered by the people as defcendents of their great God the oun. The twelfth of thcfe was now on the throne, and named Ataba- Jipa. His father, Guaiana Ca^.aC, had conquered the province of Quito, which now makes a part of Spanifh Peru. To fccurc himfelf in the pof- fclTion, he had married the daughter of the natural prinr - of that country, and of this marriage was fprung Atabalipa. His elder brother named Huefcar, of a different mother, had claimed the fucceflion to the whole of his- father's dominions, not excepting Quito, which devolved on the younger by a double councclion. A civil war had been kindled on this account, which after various turns of fortune, and greatly weakening the kingdom, ended in favour of Atabalipa, who detained Huefcar, .is a prifouer, in the tower of Cufco, the capital of the Peruvian empire. In this feeble, and disjointed Hate, was the kingdom of Peru, when Pizarro .T.ade his arrival. The ominoun pTediclions of religion too, as in moft other cafes, joined their force to human calamities. Prophecies were recorded, dreams were rccollc6lcd, which foretold the fubjedion of the tnipire, by unknown pcifonj, whnfc dcfi.ripilon exa«^Iy correfpouded to N n 2 {^ I't ►;iK J >i SU 548 AMERICA; the appearance rf the Sp.iMJard'. In thcfc circumftances AtabnlJpa, in, ttca.i of oppofing the Spaniards, fct himfelf to procure their favour. Piaarro, however, whofc ttmncr partook of the meannefs of his educa- tion, huA no conception of dealing gently with thofc he called Barba- rians, hut who, however, though lefs acquainted with the cruel art o deftroying their fellow c * . wfc more civilized than himfelf. While he was engaged in c >ii ^ oe thtif^rfrre with Atabalipa, his men, as they had been prcvioufly imi: acted, Isrioafly attacked the guards of that prince, and having butcher*d five thoufand of them, as they were prtf. iing forward, without regard to their particular fafety, to defend the ihcred perfon of their monarch, i'eized Atabalipa himfelf, whom they cat- ricd off to the Spanifli quarters. Pizarro, with the fovereign in hii hands, might already be deemed the mailer of Peru ; for the inhabi- tants cf this country were as ftrongly attached to their emperor, as the Mexicans ihemfclvcs. Atabalipa was not long in their hands before he began to treat of his ranfom. On this occafton the antient ornaments, amafll'd by a long line of magnificent kings, the hallowed ticafures cf the moll magnificent temples, were brought out to fave him, who was tlic fupport of the kingdom, and of the religion. While Pirarro was en- gaged in this negotiation, by which he propofed, without releafing the emperor, to get into his poftelGon an immenfe quantity of his beloved gold, the arrival of Almagra caufed fome embarraffment in his affairs. The friendihip, or rather the external (hew of friendftiip between thefc men, was folcly founded on the principle of avarice, and a bold enter- prizing fpirit, to which nothing appeared too dangerous, that might gra- tify their ruling paflion. When their interells therefore happened to interfere, it was not to be thought that any meafures could be kept be- tween them. Pi/arro cxpefted to enjoy the mod confiderable Ihare of the treafure, arifing from the emperor's ranfom, becaufe he had the thief hand in acquiring it. Almagra infilled on being upon an equal footing; and at length, leu the common caufe might fuifer by any rupture between them, this difpofition was agreed to. The ranfom is paid in without delay, a fum exceedin?; their conception, but not capable to gratify their avarice. It excucdtd 1,500,000!. fterling, and confidering the value of money at that time, was prodiKious : on the dividend, after deducing a fifth for the king of Spain, and the ihares of the chief commanders and officers, each private foldier had above 2000 1. Englifh money. With fuch fortunes it was not to be expelled that a mercenary army would incline to be fub- jcdted to the rigours of military difcipline. They infilled on being diibandcd, that they might enjoy the fruits of their labour in quiet. Pi- zarro complied with this demand, fenfible that avarice would Hill detain a number in his army, and that thofe who returned with fuch magni- ficent fortunes, would induce new adventurers to purfue the fame plan for acquiring gold. Thcil* wife refleftions were abundantly verified ; it was impolTibTe to fend out letter recruiting officers, than thofe who had thcmfclves fo much profited by the field ; new foldiers conftantly arrived, and the American armies never wanted reinforcements. This immenfe ranfom was only a farther reafon for detaining Atabalipa in confinement, until they difcovered wirether he had another treafure to gr:itify their avarice. But whether they believed he had no more to give, and were unwilling to employ their troops in guarding a prince, from whom they expcfted no farther advantage, or that Pizarro nad conceived an averfion agaiufl the Peruvian (;mpcror, on account of ome inilances of craft and a policy, AMERICA. 549 policy, wliiclt he ohforvcd in Ms character, and which he conceived flight prove daiigeroun to his affair.-;, it '\-< ct'rtain, that by his command AtalKilip:i was put to death. To juftity this ciuel procetdin-;, a Iham kli.ir:;e wa.. exhibited a'^aioft the u:ihr.jv>.' prince, in which he vva.s ac- cuffd of idolatry, of having many concubines, and otiior circumll:inces of equal impertinence. The only ju'l g.ounl of .-. c'lraliun ap^ainil him |iv,p, that hi.s brother Miufcar h nl been put to death by his cciumanJ, iiiJ even thi.-. was comidfrably palliated, becaufe Hacfcar had been [plotting his dellrudion, th;it he mij^ht eilablilh himfelt on the throne. L'pon the death of the Vnca, a number of canilidntes appcnrcd for the throne. The principal nobility fjt up the full bruiher of Muefcnr ; Pi- zarro fct up a Ion of At.ibalipa, atid two generals of the Peruvians tn- (jeavoured lo eUablifh thcmfelves by the alli;lance of the army. Thcfe diftraCtions, which i.i another empire would have been extre.-nely burtful, ind even here at another time, were at pr.iil.'iit rather adv- intagcou.s to tlie Peruvian affairs. The candidates fought againff one an'^her, their bat- tles accuftomed the harmlefs people to blood, andfi'.ch is the pr.fcrence of a fpirit of any k im1 raifed ia a n.-^ti )n to a total l.thnrjy, tlr.it in the courfe of ihofe quarrel', anionr^ thcmielves the inhabitants of I'cru af- umed fomc courage at;ainll: rh ; Spaniards, whom they reirardotl as the altiniate caufe of all ttieir cal unities. The lofles which the Spaniards met with in thefe quarrels, thuigh inconaJcrablc in theinljlv •>, were rendered ilangerous, by leffening tne opinion of their iiivincibility, which they were careful to prefjrve anv'-.'^ ^h? inhabitants of the new world. This coafideration engaj^eJ Ti-.u.: - .;< •■>nclude a truce; and tliis inter- val he employed in layinj^ the i- .': , ns of the famous eity Lima, r.nd in fettling the Si\:niarJ-) :n the couUiry. But as foon as a favourable opportunity oi^zrsd, he renewed liie war agai.i'!' tiie Inuians, and after many difficulties made himfclf niaucr of Cufco, the cnpital of tlie em- pire. While he was cngnjed in tlu-fe c.-i.iquetb, new grants and fup- plies arriviAl from Spair. i'"j:crfo (.i taiiied tw.) hundit J le.'.gU(-•^ along the fca-coall, to the iOul'.\.'ari of whui ]vi-\ Leen before gratjtsd, ana Almaera two hundred leagues to the foiuhsvird «.f Pi:'.a:ro'j govenimcnr. This divifton occafioned a wavrii d'fjjute b;uveen them, e en reckoning Cufco within ius own diftrict. Kut the dexterity ef Pizarro brought about a reconaharion. He perf^aueJ his rival, that the country ..iiich really belonged t,. him, lay to the Ibuthward of Cuico, and thut it was no way inferior in ri'oi'.is, and might be as cafily coaquc"t:d as i'^ru. He offered him his afil 'ranee in the expedition, tlwf fuccefs oj which lie did notevpn call in queilion. Almagra, that he might have the honour of fubduing n kingdom for himfelf, liitened to hi:: advice, and jr'"'-.lug as many of Pizarro s trorps to his own, as he judged n-eeffi./, penei.ated wich ci";«: canger and difficulty into Chili ; loiing many of his men as he palled over moun- tains of an immenle height, and always covered wii-h In'v.v. Hc^ re;' .iced however a very conliuerablc pu-t of this country. Tui ih'?. l'cnivi.'.Ls were now become too much acqu inted with war, not to take advantage of the divifion of ihe Spaniih uoops. 1 hey made an effS.. - - regain- ing their capital, in which Piiurro bviug i-idifpof-d, and .'\l'.n.igro re- moved at a great diftance, they were v/ell nigii fuc.i;!. ,ai. ).'ne letter, however, no fooncr got noiice of the fiege of Cuiiio, tiKii, relin- quilhing all views of diftant conqueffs, he returned, to fecuro the jraod objeit of thei/ former labours, lie raifed the fiege with ii.iimc N n 3 ili .^.uer 55* A M K R I C A. (laughter of the aiuJt.T^Ls ; but having obtained poflKTion of thU c'tv, he was unwilling to give it up to I'i/arro. who now appmach.J. v.'itli an arniy, and knew of no other enemy but thf* Pcruvi.m:;. 'i'l\ii di|j>u'f occafioned a lonj; and bloody llrugglc between them, in wliich the lurr.* of fortune were vari.nr., and the rcientment Hcrce on hoih fiJ.r., bicaifc the fate of the vanqiiKlicd was certain dc.Mi. This wr.s the lot of A!- magro, who, in an advanced age, fell a vidtim to the feriirlty of a riva!, jn whofe dangers and triumphs lie had I'1 took a very remarkable refolution. They faw the ferocity of the Iva- lopcans, tiieir inextinguilhablc refentmcnt ::nd avarice, and they con- jfrtureJ tiiat thefc paiTions would never permit their cnnteOs to fuhiulc. Let us retire, faid tiiey, from among them, let us ily to our mountains ; they will fpeedily dcflroy one another, and then wc may return in piv.c;: to our former habitations. This refolution was inftantly put in pradicc; the Peruvians difperfed, and left the ^^paniards in their capiial. I hit the fo;ce on each fide been exaitly equal, this fingular policy of the natives of Peru, might have been attended with fucccfs. IJut the viiftory of Pizarro put an end to Alma;;ro's life, and the hopes of the Peruvijns, who have never iince ventured to make head againll the Spaniards. Pizarro, now fo!e mailer of tlie field, and of the richell empire in the world, v/as ftill urged on by his ambition, to undertake new entcrpii/.cs. The fouthern countries of Amcric.i, into which he had fomc time before difpatched Almagro, offered the richcil conqucll. Towards this r|ii.".iicr the mountain of Potofi, compof dof entire filver, had been difcovaed, the Ihell of which only remains at prcfent. lie therefore followed the traft of Almagro inta Chili, and reduced anoth.cr part of that country. Orellana, one of his commanders, pafi'ed the Andes, and failed down to tlie mouth of the river of Amazons: an immcnfc navigation, which dilVa- vercd a rich and delightful country, but as it is mollly flat, and thcrcf")rc not abounding in minerals, the Spaniards then, and ever fjnce, ni'jjlcfled it. Pizarro meeting with repeated fuccefs, and having no fupcrior to r ^ntroul, nor rival to keep him within bounds, now g.ivc loofe reins lo the natural ferocity of his temper, and behaved v/ith the bafell tyranny and cruelty, againil all who had not concurred in his dcfigns. T'm conduct raifed a confpirr.cy agai'ift him, to which he fell a facrilice in his own pahicc, and jn the city of Lima, which he himfelf had founded. The partifans of old Almagro, declared his fon of the fame name their viceroy. Kat the greater part of the nation, though extremely well h- tisfied with the fate of Pizarro, did not concur with this declaration. They waited the orders of Charles V. then king of Spain, who fcnt over A'-ica cli Caltro to be their governor. This man, by his integrity and wilJom, was admirably well fitted to heal the wounds of the colony, and to place every thing on the mod advantJigeous footing, both for it and for the mother fconntry. By his prudent management the mines of la Plata and Potofi, which were formerly a matter of private plunder, became an ob- jefl of public utility to the court of Spain. The parties were filenccd or crulh'cd ; young Almagro, who would hearken to no terms of accom- modation, was put to .'^eath ; and a tranquillity, fince the arrival of .! • Spaniards unknown, was rcllored to Peru. It feems, however, t.Kif ?j ■ Callio AMERICA. 55 1 CaiIm h.iJ nf>th?pn ruHicicntly "ii!!.-!, in gaining the favour of the SpanilH rinillry,' by propiT briber > r ppMnilivs which ;i minillry wduU iilA.iyi |rp2vl from the jfovcrnor of Ui ri«:!i a country. By thrir advijc a council .IS il'nt liver to contioul ilo L' utio, .inJ the r ilniy was a^^lin unl'ctilcd, :'hc parties b.;t juit cxiinj:;uifhcd, bec;aii to l)lazc anew, ami (jon.'.alo, |:hc ("'mthcr of tiic fimous I'i/arro, fc? himll'lf at thf lii'.itl of hi') br-nlu-r'n iMrtitHnH, \sitii v,'i\rtn» tnauy nevv inalv-coiiti-nts had united. It was u nv lioIi'n;»er n difpute betucon governors about tlic bou.uN of their jiir»('- |iliif\i«'n. (ion/.alo I'i/arro only paid a nominal fuhniilHon to the IkiniT. Mc Urcntuheiud daily, and even went fo f.ir as to behead a u.is fciit (;ver to curl) liim. lie gnincd the confidence oi the admiral of the Spanifli fleet iit the South Seas, by whofc nuani Ih: pr.'p')f.;d n hinder tiu- landing of any troop; fr.)in Spain, and he hai i\w\'. of uniting the inhabitanr , of Mexico in his revolt. Siich was the litu;;tioii ofallairs, when the court of Spain, fenfible of their siillai^e in nntfendiiig into America, men whofecharaclcr and virtee only, •:\i not importunity and cabal, pleaded in th:'ir behalf, dif^.i^icd with I'lliniitcd powers, I'etcrde la C/ai'ga, a man diriVring only from C. ro, by .ving d a more mild and infmuatinp; beijavionr, but with th • fa ne love jfjullic'.', the fime greatnef^ of foul, and tlie fame difin:e.ellci' Ipirit. \11 tiiofe who had not joined in Pizarro's revolt, Hoc ;.c.l uii \cr his ,'}.in.l:iid ; many >f i Is friend;, ch.irmed with the b.'h.tvionr of • i if^'^a, firbolc their old connexions : the admir.tl v/.ts gained over by infiiiuatioii t) r:'turn / his duty ; and Pi/arro himfelf wa^ oflVr -d a full indemnity, jiiovi'led he Ihould return to the allegiance of the Sp.'.niih cr(»wij. But lo intoxicating arc the ideas of royalty, that Pizarro was inclin>'d to run every ha/.;'.ri!, rather than fubmit to an olH;c;' of Spain. Wi^h thofe of I.!', partii'ans therefore, who Itill rontinned to adhere to his interell, he lictcnnined to venture a battle, in wliicii he was coni|uered and tal;'n frihncr. His e-iecution fillowed foon aftei- ; anJ_ thus ihc bi 'thvr of him, who conquered Peru for the crown of Spain, fell .•; facrifice to the kcuiity of the Spanilh dopiinion over tiiat: country. The conqucil of the great empires of Mexico and Porn, is the only p.Tt of ih'..- American hu'tvry, which dcfcrves to be tic;ited under thij p.clent head. What relates to tlie reuuv^lion of the other parts of tha cntincnt, or of t;»e iilands, if it contains either inllruction or enter- t.iinnvjnt, flial! be h:iiulled under thefe particular c :)untries. We now proceed to treat of the mannvrs, government, r-li:',ion, and whatever compofes the character cf the nativi's of America ; and as thefe are ex- tre;n"!y fimilar all ov.\- this part of ih- gicbe, we fli.di fpeak of them ii\ '^'.•'V^r.d, in ord'-i- to f.ve f.ODrinual rep.utions, noticing at the fune time, wli-.n we enter up.)n the d.fcrip'ion oi' the particular countiies, whatevei' is peculiar "»' rcr.jarkaLic Ju th» inhabitanis pf each. On t!ic original Inhabitants of America. THE difcovcry of America has not only opened a n-.'w Ourcc of wealth to t!ie bufy ;.ad commercial pare of Kuropu', hue ..n exten- iwx ilelj of fpcculation tc. the philofopher, who would trac,; tne char.ictev wt man undcf various degrees of reiinement, and oi)ferve the movements t'llhe human heart, or the operations of the human undorihmdiivg, when untiitired by fcienee, and untainted with corruption. So Ihiktng fesmecl the difpafity between the iahabitint:; of Lar.)pa, and tiie ,\',tives ni IS n I Amcrie.i, AMERICA. America, that Tome fpeculativc men have I'entured to affirm, that It is] jinpoilible they fhoiild be: of the fume fpecie :, cr derived from one com- mon fouicc Tliis conclufion however is extremely ili ToLndcd. The I charade, i of mankind may be innnitely varied r.ccording t) the different degrees of improvement at which they arc arrived, the m^nj.cr i . v hich they aconi-.-j the neceflarj'*s of life, the force of ci'.'lori an^l hahic, and a multiplicity of ether circumftances too par^flrr to be mentioned, and loo vr.rious to be reduced under any gtuefal l'.?ad. But t^c «jrcut outlir.ej of humanity are to be difcovercd among them sli, not-.vithitand. ing the various (hades which characlerile nations, an*^ di liiiguifii then from ( ;irh other. Wh iv'; thirft of gold carried the inhabitant; - f Europe beyond tJiel Atlnii'iic, th-y fourd the inhabitants of the new world imnicrfcci iu what! they reckont'J baibaiity, but which however was a ftnti- "f honell in- dependence, and noble firnplicity. Except the ii.habit.nts of the great en:pircs of Peru and Mexico, who, comparatively fpeaking, were re- iintd nations, the natives of America were unacquainted with almoll pvciy European art ; even agriculture itfelf, the moft ufeful of them all, wj'.b hardly known, or cultivated vciy fparingly. The only method on uhich they depended for rtcquiring the necefiaries of life, was by hunt- ing the wild animals, which their mcur.tains and forells fupplicd in great abundance. This exercife, which among them is a mcft ferious occu- pation, gives a ftrength and agility to their limbs, unknown r.mong other nations. The fame caufe perhaps renders their bodies in general, where the rays of the fun are not too violent, uncommonly ftreight and well proportioned. Their niufcles are firm and ftrong ; their bodies and heads flattifli, which is the effect of art; their features are regular, but their countenances fierce, their hair long, black, lank, and as ftrong as that of a horfe. The colour of their fkin, is a rcddilli brown, admired among them, anxl heightened by the conftant ufe of bear's fat and paint. The charader of the Indians is altogether founded upon their circumftances and way of life. A ptople v.hu are conP.antiy em- pJoycd in procuring the means of a precarious fubfiftcnce, who live by hunting the wild animals, and who are continually engaged in war with their neighbours, cannot be (iippofed to enjoy much gaiety of temper, or a high flow of fnirits. The Indians therefore arc in general grave even to fadnefs ; they have nothing of that giddy vivacity peculiar to fome nations of Europe, and they defpife it. Their behaviour to thofe about them is regular, modeft, and re(pc61ful. Ignorant of'ihe arts of amufe- pcnt, of which that of faying trifles agreeably is one of the moft con- iiderable, they never fpcak but when they have fcmcthing important to obferve, and all their actions, words, and even looks, arc attended with fome meaning. This is extremely natund to men who are almoft continually engaged in purfuits, which to them are of the higheft im- portance. Their fubfiftence depends entirely on what they procure with their hands, and their lives, thcii honour, an.^ every thing dear to them, may be lofl by the fmalicft inattention to the dcfigns of their enemies. As they have no particular objeft to attach them to one place rather than another, they fly wherever they expeft to find the necefl'aries of life in greateft abundance. Cities, which are the efFeds of agriculture and arts, they have none. The different tribes or nations arc for the fame rcafon extremely fmall, wiien compared with civilifed focieties, in which induflry, arts, agriculture, and commerce, luaye united a vaft . * ' /^ numbef d to affirm, that h isj erived from one com- ;!y ?li ioi.ndcd. The] ordiflg t ) the diifcrent the ruriT.cr i . \ hich 'Pior.i an.l habit, and 'Inr to be mentioned, l'.?a(l. But t^c grey icrii all, nof-,>ithltand. an*^ di'liiiguilli then f Europe beyond the jrld imnierfcd in what j a (Intc "f hfjiieli in- liabit.iifs of the great ly fpcaking, were re- quaintcd with almoU oft ufeful of them all, The only method on of life, was by hunt- >reils fupplicd in great a n\ci\ ferious occu- bs, urknown r.niong eir bodies in general, onimonly ftreight and (Irong ; their bodies ■ features are regular, )Iack, iunk, and as , is u rcddiih brown, :ant ufe of bear's fat jether founded upon V are conHantly em- iftcnce, who live by engaged in war with gaiety of temper, or gf ncral grave eveti ity peculiar to feme viour to thofe about f'the arts of amufe- ne of the mod con- :nr£Cthing important ooks, arc attended itn who are almoft of the highcft im- t they procure with hing dear to them, s of their enemies, ojie place rather the neceflaries of "eds of agriculture ations arc for the ilifed focleties, in vc united a vaft numbef AMERICA. 553 number of individuals, whom a complicated luxury renders ufeful to one another. Thefe fmall tribes live at an immenfc uift.inc'j ; th'.:y are fepa- ratcd by a dcfart frontier, and hid ia the bofo/i of impenetrable and al- mort boundlefs forerts. There is efiablilhed in t"vh focicty a ccriain fp:- cies of government, which o\er thj whole continent of America prevails with exceeding little variation ; bccaufc ever the whole of this continent the manners and way of life are nearly fimiiar and uniform. Without tarts, riches, or luxury, the great inUrumeii^- cf fuhjcdiion in p(/lii;,cd focieties, an American has no method by which he can render ii .nfclf confiderable among his companions, but by a fuperiority n- pcrlo-..!! qari. liues of body or mind. But as nature has not been very b.\ ' >. in ht;r pcrfonal difdnftions, where all enjoy the fauie education, all are prctt/ much equal, and will defire to remain fo. Liberty therefore is the r,rc- vailing paflion of the Americans, and their government, under the in- tiaence of this fentiment, is better fee u red than by the wifcft politic, il regulations. They are very far however from dcfpifjngall fort of iiiulio-itv' ; they are attentive to the voice of wifdom, 'vhich experience has con- ferred on the aged, and they enlift under the banners of the chief, in vhofe valour and military addrefs they have learned to repofe their con- idence. In every fociety therefore there is to be confidcred llie prnvcr of :he chief and of the elders ; and according as the government inclines more to the one or to the other, it may he regarded as nionarchicnl, or as a fpecies of arilloc/acy. Among thofe tribco, which arc moil cn- jged in war, the power of the chief is naturally predominant, becaufe jThe idea of having a military leader, was the firli fource of his fuperio- rity, and the continual exigencies of the Hate requiring fuch a leader, will continue to fupport anu even to enhance i:. His power hov. ever is rather perfuafive than coercive; he is reverenced as a father, rather than feared as a monarch. He has no guards, no prifons, no ofiicers of juf- tice, and one ad of ill judged violence would puU him from the throne. The elders, in the other form of government, which may be coniidered as an ariftocracy, have no more power. In fome tribes indeed ihere are a kind of hereditary nobility, whofe infiuence being confiantly augment- ed by time, is mere confiderable. But this fource of power, which de- pends chiefly on the imagination, by which we annex, to tl-e merit of our contemporaries, that of their fore- fathers is t<,o refined to be very common araong the natives of America. In moft cor Jes therefore, age alone is futlicient for acquiring relpedl, influence, ana authority. It is age, which teaches experience, and experience is the only foiin;e of knowledge among a barbarous people. Among thofe pcrfcns buf.ners 15 conduded with tiie utmort fimpiicity, and which may recal to thofe who aie acquainted with antiquity a pidureof the moft early arjcs. 1 he heads of families meet together in a huufe or cabin, appointed for the piiipofc. Here tiic bufmefs is diiculied, ar.d here thole of the nation aillinguiilicd for their eloquence or wifJom, have an opp^rtunit/ of dif- playine thole talents. Their orators, like thofe of Horner,' expiefs themfelves in a bold flgurativeftile, Itronger than refined, or rather loi ■.•?'_ cd nations can well bear, and with gelliircs equally violent, but often extremely natural and exprefliye, When the bufinefs is over, and they happen to co \/ell provided in food, they uppoint a feall on t:.^ octafion', ot which alraoft the whole nation partaken. The tf?A is accohi-;aijie4 with a fonj->;, in which the real, or fabulous e.vploit.s of their fore-fatiiers aje celebrated. They have dancvs j;uo, tho' like thoie vf the Gr^-ks ai.4 1 5i^4- AMERICA. and Roman?, chiefly of the military kind, and this mufic and danclii'' accompanies every fcart. Ic often happens, th.u thofc different tribes or nations, fcattered as the arc at an immcnfe diftancc from one another, meet in their cxcurfiorii after prey. If there fubfills no animofity between them, which felJoni i, the cafe, ihey behave in the moft friendly and courteous manner. But it" they happen to be in a Hate of war, or if there has been no previous inter- courfe between them, ail v.'ho are not friends, arc deemed enemies, tlicv fight with the moll favage fury. War, if we except hunting, is the only employment of the men ; as to every other conce/r., and even the little agriculture they enjoy, it is left to the women. Their moft common motive, for entering into war, when it does not arife from an accidental rencounter or interference, is either to re- venge thcr.ifelvcs for the death of fome loll friends, or to acquire pri- l(:»ners wlio may aflift them in their hunting, and whom they adopt into their focjcty. Thefe wars are either undertaken by fome private aJvcn- tiirers, or at the inllancc of the whole community. In the latter cafe ali the young jr.cn, who are difpofcd to j»o out to battle, for no one is compelled contrary to his inclination, give a bit of wood to the chie!, as a token of their defign to accompany him. For every thing amoni'- thcfe people is tranfaited with a gtcat deal oi" ceremony and many form. The chief, who is to conduct thetn, fafts fevcral days, during which h;; converfes with no one, and is particularly careful to obferve his cireams, which t.he prefumption natural to lavages, generally renders as favouiM- ble as he could dellre. A variety of other fuperftitions and ceremonies are obreivcd. One of the moll hideous is fetting the war kettle on the fire, as an cmblcin that they are going out to devour their enemies which among fome nations muft formerly have been the cafe, finte they ftill continue to exprefs it in clear terms, and ufe an emblem fignitic;int of the ancient I'fage. I'hen they difpatch a porcelain, or large Iheil to their allies, inviting them to come along, and drink the blood of their enemies. For with the Americans, as with the Greeks of old, *• A generous fricndfliip no cold medium knows, " But with one love, witli one refentment glows." They think that thofc in their alliance muft not only adopt their enmi- ties, but have their refentment wound up to the fame pitch with thcni- f;;lves. And indeed no people carry their friendftiips, or their relnu ment, fo far as they do; and this is what fhould be expefled from thei, i peculiar circumllances ; that principle in human nature, which is thj ipring of the foclal afteiKons, ails with fo much the greater force, th: r.iorc it is relhaincd. 'I'he Americans who live in fmall focieties, who fee few objeds and few perfons, become wonderfully attached to tliel'; objeiils and perlons, and cannot be deprived of them, withc! feeiiiiv; thcmfclvcs niill'iable. Their ideas are too canfnied, their bitUi.l are too narrow to entertain the fentiments of general benevolence, or evci ©f ordinary humanity. But this very circumltancc, while it makes them cruel and lavage to an incredible degree, towards thofc with whom they are at v/ar, adds a new force to their particular friondlhips, and to the common tie which unites the members of the fame tribe, c-,r of thoel ciiffercnt tribes which arc in alliance with one another. Without ;it-l tending to this refledion, fome fads we are going to rel ite, would exi cite our wonder without ir.farnjing our rqafon, and v;c lliould be b,| wil'ie'r.i| AMERICA. r r f iondlhips, and to the Jv'IdcrcJ in a number of particulars feemingly oppofite to one another, Ititlifuit bcinp; lenfihle ot* the general caufe from whicli they pnicccd. j Hnving finifhed all tlit; ceremonies previous to the war, they illue foitli Ivlth their faces blackened with charcoal, intermixed with llrcaks of Icrniili'jn, which give them a moll horrid anpcnrance. 'I'hcn they ex- Jchan;c their cl)acli3 with their friends, and dil'pi.k- of r.!l their fiiie'rv to Ihc women, who accompany them to a con^:.iC ratio di!h;nce to receive It'ioll' \:A t;il:ens of etarnal frit-ndniip. The •.'vc.-.t qmlilics in nn Indir.a |v,-:' arc* vigiiani.-e and attention, to give and to avoid a lurprizc ; anl llndcfd in thcfe they are fuperior to all nations in the world. Accuflomed Itocmtinuul wandi-rinc; in the foreic^, having their perceptions ih; rpencd jlv; k'jea necefiity, and living in every refpeft according to nature, their e::tern:il fcnfes have a degree of acut.nie's wiiich at firft view appears ■■crvjJiuIe. They can twice out their enemies, at an iminenre diltance, ;■ the f.noak of their fir.-s, which they Imell, and by the tracks of their ];cct '■•n the ground, imperc-'ptlble to an luiroptr.n eye, but which they can. cni!:: and dillinguifli with the utmofi: ficilitv. They even diftin-uilli the Lucrjnt nations wiiii v\h')m t'ley ar-J acqiKPiitc;!, a. id can determine* th^ r/ccifL- tinv:^ when they pafled, v^lic.can luiropean could not, with all his jiiT'?, diliinguifh fo )tfteps at all. Thcfe circumilances, however, are of .nail importaiic-.*, becaufe their eneiries arc no lefs acquainted w'th them, y.\\2\\ they go out, tlicreforo, they take care to avoid making ufe of any |;''.'\'; by v^hich they might run the danger of a difcovcry. Thcv light ji, >iir.f to warm themfelve-, or to prCparj their vidua!-; : they lie clufe to |t!vj ground all day, and travel only in the night ; and inarching along in he tha: clo'l-s the rear, dilirrontly covers with leaves the tracks |r; i)is own feet, and of theirs who preceded him. When tliey halt to iiv'rjlh thcnifvlves, flouts arc fent out to reconnoitre the country, and falpcit an cue-.ny may lie concealed. b:r:t 'ap ev:Ty place, wiiere they ....j.^^v .i.. -w-..._r ...>.; ..- — .^v-.w..«. Ip. th'i manner they enter unawarsr. the villages of their foes, and while ;:\'tlo>vcr <)f the nation ;ire enoa^'-eii in huntii;^'- niailacre all the chil- dria, v.'omen, and hclplcfs old men, rr make prilnner^ i)f as -.nany as they can :nan:'ge, or have Itrength enough to be uleful to their nation. But wiiw-n the enemy is apprilcd of tiieh* defign, and coming on in arms np.inll: them, they throw tliemfeK-cs flat on the ground among the w;;hcred herbs and leaves, which their faces are painted to reflmbie. T!:-:n they allow a part to pafs unmoleRed, when ail at once, witli a tre- nv:::i(Inii faout, rifing up fom their ambufh, the\' pour a llorm of nuif- ke: bulh'ts on their fx's. I'he party attacked, rciurns the (iimc cry. I'.very or,? (hehers himfelf with a tree, and returns the fre of the adverfe pattv, rifjonas they raife ihcmfelves fj-om the ground to give a f-coni fire. Thus does tlic battle continue until the one partv is ih much weakened, cstobe uncjpable of larther rclillance. But if the f)rce en each lidij CMtinues nearly equal, the fierce fpirits of the favages, inilamed by the lofi oi" their friends, can no longer be retrained. They aband.-'n this (iil'uMit v/ar, they rulh upon one another with chibs and hatchets in their t>'inds, magnif/ing their ov.'>) courage, and intuitin"; their enemies with 'ii3 uittcreit rv'proachi i. A cruel combat enfues, death appears in a t'-fmlaiul hideous f )rms which would congeal the blood of cuili/ed na- tions t) behold, but which roufe the fury of favages. They trample, tlicy infult over the dead bodies, tearing the fcalp from the head, wallow- I;] in their blood like wild healts, and fomeiimes devouring their flefii. iiii: Hame r.agcs ou till it mscts with na rciiitancw, then die prifojiers are 55^ AMERICA. are fecured, thofe unhappy men, whofe fate is a thoufand times morel dreadful than theirs who have died in tlie field. The conquerors fct upl a hideous howling to lament the friends they have loft. They approacJil in a melancholy and fevere gloom to their own village, a meflengcr is fentf to anounce their arrival, and the women with frightful flirieks come outj to mourn their dead brothers, or their hufbands. When they are arrived,! the chief relates in a low voice to the elders a circumftantial account off every particular of the expedition. The orator proclaims aloud this ac-l Count to the people, and as he mentions the names of thofe who have! fallen, the flirieks of the women are redoubled. The men too join iJ thefe cries, according ai each is mo. I conneded with the deccafcd, hv| blood or friendfiup. The laft ceremony is the proclamation of the vifto.l ry ; each individual then forgets his private miifortunes, and joins in thel triumph of his nation; all tears are wiped from tlioir eyes, and by anl unaccountable tranfition, they pafs in •. momen: from the bitternels of forrow, to .m extravagance of joy. But the treatment of the prlltners,] whofe fate all this time re niains undecided, is what chiefly chaiaderifes j the favages. We have already mentioned the ftrength of their aife»ilions or re-l ftntments. United as they are in fmall focietie?, conncdled within f themfelves by tiie Armed ties, their friendly afFed-ions, which glow with | the moft inrenfe warmth within the walls of their own village, feldom extend beyond them. They feel nothing fur the eutmies of their na- tion ; and their refentment is eafily extended fi-om the individual, who , has injured them, to all others of the fame tribe. The r^iioner*;, who have themfelves the fame feelings, know the intentions of their con- querors, and are prepared for them. The perfon, who has taken thel captive, attends him to the cottage, where, according to the dillribution made by the elders, he is to be delivered to fupply the lofs of a citizen. If thofe who receive him have their family weakened by war or other ac- cidents, they adopt the captive into the family, of which he bccc mcs a I member. But if they have no occafion for him, or their refentment for the lofs of their friends be too high to endure the figlit of any connefted j with thofe who were concerned in it, they fentence him to death. All thofe who have met with the fame fevere fentence being collefted, the whole nation is afiembled at the execution, as for fome great folemnity. A fcaffold is erefted, and the prifoners are tied to the flake, where they commence their death-fong, and prepare for the enfuing fcene of cnielty y,ith the molt undaunted courage. Their enemies, on the other fide, are determined to put it to the proof, by the moft refined and exquifitej tortures. They bejrin at the extremity of his body, and gradually ap- proach the more vital parts. One plucks out his nails by the roots, one! by one ; another takes a finger fnto his mouth, and tears off the fleih with his teeth ; a third thrulls the finger, mangled as it is, into the bowl of a pipe made red hot, which be fmoaks like tobacco ; then they pound his toes and fingers to piece* between two rtones ; they pull off the flelli from the teeth, and cut circles about his joints, and galhes in the flelhy parts of his limbs, which t'ley fear immediately with red hot irons, putting, burning, and pinc'iinr^ them alternately ; they pull off this flefli, thus mangled and roaited, bit by bit, devouring it with greedinefs, and fmearing their faces vith the blood in an enthufiafm of horror and fury. When they have thus torn off the flefti, they twift the bare nerves! and tendons about an iron, tearing and fnapping tnem, whilft others are! ^ployed i;i pulling and extending the lixflbs in every way that can in-l crealil AMERICA. 557 jcreafe the torment. This continues often five or fix hours, and fome- I times, fuch is the ftrength of the favages, days together. Then theyt. Ilrcquently unbind him, to give a breathing to their fury, to think what [new torments they fliall inflidt, and to refrefti the ftrength of the fufFerer, Lho, wearied out with fuch a variety of unheard of torments, often falls linto fo profound a fleep, that they are obliged to apply the fire to awake I him and renew his fuiferings. He is again faftened to the ftake, and again they renew their cruelty; they ftick him all over with fmall I matches of wood, that eafily takes fire but burns flowly ; they continually run (harp reeds into every part of his body ; they drag out his teeth witn pincers, and thruft out his eyes ; and laftly, after naving burned his flefli from the bones with flow fires ; after having fo mangled the body that it is all but one wound ; after having mutilated his face in fuch a manner as to carry nothing human in it ; after having peeled the fkin from the head, and poured a heap of red hot coals or boiling water on the naked fkull, they once more unbind the wretch, who, blind, and laggering with pain and weaknefs, aflaulted and pelted upon every fide urith clubs and ftones, now up, now down, falling into their fires at I every ftep, runs hither and thither, until one of the chiefs, whether out ofcompaffion, or weary of cruelty, puts an end to his life with a club or a dagger. The body is then put into the kettle, and this barbarous tmployment is fucceeded by a feaft as barbarous. The women, forgetting the human as well as the female nature, and transformed into fomething worfe than furies, aft their parts, and even outdo the men in this fcene of horror, while the principal perfons of the country fit round the ftake, fmoaking and looking on without the leaft emotion. What is moft extraordinary, the fufFerer himfelf, in the little intervals of his torments, fmoaks too, appears unconcerned, and con- verfes with his torturers about indiflrerent matters. Indeed, during the whole time of his execution, there feems a conteft between him .^d them which fliall exceed, they in inflifting the moft horrid pains, or he in enduring them, with a firmnefs and conftancy almoft above human : not a groan, not a figh, not a diftortion of countenance efcapes him ; he pofleires his mind entirely in the midft of his torments ; he recounts his own exploits ; he informs them what cruelties he has inflifted upon their countrymen, and threatens them with the revenge that will attend his death ; and, though his reproaches exafperate them to a perfeft mad- nefs of ^-e and fury, he continues his infults even of their ignorance of the art of tormenting, pointing out himfelf more exquifite methods, and more fenfible parts of the body to be afilifted. The women have this part of courage as well as the men ; and it is as rare for any Indian to behave otherwife, as it would be for any European to fufFer as an Indian. Such is the wonderful power of an early inftitution, and a fero- cious thirft of glory. / am irave and intrepid,, exclaims the favage in the face of his tormentors, / do not fear deathy nor any kind of tortures : thft 'who fear them are coxvards j they vre lefs than 'women ; life is no' thing to thofe that have courage : may my enemies be confounded -with de-^ /fair and rage ; Ob ! that 1 could de'vour them^ and drink their blood to the lajf drop. I do not dwell upon thefe circumftances of cruelty, which (o degrade i human nature, out of choice ; but, as all who mention the cuftoms of this people have infifted upon their behaviour in this refpe^Et very par- ticularly, and as it feems necefTary to give a true idea of their charader, I did not chufc to omit it. It fcrves to fliew likewifc, in the ftroMgell light, J'^" ^^' :¥'- ;!■■ » '65^ A M E R I C a: light, to what an inconceivable de-rree of barbarity, to what .1 pitch the paliions of men may be Cirrieci, when untamed by the refinemcnth of polilhcd i'ocicty, when let loofe from the government of rcafon, and unin- fluenced by the didates of chriiHanity ; a n'iigir>n that teacher compaflion to our enemies, which is neither known nor praclifed in other inllitutions; and it will make us more fenfible than fome appear to be, of tlie value of commerce, the arts of a civilized lifi.', and the light of literature; which, if they have abated the force of fome of the natural virtues, bv the luxury which attends them, have taken out likcwife the lling of ouri natural vices, and foftened the ferocity of the human race. Nothing in the hillory of mankind forms a ftronger contrail than tliii ' cruelty of the favages towards tho.e with whom they are at war, and thu warmth of their affedlion towards their friends, who confift of all thofe who live in the fame village, or arc in alliance v/ith it : among thcfc all things arc common ; and this, though it may in part arife from their net pofi'cffing very diilincl; notions of feparate property, is chiefly to be attri- buted to the ftrcngth of their attachment ; becaufe in every thing elfc, with their lives as well as their fortunes, they are ready to fcrvc their friends. Their houfes, their provifion, even their young women, arc not enough to oblige a guell. Has any one of thefe fucceeded ill in his hunting? Has his ha r veil: failed .' or is his houfe burned ? He feels no other elFedl of his misfortune, than that it gives him an opportunity to experience the benevolence and regard 6f his fellow citizens ; but to tl-.e enemies of his country, or to thofe who have privately oftgnded, the American is implacable. He conceals his fentiments, he appears recon- ciled, until by Jome treachery or furprize he has an opportunity of exe- cuting an horrible revenge. No length of time is fulhcient to allay his refcntment; no diltance of place great enough to proted the objed; \vi crolles the ileepclt mountains, he pierces the moll imprat^licablc forefts, and traverfes the moll hideous bogs and defcrts for fcvcral hundreds of miles ; bearing tlie inclemency of the feafons, the fatigue of the expe- dition, the extremes of hunger and thirll, with patience and chearfulntfs, in hopes of furpriling his enemy, on whom he exercifes the moll Ihock- ing barbarities, even to the eating of his flefli. To fuch extremes do the Indians pulh their iViendlhip or their enmity ; and fuch indeed in gene- ral is the chararter of all llrongand uncultivated minds. But what we have faid refpecling the Indians would be a faint pitSurc, did we omit obll-rving the force of their friendlhip, which principally appears by tlie trcMtment of their dead. When any one of the focicty u cut oft", he is lamented by tlie whole : on th*' occafion a thoufand cere- monies arc pradlilcd, denoting the moll lively forrow. Of thefe, the moll remarkable, as it difcovers both the height and continuance of their grief, is what they call the feall of the dead, or the feail of fouls. The day of this ceremony is appointed by public order, and nothing ii omitted that it may be cclcbr.ited with the utmoll pomp and magnificence, '^I'he neighbouring tribes are invited to be prefent, and to join in the j folemnity. At this time all who have died fince the lall folcmn occufion, (which is renewed every ten years among fome tribes, and every eight! among cithers) ai e taken out of their graves : thofe who have been in- terred at tiie greatell diltance from the villages are diligently fought for, r.nd brought to tlii* great rendezvous of carcafles. It is not diliicui't to conceive the horror of this general dilintermcnt. I I cannot delcribe it in a more lively manner than it is done by Laiitaii, to whom wcart indtbted lor the molt authentic account of thofe nations. VVidiouil AMERICA. 559 one* Without queftion, fays he, the opening of ihefe tombs difplfty Inf the moll linking fcenes that can be conceived ; this hiimb!inf» portrait of liur.ian miftry, in fo many images of death, wherein flie feenVs to take a IpU-nluie to paint hcifflf in a thoufand various iiiapes of horror, in the llvcra! carcad's, according to the dep,rcc in vv-hich corruption has pre- Ivailcd over them, cr the manner in which it has att.ic!;cd then. Some jr.ppear dry and withered ; others have a fort of parchment upon their jlunes ; iomc look as if they were baked and fmoaked, without any ap- ivarance of rottennefs ; fome are jurt turning towards the point of putri- hction ; whilH others are all fwarming with worms, and drowned in I corruption. I know not which ought to ftrike us moft, the horror of fo lliocking a figlit, or the tender piety and affeflion of thcfe poor people [Guards their departed friends ; for nothing deferves our admiration more than that eager diligence and attention with which they difcluuge this Lilancholy duty of their tendcrnefs; gathering up carefully even the i'nallell bones ; handling the carcaiTes, difguftful as they are, with every thing loathlbme ; cleaniing them from the worms, and carrying them upon their flioulders through tirefome journeys of feveral days, without King difcouraged from the offenilvenefs of the fmell, and without fuf- Ifcring any other emotions to arife than thofe of regret, for having loll Iperfons who were fo dear to them in their lives, and fo lamented in their la-ath. They bring them into their cottages, where they prepare a feaft in [honour of the dead, during which their great adlions are celebrated, and :iil the tender intercourfes which took place between them and their [friends are pioufly called to mind. The llrangers, who have come fome- times many hundred miles tt) be prefent on the occafion, join in the ten- cer condolance ; and the women, by frightful flirieks, demonllrate that tlicy are pierced with the (harped forrow. Then the dead bodies are carried from the cabins for the general reinter.ment. A great pit is dug in the ground, and tliither, at a certain time, each perfon attended by I'l (iimily and fi iends, marches in folemn filence, bearing the dead body ff afon, a father, or a brother. When they are all convened, the dor.J bJics, or the dull of thofe which were quite corrupted, are uepv^!ltcd i:a the pit : then the torrent of grief Sreaks out anew. Whatever they pofll'is moft valuable is interred with i>e dead. The ftrangers arc not wanting in their gencrofity, and confer thofe prcfents which they have brought along with them for the purpofe. Then all prefent go down into the pit, and every one takes a little of the earth, which they after- wards prcferve with the moft religious care. The bodies, ranged in crder, are covered with int're new furs, and over thefe with bark, on which they throw ftoncs, wood, and earth. Then taking their laft fare- well, thev return each to his own cabin. Wc have mentioned that in this ceremony the fivages offer, as prefents i to the dead, whatever they value moft highly. This cuftom, w'lich is uiii- vcrfal among them, arifes from a rude notion of the immortality of the foul. They believe this doctrine moft firmly, and it is the principal tci'.et cf their religion. When the foul is feparated from the body of their friends, they conceive that it ftill continues to hover arr.und it, and to require and take delight in the fame things with which it formerly was pleafcd. After a certain time, however, it forfakes this dreary manfion, I and departs far weftward into the land of fpirits. They have even ij;onc i^j far as to make a diftinclion between the inhabitants of the other world ; e, they imaging, particuhirl)' thofe v/ho ir their life-time !:a\'c bet;;i \ fonu- ] fum< 560 AMERICA. fortunate in war, pofTefs a high degree of happinefs. have a place for| hijntir.2; and fif^iing, which never fails, and enjoy all fenfual delights, I without labouring hard ia ord<'r to procure them. The fouls of thofe, on the contrary, who happen to be conquered or flain in war, are extrcmelJ mifemblc alter death. A future Hate therefore is not at all conlidertdj among ii'.c favaoes as a place of retribution, as the reward of humblel virti'c, cv as the puniihment of prosperous vice. They rather jud^e of I our happinefs in the next world by wliat we have enjoyed in the prQ.'ent. Their tallc for war, which forms the chief ingredient in their charafter,! gives a llrong bias to their religion. Arefltoui, or the god of battle,! IS revered as the great god of the Indians. Him they invoke before theyl go i.uo the held, and according as his difpofition is more or lefs favcur- abl(i 'o them, they conclude they will be more or lefs fuccefsful. Some I nati::ns woilhip the fun and moon ; among others there are a numberl cf iradit'OPF, relative to the creation of the world, and the hiftory ofj the goc^s : traditions which refemble the Grecian fables, but which are) Hill more abfiird and inconfiflent. But religion is not the prevailing charadcr of the Indians; and except when they have fome immediate I occafion for the affiitance of their gods, they pay them no fort of worlhip. Like all ru ie nations, however, they are ftrongly addifted to fuperftition. I They believe in the exiftence of a number of good and bad genii orl fpirits, who interfere in the affairs of mortals, and produce all oiir hap- pinefs or mifcry. It is from the evil genii, in particular, that ourdif-j ea!'es proceed ; and it is to the good genii we are indebted for a cure. The minillers of the genii are the jugglers, who are alfo the only phyfi- cians among the favjiges. Thefe jugglers are fuppofed to be infpired by] the good genii, moft commonly in their dreams, with the knowledge ofl future events ; they are called in to the alliilance of the fick, and are] fuppofed to be informed by the genii whether they will get over the! difeafe, and in what way they mufl: be treated. But thefe fpirits are ex- tremely f»mple in their fyttem of phyfic, and, in almoft every difeafe,| dircdl the juggler to the fame remedy. The patient is inclofed in a nar- row cabin, in the midfl of which is a ftone red hot; on this they throw! water, until he is well foakcd with the warm vapour and his own fweat.l Then thsy hurry him from the bagnio, and plunge him fuddenly intol the next river. This coarfe method, which cofts many their lives, ofteni performs very extraordinary cures. The jugglers have likewife the ufel of fome fpccifics of wonderful efficacy ; and all the favages are dextrousl in curing wounds by the application of herbs. But the power of thefel remedies is always attributed to the magical ceremonies with which theyl are adminiftered. A general Defcription of AMERICA. THIS great weflern continent, frequently denominated the new worldj extends from the eightieth degree north, to the fifty-fixth degree fouth latitude ; and where its breadth is known, from the thirty-fifdi to the hundred and tv/enty-fifth degree of weft longitude from LondonJ ftretching between eight and nine thoufand miles in length, and in its greateft breadth three thoufand nine hundred and fixty. It fees both he-^ mifphcres, has two fummers, and a double winter, and enjoys all the va-j xiety of climates which the earth affords. It is wafhed by the two greaJ ficeains. 1 o the eaftward it has the Atlantic, which divides it from Eu] rop AMERICA. 5^1 Inpe and Africa. To the weft it has the Pacific, or great South Sea, by Lhich it is feparated from Afia. By thefe Teas it may, and does, carry on h ilreA commerce with the other three parts of the world. It is com- Ipofed of two great continents, one on the north, the other upon the Jfouth, which arc joined by the kingdom of Mexico, which forms a fort ■of IUhmus fifteen hundred miles long, and in one part at Darien, fo ex- Itremely narrow, as to make the communication between the two oceans Iby no means difficult, being only fixty miles over. In the great gulph, which is formed between tne lilhmus, and the northern and fouthern continents, lie an infinite multitude of ifl^nds, many of them large, I noil of them fertile, and denominated the Weft Indies, in contradillinc- I tion to the countries and iflands of Alia, beyond the cape of Good Hope, I which are called the Eaft Indies. Before we begin to treat of feparate countries in their order, we muft Ijccording to jull method take notice of thofe mountains and rivers, which difJain, as it were, to be confined within the limits of particular pro- vinces, and extend over a great part of the continent. For though Ame- rica in general be not a mountainous country, it has the greatefl moun- lains in the world. The Andes, or Cordilleras, run from north to fouth lalong the coall of the Pacific ocean. They exceed in length any chain Jof mountains in the other parts of the globe ; extending from tlie Ifthmus lof Darien, to the ftreights of Magellan, they divide th? whole fouthern Iparts of America, and run a length of four thoufand three hundred miles. Itheir height is as remarkable as their length-, for though in part within [the torrid zone, they are conllantly covered with fnow. In North ^^me- tica, which is chiefly compofed of gentle afcents, or level plains, we I know of no confiderable mountains, exjept thofe near the pole, and that long ridge which lies on the back of our fettlements, feparating our co- lonies from Canada and Louifiana, which we call the Apalachian, or Alegeney mountains ; if that may be confidered as a mountain, which upon one fide is extremely lofty, but upon the other is nearly on a level I with the reft of the country. America is, without queftion, that part of the globe which is beft I watered ; and that not only for the fupport of life, and all the purpofes of fertility, but for the convenience of trade, and the intercourfe of each part with the others. In North America, fuch is the wifdom and good- nefs of the Creator of the univerfe, thofe vaft trafts of country, fituated beyond the Apalachian mountains, at an immenfe and unknown dif- tance from the ocean, are watered by inland feas, called the Lakes of Canada, which not only communicate with each other, but give rife to feveral great rivers, particularly the Miffifippi, running from north to fouth ill it falls into the gulph of Mexico, after a courfe of near three thoufand miles, and receiving in its progrefs the - rft tribute of the llli- Inois, the Mifaures, the Ohio, and other great rivers fcarcely inferior to the Rhine, or the Danube ; and on the north, the river St. Lau- rence, running a contrary courfe from the Miffifippi, till it empties Jitfelf into the ocean near Newfoundland ; all of them being almoft navi- Igable to their heads, lay open the inmoft recefles of this great continent, land afford fuch an inlet for commerce, as muft produce the greatcll ad- vantages, whenever the country adjacent fhall come to be fully inha- bited, and by an induftrious and civilized pcopl(^ The caftern fide of North America, which makes a part of the Britifh empire, befides the |noblc rivers Hudfon, Delaware, Sufquehana, and Patowmach, fupplies O o Icveral [jj :i 11 ' «l t 1 1 :* 11 ' 1 m \ 562 A M E R I C A. fcveral others of great depth, length, and commodious navigation ; henc many parts of our fettlcnicnts arc fo advantagcoufly interfeded with na-L vigahle rivers and creeks, that our planters, without exaggeration, ma/j be faid to have each a harbour at his door. , South America is, if pofliblc, in this rcfpe^l even more fortunate. 1(1 fupplies much the iwo largell rivers in the world, the river of Amazones,! and the Rio dc la Plata, or Plate River. 'The full rifing in Peru, not! far from the South Sea, paflcs from well to call, and falls into the ocean! between Brazil and Guiana, after a courfc of more than three thoufandl miles, in which it receives a prodigious number of great and navigable rivers. The Rio de la Plata, riks in the heart of the country, andl having its ftrength gradually augmented, by an acceffion of many power-| ful Ureams, dilch-irges itfelf with fuch vehemence into the fea, as tol make its taile frefh for many leagues from land. Befides thefe there are) other rivers in South America, of which the Oronoquo is the moftf confiderable. A countr}' of fuch vail extent on each fide of the equator, muft necef- farily have a variety of foils as well as climates. It is a treafury of na- ture, producing moll of the metals, minerals, plants, fruits, trees, andl wood, to be met with in the other parts of the world, and many of I them in greater quantities and high perfedion. The gold and filver ofj America has fupplied Europe with fuch immenfe quantities of thofe va- luable metals, that they arc become vallly more common; fo that the I gold and filver of Europe now bears little proportion to the high price! fct upon thera before the difcovery of America. This country alfo produces diamonds, pearls, emeralds, amethylls, andi other valuable ftones, which by being brought into Europe, have alfo contributed to lower their value. To thefe, which are chiefly the pro- dudion of South America, may be added a great uumber of other com- 1 modities, which, though of lefs price, are of much greater ufc, and many of them make the ornament and wealth of the Britifli empire in this part of the world. Of thefe arc the plentiful fupplies of cochineal, in- digo, anatto, log\vood, brazil, fullick, pimento, lignum vita;, rice, ginger, cacao, or the chocolate nut, fugar, cotton, tobacco, banillas, red-wood, the balfams of Tolu, Peru, and China, that valuable article in medicine the Jefuit's baik, mcchoacan, faflafras, farfaparilla, caflia, tamarinds, hides, furs, ambergris, and a great variety of woods, roots,! and plants, to which, before the difcovery of America, we were either! entire llrangers, or forced to buy at an extravagant rate from Afia and Africa, through tlie hands of the Venetians and Genoefe, who then! engrolfed the trade of the eailern world. This continent has alfo a variety of excellent fruits, which 1 ere grow I wild to great perfedion ; as pine-apples, pomegranates, citrons, lemons, oranges, malicatons, cherries, pears, apples, figs, grapes, great num- bers of culinary, medicinal, and other herbs, roots and plants; and fo fertile is the foil, that many exotic produdions are noorillied in as great perfedion, as in their native ground. Though the Indians Hill live in the quiet pofleflion of many large j trafts, America fo far as known, is chiefly claimed, and divided into colonies, by foiu: European nations, the Spaniards, Engliih, Portuguefe and French. The Spaniards, who, as they firft difcovered it, have the I largell and richcft portion, extending from New Mexico and I.ouiliana,! in North America, to the llreights of Magellan in the foutli ki, except- 1 2 i"jl AMERICA. 5% tobacco, baiiillas, Lg the large province of Brazil, which belongs to Portuc^.il ; for though te French and Dutch have fome forts upon Surinam and Guiana, they arcely defervc to be confidercd as proprietors of any part of tjje fouthern ontinent. Next to Spain, the mod confiderable proprietor of America is Great Britain, who derives her claim to North America, from the. firfl difco- Uy of that continent, by Sebaftian Cabot, in the name of Henry VII. Lnno 1497, about fix years after the difcovery of South America by Co- [lumbiis, in the name of the king of Spain. This country was in gene- Ijal called Newfoundland, a name which is now appropriated folcly to lanilland upon its coall. It was a long time before we made any at- lempt to fettle this country. Sir Walter Raleigh, an uncommon genius, jinda brave commander, firft (hewed the way by planting a colony in the Ibuthcrn part, which he called Virginia, in honour of his millrefs queen [Elizabeth. From this period till the conclufion r,f the late war, the French laid lidairh to, and aflually poflelFed, Louifiana, and Canada, comprehend* liig all that extenfive country, reaching from New Mexico, and the Ijiilph of the fame name on the fouth, to Hudfon's Bay on the north. |)iot contented with the poflefTion of thefe vaft regions, they continued In a (late of hoftility, making gradual advances upon the back of our lettlemcnts, and rendering their acquifitinns more fecure and permanent Ibyachain of forts, well fupplied with all the implements of war. At the jfame time they laboured incefTantly to gain the fricnddup of the Indians, Iwhom they not only trained to the ufe of arms, but infufed into thcfe fa- Ivages, the moil unfavourable notion of the Englifh, and the llrength of I their nation. The Eritifh colonies thus hemmed in, and confined to a flip of land along the fea-coaft, by an ambitious and powerful nation, tie rivals and the natural enemies of Great Britain, began to take the I alarm. The Britifli empire in America, yet in its infancy, was threatened with a total diflblution. The colonies, in their dlllrefs, called out aloud to the mother country. The bulwarks, and the thunder of England, were fent to their relief, accompanied with pou'Crful armies, \\ -11 ap- pointed, and commanded by the bravell generals, that ever crofl'ed the Atlantic. A long war fucceeded, which ended glorioufly for Great Bri- i tain ; for after oceans of blood were fpilt, and every inch of ground i)ravely difputed, the French were not only driven from Canada, and its dependancies, but obliged to relinquilh all that part of Louifiana, lyisg on the eaft fide of the Miflifippi. Thus at an immcnfe expence, ana with the lofs of many brave men, our colonies were preferved, fecured, and extended fo far, as to render it difficult to afcertain the precife bounds of our empire in North America, to the northern and weftern fides ; for to the northward, it Ihould feem that we might extend our daims quite to the pole itfelf, nor does any nation feem inclined to dif- pute the property of this northernmoft country with us. If we Ihould ctioofe to take our ftaiid upon the northern extremity, and look towards the fouth, we have a territory extending in that afpecl, from the pole to the twenty-fifth degree north latitude, and confequently near 4000 miles long in a direft line. But to the weftward our boundaries reach to nations unknown even to the native li.dians of Canada. If we might liazard a conjefture, i: is nearly equal to the extent of all Europe. This extenfive and valuable country is all the way walhed by the Atlantic ocean cnthe eaft, and on ihs fouth by the gulph of Mexico. Oo 2 The 5^4 BRITISH AMERICA. The multitude of iflands, which He between the two contlncntij North and South America, are divided amongil the Spaniards, Kngli and French. The Dutch indeed poircfs three or four linall illand, wj in any other handj would be of no cnnfequenrc : and the Danes havci or two, but they hardly defcrve to be named amonj» the proprietor$| America. We (hall now proceed to the particular provinces, bigir.nij according to our method, with the North. The grand Divifions of NORTH AM ERIC. Nations. Length. Breadth. Chief Cities. Dirt, it bearing from I''>nd'>n. Hif}. of timi' fromf.ondon. Bc'.oi Britifli Colonic J Extending from the north pule, to t.tpe Florida, in tliegiilpli of Mexico, lat. 25, upwards of 3000 miles of habitable country, but the breadth is uncertain. Rodon. 1760 W. 4 40 aft. Louirianii Bo'.jnds undctciinin. Fort Lfiuis. 40S0 f, W. 6 4 alt. Frana' New Mcxici; & California zooo 1600 St. Fee. St. Juan- 4}30 S. W. 7 aft. Spain Spain * Mexico or New Spain 2C00 6co Mexico. 4900 5. W. 6 50 aft. Spain Of SOUTH AMERICA. Nations. Length Brcadt. 700 500 ChlcfCitics. Dirt, ti bearing from London. Dift'. of time fromLomlon. Bdo Terra Firma J 400 Panama 4650 W. S 28 aft. Sp.iin Peru -j.ooo Lima 5^20 s. w. S 4 •'»f. Spain Amazonia a very la-.ee roiiiitry, but little known to ihv KtiropcMns, 1200 L, 960 B. ^ Guiana 780 480 C Surinam or \ Cajcnnc 3840 s. w. 3 44 -'ft. Dutdii Bralil ajoo 700 icon 6co St, Salvador 6000 S. H'. 1 44 "!• Portiii'i P.iraguay orLaplata 1500 1200 AiVuniptum St. J?t;o 5640 s. w. 6600 s. \v. .1 51 •''t. Spain k Chili 5 6 alt. Spain Terra Magellani- 7 Tlie Spaniards took pollKTion of it, but. did not think it worth \ ca, or Patagonia. \ fettle there, yco L. 300 B. BRITISH A M E R I C A. NEW BRITAIN. NEW Britain, or the country lying round Hudfon'.s bay, and commq ly called the country of the Efquimaux, comprehending Labrailj now North and South Wales, is bounded by unknown lands, frozen feas, about the pole, on the north ; by the Atlantic ocean oni eaft; by the bay and river of St. Laurence and C'an.id.?, on the fouti and by unknown lands on the weft. 1 MoUNTAIll :c A. the two continenhl le Spaniard;, Knj;li ur Imall illand;, wli ml the Danes have( )nj» the propriftorjl r provinces, bcyinnl AMERIC. iiglDil}'. of titni 1. Ifromf.ontion 4 40 ih. 6 4 Jit, Hc'.n 7 o aft. 6 50 aft. France I Spain Spain Spjin IC A. ingiDift'. of time fromLomlon. S 28 aft. S 4 ^»t- Rdo ins, 1200 L. 96 dB. FT" 3 44 aft. Diitdii 1 44 "!• Pdrtui'j 1 5 2 •''■'• Spain i 5 6 aft. Spain d Dot think it worth I I C A. : K. bn'.s bay, and commcl iprehending Labraill unknown lands, Atlantic ocean oni .'an.ida, on the fouti MOUNTAIIJ ■ 1 ^i I: 1 1 1 ' 1 s 1 . . ;. . 'V ■ Sii- nf'9 V M "* H^\if //vni liJ/iJoH //f. J BRITISH AMERICA. 5(^5 Mountains.] The tremendous high mountains in this country to- »vards the north, their being eternally covered with fticw, and the winds blowing from thence three quarters of the year, occafions a degree of cold in the winter, over all this country, which is not experienced in any other part of the world in the fame latitude. RivKRs, BAYS, STRAITS AND CAPES.] Thefe are numcrous in this country, and take their names generally from the Englifh navigators and commanders, by whom they were firft difcovered ; the principal bay is that of Hudfon, and the principal llraits are thofe of Hudfon, Davies andBelline. Soil and produce.] This country is extremely barren ; to the northward of Hudfon's Bay, even the hardy pine-tree is feen no longer, and the cold womb of the earth is incapable of any better production than feme miferable Ihrubs. Every kind of European feed, which we bve committed to the earth, in this inhofpitable climate, has hitherto perilhed ; but, in all probability, we have not tried the feed of corn from the northern parts of Sweden and Norway ; in fuch cafes, the place from whence the feed comes is of great moment. All this feverity, and long continuance of winter, and the barrennefs of the earth which comes from thence, is experieticed in the latitude of fifty-one ; in the tempe- rate latitude of Cambridge. Animals.] Thefe are the moofe deer, flags, rein deer, bears, tygers, bufPaloes, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martins, fquir- rels, ermins, wild cats, and harts. Of the feathered kind, they have geefe, buftards, ducks, partridges, and all manner of wild fowls. Of Ifti, there are whales, morfes. leals, cod-fifh, and a white fifh, prefera- ble to herripgs ; and in their rivers, and frefh waters, pike, perch, carp and trout. There have been taken at Port Nelfon, in one feafon, ninety thoufand partridges, which are here as largq as hens, and twenty-five thoufand nares. All the animals of thefe countries, are cloathed with a clofe, foft, warm fur. In fummer there is herq, as in other places, a variety in the colours of the feverai animals ; when that feafon is over, which holds only for three months, they all affume the livery of winter, and every fort of bealts, and moft of their fowls, are of the colour of the fnow ; every thing animate and inanimate is white. This is a furprizing phenomenon. But what is yet more furprizing, and what is indeed one of the moft ftrikings things, that draw the moft inattentive to an admiration of the wifdoni and goodnefs of Providence, is, that the dogs and cats from England, that have been carried into Hudfon's Bay, on the approach of winter, have entirely changed their appearance, and acquired a much longer, fofter, and thicker coat of hair, than they hud originally. As we are now beginning to treat of America, il may be proper to obfer\ e in general, that all the quadrupedcs of this new woj Id, arc !di than thofb of the old ; even fuch as are carried from hence to breed there, are often found to degenerate, but are never feen to improve, if with rcfpcd to fize, we fliould compare the animals of the new and the old world, we 1^ fhall find the one bear no manner of proportion to the other. The Aliatic r elephant, for inftance, often grows to above fifteen feet higli, while th'„- tapurette, which is the largeft native of ;\nieric:i, is not bi gcr than a calf of a year old. The lama, which fome alfo call the Ameiican camel, is dill lefs. Their bealts of prey are quite divtiled of that courage, which is fo often fatal to man in Africa or Alia. They luue n« lions O o 3 nur r?: *' 'i :66 BRITISH AMERICA. nor properly fpeaking, either leopard or tiger. Travellers, however, have afiixed thole names to fuch ravenous animals, as are there found mod lo relemblc thofc of the antient continent. The congar, ihe taquar, and the tj.quaretti among them, are defpicable in comparifon of the tiger, the leopard, and the panther of Alia. The tyger of Bengal has been known to meafure twelve feet in length, without including the tail, while the. congar, or American tyger, as fomc afFeft to call it, fcldom exceeds three. All the animals therefore in the fouthern parts of Ame- rica, art; diiterent from thofe in the fouthern parts of the antient conti- nent ; nor does there appear to be any common to both, but thofe, which l«in^ able to bear the colds of the north, have travelled from one continent to the other. Thus the bear, the wolf, the rain-deer, the ftag, and the beaver, are !-nown as well by the inhabitants of New Bri- tain and Canada, as Ruffia, while the lion, the leopard, and the tyger, which are natives of the fouti with us, are utterly unknown in fouthern America. But if the quadruped.^s of America be fmaller than thofe of the anticntcontinent, they are in much greater abundance ; for it is arulethat obtams through nature, and evide nly points out the wifdom of the author of it, that the fmalleft animals multiply in the greateil proportion. The goar, imported from Europe to fouthern America, in a few generations becomes much lefs, but then it alfo becomes more prolific, and inftead of one kid at a time, or two at the moft, generally produces five, fix, an4 fonetimes more. The wifdom of Providence in making formidable ani- m;Js unprolific is obvious ; had the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the lion, the fame degree of fecundity, with the rabbit, or the rat, all the arts of ynan, would foon be unequal to the contfil, and we fhould foon perceive tlicm become the tyrants of thofe who call themfelves the mailers of the creation. Persons and habits.] The men of this country (hew great inge- xiuity in their manner of kindling a fire, in cloathing themfelves, and in preferving their eyes from the ill efFecls of that glaring white which every where furrounds them, for the greateft part of the year; in other yifpefts they are very favnr/e. In their Ihapes and faces, they do not re- femble the Americans, who live to the fouthward ; they are much more like the Laplanders and Samoeids of Europe already defcribed, from whom they are probably defcended. The other Americans feem to be of a Tartar original. Discovery and commerce.] The knowledge of thefc northern feas and countries, was owing to a projed ftarted in England for the dif- covery of a north-weft paflage to China, and the Eall Indies, as early as the year 1 576. Since then it has been frequently dropped, and as often revived, but never yet compleated. Forbifher only difcovered the main of New Britain, or Terra de Labrador, and thofe llraits to which he has given his name. In 1585, John David failed from Portfmouth, and viewed that and the more northerly coafts, but he feems never to have entered the bay. Hudfon made three voyages on the fame adven- ture, the firft in 1607, the fecond in 1608, and his third and lall in 16 10. This bold and judicious navigator entered the ftraits that lead into this new Mediterranean, the bay known by his name, coalled a freat part of it, and penetrated to eighty degrees and a half into the eart of the frozen zone. His ardour for the difcovery not being abated by the difficulties he ftruggled with in this empire of winter, and world of froft and fnow, he flaid here until the enfuing fpring, and prepared A. avellers, however, as are there found :ongar, ihe taqiiar, coinparifon of the ^'ger of Bengal has including the tail, to call it, fcldom lern parts of Ame- the antient conti- both, but thofe, travelled from one the rain-deer, the itants of New Bri- rd, and the tyger, known in fouthern er than thofe of the for it is a rule that fdom of the author ft proportion. Tha a few generations ■olific, and inftead duces fiv«;, fix, aii4 ng formidable ani- ceros, and the lion, rat, all the arts of lould foon perceive the mailers of the ry (hew great inge- ig themfelves, and laring white which the year ; in other Bs, they do not re- ey are much more dy defcribed, from ricans feem to be of thefc northern ngland for the dif- Indies, as early as dropped, and as mly difcovered the fe ilraits to which from Portfmouth, he feems never to n the fame adven- third and lall in e ftraits that lead name, coafted a d a half into the ' not being abated vinter, and world ng, and prepared BRITISH AMERICA. 5^7 in the beginning of 1611 to purfuc his difcovcries ; but his crew, who fuffered equal hardfliips, without the fame fpirit to fupport them, muti- nied, feized upon him, andfeven of tliofe who were moli fuithful to him, land committed them to the fury of the ley fcas, in an open boat. Hudiou and his companions were either fwallowcd up by the waves, or, gaining the inhofpitable coaft, were deftroyed by the favages, but the lliip, and I the reft of the men, returned home. The laft attempt towards a difcovery was made in 1746 by captain Ellis, who wintered as far north as fifty-leven degrees and a half, but though the adventurers failed in the original purpofc, for which they na- vigated this bay, their project, even in its failure, has been of great advantage to this country. The vaft countries which furround Hudlon's Bay, as we have already obft,Tved, abound svith animals, whofc fur and ficins are excellent. In 1670, a charter was granted to a company, which does not confiil of above nine or ten pcrfons, for the cxclulive trade to this bay, and they have aftcd under it ever fince with great benefit to the private men, who compofe the company^ though comparatively with little advantage to Great Britain. I'he fur and peltry trade might be carried on to a much greater extent, were it not entirely in the hands of this exclufive company, whofe intcrelt, iiot to fay iniquitous fpirit has been the fubjeft of long and jull complaint. 'l"he company employ four (hips, and 130 fcamen. They have four forts, viz. Churchill, Nelfon, New Severn, and Albany, which ftnnd on the welt fide of the bay, and are garrifoned by a hundred and eighty-fix men. They export commodities to the value of 16,000 1. and bring home returns to the value of 29,3401. which yield to the revenue 3,734!. This includes the lilhery in Hudlon's Bay. This commerce, fmall as it is, affords im- menfe profits to the company, and even ibme advantages to (^reat Bri- tain in general ; for the commodities we exchange with the Indians for their (kins and furs, are all manufaftured in Britain; and as the Indians are not very nice in their choice, fuch thing;; are font, of which we have the greateft plenty, and which in the mercantile phrafe, arc drugs with us. Though the workmanftiip too happen to be in many rofpL-cls fo de- ficient, that no civilized people would take it of}" our handa, it may be admired among the Indians. On trie other hand, the ficins and furs we bring from Hudfon's bay, enter largely into our manufadurcs, and afford us materials for trading with many nations of hjirope, to &reat advan- tage. Thefe circumftances tend to prove incontellibly the immenfc be- nefit, that would redound to Great Britain, by throwing open the trade to Hidfon's Bay, fince even in its prciont rellraincd lla.te it is fo advan- tegejus. This company, it is probable, do not find their trade fo ad- vantageous now, as it was before \vc got poflefTion of Canada. The onlv attempt made to trade with Labrador, has been direrted towards the lifhery. Great Britain has no fettlement here, though the annual produce of the fiihery, amounting to upward of 49,000!. and the natural advantages of the country Ihould encounige us to fct about this defi^n. T CANADA. Situation, boundaries and extent. HE French comprehended under the name of Canada, a very large territory, taking into their claim part of New Scotland, New Eng- o 4 lanU, "■ -^M? 568 BRITISH AMERICA. land, and New York; to the weft, as far as the Pacific ocean, and to] the fouthward, extending it to the gulph of Mexico. The country, now denominated Canada, and which is formed into a Britiih province (fee the royal proclamation) is about five hundred miles long, from the north-eaft to the fouth-weft, and upwards of two hundred in breadth. It is bounded on the north by New Britain ; on the eaft, by New Scotland New England, and New York ; on the fouth by the Apalachian, ot j Cherokee mountains, and on the weft by lands inhabited by the Indians. Quebec, which is its capital, is feated near the centre, in north latitude forty-fix degrees, forty-five minotes, and in fixty-nine degrees, forty-eight weit longitude. Air and climate.] The climate of this extenfive province is not very different from the colonies mentioned above, but as it is much further from the fea, and more northerly than a great part of thefe pro- vinccs, it has a much feverer winter, though the air is generally clear; but like moft of thofe American tratEls, that do not lie too far to the northward, the fummers are very hot and exceeding pleafant. Soil and produce.] Though the climate be cold, and the wintd: long and t< dious, the foil is in general very good, and in many parts both pleafant and fertile, producing wheat, barley, rye, with many other forts of gra ns, fruits and vegetables ; tobacco, in particular, thrives well, and is much cultivated. The ifle of Orleans near Quebec, and the lands upon the river St. Laurence, and other rivers are remarkable for the richnefs of their foil. The meadow grounds in Canada, which are well watered, yield excellent grafs, and breed vaft numbers of great and fmall cattle. As we are now entering upon the cultivated provinces of Britifh America, and as Canada, ftretching a confiderable way upon the back of our other fettlements, contains almoft all the different fpccies of wood, and animab, that are found in thefe colonies, we fhall, to avoid repetitions, fpeak of them here at feme length. Timber and plants.] The uncultivated parts of North America, contain the greateft forefts in the world. They are a continued wood not planted by the hands of men, and in all appearance as old as the world itfelf. Nothing is more magnificent to the fight ; the trees lofe themfelvcs in the clouds; and there is fuch a prodigious variety of fpe- cies, that even among thofe perfons who. have taken moft pains to know them, there is not one perhaps that knows half the number. The pro- vince we arc defcribing, produces, amongft others, two forts of pines, the white and the red ; four forts of firs ; two forts of cedar and oak, the white ar>d the red ; the male and female maple ; three forts of alh-trecs, ttie free, the mungrel, and the baftard ; three forts of walnut-trees, the liard, the foft, and the finooth ; vaft numbers of beech-trees, and white %scod ; white and red elms, and poplars. The Indians hollow the rc4 rims into canoes, fome of which, made out of one piece, will contain twenty perfons. About November the bears and wild cats take up their habitations in the hollow elms, and remain there till April. Here are alfo found cherry-trees, plum-trees, the vinegar-tree, the fruit of which, infuild in water, produces vinegar ; an aquatic plant, called Aiaco, the fruit of which may be made into a confefljon ; the white thorn ; the cottcn-trcc, on the top of which grow feveral tufts of riowers, which, when lliaken in the morning, before the dew falls off, produce honey, that may be boiled up into fugar, the feed being a pod, containing a very fine kind of cotton ; the iun-plant, which refembles a marigold, and grows to the height of feven or eight feet ; Turky corn j Ficncb bc.-n- ; f^o'.uds, mclcns, capillairc j and the hop-plant. BRITISH AMERICA. 6^9 Metals and minerals.] Near Quebec is a fine lead mine, and ID fome of the mountains, we are told, filver has been found, though we jiave not heard any great advantage made of it as yet. Tl>is country alfo abounds with coals. Rivers.] The rivers branching through this country are very nu- merous, and many of them large, oold and deep. The principal are, the Outtauais, St. John's, Seguinay, Defprairies, and Trois Rivieres, but they are all fwallowed up by the river St. Laurence. This river ilTues from the lake Ontario, and taking its courfe north-ealt, walhes Montreal, where it receives the Outtauais, and forms many fertile illands. It continues the fame courfe, and meets the tide upwards of four hun- dred miles from the fea, where it is navigable for large veflels, and be- low Quebec, three huadrcd and twenty miles from the fea, it becomes broad, and fo deep thajt fliips of the line contributed, in the laft war, to reduce that capital. After receiving in its progrefs innumerable ftreams, this great river falls into the ocean at cape Roiieres, where it is ninety miles broad, and where the cold is intenfe, and the fea boiilerous. In its progrefs it forms a variety of bays, harbours, and iflands, many of them fruitful, and extremely pleafant. Lakes.] The great river St. Laurence, is that only upon which the French (now fiibjcdls of Great Britain) have fettlements of any note ; but if we look forward into futurity, it is nothing improbable that Ca- nada, and thofe vaft regions to the weft, will be enabled of thcmfelvcs to carry on a confiderable trade upon the great lakes of frelh water, which thcfc countries environ. Here are five lakes, the fmalleft of which is a piece of fweet water, greater than any in the other parts of the world ; thij is the lake Ontario, which is not lefs than two i^undred leagues Ih circumference j Erie, or Ofwego, longer, but not fo broad, is about the fame extent. That of the Huron fpreads greatly in width, and is in circumference not lefs than three hundred, as is that of Michigan, tho' like lake Erie, it is rather long and comparatively narrow. But the lake Superior, which contains feveral large illands, is five hundred leagues in the circuit. All of thefe are navigable by any vefl'els, and they all com- municate with one another, except that the pafiage between Erie and Ontario, is interrupted by a ftupendous fall or cataraft, which is called the falls of Niagara. The water here is about half a mile wide, where the rock crofles it, not in a direct line, but in the form of a half moon. When it comes to the perpendicular fall, which is 150 feet, no words can exprefs the confternation of travellers at feeing lb great a body of water falling, or rather violently thrown, from fo great an height, upon the rocks below ; from which it aeain rebounds to a very great hei}.^ht, appearing white as fnow, being all converted into foam, tfiroii:vh thofe violent agitations. The noife of this fall is often heard at the diilance cf fifteen miles, and fometimes much farther. The vapour aiijitii; from the fail may fometimes be fcen at a great dillaiicc, .ip[>caiiup, like a dcud, or pillar of fmoak, and in the appearance of a laiubo.v, when- ever the fun, and the pofition of the traveller, favours. Many bealls and fowls here lofe their lives, by attempting to fwiui, or crofs the llream in the rapids above the fall, and are found daP.ied in pieces be- low, and fometimes the Indians, through taieleflner-, or drutikeiinefs, have met with the fame fate ; and perhaps no place in the worlji is frc» qjented by fuch a number of eagles as arc invited hither by the carnage of deer, elks, bears. Sec. on which they feed. The river St. I>:iiirencc, 45 we have already obferved, is die outlet of tKcfe hike ; by tin's they harge diU ■I . nil' \ ' II ^r I M t' B7^ BRITISH AMERICA. difcharge thcmfclvcs into the ocenn. The French have built forts atl the fcvcral ftraits, by which thefe lakes communicate with each other, ajl well as where the lall of them communicate with the river. By thefef they efftdually fecured to themfclvcs the trade of the lakes, and an inj fluenco upon all the nations of America which lay near them. Animals.] Thefe make the moft curious, and hitherto the mcftl interefting part of the natural hiftory of Canada. It is to the fpoih off thefe that we owe tlic materials of many of our manufactures, and moll of the commerce as yet carried on between us and the country wc have been defcribing. The animals that find flielter and nourifliment in thd immenfe forefts of Canada, and which indeed travcrfe the uncultivated •parts of all this continent, are flags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martens,! ■wild cats, ferrets, wefels, fquirrels of a large fize and grcyifh hue,) hares, and rabbits. The fouthern parts in particular breed great num. bers of wild bulls, deer of a fmall fizc, divers forts of roebucks, goatsJ wolves, &c. The marlhes, lakes, and pools, which in this country are very numerous, fwarm with otters, beavers or caftors, of which the white are highly valued, being fcarce, as well as the right black kind. The American beaver, though refembling the creature known in Europe byl that name, has many particulars which render it the moll curious anima^ we are acquainted with. It is near four feet in length, and weighs fixt^ «r feventy pounds ; they live from fifteen to twenty years, and the femalei generally bring forth four young ones at a time. It is an amphibioui quadruped, that continues not long at a time in the water, but yet can- not live without frequently bathing in it. The favages, who waged continual war with this animal, believed it to be a rational creaturej that it lived in fociety, and was governed by a leader, refembling their own fachem or prince. It mull indeed be allowed, that the curioui accounts given of this animal by ingenious travellers, the manner inj which it contrives its habitation, provides food to ferve during the win- ter, and always in proportion to the continuance and feverity of it,| are fufficicnt to fliew the near approaches of inftinfl to reafon, and evenl in fome inftanccs the fuperiority of the former. Their colours are dif-l ferent ; black, brown, white, yellow, and llraw-colour ; but it is oL.| ferved, that the lighter their colour, the lefs quantity of fur they ar« cloathed with, and live in warmer climates. The furs of the beaver ard of two kinds, the dry and the green ; the dry fur is the flcin before it i^ applied to any ufe ; the green are the furs that are worn, after being fewed to one another, by the Indians, who befmear them with undluod fubftances, which not only render them more pliable, but give the finq down that is manufaftured into hats, that oily quality which renders itl proper to be worked up with the dry fur. Both the Dutch and Engliflij have of late found the fecret of making excellent cloths, gloves, andl blockings, as well as hats, from the beaver fur. Befjdes the fur, this ufcful animal produces the true caftoreum, which is contained in bags in the lower part of the belly, different from the tefticles : the value (A this drug is well known. The flefh of the beaver is a moll delicious food J jbut when boiled it has a difagreeable relilli. The mufk rat is a diminutive kind of beaver, (weighing about five oij fix pounds) which it refembles in every thing but its tail i and it affords a very ftrong mufk. The elk is of the fize of a horfe or mule. Many extraordinary medij cinal qualities, particularly for curing the falling- ficknefs, are afcribetf to the hoof of the left foot of this animal. Its flefh is very agrecabld andl BRITISH AMERICA. 57^ Ld iioiirifhing, and its colour a mixture of light-grey and dark-red. riu-y love the cold countries; and wlu'n the winter affords them no Irab, they gnaw the bark of trees. It is dangerous to approach very Ee:ir ihis animal when he is hunted, as he fomctimes fprings furioully [in his purfuers, and tramples thtm to pieces. To prevent this, the hunter throws his cloths to him, and wiiiJc the deluded animal fpends lii, fury on thefe, he takes proper meafurcs t difpatch him. There is a carnivorous animal here, called the carcajou, of the feline Icrcat kind, with a tail fo long, that Charlevoix fays lie twiflcd it feveral imes round his body. Its body is about two feet in length, from the tnd of the fnout to the tail. It is faid, tiiat this animal, winding him- Uli about a tree, will dart from thence upon the elk, twill his llronp tail 1 jiind his body, and cut his throat in a moment. The buffaloe, a kind of wild ox, has much the fame appearance with laofe of Europe : his body is covered with a black wool, which is highly |;.icemed. The flefh of the female is very good ; and the buffaloe hides I::; as foft and pliable ascha:nocs leather, but fo very llrong, that the buck- |;rs which the Indians make ufe of are hardly penetrable by a mufket 111!. The Canadian roebuck is a domeftic animal, but differs in no J'thsr refpefl from thofc of Europe. Wolves are fcarce in Canada, but Ijiey afford the fineft furs in all the country : their flefh is white, and |ood to cat; and they purfuc their prey to the tops of the tailed trees. [rk black foxes are greatly cftecmed, and very fcarce ; but thofe of other Tcolours are more common : and fome on the Upper Miffifippi are of a jfilvcr colour, and very beautiful. They live upon water-fowls, which Ifcy decoy within their clutches by a thoufand antic tricks, and then jfpring upon, and devour them. The Canadian poll-cat has a moft kaiitiful white fur, except the tip of his tail, which is as black as jet. Th? Canadian v.'ood-rat is of a beautiful filver colour, with a bufhy tail, hndtwicc as big as the European : the female carries under her belly a bag, which Ihe opens and fliuts at pleafurc ; and in that Ihc places her pung when purfued. Here are three forts of fquirrels ; that called the liiy'n^T.fquirrel will leap forty paces and more, from one tree to another. Thi> little animal is eafily tamed, and is very lively, except when afleep, Lhica is often the cafe; and he puts up wherever he can find a place, liac.c'j fleevc, pocket, or muff; he firft pitches on his mailer, whom Ih will (iiilinguilh among twenty perfons. The Canadian porcupine is Itt than a niiJJling dog ; when roafted, he eats full as well as a fucking jpig. Tiie hares and rabbits differ little from thofe in Europe, only they Ilurn ^vcy in v.inter. There arc two forts of bears here, one of a reddifli, and tiie other of a black colour ; but the former is the moft dangerous. The bear is not naturally fierce, unlefs when wounded, or oppreffed jwith hunger. They run tl;cmfelves very poor in the month of July, land it ii then Ibmevvhat dangerous to meet them. Scarce any thing lamong the Indians is undertaken with greater folemnity than hunting the [bear; and an alliance v/ith a noted bear-hunter, who has kilk-d feveral Jin one day, is more eagerly foflght after than that of one who has ren- Idered himfelf famous in war. 'I'hc reafon is, becaufe che chage fuppliei [the family with both food and raiment. Of the feathered creation, they have eagles, falcons, gofhawks, ter* Uoh, partrid2;cs, grey, red, and black, with long tails, which they Jfpread out as a f:in, and make a very beautiful appearance ; woodcocks 1^!: fcarcQ in Canada, but fnipcs, and other water-g;imc, are plentiful, V * 57^ BRITISH AMERICA. k A Canadian raven is faid by fome writers to eat as well as a pullet, ar an owl better. Here are black-birds, fwallows, and larks ; ao Icfs tha twenty-two different ipecies of ducks, and a great number of fwan turkeys, gcefe, buftards, teal, water-hens, cranes, and other large water«,j ; fowl J but always at a diftance from houfcs. The Canadian woodptcke ^les is a beautiful bird. Thrufhes and goldfinches arc found here ; but tin chief Canadian bird of melody is the white-bird, which is a kind o ortclan, very (hewy, and remark. iblc lur announcing the return o fpring. The fly-bird is thought to be the moil beautiful of any in nature with all his plumage, he is no bigger than a cock-chafer, and he make % noife with nis wings like the humming of a large fly. Among the reptiles of this country, the rattk* fnake only defervcs .ittcn tion. Some of thcfe are as big as a man's leg, and thty are long in piv portion. What is moft remarkable in thi>- animal is the tail, which Icaly like a coat of mail, and on whicli it is faid there grows every yt one ring, or row of fcalcs ; fo that they know it.s age by its tail, a^ w do that of a horfe by his teeth. In moving, it iriakes a rattling no;f( from which it has its name. The bite of ihii, R-rpcnt is mortal, if remedy is not applied immediately. In all places where this dangerc reptile is bred, there grows a plant which lo called rattlc-fnake herb, t root of which (fuch is the goodnefs of Providence) is a certain antiJotj ;\gainft the venom of this fcrpent, and that with the moft fimple prep ration, for it requires only to be pounded or chewed, and applied like plainer to the wound. The rattle-fnake fcldom bites puflTeugers, unle It is provoked. When purfued, if it has but a little time to recover, folds itfelf round, with the head in the middle, and then darts itie with great fury and violence againft its purfucrs : nevertlielefs, tl iavages chace it, and find its flelh \&xy good. Some writers are of opinion that the fiiheries in Canada, if properl improved, would be more likely to enrich that country than even th fur trade. The river St. Lawrence contains perhaps the greateft variet; of any in the world, and thefe in the greateft plenty and of the bell forts Belides a great variety of other fifli in the rivers and lakes, are I'eaj wolves, fea-cows, porpoifes, the lencornet, the goberque, the iea-plaift falmon, trout, turtle, lobilers, the chaourafou, fturgeon, the achigaui tlie gilthead, tunny, fhad, lamprey, fmelts, conger-eels, makarel, foals herrings, anchovies, and pilchards. The fea-wolf, fo called from it bowling, is an amphibious creature; the largeft are faid to weigh tw tjioufand pounds ; their flefli is good eating ; but the profit of it lies i the oil, which is proper for burning, and currying of leather ; the' {kins make excellent coverings for trunks, and though not fo fine Morocco leather, theypreferve their frefhnefs better, and are Icfs Hah to cracks. The fhoes and boots made of thofe Ikins let in no wate and, when properly tanned, make excellent and lafting covers for feat: The Canadian fea-cow is larger than the fea-wolf, but rcfcmblcs it i figure : it has two teeth of tne thicknefs and length of a man's that, when grown, look like horns, and are very fine ivory as well as il other teeth. Some of the porpoifes of the river St. Lawrence are fai to yield a hoglhead of oil ; and of their fkins waiftcoats are made, whic| are exceflive ftrong, and mufket proof. The lencornet is a kind of kutt!" fifli, quite round, or rather oval : there are tlirce forts of them, whi difier only in fize ; fome being as large as a hogfliead, and others but foot long : they catch only the lalt, and that with a torch ; tliey are e/ ,, ' cellc BRITISH AMERICA. 57^ lillent eating. The gob^rquc has the taftc and fmcll of a fmall cod. fic Ica-plaife is good eating ; they are taken with long poles armed Jith iron hooks. Thfc chaourafou is an armed fi(h, about five feet lonp, InJ as thick as a man's thigh, refembling a pike ; but is covered with iks that arc proof agfainll a dagger : its colour is a fjlver grey ; nud feers grows under his mouth a long bony fubftancc, ragged at the edges. fees miy readily conceive, that an animal fo well fortified is a ravagtr 3ong the inhabitants of the water ; but wc have few inftanccs of filh liking prey of the frsithcred creation, which this filh does, however, Uh much art. He conceals himfelf among the canes and reeds, in fuch Iminner that nothing is to be feen bcftdes his weapon, which he holds, tfed perpendicularl) . above the furface of the water: the fowls, which fcme to take reft, imagining the weapon to be only a withered reed, jirch upon it, but they arc no fooner alighted, than the filh opens his oM, and makes fuch a fudden motion to feize his prey, that itfeldom jcapcs him. This filh is an inhabitant of the lakes. The fturgcon is jith a frelh and falt-water filh, taken on the coalls of Canada and the Ikes, from eight to twelve feet lonj;, and proportionably thick. There la fmall kind of fturgeon, the flelh of which is very tender and deli- tte. The achigau, and the gilthead, are filh peculiar to the river St. 4urence. Some of the rivers breed a kind of crocodile, that differs but tie from thofe of the Nile. Inhabitants and principal towns.] Before the late war, the laiiks of the river St. Lawrence, above Quebec, were vaftly populous, »t we cannot precifely determine the number of French and Englilh jbtied in this province, who are undoubtedly upon the encreafe. The iierent tribes of Indians in Canada are almoft innumerable ; but thefe j!op!e are obferved to decreafe in population where the Europeans are loll numerous, owing chiefly to the immoderate ufp of fpirituous liquors, which they are exceflively fond. But as liberty is the ruling ||il&on of the Indians, we may naturally fuppofe that as the Europeans diance, the former Vvill retreat to more dillant regions. Quebec, the capital, not only of this province, but of all Canada, fcfituated at the confluence of the rivers St. Lawrence and St. Charles, rthe little river, about three hundred and twenty miles from the fea. lis built on a rock, partly of marble and partly of flate. The town is [fivided into an upper and a lower ; the houfes in both are of (lone, and milt in a tolerable manner. The fortifications are rtrong, though not jular. The town is covered with a regular and beautiful citadel, in iiich the governor refides. The number of inhabitants are computed at xdve or fifteen thoufand. The river, which from the fea hither is four ivc leagues broad, narrows all of a fudden to about a mile wide. tk haven, which lies oppofite the town, is fafe and commodious, and I'wut five fathom deep. The harbour is flanked by two ballions, that : raifed twenty-five feet from the ground, which is about the height of betides at the time of the equinox. From Qaebec to Montreal, which is about a hundred aiid feventy (ib, in failing up the river St. Lawrence, the eye is entertained with kautiful landfcapes, the banks being in many places very bold and fteep, y (haded v/ith lofty trees. The farms lie pretty clofc all the way; wral gentlemens houfes, neatly built, (hew themftlves at intervals, and frfre is all the appearanre of a flourilhing colony ; but there are f^-w (awns or villages. It is pretty much like the well fettled parts of Vir- ginia p I £1 Boodb into the rc- jmotcft parts of America, and amonj'Il nations entirely unknown to us. IThefe again brought the market home to them, as t'le Indians were there- by habituated to trade with them. For this purpofe, people from all purts, even from the dillancc of a thoufand miles, cam<; to the French Uir at Montreal, which began in June, and fometinies laliid three aionths. On this occafion, many folemnities were obfervcd, guards were placed, and the governor afTiiled, to prefcrve order, in fuch a concourfe, hnd fo great a variety of favage nations. But fometime* great dilbrder Ijnd tumults happened ; and the Indians, being fo fond of brandy, fre- quently gave for a dram all they were poflefled of. It is remarkable, jihat many of thefe nations, adually paflcd by our fettlement of Albany lin New York, and travelled two hundred nylcs further to Montre.ii, Ithough they might have purchafed the g>i(Xl clieaper at the former. So Inuch did tJic F'rench exceed us in the arts of winning the afFeclions of Ijicfe favages ! Since wc became poflefled of Canada, our trade with that country em- Iploys thirty-four fliips, and four hundred feamen. 'I'heir exports, "at an average of three years, in fkins, furs, ginfeng, fnakc-root, cappillaire land wheat, amount to 105,500 1. Their imports from Grea'.-Briiain, in la variety of articles, are computed at nearly the fame fum. It is unnc- IcclTary to make any remarks on the value and importance of this trade, [which not only fupplies us with unmanufaftured materials, indiipcnfibly neceffary in many articles of our commerce, but alfo takes in exchange, tk manufaftures of our own country, or the produdlion of our other Itelements in the Eall and Weft Indies. But with all our attention to the trade and peopling of Canada, it will Ibeimpoflible to overcome certain inconveniences, proceeding from natu- ral caufcs ; I mean the fevcrity of the winter, which is fo cxccFive from December to April, that the greateft rivers are frozen over, and thefnow lies commonly two or three feet deep on the ground, even in thofe parts of the country, which lie three degrees fouth of London, and in the temperate latitude of Paris. Another inconvenience arifes from the falls in the river St. Laurence, below Montreal, which prevents fea veflels from penetrating to that emporium of inland commerce. Our commu- Inication therefore with Canada, and the immcnfe regions beyond it, will lalways be interrupted during the winter-feafon, until roads are formed, that lean be travelled with fafety from the Indians. For it may here be ob- Iferved, that th'efe favage people often commence hoftilities againft us, Iwithout any previous notice ; and frequently, without any provocation, Ithey commit the moll horrid ravages for a long time with impunity. But [when at laft their barbarities have roultd the ftrength of our people, jtliey are not afhamed to beg a peace ; they know we always grant it rea- Idily; they promife it fliall endure as long as the fun :md moon ; and then jail is quiet till fome incident, too often co-operating with ill ufage re- Jceivedfrom our traders, gives them a frelh opportunity of renewing their |«fuelties. History.] See the general account of America, NE W II- .'.f ' y ,J S7^ BRITISH AMERICA. NEW SCOTLAND, Situation and Extent. 500 miles in length. 400 miles in breadth. Boundaries.] T> OUNDED by the river St. Laurence onth( X3 north ; by the bay of St. Laurence, and the Atl lantic ocean, eaft ; by the fame ocean, fouth ; and by Canada and New| England, weft. Rivers.] The river of St. Lawrence forms the northern boandar The rivers Rifgouche and Nipifiguit run from weft to eaft, and fall intd the bay of St. Lawrence. The rivers of St. John, Paflamagnadi, Pel nobfcot, and St. Croix, which run from north to Ibuth, fall into Fundi bay, or the fea a little to the eaftward of it. Seas, bays and capes.] The feas adjoining to it are, thcbayoJ St. Lawrence, the Atlantic ocean, and Fundy bay. The leffer bays arej Chenigto and Green bay upon the Ifthmus, which joins the north paJ of Nova Scotia to the fouth ; and the bays of Gafpe and Chaleurs on thl north-eaft ; the bay of Chedibuclo on the fouth-eaft ; the bay of th| iflands. The ports of Bare, Chebudlo, Profper, St. Margaret, La Heve port Maltois, port Ryfignol, port Vert, and port Joly, on the fouth | port La Tour, on the fouth-eaft ; port St. Mary Annapolis, and Mina on the fouth fide of Fundy bay. 'I'he chief capes are, Raflbr and Gafpe on the north-eaft. The cape Portage, Eooumenac, Tourmentin, cape Port and Epis, on the eaft. Cap Fogeri, and c ipe Canceau, on the fouth-eaft. Cape Blanco, cape Vcrd cape Theodore, cape Dore, cape La Heve, and cape Negro, on thl fouth. Cape Sable, and cape fourche, on the fouth-weft. Lakes.] The lakes are very numerous, but have not yet received pari ticular names. Climate.] The climate of this vaft country, though within thl temperate zone, has been found extremely unfavourable to Europeaj conftitutions. For feven months i« is intolerably rold, and then, with out any intermediate fpring, the heat becomes as infupportable as thi cold was before, and they are wrapt up n. the gloom of a fog, durinj great part of the year. Such a fudden alteration muft be particularll noxious to the human frame ; and this country accordingly was, and ftil is, thinner of inhabitants, than moli other places of North America. Soil and produce.] From fnch an unfavourable climate little cai be expcfted. New Scotland is almoft a continued foreft ; and agricuS turc, though attempted by the Englifti fottlers, has hitherto made 1 progrcfs. In moft parts, the foil is thin and barren, the corn it pn duces of a flirivelled kind like rye, and the grafs intermixed with a cofl fpungy mofs. However it is not uniformly bad ; there are tradls in tij peniniula to the fouthward, which do not yield to the beft land in Nei Engliind-,, and in general the foil is adapted to the produce of hemp : C A. «J D, miles In length. miles in breadth. St. Laurence on thi aurence, and the At 3y Canada and Newi BRITISH AMERICA. sn northern bonndar to cart, and fall intd , Paflamagnadi, Pel uth, fall into Fundi to it are, the bay o| The lefler bays are joins the north pai| : and Chalcurs on thi eaft ; the bay of th| . Margaret, LaHeve Joly, on the fotuhj nnapolis, and Mina )rth-eaft. The cap( 315, on the eart. Ca] Blanco, cape Vert cape Negro, on tl -weft. not yet received pari though within tli )urable to Europeaj )ld, and then, wit! infupportable as tl )om of a fog, durini mult be particularlj )rdingly was, and fti ' North America, ble climate little ca| foreft ; and agricu! hitherto made en, the corn it pi itermixed with a cot here are trafts in tl the beft land in N« reduce of hemp : dax. The tImVr Is extremely proper for fhip building, and produces pitch and tar. Animals.] This country is not deficient in the animal pro^luiStions of the neighbouring provinces, particularly di;cr, ber.vcr and (-ners. Wild fowl, arid all nianrier of game, and many kinds of European f I'vls and quadnipedes have, from time to time^ been brought into it, and thrive well. At the clofe of March, the fi(h begin to fpawn, when 'J'cy enter the rivers in fuch fhoals, as arc incredible. Henin^rs come up in April, and the fturgeon and falmon in May. But the moll valuable appendage of New Scotlahd, is the cape Sable coall, along which is one continued nnge of cod-fi(hing banks, and excellent harbours. History, settlejv iNT, chief 7 Notwithftanding the forbid- TOvvNS AND COMMERCE. \ ding appearance of this coun- 57, it was here that fome of the firfl; European ll'ttlenicnts wc»-e made. The firft grant of lands in it were given by James I. to his fecrctary Sir iWliam Alexander, from whom it had its name. Since tlien it has fre- l.iently changed bands, from one private proprietor to another, and from lie French to the Englifli nation backward and forward. Ii v/as not Itonfirmed to the Engliih, till the peace of Utrecht, and their defign in Inquiring it, doe„ not fcem to have fo much arifen from any profpc^l of lireft profit to be obtained by it, as from an apprchcnuon that the Fr-nch, l)y poirofiing this province, might h:ive had it in the»r power to annoy lur other fettlements. Upon tliis principle, three thoufand lamilies v/ere pnfported in 1743, at the charge of the government, into il.'s country. The town they erected is called Hallifax, from the carl of that name, to iihofe wifdom and care vve owe this fettlement. Tiie town of Hallifa.*: Iftands upon Chebufto bay, very commodioufly fituated for the fi;hery, and Iks a communication v.'ith mo!l parts of the province, either by land lurriage, the fea, or navigable rivers, vyith a fine harbour, wlieic aiViall ll'ijuadron of fhips of war lies during the winter, and in fummer puts to lita, under the command of a commodore, for theprotcclion of the filherv, lad to fee that the articles of the late peace, relating thereto, are duly perved by the French. The town has an entrenchment, and is llrentjth^ii- I with forts of tnnber; Three regiments of men are Uationed in it t3 broteft the inhabitants from the Indians, whole reil-atment, however ex- Jc::ed or fomented, has been found implacable againit the Englini. The jnuniber of inhabitants is laid to be ten or twelve thoufand, v/ho live per}' corafortably by the trade they cai on in fu;s and naval llores, by lieir fifheries, and its being the refidence of the governor, arid tliC Varrifon already mentioned. The other towns of lefs note are Anapoli;., nhich Hands on the eaft fide of the bay of Fundv, and tliouvh but a Imall wretched place, w.as formerly the capital or the province. It lias lnecf the fineil harbours in America, capable of containing a thoufand pels at anchor, in *he utmoll fecurity. This place is alio prctecled b/ ifort and garrifon, St. John's n a ncvv' fettlement at the incuth of tnc [ivcrof that name, ,that falls into the bay of Fundy on the weil lido. The exports from Great Britain to this C')uniry, connll chicPiV of ^cnllen and li|icn cloth, and other neceflarics for u'car, of hihi:ig [«ck'e, and. rigging for fhips. The amount cf our exports, at an a\c- Pge of three years, is about 26,500!. The only articLs ve can letin exchange are timber, and the jM-oducc of tiie fiiTiery, v.]r.(.h, at 1 like average, amounts to 38,000. But as utj h:ue iilr< ady clf.rvod, M negative advantage of Ui** colony, by which ou;- cnciviUi, v.'lr.le ic ■? !■ t ! m "^ ?P remains ''3 57^ BRITISH AMERICA. remains \n our hands, are prevented from dc:ng harm to our other fettle-L ments, have principally engaged the Brtiih miniftry, to expend fuch« '^ fums, and to take fuch pains m fupporting it. "i" NEW ENGLAND. Situation and Extent. Between < Between < and 73 and 46 ( W. Lon. 1 L N. Lat. J Being 300 miles in length. 200 miles in breadth. BouNPARjES.]T>OUNDED on the north-eaft by New Scotland;] ±j on the weft by Canada ; on the fouth by Ne ' York ; and on the eaft by the Atlantic. Ditrifions. Province?. The north ^^ivifion, f jj^^^ j^ jj^j^^ 1 or government 11 The middle divifion k MaiTachufet's Colony I The fouth divifion Rhode Ifland, &c. The weft divifion 4 Connefticut — — Chi f ^ov, Port&iouth. Bcfton, W. Lon.yi, N. Lat. 4;'. Newport. H London. Hertford. de-i Rivers.] Their rivers are, i. Connefticut; 2. Thames tuxent ; 4. Merimac ; 5. Pifcata^ay ; 6. Saco ; 7. Cafco ; 8. Kinebeque; and, 9. Pcnobfcot, or Pentagonet. Bays and capes.] The moft remarkable bays and harbours arc.i thofe formed by Plymouth, Rhode ifland, and Providence plantations;! Monument bay ; Weft harbour, forqned by the bending of cape Cot' ; Bofton harbour j Pifcataway, and Cafco bay. The chief capes are, cape Cod, Marble Head, cape Anne, cape Nf ' cape Porpus, cape Elizabeth, and cape Small Point. Air and climate.] New England, though Tituated almoft u.i grees nearer the fun, than the mother country, iias an earlier winter, which continues longer, and is more fevere than with us. TI.c .ri^neri again is extremely hot, and much beyond any thing known i in the fame latitude. The clear and ferene temperature of the (k , how-| ever, makes amends for the extremity of heat and cold, and reiuA-rs th climate of this rountry fo healthy, that it is reported to agree better witl Britifh conftitutions, than any other uf the American province . Tn winds are very boiilerous in the winter feafon, and naturalifts afcrib; rarly approach, the length and feverity of the winter, to the large ( ;i water lakes lying to the north-weft of New England, which bein;'; fro, .5 ever feveral months, occafion thofe piercing winds, which prove lo fatal to mariners on this coaft. Thi ^■■ ! CA. rm to our other fcttle- >ftry, to expend Aicli BRITISrt AMERICA; 579 The Tun rifes at Boftoii, on rhe longed day, at twenty-fix minutes after lur in the morning, and fets at 34 minutes after feven in the evening ; d on their Ihorteft day, it rifes at thirty-five minutes after feVen in the lorning, and fets at twenty-feven minutes after four in the afternoon : us their lonj^eft day is about fifteen hours, and the Ihorteft about nine. Soil and produce.] We have already obferved, that the lands lying on the eaftern (hore of America, are low, and in fome parts fwam- ,v, but further back they rile into hills. In New Engl.ind, towards the I'crth-caft, the lands become rocky and mountaincui. The foil here is lyirioiis, but beft as you approach the fouthward. Round Maflachufet's ||iay the foil is black, and nch as in any part of England ; and here the i[il planters found the grafs above a yard high. The uplands are Icfs tful, being for the moft part a mixture of fand and gravel, inclining jcclay. The low grounds abound in meadows and paihue land. The juropean grains have not been cultivated here with m.uch fuccefs ; tlife heat is fubjeft to be blafted ; the barley is an hungry grain, and the aft by New Scotland ;Htts are lean and chaffy. But the Indian corn flouriihes in high perfec- joiis, and makes the general food of the lower fort of people. They like- life malt and brew it into a beer, which is not contemptible. However^ lie greater part is made of molafles, hopped ; with the addition fome- Ines of the tops of the fpruce fir infifed. They likewife raife in New England a large quantity of hem ^ and flax. The fruits of Old Eng- liiid come to greac perfedtion here, particularly peaches and apples. jeven or eight hundred fine peaches may be found on one tree, and a jinjj'.e apple-tree has produced feven barrels of cyder in one feafon. i)i!i New England is chiefly diftinguiftied for the variety and value of Its timber, as oak, afti, pine, fir, cedar, elm, cyprefs, beech, walnut, Ichefnut, hazel, faflafras, famach, and other woods ufed in iying or sT D. miles in length. miles in breadth. Itinring leather, carpenters work, and fliip build'ng. The oa'_s here are the fouth by Ne Chi i «:ovvi;'; Portlhiouth. Bofton, W. Lon.yi, N. Lat. 4;-. Newport. ' London. . Hertford. 2. Thames ; 3. Pa-jlfiid to be inferior to thofe of England ; but the firs are of an ama^^ing lafco ; 8. Kinebequc jBWk, and furniih the royal navy of England with mafts and yards. They im from their trees confiderable quantities of pitch, tar, rofm, tur* pentine, gams, and balm ; and the foil produces hemp and flax : a ftiip iiav hiiTi: be built and rigged out with the produce of their foreft, and '. fhip building forms a confi.derable branch of their trade. U ! ts.] Rich iron mines, of a moft excelleui kind and temper, %'ci difcovered in New England, and, if improved, in a ihort tiraC ^r lupply Great Britain, without having recourfe to Sweden, and other ^ ..ro'vjan nations for that commodity; efpeciallvas the parliament, to encourage the undertaking, allows both pig and bar iron to be im- ported duty-free. Ammals.1 The animals of this country furnifh manv articles of New England commerce. All kinds of European cattle thrive here, and nuWply exceedingly; the hories of Ne»v England are h'»i 'y, mettle- fome and ferviceable, but fmaller tlian ours, though larger ihan the Welch. Their fhcep are very numerous ; but the wool, though of a Saple fufficiently long, is not near fo fine as that of England. Here are hares, rabbits, fquirrels, beavers, otters, monkies, racoons, fabr>s, bears, wolves, which arc only a kind ^• p and harbours arc,j evidence plantations ;l ending of cape Cod ;i ipe Anne, cape Nf t. fituated almoft u ' lias an earliv • ith us. Tie ig known ii. ature of the (i, cold, and re>uA-rs th :d to agree better wit ican province,. Tn naturalifts afcrlb ter, to the large > li^^^iio elks, deer, i, which beitjo fro. r;S^ -!"'!. , inartens, ■.' de-l inierJ iiimcrl -M how-l which prove lo fatalj ThJ jot wild dogs^ foxes, ounces, and a variety of other tame and wild qua- drupedes, fome of which are imported into Great Britain as foreign c«- Inoiities. But one of the moft finguL'ir animals, of this and the neigh- P p 2 bourirg ■' Kl' II j<' 58o BRITISH AMERICA; I bouring countries, is the mofe or moofe deer, of which there are t\v. forts ; the common light grey moofe, which refembles the ordinary deer ; thefe herd fometimes thirty together ; and the large black moofe, whole body is about the fize of a bull ; his neck refembles a flag's, and hij flefli is extremely grateful. The horns, when full grown, are about four or five feet from the head to the tip, and have fhoots or branches to each horn, which generally fpread about fix feet. When this animal goes through a thicker, or under the boughs of a tree, he lays his horns back on his neck, to place them out of his way ; and thefe prodigious horns are fhed every year. This animal does not fpring or riie in going, like a deer ; but a large one, in his common walk, has been feen to ftep over a gate five feet high. When unharboured, he will run a courfe of twenty or thirty miles before he takes to a bay ; but when chafed, he ge- nerally takes to the water. There is hardly any where greater plenty of fowls, as turkeys, geefe, partridges, ducksy widgeons, dappers, fwans, heathcocks, herons, ftorks, blackbirds, all forts of barn-door fowl, vaft flights of pigeons, whicli com i- ' r > at certain feafons of the year, cormorants, ravens, crows, &c. '. ptiles are, rattle-fnakes, frogs and toads, which fwarm i the unclt; 1 parts of thefe countries, where, with the owls, they make a moft hideous noife in the fummer evenings. The feas round New England, as well as its rivers, abound with fifli, and even whales of fcveral kinds, fuch' as the whale-bone whale, the fpermaceti-whale, which yields ambergreafe, the fin-backed whale, the fcrag whale, and the bunch whale, of which they take great numbers, and fend befides fome fhips every year to fifh for whales in Greenland, A terrible creature, called the Whale Killer, from twenty to thirty feet long, with llrong teeth and jaws, perfecutes the whale in thefe feas ; but afraid of his monftrous ftrength, they feldom attack a full grown whale, or indeed a young one, but : n companies of ten or twelve. At the mouth of the river Penobfcot, there is a mackarel fifhery ; they likewife filh for cod, in winter, which they dry in the froll PopUi^ATioN, INHABITANTS, and) Thcrc is not onc of our fct- FACE OK THE COUNTRY. J tlcmcnts which can be com- pared, in the abundance of people, the number of confiderable and trading towns, and the manufaclures that are carried on in them, to New England. The moil populous and flouriiliing pans of the mother coun- try, hardly make a better appearance, than the cultivated parts of this province, which reach about fixty miles back. There are here many gentlemen of confiderable knded ellates, but the greatell part of the pco pie is compofed of a i'ubltantial yeomanry, who v:iihivate their own i'lcc- holds, without a dcpendance upon any but Providence, and their own in dullry. Thefe freeholds generally pafs to their children in the v/;;y of gavrll:ind ; which keeps them from being almoft ever able to cinerL' out of their original liappy inediocrity. In no part of the world are tk^ ordinarv fort fo indcptiuiant, or poii'cfs more of the conveniences ot life ; they are ufed from their infancy, to the excrcife of arms ; and they have a militia, which lor a militia is by no iiicans contemptible. It ii judged, that the four provinces which it comprizes, contain abovo three hundred andfiftv thouiand louls. including a very fnali number cf blacksl I afid Indians. Douglab, v/ho feems to be well informed in this point, proportiouJi ve c a; which there are tw ies the ordinary deer J ! blacic moofe, whofej Ies a flag's, and his wn, are about four or or branches to eachi len this anima! goes e lays his horns backl liefe prodigious hornjl or rile in going, like as been feen to ftepj ! will run a courfe ot t when chafed, he ge- ls, as turkeys, geefe,! cocks, herons, ftorksj Its of pigeons, which rants, ravens, cro\vs,| ads, which fwarm ir the owls, they make rs, abound with fi(h,| hale-bone whale, the in-backed whale, the take great numbers inhales in Greenland* twenty to thirty feet ale in thefe feas ; but! c a full grown whale,! or twelve. At thej fhery ; they likewifej is not one of our fet- which can be com- of confiderable anc I on in them, to New| of the mother coiin- Itivated parts of thijj There arc here nianyj eatell part of the pco-j livate their own fii;-i ice, and their own in- lildrcn in the \v;iy of I ever able to emerge! of the world are tkj the conveniences otj ic of arms ; aud the}f contemptible. It iij contain abovo thrcej iali number cf blacks formed in this poiiuj proportioKsj BRITISH AMERICA. 581 proportions them as follow, coniiderably increafed. MafTachufet's bay Counefticut Rhcde ifland New Hamplhire But the number, fincc his time, mull be 200,000 100,000 30,000 24,000 Religion.] Befoi-e the year 1740, the province of MafTachufet's bay contained above a hundred Englilh congregations, befidcs thirty aiiein- blic's of Indian Chrillians; but of ail thcic congregations, not above three or four obferved the forms of the church of Engbmd. Every particular fo- ciety among them, is independant of all other ecclefiaiiical juriiUiclion ; nor does there lie any appeal from tbeir punilbments or cenfures. The miniflersof Boflon depend entirely on the gcnerofity of their hearers for fupport ; a voluntary contribution being made for them, by the congre- gation, every time divine fervice is ce'ebrated. It is not long fince they fuffered any member of the church of England to have a fliare in the magirtracy, or to be elet^ed a men. her of the Commons, or Houfc of Reprelentatlves. Their laws agair.ll quakers feem to be very fcvcre. I To bring one in is a forfeiture of 100 1. to conceal one 40 s. an hour. ; to go to a quaker's meeting 10 s. V) preach there 5 s. If a quakcr be [not an inhabitant, he is fubjcct to h.inilhment, and if he returns, death. Chief towns.] Bofton, liie capital of New England, and of all the Britilh empire in America, flands on a peninfula at the bottom of Maf- fachufet's bay, about eight mil^is from its mouth. At the entrance of this bay are feveral rocks, which appear abn\c water, and upwards of a dozen fmall iflands, feme of which are inhabited. Therj is but one fafe channel to approach the harbour, and that fo narrow, t'.iat two fhlps can fcarcely fail thro' abreafl, but within the harbour there is room for five hundred fail to lie at anchor, in a good depth of water. On one oF the iflands of the bay, flands Fort William, cne of the finclt pieces of military ar- chitedlure, and the mofl regular fortrcTs in tlie Britilh plantations. This callle is defended by a hundred guns, twenty of which lie on a platform level with the water, fb that it is Icarcc pofhblc t'ci an enemy to pafs the caille. To prevent furprize, they havo a guard placed on one of the rocks, at two leagues diltance, from whence they make fignals to the callle, when any lliips come near it. There is alfo a battery of guns at each end of the town. At the bottom of the bay is a noble pier, near two thoufand feet in length ; along v.'hich, on the north fide, extends a row of warehoufes for the merchants, and to this pier fhipsof thegreatell burthen may come and unload, without the help of boats. The greatcfl part of the town lies round. the harbour, in the fhape of a half moon ; tlie country beyond it rti'.ng gradually, aud affording a delightful prof» peel from the lea. The head of th.- pier joins tlie principal llreet of the town, which is, like mod of the oihcrs, fpacious and well built. Boflon 13 faid to contain near thirty thoufand inhabitants, and the lliippiug of this port was f'ome years ago computed at upwArds of fix hundred fail, Cambridge, in the fame province, ^i\- luile^ from Boilon, has an uni- verlity, containing two fpacious colle^xs, called by the names of Haver- ford college, and Stoughtcii Ila'l, with a well furnlflied liljrary. ' It pufifls gf a prefident, five feiiowr,, and a trcafurer, and has the power P,p 3 of « \ M;> i WM ■r •1 '|i?*J; 582 BRITISH AMERICA, of creating doftors of divinity, by virtue of a charter, from king WiU liam and Mary, The other towns in New England, too numerous to be particularly! mentioned herCj are generally neat, well built, and commodioufly fuu, ated upon finp rivers, with capacious harbours. Commerce and manufactures.] The trade of New England ii| great, as it iupplies a large quantity of goods from within itfelf ; but it] js yet greater, as the people of this country are in a manner the carriers! for all the colonies of North America, and the Weft Indies, and even for! fome parts of Europe. The commodities which the country yields, are] principally pig and bar iron, which is imported to Qreat Britain duty- free. Mails and yards, for which they contraft largely with the royaH navy ; pitch, tar and turpentine ; ftaves, lumber, boards ; all forts of provifions, which they fend to the French and Dutch fugar iflands, and to Barbadoes, and the other Britifli ifles, as grain, biicuit, meal,! btef, pork, butter, cheefe, apples, cyder, onions, mackarel, and cod! fifli dried. They likcwife fend thither catt'e, horfes, planks, hoops,! /hingles, pipe ftaves, oil, tallow, turpentine, bnrk, calf fkins and| tobacco. 'I heir peltry trade is not very conliderable. They havfl a moft valuable filhery upon their coafts, in jnackarel and cod, which! employs vaft numbers of their people, with the produce of which they] trade to Spain, Italy, the P^editerranean, and Weft-Indies, to a confi-j derable amount. Their whale iifhery has been already mentioned. Thej arts moft neceflary to fuufiilence are thofe, which the inhabitants of Newl England have been at pains to cultivate. They manufadure coarfe linenj and woollen cloth for their own ufe ; hats are made here, which in ^1 dandeftine way, find a good vent in all the other colonies. Sugar baking.] diftilling, paper making, aqd fait works, are upon the ipiproving hand. I The bufmefs of fhip- building is one of the moft confiderable, which Bofton, or the other fca port towns in New England c^rry on. Ships are fometimes built here upon commifi'on ; but frequently, the iner- [ chants of I>ew England have the,a confuuded upon their own account: and loading theiij with the produce of the colony, naval ftores, fiih, anal fifli oil principally, they fend them out upon a trading voyage to Spain^ ! Portugal, or the Mediterranean ; where, having difpofed of their cargo, I they make what advantage they can by freight, until fuch time as they cat) fell the veflelherfelf to advantage, which they feldom fail to do in a reaforiable time. Jt was computed, that before the late unhappy differences arofe, thej amount of Englifh manufadures, an4 India goods fent into this colony from Great Britain, was not lefs at an average of three years, than] '395,0001. Our imports from the fame were calculated at 370,500). History and government.] New England is at prefent divided] into the four provinces of New Hatnpftiire, Mallachufet's, Rhode Ifland, and Connedicut. As early as 1606, kiiig James I. had by letters patent ereded two companies, with -a power to fend colonies into thofe parts, then comprehended under the general name of Virginia, as all the north I eaft coatt of America was fornetime called. No fettlements, however, [ Were made in New England, by virtue of this authority. The compa- nies contented themfelves with fending out a (hip or two, to trade with] the Indians for their furs, and to filh upon their coaft. This contipued to be the only fort of correfpondence between Great Britain and thi?] fart of America, till the year 1621. By this tim» the religious diiTen- '■"'■'■ ■ ' ' ■"* • ■ • ' tlons, I BRITISH AMERICA. 5«3 fr, from king Wll. jtions, by which England was torn to pieces, had become warm and fu- Irious. Laud perfecuted all forts of non-conformills with an unrelenting Ifeverity. Thofe men, on the other hand, were ready to fubmit to all the rigour of perfecution, rather than depart from their favourite tenets, and conform to the ceremonies of the church of England, which they confi- dered as abufes of the moft dangerous tendency. There was no part of the world into which they would not fly, rather than be compelled to adopt I the prafticcs which prevailed in their native country, and as they ima- gined endangered the eternal falvation of all who adhered to them. Ame- rica opened an extenfive field. There they might tranfport themfelves, andellablilh whatever fort of religious policy they wciC inclined to. The defign, befides, had fomething in it noble, and admirably fuited to the enterprifmg fpirit of innovators in religion. With this view, having parchafed the territory, which was within the jurifdiftion of the Ply- I mouth company, and having obtained from the king the privilege of fettling it in whatever way they had a mind, a hundred and fifty perfons (mbarked for New England, and built a city, which, becaufe they had failed from Plymouth, they called by that name. Notwithftanding the feverity of the climate, the unwholeiomenefs of the air, and the difeafes to which, after a long fea voyage, and in a country, which was new to tliem, they were expoii^d ; notvvithftanding the want of all fort of conveni- ences, and even of rajiny of the necfcffaries of life, thofe who had conllitu- tions fit to endure fuch hardihips, not difpirited or broken by the death of their companions, and fupported by the vigour then peculiar to Eng- lilhmen, and the fatisfadlion of finding themfelves beyond the reach of the fpiritual arm, iet themfelves to cultivate this ungrateful country, and to take the bed ileps for the advancement of their infant colony. New adventurers, encouraged by their example, and finding themfelves for the fame reafons, uneafy at home, paffed over into this land of religious and civil liberty. By the clofe of the year 1630, they had built four towns, Salem, Dorchefter, Charles Town, and Boilon, which has fince become the capital of New England. But as necefllty is the natural fource of that aftive and frugal induftry, which produces every thing great among mankind, fo an uninterrupted flow of profperity and fuccels, occafions thofe difl'entions, which are the bane of human affairs, and often fubvert the bed founded eftabliihments. v The inhabitants of New England, who had fled from perfecution, be-^ came in a (hort time ftrongly tainted with this illiberal vice, and were eager to introduce an uniformity in religion, among all who entered their territories. The minds of men were not in this age fuperior to many prejudices ; they had not that open and generous way of thinking, which at prefent diilinguifl\es the natives of Great Britain ; and the dodlrine of uijiverfal toleration, which, to the honour of the firft fettlers in America, began to appear .imong them, had few abetters, and many opponents. In all perfuafions the bigots are perfecutors ; the men of a cool and rea- fonable piety are favourers of toleration ; becaufe the former fort of men, not taking the pains to be acquainted with the grounds of their adver- faries tenets, conceive them to be fo abfurd and monilrous, that no man of fenfe can give into them in good earneft. For which reafon they are convinced, that fome oblique bad motive induces them to pretend to the belief of fuch doftrines, and to the maintaining of them with ob- ftinacy. This is a very general principle in all religious difiiifenccs, ^ f ^ wid 584 BRITISH America; and it is the corner fconc of all perfecution. It was not the reneralj idea of the nge, that men niipjit live comfortably together in the! (ame ilx" •(.•(;,', withuut maintaininj; the fame religious opinions, and] wliercvor tliofe were at variance, the members of difterent fetb kepH nt a dilli'.ce from cacli other, and eilablilhed feparate governments.! Hence i'cvcral Hips, torn from the orij^inal p.vcrnment of New Eng-I land; !:, religious violence, planted thtrnfelves in a new foil, andl fpreaci over tlie country. Such was that of New Hamplhire, which con-l tinues to this day a fcp:irate jurifdirtion ; fiich too was that of Rhodol Ifiand, wlio.'e inhabitants were driven out from the Mafl'achnfet colony (for that is the name by which the e;ovcrnmcnt firft erciltcd in Ne\v Eng- land was diilingulfned) for fupporting tiie freedom of religious fentiment and ma^u.uning that the civil mugiftratc had no right over the fpecula- live opinions of mankind. I'heie liberal men founded a city, called Providence, wliich they governed by their own principles ; and fuch is the c<:nnedlion between juftnefs of fentiment, and external profperitv, that the government of Rhode Ifiand, tTiough fmall, is extremely popii, lous and riourifliing. Another colony driven out by the fame pcrfecuting fpirit, fettled on the river Connedlicut, and received frequent reinforce- ments from England, of fuch as were diflatisfied either with the reli- gious or civil ^)overnmenf- of that country. America indeed was now become the main refource of all difcontented and enterprizing fpirits, and fuch were the numbers which embarked for it from England, that in 1637 a proclamation was publilhed, prohibiting any perfon from failing thither, without an exprefs licenfe from the government. For want of this licenfe, it is faid, that Oliver Cromwell, Mr. Hampden, and others of that party, were detained from going into New England, aiier being a-fhipboard for that purpofe. Thefe four provinces, though always confederates for their mutual de- fence, were at firft, and Itill continue under feparate jurifdiclions. They were ail of them by their charters originally free, and in a great meafure indcpendant of Great Britain. The inhabitants had the choice of their own magillrates, the governor, the council, the afl'embly, and the power of making fuch laws, as they thought proper, without fending them to Great Britain, for the approbation of the crown. Their laws, however, were not to be oppofue to thofe of Great- Britain. Towards the latter end of the reign of Charles 11. the Maflachufet's colony was accufcd of violatir."- their charter, and by a judgment in the king's bench of England, was it^^rived of it. From that time to the revolution, they remained without any charter. Soon after that period, they re- ceived a new one, which, though very favourable, was much inferior to the extenfive privilege of the former. The appointment of a governor, lieutenant-governor, fecretary, and all the oflicers of the admiralty, is veiled in the crown ; the power of the militia, is wholly in the hands of the go\'erriO;, as captain-general ; all judges, juftices and fherifls, to whom the execution of the law is entrufled, are nominated by the go- vernor, with the ad\ice of the council ; the go\'ernor has a negatii'^e on the choice of counfellors, peremptory, and unlimited; and he is not obliged to give a reafon for what he does in this particular, or reflrained to any number ; authentic copies of the feveral ads palled by this colony, as well as others, are to be tranfmitted to the court of England, for the royal approbation ; but if the laws of this colony are nat repealed within ' ' • three BRITISH AMERICA: >^q ■585 [ihrce years after they are prefented, they are not repealable by the crown Lfter that time ; that no iawsj ordinances, eleclion of magiftrateb, or fts of government whatfoever, are valid, without the governor's confent [jnwriting, and appeals for Aims above 300 1. are admitted to the king jr.d council. Notwithftnnding thefe reliraints, the people have dill a great ihare of power in this culony ; for they not only ihoofe the nflem- llj, but this aflemblv, with the governor's concuinnce, chooie the council, refembling our Houfe of Lords, and the governor depend^ upon •Jie affembly for his annual fupport ; which has fometimes tempud the fovernor of this province to give up the prerogatives of the crown, o-.,d [heinteiells of Great Britain. To the Maflachufet's government is united the antient colony of Ply- mouth, and the territory called Main. By the laws of this province no perfon can be arrefted, if there are any means of fatisfadtion : nor imprifoned, unlefs there be a concealment of (feds. Adultery is death to both parlies. New Hamplhire is iHll more under the influence of Great Britain. The council itfelf is appointed by the crown, and in other refpeds it agrees |(/;th the former. The colonies of Connedlicut and Rhode IHand, have preferved their indent charters, and enjoy the fajne privileges which the Maflachufets |iid formerly. There were originally three forts of governments eilabliflied by the ngliih on the continent cf America, viz. royal governments, charter [governments, and proprietary governments. A royal government is properly lo called, becaufe the colony is imme- diately dependent en the crcwn ; and tl;e king remains idvereign of the colony; he appoints the governor, council, and officers of j1 ate, and the feople only eledl the repielentatives, iii> in England; iuch are the go- vfrnments of Canada, Nova Scotia, A'irginia, New Hampfnire, New Tcrk, New Jerfey, and both Carolinas, Georgia, Eaft and Well Flori- da, the Well Ind..; ifiands, and that of St. John's. A charter govern-ucnt is fo called, becauie the company, incorporated liythe king's charte:, were in a manner veiled with lovereign authority, loelhiblilli what fort of government they thouoht lit; and thcie charter governments have generally transferred their authojity to the people ; for in luch governments, or rather corporation?,, the freemen do not only dioofe their repreientatives, but annually dtoofe their governor, council and magiilrates, and make laws, without the concurrence, and even without the knowledge of the king ; and are under no other rellraint thai^ itis, that they enact no laws contrary to the laws of England ; if they do, their charteis are liable to be forfeited. Such, as we have already chferved, are the governments of Rliode Ifland, and Connecticut, in New England, and inch was that of the Maii'achufet's formerly, but it pppears now to be a mixture of both. Such liktwife was the two C^-r lolinas. The third kind of government is the proprietary, properly fo called, tccaule the proprietor is. invclU'd with fovueign authority: he appoints ilie governor, council, and magiilrates, and the r^preluntativcs are llimr ;iioned in his name, and by their advice he enacts laws, without the concurrence of tlie crown ; but, by a late llatute, the proprietor mirll the appointing a governor, when he does not rcfide Cjive the kinos ccnient in ri f ' M! M tk m "if-- 'fit fa 586 BRITISH AMERICA; 'rcAde in the ulantation in perfon, and of a deputy eovernor, when dres. And all the governors of the plantations are liable to be called' an account for their adminifliation, by the court of King's Bench. TL only proprietary governments now jemaining, are thofe of Penfylvani] and Maryland. NEW YORK WITH THE JERSEYS. Situation and Extent. Between < Between 7» and and li'l 5W. Lon. "j r 2 . Being J N. Lat. / 1 200 miles in length. 00 miles in breadth. Boundaries.] ^T^W" York is bounded on the fouth-weft bjj JLAI Hudfon's and Delaware rivers, which dividj It from the Jerfeys, and Penfylvania ; on the call and north-eaft by Ntvi England ; and on the north-weft by Canada. Biviflons. Bail Divifion I Provinces. New York Weft Divifion Chief towns. 1 r Perth Amboy. n New York, W. Lonl fl 72-30. N. Lat. 42I J (.Albany. Burlint, 'r«. Eliza'ucth. I The Jerfeys I J f Long Ifland, and the ~ South Divifion < reft of the Iflands J» ^ Southampton. t near Hudfon's river H B.IVERS.] The principal of thefe in New- York are the rivers of Hum fon and Mohawk; on the former arc many excellent harbours. In thd Jerfeys there are no remarkable rivers, which extend far into the country,! Ca?es.] The capes are thofe of cape Mary, on the e.ift entrance a De la War river j Sandy Print, near the entrance of Rariian river ; anij Montang Point, at the eaft end of Long Ifland. Climate, soil and produce.] Thefe countries, lying to thefoutij of New England, enjoy a more happy temperature of climate. The face 1 thecountry, refembling thatof our other colonies in America, is low, flatJ andmarfhy towards the fea ; as you recede from that element, you areenl tertained with thegradualfvvellingof hills, which become large in proporj tion as you advance into the country. The foil of both is extremely fcrJ tile. It has all the advantages of that of New England, and is bcfidcj jnuch more favourable to the growth of European plants and grainsJ which are here in great abundance and perfcftion. In New York a gread deal of iron is found, and a rich copper mipp h^^s been opened in Ne« Jerfey, BRITISH AMERICA.' 5«7 ■ History, covernmbnt, population, 7 The Swedes and Dutch CHIEF towns, and commerce. J werc the ArA Europcaiis fi\io formed fettlements towards thefe provinces. The traft claimed t,j the two nations, extended from the thirty-eighth to the forty-firft ■degree of latitude, and was called the New Netherlands. It conti- |]iui'd in their hands to the time of Charles II. and was confirmed to Ithe Engliih by the treaty of Breda in 1667. The New Netherlands were Lot long in our pofTcfllon before they were divided into diiFerent pro- Iviires. New York was fo called, becaufe it was at firft granted to the ,; of that name. New Jerfey was granted to Sir George Carteret and I cihci s ; and received its prefent name, becaufe Sir George had, as the Umily ftill have, eftates in the i/lands of Jerfey. It was divided into two Iprovinces, viz. the Ead and Well Jerfeys ; and poffeifed, as we have ', by different proprietors; but in the year 1702, thefe proprietors ■made an aiTignment of their rights^ to the crown. Soon after this the Ijerfeys were united to New York, and at prefent form one government jirith it ; which from their dependence on the crown of Great Britain is [called a Royal Government. The church of England is eftablifhed Jere, and in all the royal governments in Britilh America, but all modeg |f Chrillianity, not detrimental to fociety, are tolerated. The commerce of thefe. countries does not materially differ from lihat of New England. The commodities in which they trade are nheat, flour, barley, oats, beef, and other kinds of animal food. [Their markets are the fame with thofe which the inhabitants of New [England ufe ; and they have a fhare in the logwood trade, and that [which is carried on with the Spanifh and French plantations. They take lilmoll the fame ibrt of commodities from England, with the inhabitants of Bollon. At an average of three years their exports are faid to amount 10526,0001. and their imports from Great Britain 10531,000. The jerfeys have been long in the habit of allowing the merchan*-" of New ifork and Penfylvania, to carry on their trade for them. They have, lowever, for fome time been ftruggling to bring their commerce into its proper courfe, but find it extremely difficult to do fo, as the neighbour- ing provinces have got the market of them, and as it is always difHcult p divert the courfe of trade from its ordinary channel. The city of New York Hands on an illand, which is twelve miles long, and two or three broad, extremely well fituated for trade at the mouth of Kudfon's river, where it is three miles broad, and proves a noble conveyance from many howns above and from Canada, and the lakes, a few carrying places ex- cepted. The town and harbour are defended by forts and batteries. The inhabitants amount to about twelve thoufand, and the whole province is fuppofed to contain between eighty and a hundred thoufand. The ''?ttcr ii rt are rich and hofpitable, the lower ranks are eafy in their cirtum- llances ; and both are endowed with a generous and liberal turn of mind, which renders their fociety and c )nverf"ation more agreeable than in moft countries, either of Europe or America. The inhabitants of New Jer- fey are about fixty thoufand. Their commerce not being in their own hands they nave no very confiderablc towns. Perth Amboy is the moft populous, it contains about two hundred families, as^^ has an harbour fit for receiving and fec^ring fhip^ of great burden. Learning has of late been greatly encouraged in this province. A college wab eftablilbed at the town of Brunfwick, by governor Belcher, in 17+6. The trultees of this college arc generally nrelbvterians, and it is go- [vtxned by ^ prefident. ^ - " ' ii' 585 BRITISH AMERICA. PENSYLVANIA, Situation and Extent. I \\ Between Between 1 ;{" h Lon. Lat. Being 200 miles In length. 200 miles in breadth. Boundaries.] TJOUNDED by the country of the Iroquois, oJ Ij five nations, on the north ; by Dc la War river] which divides it from the Jerfeys, on the eafl ; and by Maryland, on t!;( fouth and weft. Piv-lons. fionh pivii'ion Sou:h Divllion Counties. r Buckingham j Philadelphia (. Chcfhirc f Newcaftle J Kent (^ Suflex ■ Chief Towns. elphia.W. lonj lat. 40- JO J W C NewcalUe Dover Lewes. vcflelsl Rivr .. ] The rivers are De la War, which is navigabl. of one ibrt or other, more than two hundred miles above Philadelphia,! Sukjuehanna, and Skoolkil, are alfo navigable a confiderable way uf the country. Thefe r v«rs, with the numerous bays and creeks, in Del ]a War bay, capable of containing the largeft fleets, render this provincej admirably fuited to carry on an inland and foreign trade. Climate, air, soil, and) The face of the country, air, foil,! FACE OF the country, j andproduce, do not materially diffcrl from that of New York. If there be any difference, it is in favour ofl thii province. The air is fweet and clear. The winters continue from I December till March, and are fo extremely cold and fevere, that thcj ;river De la War, though very broad, is often frozen over. The months of July, Auguft, and September, are almoft intolerably hot, but} the country is refrefhed by frequent cold breezes. It may be reriiarlieJJ in general, that in all parts of our plantations from Ncvv York to tiiej fouthern extremity, the woods are full of wild vines of three or fourj Ipecies, all different from thofe we have in Europe. But, whether from iome fault in their nature, or in the climate, or the foil where they grow,! or what is much more probable, from a fault in the planters, they havej yet produced no wine that deferves to be mentioned, though the Indians! from them make a fort of wine, with which they regale themfelves. Itj may alfo be obferved of the timber of thefe colonies, that towards the| fouth it is not fo good for fhipping, as that of the more northern pro- vinces. The further fouthward you go, the timber becomes lefs coiiipaft,! and rives eafily; which property, as it renders it lefs ferviceable tbr| ihips^ makes it more ufeful for ilayes. JIistorv,! BRITISH AMERICA. 589 liles in length. lilcs in breadth. History, government, settle- 1 This country, uniler the MENT, POPULATION, CHIEF > name of the New Ncther- towns, and COMMERCE. J lands, was Originally poHcfl- Ifd by the Dutch and Swedes. When thefe nations, however, were ex- pelled from New York, by the Englilh, admiral Pen, vvho in conjunftion I with Venables, had conquered the ifland of Jamaicu, being well with Charles II. obtained a promife of a grunt of this country from that mo- narch. Upon the admiral's death, his fon, the celebrated quakcr. availed himfelfof this promife, and after much court follicitation, ob^.iiicd the fcrformance of it. Though as an author and a divine, Mr. Pen be little nown, but to thofe of his own perfuafiun, his reputation in a charader no lefs refpedlable, is univerfal among all civilized nations. 1 he cir- cumftances of the times engaged vaft numbers to follow him into his new j fettlement, to avoid the perlecutions, to which the quakers, like other feAaries, were then expoicd, but it was to his own wifdom and ability, that they are indebted for that charter of privileges, which has put this colony on fo refpedable a footing. Civil and religious liberty in the utmoft latitude, was laid down by that great man, as the great and only foundation of all his inllitutions. Chrillians of all denominations may not only live unmoleftcd, but have a (hare in the government of the co- lony. No laws can be made but by the confent of the inhabitants. Even matters of benevolence, to which the laws of few nations have ex- tended, were by Pen fubjeftcd to regulations. The affairs of widows and orphans were to be inquired into by a court conlHtuted for that pur- pofe. The caufes between man and man were not to ')e fubjefted to the delay and chicanery of the law, but decided by wife and honeft arbitra- tors. His benevolence and generofity extended alfo to the Indian na- tions : indead of immediately taking advantage of his patent, he pur- chafed of thefe people the lands he had obtained by his grant, judg- ing that the original property, and eldeft right was verted in them. William Pen, in Ihort, had he been a native of Greece, would have had his flatue placed next to that of Solon and Lycurgus. His laws, founded on the folid bafis of equity, ftill maintain their force ; and as a proof of their effefts, it is only neceflary to mention that land is now granted at twelve pounds an hundred acres, with a quit-rent of four fliillings rcferved, whereas the terms on which it was formerly grant- ed were at twenty pound the thoufand acres, with one fliilling quit-rent for every hundred. Near Philadelphia, land rents at twenty fhillingj the acre, and even at feveral miles dirtance from that city, fells at twenty years purchafe. In fome years, more people have tranfpurted themftlves into Penfvl- vania, than into all the other fettlements together. In HiOrt, this pro- vince has increafed fo greatly from the time of it., firft cllabliihment, that the number of inhabitants in the whole province, is computed at three hundred and fifiy thoufand. Upon the princip."!.! rivers fettlcments are made, and the country cultivated a hundred .ind fA'ty miles above Phila- delphia. The people are hardy, indultrious, and in(; a mile in length. The whole town, when the original plan can be fuily executed, is m this manner ; every quarter of the city forms a fquare of eight acres, and alnio/l in the center of it, is a fquare of ten acres, fur- rounded by the town-houfe, and other public buildings. The High Street is a hundred feet wide, and runs the whole '»*ngth of the town : parallel to it run eight other llreets, which are croued by twenty more at right iingles, all of them thirty feet wide, and communicating with canals, i'lom the two rivers, which add not only to the beauty, but to the whole- fomenefs of the city. Every man in poflcflion of a thoufand acres, has h'.s houfe either in one of the fronts, facing the rivers, or in the high l ftreet, running from the middle of one front, to the middle of the other, i j Every owner of five thoufand acres, befides the above-mentioned privi- lege, is entitled to have an acre of ground in the front of his houfe, and all others may have half an acre for gardens and court yards. The pro- prietor's feat, which is the ufual place of the governor's refidence, and is about a mile above the town, is the firft private building both for magnificence and fituation in all Britifti America. The barracks for the king's troops, the market and other public buildings, are proporticnably grand. The quays ..'e fpacious and fine, the principal quay is Uvo hun- dr?d feet wide, and to this a veffel of five hundred tuns may lay her broadlicic, though above one hundred miles from the fea. There are in this city a great number of very wealthy merchants ; which is no way furprizing, when we confider the great trade which it carries on with the Englilh, Spanilh, French and Dutch colonies in Ame- rica ; with the Azores, the Canaries, and the Madeira iflands ; with Great Britain and Ireland ; with Spain, Portugal and Holland. Befides the Indian trade, and the quantity of grain, provifions, and all kinds of the produce of this province, which is brought down the rivers upoa which t.iis city is fo commodioufly fituated. The Dutch employ between eight and nine thoufand waggons, drawn each by four horfes, in bringing the produft of their farms to this market. In the year 1749, tiiree hundred and three veiTcl: entered inwards at this port, and two hundred and ninety-one cleared outwards. The commodities exported from Great Britain into Penfylvania, at an average of three years, amount to the value of 611,0001. Thofc er- j-orted to Great-Britain and other markets, bcfide timber, (hips huilt for lixle, copper ore*, and iron in pigs and bars, confift of grain, flour, and imany forts of animal food ; and at an average of three years, are calcu- lated at 705,500). There is a dourifhing academy eftab\ilhed at Philadelphia, which has been greatly cncourpged by contributions .'rom Englantl, and Scotland, and which bids lair to becoiae a bright feniinary of learning. , BRITISH AMERICA. m MARYLAND. Iphia, which has I, and Scotland, SiTUATXOl* AND EXTENT. Being 140 miles in length, 135 miles in breadth. Boundaries.} T) OUNDED by Pcnfylvania, on the north ; by j3 another part of Penlylvania, and the Atlantic jcean, on the eaft j by Virginia, on the fouth ; and by the Apalachiaa Eountains, on the weft. Maryland is divided into two parts by the bay of Chefepeak, viz. I, The eaftern ; and 2. The weftern divilion. Divifions. The eaft divifion contains the counties of { Counties. Somerfet Dorchefter Chief Towns. ■ "1 r Somerfet I J Dorchefter lie weft contains divifion Talbot county — — T | Oxford. Cecil county ■ J [^ fi. St. Mary's county — "^ fSt. Ma-.y's 2. Charles county — I Briftoi 3. Prince George county | Maftcrkout Calvert county ^ -^ Abington ^4 5 Anne Arundel county .6. Baltimore county — ^ Ar.napolis, W. Lon, 78. N. Lat. 39-31;, l^Baltiniore. Face ACE OF THE COUNTRY, 7 AIR, SOIL AND PRODUCE. 3 I iiilinguiflied from thofe already Rivers.] This country is indented with a vaft number of navigable I creeks and rivers. The chief are Patowmac, Pocomoac, Patuxent, Cheptonk* Severn and Sallafras. In thefe particulars this province has nothing particular by which it may be defcribed. The hills in the inland I country are of Co eafy afcent, that they rather feem ;n artificial than a natural produt^ion. The vaft number of rivers diff"ufes fertility thro' ihe foil, which is admirably adapted to the rearing of grain and hemp, is well as tobacco, which is the ftiple commodity of that country. Commerce.] The commerce of Maryland depends on the fame principles with that of Virginia, and is lb clofely connected with it, that ir.y reparation of them would rather confufc than ediff. It will be confidered therefore under that head. History and covernmpnt.] It fcems as if all the provinces of North America were planted from motives of religion. Maryland, like thofe we have formerly defcribed, owes its fettlemcnt to religious wnfidcrations. As th'^y however were peopled by Prot'?ftant'j, and even (eftaries, Maryland was originally plan'-eJ by Pxoman Catholicks. This li'v% towards the cloie of Charles I.'s idgn, wac the objedl of great ha- 3 trfJ ;■ l< fc ! 'li i !■ B9^ BRITISH AMERICA. tred with the balk of the EngHfli nation ; the laws in force agalnft the, Roman cathoUvs, were executed with the utmoft feverity. This in part arofel from an opinion, perhaps not without fome foundation, that the courtl was too fiivourably diipofed towards this form of religion. Jt is certain,! that many marks of f ivour were conferred on Roman catholics. Lord| Baltimore was one of the moft eminent, one in greateft favour with the court, and on that account moll odious to tlie generality of En^l'fnmen. This nobleman in 1632, obt.iined a grant from Charlcsof th^t country, which formerly was confidered as a pare of Virginia, but! was now calleii Maryland, in honour of queen Mary, daughter to Henry] IV. and fpouie to kingCharks. The year following about two hundred! Popifh families, fome of conilierable diftinftion, embarked with lordl Baltimore, to enter into pofleflion of this new territory. Thefe fettlers, [ v»ho had that liberality and good breeding, which diftinguiflies gentlemen! of every niigion, bought their lands at an eafy price from the native] Indians ; they even lived with them fur fome time in the fame city ; andl the fame harmony continued to fubfill between the two nations, until the! Indians were impofed on by the malicious infinuations of fome planters! in Virginia, who envied the profperity of this Popifh colony, and in- flamed the Indians againft thein by ill-grounded reports, but fuch as were! fufficient to ftir up the refentn.cnt of men naturally jealous, and who from! experience had reaibn to be fo. The colony, however, was not wantin*! to its own fafety on this occafion. Though they continued their friendly] intercourfe with the natives, they took care to erecl a foit, and to ufe] every other precaution for their defence againft fudden ho'lilities ; the! defeat of this attempt gave a new fpring to the activity of this planta tion : which was likewife receiving frequent reinforcemenis from Eiiglaiidl of thofe who found thcmfclves in danger by the approaching revolution But during the proteclorfliip of Cromwell, every thing was overturned in [ Maryland. Baltimore was ungencroufly depri\ed of his ri?,hu., and a new] governor, appointed by the protetlor, fubltitutcd in his room. At thcj reftoration, however, the property of this province reverted to its natu- ral poflefTc:-. Baltimore was reinilated in his rights, and fii!!y dlicoveyed! how well he deferved to be fo He oUablifhed a pcifed toleration in allj religious matters : the colony encreafed and flouridied, and uirtenters ot j ^U denominations, allured by the profpect of gain, flotkf.:d into Ivlary- 1 land. The tyrannical governriient of I ::,es II. vvhicli without difcern- ment of friends or enemies, hut with the fury of a mad-dog, inappc(lj at every thing before it, arain deprived this nohle family of their pof-! feflion, acquired by royal bounty, and improved by niucii care and ex- 1 pence. At the revolution, howeve**, loru Baltimore was again relbrcdf to all the profits of the govejnment, though not to the right of govern- ing, which could not conAlilcntly be conferred- on a Roman catholic. Euil ifince the family have changed their religion, they have obtained the power as well as the intereft. At prefcnt but a fmall part of it kl nigil to that family. The government of this country exaftly reicnibles that Jn Virginia, except that the governor is appointed by the piopristor.,! and only confirmed by the crown. The culloni: too are reierved tu tliel crown, and the officers belonging to them are independent of the govern- jnent of the province. So far is Maryland from bein;^ at prelent a Fopiihl povernmcnt, that the Protellants, by far more nunitrous, have excluil.ij them from oil offices of truil: and power. 'I'hcy have even adcpicd :l;-:j pciial laws of ^gland againft them. n force again ft the . This in part arofej ion, that the court! ;ion. Jt is certain,! n catholics. Lord! eateft favour witli the generality of int from Charles of c of Virginia, butl daughter to Henry] about two hundred! nbarked with lord! y. Thefe fettlersJ nguiflies gentlemen! :e from the native! the fame city ; and] D nations, until the! is of fome plantersj ih colony, and in- ts, but fuch as were lous, and who fromj ;r, was not wanting! iniicd their friendly! ; a foit, and to ufe den hollilities ; the! vity of this planta- nenjs from tnglandl •naching rc\ oliitionv g wa"* overturned in ! s n?Jii5, and a new his room. At the] vertrd to its natu- ip.d fiiHy dilcove?ed ed toleration in all; d, and uilVenters of flocked into Ivlary- :li without difcern- raad-ciog, inappcd \ amily of their pof- mucii care and ex- was again ri"llorcd| ;hf right of govern- o;-;ian catholic. Dm hiivc obtained tlw] 11 part of it belongs aftly reicmbU's that by the piopristOLJ are rcicrvod to the] iJcnt of the govern- r atprelcnt aPopiihl rous, have cxclud.ij vc even adopted 1!:^:' BRITISH AMERICA* VIRGINIA. Situation and Extent. 593 Between Between W. Lon. N. Lat. Being 240 miles in length. 200 miles in breadth. TIOUNDED by the river Patowsnac, which di- BOUNDARIES.] vides it from Maryland, on the north-eaft ; by I the Atlantic ocean, on the eafl ; by Carolina, on the fouth ; and by the JApalachian mountains, on the weft. It may be divided into four parts, viz. The north : The middle : iThe fouth : And, the eaftern divifion. Divifions. IThe north divi- fion contains The middle di vifion contains "» The fouth divi- fion contains Counties. ' ' Northumberland — Lancafhire — - Weftmoreland — Richmond — Stafford — Effex — Middlefex — Gloucefler — King and Queen county King William county New Kent Elizabeth county Warwick county York county Princefs Anne county Norfolk county Nanfamund county ■ Ifle of Wight county Surry county Prince George county Charles county Henrico county James county Parifhes. Wincomoca Chrill-Church St. Paul's. "^ rFarnham Chrifl-Church Abingdon _ < Siratton St. John's St. Peter's Elizabeth Dciiby I York Llyn haven. Elizabeth Chutakuk Newport Southwark •{ Wyanoke Weftover Briftol James Town Williamfburg. Acomac. I The eaftern di-* vifion between I ^ ' Ao«-,n/. /./M,«f« r., r I L ^24. Acomac county Chefapeak bay I and the ocean J Capes, bays and rivers.] In failing to Virginia or Marylat»d, i you pafs a ilreight between two points of land, called the Capes of Vir- Iginia, which opens a pafTage into the bay of Chefapeak, one of the largefl Q^q and li Ul 594 BRITISH AMERICA; and fafcft in tlie whole world ; for it enters the country near three hupJ dred miles from the fouth to the north, is about eighteen miles broad foj a confidcrable way, and feven where it is narrowell, the waters in moi3 places being nne fathoms deep. This bay, through its whole exteiit] receives a vaft number of navi- '.'-. Avers from the fules of both M.irv- land and Virginia. From the latter, befides others of Icfs note, it li'. ceives James River, York River, the R.appahannock, and the Patou. mac ; thefe are not only navigable for large lliips into the heart of the country, but have fo many creeks, and receive fuch a number of fmalleil navigable rivers, that Virginia is without all manner of doubt the counj try of the world of the moft convenient navigation. It has been obfervedJ and the obfcrvation is not exaggerated, that every planter has a river a] his door. Face of the country.] The whole face of tliis country is fo e\'^ tremely low towards the fea, that you are very near the {hort-, before vou can difcover lard from t!ie maft-hea 1. The lofty trees, v, hich cover tLe foil, gradually rife a.-, it were from the ocean, and afford an enchanting profpeti. You travel an hundred miles into the country, without meet^ mg with a hill, which is nothing uncommon on this extenfive coall oi North America. Air and climate.] In fummer the heats here are exceflive, thoi not without refrefhing breezes from the fea. The weatlier is changeab!e,| and the changes fuddon and violent. Their winter frolls come on with! the lead warning. To a warm day, there fometimes fuccceds fuch aa| intenfe cold in the evening as to freeze over the largcft rivers. The air and feafons here depend very much upon the wind, as to lieRtl and cold, drynefs and moillure. In winter they have a fine clear air,| and dry, which renders it very pleafant. Their Ipring is about a moiital earlier than in England ; in April they have frequent rains ; in May aiuil June, the heat increafcs ; and the fummer is much like ours, being re- freflied with gentle breezes from the fea, that rife about nine o'cloclv,! and decreafe and increafe as the fun rifes or falls. In July and Augtiltj thefe breezes ceafe, and the air becomes ftagnant, and violently hot ; inf September the weather generally changes, when they have heavy and fre-j quent rains, which occalion all the train of difeafes incident to a moiit cli-| mate, particularly agues, and intermitting fevers. They have frequentj thunder and lightning, but it rarely does any mlfchief. Soil and produce.] 'J'owards the fea-(hore, and the banks of the rivers, the foil of Virginia confifts of a dark rich mould, which, with- out manure, returns plentifully whatever is committed to it. At a di> fiance from the water there is a lightntTs and fandincfs in the foil, whichl however is of a generous nature, and helped by a kindly fun, yieldsj corn and tobacco extremely well. From what has been faid of the foil and climate, it is eafy to infer! the variety and perfeftion of the vegetable producHions of this country. The forerts are covered with all forts of lofty trees ; and no underwoodl or brulhes grow beneath ; fo that people travel with eafe through the! forefts on horfeback, under a fine (hade, to defend them from the fun;f the plains are enamelled with flowers and flowering flirubs of the richefl colours, and moft fragrant fcent. Silk grows fpontancous in many places, the fibres of which are as ilrong as h inp. Medicinal herbs and roots, particularly the fn.:ke root, and the ginfeng of the Chinefe, arc herein great planty. There is no fort of ^rain but mi^ht be cultivated to aJ-| vantage, G a; try near three hm^ tteen miles broad foj , the waters in nioJ h its whole extent] fulcs of both M.irv- s of Icfs note, it n-J ck, and the PatouJ nto the heart of the a number of fmallci r of doubt the coun. It has been obfervedJ lanter has a river a] :his country is fo e.vJ the fhorL', before vou ees, v.hich cover tl.e iftbrd an enchantinjjj ntry, without meetl is extenfive coaft o^ e are exceflive, tho*! eather is changeable,! frolls come on wiili| les fuccceds fuch nal ft rivers. the wind, as to heatl ave a fine clear air,| ing is about a monttij t rains ; in May aiuij like ours, being re- about nine o'cloc!c,j In July and Augiillj nd violently hot ; in! have heavy and fre-| •ident to a moilt cH- Thcv have frequent! f. ' nd tho banks of th lould, wiiich, with-j cd to it. At a di. fs in the foil, which I I kindly fun, yields! ', it is eafy to infer] ions of this count:)-. and no undervvood| th eafe tlirough the! them from the fun ; [ drubs of the richeftj ;rus in many places, lai herbs and roots, I I^hincfe, are here in be cultivated to ad- vantage. I BRITISH AMER/CA. B95 intage. The inhabitants however are fo enj^rnfled with the culture \i the tobacco plant, that they think, if corn iufficient for their fupport can be reared, they do enough in this way. But flax and hemp are pro- iiiccd not only for their own confumption, but for export, though not in Ifach quantities as they might be expefted from the Jiature of the foil, admirably fitted for producing this commodity. Animals.] We fhall here obferve, that there were neither horfes, |to\vs, fheep, nor hogs in America, before they were carried thither hv the Europeans ; but now they arc multiplied fo extremely that many |(f them, particularly in Virginia, and the fouthern colonics, run wild. 5eef and pork is fold here from one penny to twopence a pound ; |;heir fatteft pullets at fixpcnce a-piece ; chickens, at three or four fhil- iings a dozen ; geefe, at ten pence ; and turkeys, at eighteen pence piece. But fi(h, and wild fowl, are ftill cheaper in the feafon, and leer are fold from five to ten (hillings a-piece. This eftimate may lerve for tlie other American colonies, where provifions are equally plen- iiiful and cheap, and in fome ftill lower. Befides the animals tranfpcrtcd from Europe, thofe natural to the country are deer, of which there are jrcat numbers, a fort of panther or tyger, bears, wolves, foxes, and ra- toons. Here is likewife that fingular animal, called the Opoflum, v^hich coins to be the v/ood-rat mentioned by Charlevoix, in his hiftory of Ca- jida. It is about the fize of a cat, and befides the belly common to it ivith ether animals, it has another peculiar to itfelf, and which hangs cncath the former. This belly has a large aperture, towards the hinder Ice?, which difcovcrs a large number of teats on the ufual part of the common belly. Upon thcfe, when the female of this creature conceives, ;iie young are formed, and there they hang like fruit upon the ftalk, until they grow in bulk and weight to their appointed fize ; then they drop ofF, and are received into the falfe belly, from which they go out atplcafure, and in which they take refuge when any danger threatens [hem. In Virginia there are all forts of tame and wild fowl. They have te nightingale, called from the country, whofe plumage is crimfon and blue, the mocking bird, thought to excel all others in his own note, and including that of every one, the humming bird, the fmalleft of all the ivinged creation, and by far the moft beautiful, all arrayed in fcarlct, green and gold. It ilps the dew from the flowers, which is all its nou- nlhment, and is too delicate to be brought alive into England. History, oovernmkxt, popu- 'J This is the firft country which i.ATiON, TOWKS, AN^) COMMERCE, j the Englilli planted in America. We derived our right, not only to this, but to all our other (cttlements, :? ha^ been already obfcrved, fiom the difcovery of Sebaftian Cabot, who, ill 1497, firft made the northern continent of America, in the fervice of henry VII. of England. No attempts, however, were made to fettle it, till the roign of queen Elizabeth. It was then that Sir Wnlter Rrdeigh, the moft extraordinary genius of the age in which he lived, perhaps in any :ige, applied to court, and got together a company which was com- poled of ffveral perfons cf diftinclion and feveral eminent merchants, who agreed to open a trade and fettle a colony in that part of the world, which, in honour of queen Elizabeth, he called Virginia. Towards the clofe of the fixtccnth century, feveral attempts were made for fettling this colony before any proved fuccefsful. The three firft companies who Hied inco Virginia perilhed through hunger and diieaies, or were cut otF by the Indians. The fourth was reduced almoft to the fame fituation; »nd, being dwindled to a feeble remainder, had fct fail for England, in Qj?j z defpa'w 'U '1 ' m i> A''.^ I! Si 596 BRITISP AMERICA: defpalr of living in fiich an uncultivated country, inhabited by fuch holtile and warlike favages. But in the mouth of Chefapeak bay, theyj were met by lord Delawar, with a fquadron loaded with provifions, an "f with every thing neceflary for their relief and defence. At his perfuafion they returned: by his advice, his prudence, and winning bchavioui, the government of the colony was fettled within itfelf, and put on a] refpeftable footing with regard to its enemies. This nobleman, who had! accepted the government of the uxipromifing province of Virginia from tht nobleft motives, was compelled, by the decayed ftate of his health, to return into England. He left behind him, however, his fon, as de- puty; with Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers, the honourablej George Piercy, and Mr. Newport, for his council. By them, James- Town, the firll town built by the Englilh in the new world, was ereded. The colony continued to flourilh, and the true fources of its wealth be- 1 gan to be difcovered and improved. The firft fettlers, like thofe of Mary- 1 land, were generally perfons of confideration and diftinftion. It remaincdl E fteady ally to the royal party during the troubles of Great-Britain. Many of the Cavaliers, in danger at home, took refuge here ; and under! the government of Sir William Berkley, held out for the crown; imtill the parliament, rather by ftratagem than force, reduced them. After) the Relloration, there is nothing very interefting in the hiftory of this I province. Soon after this time, a young gentleman, named Bacon, a! lawyer, availing himfelf of fome difcontents in the colony, on account of j yeftraints on trade, became very popular, and fet every thing in confufion. [ His natural death, however, reftored peace and unanimity ; and the I inhabitants of Virginia ceafed to deftroy themfelves. The government of this province was not at firft ^adapted to the prin- j ciples of the Englifh conftitution, and to the enjoyment of that liberty to which a fubjeil of Great-Britain thinks himfelf entitled in every parti of the globe. It was governed by a governor and council, appointed by the king of Great-Britain. As the inhabitants encreafcJ, the incon- ! veniency of this form became more grievous ; and a new branch was i added to the conftitution, by which the people, who had formerly no) confideration, were allowed to elcft their reprefentatives from each county, into which this country is divided, with privileges refembling | thofe of the reprefentatives of tlie commons of England. Thus two \ houfes, the upper and lower houfe of affembly, were formed. The upper houfe, which was before called t!ie council, remained on its former foot- ing; its members are appointed, during pleafu re, by the crown; they are ftiled Honourable, and anfvver in fome meafure to the houfe of peers in the Britifti conftitution. The lower houl'e is the guardian of the peo- ples liberties. And thus, with a governor reprefenting the king, an upper and lower houfe of aflembly, this government bears a linking refemblance to our own. When any bill has pafl'cd the two houfes, it comes before the governor," who gives his aflent or negative as he thinks proper. It now acquires the force of a law, until it be tranfmitted to j England, and his majefty's pleafure known on that fubjed. The upper i houfe of aftembly adts not only as a part of the legiflature, but alfo as a privy-council to the governor, without whofe concurrence he can do I nothing of moment : it fonietinic ads as a court of Chancery. The number of white people in Virginia, which is daily encreafing. is fuppufed to amount to above a hundred thoufand. The negroes, oi whom ibni<: choufaad^i urc annually imported into Vij'gtuia and MdiylanJ, arc I BRITISH AMERICA. 59T l»rc at lead as many; they thrive too much better here than in the Weft ■Indies. The inhabitants of Virginia are a chearful, hofpitnble, and in [general a genteel fort of people: fome of them are accufed of vanity and lollcntation ; which accufation is not without fome ground. Here nra jonly two towns that deferve that name ; the largcll of which, and the Icapital of the province, is Williamfljurg, containing about fixty houfts, I and fome fpacious public buildings. In the following account of the commerce of Virginia, is alfo included Uit of Maryland. Thefe provinces arc fuppofed to export, of tobacco Llone, to the annual ralue of 768,000!. into Great-Britain. This, at eight pounds per hoglhead, makes tlie number of hogfheads amount to L6,ooo. Of thefe, it is computed that about 13,500 hogflieads are con- lliimed at home, the duty on which, at 26 1. is. per hog(head, comes to |!;i,675l. the remaining 02,500 ho^^lTicads are exported by our mer- Icnants to the other countries oj' EuiDpcj, and their value returned to jGreat-Brita'in. The adVaniiages of this trade appear by the bare men- lion of it. It may not be improper to add, that this finglc branch eni- Iploys 330 failof fhips, and 7960 feruncn. Not only our wealth there- Ibre, but the very finews of cur national llrength are powerfully braced iyit. The other commodities of thefe colonies, of which n^val ilores, wheat, Indian corn, iron in pigs and bars, arc the moil eonfidcrable, nake the whole exportation, at an average of three years, amount to |(,o < Frederi 3 ( Purifbu fburgh. Rivers.] The chief rivers are, i. Albemarle river ; 2. Pentaguen 3.Neufe; 4. Cape Fear, or Clarendon river; 5. Watere ; 6. Santee; 7. Alliley river ; 8. Cooper River; 9. Colleton; 10. Cambahee ; iiJ Savannah; 12. Alatamaha ; and, 13. That noble river St. John's) which divides Georgia from Florida ; all which rivers rife in thd Apalachian mountains, and running eaft, fall into the Atlantic OJ ccan. And Mr. Oglethorpe aflures us, that the rivers Flint, CatocheJ Ogfchec, and even the river Miffifippi, which run from tlie north-eal of the fouth -weft, and fall into the gulph of Mexico, pafs through pan to Carolina. Seas, bays, and capes.] The only fea bordering on this countr is th.'.t of the Atlantic ocean ; which is {o Ihallow near the coail, that ihip of any great burden cannot approach it, except in fome few places] There has not yet been found one good harbour in North Carolina ; tlid bell are thofe of Roanocjc, at the mouth of Albemarle river, and PimlicoJ In South Carolina, there are the harbours of Winyaw, or George-TownJ Charles-Town, and Port-Royal. In Georgia, the mouths of tiie river^ Savannah and Alatamahaform good harbours. The moll remarkable promontories arc. Cape Hatteras, in 35 degJ odd minutes north lat. Cape Fear to the fouth of it, and Cape Cartarel ilill further fouth. Climate and air.] There is not any confiderable difFerence beJ twten the climate of thcfc countries. In general it agrees with that oj Virginia ; but, where they difi'er, it is much to the advantage of Caroj lina. The fummcrs indeed are of a more intenfe heat than in \ irl ginia, but the v.'inters are milder and fliorter.' The climate of Caro] lina,' like all American weather, is fubjccl to fudden tranfitions fron heat ti) cold, and from cold to h-'at ; but not to fuch vioknt extreJ mities as \ ir-jinia. The winters arc ftddom feverc enourh to freeze ani confulerable water, alecling only the mornings snd evenings ; tlie froftJ have never fuihci en t 11 rength to reaft the noon- day fun ; (0 that inanjl tender plants, which do not ftand the winter of Virginia, fiourilh in Carolina, for they have oranges in great plenty near Charles-town, .'nd excellent in thtir liinds, b;.tli fwect and four, Soil, proditce, and face ) In chis rcfpcft too there is a confided OF THE COUNTRY. \ rahlc Coincidence bctwccn thefe counJ tries and Virginia : the Carolinas, however, in the fertility of nature! have ths advantage j but Georgia is not of near fo good a foil as the othel ' - ' provinceiJ a; Towns. ided into parifliCo c hiive no towns. James rift-Church nrles-Town, W. on. 79. N. lat. 2-30. t-Royal. annah derica ifburgh. r ; 2. Pentaguen : 'atere ; 6. Santee 1 >. Cambahee ; n] 5 river St. John's! rivers rife in th( I the Atlantic OJ ■rs Flint, CatocheJ lom tlie north-Call pafs through pari ng on this coiintr • the coaft, that 1 fome few places] prth Carolina ; tha river, and Pimlicoj or Georgc-TownJ ouths of the riveri atteras, in 35 degJ and Cape (JartareJ BRITISH AMERICA. 599 Tovinces. The whole country is in a manner one foreft, where our [lanters have not cleared it. The trees arc a'moft the liime in every rped; with thofe produced in Virjvinia ; and hy the difFcront fptcits of Jihefc, the quality of the foil is eafily known. The land in Carolina is leuiily cleared, as there is little or no underwood, and the forefts moftly hmil\ of tall trees at a confidcrablc dirtance. Thofe grounds which bear |[|ieoak, the walnut, and the hickory, are extremely fertile ; they are of Ijdark fand intermixed with loam ; and as all their land abounds with hjtre, it is a lonw time before it is exhaufted ; for here they never ufe pv manure. l"he pine barren is the worll of all ; this is an ahnoft Ijerfeftly white fand, yet it bears the pine tree, and fome other ufc- plants naturally, yielding good profit in pitch, tar, and turpentine. ijitn this fpecies of land is cleared*, for two or three years together it [roJuces very good crops of Indian corn and peafe ; and, when it lies ■ov, and is flooded, it even anfwcrs for rice. But what is moft fortunate |r this province is, that this worft part of its land is favourable to a ecies of the moft valuable of all its products, to one of the kinds of yigo. The low, rich, fwampy grounds, bear their great ftaple, rice, She country near the fea is much the worft, in many parts little better bn an unhealthy fait marlh ; for Carolina is all an even plain for eighty tiles from the fea, not a hill, not a rock, nor fcarce even a pebble to be lietwith. But the country, as you advance in it, improves continually; md at an hundred miles diltance from Charles-Town, where it begins to ow hilly, the foil is of a prodigious fertility, fitted for every purpofe of Ionian life ; nor can any thing be imagined more pleafant to the eye bn the variegated difpofition of this back country. Here the air is lore and wholcibme, and the fummer heat much more temperate than in lie flat fandy coaft, Jn Carolina, the vegetation of every kind of plant is incredibly fcuick. The climate and foil have fomething in them fo kindly, that the later, when left to itfelf, naturally throws out an immenfe quantity of touers and flowering flirubs. All the European plants arrive at per- mion here beyond that in which thtir native country affords them, ¥ith proper culture and encouragement we might have fjlk, wine, and la! from thofe colonies : of the firft we have feen lamples equal to what t'orought to us from Italy. Wheat grows extremely well in the back able difference bejirts, and yields a prcdi.nous increafe. .grees with that ol idvantage of CaroJ heat than in \irj climate of CargJ n tranfitions from fuch vioknt extre'l ouj^h to freeze an]l venin^s : the frolll :n ; (0 that inanjl rginia, fiourilh in Charles-town, rnd there is a confidej tween thefe coun| ertility of nature! I a foil as the othel province^ From what v/e have obferved of thefe valuable provinces, their pro- liaaions appear to be, vines, wheat, rice, Indian corn, barley, oats, Ipeafe, beans, hemn, flax, cottun, tobacco, indigo, olives, orange, jtitrn, cyprefs, faliafras,. oak, walnut, cafiia, and pine trees ; white plhcrry- trees for feeding fii'-:-vvorms ; larfaparilla, and pines which Iwld turpentine, lofin, tar, and pitch. There is a kind of tree fronj Mich runs an oil of extraordinary virtue for curing wounds j and ano-r psr, which yields a balm, thought to be little inferior to that of Mecca, riiere are oiher trees befides thefe, that yield gums. The"Carolinas kroduce prodigious quantities of honey, of which they make excellent Ipirits, and mead as good 4s Malaga fack. Of all thel'e, the three great pple comniodiries at prefent are, the indigo, rice, and the produce of ■""■pine, Nothihg furprifes ap European more at firft fight, than th^ tee of the trees here, as well as in Virginia and other American coun- iries. Their trunks are often from fifty to fevcntv feet high, without ^ Iranch or Unib ; g.pd frequently above thirty-fix fe?t in circumference. ^m i li ■ii ■ff u l-ji I Mi 6oo BRITISH AMERICA; Of thct tumks, when hollowed, the Indians make canoes, and fome of them are fo large, that they will carry thirty or forty barrels of pitch, though formed of one entire piece of timber. Of thcfe are likewife made curious pleafure-boats. Animai S.J The origin.nl animals of this country do not dllFer much from thofe of Virginia ; but in Carolina they have a ftill greater variety of beautiful fowls. All the animals of Europe are here in plenty ; black cattle are multiplied prodigioufly : to have two or three hundred cows is very common, but fome have a thouliind or upwards. Thefe ramble all day at plcafurc in the forelh ; but their calves being feparated and kept in fenced pallures, the cows return every evening to them. The hogs range in the fame manner, and return like the cows ; thefe are very numerous, and many run quite v.iKl, as well as horned cattle and horfcs, in the woods. It is furprifing that the cattle fliould have encreafed lb quickly fincc their being firft imported from Europe, while there are! fuch numbers of wolves, tygers, and panthers, conftantly ranging the woods and forefls. \Vc have already obl'erved that thefe animals are lefs I ravenous than the beafrs of Africa and Afia ; they very feldom attempt I to kill eitlier calves or foals in America, and when attacked, their dams make a vigorous defence. History, government, population, 7 The firft Engllfli ex- CHIEF TOw^f!, AND COMMERCE. j pcditions into Carolina were unfortunate. Nothing fuccefsful was done in this way till the year | 1663, in the reign of Charles II. At that time feveral Englifh noble- men, and others of great diftinftion, obtained a charter from the crown, inverting them with the property and jurifdidlion of this country. They parcelled out the lands to fuch as were willing to go over into the new lettlement, and to fubmit to a fyftem of laws, which they employed the famous Locke to compofe for them. They began their firft fettlement at a point of land towards the fouth- ward of their diftrift, between two navigable rivers. Here they laid the foundation of a city, called Charles-Town, which was defigned to be what it now is, the capital of the province. In time, however, as no reftrifticn had been laid upon the religious principles of thofe who fettled in Carolina, the difputes between the church of England-men and diffenters caufed a total confufion in the colony. This was rendered ftill more intolerable by the incurfions of the Indians, whom they had irri- tated by their infolence and injuftice. In order to prevent the fatal con- fequences of thefe intcftine divifions and foreign vvars, an aft of parlia- ment was palTed, which put this colony under the immediate proteftion of the crown. The lords proprietors accepted a recompence of about 24,0001. for both the property and jurifdifLion; and the conilitution of j this colony in thofe refpefts in which it differed from the royal colonies was altered. Earl Granville, however, thought fit to retain his feventh Ihare, which is ftill in the pofleflion of his family. For the more con- venient adipiniftration of aiTairs too, Carolina was divided into two diftrifts, and two fcparate governments. This happened in 1728, and from that time, peace being reftored in the internal government, as well as with tjie Cherokees and other Indian tribes, thcfe provinces began to breathe ; and their trade has advanced of late with wonderfid rapidity. The fettlement of Georgia was projected in 1732, when fcve;al public- fpirited noblemen and others, from compaflion to the poor of thefe king- doms, fubfcribcd a confiderable fum, which, with 10,000 1. from t^.c| govg-nmentj a; BRITISH AMERICA. 60 1 IOCS, and fome of I barrels of pitch, are likewife made lo not difFer much till greater variety i e in plenty ; black e hundred cows is ' Thefe ramble all feparated and kept them. The hogs , !S ; thefe are very | 1 cattle and horfes, have cncreafed fo; ;, while there arei (iantly ranging the j ;fe animals are lefs L-ry feldom attempt I acked, their dams ; firft Englilh ex- ions into Carolina is way till the year ral Englifh noble- :er from the crown, lis country. They 1 over into the new they employed the towards the fouth- Here they laid h was defigned to time, however, as pies of thofe who England-men and was rendered ftill lom they had irri- ;vent the fatal con- an aft of parlia- imediate protcftion compence of about the coniUtution of the royal colonies retain his feventh r'or the more con- divided into two ned in 1728, and avernmcnt, as well provinces began to nderful rapidity, /hen fcve;al public- poor of thefe king- 10,000 1. from t^.c govgrnment, government, was given to provide in neceflaries fuch poor perfons as were willing to tranfport themfelves into this province, and to fubmit to the regulations impofed on them. In prnccfs of time, new fums were raiftd, and new inhabitants fcnt over. Before the year 1752, upwards of a thoufand perfons were fettled in this province. It was not, hnv/- ever, to be expefted that the inhabitants of Georgia, removed as they were at a great dillance from their benefaftors, and from the check and controul of thofe who had .1 natural influence over them, would fubmit to the magiftrates appointed to govern them. Many of the regulations too, by which they were bound, were very improper in thjmfefvc% and deprived the Georgians of privileges which their neighbours enjoyed, and which, as they incrcafcd in numbers and opulence, they thought it hard that they ihould be deprived of. From thefe corrupt fources arofe all the bad humours which tore to pieces this conlVitution of government. iDiffentions of all kinds fprung up, and the colony was on the brink of deftruftion, when, in 1752, the government took it under their imme- diate care, removed their particular grievances, and placed Georgia oa the fame footing with the Carolinas. The method of fettling in Carolina, and indeed in other provinces of iBritilh America, was to pitch upon a void fpacc of ground, and either to purchafe it at the rate of twenty pounds for one thoufand acres, and one IhilHng quit-rent for every hundred acres ; or otherwife, to pay a penny an acre quit-rent yearly to the proprietors, without purchafe-money : the former method is the moll common, and the tenor a freehold. The people of Carolina live in the fame eafy, plentiful, and luxurious man- luer with the Virginians already defcribed. Poverty is here almoft an en- tire ftranger ; and the planters are the moft hofpitable people that are to be met with to all ftrangers, and efpecially to fuch as by accident or misfortunes are rendered incapable to provide for themfelves. The only town in either of the Carolinas worthy of notice is Charles- Town, the metropolis, in South-Carolina, which for fize, beauty, and trade, may be confidered as one of the firft in Britiih America. I have already mentioned its admirable fituation at the confluence of two navi- gable rivers, one of which is navigable for fnips twenty miles above the ' town, r.nd for boats and large canoes near forty. The harbour is good in every refpeft, but that of a bar, which hinders veflcls of more than hvo hundred tons burden from entering. The town is regularly and pretty flrongly fortified by nature and an ; the frreets arc well cut ; the houfes are large and well built, fome of them are of brick, and others of wood, but all of them handfome and elegant, and rent is extremely high. The ftreets are wide and Itraight, interfefting each other at right angles ; thofe running eaft and well extend about a mile from one river to the other. It contains about a thoufand houfcs, and is the fjat of the go- vernor, and the place of meeting of the afiembly. Its neigh'oourhood is beautiful beyond defcr'ption. Several handfome equipages are kept here. The planters and merchants are rich and well bred ; the people are llhewey and expenfive in their drefs and way of living ; fo that every thing confpires to make this by much the liveliell, the loveliell, and politelV' place, as it is one of the richeft too, in all America. It ought here to be [obfervcd, for the honour of the people of Carolina, that, when in com- mon v/lth the other colonies, they refolved againil the ufe of certain luxu- ries, and even necefTaries of life ; thofe articles which improve the mind, enlarge the underftanding, and correft the tafte, were excepted : the Ipponatioa of books was permitted as formerly. 4 A« f J ' 6o2 BRITISH AMERICA. As South-Carolina has met with infinitely more attention than the nthci provinces, the commerce of this country alone employs a hiiniiifd ar.i forty (hips, while that of the other two does not employ fix y. Its ex- ports to Great-Britain of native comiuud'ties, on an avcrai^e of thrca years, amount to more than 39^,000 1. annual value ; and its imports at 365,000!. The exports of ISorth-Carolina are computed at more th;iriL 68,000 1. and its imports at about 1 8,000 1. The trade of Geor-'ia iJ likewifc in its infancy ; the exports amount to a little more than 74,000 1 ' and the imports at 49,000!. The trade between Carolina and the Well-(ndies is the fame in al refpefts with that of the reft of the colbnies, and is very large ; theid trade with the Indians is lilcewife in a very flourilhing condition ; an4 they carry Englifli goods on pack-horfes five or fix huny!) a hundii-d ar,c oy fix y. Its ex. average of three and its imports at utcd at more thiir. de of Georgia i}| lorc than 74,000 Ij is the fame in a! very large ; theig ig condition ; and lur.'lred miles into il entrance. Within the bar there is a hundred fathom wntcr, and the Ichannel is every where deep, and the current gentle, except at a ccrtaia fcfon, when, like the Nile, it overflows and becomes extremely rapid. It is, except at the entrance already mentioned, every where free from {•.oais and catarafts, and navigable for craft of one kind or other alnioft 10 its fource. The Mobille, the Apalachicola, and St. Joh^i's rivers, ire alfo large and noble rtreams. Bays and capes.] The principal bays are, St. Bernard's, Afcen- on, Mobille, Pcnfacola, Dauphin, Jofeph, Apalaxy, Spiritu Sanii^o, d Charles Bay. The chief capes are, Cape Blanco, Samblas, Anclote, St. Auguftine, nJ Cape Florida at the extremity of the Pcninfula, which terminates the ritiih America fouthward. Air and climate.] It is very difficult to reconcile the various but ordinary hnrJBccounts that have been given of thefe particularj in this country. The , vefll'ls of abov^eople who have obtained grants of lands in Florida, and are defirous to r trade, by the ex^ulc or .'ell them, reprefent the whole country as a Canaan, and St. Au- "rlne, in Eall- Florida, as tlie Montpelier of America : they tell us, at the climate of Florida is an exceeding agreeable medium betwixt the orcliing heat of the tropics, and the pinching cold of the northern ititudes ; that there is indeed a change of the fcafons, but it is a mode- is one : in November and December, many trees lofe their leaves, egctarion goes on flowly, and the winter is perceived, but fo mild, that 'm is never fecn there; and the tenderelt plants of the Well-Indies, |jch as the plantain, t'.ie allegator-pear-tree, the banana, the pine-apple, .' fagar-cane, &c. remain unhurt during the winter, in the gardens of . -jgulHue : that the fogs and dark gloomy weather, lo common in j' d, arc unknown in this country. And though at the equinoxes, . an orphan-houreH,])i.xially the autumnal, the rains fall very heavy every d^y for fbme ion of young mcBeeks together, yet, when the fhower is over, the iky immediately clears :, and all is calm and ferene. Others have rcprefcuted this very coaft as a grave nnd burying-place of ; Grangers who arc fo unhappy as to go there, aflirniing as a truth, the. :11 known {lory propagated foon after the laft peace. That upon the jding of our troops to take pofleflion of that country, the Spaniards :;d them " What crimes have yoa bfcn guilty of at home i" We fhall ii^e ilie liberty to obferve on this head, that thou;;;h the air here is very :;ri\, the heats are much allayed by cool breezes from the feas which sviron and walh a conllderablc part of this country. The inland coun- es tov^ards the north feel a little of the ioughnefs of the north-weft lid, which, more or lefs, diffufes its chilling breath over the wiiole con- nent of iNi)rtl;-Ami;rica, carivi.ig fiolt aud fnow many degrees more ta leloudi.vard in thefe regions, thun the nojth-eaft wind does in Europe. 'I'ar.t the air of i'^lorida is pure and wholefonie, appears from the fize, ;our, and longevity of the Floiidan I:idi:ins, who in tliefe refpefts far ceed their more fouthern neighbours, the Mexicans. That when the capital of North but they are no ical. avannah, thecapi 1 trade, about tc me, which is navi. o the fecond town ;atcft fertility, nn From the town ol [s the fea ; and oi up into the coun rofles the Atlanti are, this favourin I D A. nilcs in lengtlu liles in breadth. the weftern bou •Id, as well as tli lere being, accorc bar at the princ ed to Great-Britai nd including a pai of Eaft ^nd We paniards quitted St. Augulline, many of them were of a great age, ime above ninety. Since it came into the hands of Great-Britain, sny g.ntleir.cn in a deep confumption have aicribed the recovery of leir hc-ihh to that climate ; and it is a certain firct, lii:;t the ninth regi- oufand miles ; bi itr.t, Ihuioncd on different parts cf the coaft, did not lofe a fingle man and Ihoals, whii ; natural death in thefpacc of twenty months. t)Oii,, PRODUCTIONS, A N D 1^ Many of the difiid vantages indif- M^E ot Ttui CO u .\ i' K. V . j caiuinatcly ii»jpii;eH t? the ibilof the; whole Ui If ,M"»!1 d * ''■ f * 6o4 BRITISH AMERICA. ■ f ™ whole country, fliould be confined to Eaft Florida, which indeed, near the fea, and forty miles back, is flat and fandy. But even the countrv round St. Auj^uftine, in all appearance the worft in the province, is far from being unfruitful ; it produces two crops of Indian corn a year ; the harden vegetables are in great perfedlion ; the orange and lemon trees grow here, without cultivation, to a larger fizc, and produce better fruit, than in Spain and Portugal. The inland country towards the hills is extremely rich and fertile, producing fpontaneoufly the fruits, vegetables, and gums, that are common to Georgia and the Carolinas, and is likewile favourable to the rearing of European produflions. There is not, en the whole continent of America, any place better qua- lified by nature to afford not only all the necefiarics cf life, but alfo all the pleafurcs of habitation, than that part of this country which lies upon the banks of the Miflifippi. From the climate of Florida, and fome fpecimens fent home, there is TCafon to expedl, that cotloji, fugar, wine, and filk, will grow liere as well as in Pcrfia;, India, and China, which are in the fame latitudej This country alfo produces rice, indigo, ambergris, cochineal, aip.e thyfts, ';urquoifes, lapis lazuli, and other precious itones; cCijpcr, quick filver, pit-coal, and iron ore : pearls are found in great abundance on the coall of Florida : mahogany grows on the fouthern parts of the pe- tiinfula, but interior in fize and quality to that of Jamaica. The ani- mal creation are here fo numerous, that you may purchafe a good faddle^ horfe in exchange for goods of five millings value prime coll ; and there are inftances of ho'ff;j being exchanged for a hatchet per head. PoPULATio:;, COMMERCE, 7 Notwithftanding the luxuriancy of AND CHIEF TOWNS. j the foil, tht* falubrity of the air, the clieapncfs and plenty of provifions, the encouragement of the Britiih government, (See thj pro lamation) and the wife meafures taken by the governors fent thlcher to fettle thefe provinces, the number of Englifh inhabitants are yet very inconfiderable, and, in all appearance, the in creafe of population will be here extremely flow, and that proceeding from unavoidable caufes. When we confider the heavy wars which our own ifland ha? fupported by fea and land againft one half of the force of Europe ; the emigrations to our other fettlements in North America, the F.nfl and Weft Indies ; the numerous manufaftures carrying on at home ; and the prodigious (hip- ping employed in tranfporting thefe to every co/nef of the globe ; it ight would appear, that, inftead of peopling our colonies, we wanted a fup- p]y of hands at home ; and, of courfe, the acquifltion of a new terri tory, without people to plant it, muft be an incumbrance to the mother larb country, efpjcially as the ci^ J and military eftablifhments of both Flo ridas are faid to coft the government near 1 00,000 1. per annum. If, for this purpofe, we look to the northern colonies of America, we litk Iball find tjiem lels able, and the people lefs difpofed to relinquifti coun tries which prcfcnt them with all the comforts of life in vaft abundance, and v.'here they live in affluence, eafe, and fafety. Is any planter abla ean to imprcv^e more ground; or, does the increafe of his family and ftock hjcc require a thoufand acres more to his eflate ? the vaft regions behind (for, comparatively fpcaking, little more than the fea coaft of North-Americ» is yet cleared and inhabited by Isuropcans) prefent themfelves to his view For a penny r.n acre in fome places, and a halfpenny in others, annually. he may travcrfe the forells, choofe out the moll enchanting fituatioii, upon the banks of a fine na vigable river, and fix upon as much ground aj ts bt cr his pec Gri 'ti\ iia ilw ^tt \'ei leaj lati HOC lav] "g 5 e( ith cry rof be hie ielc fee T ieh lyfr fM cinj agw jiOi 11 th St an mr ity; ifier ^ At BRITISH AMERICA. 605 which Indeed, ncarl« ^^ can poffibly cultivate. Is he ambitious to become a freeholder i It even the countrvlfor the value of a Aiit of clothes he may purchafe five hundred acres ; the the province, is farlfcrtility of which, 'n a few years., puts him on a refpeAable footing with, an corn a year ; thelbis neighbours, anu fometimes gives him a ieat in the council of th» ge and lemon trees Ipeople. and produce betterl it hi^s been therefore hinted, thai the chief advantage to be derived to ountry towards thelCreat-Britain from the poflelfion of Florida, arifes from its fituation; aneoufly the fruits, Iferving as a frontier againft the incurfiona of our enemies : that its ports, Jtiiated in the Gulph of Mexico (See the map of North America) will ways be a check upon Spain, as it rommands the pafl'age between her tdements ; for the galeons, and other veiTels, in their pafiage from i'era Cruz to the Havannah, are obliged, by rcafon of their north-eaft rade winds, to ftretch away to the northward, and generally keep a« lear the coaft of Florida as poffible. And that in time of war with that tation, or her ally the French, the harbours of Florida are moft com- lodioufly fituated for a place of rendezvous and refreihment to the roval avy fent to protect our ov/n Weil- India iflands, or attack thofe belong. ag to Fra.ice and Spain. But thife advantages, great as they are, feem totally eclipfed, when le confider the fituation of Florida in a commercial view ; for though ther'.o, while in a wild, uncultivated flate, its produftions have entered ery little into the general fcale of Britifh cominerce, we have Hill a rofpeit of eftablifhing and canying on a tra.-!e with the Spanilh colonies; t being certain that a regular intercourfe might be eftablilhed with them, ,hich would ope" a vent for the commodities of Great-Britain, and leld returns for them in gold and filver, the moft profitable of all kinds if commerce. The chief town in Weft Florida is Penfacola, which is feated within lie bay of the fame name^ on a fan-'y fhore that can only be approached fmall vefTels. The road is, however, one of the beft in all the q;ulph ifMexico, in which veflels may lie in fafety againft every kind of -vind, ing furrounded by land on every fide. This place fends, in fkins, jgwood, dying ftuffs, and filver in dollars, to the annual value ot' 13,000 1. and receives of our manufaftures, at an average of three years, uhe value of 97,000 1. St, Auguftinc, the capital of Eaft Florida, runs along the fhore, and i-i an oblong form- divided by four regular ftreets, eroding ea^h other at ight angles. The town is fortified with bailions, and enclofed widi a iitch. It is likewife defended by a caftle, which is called Fort St. John ; Hnd the whole ib well furnifhed with cannon. At the entrance into the »rance to the mothei arbour are the north and fouth breakers, which form two channcL, hments of both Flo- life bars, at low tides, have eight feet water. Our exports to St. Au- per annum. ul'tiue amount to little more than 7000!. per annum ; its exports have nies of America, we litherto been nothing more than the produce ot fume litcL- tr.id: carried- I and the Carolinas, ropean produiflions. ny place better qua- of life, but alfo all ntry which lies upon 1 fent home, there is c, will prow here as the fame latitudes. is, cochineal, ame- nes; cCijper, quick- great abundance oa rn parts of the pe- Jamaica. The ani- rchafc a good faddle- rime coft ; and there per head ; the luxuriancy of jrity of the air, the ment of the Britiih eafures taken by the number of Engliih appearance, the in and that proceeding ifland ha? fupported 3e ; the emigrations aid Weft Indies ; the the prodigious fhip er of the globe; it s, we wanted a fup' ion of a new terri 1 to relinquifti coun in vaft abundance, Is e egions behind (for, [I of North-Americi mfelves to his view in others, annually* iLhanting fituation, on as much ground as, that no Euro- in with the Indians. The low ftate of commerce in Florida arifes from tins, any planter abla ean nation had, before the conclufion of the late war, made it aa lis family and flock ibjcit of attention; but fince that period, its importance becomes more nown. Its climate and foil are extremely favourable f.-r the raifino- of Some attempts indeed have been made in Carolina and Georgia, nerc in one place the raifuig of filk. i:; become a kind of ftr.ple cornmo- ity; but there the worms are often injured by tlie cold morniniTs, at ifi'.T times they are benumbed and made iickly for want of warmtli, and fomc- rif. 1565 BRITISH AMERICA; fi fbmetimes aiSually deftroyed ; an inconvenience which is alfo frequently experienced in Italy : but the more fouthern climate of Florida has placed this tender infeiSl beyond the reach of fuch difafters ; and expe- rience will fhew, tha-t the air and climate of this country is as favourable to the filk-worm as it is to the mulberry-tree on which it feeds, and which grows here in its utmoJl luxuriance. The numerous vines too, which grow up fpcntaneoufly in the forclls of this country, feem to invite us to cultivate the grape, and to prognofticate, that the produce of Florida may, with proper cultivation, gladden the heart of Britons in future ages. We have already mentioned the difficulty of peopling this country from Great-Britain or her colonies, but, with fuitable encouragement from government, foreigners mi"ht be invited thither, fuch as Germanj from the Rhine, Mofelle, and other parts where they cultivate vineyard:,; proteftants from the fouth of France, ufed to the culture of filk, olive?, ice. Greeks from the Levant, who are groaning under the Turkilli yoke, and are an induftrious people, well fkilled in the cultivation of cotton,! vines, raifins, currants, olives, almonds, and filk-v/orms ; for which thej climate of Florida is fo well adapted. And herein may be perccivedf the value of this country to Great-Britain ; for though from the varict/j of climates in the extenfive empird of Britifli America, reaching in direct line from the frozen wilds of Labrador, where the hardy inhabi- tants, cloathed in furs, wander amidft eternal fnow, to the fultry rjgioni within the tropics, where, feated in the heart of a luxuriant Unl, tha wealthy planter Ihcltcrs himfelf from the fcorching fun by the fprcadinfl umbrella; we command a much greater number of articles of commercl and the convcnicncies of life than any nation on earth, yet it is to Fie rida that we mu (Hook for filk, wine, and fome other articles, and thell too of the bell forts, which hitherto we purchafed, and do ftill purchs in immenfe quantities, from different pov. jrs of Europe and Afia; na can a rich and trading nation poffibly be without them, as we daily expel rience from the quantity of treafure fent annually to China for filk. To what has been obferved refpecling the climate, foil, and prodiic of Florida, we fhall take the liberty to give the following extraifts froi| fome letters of a gentleman who went to St. Augullinc about the yea 1764, in a confumptive flate of health. May 15, 1767. " I am much obliged to you for your enquirinj after my health; I have agreed with Florida extremely well: indeej this country is in general very healthy, and till lafi: autumn we had if fick here, and then our ficknefs was not mortal, although very much in every other part of America. I believe my friends do not know thi we are fo near Charles-Town, and that wc have not onlv a water biitf land communication with that place. Sending letters by the packet very tedious, )t^ they mull go round by the Weil-Indifs." April 1 6, 176*?. '* You cannot conceive how agreeable it is f| people in fuch an exotic country as this, to receive a European Ictce This country-, in all probability, will make a figure foon, as a numbi of gentlemen of cnnfidri--ble property, both from England and Scotlinj have obtained orders from his majelly for grants of land in this provincj and are now bufy in forming plantations. Betv/een fix and fevcn huf drcd working fiavcs are already in the colony of Eaft Florida." And in a tliird letter, received this year (1770) there is the fd lovvii.^ intelligence. " This goes by a' veflcl of iVIr. -. ;-■ ■■■, wiii^ 3 . ' arrivj a; :h is alfo frequently ne of Florida has ifafters ; and expe- itry is as favourable Mch it feeds, and umerous vines too, country, feem to e, that the produce he heart of Britons )pling this country ible encouragement r, fuch as Germanj cultivate vineyards ; i Lure of filk, olive?,; ;r the Turkilli yoke, Itivation of cotton,! )rms ; for which the! may be perceived J gh from tlie varietyj •ica, reaching in ; the hardy inh.ibi- to the fultry rjgioni luxuriant loil, m in by the fprcadina irticles of commcrcil h, yet it is to Fk r articles, and thef nd do ftill purcha rope and Alia; nc n, as we daily expel ^hina for iilk. ', foil, and pixxiucj owino- extraifts froj hue about the yes for your cnquirinj :mely well : indee autumn we had liour;h very much ds do not know thJ only a water but •s by the packet ies." apreeable it is a European Ictce foon, as a numbi gland and Scotlanj md in this provincj 1 fix and fevcn hu( Florida." ') there is the fd Ar. , wlii^ arri\ I <,. -if HiUif'J 19',.ff fhmi j4,»ftJ>ni Great Antilles C k R I B E Aj X 4^ .4/vjJ^ Y^r;./i/^« j^ ^ .Sea iot*S \35 ES. 'badi loes td JUR. JTi/i. »C^fc A" British American Islands.' Coy rrlvt J liere fome time ago with a cargo of flaves from the coaft of Africa; Iic iiiil.-! from this to-morrow diredly fur your port of London, and car- ies our fir ft produce to that market, viz. between eight and nine thou- and 'veight of indigo, (iime cotton, rice, and deer Ikins ; lilcewife fome hip-tiiTibtr, by way of trial. This province bids fair to exceed all the * ditr Amoican provinces in the article of indigo, as the plant llands the niiite/, that is, iliooti up (Voni the old roots in the fpiing ; by which jieans we have a full cutting more than they have to the northward. Our quantity this- year is fniall, but the quality omarkably good. Some of our )lantcra have vanity enough to think tiity are entitled to the medal jiven by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. and have ap- iled for it accordingly." WEST INDIE S. TT7E have .'\lre.adv obferved, that between the two continents of A- VV merica, lie an Innumerable niul'itudeof iflands, which we call ihe- Weft Indies, and which, fuch as are worth cultivation, now belong to five uropean powers, as Great Britain, Spain, France, Holland and Den- mark. As the climate and feafons of thcfe iflands, differ widely from what we can form any idea of, from vvhat we perceive at home ; we hiill, to avoid repetitions, fpcak of thcin in general, as well as fome olher particulars that are peculiar to the Wei]:-Tudies. The clim.atc in all our. Weft India iflands, is nearly the fame, allow- ing for thofe accideiital differences which the feveral lituations and qua- ities of the lands themfelves produce. As they lie within the tropics, and that-the fun goes quite over their heads, pafling beyond them to the north, and never returning further from any of them than about thirty (icg.-ces to the fouth, they are continually fubjedled to the extreme of an heat, vvliich would be intolerable, if the trade wind, rifinggt-dually is the fun gathers ftrcngth, did not blow in upon them from the fca, and rcfrefh the air in fuch a manner, as to enable them to attend their con- cerns even under the meridian fun. On the other hand, as the night advances, a breeze begins to be perceived, which blows fmartly from the land, as it were frorn its center, towards the fca, to all points of the compafs at once. By the fame remarkable Providence in the difpofing of things, it is, that when the fun has made a great progrefs towards the tropic of Cancer^ and becomes in a manner vertical, he draws after him fuch a vaft body of clouds, as lliield them from his direft beams: and diflblving into rain, cool the air, and rcfrefli the country, thirfty with the long drought, which commonly reigns from the beginning of January to the latter end of May, The rains in the Weft Indies (and we may add in the Eafl Indies) are by no means fo moderate as with u?. Our heavleft rains are but dews comparatively. They are rather floods of water, poured from the clouds, with a prodigious impetuofityj the rivers rife in a moment ; new rivers and lakes are formed, and in a fhort time all the low country is under water *. Hence it is, that the rivers which have their fource within the * S^e Wafer's Journey acrofs the Ifthmus of Darien, in Vol. II. of the Colle£t!on of f Vcyjges iJid Travd?, advcrtifcd ut the t-nd of this book, tropic?, . , k\ V\ \ : c^ ,1, ^1 h h\ •1 ! « H; I 6o8 British American Islands. tropics, fvvell and overflow their banks at a certain feafon ; and f( millaken were the antients in their idea of the torrid zone, which imagined to be dried and fcorchcd up, with a continual and fervent heat and i.0 be for that reafon oininhubitable: when in reality fome of th( largcil rivers of the world have their coiirfe v/ithin its limits, and thi jnoillure is one of the greatcll inconveniences of the climate in fcvera places. The rains make the only diftinftion of feafons in the Well Indies ; tii( trees are green the whole year round; they have no cold, no froils fnows, and but rarely iomc hail ; theftormsof hail archowever very violen when they happen, and the hailftones very gr now become extremely high, and the wealth of a planter is generally computed from the number of Haves he pofTcfles. To particularize the commodities proper for the Weft India market, would be to enumerate all the nece/Faries, conveniences, and luxuries of life ; for they have nothing of their own but cotton, coffee, tropical fruits, fpices, and the commodines I have already mentioned. Traders there make a ver^ .irge profit upon all they fell, but from the numerous ftiipping conftantly arriving from Europe, and a continual fucceflion of new adventurers, each of whom carrying out more or lefi as a venture, the Weft India market is frequently overltocked ; monev muft be raifed, and goods are fometimes f)ld at prime coft or under. But thofe who can afford to ftore their goods, and wait for a better market, acquire fortunes equal to any of the planters. All kinds of handi- craftfmen, efpecially carpenters, bricklayers, braziers and coopers, get very great encouragement. But it is the misfortune of the Weft Indies, that phyficians and furgeons even outdo the planter and merchant, in ac- cumulating riches. Before the late v/ar, there were allowed to be in our Weft Indies at leaft 230,000 negio flaves; and, upon the higheft calculation, thewhitej there in all did not amount to 90,000 fouls. This difproportion betvveea the freemen and negroes, which grows more vifible every day, fome writers have endeavoured to account for, by alledging, that the enter- prizing fpirit, which the novelty of the objeft, and various concurrent caufes, had produced in the laft century, has decayed very much. That the diipofition of the Weft Indians themfelves, who for cheapnefs choofe to do every thing by negroes, which can poffibly be done by them, contributes greatly to the fmall number of wliitcs of the lower ftations. Such indeed is the powerful influence of avarice, that though the whites are kept in conftant terror of infurreclions and plots, many families em- ploy twenty-five or thirty negroes as menial fervants, who are infinitely the moft dangerous of the flaves, and in cafe of any infurreftion, they have it more in their power to ftrike a fudden and fatal bimv. The firft obfcrvation we think is not well founded ; that enterprizing fpirit which firft led Britons out to difcovery, and colonization, ftill ani- mates in a very confiderable degree, the people of this nation, but the £eld is now more aniplc and enlarged ; emigrants have greater icope whereon I D S, the negroes which efome to the owmr and the ftock of the payment of the eftate is generally of the belt years; ike good cllatcs for •ry eafy rate. This ill portion of land, ind Sunday, to cul- thers find their ne- orn, and to fome a »rk a day. All the breeches, (lockings year, and the proht price of negroes i> planter is generally Weft India market, ces, and luxuries of on, coffee, tropical entioned. they fell, but from pe, and a continual ng out more or lef« overilocked ; money le coft or under. But for a better market, All kinds of handl- ers and coopers, get : of the Well Indies, md merchant, in ac- our Weft Indies at ilculation, the whites fproportion between )le every day, fome ing, that the enter- i various concurrent d very much. That for cheapnefs choofe be done by them, )f the lower ftations. at though the whites !, many families em- s, who are infinitely y infurreftion, they atal blmv. d ; that enterprizing ionization, ilill ani- this nation, but the s have greater Icope whereon British American Islands. Cit whereon to range; the Britifli empire extends with incredible ftridcs. Be- fiiics the vaft continent of North America, which takes in fiich a variety of climates ; difcovers fuch richncfs of foil ; where the people live under various modes of religion, laws and government, and all admirably fuitcJ to Britifh tempers ; the Eaft Indies, an inexhauftiMc mine of riches, begins ^ to draw the attention of mankind from that of the Welt. Countries, as well as individuals, attain a name and reputation for (omething extraordinary, and have their day. Thither the wifeft and many of the beft famili'b of the Britilh nation, are ambitious of procuring plate for their fons in the army, or the comptini^-houfe. Here is an ample field for all adventurous fpirits, who, difdaining an idle life at home, and ambitious of becoming ufeful to themlelves, their connedlions, or the community, boldly venture into the inj- menfe regions of this eaftern world. Others, full as remote from r.n indolent difpofition, but with lefs conduct and inferior abilities, kt out with the moil fanguinc hopes. Thefe are your fiery, relllefs tem- pers, willing to undertake the feverell labour, provided it prf)niilv'S but a ftiort continuance, who love rilk and hazard, whole fchemeb are al- ways vaft, and who put no medium between being great and being undone. THE iflands of the Weft Indies lie in the form of a bow, or femi- circle, ftretching almoft from the coaft of Florida north, to the river Oronoque, in the main continent of South America. Some call them the Caribbees, from the firft inhabitants ; though this is a term that moft geographers confine to the Leeward Iflands. Sailors diftin- guilh them into Windward and Leeward Iflands, with regard to the ufual courfes of (hips, from Old Spain, or the Canaries, to Carthagena, or New Spain and Portobello. Th - geographical tables anJ maps, dif- tinguifti them into the great and litde Antilles. JAMAICA.] The firft that we come to belonging to Great Britain, and alfo the moft important, after leaving Florida, is Jamaica, which lies between the feventy-fifth and feveniy-ninth degrees of v/eft lohgitude from London, and between feventeen and eighteen north latitude. From the eaft and wf it is in length about a hundred ;:nd forty miles, and in the middle about fixty in the breadth, growing lefs towards each eui, in the form of an egg. It lies near four tLoulan J five hundred miles fouth- v.eft of England. This ifland is interfered with a ridge of fteep rocks tumbled by the frequent earthquakes in a ftupendous manner upon one another. Thefe rocks, though containing no foil on their lurface, are covered with a great variety of beautiful trees, flouriftiing in a perpetual fpring ; they are nourilhed by the rains, which often fall, or the mills which continu- ally brood on the mountains, and which, their roots penetrating the crannies of the rocks, indurtrioufly feek out for their own fupport. Fjoni the rocks ifl\ie a vaft number of fmall rivers, which tumble down in catarafts, and together with the ftupendous height oi" the mountains, and the bright verdure of the trees through which they flow, form a moft delightful landfcape. On each fide of this great chain of mountains, are ridges of lower ones, which diminiili as they remove from it. The val- lies or plains between thefe ridges, are level beyond what is ordijiary in moft other countries, and the foil is prodigioufly fertile. R r 2 The « t I 1 i s 6l2 B lU T I S n A M E R t C A M I s I. A N D S The lnrp;c!lS d:\y in fummcr is about thirteen Iiniirs and the Hnitcft in winter about eleven, hut the moll ufunl ilivifions of* the i'cafons in the Well Indies, arc into iho dry and wet feiifons. 'J'hc air cf this ifland i--, in moll plates, excelfivchot, and extremely unwh'^I- fomc. It lightens al- moil every night, but without mu( h thunder, which when it happens ij very tcirib!i', and roars with allonilhing Joudnrfs, and tl>e li^htnin:^ in thefc violent llorms, frequently doer, tncat dnniagf. In February or March, tlicy cxpciit cartiu]uakcs, of wiiicU wc fjiall fpcak hereafter. During the months of May and Oftob'.T, the rains are ("xtremcly violent, and continue fometimcs for a fortniglit tojrcther. 'I'hc river waters are many of ihem unwholefome, and talle of copper ; but tlicre arc fonic fprings of a better kind. In the plains are found Ibveral fait fountains; and in tlic mountains, not fir from Spanilh Town, is a hot bath, of great medicinal virtues. It gives relief in the dry belly ach, one of the moll terrible enderniai dillempers of Jamaica, and in various other complaints. Sugar is the greatcft and mofl valuable produiflion of this iiland. Ca- caos were formerly cultivated in it to great extent. It produces alio ginger, and the piemento, or as it is called Jamaica Pepper ; the wild cinnamon tree, whofe bark is fo ufeful in medicine; the manchinecl, whofc fruit, though uncommonly delightful to the eye, contains one of the worll poifons in nature ; the mohogany, in fuch ufe with our cabinci:- makers ; the cabbage-tree, remarkable for the hardnefs of its wood, which when dry is incorruptible, and hardly yields tD any kind of tool : the palma, affording oil, much ellecmed by the fivagcs, both in food and medicine; the foap-tree, whofe berries anfwcr all purpofes of walliing ; the mangrove and olive br.rk, ufeful to tanners ; the fullic and redwood to the dyers ; and lately the logwood. The indigo plant was formerly much cultivated ; and the cotton-tree is Hill fo. No fort of European grain grow here; they have only maize, or Indian corn, Gui- nea corn, peas of various kinds, but none of them refcmbling ours, with variety of roots. l''ruit, as has been already obfcrvcd, grow in great f)lenty ; citrons, fevilc and china oranges, common and fweet lemons, imes, (hadocks, pomegranates, mamees, fourfops, papas, pine-apples, cuitard apples, liar apples, prickly pear?, allicatla pears, melons, pom- pions, guavas, and feveral kinds of berries, 'i'he cattle bred on this idand are but few; their beef in tough and lean ; the mutton and lamb are tolerable ; they have great plenty of hogs, many plantations have hundreds of them, and their llelh is exceeding fweet and delicate. Ja- m.'iica likewife fupplies the apothecary vtith guaiacum, fra-faparilla, Chi- na, caflia, and tainarinds. Among tlic anunrds are the land and lea turtle, and the alligator. Here are all forts of fowl, wild and tame, and in particular more parrots than in any of the other illands ; befides par- rokets, pelicans, fuipes, teal, Guinea hen?, gecfe, ducks and turkies ; the humming-bird, and a great variety of others. The rivers and bays abound with fifli. The mountains breed r.unibcrlcfs adders, and other noxious animals, as the fens and marlhes do the guanr. and gallewafp ; but thefe laft arc not venomous. Among the infccls .ire the ciror, or chegoe, which eats into the nervous and membraneous parts of the flelli of the negroes, and the whits people are fometimes plagued with them. Thefe infers get into any part of the body, bat chielly the legs and feet, where they breed in great numbers, and Ihut thcinrtlves up in a b:;g. As {aoii as tiie peribn feels them, v/hich is not perhaps till a week after th,:y havi E IM T I S H A \! r, R f C A V I S L A N' D *.' Cl ^nl• liCcii in the body, they pick them our witli a needle, or tlic point , r a penknife, taking care to dellroy the bi^ fiitirely, th;;t nonj of' the brceJ, which are like nits, may he left behind 'I'licy rninctiines get into the toes, and cat the flefh to the very bone. Tliib i/land was originally a part of tlic Spunlfh empire in America. Several defcents had been made upon it by the Knt-lilh, prior to i^^O; bat it was not till this year, that Jamaica was reduced muicr our dnmi- r.ion. Cromwell had fitted out a iquadron, under l\n and \'en.d)h'.s to reduce the Spanifh illand of Ilifpanioki, but there this fquadmn was •jnfuccersfui. The commanders, of their own accord, to atone for this misfortune, made a tlefcent on Jamaica, and having carrii-d the capital St. Ji»l^<>» i^'>'^^'^ compellLd the whole iiland to furrcndcr. )'.vtT fmee it has been fubjeiJl to the Englilh, and the povernracnt of it is one of the richell places, next to that of Ireland, in the dilpofal of the crown, the llanvling falary being /■:, 500 1. per annum, and the alTembly c(MnniOiily \o'.ing the governor as much more, which, with the odicr pcrqullitci, n'.ake it on the whc-lc little inferior to 10,000 1. per annum. We have already obfcrved, that the w/vernment of all the American lilands is the fame, namely, that kind, wh'ch wc have formerly dcfcribcd under the name of a royal government. '1 heir rclijnon too is unixerlally (if the church of England ; though they have no biflioji, tjic bifiiop of London's commifiary being the chief religious magiOrate in thofe p;.rts. About the beginning of this century, it was computed, that the num- bers of whiles in Jamaica, amount;'d to fixty thoviland, and th;it of the negroes to a hundred and twenty thoufand. It appears at prefent that lainalca is rather cu the decline, as is the number of inhabitants, the whit'-'s not exceeding twenty-five thoufand, ar.d the l.lnc.ks ninety thou- ihnd. Indigo was once very greatly produced in ]r.rr::i:ca, and it en- riched the illand to ib great a degree, that in the parilh of \''jre, v/here this drug was chiefly cultivated, they are faid to have had no lefs than three hundred gentlemen's coaches ; a number I do not imagine even the whole idand exceeds at this day; and there is great reaKm to be- lieve, that there were many more perfons of property in Jamaica former- ly than are now, though perhaps they had not thofe vart fortunes, which unzzle us in fuch a manner at prefent. However, ths Jamaicans w<;re undoubtedly very numerous, until reduced by earthquakes, and by ter- rible epidemical difeafe-s, which, treading on the hocls of the former calamities, fuept away vail multiiudeb'. 'I'lic decrede of inhabitants, as well as the decline of their C'ininierce, anfos from the diHiculties to which their trade is expofcd, ol which they do not fail to complain to the court of Great Britain : as that they are of late deprived of the moll beneficial part of their trade, the carrying of negroes and dry goods to the SpaniOi coaft ; the low value of their produce, which they afcribe to the great improvements the French make in their fugar colon'"s. which ,'.re enabled to underfcl them by the lownefs of their duties ; the trade carried on from Irel.md, and the northern colonies, to the French and Dutch iHands, where th 'y pay no duties, and ai:e luppHcd with goods at an cafier rate. Some cf thel.:' complaint.-., which equally afteil the other iflands, have been heard, others Uill remain unrcdreiycd. Both the log- wood trade, and this contraband have been the fubjecls of much conten- tion, and the caufe of a war bet.vccn (irear nricain, and the Spaniili nation. The former we always avowed, ..\x\i.\ claimed as our viwhv ; ar.d was at the lall peace confirmed to us. The latter wc pcrmiucd ; becaufci il r -. , we ;J! % i'l i'l 6i4 British American Islands. !• i 4, ■ ; if*-.- - < iL -It-' ■:; we thought, and very juftly, that if the Spaniards found themfelves ag. grieved by any contraband trade, it lay upon them, and not upon us, to put a Hop to it, by their ^uarda colla;, which cruize in theie fea;,! purpoft'ly to fcize and confifcate fuch veilels and cargoes, as are found in this tmJc. In !iis manner did the Britifh court argue, till of late,! when the politics of this nation, in v"onipliance with the court of Spain,! thought proper to fend Englilh cruizers, to the American coaft, effi du- ally to crulli that lucrative trade, of which the whole body of Briuili| fubjeds in America have complained, as it put a ftop to ihe principal chan- nel wiiicti hitherto enabled them to remit lb largely to Great Britain. Port Royal was formerly the capitril of Jamaica. It Itood upon the I pcint of a narrow neck of laiid, which, towards the fea, formed part of the border of a very fine harbour of its own name. The conveniencyof I this harbour, which was capable to contain a thoufand fail of large fhips, and of fuch depth as to allow them to load and unload at the greateft ! eafc, weighed lb much with the inhabitants, that they chofe to build their capital on this fpot, though the place was a hot dry fand, and pro- duced none of the necelfaries of life, not even frefh water. But tlie ad- vantage of its harbour, and the refort of pirates, made it a place of | great confideration. Thefe pirates were called Buccaneers, they fought with an mconiiderate bravery, and then fpent their fortune in this capital, with as inconfiderate diffipation. About the beginning of the year 1692, no place, for its fize, could be compared to tlus town for trade, wealth, and an entii corruption of manners. In the month of June, in this year, an earthquake, which fhook the whole illand to the foundations, totally overwhelmed this city, as to leave, in one quarter, not even the iinalldl veftige remaining. In two nninutes the earth opened, and fwallowed ii nine-tenths of the houfes, and two thoufand people The water gulhed out from the openings of the earth, and tumbled the people on heaps ; but fome of them hnd the good fortune to catch hold of beams and raf- ters of houfes, and were afterwards favcd by boats. Several fliips vverp cad aw.iy in the harbour, and the Swan frigate, which lay in the dock to careen, was carried over the tops of the finking houfes, and did not overfef, but afforded a retreat to fome hundreds of people, who faved their lives upon her. Av officer, who was in the town at this time, fiijs, the earth opened ar.d fhut very quick in fome places, and he faw feveral people fink dov/n to the middle, and others appeared with the"; heads jull above ground, and were Iqueezed to death. At Savannah, above a thouliuid acres were funk, with the houfes and people in them ; the place appearing for fome time like a lake, was afterwards dried up, but no houles were feen. In fome parts mountains were fplit, and at one place a plantation was removed to the dillance of a mile. They again rebi-ult the city, but it was a fecond time, ten years after, deAroycd by a great fire. The extraordinary convenience of the harbour tempted them to build it once more; and once more, in 17:2, was it laid in rubbiih by a hurricane, the moll terrible on record. Such repeated ca- lamities feemcd to mark out this place as a devoted fpot ; the inhabitants therefore refolved to forfake it for ever, and to refule at the oppolitc bay, where they built Kingllon, which is lately become the capital of the ifland. It coniilts of upwards of one thoufand houfes, many of them handfomely built, and in the taile of thefe iflands, as well as the neigh- bouring continent, one llory high, with porticos, v.i-d every convcnlency for a comforti'-LIe habitutioii in that climate, Not f; r from KingHon, ^ Uaiid3 •^'— '^^■^ jia NDS. und themfeli^es ag. i and not upon us uize in the'ie fea;' rgoes, as are found' I argue, til] of late I the court of Spain,' rican coall, effi flu' 'Ic body of Britiih )ihe principal chan- Great Britain. It Itood upon the fea, formed part of The conveniencvof Tail of large fhip,., oad at the greatell tiey chofe to build dry fand, and pro- water. But the ad- iiade it a place of aneers, they fought tune in this capita], igofthe year 1692,' r trade,_ wealth, and June, in this year, bundations, totally ot even the iinallelt , and fwallowed in The water gufhed ■ people on heaps ; of beams and raf- Several fliips war" :h lay in the dock 3ufes, and did not people, who favd town at this time, 'laces, and he faw ppcared vvith the!: h. At Savannah, d people in them ; terwards dried up, - fplit, and at one iiile. They again Fter, denro)ed by harbour tempted 2, was it laid in Juch repeated ca- t; the inhahitatiis the oppo/itc bay, he capital of the s, many of" them ■veil as ihc noigh- very convcnieiicy r from Kinollon, liaml; British American Islands. 615 /lands St. Jago de la Vega, a Spanifh town, which, though at prefent inferior to Kingllon, v/as once the capital of Jamaica, and is ftill the feit of government, and tin; place where the courts of jnftice are held. The whole produ(^ of tiie illnr.d may b^- reduced to tiiefe n(.r.ds. Firll, fugars, of which they exported in 1753, twenty thoufand three hundred and fifteen hogfheads, ibme vaiiiy great even to a tun weight, which cannot be worth lefs in England than 424,725 1. Moil of tiiis goes to London, Brillol and Glalgo .v, and fome part of it to North America, in return for the beef, pork, thecC', corn, pens, ftaves, planks, pitch, and tar, which they have from ihcwce. Second, rum, of wliich they ex- port about four thoufand punc'ieons. The rum of this ifland is general- ly efteemed the beil, and is the molt ufed in Great Britain, Third, mo- lalTes, in which they make a great part of their returns for New Eng- land, where there are vail diililleries. All thefe are the produce of tiie grand ilaple the fugar-cane. Fourth, cotton, of which they fend out two thoufand bags. The indigo, formerU' much cultivated, is now in- confiderable, but fome cacao and cofi'ee t'.v exported, with a confidera- ble quantity of pepper, ginger, drugs for avers and apothecaries, A/ect- meats, mohogany, and m.anchineel planks. But fome of the moll confiderable articles of their trade are with the Spanifh continent of New Spain and Terra Firma, for in the former they cut great quantities ot logwood, and both in the former and latter they did drive a vail and pro- fitable trade in negroes, and all kinds of European goods. And even in time of war with Spain, this trade between Jamaica and the Spanilh main goes on, which it will be impolTible for Spain to (lop, whillt it is fo profitable to the Britifli merchant, and whiiil the Spanilh othcers, from the higheft to the lowelt, Ihew fo great a refpecl to prefents properly ina le. Upon the who]e, many of the people of Jamaica, whilll they nppe.r to live in fuch a ilatc of luxury, as in moil other places, leads to bcggaiT, acquire great fortunes in a m.anner inilantly. Their equipages, ih'Sir cioaths, their furniture, their tables, all bear the tokens of the greateil wealth and profufiDU imaginable. This obliges all the treafure ihey receive, to make but a very ihort (lay, being hardly more than lufiicient to anfvver the calls of their nccelhty and luxury on Europe and North America. On Sundays, or court time, gentlemen wear wig?, and appear \cry gay in coats of filk, and veils trimmed with filver. At other times they generally wear only thread llockings, linen drawers, a veil, a htmdker- chief tied round the head, and a hat upon it. Men fervants wear a coarfe linen frock, vvith buttons at the neck and hnndj, long trowfers of the fame, a checked fhirt, and no (lockings. The ncgr oo; generally gO naked, except thofe who attend gentlemen, who have them drelled iii their own livery. 1 he morning habit of the ladies is a loofe night-gOwn, carelefsly wrapped about them : before dinnc- thi'v put ofl-' their diflia- bilk', and appear with a good grace in all tlie iuUantagc of a rich and be- coming drcfs. Many of the negro women in the country go quite naked. The common drink of perfons in affluent circum.iiances is Madeira wine mixed with water. Ale and claret are extravagantly dear, 'i'iiolc of inferior rank generally drink rum punch, whi^^ they call Kill Devil, becaufe, being frequently drank to excels, it lieats the blor/d, brings on fevers, which in a few hours fends them to the grave, cipocialiy thofe who arc jull come to tRe if]and, which is uie reai'un tliat lb many die Jicre upon the £rlt ariival. R r 4 ^, Engliih * f;' m t ,' iU 6i6 British American Islands. I(h yanii loney :re is no fcldnm fceii here, the current coin being entirely -J-- .. „o place where filver is (o plentiful, or has a quicker circulation. You cannot dine for lefs than a piece of eight, and th^ ccjnmon rate of boarding is three pounds a week. Lt.'.rning is here at a low tbb : there are indeed fome gentlemen well verfed in literature, and who fend their children to Great-Britain, where they have the advantage of a polite and liberal education ; but the peo- ple in general t.'.!-.e little care to improve th^ir minda, being cither eii- grrfled in iravio, or gaming. The r.uiery and hardfliips of the negroes is truely moving ; and tlio' great care is taken to make them propagate, the ill treatment they re- ceive ih lliorLcns their lives that inflead of increafing by the courfe of nature, niii;i/ thoufands arc annuallv imported to the Weil Indies, to fupply the place o-f t'loie v.ho pine and die, by the hardfliips they receive. They arc indeed llubborn and untraclalile for the moil part, and they mull be ruled »yith a rod of iron, but they ought not to be cruflied with it, or to be thoug]\t a fort of bealls, without fouls, as {'nne of their inatlers or overfeers do at prcfent, though fome of thcfe tyrants are themfrlves the dregs of this nation, and the refufe of the jails of Europe. Many of the negroes, however, who fall into the hands of gentlemen of humanity, find their fitualioni eafy and comfortable, and it has been ob- fcrved, that in North America, where in general theCe poor wretches arc bjtter 11 fed, there is a Icfs v/alle of negroes, they live longer, and pro- pag.ite better. And it {corns clear, from the whole courfe of hiltory, lli.it thofj nations whicii havo behaved witii the grcatell humanity to their flaves, were always iiell: ferved, and ran the lead hazard from their rebei- lions. The llaves, on their Hifl arrival from the coail of (juinea, are CApofeJ nalrcu to fale ; the; are then generally very fniplc and innocent creatures, but the)- foon become roguifn enough ; and when they come to be whipped, excufe their fuilt's by the example of the whites. The/ believe every negro returns to his native country after death. This thought is fo agreeable, that it cheers the poor creatures, and renders tlie burden of life eafy, which would othervvife to many of them be quite intolera- ble. They look on death as a bk fling, and it is Jurptizing to .("ee with what courage and intrepidity fome of them meet it ; tlicy are quite tranf- portcd to think their fiavery is; near an end, that they fliall rcvifit their native fhores, and fee their old friends and acc]i!aintan:.e. When n negro i> about to expire, hh fellow flaves kifs him, and with him a good journey, and fend their hearty good wilhes to their relations in Guinea. They I'lake no lamentations ; but with a great deal of joy inter his body, believing he is gc;ne home and happy. KARBADOF.S.] This iHand, the mo/1 eallerly of all the Caribbces, U fituated in fifty-nine degrees of veil longitude, and thirt'.on degrees of north latiuidc. It is twenty-five miles in leng'ii, and in breadth four- teen. When the Euglifii, fome time after the year i6-:5, firil Jandul here, thcv found it tiie mole favaTe, and deitittitc pdaco thev had hi- therto t'ilited. Ic liad not the leall appearance of ever having been peo- pled even by ia^'ages. 'i'here was no kind of bealls of paliure, or ot piey, no fruit, no herb, nor root, nt for fupporting the life of man. Vet a-, the climate was fo good, and the foil appeared fertile, fome gentlemen of fmall fortunes in Taigland, refolvcd to become .adxentnrers thither. The tfccc were fu largC; and of a wood io hard and llubboni, that it was with in [)re;Kil)i four Brittsh American Islands. 617 vreat difficulty they could clear as much ground as was neceflnry for their fubfirtence. By unremitting perfeverance, however, they brouoht it to yield them a tolerable fupport, and they found that cotton and indij^o .ngrced well with the foil, and that tobacco, which was beginning to tome into repute in England, anfwered tolerably. Thefe profpeds, together with the llorm between the king and parliament, which was beginning to break out in England, induced many new adventurers to tranfport them- fjjves into this illand. And what is extremely remarkable, fo great was tlic increafe of people in Barbadocs, twenty-five years after its full fet- tlement, that in 1650, it contaii.ed more than fifty thoufand whites, and ;i much greater number of negro and Indian Haves ; the latter they ac- quired by means not at all to heir honour: for they fcized upon all tliofe unhappy men, without any pretence, in the neiglibouring illands, and carried them into flavcry. A pradllce, which has rendered the Ca- libbee Indians irreconcilable to us ever fmce. They had begun a little before this to cultivate Aigar, which loon rendered tliem extremely wealthy. 'fhe number of the flavcs therefore was Itill augmented ; and in 1676, it is fuppofed that their number amounted to aluinilrvJ i;!iou!and, wiii'i), together with fifty thoufand, make a huncied and fifty thouilmd on uw-y fmall fpot ; a de'M'ee of populntiun unknown in li.'llanJ, in China, or :;iiy other part ot the woild molt renowned tor numbers. At thi^ vine, D.irbadoes employed four hundred fail of Ihlps, o^-c; with another of a hundred and fifty tons, in their trade. Their annual exports in fugar, i'uligo, ginger, cotton, and citron water, was above 35; o, 000 I. and tliL'ir circulating calh at home was ^vo,coo 1. Such w.jo tae increafe of p'^pnlation, trade and wealth, in the courfe of fifty yeun. But fine..; tiiat time this ifland lias been much on the decline, which is to be atlri ■ biitcd partly to the growth of the l''rench fugar colonics, ,ind partly to our own cltablilhments in tlie nei"hboui ii)g illes. 'I'heir numbers at prefent are faid to be twenty thouland whites, and a hundred thoufand ilaves. Their commerce coiifills in the fame articles as formerly, tliough they deal in them to lefs extent. Th fir capital is Bridgett-.vn, where lite go 'nor refides, v/hofe employment is fiid t) be worth 5000 1. per cnnum. I'hey have a college founded and well endowed by colonel Oo- drington, who was a native of this ifland. Barbadoe^-, as well as Ja- maica, has fuffered much by hurricanes, fircj, and the plague. St. CHRISTOPHER'S.] Thi> ifland, commonly called by the fiilors St, Kitt's, is fituated in fixty-tv.'o degrees well longitude, and fcventeeti north latitude, about fourteen leagues from Antigua, and is twenty miles long, and eight broad. It has its name from the famou-. Chrillopher Co- luinbus, v/ho difcovered it for the Spaniards, Thif. nation however abandoned it as unworthy of ilieir attention ; and in ibzb, it was lettled by the French and Englidi conjumJtly, but entirely ceded t>) u;. l)y th-" peace ©f Utreclit. Jieiides c )tton, ginger, and the; tropical fiuits, i: fivncrally produces near as much fugar a.i Barbad k-s, and f )metimes iiuire as much. It is computed that this illand contains fevea tiioufand whites, and twenty thoufand negroes. ANTIGUA.] Situated in fixty-one degrees well longitude, and fjvcn- t'en degrees north latitude, is of a circular form, near twenty miles liver every way. This ifland, which was formeily thouglit ufelefs, has now got the I'lart of the rell. It lius one of the bell naiboius in the Well: hdijs, and itt- (^apital St. Juha".-., whicb, before tlu; iire in i;;'!';, wa-s I.r-e ; i tfi it' •i: il m 6i8 British Aml.^ican Islands. I large and wealthy, is the ordinary feat of the governor of the Leeward iflands. Antigua is fuppofcd to contain about feven thoufand whites, and thirty thoufand flaves. • . - / NEVIS AND MONTSERRAT.] Two fmall iflands lying between St. Chriftooher's and Antigua neither of them exceeding eighteen miles in circumference, and arc faid each to contain five thoufand whites, and ten thoufand flaves. The foil in thefc four iflands is pretty much alike, light and fandy, but notwithftanding fertile in an high degree ; and their principal exports are derived from the fugar cane. BARBUDA.] Situated in eighteen deg. north lat. thirty-five miles north of Antigua, is twenty miles in length, and twelve in breadth. It is fintile, and has a good road for fhipping, but no diredl trade v;ith EnQ;land. The inhabitants are chiedy employed in hulbandry, and raifing frelh proviuons for the ufe of the neighbouring IHes. It belongs to the Codrington fa- mily, and the inhabitants amount to about fifteen hundred. ANGUII.T.A.] Situated in eighteen degrees north latitude, fixty miles north-wefl: of St. Chrillopher's, is about thirty miles long, and ten broad. This ifland is perfeftly level, and the climate nearly the fime with that of Jam.-.ica. Th inhabitants, who are not numerous, apply themfelves to hulbandry, and feeding of cattle. St. LUCIA.] Situated in 13 deg. 45 min. north lat. and in 60 dc^r. weft Ion. eighty niiles north-weft of Barbadoes, is twenty -three miles in length, and twelve in breadth. It received its name from being difcovered on the day dedicated to the virgin martyr St. Lucia. The Englifli firft fettled on this ifland in 1637. From this time they met with various misfortunes from the natives and French ; and -t length it was agreed on between the latter and the Englifli, that tlis ifland, together with Dominica and St. Vincent, ftiould remain neutra'. But the French, before the late war broke out, began to fettle thefe iflands ; which, by the treaty of peace, were yielded up to Great-Britain. The foil of St. Lucfa, in the valleys, is extremely rich. It produces excellent timber, and abounds in pleafant rivers, and well fltuated harbours. DOMINICA.] Situated in 15 deg. north lat. and in 6t deg. 24 min. we^ Ion. lies about half way between Guadalupe and Martinico. It is near- ly circular, and has a diameter of thirteen leagues. It got its name from being difcovered by Columbus on a Sunday. The French have always oppofed our fettling here, becaufe it muft cut off their communication, in time of war, between Martinico and Guadaloupe. By the laft treaty of peace, however, it was ceded in cxprefs terms to the Englifli ; but we have derived little advantage from this conqueft, the ifland being at prefent no better than a harbour for the natives of the otner Carribbees> who being expelled their own fettlenients, have taken refuge here. Ac- pording to fome authou, '• ^-= one of the beft of the Carribbee iflands on account of its fruiiuil valHes, large plains, and fine rivulets. The fides of the hills bear the fincii trees in the Weft-Indies. St. VINCENT.] Seated 13 deg. 30 min. north lat. and in 61 deg. weft Ion. fifty miles north-weft of Barbadoes, thirty miles fouth of St. Lucia, is about twenty-four miles in length, and eighteen in breadth. It is extremely fruitful, and indigo thrives here remarkably well. It i^ at prefent chieflv' inh.ibitcd by the Caribbean?, and many fugitives fro.n Barbud'j.i of the Leeward numerous. British American Islands. 619 Barbadoes and the other idands, who arc now numerous, and have many villages where they are faid to live well. GRANADA and the GRENADINES.] Granada is fituated in 12 (leg. north latitude, and in 61 deg. 40 niin. well Ion. about thirty leagues fouth-weil of Barbadoes, and about the fame diilance north of New An- dalufia, or the Spanifh Main. This iflaad is faid to be thirty miles in length, and fifteen in breadth. Experience has proved that the foil of this ifland is extremely proper for producing fugar, tobacco, and indigo; and upon the whole it carries with it all 'he appearance of becoming as flourilhing a colony as any in the Weft Indies, of its dimenfions. A lake on the top of a hill in the middle of the illand fupplies it plentifully with fine rivers, which adorn and fertilize it. Several bays and harbours lie round the ifland, fome of which might be fortified to great advantage, which renders it very convenient for ihipping ; and it has the happinefs of not being fubjeft to hurricanes. Its c'aief port, called Lewis, has a fandy bottom, and is fo capacious and lafe, thai a thoufand veflels from three to four hundred tun, m.^y ride fccure from fcorms ; and a hundred (liips of the greateft burden may be moored in its harbour. This ifland was long the theatre of bloody wars between the native Indians and the French, during which thefe handful of Caribbees defended themfelves with the moll refolute bravery. In the lall war, when Granada was at- tacked by the Englilh, the French inhabitants, who were not very nume- rous, were fo amazed at the reduftion of Guadaloupe and Mar.inico, that they lofl: all fpirit, and furrendered without making the leafl: oppo- fition ; and the full property of this ifland, together with the fmall iflands on the north, called the Grenadines, which yield the fame pro- duce, were confirmed to the crown of Great-Britain by the treaty of peace. TOBAGO.] The moll foutherlyof all the Britifli iflands or fettlements in America (excepting that of Falkland Ifland, in the South-Seas) is fitLiated II deg. odd min. north lat. a hundred and twenty miles fouth of Barbadoes, and about the fame dircauce from the Spanifh Main. Tiiis illand is about thirty-two miles in length, and nine in breadth. The climate here is not fo hot as might be ex peeled fo near the equator; and it is faid that it lies out of the courfe of thofe hurricanes that have fometimes proved fo fatal to the other Welf-India iflands. It has a fruit- ful foil, capable of producing fugar, and indeed every thing elfe that is railed in the Well-Indies, with the ac'dition (if we may believe the Dutch) of the cinnamon, nutmeg, and gum copal, all valuable com- modities, and which will undoubtedly render this ifland of vail impor- tance and immenfe benefit to Great-Britain. It is v.-cU watered with numerous fprings ; and iis bays and creeks are l"o dilpofed as to be very commodious for all kind of Ihipping. Tlie value and importauce of this illand appears from the expenfive and formichiblc arrn:!ments fcnt thither by I:",uropcan pov>'ers in iupport of their different claims. It feems to have been chiefly poflelTed by the Dutch, \vh.iiid, and no way inferior to that arifing from the moil fcrllle iiiil. This iiland, after various difputer about the property, was entlrd)' ceded to iMv^land by th : ttvntty of Utrecht, in 1713; but the French were left at liberty to dry tVdr nets or the northern fliores of th' ifl.uvl ; aad they now ha' e a::iy confidoraldc ihare of the filhciy. Th'j chitf towns are I'laccntia, Bonavilla, and St. John ; but there do not above a thoufand iLunilies rerr.ain Iicve in the winter. CAFE CRF.TON.] Thi^ ifland, feate'd between Newfoundland nr.i Nova-Scciia, is in Unoth about a hundred and ten U'li't^.. 1 he !< li is barren, hiit it has good harbour:;, particularly that of Louilburgh, uy.hi is near four leagues in circumferencr-, and has every where lix or t'jvt.i fathoms water. Since the conqueil of this ifland by (/leat-Britain ia ti? late war, France has not one lea port for the relief and Ihelter ot h/.r iraiiir" ftiip-s cithti to cr from the Wcil-lndics, open to thvm ary wi'i ■ 111 5. :1 miles from ons f which we fliall 1. )f St. Lawrence, ;9 de^. uell Ion. e, and from Ca- and fifty miles y fubjcrt to fo!>5, t, the Iky being far from reaping niied and fevere; iouT;h to produce if the illand v.idi er, it is watered harbours. This 3cr convenient to remote profpett) of lumber for the liable for, is the :h are called the \merica, at the 111 of fiiuU craft md pack the Hlh, is not only a very if livelihood to h rfcry to the rov.i! 1 lloclc 3co,ccol. fell in the N-'uth, ity of cod, both le eaft and fjuth- biit fcveral ether lich are nearly in -Scotland, New- table fiilicrics aie )ferve, that whera roduce any tliint; i pour in upon iii arifing from the rty, was entlrdy ; but the French res of th'- iO-in'! ; hery. Th-j chiif icre do not above evvfoundland nni :](^^. '1 he fc;ii is nuilburgh, vvv.ir'i vhere fi;< or i':\i\\ [■rit-Rritain i.i tie nd Ibclt cr oi th'.ai ai'V v, British American Islands. 62 y ti America, to the northward of the river MifTifippi ; and coiifequentl . th'-ir whule trade in the filhery mull for the future be expofed to th Englilh privateers from the northern colonies in the time of war ; a cir- cumlbince wiiich may have fomc weight with that nation, in rendering them lefs forward to commence hollilities with Great-Britain. St. JOHN'S.] Situated in the gulph of St. Lau'rcnce, is about fixty jniles in length ; and though lying near Cape-Breton and Nevv-Scotlanci, has greatly the advantage of both in pleaiantnefs and fertility of foil. Upon the reduftion of Cape-Breton, the inhabitants of this illand* Mnounting to four thouHind, fubmitted quietly to the Britilh arms ; an i to the di (grace of the French governor, there were found in his houle Icieral Englith fcalps, which were brought there to market by i\\c lavages of New-Scotland ; this being the place where they were en- couraged to carry on that barbarous and inhuman trade. This illand was fo well improved by the French, that it was iHlcd th.' granary ol Canaila, which it furniflicd with great plenty of corn, as well as beef and pjrk. BERMUDAS or SUMMER ISLANDS.] They received their firll name from their being difcovered by John Bermudas, a Spaniard; and were called the Summer IHands, from Sir George Sommers, who was fliip- ATCcked on their rocks in 1609, in his pafiage to Virginia. They are litiiated, at a vaft diflancc from any continent, in 32 deg. north lat. and ill 65 deg. well: Ion. Their diltance from the land's end i.s computed near fifteen hundred leagues, from tlie Madeiras about twelve liur.drcd, :nd from Carolina three hundred. The Berraudar. are but fmall, not containing in all above twenty thoufand acres ; and are very difliciilt of nccefs, being, as Waller the poet, who rcAded there, exprcfles it, walled with rocks. The air of thefe iflands, which Wali'"r celebrates in one of his poems, has been always eileenicd extremely liealthful; and the beauty and richnefs of the vegetable produ^i^ions is pcrfefiiy dcliffht- fal. Though the foil of thefe illands is admirably adapted to the cul- tivation of the vines, the chief and only bnlincfs of tiie inhabitants, who confill of about ten thoufand, is the buildinr and navio-atiiip- of lipht fioops and brigantmes, which they employ cliiell/ in the trade between North America and the Well Indies. Theic veiiels are as remarkable for their fwiftnefs, as the cedar of v.'hich they arc bailt is for its hard and durable quality. The town of St. George, which is the capital, is featcd at the bot- tom o{ a haven in the idandof the Hime name, and is defend'.d with fiven or eight fo ts and fevcnty piecj), of cnnnon. It cmtaius above a thoufr.nd houfes, a handfome cliurch, and other elegant public build!n';s. LUCAY's, OR BAHAMA LSLA^s'DS.] The Bahamas are fituatcd to the foath of Carolina, between 22 and 27 deg. north lat. and 73 and Si deg. well ion. they extend along the coait of Florida quite down to th^ lileof Cuba; and are faid to be five hunured in number, fome of thein only mere rocks; but twelve of them are large, fertile, and in nothinf different fi'om the foil of Carolina : all are, howc\'er, abfolutclv unin- habited, except Frovidence, wiilch is two hiudred miles ca'i of the Fioridas, though f)me others are larger and more fertile, on v;hich the HngliOi have plantations. Between them and the continent of Florida h tlie Gulph of Bahama, or Florida, through which the Spanifh ga- leons fail in their pafiage to liuro^-ic. Tiiffe iilands were the nx'.l fruit? of Ij 1 * I 1 it ■. I Falkland's IJIes, in the latitude of fifty-one and a half, lying nearly fouth of Pepy's Ifland. The lall of thefe have been feen by many fliips, both French and Englifh. Woodes Rogers, who run along the north-call coall of thefe ifles in the year 1708, tells us that they extended about two degrees in length, and appeared with gentle defccnts from hill to hill, and fecmed to be good ground, intcrfperfed with woods, and not deftitutc of harbours. Either of thefe places, as they are iflands at a confiderable dillance from the continent, may be fuppofed, from their latitude, to lie in a climate fufficiently temperate. This, even in time of peace, might be of great confequence to this nation ; and in time of war, would make us mailers of thole feas." It would appear, from the fecret expeditions lately made to the South- Seas, that, befides this new fettlement on Falkland iflands, fince that gentleman wrote, the government have another in view, round Cape Horn, which indeed is equally ncccfl^ary for a place of general rendez- vous, to refit and refreflv after efFedling that dreadful navigation ; and where, when accompliflied, our ftiips, in time of war, approach a hollile coall, the only good ports in thefe feas being poflefled by the Spaniards. By our having the polTeflion of one good harbour here, and keeping the royal navy on a refpedlable footing, we fhall have nothing to fear from all the united force of France, Spain, and Portugal. Whoever turns his eye to the map of America, and obferves the number of our fettlcmenls, and their fituation in refped to thcpoflcinons of thofe powers in this quarter, will fee the impoffibility of their trade efcaping the vigi- lance of our cruifers, pouring out from every corner of this immenfe country. Add to this, that having hitherto attempted their r ' nies with fuccefs, what may we not expedl in a future war, from fut.. addi- tional ftrength, fo many convenient harbours to refit, or to fupply our fleets and armies. PROCLAMATION, For regulating the Ceffions made to us by the lafi Treaty cf Peace. G E O R G R R. WHEREAS we have taken into our royal confideration the extenfive and valuable acquifitions in America, fecured to our crown, by the late definitive treaty of peace, concluded at Paris, the loth day of February lall; and being dcfirous that all our loving fub- jeds, us well of our kingdoms as of our colonies in America, may avail thcm- *' \ i '■; te ; I i ' 'I 624 PROCLAMATION, tlicmfclvcs, with all convenient fpccci, of the great benefits an(l adv-nn- t;igc:i, which nuill accrue therefrom to their commerce, mnnufiictuK -, and navigation ; \vc have thoutfht fit, with the advice of our privy-coun- cil, to iiiiic this our royal proclamation, hereby to publilh and dcclaic to all our loving fubjed , that we have, with the advice of our f.ij privy-council, granted our letters patent, under our great feal of Grcat- IJritain, to ere^'^t v.iiJiin the countries and il'lands, ceded and confirmed to u:i by tiic f'uid ncity, four dillinrt and feparate governments, iHlcd anj called by the names of Quebec, Eall-Fhirida, \Veft-l'lorida, and Gre- nada, and limited and bounded as follows, viz. Firfl, Tiie government of (^ebec, bounded on the Labrador coad hv the river St. John, and from tiiencc Ly a line drawn from the head (if that river through the Lalie St. John to the fouth end of the lake Xi- piirini; from wliriice the faid line, crolhng the river St. Lawrence !>ii.l the lake C'han-iplain in 45 degrifi <>i' north latitude, pafTes along the hi^ll lands which divide the rivers that empty tliemfelvcs into the faid river Jjt. Lawrence, from thofe VNhich fall into the fea; and alfo along the north coafl of the Kay des Chaleurs, and the coafl of the Gulphof St. Lawrence to Cape Roiieres, and from thence crofling the mouth of the river St. Lawrence by the well end of the ifland Anticolli, terminates at the afbrefaid river of St. Jolin. Secondly, I'he government of Eafl-FIorida, bounded to the weft- ward, by the Gulph of Mexico and the Apalachlcola river; to tlie northward, by a hue dr.iwn from that part of the faid river, where the Chatahouthee and Flint rivers meet, to the fource of Sr Mary's river ; and by the fource of the faid river to the Atlantic Occun ; and to the eaflward and f'outhward, by the Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulph of rlorida, including all iilands within fix leagues of the fea coaft. Thirdly, The government of WcR-Florida, bounded to the fouthw.ird by the coafl of Mexico, including all iflands within fix leagues of the coaft of the river Apal3chicoi:i to Lake Pontchartrain ; to the weftwanl, by the fame Irke, the lake Mnurcpas, and the river MifTifippi; to the northv/ard, by a line dra^vn due call from that part of the river MiiTi- iippi which iici in 31 degrees north latitude, to the river Apalachicoh or ChatahouclKO; and to die caflward by the faid river. Fourthly, tliC government cf Grenada, comprehending the iflnnd of that name, together with the Grenadines, and the iflands of Domiuico, St. Vincent, and Tobago. And to the end that the open and free lifliery of our fubjc(51s may be extended to, and carried on up. mi the coait of Labrndor, and the adjiiccut iflands, we have thouglit fit, with ilic advice of our faid privy-council, to put all that coaft, from the river St. John's to Hiiufon's Streights toj;c- thcr with the ill;nds of Anticolli and Aiadelaine, and all other imallcr iflands lying npon the faid coafl, under the care and infpedion of our govcrnour of jNowfoundland. Wc have alfo, v. ith the advice of ovjr privy-council, thoui^lit fit ; to annex the iflands of St. John, and Cape Breton, or Ifle Royalc, v.ith the lefier iilands atl^acent tltereto, to our government of IN' ova , Scotia. We have alfo, with the advice of our privy-council rforefaid, annexed TO our province of t'>corg:a, uii iliC lauds lying betv-eca the rivers Akita- iiiaha «nd St. rviary's. . 1 ' ■ An<'i PROCLAMATION. 625 idcd to the fouthw.ird And whereas it will greatly contribute to the fpcedy fettlinpf our faid new ^fovcrnmcnts that mir loving /ubifcb IhciilJ be intbrineJ i.i our pa- ternal care for the iccurity of 'he liberties and properties of thofe, who are and (hall become inhabitants thtreof: we have thought fit to publifh and declare, by th's oi.r prnclflmation, that wc have, in the ieucrs patent under our greit leal ot Gicat Lritam, by which the faid governments are conllituted, given exprcfs p.)i.ver and direction to our govt.Tiiors of our faid colonies refpc(5tively, that fo fo; a as the 'AaI^' and circiimllances of the faid colonies v. ill admit thtreof, th y ihali, with the advice and con- fent of the nvmbcrs of our council, furrimoa und call general afieniblies within the iaiu governments reipci'iivLly, in fu.h manner and f'^rm as is ufed and dircdcd in thoie colonies and provinces in Anicric.i, which are under our immediate govcrnmert ; and we havt- alfo given power to the faid governors, with th" content of our faid c'or:ty to fettle and agree with the inhabitants of our faid new colonies, or v/iji any other pe;lou3 who Ihall refort thereto, for fuch lands, tenement?, anu hereditaments, as are now or hereafter lliall be in our p /.ver to diipoie of, and them to grant fo any luch perfon or perfons, upnn fucli terms, and under iucli moderate quit-rents, fervices, and ac'inowledgmcnts, as h.ive be^n up- pointed and fettled in our other ci»l•nie^, and under iuch other condi- tions as (hall appear to us to be neceiViry and expedier.t for the advan- tage of the grantees, and the improveiaent and kttlement cf our laid colonies. And whereas we are defirous, Uj:?n all occaff^ns, to tcftify oit royal fenfe and app:\h tion of the conduft and bravery of the officer:; and Ibl- diers of oui ?^ ;\ '^ 4^ 626 PROCLAMATION. fubjci51, at the expiration of ten years, to t'je fami t"^uit-rents as othef laruib are fubjeft to in the province within which they are granted, as alfo fubjett to the fame conditions of cultivation and improvement, viz. To every pcrfon having the rank of a field officer, 5000 acres. To every captain, 3000 acres. To every fubaltern or llafi'-ofiicer, 2000 acres. To every non-comniillion officer, 200 acres. To every private man, 50 acres. We do likcwife authorife and rrquire the governors and comman- ders in chief of all our fnid colonies upon the continent (f North- America, to ^rant the like quantities of land, and upon the fame con- ditions, to fuch reduced olHcers of the royal navy cf like rank, as fervcJ on board our (liips of war in North-America, at the times of the reduc- tion of Louifbourfr and Quebec, in the late war, and who fliall pcr- fonally apply to our rcfpedive governors for fuch grants. And whereas it is juft and reafonable, and cfrential to our intereft, and the fecurity of our colonies, that the fevcral nations or tribes of Indians, with whom we are conncded, and who live under our protcftion, fhculd not be molefted or dillurbed in the poHelfion of fuch parts of our domi- nions and territories as not having been ceded to or purchafed by us, are referved to tliem or any of them as their hunting-grounds, we do therefore, with the advice of our privy-council, declare it to be our royal will and plcafure, that no governor or commander in chief in any of our colonies of Quebec, Eall-Florida, or Weft-Florida, do prefun e, upon any pretence whatever, to grant warrants of furvey, or pais any pa- tents for lands beyond the bounds of their refpedive governments, as de- fcribed in their commifllons ; as alfo that no governor or commander in chief in any of our other colonies or plantations in America, do prc- fume for the prefcnt, and until our further pleafure be known, to grant warrants of fnrvey, or pafs patents for any lands beyond the heads or fources of any of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean from the weft and north-weft ; or upon any lands whatever,^ which not having been ceded to, or purchafed by as, as aforefaid, are referved to the faid Indians, or any of them. And we do further declare it to be our royal will and pleafure, for the prefent as aforefaid, to rcferve under our fovereignty, protection, and dominion, for the ufe of the laid Indians, all the lands and territo- ries not included within the limits of our faid three new governments, or within the limits of the territory granted to the Hudfon's-Bay com- pany ; as alio all the lands and territories lying to the weft-.vard of the fources of the rivers which fall into the fea from the weft and north-weft as aforefaid ; and we do hereby ftridly forbid, on pain of our difplea- fure, all our loving fubjedts fiom making any purchafes or fettlemcnts whatever, or taking pofteflton of any of the lands above referved, with- out our cfpecial leave and licence for that purpofe firft obtained. And we do further ftticlly enjoin and require all perfons whatever, who have either wilfully o; inadvertently feated themfelves upon any lands within the countries above delcribed, or upon any other lands, which not having been ceded to or purchafed by us, are ftill referved to the faid Indians as aforefaid, furliiwith to remove themfelves from fuch iatlements. And PROCLAMATION. 627 r, 5000 acres. And whereas j^rcat Iraiids and ahiifcs have been committed in the pur- chfiiing lands cf the Indians, to the ^jvAt prejudice of our intorcib, and to tlic v:;rt:iit uiiiiitis/action of the frJd Indians ; In order therefore to pre- vent Inch irrsgiilaritics for the future, and to the end that the Indians may lu- coavinccd of our juflice and determined rcl0UNDED by New Mexico, or Granada, on X) tiie north ; by the gulph of Mexico on the north-eaft ; by Terra Firma, on the fouth-eaft ; and by the Pacific ocean, •n the fouth-weft, containing three audiences, viz. Audiences. 1. Galicia or Guadalajp.rra 2. Mexico Proper ■ 3. Guatimala — — Chief Towns. J Guadalajarra, W. lon. 108. I N. lat. 40-45. f Mexico, W. lon. 105. I N. lat. 20. J Guatimaia, W. lon. g-^. I N. lat. 4-30. Bays.] On the north-fca are the gulphs or bays of Mexico, Cam- peachy, Vera Cruz, and Honduras; in the Pacific ocean, or South Sea, are the bays Micoya and Amapalia, Acapulco, and Salinas. Capes.] Thefe are cape Sardo, cape St. Martin, cape Cornducedo, cape Citcoche, cape Honduras, cape Cameron, and cape Gracias Dios, in the North Sea. Cape Marques, cape Spirito Sanfto, cape Corientes, cape Gallero, cnpe Blanco, cape Burica, cape Prucreos, and cape Mala, in the South Sea. Winds.] In the gulph of Mexico, and the adjacent feas, there are ftrong north winds from Oftober to March, about the full -^ id change of the moon. Trade winds prevail every where at a dillance from land within the tropic. Near the coaft in the South Sea, they have their pe- riodical winds, viz. Monfoons, and fca and land breezes, as in Afia. Soil and climate.] Mexico, lying for the moll part within the torrid zone, is exceffively hot, and on the eaftern coaft, where the land is low, marlhy, and conliantly flooded in the rainy fealbns, it is likewifc extremely unwholefome. The inland country, however, afl'umes a bet- ter afpeft, and the a-r is of a milder temperament ; on the weftern fide the land is not fo low, as on the eaftern, much better in quality, and full of plantations. The foil of Mexico in general is of a good variety, and would not refufe any fort of grain were the indullry of the inhabitants to correfpond with their natural advantages. Produce.] Mexico, like all the tropical countries, is rather more abundant in fruits than in grain. Pine apples, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, and cocoa-nuts, are here in the greateft plenty and perfcdion. New Spain produces alfo a prodigious quantity of fucrar, efpecially SPANISH AMERICA. 629 efpfcially towards the gulpli of Mexico, and the province of Guaxaca and Guatimala, fo that there arc more fii^ur mills than in any other part of Spanilh America. But what ir. coniidercd as the ciiicf glory of this country, and what firft induced the Spaniards to form fettlements upon it, are the mines of gold and lilver. The chief mines of gold are in Veragua and New Granada, confininp; up'in Diiiien and Terra Firma. Thofe of filler, which are much more rich, as well as numer<-.u!., arc found in feveral parts, but in none fo much as in the province of Mexico. The mines of both lands are al',v?ys found in the moll barren and moun- tainous part of the country ; nature n-.aliiiig amends in one refped for he" defedts in another. The w(Jikin{^ of the j'old and filver mines de- pends on the fame j rirciplos. Wiieu the oiu.- is dii;; out, compounded of feveral heterogeneous fubllaucos, mixed with tlie precious metals, it is broke into fmall piece? by a mill, and afteiwnids waflied, by which means it is difengaged from the earth, and other lot't bodies whicli cluiijf to it. Then it is mixed with rncrcury, whicli, of all fub.lanccs, has the rtrongcft attraction for gold, and likcwife a Itronfrcr .utradtion for iilvcr, than the other fubftances which are united with it in the ore. By means of the mercury, therefore, the gold and filvcr are lirll ieparatcd from the heterogeneous matter, and then by llr.iining and evaporation, they arc difunited from the mercury itfclf. Of the i',o!d ar.d lilver, which the mines of Mexico afford, great things have been faid. 'I'hofe who h:ive enquired moft into this lubjed, compute the revenues of Mexico at twenty-four millions of our money ; and it is v/cll known that this, with the other provinces of Spanilh America, funuly ilic whole world with filvcr. The other articles next in importance to gold :aid filver, are the cochineal and cacao. After much difpute concerning the nature of the former, it feems at laft agreed, that it is of the animal kind, an;l of the fpecies of the gall infeds. It .adheres to the plant called Opuiitia, and fucks the juice of the fruir, which is of ?. crimlbn colour. It is from this juice that the cochineal derives its value, which coniills in dying all the forts of the finell fcarlet, crimfon and purple. It is alio ufsd in me- dicine as a fudoriHc, and as a cordial ; and it is computed that the Spaniards annually export no lefs than nine hundred tiiouiand pounds weight of this commodity, to anfwer thj purpoll's of niedicinc and dy- ing. The cacao, of which chocolate is made, is the n»ixt confidtrablc article in the natural hill iry and commerce ^^f Mexico. Ir gr;,)ws on a tree of a middling fize, which bears a pod aiiou' the fize and Shape of a cucumber, containing th? cacao. Within th';re is a pulp of a refreili- ing acid tafte, which fills up the interdices bctwe^.i the nuts before they are ripe ; but, when they f 'ly ripen, thefe nuts are packed up wonder- fully clofe, and in a moll regular order ; th;y have a preity tough Ihcll, within which is the oily fuhlhincc, of which chocolate is r.iade. The Spanilh commerce in this article is immcnle; and fuch is the internal confumption, as well as external call for it, tiiat a fmall garden of ,.a- coa's is' faid to produce f^ the owner, twenty tiiO'ifand crowns a year. At home it makes a principal part of their diet, and is found wholclome, nutricious, and fuitable to the climate. This country likewiie produces filk, but not in fuch abundance as to make any remarkable part of their export. Cotton is here in great abundance, anl on accomu oi ii,>> Kglu- nels is the common wear of the inhabitants. Ti'.e odyr pr.>durtivho notwilhlhmding the devallations of the firll invaders, remain in great numbers, are become by continual oppreflion .-:nd indignity, a de- jected timorous and miferable race of mortals. l"hc blacks here, like all thofe in other parts of the world, arc ihibborn, h.ardy, and well adapted for the grnis flavery they endure. Such is the general chara^cr of the inliab'tants, not only in Mexico, but the grcatcli part of Spanilh America. The civil government is adnii- niilered by tribunals, called Audiences, which bear a refemblancc to the parliaments in France. In thefc courts the viceroy of tlic king of Spain prefides. His emplojrnent is the greatell trufl: and power, which his Ca- tholic m.'.jclty has in his difpofal, and is perhaps the richelt government entruftcd to any fubjc(5l in the world. The greatnef:; of the viceroy's ojiice is uiminifned by the fliortnefs of its duration. T'cr, as j?aloufy i^ th-' k'::;i- ing feature of Spanilh politick:, in wh.atever rej^ards America, no o.'liccr ii allowed to maintain his pt^wer for more than tliree years, which no doubt hiay have a good eftcft in fecuring the authority of th.c crown of Spain, b'it i . at tended with unhappy confequences to the miferable inhabitants, who become a prey to every new governor; the clergy are extremely nu- merous in Mexico, and it has been computed, that pviclts, monks and nuns of ail orders, make upwards of a fifth of all the wl;ite inhabitantSj both here and in the other parts of Spanifh America. It h impolfible in- deed to find a richer field, or one more peculiarly adapted toecclefiaftics in any part of the world. The people are fupcrilitious, ignorant, rich, lazy, and licentious : with fucli materials to work upcn, it is not reniaikabic, that the church fliould enjoy one fourth of the revenues cf the whclo kingdom. It is more furpriling, that it has not a luaU'. Commerce, cities, 7 The trade of Mexico confifts of tlirrs A :;d SHIPPING, 3 great branches, which extends over the whole known world. It carries on a traflic with lilurope, by la Vera Cruz, with the Eail Indies, by Acapulco, and with South America, by the '.'. ic port. Thefc two fea-ports Vera Cruz and Acapulco, aio wondcriuuy well fuuatcd for the commercial purpofes to which they aie '" . . . applied. rp ov an h( til of at di a; place fhcfo hcndi -•point of view, he- y nearly conncClcd. )i" Mexico, and tli-j Tdi-iit inhaliitaiiti The whites arc ci- tivts of Spanifli A, ment or tratic, and Europe ; only a lliU r thi-mrdvcs as tn- and look upon the \c cre(j!cs hcve ail re (Iciccnded, with- s tiic praifc-uoithy '^i-ininatc, they de- 'itadive ple.-ifurcs. w Ith great parade, ' n.ore than a pnw^ i ill lion their vvliole :oiilbqiicncc arc rot ics. The Indians, ivaders, remain in id indignity, a dc- blacks here, kke I, hardy, ami wtJl )t only in Mexico, H'ernnicnt is admi- rcfemblancc to the r the kinn; ofj-p.iin -ver, which his Ca- ncheJi government the viceroy's otiice --aloufv i. thj Ic;:;l- ^merica, no o.'Iictr irs, wjiich no doubt ic crown of Spain, arable inhabitants, arc extremely nu- iiefis, mnnkb and w]:ite inhabitants, h h impolfible in- .'d toeccleiiafticiin nora;it, rich, la/y, is not reniaikabi'o, lues cf the whclij confiils of tluTS extends over the irope, by la Vera South America, id Acapulco, are :o which they aie appJicJ, SPANISH AMERICA; 6}t rppllcd. It is by means of the former, that Mexico pours her wealth over all the whole world ; and receives in return the numberlels luxuries and neceflUries, which Europe affords to her, and which the indolence of her inhabitants will never permit them to aciiuire for themfelvci. To this port tiic fleet from Cadiz, c ilkd tlic Flota, confi! g of three men of war, as a convoy, and fourteen l.irge merchant (liip annually arrive about the beginning of November. Its cargo confills v. every commo- dity and inanufadurj of Europe, and there arc few nations but have niore concern in it than the Spaniards, who fend out little more than wine and oil. The prf^fit of tlule, with the freight and commiiiion to the merchants, and duty to the king, is all the advantage which Spain derives rn)in her American commerce. When all the goods are landed and difpofed of at La Vera Cruz, the fleet takes in the plate, precious llcaes, and Ovhcr commodities for Europe. Sometimes in May they arc ready to depart. From La Vera Cruz, they fail to the Havanna, in the ifle < f Cu'.» (, w dch is the rendezvous where they meet the gallecms, another fte^t vhich carries on the tr.ide (,'f Terra Eirma, by Carthagena, and (H Peru by Pan.un.i :;:i'l I'ort'i Bello. When all are colleded an4 provi'lcd witii a convoy ut '.-efl^ry for their fafety, they llecr for Old Spain. Ac ;pu'c ' is the !ea-port, by whi-.h the communication is kept up be- tvv,'jn the diircrei.t , .t, v. <.f t!.? Sp.'.iiilh empire in America and the Eaft laaies. ab'iit vlie :•. "uh of i")eccmber, the great galeon, attended by a lar:-L- fliip as .i c;.'.ivay, which in:'.ke t'le only cj;iinT.in'c:ition between tlie i'iiilipjjiiic. .;nd Mexico, annually arrive here. The cargoes of thcfe {iiips, for the convoy, though in an under-hand manner, likew'fe carries good ., conl'''V of all ti^.c; rich commodities and manufactures of the ealt. At tfic lame time tht; annual Ihip from Lima comes in, and is not com- puted t ) brill;"; leis than two millions of pieccj of eight in filver, befides quickfilver and other valuable commodities, to be l:;id out in the pur- chafe of the p-;dcons cargoes. Several other fliiips from dilterent parts of Chili and i'ei u, meet upon the fame occaii'in. A great fair in which the commodities of all parts of the world are bartered for one another, lalts thirty days. The galeon then prepare:, for her voyage, loaded with £lver an.! fuch Eurnpean goods as have Icxu thougiit nccelfary. The Spaniards, though this trade be carried on cntir'Jy through their hands, and in the very heart of their dominions, are cor^parati^ely but fmall gainers by it. For as they allow the Dutch, Gre..t Britain, and otiier commercialftates, to farnilh the greater part of the cargo of the Flora, fo, the bpanilh in- habitants of the Philippines, tainted with the fame indolence wjiich ruined their European ancellors, permit the Chinefe mcrcharita to furnilh tiio greater part of the cargo of the galeon. Notwithltanding wli.it has been- laid of Vera Cruz, and Acapulco, the city of Tvlexico, the capital of the empire, -\n to bo coniidercd as the center of com.mcrce in this part of the world. i'Or here the principal merchants rchde, ;:nd the greatelt part of the bufr^cf, is negotiated. The i'.iLi\. India goods from Aca- pulco, and thj i iropean from Vera Cruz, v.W pafs ttirough this c /. Hither all the gold and filver come to be c;>ineu, here the king's hfth is depnfited, and here is wrought all thofe utenfils and ornaments in plate which is every year fent into Europe. The city itlelf breathes the ■fi\r of the higlieijt magnificence, and t^cording to the beft accounts con-t piijs about eighty thoufand inhabitants. Sf> NEW I; I s ¥■ ) II i*i 63a SPANISH AMERICA. I I NEW MEXICO, INCLUDING CALIFORNIA. Situation and Extent. ^etjveen Between \ and (w. L 136 i ?ancl ( N. 46 1 Lon. Lat. ' Being 2000 miles iu length. 1600 miles in breadth. 73 O U N D E D by unknown lands on the north ; Boundaries.] [ by Louiiiana, on the call ; by Old Mexico, and the Pacific cccan, on the ;outh ; and by the lame ocean, on the weft. Divifions. Subdivifions. North-caft divifion < New Mexico Proper > < ^'^ »^' I South-eaft divifion < Apacheira •— S < St. Antonio. Tuape. Chief towns. Lon. 102, South divifion Weft divifion { Sonora California, apenin- fula |{.t.j uan. Soil and climate.] Thefe countries lying for the moft part within the temperate zone, have a climate in many places extremely agrceabl.', and a foil produdive of every thing, either for profit or delight. In Ca- lifornia Jiowever they experience great heats in the fummer, particularly towards the fea-coalt; but in the inland country, the climate is more temperate, and in winter even cold. Face and produce of 7 The natural hiftory of thefe countries THE COUNTRY. j is as yct iu it' inf'incy. The Spaniards themfrlves know little of the matter, and the little they know, they are unwilling to communicate. Their authority being on a precarious foot- ing with the Indians, who here at leall ftill preferve their independance ; they are jealous of difcovering tlie natural advantages of thefe countries, which might be an inducement to the other nations of Europe, to form fettlements there. It is certain, however, that in general the provinces of New Mexico and California, are extremely beautiful and pleafant ; the face of the country is agreeably varied with plains, interfered by rivers, and adorned with gentle eminences covered with various kinds of trees, fome producing excellent fruit. With refpeft to the value of the gold mines in thofe countries, nothing pofitive can be afierted. They have undoubtedly enough of natural produaions, to render them advan- tageous colonies to any but the Spaniards. In California there falls in the morning a great quantity of dew, which, fettling on the roi'e leaves, candies, and becomes hard like manna, having all the fwe(m|)efs of re- fined fugar, without in whitenefs. There is alfo another very fingular natural production. I.i the heart of the country there are plains of fait, quite firm and clear as -^hryftal, which confidering the vaft quantities of fi(h found on its coafts, might render it an invaluable acquifition to any iiiduftrious nation, Inhabitants, )RNIA. n length. 1 breadth. on the north ; Old Mfxico, 1, on the weft. :owns. V. Lon. lOi, 36. 'ft part within ?ly agrceabl'.', ight. In Ca- , particularly imate is more lefe countries he Spaniards low, they are icarious foot- dependance ; ife countries, ope, to form tne provinces nd pleafant; iterfefted by arious kinds the value of rerted. They them advan- there falls in e rofe leaves, <^iefs of re- veiy Angular •lains of fait, ]uantities of fition to any lABITANTS) :| '1. n M /.•//.)W»A/5' JlTwt jhutt li*n,hit ]» SPANISH AMERICA. ^.?? Inhabitants, history, covernment, ) The Spanifli ffttlc- RELitJiON ANi) coMME RCK. j Hicnts htTc '.\Tc com- paratively weak; though they v.rv mcrcafrnp every day in proportion as new mines an- dilcovcrcd. The inhabitants arc cliicfly Indians, whom the Spanilh nullionnrics have in ninny pinrrs brought over to Cluiftiiinity, to a civili7rd life, to rail'c corn and vviie, wh'ch they now export pretty largely to Old Mexico. Calitorni.i was difcovc'.cd by Ccrtcz, the gnat conqueror ot Mexico; our famous navij-^ator Sir Fraiicis Drake took pof- feirion of it in 1578, and hi'> ri^ht was confirmed by the principal king, or chief in the vvin-ie country. This title however the govrrnment of Great-Britain have not hitlicrtoatterrptvj to vindicate, ihoi.<»h California is admirably fituated for trade, and on its coaft has a pearl fiiliery of great value. The iniiabitants and government here do not materially difler from thofe ot Old Mexico. Spanilh Dominions in SOU I' H AMERICA. TERRA F I R M A, or Caftilla del Ore' Between Between Situation and ExrtNT. V W. Lon. r 14.00 miles i. > Being i i- N. Lat. I 700 miles i in lenpth. in breadth. Boundaries.] TJOUNDEC by the north fea (part of the A t- X) lantic ocean) on the north ; by the fame fea and Surinam, on the eaii ; by the country of the Amazons and Peru, on the fouth; and the Pacific ocean and Veragua, on the weft. Divifions. The north diviTion con- Subdivifions. "l. Tcrra-Hi ma Proper," or Daiien 2. Carthagena 3. St. Martha tains the provinces-^ 4. Riodcla Hacha — ^^ of 5. Venezuela 6. Comana ' 7. New Andalufia, or Paria Chief towns. rPorto Bcllo Panama Cartha^'cna St. Martha Rio de la Hacha Venezuela Comana St. Thomas f 2. P New Granada — opayan S\ Santa Fc I Popayan. Santa Fc de Bagota The fouth divifion contains the pro- vinces of Bays, capes, &:c.] The Ifthmus of Darien, or Terra- firma proper,' joins North and South America. A line drawn from Panama in tl^"" South Sea to Porto Bello in the north, or rather a little weft of theie two towns, is the proper limit between North and South America. The principal bays in Terra-firma are, 1. The bay of Panama. 2. The bay of St. Michi^crs in the South-Sea; and, 3. The b.iy of Porto BeUo. 4. The jgulph of D.iricn. <;. Sinu bay. 6. Carthagena ^ bay H I '^34 SPANISH AMERICA; bny and harbour. 7. The giilph of Vener^uela. 8. The bay of Mi- raciibo. 9. 'i'hc guiph oi' 'iridlo. 10. T he l>:iy of Guaira. 11. The bay of Cuiiaco ; aiid, 12. I'he gulpn of Paria or Andalufia, in the north iea. I'he chief capes are, i. Samblas point. 2. Point Canoa. 3. Cape del At^ua. 4. Swart point. 5. Ciinc de Vela. 6. Cape Conquibaca. 7. Cape Cabtlo. b'. Cape Blanco. 9. Cape Galera. 10. Cape Three Points ; and, 1 1. Cape Naiiau ; al! on t\\c north Ihore of Terra-firma, Cmmatii.] The climaie here, particularly in the northern divifions, is extremely hot; and it was fuund by Ullo;i, that the heat of the warmell day in Paris, is continual at Carthagena ; the exceflive heals raife the vapour of th^; fea, which i:, precipitated in fuch rains as feem to threaten a gener.il deiugc. G/eat j-art of the country therefore, is al- mort t'iiiiinuaily Hooded ; and this, together with the excelfive heat, lb imprcgnatcj '.lie air with vapours, that in many provinces, particidarly about Popayan .'••'i Po;-;'.) Bello, it is extremely unwholefome. Soil akd produce.] I'h.' foil of this country, like that of the greater par', of South Amerie;, is wonderfully rich and fruitful. It is imp'\',ible to view, without a.iiniration, th^ perpetual verdure of the woodh, the luxuriancy of the plains, and the towering height of the mountains. This however only applies to the inland couritry, for tl.c coafts are generally barren fand, and uncapable of bearing any fpecirs of grjun. The trees, nio!l renicrkable for tiicir dimcnfion:', arc the caob), the cedar, the maria, Being 500 miles in breadth. 2000 miles in length. f 60 Between < and ^W. Lon. f ihe Between < Equator ^ S. Lat. 4 and Z5 Boundaries.] TJ OUNDED by Terra Firma, on the north; by X3 the mountains, or Cordeleiria's des Andes, ealt j tv C i.iH, fouth; and by the Pacific ocean, welt. Divilions. Provinces. Chief Towns. The north divifion < Qn The middle divifion < Lima, or Los R^yes iito 7 f Quito The fo;.th divifion < Los Charcos — Payta. 7 r Lima, Cufco, and j ) Ca 1 I Potof 5 ( Porcc The onlv fea which borders on Callao. )fi )rco. Seas, bays, and harbourj.] Ptiu is tlie Pacific ocean or South Sea. The principal bays and harriours are i^ayta, MaLibripjo, Cuanchaco, Cofma, Vermeio, Guara, Callao, the port town to Lima, in 12 deg. 20 min. S. Ylo, and Arica. Kweks.] There is a river whofe waters are as red a'^ blood. The rivtrs Grande, or Cagdalena, Oronoque, Amazon, and Plate, rife in the Andes. A great many other rivers rife in the Andes, and fall into the Pacific ocean, between the equator and eight degrees S. Lat. Petrefied Waters.] There are fome waters, which, in their co'ii.e, turn into ftone ; and fountains of liquid m^.tter, called Coppey, rcfcivbling pitch and tar, and ufed by feamen for the fame purpofe. Soil and climate.] Thougli Peru lies within the torrid zone, yet, havji)^ on one fide the fouth fea, and on the other the great ridge of the A.'des, it is not fo llifled with heat, as the other tropical countries. The (ky too, which is jrencrally cloudy, fhields them from the diredl rays of the fun ; but what is extremely fingular, it never rains in Peru. This dtf'idt, however, is fufficicntly fupplied by a foft kindly dew, which fills regularly every night on the ground, and fo refrefiies the plants and grafs, as to produce in many places the greateft fertility. Along the fea coaft Peru is geneially a dry barren fand, except by the banks of rivers, where it is extremely fcriilc, as are all the low lands in the inland country. Animal, vegetable, and ) There are many gold mines in mineral productions. J the northern part, not far from Li- ma. Silver too is produced in great abundance in various provinces; but the old mines are conllantly decaying, and new ones daily opened. The towns fhift with the mines. That of Potofi, when the fil.er there was found at the eaficft expence, for now having gone fo deep, it is not fo eafily brought up, contained ninety thoufand fouls, Spaniards and Indians, of which the latter were fix to one. The northern part of Peru pr(xluces win ' in great plenty. Wool is another article of its produce, and is not lefs remarkable for its finenefs, tlian for the animals on which it grows ; thefe they call Lamas and Vicunnas. Th^ Lama has a fmall bead, SPANISH AMERICA. ^37 into the Pacific head, in fome meafure refembling that of a horfc and (hcep at the fame lime. It is about the llze of a ftag, its upper lip is clelt like that of a hare, through which, when enraged, it fpits a kind of venomous juice, which cnllumes the part it falls on. The flclh of the Liima is agreeable and falutary, and the animal is not only uleful in atfoniiny- wool and food, but alfo as a beall of burden. It can endure amazi'ig fatigue, «nd will travel over the llccpell mountains with a burden of i:xty or leventy pounds weight. It feeds very fpurinoly, and never drinkb. 'i'he Vicunna is fmaller and fvvifter than the lama, and produces wool nil! liner in qua- lity. In the Vicunna too is found the Bezoar Hones, regarded a- a Ipe- cihc againll poifons. The next great article in their produce and com- merce is the Peruvian bark. The tree which produces this invaluable drug, grows principally in the mountainous parts of Peru, and particu- larly in the province of Quito. The beP^ bark is always produced in the high and rocky grounds ; the tree which bears it, is about the iize of a cherry tree, and produces a kind of fruit, refembling the almond. But it is only the bark, which has thefe excellent qualities that render it fo ufeful in intermitting fevers, and other difordcrs to which daily experi- ence extends the application of it. Guinea pepper, o; Cayenne pepper, as we call it, is produced in the greatell abundance in the vale of Ari- ca, a diftrift in tiie fouthern parts of Peru, from whence they export it annually to the value of fix hundred thoufand crowns. Peru is likevvife the only part of Spanilh America, which produces quickfilver, an article of immenfe v.iue, confidering the various purpoles to which it is ap- plied, and :;pecially the purification of gold and filver. The principal mine of this fingular metal is .'it a place called Guancavelica, where it is found in a whitilh mafs refembling brick ill burned. This fubttance is volatilifed by fire, and received in Ileam by a combination of glafs vef- fels, where it condenfes by means of a little water at the bottom of each vefTel, and forms a pure heavy liquid. Manufactures, TR ^DE and cities.] We join thefe articles here becaufe of their intimate connexion ; for, except in the cities we ihail defcribe t^ere is no commerce worth mentioning. The citv of Lima is the capital of Peru, and of the whole Spaniih empire, its fituation in the middle of a fpacious and delightful valley, was fixed upon by the famous Pizarro, as the nioft proper for a city, which he expedled would preferve his memory. It is fo well v.'a.tered by the river Rimac, that the inhabitants, like thofe of London, command a ftrcam, each for his own ufe. There are many very magnificent Ihuftures, particularly churches, in this city ; though the houles in general are built of flight materials, the equality of the climate, and want of rain, rendering ftone houfcs unneceflary ; and belides it is found, that thcfc are more apt to fuffer by (hocks of the earth which are frequent and dreadful all over this pro- vince. Lima is about two leagues from the fea, extends in length two miles, and in breadth one and a quarter. It contains about iixty thou- fand inhabitants, of whom the whites amount to a fixth part. One re- markable fait is fufficient to demonllrate the wealth of this city. When the viceroy, the duke de la Palala, made his entry into Lima, the inha- bitants, to do him honour, caufed the ilrcets to be paved with ingots of filver, amounting to feventeen millions flciling. All travellers fpeak with amazement of the decorations of the churches, with gold, filver and precious ftones, which load and ornament even the walk. The only thing that could jullify thefe accounts is the immenfe richneis and cx- tenfive i i i ■f II I 638 SPANISH AMERICA. cnfive commerce of the inhabitants. Tlie merchants of Lima maybe *aid to deal with all the quarters of the world, and that ' oth on their own accounts, and as faftors for others. Merc all the produtt of the fouthcru provinces are conveyed, in order to be exchanged at the harbour of Lima, for fuch articles as the inhabitants of Peru hand in need of; the ficir. from Europe, and the Eall Indies, land at the fame harbour, and tin; commodities of Afia, Europe, and America, are thtMv bartered for each other. What there is no immediate vent for, the merchants of Lima purchafe on their own accounts, and lay up in vvarehoufcs, knowing that they mull foon find an outlet for them, fince by one channel or other they have a communication with almolc every commercial nation. lUit all the wealth of the inhabitants, all the be.any of the lituut on, and fertility of the climate of Lima, are not fufficicnt to compenfatc U>r one difafter, which always threatens, and has fometimes adually befallen them. In the year 1747, Callao, for this is the name of the harbour, %Yas demolifhed by an earthquake : never was any dellruftion more ter- rible or perfed, not more than one of all the inhabitants being left to record this dreadful calamity. The city Callao contained feveral thou- fands, and a new harbour is fince ercfted. Cufco, the antient capital of the Peruvian empire, has already been taken notice of. As it lies in the mountainous country, and at a diJlance from the fea, it has been long on the decline. But it is ftill a very conhderable place, and contains above forty thoufand inhabitants, three parts Indians, and very induftri- ous in manufadairing baize, cotton, and leather. They have alfo both here and in Quito, which (hall be mentioned direftly, a particular talle for painting, and their produdlions in this way, lome of which have been admired in Italy, are difperfed over all South America. Quito is next to Lima in populoufnefs, if not fuperior to it. It is like Cufco, an inland city, and having no mines in its neighbourhood, is chiei'iy famous for its manufadlures of cotton, wool, and flax, which fupply the con- fumption over all the kingdom of Peru. Inhabitants, manners 7 It would be in vain to pretend faying AND GOVERNMENT.] j any thing dccifive with regard to the ■umber of inhabitants in Peru. The Spaniards themfelves are remark- ably filent on this head. It has been guefled by fome writers, that in all Spanilh America, there are about three millions of Spaniards and Creoles of different colours ; and undoubtedly the number of Indians is much greater ; though neither in any refpeft proportionable to the wealth, fertility, and extent of the country. The manners of the in- habitants do not remarkably difTer over the whole of the Spanifh domi- nions. Pride and lazinefsare the two predominant paffions. ^' '■? agreed on by the moft authentic travellers, that the manners of Oiu Spain have degenerated in its colonies. The Creoles, and all the other dcfcen- dints of the Spaniards, according to the above diftindions, are guilty of many mean and pilfering vices, which a true born Caftiiian could not think of bat with deteftation. This no doubt in part arifes from the contempt in which all but the real natives of Spain are held in the Indies, mankind generally behaving according to the treatment they meet with from others. In Lima the Spanifh pride has made the greateH defcents, and many of the firft nobility are employed in com- merce. It is in this city that the viceroy refides, whoie authority ex- tends over all Peru, except Quito, which has been lately detached from iL It. SPANISH AMERICA. ^39 It. The viceroy is as abfolute as the kinj of Sp:iiii, bul .(s his territn- ries arc To ext^-nfivc, h ij necciT'iry that lie iuuuiu part wuh a lii;irc of his authority to the fevcial audiencies or courts ellablilhcd over the king- dom. There is a trculury court eihibliihcJ at Lima, tor r^ctiving the iiitU of the produce of the mines, and certain taxes paid by tlie inuians, which belong to the king of Spain. Between Between C H I L I. Situation and Extent. W. Lon. I I 600 miles in bre.idth. Being S. Lat. 1200 miles in length. 45 Boundaries.] B OUNDED bv Peru on the north ; bv La PJa- ta on the eaft ; by Patagonia on the fouth ; and bv the Pacific ocean on the weft. Divifions. Provinces. On the weft fide of the Andes — } Chili Proper Ciiief towns. St. Jago, W. Lon. 77, '6. Lut. 34. Baldivio, Lnpc;:r.l. On the eaft fide of the J o r> r 7 J c. r u j i- , 1 < Cuyo, or Cutio — f 7 S*- I^""^ ^^ Fronticra'. Lakes.] The principal lakes are thofe of 'lagatagua near St. Jago, and that of Paren. Befides which, they have fcveral falc-watcr lakes, that have a communication with the ft-a part of the year. In ftormy weather the fca forces a v/ay through them, and leaves tliem full of n(li ; but in the hot feafon the water congeals, Icavin ^ a cruft of fuie white fait a foot thick. Bays, seas, and harbours.] The only fea that borders upon Chili, is that of the Piicific ocean on the weft. The principal bays or harbours arc Copiapo, Coquimbo, Govanadore, Valparifj, lata, Coiiception, Santa Maria, La Moucha, Baldivia, Brewers-l'aven, and Cafao. CMAiATii, £01', and producf.,] Thefe arc not remarkably different from the fame in Peru ; and if there be any dilierencc, it is in favour of Chili, There is indeed no part of the world more favoured than this is, with rcfpeft to the gifts of nature. For here, not only the tropical fruits, but all fpecies of grain, of which a confiderable part is exported, come to great perfection. Their animal produdiun;; are t!ie fame with thofe of i'cru, and they have gold almoft in every river. Inhauitan Ts.] This country is very thinly inhabited. The origin nal natives arc ihll in a great meafure unconquercd and uncivilized ; and leading a wandering life, attentive to no objcdt but their preiervation from the Spanifh yoke, are in a very unEivourable condition, with regard to population. The Spaniards do not amount to above twenty thoufand ; and the Indians, negrges and mulattoc;, arc not fuppofgd to be thrice that number. Commerce. |: :'3 640 SPANISH AMERICA. Commerce.] The foreign commerce of Chili is entirely confined to Peru, Panama, and fome parts of Mexico. To the former they export annually corn futficicnt for fixty thuufand men. Their other exports arc hemp, which is raifed in no other pa; t of the South Seas, hides, tallow, and faltcd provifions, and receive in return the commodities of Europe, and the Eall Indies, which are brought to the port of Callao. PARAGUAY, or LA PLATA. Situation and Extent. 1500 miles in length. Beinw 1000 miles in breadth. Boundaries.] "QOUNDED i-> Bralil, call j by Peru and Chili, weft. Divifions. by Amazonia, on by Patagonia, on the north j by the fouthj and Eaft divifion tains South divifion Provinces. {Paraguay Parana . Guaira Uragua f Tucuman — < Rio de la Plata Bays and lakes,] The principal bay is that at river La Plata, on which ftands the capital city of Buenos Ayres ; Chief towns. 1 r Aflumption • M St. Anne f I Cividad Real J (, Los Reyes " St. Jago Buenos Ayres, W. Lon, 60. S. Lat. 36. the mouth of the and H cape St. Antonio, at the entrance of that bay, is the only promontory. This country abounds with lakes, one of which is a hundred miles long. Rivers.] This country, befides an infinite number of fmall rivers, is watered by three principal ones, which united near the fea, form the fa- mous Rio de la Plata, or Plate River, and which annually overflow their banks ; and, on their recefs, leave them enriched with a flime, that produces the greateft plenty of whatever is committed to it. Air, soil and produce.] This vail traft is far from being wholly fubdued or planted by the Spaniards. There are many parts in a great degree unknown to them, or to any other people of Europe. The principal province of which we have any knowledge, is that which is called Rio de la Plata, towards the viouth of the above mentioned rivers. This province, with all the adjacent parts, is one continued level, interrupt- ed by not the leaft hill for feveral hundred miles every way ; extremely fertile, and producing cott(m in great quantities ; tobacco, and the va- luable herb, ciUed Paraguay, with a variety of fruits, and prodigious rich paftures, in which are bred fuch herds of cattle, that it is faid the hides of the beafts are all that is properly bought, the carcafe being in a manner given into the bargain. A horfe fome time ago might be bought for ■. dollar, and the ufual price for a beaft chofen out of a herd of two or three hundred, was only four rials. But, contrary to the general nature of America, this country is dcftitute of woods. The air is re< Z markably A. :ircly confined to mer they export other exports arc 3, hides, tallow, I i ties of Europe, aliao. lta. SPANISH AMERICA. ^4* fercne. waters n length. n breadth. the north j by the fouth; and if towns. ption ne dReal ;yes ;o I Ayres, W. Lon. S. Lat. 36. le mouth of the nos Ayres ; and ily promontory, ired miles long. f fmall rivers, is ea, form thefa- ly overflow their h a flime, that it. m being wholly parts in a great s. The principal ich is called Rio sd rivers. This level, interrupt- way ; extremely ceo, and the va- and prodigious hat it is faid the ircafe being in a might be bought f a herd of two to the general The air is re« markabl/ hiarkably fweet 1 and wholefome. First settlement, chief 7 The Spaniards firft difcovfrcd this CITY AND COMMERCE. j country, by failing up the river La Plata in 15 15, and founded the town of Buenos Ayres, Co called on ac- count of the excellence of the air, on the fouth fide of the river, fifty lcan;ues within the mouth of it, where the river is feven leagues broad. This is one of the moll confidcrable towns in South America, and the only place of traffic to the fouthward of Brazil. Here we meet with the merchants of Europe and Peru, but no regular fleet comes here, as to the other parts of Spanilh America ; two, or at moll three, regiller /hips, make the whole of their regular intercouHc with Europe. Their returns are very valuable, confifting chiefly of the gold and filver of Chili and Peru, fugar and hides. Thofe who have now and then car- ried on a contraband trade to this city, have found it more advantageous than any other whatever. The benefit of this contraband is now wholly in the hands of the Portaguefe, who keep magazines for that purpofe, in fuch parts of Brazil as lie near this country. Since the Englifli have got a footing near this coaft by their new fettlement of port Egmont 011 the Falkland ifles^ we may fuppofe they will make an attempt to a Ihare of this profitable commerce. The trade of Paraguay, and the manners of the people, are fo much the fame with thofe of the reft of the Spanifh colonies in South America, that notiiing further can be faid on thof« articles. But we cannot quit this country v/ithout laying fomething of that ex- traordinary fpecies of commonwealth, v/hich the Jefuits have ereiled in the interior parts, and of which thefe crafty priells have endeavoured to keep all llrangers in the dark. About the middle of laft century thofe fathers reprefented to the court of Spain, that their want of fuccefs in their miflions, was ov/ing to the fcandal which the immorality of the Spaniards never failed to give, and to the hatred which their infojent behaviour caufed in the Indians, wherever they came. They infinuated, that, if it were not for that impediment, the empire of the gofpel might, by their labours, have been extended into the moll unknown parts of America ; and that all thofe countries might be fubdued to his Catholic majefl:y's obedience, without expcnce, and without force. This reraonflrance met with fuccefs ; the fphere of {lieir labours wa. marked out ; an uncontrouled liberty v/as given to the Jefuits within thefe limits ; and the governors of the adjacent provinces had orders not to interfere, nor to faffer any Spaniards to enter into this pale, without licenfe from the fathers. They on their part agreed, to pay a certain capitation tax, in proportion to their flock ; and to fend a certain number to the king's works whenever they ftiould be demanded j and the miflions (hould become populous enough to fupply them. On thefe terms the Jefuits gladly entered upon the fcene of aiTlionj and opened their fpirltual campaign. They began by gathering together about fifty wandering families, wnom they perfuaded to fettle ; and they united them into a little townlhip. This was the flight foundation upoa Tvhich they built a fupcrftrucVure, which has amazed the world, and added fo much power, at the fame time that it has brought on fo mucli envy and jealoufy, to their fociety. For when they had made this begin- ning, they laboured with fuch indefatigable pains, and with luch siaiterly policy, th.at, b/ degrees, they mol'iiSed the minds of the moil T t favage 6*42 Spanish American Islands. favage nations ; fixed the mod rambling, and fubdued thofe to their go> vcrnment, who had long difdained to fubmit to the arms of the Spaniards and Portuguefe. They prevailed upon thoufands ol various aifperred tribes to embrace their religion, and thefe foon induced others to follow their example, magnifying the peace and tranquillity they enjoyed under the direction of the fathers. Our limits do nut permit us to trace with prccifion all the fteps which were taken in the accompliOiment of fo extraordinary a conqueil over the bodies and minds of fo many people. The Jefuits left nothing un- done, that could conduce to their remaining in this fubje£tion, or that could tend to encreafe their number to the degree requifite for a well or- dered and potent fociety ; and it is faid that above three hundred and forty thoufand families, feveral years ago, were fubjefl to the Jefuits, living; in obedience, and an awe bordering upon adoration, yet procured without any violence or conftraint : That the Indians were inftruded in the mi- litary art with the moft exaft dilcipline, and could raife 60,000 men well armed : That they lived in towns ; they were regularly clad ; they la- boured in agriculture ; they exercifed manufactures ; fome even afpired to the elegant arts ; and that nothing could equal the obedience of the people of their miflions, except their contentment under it. Some writers however have treated the charadler of thefe Jefuits with great fe- verity, accufmg them of ambition, pride, and of carrying their autho- rity to fuch an excefs, as to caufe even the magiflrates, who are always chofen from among the Indians, to be correfted before them with ftripes, and to fuffer perfons of the highefl diftin£lk)n, within their jurifdiAions, to kifs the hem of their garments, as the ereateil honour. The priefls themfelves poffefs large property, all manufactures are theirs, the natural produce of the country is brought to them, and the treafures annually re- mitted to the fuperior of the order, feem to ev* nee that zeal for religion, is not the only motive of their forming thefe miiTions. The fathers will not permit any of the inhabitants of Peru, whether Spaniards, Meftizos, or even Indians, to come within their miffions in Paraguay. Some years ago, when part of this territory was ceded by Spain to the crown of Por- tugal , the Jefuits refufed to comply with this divifion, or to fufFer them- felves to be transferred from one hand to another, like cattle, without their own confent. And we are informed by the authority of the Ga- zette, that the Indians actually took up arms ; but, notwithftanding the exadtnefs of their difcipline, they were eafily, and with a coniiderable flaughter, defeated by the European tj-oops, who were fent to quell them. Spanish Islands in America. CUBA.] The ifland of Cuba is fituated between twenty and twenty- three degrees north latitude, and between feventy-four and eighty-feven degrees weft longitude, a hundred miles to the fouth of cape Flbrida, and feventy-five north of Jamaica, and is near feven hundred miles in length, and generally about feventy miles in breadth. A chain of hills run through the middle of the ifland from eaft to weft, but the land near the fea is in general level and flooded in the rainy feafon, when the fun is vertical. This noble ifland is fuppofed to have the beft foil, for fo large a country, of any in America. It produces all the commodities known in the Weft Indies, particularly ginger, Icng pepper, and other fpices, caflia, fiftula, muitic and aloes. It alib produces tobacco and fugar, but from the want of hands, and the lazinefs of the Spaniards, not in fuch ^Mantilies a might, be expelled. It is owing to the fame caufe that this large Spanish American Islands. ^43 large ifland does not produce, including all its commodi':ies, fo much for exportation as our Imall iHand of Ancigua. The couife of the rivers is too fhort to be of any confequence, but there are feveral good harbours in the ifland, which belong- to the prin- cipal towns, as rfiat of St. Jago, facing Jamaica, flron^ly Gtuated, and well fortified, but neither populou-j nor rich. That of the Havannah» facing Florida, which is the capital city of Cuba, and a place of great ilrength and importance, containing about two thoufand noufcs, with a great number of convents and churches. It was taken however, by the courage and perfeverance of the Enelifli troops in the lafl war, but re- ftored in the fixty-third article of the treaty of peace. Kefidcs thcfe» there is likewife Cumberland harbour, and that of Santa Ctiiz, a con- fiderabU town thirty miles eaft of the Havannah. HISPANIOLA, or St. DOMINGO.] This ifland was at firft pofiefled by the Spaniards alone, but by far the moUt confiderable part is now in the hands of the French. However, as the Spfiniards w ere the original {>ofleflbrs, and ftill continue to have a fliare in it, Hii'paniola is common- y regarded as a Spanifli ifland. It is fituated between the fcventeenth and twenty-firft degree horth la- titude, and the fixty-Ceventh and feventy- fourth of well longitude, lying in the middle between Cuba and Porte-Rico, and is four hundred and fifty miles long, and a hundred and iifcy broad. The face of the country prefents an agreeable variety of hills, vallies, woods and rivers^ and tha foil is allowed to be extremely fertile, producing fugar, cotton, indigo, tobacco, maize, and caflava root. The Europc.in cattle are fo multi- plied here, that they nm wild in the woods, and as in South America, are hunted for their hides and tallow only. In the mod barren parts of the rocks, they difcovered formerly iilvei and gold. The mines how- ever are not worked now. The north- well parts, which are in the pof* fefllon of the French, confift of large fruitful plains, whch produce the articles already mentioned in vail abundance. This indeed is the bell and mod fruitful part, of the befl and moil fertile ifland in the Weil Indies, and perhaps in the world. The mod antient town in this ifland, and in all the new world, bulit by Europeans,- is St. Domingo. It was founded by Bartholomew Colum- bus, brother to the admiral, in 1504, who gave it that name in honour of his fatlier Dominic, and by which the whole ifland is fometimes named, efpecially by the French. It is fltuated on a fpacious harbour, and is a large well-built city, inhabited, like the other Spanifli towns, by a mixture of Europeans, Creoles, mulattos, muftees, and negroes. The Spaniards have alio Conception De la Vega, from which Columbus had the title of duke De la Vega. The French towns are, cape St. Francois, the capital, which Is nei- ther walled nor paled in, and is faid to have only two batteries, one at the entrance of the h' "hour, and the other before the town. It contains about eight thoufand whites and blacks. Leoganc, though inferior in point of fize, is a good port, a place of conflderable trade, and the feat of the French government in that ifland. They have two other town* confiderable for their trade. Petit Guaves, and port Louis. It is computed that the exports of the French, from the above-men- tioned places, are not lefs in value than 1,200,000 1. They likewif& carry on a contraband trade with the Spaniard^, which is much to their advantage, as they exchange French manufa^ures for Spanilh dollars. T t 2 I I '>ti ^44 Spanish American Islands, PORTO RICO.] Situated between 64 r.nd 67 deg. weft Ion. »nd !q l3 de^;. north lat. lying between Hifpaniola and St. Chrillopher's, is a Jiundred and fifty miles long, and fifty broad. The foil is beautifully diverfified with woods, vallies, and plains ; and is extremely fertile, producing the fame fruits as the other iflands. It is well watered with fprings and rivers ; but the ifland is unhealthful in the miny feafonb. It was on account of the gold that the Spaniards fettled here, but there is no longer any confidcrable quantity of this metal found in it. Porto Rico, the capital town, ftands iu a little ifland on the north fide of the main iflana, forming a capacious harbour, and joined to the chief ifland by a caufey, and defended by forts and batteries, which ren- der the tOwa almoft inacceflible. It was, however, taken by Sir Francis Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumberland. It is better inha- bited than moft of the Spanilh towns, hecaufe it is the center of the con- traband trade carried on by the Englifli and French with the king, of Spain's fubjtfts. VIRGIN ISLANI>S.] Situated at the eaft end of Porto Rjco, are extremely fmall. TRINIDAD.] Situated between 60 and 62 deg. weft Ion. and in 10 de^. north lat. lie: between the ifland of Tobago and the Spanifli Main, from which it ir, fcparated by the ftreights of P.iria. It is about ninety miles long, and fixty broad ; and is an unhcilthful, but fruitful foil, producing fugar, fine tobacco, iiuligo, ginger, variety of fruit, and Ibme cotton tree?, and Indian corn. It was taken by Sir Walter Raltigh, in 1595, and by th.- French in 1676, who plundered the ifland and ex- torted money from the inhabitan-s. MARGARF.TTA.] Situated in 65 deg. weft. Ion. and M-30 N. lat. fcparated from the northern coaft of New Andalufia, in Terra Firma, by a Ibcight of twenty-four miles, is about fifty miles in lengthy and twen- ty-four in breadth ; and being always verdant, affords a moft agreeable profpeft. The ifland abounds in pafture, in maize, and fruit; but there is a fcarcity of wood and water. There was once a pearl filhery on its coaft, which is nowdifcontinued. There are many other fmall iflands in thefe leas, on which the Spa- niards have paid no attention. We fl)all therefore proceed round Cape Horn into the South Seas, where the hrft Spanifh ifland of any impor- tance is Chilof , on the coail of Chili, which has a governor, and ibme harbours well fortified. • JUAN FERNANDES.] Lying in 8.? deg. weft Ion. and 33 north lat. three hundred miles weft of Chili. This ifland is uninh.ibited, but having fome good harbours, it is foand extremely convenient for the Englifli cruifers to touch at and water ; and here they are iu no danger of being difcovercd, unlefswhen, as is general) the cafe, their arrival in the South Seas, and their morions, have been made known to the Spaniards by our good friends in Bra/.il. This ifland is famous for hav- ing given rife to the celebrated romance of R&binfon Crufoe. It feems One Alexander Selkirk, a Scotsman, was left afhore in this folitary place "by bis captain, where he lived fomc years, until he was difcovered by captain Woodcs Rogers, in 1709 ; when taken up, he had forgot his native language, and could fcarcefy be u-nderftood, feeming to fpeak his ivcds by halves. He was d/eiTed in go^ts ikins, would drink nothing butr Ion. Slid ia loj)hcr's, is a i& beautifully :mcly ftrrtili-, watered with rainy feafoiib. ere, but there II it. on the north joined to tlic , which rcn- by Sir Francii better inha- ter of the con- tlic king, of rto Rico, are )n. nnd in lo jpanifh iVJain, ; about ninety fruitful foil, of fruit, and alter Rait igh, ifland and ex- 11-30 N. lat, rra Firma, by th, and twen- noft agreeable id fruit; but pearl fifhery hich the Spa- d round Cape )f any impor- lor, and ibme 33 north lat. ihabited, but nient for the in no danger , their arrival :nrjwn to the nous for hav- oc. It feems folitary place lifcovered by id forgot his r to fpeak his rink nothing butr Portuguese America. 645 Wt vxer, and it was fome time before he could rclUh the (hip's viftuals. I>ii!r,«^ ttis abode in this ifland, he had killed five hundred goats, which juc Ci^tic by running them down ; and he marked as many more on the csir, m%ich he let go. Some of thefe were caught, thirty years after, br htd Anion's pcuple ; their venerable afpctt and majeilic beards, dtf- ccwtsuci Aror.g fy mptoms of antiquity. Stiiicuric, upon hii return to England, was advifed to publifli an ac- cwKtito*' his life and adventures in iiis little kingdom. He put his pnpers ki'joi ttke hands of Daniel Defoe, to prepare them for publicntu-n. But tkhi i:- :l ^; T t 3 the 646 PORTUGUESE AMERICA- *he fouth^vard, beyond the 1 op.c of C^aaricorn, there is no oart of the wo.ld that en'oys a more it-rene an J whoiti'oiuc «ir, rcfrcflied with the foft Liecxes ' :hc ocean on one hand, nnd th^ cool breath of the moun- tains cm the other. The Imd near the coaft is in j^cneral rath-r low than high, but cxceeiHng pieafant, it being intertperlcd witu meadows and woods ; but on the welt, far within land, arc mountains from whence iiTue many noble dreams, that fall into the great rivers Amazon and La Plata, others running acrofs the country from eaft to wfft till they fall into the Atlantic Ocean, after meliorating the lands which they annually overflow, and turnin{» the lugar mills belonginp to the Portuguefc. Soil and proruce.] In general the (oil is extremely fruitful, pro- ducing fugai, which being clayed, is whiter and finer than our mufcovado, as wc caii oui uarer.ned lugar. Alfo tobacco, hides, indigo, ipecacuanha, balfam of Copaibo, Brazil wood, which is of a red colour, hard and dry, and is chiefly ufcd in dying, but not the red of the bell kind ; it has likewife fonie place in medicine, as a ftomachic and reilringent. The animals here are the lame as in Peru and Mexico. Tnt produce of the foil was found very fuflicieni fur fuiiitling the inhabitants, until the mines of gold and diamonds were difcovered ; thefe, with the fugar plantations, occupy fo many hands, that agriculture lies neglefted ; and, in coiifcqucncc, Brazil depends upon Europe for its daily food. iNHAiiiTANTs, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS.] T'lC portrait given us of tlie manners and cultom? of the Portugut;fe in /'.merica, by the mof^ ■ idicioiis tra\-lKrs, is very far from being favourabu . They are defcnbtd as ?. people, who, while funu in the molt elFeminate luxury, prarilfe the mtit de'' They are minaee luxury, riticai and dif. dealing i lazy, pie inhabitants ew, ftate, aiid a good table ; • extravagance, u-ried out in a ; borne on the i^e or fouiteea 1 with fringes ire the head a innot be feen, ing on his pil- ins a/ide, and r they take a and will even two flaves who I iron fork at ck faft in the Axed, on two Scarce any being carried IS carried on ns of Europe ;u}arly refem- is the conve- iropean mer- ed times from Portugal, PORTUGUESE AMERICA. 647 Portueal, and compofe three flotas, bound to as many ports in Brazil ; namely, to Fernambuco, in the northern part ; to Rio Janeiro, at the fouthern extremity ; and to the Bay of All-Saints, in the middle. In this lail is the capital, which is called St. Salvador, and fometimes the city of Bahia, ana where ail the fleets rendezvous on their return to Portugal. This city commands a noble, fpacious, and commodious har- bour ; it is built upon an high and fteep rock, having the fca upon one Tide, and a lake, forming a crefcent, invelling it almoft wholly fo at nearly to join the fea, on the other. This Htu ition makes it in a man- ner impregnable by nature; and they have bcfides added to it very ftrong fortifications. It is populous, magnificent, and, beyond comparilon, the moft gav and opulen; city in all Brazil. The traoe oj Brazil is very jjreat, and increafes every year; whivh Is the lefs furprifing, as tlie Portuguefc have opportunities of fupplyiug themfelves with flaves for their fcveral works at a much cheaper rate ihau any other European power that has fettlements in America; they being the only European nation that has ellablilhcd colonies in Africa, ar.a from hence they import between 40 and 50,000 negroes annually, all of which go into the amount of the cargo of the Brazil fl^'ets for Europe. Of the diamonds there is fuppofed to be returned to Europe to the amount of 130,0001. This, with the fugar, the tobacco, the hides, the valuable drugs for medicine and maaufaClures, may give fome idea of the importance of this trade, not only to Portugal, but to all the trading powers of Europe. The chief commodities the European (hips carry thither in return, are not the fiftieth part of the produce of Portugal : they confift of the woollen goods, of all kinds, from England, France, and H Hand ; the linens and laces of Holland, France, and Germany ; the filks of France and Italy ; filk and thread (lockings, hats, lead, tin, pewter, iron, copper, and all forts of utenfils wrought in thefe metals, from England ; as well as falt-filh, beef, flower, and checfe. Oil they have from Spain : wine, with fome fruit, is nearly all they are fupplicd with from Por- tugal. England is at prefent moft interefted in the trade of Portugal, both for home confumption and what they want for the ufc of the Brazils. How- ever, the French have become very dangerous rivals to us in this, as in many other brandies of trade. Hence it is principally that Brazil is the richcft, moft flourilhing, .nnd moft growing eftabliftiment in America. Their export of Tugar, within forty years, is grown much greater than it was, though anticntly it made almoft the whole of their exportable produce, and they were without rivals in the trade. Their tob.icco is remarkably good, though not raifed in fuch large quantities as in our American colonies. The northern and fouihern parts of Brazil abound with horned cattle ; thefe are hunted for their hides only, of which no lefs than 20,000 are Tent annually to Europe. The Portuguefc were a confiderable time pofleifed of Brazil before they difcovered the treafures of gold and diamonds, which have fince made it fo confiderable. Their fleets rendezvous in the Bay of All-Saints, to the amount of an hundred f^il of laigu fliips, in the month of May or fune, and carr)' to Europe a cargo little inferior in value to the treafures of the flota and galeons. The gold alone, great part of which is coined in America, amounts to near four millions fterling ; but part of this is brought from their coljmes in Africa, together with ebony and ivory. \ I <548 FRENCH AMERICA. History and government.] This count*/ was firfl: difcovered by Americus Vefpufio, in 1498, but the Portugucfe did not plant it till 1549, when they fixed themielvcs at the Bay of All-Saints, and ibi:nded the city of St. Salvador. They met with lome interruption at firft from the court of Spain, who confidered the whole continent of South Ame- rica as belonging to them. However, the affair was at length made up by treaty ; and it was : greed th^t the Portuguefe (hould poflefs all the country lying between the two great riyers Amazon and Plata, which they ftill enjoy. The French alfo made fome attempts to plant colonies on this conl^, but were driven from thence by the Portuguefe, who re- jnained without a rival till the year 1623, when in the very meridian of profperity, they were flruck by one of thofe blows which inftantly de- cides the fate of kingdoms : don Sebaflian, the king of Portugal, loll his life in an expedition againft the Moors, and by tnat event the Por- tuguefe loft their liberty, being abforbed into the Spanifh dominions. The Dutch at this time having thrown off the Spanifh yoke, and not fatisfied with fupporting their independency by a fuccefsful defenfive war, and flufhcd with the juvenile ardcr of a growing commonwealth, they purfucd the Spaniards into the remoteft receffes of their extenfivc terri- tories, and grew rich, powerful, and terrible, by the fpoils of thcif former mafters. They particularly attacked the poffeffions of ihe Por- tuguefe; they took almoft all their fortreffes in the Eail-Irdies, and then turned their arms upon Brazil, where they took feven ofthecap- tainlbips or provinces ; and would have fubducd the whole colony, had not their career been ftopt by the archbilhop, at the head of his monk':, and a few fcattered forces. The Putch were, however, about the year 1654, entirely driven out of Brazil ; but their Weft-India company ililj continuing their pretenfions to this country, and harraffing the Portu- guefe at fea, the latter agreed, in 1661, to pay the Dutch eight tuns of gold, to relinquifli their intereft in that country ; which was accepted ; and the Poituguefe have remained in peaceable poffeffion of all Brazil jfrom that time, till about the end of 1762, when the Spanifli governor pf Buenos Ayres, hearing of a war between Portugal and Spain, took, after a month's fiege, the Portuguefe frontier fortrefs called St. Sacra- ment ; but, by the treaty of per.ce, it was reftored. FRENCH AMERICA. * THE poffeffions and claims of the French before the laft war, aq appears by their maps, confifted of almoft the whole continent of North-America ; which vaft country they divided iqto two great pro- vinces, the northern of which they galled Canada (comprehending a, much greater extent than the Britiih province of that name) and in which they included a great part of our provii.ccs of New-York, New- England, and New-Scotland. The fouthern province they called Loui- fiana, in which they included part of Carolina. This diftribution, and the military diipofition which the French made to fupport it, formed the principal canlc of the laft war between Great-Britain and that nation, the ifl'ue of which is well known to all the world. For while, with the qioiT indefatigable induftr}', the French were rearing tiieir infant colo- nies, and, with the moft fanguine hopes, forming vaft defigns of an ex- icnfivc empire, one wrong Itep in their politics loft them the whole; their French American Islands. 649 their imagmary empire, which extftcd only upon the face of their maps, vanilned like fmoke. They over-rated their ftrength ; and by com-- mencing hoftilities many years too foon» they were driven from Canada, and forced to yield to Great-Britain all that fine country ofLouifiana callward of the Miflifippi. At the treaty of peace, however, they wer» allowed to keep pofieilion of the weftern banks of thaj river, andtho fmall town of New Orleans, near the mouth of it; which, ii> 1769, they ceded to Spain, for reafons unknown to the public. Thpy Jtill keep pofTeffion of the country above this place, where they have feyeral vil- lages, and thriving plantations ; but having no communication vyith th« fea, except by the Miflifippi, the ceffion of New Orleans, which com- mands the mouth of that river, to th^ Spaniards, has occafioned variou:; cor.jcftures. The French have only one fettl«ment more on the continent of Ame- rica, which is called Cayenne, or Equinoftial France, and is fituatcd between the equator and the fifth degree of north latitude, and between the fiftieth and fiftyrfifth of weft longitude. It extends two hundred and forty miles along the coall of Guiana, and near three hundred miles v/ithin land ; bounded by Surinam, on the north ; by the Atlantic Ocean, eaft; by Amazonia, fouth j and by Guiana, weft. The chief town is Caen. All the coaft is very low, but within land there are fine hills very pro- per for fettlementb ; che French have, however, not yet extended them fo far as they might ; but they raife the fame commodities which they h'ive from the Wefl: -India iflands, a;id in no inconfidcrable quantity. They have alfo taken poflefllon of the ifland of Cayenne, on this coaft, r t tlic mouth of the river of that name, which is about forty-five miles in circumference. The ifland is very unhealthy ; but having fome good har- bours, the French have here fome fettlemcnts, which raife fugar and coft'ec, French Islands in America. THE French were amongft the laft nations who made fettlemerts in the Weft-Indies ; but they ipade ample amends by the vigour wirh which they purfued them, and by that chain of judicious and ad- mirable mcafures which they ufed in drawing from them every advantage that the nature of the climate would yield ; and in contending ag.'iinft the difficulties which it threw in their way. They are fenfible that as the inother country is ultimp.tcly to receive all the benefit of their labours and acq uifitioris, the piofpcrity of their plantations muft be derived from the attention with which they arc re- garded at home. For this reafon, the plantations are particularly under the care and infpe»Stion of the council of commerce, a board compcr-d of twelve of the moft confiderable ofiicers of the crown, aflilled by the dcp;i- ties of all the confiderable trading towns and cities in France, who" are chofen out of the richeft and moll intelligent of their traders and paid a handfome falary for their attendance at Paris, from the, funds of their refpective cities. This council fits once ;i week, when the deputies pro- poic plans for rcdrefllng every grievance in trade, for raifing the branches that are fallen, for extending new ones, for fupporiing the old, and, in fine, for every thinp- that may improve the working, oi» promote tlic vent of their manulail^ures, according to their own liglits, or to tiie ini^ruc- tion^ of tlicir conftirucnts. When they are fatisiied of tlie iifcfuhicfs of any icguhuion,. they propofe it to the royal council, v* here their report ^ ^ f 65® French American Islands. is always received with particular attention. An ediA to enfdrce it ac- cordingly iiTues ; and is executed with a pundluality that diftinguiflies their goverrmcnt, and which aldhe can tender the wifeft regulations any thing better than ferious mockeries. To this body, the care df the plan- tations is particularly entrufled. The government of their feveral colonies, is a governor, an intendant, and a royal council. The governor is inverted with a great deal of power ; which, however, on the fide of the crown, is checked by the intendant, who has the care of the king's rights, and whatever relates to the revenue : and on the fide of the people, it is checked by the royal council, whofe office it is to fee that the people arc not opprefTed by the one, nor defrauded by the other : and they are all checked by the con- ftant and jealous eye which the government at home keepa over them ; the officers of all the ports of France being charged, under the fevereft penalties, to interrogate all captains of fhips coming from the colonies, concerning the reception they met with at the ports to which they have failed ? how juftice was adminiftered to them ? what charges they were made liable to, and of what kinds ? That the colonies may be as little burthened as poflible, and that the governor may have lefs temptation to flir up troublefome intrigues, or favour faftions in his governmentj his f^ary is paid by the crown : he has no perquifites, and is ftri£tly forbidden to carry on any trade, or to have any plantations in the iflands or on the continent ; or any interefl whatever, in goods or lands, within his government, except the .houfe be lives in, and a garden for his convenience and recreation. All the ether officers are paid by the crown, out of the revenues of the mother Country. The fortifications are built and repaired, and the foldiers paid out of the fame funds. In general, their colonies pay no taxes ; but when, upon any extra- ordinary emergency, tax j have been raifed, they were very moderate. The duties upon the export of thdr produce at the Wefl-India iflands, or at its import into France, is next to nothing ; in both places hardly inakin? two per cent. What commodities go to theqp pay no duties at all. Their other regulations, refpefting the judges of the admiralty, law- fuits, recovery of debts, lenity to fuch as have fufFered by earthquakes, hurricanes, cr bad feafons ; the peopling their colonies, number of whites to be employed by the planters, and, laflly, the man?gement of negroes, cannot be fufHciently admired ; and would, doubtlefs, be of great ufe, were fome of them introduced into our fugar iflands, where proper regulations in many refpefts feem to be much wanted. We have already mentioned the French colony upon the Spanifh ifland of Hifpaniola, or St. Domingo, as the mofl important and valuable of all their foreign fettlements, and which they poflefs through the indo- lence of the Spaniards on that ifland, or the partiality of their court t'o the French nation. We fhall next proceed to the iflands of which the French have the fole poflieflion, beginning with the large and im- portant one of MARTINICO.] Which is fituatcd between fourteen and fifteen de- grees of north latitude, and in fixty-one degrees weftlon^itude, lying about ^rty leagues north wefl of Barbadoes, is about fixty miles in length, and balf as much in breadth. The inland part of it is hilly, from which are poured out upon every flde, a number of agreeable and ufeful rivers, \vhich adorn and enrich this ifland in a high degree. The produce of the ibil is fugar, cotton, indigo, ginger, and fuQh fruits as are found in the neigh- DUTCH AMERICA. 65 neighbouring iflands. But fugar is here, as in all the Weft India iflands, the principal commodity, of which they export a coufiderablc quantity annually. Martinico is the refidence of the governor of the French iflands in thefe feas. Its bays and harbours are numerous, fafe, and com- modious ; and fo well fortified, that they ufed to bid defiance to the £ngli(h, who in vain attempted this place. However, in the laft war, when the Britiih arms were triumphant in every quarter of the globe, this ifland was added to the Britifli empire, but it was given back atrthe treaty of peace. GUADALUPE.] So called by Columbus, from the refemblance of its mountains to thofe: of that name in Spain, is Atuated in 16 deg. north lat. and in 62 weft Ion. about thirty leagues north of Martinico, and almoft as much fouth of Antigua; being fixty miles long, and thirty- eight broad. It is divided into two parts by a fmall arm of the fea, or rather a narrow channel, through which no fhip can venture ; but the inhabitants pafs it in a ferry-boat. Its foil is equally fertile with that of Martinico, producing fugar, cotton, indigo, ginger, &c. This ifland is in a flourifhing condition, and its exports of fugar almoft incredible^ Like Martinico, it was formerly attacked by the Englifh, ' no gave up the attempt; but in 1759, it was reduced by the Britiih arms, and was given back at the peace of 1763. St. BARTHOLOMEW, DESK AD A, 1 Are three fmall iflands AND MARIGALANTE. 3 lying in the neighbour- hood of Antigua and St. Chriftophers, and are of no great confequence to the Frencn, except in time of war, when they give fhelter to an incredible number of privateers, which greatly annoy our Weft-India trade. It would therefo/e be good policy in Great-Britain, upon the breaking out of a war with France, immediately to take pofleftlon of thefe iflands, which would feem to be a matter of no great difficulty, as they have been frequently reduced by the Englifli, and as frequently given back to the French ; who have often, and upon many occaiions, experienced the generofity of the Britifh court. DUTCH AMERICA, Containing SURINAM, on the Continent of South America* AFTER the Portuguefe had difpofleflcd the Dutch of Brazil in the manner we have feen ; and after they had been entirely removed out of North America, they were obliged to confole themfclves with their rich pofi'effions in the Eaft-Indies, and to fit down content in the Weft with Surinam ; a country once in the pofl'efCon of England, but of no great value whilft we had it, and which we ceded to them in exchange for New York ; and with two or three fmall and barren iflands in the north fea, not far from the Spanifl]i Main. Surinam, or Dutch Guiana, is fltuated between 5 and 7 deg. nort]| lat. extending a hundred miles along the coaft from the mouth of the river Qronoque, north, to the river Maroni, or French Guiana, fouth. The climate of this country is generally reckoned unwhollbme ; and a confiderable part of the coaft is low and covered with water. The chief fettlement is at Surinam, a town built on a river of the fame name; and the Dutch have extended their plantations thirty leagues above the mquth of this river. The colony is now in the moft flourifliing iituation, not only Z with I €$: Dutch Americak Islands." with Europe, but with the Weft-India iilands. Their chief trade con- fiils in fugar, a great deal of cotton, coffeeof an excellent kind, tobacco, flax, (kins, and fome valuable dying drugs. They trade with our North- American colonies, who bring hither hnrfcs, live cattle, and provifions; and take home a large quantity of molaflcb ; but their negroes are only the rtfufe of thofe they have for the Spanilh market. Dutch Islands in America. St. EUSTATIA JCITUATED three leagues north- well of Sf. •^ Chriftopher's, and is only a mountain of about twenty- "line miles in compafs, rifing out of the fea like a pyramid, and almoli ro uid. But, though fo^ fmall, and inconveniently laid out by nature, tht indultry of the Dutch have made it turn- out to very gc.od account; anc' it is faid to contain five thoufand whites, and fifteen thou- find negroes. The fides of the mountain are laid out in very pretty fettlements ; but they have neither fprings nor rivers. They raife here fugar and tobacco ; and this ifland, as well as Curaflbu, is engnged in the Spaniih contraband trade, for which, however, it is not lo »v,ll fituated ; and it draws the fame advantage from its conftant neutrality. Its fituation renders it the ftrongell of all the Weft-India iflands, there being b'ut one good landing-place, which may be eafily defended by a fpw men ; and the haven is commanded by a ftrong fort. CURASSOU.] Situ^ited in 12 deg. north lat. nine or ten leagues from the continent of IVrra-Firma, is thirty miles long and ten broad. It feems as if' it were fated, that the ingenuity and patn-nce of ijic Hol- landers fhonld every where, both in Europe and America, be erhploytd in fightinj^ pgaiuit an unfriendly nature ; for the ifland is not on I'y barren, and dependent upon the rains for its water, but the huikour is naturally one of the worll in America : yet the Dutch have entirely remedied that dcffd; they have upon this harbour one of the largeft, and by far the molt eli.'g:nu an J cleanly towns in the Weft-Indies. The public build- ings arc nuinernus and handibme ; the private houfes commodious ; and the magazines large, convenient, and well filled. All kind of labour is here performed by engines ; fome of tiiem fo well contrived, that Ihips Ri-e at once lifted into the dock. Though this illand is niAtiraWy barren, the induftry of the Dutch has broi:ght it to produce a confiderable quantity both of tobacco and fu^ar ; it has, befides, good falt-works, for the produce of which there is a, brilk demand from the Englilh iflands, and their colonies on the con- tinent. But what renders this ifland of moft advantage to the Dutch, is the contraband trade which is carried on between the inhabitants and the Spaniards, and their harbour being the rendezvous to all nations in time of war. The Dutch fliips from Europe touch at this ifland for intelligence, cr pilots, and then proceed to the Spaniih coafts for trade, which they force with a ftrong hand, it being very difficult for the Spanifli guarda coftas to take thcfc vefl"els ; for they are not only flout fliips, with ^ jiumber of guns, but are manned with large crews of chofen feamen, deeply interefted in the fafety*of the veflel and the fuccefs of the voyage. They have each a fliare in the cargo, of a value proportioned to the ftation of the owner, fupplied by the merchants upon credit^ and at .. ' prime s. Danish American Islands^ chief trade con- tkind, tobacco, with ourNorth- and provifions ; egroes are only CA. orth-weft of St. juntain of about a pyramid, and tly laid out by t to very ^{.od nd fifteen thou- in very pretty They raife here is engaged in IS not io vv'jU lant neutrality. ia iflands, there defended by a or ten leagues and ten broad, nee of ^ic Hol- bc erhploytd notonfy biirren, our is naturally y remedied that and by far the : public build- (imodious ; and nd of labour is ved, that ftiips the Dutch has Lcco and fuf^ar ; lich there is a, es on the con- 3 the Dutch, is inhabitants and ► all nations in intelligence, or ie, which they Spanilh guarda Ihips, with ^ chofen feamen, of the voyage. Drtioned to th and laid the trade open ; and fince that time the ifland of St# Thomas has been fo greatly improved, that it is faid to produce upwards of three thoufand hoglht'.ds of fugar of a thnufand weight each, and others of the Well-India commodities in tultirable plenty. In time of war, privateers bring in tjtir prizes here f>:fale; and a great many veflels trade from hence j long the Spanifh Main, and return with money in fpecie or bars, and valuable mercnandize. As for Santa Cruz, from a perfeft defert a few years fince, it is beginning to fettle fall ; feveral perfons from the Englifh illandf> fome of them of great wealth have gone to ;ettlc thfM e, and nave received very great encouragement to do fo. Thefe two nations, the Dutch and Danes (and we may now add the French) hardly deferve to be mentioned among the proprietors of Ame- rica; their poflcflions there are comparatively nothing. But as they appear extremely worthy of the attention of thefe powers, and as the Ihare of the Dutch is worth to them at lealt 600,000 1. a year, what muft we think of our extenfive and valuable poflcfTions ? what attention do tV :y not deferve from us ? and what may not be made of them by that attention ? " 1 here feems to be a remarkable providence (fays an ingenious and polite writer) in cafting the parts, if I may ufe that expreflion, of the feveral European nations who aft upon the llage of America. The Spaniard, proud, lazy, and magnificent, has an ample walk in which to expatiate ; a foft climate to indulge his love of eafe, and a pro- fufion of gold and filver to procure him all thofe luxuries his pride de- mands, but which his lazinefs would refufc him. The Portuguefe, naturally indigent at home, and enterprizing rather than induftrious abroad, has gold and diamonds as the Spaniard has, wants them as he does, but poiTefTes them in a more ufcful, though a leis oftentatious manner. The Englifli, of a reafoning difpofition, thoufjhtful and cool, and men of bulmefs rather than f.f great induftry, impatient of much fruitlefs labour, abhorrent of conftralnt, and lovers of a country life, have a lot which indeed produces r.eithtr gold nor filver ; but they have a large traft of a fine continent; a noble field frr the excrcife of agriculture, and fufHcient to furniih their trade wirliout laying them under great difficulties. Intolerant as they are of the moft ufcful reftraints, their commerce flouriihes from the freedom every man has of purfulng it according to his own ideas, and dircfting his life after his own fafhion. The French, aolive, lively, enterprizing, pliable, and politic; and though changing their purfuits, always pui fuinc the prefent objeft with eagernefs, are, notwithftanding, tradable s^nd obedient to rules and laws, which bridle their difpoiitions, and wind and turn them to proper courfes. Thefe people have a country (when Canada was in their pof- feffion) where more is to be effefted by managing the people than by cultivating the ground ; where a peddling commerce, that requires con- ftant motion, flourifhes more than agriculture, or a regular traffic ; where they have difficulties which keep them alert by ftrugghng with them, and where their obedience to a wife government ferves them for perfonal wlf- dom. In the iflands, the whole is the work of their policy, and a right turn their government has taken. The Dutch have got a rock or two, on which to difplay the miracles of frugality and diligence, (which are their virtues) and on which they have exerted thefe virtues, and fli,«wn tliofe miracles." 5 3. he ifland of St, produce upwards sleight each, and ty. In time of id a great many :turn with money anta Cruz, from ittle fail; fcveral wealth have gone nent to do fo. may now add the >pnetors of Ame- ig. But as they hvers, and as the I year, what muft /hat attention do of them by that an ingenious and expreffion, of the ' America. The e walk in which afe, and a pro- iries his pride de- nterprizing rather he Spaniard has, ufcful, though a i\ and cool, and t of much fruitlefs ry life, have a lot they have a large fe of agriculture, them under great il reftraints, their as of purfulng it his own falhion. and politic; and refent objeft with ient to rules and rn them to proper I was in their pof- e people than by that requires con- ular traffic; where ng with them, and ft for perfonal wiA olicy, and arighn ifplay the miraclej nd on which they TERRA-INCOGNITA. ^55 TERRA-INCOGNITA, or unknown Countries, In AMERICA. IN North America, towards the pole, are New- Britain, New-North. Wales, New Denmark, &c. very little known. The inhabitants, like thofe of Nova Zembla, Greenland, Groenland, and the northern parts of Siberia, are few, and thefe favage ; low in ilature, and of an ugly appearance, fcarcely refembling any thing human. They live upon the raw flefli of whales, bears, foxes, Src. and go muffled up in flcins, the hairy fides next their bodies. In thcfe unl ofpitable regions, their nights (as may be feen in the table of climates in the Introduftion) are from one to fix months, and the eaxth bound up in impenetrable fuow ; fo that the miferable inhabitants live under ground great part of the year. Again, when the fun makes his appearance, they have a day of equal length. All that vaft traft on the back of the Britifh fettlements, from Canada and the lakes to the Pacific Ocean, which waflies America on the well, is perfectly unknown to us, no European having ever travelled thither. From the climate and fituation of the country, it is fuppofed to be fruit- ful ; it is inhabited by innumerable tribes of Indians, many of whom ufed to refort to the great fair of Montreal, even from the diftance of a thoufand miles, when that city was in the hands of the French. In South America, the country of Guiana, extending from the equa- tor to the eighth degree of north latitude, and bounded by the river Oronoque on the north, and the Amazones on the fouth, is unknown, except a flip Along the coaft, where the French at Cayenne and the Dutch at Surinam, have made fome fettlements ; which, from the unhealthful- nefs of the climate, almoft under the equator, and other caufes, can hardly be extended any confiderable way back. The country of Amazonia, fo called from the great river of that name, has never been thoroughly difcovered, though it is fituated between the European colonies of Peru and Brazil, and every where navigable by means of that great river and its branches. Some attempts have been made by the Spaniards and Portuguefe, but being always attended with vaft difficulties, fo that few of the adventurers ever returned back, and no gold being found in the country as they expelled, no European nation has hitherto made any fettlement there. Patagonia, at the fouthem extremity of America, is ibmetime^. defcribed as part of Chili ; but as the Spaniards, nor any other European nation, have any colonies here, it is almoft unknown, and is generaliy repr«-^ iented as a barren unhofpitable country. In A S I A. TOWARDS the north-eaft, are Yefdo, Kamtfchatfka, and other countries or iflands, which the Ruffians are daily difcovering, but are imperfeftly known.even to that court, and fuppofed to be joined to North-America, or very near that part of the globe. Below the Molucca iiles, in the Eaft-Indies, are New Guinea, Carpen« taria. New Holland, Dieman's Land, and, a little farther, New Zealand; regions difcovered by the Dutch and Englifti about the middle of the iaft pentury, ai^d are fuppofed to be a vail continent, entirely feparated from. ,» ! 65(^ TEr.RA-INCOGNITA. from Afia or America ; but our knowledge of them, even at this tim?, is very imperfeil, our navigators having only failed along the coalU, which llretch from the equator to forty-four degrees of fouth latitude, by whom we learn that the natives are blacky go naked, and in fome placet ^ are very numerous. Befides thefe countries, the Europeans are daily making difcovcrics of iflandi that are fcattered up and down the Pncific Ocean ; and it is £-t. nerally believed that there arc many large trails of land towards the fouih< pole, of which at prefent we know notning« DIRECTIONS to the BINDER for placing the MAPS. The Worldi to /rent the Title, The Sphere, page vi. IntroduAion. Europe, /. xlvi. — — Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, fagf I. Ruflia, or Mufcovy iri Europe, 39. Scotland, -^ — — 58. England and Wales, -^— 101. Ireland, — — — 274. France, — .t- — 297. Germany, including the Nether- lands, ^ -- — J39. Pol^d, Lithuania, and Pruffia^ 377- Spain and Portugal, page 396. Italyi — — 414. Afia, — — 442. Eaft indies, — • — 472. Africa, — — 518. North America^ — 564. Weft Indies, — — 607. South America, — 633. The Table of Coins, at the End. At. i. The Binder is defired to beat the Books before he places the Maps. BOOKS printed for J. K N O X, at N^ 148, near Somerset-House, in the Strand, A NEW COLLECTION OF VOYAGES AND TRAVELS' through various Parts of the World, carefully fele£led from the latell and moft celebrated Writers. Illuftratpd with Forty-nine accurate Maps, Plans, and elegant Engravings. P.* ce iL 16 s. in Boards, or 2 1. 28. bound. See Monthly Review, July 1767. Speedily will be publiflied, in Three Pocket Volumes, neatly printed on a Fine Writing Paper, SERMONS TO YOUNG MEN. By William Dodd, LL^D. Chaplain inordinary to his Majefly. Where alfo may be had, at the loiveji Prices^ and an AUouuance made t$ thofe I'jho purchafe for ^ale, A COMPLETE ASSORTMENT of t.ie moft vtluaMe Englift and Foreign Books ; the moft Correft and Perfeft Editions, large and fmall, in various Bindings. With new Publications as foon as tliey appear. N. B. A good Price will be given for any Library or Parcel of Boofc»< F I N I S4 i^en at this time, ilong the coaiU, >uth latitude, by d in fome placei ^ ng difcovcrics of n J and it is pe- wards the fouih- the MAPS. AMERICA. AFRIC. .>,.. n a: ^' • 1 »?r WW p > ^. -z s; 2 o c > E > ■^- cr> -• ? K ASIA.! 2: O n p a JO 'TJ >• o > " r W > o o 70 n C3 n n r, 73 > ' f 5? i4 > ^ 2: D rti P r w Of ) TRAVELS' from the latell y-nine accurate . in Boards, or ircelofBooksi: ' i :ss:^gmsmmmmm itMMMM MODERN UNIV The Moft Copious "and Authentick that ever was publiflicd, of the preft Divided into FOUR EUROPE^ A S I A^ A F R Which are Sub-divided into Sixty Parts or Lines, containing the Names of the one Line, afcending from the Beginning to the End, teaching how the Monies Denomination of each Foreign Piece, is the Englijh intrinfick Value thereof, c E X P L A N By Real Money ^ is underftood an effedive Specie, rcprefenting in itfelf, the Value denominated thereb * This Mark is prefixed to the Imaginary Money y which is generally made ufe of in keeping Accc = This Mark of Alligation and Dependance is the Sign of Equality, fignifying />, make, or equal J5" This Mark is fet under each Line, to lead the Eye to the intrirJick Value in Sterling of each Foi Humbly Dedicated to the MERCHANT: FMPi AMn r London, Briftol, Liverpool, &c. A Farthing 2 Farthings is A Halfpenny 2 Halfpence i^ A Penny 4 i.iMUL,AiMJ I j..j;^,j Glaf^ow, Aberdeen, &c. ^ \ oi\d. { of id. «'': Pence and SCOTLAND I I S L E of M A N L Douglas, &c. is A Groat 4^. 6 J , Calllc Town, * A Farthing 2 Farthings — A Halfpenny 2 Halfpence = A Penny ^ 1 1 7 Pence = A Half Shilling 12 IRELAND, Dublin, Cork, Londonderry, &c. A Farthing 2 Farthings = A Halfpenny 2 Halfpence :=. * A Penny 6^ Pence = AHalf Shilling 12 1 ^ ^^- 6 "1 ( FLANDRRSandf Ghent, Ollend, &c. * A Pening 4 Peningens = An Urche 8 Peningens = • A Grot BRABANT J Antwerp, Bruflels, &c. ^ t§o 5u ao s Grotes =: A Petard 6 P HOLLAND and f Amflerdam, Rotterdam, &c. • A Pening 8 peningens r: * A Grot 2 Grotes = A Stiver ZEALAND \ Middleburg, Flufliing, &c. Kf" -,Va 11 id. j'-j 6 Stivers = A Scalin ed. A 20 1-4 u ^ o -CI 4-1 u o < Oi O Hamburgh, Altena, Lubeck, Bremen, &c. * A Tryling 2 Trylings =: * A Sexling 2 Sexlingi =: A Fening 12 Fenings =: A Shilling lub 16 Sh eir- ,'»,, v?r -i*! ' i^- ^ Hanover, Lunenburgh, Zell, &c. "A Fening 3 Fenings = A Dreyer 8 Fenings A Marien ti Fenings =: A Grolh td.h Id.} 8 Gi Saxony and fDrefden, Leipfic, &c. • An Heller 2 Hellers = A Fening 6 Hellers = A Dreyer 16 Fleilers = A Marien 12 f Hoi, STEIN I Wifmar, Keil, &.c. t^ / : tV 15 '^- i Brand ENBu r gTi 1 Berlili7i'ot((lam, &c. 'A Denier 9 Deniers = A Polchen iSDeniers = A Grolh 3 Polchens = An Abrafs 20 G and PoMERANiA I Stetin, &c. C^ -fj ____!-■ "r; t^o CoLOGN, Mentz, Triers, Liege, A Dute Munich, Moinfler, Paderborn, &c. K?* /g ■>. Dutes =: A Cruitzer 2 Cruitzcrs = An Albus 8 Dutes = A Stiver 11 4.0 7 T J Bohemia, Silesia, f Prague, Brellaw, A Fening 2 Fenings = A Dreyer 3 Fening* = A GroOi 4 Fenings = A Cruitzer 2 Cj and Hu n g a r y ( Prefburg h, &c. K g° 7/0 -I 6 ^q jj AVs'tria andTVienna, Tricile, &c. A Fening 3 Fenings = A Dreyer 4 Fenings = A Cruitzer 14 Fenings = A Grofli 4 Ci Swabia t Augfljurg, Blenheim, &c. ^ -^-^ is tj '^- lo Franconia, Francfort, Nuremberg, A Fening 4 Fenings = A Cruitzer 3 Cruitzers =AKeyfer Grolh 4 Cruitzers =: A Batzen 15 Ci l-Dettingcn, &c^ K^" y'o -jt • '''• I id. J? POLAND and ( Cracow, Warlaw, &c. A Shelon 3 Shelons = A Grofli 5 Groflicn = A Couftic 3 CouiUcs = A Tinfe 18 C PRUSSIA I Dantzig, Koniglberg, &c. K5" 4T 7 IT Id.^ Jd. LIVONIA, Riga, Revel, Narva, &c. A Blacken 6 Blackens = A Grofli 9 Blackens = A Vording 2 Groflien r: A Whiten 6 G p' ^ nV I'i II DENMARC, ZE A- 7 Copenhagen, Sound, &c. A Skilling 6 S killings = A Duggen 16 Skillings r= • A Marc 20 Skillings = A Rixmarc 24 Sl LAND&NORWAJ^J Bcrghen,Dronthei m,&c. ^-^ 3'*'-J 9^^ nd. \ SWEDEN and 5 Stockholm, Upfali &c. * A Runllic 2 Runfticks = A Stiver 8 Runfticks =A CopperMarc3CopperMarcs= A SilverMarc 4Copj LAPLAND 15 Stockholm, \ Thorn, &c. B3- rs -.V \d. y RUSSIA and f Peterfl)urg, Archangel, &c. MOSCOVY ( Mofc ovv. &c^^ ^PBasilT Zurjc, Zug, &c. A Polufea 2 Polufcas = A Denufca 2 Dcnufcas = * A Copec '5S ^V \d. . 83- ,V3 17 T15 \ Copecs = An Altia '"'To. 10 C < I Sr. Gall, Appenfel, &c. Oi J S \ Bern, Lucern, Ncufcljl^lel, &c. A Rap 3 Rapen = A Fening 4 Fenings = A Cruitzer 12 Fenings =: • A Sol 15 F ^_ji i i L^.ii An Heller 2 Hellers = A Fening 4 Fenings = A Cruitzer 12 Fenings =: • A Sol 4 Ci ^ iV i \ • A Sol id.k A Denier 4 Deniers = A Cruitzer 3 Cruitzers = • A Sol 4 Cruitzers z= A Plapert 5 Ci tS* i't5 ld.^ Id. I Geneva, Pekay, Bonne, A Denier 2 Doniers =r A Denier cur- i2Dcnierj — A Small Sol 12 Deniers =: A Sol current 12 fn IVERSAL TABLE, of the prefent State of the Fca/ and Imaginary MONIES of the WORLD : ito FOUR PARTS, viz. A F R I C ^1, and AMERICA^ ames of the moft Capital Places, the Species whereof are fpccified, each Sub-divifion in w the Monies are reckoned by the refpedtive Nations ; and the Figures Handing under the lue thereof, according to the bcft Alfays made at the Mint of the Tower of London. PLANATION. lominated thereby, as, A Guinea, Wc. [fcvcral other Pieces, as A Pound Sterling, &'c, in keeping Accompts, ^graJfying a fictitious Piece which is not in being, or which cannot be reprelented but by make^ or equal to. rling of each Foreign Piece: flanding over it, and all Fractions therein contained are Parts of a Penny. CHANTS of the BRiriSH EMPIRE. is A Groat 4^. 6 PeiKe ib A Jiulf ihilling 12 Pence is A Shilling 5 Shillings is A Crown zo shillings is * APoundijtcr. 21 Shillings is A Cj linca I 6d, IS. i:s. \l. i/. I/. : = A Haff Shilling 12 Pence rr ' A Sivilliiig 14 Pence = A Shilling 70 Pence = A Crown 20 Shillings = * A I'oun.l 24 ^ Shillln!;^ — A G.iIdim 6./. Mujic-? roj'. r is. 5/. Manks ijj.k/.y 1/. is. = AHaUShilling 12 Pence = "Aiiuilingrrilh 13 Pence = A Shilling 65 Pence =: A Crown 20 Shillings rr " A Poiin llrtih 22 J Sliilllngs = A Cliiin.a Cdj. nr^;, IS. 5/. ^18^.5^.1 .._ i^- '^■-._. Fl()rin 17 iScaTings =: A l.'ucat 240 Grots =:*Ai'oiMid 1 leni. = A Petard 6 Petards s= * A S>-afin 7 Petards = A Scalin 40 Grotes = M-\ 6(i. is. 6d. C)S. ^d. ()S. =: A Scalin 20 Stivers zz- A GiiiUer 50 Stivers = A Rix-dollar 60 Stivers z: ADry Guilder 105 Stivers — A Ducat 6d. ,V i:.. yi. ifS. ^d. i i = A Shilling lub 1 5 Shillings — ' A Marc 2 Marcs 5/. 3d'. -.. ^d", 2/. 4^'. 3/. 6//. den 4J. 81/. cfs. zd. i =: A Marien 12 fenings r: A Grofli 16 Grofhen = A Gould 24 Grofhen =* A Rix-dollar 32 Grollicn = A Specie Dollar 4 Goulds z=. A Ducat \d. tJL zs. ^d. y. bd. 4^. %d. 3 = An Abrafs 20 Grolhen = * .^ Ware 30 Groflien = A Florin 90 Grolhcn =* A Rix-dollar 108 Groflien ■=. An Albertus 8 Florins T^o <'jf^. i is. zd. 3;. 6<£i P- 4-f. bd. 8s. xd- \os. Gd. res n: A Silver Marc 4CopperMarc5=zA£<«55«rI]>^llar9CopperMarc6r: A Caroline 3 CopperDollars — A Silver Dollar 3 Silver Dollars = A Rix-dollar 2 Rix-dollars =: A Ducat 4enurcB T ,' z Ucnurca* ^ • A Copcc •0 ^ Coptcs = An Altiii id-i\. 10 Cc 2 i 6 < \< ■n "Bash,, Zuric, Zug, &c. A Rap 3 Rapen = A Fening 4 Fcniogs = A Cruitzcr % 12 Finings •A Sol id.i 15 Fen Sr. Gall, Appcnfcl, &c. An Heller 2 Hellers = A I'cning • * 4 Fcninj* ir A Cruitzcr 1 12 Fcnings • A Sol Id. i- 4 Cru 1 Dr.RN, LucERN, Nciifchtul, &;c. A Denici 4 Denicrs = A Cruitzcr ■I T 3 Cruiiztn = • A Sol 1..'. ' 4 Cruitzers A Plai'crt 5 Cru ASIA. Southern Parts. GtNEVA, Pciiay, IJoime, A Denier 2 Dcniers C5- U = A Denitr cur- rent ,',; l2Dcnijr» =; A Smalt Sol 1; Deniers current = A Sol current 3 12 fiua r M ■ pLiilf, Cambray, V'aknciaincs , A Denier 12 Deniers = A Sol JL 1 15 Deniert :s • A Petard 15 Petards = • A Piette 20 RANi^E Dunkirk, St.Onier's,St.Qt.iin - A Denier xz Dcniers = A Sol 15 Deniers =: • A Petard i 15 Sols = * A Piette 7^^ 20 5 LlJourdcaux, Bayonnc, t«.c. , A J.)enicr 3 Deniera K3" z\ = A Liard 2 Liards := 20 Rcz = A Dardciie 4 12 Deniers — * A Sol i. 2 20 rORrUGAL, Lilbon, Oporto, &.c. • A Re 10 Rez =: A Half Vintin . 8 A Vintin 5 Vintins 2 Rials = A Teftoon 6d.l A Pillarine lod. \ 4TC SI LO rMadrid, Cadiz, Seville, kc. A IN .' New Plate, AMaravcdic2 Maravcdics = A Quartil 34 Maravcdie* = A Rial 8h iiul J Gibraltar, Malaga, Dcnia, &c. * /lA- ] Veion — AMaravcdie 2 Maravedies = An Ochavo .1 1 4 Maravedies = A QMartil 4 ; '1 ; '■ 34 Maravedies = * ARialVclon .5R NIA. 1 l!arcclona,.Sarnpofi:i, Valencia, &c L Old Plate, A Maravcdie 16 Marave- tJ' -rV5 dies = A Soldo 3^. ] 2 Soldoj = A Rinl old Plate Gd. \ A Cheviilet 20 Soldos -A. -- ._ 20 boldi "^T • A Libra 5.. -jd. ', 24 b • > -3 •— < -Gr.NOA, Novi, St. Ucmo, iiwc. Corsica, BaUhi, A:c. A Dcnari liDcnari = A S.ilJi *\ ■i , . • 4 Sf.y; r= * A Lire 30 6 Piiii)Mo\T, Savoy, 5 Turin, Chambery and Sardinia \ Cagliari, &c. A Denari 3 Denari zz A Quatrini 12 Denari = A Soldi ■t 12 Soldi ^= * A Florin Od. 20 ^ Milan, Modlna, Parma, Pavia, &,c. A Denari 3 Denari = A Quatrini 'S 1" 12 Denari = A Soldi 1 y .T 20 Soldi = * A Lire ^d. .! ;■ "5 Leghorn, Florence, &c. A Denari 4 Denari ty ,u =: A Quatrini 1 2 Denari = A Soldi "i i 5 Quatrini = A Craca s "ITT 8Cr Rome, Civita Vechia, Ancona, &c. A Quatrini 5 Quatrini =: A Bayoc 8 Bayoc. = A Julio 6 T. = A Bayoc 10 Bayocs = A Julio 6^. 20 Bayocs = * A Lire ij. 3 J' Venice, Bergham, &c. A Picoli 12 Picoli K5- V- = A Sjldi 6 i Soldi = • A Gm, 2^. ;, 18 boldi = A Jule bd. 20 i TURKEY, MoREA, Candia, Cyprus, &c . A Mangar 4 Mangars = * An Afper 3 Afpers rz A Parac Id. : 5 Alpers =■ A Beltic 10 A "ARABIA, Medina, Mecca, Mocha, &c. A Carret 5 ~ Carrets = A Caveer I s Too 7 Carreti = A Comalhee 80 Carrets = A Larin 10^. 's 18 Co PERSIA, Ifpahan, Ormus, Gombrun, &-c. A Coz 4 Coz = A Bifti 10 Coz =: A Shahee 4^. 20 Coz = A Mamooda 8,/. '3 -GuzzuRAT, Surat, Cambay, &;c. A Pccka 2 Peckas K5- a = A Pice 4 Pices = A Fan am \d. I 5 Pices = A Viz. 2d. U- 16 Bombay, Dabul, &c. * MAT 4R AR A Budgrook 2 Budgrooks = • ARe - 7 jO 6 5 Rcz = A Pice - -f 16 Pices = A Laree 20 ^ Goa, Vifapour, &c. J • A Re 2 Rez l*-^ 4-co z= A Bazaraco ■ 7 2 Bazaracos = A Pccka »7 1 J k ao Rez = A Vintin id. ,^ 4 V 'J I 1 COROMANDEL, Madrafs, Pondicherry &c. , A Cafli 5 Ca(h = A Viz. 1 fT 2 Viz = A Pice 6 Pices = A Pical 2^.i- 8 1 Bengal, Callicut, Fort William, &c. A Pice 4 Pices — A Fa nam .5 6 Pices = A Viz. '1 'I 12 Pices = An Ana id.i 10 i SI/ Su ci- ^M, Pegu, Malacca, Cambodia, MATRA, |aVA, BORNl.O, .\c. A Cori 800 Cori = A Fettee 125 Fettees ■=. A Sateleer Id. i 250 Fettees ^ZZ A Sooco I/. 3^'. 500 UNA, Pckin, Canton, &.c. A Caxa 10 Caxa = A Candereen 4 T 10 Candereen^ ::: A Mace 8*/. 35 Candereens =. A Rupee 2s. 6d. 2I jAPAN, Jeddo, Mecco, ice. A Piti 20 Pitis = A Mace 4-^. 15 Maces zz An Ounce Sil 4/. ID//. 1 ver 20 Maces ~^ A Tale 6s. Sd. 30 • < • <: 'J -— < fb.GVrr, Old and New Cairo, Alexandria, 1 Sayde, &c. An Ai'pcr 3 Al'pcrs =: A Medin Id. 4 24 Mcdins •=. An Ital. Ducat 80 Afpers 3s. 4^. = * A Piaftre 4^. 30 1 M( .Ta IN. lRBARY, Algier, Tunis, Tripoly, Jna, ^-c. — — — An Afper 3 Afpers = A Medin 10 Afpers =: A Rial old Plate 6y.| 2 Rials rm A Double u. Id-, i: 4I 3ROCCO, Santa Cruz, Mequinez, Fez, ngiers, Sallee, &c. A Fluce 2 r Fluces = A Blanquil 2d. 4 Blanquils =: An Ounce 8d. 7 Blanquils An Oftavo I/. 24'. 14 I r ENGLISH, Jamaica, /■EST J Barbadoes, &c. A Halfpenny 2 Halfpence = • A Penny 7 i Pence = A Bit 1 2 Pence • A Shilling 75 DiES. "j FRENCH, St. Domingo, LMartinico, &c. *AHaIf-Sol2HalfSols = • A Sol I n ■J 70 7 i Sob = 20 Shilling; = ters accordir-i^ to t A Half-Scalin ic Sols A Scalin 2 CO Nl " ENGLISH, Nova Scotia, New NTI- England, Virginia, &c. '- • A Penny 1 2 Pence «:>• The Value = • A Shilling of the Currency al * A Pound, he Plenty or 2 Pounds Scarcity of Gold 3 Pounds and Silver Coi ns thi 'N 1 . Canada, Florida, Cayena, * A Denier i z Deniers t^ The Value = * A Sol of the Currency in 20 Sols — '.Livre 2 Livres ylm'^rica niters accortlinj^ to the Plenty or Scarcity 3 Livres of Gold and Silver C £0 A^o/f, For all the Spanijh, Portu^u- /', Dutch -inc Danijh Domin^Vi s, either on the C ontincnt or in the W = An Altiu 10 (Jopeci ^ A i«n«««nc-r t.i. : 35 Copccs 18 Feningt = Polpotin =: A good U:it/cn (O (Jiipec* = A Pultm s/. 3olo 8;. <\d. 2 J. Liv rei zz A Louis d'Or t/. = A Teftoon 6 13 Tarins = A Ducat of Ex. 3/. \d. 60 Carl ins = • An Ounce :s. 8./. r*; 2 Ounces zz A PilK.k- = * A Lire 3 Julios = -% Titttoon Dr.. 6J. 35 Bayocs = A Scudi of Ex. 4x. 3^', 105 Bayocs zz A Duca:o')n 5/. 3./. 100 Bayocs = A Crown 5-'- 3 I Julioi zz A Pillole ijj. 6d. = A Jule 6d. 20 Soldi = ' A Lire 3 Jules = A Telloo.i is.6d. 124 Soldi zz A Ducat (.ur- rent 3/. 5*/. y 24 Gios 100 Afpers = ♦ A Ducat of Ex. 4/. J^d. A Cavagrouch 5^- 17 Lires 10 Solotas zz A Chcquin cjs. zd. zz A Xcriff IC. = A BelHc 3^- JO Alpers = Alt Oltic 6./.. 20 Alpers z=. A Solota IS. 80 Afpers = • A Piall.e 4/. — w A Larin lOd. I 18 Comafliee ^^ Ai Abvfs D>-.. 4^: i 60 Comafhees r: * A Piaftre ^. 6d. 80 Caveers =: A Dollar 4J. 6./. 100 Comalhees = A Sequin 7.. bd. 80 Larins zz * A Toinnnd 3/. 7^- '■-'■ = A Mamooda 8 Livre nflf 5 Pound rt's J Livres tf TBKiiarprjrrcd. uui!* Ifee che Monie 70 Candereens — A Rix-dollar 4^. ^. 'i 30unce5Silvcr =AnOunceGold 3^- 3^- 96 Afpers = An Ecu 24 Medins = A Silver Che- quin p. 4^'. zz. An Ecu S'- jld= A lapanefe hi. 6s. zz A Crown = A Dollar j>'.6d. 2 Rupees 2 J.ipanefes 200 Afpers 180 Afpers 10 Maces zz "A I'nle 6s. Sd. 2iO'jnccsGold r= * .i Cactec 66/. 3s. = A Tale • A Piailre 4/. s = A SuUanin lOJ. 70 Medins zz* A Pargo Dc lar loj. 6d. A Zequin 8;. 10^/. 15 Doubles 100 Blanquil 30 Shillings 32 Livres zz A Pillole i6j. gd. — — A Double U. Id. k An Oftavo \s. zd. 4 Doubles I'r^ 14 Blanc^iti 75 Pence 2 Quartos 7 Shillings 7 Livres 3 6 Po ' ■=. A Medio 28 Blanqui 4^. 8 = A Pillole 16/. gd. i z= • A Pound I4r. 3^/. 24 Shillings A Pillole 1 6/. r)d. A Pillole 16/. gd. — A rjiiir"n • A Shilling I/. IS. zz: An Ecu 4f. lOrf'. f 26 Livres — A Louis d'O A Scalin 20 Sols Sd'\ 3 Pounds 4 Vov. and Silver Coins that are i 3 Livres 4 Ln of Gold and Sih'er Coins tbn ontincnt or in the West-J*. i/. ds 8 Pounds 9 Pounds — 10 Pounds • For one Pound Sterling^ s arcity cheC 6 L 3 of the refp< vres 7 Li vres 8 Livres 9 Livres 10 Livres * For one Livre i ournoii^H ^ftive Nations. wJ